date label cmM.S7.I: f**973 AfcTirj A<«m/jv,....4..3S - o D "" (2>-S-Th I- & K. UNIVERSITY LIBRARY This book Should be rptnrn^ An overdue charge, „f 6 „ P . ^ " , b ' f » re th ' 1** slamped above ‘=pt beyond ,h„ day. ^ ''™ d fcr each day A ^ ^ Presented With the Compliments of THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA \ M I KIC.W SCMOOI. IU II 1) I \ (; s r iihi k; nc.uooi.b, ban i'hancihco, cai u’oknia linilditif’ for the fiitnn AMERICAN SCHOOL BUILDINGS TWENTY-SEVENTH YEA R B( X)K m&r 4350 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOI Am.u * —-- SIXTEENTH STREET ’ NORT HWEST, WASHINGTON 6, D . c COPYRIGHX, 1949 PRICE, $4.00 COMMISSION ON AMERICAN SCHOOL BUILDINGS l *0 WARREN T. WHITE Superintendent oj Schools, Dallas, Texas Chairman *\ HOMER W. ANDERSON ' Superintendent oj Schools, Newton, Massachusetts X if- CHARLES W. BURSCH Chiej, Division oj Schoolhouse Planning, State Department oj Education, Sacramento, Calijornia PAUL L. ESSERT Head, Department oj Adult Education, Teachers College, Columbia Uni¬ versity, New York, New York RAY L. HAMON Chief, School Housing Section,United States Office oj Education, Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C. T. C. HOLY Director, Bureau oj Educational Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio JOHN W. LEWIS Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Baltimore, Maryland r W. D. McCLURKIN /'I ^ (J Professor oj School Administration, George Peabbtiy Cotteg&j&K&fhchers, S Nashville, Tennessee \ - PAUL W. SEAGERS — ^ Assistant Proftssor oj Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana HOWARD DWIGHT SMITH Architect, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 14 ] FOREWORD T he large school building of the modern city and the little red schoolhouse of the pioneer hamlet are part of our picture of life in the United States. As American as apple pie, the schoolhouse is a symbol of community cooperation for the welfare of children and youth. What every community needs in its schoolhouse is a structure, and a setting for it, that will make it possible for the community to have the best educational program that today’s wisdom can devise, and at the same time to keep the way open for the improved program that the future will develop. It is in this spirit of looking ahead that this yearbook has been prepared and it is this spirit that the Year¬ book Commission recommends in all planning for school plants. Today the immediate need for new school buildings is overwhelm¬ ing. Most obvious is the demand for housing the babies born in the war and postwar years, who soon will be in school. Fully as urgent is the need for replacing unsafe and outdated structures that were kept in use thru nearly twenty years of depression and war. The problem is not so simple, however, as that of merely replacing or extending the school facilities now in use. The more that today’s citizens reflect on the demands to be met by the school plant, the more they realize that new schools must be more spacious and must be provided with many more mechanical features than the typical building in use today. This added space and serviceability means added costs. Even without these improvements, costs of construction have risen to such levels that new buildings of the most conservative type are far more costly than any previous schoolhouse construction. nd, altho added costs must be met, school money remains as difficult as ever to secure. In this series of dilemmas school administrators and school boards must exercise their soundest judgment. New buildings must be built; many old buildings must be rehabilitated. School boards and admin- heln 1 Z\h l ™ ake their decisions on building policies with the elp of the school staff, other citizens of the community, and such expert consultative services as are available. They will want to inform emselves on accepted principles and desirable practices in provid ne 8 eds °' P ' ant ‘ hat Wi " meet present and fuh >re community [S] This yearbook is offered as an instrument that will be helpful in this major civic task of establishing policies on land and buildings for educational uses. It discusses the importance of shared respon¬ sibility and scientific methods in broad-scale community planning for the school plant, reviews current experience and judgment in plan¬ ning for the educational features of a building, summarizes current information on various technical aspects of construction and equip¬ ment, outlines some of the major financial considerations, calls atten¬ tion to some unanswered questions in school-plant research, and concludes with a check list of planning steps. The Yearbook Commission, appointed by President Henry H. Hill, met first in June 1947. The close relationship of the architectural profession to the yearbook topic led the Commission to ask President Douglas William Orr of the American Institute of Architects to name a representative as a consulting member of the Commission. Howard Dwight Smith, named to fill this post, participated in the other three meetings of the Commission. N. E. Viles, Specialist for School Plant Management, United States Office of Education, attended the first meeting in the place of Ray L. Ilamon, and gave substantial help later in the revision of manuscripts. Tribute is paid to Fletcher B. Dresslar, pioneer student of school buildings, in the title of the yearbook. American School Buildings was the name that he used for a report published by the United States Bureau of Education at the close of World War I. Chapters prepared by individual members have been revised thru successive meetings so that the final draft represents the judgment of the Commission as a whole. Several chapters were submitted for criticism to outside experts; the Commission acknowledges its debt for the advice received. Thanks are due also to school officials and architects who loaned photographs and plans. Special acknowledg¬ ment is made to the staff in the Washington offices. Worth McClure, Executive Secretary of the American Association of School Admin¬ istrators, handled the business affairs of the Commission and par¬ ticipated helpfully in all phases of its work. Hazel Davis, Assistant Director of the NEA Research Division, served as coordinator and edited the yearbook for publication. She was ably assisted by Bernice Brigham of the NEA Research Division and by Walter A. Graves and Eucille Davis of the NEA Division of Publications. (61 CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD . 5 I. The School Board’s Responsibility for the Educational Plant 9 II. Organization and Administrative Procedures 20 III. Projecting the Community’s Educational Program and Organization . ,, . oo IV. Projecting the Community’s Educational-Plant Program... 50 -V. Planning the School Site To Fit the Educational Program ... 73 VI. Planning Instructional Features To Fit the Educational Pro¬ gram . VII. Planning Auxiliary Facilities To Fit the Educational Program ‘■''VlII. Architectural and Engineering Services IX. Mechanical and Service Facilities -X. Building for Safety. ~ XL Matenal s and Construction in Relation to Utility XII. Economies in Construction and Design > XIII. Light and Color.... XIV. Instructional Furniture and Equipment XV. Rehabilitation of Buildings XVI. Plant Preservation for Plant Utility. . XVII. Financing the Plant Construction Program ' Unanswered Questions ~ XIX. Major Steps in Building a School. APPENDIX A —Selected References . appendix B-Suggested Sources of Information 'APPENDIX C-Chec^ Details for Educational and Archie tural Planning of a School Building OFFICIAL RECORDS 84 111 130 146 167 183 201 217 244 262 275 288 309 321 325 342 348 Officers 1948-49 Membership Table List of Members indexes Index of Persons. . Subject Index. [ 7 ] 356 357 358 517 519 DO YOUR SCHOOL BUILDINGS PASS THIS TEST ? Curriculum adequacy —Do they provide the space and facilities for the educational program that your community needs for its chil¬ dren, youth, and adults? Safety and well-being —Do they not only protect against danger but also provide a positive influence for improving the health and physical welfare of the pupils? Inter functional coordination —Are they so planned that the activity in each part of a building may be coordinated harmoniously with related activities and may be carried on effectively without dis¬ turbing other activities? Efficiency and utility —Are they so planned that the handling of materials and the comings and goings of pupils, school staff, and the public are accomplished with a minimum of interference and a maximum of ease and satisfaction to all concerned? Beauty —Are they pleasing in appearance, with simplicity, useful¬ ness, and balance as ideals, rather than ornamentation or sym¬ metry? Adaptability —Are they so planned that they can be enlarged or rearranged internally to meet new educational demands with a minimum of additional cost? Economy —Are they so planned that in original outlay and in future operation the utmost in educational utility can be secured for every dollar spent? [ 8 ] CHAPTER ONE The School Board’s Responsibility for the Educational Plant T his yearbook aims to review the principles and the processes that are basic in planning and providing the school-plant facilities required to operate a modern school program for the growth of American youth. This chapter undertakes only to open the problem, to emphasize its importance, to place where it belongs the basic responsibility for successful planning, and to show briefly why this responsibility must be met with a view to the future of education by boards of education and their executives. The schoolhouse is a place for many kinds of learning; the schoolhouse itself is an instrument of education. It can teach children much of beauty, of useful ordering of space, and of the possibilities of harmonious living. There is increasing recognition of the school building as a place that will help children to grow to their best physically as well as mentally; their seeing, posture, nutrition, and every bodily process should be helped toward the ideal by the conditions of life at school. New building materials and devices are being developed and architects are evolving new methods for adapting both old and new materials to the uses of education. e uses of the school building are expanding not only in service o the learners and staff members who spend many hours there daily but to community groups of children and adults who use the build- ings in many other ways. In this complex and evolving situation there must be definite provtstons for both scientific and imaginative planning with as much msdom and professional skill as can be brought to the task Developing a Master Plan Is First Responsibility [ 9 ] 10 American School Buildings grave responsibility which rests squarely on the board of education. Almost every community faces both a shortage of schoolhousing and a shortage of school-building funds. Good business judgment is needed in the solution of this double problem. The way to provide good schools without wasteful expenditures is to plan wisely. The location of each school is important; therefore, planning that em¬ ploys scientific methods must precede the purchase of land for a new school or any decision to erect an addition to an existing school. Furthermore, school buildings house an educational program. Schools should be planned from the inside out—first the program, then a building to make the program effective. Education, however, is not a static but a dynamic and expanding process. The possibilities for future changes in the program are a constant challenge to edu¬ cational statesmanship in planning its housing. It should be obvious that a survey to determine a “blueprint” or master plan of the ultimate school plant is necessary before a large amount of money is spent for rehabilitating an old building, for providing an addition, or for erecting a new building. It is the re¬ sponsibility of the school board and its superintendent to know whether or not such expenditures fit into a well-planned pattern. In too many American cities and counties, school buildings have been erected without reference to the future development of the total school plant, with the result that money has been wasted not only in construction but also in the annual operating costs. Many complex problems are involved in developing a master plan for a modern school plant. But most of them fall into two funda¬ mental classes for which the board of education and the super¬ intendent of schools are responsible. These two classifications follow a natural sequence. The first basic problem that a board of education must meet is the definition of the scope and the quality of the community’s educational program . 1 Such questions as these must be answered: What age groups shall the schools serve? Shall there be school opportunities for the three-, four-, and five-year-old youngsters? Shall there be small primary schools for young children and junior colleges for ages eighteen to twenty? How shall future Grades I thru XIV be organized? Shall it be as K6-3-3-2, K6-4-4, or some other form of school organization? What educational serv- 1 Sre Chapter III, p. 36-49. The School Board’s Responsibility 11 ices shall be rendered to adults? What activities and subjectmatter shall constitute the curriculum for each group of learners? After having determined the policies regarding the scope, content, and organization of education, the second important problem is that of deciding on the location of school buildings within the district’s FIGURE 1 THE SHRINKING INVESTMENT IN SCHOOL BUILDINGS 1909- 10 thru 1918- 19 (PREWAR and WAR) SCHOOL BUILDINGS ■ ALL SCHOOL EXPENDITURES 1919- 20 thru 1928- 29 (POSTWAR and BOOM) 1929- 30 thru 1938- 39 (DEPRESSION) 1939 - 40 thru 1944-45 (WAR) $ 1,000,000,000 $2,000,OOOPOO DECADE 1910-1919 1920-1929 1930-1939 1940-1945 average annual EXPENDITURI FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS (' n trillions) CURRENT DOLLARS 1939 DOLL/ $97 $164 343 365 205 230 122 107 PERCENT OF TOTAL SCHOOL EXPENDITURES 16 % 19% 10 % 5% Expenditures from V. Building Cost Index S. Office AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL of Education; 1939 values based on Boeckh's administrators 12 American School Buildings present limits, on sites of adequate size . 2 Answers must be found for such questions as the following: What shall be the future school plant within the borders of the present school district? What shall be a desirable maximum size of each school in congested areas? How far apart should elementary schools be placed to be within reasonable travel distance for the child who lives the longest distance from school? What shall be a desirable minimum size of school in sparsely settled areas? What area should a junior high school serve? A senior high school? How are locations of schools in the future plant affected by present buildings? Where should the junior college be estab¬ lished? Which of the existing school buildings should be discarded? To plan intelligently the future school plant in American school districts, studies must be made of the trends in the expansion of in¬ dustrial and business areas and the effects on school population of zoning ordinances, railroads, thorofares, and topography. Each of these, and possibly other factors, will have a bearing on the location of the school buildings which will constitute the future plant. In small communities it is fully as important as in the larger dis¬ tricts to give careful consideration to the problem of defining and planning the ultimate school plant. Many small American school districts have neither adequate financial means to build the schools they need nor the number of pupils necessary to make a really first- class high school or elementary school. Consolidation of small dis¬ tricts into larger units seems to offer at least a partial solution for this situation. Boards of education in such small communities should explore all possibilities to find out whether or not it would be better for the children and more economical for all taxpayers to cooperate with adjoining school districts in planning for school buildings. By so doing they would pool their resources to finance the erection and the conduct of the schools. One high school, planned to serve two or three contiguous districts, is far more economical to build than two or three small schools with duplication of costly facilities. Furthermore, better educational programs are possible in larger schools because of more diversified facilities and curriculum. There can be no doubt of the necessity of determining the master plan on a scientific basis in both large and small communities. If * Sco Chapter IV, p. 50-72. The School Board’s Responsibility 13 the community does not have the necessary technically trained per¬ sonnel to make an accurate analysis, it should employ such expert service wherever it may be secured. To supplement all technical findings that may be secured, the board of education and the superintendent, at all stages of the planning process, will seek the advice of the school faculties and other school personnel, and of community representatives. By pool¬ ing the best thinking that can be brought to the task, a master plan of education will be developed that will be truly representative of the educational ideals of the community and will be the object of continued community support. Functional Planning of Buildings Is Second Responsibility Following the establishment of a master plan for the educational program and the future school plant, the second important set of responsibilities of local school management is that of planning each school building to function effectively as an environment for learning, living, and growing . 3 TRANSLATING PROGRAM INTO BUILDING REQUIREMENTS One of the most crucial steps in planning is the accurate transla¬ tion of the school program and its requirements into building needs. This means determining the right number and size of classrooms, laboratories, shops, health and physical-education facilities, study rooms, service rooms, offices, and a multitude of other important items. To do this accurately means a better school, often at lower costs, since occasionally there has been the tendency to overload the school with more facilities of certain types than the program re¬ quired, thus producing an unbalanced school building which was more expensive to build and to operate than necessary. Boards of education can avoid this error by the use of scientific methods which have proved effective in producing well-balanced buildings RECOGNIZING TRENDS AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION School buildings are never built for the past or even for the PresentThey must be planned and built for the future. Planners of Policies Commission. EducMhnfdAl'^AmTril'an'child^n w" h* Sch ° 0 ' Adm!nislra( °rs, Educational Env ! r <™t ” p. 227-3L e ”■ Washmgton - D - C.: the Commission, 1948. Annual”Conv^* the Secondary-School Plant.” Annual Convention) 32: 202-27; March 1948. * ‘ P P Proceedings of the Thirty-Second 14 American School Buildings school buildings must be thoroly informed on the trends in education because trends reveal in part the future. This is not an easy or simple task. Education develops and changes as the profession learns more about human beings—about how they learn, why they behave as they do, and what is best for their health and physical growth. School buildings must be planned with a clear recognition of the desirable changes in education which should result from this greater knowledge of the learners, and how these changes should affect the building facilities provided. In order that lay members of boards of education may have clearer concepts of these problems, the rest of this chapter will be devoted to a brief overview of a few of those developments which have now been in evidence long enough to rep¬ resent definitely proved trends. It should be pointed out here that buildings erected twenty-five years ago, planned functionally in rec¬ ognition of the trends in education observable at that time, are serving today’s needs better than those not so planned. SMALLER CLASSES AND THE LABORATORY-TYPE CLASSROOM There has been a general and continuous trend toward smaller classes. In 1919 the Detroit Board of Education, upon the recom¬ mendation of the superintendent and his staff, adopted as the stand¬ ard for an elementary-school classroom a room 22 feet by 30 feet. By close placement of desks this classroom accommodated five rows of eight desks per row. It was the avowed purpose of this small classroom to limit the maximum number of pupils in the future to forty pupils. I his was probably typical reasoning of more progres¬ sive communities at the time; for many years elementary classrooms of these standard dimensions were built. The trend toward smaller classes has persisted until many school systems have now achieved class sizes in the elementary schools of twenty-five to thirty pupils. The trend is definitely toward an average class of twenty-five pupils or less in the elementary schools. Our growing knowledge of the differences among individuals in learning abilities, attitudes, and other characteristics has led to the inevitable conclusion that since children differ greatly, they need programs of education in the classroom adapted to their individual needs, if they are to profit most from the school program. This is the objective which is largely instrumental in promoting this important trend. It can only be achieved when the teacher works with a class small The School Board’s Responsibility IS enough to yield time for helping each learner as an individual. Such a class must of necessity be limited to fewer than thirty children. Despite the reduction in class size, the 22-foot by 30-foot class¬ room is no longer adequate. It is too small to serve even a class of twenty-five with a modern up-to-date program. The expanded knowl¬ edge of individual differences and the growth in the knowledge of how children learn and under what conditions and in what sorts of environments children learn best, have led to a greatly changed classroom. No longer is it good educational practice to require a child in the elementary school to sit all day at one desk to work out his limited textbook assignments in immobility and silence. It has been discovered that he learns best when he works in a classroom designed as a laboratory for purposeful group planning, individual study and research, discussion, and class evaluation. The new classrooms, con¬ sequently, are provided with a variety of equipment for study and meaningful activity, such as maps, globes, radio, record player, ibrary corner, bookcases, encyclopedias, work bench, art easels, running water, storage for supplies, and movable desks or tables and chairs as the child’s place for individual study. 4 In fact, the trend is distinctly toward the classroom as a learning and growing aboratory f ° r children both in elementary and secondary schools. , C< J eCt d ° eS this have 0n the function al planning of school buildings for the future? In the first place, the need for smaller c asses accommodated in laboratories for growth, learning, and living as been demonstrated and is now clearly enough recognized to be i 1C °, Pr f f 11 pIanmng of schoolrooms for the future. In the second p ace the laboratory type of classroom requires larger floor areas m order to provide for the flexibility, the diversity, the equipment pro a " ° f Wh ' ch A w " e unk "°™ » ‘he static classroom program of thirty years ago. Applications of these trends to planning are given thruout this yearbook. P g PUBLIC SCHOOLING FOR CHILDREN UNDER AGE SIX 5 About seventy years ago the first kindergartens were introduced fur , PU a liC SCh °° 1S ' T ° day many urban sch ° o1 dittos year of education for the five-year-old child, altho many ‘See Chapter VI, p. 88-94 K* &asr re sjss- Si fen,«•-... 16 American School Buildings school systems thruout the nation are still without this important service. Any school board contemplating a building program must give consideration to this problem. Schooling for five-year-old chil¬ dren, as an integral part of elementary education, has definitely passed thru the experimental stage and has proved its value. For nearly two decades nursery schools for children under five have been undergoing private and public experimentation. During the depression era of the 1930’s and again during World War II, the national government encouraged by federal grants the establishment of nursery schools to provide healthy activities, food, and rest for underprivileged children, in the first instance, and to provide care for children of working mothers, during the war. Some of these centers have continued and there has been a growing demand for nursery schools and kindergartens at public expense. To date, public schools have been rather slow in extending services below the kinder¬ garten, in many communities, however, the demand can no longer be ignored. Both kindergartens and nursery schools require facilities quite different from the other classrooms in the elementary school. TRENDS TOWARD COMMUNITY JUNIOR COLLEGES After World War I the enrolments in high schools and colleges more than doubled and school officials were hard put to provide the building capacities required. Now, after World War II, the situation is again serious in that the demand for post-high-school education far outstrips the capacities now available. The report of the Presi¬ dent’s Commission on Higher Education presents estimates which show that half of our total population has the mental ability to profit by at least two years of education beyond high school. 0 Further, at least a third could complete advanced liberal or professional educa¬ tion. Whether or not these proportions undertake to enrol in college (as compared to the IS percent of youth of college age in college in 1947) the demand is and will be great enough to strengthen the trend toward the establishment of local junior or community colleges. The demand for adult part-time education is also growing. The junior college is the logical center for meeting this important need. In several states, local educational authorities and legislatures have foreseen this demand, and have extended the scope of education " President's Commission on Holier Educntlon. Higher Education lor American Democracy Vol 1 • Establishing the Coals. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1947. p. 43. The School Board’s Responsibility 1 upward to include the thirteenth and fourteenth years, thus addinj two years to the long-established twelve-year program. Junior col leges or community colleges, with either two-year or four-yeai courses, to serve local communities or small regions, are already £ reality in such states as California, Colorado, Texas, Iowa, and Mis sissippi. Recent activities in this direction in many other states, nota¬ bly Illinois and New York, indicate a growing trend that undoubtedly will extend across the nation during the ensuing decade. It is a trend to which local boards of education must give diligent consideration. NEWER EDUCATIONAL SERVICES HOLD FIRM In the years preceding the recent war, many services to youth were gradually accepted as important educational features by the administrators of modern school programs. Some of these have pro¬ found effects on the school building, for example, physical and health education and music education. Both of these programs have been expanded to include more students in daily programs than ever be¬ fore. In northern climates, at least, gymnasiums with the attendant dressing rooms and showers have now become essential in high schools, and some form of indoor playroom is required in elementary schools. The music program in good schools is no longer simply classroom choral work. It now consists of bands, orchestras, a variety of choral groups, and individual instrumental work. The modern music program needs acoustically treated rooms planned to ac¬ commodate these important activities. Greater awareness of the influence of nutrition T>n human develop¬ ment has led to increased provisions for meals at school. Kitchens and lunchrooms are needed in both elementary and high schools The demand for vocational education has also been increasing' A start was made during World War I. During the depression of the 1930 s as young people were forced into school for something to do the value of education in trades and vocations was impressed upon them more and more. And during World War II this form of educa- ion received additional stimulus. As a matter of fact, the advances made in vocational education during the depression were an impor- ant factor in developing the productive power of the American war determine ^theTt^ 1940 ^ F “ rwacd - lookin g boards of education must frata^n?,. , tUre , n ! edS . f0r ‘ rade and ° ther of vocational training m their local situations. 18 American School Buildings CAMPING SERVICE IN EXPERIMENTAL ST.AGE A few school systems are blazing new trails which may develop into real trends. The Yearbook Commission feels that it is beyond its province to do more than mention one of them. It will be interest¬ ing to watch the growth and development of camping under public- school auspices. This is now in early experimental stages and it is too soon to predict general acceptance. However, camping under good auspices has undoubtedly proved beneficial to growing youth. Summer camps have been conducted largely by teachers recruited from the nation’s schools. If camping is a good experience for those who can afford to pay for its full cost, it is reasonable to ask, would it not be good for all American chil¬ dren and youth? The answer should not be long in coming, since many public schools already employ experienced camp directors who are qualified to give the answer correctly. School boards should not overlook the possibility of including camping facilities when planning the school plant. COMMUNITY USES OF BUILDINGS ARE EXPANDING Another important trend to which careful consideration must be given is the increase in the use of the school as a community build¬ ing. 7 This is a revival in modern urban America of the community function that the “little red schoolhouse” served in pioneer rural America. Each board must solve this problem in terms of the re¬ quirements for this sort of community facility, keeping in mind that accommodations that are best adapted to adult uses are also very valuable for the educational health and recreational programs of growing boys and girls. For instance, the auditorium and the gym¬ nasium in elementary schools can be used by both groups; and “all¬ purpose” rooms can be used by the elementary-school orchestra and band, by Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Campfire Girls, mothers’ groups, and for many other school and community activities. Community groups demand small playgrounds for small children and recreation programs on Saturdays and vacations, large play¬ grounds for boys and girls immediately below the teens and in the early teens, and play fields for adults. Elementary-school grounds should be large enough to serve the first two groups, and junior- and 1 OUrn, F.dwnrfl CL, In cooperation with oilier*. School unit Communltv. New York: Prontlic-IIall, 1945. 412 p. The School Board’s Responsibility 1< senior-high-school playfields should be adequate to serve the oldei youth and adults in organized sports and games. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION There are emerging many other trends, discussed in detail in other chapters. 8 Trends toward simple architectural designs, without orna¬ mentation, are quite strong. The elimination of basements in new school buildings has practically been accomplished. Large numbers of one-story school buildings have been erected in the South and on the West Coast and are coming into vogue in the North where adequate areas of land are available. This type of build¬ ing is believed to have more appeal to children than the more massive traditional school; it also reduces safety hazards and facilitates de¬ sirable lighting arrangements. A great deal of experimentation has been carried on to produce better lighting thru bilateral and trilateral window placements, by prismatic glass block, by new types of artificial lighting, and by paints and finishes that reflect light without glare and reduce con¬ trasts of light and dark to a minimum. Materials for sanitary floors, acoustical finishes for reducing noise, and various products used for insulating against heat and cold are coming into universal use. Imagination Is Needed Boards of education and superintendents will find the succeeding chapters of the yearbook helpful in planning kchool-plant programs and individual school buildings that will fulfill the requirements of the future educational program. Educational leaders must be alert and open-minded; they must employ initiative and imagination as we 1 as objective methods in designing the master plan of the future school plant and in planning for each individual building so that it vouth C H° n /, ffeCt i V . e,y thrU0Ut a life of serv *ce to children Ihe future The 'l °°i bUi ' dingS ereCted t0day cau serve only i" i , value and P eri nanence of certain educational trends have been substantiated thru successful experience; planners must ^arefore^recognize those trends that yield the dues to the future! * See particularly Chapter XII. p. 201-16. and Chapter XIII. p. 2,7-43. CHAPTER TWO Organization and Administrative Procedures T he purpose of this chapter is to outline the division of responsi¬ bility and the kinds of planning needed in providing for the housing of a school program. Other chapters discuss further the particular services of the board of education and of the architect and his associates; this chapter indicates their place in the total picture. * 1 It is essential to have a mutual understanding among the board of education, the superintendent, the architect, the teachers, and other personnel as to the functions of each in the planning of buildings. Each should understand the unique and specialized functions of the other, as well as the collective and interrelated responsibilities of all. The Board of Educatioti I* orward-looking boards of education recognize the fact that the school building will stand, for many years, as a symbol of the trust the community has placed in the integrity and educational leadership of the respective menfbers. If the building becomes, on completion, an increasing source of pleasure and usefulness to the community, it is a testimony of careful planning for the future by the board of education and superintendent. If, on the other hand, major altera¬ tions must be made shortly after the building has been erected; if the school program has to be restricted after the community has begun to pay the taxes for it; if the locating, planning, and construc¬ tion of the building have caused a serious strain in personal relation¬ ships among the board members, the board and the superintendent, or the members of the staff and the specialists; then there is little likelihood of educational progress thru using the new building. In many instances stresses and strains between a board of cduca- ' See Chapter I, p. 9-19, and Chapter VIII, p, 1.10-45. I 20 | Organization and Administrative Procedures 2 tion and others engaged in the building planning grow out of th very anxiety of the board to do a good job. Lack of clarification a the outset of the nature of planning and of the respective function: of the board, the superintendent, the architect, and others, couplec with a fear that the board of education will be criticized if mistakes are made, may lead to an attempt by the board as a whole or b^ individual members to give personal supervision to each detail. Com¬ mendable as the spirit behind this may be, it usually results either in poor planning or in failure to build for the educational program which should be offered in the building. The function of the board of education in planning the school plant is what it is in all school administration: the formulation of policy and the careful selection of an executive and staff who are capable of assisting the board in formulating policies and also of executing the decisions agreed upon. In all such matters the board of education can legally and efficiently function only as a corporate body and not as individuals. Even the determination of building policy by special or standing “building committees” of the board of education is no longer practiced in better school systems. The board must function as a body in planning for the school plant even tho some or all of the members of the board have had business and professional experience as architects, contractors, lawyers, building supply dealers or other work closely related to building. The board should, of corns/ mate fad‘since P air7 ° f ^ eXperience5 as “dividual members have had. Since all policies must be focused on the educational program process""' “ d “ S *“ ” USt be a part » f Policy-making ** p -mg of built ing a school p t0 ' a »: h r£ xrr and * « ^ These educational goals may serve'Ts f ^ ^ future ' 2 superintendent the architect a j oun dational guides to the recommendations for buildings that"will SP ^ lallStS in deveI oping 5^—" X'„£ oee p. 46-49. 22 American School Buildings PUBLIC SCHOOLS, BUBBANK, CALIFORNIA The school provides a place for organized group instruction ing by the board in setting up the goals, the more likely it is that genuine educational progress will result from the building program. Specifically, from this point on the functions of the board of edu¬ cation in developing the school plant are clearly and briefly stated in a previous yearbook of this Association, as follows: [The board of education] decides what buildings shall be built, when and where, and what equipment shall be purchased for them; decides upon extensions of buildings and any major alterations; selects and purchases school sites for future plant expansion; selects and employs school architects as needed; decides the number of caretakers for the building and the general quality of care to be given—all with the counsel of the superintendent. 3 In brief, the board of education is the basic policy-making body for planning buildings, with specific legal requirements; but more than that, the board of education has implied responsibility for seeing that building planning results in marked educational improve¬ ment and progress in the community. The Superintendent of Schools Thruout the entire procedure described in later sections of this chapter, the functions of the superintendent are pointed out directly, • 1 American Association of School Administrators. School Boards in Action. Twenty-Fourth Yearbook Washington, D. C.: the Association, a department of the National Education Association, 1946. p. 50 22 or implied. He is chief executive officer of all building planning, sur¬ veys, and procedures. It is his responsibility to see that capable assistance and special services are provided and smoothly coordi¬ nated in carrying out these procedures, or to carry them out himself. In either case, he is called upon for a remarkable degree of scholar¬ ship, judgment, tact, and leadership. The board of education can formulate policy decisions about an educational program to be housed in the school plant, but it is the superintendent who determines whether that decision is based upon reliable research or emotional straws in the wind. The architect can do both technical and creative planning for the building, but he must depend upon the superintendent and his staff to convey to him the functions of today’s and tomorrow’s education that the building must help to fulfill. The teachers can be of great value in making the school plant functional and of maximum service, but unless the superintendent inspires their confidence and welcomes their participation, thev will "°j,j? e " abled , to P’ a y ‘ h «r full part in the education of children thru building planning. There is no task which the superintendent performs in which he is more challenged to demonstrate all that he knows, hopes for and or altered Mirto di r?o3toL hal ^ »* new research lo the “r licy formation ° f * -— ule and record* of dedsicm”' /rans^r Pr ° jeCt ' a ' h ™"»'o g ic,l sched- % the hoard of ednca^^ " in developing the total build!nrprogram h and n "n fte’ -'“'T'' a " d COmrnu,li, - v school project. lmrne diate planning of a 5 . To convey to architects and other soecialiV, , i , ^ impknient^^ ^ ~ of the agreed-upon program anTonte eteaUonal^T'p 5 °“ f inter P re tations of to the problems presented. a ua ^ lon °f proposed solutions fram to a tre S Umm^y 0 a f nd d “n°velmW air presentation ° f U* building pro- wilding program. P g a financial plan for servicing the 24 American School Buildings 8. To develop plans for the maximum use and preservation of the building by the staff and the community. 9. To translate all planning into a creative and constructive program of educa¬ tion when the building is complete. The following concept of the superintendent’s leadership made in 1934 is equally significant today, when one views the increasing complexity and specialization of school planning: Professional control over the execution of policies in the planning, construction, operation, and maintenance of the school plant is now generally recognized as a- part of the school superintendent’s responsibility. As chief executive officer of the board of education, the school superintendent is called upon to give the same dynamic leadership in the development and execution of policies in this field as in that of any other involved in the management of the school enterprise. 4 The Architect If the board of education and superintendent and staff have done their part in preparing an educational plan which a building is to serve, the architect, carefully selected for his professional compe¬ tence,'' is in a position to carry out his major function of designing and bringing to completion the form that best expresses all of the educational plans and hopes of the community. Contracts should be drawn up between the architect and the board of education, preferably based upon the forms available thru the American Institute of Architects, with whatever modifications are required to meet local conditions. Some of the services of the architect may be specified in his contract and some may not. 0 If not specified in the contract, it should be clearly understood at the outset which services, if any, are to involve extra architectural fees and costs. There are certain functions, however, which an able and competent architect will perform that are not necessarily specified in any con¬ tract, providing there is a general appreciation and understanding of these functions and the architect is given the opportunity to carry them out. The educational plan given to the architect should be clearly thought out and expressed in writing, but there should be many conferences in which the architect and the school personnel each may receive new insights as to the educational and architectural possibilities to be considered. Visits to schools, conferences with 4 National Society for the Study of Education. The Planning and Construction of School Buildings. Thirty-Third Yearbook, Part I. Bloomington, Ill.: Public School Publishing Co., 19.14. p. 1.15. “See p. 131-32. “For a partial listing of services, see p. 141-43. Organization and Administrative Procedures 25 teachers and other school personnel, and other opportunities for study of the local educational system should be made possible for the architect. Architectural services include not only the making of drawings and the setting up of specifications but the giving of advisory service to the board on many related matters, such as studies of the site, preparing bids and reviewing the bids received, preparation of con¬ tracts and time schedules, supervision of the building construction, and certifying and approving of payments to contractors. The architect should be in full technical authority after the con¬ tracts have been awarded. It is his responsibility to the board to see that the contract is carried out. His professional reputation is his best guarantee that it will be. While the board of education should not relinquish any activity that keeps the board in touch with the details of construction, it should place confidence in and give respon¬ sible authority to the architect, as the person best able to guarantee that all that appears in the approved drawings and specifications will also appear in the completed building. The Contractor . f Under the su P ervis ion of the architect, the work of the contractor is to construct the building according to the drawings, specifications and other contract documents. ’ Some possible tensions may be avoided by clarifying understand¬ ings among the architect, the school authorities, and the contractor For example, there should be a clear understanding as to who wi 1 g.ve directions to the contractor, when directions are needed in architect c0 “ trac ‘° r T™* architectural directions from the architect himself, or, when the architect is not present from architect’s supervisor or the derk-of-the-works "(A de k ™ £ =g3SS3ES?» the subcontractors whom the general contr ^ rellablllt y of 6 general contractor proposes to use. 26 American School Buildings School authorities can assist the contractor in working with govern¬ mental permit-issuing agencies. Contractors from a distance may not understand local regulations, or the local authorities may be espe¬ cially strict in dealing with outsiders. Even where the governmental agencies are entirely cooperative, delays are possible and the school authorities can be of assistance in securing the necessary permits and approvals. Under good practice there is early consultation by the school authorities with all governmental officials who have responsi¬ bilities for approving any stage of the building project. There are not many instances other than those already mentioned in which the board of education or its representatives would have direct relationships with the contractor. As a rule, the architect should represent the school authorities in all dealings with the con¬ tractor. This should not mean, however, that friendly and mutually helpful working relationships and interchange of ideas should not be established. The Educational Consultant Many boards of education have recognized the highly complex nature of modern school planning by employing an educational con¬ sultant in addition to the architect. The educational consultant does not assume the functions of the architect. Primarily the consultant is a professional educator, trained and experienced in school adminis¬ tration. He has acquired a technical understanding of the relation¬ ship of the needs of the educational program and of the community to the school plant. He should have competence in the educational applications of much technical data and should be able to reflect in planning the experience to be gained thru maintenance and operation of school plants. Also, he has skill in planning the internal arrange¬ ments of all parts of the school building so that effective operation may be secured. If properly qualified, he will be of immeasurable assistance to the architect and all concerned. He will answer for the architect such questions as: What does the “activities program” mean in terms of the elementary-school classroom needs? What do the experiences of teachers in school discipline, housekeeping, or flexible programs mean in terms of such things as storage space, out¬ door exits, and other building needs? The selection of an educational consultant is difficult and some¬ times impossible. Some regions have no one accessible who is profes- Organization and Administrative Procedures 27 The scho ° l Provides a place for creative artistic effort ii un sionally prepared. Many state departments provide consulting serv ices but the state department personnel for such purposes may be so limited in numbers that the consultant service is intermittent and ar C e Ca qu 0 a n iified° me U , nivmities and colla g<* have staff members who empl ° yed experienced edUCators ■» educadonai by boards of educaSZ^^ d ? P “ den “ board 'X^'*** ^ be independently relponsibl/toThe Ploying a^ed^'aton^cL^nrHo 0 ” 6 SCh ° 01 fr ° m em ‘ more efficient plans are produced wiS thHid T™ aPPr ° P . riate and suitant than in the absence of such help The r “ ed , UCatl0naI co "- the highest possible return on the investmen bvdeT r° mum educational use. tment, by designing for maxi- In employing an educational consultant consideration should be 28 American School Buildings given to the experience of the consultant in school administration, the amount and quality of his experience and education in school¬ building planning, his contributions to building research and litera¬ ture, and his personality. At the time of selecting the consultant there should be a clear understanding, if not a contract, between him and the board of edu¬ cation as to the nature, scope, and duration of his services. In addition to outside experienced consultant services, the school board and superintendent should make use of all available resources within the school staff. Certain members of the staff may be tem¬ porarily assigned to prepare themselves, thru inservice study and research, for performing as many as possible of the functions men¬ tioned above. Some school systems have employed the architect, in lieu of an educational consultant, early enough to allow him to make a brief study of school needs. Such a practice assuredly is far superior to the method commonly employed in the past, but it should not replace the educational consultant who, with years of experience in this work, has a definite advantage over an architect who studies education for only a few weeks. The consultant and the architect supplement and PUBLIC SCHOOLS' IWKHRSPIKI.I), CALIFORNIA 7 he school provides a place for study and research urganization and Administrative Procedures 29 complement each other. It is the consultant who draws together the educational policies and the architectural technics in a functional school building. There are two distinct and highly specialized jobs to be done. The State Department of Education Functions of state departments of education in local building pro¬ grams differ in the various states, depending upon state law. Usually the department has some responsibility for interpreting and enforc¬ ing minimum legal requirements to promote safety, protect the investment of public funds, and to promote good educational prac¬ tices. But it usually has other resources to offer in the planning of local buildings. Most state departments of education have some agency or official who can be of considerable help in reporting the experiences o other communities, in supplying advisory services regarding con¬ tract procedures, and in counseling on financial and structural planning. In many state departments there are full-time educational- building consultants. 7 For many state departments the trend seems to be to act in a consultative and advisory capacity on details for those districts ' “ h , Seek , 5 , Uch servlces > having the responsibility for final decisions s°atearetvolvl° f edUCati ° n ’ ^ *** of Whether state approval of plans is legally required or not it is desirable for plans to be submitted to the state authorities in he preliminary drawing stage, to be checked for compliance with state assistance available thru their state departments reS ° UrCeS " d 30 American School Buildings The school provides a place for group service and activity In this high-school classroom for courses in Social Behavior and Family Relationships, the custodian stays out and the students do the housekeeping. DOVER TOWNSHIP HIOH SCHOOL, TOMS RIVER, NEW JERSEY Legal Counsel There are many occasions in the process of building planning where a board will need the advice or services of legal counsel. Some of the occasions will be: 1. In consideration of the building-site program, questions of condemnation proceedings, easements, examination of abstracts, deeds, and other phases of property acquisition 2. In questions relating to the building code 3. In preparation and examination of contracts for the educational consultant, architect, and contractors, and in the checking of contracts when questions of “extra costs” arise 4. In preparation of ballots for and in carrying out elections on bond issues, in the administration of bond issues and financial programs, and in the prepara¬ tion of proper transcripts for credit ratings 5. In conflicts which may arise between the board and other civic agencies over responsibility for sewers, utilities, sidewalks, and other services. The question of how this counsel should be obtained, and whether it should be permanent or temporary counsel, can be settled by the school board in the same way that legal counsel is selected on other URGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 31 matters, with the possible exception of the bond attorney, whose special function is discussed in a later chapter. 11 Instructional Staff, Building Staff, and Community Teachers and the custodial employees should be a part of the planning program in both the long-term and immediate phases of planning. Too often superintendents have taken blueprints of a com¬ plete building to teachers and plant personnel, discussed them briefly, and asked the persons concerned what they thought of the plans. Rubber-stamping of highly-developed plans for buildings could hardly be called staff participation. The entire group should be brought into the planning early, before preliminary drawings have een started. Teachers can make significant suggestions on model classrooms, traffic movements, improved activities, core-curriculum facilities, and relationships of parts of the building. Also, the men who have assisted in maintaining a building, in heating it, and keep¬ ing it clean and in good repair for school uses, should be able to give g0 ° d advice °n problems of heating and ventilating in the new or remodeled building, on maintenance problems that might make erations uneconomical, on problems of community use of the buildin g ’ ° n ° thCr important Questions of efficient use of the g. ubmission to the staff of a few sketches of different class JsICZ ; h nd “ ^ ^ When an idea of £ “ 7 PerS ° n not . ted ™'cally (rained. the plans, the recognition and ark' 3 " ? r Clt,zen ls incorporated into of school building, and C ™d" ot C r a 1kerto dlT hni - a ' P '' 0blemS Mtely participate with the board TTrl,' They shouId » however, defi- concept of the kindo^ the b ™d i— y 8 See p. 302-304. J C K1UU 32 American School Buildings of buildings that are built but in the support of the community for any future building program, if the citizens have participated in lay groups and special committees in the solution of the pioblem of pro¬ jected school services. Here is a job of educational statesmanship for the superintendent in organizing for this type of thinking. In Orchard Park, New York, citizens, teachers, building em¬ ployees, and pupils participated in the total planning procedure for the construction of a new junior-senior high school and in the re¬ modeling of an elementary school. 9 The board of education appointed a citizens’ committee of twenty-two outstanding members, to study the community and its school needs. Its preliminary report resulted in the employment of an architect by the board and the choice of a site. The citizens’ committee, augmented by parents, pupils and teachers, continued to cooperate in the further development of the building program. Teachers and citizens made carefully organized visits to nearby school buildings and studied their neighbors plants and educational programs. Reports were made to the central com¬ mittee by twenty-one study-group committees, including suggestions on tentative sketches of building plans. After a year and a half of continuous study a community meeting was called by the board to present to the citizens the completed drawings and specifications. The bond issue, which had failed twice before this procedure was instituted, passed by an overwhelming majority. The committees continued to function in studying equipment needs and other phases of the building and educational program. In Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1943, the board of education authorized a comprehensive survey of school-building needs. Preliminary esti¬ mates of a $20,000,000 program were determined and in 1944 the voters approved a $16,000,000 bond issue. When the survey report was issued in January 1945, the board of education tentatively adopted it, referred it to the city planning commission for analysis and criticism, and placed copies in the hands of officers of parent- teacher organizations, civic groups, and private citizens. 1 These leaders were invited to study the report and to call upon representa¬ tives of the board of education for any needed interpretation. Finally, the groups and individuals who so desired were invited to o Sealers, Paul W. Community Participation in School Building Planning. New York. Teachers Colleyc, Columbia University. (Doctor's dissertation, in process.) _. . ... n i:., 10 Holy, T. c., and Ilerrirk, John II. A Survey oj the School-Building Needs of Cincinnati, u • Korean of Educational Research Monograph No. 28. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Umve s y, 184 D. Organization and Administrative Procedures 33 appear before the board and discuss their reactions to the survey. Three months were allowed for the citizens to study the report and appear before the board. Principals of schools were asked to carry on neighborhood studies in their school area. Newspapers published a digest of the report. Twenty-six communities held meetings for study with board representatives, and thirteen appeared before the board to discuss their reactions. Not until late June, after all hear¬ ings and discussions were completed, did the board make any com¬ mitments as to revisions of the original proposals. Some significant changes then were made and revised survey reports were sent out to all who participated. The net cost of the proposed program was slightly increased as a result of the study by the community. Weston, Massachusetts, carried out a community and teacher study of its educational program between February 1944 and July 1945. 11 One of the sixteen major areas of committee study was that of “School Plant and Equipment.” Each of the other major area committees submitted reports that also would be of great value to the architect and the board of education in any planning of school plants. All of this work was coordinated and guided by the Survey Committee on Plan and Scope. Assistance in consultant service was provided thru the Center of Research and Service in Educational Administration of the Harvard Graduate School of Education The report of the School Plant and Equipment Committee dealt with such major themes as the population trends of Weston present status and score card appraisal of existing school plant, and^the suggested evaluation of the plant in terms of the proposed educa¬ tional program. 12 Recommendations were made on the approximate ., Tt S1 f’ f u tyPe ° f a nCW eIementar y school; additions to the high school; broad estimates of cost of program- and a Dim of acuon for meeting the program. These studies came from I'he tizens and teachers of Weston to the board of education. Planning Commission; Other Planning Bo Jin T ts ’ the emire ^MUtnfetanding of „, her planning ^ **"* w ““"- «“•< «* P-*. 34 American School Buildings should begin before school sites are selected. Often the planning com¬ mission in the process of its work, has made decisions that should vitally affect the schools to be built. There is a noticeable tendency for the schools to become woven into the total fabric of community planning. There are numerous well-known examples of this. Denver has integrated many schools with city park developments. Many cities have planned school buildings cooperatively with city planners. In California cooperative planning by school boards and planning commissions is required legally in the selection of school sites for new subdivisions. In Cincinnati, Ohio, for example, the board of education will not decide on a school site until it has been checked by the city planning commission. Final responsibility for all decisions on educational requirements, however, should be made by edu¬ cational authorities. The best procedures for this integrated planning are naturally those in which the school superintendent and staff sit down with the planning commission and go over the procedures that have been described so far, present the general plans of the school needs over a period of years, and discuss integration of the school program with the planning commission. In some instances in smaller towns and villages the planning commission may not be formally organized, but members of civic and governmental groups can be approached and can be of considerable significance in this type of planning. The question of the improvement of the community is a parallel question with the improvement of schools. Will the proposed school building fit in with the business zoning, the park plans, and the street developments of the community that are contemplated by planning bodies? How will the plans of the school provide for a better community in which to live? These and other questions are to be answered only by cooperative school and community planning. Still another area of coordination of planning should be recog¬ nized. Two school districts or communities, existing side by side, may build school buildings without much consideration or even knowledge of the planning of their neighbors. The result has been, in some cases, over-building in a marginal region of two school districts. Complete neglect of marginal regions can be prevented thru cooperative plans. Planning of this nature requires educational statesmanship and vision, but it is fundamental to good educational opportunity and to the wise use of public funds. Organization and Administrative Procedures 35 Interrelationships of Personnel When buildings are being planned, few of the functions of any one agency or office discussed above are clearly separated and iso¬ lated from the others. Each has its special functions, but each is responsible for understanding, appreciating, and utilizing construc¬ tively the function of the others. As in all educational matters involving so many different personalities, the superintendent of schools has the unique function of guiding these interrelationships intelligently into uninterrupted channels of progress toward the ulti¬ mate goal: the completion of a school plant which expresses the educational philosophy and vision of the communitv. In this process the board of education is the agency of broad policy-making, the architect is the artist who moulds the educational dreams of the community into functional form; and the contractor 1S ’ m actual °P er ation, the technician who carries the plans into completion with accuracy and skill. The state department watches the plant development to see that it conforms to statute and state we are and acts as a friendly consultant thruout the program I he local planning commission fits the educational planning into community-wide planning of streets, parks, and residential and in- dustna! trends. The pupils, teachers, maintenance and operational staff, and citizens of the community advise the technicians Regard ! them experiences and their objectives as users of the building " All who are concerned with the need for harmonious coordination of personnel in planning buildings should be impressed by one phase of planning that may not be quite so crucial in other tvpes „ schotl community cooperation. This is the fart tW • • ' , °‘ io t0 ch S ang n e e thl^on" ^impo^Me attempt, with their limited know^edge^dlx^erience aTone'to^f 01 ^ a narrow decision that will bind the future. Ci,S ° r more and secondary I on siool T! S °. r ” OTe ^ des!rabIe ' The National Commis- fW ’. . S h ° o1 Dlstnct Reorganization concluded that the edura lonal interests of the children will be best served if: 44 American School Buildings 1. The enrolment in the kindergarten and Grades 1 to 6 is not fewer than 175 pupils with at least 7 full-time teachers employed, a more desirable minimum being 300 or more pupils with 12 or more teachers. 2. The enrolment in junior and senior high-school grades is not fewer than 300 pupils or 75 pupils of each age group, with a minimum of 12 full-time teachers. 3. The enrolment in schools which have been organized to provide educational opportunities for persons who have completed Grade 12 is not fewer than 200 pupils with 10 full-time teachers. 11 ’ To effect the reorganization of administrative units and attend¬ ance areas according to those fundamental principles on which there is general agreement would require a major expansion of transporta¬ tion and plant facilities. Policies governing transportation are gener¬ ally established in terms of maximum walking distance, travel dis¬ tance, and travel time. It is recognized that there are areas where it is not feasible to follow these recommendations with regard to the size of the attendance, the administrative unit, or the transporta¬ tion limitations. However, these exceptions should not minimize the importance of trying to organize satisfactory schools. Probably few other states will attempt the abrupt change made by West Virginia in 1933 when nearly four hundred administrative 10 Dawson, Howard A., and Reeves, Floyd W., op. cit., p. 81. Pimi.ic SCHOOJ.S, NFW YORK CITY, “All. TUB CIII1 nRRN” The public-school program is expanding, as vocational educa- , • Cl! 1 A I / A A A A A a / 4- /Ml 4A4* */■>'»# / 4! »VJ Projecting the Educational Program 45 rpt . i .. pubmc schoui s, .ui.an’tx, ci-oi he Public-school program is expanding, as parents and other citizens more and more use the school buildings as centers of cooperative service units were reduced to 55 by legislative action. 11 On the other hand a coordinated state program of reorganization establishing a general pattern for the state probably would be desirable. The Community's Philosophy of Education One of the first prerequisites to an improved school nlant ic e7uc^ beliefs re §arding public educational progress, whether it be in phyTical nhT and instruction, personnei, hnance, or is proper to expect that school personnel should l P1r i ti mumty in the formulation of its education* V J i ^ Also, it is the function nf th* a . Cat ° nal aims an ^ objectives. staff in the undertZtg nTZZTT ^ E superintendent of schools to take the lead fa to?™ * °' ““ community’s educational philosophy h fornl " lat,on °< a are not sufficient. are not sufficient. Since the school telo^'to'ft* 1 ^ gr ° Ups be also the public’s aims. £ ^ “ H °’‘ rd A - - *«»=. >W w, t „, p. M 46 American School Buildings fessional staff and those of the community must be in harmony, A joint enterprise, such as the public schools, requires joint partici¬ pation in crystallizing beliefs—participation by parents and non¬ parents, classroom teachers, principals, pupils, custodians, superin¬ tendent, school board, and civic and business groups. Professional literature of recent years has reported principles and actual practices in many cooperative community efforts to develop educational philosophies and to make plans for the future. Indeed, socio-economic planning has been organized and functioning at state and national levels for some time, viz., the former National Re¬ sources Planning Board and the present Council of Economic Ad¬ visers. A series of monographs of the United States Office of Educa¬ tion is devoted to the problems of educational planning. 1 - American City, as portrayed by the Educational Policies Commission, gives an example of community planning for its educational program. 1 '* Projecting the Community's Educational Program I he lay public may be pleased by new housing facilities adequate for the current educational activities. Because educational planning has been largely a professional function, lay leaders may accept a new plant as satisfying the community’s needs. Consequently, in¬ flexibility and poor adaptability later may be attributed to obsoles¬ cence when in reality these deficiencies are due to a plant designed only for a specific program. In a building that is architecturally and structurally sound, all the blame for inadequacy could conceiv¬ ably lie at the door of the local school leadership when foreseeable demands on the building cannot be met. A common example of inadequate planning is seen in the im¬ provised lunchrooms in numerous presentday schools. It is true that the federal school-lunch program has given impetus to the movement, but lunchrooms have been operated in public schools for years. There is no reason why proper planning might not have an¬ ticipated the expansion of lunch programs, particularly in city schools where lunchroom operation already existed in progressive centers. An example of this type of planning is seen in the fact ”IT. S. Office of Education, Federal Security Agency. Plannlttt Srkooh for Tomorrow. Washington, I) O ' Government Printing Office, 1942 1944. Leaflets, No. 64, 26 (>.; No. 66, .18 p ■ No. 71, 40 u.; No. 72, 20 p.; No, 7.1, 2.1 p,; and No. 74, 20 p. '* National Education Assoc iation and American Association of School Administrators, Educational Policies Commission. P.rtuiallon lor All Amerlran Vout/i. Washington, D. C.: the Commission, 1944. Chapter 4, ''Schools for Youth In American City," D. 171-318. Projecting the Educational Program 47 that as early as 1920 the Julius Rosenwald Fund, which between 1920 and 1938 promoted the construction of more than five thousand rural schools in the Southern region, consistently refused to approve plans for one-teacher school buildings having only one room. Com¬ munities erecting one-teacher schoolhouses with Rosenwald plans obtained a building with a regular classroom and a smaller “com¬ munity room.” This foresighted policy anticipated community needs. The fact that space is available now for community club rooms, for federally aided hot-lunch programs, for indoor play areas, for health rooms, for community libraries, and the like, is a result of vision in projecting educational programs on a regional scale. Local school leadership should be capable of even more effective planning for specific communities. The extent of educational activities in a given school is determined partly by factors beyond the control of the local school unit. Prob¬ ably the starting point or basis of the future school program is an anticipated state foundation or minimum program. Trends in state school legislation point clearly to an increased interest in seeing t at every child has access to a minimum educational program guaranteed by the state. g On the basis of these trends, a nine-month, twelve-grade accredited school organization may be anticipated as the minimum educational undertaking in the future. If this should be minimum, the commu¬ nity study probably will extend the scope of programs immediately possible in many areas to include nursery schools and kindergartens terms of from ten to twelve months and including school-camping ac lvities, the thirteenth and fourteenth years of general education community college, improved vocational education for youth and both general and vocational education for adults. Many examples may be found to suggest the probable nature of tion P oT amS ;. f ° r . n ° ne ° f theSe activities is new in public educa- ion. Other activities not yet conceived will develop as desirable school practices in the future. The problem lies in judging the degree of Thefo d e t mCreaSed ° PP ° rtunities P° ssibl y may be made a part of the foundation program of the state, with more and more com mumties undertaking them in the interim. For example kinder gartens are well established as an integral part of elementary educa Duhl- m ^ Ume f ? US Urban sch ° o1 systems. It is entirely likely that public education at the preprimary level will become an integral 48 American School Buildings part of state foundation programs. However, the nursery school or kindergarten presents problems in rural areas that have not yet been solved satisfactorily, particularly the problem of transportation in assembling an adequate number of children. In lieu of a kindergarten centrally located, one proposed solution is the revival of the one- room rural school for the preprimary and primary grades. Each year sees the development of new projects and services by pioneering school systems. Recent studies that report such practices challenge the imagination, as they suggest the ever-widening scope of educational services that schools of the future may provide . 14 Recording Plans for a Projected Program When the educational plan of an administrative unit has been developed with sufficient clarity, it can be recorded in definite state¬ ments. Because it is the function of the board of education to deter¬ mine the policies for public-school systems, the planning of the future educational program of the community should bear the formal endorsement of the board of education. Such an endorsement would appear in the official board minutes as adopted policies of the school- administrative unit. The following are illustrative of the problems for which some tentative answer must be reached before the specific planning of buildings can develop: 1. What is the optimum type of grade organization? 2. What shall he the lower and upper ages or grade levels in the school system? •V What shall be the content of the school curriculum? 4. How far may children reasonably be expected to walk? 5. What shall be the limits of class size to determine the number of teachers to be employed and the number of classrooms needed? f). What levels of quantity and quality shall be maintained in school buildings and equipment? 7. What supervisory services shall be provided to aid teachers and pupils? 8. On what bases shall school children be grouped for instruction? 9. What shall be the purposes and nature of the testing program? 10. What shall be the length of the school day and of the school term? Engelhnrdt, N. L., and Engelhard!, N, L. p Jr, Planning the Community School New York: American Honk Co., 1940. 188 p. National Education Association and American Association of School Administrator*, Educational Policies Commission. Education /or All American Children. Washington, D. C.: the Commission, 1948. 292 p. Olsen, Edward 0., In cooperation with others. School and Community. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1945, 422 p. Southern States Work-Conference on School Administrative Problems, Building a Better South Through Education. Improving Education In the Southern Slates, Bulletin No. 5. Tallahassee, Pin,: the Con¬ ference (Exec, Secy.: Edgar L. Morphet), 194J, 100 p. .Projecting the Educational Program 4 11. What regulations shall govern summer programs? 12. What special services shall be provided children in the schools? 13. What additional activities shall the schools sponsor? 14. What is the school responsible for in community recreation? 15. For what community library service is the school responsible? 16. What co-curriculum experiences shall be provided in the schools? 17. What use of school property shall be afforded community groups? 18. What services for adult education shall be provided? No attempt is made here to suggest an answer for each of these questions, for there is no one right answer. The correct solution is to be found in terms of the conditions that exist in each local admin¬ istrative unit. There is no valid reason why all school units should follow a common solution to their problems. The cooperative think¬ ing of the local community, if it has competent professional leader¬ ship, is the only satisfactory way in which these questions can be answered. It should not be expected, therefore, that one would find uniformity in the policies adopted by several boards of education. The uniformity to be hoped for would be in a condition where the several boards did have specific statements which would define the various elements in their school programs. While it cannot be ? 7 c^i SCh001 districts g ener ally are best organized on the K8-4, , 6, K6 3-3, or K6-4-4 (including the kindergarten with the elementary grades), or some other type of organization plan, it may be certain that when a community’s educational plan has crystal¬ led, some definite type of organization will be stated as the choice ot that community. phy h to S CTeatffff 6 COn ™ Un!ty f °™ulates its educational philoso- Tn fill • framework, and projects its educational activities to fill m and round out this framework into a form or pattern con and'elpTelsive 8 oTitt ’ r'1- tent , Wi * h antici P ated legal provisions, the Tt • , educational goals. This projected program is the determinant of a well-planned school plant CHAPTER FOUR Projecting the Community s Educational-Plant Program T he preceding chapter has discussed the factors to be considered by a community in determining the scope and the general char¬ acter of its educational program. When a conclusion has been reached on these two basic problems, together with the form of school organization which it prefers, that is, K8-4, K6-3-3, K6-6, or some modification of these, the preparation has been made for developing the plant program. The major steps then in developing the school plant in terms of the community’s educational program are those of (a) ascertaining as accurately as possible the future school enrolment and the distribution of that enrolment among the major divisions of the school system, (b) appraising the present plant, and (c) determining what land, buildings, and equipment taking account both of present plant and future extensions—are required to offer satisfactorily the educational program to the antici¬ pated enrolment. In the following pages these three steps are dis¬ cussed in order. Estimating School Enrolment The basic factor in predicting school population is that of the birth rate. In the United States the trend in the birth rate has been downward since 1800, as shown by the decennial census figures on the number of children under five years of age in proportion to the number of women of childbearing age. The number was more than three times larger in 1800 than in 1940. 1 In recent years figures have been recorded annually on the num- 1 Thompson, Warren S., and Whelpton, P. K. Estimates of Future Population of the United States, 1940-2000. National Resources Planning Board, Committee on Population Problems. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1943. p. 14. r cm Pi?OJEC7IN.S THE PtAKT PsKlGSAfif Si her si births. The highest bitih raft during the iwentv-seven-y ^r period 1920 thru 1946 was at 1921, when it v*as 24.2 regisiered births per one thousand population. The lowest bar th rates in that period ^ere is 3930 tbrn 1937, when the rates vsere 1 pe 17 . 2 , i6 ;^ **** i7A *** ^ tfxxasas& popaSatasa, respectively! timing. too war years, and the year immediately thereafter, that y m A thrU m ' S ’ tW TO aTj ^crease in the birth rate as evh ffTh”? f r 5a ' to ™s S S®« *« «** of these yeas, le^ecSSvelv: ‘ v 3. wyj - awi 2SA Mespfte the faerease, b TO i. li ”' ul , be notea SJ3S1 ra r ' &r - ®* awse jihks did tie irinh Jate ,. ach *TS™’ «“ *** »* ^ * 23.9 a* the colSi number 01 mtlixs tr> 3 3 1 o. 000 „v. i ,, , ., „ ~ 1L> ' “'A^W, or sligntly mote than 1 3 r ai fO s; 7 3 .28S,« 72 bicths fa M46/ “. w«u«gi«. d 54 American School Buildings DOWNWARD TRENDS TO BE EXPECTED If birth rates decline in the years immediately ahead as expected, then school enrolments should begin to decline about the year 1965 unless the decline resulting from a decreasing number of births is offset by a higher proportion of children of school age being enrolled in the public schools. That, of course, is related to the compulsory age laws and the effectiveness of their enforcement, and to the trends in private-school enrolments. Since permanent school buildings built within the next few years will be in use in the year 2000 and for some years thereafter, then those districts which now plan their permanent building program in terms of caring for the peak enrolments expected within the next fifteen or twenty years will find themselves with excess building capacity if the decline sets in as now predicted. This peak enrolment might be met by either or both of the following means: 1. By rehabilitating old buildings which under normal conditions would be abandoned, so that they might continue in service during the peak period. 2. Thru the erection of temporary structures which might be used to house a part of the enrolment during this anticipated peak period. Summarizing in the light of the situation as described here, the following points appear pertinent in relation to future enrolment in elementary and secondary public schools of the country. 1. The total population of the United States will continue to increase for the next thirty-five to forty-five years when a peak approximating 165,000,000 will be reached. 2. Despite this anticipated increase in total population, the maximum number of school age, that is, 5 to 19 years, will be reached by 1960 or 1961 after which there will be a steady decline in the actual numbers in this age group. 3. Because of the high birth rate during the 1940’s, elementary-school enrol¬ ment may be expected to increase reaching its peak around 1961 when children born in 1947 will be 14 years of age and should, therefore, have finished their elementary schooling. This peak is based on the assumption that the high birth rates of the war years, and those immediately thereafter, will not continue. 4. The lowest birth rates in the history of the nation occurred in the years 1933 thru 1936. Children born during those years will be entering high school between 1947 and 1951. In the light of these facts, it is expected that there will be a decline in high-school enrolment continuing until nbout 1955 when it should be arrested by the entrance into high school of the children born during the high birth-rate years of 1941 thru 1947. The decline of the early 1950’s, of course, may be offset to some degree by getting a larger proportion of children of high-school age enrolled in high school. Projecting the Plant Program 5. Between 1960 and 1975, children born during the high birth-rate years of 1941 thru 1947 will themselves be married and bearing children, so an increase in the number of births is expected during that period. 6. Equally important as the total number of children of school age is their distribution nationally and within a given school district. Large cities, in order to maintain themselves, must have a continuous influx of population from the rural sections of the nation. At present there seems to be a revival of a movement which got under way about twenty-five years ago but made little headway, namely, that of decentralization of industry away from the big cities, in search of lower costs and better living. The result may be new school-building short¬ ages for many towns and small cities. local predictions of enrolment a uo Over the years a number of methods have been devised for fore¬ casting school population within a community. Among these are the following: 1. Forecasting school enrolment from total population, assuming that there is a fairly constant ratio between total population and school enrolment This method is usually applied by getting an average of the percents which' total school enrolments were of the Federal census figures for each of the previous ZLZ f ^ ideS v , a ^ d j applying th ^t average to the future estimated total popuk ion of the school district. This estimated total population, particular^ n the larger communities, can generally be secured from city planning commis¬ sions and similar planning bodies. g ommis e J'J'°I eCa ff nS by gr3phic technics • Growth ^rves of school enrolments are srrr? f - =“»■ “ sb£ Hi~'.nrw is particularly useful in determi ■ T- 3 e< ? sc ^ 00 ^ enr °lment. This method the school dltrK ‘te 50 as the room tseif is concerned it is 100 percent utilized since it would not be time On thfTh ^ g ° ing ° n in the room at the same ™ ° n t he ° ther hand > 50 far as pupil-station use is concerned, T “ C H e, i S Sch0 ° ls ° } Chicago - Illinois. New York: i Sr 5 ssj as; tributions to’EdufaHon. Nof College^<^lumbi^Viriversity,*l*l92J > *\Q2 0 ^ it is only 50 percent utilized. 13 If the present use of a school is below commonly accepted standards for school-building utilization, the question which arises is whether its future enrolment is likely to increase or decrease. If it is likely to decrease, then consideration must be given to the feasibility of closing the school and accom¬ modating the pupils elsewhere. Another question which arises is, “What are commonly accepted standards of room and pupil-station use?” In high schools of 300 enrolment or more, a room use of 85 percent for academic rooms seems to be an attainable goal. In a study of the room use in fifty secondary schools of varying size in Ohio, made in 1946, it was found that the average room use was 85 percent for the academic rooms and 71 percent for the special rooms. 14 In these same schools the pupil-station use was 70 percent and 55 percent, respectively. In a study made in New York City in 1944 this statement appeared: Of the fifty-four academic high schools in New York City, ten schools are indicated as having a percentage of room utilization which falls within the “acceptable” range of 75 percent to 85 percent. 14 Of the remaining forty-four high schools, twenty-three had academic room utilization in excess of 85 percent. Because of the simplicity in arranging schedules, elementary schools are able to achieve a higher room use than high schools. Acceptable standards for ele¬ mentary schools are 90 percent for room use and 75 percent for pupil-station use. Every large city has had an outward movement of population to the periphery of the corporation or to adjoining suburbs, or both, thereby leaving unused capacity in the so-called downtown schools. This shift in population, coupled with the general decline in school enrolment during the past few years, leaves many cities with housing capacities in excess of actual enrolment. For example, a 1942 survey in one large city recommended that twenty-one of the eighty-four elementary-school centers be closed. Effective September 1942, sixteen were actually closed. Among them was a fireproof building <" Simplified form* for measuring room anil pupil-station utilisation have been developed at the Ilurenu of Educational Kesenrih, Collette of F,duration, Ohio State University, os follows: Room Vtill- tallnn uj I'lrmcntary-Schonl Buildings. (Form SS-U-1 and 8S-U-2, mimeographed, 2 pages) and Room and Pupil-Station Utilisation o) Secondary-School Buildings (Forms SS-U-3, SS-U-4, and SS-U-5, mimeographed, .1 pnges.) i» Flesher, W. K.; Sessions, K. H.| and Holy, T. C. A Study of Public School Building Needs, Coshocton, Ohio, llureau of educational Kcsearch, Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Slate University, 1947, p. 50. '• Ernst, Frederick, and Engclbardt, N. L, Survey of the Room Utilisation of Academic High Schools In New Yorh City. New York: Board of Education, 1944. p. 8. Mlmco. Projecting the Plant Program 61 erected in 1924 and a number of others with fireproof additions. A similar study in another city in 1943 recommended the elimination of nine elementary-school centers. Effective September 1944, three of these buildings, that scored 758, 775, and 917 points, respectively, were closed. Here are examples of buildings in good condition that were closed because of lack of school population in the attendance areas which they served. An answer to the question as to whether a building is to be continued must be made, therefore, not only in the light of its present condition and adequacy for school uses but also in terms of whether it is likely to be needed in housing the future program. Developing the Building Program When enrolment estimates have been made, and the present plant appraised, the next logical step is a comprehensive analysis to determine what additional land, new buildings, building additions building rehabilitation, and equipment are needed to house the educational program. This should be done both in terms of the ultimate long-time program and in terms of that part of the ultimate program needed m the immediate future. Assuming that the board of education and superintendent have agreed that a study of long- LT d ^ nCedS ShOUM bG mad6 ’ k is the function of the super- :“nl“ end jUSt Wh ° “*» comprehensive Two approaches in making the survey are ^ u the Michigan State Superintendent of Public Instruction JfdW the job ZThe done^completely by snedali t“f °‘ h'; In both cases the planning of the survey^L^the 0 ™ the SCh ° o1 System ‘ of the data, and the formulation of ga ^ henn g of d ^a, the interpretation the sole responsibility of the survey sta^ Tte restltTofTh' ^ UlUmate plan are to the school authorities for their aoDrova) t* f ? SUrvey are presented The advantage of this clan if it i= d y after _ lfc has been completed, amount of disruption of the regular "school" 13 *' ™ lhat 11 CJUSes a minimum that the job can be done ratheT" "ertlv ii Pr ° gram ' An0th " ad ™tage is competence on the part of the staff the l, minimum of time. Assuming However, the psychLgici “’ay "^ ^ ^ be suspicious of the recommendations of “eitpeS“ esne f n f taclined t0 hept out of the affair unti, it is suddenly The cooperative method, while perhaps less efficient and more time consuming, does have very decided public-relations advantages. With this method, an attempt is made to obtain group thinking, group activity, and group decisions. Although the superintendent may exert initiative and leadership, principals, teachers, community leaders, and others, including children, are brought into the total picture with the children's activities and contributions gauged according to their maturity and capabilities. Oftentimes outside consultant services are obtained either from the Department of Public Instruction or elsewhere. Since the whole activity is definitely a community activity, such an enterprise, if well carried out, practically insures community support of the recommendations. 11 ' All tentative conclusions, whether obtained by expert survey technics or by use of the superintendent’s staff or any other means, will naturally have to be reviewed thoroly and carefully by the board. The financial condition of the school district also must be studied to ascertain the resources of the district for meeting its plant needs. 17 A final plan for the school-building program over a period of years will be drawn up and approved by the board. INFORMATION NEEDED In addition to the data collected in estimating school enrolments and appraising the present school plant, the following information will be found very useful: 1. Number, kind, and cost of residential buildings erected in the community over a ten-year period. These should be shown on a map so that the locations of recent growth can be easily observed. 2. A map showing the zoning provisions, if the community has a zoning plan. These show the areas of the community which are designated for business, industry, and residences of various kinds. 3. A map showing the location and area of all public parks and playgrounds, and other spaces which might be available for recreational purposes; also museums, libraries, and other educational resources. 4. Recent growth of the school district area and its probable future extensions, including those resulting from the reorganization of school districts. Also there should be gathered information on how the projected building plans will affect transportation, both school and community, and well-established neighborhood areas. 5. Spot maps for each division of the school system, that is, elementary, junior high school, and senior high school, showing the residence location of each pupil enrolled in the schools during the year in which the study is being made. i* Michigan Stair Department nf Public Inatriirtlnn. A Gulrlt / or Phnnln/t School Pullrllots. Bulletin No. VtS, Tunning: the Department, 1945. p. 19-20. '’.See Chapter XVII, p. 2SS 40S. Projecting the Plant Program 63 6. A map showing the location and area of school-district property now being used for school purposes. 7. The tax valuation and the tax rates of the school district by years for a ten-year period preceding the date of the study. 8. Outstanding school bonds of the school district for each year of the ten-year period preceding the date of the study, together with a schedule of principal and interest payments until all school bonds are completely liquidated. 9. On the spot maps mentioned above, locate each building and draw about it circles to designate its approximate attendance area. For elementary schools these circles should approximate five-eighths of a mile in radius; for junior high schools one and one-fourth miles, and for senior high schools one and three-fourths miles. These maps will then show how well the entire area i= covered by the attendance areas of each of the buildings. Moreover, if repeated at periodic intervals, they will show the specific areas where enrolments are increasing, or decreasing. Also, they are extremely useful in any changes which may be made in the districts served by each of the schools. In fact, of the various items mentioned above, these spot maps will undoubtedly be found to be most useful. In highly congested areas in school districts which have established a maximum size of school, the radii of these circles would probably be reduced since this maximum enrolment would be reached from lesser areas than those mentioned above. (Illustrations of two types of maps to show attendance areas are given in Figures 4 and 5.) RECOMMENDATIONS TO BE MADE With the foregoing data at hand, the major questions which must be answered in arriving at both the ultimate and immediate build- mg programs are as follows: w^^T, W f h , aCCOTdine ‘° the appraisal °“s h ‘ to be abandoned presen, “ocXt ^ “ d wWch be -placed at theii -rsirf?'- .srsKis——- < ‘■"Ass 1 ist sir**- - ~ to develop 1 toure are n't 0 " 1 diStnC . t ’ cither now developed or likely arc ” e ^ f y“^nt a U^J pr0Iimate locations? aonid be developed a bm 0 “^ “ttt^e tae. Doefu ntd a new roof, new floors, new wiring, fireproofing of stairways and corridor new heating plant, new plumbing? 8. Does the educational program as laid out by the community require ne kinds of structures, such as vocational or technical high schools, or sped buildings for handicapped children, or community colleges? 9. What is the financial ability of the district to undertake a building program To determine this, there must be taken into account constitutional and statutoi bonding limitations, present outstanding bonds and their program of liquidation pay-as-you-go possibilities, tax rates, and the like. 10. Make careful estimates in the light of present building costs of the prograi needed in the immediate future, and more general estimates of the projects whicl on the basis of present information, may be needed some time in the futur In order to get these estimates, a rather careful check of cubage (or squai footage) requirements for each project should be made. To this cubage shoul be applied the estimated costs per cubic foot. To that amount should be adde the cost of site, site development, architects’ fees, and equipment. For exampl the following were June 1948 estimates for an eighteen-classroom elemental FIGURE 4 USE OF SPOT MAP FOR ANALYSIS OF ENROLMENT / soBS.WgSKim WATtOKj^H^jtEW YORK From A Study of Publlo Education in Watertown, New York Projecting the Plant Program 65 building with kindergarten, library, lunchroom, combination auditorium-gym¬ nasium, and certain special rooms: Site (already owned). Site development. $ 10,000 Construction cost: Classrooms . 388,306 cu. ft. at $1.15 $446,552 Kitchen-locker room . 51,502 ” ” ” 1.00 51,502 Auditorium-gymnasium- lunchroom . 160,425 ” ” ” .90 144,382 Basement fan room. 62,025 ” ” ” .70 43,417 685,853 Architects’ fees—6% of construction cost. 41,151 Equipment, excluding built-in and attached. 37,600 Total . $774,604 11. In the light of the appraisal of the existing buildings, the estimated cost of the immediate program and the financial condition of the school district determine the priority of the building projects to be recommended and the method of financing. 12. Develop specific plans for accommodating pupils during the time the buildings are under construction. Such measures may be necessary as transporta¬ tion of some pupils for a short period, temporary use of some abandoned build¬ ings, and half-day sessions. RECHECKING EACH PROJECT WITH THE TOTAL PROGRAM Since for various reasons there is often considerable delay be¬ tween the time the building program is developed and the actual construction of a given building, careful check ought to be in all such cases to see whether other factors have arisen in the mean¬ time which would modify or completely change the original recom¬ mendations. An excellent example of such a case is found in a study made for the New York City Board of Education in 1946. Quoted from the report is the following: Post ' War Building Program adopted by the Board of Education in July 1945 Item 73 provides for the erection of new Junior High School 46 in the Red Hook-Gowanus Areas of Brooklyn. The accompanying Community Study No. 11 of the Division of Housing and Business Administration is presented for the consideration of your Com- KSi a " d for fPProval of the conclusions on page 42, namely that Junior High School 46 be eliminated from the Post-War Program and that in its stead there me u e a project for the construction of an addition to replace the “C” JuLTmgh Schoo! 6“° 01 27 ’ t0gCther WUh 3 Pr ° jeCt for ?“ g | lh j rdt ;r N L ” director - Red Hook-Gowanus mun.ty Study No. 11. New York: Board of Educatior The Neighborhoods and Their Schools, Com- 1946. Letter of Transmittal. 47 p. Plano. the Plant Program 6 # Projecting clmonly Ssed formas which have been developed for that pur¬ lin 'elementary^choo^the determination of housing is much simplified because the pupils, except for P commonly 5 remain in the same room for all of their .nstrucPom Under these circumstances the problem of determ.mn E the number of classrooms required is primarily one of dividing e 1 of pupils by the number to be accommodated in each classroo and of adding to that such special rooms as are required for he educational program. In this calculation the chief varia e is ® number of children to be accommodated in each room. In elemen a y schools this number generally approximates class size, which in recent years has tended downward. At the present time most build¬ ing programs are based on elementary rooms with a capacity ot thirty to thirty-five pupils and with twenty to thirty square ee of floor space for each pupil. However, the Commission believes it highly desirable today to plan for classes of less than thirty in the elementary school. Classrooms with a maximum capacity of thirty, on the basis of approximately 30 square feet per pupil, would appear to be adequate in size. 19 In junior and senior high schools the determination of housing requirements is entirely different because of the broader program with its elective and vocational subjects. The scope and nature of the high-school program varies widely not only among different cities but also among schools within a school district. For these reasons more attention has been given to research in devising methods of determining the housing requirements for a given edu¬ cational program. Three major studies have been reported. H. W. Anderson studied the teaching programs of twenty-seven junior high schools ranging in enrolment from 359 to 1800. 20 On the basis of his data he developed two formulas: one for determining the number of rooms and one for ascertaining the average capacity of the rooms. is* See p. 88. See also: National Education Association, Research Division. “Proposals for Public Education in Postwar America.” Research Bulletin 22: 53-54; April 1944. 20 Anderson, H. W. A Method for Determining the Housing Requirements of Junior High-School Programs. University of Iowa, Studies in Education. Vol. 3, No. 3. Iowa City, Iowa: the University. 1926. S6 p. American School Buildings 68 The formula for determining the room requirements to accommo¬ date a given educational program is as follows: Number Pupil periods per week in subject _ of rooms — Number of Average size period s x (1 minus S ) 0 c ass per week The values of S vary with the type of room and size of school: Small Medium Large school school school Regular classrooms 0 0 U Special rooms -08 .OS In determining the number of regular classrooms, the number of pupil periods may be added for subjects having the same average size of class and the same number of periods per week, or the formula may be applied separately to the subjects and the results added. Each type of special room, however, must be calculated individually because such rooms cannot be used interchangeably. The second formula is used in ascertaining the average capacity of both regular and special classrooms. It differentiates between regular classrooms, i.e., rooms which may be used interchangeably for academic subjects, such as mathematics, English, Latin, and social studies, and special rooms—those equipped for* a particular purpose, such as shops, laboratories, or home-economics rooms. SMALL SCHOOLS (500 Pupils) Average capacity of Average size of class regular classrooms 1.00 — .20 Average capacity of Average size of class special rooms 1.00 — .20 MEDIUM SCHOOLS (1000 Pupils) Average capacity of __ Average size of class classrooms 1.00 — .07 Average capacity of Average size of class special rooms 1.00 — .16 LARGE SCHOOLS (1500 Pupils) Average capacity of _ Average size of class classrooms 1.00 — .04 Average capacity of Average size of class special rooms 1.00 — .10 Projecting the Plant Program 69 , . . , A . po r ter’s study. 21 The chief difference Hsilv schedule This difference is significant only m suDje halg dalfy recitations. The formula thus developed in tins stndy ts. Registered num¬ ber of students in subject Average num- X ber of periods daily Average size of class Number of ye periods in Number of rooms The Packer study also provides allowances for program making. In schools enrolling over 1000 pupils, this allowance is 5 percent; , in those enrolling S00 to 1000, 8.8 percent; and in schools enrolling 150 to 500 pupils, 14.7 percent. If, for example, the formula showed 40 rooms needed for a school enrolling 1200 pupils, then 5 percent of 40 or two rooms, would be added to the total room requirement to allow for program making. Like the Anderson study, this one differentiates in the same manner between regular and special classrooms. Wilson obtained data for a similar study from 345 high schools in New York State having enrolments of from 50 to 400.- 2 From these data and the secondary-school program offered in the small high schools of the state, certain formulas were developed on the basis of the following assumptions as quoted from the original study: First, it was assumed that all special recitation rooms in a high school, with the possible exception of the boys’ vocational-arts rooms, could be so equipped as to be usable for certain types of nonspecial recitations when not in use for the special recitations for which they were set up. Second, it was assumed that in a small high school it is neither ^economically sound nor educationally necessary that all the recitations of a given subject, such as English or mathematics, be taught in a room set apart for that subject alone, but that with proper equipment such nonspecial classes may be taught interchangeably in rooms best fitted to the size of the class reciting. In the author’s explanation of his findings and their application to the planning of high-school buildings in New York State, he uses “Packer, Paul C. Housing of High School Programs. Contributions to Education. No. 159. New York: Teachers Collette, Columbia University, 1924. 51 p. ** Wilson, W. K. Techniques for Setting Up a Schedule of Recitation Rooms for New York State High Schools of 400 Enrollment or Less. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1933. (Doctor’s thesis.) Abstract in: Ohio State University, Abstracts of Doctor’s Dissertations 12: 288-95. 70 American School Buildings the terms “interchangeable” stations and “special” stations. The first applies to rooms designed specifically to accommodate non¬ special classes, such as English, mathematics, and social studies, while the second refers to rooms designed for special classes, such as homemaking, agriculture, science, typing, and art. The following is quoted from Wilson’s explanation of the application of the formula: 1. High-school enrolment is so closely related to the number of daily classes and daily interchangeable classes to be expected that the number of daily inter¬ changeable recitations approximates very closely the formula: Enrolment ---p 12 = Daily interchangeable recitations 8 2. The number of interchangeable stations needed for a given enrolment can be determined by dividing the number of daily interchangeable recitations by the number of daily recitation periods, or or Interchangeable Teacher Stations Interchangeable Teacher Stations Daily Interchangeable Recitations Daily Periods Enrolment 8 + 12 Daily Periods A school of 240 pupils operating on a six-period day would require 240 If + 12 42 „ . = — =7 Interchangeable Stations o 6 3. Due to the wide variation of class sizes in interchangeable classes, it is possible to conserve space and increase the percent of utilization of a building by varying the size of interchangeable stations. Basing a decision on structural limitations and current educational practices in class size, it was found besl to set up three sizes of interchangeable stations . . .: small, or 20-pupil-statior rooms; medium, or 30-pupil-station rooms; and large, or 40-pupil-station rooms 4. The optimum capacity of special stations was found to be closely related to the size of the school and the type of subject. 5. An analysis of all study-group sizes for one week in 227 high schools showed the required number of permanent study stations, as customarily provided ir. the study hall and library, to be as follows: For an enrolment of 89 to 145, % of the enrolment. For an enrolment of 146 to 200, V\ of the enrolment. For an enrolment of 201 to 400, % of the enrolment. Projecting the Plant Program 71 StU J\ wh [ ch is used h y the Division of School Buildings to Indudel 8 “ Tu ° f NeW Y ° rk ’ haS Since been extended ,rh I d f ! 0Ur ' year hlgh schools of 400 to 3000 enrolment For . °° S . ° f thls Slze the formu la for daily interchangeable recitations by PlUS inStead 0f ** in the S • dke Pu ' eau 0f Educational Research of the Ohio State University 1 3 srj TStf r f -s* sgs? ir> z:. information regarding these f ° IIo '™« OhTo:" P ° rt f ° r ,he 75 °' PUpil Keifer Junior High School^SprinS' a. Cafeteria Assuming that the above pmportt^f t 1available, at the Keifer building will use the cafeteria b 3 JUn ‘° r ' hlgh schooi enrolment one-half of the estimated enrolment used fn ^ eshmated that approximately will need to be served in the cafeteria. P 3nning pur P oses ’ or 375 pupils, folio,, C s BSary Spa " all0 "'™“ s for the various food-service facilities are as t. Kitchen-soo s, ft. (incudes dishwashing room or area, but „ ot food 3. ft 0ne ,0 '°” 12 ' 6 " ««««•) ' Conference dining room-Approjimate'iv'J" '“P Sealed at ° ne l ™e.) „ P er Person to be seated at onetime.) ' 6 Sq ' ft ' (Allowin g 16 sq. ft. P°°d storage room—80 so ft r\ • 6 5^ ,“ d -.e.disp^ i A „r„7™%ls ofth % kUch “"'‘J ~ Dtchen area.) S< P ft- (Approximately ' emploie'ef 6 " facilities- provide these for cafeteria 8- Managers office—Approximately 50 sq. ft. b. Library Space re q „ireme„ts for , he Iibrtryare as foll „ ws , —ate^eslitdTSm^ " PW P “ Pil f ° r ^ » -s S - ,.... AMERICAN SCHOOL .BUILDINGS U 2. Library conference room—Approximately 375 sq. ft. 3. Library work room—300-400 sq. ft. 4. Audio-visual materials room—500-600 sq. ft. c. Auditorium The auditorium should seat the entire average estimated enrolment of 750 pupils. d. Home Rooms A pupil station must be provided each pupil during the home-room period. Since present calculations are based on*an enrolment of 750, it is necessary to provide 750 pupil stations with an average of thirty per room. Thus, a total of twenty-five rooms will be required for home-room purposes. Recognition of the Approaching Peak Period In the foregoing discussion emphasis has been placed on the prediction that despite the sharp increase in birth rates during and since World War II, peak enrolments will be reached about 1965 after which they may be expected to decline. Because of this pre¬ diction, caution is urged so that school districts may not find them¬ selves with excess building capacities if the anticipated declines do occur. Important, however, as these cautions are, the Commission believes that in concluding this chapter particular attention should be called to the two following points: 1. That on the basis of actual births which have already taken place since 1940 and those which will occur before the current birth rate declines to any appreciable extent, there will be at least 5,000,000 more children to accom¬ modate in the decade 1950 to 1960 than at the beginning of World War II. 2. That even tho these children represent a temporary increase in total school enrolment, they are with us now and, therefore, are entitled to the very best buildings and equipment this nation can provide. In other words, they should not be penalized because they are a part of a total enrolment which is expected to decline after the next fifteen or twenty years. CHAPTER FIVE Pldfifiuig the School Site To Fit the Educational Program rr-iHis chapter deals with the selection and development of a given 1 site for a specific school, taking into account the factors ot location and size, and the most efficient use of the land for edu¬ cational purposes. Location Schools usually should be located near the center of the present and probable future school population to be served. It is desirable to locate schools within walking distance of the greatest number of pupils, and with regard to accessibility from feeder streets and roads for those transported. The spacing of schools will vary with density of population and traffic conditions. The following distances are considered reasonable maximums for pupils walking to school. elementary, three-quarters of a mile; junior high, one and one-half miles; and senior high, two miles. The following one-way travel times are considered reasonable maximums for transported pupils, thirty minutes for elementary and one hour for secondary pupils. In school districts where it is anticipated that there will be a growth or spread of population, sites should be located to avoid undue overlapping of the areas to be served by each school. In attempting to determine the geographic boundaries of such areas, five variable or controlling factors must be considered: (a) the enrolment range for each school type, (b) the permissible types of residential development as they may affect the probable number of children per unit of area, (c) the policy of the school district concerning transportation of children, (d) the hazards and natural barriers which affect the accessibility of a given school, and (e) the policy on maximum size of school. [ 73 ] AMERICAN SCHOOL JUUILDINGS FIGURE 6 SIZE OF SCHOOL SITES AS RECOMMENDED BY OREGON DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Ultimate Number of Pupils in School Size of Site in Acres AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS Adapted from Oregon Manual for School Building Construction, 1947 The environment of every school should provide to the greatest possible degree: (a) safe and healthful conditions for the pupils and teachers while on the school grounds, in the building, and in the immediate neighborhood of the school; (b) freedom from disturbing noises such as those resulting from heavy truck, automobile, railway, and airplane traffic and by fire sirens and factory whistles; (c) free¬ dom from obnoxious odors; and (d) surroundings pleasing to the eye, that will tend to create a feeling of pride, happiness, and contentment. It is desirable that sites be chosen that will enable the school to use all available public-service facilities such as water, gas, sewers, fire protection, and electricity for power and light. Size Modern schools require sites larger than were thought necessary a generation ago. Most school sites are too small. Larger areas are necessary, because of the continued expansion of educational pro¬ grams, the greater use of schools by the entire community, and the necessity for sufficient space for present and future building needs. 75 The size of any school site should be determined by the nature ultimate enrolment. Thus an elementary school of two hundred would have a site of seven acres, (b) For secondary =c and restrictions Principles of Planning a School Plant Basic to planning both the instructional and th. -u m a school building and in Wa,, i • , and the auxiJ iary spaces certain principles related to th & ° Pmg ^ Sch ° o1 site as well, are and the efficiency with which it maybeTed Thef^® * *? ^ are stated briefly i„ the paragraphs that follow SeVe " P ™ cW “ CURRICULUM ADEQUACY tte^TaTd ‘effSacc '° Pr °; i ,| s0 drawerunil,'°WortSbl!’'rS' 5 hl|!h! tackboard above and eahinofc hi e . ta ^l e > linoleum top, with .inuu, „„d. r ZLZ, tZ l 'lZ. W ” k »»• feet, two-thirds paved and one-thhd lehT 7^ U ab ° Ut 36 x 40 one end of room only, with tackboard at ^ther s'd^TTckb CH d ^ ^ around corner above low bookshelves. Suggestion of I , and project-display area fnrm»A u u f , 8 , of an aIcove for study photographs on pages 27 and 28.) V °° S 6 VCS and teac her’s closet. (See ised in these rooms. Space should be provided also for the easy forage of rest cots or rugs when they are not in use. A separate esting room is desirable, but not necessary. A kitchenette for pre- >aring and serving light lunches is desirable for a kindergarten. In all elementary classrooms, ample storage cabinets are essential or general teaching supplies and for individual pupil materials, rhere should be a vertical file and bookcase for the teacher and .dditional bookshelves for the use of pupils. These features may be ree standing or built in the walls. One satisfactory arrangement s standard wall recesses with interchangeable cabinet units. These FIGURE 10 EXPERIMENTAL CLASSROOM LAYOUT FOR FIRST GRADE WICHITA, KANSAS daptad from thatch racaivad from public ichooh, Wichita, Kansas Point! To Note (beginning at upper lefthnnd corner of sketch)—Teacher’s storage closet. Bulletin board. Chalkboard on wall opposite windows. Open shelves beside of opening to activity alcove. Work alcove lined with cabinets; adjustable shelves and sliding doors above and open shelves below. Work counter and sink, cabinets above. Plumbing grouped in one corner: sink, drinking fountain, and room toilet. Similar plumbing is provided in adjoining corner of next room. Windows to ceiling. Wardrobe for pupils’ outer clothing. No doors in openings to wardrobe area. Taokboard on partition separating wardrobe from open room. Planning Instructional Features 9 FIGURE II EXPERIMENTAL CLASSROOM LAYOUT FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL ALLENTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA ■ Window Wall. Counter With Open Shelves Below Library Area Bookcase Q u Bookcase u Chalkboard Bookcase^ Table Chalkboard -Movable Wardrobe - __ Wot 1 Area Clay Wash Table Fourtloln *-* o i File Storage Case Coat Area Work Area Table on Wheels Table - Shelves - AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS Adapted from American School Board Journal, January 1948 Points To Note (beginning at upper lefthand corner of sketch)—Library comer near windows, with movable bookcases as low partitions. Open shelves board W ' nd r:, 0u r ide d °° r direct t0 playground area - Reversible chalk¬ board and tackboard panels; can be placed vertically or in easel position. Clear wall space can be used for hanging of pictures at children’s eye-level Z. "a ° ? 5 hi4h ' " th « -r. Wardrobe serve, ,1s, as one partition for work area, which is equipped with a wheeled table a 'ZZT* taWe ’ aDd , ShelVeS - ° De ° f the area is the back oi movable storage case that provides a working counter on the opposite side under wh.ch are housed three distributing carts with rubber-tired wheels’ work /aWe d i “Tt ^ drain; inC,udes drinkin * Wa!h ReVM,ible d “ ,kb “"‘ «■ u P"ght rods with clamps' and such other fittings as may be required for the science program The services needed on student laboratory tables will depend upon ^ sciences taught in the laboratory and the type of pupil expen- recommended fo T^' and similar to those to eT onn^st f mStrUC r S desk should be ^sily accessible to each pupil station, especially if the laboratory is to serve for all : the regular high-scho 0 , sciences. Most of these servicedandfitting desirable for any one of the science subjects but often are ominfu 6 American School Buildings COLIN KELLY JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, BUCBNB, OREGON Science equipment fascinates both fathers and sons at individual pupil stations used exclusively for general science and biology, if available in the laboratory for general use. In planning science laboratories, it is essential that the type of equipment and services be determined in time to provide the neces¬ sary floor and wall connections at the proper locations during basic construction. There should be adequate storage space for general equipment and supplies, for pupils’ notebooks, and for other individual ma¬ terials. Chemical storage should be designed with special ventilation, should be fire-resistive, and should be separate from the storage space for apparatus and other supplies. In small high schools, the chemical storeroom, if equipped with a sink, may also serve as a darkroom for photography. A minimum of 125 square feet of floor area should be provided for storage for a science laboratory. . Schools offering extensive work in photography may require a laboratory designed especially for that purpose, which should in- nHpniiate darkroom facilities. In some schools a small special PLANNING INSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES 97 laboratory is justified for the use of the instructor or a select group of students for special experiments. Full advantage should be taken of suitable outdoor spaces for science teaching. It is often desirable to provide a small greenhouse connecting with the biology laboratory. HOMEMAKING-EDUCATION The program of homemaking education should be analyzed and adequate facilities provided to meet the needs of the program in each school. There are several types of organization of homemaking- education departments. Within the past few years, there has been a definite trend away from the highly specialized, separate, so-called laboratories for foods and clothing toward the general all-purpose room planned for teaching all phases of homemaking education, ouch an arrangement, commonly used in the small high school hav¬ ing only one homemaking teacher, provides facilities for groups of pupils to engage in two or more types of activities under the guidance of one teacher. 6 Tte two-room department in which each room is equipped for a erent coinbination of activities is widely used. One room is usu- ment q T-n ed , ^ . f °° dS a " d f ° r launderin g> with storage for equip- rfurnfshed »h ‘° h ° me m “*S™ent. The other the sick homTfn e< ?7 ment ^° r the stud y ° f Nothing, home care of the sick, home furnishing, and child development. Consumer buvine and personal and family relationships may be taught in either of both rooms. I„ som e two-room department schools, each room is furmshed to teach ail phases of homemaking educatiom thri four or 8 arge enro,men ts, the department may have may also provide such additional facilities a a HvZ d * a bedroom and bath, a special workroom a child He ^ 8 r °° m ’ a Wharve e r S th C e ia i" « ^ ** « ° f ^ Should be provided'foTteaching J! 16 de P artment may be, facilities homemaking-education curriculum: follo ™g content in the 2. Maintenaifce^of^atisfactory^e S “1 “T™* f ° r the h ° me y P ersonal and family relationships 3. Selection, preparation, serving, conservation, and storage of food for the family 4. Selection, care, renovation, and construction of clothing 5. Care and guidance of children 6. Selection and care of the house and its furnishings and furniture arrange¬ ment 7. Selection, use, and conservation of home equipment 8. Maintenance of health and home safety 9. Home care of the sick and first aid 10. Consumer responsibility and relationships. The department should be equipped with cabinets, table or counter working areas, serving tables, chairs, sewing machines, refrigerator, public schools, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Unit kitchens bring realism to the homemaking classroom cutting tables, ironing boards, electric irons, a single bed easily stored when not in use, and other equipment required for the specific program. The equipment should not all be entirely beyond the home possibilities of the pupils. Its use should enable the pupils to improve the quality of living in their own homes. The preferred arrangement of foods equipment is in unit kitchens similar to the home kitchen, each equipped for four pupils. The one-room department may have from two to four unit kitchens. A room equipped only for foods and related activities may have from six to eight unit kitchens. The laundry center should include equipment for washing, drying, and ironing, and storage space for all laundry supplies. The laundry center may be located in one of the unit kitchens, in one corner of Planning Instructional Features 99 the department, in an alcove, or in a special laundry room. Adequate provision should be made for easy disposal of waste water. Adequate storage should be provided for kitchen utensils and supplies, for unfinished garments, for aprons, for equipment which is used only part of the time, and for pupils’ books and individual materials. Chalkboard and tackboard should be provided, usually about 6 to 8 linear feet of each. A minimum of 40 square feet of net floor space per pupil is necessary. An all-purpose-room department for classes of twenty- four pupils, with adequate storage space and a small accessory room, will need about 1300 square feet. Equipment can be more conveniently arranged if the room is at least 24 feet wide. Departments planned for two or more teachers, or consisting of two or more rooms, should be arranged as a unit. In some schools it is desirable to locate the department close to the lunchroom, especially if the homemaking teacher has responsibilities in the administration and operation of the lunchroom. Ample electric outlets should be provided for all of the electric appliances needed in the homemaking-education department. Light¬ ing should be adequate for night work. Hot and cold water should be supplied for all sinks. It is essential that the types of facilities and services be determined in time to provide the necessary service lines during basic construction. All food rooms should be screened. Homemaking-education departments may be housed in separate buildings if desired. BUSINESS-EDUCATION ROOMS The number and size of the rooms and the choice of equipment or usiness education will vary according to the program of the or°hookk • 6 §h Sdl ° 0lS ’ fadlitieS may indude se P^ate rooms for bookkeeping, typing, shorthand, general secretarial training retailing, and other phases of business education. A business-machine macWsYad -d electrical traLcri^on hanrir r advisable. If a room is fitted as a school bank for the s-jv* s » duie Ior Sood work experience In , . . unnecessary to provide separate rooms for each instructional sw^ 100 American School Buildings Business-education rooms should be provided with electrical outlets, filing cases, a typewriting demonstration stand for the teacher, chalkboard with permanently ruled lines for shorthand, tackboard, appropriately designed storage spaces, and should be given special acoustical treatment. A sink should be provided in the part of the room where the machines are located. ART ROOMS It is often desirable to locate art rooms convenient to the home¬ making units and general shop. About 30 to 35 square feet of net floor space per pupil is needed exclusive of storage. Special con¬ sideration should be given to lighting and decoration for high levels of illumination, control of shades, and suitability for color dis¬ crimination. Windows should face north. This department should be provided with an abundance of storage shelves, drawers and cupboards, exhibit counters, work counters, filing cabinets, picture files, folio trays, unfinished-work storage, cubicles, bookshelves, work sink with hot and cold water, large tackboard area, small amount of chalkboard, drawing tables, large work tables, easels, model stands, provision for visual aids, spray outfits, and paper cutters. Potters’ wheels, kilns, and other pro¬ visions for clay modeling are desirable. The art room should be planned as an informal working laboratory rather than as a con¬ ventional classroom. Provision should be made for display of art objects both inside and outside the classroom. A number of work centers should be set up in the art room such as: a clay center, a wood center, a metal center, and a weaving center. Storage spaces should be located near the respective activi¬ ties. There should be a large bulletin board on which murals could be executed or comprehensive displays arranged. Movable service units, on which various kinds of supplies and equipment can be wheeled to the spot where needed, are useful. SHOPS School shops house highly specialized activities which require a wide range of machinery and equipment. It is of first importance that special consideration be given to safety of pupils and teachers in shops; including adequate space for each activity, adequate general and local lighting, and fire protection. It is important that Planning Instructional Features 101 PUTM.1C SCHOOI.S, BURBANK, CAl.IFORNIX School shops must be designed to fit vocational opportunities plans be checked for contemplated floor loads. School shops should be acoustically treated and isolated to reduce disturbance. Floors, walls, and ceilings should be constructed and finished smtabiy for the activities to be accommodated. The shop floor which should be of nonslip finish, may be of different materials in efferent parts of the same shop, depending on varying uses. Multi- Electririf Sa T 00 ‘ h ? ky ' ighting often desirable in large shops, be provided" Se ’ ^ venti,atin S services should and mafeb l SPaC€ Sh ° Uld be Pr0vided for st °rage of tools, supplies. Shorn ? COnv f ment t0 ‘he work spaces and delivery areas ops usually require a minimum of 75 square feet per pupil wide e ranTe C Tac°t f V ^ * ‘° pr0vide fadli ‘te a for a indust “f art The S , aC v, qUaint PUP ° S ^ 3 of ‘ b e floor o g “ eral Sh0p shou,d be iooated on the ground 5 " m a separa te building accessible to service drives It Should have at least one door not less than 17 feet I ! sufficiently high to facilitate the t V 12 feet w,de and and equipment. l0adlng and UnIoadin S of supplies IUZ AMERICAN SCHOOL BUILDINGS Shops for trades and industries, such as auto mechanics, machine tools, sheet metal, woodworking, electrical trades, radio, plumbing, masonry, aviation, printing, refrigeration, and air conditioning, all require highly specialized equipment. Space and equipment require¬ ments may be determined satisfactorily only after careful con¬ sideration is given to the needs of each school and the possible variation in the needs of the school from year to year. It is not considered desirable to set up specific standards for the planning of vocational shops. In general, it is recommended that trades and industry shops be provided with sufficient area for one or several of these specialized activities. The shop should be planned so that the equipment may be moved from time to time and the use of certain areas changed as the demands of the program may require. The shop area may be provided with a connecting classroom, drafting room, or combination class and drafting room. In some instances it is desirable for the drafting area to be in one end of the shop. Glazed partitions may be used to separate the drafting room from the shop. An open area in the shop may answer the purpose of a shop classroom, the seating being in the form of folding bleachers. Areas being used for highly specialized activities within a large shop may be separated by a temporary wire-mesh partition or by counters or work benches. Connecting wash and locker rooms are essential. It is often preferable to locate trades and industry shops in a separate building on the high-school campus. The work in vocational agriculture requires a classroom and a shop. It is usually preferable to locate the shop outside of the main school building. The classroom may be housed in the shop building or in the main building where it is easily accessible to the shop. Both rooms should be adequately lighted for evening classes. The agricultural classroom should be at least as large as the typical classroom, should be furnished with tables and chairs, and be well supplied with built-in bookshelves and supply and equipment cases. The farm shop, to accommodate classes of sixteen to twenty-four, should be at least 30 feet wide and from 40 to 60 feet long. It Planning Instructional Features 103 should provide for woodworking area, a metalworking area, and a large open construction area. These areas require different types of flooring. Tool and supply cabinets and pupils’ lockers should be located along the shop wall or in alcoves. The room should include at least 4 linear feet each of chalkboard and tackboard. Other features should include toilet and washing facilities, lumber-storage racks, a tool sharpening bench, several sawhorses, and ample elec¬ tric outlets. The farm shop may serve as a community service agency and should be adapted to the area served. There should be a shop door large enough to admit large pieces of farm equipment and there should be ample space for handling such projects. XVX U KUUJYl 5 Music in its various forms has become a basic school offering. In recognition of the significant place music fills in the school program, it becomes necessary, even in relatively small elementary and secondary schools, to plan specific areas to accommodate the music program. It is desirable to locate music rooms adjoining or near the audi¬ torium stage. They should never be located in basement areas. Convenient outside access for community use is desirable. It is essential that all areas devoted to music be in close proximity to and easily accessible from each other. Terraced, horseshoe-type floors are not necessary but the direc¬ tor’s position should be clearly visible from all parts of the room, terraced floors are used for instrumental music, the width of IT ShOUld be at least 48 inches > and 36 inch es of lateral space should be allowed for each seating. For choral work only, the steps T 5 ! f. ° ri y 82 inches wide. If the main music room is to be used ^vis° l ,n T UmentaI 3nd T ral WOrk ’ a 60 - ; nch step is sometimes music nr Z* g 'T “T 6 SPa “ f ° r ° ne row f°n instrumental for pianos “ S ' AdeqUate s P ace must be allowed T 0Ca ' T“ ment is essential for all music rooms- work in mUS,C , de P ar ‘ ment Sh ° Uld not interfere with the work m q uiet areas of the building, but due care must be taken See p. 191-95. 104 American School Buildings not to reduce the reverberation period below the point necessary for desirable brilliancy. In addition to ceiling and wall treatment, floors should be sound absorbent, and doors should be soundproof or double doors should be used to form a sound lock. Special attention should be given to built-in wall cases and ade¬ quate storage for instruments, uniforms, and other equipment for both school and community groups. A small music library with sorting rack should be provided. Practice rooms are required in connection with the music suite. They should be of varying sizes, usually from 60 to 80 square feet. Classrooms for teaching music theory should be located conveniently to the rest of the music area. INDOOR PHYSICAL-EDUCATION FACILITIES It is essential to provide sufficient space for a good physical- education program for all pupils. The gymnasium is the main workshop for this program; it should be a large, well-ventilated, and well-lighted room, located at the ground-floor level. Altho it should be an integral part of the school plan, readily accessible to pupils and public, it should be located so as not to cause noise interference in quiet areas. The various uses of the gymnasium, both immediate and proposed, will determine dimensions and size. Many schools require more than one gymnasium. For elementary schools a playroom, an office, and equipment storage space are essential; locker and shower facilities should also be provided as required by the proposed program of activities. Use by adults of the community should be considered in fixing the requirements for the elementary-school physical-education facilities. A suggested size for an elementary-school playroom is 40 by 60 feet, or a gymnasium 50 by 80 feet which can be divided into two teaching areas 40 by 50 feet. High schools require one or more gymnasiums, with related apparatus storage rooms, locker and shower facilities, toilets, laun¬ dries, and suit-drying rooms, as dictated by the size of the school and its policies. Offices with lavatory, toilet, and shower should be provided near the gymnasium and locker rooms for instructors of each sex. Various types and sizes of gymnasiums are described in A Guide for Planning Facilities for Athletics, Recreation, Physical Planning Instructional Features 10; and Health Education .“ Corrective gymnasiums are desirable and rooms for light forms of recreation are almost essential. It is not educationally sound to construct a high-school gym¬ nasium for basketball alone (as is sometimes done) with primary consideration for the maximum number of spectators. A room 76 by 96 feet will accommodate a regulation high-school basketball court of 50 by 84 feet, adequate safety zones, and folding bleachers for 500. This space can be utilized as two teaching areas when bleachers are closed and is usually sufficient for a high school of 750 pupils. If this space is not sufficient for the physical-education program, a second gymnasium without bleachers is probably the best solution. The full occupancy of bleacher seats in most gymnasiums occurs so seldom that the cost of providing these facilities for more than 500 is questionable. Not only the original cost of building areas required for this purpose, but also the cost of maintenance should be considered. Heating a large amphitheater during several months of the school year is costly. If large-scale facilities for spectators are demanded in the community, however, it is sometimes advisable to design one gymnasium in the school system with sufficient seat¬ ing capacity. Folding bleachers will usually provide sufficient spec¬ tator space; when folding bleachers are removed, the space can be used for the physical-education program. The gymnasium should have adequate natural lighting, well distributed and controlled. Windows should be placed 12 feet or more above the floor and arranged, if possible, so that pupils using the hght etl>aI baCk St ° PS dUr ‘ ng the day wil! not be looking into Provision should be made for operating the sash for ventilation k rtT ,Ca °P erati ° n ° f ‘ he SaSh ^ P rovided > care should be where thev Ml .T raUng deViC6S 31 3 height - or in a location. Jr-eW^d 1 L C ° mC a hazard to Payers. If the windows should h , r ? bey . may be broken by game activities, they should be glazed with wire glass or have a heavy wire guard Bv Z\T:LZZ 0t heaVy Plate g,aSS ’ the need for --e guards 1’vl'l u"*. CWrtrtlbJ Tta Co?Ur”«"'" d Phviiml Eduratl 6 A° m . A ™ erican Association for Health 'physh-al^Vd f °, U . rteen s P°nsorin K or san : z a'tion- Edu«'at ,on Association, ,201 ,6,h Street, N. W^Wash^oL 6 D c" ,947. 106 American School Buildings Gymnasium floors should be resilient and nonslippery. Lines outlining the game areas and courts should be painted on the floors before the top coat of seal is applied. Hardwood floors laid over a subfloor supported by sleepers are the best for general use. Floors should be laid in such a way as to provide subfloor ventilation. Space should be allowed at all walls for expansion and contraction. Gymnasium walls adjacent to playing areas should be matte- glazed tile or other nonabrasive material to a minimum height of 6 feet 6 inches, with all corners rounded. Above the glazed walls, cinder block, common brick, or similar unplastered masonry con¬ struction may be used. Acoustical treatment is strongly recom¬ mended. Equipment and apparatus rooms should be located near the instructors’ offices. This space should not be less than 200 square feet. Double doors should be installed for ease in moving large equipment. If two separate gymnasiums are included in the school plans, the apparatus room may be so located that it is convenient to both. It is important to provide a piano storage space in con¬ nection with the gymnasium. 12 The greatest deficiency in physical-education plant planning has been the lack of adequate locker and shower facilities. 18 The pro¬ vision of lockers and showers in connection with elementary-school playrooms and gymnasiums is dependent on the program of the local school and the use of the facilities by the community. A modern secondary-school physical-education plant must provide a locker or other facility for the gymnasium clothing of each pupil in the school, accessible to the gymnasium and to outdoor play areas. Many methods of handling gymnasium clothing have been tried. Probably the most satisfactory method is to provide enough street¬ clothing lockers to accommodate the largest physical-education class, and enough small gymnasium-clothing lockers to provide one for each child using the gymnasium. For example, a school with 240 boys and six physical-education classes.for boys would have 240 gymnasium-clothing lockers for boys plus 40 street-clothing lockers. A locker unit would then consist of one street-clothing locker and six gymnasium-clothing lockers. Lockers should be “Seo p. 196. «8m p. 164, 190-91. Planning Instructional Features 10', installed on permanent bases, and spaced far enough apart for benches between rows of lockers. Shower rooms must be provided near the lockers, allowing at least 12 square feet of floor area for each shower head. 14 A drying room at the exit from the showers is necessary to keep the locker- room floor dry. Floors of locker, shower, and drying rooms should be of nonslip tile or other nonabsorptive material. The shower- and drying-room floors should be sloped just enough for drainage into gutters next to the walls rather than in center drain. The walls of the shower, locker, and drying rooms should be glazed tile or other nonabrasive and nonabsorptive surface. Lockers and showers should not be relegated to basement areas but should be on the gymnasium floor level whenever possible. They should be adequately lighted and ventilated, with as much window area as possible, preferably on a sunny side. Artificial lighting should be arranged in relation to the plan of the locker layout. Locker design and installations should provide for ventila¬ tion of lockers as well as for cleaning the floor around them. Solid curb mounting is recommended. In large high schools with several physical-education teaching areas, it is desirable to provide a locker-dressing suite for each such area, rather than to have several different classes use one large locker-dressing room at the same time. Team locker rooms are necessary m secondary schools in addition to the physical-education locker rooms Individual lockers are required in the team rooms- the size will depend upon the policy of drying and storing uniforms’. A swimming pool is a valuable adjunct to a modern health and physical-education program and is recommended where funds are available for its proper construction and operation.” The location may be such as to utilize the same locker and shower facilities as tTbThi'u -n° a gym " asium cIasses - T he kind of swimming pool to be built will depend upon the anticipated use. If the pool is to be given P to m th r y r SWimmin « instruction, consideration might be given to the elimination of the diving area and the use of a constant depth shallow pool. Suggestions as to sizes and planning Swimming pools are given in another chapter” 8 _AUfloor surfaces surrounding the pool should be of nonslip tile “See p. 164. ’ “See^TeS-fie^ Swlmmin * P °° l Standards. New York: A- S, B«rn« Cp. ; J939. 273 p . S S. 108 American School Buildings sloping to drainage away from the pool. The walls of the room that contains the pool should be of glazed blocks or similar material to a height of 6 feet 6 inches. Plaster and painted surfaces should not be used. Enameled brick or tile is the most desirable finish for the floor and sides of the pool. It is essential that ceilings be acoustically treated, using material made only from minerals, as vegetable-base material will disintegrate from moisture. An air space should be provided between the roof and ceiling thru which warm air is circulated to prevent condensation. Ladders, diving-board standards, lighting fixtures, and other attachments should be of nonrusting material. Wood and metal trim should be reduced to the minimum. SPECIAL FACILITIES FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN Even tho classes for handicapped children will be smaller than for the normal children, the floor area should be at least as large as that of an ordinary classroom, to permit adequate space for auxiliary equipment. Plenty of storage-cabinet space is essential. Sight-saving classrooms are sometimes used, for individual help only, because partially seeing pupils often attend regular classes and return to the sight-saving room from time to time for the preparation of written work and for such tutoring as may be necessary. There should be bulletin boards at eye level, adjustable desks and seats, books printed in 24-point type, “talking books,” sight-saving globes and maps, easels for brush work, and large-type typewriters. As much of the equipment as possible should be built into the walls and free-standing furniture should have rounded corners. Special attention should be given to lighting. Classrooms for children with defective hearing should be planned with special emphasis on acoustical treatment. “Floating” wood floors are desirable, because the deaf and the hard-of-hearing “hear” partially thru vibration. A small connecting room with soundproof door and special acoustical treatment is needed for audiometric testing and for working with specially serious cases. In addition to regular classroom equipment, the area for partially-hearing chil¬ dren should be provided with group hearing aids and audio-training equipment. It is desirable to provide each pupil station with a hearing aid connected with an electronic amplifying instrument at .planning Instructional Features 10 ' the teacher s station. A piano is essential. Ample visual aids shoulc be provided to supplement hearing. Speech-defective children ordinarily attend regular classes but need remedial help periodically, either individually or in small special groups. For these purposes there should be one or more small well-lighted clinical rooms equipped with mirrors for speech training. Phonographic recorders are frequently used in speech rooms. Good teaching and good PUBLIC SCHOOLS, DES MOINES, IOWA kJSZSZS can hrine "> **< tw °ZZTjX S Z7 h S ShOUld b ,? Planned for not »ore than Pupil. The room should be £TaZ°L 3S S, ? Uare ^ Per opening on a drivewav TV. u ia , Oor convenient to a door be a door clearance of'^ flUSh; there should instead of steps for a portio" of thTh \? mP ShOUld be provided room. If necessary to use floors ah W entrance next to this be provided. Orthopedic children re^ ^ firSt ’ elevators should “m. zzxsz tot 1 110 American School Buildings the areas used by crippled children. If a school is to accommodate a considerable number of crippled children and near-by hospital facilities are not available for physical and occupational therapy, the school building might be planned with a physical-therapy unit, including massage tables, bakers, exercise machines, walking and posture training equipment, hydrotherapy pool, and full-length posture mirrors; and an occupational unit, including such equip¬ ment as looms and assembly tables. Classes jor the mentally handicapped should not exceed eighteen or twenty pupils. In addition to a classroom of regular size, a small connecting crafts room and a small testing room are desirable. More storage space for supplies and tools is required than in the normal classroom. Separate toilets are desirable. Handicapped children should associate with normal children in any activities in which both can engage with profit. When necessary, however, special playground facilities as well as classroom space should be provided. Since physically handicapped children are almost certain to remain at school during the noon hour, special provisions may be necessary for serving their lunches. Some will need to be served by means of room trays, others may have a special lunchroom assigned to them, while others may use the regular school lunch facilities. CHAPTER SEVEN Planning Auxiliary Facilities To Fit the Educational Program A large proportion of the floor space of any modern school build- ■ ing is devoted to rooms and services that supplement instruc¬ tion and make it possible for the educational program of the school to go forward effectively, but are not ordinarily used by groups of pupils for regularly scheduled class periods. This chapter discusses the major types of these facilities, drawing upon the Guide for Planning School Plants, and on current experience in the planning, use, and maintenance of such facilities. 1 The general principles of planning a school plant that were stated in the opening pages of Chapter VI apply to auxiliary facilities as well as to instructional rooms. Carrying out such principles as safety and well-being of occupants, efficiency and utility, and economy are largely dependent on the provision of auxiliary facilities. Library In planning the library as an integral part of a modern school plant, its functions must be recognized. It must be planned, first of all, so that its program will provide boys and girls with library materials and service. It should serve teachers by helping them in the selection and use of all types of library materials for the edu¬ cational activities in which their pupils are engaged. In some shuatmns, the school library will also serve as a community library . Th , e ! lbrar y wil1 re We the following work areas: reading and circulation; workroom; storage space; office space for librarian- mTn'lTs uppUeL“ d ’ “ SPaCe f ° r audi ~> equip- School Pfai, C 0 Svn“ Tenn.^the CnuncToV D^McClu* C ° mmi,tee - Gu!de tor Planning for Teachers), 1946. p. 33-143, (A 1948 revision “f leno?,’ . Secreta T Geor ^ Peabody College 2 See p, 256-61. " 01 this report is now m process of publication 1 r in i 112 American School Buildings PUBLIC SCHOOLS, MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA The library is an integral part of a modern school plant The elementary-reading center should seat comfortably the largest class in the school plus about twenty additional readers. Seating capacity needed in the high-school library can be determined only by analysis of the proposed program and classroom procedures. In the average situation without study halls, the library should seat about a sixth of the high-school enrolment, up to sixty or seventy-five pupils. In many schools two or more reading rooms will be needed. It is especially important to arrange library tables so readers will not be forced to face windows or other unshielded sources of light. The library requires special lighting and special acoustical treatment. Pupils seated at tables 30 to 36 inches wide by 72 to 78 inches long with three readers to each side and none at the ends will receive better reading light than when seated on four sides of tables. Varying heights of library tables and chairs are desirable. Provision might also be made for informal reading without a table. The library should include a circulation desk, card catalogs, legal- size files, adequate bulletin boards, magazine and newspaper rack, and stools. One linear foot of adjustable bookshclving for each pupil enrolled should be built into walls and alcoves. Bookcase height should not exceed 5 feet 6 inches in elementary schools and 7 feet in secondary schools. The bottom shelf should be from 4 to 8 inches from the Planning Auxiliary Facilities 113 floor. It is desirable to have all bottom shelves slightly slanted so that titles can be read from a standing position. Each section of shelving should be 3 feet long and 8 inches deep, except that a limited amount of shelving should be 10 or 12 inches deep. There should be no projecting trim or facing. All shelving should be verti¬ cally adjustable. Special bookcase sections with slanting shelves should be designed for display of large books and picture books, and similar sections of slanting shelves are needed for magazines. The workroom should be equipped with running water and a sink, an electric outlet, a closed cabinet for supply storage, a poster and chart cabinet, suitable shelving, work tables and chairs, a catalog file for librarian’s use, a small stepladder, and a typewriter. Stack space should be provided for storage of magazines and books. The librarian’s office space should provide room for the librarian’s desk and chair, letter-size office file, and a section of low-height shelving for professional books and materials. In smaller schools this office might be combined with the work and storage room. One or more well-lighted and well-ventilated small rooms should be provided for conference, group study, and committees. Each of these rooms should be equipped with table, chairs, and shelving. Conference rooms may be separated from main reading room bv dear glass partitions. y If audio-visual aids are to be used in each schoolroom, the library may become the service center for these materials and include a room for audio-visual material storage, screening, and listening, with a minimum total space for seating one classroom. Equipment should include a demonstration table or bench, a turntable with earphones, a projection screen, chairs for a class group, and a con¬ ference table. Storage space should be provided for films, filmstrips stereographs, recordings, projectors, portable radios, playback ma¬ chines maps, and posters. In addition to cupboards this storage space should include: ® Adjustable shelving Drawer cabinets . .. . Wall storage case . . Cabinet . 7 Y 2 " x 7 A" x 1X A" and 14*4" x 14}4" x 15" wide, 12" deep, 13" high At least 25" x 36" x 6" With several shallow shelves for 12" record¬ ings and 16" transcriptions. ili?re« b o7Thfh° U u be ‘"mu 3 " 5 ' '° Cated and easiIy accessl "ble from areas of the buildmg. When a combination school and commu- 114 American School Buildings nity library is provided, it should be located on the first floor, with an outside entrance to the adult reading room. Reading rooms for adults and pupils may be separated by means of glass partitions or counter-height shelving. Areas should be increased if the library is to serve the community as well as the school. Auditorium and Stage In designing an auditorium, it is important that there be an under¬ standing of the functions this facility is to perform. The auditorium sometimes serves as a center for assemblies and dramatics, and also as lunchroom, gymnasium, study hall, social room, and class¬ room. Under these conditions objectionable conflicts may arise. The dramatics and assembly functions will be served best if com¬ binations with other functions are not attempted. The recommenda¬ tions under this section assume that the dramatics and assembly functions are the only ones to be served by the auditorium. The size of the auditorium will be governed by: size of school, school policies and program, extent of community use, and avail¬ ability of other facilities in the community. From the standpoint of school use alone, a little theater of 300 to 500 capacity and an adequate stage may have much greater functional value than a PUBLIC SCHOOLS) NBW YORK CITY, “ALL TUB CHILDRBN Many experiences are shared in the auditorium Planning Auxiliary Facilities 115 large auditorium. Needs for large crowds may be met by other com¬ munity facilities or by temporary conversion of the gymnasium. High schools often need both a little theater and an auditorium. The auditorium should be on the ground floor as near grade as possible, for convenience and safety. Careful consideration should also be given to accessibility to school corridors and the related school units such as music and speech. The exits should be designed so that all parts of the occupied areas will have ready means of egress directly to the outside. The number and size of exits should be in conformity with the Building Exits Code of the National Fire Protection Association 3 and with local fire ordinances. The auditorium should be planned so it can be used during non¬ school hours without opening the rest of the building. Special public toilets should be provided with the auditorium, or school toilets should be accessible to the auditorium when it is cut off from the rest of the building. Seating should be fixed and should be selected and arranged for safety, comfort, and sight lines. A dimension of 32 inches from back to back of chairs is a minimum for comfort and safety. Seat widths usually average 19 or 20 inches. An arrangement whereby a seat in one row is not directly back of a seat in the next row, together with a sloping floor, will provide good sight lines. Aisles with seats on both sides should have a minimum effective width oi 2 y 2 feet at the beginning, near the stage, and should increase V/ 2 inches in width for each 10 linear feet of length. Consideration might be given to the use of “continental seating” which eliminates a center aisle by providing sufficient space for egress between rows. Special attention should be given to acoustical properties to pro¬ mote ease of hearing thruout the seating area. Such consideration will involve the shape and dimensions of auditorium, wall and ceil¬ ing coverings, floor materials, and upholstery. This problem usually requires expert advice beyond the usual architectural services. 4 Natural lighting is not essential. Artificial lighting should be designed to give soft, even light without glare. Some lights should be controlled from the rear of the auditorium, and all except exit ights shou ld be controlled from the stage panel and projection * National Fire Protection Association the Association. 60 Batterymarch Street 4 See p. 191-9S. Building Exits Code: Seventh Edition 1942. 109 p. 1942. Boston, Mass.: 116 American School Buildings booth. Exit lights should be installed in metal conduit on a separate circuit cut in ahead of the main switch. Neutral colors should be used on walls, and the decoration scheme should be designed to focus attention on the stage. Stage curtain, scenic backgrounds, and light¬ ing should be such as to highlight the face of the speakers and actors. The heating and ventilating system should be designed for opera¬ tion independent of the rest of the building. Quiet operation is of paramount importance. The system should be adequate to provide even temperature under all conditions of occupancy and of outside temperature. The stage should be located so that one side at least is directly accessible from the corridors or adjacent rooms without passing thru the auditorium. The stage should have a minimum depth of 25 feet; 28 to 30 feet is preferable for large high-school auditoriums. Wing area should be ample, with the combined unobstructed area of the two wings equal to the width of the proscenium opening times the stage depth. There should be wide doors to the corridor or outside for moving large properties. The width of the proscenium opening should be at least 24 feet, and, for large auditoriums, 32 feet is usually sufficient. Stage equipment should include adequate stage lighting and provi¬ sions for signaling. If footlights are used, they should be of the dis¬ appearing type. Connections should be installed for sound moving pictures with a speaker cable from near the screen to the probable location of the projector. A stage gridiron for the handling of scenery is desirable but not essential. Pipes or I-beams suspended from the stage ceiling will greatly facilitate the hanging of scenery. Orchestra pits are not recommended. A section of level floor next to the stage will provide orchestra space and this space can also be used for seating when not needed for the orchestra. Provision should be made for the storage of stage properties. Costume rooms and a stage-craft shop are desirable adjuncts to the stage. Dressing-room space should not be allowed to infringe on wing space. Two large dressing rooms equipped with benches, costume racks, lockers, and toilet facilities are desirable, but easily accessible classrooms and toilet rooms may serve as dressing rooms. A ticket office, with “dutch door” and necessary equipment, should be con¬ venient to the main entrance. Space should be provided for check- PL'BI.IC SCHOOLS, NEW YORK CITY, “ill, I HE Qlll llllf x" Recreation finds a place in the school day ing wraps, with capacity based on capacity of auditorium. A tele¬ phone booth should be provided in the lobby. The Combined Gymnast um-Audi toriu m It is generally agreed that the combined gymnasium-auditorium is undesirable, and that when such a combination is made, neither facility can be of maximum usefulness. Because of financial limita¬ tions, however, many of these combined facilities will be constructed. The following precautions will tend to lessen some of the disadvan¬ tages of the combination: 1 : Locate the sta § e at one side of the gymnasium with the bleacher seating acmg the stage. The stage can be used for seating during games and the bleach- ers can be used for seating when the facility is used as an auditorium 2. The type of ornamentation usually used in an auditorium should be elimi¬ nated. The general structural features should be designed for gymnasium use •v A room should be provided elsewhere in the school for small meetings. ■ - st °rage room off the stage wings should be provided for storing the^sta-e piano, floodlights, and other stage properties. ^Adequate * nd Convenient storage space for folding chairs should be pro- Special attention should be given to acoustical treatment 118 American School Buildings 7. Heating and ventilating should be adaptable to the kind of temperature and ventilation needed for physical education and the somewhat different re¬ quirements when the room is used as an auditorium. The high-school gymnasium-auditorium should be considered primarily as a physical-education area, which is to be used only occasionally for large assemblies. If the plant also includes a little theater, it is not essential that the gymnasium-auditorium include a permanent stage. A demountable platform opposite the bleachers will suffice for temporary use during commencement exercises and for other large public gatherings. In small elementary schools the situation is somewhat different. A reasonably satisfactory solution is a flat-floor auditorium of 200 to 400 capacity with folding chairs and adequate stage. Such a facility can be used by small children for light recreation; but, if it is used for basketball, it becomes a gymnasium and should be finished as such. Health Unit The location of the health suite will depend upon the scope and policy of health service and education. If the physical-education de¬ partment is responsible for health education, this facility should be located near the other physical-education facilities. If, however, health education is an integral part of general education, the health suite is usually located near the administration offices where it will be convenient to pupils and the public. Minimum health facilities should include a waiting room, rest room, and an examination room. Other desirable facilities are a nurse’s room, dressing booths, dental clinic, doctor’s office, and a health classroom. The waiting room should be directly accessible from the corridor, communicating with the examining room and the rest rooms. It should be equipped with comfortable furniture and should be of friendly appearance. The consultation and examining room should communicate di¬ rectly with the waiting room and dressing booths. There should be an adjoining toilet and storage closet, a scrub-up sink, instrument and medicine case, and an examination table. One dimension of the examining room should be 22 feet for eye examinations unless a mirror-type chart is used. Rest rooms should include space for one or more cots and adjoining toilet and lavatory facilities. i'lanning Auxiliary Facilitiks Lunchrooms Sellout lunchrooms should be planned so as to provide lor the natural llow ol raw and prepared materials with the minimum cross¬ ing ot paths. The following processes are involved: receiving and stotlng loud, preliminary preparation, preparation, service, dinin- dtsh-washmg, disposal of wastes, housekeeping, and managing. Prm c,aXr St | m “ dU . " >r mainU,inin 8 s:lni,!lr >’ oonditions and tor the comiort and convenience of employees. The school lunchroom should be on the first door and accessible a service driveway. It should be connected with the school build¬ ing by corridors or a covered passageway if a separate b,,il, in I I ould be easily accessible for evening and vncaiion use bv inhilts out the necessity of opening the entire school building, e sue ot the service ami dining areas depends upon the maxi mum number to be seated at one time, while the she !,f “ ar T ,ePemlS U,Km haul II o.Mmateh 10 square feet per person should be allowed in the 8 area f ° r lhe ' ;lrgcst lundl s hift. The service area will require Parent, teach e r, nurse , PUBLIC SCHOOLS, and doctor work togeth babstow, cm.ipornu er TgS»> 120 American School Buildings about 12 square feet for every foot of counter length. One 10-foot counter will normally serve a dining area of about 200 seats. It is desirable for large schools to provide as many areas of this size as required. If larger dining rooms are used, there should be a counter for every 200 seats. The kitchen area, including dishwashing but exclusive of storage, will usually require V/ 2 square feet per meal load with a minimum of 300 square feet. The size of the storerooms will depend upon the policy of central or local storage, but usually a minimum of l / 2 square foot of storage area is required per meal served. It is very desirable to provide a small office area for the manager. This space should be provided with a desk, chairs, and files. A tele¬ phone is essential. In large lunchrooms with a great deal of mechani¬ cal and electrical equipment, it is desirable to provide a separate equipment room accessible to the kitchen. A school lunchroom with a daily meal load of 150-250 will usually require the following basic equipment: Cooking Sinks Refrigerators Tables Truck Counter Kitchen machines Two-section heavy-duty range, with oven Two-compartment vegetable and pot sink Three-compartment dishwashing sink (or a single¬ tank dishwashing machine with 20" x 20" racks) Mop sink Wash basin 60 cubic feet (or 6' x 6' walk-in box) Receiving, 24" x 48" Cook’s and baker’s, 30" x 72" Salad and sandwich, 30" x 72" Soiled dish, 27" x 72" Clean dish, 24" x 48" 22" x 30", 28" high 27" to 30" wide x 10' long (exclusive of tray and silver area) with 12" tray rail 12-quart mixer on 18" x 24" cabinet base.® Actual steam tables, such as used in commercial cafeterias, are seldom justified in school lunchrooms. Food warmers are satisfac¬ tory but even these are not essential for small schools serving fewer than 200 meals per day. Counter tops and table tops should be of stain-resistant material impervious to moisture and easily cleaned. Some city-school systems are trying central food preparation with > V. S. Office of Education. Federal Security Agency. Ptannlni and Bqulpplnt School Lunchroom. Bulletin 1946, No. 19, Washington, D. C.: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, 1946. ti p, (Unite Hated represent minimum requirements only.} Planning Auxiliary Facilities 121 hot food deliveries to individual schools and are finding the plan very satisfactory. This system reduces the amount of heavy equip¬ ment required at individual schools. Chairs, rather than benches, are preferable for dining-room seat¬ ing. Tables of 30 by 72 inches are satisfactory for three pupils on each side. Storerooms should be vermin-proof, well lighted and ventilated, and protected from theft. Metal-slat or mesh shelving, platforms, bins, and other storage containers should be provided 12 to 18 inches above floor level. Adequate and convenient shelving and hanging space should be provided for dishes and cooking utensils. Connections for hot and cold water with mixing faucets should be provided at all sinks and lavatories. Provision should be made in the kitchen area for both hot- and cold-water hose connections. Special water heaters and storage tanks are usually required to provide 180-degree water for dishwashing. Cooled drinking water should be provided in the dining area. It is essential that toilet, washroom, and locker space be provided near the kitchen. All windows and doors for kitchen and dining room should be screened. Adequate and convenient provisions should be made for kitchen and table wastes. Provision should be made in the dishwashing area for garbage cans. There should also be provided a fly-proof enclosure adjacent to and level with the service platform where the cans may be held until the garbage is removed. This enclosure should have a hard cement floor, floor drain, and hot water for washing cans. Ventilation should be provided independent of the rest of the building. In addition, special hoods and exhaust fans are required over the cooking and dishwashing units. The lunchroom heating in¬ stallation should be valved for separate control. Dining and working areas should be provided with good lighting both natural and artificial. Since dining areas are often used for SnecLTaH Purposes, they should be as well lighted as classrooms. ™ r U • giy , en t0 the lighting arran gements of the Kitcnen for the convenience of workers. Dining-room and kitchen walls and ceiling should be light and easily cleaned. The kitchen walls, especially the wainscot shouM d n ” P r V ' OUS .f., m “ S c Jre ' Ac0UStiCaI are necessary " nmg area and desirable in the working area. 122 American School Buildings The kitchen is an area of high fire hazard and special precautions should be taken to protect life and property. Special equipment should include a fire extinguisher, a wool blanket, and a fire-alarm sounding station. The dining area should be separated by a sound-proof partition from the food preparation and service area, so that it can be used for a number of other purposes, such as: audio-visual room, music room, large group study, banquets, and light recreational and social programs. Storage space should be provided for the special equip¬ ment and materials used in the other activities. All-Purpose Room It is often desirable that there be a multiple-use room in the school. After careful consideration of the various activities in the school program to be housed and the provision of room facilities planned, a room may be included for those activities not provided for elsewhere. Such a room may well accommodate several types of groups without conflict, provided separate storage space is included for each group to store its paraphernalia. This room should be planned to accommodate the specific activities to be housed; for example, if it is to be used for dramatic classes, a stage will be needed. It is desirable that this room have an outside entrance so that it may be used as an independent unit of the building. All-purpose rooms are frequently used for such activities as parents’ workrooms, Scouts, 4-H Clubs, voting, music, Red Cross, parent-teacher association, and group meetings of the general public. Care of Cloaks and Books Many methods have been employed for the care of pupils’ cloaks, books, and other materials which must be readily accessible. A com¬ mon provision in the older school buildings was individual lockers in common locker rooms for high schools, and cloak rooms and desk book compartments for elementary schools. In secondary schools, where pupils shift from room to room dur¬ ing the day, pupils’ individual storage facilities should be accessible from corridors and as near their home rooms as possible. Probably the best method yet devised is that of individual lockers recessed in walls on permanent bases. Double-deck lockers require less wall sDace and are sufficient in some situations but are not satisfactory Planning Auxiliary Facilities 122 where sufficient height must be provided for hanging overcoats and raincoats. Full-length lockers are sometimes used to serve two pupils. The locker with a 12-inch by 12-inch cross-section is most common. If two pupils are to be assigned to a locker, the size should be 15 by 15 inches, with vertical separators. Pupil lockers should have a top shelf and at least two coat hooks. Since most elementary schools operate on a home-room program of integrated instruction, the care of wraps, books, and individual daily supplies presents a problem somewhat different from the high school. These materials should be accessible from the classroom and under teacher supervision. Even where a book compartment is pro¬ vided in the desk equipment, it may not be sufficient for all of the books and supplies used in a modern program. It is usually advisable to provide individual drawers or cubicles built into the walls of the classroom or adjacent activity alcove, or to provide movable storage cupboards of about counter height. 6 Movable storage units of various types can be used to advantage in making temporary partitions that can be adjusted by teacher and class as needed. The wardrobe is the most common type of elementary cloak space. It takes up much of the wall area, but this loss can be partially offset by tackboard on the wardrobe doors. Locked compartments are sel¬ dom necessary for elementary schools, but individual hanging lock¬ ers are desirable. It is not advisable to double-deck the compart¬ ments because the top tier would be too high. A convenient cloak cabinet can be designed with 5-inch by 12-inch individual hanging compartments with two shelves over each pair of vertical compart¬ ments. Such cabinets may be recessed in classroom walls or built in a corner of the room to form an alcove. It is also possible to design a combination cabinet with individual compartments for cloaks and supplementary classroom materials. Cloak cabinets may have doors but this is not necessary if the cabinets are arranged so as not to be unsightly Room ventilation should exhaust thru the cloak cabinets or special ventilation should be provided. Administration Facilities svsTem e ThT b f * w the central administration of a school systemJThese faohbes should include offices, conference rooms. -w »..n, 24 American School Buildings >rofessional library, assembly space for meetings and hearings, ware- louse storage and distribution facilities, and maintenance shops. A eparate, especially designed, administration building is most desir- ible; sometimes a second or third building may be needed for ware- louse and shops. Unused school buildings frequently have been con¬ certed into satisfactory administration buildings. If, however, one »f the school buildings used by pupils must also house the central iffices of a small local school administrative unit, the administrative acilities should be provided with a separate entrance. Each building will also need administrative space. Many systems ise for administration in individual elementary schools of ten or welve rooms an amount of space comparable to the size of one class- oom. Larger elementary schools and secondary schools will require nore space. A central location near the entrance is desirable. A comfortable waiting space should be provided for the general >ublic. This room should be so located, designed, and appointed hat the public can find it easily and understand its purpose. It hould communicate directly with the corridor and the general office, t is good practice to separate this space from the general offices by . service counter. The public space should be equipped with seats, •ulletin board, teachers’ mail boxes, and coat-hanging facilities. A •ublic-telephone booth is desirable. Where possible, especially in arge schools, pupils should have a separate waiting space. In the general office all of the routine business of the school will >e carried on. This space should include desks, work table, filing pace, duplicating facilities, bookshelves, counters, a telephone or witchboard, the master clock for the bell system, a fire-alarm sound- ng station, closets, storage space for instruction and office supplies, ,nd a fireproof vault. Control for radio and public-address systems re best located in a nearby separate room. The principal’s private office should be ample in size for small ;roup conferences. It should communicate directly with the general iffice, the public space, and the corridor. It should be designed for irivacy without being inaccessible or uninviting. Equipment should nclude desk, chairs, bookshelves, filing cases, clothes closet, and a onnecting toilet. Two types of teachers’ rooms should be provided—rest rooms and workrooms. They should not be combined but may be connected, reachers’ rest rooms should be provided with easy chairs, couch, 126 American School Buildings suitable place for study and class preparation. A high-school teach¬ ers’ workroom will have the effect of increasing building capacity by releasing classrooms during teachers’ free periods. It should be pro¬ vided with chairs, table, work counter and sink, supply cabinets, bookshelves, typewriter, and duplicating machine. The workroom may connect with the general office. In small schools, it may be com¬ bined with the library workroom. Offices for the guidance counselors will usually be part of the ad¬ ministrative suite, convenient to the general office, public space, and the corridor. The record room should be large enough to enable the clerks to work with the records and for teachers and counselors to be seated while studying them. In addition to the record room, enough small counseling offices should be provided so that they will be available for all conferences between pupil and counselor, coun¬ selor and parents, teacher and counselor, and others needing uninter¬ rupted privacy. Provision must also be made for those waiting for conferences. If possible, this waiting room should be equipped with bookshelves, vertical reference files, bulletin boards, and suitable chairs so that it may be used as a small testing room. It is desirable that counseling offices be located near each other. Conference rooms, approximately half the size of a classroom, are most desirable. They should be fitted with coat storage and toilet and lavatory facilities. These rooms may be used for multiple purposes, such as school and community committee meetings, a parents’ room, a board room, parent-teacher conferences, and faculty meetings, □ne such room should be connected to the waiting room of the office suite and with the corridor. Similar rooms are desirable as depart¬ mental conference rooms in large high schools. Conference rooms and offices are also needed for high-school student activities. Custodian service rooms are needed in all schools. These facilities should include a small office, workshop with bench and tools, dress¬ ing room, toilet, lavatory, and shower. Storerooms are needed for custodial supplies and there should be one or more service closets, equipped with service sinks and shelves, on each floor. Storage Facilities Various types of storage facilities have been recommended in connection with the basic areas they service, for example: supply cabinets in classrooms, locker space for the outer clothing of pupils, Planning Auxiliary Facilities 12', supply rooms connecting with special-instruction and general rooms, fireproof vault and supply storage in the general offices, lunchroom storage, and storage facilities for custodial tools and supplies. Schools also need storage facilities for fuel and maintenance sup¬ plies and materials, and a fireproof storeroom for paints. Schools often need a large storeroom for seasonal and other large materials and projects which are used only occasionally. If textbooks are collected and reissued each year, book rooms should be included for this purpose and provided with ample shelving and combination door-counters to the corridor. If the supply-manage¬ ment policy is to issue supplies for the entire year to each school rather than to make periodic deliveries from a central warehouse, it may be advisable to provide each building with large storerooms for instructional, custodial, and maintenance supplies. There should also be at least two storerooms with direct grade-level exits to the school grounds, one for portable playground equipment and one for yard tools. Schools with large campuses and high schools with track and field athletic programs will require more than mere closets for these purposes, and it is often advisable to provide such storage space under the stadium or in a separate storage house. There also should be space and facilities, concealed from view, for the storage of trash, until it can be carted off the site. School-.Bus Garages The continuing trend toward consolidation is increasing the de¬ mand for school-bus transportation. Public ownership is becoming more and more common, necessitating in many cases garages on or near the school site for housing and servicing buses. H located on the school site, the approaches to the bus garage sdiould not separate the school building from recreational areas The area m front of the bus garage should provide a turning circle o not less than 90 feet in diameter; 110 feet is preferable. The garage should be of fire-resistive construction with roof structure of sufficient strength to support an overhead track for lifting motors is lowers T f Pth K ° f 3 ? ara S e fOT bus with 21-foot body c f ‘ Stalls for two buses in tandem should be 75 feet deep used forte n 5 St °T “v Sh ° Uld be 12 teet wide ' Stalls to be renairsallssC Mu ” g Sh ° U ' d be 16 feet wide - Wash and pair stalls should be separated from storage stalls and from each 128 American School Buildings other by partitions. Space should be provided for storage of sup¬ plies. This can often be provided in the end of a stall used for a short bus. If a fleet of buses is to be maintained, a separate stock room for spare parts will be needed. Lavatory and toilet facilities should be installed for mechanics and drivers. One repair stall in each bus maintenance unit should be equipped with a grease pit or a 10-ton dual hydraulic lift. If lift is used, the ceiling height of stall must be adequate. At least one floor drain should be provided in each stall, two for wash stalls. Where buses operate over dirt roads, it is advisable to pitch floor of wash stall into a gutter drain. Wash stalls should be fitted with hose connec¬ tions, conveniently located. A roof ventilator should be provided for each four bus stalls, and repair stalls should be equipped with exhaust pipe for removal of fumes. Garages should be provided with heating facilities suffi¬ cient to maintain a temperature of 45 degrees in storage stalls and 60 degrees in repair and wash stalls. The garage should be supplied with 220-volt current, with 60-ampere entrance switch. If DC-type welder is to be used, provision should be made for three-phase cur¬ rent. At least one double convenience electrical outlet should be provided for each bus stall, and outlets should be spaced 4 feet apart on the work bench in the repair stall. Overhead light fixtures should be located between storage stalls, and the repair stalls should be lighted adequately for night work. Garage doors should be 10 feet high and the width should be 12 feet for repair stalls and 10 or 11 feet for storage stalls. AH doors should be equipped with clear wire glass at eye level. Repair stalls should be provided with window space adequate for good working conditions. Gasoline and oil service facilities should be located convenient to office where transportation records are kept and for attendants who service buses, but should not block garage entrances. Community Services In many local situations it is advisable for the schools to provide facilities for special services beyond these needed by all commu¬ nities for educational, cultural, and recreational centers. In some sections of the country the school-community cannery has become popular as a type of community service. Canneries may Planning Auxiliary Facilities 129 be used in school and adult-instructional programs, as a service in canning for school lunches, and as a center where individuals do canning for their own use. Canning facilities should be separate from the school building, for ease of access when schools are in session. Some village and rural consolidated high schools plan and operate their farm shops as a community service to local farmers for the repair of their farm machinery and the construction of homemade arm equipment. Schools sometimes operate community laundries or the convenience of local patrons as well as training in laundry operation. y In many communities it is difficult for teachers to hud satisfactory iving quarters within the school community. It has become neces¬ sary ,n several localities for school agencies to provide teachers’ homes or teacherages.” A home for the principal is often provided on the grounds of a rural consolidated high school. In a few states notably Illinois, school boards have been authorized by law to use school funds to acquire houses for teachers. It is often desirable to provide on-campus living Quarters fnr ih. C^e£=£ ^ «I The trend toward the consolidation of high schools will in c iT“ ^ 10 contribute toward board a'nd roomTn Ueu oTlT ,“ C ““ Income districts dormitory facilities should be provided nSPOrtati0n - educational faciHtte forToth sTT h SCh ° 01 CampS and ou,door ing education may be-n the ffi™ oft? servi “- Camp- the community or comoletp r • ^mmer day camps in or near the school boartf “ ^ ™ y be Provided b y schools are planning for camps w hirh S the summer - Some around for different groups of pup^ ” ** SCheduled the y<*r CHAPTER EIGHT Architectural and Engineering Services S chool-plant progress is made when a competent architect designs and supervises the construction of a school building that is unusually well suited to the educational program and services that are housed. Suitability of the building will be an accident unless the architect is informed in substantial detail about the operational requirements of the school to be housed. Giving that information is the task of educators; interpreting it into an outstanding school plant is the task of the architect. I he Architect's Sphere School officials, in order to obtain for education the substantial contribution available from architects, must know more about them and the profession to which they belong. The architect's value derives from his advice and counsel, only a portion of which develops into a set of drawings, specifications, and contract documents. Perti¬ nent advice and counsel is forthcoming usually only in an atmosphere of mutual respect and intimate professional relationships. In an atmosphere where the architect participates freely and fre¬ quently on a warm and friendly basis with key persons and com¬ mittees of the school board and staff, he will give most of himself and his skill. The architect during the time of his association with a school district should really “belong” to the policy-making group that guides the school-building program. 'Phis belonging should exist from the very beginning to the completion of a project. Tt is equally important that the architect make every effort possible to keep the sense of belonging alive in his own organization and to recognize how important the planning and construction of a school is to the community. ' f uni Architectural and Engineering Services 131 The place of the architect in school-plant planning and construc¬ tion is not always clearly understood. That conclusion is inferred rom the various types of procedures followed in selecting the archi¬ tect and using his services. Underestimation of the nature and value of his services is indicated by the following practices: until thc build ' ne budect is set and “ We - -— co„trac,„X7d l t°h b sr„ S , '***'*“* alt ° ge ‘ h " a " d * • "P-tica, in;XX“Xl” mP ' ete P ' an ” “ ^ direct- 5. Attempting to secure his services for less than the going fee. and leaving supervision during cXuXIotoXne eke SPedficalio " s best looking XtioXXbuildmXX b XXtri« S ‘ ‘ hC of the service^arTarcWtect Tt ‘°° mUCh ' ^-estimation t0 -ch mistakes^s the^followingf n ° rma " y “"**■»« >eads malting responsibility withXlommem'"™ 1 '^ P ' anning and even ‘he policy- of us.” 7 COmment ^u know more about this than any not n^ra^:e i X m rX., a lr„Ic: f ™ - does and landscape architects or site planners. ’ aC ° UStlca1 ’ and othe r engineers school-plant planningXIlUnfs X' Ts'T °‘ schoo, - disl ™‘ staff or of ■nents of education and some ull^ald “ * ^ ^ ^ Selecting the Architect we^ blTLXlprio^n^rstabllV 6 "?^ * *" arChiteCt “V one. These include: (a) ^ ‘ Pr ° CedUre to preparation of such technical d ’ P aiming and designing ( c ) . W supervision of construction and in- 132 American School Buildings stallation, and (e) business administration of construction opera¬ tions. 1 When the potential contribution of the architect to school-plant planning and construction is clearly understood, the method of selecting him is simplified. There is no “sure fire” method of select¬ ing an architect, but if the problem is approached in a manner simi¬ lar to that followed when a doctor or lawyer is to be chosen for a serious case, most difficulties will be avoided. The meaning of the title “architect” is sometimes not fully appre¬ ciated by school officials faced with the responsibility of selecting one. An architect of good standing in his profession brings his client full assurance of the possession of many important abilities and skills. The mere fact that a person holds an architect’s license means that he has met tests of competence. The American Institute of Architects over a period of many years has maintained its profes¬ sional standards for practicing architects at a consistently high level. The training and apprenticeship required of architects, the self-imposed standards of the profession, and the heavy respon¬ sibilities normally involved conspire to produce men of integrity, business ability, and artistic and technical competence. From the foregoing it is readily recognized how unsatisfactory, as bases for selecting a school architect, are such practices as “com¬ petitions” for architectural service; brief interviews by the board with large numbers of architects during a meeting set for selecting the architect; responding to high-pressure salesmanship on the part of the architect; giving each of the architects in the area some of the work; and stimulating architects to compete on a fee basis. A school district will seldom be disappointed in its architect if he is chosen by the following brief criteria: J. Is he a legally qualified architect in good standing in his profession? 2. Is his method of procedure in serving his clients in harmony with that of (he school district, he is to serve; c.g., can he work cooperatively? 3. Does it appear the architect has personal characteristics that will permit him to work harmoniously with board and staff members of the school district? 4. Tins he shown an interest in school buildings to the extent that he con¬ siders them a specialized phase of architectural practice? 5. Is his office staff, organization, location, and financial backing such that 'Smith. Howard PwIkIiI. “The Architect ns nn Administrative Officer.’’ American School and University, I9d7-4X. New York: American School Publlshlnit Corporation, (470 Fourth avenue) p. 4.1-47. ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING SERVICES 133 the planning of facilities can proceed on a time schedule appropriate to the plant needs of the district? 6. Does he recognize the need, in schoolhouse planning, for the services of numerous specialized engineers and will he take advantage of those special¬ ists contributions in a cooperative manner? The Architect’s Contract for Services To the degree that a good job was done in selecting an architect the critical importance of an airtight contract between owner and architect becomes less vital. Not that any district would be advised to employ an architect without his services being based on a care- u y worded contract, but it is not wise to conclude that all of the many important things done by an architect can be spelled out in a single agreement. The American Institute of Architects has developed a standard form of agreement which, with some modifications to meet locai con¬ ditions, should serve adequately in most situations. 2 The hesitation some superintendents and board members have in using this form appears not to be justified when it is recognized that the A I A has TndTs cl“ e ni n b aCimatin8 l 80 ° d reIat! ° nS b6tWeen a " -hiS architecmr as 0 a n ^ofe™ ,Shing *“* “ d the *"*“*>“ <* in most arChheCt One source of difficultv i 5 8 a satls ^ ac tory agreement. agreement that covers an indefin! ^ ^ Of e Afr7J:t e n r f B F e r XlZZL fSt; * California Council f of m A h b S - 3 pages and 5osts‘s^° n ’ °” the Institute New YoZaZ, f^aUforaia e Oi^jterf e American 0 134 American School Buildings period of time and does not describe the specific project or projects involved. The personnel of school-governing boards often changes. Newly organized boards sometimes find themselves saddled with such a contract which may result in ill will and sometimes even a lawsuit to determine the architect’s status under the agreement. Another source of difficulty is that sometimes the architect pro¬ ceeds to the development of working drawings and complete specifi¬ cations prior to the time the governing board and staff are ready to approve the building design and outline specifications. This situa¬ tion can be controlled if the agreement states that final plans and specifications are to be undertaken by the architect only upon the written authorization of the school district. The basis for computing the amount due the architect when pre¬ liminary plans are completed may be a source of difficulty. During the recent period of rapid increases in construction costs, some archi¬ tects, upon completing a given stage of the plans, billed the district for the percent due on the estimated cost, and then after several months, without doing further architectural work, billed the district for an additional amount because of increased construction costs. Since this practice is objectionable to school-district officials and the additional amounts are considered by them to be unjustified, a definite agreement on the matter should be a part of the contract. This question is of more serious importance than may at first appear because stories of these difficulties have had a tendency to cause some school districts to defer the employment of an architect, be¬ cause they do not know the extent to which the district is to be in¬ volved in architectural costs. Still another point of possible difficulty is this question: who should develop the over-all site utilization plan for a school and on what basis shall the architect be compensated for its preparation? Some architectural firms regularly prepare over-all site utilization plans as a part of their services. Other firms make a separate charge for developing the over-all plan. Since this type of variation exists, it is worthwhile for this matter to be specifically settled in the formal agreement. In states where reviews of school plans are required by law, the formal agreement with the architect should clarify the architect’s responsibility in clearing plans thru the reviewing offices. Failure to do this sometimes helps to create the unfortunate situation ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING SERVICES 135 whereby the architect appears before a reviewing agency and at¬ tempts to persuade that agency to accept a certain plan whereas a proper statement of relationship would have permitted the re¬ viewing agency to cooperate at an earlier stage in the development of a suitable solution to the district’s problem. In some situations an inadequate definition of preliminary plans as caused some difficulty in clearing fee payments thru district and county fiscal reviewing officers. It would therefore be helpful if the agreement cleared that point. If the architect is to use detailed plans provided by commercial interests (generally speaking not a defensible procedure) that fact s ou appear as a part of the agreement. Cases in point would be ig mg solutions furnished by power companies, stage layouts by theatrical supply companies, and lunchroom kitchens by hoteh equipment firms. y School officials are frequently surprised to find that the archi 0 ^“ e ; r PrOVide 311 ° f the SU P ervisi “ during construc¬ tion that is needed to protect the district’s interests and that a clerk of-the-works needs to be employed by the district. This matter is ar y covered in the standard contract form, but for some reason to n bC‘in“ ° fte ” “ = Of furniture and eauinmenT h* *° Par ‘ idpate » the selection schoo, district,C,:r„rfythetc c htcrtha( uk ' p r ide that the no circumstances should t at 1S to usec *- Under liminary plans for aDoro Jlh & reqUested to Present pre- by him of a state ment , °°' disWct ^ to the «ceipt The question L to who n " d equi P men ‘ requirements. basis up q „„ vtur r hen compieted '** another site, and the architectntirety may be reused on school district for its record a set oTdr" y f °r filing with the district and the architect ^etlZnZn, *TZ f^nt 136 American School Buildings part company with as good grace as possible. Thus, one importan feature in an architectural contract is a clear specification of th< means whereby the architect and school district may agree to ter minate their agreement. Some of the problems just discussed are partially covered in th< A. I. A. standard agreement form and, as mentioned before, in mos cases the standard form will meet the situation adequately. How ever, when the school board departs from the text of a standan agreement form, it should secure the advice of competent legal au thority. The relationship between the school district and the lega adviser, however, should be made perfectly clear. The relationship is one in which the school district authorities decide what they wisl to accomplish; the legal adviser merely determines whether or no the proposed wording of the document accomplishes the stated pur poses of the governing board. This division of responsibility canno be too strongly emphasized because the legal adviser, especially whei he is a public official such as a district attorney, often argues oi the propriety of what the board wishes to do and even takes a stam on the fee to be paid. That type of legal interference is inexcusabh and results in confused responsibility for school-plant development The preceding discussion is based on the assumption that archi tectural service for most school projects is secured by a contractua arrangement. There are of course other possible arrangements. Ii general, however, the alternative arrangements are open only to cit; and other types of large school districts. A few of these variation in methods of providing architectural services to school district are listed here: 1. Contract with private architect covering all ivork done by the school dis Irict for a specified time, say five or ten years. 2. In districts with numerous projects proceeding simultaneously, contrac with a different architect for each project and with one to serve as a supei vising architect. .3. In districts with numerous projects proceeding simultaneously, contrac with a different architect for each project, the various architects to work wit a supervising architect who is a permanent employee of the district. 4. Engage an architect as an employee of the district to develop prcliminar plans for all projects and then by contract arrange for plan completion b architects in private practice. 5. Provide for the production of all needed plans by the district’s own per me nent staff. Three Examples—Prize- Winning Public School Architecture PHOTOS RY California Chapter Amf 1946: Suva Street Sch California. Marsh, Swill, a, UTECTS. district, r ' - i ■ r 1 i 1 —. (Set also pages 7S, 12b I PHOTO BY PHII.TP Ernest J. A unify, Architect; Mark I'alk, Structural Engineer ♦ . H.o Society op Architects Gold Medal Award 1940 - n»h j r Elementary School, Columbus, Ohio Arhn * , <’« Howard D wig h, Smith, A rchiteet; Kyle W Arm t Architect ArmS ‘ r ° n e- Associate 140 American School Buildings 6. Provide for the development by the state of all needed plans for school buildings. Only cities and relatively large school districts of other types have a real choice between employing architects or contracting with pri¬ vate firms. 4 Smaller school districts, in states where plans are fur¬ nished on an optional basis by the state, may choose between using the state plans and contracting with an architect to develop plans locally. What should be done in any given situation depends, of course, upon local circumstances. In general, however, the practice of contracting with individual architects for each project promises most in fitting the school plant to local needs and in developing de¬ partures from traditional practice upon which sound and continuing progress in schoolhouse planning depends. Creative work done by many architects under a great variety of local conditions and re¬ quirements, cleared thru a central educational planning agency, represents a wholesome atmosphere for progress in school-plant planning and construction. Time Schedule for Production One of the disturbing factors in the relationships of school offi¬ cials to the architect grows out of the failure to make a time sched¬ ule for the production of plans or the failure of one of the parties to the agreement to meet its part of a time schedule. Some architectural firms, especially during occasional periods when a very large volume of planning is being done, find it difficult to produce work on schedule. It is therefore more urgent than ever during times of rapid school-plant expansion to attach great impor¬ tance to a carefully prepared schedule for the production of plans. This is not altogether a demand upon the architect. It is also a de¬ mand upon the school superintendent to furnish the architect promptly at the appropriate time such policy and administrative decisions as may be required, as well as the specific information basic to planning a school structure. The schedule should represent fairly liberal allotments of time for each stage in the planning. The school superintendent should check periodically to see that the planning program is proceeding on schedule. A district failing to do so may find that its work is being « For a dear statement of the comparative values between contracted and staff architectural services see: Smith, Howard Dwight, op. cit., p. 44-47. Architectural and Engineering Services 14] neglected for the school district or other client that does require plan production on schedule. Such neglect, however, will be well deserved if the school district delays unreasonably either in provid¬ ing the architect with essential information or in acting upon some phase of the drawings or specifications that have been submitted for formal action. These delays in school-district action have been so damaging in some architects’ offices that serious consideration is being given to basing the architect’s remuneration for public-works projects on a cost-plus basis so that the public body would have a financial stake in its own prompt action. Making Full Use of Architectural Services It is common to hear arguments about the percent fee that should . 6 P v! 2° arc ^ tects ; ^ not at common to hear arguments as o w ether school district officials secured from the architect the full contribution that he and his office were prepared to make to planning the building. It is a waste of talent and money to employ a competent architect to do a job for which he is especially trained then either fail to set up procedures that will enable him to produce or even worse, set up procedures which definitely prevent the architect from rendering the service for which he is paid A most glaring instance of this occurs when the school superintendent tect'antutHne n'T* 8 amateUr architect > @ves the archi- prepare Idfict h ™ t0 PUt the * shape and buM„* S £? Clficat ‘ ons and “"tract documents to construct the buddmg. The archttect should expect, and of course receive from he board a detailed statement in writing of the services that it pects the school building to render.* ,l servke fa the convkt’ ‘° SeCurin S complete architectural and hoard members that Z a^t^^ impor t’anttx requirements 3 Th°^ C °™ P ’ ymg with building codes and other legal fX“wL h ,d r b e :t r u a n „ de -r such conditions is about «* " d Ar C chUedur°f fi COnfiding fr ° m give. A misunderstandingas'Tcf'who k of they connection with a total building program couWt^rfous^oni See Appendix C, p. 348-53. UU!,e 142 American School Buildings quences. Therefore, the full range of services offered by the partic¬ ular firm with which the district intends to contract should be specified. School districts often do not make full use of architectural services because they do not know how to give the architect the information he needs on the educational services to be rendered by the school, nor how much to depend on the architect’s advice on many technical questions. Many architects are reticent in asking or demanding from the school officials the information and material they need to do a more thoro job. Staff members from state departments of education and competent consultants on school-plant matters can render an important service if permitted to participate in joint conferences of architect and school officials by pointing out additional ways in which architect’s services may be utilized. The following list of items, while it repeats certain points men¬ tioned earlier in the chapter, may be helpful in suggesting in gen¬ eral the scope of the architect’s services. Ordinarily he may be ex¬ pected to perform such functions as the following: 1. Study the educational plans of the school authorities, checking the educa¬ tional plans with architectural possibility. 2. Make detailed studies of site proposals as to soil structure and topographic relationship, space requirements, residential harmony of school plant, and rela¬ tion to utilities. 3. Prepare preliminary drawings including floor plans, suggested elevations, location of building on site; develop in consultation with the superintendent any desirable revision of equipment layouts submitted by the superintendent; and draft a brief outline of specifications upon which tentative cost estimates can be based. 4. Visit significant school plants with representatives of the school system which he is serving. 5. Secure the written approval of the board of education of final revisions of the preliminary drawings and proceed with the preparation of the working draw¬ ings and specifications. 6. Hold frequent conferences, during the preparation of working drawings and specifications, with the superintendent of schools, or his designated assistants, for the development and application of data required for efficient planning, choice of materials, anticipated problems of relation of structure to state codes, public utilities, and legal permits and restrictions. 7. Secure written approval of working drawings and specifications from the board of education and from government agencies as required by law. 8. Prepare advertisements for bids, having cleared with the board of educa¬ tion whether they wish to have lump-sum bids or segregated bids submitted. ARCHITECTURAL AND ENGINEERING SERVICES 143 9. Assist the board of education in reviewing the bids and in arriving at an award, at least in submitting technical advice regarding the bids. If the board of education is in doubt regarding the responsibility of the contractor, the architect’s advice should be requested by the board. 1°. Effect and administer forms of contract, the posting of necessary bonds me uding the contractor’s performance bond, and the time schedules for various completion stages of the building. 11 Approve selection of supervisor, inspector, or clerk-of-the-works to supple¬ ment the supervisory services of the architect and to provide personal super¬ vision of construction at critical stages of building. 12. Act as moderator between the board of education and contractor in case contract r ” as the construction proceeds. Interpretation of brine the t 88 COU * SeI ’ but in most «ses the architect can successfully bring the two parties together, avoiding delay of construction. . Approve and certify all payments to contractors and subcontractors. n ' In ! Pe l bU1 ^ mg on com Pletion and certify to the board that all bills hens, and other obligations have been completed. Documentation of Decisions fn^r th ° a g °° d architect is chosen > a desirable formal agreement s services executed, and a reasonable and definite time schedule or planning services adopted, it is still important for The superin tendent to use certain administrative devices to imp emern thc P anning program. Such administrative controls go bevonZh. , of score cards check list* „„,i ,, . . go De y°nd the use one nf the - . ’ d that type of material. For example 5 —asars; well become quite complicated because of tin may Who participate it is essential tL T numerous persons result of the 00^100“ ^ The* T ° f the know and to have ‘° mendations of cerfnin g me °P lm °ns and recom- the building These would ^ S ^ e ^ Ia ized en S in eers used in planning illumination, and acoustical eng^rsTdVnd" 8 ’ ^ land planners It is not m ” and landsc ape architects and the architect in an inform^ Under ° rdinary circumstances for board to report oTI the su P e rintendent or recommended for the school. 6 aCOUStlcaI or illumination engineer mem^nZ^ are the agree- which should be made during the PrelLZaZZtZiigZageTlf 144 American School Buildings these important matters are merely discussed briefly, much misunder¬ standing will result when final plans and specifications are reviewed; and worse yet when the building is being constructed or occupied. Windows, floor coverings, chalkboards, tackboards, shades, wall finishes, types of heating and ventilation, lighting fixtures, electrical- service outlets, and numerous other items that cannot be easily re¬ corded on a set of preliminary plans may be overlooked. Another distinct advantage in documenting outline specifications is that in written form they may be discussed with interested parties more effectively than when such discussion is merely a conversational exchange. Engineering Services The foregoing emphasis upon the services of the architect does not imply that the engineering services needed to plan a good school plant are of less importance than those contributed by the architect. The emphasis is made because in a well-planned building the archi¬ tect coordinates the contributions of the engineers in addition to making his own and because the fee paid the architect usually in¬ cludes the fees of the engineers. An increasing number of architectural firms doing school work are providing, within the firm, a complete roster of engineering serv¬ ices. In those cases the school district is well advised to examine the competence of the engineers as well as of the architects before con¬ tracting for services. In cases where the architect expects to select engineers from outside his firm, he should inform the school district of his choices and have them approved by the board. The competence of the structural, mechanical, illuminating, acous¬ tical, landscape, heating, ventilating and all kinds of engineers can influence so much the quality of the building that a school board should be satisfied in each instance before one is engaged to work on plans for which it is responsible. Interpreting the School Plant Some of the ways in which an architect may assist in having a newly occupied building fully utilized for the benefit of pupils were stated as follows in a recent book on the school plant: He is the one who is primarily responsible for the finished classroom. Altho the teachers, supervisors, principal, and superintendent will all find their own ideas incorporated into the architect’s design, he is the one who gave all these Architectural and Engineering Services 145 ideas final form and he knows best their use possibilities. He must be prepared to discuss with the teachers at the completion of the building, the ideas that governed him in arriving at the design of the plant. Among the points that s ould be brought up in this discussion are the control of light, both natural and artificial; the arrangement of all of the movable furniture in the room and ow the furniture may be moved or rearranged to meet different teaching needs- the operation of the mechanical system, that is, heating, light fixtures, com¬ munication apparatus, fire protection apparatus, the proper adjustment of room temperature controls; the provisions the architect may have made to facilitate he alteration and rearrangement of such things as science or domestic science the lTr IT™ 1 * With 311 ° f th6ir Utility ^nections; the reasons for he sh M T the . I " atenals 0f cons truction and finish, and the paint colors- he should discuss with them the provisions that he has made for any features not incorporated into the building but reserved for future installation such a ■>"»' shading devices; the unfinished Z, ™ Of the plant which are intended for completion at a future time such L cafe tena, or new classroom wings; any special features that he has been able to devise that t hey may use with benefit . 0 to Corporation, C 1948 eS p. a 90 - 91 ? ld ’ J ° hn ' F °“ !F< "" ‘° Build a Schoot? New Vor k: Reinhold Publishing CHAPTER NINE Mechanical and Service Facilities onvenience, comfort, and protection for the occupants of school buildings are safeguarded by a variety of mechanical facilities— heating and ventilating systems, cleaning systems, electrical services, and plumbing and sanitation. The larger the group of pupils to be housed in the school building, the more complex the problem of mechanical services becomes, but the problem is important even in the one-teacher school. This chapter does not attempt to summarize the wealth of published technical information on these topics but it offers some suggestions that may be applied in efforts to improve existing services or to plan for the types desired in new buildings. Planning for Heating and Ventilating Facilities School administrators should establish adequate performance re¬ quirements for heating and ventilating systems and should insist upon proper design and controlled operation that will at all times protect the health and promote the comfort of the occupants. More attention should be given to the effects of such services on educa¬ tional progress. Room temperatures and air movement in the room are definite factors in student health protection and comfort. Since body comfort is conducive to sustained mental alertness, adequate heating and ventilating services are also factors in educational progress. OBJECTIVES School administrators do not need to be heating and ventilating engineers, but it is desirable for them to know something of the principles and problems in the planning and management of school heating and ventilating systems. They should know how to present a clear description of the end results desired in each area to be served. They should be able to interpret and utilize the recommenda¬ tions made in this field by architects, heating and ventilating engi- f 146 1 Mechanical and Service Facilities 147 neers, and distributors of equipment. They should know how to evaluate the results obtained in terms of services rendered, costs and ease of operation. Some of the major purposes of heating and ventilating systems are: (a) the supplying of heat to balance losses from the human ody thru radiation, conduction, and evaporation, and losses from the room thru exfiltration; (b) the removal of excess heat; fc) the dilution and removal of unpleasant body odors and in special cases direct removal of obnoxious gases, fumes, and dust; (d) the pre- ventmn of rapid temperature fluctuations beyond or even within the total acceptable ranges; and (e) adequate diffusion of heat with- ut excessive stratification or excessive drafts. tote's v iSir ith the activity in ' and the for schooU the state” of “ Type of space Room air temperature A. Sedentary activity— ( Fahrenheit) classrooms, auditoriums, offices, cafeterias 68° to 72° B Moderate activity— corridors, stairways, shops, laboratories, kitchens 66° to 70° C. Vigorous activity- gymnasiums 60° to 70° D - Locker and shower rooms 76° to 80° E. Swimming-pool area O VO oo O o O OO Level at which reading is taken 30" above flooi 60" above floor 60" above floor 60" above floor 60" above floor. 1 oWeae floor” 60 fain, bC amPk Pr0VMe and ma *n- ~ere ,oca,“her cl,ZZTJT Ed . °‘ neCe$sar y t0 install 148 American School Buildings elaborate heating plants for small schools, but it is desirable to pro¬ vide a capacity in excess of the local degree day load. Likewise, the ventilating system capacity should be ample to provide the volume and velocity of air needed for the various areas, for the types of occupancy anticipated, and for various weather conditions. VENTILATING STANDARDS \ entilating standards have not become fixed at any one level for all rooms, conditions, or locations. Accumulated carbon dioxide from exhaled air is not now regarded as a serious threat to the health of the room occupants. The theory has been discredited that led to the requirement that 30 cubic feet per minute of fresh air be pro¬ vided for each person, altho some states still retain such regulations in their codes. There are still many conflicting theories relative to the amount of fresh air that should be introduced into the class¬ room. One contention is that room air movement coupled with nor¬ mally anticipated infiltration and exfiltration will satisfy all needs and that no other provisions for fresh air intake or foul air exhaust are necessary. This theory is not generally accepted by school offi¬ cials. While reliable data are lacking to show the exact amount of fresh air needed for the various rooms and activities, it is believed that specific provisions should be made in all school areas occupied by groups of children or adults, for introducing some fresh air into the room and for exhausting the stale air from it. One reason for positive removal of air from the classroom is the necessity for removing excess heat. It often is not realized that each human body is a source of heat. A ten-year-old child, for example, gives off about as much heat as would be emitted by one square foot of ordinary room radiation. Thus, after the initial warm-up of the rooms for comfort when pupils arrive, the problem of heating and ventilating is in part a cooling problem. For the removal of excess heat where no special odor sources exist, as in most classrooms and libraries, minimum capacities for 15 cubic feet per person per minute should be provided. While capacities of 10 cubic feet per minute seem adequate for the removal of ordinary body odors and to remove excess heat during the winter months, the needs during other times of the year make it desirable to provide capacities of at least 15 cubic feet per minute. Mechanical and Service Facilities 149 These capacities are often quoted as “room air changes per hour.” A capacity of 10 cubic feet of air per person per minute is equal to about two air changes per hour, and 15 cubic feet to about three changes, for a classroom of about 9000 cubic feet, housing thirty students. Where unusual odors are likely to arise, as in toilet and locker rooms and in chemical and foods laboratories, ventilating and heating capacities should be ample to allow for five or six air changes per hour. When odors, obnoxious fumes, and dust arise from localized sources, they should be removed by special vents at these sources. For instance, exhaust ventilation for toilet rooms should be thru ducts entirely segregated from the ventilating system serving the rest of the building. air movement Air movement within the room is vital to the comfort of the occu¬ pants. It helps to diffuse the heat and to prevent heat stratification and air stagnation often found in heavily occupied areas. Air move¬ ment also aids in removing body odors. It is particularly important that fresh air brought directly into the room from the outside during cold weather be warmed and blended with the room air before it reaches the bodies of the students. The difference between the tem¬ peratures of the room and the inflowing conditioned air should determine the velocity desired. During the heating season a hori¬ zontal low-level air flow in excess of 25 feet per minute may create objectionable drafts. During hot weather, air velocities up to 100 feet per minute may be acceptable. However, if this air is artifi¬ cially cooled, the velocity must be reduced. Controlled air circulation is particularly important in auditoriums or other areas where large numbers of people assemble. In practice th,s type of room is warmed for initial, entrance comfort. Added heat from body radiation soon helps make the room uncomfortably VenuiaZT C,al ' y on f >alconies . unl «* ample ventilation is assured. Ventilating and heating fans for such areas should be outside the segregated^ ^ ° f ^ ™« OW ***> “hou,d t conducting cZec^ ^ l ° ^ ^ by —* nth TREATMENT Am deamng may be necessary in congested areas where the out hde air ,s laden with soot, fumes, or dust. In buildings having cem 150 American School Buildings tral-fan air-distributing systems, the air may be cleaned by passing it thru filters or porous moistened screens. It may also be cleaned by washing, by centrifugal action, or by newer electric processes. Localized fan intakes permit local filtering, but with local gravity intake systems, air cleaning is usually not feasible. Some heating and ventilating systems that recirculate quantities of building air move the return air thru dirty or dusty corridors or ducts. The movement of recirculated air thru such channels is quite undesir¬ able, and any air that must be so moved should be thoroly cleaned before being returned to student occupied areas. Humidification can be provided when desired by injecting mois¬ ture into the air. It is generally conceded that a room temperature of 70 degrees and a relative humidity of 47 percent provides about the same feeling of comfort as does a temperature of 75 degrees and a relative humidity of 15 percent. Combustion engineers indicate that from 12 to 15 percent more fuel is required if average room temperatures are increased from 70 degrees to 75 degrees. However, in most school installations humidification is not always easily at¬ tained. Humidity controls are extremely difficult to maintain and the humidity is modified only within narrow limits. A small change in temperature is equivalent to a major change in relative humidity in determining comfort levels and many new heating and ventilating installations have no provisions for controlling the relative humid¬ ity in classrooms. Heating Controls Heating controls, aptly termed the nerves of the heating system, are essential factors in fuel economy, temperature control, and the smooth operation of the heating plant. There are various types of controls ranging from hand-operated dampers or radiator valves to complex automatic systems designed to control temperature and air movements within narrow limits in any or all rooms in a building regardless of outside temperatures, wind direction, or velocity. In some instances hand or automatic zone-control dampers are located in warm air ducts. These are only a partial solution to the problem. Automatic individual room controls that regulate the inflow of the heat-carrying steam, water, or air make it possible to maintain temperatures within desired ranges regardless of occupancy, outside temperatures, or wind velocity or direction. Mechanical and Service Facilities 151 Heating-plant controls should be designed and operated to render three specific services: maintain desirable temperature ranges; pre¬ vent rapid fluctuations within or beyond these ranges; and overcome excessive lags in change. Rapid fluctuation is common when using inflowing heated air as the heating medium. Lags in heating may be found in any heating system where room temperatures are con¬ trolled primarily by the rate of firing. When corridor regulators or personal feelings indicate a need for more or less heat, some time is usually required for the heat generator to catch up with the de¬ mand. This lag may be pronounced in types of panel heating that use room surfaces as radiating units. Integration of the action of the heating and ventilating systems is vital to the comfort of the building occupants. In buildings where all or a major part of the fresh air intake is forced into the rooms by central or local fans, there may be little or no ventilation when the heating fans are not in operation, as it may not be feasible to operate the heating fans solely for ventilating purposes. However, air flow can be provided by suitable window or other local air in¬ takes and by the use of suction fans in ventilating ducts or plenum chambers to draw air out of the room. Another problem of integra¬ tion is that of regulating the air flow to the temperature. Air blown over thermostatically controlled radiating coils, to be tempered before entering the room, may continue at the same velocity when the coil is cold. The room occupants thus may be subjected alter¬ nately to warm and cool air. Some variation in such air velocities is possible but not always feasible. It should be feasible, however, to provide for gradual changes in the temperature of the radiating coils. 6 TYPES OF HEATING AND VENTILATING SYSTEMS Satisfactory results may be obtained by a number of means and with various types of heating and ventilating systems. There is no one type of heating or ventilating system best adapted to all locali¬ ties or to all buildings in one locality. The choice of heating and ventilating systems to be installed may depend on cost, maintenance and operating services available, size and location of the building or pant, fuels available, and local standards of building and student comfort desired. Geography has a good deal to do with the choice- roli aP! r°K Ch Wl !' be somewhat different when continued extreme cold ,s to be considered from what it is when continued extreme heat 152 American School Buildings is to be considered. Labor policies are a factor; heating systems that make sixty hours a week of custodial service necessary are ill adapted to a forty-hour work week. Another question is that of the respon¬ sibility of the teacher for controlling heating and ventilation in his own classroom—-shall there be little or much dependence on teacher control? The administrator shares responsibility with the architect and heating engineer in evaluating these various factors as they apply to local conditions and abilities. The administrator and the board have the final responsibility for considering the various possibilities and for making a final decision on the recommendations made by the technical experts. The administrator should know, for example, that if steam is used as the medium of heat transfer, there may be a choice of direct radiating units with simple one-pipe or two-pipe steam lines, or of complete vapor vacuum systems. This may be varied to a combined radiator-convection system with a part of the heat delivered from direct room radiators and the remaining part by air currents tempered by being blown over steam coils, or direct room radiators may be combined with in-the-room convection unit ventilators. If hot water is the medium of heat transfer, it may be used in the manner outlined for steam. In addition, hot water lends itself readily to radiant panel heating. If hot air is used as a medium of heat transfer, there is the possibility of using an enclosed hot-air furnace, the air to be heated around the furnace by conduction and delivered to the rooms by the use of ducts and fans. Or the air can be heated by radiating coils of hot water or steam, as described above, before delivering it to the room. In selecting a ventilating system there are likewise several choices. One is the simple gravity system with the fresh air introduced thiu windows or wall openings, with ventilating ducts to exhaust the stale air by gravity, preferably aided by propeller vent heads, out thru the roof. This may become a forced ventilation system by in¬ stalling ample suction fans in the ducts or in plenum chambers serv¬ ing several ducts, to provide controlled air flow. Or, the ventilating system can be combined with a heating system that uses fan-forced unit ventilators; such a system introduces fresh air into the heating ducts, tempers it, and forces it into the rooms, thus building up a slight air pressure which results in exhaust ventilation out thru ventilating ducts. Mechanical and Service Facilities 153 Among the factors and conditions that should be considered by the administrator in selecting a system best adapted to his situation, the following may be mentioned. Hot air is more responsive to change than steam or hot-water heat; it warms up quickly and may also cool rapidly. It is often quite well adapted for small buildings and may be used in large buildings when properly controlled. In buildings having many openings or cracks, outside wind pressures may in¬ crease the difficulty of controlling the currents of heated air. Steam heat is more flexible than hot-water heat and will heat up faster and cool more rapidly than the hot-water systems. It is adapted to use where the building is not heated during the week ends and there is danger of freezing. The hot-water systems are more steady than the air and steam systems. They are generally more economical than the other systems to operate and when pumps are installed to give adequate circulation, the lag in change of temperature is reduced. Radiant panel heating seems to be gaining in favor in schools particularly in preprimary and primary grades and in machine-repair shops where students may work on the floor. This type of heating is designed to produce a feeling of comfort by surrounding the room occupants with surfaces heated to a temperature that will permit a normal but prevent an excessive heat loss from the body. Any room period 154 American School Buildings surface may be used as a heating panel; in most school installations to date the heating coils have been laid in the floor. Other media may be used, but in most cases hot water is used to carry the heat. Radiant or panel heating lends itself better to conditions where automatic firing is possible, as, for example, where oil is used, than where firing is by hand. With manual operation, the firemen would have to be on duty at an extremely early hour on cold mornings in order to produce the desired temperatures in classrooms by the time school opened. In large buildings that could not be left unattended overnight if the main heating plant were running, it may be possible to have panel heating in a few classrooms only, operated on a small automatic oil-burner system, separate from the main heating plant, that could be left running at night. Heating and cooling lags, initial costs, and fear of repair or replacement difficulties have caused some schools to defer the use of panel heating. As these difficulties are overcome, more panel installations may be anticipated. A simple type of ventilation with window air intakes and gravity exhaust ducts has grown in favor. This system may provide a fair air flow when properly controlled and when the difference between room and outside air temperatures is sufficient to set up and main¬ tain the flow. This type depends on teacher regulation. It does not provide a controlled room air movement except that on cold days the air intake may be shut off. This flow can be increased and a fair degree of control maintained by installing suction fans in the ven¬ tilating ducts. Positive mechanically controlled ventilation costs more but has advantages, particularly for cold climates, that are not found in the gravity systems. Some attention should also be given to the advantages that may be gained by controlled air motion for cooling in warm climates or on warm days in any climate. HEATING AND VENTILATING POINTERS The following suggestions on heating and ventilating systems, their installation and use, are not all-inclusive. They are offered, primarily, as a list of cautions for the administrator. Simple heating systems should be installed in small buildings when it is unlikely that skilled operational and maintenance men will be available. _ Room-fired heaters are not to be encouraged, but if used at all, thev should be amply insulated from surrounding combustible mate- Mechanical and Service Facilities 15 : rials and vented. Any gas used should carry a malodorant to serve as a warning if a leak should occur. Gas and oil lines serving room- fired heaters should be carefully installed. They should never pass thru unventilated spaces. Steam and hot-water lines should be insulated. They should not be used as a source of room heat. Exposed steam lines near entrances are unlikely to deliver effective heat to the radiators they serve. Over¬ head radiators in shops and in other rooms provide poor heating service unless a fan is provided to circulate the air. Air intakes at windows should deflect the air so that no pupil need be subjected to drafts of cold air. Furnace rooms should be segregated from student-occupied areas by distance or treatment; fire-resistive walls, floors, and ceilings are essential. At least one opening to the outside will be needed. Con¬ necting passageways to other parts of the building should be pro¬ tected by approved self-closing fire doors. Fuel rooms should be segregated from the furnace rooms. Ample supplies of fresh air in the furnace room are essential to good combustion. Boiler-room areas should be ample to care for future building ex¬ pansion. Wall openings should be available for the removal or re¬ placement of pumps or boilers. The boilers should be so located that they are easily serviced, tubes cleaned, and replaced. Easily oper¬ ated ash hoists or elevators will obviate the necessity of carrying out ashes, often up steep stairs, by hand. Heating and ventilating ducts should be easy to clean. Their in¬ takes should be shielded from furnace-room odors and dust and particular care should be exercised to prevent the introduction of furnace-room ash into the air streams. Capacity of the furnace smokestack, furnace-room area, and fuel storage should be adapted to the type of fuel that probably will be used over a period of years. Stoker feeding should be as nearly automatic as possible. A reduc¬ tion in the number of times fuel must be handled saves time and decreases the amount of dust and dirt in the furnace-room air Coal handling should be carefully planned. Adequate bunker space should be provided. The former minimum of storage for thirty days’ requirements is probably inadequate in view of recent history of interruptions of fuel deliveries. Provisions for handling of coal be tween the bunker and the boiler or stoker hopper shouM^iut 156 American School Buildings labor to the minimum. Similarly, the problem of ash handling should be analyzed to reduce the amount of labor required. Low-pressure boilers seem to satisfy all school heating needs and are more easily operated than are high-pressure boilers. Hot-water heaters, usually located in furnace rooms, present potential hazards. Automatic relief pressure valves should be in¬ stalled. In addition, relief from back pressure, by omitting the intake check valve, may be preferable to total reliance on the automatic relief valve. Heat lines should be so segregated and valved that heat may be sent directly from the furnace room to administrative offices, audi¬ toriums, gymnasiums, and other areas that may be used at times when the rest of the building is idle. The same principles should apply to ventilating systems. Room radiators near students should be shielded. Wall-hung radia¬ tors facilitate cleaning. Insulation in the roof or ceiling is essential as a means of pre¬ venting heat loss and for cooling in summer. Caulking and weather stripping are desirable for preventing heat loss in cold climates. Recirculation of air facilitates the morning warm-up and saves fuel. However, the system should be so adjusted that an adequate supply of fresh air is delivered whenever the rooms are occupied. Air cooling, a phase of air conditioning, is not yet common in schools. Its value in added comfort in rooms used in hot weather merits consideration. If artificial cooling is not feasible, provision should be made for controlled air turbulence in such rooms. GERMICIDAL LAMPS AND AEROSOLS The use of germicidal lamps and aerosols in schools, for the con¬ trol of air-borne diseases among school children, is comparatively new and must be considered experimental.® Germicidal lamps radiate ‘American Medical Association. Council on Physical Mcllclnc. "Acceptance of V'^vl^t L'cmpa for Disinfecting Purposes," Journal o\ the American Medical Association 157: 1600 - 1 6 03 . Auftu» ^ 1948. (Summarizes medical opinion ns (o precautions to be followed; should be read In connection w any proposed Installation of germicidal lamps In schools.) American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, lOdS. New York: the Society (51 Mndlson Avenue). 1948. "Control of Airborne Infection, p. 217-19. (Each annual edition of the Guide summarizes the most recent findings.) Langmuir. Alexander D., and others. "Studies of the Control of Acute Respiratory Diseases among Naval RccrulU.” American Journal ol Hygiene 48; 240-51; September 1948. Seagcrs, Paul W. "Is tho Use of Gcrmicldnl Aerosols Feasible In Schools?" American School Board Journal 116: 58, 60; January 1948. „ ... m . 8Q . Tune Wells, William V. “Sanitary Ventllntlon." American Journal ol Public Health 3B. 775 80, June 1948. (Technical discussion by specialist In research In airborne Infection.) Mechanical and Service Facilities 15/ ultraviolet rays, which destroy certain types of bacteria or other organisms that float in the air. In schoolrooms such lamps are mounted high so as to irradiate only the upper air of the room, which by ordinary air movements is constantly being replaced by air from the lower levels. The germicidal aerosols are chemicals—usually some form of glycol—which are sprayed or vaporized in the air in sufficient strength to destroy the air-borne organisms. Since the effectiveness of these installations is limited to the time the student is in school, controlled experiments are difficult. Avail¬ able evidence seems to indicate that the use of germicidal lamps tends to reduce the explosive effect and delay the spread of such epidemic diseases as measles, mumps, and chicken pox. No con¬ clusive findings have been reported as to the control of colds or influenza by germicidal lamps or aerosols. Because improper installa¬ tions can do harm, it is essential that further experimentation in schools should be carried forward only under the most competent engineering and medical supervision. Germicidal lamps seem to have a positive effect in the control of objectionable germs in food lockers and other limited spaces. The possible values of an ample supply of germicidal lamps in air ducts in central fan systems seem to merit further experimenta¬ tion. If used, the lamps should be installed and operated under the direction of a competent health authority. Cleaning Systems Central vacuum systems have been found useful in large build- mgs. Suction ducts in the walls provide a number of baseboard out- ets on each floor, to which long flexible tubes with vacuum cleaner ads can be attached. Location of the outlets is important' care must be taken to determine the proper spacing. However, portable videT ' C hT, nerS r (considerab 'y ^ger than the household size) pro- ^ thet ~ T\ ^ m ° re ’ a " d be — easily replaced law to wf f yStem ' With the P OTtabIe cleaners it is neces- asTn the T 7 tnC ° UUetS * hrUOUt tbe “rridors as well as in the classrooms, and provisions for transporting the cleaners should h° r t0 fl0 ° r Un, - SS * CleanCr iS Provided on each floor. There lc™ssorts P qT r TT? f ° r St0r!ng each vacuum cleaner and its valuaWe Tn S °f vacuum cleaning equipment is especially valuable in buildings with cinder-block walls. y 158 American School Buildings Communication Equipment Electrical installations of several types make possible the intri¬ cate system of signals and intercommunication needed in a modern school. Also they make possible the enrichment of the curriculum thru the use of audio-visual aids to learning. All classrooms should have a minimum of two double-socket wall outlets, one in front and one in the rear. These will facilitate the use of individual radio receiving sets, moving-picture projectors, and certain other types of audio-visual aids. In addition wall outlets should be provided as needed for unit ventilators, wall-hung fans, connections above work benches, and for other special purposes. TELEPHONES The size of the school determines the number of outside tele¬ phones needed. In large schools, if there is no private branch ex¬ change within the building, at least the following offices and rooms should have an outside phone or extension: principal’s office, guid¬ ance office, nurse and health room, lunchroom, physical-education office, building superintendent, and bus garage. It may also be desirable to have a pay station accessible to the students. For medium-size and large buildings, some type of intercommunicating system or room telephone system is suggested. Wiring for the tele¬ phone system should have its own special conduit and be kept sepa¬ rate from every other type of system. CALI. SYSTEMS Inexpensive call systems can be designed which use a push-button in the main office near the telephone and single stroke chimes dis¬ tributed thruout the building and grounds. A separate call code or number can be set up for the principal, viceprincipal, custodian, and any others who may be called frequently. PROGRAM CLOCKS Program clocks are necessary in most secondary schools for signalling the time for movement of classes in accordance with a schedule. The master clock is usually in the office, with secondary clocks elsewhere. It is essential that the designer of the clock system be informed of the anticipated number of simultaneous programs, both for day school and night school. The secondary clocks may be Mechanical and Service Facilities 15 ‘ coupled with sound signals for class movement and dismissal. Single and two-tone chimes of pleasing quality can be installed in connec¬ tion with these clocks in place of nerve-jangling bells or buzzers. The outside signals should be horns or bells; gongs may be used in the corridors and shops. Because of the noise, the relays on the master clocks may be located in a closet rather than in the main office. The program mechanism should permit program changing with ease. Competent maintenance service for the systems should be available. It is not desirable to connect the public-address, radio, or telephone systems into the clock circuit at any time. FIRE-ALARM SYSTEMS Fire-alarm systems may be either manually operated or electric. The manual system usually consists of bells or gongs operable from each floor level. It is best adapted to small buildings where central gongs may be heard in all parts of each floor level, but in some cases multiple installations are made in larger buildings. The supervised electric system is best adapted for large build¬ ings. “Break-the-glass” alarm or sending stations are commonly used. The current for operation should be on special circuits taken off the main lines between the building transformer and the main panel box. These circuits should not be carried in the power or lighting-service conduits. Another, and perhaps a more desirable, source of power comes from storage batteries with tell-tale warnings or even automatic switching to reserve batteries when the current from one set weakens. A sending station should be within 200 feet of any location in the building. The sounding alarms should be dis¬ tinctive in tone and volume from any other building signals and used for no other purpose. PUBLIC-ADDRESS AND RADIO SYSTEMS Radio-sound systems have been found useful in school buildings in connection with administration, teaching, and extracurriculum smden‘, e hoH ITT USe by administrators ’ ‘fliers, and the student body, the school sound system is designed to provide broad- 7 ® (Pr0gramS tUned in at ,he c °nfol panel and channeled to separate rooms on request), in-school program origination (such nouncements and pupil broadcasts to the school), recording nd playbacks for all classrooms (especially useful in remedial PUBLIC SCHOOLS. CINCINNATI. OHIO Schools provide experience in modern skills of communi¬ cation eaching in speech and music), and local amplification of special vents in the auditorium, gymnasium, and other activity areas. Proper scheduling eliminates the unwelcome interruptions to class- oom work that have led to criticism of sound systems in some places, ^upil broadcasts can be made from a central control room; the talk- jack feature which provides for broadcasting from individual class- ooms is not generally recommended. It is desirable, however, o iave microphone outlets in gymnasium, auditorium, lunchroom, md other areas depending on the school program. There should be outlets for outdoor speakers near the bus loading platform, athlet leld, and playground. To make full use of the recording equipment triable machines must be provided, and ample room provided for tnrmre of recordings with a maximum of accessibility. ’■ul important fo select equipment for which good service and repairs can be dependably guaranteed. If money is not available. fo the radio-sound system at the time of construction, at least duit should be built in, to provide for installation later. ***« —. ^ Security Aift-nry, anti Kail " Mam .. s N w ). 10-16. 30 l>. Ka.li,, Maniif.’tt I urt-rs Ass... i.iti.in (1317 1- Mittl, IN. fnriln-r ills, tissi.m of audio-vistml equipment, sec p. 258-61. Mechanical and Service Facilities 161 ANTENNA and ground system Altho most radio receiving sets designed for home use have a built- in antenna, it is often necessary in classroom radio reception to use a receiver that connects with an outside antenna, because of the steel construction and electric equipment in the typical school building. It is thus desirable to connect a central antenna and ground system to the classrooms, so that individual radio sets may be plugged in as needed. It is necessary to use separate conduit for this system and to place the antenna outdoors and high above the building. CONDUIT FOR TALKING-MOVING PICTURES For any room to be used for sound-moving pictures, it is desirable in laying the floor to run a inch conduit from the front to the rear of the room, with polarized outlets at each end to carry the sound cable. TELEVISION FUTURE PROVISIONS If the school is within fifty miles of a present or anticipated tele¬ vision station, television antennae should be built into the building at time of construction. For this purpose a separate conduit and co-axial cable are installed from the roof to the rooms desiring the service. This cable is rather bulky and needs large sweeps of conduit or its bends It should be tested out for breaks and leakage before i is accepted. Multiple television antennae now available should be considered as a “future.” Plumbing and Sanitary Facilities In planning new buildings and in renovating old ones that are tn Drnn “ “!!’ SCh ° 01 administratOT s should make provisions for P per y (signed, well located, easily controlled, and easily main tamed sanitary facilities. The condition and sufficiency of 7Z faaht.es affect the health and the habits of all school chiUren should not be carried, however toth*™ ! i economies ; Grouping is seriously impaired. ’ P where educational utility 162 American School Buildings WATER SUPPLY It is necessary that a minimum capacity of 25 gallons of water per pupil per day be provided for all purposes, exclusive of swimming pools. The water should be tested periodically by either state or local health authorities, and should not be connected in any way with any system containing impure or unpalatable water. TOILET ROOMS Toilet rooms for each sex should be located on each floor. In multi-story buildings the need for toilet facilities will be greater on the first floor than on the upper levels. Where the size of the school warrants, special toilet facilities should be provided for administra¬ tors, teachers, and other school employees. For pupils five to seven years of age, toilet facilities should be provided in connection with each classroom. Where such facilities are not provided, it is often desirable to provide toilet rooms for the smaller children separate from those for older pupils. Toilets for public use should be con¬ veniently available to those parts of the building or plant commonly used by the public. This applies alike to summer playground use, tennis courts, and stadiums. Toilet rooms should have a minimum width of 10 feet. An addi¬ tional utility space of about 30 inches back of the fixtures is desirable for pipe servicing. Entrances to toilet rooms should be designed to prevent visibility from the corridor. If entrances are properly shielded, toilet rooms for the two sexes need not be placed at opposite ends of the building, as has been traditional practice. Toilet partitions should be of impervious material. Metal has been widely used but is subject to corrosion and requires frequent paint¬ ing. Metal partitions with corrosion-resistant finish are available at a higher cost. Still more costly is marble, but where polished marble is reasonably accessible, it is used with good results. Parti¬ tions surfaced with plastic and mineral compositions are also com¬ ing on the market. Economy and reduction of repairs are effected by omitting doors and connecting overhead bars on boys’ toilet stalls. Floors must be of impervious material; nonslip terrazzo, quarry tile, and ceramic tile are satisfactory. Toilet floors may be of cement if tile is used immediately surrounding the urinals. If cement or nonslip terrazzo is used, it must be kept properly sealed to prevent Mechanical and Service Facilities 163 deterioration. Cement joints in tile floors must be as narrow as possible to avoid attacks by acids. Sloping of toilet-room floors to the urinals, if of the stall type, and the provision of a hose con¬ nection in the toilet room will make cleaning easier. Positive ventilation with segregated ducts is essential for toilet rooms. Natural light (sunlight if possible), with glass area equal to about 12 percent of the floor area, is desirable. Ample artificial illumination should be provided also. A shelf is essential in each toi et stall as well as in the lavatory area. Mirrors, with shelves below, should be provided, but not over the wash basins. or pupil toilet rooms, the following ratio of water-closet fixtures ! , , e . consid f ed minimum (at least two water closets should be installed in each general toilet room): Elementary schools, one fixture to: p irls . 30 pupils °^ S . 60 pupils Secondary schools, one fixture to: 45 pupils 90 pupils Individual u ri na l s „f the floor type shou , d fce ^ sSSSs-T?-* «- In kindergarten an/n determmed by these ratios. (10-inch rim height) shouwT grades .’ bab 5' water-closet bowl Ugh school, the o .s) e bo b :, P n r' n f0r “ PPer grad “ “ d provided. Local ventinLTf w,7 ? nm hei * ht ) sh °nld be closet bowls should be vitreous^hina^ tTu k desirable ‘ Water- lip or elongated type and should h P ’• Sh °? d . be ° f the exte nded front seats. Individual flush vM 6qmpped Wlth lm pervious, open- is sufficient water “e ^ "* recomme nded where there in fit Id b ? r l Vided in Wle. room that students will pass them jr/i PUP ' S ' J hey should be so placed and cold water shouW b f^MedT® "" Wlet r °° m - Both hot be without a stopper Wa^h hl T ^S 0 '- The basin may from the floor lor^t* at’ 25 y grades and 30 inches for high schools. 164 American School Buildings SHOWERS 4 Gang and common shower rooms are recommended for boys, using one shower head for each three or four boys in the class. Girls are now provided with the same facilities; however, in most communi¬ ties it is advisable to have some private showers and dressing stalls. Where gang-type showers are used, controlled by valves located outside of the shower area itself, these should be broken down into convenient size units so that only the number of shower heads that will be used will be turned on. The shower heads should be at shoulder height for the tallest pupils with individual control for each shower head. Protection against scalding water should be provided by means of controls or mixing chambers under the direct super¬ vision of the physical-education director. Maintenance costs will pile up if the lead pan or membrane water¬ proofing of the shower room is not satisfactorily installed. The present tendency is to use a membrane type of waterproofing instead of a lead pan. Where a lead pan is used, deterioration is likely to take place if this is installed on a cinder base. An acid condition frequently develops in these cinders and attacks the lead pan, resulting in leaks. DRINKING FOUNTAINS Drinking fountains in classrooms are generally considered de¬ sirable. There should be a minimum of one drinking fountain on each floor and one for each seventy-five pupils. The fountains should be of a type that will not permit the mouth of the pupil to come into contact with, or waste water to fall back upon, the nozzle. Recom¬ mended heights of fountain nozzles are: kindergarten and primary, 24 inches; upper elementary, 28 inches; junior high, 32 inches, and senior high-school pupils, 36 inches. Corridor fountains should be recessed into the wall. Drinking fountains should not be located in toilet rooms or attached to lava¬ tories or sinks. Frost-proof fountains are desirable on the play¬ ground. These should be sturdy, to withstand rough treatment. LOCAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL In places where no sewer systems are available for connection, it will be necessary to design a local system including the septic tanks and the overflow or leaching cesspools. This requires the serv¬ ice of a sanitary engineer. The tanks should be designed to take * See o. 106-107. Mechanical and Service Facilities 165 care of a minimum of 25 gallons of water per pupil per day With such local systems, it is desirable to provide grease traps in the u mUd Cr ° Cks in the garage drains - s P ed al acid-proof pipe s ould be used in draining the science rooms, shops, and bus garage, and should be run into separate dry wells. These drains should be provided with extra clean-outs located close to the fixtures. Separate dry wells should also be provided for the water conducted from the roof of the building. Wherever sewage facilities must be provided apart from an organized sewage system, plans should be checked y a county health officer or other public-health official. SWIMMING POOI s The constant depth pool, of 42 to 46 inches, seems to serve ade quately most school swimming-teaching demands and is more eco notmcal than the variable depth pools. For interscholastic competi- tion a swimming pool should be at least 75 feet 1 inri, l j • Width should be figured in 1 f^Te^fh should provide from four to six swimming lanes, each 7 feet wide pletely surround ft*' * T' ^ e ' eCtrical tunnel com- trolled heaterTor die pool tZt dtiraWe 1 the pool, and a , s ;Z XCJT T'? S ’ ippi " g in ‘° Care should be exerdsed „ sn 8 .T dramage int0 the P°°'- drainage outlets to assure nr PaC1 5 g e . water su pply inlets and main drain, provisions should “T atlon ' In addition to the 10- to 20-foot intervals o f “ 7 f " ° Verfl ° W drains > tf»ced * Care should be taken to avoid^ ° W .F' Itters around the perimeter. Pool water into the water-supply System orTf* ^ ° f SWimming - swimming pool. It ic nn J . em 0r of sewer water to the should be disconnected or te minateT^h ^ ^ Water pipe water level in the feed tank TW* 1 ‘ he highest Possible water into the regular water line n! TTT siphonin « of pool failure of normal pressure in h • e buiId “K should there be a hooked directly to the circulating system Tt ^ SUPP ‘ y is circumstances for the pool waterto h / e " ndercertai " later delivered to “ch outesTd n r t - nt °r the ^ 'National Facilities Conf , drinking fountains. «— 166 American School Buildings In order to cut down the cost of introducing fresh water, recir¬ culation and purification of swimming-pool water is customary. Local and state health codes should be consulted before recircula¬ tion and purification equipment is approved. There should be a com¬ plete change of the pool water once in every six hours for heavy swimming loads and once in eight hours for lighter loads. The purification equipment should include hair strainer, coagulating chamber, filters, and a chamber for the introduction of germicides. Provision should be made for vacuum cleaners for cleaning the pool bottom of sediment. Control switches for all lights should be located in the director’s office adjacent to the pool and equipped with signal or tell-tale lights. All metals used in connection with the swimming-pool area should be corrosion resistant. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS ON PLUMBING FACILITIES Specific attention should be given to the installation of plumbing and sanitary facilities in various parts of the building. 0 Service sinks with a / 2 -inch hot-water flow should be located in the custodian’s closet on each floor. The sinks should be low, with enough room to permit the filling of water and scrub pails. The work of keeping drain lines open will be facilitated by proper grease traps on all lunchroom drains. Special traps to provide for drainage from the potato peeler will save the headache of many choked drains. Drainage and venting should be in accordance with state and local sanitation codes and with the best standard practice. Outside hose fixtures should be provided, one for each 100 feet of the perimeter of the building. Frost-proof hydrants on the cam¬ pus, one for each 5 acres, are desirable. Long-range economy suggests the provision of noncorrosive pip¬ ing, selected not only according to immediate demands, but with a view to possible expansion of the building and its services. Valves and fittings should be selected for ease of service and replacement. All valves should be tagged for identification, and a chart of the plumbing layout should be readily accessible in the custodian’s room. • Sre pnrllciilnrly the recommendations In connection with various types of rooms In Chapter VI, o, 88-110. and Chapter VII, p. 111-28. CHAPTER TEN Building for Safety '-pHERE is an important, in fact compelling, sense in which the JL safety aspects of the school plant transcend all other plant con¬ siderations. Parents would prefer an unschooled child to a maimed one or one who had died because of an unsafe school building. mportant as safety of school plant looms, however, it should not be confused with or substituted for the fundamental purpose of a ?e°rtfc of ’ Service ' Saf ^ ™ y P be P as char! ‘ f Y ' building poorly planned for educational serv- ce as of a well-planned building. It is proper and essential for those "Is thl h Id 0 ” 5 * 6 °J PmViding 3 SCh ° o1 plant t0 inquire Pointedly Is the building worth being made safe?” y ’ imtimsa? Of a school building already obsolete insofar as educr^l ^ ^ is concerned?” To ask snrti a .. • 35 educa tional service building will not also resoond , q a 15 '° a " SWer if ‘he The priori tvnfed , P , educational modernization. by the procedure oTolTe Z7 ments are involved in reviewing nla , ^ Where two de Part- partment of public works will L! f h ° 01 buildin g s - The de¬ fire, and panic safety until thev h ^ 1 e pIans for earthquake, usefulness by the department of ^ edu “ tional portance of the safety review Ucatlon - The transcendent im- * is enforced by sZT ‘ hat Safety Consciousness in School-Plan, P, anni w Press and radio reporting of ma ior and • * earthquakes, wind and flood disasters, and TLZT °' ’ <1Iia 01 explosions and other r 16 ? i 168 American School Buildings types of industrial accidents causing injury and loss of life and building damage or loss, keeps us all conscious of building safety in a general way. General safety consciousness, however, is not adequate to give assurance that those responsible for the planning and construction of school buildings will do what is necessary to make them safe. Effective safety consciousness gives recognition to the “human factor” in the operation program within the build¬ ing. In building maintenance it recognizes safety, in such ways as the avoiding of slippery floor finishes. It rigorously refuses compromise with planning and construction costs that affect safety. It dictates voluntary and complete cooperation with laws and offi¬ cials that have safety responsibilities. It results in continuous study of plant conditions and procedures essential to safety in school operation, such as fire drills, exit control procedure, and bus-load¬ ing and unloading practices. School-Plant Items that Affect Safety Any attempt to list all of the items in a school plant having safety significance would include practically everything found there. It may be worthwhile, however, to discuss briefly at this point some of the things that are of special significance in the safety of the school plant. In connection with fire safety the most frequently discussed con¬ sideration is that of the fire-resistive quality or fireproofness of the structure. Architects recognize a classification of building construc¬ tion in terms of the degree of fire safety. Type A buildings repre¬ sent the greatest protection so far as materials of construction are concerned; types B, C, D, and E represent an increasing use of more flammable construction materials. A definition of each of these classes follows: Type A: A building constructed entirely of fire-resistive materials, including its roof, windows, doors, floors, and finish. Type B: A building of fire-resistive construction in its walls, floors, stairways, and ceilings, but with wood finish, wood or composition floor surface, and wood roof construction over fire-resistive ceiling. Type C: A building with masonry walls, fire-resistive. corridors and stair¬ ways, but with ordinary construction otherwise: i.e., combustible floor, partitions, roof, and finish. Type D: A building with masonry walls, but otherwise ordinary or joist con¬ struction and wood finish. Building for Safety 16 < TyPe E: * fr ^ e building constructed with wood above foundation, with or without slate or other semifireproof material on roof. 1 Ordinarily the capital outlay budgets of school districts will not finance the construction of Class A buildings. Furthermore an em Phases on flexibility of school structures tends toward the use of buddmg materials more flammable than those found in Class A s ructures. Because of those two considerations structures less fire proof than Class A are normally justified provided that no com Ttho Cla? d ! 0 ", n,atterS C ° mr0llin « safet y occupants. and exits and multi-story structures tha “'"'a amP ' e corndors Pooper storage ^ siderations in preventing flash fires are ‘ mportant « n - by fire-control and educational and inflammable decorations ° f drapenes and curtains, Similarly fire-retardam SI U wo'd g “ ° f a " ^ undergoing rapid development Public ! UrfaCeS are curre n f| y Proofing is so great that certain m, r ' a " d concern in «»me- to place on the market products wl'V-c have been tempted f»se security. An adeq™ , c^ i' J"? W °“ Id a false ,n the re gulatio n s issued by the Cal f “ S '‘ Uati ° n is ilIust roted by ‘be California State Fire Marshal. SEE EdUCati0nal Reseanh - (Edi,ed ^ construction rUC See"’u b) s I D» mfa 'I Stible constr uction W (c h ) Exterior ' 0 ^ resis,ance - as follows- (a) Fire Committee on Research, Design" 1 ''a^Vcon 0 !”" 6 -"’ National Bureau'of SuntT'd' 0 "' 3nd (d) Wood T^tr d ^ and Stru ctures Report Proiect 170 American School Buildings In addition to establishing definitions and stating penalties for violations this document deals with: 1. Registration and labeling of chemicals for both indoor and outdoor use 2. Registration of flame-retardant fabric or material 3. Registration of flame-retardant application concerns 4. Flame-retardant application standards 5. Field testing for fire resistance 6. Job certification, registration, and labeling 7. Seal of registration 8. Approval of testing laboratories. 3 An analysis of the place of origin of school accidents, given in Table 1, shows that about half of them occur in connection with physical education (including outdoor sports), and that vocational shops, general classrooms, stairways, and corridors are responsible for nearly half of the remainder. Special attention therefore, should be given to planning these facilities for safety. Outdoor accidents predominate for the younger children; indoor accidents for the older pupils. Table 1 shows the figures for two representative groups—Grade V and Grade XI. While accidents occur to pupils of all ages, the impact is con¬ siderably heavier in the upper grades. The following list, from the same source as Table 1, gives a percent distribution to show the grade placement of pupils injured in 1947-48 accidents: Kindergarten. 1.7 percent Grade I. 5.1 percent Grade II . 4.7 percent Grade III . 5.2 percent Grade IV . 6.0 percent Grade V . 7.0 percent Grade VI . 7.9 percent Grade VII . 11.7 percent Grade VIII . 11.6 percent Grade IX . 13.4 percent Grade X . 9.4 percent Grade XI . 8.3 percent Grade XII . 8.0 percent Total pupils injured. 100.0 percent Exits, corridors, and stairs are all of great importance in the design of a safe building. Minimum standards for these facilities are described in detail in the Building Exits Code prepared by the Na¬ tional Fire Protection Association in cooperation with the American Standards Association. 4 The checking of school buildings or build¬ ing plans against those minimum standards is a technical task that Sf« .wsk ssatfis s Association, 60 Battcrymarch Street, 1946. 110 p. Building for Safety 171 TABLE 1.—WHERE DO SCHOOL ACCIDENTS OCCUR? All grades; Two representative Location of accident kindergarten grade groups thru twelfth Fifth Eleventh grade grade 1 2 3 In school buildings: Gymnasium—other than basketball . . . 14.6% 11.4% 19.4% Vocational shops . 7.6 0.4 9.3 Classrooms and auditorium. 7.2 8.3 5.3 Stairs and stairways. 6.4 6.9 5.1 Gymnasium—basketball . 6.4 2.1 10.9 Corridors . 3.3 2.5 2.1 Miscellaneous . 2.7 1.7 1.8 Swimming pool and showers . 1.7 0.6 1.9 Toilets and washrooms. 1.4 1.2 0.7 Domestic-science department. 1.2 0.2 0.9 Dressing-rooms and lockers . 1.1 1.0 1.2 Laboratories . 0.8 0.4 2.3 Total in building. 54.4 36.7 60.9 On school grounds: Athletics—football 10.7 4.6 24.5 Unorganized activities—accidents other than those designated as running, scuffling, and falls. 6.3 11.6 1.9 Unorganized activities—running 5.4 8.9 0.4 Athletics—games other than baseball, football, and soccer 5.4 10.0 6.0 Athletics—baseball 5.0 9.6 2.8 Unorganized activities—falls 4.7 9.3 0 7 Apparatus—swings, bars, slides 4.2 6.2 0 5 Athletics—soccer and track events 2.4 0.6 2 1 Unorganized activities—scuffling 1.5 2.5 0.2 Total on school grounds 45.6 63.3 39.1 (ember 1947 tb !™ Man*194*8 Lom ^hnot * , SC 1 l , ° o1 months—April and May 1947 and Sep- induded are those requiring a d^tori^TtleTr enro,, '. ng approximately 745,800 pupils. Accidents National Safety Courf 20 ^ v n or causing absence of one-half day or more. From 1948 EdUUn , p 93 * N ° nh Wackef Dnve ’ Chicago 6 > I1Iin ois. Summarized in Accident Facts, 172 American School Buildings should be done only by persons competent in that special field. Nar¬ row, winding, steep, unenclosed stairs of flammable materials; nar¬ row, dark and dead-ended corridors; narrow and inswinging exit doorways without anti-panic hardware, classroom doors that can be locked to outgoing traffic—these all constitute serious threats to safety in case of panic and sometimes in ordinary use of the build¬ ings. Spiral slides in large steel tubes may be justified in an attempt to improve the safety of an improperly planned existing structure, but they have no place in new buildings that have safe stairways. Heating plants constitute one of the most common sources of school fires and explosions. Panics too are caused by smoke and fumes from heating plants. Often this hazard can be reduced or eliminated by proper location of the heating plant. If the heating plant must be located in the building, numerous precautions must be observed. Among these are: fireproof enclosure, use of fire doors, safe fuel storage, use of fire-box equipment (especially for oil or gas) only with fire-underwriter’s approval, door directly to the outside, ample and fire-resistive storage equipment needed in the furnace room and segregation of general storage from heating plant. When stoves or other types of heating units are used in class¬ rooms similar precautions should be used. In such situations fiie- and casualty-underwriter’s approval is of critical importance. Storerooms in school buildings frequently constitute a hazard. Such rooms should be ample in size and of fire-resistive construction. Combustible materials, such as fuel, cleaning fluids, paints and oils should be located in a suitable storeroom outside the main building. A substantial number of school fires and accidents are caused by improper electrical installations. The National Electrical Code sponsored by the National Board of Fire Underwriters and approved by the National Fire Protective Association and the American Standards Association sets standards for safe installations." The electrical work in school buildings should be rigorously controlled by those standards. Only persons competent to interpret the stand¬ ards should be placed in a position of passing upon electrical installa¬ tions in schools. Inadequate plumbing sometimes constitutes a health menace in *'NnUn'm^Tlinnril n, Hr, UnHrrwrl.m. NM FlrM Cut aAK Klwlrlr Wlrlnic nrnl Appnrnhu. n« Kcrmmnrmtril by Hi, NnlloimI rIr,I rot,.n V \ ^ Slumlord, npprnv,t ' Water ' ank * S reatCT th “ f 7T 5Ure b ° Uer ' Ever y P oss ’ble precaution T u u ■ 0f Sa y devices should be taken - Safety devices should be inspected to remove any corrosion. Where possible such tanks should not be located under classrooms. berecTizfdT'th' 011 S f Ute 3 SPedaI ‘ yPe ° f hazard that should g ed m their design and construction. Underwater light mg, nonslip surfacing, good visibility for ease of supervision well designed scumgutters, shallow area for beginners adequate Zn b or divers, adequate facilities for water purification, and precaut ons attention 8 reVCTSe ° f "* P °°’ Watar - are a11 matters deserving around game courts. ’ adequate safety zones smff c ro d b™actTd Un o d th7" courts and fields and unsafe n? a ! f fety ZOnes betw een and bars. 8 ^ P ' ay apparatus 5 “h as swings, teeters safeXa~tot? P ^ ~us SM employees in industrial accta n commis”on n s dUStnal P ' an ‘ S ° r for »' man y accidents suited on safety factors in the 1* englneers sh °uM be con- development o/schoTlp^Lful 0 ' SCh0 °' Sites and ** ^ ” “r 174 American School Buildings tion of service drives for delivery trucks, separated bus-loading zones and drives, adequate off-street parking, and well-designed lanes for pedestrian traffic serve to illustrate this point.” Among threats to safety are many other items of which only a few are mentioned here: the use of outswinging pivoted window sash, especially when made of steel and placed close to a path or sidewalk; the omission or an insecure placement of eye-bolts to hold the safety belts of window washers; failure to use nonslip, nontrip surfaces around dangerous machinery; or the use of an unguarded halyard cleat on a flagpole. Good illumination, both from daylight and artificial sources, can contribute much to safety. Dingy corridors, storerooms, and other areas are a contributing factor to accidents and panic disasters. A few safety precautions should be kept in mind in planning the lighting installation. For example, it is essential to put vapor-proof lighting fixtures in toilets, shower rooms, garages, and swimming pools. Some schools are finding it desirable to install five-watt neon night lights at the ends of all corridors and at exits. These night lights consume very little current and arc never turned off. They provide a certain safety factor for entering or leaving schoolhouses after dark, and they are a help to the custodian. The use of color can promote safety by giving high visibility to moving objects, barriers, close clearances, and edges of openings, and by identifying particular types of hazards. Various colot codes for safety have been developed."’ The suggestions in the succeeding paragraphs are common to many of the codes now in use. , It is desirable to use a high visibility yellow or alternate yellow and black stripes on swing seats, edges of teeters, steps and guard rails of slides, edges of merry-go-rounds, giant-stride ladders, and edges of trucks. A band of yellow on either side of a garage door, or on the lower edge of an overhead door, as well as on the side? of concrete islands between doors, may save accidents. Yellow can also be used as a safety stripe around and on the upper edge of a grease pit, A yellow curbing along bus-loading platforms, and yellow safety lines on the platforms might help to prevent accidents. Yel low can also be used on screens, and on movable metal guards 01 such machines as hydraulic presses and forging hammers. <., 7 a,?| R |.„„v r “Snfrlv Thru Cnlor." Nation's Srhooh ,10: 4R: Muy 1047. Building for Safety 175 The school provides vigorous sports and games °?" 8 ' “ f -r? Uen,ly U5ed f0r alerti "8 '0 ‘Linger or on,or- gences. Thus it is recommended for use on the rims of pulleys and fnd r the CUttln | ed f $ ’. the inside of nietal guards, on power control, and the inside of switch boxes. In connection with shops, and in addition to the use of yellow and orange light gray or light green could be used for the' body a h t buff nT' ydl0W fM ,hC 8Uard5 ' a " d working areaT'in the machines be of? hghfcolo"'. ' hat "* ^ back * rounds f «' stations, and othIrfire.figh,rg1q^ m en. eX,ingUiS '’ CrS - fire - alarm Of chemical fire extinguishers i ‘ m s > stem . location and type fire-hose connection al n ^ Sprink,er S -Vste, lls . and neebons, also emergency shut-off valves outside the 176 American School Buildings building where fuel, oil or gas is used, and pressure release valves on boilers and hot-water tanks. Planning and Construction Procedures and Controls It is almost universally true that some of the known appropriate safety installations and devices are missing in each newly completed school building. It is, therefore, incumbent upon the superintendent of schools, not only to have some knowledge of safety considerations in a school plant, but also to follow effective procedures designed to lessen the gap between what should be done and what is actually done about safety in the school plant. The point of beginning in establishing a control procedure is to fix responsibility for its operation. Since the end product is a school building, the appropriate school-district official, namely, the super¬ intendent, is normally the person for that responsibility. In practice, this fixing of responsibility has not always been clear and definite. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SAFETY? Individual school officials and contractors sometimes have as¬ sumed responsibility for the safety of certain phases of a school building without having their individual efforts coordinated to assure a maximum of safety. A safe school plant does not result because a host of persons connected with its planning and construction know something of safety requirements and are zealous in their respon¬ sibility for having the building made safe. A safe building can be assured only when some one person assumes full responsibility for having incorporated in the building the safety features known by the best qualified technicians. The person held responsible for operating the planning procedure to assure safe school buildings need not be a safety engineer amateur or professional. A little knowledge in that direction should not tempt the school administrator, even tho he is being held responsible for building safety, to take in his own hands decisions which should be made only by highly specialized technicians in the field of building safety, such as architects and structural and safety engineers. Recognized safety codes are not generally familiar to school ad¬ ministrators and are not written for their consumption or use. Yet it is the materials in these codes which, when found in a set of Building for Safety 17; plans and later incorporated into the school building, produce a safe building. Only persons highly competent as building technicians such as architects and structural and safety engineers, can effect that result. Certain hurdles exist which tend to delay or thwart the develop- ment of such procedures. Sad but true, there are still situations ntr s ct,Tr tende T nt ° f SCh ° 0lS iS iargdy b " assed in P' a "- g school buildings. It is also true that in many communities especially the smaller ones, the fees of architects and engineers are’ thought of as expenses instead of key investments to protect the much larger investment in school plant. The infrequent occurrence of major school-building programs likewise operates a«ainst the Eg: ° f "***™*™ in planning and constructing schloi buildings lies in making 12TZmnT ?h1s~ it T:7 and J-ms can be accomplished much better administrator who depends on ori, • c ^ Shan bythe aZnisT^ Ind^con- himself in building “afetyteign 110 U " dertakeS t0 become competent STRUCTURAL SAFETY 11 made ad a“t tv'T'c m*" * 5 . Ch ° 01 bui,dings «" no, often numerous school buildings'tkit h “‘' d ' ng T'!? 1 **' However > ‘he because of inadequate foundin' e cracked and leaning walls tnral members furnish evid n “of Tk “”?*** ^ ° f struc- design. Sagging roofs falling * 6 f ° r better structur al that reveal fhe necessit! I 1 d nSS ; “ d pIa,es on ^™r walls supply additional evidence of structurer C °. nS ‘ rUCt . ,on is completed, of disturbing evidence is the frequencl of d^'' 3 ™ 5 ' A " 0ther type deviations from the original nlans dlscover y of important molished, or when a ZfZ Z T “ sch ° o1 .Gildings are de- The structural design elements Zrl recons ? ructlon is undertaken. ability of the building to resist lateral here incIude: _____-_ g resist lateral forces such as are imposed C C —• Cenfra, p 7M0 * (A 1948 “5 178 American School Buildings by extreme winds and earthquakes, ability of the building to resist distortion and rapid deterioration because of foundation settling and overstress of structural members and inadequate ties, and ability of the building to carry the maximum live loads imposed upon it. Adequate checking of these highly technical matters in school plans and specifications is not within the capacity of the average educational checking agency. Protection of the occupants of school buildings and of the investment in them depends upon some other means of control and fixing of responsibility. It is not impossible to provide that type of plan-checking service at the state level. Some states now provide it. However, awaiting such time as that kind of service is available, generally, other practices may be adopted. Most important of these is fixing responsibility for structural as well as architectural design. Such responsibility should be carried thru by a structural engineer to the point where he will sign a statement that the building was actually constructed in accord with the approved plans. The practice of some school districts of dispensing with the services of the architect and structural engineer when the drawings and specifications are completed is indefensible. No matter how competent the local school officials, the building superintendent, or the building inspector, if responsibility is to be fixed and the school district is to get full value for architectural and engineering fees paid, those professionals must be kept in close touch with the project until the completed building is accepted by the school board. The provision of competent , continuous inspection thruout the construction period is necessary if structural adequacy is to he achieved. Any on-the-project agreements between school officials and the builder and any order by school officials to the builder not docu¬ mented by the architect or engineer should be considered serious offenses. By no other means can responsibility be fixed in the highly technical and important matter of structural adequacy. I’l.ANNINO I''OH 1'IHK AND PANIC SAPHTY The quality and extent of plan reviews and inspection services available to school districts vary greatly thruout the nation. Con¬ sequently, there are variations in the procedure to be followed by school superintendents in mnking certain that a maximum in fire and panic safety has been incorporated in new and remodeled school buildings for which they are responsible. Building for Safety In states where a competent and adequate state staff is provided to review all school-building plans for safety, to inspect buildings urmg construction, and to use the police power of the state to en orce full compliance with specifications, the superintendent of the local school district has little to do to guarantee safety except cooperate effectively with the state program. Likewise where school districts are in counties or cities which have building departments competently staffed for plan review and inspection during construction, safe school buildings will be assured by school district cooperation with those departments Probably a substantial majority of school districts in the nation o not have available the above-mentioned services, at least not with adHed a ,b rr e "‘ StaffS ' T ° that grOU P of districts sh <™ld be added those which have the services available but do not use them because of a tradition of exemption of school districts from controls by o her units of local government. In these districts the respon¬ sibility for guaranteeing that installations for fire and panic safetv a e made rests with school officials and depends upon the followffig of appropriate planning procedures and controls 8 Ihe preceding section of this chapter which deals with struct,, ml the structural elgterlsfte' "T ^ should receive a sworn statemenTthatTe h Tr ^ SCh ° 01 district according to an identified and well-recognized fi” S T C ° nS,r " c,ed code. All proposed deviations from the safe' cod 'h mu' “ fc * y stated in writing and adopted by formal action of S° U dear ' y and approved in writing by the architect An 7^ SCh ° 0 ' board marshal or the local firp Wpn * ' Appr0val b y the state fire the school district P tment W ° U ’ d be a Potion to a school districuTprovidTsafe'schoofb Id' 11 ' ^ kn ° W " ™ y for electrical and exit codes mentioned c ^ Ulldlngs - In addition to the have been issued by the Pacific To o' 'nj- generaI building codes ^American 0fflda ' S C ° nferen “ B " m " mo 180 American School Buildings Administering the School Plant for Safety Public schools may have some lessons to learn from the major fire disasters of recent years. Size and placement of exits and stairs and the types of doors and hardware used had their usual important role in determining the outcome. The outstanding lesson that might apply to school situations, however, lies in the field of administra¬ tion. Every thoughtful reader of the stories of school tragedies is impressed with the necessity for control over the conditions under which buildings are used and with the importance of adequate, competent, and responsible personnel—principals, classroom. teach¬ ers, custodians, and maintenance men—trained in preparation for possible fire emergencies, if such disasters are to be averted or minimized.' 8 t Of course, there is no substitute for fire-resistant buildings which are planned to minimize the consequences of panic. It is equally certain there is no substitute for proper administrative precaution and control in the use of buildings. Perhaps the most common, flagrant misuse of school buildings, so far as fire safety is concerned, is the nullification of the anti-panic features of hardware on exits. It is not uncommon to find doors and windows of the highest strategic significance in case of panic that are padlocked, chained, or fastened with a dead bolt during the time the building is in use by large numbers of persons. There are ot er cases where proper hardware is installed but is out of order Such a condition is really worse than the use of improper hardware because a false sense of security is given. There is a real issue in the conflict between the proper use of the anti-panic devices on exits, on the one hand, and the control of pupils and protection of property, on the other. Altho the pro em of pupil control looms large in the daily operation of the school, it can only be placed in proper perspective when it is recognized ho unimportant it would become in an inquest, as an explanation or attempted justification for padlocking an exit. . Overcrowding of rooms is another common misuse of school build¬ ings The dangers attendant to overcrowding assembly rooms and auditoriums a^e quite well recoded and, therefore eomnronly avoided. The overcrowding of classrooms, permitting n Amrrl * i «n~ A wirlall<***, also, to deteriora¬ tion thru the use of petroleum solvents found in some kinds of wax ZtuZ'Zl* C fl ° mP ° UndS - Ma "y of the unsatisfactory qualities of "tic rubber 00 "” 8 "* *° be el ™ inated ** “se of 186 American School Buildings CORRIDOR FLOORS Cement —Corridor floors of cement are satisfactory, if properly constructed. In actual practice, cement has frequently been most unsatisfactory by reason of the fact that it has been too soft, i.e., subject to wear and dusting. Its appearance also has been poor. The quality of a cement corridor can be vastly improved by re¬ ducing the amount of water in the mixture sufficiently to avoid a soft spongy surface. This will also require a thoroly workmanlike job of trowelling. It is important that proper hardening agents be included in the cement. Certain proprietary hardening agents have been developed that will give a surface almost equivalent in hard¬ ness and wearing qualities to terrazzo. The integral mixture of proper coloring material in the top coat will greatly improve the appearance. The use of brass dividing strips, to establish units of approximately 40 square feet, is also recommended. Terrazzo -—A terrazzo floor, which is made of marble chips im¬ bedded in cement, with the surface ground to a smooth finish, is an excellent surfacing for corridors altho somewhat expensive. Terrazzo has a tendency to be slippery, but this condition may be improved by the addition of integral nonslip particles in the mixture. The floor is further improved by a sealing and hardening process which gives a smooth sheen and a stain-resistant finish. A sanitary cove base is highly desirable. Asphalt tile, linoleum, and rubber tile —Asphalt tile, linoleum, and rubber tile are also used for corridor floors, sometimes with a terrazzo cove base. They have approximately the same advantages and dis¬ advantages as for classroom floors except that a dark color is less objectionable in corridors than in classrooms. It is important that at least the first-floor corridor be of a material which will resist the abrasion arising from tracking in of mud and sand. FLOORING SURFACES FOR OTHER PURPOSES 1 Laboratory floors —It is important that laboratory floors be of a material that will resist acids which may be spilled. A quarry tile with narrow joints is one type of satisfactory floor. Kitchen floors —It is important that kitchen floors be of a material which will be grease resistant. A tile, such as quarry tile or grease- > See oilier references to flonrlnn material* In connection with various rooms listed in Chapters VI and VII. P. 84-129; also p. 162-63. Materials and Construction is; resistant plastic tile will make a satisfactory floor. Linoleum also makes a satisfactory kitchen floor. Terrazzo with an integral non ground, linoleum should no be used" with 7” 7 * “* °” the ing protection. Wlthout Com P Iete waterproof- pi^e^alth^o Expensive, 2 is T^TFl ^ Cast “ as it is possible to secure a full r ^ factory stair tread inasmuch tread. Precast tlZ* n at the back and * d es of nonslip material carborundum^^ Cement treads with integral natural stone treads Sted treads > or h - d are much too soft and soon he S SIate and marble treads wear. Any type oft^JST UnSafe of should be avoided. may become a stumbling hazard T , . interior and exterior walls ‘f s - - light-weight aggregate, such as lava shal ^ *7 * b '° Ck made of a stead. Where cinder block is used the n” S **’ may be used in ‘ usually built of glazed brick or tile If Th ‘° Wa, ' nSCOt hei « ht are cinder block is made is ground fine the l aggregate of which the sonably smooth. It is infanttil Tm “* b, ° Ck is and well cured. Cinder block has acous/t* b ° Ck be WeI1 made Painted presents a pleasing appearance It P '° Perties and when light-reflection factor as compared with • ^ however > reduce the Chalkboard —Chalkboards th Panted plaster. that they may be considered as"! parfoTS^ T* * cIassroo nis ^ ebasbeen Ios ing favor as chalkboard n SUrface ' Natural that the slate now available is full nf • d 'r ° ne reason for this is l % d ™ a “ d a chalkboardti T- lliif^ent, which is much higher than sila e7 *** ° f 20 4 See p. 223. Slate - So me experiments 188 American School Buildings have been made in applying an abrasive paint to the slate to give it a light-green writing surface. The permanence of such treatment is not yet fully established. Most of the light-green chalkboards now in use are of either composition or glass. The quality of composition boards varies greatly; if one is selected, it is important that a board be chosen that will give good service, and that it be installed properly. Some glass chalkboards are made of a tempered glass which is sub¬ ject to an explosive disintegration if the edge of the board is struck with a sharp blow or if the surface is chipped. Tackboard —Tackboard vies with chalkboard as an essential part of the wall surface in a modern classroom. Cork is a desirable tack¬ board material, as it appears to be self-sealing and will continue to grip the thumbtacks firmly after much use. The cork comes in rolls or mounted on plywood boards. A very light color of cork is needed in order to meet acceptable standards for light-reflection factors, comparable to those recommended for chalkboards. Some kinds of vegetable-fiber board, altho less resilient than cork, can be used for tackboard. One good material for a tacking surface is a soft white pine, similar to the wood used for drawing boards, but the cost is high. In some classrooms reversible boards are in use—chalkboard on one side, tackboard on the other. The lower edge of the board rests in a narrow trough and the top slopes back slightly to the wall to form an easel. The problem of leaking walls — One of the greatest maintenance problems experienced by school systems has been that of leaking walls. Large sums of money have been spent for correction of water conditions caused by the penetration of moisture thru exterior walls. Many times the condition is not corrected until after severe damage has been done to the plaster on walls and ceilings. There are many causes for leaking walls. One frequent cause has been the use of a mortar which has not been sufficiently plastic to prevent shrinkage cracks. A high cement mortar with too little lime, or some of the so-called patented mortars, have developed hair-line shrinkage cracks between the mortar and the brick work. In certain cases these cracks are sufficiently serious that a thin knife blade may be inserted. A driving rain will force large quantities of water thru the wall. A raked type of joint instead of a tooled joint tends to contribute to such a condition. . Improper workmanship in the construction of the wall is also Materials and Construction 189 a very large factor. Frequently the vertical joints will be nothing but a th,„ surface buttering of the brick. Excessive voids in the wal outside surface^Ther a ^° n ° f «* haa broken “ outside surface. There is no substitute for adequate, competent con rsr at every stage ° f the c ° nstructi ™»* «°od’ wan <*.—‘ r ■ *"■ the inside of parapet walls with th e ^esuTth soak up large quantities of water. In other cases the^h - 0113 inside of the naranet Wn ii ,v : * „ Cases the flashln g on the water into the wall bv a suck 3 & & ^ SUCh & manner that it; draws flashing is ^ ^ thru- flashing have not been nrm m a . , y P 0per ex P an sion joints in will tear when the ^ ^ VT* notoriously permeable and its use as a coni™ • .“ haS been tnbuted to bad water conditions Th n P 8 tr ™ has a,s0 con ' ‘he inside in the construct ofwl^ , of P ro P er f “™ g on tion where moisture condense . requently re sults in a condi- ‘hat the interior 3 ^ 0 “™ t “d ^ Wa ” S ’ d ” l ° * he fart m contact with humid air. § ndensatlon of moisture when of “ “Sightly White surface bringing soluble salts tl e surfa « wT T ™ 8 the a ” d Position that they will effloresce ex • > bricks ar e of such com- This latter condiln can be dtainatTh t ^ C ° nStrUCted at relatively small cost by the addition / ’ 6 bnCk manuf acturers facturing process. It is important in the ? er Jf m saIts j n the manu- a brick highly resistive to efflorescence ^ ” IOn ° f bnck l ° Secure WINDOWS AND EXTERTOR D0ors> Popular. This^ype^s^ess'popuj 168 - T™" 8 type ° f Sash is very of the types of h?rd«!e"se I "in ft ^ ™ as tightly as is required. Wherept™r i”” 1 ^ the windows walls, the vision strip of clear gtesS f“. Uock is used in wood or metal sash. Metal wfndows 7? * P,VOted ‘W “‘her ^iar i„ colder climates « ye ^ * s ee p. 226-32. imculty of getting 190 American School Buildings sash to fit well enough to prevent excessive air infiltration. Such sash are also unsatisfactory because of the difficulty of securing proper control of ventilation without uncomfortable drafts. Where steel sash of double-hung type are used, it is important that a regular painting schedule be maintained in order to prevent cor¬ rosion. Forecasts were made that after the war aluminum double- hung sash would be as cheap as those made of wood. While the price spread between the two types has been reduced, aluminum has not yet been able to compete on an equal price basis with wood or steel. In computing costs it is important to keep in mind the savings re¬ sulting from the fact that aluminum or other nonferrous metal sash need not be painted. In considering the type of sash, it is important to keep in mind that the sash selected should permit the installation of a proper type of window shade. It is important also to plan for the method of cleaning the exterior of windows. Exterior doors —Exterior doors should not be made of plywood unless they are made with water-resistant resins, or are so placed as to be well protected from the weather. In order to eliminate the vertical type of locking bar on panic bolts, good practice indicates the installation of a mullion in double doors. This mullion should be of a removable type on all doors which are likely to be used for ad¬ mission of the larger items of equipment. Exterior door checks should be of the full rack-and-pinion type with a checking action on the later part of the opening swing as well as a checking action on the closing swing. Where there is no checking action on the opening of the door, frequently a strong gust of wind will slam open the door so violently that any door stops will be loosened and frequently the door damaged. In addition a safety factor is involved inasmuch as any child who has hold of the door may be thrown as the door is blown violently open. VENTILATION OF OYMNASItUVI I.OCKFHS 4 Proper ventilation of gymnasium lockers is secured by separating back-to-back lockers approximately 5 or 6 inches. This space is enclosed on all sides by steel panels, vents being taken from the top of the panel and connected to a mechanical exhaust. If the backs of the lockers are perforated with holes about Yi inch in diameter p. 104-107. Materials and Construction 191 (as many as will not interfere with the strength of the back panel) air can be drawn thru louvers in the fronts of the doors, thru the lockers, and thru these holes into the ventilating chamber. To facili¬ tate drying and ventilation of gymnasium clothing, a locker 7 y 2 by 24 by 12 inches will permit the clothing to hang freely on the hooks instead of being stored in a lumpy mass as is usually the case in a locker 12 by 12 by 12 inches. At present a 7^ 2 -inch locker is not included as a standard size in the Simplified Practice Recommenda¬ tions of the United States Bureau of Standards, but an effort is being made to secure its inclusion. The narrowest standard locker now is 9 inches in width. 5 If the installation is properly planned before pouring the locker- room floor, the ventilating ducts may be taken from the bottom of the ventilating base thru the floor and run on the underside of the slab. This method is not highly satisfactory if the space below the locker-room floor is colder and the problem of condensation in the ducts causes their corrosion. In most cases ventilating ducts are carried on the locker-room ceiling. IKE/Vi JVLEJNT The importance of providing proper acoustical conditions in schools is now generally accepted. Maximum utility of rooms can be achieved only thru setting up proper conditions of sound control. No longer can this problem be ignored if conditions conducive to educational growth are to be provided. Three main objectives are to be met in proper sound control: (1) achievement of good hearing conditions in auditoriums and other rooms, (2) noise control, and (3) sound insulation or reduction of sound transmission from room to room. Acoustical materials, carefully chosen and installed, are essential m accomplishing these purposes, but other factors of basic design and construction are also important. Achievement of good hearing conditions in auditoriums and other rooms Certain types of defects, such as objectionable echoes and dead spots arise from improper design of an auditorium. Avoidance •a eThff f S a *) d P r °visions for proper reinforcement of sound service S® aC ° UStiCal en S ineer - If competent engineering is n ot secured, any acoustical defects in design will be diffi- t^Refc p rac - 192 American School Buildings cult to eliminate since they arise primarily from the form and shape of the auditorium. Another defect, which is probably the most frequent cause of bad acoustical conditions, is excessive reverberation. This defect is not difficult to avoid in new structures or to eliminate in existing build¬ ings. While the acoustical engineer will avoid this defect in new structures, the superintendent or his technical assistants should be familiar with the factors involved in the correction of such defects in existing buildings. Reverberation has been defined as “the persistence of sound within an enclosed space after the sound has been cut off.” The reverbera¬ tion time of a room is defined as “the time in seconds for the average intensity of the reverberant sound of a specified frequency to e- crease to 1/1,000,000 of the initial intensity.” If the reverbera ion time is too great one sound is superimposed on another, resulting in a confusion which reduces intelligibility. . . The factors which affect reverberation time are principally t volume of the room and the sound absorbing characteristics of he walls ceilings, and contents of the room. Since each occupant o room’has an absorption coefficient equal to three or four square feet of perfect absorption, it is important to compute the reverberation time in relation to the various numbers of persons which make up the usual audience in such rooms. The Sabine formula can be easily mastered by any person desiring to compute the reverberation time ThJchart shown as Figure 14 shows the desirable range of rever- fetsvsssrsssK Reduction of reverberation time is achieved Y of the proper amount of sound-absorbing material. It is .mpor a that the amount required be mathematically computed. Too htt.e ISSa ‘ Materials and Construction 193 in such rooms is accomplished by the installation of sound-absorp¬ tive materials. For most school applications, covering of the ceil¬ ings with acoustical material having a noise-reduction coefficient of .60 should be ample. Where such rooms are used for instruction, care must be exercised to keep the reverberation time within ac¬ ceptable limits. Sound insulation or the reduction of sound transmission from room to room —Sound insulation refers to “the reduction of sound inten¬ sity when transmitted from room to room by way of intervening walls, floors, or ceilings.” (Transmission of sound from noisy areas thru open windows is a matter to be controlled by proper location of noise-producing rooms to achieve relative isolation.) Walls and floors act as a diaphragm to transmit sound vibrations from one room to another. Contrary to popular belief, sound-absorptive materials have rela- FIGURE 14 DESIRABLE RANGE OF REVERBERATION TIME 194 American School Buildings tively little efficiency in reducing such sound transmission. Reduc¬ tion of transmission of air-borne sound is dependent largely upon the weight of the partition per unit area and upon double-wall con¬ struction in which the studs or members supporting one side of the double wall do not touch and are not attached to the studs or mem¬ bers supporting the wall on the opposite side. Reduced transmission Many forms of creative activity find expression at the school of impact sounds, or of sounds due to vibration of machinery, is achieved largely by cushioning the impact or vibration before it can be transmitted, for example, thru a floor to the room below. This is done by the selection of a proper floor covering, and, in the case of machinery, by installing the machinery on floating or resilient mount¬ ings. Air ducts also act as sound carriers and should be given consid¬ eration in planning for good acoustics. Acoustical materials —Federal specification SS-A-118a groups acoustical units into four types with various classes under each type.' Materials are further graded on the basis of their noise-reduction co¬ efficients. A noise-reduction coefficient is the average of absorption coefficients at 256, 512, 1024, 2048, and 4096 cycles. A coefficient of .60, for example, means that one square foot of the material has U S. Drixirlnionl nf Cntmiiorcp. National Rnrr.au of Standards. ArouOirat-Vmh: Crcjahriaitcd Eidernl Spcr'ifiralion KS-A -11 Rn. Washiniton, D. C, Government ITintin* Office. .948. 14 |>. Materials and Construction 195 sound-absorbing qualities equal to 60 percent of one square foot o an area of perfect absorption, such as an open window. The grade se reted should be based on the noise-reduction or sound-absorption range" 16111 Wb ' Ch redUCe ^ reverberation time t0 the acceptable Selection of material should take fire resistance into account ocal code rulings on the degree of combustibility permitted should be considered Another factor is that of payability. Many acousti- pm'nTed ' mUCh ° f absorbin S efficiency when they are The type of mounting should also be considered with the selec miy toT rri C ° mbUStible are cemented dt rretly to a concrete slab, the units will burn much more slowly ™" ed r : ith : fu r 8 space acoustical unit. There have been numerous instances of failure nf cement to hold acoustical units in place Factors of safpf th acoustical units are amJtl f Fai . lure ° f Cement w here room with relatively low-ceiling^eight is * * CeUi " g ° f 8 gymnasiums or auditoriums g ’ 1 3S Senous as h is in it a ,“ “■ coefficient. Also, its acoustical P roper°ti "7“" S ™“ » CONSTR UCTION AND INSTALLATION isstar “ rr to a,w - - i row of seats, for example is in C 7uT * the rear row - Where - wal, or rail, an of a )e made. inches of extra space should It is of help to the operating staff if nr™ • • XEJtS StSSt Sr r™ ‘"££. "• .. 196 American School Buildings in advance of construction of the building in order that inserts for appropriately spaced I-beams may be installed in the stage-ceiling slab when it is poured. This will greatly facilitate the installation of stage rigging. This suggestion applies only where provision for a full gridiron or fly gallery is not made. In a similar manner the installation of the equipment in the gym¬ nasium and corrective room should be planned so that during con¬ struction proper facilities for attachment of equipment will be made. Inserts required for hanging all other equipment should be provided for during construction. One frequent mistake in switching arrangements for lighting on stair-wells is to have the lights on all landings controlled by one switch. Where the light is needed on one landing more than the others, this should be separately controlled in order to conserve current. Intermittent controls for corridor lights will frequently per¬ mit adequate lighting with one-half of the lights turned on. Care should be exercised to provide a satisfactory method of in¬ stallation of handrails on stairs, if frequent reanchoring is to be avoided. In some cases the brackets can be bolted thru the side wall. Where this interferes with proper appearance, the handrail bracket can be bolted to a sturdy steel plate which in turn is sub¬ stantially anchored to the wall by expansion shields and bolts It is important that all equipment in corridors, such as fire ex¬ tinguishers, drinking fountains, and radiators, be properly recessed. It will be advantageous to provide recesses for other types of equip¬ ment thruout the building. For example, a recess should be provided in the gymnasium into which the piano may be rolled when not in use. This recess is usually covered with a heavy wire screen door to prevent any damage to the piano. Many school systems have encountered operational difficulty where openings to incinerator shafts are placed on each floor of multi-story buildings. The shafts become clogged and if a match is dropped in a shaft, clouds of smoke envelop large sections of the building. Many buildings now provide only one opening. Door mats inside of entrance doors will be a stumbling hazar unless the necessary recess has been left in the floor slab to keep the mats flush with the surface of the corridor floor. If grills or pits are used instead of mats, proper provision should be made m ad¬ vance: for example, when the concrete slab is poured. Materials and Construction 19 \ Operation and Development of Grounds* Proper planning of the development of grounds will result in sav- ing large amounts of maintenance and operation expense. The operation of the grounds is made more efficient if proper pro¬ vision is made for storage of ground equipment such as mowers, rollers, and the like in spaces accessible from the grounds. The operation of the grounds as recreational areas outside of school hours and during summer vacations is improved by providing con¬ venient storage for the recreation equipment such as balls, bats, and tennis nets. Toilets should be provided, so planned that children using the playground may have access to them without having ac¬ cess to other parts of the building. This reduces the policing duty of the custodial staff and makes possible the efficient use of the playground and these limited facilities at hours when the custodian is not on duty. The recreation leader will be able to accept respon¬ sibility for supervising these limited facilities when they are effi¬ ciently segregated from the rest of the building. A sketch of such an arrangement is shown in Figure IS. h Walkways or paved areas should not be laid against u ll{M . ^1-they a re anchored to prevent setde^t Te“„“ 8 8 See Chapter V, p. 73-83. FIGURE 15 LIMITED BUILDING FACILITIES MADE AVAILABLE TO PLAYGROUND ■rf playground tw„w., MN AsiuM gymnasium art lork'Jd. cl ° set he gymna- ’ ay be dropped to the lower level Wherever no^ihl^ planning should be related to established street grades ' 3 a"t™Sslab,‘ S **. '“^TssuLing' basement space Where the t con:,tructl0n °f substandard to a contouOine 'he fl„ ^ e l . * bl ' ild, ' ng dWS ™» Parallel ing will be too high nr t i 10n as set for one Part of the build- ing. This w ll re mtT„ ” relati °" ,0 othCT Parts of the build¬ out of ground Tnd heX' ZT,^ ^ «“ fa ‘ standard because the floor le i ’• Y b ding rooms whic h are sub- In the interest of t n0 m?r''rrr y be '°' V ^ ° Utside gra de. be considered on orelimina j e most miportant factors to architect has adapted his bu'LnTTTh ^ ^ t0 Which the ‘he degree to which he has set correct LoTZtonf “* ^ arise ^m“i^:JrrT^ COn5trUCti ° n “■*. •*» Proper setting of floor levels If t 3 bu "? lng t0 topography and ground on a level sit” the c„s. of n" T” 1 3 fl °° r be ,aid « ‘he excessive unless the floor elevaf P . ldlng pro P er drainage will be grading of the earth away r„m he h ft* ^ e "° Ugh t0 pe ™''‘ age must, therefore, tZXled inT The Pr ° b ' em ° f d ™n- and planning of the building onnection with the designing precaution of taking test borings, , 0 ascertain the quality „f 204 American School Buildings soil for foundations, as soon as the outline of the building has been set by approved preliminary drawings, is sound practice. It may avoid extra foundation and footing costs. Test borings prior to the acquisition of a site may reveal conditions that will indicate that a different location should be sought. In other instances the borings will permit more definite specifications and will eliminate the higher cost of constructing part of the foundation or footings as an extra to the contract. Relationship of Types of Construction to Economy Sometimes large savings can be made in the basic planning of the structural design of the building. Too often, in the later stages of a project, retrenchments are made all along the line in the costs of needed equipment and in such details as storage facilities and light¬ ing installations, that would have been unnecessary if some of the possible structural savings had been made. Several possibilities for such savings are discussed in the paragraphs that follow and warn¬ ings are noted against possible false economies. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS IN RELATION TO ECONOMY Because buildings may become obsolete in the light of possible changes in the educational program, and because of a desire to reduce the cost of construction, it is sometimes suggested that cheaper buildings be constructed with a shortened life span of twenty-five or thirty years. This is a vain hope. Any building that will last for thirty years will, with proper maintenance, last in¬ definitely. The usual effect of extreme cutting of quality of construc¬ tion in an attempt to build for a shorter life span, is to pile up costs of maintenance. In communities where lumber is readily available, the decision may be made to use frame construction in one-story structures, altho this will involve increased recurring costs of exterior painting, since exterior walls must be painted in addition to painting window frames and sash. , Where the future of a community is uncertain and it is thougni that the school may not be needed for a period longer than twenty- five or thirty years, it may be a wise decision to accept hig er main¬ tenance costs by the lowering of standards of construction. A similar line of reasoning should be applied in instances where it is necessa y to nrovide facilities for enrolments which are much larger than Economies in Construction and Design 2 01 to be expected when the birth rate falls or when the communities become older and have a smaller number of children per family For example, the dects.on may be to substitute frame plywood —; 7 Z " “ “■" — i. s^ksbe»«ws; —St rxs 1 into general usel n ® S ’ h ° WeVCT - are “Wy to come - rings th^ CSTp^ ££* *— surpIuH'Z I",™ yearf' T^y IT" "* Bkel r ba permanent type, with lowered standards of materiau' if ^ ture could later be sold for other purposes Th! h 3 such a sale would, in many cases exceed the s 1 ™°“,' reallzed from the portable or demountable type. ‘ 3gC of a s ‘ ruc “' r e of Some schools have built a rpnti-oi ^ r to take care of a permanent a ? permanent construction portable units that will serve a temn’ add,tional co ttage-type units are no longer ren U e d J .ilT7 ”“ d ' Whe " ‘ho portable elsewhere. This^lic^ * “ tTf **•” ^ ^ The demand 2 ZTe TZ *** *J*** W ° Uld be in ™e. creasing rapidly. This demand is likT^ 6 buiIdings is J n- of satisfactory portable buildings at pnTe production than those prevailing at present It it VC S cons iderably lower standards of spaceJightog heaP P ? ram0Unt imp ° rtanc e that —««ss." s;;r.“r' ** ONE-STORY VS. MULTI-STORY CONSTRUCTION iS 3 a™ ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, COLIN KELLY JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, EUGENE, OREGON AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS Adapttd from School Executive, February 1948; The Amorlcan School and University, 1947-48; and Netlon'e Schools, May 1948 and Pibruary 1948 Economies in Construction and Design 20 ment can be made which would be applicable to all circumstance and conditions. Each project must be analyzed separately. One of the first factors to be considered is that of the size of the building. For small buildings up to approximately twelve class¬ rooms, one-story construction will be logical under most conditions. As buildings increase beyond this size, the decision as to one-story or multi-story construction becomes more complex. Multi-story con¬ struction may be desirable in the interest of conserving site, par¬ ticularly if land values are high and the size of site is restricted. In large one-story buildings, increased travel distance, increased runs for heating and plumbing lines, increased roof areas to be con¬ structed and maintained, and increased foundations, all must be weighed against such advantages as greater safety thru avoidance of stairways, possible savings thru lighter construction, greater pos¬ sibilities for use of bilateral and multilateral lighting, and the more homelike and noninstitutional appearance of the one-story building. 2 Geographical factors must be carefully weighed. In mild climates where corridors need not be enclosed, where the heating problem is so small that extra heating costs are insignificant, where intense sun¬ shine makes modification of traditional fenestration highly desirable, where high temperatures also constitute an additional argument for multilateral fenestration and cross ventilation, the decision to adopt one-story construction is logical even for large buildings, if adequate sites are available. In northern climates on the other hand, corridors must be enclosed, dictating a double-loaded corridor in the interest of economy. Problems of snow must be considered in any proposed lowering of corridor ceilings to permit clerestory lighting on the corridor side of the classroom. In cold climates increased heating costs are involved in large one-story structures as compared with multi-story buildings. Structural standards will be an important factor in any judgment as between one-story and multi-story construction. Multi-story con¬ struction will require that at least the corridors and stairs be fire- p root Many communities will continue to exercise a preference for a high degree of fire resistance even in one-story buildings, while in some districts circumstances may dictate lowering these standards for one- story structures. In some school districts, there will be prefer- 3 Clapp, Wilfred E. March J948, “What W e Like About One-Story Schools.” Architectural Record 103: H9-21; cnce for first-floor slab while in others the slab will be built on the ground. All such factors influence a decision on the relative economy of one-story versus multi-story construction. Development of light steel construction, for example the use of web-steel joists, also will affect decisions on relative costs. The cost of fire-resistive one-story structures can be decreased by the use of web-steel joists as com¬ pared with structural steel or reinforced concrete. Since web-steel joists sacrifice some rigidity, they have not been universally accepted for use in multi-story structures. In general it may be said that large multi-story buildings of fire-resistive construction thruout will be more economical than one-story structures, if the same standards of construction arc applied to the otic-story structure. A complete weighing of all factors and conditions will be necessary in reaching a final decision. SKEI.F.TON TYPE VS. WAI.I.-BEARING TYPE. OP CONSTRUCTION Present conditions indicate that in many areas where multi-story masonry buildings are erected, the skeleton type of construction will COMMON RUHOOL bumiCT NO. 4, LANCMTBtt, NBW YORK Corridors can be a source of light in one»story schools Economies in Construction and Design 20< have advantages from the standpoint of economy over the wall¬ bearing type of construction. By skeleton type of construction is meant that type in which the load of the building is carried on a steel or reinforced concrete skeleton or framework. The exterior walls are designated as curtain walls inasmuch as the weight of these walls is supported on the skeleton frame. One large factor in the trend toward skeleton type of construction is that of speeding up construction with consequent savings in costs. In most areas there is at the present time a shortage of bricklayers. Progress on a struc¬ ture of the wall-bearing type is slowed to the pace of the brick¬ layers. On a skeleton-type structure the main part of the building may go ahead even to the installation of the roof, with the masonry lagging behind. Skeleton construction gives added flexibility to the interior, as compared with load-bearing interior walls. The choice as between steel skeleton and reinforced concrete skeleton will vary with communities and to some extent with availability of materials. If bombing hazards are considered, there are safety factors in favor of a skeleton-type building. The development of more power- ful bombs may result in a condition where relative safety factors are of no importance inasmuch as all buildings would be completely shattered. Under conditions existing in World War II, there was less danger of collapse of a steel or reinforced-concrete skeleton-type structure than of a building of the wall-bearing type. ARCHITECTURAL OR MONOLITHIC-CONCRETE BUILDINGS Because of the high cost of brickwork, architectural or monolithic- concrete construction for schools has been advocated by some archi¬ tects in the interest of economy. The increasing cost of carpentry work for forms is now tending to neutralize economies in concrete Where such buildings are erected it will be extremely important to supervise the work most closely to insure proper quality of concrete Ihere is a tendency for cracks to develop in walls along lines separa¬ ting the different pours of concrete. Where such cracks occur, water wi penetrate the walls and in freezing weather will force off frag¬ ments of concrete. This process widens the crack for still further deterioration. Special care must also be taken to see that proper ex¬ pansion joints are provided. Unless planned as architectural treat¬ ment, form marks must be rubbed down promptly when forms are removed, and exposed honey-combing must be filled. STRUCTURAL SLAB VS. SLAB BUILT ON THE GROUND In masonry buildings one decision which the architect and school administrator must make is whether a first-floor slab is to be laid on the ground or whether it is to be built as a structural slab with an air space below. In general, a structural slab will be more ex¬ pensive. Any decision to build the slab on the ground, however, must first take into account certain factors. In cold climates the slab built on the ground may be a source of discomfort by reason of the fact that it is colder than a structural slab. Proper insulation at the perimeter or under the entire floor, or the use of radiant heating can eliminate much of this disadvantage. These costs, however, may offset a large part of the savings made by eliminating the structural slab. In climates where moist warm air is likely to come in contact with cold schoolroom floors laid on the ground, moisture will con¬ dense on the floor much as on the outside of a glass containing cold water. This condition must be taken into account in the choice be¬ tween structural-slab construction and a slab laid on the ground. At least two other factors must be taken into account where the slab is laid directly on the ground—termites and dry rot. The erad¬ ication of termites is much more difficult where the slab is laid on the ground than where it is a structural slab. Termites will come thru small cracks in the concrete slab and in many cases will build their tunnels in hollow masonry up to second- or third-floor levels. They will be particularly destructive if a wood floor is laid on wood sleepers over the concrete slab. A structural slab has an air space below, by which access may be had to the whole area under the building, and ground poisoning may be applied around walls and footings. In termite-infested areas, the application of ground poison¬ ing before laying a slab on the ground would be a long-range economy measure. Where a gymnasium floor of wood is laid on wood sleepers over a concrete slab laid on the ground, dampness and condensation may result in so-called dry rotting of the floor. Economy will dictate ade¬ quate ventilation of the floor to reduce moisture and thus to retard the growth of the fungus which is the cause of the so-called dry rot. The use of impregnated lumber for sleepers and subfloor in such an installation will retard disintegration. Impregnation should be by the use of zinc chromate, arsenical salts, or equivalent and not creo- Economies in Construction and Design 21 sole, as creosote will work thru a maple floor by capillary action the 1 k rt f p “ pe ( r j between the subfloor and finished floor will increas, to is"d y r °‘ '' n Un ‘ rea,ed k ' mber Un ' eSS ventila no, T h h :: h0 r t bet r e " a StrUctural s, ab and a slab on the ground need not be made for the building as a unit. Some floor slabs in a buildin! may be structural and others laid directly on the ground Fo ‘ 8 * a lunchroom ha" greaterlusUficatt ft ingarel ’ Pr ° V ' a “ eSS f ° piumbi "«. than would the din- modular OR unit construction Ass^daUonmuch prolss f hasT™"".?' ““ AmeriCan Standards lion of building mSs and ” m3 6 m di, ™ nsio " a ' coordina- ordination result,n mu h 1st "T™"'' LaCk ° f dime " si °" a ' co- cutting and fitting materSi:rthe 0 ob a The a L and 't°- ^ ordination formulated hv J . ' be basib of dimen sional co- sional grid w ”h Itaes ^.Wh ' is a continuous three-dimen¬ sions and details are referred ' Fcuf' t0 , Whlch a11 building dimen- optimum size for the standard module WaS determined as the their ^e~p1rt%ZLd 0dU ? be S ° de5ig ™ d .* ba * dimension (or multiples thereof! in th 0 '"'’ a*!” fi ‘ ln ‘° the 4 ‘ inch mean, f 0r example ^hat all PY • ^ modular g nd - This will not which will be a multiple of 4 inches^E ^ ^ 3 thickness so referenced to the modular^^patrn thaV ^ C ° Uld be greatly simplified. When all ma^ • h Construction would be and other materials „d uceri y Um ' S ', Wind ° ws . d «cs, cabinets, buildings are planned £ “ d “ modular dimensions, and when products without cutting on the i h i° f moduI ar-dimensioned may be expected. 8 " J ° b ' ' arge savin S s ■" construction ring a truct”r7un!rorrarge U r C ^me S •‘’"’"‘i™ 8 appIied to a recur- Where such a unit may be 8 re r wlted nSi0 t n h ’ ** eXamp,e ’ eight for various unites ZtZ 3 American Standards As • • OSUlt in Savings. Statement with Respect to ~ c ' at ' on ’ .Project A62. See- U S H • 212 American School Buildings Some architects have not experienced anticipated, savings when they have designed for modular construction. This is undoubtedly a temporary factor due to the fact that many builders are unaware of the savings made possible by modular construction. It would be wise, in specifications for work designed on a modular basis, to call attention to the fact that modular design has been followed, m order that the contractor might reflect in his bid the possible savings due to using materials of intermembering sizes. SHAPE OF THE BUILDING In general, the shape of the building will have an effect upon cost of construction. The greater the perimeter in relation to the area of the building, the greater usually is the cost. 4 For example, designs which provide for a number of small courts as a means of providing light on two or three sides of a classroom have the effect of increas¬ ing the perimeter with corresponding increase in cost. ROOF CONSTRUCTION In general, economies will be effected thru the use of flat roofs, properly insulated, as compared to pitched roofs. Wherever codes permit, the elimination of parapet walls will also result in economy. ORNAMENTATION Economy is promoted by avoiding undue ornamentation of build¬ ing exteriors. A period style of architecture is now seldom used in school design. Large ornamental towers and expensive trim are bei g discarded in line with newer trends and in the interest . economy. Beauty is achieved thru other means such as simplicity and prope massing of units. Economical Utilization of Interior Spaces One of the most fundamental criticisms of the school 1buildings erected a generation ago is that rooms are too small and that conse¬ quently space is lacking for a variety of educative activities m the classrooms. There is a pressing demand for larger classr ° or " s for the provision of a larger variety of special rooms, *<« « corresponding search for every possible saving of unessential space. *Bormnn,"Henry H. U« M N °' York: Teachen College, Columbia Unlvenlty, 1941. p Economies in Construction and Design 2 SPACE REQUIREMENTS IN RELATION TO ECONOMY School buildings are constructed to house and serve a good edu¬ cational program. Ample space should be provided for each of the instructional and auxiliary spaces to make a good educational pro¬ gram possible. The cost of a classroom will be a relatively small part of the total cost of educating the children who will occupy the classroom during the life of the building. If the classroom, in the interest of economy, is designed with too little space to facilitate the educational growth of children, part of the money spent for instruc¬ tion is wasted. This is certainly false economy. At the same time educators must be realistic and not increase room sizes to extrav¬ agant proportion in excess of the real educational needs. True economy demands that space required be adequate for, but not in excess of, the needs of the educational program. It is of great importance that the schedule of rooms needed to carry out the educational program be accurately determined. Onlv as many shops, home economics and science laboratories, and other specialized rooms with costly equipment should be provided as are needed by the school. 5 The size of the auditorium and the amount of spectator space in the gymnasium should be studied critically. As noted in earlier chapters, community needs should be considered but should be kept in perspective. 8 A community may need one large auditorium but when that need is met, auditoriums of large schools in general should be not larger than half the capacity of the school, with 900 to 1000 capacity as a reasonable maximum even in schools of more than 2000 enrolment. There are few legitimate theaters in large cities with a capacity greater than this figure. As the size of the auditorium is increased it becomes more difficult for many types of activity to be carried on, inasmuch as it is difficult for a student to project himself adequately in an auditorium which is too large. One means of effecting economy is the dual use of space The possibilities and hazards of combining the auditorium and gvmna- slum have been discussed in an earlier chapter.’ In general fsZ ate auditorium even if it be a very small one, is fo be preferred to the com bined auditorium-gymnasium. 6 See p. 66-72. “See p. 114-17. 7 See p. 117-18. 214 American School Buildings Another combination is the use of the gymnasium or the audi¬ torium as a lunchroom in the elementary school. By using tables and benches that fold into the wall, or by providing convenient space for storage of tables when not in use, the task of changing the room from one facility to the other is not great. In schools needing separate gymnasiums for boys and girls, the placement of these gymnasiums together, separated by a folding door, permits the combined gymnasiums to serve on occasion as one large unit. A similar arrangement has been used by some cities for the divi¬ sion of one large swimming pool into separate pools for boys and girls. All-purpose rooms are being designed for many small elementary schools. With thoughtful planning, these rooms represent an eco¬ nomical use of space for a variety of purposes. Wherever provisions can be made for dual use of space without seriously curtailing the effectiveness of the program, economies will result. ELIMINATION OF WASTE SPACE Economy is secured thru the elimination of waste space thruout the building. Large areas of basement space usually constitute a waste. In general, it is as cheap to build above the ground as it is to dig a hole and build a structure in that hole. Waste basement space is tied up with the problem of designing a building to fit the contours and with the proper setting of floor elevations, as discussed elsewhere in this chapter. In climates where the corridor must be enclosed, it is not economical to have such corridors serve rooms on only one side. Other corridor space is sometimes wasted by the use of lobbies in excess of needs. Ingenious designing by the architect should put into use spaces which would otherwise be unsatisfactory for meeting the schedule of facilities. A dark corner, which results, for example, where a wing adjoins the main corridor, has sometimes been turned into satisfactory toilet-room space by dividing this area diagonally and setting the other partitions to include one outside window for each space. RF.ntimTON OF CF.I1.INO I!RIGHTS Space and money could be saved if schoolroom ceilings could be lower. This is not always practicable, however. For years a recog¬ nized standard, which in many states has been written into the codes, has required that the width of a classroom be not more than Economies in Construction and Design 21 : twice the effective height of the windows. The standard presupposed a room lighted on only one side and represented an effort to guarantee adequate natural light for the inside of the room. Rooms 25 feet wide required an effective window height of 1 V/ 2 feet, or a ceiling height of about 12 feet. Even this ceiling height, however, does not pro¬ vide enough natural lighting on the desks farthest from the window to meet modern standards for schoolroom lighting. The use of pris¬ matic glass block provides a greater amount of natural light on the inner side of the room but artificial light is needed in addition. Since artificial light must be provided anyway, the necessity of con¬ tinuing present ceiling heights may be questioned, since the height has been determined on the assumption that all light will come from the windows. The importance of increasing the artificial light, if ceiling heights are lowered, cannot be overemphasized. It has been observed for example, that reducing ceiling heights from 12 to 10 feet, even where prismatic glass block are used, reduces the natural illumina- lon on the desks farthest from the windows by more than 25 percent. e problem of ceiling heights is complicated also bv the trend toward increased classroom size. As room sizes are increased there is a trend to increase width of classrooms to avoid long narrow rooms. Increasing room widths would require increasing ceiling ro, W h U r 6S - S thC tw0 ' t0 ' 0ne ratio of room width to window height ould be eliminated. Where rooms are multilateral^ lighted, reduc- on of ceiling heights is usually not practical. Reduction of ceiling heights will also reduce the cost of the nr i«n i heating installation, as well as current heating costs later The si D * relation of codes to economy Building codes have been the means nf • standards as a protection against hazards[nonl"" 3 '" ™ nimum health. However, minimum ^ ““ times come to be considered *• 1 P by the codes some- tion has invalidated fte preSs^ Z” M °™ a ‘ iaiiure to modify this requirement " 216 American school jt>uiLDiNes extravagant expenditures for ventilating equipment to comply with this provision. Many codes still require more sanitary fixtures than recent studies have shown to be needed." Codes, therefore, frequently tend to retard rather than to stimulate improved building practice. During the past few years allowances for the strength of steel members have been liberalized in good engineering practice. Where state or local codes have not been revised to take advantage of this permissive reduction in the amount of steel required, higher costs than necessary will result. Frequently code requirements reflect the self-interest of some industry or group. Modification of unreasonable or outmoded re¬ strictions is fought by persons having a financial stake in their perpetuation, and only by determined effort can the needed changes be made. A complete analysis of restrictive code requirements would be necessary to make any accurate estimate of savings which might be made by a modernization of these codes without affecting'the safety or utility of our buildings. Many states ancjjocal commujiities arc working under codes that should be modernize^. There are many so-called standards which, altho not legally codi¬ fied, have gained such wide acceptance as to give them considerable weight. Many of these are still recognized as valid, others have been questioned and should be modified in the interest of economy and improved structures. Standards need continuing re-evaluation lr light of new conditions and requirements. We should hold fast tc that which is good, but should rescind, modify, or improve those whose validity cannot withstand the searchlight of critical scientific analysis. * American Council on Ifl at I on, Sanitary l-'arllilln. Slucliea. Series VII 1942. 35 p. (Out ol print.) ■nmmlttee on School PI.. I Research. Tkr School riant Research, No. 3. Washington, D. C-. the Cmmci CHAPTER THIRTEEN Light and Color S chool lighting takes a prominent place in almost every discussion of school buildings. In the last few years this emphasis has become so great that some educators say other things are being overlooked in the enthusiastic attention to better lighting. It is hard to believe, however, that lighting could be overemphasized when so many school activities call for keen visual acuity. New understandings are emerging as to quality and quantity of light and ^? ati ° nShip co ^ or visual environment. School light- continue to demand 'thoughtful study by all who plan and use school buildjpl^ This chapter outlines some of the reasons for giving increasing attention to light and color in the schools ; defines some of the terms commonly used, discusses uses of natural light and the supple¬ mentary services of artificial light, and calls attention to the place of color m good lighting. v Relationship of Light to Health and Learning that whflM 7” t0 J ay , that learnine iS d ° ne by the whole child and that what is learned is learned all over. Less familiar is the idea that when we see we see all over. For years the students of light and wsion have been trying to make others listen when they have said seeing is work, and not just eye-work either. The whole body nerves, muscles, circulation-are brought into play in self I, eterr^danTof?? 6386 C ° mf ° rt ’ ' here is a ™"™um of seeaS s : d gti:r =? sw.:aa a [217 ] 218 American School Buildings comfort, and with the least output of strain and effort. Children should use their physical energy and vitality, so far as possible, for growth and nutritional processes and for the development of sturdy and vigorous bodies—not for overcoming the handicaps of defective lighting. Because of the subtle and delicate measurements required, scien¬ tific tests on the effect of lighting on health and learning can be made only under carefully controlled conditions and with highly technical apparatus. Luckiesh and Moss, in experiments made over a long period of years, found that as lighting was improved, fatigue was lessened, as measured by muscular tension, by the rate of heart beat, and by the rate of involuntary blinking of the eyelids. 1 Har¬ mon’s preliminary findings on the beneficial effect of improved lighting in a Texas school on the nutritional status of children and on the presence of chronic infections showed such large improve¬ ments that a warning as to possible misinterpretation of the data was given in the discussion of his report by the Illuminating^E»gi- neering Society. 2 There seems no reason to doubt, however,' ^hat improvements in physical status were associated with improved lighting in the Texas experiment. Various studies seem to have demonstrated a relationship between lighting and the development or the improvement of certain eye defects such as nearsightedness and its allied conditions. 3 When lighting is poor, a person pulls his work closer to his eyes than normally, thus changing the eyes to an unnaturally short focus. Eyes with disabilities (except eyes oversensitive to glare) need stronger light than normal eyes for clear seeing. This is especially true when glasses are worn, as the glasses themselves absorb part of the light. . Good lighting aids in the educational progress of the child. The decrease in eye strain and in accompanying fatigue and bodily dis- «*"«■ Kw " rd ’ uh "" ,ori " " f o,,wrni Cmnpnny.Nrln i * n | ,V'' r „rnf.» Illuminati*' Eu'lnrrrl*' 40: A„r !ImysJr all: Wllflnin"* Frnnk ■•SomHhln, Now In Schnol Hcl.h." *•»"!,an S, W Journal 11.1: 2 7 - 40 ; Au«uM 1946. „ f n .,. r „„ nl i,| K |,iln K upon F-Uu.ntlonal ';:S«“!«; ««« a..*,.,,.- w, - * O. lolipr 1946 fNrw York: 114 K. 42m! SlrrrO iivtlml, Cnmlitlons a I Illumination i» ®afcv? s..r ,h - Nn 140. Waohlnxlon, I). C.: Oovrrnmi-nl 1’rlnllng Offlrr, July P- Light and Color 219 orders, the improvements in better seeing conditions and visual acuity, and the psychological effect of brightness and cheer that comes with improved lighting all combine to improve the efficiency with which the child pursues his classroom activities. It cannot be overemphasized that “improved lighting” does not consist merely of stepping up the intensity of the light. No less essential are the elimination of glare, the lightening of dark surfaces, and other essential adjustments. Merely to add more footcandles without taking these other steps may actually bring more discomfort rather than greater comfort to the pupil’s all-day job of seeing. Some Terms Used in Lighting The educator will not hope to master the vocabulary of the light¬ ing engineer but it will help to have at least a partial understanding ° a ! echmcal terms used most o f ten. 4 The brief and over¬ simplified definitions given below are not given alphabetically, but m tftader that represents a logical development of the concepts Light radiant energy necessary to the visual process Lumen-a unit of output of a light source. Footcandle a unit of light intensity at a given point. Canlf ^ Udt ° f brightness of a reflec ting surface or of a light source l aurel One handle " “ ^ ^ a Unit ° f ^ness of a g ource. One candle per square inch equals 452 footlamberts Candlepower—measure of light intensity from a point source a rathe fusing term because it is often misused to mean different things C ° n " Lamp-a gas-filled bulb or tube used as a sour. I * lamp is a bulb that uses a ta>„d the comfort or it may be a reflection from a surfaced a, °' “ artilidal ° r “ is * the same Z«amb« tteZ 220 American School Buildings FIGURE 17 LANGUAGE OF LIGHT REFLECTION FACTOR (R. FJ BRIGHTNESS DIFFERENCE Brightness From the above sketch: difference Con A ■ 3 /4 of o FOOTL ANIBERT be measured B> 'A of o FOOTLAMBERT by comparing A Is to B as 3 Is to 1 Brightness difference Is 3 to 1 footlamberts AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS .light and Color 221 from a glossy surface, such as glass or highly polished wood, gives a con¬ centrated specular reflection which is glare. Vl sibiht y —how dearly one can see an object. Increased both by brightness- difference within the visual task and by intensity of illumination on the Visual acuity ability to distinguish fine detail V p"rU™ P0Sed °' ,oca ' c “ tral Md ‘ - Focal field-the one-degree field, within the central field, on which the eyes are focused at the moment for critical seeing y - ■ ,he tota ' visuaI Md wiihin a 6o - dee " e Pe o r M;n al H field “ b ' !y0nd ' he surroundin e field and included within the area S wh^^S 1 £T^ , J C ^ Uat be COnsidered for normal lines of R Z2" PerC ' n ‘ “ eht ,a " ing 0 " a Surfa « -“cl- la reflected dir ' Cl transmission ° f light measured in footlamberts >g r ° m 3 surface - Brightness is the various reflect- footlamberts. Optional terms- hriehT & t0ta vlsual fie,d - as measured in ■elf. such as the bitoercontms, r.' C ° nlra e'' Wi ' hi " VU “ al lask il ‘ bnghtness-ratio, as between the visual mT W " e papet ancl b l ack Print; Br^b a r w i su ' f r in surrounding or visual fields, which^T'observed^wfll" S 1 £ rightness - d *™ces within the Photophobia-paintui ** “"*«* Stroboscopic-fluctuations of light which if L ^ mate lhC ma *- ™ a '»l or” running bTckwlT Quality of Light reader of this page hasT“good’MiffhtT Pe ° P ' e realize - The ing on his own eyes: his eye-glaste if he readi " & “ r not - depend- at which he holds the book tt , h Wears them; the angle daylight—that reaches tte na t whT ° f '^‘-artificial or light or a lamp is shining in L eyes- mdth " 0t 3 ^ fr ° m day ' and shadow between the prinjp 222 American School Buildings backgrounds for the reading. There are other factors but enough are mentioned to suggest that more than one is to be considered. In the past there has been a tendency to consider only one factor- intensity of light. But we have learned that more light does not necessarily improve eye comfort and efficiency unless the quality of the light is good. Quality depends on (a) the location of the light source and its intensity, and (b) the environment or surroundings of the light, including color, brightness, and reflection factors of ceiling, walls, floor, and furniture. Good quality of light cannot be obtained where extreme brightness-differences exist. Brightness-balance is achieved by maintaining acceptable bright¬ ness-differences within the total visual field. To establish brightness- balance, we must consider all the brightnesses, either direct or reflected, within this total visual field. Only within the central field or visual task is a high brightness- difference needed. It is easier to sew with white thread on black cloth than to use white thread on white cloth. It is easier to read black print on white paper than to read black print on gray paper. Beyond the central field, however, brightness-differences should be as low as possible, for ease and comfort in seeing. A dark desk behind a white page produces a high, and therefore undesirable, brightness-difference. For proper balancing of brightness for eye comfort and efficiency, it is desirable to reduce excessive brightness, especially spot brightness, of light fixtures and windows, and to increase the brightness of the surroundings such as walls, ceiling, furniture, and floor. A theoretically ideal goal for visual comfort and efficiency would be that no area or light source in the total visual field be brighter than the task, nor less than one-third as bright as the task, while the general level of illumination is high. Any room conditioning which works toward this ideal is a step toward creating a bettei visual environment. . The following, altho not ideal, is a working recommendation tor practical brightness-differences which may be attained in schoo- rooms at reasonable costs. (1) Within the peripheral field the brightness of any surface should not be more than fifty times nor less than one-fifth that of the task. . (2) Within the surrounding field the brightness of any sur a Light and Color 223 should not be more than ten times nor less than one-fifth that of the task. 5 Under these conditions of lighting the maximum brightness- difference in the peripheral field of vision is 250 to 1 and in the surrounding field is 50 to 1. To obtain ratios as low as these the ceilings must have at least an 80 percent reflection factor, the side walls at least a 60 percent reflection factor; the wainscot and baseboard, as well as the trim a 40 to 60 percent reflection factor; the floor, a 30 to 40 percent re ection factor; and desks and other equipment should have a 30 o 40 percent reflection factor. A slate blackboard has a reflection factor of only 7 to 10 percent and thus absorbs too much light When not in use, it should be covered with light-colored shades or drapery or it should be replaced by light-colored chalkboards which have reflection factors ranging from 20 percent upward (20 percent o 25 percent being satisfactory). A chalkboard reflecting more than ZSZZZZg* *** *« — dark g crayon to carl°b„ h t°h d i ^ brightn ? SS f fferenCeS 10 a “ e P* a We ratios requires *7 t i ™* 1 “ i ™“ •«» ” . g , S of 65 ' 000 f °otlamberts. 6 A child who faces an unshaded window and looks out on sunlit fleecy clouds may see a" brightness of as much as 5000 footlamberts At c Of “ and «* & ?P°t intalsi «es of luminaires, lightening Uie coZ oUli s^"?- ‘ he ~n in proper seating, and arrangementof 1 orsis: ?"£Sftcfr m, r <**»««.<* "Gibson Charts D P ' UV' (A 1948 «™°n of this reno rt ' Ge ° rge Peabod >' College Relafed to Classroom^ Lighting^ K ’ “ Ba,an « d Brightness vZfmSi^ T P f lica . tion - ) C 00 Publishing Corporation '°rk; American 224 American School Buildings Allard children's visual comfort all arc needed to establish and maintain low brightness-diitcrencos for childrens seeing. lty adequate shielding of windows and luminaires, it is possible, and do'irablo. to avoid any surface brightness of more than 500 footlamberts. A bare lluorescent tube may have a surface bright¬ ness of 2100 footlamberts, but properly shielded the brightness may be only 500 footlamberts. 7 I*'ive hundred footlamberts is about 40 percent more brightness than that observed when looking at green trees on which the sun is shining. The higher the general level of illumination, the higher the surface brightnesses may be. because it is the brightness-difference rather than the specific intensity that causes comfort or discomfort. Conversely, if the general level of illumination is very low. the maximum brightness should be much le^s than 500 footlamberts. To summarize, for good quality of light and proper conditions of seeing, we need as great a brightness contrast as possible on the visual task -thus black print on white paper is easier to read than black print on gray pa[K-r. But we want as small a brightness- difference or ratio as possible within the surrounding and peripheral fields of vision thus white paper on a light-colored desk top is better for reading than white paper on a dark desk top. Ouiiniiiy of l ight The foregoing emphasis on brightness-balance is not intended to JZ. the importance ol adorpia.e intensity. N- maUcr how perfect the brightness-balance, seeing conditions will be light is too dim for effective seeing. The following maintained lighting levels are recommended by t Illuminating Engineering Society on the ^sumption that the roundings will have the proper brightness balance. IJMklin, Inlemflitt R'cvmm'mlrJ frv the IU.mU.llHg RngUmUg Society * Poolcandln maintained In »*rvlct Ann Classrooms, Including libraries shops, lecture room*, ^ and laboratories , n Sight saving classrooms, drafting rooms, and sewing rooms 50 Gymnasiums and swimming pools • Ofomt, Ckutca D , and Samp**, feet* **< a It8 liiMii| terniSeeS, **• Isetloa 10, p. T*. Light and Color 225 Lighting Intensities Recommended (cont’d.) , ' rea Footcandles maintained in service Auditoriums, cafeterias, and similar rooms not used for study. 20 Reception rooms, locker rooms, washrooms, stairways, and corridors containing lockers. 10 Corridors and storerooms. 5 The Commission reports the foregoing figures, which represent the considered judgment of leading illuminating engineers, as recom¬ mendations on which school administrators should be informed. The Commission believes, however, that further research, in which many variables are controlled, is needed before an entirely objective deter¬ mination can be made of the most desirable intensities of light in school buildings. 9 It will be noted that the amount of light recommended for the various parts of the building depends on the kind of visual tasks to be performed. As an illustration of the wide range of light needed or different activities, the reading of 8-point Bodoni Book Type can be taken as a basis for measurement: This is a sample of 8-point Bodoni Book Type. This is a sample of 12-point Bodoni Book Type. The H-point line can be read efficiently in one-half the intensitv o ig needed to read the 8-point line efficiently. 10 The following list gives a number of such comparisons: g Kelayl, ® ht ^ Br!ght En0Ugh Ev <^her e If We Are.” Architectural Record 228 American School Buildings the field of vision, and second, when a glaring reflection from the work or nearby objects is directed into the eyes. It has been found that bilateral lighting tends to distribute more evenly the natural light coming into a room. Clerestory light above dropped corridor roofs, high window sash opening on lighted or open corridors, windows on two or three sides of classrooms when standing free of corridors; stepped-up ceilings that provide a moni¬ tor light; and skylights over classrooms or corridors are among the devices for producing bilateral or multilateral lighting. These ar¬ rangements are usually found in one-story buildings; some experi¬ mental plans now in use in different parts of the country are sketched in Figures 18 and 19. The Commission wishes to stress the fact that multisource day¬ lighting calls for special devices for daylight control. In breaking away from unilateral lighting, some architects and administrators have violated sound principles of balanced brightness by locating unshielded windows and glass panels on two or more sides of the classroom. If windows, or even high unshielded glass panels, are located on more than one side of the room, the teacher is unduly restricted in furniture arrangements which will avoid facing ex¬ cessively bright areas. Good design of multilateral daylighting can be very effective, but all sources (except possibly from one direction) must be permanently shielded so as to throw light to the ceiling without producing “hot spots” in the visual field. Skylights, like other uses of glass, present problems of controlling glare and heat, and of proper maintenance, especially where there is much snow. With adequate light-baffles and care in selecting types and materials suitable to the location, these problems, if recognized, can be overcome. GLASS m.OCK For better use of daylight in unilateral lighting, directional glass block may be used in the fenestration, beginning at a point about 6 feet above the floor, thus taking the place of the upper window sash. This directional block has a bank of horizontal prisms on each of the interior faces, which redirects the major portion ot the lig t upward. The light thus thrown on the ceiling is reflected toward the inside wall. . . Below the directional glass block the short windows form a vision Light and Color 229 I K ;l RJ. IS bilateral or multilateral lighting in one-story buildings with single-loaded corridors Gloss block clerestory obove dropped corridor roof. Gloss block above clear glass vision strip on window wall MICHIGAN Classroom and corridor roof a single slab. Clear glass transom on corridor wall of clossroom Shading louvers on exterior wall Of corridor CALIFORNIA Curved ceiling t 0 reduce ceiling Drightness at high point. Louvered projecting screen on window wall below g| oss block stnp ) to reduce sky glare thru clear glass vision strip. Louvered overhang above clear gloss clerestory Square classroom lighted from 'op and both sides. R'dge skylight with ventilator. Plywood egg-crate light baffle p °ced horizontally above doping portions of ceiling. Clear glass transom high on south wall. sunlight blocked by overhanging roof of open corn- dor CALIFORNIA ■Map it J Architectural Record. March OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS 230 American School Buildings strip of clear glass that allows one to get a view of the out-of-doors. Shades or light-baffles are needed over the vision strip, and are often necessary over the directional glass block. This type of fenestration is more expensive than the conventional windows, but the results obtained may justify the extra cost. Glass block can also be used in various ways in bilateral lighting, for example, in clerestory panels. ORIENTATION There is no unanimity of opinion as to the proper orientation for school buildings. In northern climates direct sunlight into each room is thought to be desirable psychologically, altho it produces glare and brightness-differences that must be dealt with thru adequate shielding and attention to children’s seating. Strong arguments are advanced in the South for planning schools so that classrooms will have only north and south windows, the latter to be shielded from direct sunlight. Factors that affect the orientation of buildings are the size and location of the school plot, the presence of nearby buildings and trees, and the natural landscaping and geographical location. The important thing is to take all these factors into account, and what¬ ever the orientation, to plan for the maintenance of low brightness- differences between the sources of daylight and the interior of the classrooms. LIGHT CONTROLS Either exterior or interior equipment may be used for excluding direct sunlight and strong sky glare from the classroom, while admitting as much diffused daylight as possible. Exterior controls are needed in warm climates to avoid the excessive heat that comes from the sun’s rays on the window glass. 1 " An editorial in the Architectural Record urges that exterior overhangs and other built-in sun-catches be held to a minimum, advancing the principle of “getting all the daylight inside the room before controlling it. Exterior devices for light control include built-in roof projections, overhangs, jib walls, and outriggers, as well as movable baffles Venetian awnings, and Venetian-type screens. The type to be used depends much upon the geographical location of the school, as we 13 Drcyfuss, Albert M„ Jr. “How Southern Classrooms Can Beat the Heat.” HaS Douglas. “A Year of Basic School Progress.” Architectural Record 1947. Nation’s Schools 41: 101: 79-80; Januarj Light and Color FIGURE 19 BILATERAL LIGHTING IN ONE-STORY BUILDINGS WITH DOUBLE-LOADED CORRIDORS Skylight with ridge ventilator provides light for horizontal clear glass skylights in classroom and corridor ceilings. Heating absorbing glass is recommended for skylight LOUISIANA Ridge skylight provides light for transoms on corridor wall of classroom and for skylight in low-ceilinged corridor Dropped corridor roof, to provide ventilating clerestory windows on corridor wall of classroom. Canopies above southern windows. No direct sunlight strikes windows in school hours from April 15 to October 15 Clerestory or monitor windows provide adde light for inner part o classroom. Overhar above clerestory windoi blocks off direct rays of sun. Clerestory windows and corridor breeze sash pivoted fi ventilation OHIO LOUISIANA Architectural Record, Marches * SS ° CIATI ° N ° F SCH00L ADMINISTRATORS m>, ... America. SCe., B American School Buildings as the maintenance afforded. To be satisfactory they should require little or no manipulation and be easy to maintain. On the inside use may be made of shades, draperies, Venetian blinds, diffusers, and louvers. Shades should be of light-colored trans¬ lucent material, highly diffusing, and mounted at the mid-point of the windows in order to provide separate control of both the upper and low T er half. They should overlap at mid-point (to avoid a glaring crack of light) or have light strips between them. Opaque shades should never be used in a classroom except in darkening it for visual education. Draperies are not as flexible as shades because they provide for controlling the light from the sides only. If used, they should be made of light-diffusing material suspended from tracks providing ease of movement. Venetian blinds are flexible but they require considerable maintenance and teacher adjustment. They should be light-colored, preferably with the control of the lower half separate from the upper half. In some cases light-colored cloth baffles and diffusers, and frames of fixed louvers, have been used. For the proper functioning of any device for daylight control, it is important that it operate easily and that the teacher understand its value and make an attempt to use it properly. The teacher is a key person in all plans of school lighting - Skilled teachers in the past have shown ingenuity and resourcefulness in overcoming some of the handicaps of bad lighting. Others, by misuse of equ.pmen and by bad seating arrangements, can defeat the purpose of the mos modern installations for visual comfort and efficiency. No par of the lighting installation is more important than the setting up o a plan for continuous counseling with teachers to make sure tha they understand and use the equipment properly. Artificial Light Due to the wide variabilities of natural light, its uneven distribu¬ tion in the classroom, and the need for rooms larger can be daylighted adequately, some provision for artificial hgh sary in all school buildings. Community uses of school buildings a school hours and in the evenings also make artificia light nece . y. Since modern artificial light is almost exclusively electric light, discussion presupposes the use of electricity. .Light and Color 233 In planning a balanced-brightness environment for classrooms, with recommended intensities of from 20 to 40 footcandles, the amount of light available from daylight sources should be first es¬ tablished as a basis upon which to determine the needed additional amount of artificial light. With some exceptions the evening uses of school classrooms will not require as high an intensity of light as the daytime use. In planning the basic construction, the relative costs for building and maintenance of bilateral daylighting may be balanced against he costs of installing and maintaining artificial lights to provide the same quality and quantity of illumination. A projected school n Massachusetts, for example, has bilateral lighting in classrooms 30 feel square thru providing high intensities of artificial lighting comdors . the !>ght being admitted to classrooms thru louvered transoms m the corridor walls.” A few classrooms are in use in whrch a ceding of light” is provided by installing a large number of closely spaced lighting units, louvered so as to avoid 1™* lghting fixtures range from direct to indirect, as determined y eir general light pattern and the amount of light sent upward or downward, as follows: 8 upward Direct-The light from the bare bulb or tube is unshielded If th. } incandescent bulb it usually is surrounded h v , . nsmeicled - lf the lamp is an bottom, which directs from 90 to 100 percent ofTeYhlT Shield ’ ° Pen at the e z:^r,r- - bottom, which permits aboVT^ ° pen at the sends from 90 to 60 percent downward Fixtures ofthi^ g ° *** corridors and locker rooms where dure ; “ f f th type ma y be use d in A type of semidirect fixture that provides 1 ^ 2 , aCt ° r ’ but not in classrooms, the glare produces a satisfactory light for clTss™™ the ^ lampS blod! wtrfgio^o' a di * usi " e ^ Semi-indirect—About 60 to 90 nerr P nf „r tu, ,• , , . w .. ■ th lght 1S S£nt upward i about 40 AMAq, s 41; grapl * on P- 296 of yearbook. 85 ' August 194 S- (School in Park rm ® Llghtmg Tech- Kiage, Illinois.) See photo- FIGURE 20 LIGHT BAFFLES USED IN SCHOOLS ■ ON LAMPS■ Vertical concentric louvers on incandescent silver bowl lamp (indirect) Semi-translucent bowl on incandescent lamp (luminous indirect) Egg-crate louvers on fluorescent lamps (semi-direct) Semi-translucent shield on fluorescent lamps (luminous indirect) Light and Color 235 to 10 percent downward. The lamp is above a translucent shield or bowl, open at the top. The ceiling is the main reflective source of light, but enough direct light is sent downward to cause some glare and shadow. Opaque or luminous indirect—The lamp is surrounded by an opaque or slightly translucent shield or bowl open at the top, or by concentric-ring louvers around a silvered-bowl lamp, so that from 90 to 100 percent of the light is directed upward. The ceiling is the source of reflected light and when painted a light color and kept clean, provides a good light with little or no glare or shadows A slightly translucent bowl is better than one that is cntirelv opaque as the latter provides too great a brightness-difference against the'luminous ceiling. Indirect lighting is the least efficient, as from 10 to 40 percent of the hght is absorbed by the ceiling, but is the most desirable in quality. FLUORESCENT VS. INCANDESCENT LAMPS „ ,f‘ Se aS ‘° the reIative merits of the familiar incandes- 1 ' g ‘ “ S / nd the newer fluorescent light tubes. Incandescent lamps and the fixtures for them are less expensive than other types and Tm 5 r re eaSy ‘° Change ’ fil many ty P es of fixtures and shades d within limits may be varied in size within a given fixture The amps have an average life of about 1000 hours which is not affected by th number of times the light is turned on and off They star instantaneously wuhout flickering and they burn without ’sound whrrc^T P “Xntgh tzf o! ° hea *- maintained. Up to 30 footcandles of light, howeve ca „ 1'°" in that the^v^rafklu^ctTh" 1386 ° Ver inCandescent Ia mps amount o/cutnf Be'Z S “ f T ** “* ““ in old buildings to raise the ill • ! ’ th y of,en can be used new wiring. * ,llumina t.on level without installing of Twt" ' arge P3rt » three hours per start, the average rated^ ana ™’ age burni ng time of normal amount of starting of the lamp in cla ab ° Ut 2S °° h ° UrS; the 236 American School Buildings drop in efficiency during the first 100 hours of use, thus the lamp rating by the manufacturer represents the light that is given at the end of the first 100 hours. The fixtures for fluorescent lamps are more complicated and costly than those for incandescent. Certain auxiliary equipment is in¬ corporated within the fixtures, such as a starter and a ballast. Instantaneous starting is possible by an increased cost of lamps and auxiliaries. These extra accessories, as well as the difficulty of cleaning, complicate the maintenance problem. The ballasts in some fixtures radiate an almost inaudible sound that may interfere with radio reception if not properly filtered. Some lamps have a slight flicker, or stroboscopic variation, which proves dangerous around some types of moving machinery. \ fluorescent tube is larger than an incandescent bulb of the same wattage and therefore gives considerably less spot brightness. Even the fluorescent lamp, however, is too bright to be used bare. For general classroom illumination, fluorescent lamps shou d be used either in luminous-shield indirect fixtures or with properly louvered semidirect fixtures so that the bare tube cannot eome wtth.n the field of vision tlurinp normal work. The tube should be sh.elded so that it is not visible at any angle less than 45 degrees from the horizontal for the side view, nor less than 35 degrees for theamd vteav. When costs of installation and of current are compared, fluore cent lighting costs more to install but requires less current o operate Z incandescent lighting. Many variables should enter mo figu™ comparative costs, however, includtng the cost of installatton t cost of current per kilowatt hour, the number of horns the lamps arc burned per year, the frequency of turning the lights on and off and the cej of maintenance and cleaning. Studies have been mad which attempt to take account of these factors, mcludtng the charging off of one-tenth of the original installation cost per ye t . With current at 1 cent per kilowatt hour, the costs for mamtamm Ttmiform footcandle level were not greatly different among th various types of incandescent and fluorescent install.-, tons. At.6 cents per kilowatt hour, however, the fluorescent considerably less. The increased costs of power had more effect “iM'nr Alim. Ctrl J. 77-M: Atmtt.l !9«*. R (l , C ol h n , ,W arTlrira art available a* reprint. Iron, I.n«lneerin ( niviitlon!Tamp nepa'r.men., Oanerai Electric Co.. Nel. Park, Cleveland, Ohio,) Light and Color 237 the total costs of the incandescent than on the fluorescent, since costs of fixtures and maintenance were relatively higher for the fluorescent than for the incandescent. Whether or not these potential savings can be achieved in the use of fluorescent lamps in schools depends on the extent to which cooperation can be secured in holding down the number of times the lights are turned on and off, and on the effectiveness with which operation and maintenance personnel are trained in the cleaning and care of the fixtures and lamps. Informal reporting of experience by school maintenance officials seems to indicate that under school conditions, the life of the lamps may be somewhat less, and the labor costs for maintenance and repairs considerably more, than would be predicted on the basis of factory tests. COLD CATHODE LAMPS In the foregoing discussion, “fluorescent” has referred to the type of fluorescent tubes now most widely used. Another type, similar in principle but different in several technical details, is known as the cold cathode tube, in contrast to the hot cathode of the ordinary fluorescent. The use of cold cathode lighting in schools is still ex¬ perimental but some preliminary trials have been encouraging. Cold cathode lamps have an effective life of more than 10,000 hours which is not affected by the number of times the lamps are started. They start instantaneously without flickering. They mav be operated in series which makes it possible to locate the trans¬ formers outside the classroom and thus remove the low humming sound that is typical of all fluorescent lamps. When operated in series, cold cathode lamps may be dimmed with usual dimming devices from full brightness to a faint glow, a feature not now pos sible for ordinary fluorescent lamps. Also, they may be operated on transformers with a current of low amperage (60 milliamps) to maintain an unshielded surface brightness of as low as 500 to 550 ootlamberts- Such a light, however, runs somewhat higher than the desirable maximum brightness for classroom use Cold cathode lamps give off about 10 to 12 percent less light for “edT„ 0 sh”eldedT t ent ““ ^ --- fixtures, cost somewhat more for installation and ran l8 uary W 1949° hn ^ “ CoW Ca ‘ h ° de Fluores « nt Lighting.” American School Board Journal 1.7: 238 American School Buildings current. Due to longer lamp life, the absence of starters, and sim¬ plicity of operation, however, they are likely to cost less for mainte¬ nance. ESTIMATES OE NUMBER OF WATTS NEEDED In planning the wiring for a school building, the following formula is a convenient way for arriving at a rough estimate of the total lamp wattage needed: With incandescent lamps: Floor area in square feet X Footcandles desired equals Total number of 6 watts With fluorescent lamps: Moor area in square feet X Footcandles desired equals Total number of 12 to 15 watts Thus fur a classroom of 900 square feet, m which art,he,a ligU would be depended upon for 20 footcandles of light, about . 00 watts would be needed for lighting by incandescent lamps and 1200 to 1500 watts for lighting by fluorescent lamps. Whatever type of lamp is to be used, the wiring should a low for the next larger lamp size than I he one installed to provide for pos¬ sible future developments. Lack of this foresight blocks he better illumination of many schoolrooms today. In gencia , ci b ' apachy of the wiring increases the initial cost of the winng about one-third. automatic controls Questions may be raised as to an automatic control of classroom electric lights instead of a manual control directed by the lead* ■ Automatic control using either the selenium cell or the photo-etaimc tube has been used with varying degrees of success. Sometunes he light gatherer-cell or tube-is installed on the outside of the budd¬ ing using one (or each exposure. In other cases a cell ot tube is installed either at the front or at the side of each classroom, to urn on the Inside row of lights as the natural illumination decree below a certain set minimum. If automatic control is Light and Color 239 necessary to have a special switch to cut it off when the room is darkened for visual education. Perhaps a better plan is a light indi¬ cator system, entirely separate from the lighting circuit, that pro¬ vides a light gatherer for each room. This cell or tube actuates a relay which in turn operates a visible or audible signal—for example, a small red light or a chime—when more light is needed. When there is no longer need for the added light, the red light or the chime again signals the change. Still another system uses the principle of the light meter with a large hand or dial which shows red when light is needed and white when the lights can be turned off. These systems will become popular only as they are made simple in operation and reasonable in cost. Color Only by the skilful use of color can the conditions be established for a comfortable and pleasing visual environment. In schools that have used properly balanced color and light schemes as contrasted to traditional situation, observers have noticed more alertness on the part of the pupils, more teacher enthusiasm, less teacher fatigue at the end of the day, and more pride in the building on the part of pupils and staff, resulting in greater cleanliness and better care. In selecting colors and paints, attention must be given to the psy¬ chological response to color, to the color and intensity of the light, to the maintenance of appropriate brightness-differences, to special uses to be made of the colors, and to atmospheric conditions that might affect the paints. Different types of lights will give different qualities to the same color; thus it is important to select colors under the light to which they are to be subjected. The ordinary incandescent lamp gives a slight accent to yellow and conversely tones down the purple hues that are complementary to yellow. Thus orchid and violet do not show off well under incandescent lamps, but seem to fade into gray. The so-called daylight incandescent lamp, on the other hand, gives a slight accent to blue, which in turn means that orange and its re¬ lated warm hues are grayed considerably. Many of the early installations of fluorescent lights used tubes that emphasized blue to such an extent that the warm color of l^ man f in was chan « ed in appearance to a sickly greenish pallor. This is also true to some extent of the daylight incandescent American School Buildings lamp. Such results can easily be avoided by selecting one of the soft white fluorescents which contain more red and are best used with warm colors such as ivory, cream, tan, yellow, rose, peach, and coral. The greens, blues, yellow-greens, and blue-greens have a tendency to fade under this white light and hence may require a greater in¬ tensity of hue than would be required under a daylight lamp. Color renders important services in improving the quality of light, especially in the maintenance of appropriate brightness-differences. By studying the light-reflecting values, it is possible to select paints that will promote visual comfort. Pearl gray^and a pale coral, for example, will provide an interesting contrast in hue, but properly selected they will reflect the same amount of light and thus the combination will be easy on the eyes. In many new buildings the woodwork will be painted the same light color as the walls. On the ceilings an 80 percent reflection factor is needed. This requires that the color must be white or nearly white and that the ceiling must be kept clean. Altho it is difficult to keep the reflection factor up to 80 percent with acoustically treated ceilings, it is not impossible if the proper materials are selected in the beginning an the ceiling is given proper care. . A side-wall reflection factor of 60 percent limits the colors to those commonly known as the pastel tints. The reflection factor should be measured exactly or purchased on a dependable guarantee, can be determined by a mechanical measuring device in the hands of a competent person, or it may be read directly from the label > purchased from a reputable firm which reports the reflec .on factor on each container of paint. Colors cannot be judged in small Patches, a color will appear lighter in a small sample than it will appear * On' wainscot, trim, and baseboard a 40 to 60 percent reflection fictor is needed. Colors that are contrasting or complementary to the wall colors may be used, or darker shades of the wali colors, m harmonious and associated colors in combination. Probably the safest plan is to use the darker tones of the wall color but con- trasted^and associated colors, selected with skill, will provide charm and interest. The old-fashioned dark wood trim against white o ivory walls wa, a constant annoyance to eyes at work and should be avoided in future painting. Raising the floor color to a 30 or 40 percent reflection facto. Light and Color 241 practically eliminates oiled floors, dark asphalt tile, and other dark finishes and introduces instead more of the light maple, light oak. light asphalt tiles, and the light linoleums such as tan or light brown Jaspe. Plastic flooring in light colors is also coming into production. The use of dirt-colored” paint for any schoolroom floor in order to disguise the presence of dirt cannot be condoned at all. Requiring a 30 to 40 percent reflection factor for desks and other equipment eliminates the old school furniture brown and introduces the new bleached, straw, light honey color, and associated finishes. Under no condition should the old institutional grays and browns be used. Nonglossy finishes should be used on all surfaces—walls, floors, and furniture—to eliminate glare and reflections. There is a common tendency to associate colors with ideas of warmth and coolness. There has been some scientific evidence also that colors affect attitudes and the output of energy. Red and orange, for example, are regarded as warm and energizing colors; blue and green as cool and soothing. Warm colors are usually preferred for sunless rooms and cool colors for sunny rooms. In the schoolroom however, it is probable that color has its chief value not in the use of specific hues to induce specific attitudes, but in bringing about a general mood of acceptance and enjoyment of the school situation. Color can help to bring happiness to children in school. It can improve lighting and can substitute beauty for the drabness that too long has been typical of school buildings Color can sometimes be used to advantage for certain other prac make th P ° S | S ' l' ,ght “ Iors make rooma look larger while dark colors make them look smaller. Darker colors have a tendency to retire or ot out while lighter colors emphasize. This knowledge can be used details or to ° bjeCt !°° k ! arge k ° r sma ". in subordinating undesirable ails, or m accenting desirable details. Machines and eauinment to be useTat the mth' ** COmplemen,a ''y 'he materials " "S wasse S=- Paints in laboratories should be free of whif* w * darkening in the nresenr^ n f j , hlte eac * to avoi d Presence of hydrogen sulphide. Water-thinned 242 American School Buildings paints, such as resin emulsion, should not be used where germicidal lamps are to be installed. Neither should water-base paint be used in places requiring washability and resistance to severe abrasion, because these paints are not capable of withstanding resistance to the type of washing compounds and cleaners usually available for school maintenance. The use of color can promote safety by marking various types of hazards with distinctive colors. 19 Also, colors can be used in other ways for coding and identification. For example, varying colors can be used on the handles of hand tools to identify types or sizes. A light blue color can be used on switch boxes and meters to help identification; however, the inside should be painted orange. Each valve and covered pipe should be painted a distinctive coded color which indicates the type of service furnished by that valve or pipe. This ease of identification will lessen mistakes in operation. It might be desirable also to paint each type of playground equipment a different color for proper identification. Summary 1. Light and color, as a part of our environment, condition our health and learning. , _ 2. It is generally agreed that good lighting aids educational prog- ress 3. Emphasis in school lighting now is less than formerly on quan¬ tity and more upon quality of light, which is determined by the location and the intensity of the source of light and its surround¬ ings or environment. . . . . 4. Comfort and efficiency in vision are increased by maintaining a balanced brightness thru low surface brightnesses, high reflection factors, and nongloss surfaces. . . 4 5. Ceilings should have an 80 percent reflection factor, walls 60 percent, wainscot and trim 40 to 60 percent, desks and floors 30 to 40 percent, and chalkboards not less than 20 percent. . 6 P Bilateral lighting, clerestory lighting, and directional g as block in properly designed installations increase the quantity and 'ltd the distribution of natural light in a room. 7. Natural lighting should be controlled, and children should e seated so that no excessive glare is within the normal visual field. i»8m D. 174-75. l-(XOni /\1N U L.ULUK iS*tO 8. Light intensities of from 20 to 40 footcandles are desirable for classrooms. 9. The brightness of any light source or other surface in the schoolroom environment should not exceed 500 footlamberts; even lower brightnesses are desirable, depending upon the general level of illumination. 10. No bare lamps should be allowed in a person’s normal visual field. 11. Fluorescent lamps give off at least twice as much light for a given amount of current as do incandescent lamps. 12. Fluorescent lamps give off less heat than incandescent lamps and are desirable when an intensity of more than 30 footcandles is required. 13. The costs of fixtures and the costs of cleaning and repairs are much lower for incandescent lamps than for fluorescent lamps. 14. For most classrooms automatic control of the lights is not as desirable as a light indicator and manual control. 15. Properly chosen colors help to provide desirable brightness- balance in schoolrooms and can be used in all parts of the school plant as an aid to safety and identification. 16. Color should be selected on the basis of its use and under the type of light to which it will be subjected. _ 17. An essential part of any system of school lighting is a con¬ tinuing plan for counseling with teachers and with operating per- sonnel to make sure that they understand the lights and the equip¬ ment for shading the light, so that they will use them to provide the best possible conditions for seeing. CHAPTER FOURTEEN Instructional Furniture and Equipment as the nation’s schools now and in the near future expect to spend billions of dollars on new schoolhouse construction, of which a substantial portion will be allocated to instructional furniture and equipment, serious thought and careful planning should be given to this important phase of the school plant. Unfortunately, there have been experiences in the construction of new schoolhouses in which the total funds available were used for the structures them¬ selves with nothing “left over” with which to equip the buildings for their educational use. This chapter is devoted to a discussion of basic principles and recent thinking with reference to the fur¬ nishings of the modern schoolhouse. This chapter deals more with furniture than with equipment. By way of definition and distinction it might be well to classify as^fur¬ niture those items associated with the instructional function of the school plant that are not affixed to the building itself, that are usable by the pupils and teachers, and that are movable for the greater convenience and benefit ot both. Pupils' desks, tables, chatrs teach¬ ers’ desks, and movable bookcases and cabinets are in this classifi¬ cation. Such units as built-in lockers, cabinets, bookcases, storage facilities attached laboratory tables, kitchen units, heavy s op chines publicaddress systems, audio-visual facilities, an many other units (including some small portable objects) are classifie as equipment While both classifications are essential to proper in- trZ much oi the equipment must be a ning of the building and, therefore, will fall within the cost esu mafes of the building project. Furniture thought bu t It never Is when *»- r 9141 Furniture and Equipment 245 Relationship of Furniture and Equipment to Educational Function Without school furniture even a well-planned school building is only a shelter; it is well-planned furniture that makes it a school. The children are in the building but they use the furniture. For many generations furniture has been placed in a schoolroom and then the chddren have been expected to fit the furniture. Today’s philosophy of education causes educators to center a larger part of their interest and endeavor on the child’s growth—mentally, socially, physically, and emotionally. Furniture and equipment that do not make a contribution toward child development have no place in a classroom. When possible, equipment should be of such character that chil¬ dren can handle it. For example, a little child in the primary grades should have an opportunity to handle a globe. The globe used by the teacher may be larger than the globe that is passed among the children. The important thing is for the children to examine the globe, to recognize the spherical shape of the earth, and to develop a proper perspective in their own minds of the location of countries and places. It is not too great a loss if a child occasionally drops a g o e and breaks it. The loss in equipment is compensated for in he growth of the children. So it is with all instructional equipment- much of it as possible should be manageable by the children buMiZ"^ 15 S °f SerVkeable furniture “ d equipment for school dings that great care and precaution should be exercised in its physical characterisfc ° f tjxzzsz: -zz — y - wi,s ““ ’ me percent of children with defective 246 American School Buildings vision increases steadily thruout their school years. 2 Posture defects increase during the early elementary years and are greater among high-school students than among first-graders. Table 2 illustrates these trends as shown in recent health examinations in New York State. Tho it would be fallacious to presume that school environ¬ ment is the sole cause of this increase in defective vision and pos¬ ture, it seems certain that school surroundings, like all other sur¬ roundings, have had an influence toward causing these and other physical defects. Accordingly, any improvement that can be made in the construction of school furniture, in the color used, in the placement with respect to light within the classroom itself, to the end that the child’s vision, posture, and other responses to the en¬ vironment will be more nearly normal, will improve the child’s pres¬ ent comfort and will contribute to his future health. To expose a child to unhealthful or uncomfortable physical surroundings has a damag¬ ing influence on his nervous system and impedes his learning. a Maxwell. C. II.. and Rrnwn, W. I’. “The Age Incidence of Defects in Children, Their Changing Health Status.” Journal of School Health 18: 65-80; March 1948. FIGURE 21 SUGGESTED ARRANGEMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL DESKS OR TABLES FOR GOOD SEEING IN ROOM LIGHTED FROM ONE SIDE ONLY anaQ p □ Q A*QUAORANT PLAN INCLUDING PROVISION (CHAIRS IN UPPER LEFT-HAND OORNER OF •KETCH) FOR LEFT-HANDED PUPILS S' 9 & 999 S 3 @ a & & £> & £? B- CURVED ROWS TO MAINTAIN FOR EACH PUPIL A 80-DEGREB ANGLE BETWEEN LINE OF VISION AND FRONT LIMIT OF WINDOWS AMINUN UMOIATlON OF IOHOOL A 0 MIN 18 TRATO 8 I (A) Henry B. Burnett. School Poiturc end SicllnA Inffij DarJt Boyd Harmon, Arobltieturil RoQOfdi Pthrnuy 1941 1* URNITURE AND EQUIPMENT 247 TABLE 2.—TRENDS BY SCHOOL GRADES IN DELECTS IN VISION AND POSTURE N unilter ol delects per LOUD pupii- 1 11 vision In ] x! ure ( Seven- defects onlv t Kindergarten A 1 Grade I. i) A 1(. ? ^ Grade II. 125 Grade III \() { ) 1 ()() Grade IV. Grade V . ?2s Grade VI 7 1 i) Grade VII 2 07 A.1 1 - Grade VIII ....... Grade IX Grade X 220 224 2i>4 316 D A ■> - Grade XI 2') Grade XII . 2( i 30 s 1 7 Based oil school-health examinations of Si 0I<> miniE in 1 46. as reported in: Maxwell, C. IT. and Brmvn \V V Thor Changing Health Status.” Journal ,./ School 'll.aith [' "• I 1 ""! s y-i''iiK in NV»v \ I lie Avo Imi! I >i i\ ]N; (o-NQ; M.u, h 1‘».}N. '••ik State 1 M- in Children. Grade level of pupils examined lighting in relation TO SCHOOL M ILNHT RI-: AND liQI ' II>\11-\T educaliorl? f , 3t ” P of fun,ilure ami equipment to ils li-h "l °" e lhe Chief fac,ors is Of light and traditional , P f °," haS demonstrated that reconditioning a trad ttonal classroom by lightening the color of all surfaces inclml r, **:• - ~ t combinatEns thaMend^o^rediice blth^'T * d “" e be done'i,,Natural ot ' ,er "“''ab'e furniture should 2 ^i° to 40 r-da„a: v t: b^tdt ■’Harmon. Darell R ‘-t • , . ° cu Lu RORrcl "tit is. Eight on Growing Chihlr en. Architectural Rccon/ oo- -t on- r t ■ '- s i>- H-bruary 10do. 248 American School Buildings against gloss or high polish. The light color and dull finish tend to reduce the high light-reflection contrast formerly found between the traditional dark desk top and the white paper of the visual task of the pupil, as well as to assist in the general light-control program^ Tho the changeover to light-colored furniture has not made muc headway so far, a more rapid change can be expected within the next decade, as school purchasers request this type Another factor in the relationship of furniture to lighting is that of the angle line of the sitting position of the child with respec to the light source. Children should not face a light source of high brightness but are often forced to do so in schoolrooms. In the trad • tional pattern of classroom seating, still in use in some schools, which the desks are arranged in rows parallel to the windows, many children on the window side of the room and in the back are forced t„ face considerable light glare from tire window battery. In — H "o « S 2 Ton rnibeTta; Ingle of no. more than SO degrees prefect ^ran^Onued— or P multilateral lighting sets «« «• l tr"S , !.STnMi:“ ,'K"X- 5Sf-- **<• . Nillnnal F.tluml on ln, i" n - K n C. : the 1946. 79 | . , . , -ni*” f inure 22 —Wardrobe units for Points To Not, in the "Hotter Zr. Seating area in a corner, outer clothinU and lunches )u.t “ • f()f other purpose*. Work table for thus leaving the maximum o usn t j ie Storatfo cabinets near the activity area at the back and conveni n( j rC adintt center in quiet corner, £ r:rr 5 -— Furniture and Equipment FIGURE 22 SUGGESTED ARRANGEMENTS of FURNITURE and EQUIPMEN1 in SQUARE ROOM with DIFFUSED LIGHTING 250 American School Buildings fewer restrictions on the location of seating and offers encourage¬ ment to the teacher and class for flexibility in the placement and use of the units of furniture. (See Figure 22.) SIZE AND ADAPTABILITY OF FURNITURE Other factors in the usability of school furniture and its effect upon the pupils are size, adjustability, and adaptability. The best educational thinking points to a strong preference for movable class¬ room furniture. Thousands of classrooms, however, must continue to use, to the best advantage possible, the durable fixed seating with which they are equipped. Where these old desks are adjustable, full use should be made of this feature. The traditional types of desk made no provision for adjustment to fit the different sizes of the pupils who were to use them. Often a classroom has been equipped with one size desk only and all sizes of pupils in the room have used them. Such a practice means that probably one-half of the pupils are provided with desks of the right size, but the remainder are doomed to make their own adjustments by sitting on a foot, reaching up to do their work on the desk top, or leaning over in order to get down to the desk. Furthermore, many large pupils arc forced to fold their legs under the desk or put them in the aisles to be stumbled over, while many small ones sit with their feet dangling in the air. All of these conditions contribute to postural defects such as a curved spine, a high shoulder, the head held to one side, stooped shoulders, and the like. An examination of many of today’s classrooms will verify the above comments. . Individual differences in children are just as real in the physical world as in the mental, and every child should be provided with a school desk and scat that will allow for his own positive develop¬ ment, comfort, and health protection. A functional analysis of chil¬ dren’s needs should be made under controlled research conditions, and manufacturers should be advised of these discovered needs so that they may build furniture for children’s health and comfort. Some suggestions for properly designed seats and desks are given below: 1. Seat , . ff. Height_Pupil’s feet should rest flat on the floor and support sum- cient weight so there is no pressure on under side of thigh at fronl of seat. Furniture and Equipment 251 FIGURE 23 GIVE THE CHILDREN SPACE BACK OF INSIDE ANGLE OF KNEE (d) back edge of table overlaps front edge of chair © U5W CHAIR BACK,OPEN AT BOTTOM; SUPPORT FOP HOLLOW OF SACK ONLY © TABLE TOP HIGHER THAN ELBOW WHEN ARM is straight AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS 252 American School Buildings Depth—When pupil’s back is properly supported by back rest, there should be three or four inches clearance between front edge of seat and inside angle of knee. Slope—The seat should slope slightly down toward the rear to overcome tendency to slide forward. Shape—The seat should be shaped so as to distribute the weight over a large area without undue pressure at specific points. There should be no rail, ridge, or other obstruction at the rear of the seat which would prevent the extension of the buttocks beyond the back support. 2. Back Support Width—The back support should contact only the lumbar region or hollow of the back between the hips and the shoulder blades. Slope—The slope of the back support will depend upon the total chair design, but should support the pupil’s back while sitting in an upright working position. 3. Desk or Working Surface Height—The height of a fiat-top desk should be one to two inches above elbow level of the pupil when properly seated and with the arm in a vertical position. If the desk top slopes, the edge next to the pupil should be a little lower in proportion to the slope. Desk Slope— This is a difficult problem regarding which there is not uniform agreement. For some activities, pupils need a flat work¬ ing surface. For writing, it probably is better if the desk has a slight slope. For prolonged reading, the book should be held at a rig t angle to the sight line when the pupil is erect with back supported. If the desk top is to provide all of these conditions rather comp i- cated adjustments are necessary. Since the pupil can hold the book, or support it on other books, and since he often has other materials on the desk at the same time, the reading-slope adjustment is not considered essential. There is more reason for having sloping desk tops in the upper grades, where much time is given to reading and study, than in the lower grades. Arm Rest— Conventional tablet-arm chairs, or other seats th tend to interfere with the elbow of the writing arm, throw the spme and shoulders into an unnatural position, and should be discou g • Spacing— The total design of seat and desk will affect the horizon- Furniture and Equipment 253 tal spacing, but a comfortable working position will usually require that the desk overlap the seat by three or four inches. Leg Space—There must be sufficient space between the seat and the desk bottom or table apron for free movement of the thighs, even if this requirement limits the depth of a book box or drawer.' If the foregoing recommendations are followed for each pupil, the appropriate heights for desks, seats, tables, and chairs will vary widely within each grade or age group. Some attempts have been made to standardize on four sizes, as shown in Table 3, but there TABLE 3.—proposed standard heights for school tables and chairs Dimension Heights in inches for four stock sizes recommended (a) fb) (c) (d) Height to top of table, includ¬ ing gliders . . . Height to top of chair seat, 20 23 26 29 including gliders Height from chair seat to 11 13 15 17 table top 9 10 11 5 PS .Minimum height of knee space 4 %> 5 12 6 SimnilrTti"’ 0 " 1 - 1 l ' S - Dc P art ment of Commerce p , P fied t ractice Recommendation R191-43. Vashin National Bureau Ston, D. C.: Gov of Standards, ernment Printi School Tables. ng Office, 1943. Heights in inches, pre-kindergarten thru Grade IX Pre-kinder¬ garten Kinder¬ garten Grades I-III Grades IV-VI Grades VII- IX -Laoies (and desk tops) . IS 18-20 22 & 24% 24%, 26%, & 28% & 30 Chairs Adapted from N*. L. 9-10 an excerpt from New 10-12, & 14 ^ ork Citv Srhnnl 12-14, & 16 28% 13%- 14% 16 & 17% 254 American School Buildings is need for a finer gradation, and for providing a range of sizes for each class. Table 4 shows the ranges in heights of desks and chairs recommended for classrooms in the New York City public schools. The importance of providing a variety of sizes, and for lower chair and desk heights than are commonly purchased, is suggested by the figures in Table 5, based on careful measurements of nearly 4000 individual pupils. It will be noticed, for example, that nearly two- thirds of the high-school pupils needed chairs only 16 inches high, or lower, whereas the practice in many places is to purchase only the adult-size 18-inch chairs for senior high schools. Any proposed standard distribution of furniture sizes, however, should be checked by actual measurements of groups of children in the local system. Pupils’ desks and seats should be individually adjustable, and should actually be adjusted, to comply with the suggested stand¬ ards as to height of desk and seat and relationships between the two, or nonadjustable desks and seats should be individually selected for each child. If teachers and principals do not use the adjustable features of seats, the extra expense for this type of furniture is not justified. Where movable furniture of varying sizes is supplied to each room and the furniture is actually moved in the course of classroom ac¬ tivities, the entire effort to provide furniture to fit children will be defeated if chairs are not assigned to individual pupils. A good ac¬ tivity for the first day of school is the selecting and labeling of a chair for each child. TABLE I.—RECOMMENDED DISTRIBUTION OF SEAT HEIGHTS FOR SCHOOL GRADES, BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF PUPILS Height of scat in inches 11 12*4 13*4 14H 16 17*4 School grade or division j Yl m IV V VI VII VIII High school 10 50 50 50% 35% 10% 10% 25 40 40 40 25% 10 25 50 50 40 25 50 25% 40 35 Sued oo meaaurementaof J6U Kh %'.P U ^ ll, j 4 7 PO (Ou't of prinTf Seat'heights ^column 1 repre- Do»ton: Oinn and Company, 1MB, p. MS. mut oi prim.; int.Und.7dm.nufactur«m* .lie. it time book wu prepared. Furniture and Equipment 255 In high schools and other departmentalized schools, where chil¬ dren are changing rooms and seats thruout the day, or in schools already equipped with traditional furniture, the best solution for this problem is the placing of different sizes of seats in all rooms. 6 Refinishing of Present Furniture Much of the furniture that was modern ten to twenty years ago is judged now to be inadequate. It is estimated that about eight hundred million dollars are invested in the school furniture and equipment now in use and that it would cost at least twice that sum to replace these installations. To abandon this vast amount of structurally sound furniture is out of the question. It is necessary however, to know how to renovate or rehabilitate this furniture’ and equipment to a usable condition. One important step is that of lightening the color of the furniture so as to reduce surface contrasts. Desks are usually constructed of oak, maple, or birch and formerly were finished with a brown enamel or a dark stain and varnish. These dark finishes are not desirable as they absorb too much light. To rehabilitate them so that they will be acceptable, they should be refinished. Desks may be refinished in this manner: First, remove the painted or varnished surface from the tops of the desks by using a portable e ectnc sander, preferably a “belt” type that follows the grain fi st aT S ? metimeS ! th Iess ex P ens ive to use a varnish remover rst. A floor-edging machine is very satisfactory for removing paint and varnish. It is usually necessary to use a coarse open grif sand XLtd bTdr/zrr 1 7v he fr* “ f out should be patched w th e pl “icto P od n L ^ made by inlaying wood and m7h, ng ZlJn fLT T T ** be dressed and sanded. the grain. These patches should Plied'^nfo rft 8 has bee " com P Iete d, the finish should be ap ^d_so as to^rceTblt XT’oak ££*£ 256 American School Buildings of a filler should precede the seal. After the bleach has thoroly dried, sand smooth; then apply one coat of penetrating seal. When dry, rub smooth with steel wool and apply one coat of floor finish. When thoroly dry, rub to a dull eggshell finish. The other wooden parts of the desk are slightly curved and cannot be sanded with a power machine. Since the cost of sanding these surfaces by hand is prohibi¬ tive, the next best result may be obtained by painting them with a light-colored low-gloss enamel. Birch and maple desks may be treated in the same manner as oak except that bleaching is unneces¬ sary. Interior glass panels of doors and transoms should be covered or painted with a flat paint to eliminate reflected glare. Cabinets and trim of rooms should be painted with a flat or low-gloss paint which will give a light reflectivity of 40 to 60 percent. Tables and other furniture should also be painted in light colors. Furniture and Equipment for Specific Facilities Most of the foregoing discussion refers to the so-called standard classroom. There are specialized requirements for furniture and equipment in other parts of the school which are not treated in this chapter except for brief sections on the school library and on audio¬ visual facilities. Equipment requirements for other special rooms are outlined in Chapters VI and VII. It is important to consider furniture requirements early in plan¬ ning building space for special rooms. The needed furniture must be planned first and the plant built around those needs. In every room the furniture should be adapted to the sizes of children who will be using it, adapted to the educational program to be carried forward, and so far as possible designed for a variety of uses. LI BRAKY 7 Library furniture, equipment, and room finish should be light in color should contribute to the ease of obtaining books and materia s, and should be designed for usability. Ordinarily, the specialised equipment manufactured by regular library supply houses is satisfac- tory but shelving may be constructed locally it desired. Local con- struction should follow the suggestions as to size, adjustability, and a* ~ Furniture and Equipment 25; Simplicity given in Chapter VII, p. 111-13. Facilities for filing record- gs, slides, filmstrips, and other audio-visual materials have not fZ “ ed at th | iS ,ime ' SatiS,aC,0ry » -LT from some library supply houses; some equipment can be made lo- Tables and chairs are most desirable for student use in the main Tnd ZuTdTe oZultZT ~T more than six <*■*»* ° sucil Slz e that readers will not sit at th^ tu- :s:r:;r a rdativeiy unifo ™ condition ,« shadow. Tables should'be Mshed bToil'le or lighfh 11 ^ T t , . , ie gliaes 2 11 to 15 inches for elementary and 15 tn 1 7 ; n u for high-school students. Allowance is to be Z*17 ll " S of tables and chairs in ade ^ or Afferent sizes of children ^ 53016 r °° mS t0 P r0vide ^ different sizes The standard school library table is dpsiVn^H r on t W0 sides of the tabJe F g d f ° r s “ P"P'ls seated take notes on his reading ^ 7u ,• Z 1 the llbrar y must should be at his left. The Commfesfon ^ ^ ^ windows ’ those who have the resnonsihTt r ’ erefore ’ rec ommends that careful consideration to the use of taMe^^h" 8 -^ ' ibrary give only on one side. Such tables nrnh hi ,' vh,ch Wl11 P err >iit seating wide in the high-school library a d ‘fnct ab ° Ut 22 ^ school. y ’ and 20 ,nches w ‘de in the elementary be T fi,;ed b S TZZZ'ZZ r °° m - , and should librarian’s desk and chair a filinv ’ ‘ nC udln « for ‘he office a ence room should be furnished with Thi and shelvin 8- The confer- and shelving. hed W “ h a tab,e a ‘ ’east 3 by 5 feet, chairs, In elementary schools it is preferahle u central school library separate cl b haVe ’ ln addilion to the ^ere books and maS^“™» central library. A table and chairs and P ““l exchan « ed with the of adjustable shelving for books exUbkZT"”^ 25 to 30 feet Provide for room libraries. High-schnol ’ 7^ mUSeum P ur P<>ses will 258 American School Buildings AUDIOVISUAL 1 ACII-ITIUS In view of the increasing use in schools of sound films, recorders, radios, filmstrips, opaque projection materials, models, charts, slides, and related audio-visual materials, it appears that we are rapidly approaching the place where almost every classroom in the modern school of this country will need to be equipped with all of the modern tools and mechanical devices which are commonly associated with the field of audio-visual education. The use of these facilities will undoubtedly increase as teachers find them to be available and as the quality continues to improve. Equipment can be added as use increases but building facilities should anticipate an increasing de¬ mand. Each classroom, insofar as possible, should be equipped to make full use of audio-visual aids in the immediate learning situation. The policy regarding the lighting of rooms and the climate of the particular locality may make it impractical, however, to use certain types of projection equipment within the classroom, in which case special projection rooms are necessary. Many teachers consider the special projection room desirable as an auxiliary even where projec¬ tion within the classroom is possible. While experimentation has not yet proved one plan more desirable than the other, the psychology of the teaching-learning situation argues for the use of audio-visual materials in the classroom environment. When special projection rooms are used, the number needed will vary with the number of classrooms suitable for projection purposes. Usually one special projection room per floor is needed in large buildings. An auditorium may be considered an accessory projection room. The projection room should be designed to seat the largest whole class group. It should be a long rectangle, the width of a typical classroom and one and one-half times the length. The chairs should be opera type. Traffic needs will be met by aisles down each side of the room and none in the middle. The seat nearest to the front wall should be no nearer than twice the width of the screen. The width of the screen should be not less than one-sixth the room length. It should be hung high enough so that its lower edge is about the eye level of the seated audience. Wiring should include a three- way switch at the door and at the center of the back wall controlling the lights, and in addition a conduit in floor or wall, containing the speaker cable, should run from the rear of the room to an outlet at Furniture and Equipment the front of the room above a speaker shelf. This shelf, with an eye- bolt above it for attachment to speaker, should be located about SV, feet above the floor and near one side of the screen. A projection platform (4 by 6 feet) should be located in the rear of the room and s orage cabtnets provided near it. Forced-draft ventilation and corn- men' should"7 “f are MCeSSary a " d special acoustical treat- ment should be given the room. To increase the value of the room for meetings after school hours a low platform shotfld be constructed across the front of the ™L The school hr! „ . p UB.. |C SCHOOL,S, PASADENA, CAUFORNJA ' »orU ,o ,ke cl mm \ ^ — X _ 1. 1 1 1 . . wall because of the distal in the front X;; wan space more money g will be^pentThan f ° r visual ' educatl 'on room tions in many other conventionalspecklTa^ ^ room, however, has many uses other than f °,° ms ' The s P e cial us group meetings of parents or small assemblies"" ed " Cati °"’ SUCh «ch the load of projection, and overlapping tracks. There should be'"* rT ,Um C on double ,he tracks - *—- ::::ztvz2 260 American School Buildings and the window. To provide for circulation of air, the curtains should hang a foot in front of and extend a foot below the bottom of the windows. In warm climates, where air conditioning is not provided, there should be base plugs for fans at the front and rear of each room. In rooms where extensive projection is done a permanently mounted beaded-glass screen, with width equal to one-sixth the room length, may be mounted on the wall so that the bottom of it is about 4 feet above the floor when in use. When not in use, it can be rolled up on a spring roller. Other rooms can be served by portable screens, the number needed depending upon the use. In addition, there should be a storeroom, preferably on each floor, for projection and sound equipment. A movable projection table mounted on rubber- tired wheels is needed for each heavy unit of projection equipment, such as a motion-picture projector. The tables should be light but sturdy, between 40 and 48 inches high so as to insure projection above the heads of the seated audience. Best estimates indicate that for maximum use the following num¬ ber of audio-visual aids must be available within a building, pro¬ vided adequate building facilities are available: For each 10 classrooms 1 16 mm. sound motion-picture projector 1 Opaque projector For each 5 classrooms 1 Z'A" x 4" slide projector (slides of this size can be prepared locally) 1 Filmstrip projector 1 2" x 2" slide projector 1 2-speed (33 and 78 rpm’s) turntable 1 Radio (FM and AM combination where FM stations are accessible) A school usually should start with less than the number of audio¬ visual devices listed above. Combination-type projectors are not practicable, except for exclusive use in special projection rooms. Additional units may be added when the initial or existing supply cannot meet the demand. In junior and senior high schools a micro-projector is desirable for use by science classes. An opaque projector is also valuable. In high schools a darkroom photo-laboratory is desirable for use by camera clubs and by teachers. The auditorium should be wired similarly to the special projection room. Where there is a high loft over the stage, a screen laced on a frame that can be raised and lowered gives longer and better service Furniture and Equipment 261 than the roll type. In large auditoriums provision should be made for two speakers with a built-in speaker cable between the two as well as. the built-in cable from one to the rear of the auditorium. A pi ejection booth is expensive and of no great advantage to the edu¬ cational program. A closet in the rear of the auditorium for storage 0 a P ro J e ctor table mounted on wheels is useful. Equipment should be available for educational uses of radio both reception and production. The discussion in Chapter IX p. 159-61 offers suggestions as to desirable provisions. In adapting old buildings to present audio-visual needs a cen de" rabk at K suT ” ‘° ‘ W ° timeS the size of a dass’room k desirabk, such a room is not available, a classroom as lone as needs are'd rrshlr SPeda ' P™**’" T1 * bask eeds are dark shades or draperies, a base plug in the rear of the m ^r r s::r,:t; a h-w;s;: e ir reen ' These are ,he front of the room Kfteen-inch helhlT" 1 ’a 3 P ' Ug 3t ,he can be used by all ages bu, opera-type'chaTrsTr^retobt need "* ^ ** ^ ^ or draperies. Where lighting Zohc^ °ZZ a " d dark shades be done for classroom froWt^ •,“ Cl “ de dark shades > Iittle can tors” are perfected. Electric ouferto Sat 't SfaCt0ry " dayIight P r0 J ec - bon r ipme„, should be P ™- fi d ed for ,he ^ Tha f’brary is a logical materLk ” a ‘ a ™ls. ■"gs, slides, maps, mounted pictures and ZZ T’ reCord ' part r ^ s; f c^ ‘be -ibrary, depending on the avaikb^ CHAPTER FIFTEEN Rehabilitation of Buildings a prior question to that of considering the procedures in the A rehabilitation of school buildings is that of determining what buildings are worth rehabilitating. In Chapter IV, the statement is made that one of the basic principles in arriving at the school¬ building needs of any community, whether large or small, is that o making maximum use of the existing plant. 1 That chapter also states that measuring instruments or devices do not now exist that will determine objectively and conclusively the buildings of sufficient value both structurally and educationally, to warrant the expendi¬ ture of a considerable amount of money to restore them to a satis¬ factory condition. There are, however, well-defined criteria that dc help in making such a determination; this chapter includes a is • ing of these criteria as a closing section. Even tho a building may be worth rehabilitating, there is the ur ther question as to whether declining enrolments, shifting popula lion, chanters in tin- characteristics of the community, and the like may make the buildinR unnecessary in the community s educations program.' Therefore, two basic questions must be answered befor consideration can be Riven to the specific improvements required n modernizing a particular school buildinR, as follows. I I, It,is building st rut luridly mid educationally worth rehabilitating? 2. U 'totaling' if rehabilitated, needed in the housing ot the community ('durational program? Vinanc 'uil lutctors Two factors in the current picture give strong impetusi to tl rehabilitation of sclu.nl buildings wherever practicab e. The r a (a) present building osls and (b) constitutional and statute. Sec |t. Vi. , l # 11 ) Procedures in Rehabilitation 263 limitations on the issuance of school bonds now found in many states. When present building costs are compared with those of prewar years, and earlier, great advances are noted. According to the index reported in Table 6, covering twenty major pricing areas, building costs in October 1948 were 103 percent higher than in 1939. The index figures are based on the period of 1926-1929 as 100. The index rose from 55.9 in 1910 to 102.7 in 1939. Price reductions in 1921- 1922 and in 1931-1936 at no time were sufficient to bring prices nearly as low as the levels prevailing in 1910-1913, the years before World War I. From 1939 thru 1943 the building costs index rose from two to six index points each year. An accelerated rate of increase in the postwar years is shown in the fact that each six months from June 1946 thru June 1948 the index rose not less than eleven index points, making a total increase of 54.5 index points, or 34 percent for the two-year period. From June 1948 thru October the index showed a further increase of 8.6 index points, reaching the figure of 217 9 in October 1948. It should be pointed out that these indices are based on current labor and material prices, so do not take into account the cushion which contractors have been adding to their bids because of the un- certainty of the building price structure. These amounts vary widely IxLnjeThe 1 aVerag6 ' eaS ‘ 15 perccnt ° f ,he bi *- Inmhf o! b ‘? °" a " elem entary-school building in the Co- mbus, Ohio, area in September 1947 was nearly three times the ther'h “ made a ‘ ' he begi " ning ° f the war P m '° d ' Despite these sharp mcreases in building costs there have been nX f :„Th± n oTb in d He 7f Uti ° nal a " d S,aU '^ limitations examnl • “7 y of boards of education to issue school bonds For issu7su;h n b 0n e ds ,ate r Ind aK a ’ SCh °°' b ° ardS in their a «l>oritv to cento the, , ‘ by consti tutional provision to 2 per to 4 p r « n “hr' ^ ° hi °h thiS aUth ° rity " ,imiM by costs. That this is not the "r *** 7' PaCC Wlth schoo| - b uiMing —— °‘ the Case ,S sh ™" by ‘he fact that the total AMERICAN SCHOOL BUILDINGS assessed valuation of all tangible property subject to taxation in Ohio for 1939 was $9,174,831,546 as compared with $11,219,760,905 in 1946, an increase of only about 22 percent during the seven-yeai period. 5 Moreover, a substantial part of this 22-percent increase is due to new construction, thereby appreciably reducing the in¬ crease resulting from raising the assessed valuation of existing prop- & Information from Ohio Department of Taxation. November 1948. TABLE 6.— INDEX NUMBERS OF BUILDING COSTS, 1910-1948 ’ Building cost index Year numbers (1926-1929 equals 100.0) 1 Prewar: 1910 . 55.9 1911 . 55.1 1912 . 56.0 1913 . 55.7 World War I: 1914 . 54.9 1915 . 56.3 1916 . 63.6 1917 . 76.5 1918 . 86.3 Postwar and l/oom: 1919 . 97.0 1920 . 122.6 1921 . 99.4 1922 . 92.3 1923 . 102.8 1924 . 101.8 1925 . 101.5 1926 . 102.3 1927 . 101.0 1928. 101.2 Yea r Building cost index numbers (1926-1925 equals 100.0) 1 2 Depression and prewar: 1930. 102.5 1931. 94.7 1932. 81.1 1933. 82.7 1934. 90.3 1935. 88.8 1936. 91.5 1937. 102.2 1938. 106.0 World War II: 1939. 107.2 1940. 109.4 1941. 115.4 1942. 121.3 1943. 126.4 1944. 135.3 1945. 143.9 Postwar: 1946 . 157.4 1947 . 186,0 1948(first 10 months) 208,8 1948(October) 2 17.9 • n n .rkh F H and Associates. "Nntlonnl Average Study by Orcupnncy Groups, 10 Major rrlclii b 'zjxzzsz uildlngi; Index given li tor "All Types Combined.") _ Procedures in Rehabilitation 265 erty. Even more striking figures are found in Indiana, where be¬ tween 1928 and 1947 the total net value of taxables on which the amount of school bonds are calculated dropped from $5,117 890 125 m 1928 to $4,861,643,938 in 1947, a decrease of 5 percent. 0 During at same period the index of building costs (See Table 6), rose from 101.2 to 186.0, an increase of 84 percent. Since tax valuations have not kept pace with building costs, many boards of education find themselves so limited in bonding power that they are unable to undertake a building program of new construc¬ tion designed to meet their school needs. Rehabilitating some of the existing buildings offers a possible solution to their problem An example of this trend was an item added to the capital outlay budget of the New York City Schools, entitled “Modernization of School Buildings. The following statement refers to this budge, What makes the forthcoming program significant, however, is the fact that the demands of a limited repair account. 7 g * financial strain on Another example of this same trend is found in o i Ohio in 1945, which provides forThe creation of a T dist * a • i ^ to be distributed among those school districts in the state which have a tax valuation of less than $60M per pupil ,n average daily enrolment in Grades I to XII in cl and which have an operating school lew of 6 m’li ’ ncIusive > levy of Sy s mills for all schL purposes * For th h■ m ° re ’ ° T * '° tal 46 nnn non ^ rposes. r or the biennium of 194 s 46, $2,000,000 was appropriated for this purpose * In 1947 ,L r eral Assembly made a similar appropriation or ,1 r iuon ™.e for the allocation of the AcC0UntS - her 1948 iHr - ~” ^ —- - - 134-35; March J i947" hCy “ d in S ^<* Plant Rehabilitation." 0«„ ScHooU 25 : „ 0 -n. 266 American School Buildings qualify for participation has set up certain policies. Among these are the following: 1. The amount of state assistance is determined as a percent of the final total approved cost. In determining the exact figure, the amount of taxable property, tax rates, and the general financial status of the district are used. The percents will range from 50 percent to 90 percent of the final approved cost. 2. Contract cost bids, where possible, are required for judging costs. 3. State funds are not allocated for the purchase of classroom equipment. 4. Detailed records on the actual expenditures on these rehabilitation proj¬ ects are required of all participating districts. 10 Enrolment Trends A further reason for rehabilitating some present school buildings so that they may be used for another fifteen to twenty years is the possibility that after about 1965 school enrolments will decline. 11 If present buildings can be modernized for use during this peak en¬ rolment, they can then be abandoned without substantial loss. As pointed out in Chapter IV, if new construction is based on the peak enrolment of the late 1960’s, and if enrolments decline as is now expected, there soon will be unused capacities in relatively new buildings. As a matter of general policy, it is better for a community to underbuild its permanent construction than to overbuild. The capacity of the permanent structures can be augmented in the peak period thru the use of cottage-type buildings. If it appears that a community really has underbuilt in terms of continuing needs, and has so planned its buildings that they can be added to, additions can be made as the need is realized. If a community overbuilds its permanent plant it may have to close the buildings unless other uses are found for the space not needed for the former program. It might, for example, make use of such additional space for re¬ ducing the size of class, better provisions for adult education and other community activities, and the extending of the program to include nursery schools and Grades XIII and XIV. Since these and other newer developments in education all require space, attention to the rehabilitation of old buildings is all the more important. Meaning of a Obsolescence ” Within recent years the term “obsolescence” has been added to the educational vocabulary as applied to the school plant. This term '"Arnold, E, J., op. eft. u Soe D, SO-56. Procedures in Rehabilitation 26; is used to designate buildings that structurally are in such condi¬ tion that they would probably stand for another fifty years or more, ut from the point of view of housing an educational program are generally unsatisfactory. These buildings usually have good founda- ions, good walls, and good roofs, but lack many of the requirements or accommodating a modern educational program. They are gen¬ erally of nonfireproof construction, with poor lighting; have no spe¬ cial rooms for art, music, shops, cafeteria, library, offices, clinics fXTZ’ ^ like; and inadeqUate heati "S P Ia ^> toilets dark basement r o°ms, and poor plumbing. Moreover, these build- Z in shape, with windows on all four des so that additions cannot be made without cutting off the Imht from some o the classrooms. Then again, these buildings gene ally have small sttes and are set in the center of the site so that such aygroun as exists is badly cut up by the placement of the building . C * a ™ P . Ie ° f such a buil ding as described above is the Wash ;rrr g r t , he - dty 0f Hami,ton ’ 0hio - In a comprehensive udy of the schools in that city, made in 1945-46 this building " n a ; 8 t' SCOre 352 of a PO-b,e !000 P^s n tf n 1889 on a site containing four-tenths of an acre. Because of its general unsatisfactoriness for srhnnl nc ., was approved in the amount of $4 290 OOO d ‘ V the recommended building program Pending thf ° U * the building program it was necessary to find , ° l " ° f administrative offices. Consideration 5 ^ ■ * P aCe t0 house the offices in the Washington building whfch hST *“ h ° USing ‘ heSe fo^offi 1946 - As approximate,y or office use, it seemed desirable to have it examined h * sional engineer to see if it was sound ... ? d by 3 P rof «- rant the expenditure. Because the .. ■ U f structural, - v to war- well the meaning of “obsolesr » ng ' neer s re P ort illustrates so of -his building's score of 352, H inl^Mhere"- “* " gh * T* V in - —ion. shows „„ evidence of ,„ y seMeinenl! f ° Undal '°" ™sonty is satisfactory, and entrance, droidd* be diecked'for ^oose bricbafc'rLnee. °' ,h ' mai " S ° U,h 268 American School Buildings Roof and Attic —The roof framing is in excellent condition except for one north-south rafter, immediately adjoining the east side of the east brick cur¬ tain wall high over the main entrance, which is badly rotted. This is believed due to former roof leaks, since the rafter was dry during the rainy day this inspec¬ tion was made. There are at least five cases of leakage of the roof gutters into the metal cornice and down the outside of the building. The)’ were evident from the attic . . . and should be repaired. The existing roof covering is relatively new and is not leak¬ ing at any point. The chimney top and horizontal central roof deck were inac¬ cessible and should be checked while the gutter repairs are being made. Floors —The floors and stairs of the structure are level, sound, rigid to the tread and in generally excellent condition. Plaster —Altho the wall plaster is in excellent condition, the ceiling plaster leaves something to be desired, particularly in the principal’s office, where it probably should be replaced soon. Altho much of the rest of the ceiling plaster is rough in appearance due to repeated patching, little of it appeared loose. There arc a number of ceiling cracks in the corners of second story rooms, num¬ bers 5, 7, and 8. It was noted that some of the bad plaster coincided with locali¬ ties where gutter leaks have broken out again. Putty —The windows of the above-mentioned three rooms need putty. The rest are in good condition. Basement —There arc at least four 8" x 8" timber posts, two in the boys’ toilet rooms and two in the coal room, which have rotted out at their bases. These arc important members and should be replaced soon. Altho there is no evidence of termites, it is suggested that steel columns or preferably concrete blocks be used for replacement, particularly in the coal room. There arc two more such posts in the girls’ toilet room which are beginning to deteriorate, and should probably be attended to at the same time. If any timber posts arc used for replacement, they should be set upon a concrete pedestal extending at least 6" above the floor (scrub water). Three holes in the ceiling plaster of the coal room should be repaired. The wall masonry in the basement (lumber) storage room and in the girls’ toilet room needs some pointing up, particularly at the window sills. Some window repairs arc also needed. The northernmost floor joist underneath the basement stair landing is com¬ pletely rotted away at its cast end, as is the sub-flooring adjacent. This con¬ dition appears to have been caused by leakage thru the wall in times past, as the joist is now quite dry. Repair will not be difficult. Conclusion —Based upon the observations made, and subject to the perform¬ ance of the normal repairs recommended above, I consider that the Washing¬ ton School building is in a safe structural condition such that it might well be remodeled into permanent offices if desired. Respectfully submitted,- _ _—-Registered Professional Structural Engineer. May 1, 1947. (This report covers a structural inspection made of the above-mentioned building on April 25, 1947.)“ i» Quoted from in unpubllthed report. Procedures in Rehabilitation 269 Since this report was made, this same engineer has examined five other old buildings with essentially the same conclusions. Examples oj Rehabilitation Projects Three examples are given here of rehabilitation projects to show their general scope and nature. These are as follows: Ax** x ov^nuuL m hL* 194 i! TT l" the Chicag0 scho °' p,ant > one sec,ion is devoted to the work of the Bureau of Research and Building Survey of that atyas lt relates to the rehabilitation of Chicago school bui tags in ‘he Ray School is f„ ded m that report. Because this is an excellent illustration of the general scope of a rather thorogoing job of rehabilitation the fol¬ lowing quotation is taken from this study: was erected have cost about half a million dnlla ' S UI ding ’ whlch to replace would a cost of $142,759 Because the rh ^ ^ C °™ p etely rehabilitated in 1938 at what has been’done ?:^ ^ probably be done in a lanre 7 tU Ch SCh °° ls ’ as wel1 as what will details of the changes madeTn this h 7a ° lder . bui,dings “ the future, the pointed out that these changes are based on^h^ mduded here ‘ II shoul d be Bureau. g b d on the recommendations made by the General alterations recommended Paint and decorate building thruout. Provide new lighting fixtures thruout. Kefinish all classroom floors. Provide new equipment for all classrooms. Provide workrooms where indicated on plans Provide new radiation in classrooms. Basement Gymnasium: New cork rampt „ cement plaster wainscot. Remove present wooT ^. eSent Wood wainscot. New Corridor: Remove present wood wainscot—ne J ^ pIaster ceilin 8- “^R^ fl °° r ~ neW 1CVel ^ ^ WainSCOt ‘ Lunchroom: Furr, lath and T”’ etC ‘. Patch P resen t wood floor, exposed brick walls. New linoleumVoor^ 6 " 01 WaUS ’ kth &nd pIaster a11 othe r ■sSSSSr-zsiz—— 270 American School Buildings First floor Gymnasium: (Running track)—Remove present wood wainscot. New cement, plaster and wainscot. Remove brass pole and close up circular floor opening. Toilet Rooms: (Boys, girls, and teachers)—New composition floor. New toilet stalls. (Same in kindergarten toilet.) Corridors: New linoleum floor. Remove present wood wainscot. New cement plaster wainscot. Install 103 15 r/ x 12 ' x 60 metal lockers. Classrooms and Kindergarten Rooms: Remove present wood wainscot. New cement plaster wainscot. Remove V 2" high partitions, cases, doors, etc., as indicated. Install new blackboards, cork boards, cases, etc., as indicated. New 6" tile partition and door in S. W. classroom wardrobe. Remove pipe conduit and electric boxes in corridor. South and center stairs, new steel stairs and landings. Remove present wood wainscot. New cement plaster wainscot. Second floor Lecture Room: Remove present cases, sink, and 94 seats. Install 96 new seats, new blackboard. Extend wood platform. Notes for classrooms, corridor, and toilets same as on first floor. 108 new metal lockers on this floor. Third floor Present Household Arts Room: Make into new science room. Clear out present equipment—16 new science tables #205. New demonstration table #206A. New teacher’s desk and new bookcase. Close up present cased opening. II efore re h abiIitatio n Procedures in Rehabilitation 271 Cut new door opening and install 2 new wood doors. Classrooms, corridors, and toilets same as on first floor. 131 new metal lockers on this floor. 13 WAYLAND CENTER SCHOOL, WAYLAND, MASSACHUSETTS In a magazine article the Superintendent of Schools of Wayland, Massachusetts, described the rehabilitation job done on the Way- land Center School in that city. This building was fifty years old when the work was done in 1946. It had classrooms varying in size from 30' x 27' to 37' x 35', which, in the words of the author, were "a welcome relief from the limitations of the relatively small newer type classroom and certainly better adapted for today’s educational program.” Briefly, the specific improvements made to this building were as follows: port H° !y ' T. C. A study Of the Chicago School Plant. November 1941. p. 11-13. (Unpublished re- » * L •# * • PUBLIC SCHOOLS, DIMOCK, PENNSYL1 Rehabilitation can improve the environment for learning ‘■jjsr -7 .»* -» the window. Inadequate diffusing ulnhec h , g * n reIat,on t0 the light f indirect light fixtures. Dark woodwork and T* • Cen replaced b V am P>e lumii with shiny g,„ s doors ^ r; e ° n d 7 e °; k ov a e n d d f “ rD ‘ tUre have repainted. Cabi wall has been blocked with tackboard. " ° W ^ nght angIe t0 main wIn 272 American School Buildings 1. Both exterior and interior of the building were completely repainted. This followed extensive study by the school department “in order to establish the visual needs of the building on a scientific basis.” 2. Corridors and stairways which were of wood construction were overlaid with asphalt tile. Also the treads worn thin by a half century of use were replaced by abrasive safety treads. 3. The building was insulated to improve heating facilities and to lower fuel costs. 4. The basement rooms were redesigned and redecorated to provide a com¬ bination cafeteria-assembly room, indoor playroom, and much-needed storage space. 5. Both the electric and plumbing facilities were improved. Also where space and room arrangement permitted, book corners were built into each classroom. ... If a conclusion can be drawn from this experience, it might take the form of a recommendation that we carefully restudy our building needs, that we estab¬ lish minimum requirements and project a building program when these require¬ ments are not met or cannot be met thru remodeling. 1 * REHABILITATION RECOMMENDED IN COLUMBUS, OHIO, SURVEY The school-building survey of Columbus, Ohio, recommended a comprehensive program for making improvements to forty-eight buildings which were included in the ultimate program. 15 Of these forty-eight buildings, thirty-one scored less than 600 on a 1000-point scale. In order to show the kind of changes recommended for these thirty-one buildings, which scored between 486 and 593 points, the following summary is included: Improvement Install cleaning systems New floors . Fireproofing . New heating plant Addition to site. Add an assembly room . New toilet fixtures. Improve artificial lighting Number of buildings where recommended . 28 . 24 . 23 . 22 . 18 . 17 . 10 . 4 The voters of Columbus subsequently approved a school-bond issue in which funds were included "to remodel five and modernize thirty-two buildings." u Klemin, Owen 1. "Let 1 ! NotJDIici! uHoly, T. C„ Anderson, Bin W.,*m Columbui, Ohio, i Buruu ol Education!! Reiwrohi iteit iriu-sbfjjf* ’$«• __ Sumy #/ Vtlwkim, OlUo. it« L’n!venlt>c,« lM9. Procedures in Rehabilitation 273 Summary In summarizing, it may be said that the following major items are involved in any satisfactory program of school-building rehabilita¬ tion: 1. Are these buildings structurally and educationally worth rehabilitating? In answering this question consideration should be given to the following: Safety and health-Do the present safety and health provisions such as exits f om classrooms and assembly rooms, corridors, stairs, and drinking fountains gne the necessary protection to the children and teachers? If not, can this pro¬ tection be provided in the building when rehabilitated? of^^“ ChildrCn teaCh tHiS building with a reasonable degree ot safet>. Are there excessive traffic hazards’ itstro'lment 07 -^ f^ * .° f Suffident size to P™ide recreational space for •ts enrolment , not, can additional land be secured at a reasonable cost’ ‘ mtUrd Md art ^ cta ^ Since it is undoubtedly an old building the fenestration is probably poor. Can that lack of satisfactory natural lighting be offset by artificial lighting? Every classroom should hZ ^farSfiS lighting to supplement that from natural sources wha'cosfTan itV he ^ heat thc building satisf ^torily? If not> at wnat cost can it be repaired or replaced? re “;r s we11 2^5 can they be Prospective adequacy after rehabilitation —Will the build,« k in ths * needed in the housin ^° f consideration should be given to the followi^"”® th ’ S qUeS “° n in ZZZlgtZ* “ 1 £ **** .*** earh ot these huitd- will be needed? ^ 7 the lmmedlat e future that no school walT^rteTra*,^ “ '>«* districts either Med to capacity? y to good buddings ,n the system, not now Zoning and other public t>oliris<—Wh« t j . >,h " ^ «— in mind “^e >74 American School Buildings ehabilitatcd buildings? Is their zoning likely to be changed so that they will re completely industrial? Are public parks contemplated in those areas? Are najor thorofares projected thru them? Temporary rather than permanent need —If these buildings probably will be iceded for only a few years, will a minor job of rehabilitation such as a thoro job of redecorating, improvement of lighting, and the like, make them satis¬ factory? Temporary buddings as alternative to rehabilitation —In the light of the total picture, is it not better use of the community's resources to erect temporary buildings instead of rehabilitating these old structures? If the above two major questions are answered in the affirmative, then the next steps are as follows: 1. Determine the specific improvements required to make the buildings satis¬ factory. These would include such items as lighting, heating and ventilating, painting and interior decorating, fireproofing, roof repairs, brick and stone pointing, floors, sanitary facilities, and cleaning systems. 2. Have careful cost estimates made for each of the required improvements and calculate the total estimated cost for the entire project. The importance of having these estimates carefully made cannot be overemphasized. Many boards of education have found that rehabilitation projects have cost them two to three times the original estimates. ,y Determine whether the total estimated cost for the project is a good in¬ vestment for the community. In arriving at this conclusion there should be taken into account the cost of new construction to provide equivalent facilities, the probable length of time the building may be needed at its present location, and the financial ability of the school district. 4. If the conclusion is reached that the project represents a good investment for the community and the funds are available, then proceed with the prepara¬ tion of detailed plans and specifications for these improvements. These should be carefully made so that bidders understand dearly just what is to be done tc the building. CHAPTER SIXTEEN Plant Preservation for Plant Utility purpose of this chapter is to provide school administrators X and boards of education with assistance in the preservation of the plant for its most useful service to the community, over a loim period of time, thru the efficient maintenance and operation of the building. No attempt is made here to deal with standards of mainte¬ nance and operation in every phase of the school plant, nor to into detad regardiHg custodial care, but to point out some , , Problems and policies of maintenance and operation that " ould be borne in mind in preserving the utility of the school plant. Importance of Good Maintenance Policy Jo Plant Utility Before the first ground is broken for the'plant, decisions have Wh IZ «h e e n ,r„ d , e c that h Wili Ck,Crmi,W uf ‘be buildiny p roU d rr'r )m, >- teacher associations orTheschool pby oMhe Th<>y a “ end P ‘' lrent ' and compliment the teachpr n m ' commencement program or offer word of conyra , 1 , ° f >’ OT e'-ssrcon,. comfortable 4^^^. ^ will isdueto Abroad I^iareoTphd ma -° r ° f this g0od - «:“rSi:f * rf ‘bey know that the old luaxhu “ d 276 American School Buildings pound of cure” applies to plant preservation as well as to bodily health or good human relations. What is the maintenance policy that will contribute most toward the best use of the community’s investment over a long period of years? Broadly and generally stated it is a policy of (a) periodic inspection to locate maintenance needs before emergencies occur, (b) scheduled expenditures for meeting the needs, and (c) provi¬ sion of well-trained and experienced maintenance personnel and ade¬ quate tools. This policy is not only aimed at economy of maintenance but is directed toward preventing interruptions of the instructive program due to maintenance “emergencies” that could have been anticipated. POLICY OF PERIODIC SURVEYS AND INSPECTION While reliance may be placed on principals for requisitioning many needed items of maintenance, a policy should be adopted for annual surveys of the condition of all buildings. Qualified mainte¬ nance personnel of the local school system or outside technical help may be employed. Such a survey of work needed is invaluable also in the preparation of budget estimates; it will serve to strengthen budget requests which may be made. Moreover, the periodic and systematic survey of plant and equipment by an inspector skilled in detecting possible or potential weaknesses and defects is a definite safety procedure that may protect the lives and welfare of the occu¬ pants of the building. Systematic inspection of stairs may reveal loose or slippery stair treads or railings; inspection of playground equipment may detect worn chain links in a swing. Systematic roof inspection, for example, may forestall the falling of plaster from ci ceiling. One item frequently overlooked on such inspections is the roof. This oversight is due in part to the fact that the roof is ordinarily out of sight and in part to a reliance on roof guarantees that fre¬ quently are valueless. Because a built-up roof may carry a twenty- year guarantee by the manufacturer, many school administrators fall into the error of believing that during the so-called guarantee period, they can forget the roof, unless it begins to leak. The manu¬ facturers guarantee material only and not workmanship. Unless the guarantee is a guarantee or bond by the contractor, including both workmanship and material, it has no value. A neglected roof Plant Preservation 277 may last thruout the so-called guarantee period. Without recurring inspection, minor repairs, and resurfacing, during this period, how- ever, the roof is likely to require complete renewal shortly after the end of the guarantee period. If such minor repairs and resurfacing ave been made as needed, and are continued after the guarantee period has expired, the roof may have an indefinite life The fore going discussion refers particularly to built-up roofs but a similar policy of inspection and repair should be followed in caring for other types of roofs, including flashings, parapets, and copings. Ub CONTROL RECORDS OF RECURRING ITEMS A central office control record should be set up for such recurring ofTneta ma 7 e " anCe 3S Mteri0r Painting of wood ’ Verier painting the to ’ 7, reP 7 5 ’ mleri ° r Painti, ’ g ' Tllis record should show e date that each bmldmg was painted on the outside and on the side together with the cost, the name of the contractor and the ype o paint used. The time cycle for exterior painting,' The,to ee four, or five years, should be determined, depending in part h 7 d b7 aCt ° r " f ,lilar ' y ' nyn.e ior Leriof'paiffiing ould be set. even tho variation in conditions will require in cei ‘ cases, acceleration of this schedule or possible delay because For maximuuse 0 f , he M 2 ' 7 "°” nance policy m ZZ11u'ot t i anned main ‘ 278 American School Buildings of variations in the condition of the interiors. The record should also show the schedule of wall-washing between paintings; washing of interior walls can lessen the frequency of painting. Such a control record will be of invaluable help in budgeting for maintenance. It will show immediately the buildings scheduled for painting, both exterior and interior, together with the probable cost of such work which may be determined by an estimate of increase or decrease in cost since the last time the buildings were painted. In case of maintenance neglect, it is possible to show budget authori¬ ties how curtailment of budget has prevented maintaining the proper cycle of painting and the amount of the backlog of mainte¬ nance neglect which has been built up. MAINTENANCE BUDGET POLICY A most important policy with reference to maintenance involves the provision of adequate maintenance funds. Some school systems attempt to estimate maintenance costs in relation to the total annual budget. If this practice is followed the proportion should not be less than 5 percent of the total annual budget. In prevailing practice for all school systems in the nation the average is only about 4 per¬ cent but the Commission believes that this proportion is too low. A preferable basis for estimating maintenance costs is based on the principle that maintenance costs should be at least 1 percent of the current replacement costs of the school plant. This estimate can be made only where school systems have adequate annual estimates of the cost of replacement of the total school plant, including build ings, equipment, and grounds. Some school systems have such re¬ placement estimates based on prewar costs and in such systems the estimates for maintenance should be at least 2 percent of the tota. The percents suggested should represent a minimum objective o expenditure. In cities where the cost of maintenance labor is high, it may be necessary to increase the maintenance budget over the percents indicated above. Many school systems have a backlog o needed repairs and should spend much higher percents for a period of years to catch up. Cutting the budget in times of financial strin¬ gency frequently results in inadequate maintenance funds. When necessity demands curtailment of budget, the maintenance item is ' i 11. S. Offko of Education. Federal Security Aacncy, wfSon/K (SKS-11.0-27). Expenditures Per Pupil in City Schools, 1944-45 (SRS-12.2 116). was a the Office, 1946, 1947. Plant Preservation 279 an easy target and entails less immediate pain than other possible accounts. The fruits of such a policy must be eaten at some later date when it will be found that continued neglect makes a bitter and expensive dose to swallow. For example: Replacing exterior sash rotted out thru lack of paint is a much more costly ZchTthlT ?,7 the ^ regU ‘ arly Where disintegration ha's m c „ e „Tth°e n cay ' T' may be more c ° slly ^ L p™! i^t r " y r policy must demand that the exterior of the building be kept up and that items be cared for properly, which cause the greatest ex of wood ofmetll' m “ St ^ "° S ' ightin * of exterior painting must be taken care on/alUvente I m “ n ! a ‘ ned '. ^ ' vater P r0 ° fl "« little value unless these ex ernoTh "“'ntenance will be of The budget for r^n * a ! temS 3re currentl y maintained. -e. equton. is usually ^ tt„ qu b ie ,d- basis - repair and replacement Present a m l h buildlngs ; its cost than repairs for buildings. ^ ** ° f the originaI POUCV —~0 X,„ NCE extent to which mainten^ce'torkTtX ‘° ^ Wi " be the nance staff employed directly by Le board oTert™^- * 3 mai " te - part of the work is to be perform J k d f educatIon ’ and what systems should consistently strive to ^ ? S ‘' C contractor s. School the nucleus of a permanemsMed P '° y a " d impr0ve in service of the work wiiiVdle bf “ u f s rc T”“ 7"’ tb ° -me systems will usually have a lareer „! TV' The sraaller -hool contractors. Certain cfe Z ,T ° f W ° rk done * outside —Jr ^ “* ^ 280 American School Buildings if it is difficult to prevent political interference in the selection and dismissal of employees, school systems will find that the closer supervision required by an outside contractor will result in lower costs. _ . The size of the maintenance job is also a factor in this determi¬ nation. Usually the larger and more complicated maintenance jobs are best suited to be done by outside contractors. The type of work, which is difficult to specify or which consists in a large number of miscellaneous small items on which the task of supervision would be great, would be more logically done by the maintenance staff of the board of education. _ . Work done by outside contractors will be either on the basis o time-and-material orders, or on the basis of lump-sum bids. Some types of work, the exact extent of which cannot be determined in advance, should logically be placed on a time-and-matenal basis. It is most essential that proper inspection of the rate of progress of the work be maintained. An example of the time-and-material order might be the opening of a choked sewer-dram. Except on smaller jobs, work which can be definitely determined and specified in advance should be awarded on the basis of bids. It is important that specifications and drawings be definite and com¬ plete in order that there may be no doubt regarding the expense and character of work to be done. It is highly important also to maintain adequate inspection of such work to be sure that he work meets the plans and specifications on winch the contractor bids. In rural school systems a county school mechanic can be of assist- ancc to local school districts, both in doing minor repairs and in providing inspectorial services. . . . Where work is performed by school maintenance forces, it is im- nortant that good cost records be kept. Activities which could be performed more cheaply by a private concern should not be under¬ taken by the maintenance staff. Continued study should be given to evident and hidden costs in order to arrive at the proper decision relative to placing the work with an outside contractor o. having it done by the school maintenance forces. policy of planning the summer program At the close of the heating season it is highly important that a survey be made of the condition of all heating plants. Possible Plant Preservation 281 breakdowns should be anticipated so that repairs can be made dur¬ ing the summer months, instead of waiting for difficulty to become acute during the operating season. Such a policy will eliminate many o the emergency shutdowns which otherwise would occur during the heating season when school is in session. These summer heating repairs should be coordinated with other maintenance and repair items scheduled for the summer season. COORDINATION OF MAINTENANCE WITH EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES It is highly important that all maintenance and particularly im¬ provements and alterations be coordinated with educational objec- hves. No change should be made affecting the use of any space without the proper approval of the educational administrator re- sponsible for the administration of the program. Every effort should be made to avoid interference with the class- and PUPilS ’ and PartiCUlady t0 aV ° id and It WgWy ™P ortant > a ^ so > planning the maintenance schedule d the improvement schedule, that cooperation of the educational adm lnistrators be SQUght in determ . n the imp “ n o a s i, ,e r ZcT eCtS ° r . ‘ ypes 0f WOrk ^cted to be done There mle difficulty in arriving at this coordination in a system oDerat mT„istZLr‘L C ThZTe“^Zt PreVa f g PattCTn ° f g ° 0d ai a«airs are under a Z* szzs srisa k jr:r that **£££& tional administrator in the development^f^h 3 ^ ^ ^ improvement program. P the mamtenanc e and Tbe Relation of Operation Policy to Maintenance Policy da%\pZlZTtt s'chIZ'T 1 ” t CUSt ° diaI PerS ° nnel > th e nificantly to maintaining the value oTthe* "Z ‘° C ° ntribute si S' plant. alue of the “vestment of the school SELECTION AND TRAINING OF PERSONNEL of “ r the ba f basis of low wages nolitiml fc, ’ a ^ er than on the ages, political favor, or sentimental considerations. 282 American School Buildings The care of an expensive school plant is too important to be en¬ trusted to some kindly old citizen whose major qualification is that he needs a job or has helped repair a neighbor’s barn. Guides and standards for selecting personnel are easily available in the litera¬ ture on the subject . 3 If buildings are to be properly preserved and if they are to be of maximum utility to the educational program, it is highly important that the custodial staff members be given adequate training to en¬ able them to do their jobs efficiently. For example, a custodian who does not know that asphalt tile disintegrates with repeated applica¬ tions of wax dissolved in a petroleum solvent, will do incalculable damage to the floors until he learns that the proper wax to use on asphalt tile has a water-emulsion base. Water-emulsion waxes give excellent protection to floors and require replacing not more than three times a year. likewise, the custodian without piopei training may be inclined, in order to speed up the work, to use harsh soaps and alkalis on linoleum, not realizing that the linseed oil binder of the linoleum disintegrates under these conditions. Also, a custodian, * Src bibllnumphy, p. 340. c,A»„„onM ron bbauty oui.TUMb PUBLIC nc.ioo.J, union.own, phnnsyi.van.a The custodian must he prepared to care skilfully for a wide variety of technical equipment Plant Preservation 283 who is not trained in the proper care of wood floors in classrooms, might be tempted to follow the older method of oiling such iloors instead of using the more modern method of sealing with a good penetrating seal. The advantage to proper lighting conditions which comes from properly treated light floors would be lost thru the ignorant application of oil. Likewise, an untrained custodian might use an acid or an abrasive on chromium fixtures, destroying the chromium finish. These are but a few examples of many that might be given to show the need of proper training of custodians. Many states thru their colleges and universities and state depart¬ ments of education provide state training institutes for custodians, ome cities and counties provide their own institutes for custodians- some are held by private colleges and universities. All of these re- sources should be utilized as means of improving and upgrading custodians. Too few states and local school systems are carrying on good inservice training programs for custodians. the custodian’s relation to maintenance r J’l.° ! ! eC r rat ! 0n procedures on the part of the custodian will esult in reduced need for maintenance service For examnlp custodian should clearly understand the oiling schedule for all pieces The utility of the building will deDend in proper custodial care. It will do nn ? a f gr■ Bulletin W, 1 j lant Preservation 28 The methods of determining insurance rates are too complicatec or discussion here. It should be pointed out, however, that under most rating plans, credits are given for features or elements in the building which reduce fire hazards; and penalties, or increases in rates, are applied where conditions tend to increase hazards. 5 To put a combustible roof, for example, on a building which would otherwise be fire-resistive, might increase the rate for the entire structure. These factors need to be considered in planning"™ structures and in eliminating hazards in existing buildings. Savings rates are also made by placing insurance on a three-year or five- year term instead of on a one-year basis. Savings in rates thru a co insurance clause have been mentioned above Sh0wn that ' Particularly in the case of fire-resistive school buddings, the loss ratio, i. e., the ratio of fire losses to ore onTh P i'h h u- be “ Very l0W -' This means that insurance rates and b h U " dmgS ha ™ be “ hi « her tha " justified Some dtS fire-reli ve a buildL UP p Pr0gram °' se,f - insura "«, particularly for in the field of insurance, able insurance practices. 7 8 P 1 more favor ‘ ATM o U KAJVGE The foregoing discussion refers Drimarilv ir, g other type of insurance usually carried is ho ler mSUranCe ' The particularly advisable in that it gives school " lnSU . rance - This is tage of out side service in the inspection of bcdelT"* 5 ““ adVa "‘ 6 ViU. xt . &*£-*•-*** Mens, car, “Joyner, S. C., chairman ot *?/ uranc , e Costs,” p. 36-70. ’ niversit y of Missouri, 1934.) Association. ^ C " Chairman ’' ° p - Bulletin No. If is the tW . the th ' rd report published by the CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Financing the Plant Construction Program -T-T thether school-plant expenditures are for the construction of W new buildings or for the rehabilitation of old buildings, major projects require more funds than the usual school district has avail¬ able in its current budget. Altho expenditures for capital outlay con¬ sume on the average a relatively small portion of each year’s budget, nonrecurring items of considerable size require just as careful planning and budgeting as do the annual items of current expense. The Building-Project Budget Before any building project is undertaken, a “building-project budget” should be developed to include all the financial aspects of the venture. Even before the current spiral of rising prices began, it was not unusual for school units to find they had insufficient unds to complete plant programs after they were started -Sometimes funds were made available to cover only the cost of the gross building structure, and plans had not been developed to finance the prelimi¬ nary expenses, incidental costs, site development, suitable equipment, and the costs arising after completion of the structure A carefully planned and administered building-project budget is a safeguard that will prevent such an occurrence. _ The project budget should be divided into two sections to separate nreliminarv expenses from those coming after the bond sale. The possibility that the bond election might not be favorable must always be considered. Altho investment or legal counsel and the architect may consent to gamble the payment for their preliminary service unon the success of the bond elections, their advice, time, and ex pense are moral obligations of the school unit that should be paid whether the election succeeds or fails. Also, it is hazardous for the r 288 1 Financing the Plant Program 2 8< board to resort to short-term borrowing to finance preliminary ex¬ penses, for the short-term loans must be repaid even if the election fails. It is generally illegal to incur obligations in anticipation of a favorable bond vote. Thus, some preliminary expenses must be paid out of current funds. An outline for a building-project budget might be developed as follows : Resources 1. Preliminary Stages a. Current funds on hand and available b. Accumulations in building fund 2. Construction and Later Stages Sal “ M CUn,UllliVe Si " tine f ° n. E £ < L > x -> W jd w I C £ c* £ 1-4 O r- • X T—H n 5 « fc G 2o co x VO vo, VO vo G u *-* l/J G (J U 2 x.S £ ^ bfi O t-. U < ' I co o o CO o * ON 00 ■x Cl • * X 1 VO, 1—H X ON CO VO o o o o o o o o o o o o VO VO co o o c- r- o o co o tO- co O o to. X co OO to¬ co O ON to Cl X vo to vo co Cl to CO X to Os VO to . 0 OO Cl X d OO 0 to 1 X . G • ”u x : c/j G 4-> G 8- s g 0 * 3 w Uh u t/> s Tota U Less than one-tenth of 1 percent. Financing the Plant Program 291 5. Furniture, equipment, playground apparatus 6. Miscellaneous a. Contingencies b. Insurance paid by school district c. Dedication expenses. Many of the foregoing expenses may be provided for in the cur¬ rent school budget if they are anticipated in advance. The initial cost of the site may not be a factor if the site has been acquired well in advance of need. Preparation of the project budget does not imply that the total cost should be incorporated in the borrowing program. Budgeting in advance serves to insure that funds are available from some source when needed, either from current financ¬ ing or from funding operations. The architect obviously must partici¬ pate in making the budget document and he should initial it to show his participation and concurrence. The building-project budget is applicable equally well to major renovations, remodeling, and new construction. Indeed, such budg¬ eting should be a basic step in resolving the issue between moderniz¬ ing an old building or providing a new one. 1 A structurally sound ^ht UC rT t y ° b J S0 ' ete buMing usua "y ^ reconditioned new lighting and window arrangement, new floors, new service systems, and the like, for a much smaller investment than that re¬ quired to build and to service the debt for a new structure. A project budget for each would show the cost differences. Summaries of actual building-project budgets for schools reported from five states are shown in Table 7. It is apparent that the f mated costs of the structure itself must be held well below the amount of funds available for the complete plant project Methods of Financing Capital Outlay mo^e^to^nance^pitaUmtlay programs-^ mf" T °‘ ST -you. g o, including resJe ^uZlati S: r hod of finandng ‘“w factory under ali e circmust^ n ^ lng p SU ^ eS ^ ^ ndther pIan is satis- agance and avoids interest rnzt* ^‘ as ' you ' go tends to avoid extrav- _____ interest costs. Bonding spreads the burden over arts. f^ I0 ? ntribu - 292 American School Buildings a period of years and is feasible under more circumstances than the other plan. Paying for each program before the next one is undertaken restricts the pay-as-you-go plan to communities that build almost annually. Probably a combination of the two plans would be desirable. Only the larger and wealthier taxing units have sufficient taxable wealth to provide adequate funds for plant construction on an annual pay-as-you-go basis. The practice is sound if sufficient current tax- paying capacity is present but most school units must resort to long¬ term borrowing in order to finance their plant programs. Funds are borrowed usually thru the sale of certificates of indebtedness or school bonds. In the earlier part of the twentieth century, when school systems embarked upon the tremendous plant-expansion pro¬ grams that lasted until the onset of depression, new construction was financed largely by the sale of bonds. For the most part this borrowing was secured by a pledge of part of the proceeds of the property tax, which was the bulwark of the school revenue system. Legal regulations governing the issuance of school bonds devel¬ oped basic patterns during this period, based upon the premises that (a) the provision of school-plant facilities was solely the respon¬ sibility of the local school unit; (b) that long-term borrowing was the best method of financing capital outlays; and (c) that ad valorem assessments as a tax base constituted the fundamental measure of wealth or tax-paying capacity. It was into such a pattern that debt limitations expressed as a percent of the assessed valuation were woven. The entire problem of financing thru long-term borrowing has changed materially since the twenties, and a few of the more progres¬ sive states already are rethinking the solutions . 3 The federal tax program is siphoning annually from local and state units billions of dollars that formerly remained at the scene of the local tax base. To this extent, and as “ready money” is drained from wealth-pro¬ ducing local property, there is less tax-paying capacity for schools than there formerly was in identical tax rolls. The continuing attrition of the ad valorem tax is being aggravated by the development of newer, more intangible types of wealth-pro¬ ducing property, by the development of newer sources of income not based directly upon income-producing tangible property, and • Sec D. 306-308. Financing the Plant Program 293 by the trend toward abandonment of the ad valorem tax as a state revenue source with the consequent lowering of state activity in im¬ proving local property tax efficiency. Actually, it would appear that the net result of these trends should be to weaken the security pledging the payment of bonds issued a number of years ago. Since the war assessed valuations have not been sensitive to “fair” values of property. There is a universal tendency to produce addi¬ tional school revenues by increasing the tax rate rather than by in¬ creasing the valuation. Since the reductions in valuation experienced during the depression had not been fully recovered at the onset of t e war, valuations since the war have lost ground in proportion to market values. Statutory debt limitations, such as the 2 percent imit in Indiana, leave the schools with depressed borrowing capacitv even as revenues for current expenses are increased significantly and at a time when construction costs are pyramided. A further trend outmoding the customary debt limitation is the reduction m interest rates experienced since the limits were imposed A generation ago interest rates of 6 percent were common. Inasmuch as debt-service expenditures are the total of principal and interest quivalent debt limits should allow for a greater bonded debt at a ^ Interest rate ^an at a 6 percent rate. Debt limitations rmally do not consider the interest rate of the debt, altho Arkansas recently has scaled the debt limit inversely with the rate of interest tax rates^T^ 11 ? ^ °° k at proposed increases in school- usuallt take^ th CUrrent 6Xpenses ° r debt service are “ J , aken 355 the measures of local effort when the problem is assessments and low rates. White the plan of fin ' * high pense may not be affected the V financing current ex- district is adversely affected by ° 1 SCh ° 01 instance. sments m almost every Tax limitations expressed in terms o, assessed valuation ordinariiv 294 American School Buildings do not take into account the relative basis upon which assessments are made. The result is that a school district having assessments on a basis of 50 percent of fair value will have twice the borrowing capacity of a similar district in which assessments are on a 25 per- cent-of-fair-value basis. Communities probably are not aware of this crippling effect of a low assessment basis upon the school-plant pro¬ gram. In the absence of desirable state controls the superintendent of schools and the board of education should be expected to supply the educational leadership in creating an awareness of the problem on the part of the public. Methods of Long-Term Borrowing School bonds have been issued in two common types, and in a third type not frequently used. The type of bond most generally recommended for school purposes is the serial bond, with definite maturities scheduled for each year until the debt is retired. It is general practice to amortize these maturities in order that the total of principal and interest payments may remain rather constant dur¬ ing the life of the debt. Where the district can determine its own rate of taxation without limitation, the serial type of bond is preferable to the sinking-fund type. Tax-rate limitations, if any, should be imposed only upon cur¬ rent expense levies. A debt limitation expressed as a percent of the assessed valuation is intended to safeguard the financial solvency of the school district. Where an over-all tax-rate limitation includes the debt-service levy, damage to children’s interests results when the maximum tax yield is inadequate to meet both debt-service and current-expense requirements. To retire a bonded debt on sched¬ ule is an obligation thatmust be scrupulously discharged. Yet, not even bondholders should have a preferred claim on school revenues at the expense of school children. Whatever rate is necessary to retire a legal debt should be voted in addition to whatever rate is necessary for essential current expenses. The most common term of serial bonds is not longer than twenty years, altho school-bond issues may range in life from ten to thirty years. All other things being equal the school debts should be re¬ tired as rapidly as possible provided the current school program is not hampered. Not only should inflated building costs be paid with inflated dollars, but also short-term bonds are desirable when ■ * 1 •}»"- JLj w * ' J' * •> V;. J - "M§l 1 "I ~>iJ| *'"I* 5 K'AitWW | HiM Bual P Wr ft t'fxi |LJ[ ly***#! 1 p-Tfolj I ; •pi AM ■it? ' 'j rl ji Wi J mill u: scmiiii s, park imiiiii', 11 1 inois (iii*""•;tfmBBU |fl|^ -tv' ' -. :-B§W ; . R» ffSm^. '^mi^ ' > ’ - v KC' 1 , x ~* V >& '|5 ^ &> ,’ v *%■%v *i /Vm* t*<^^Wpiil;Jlli ' [Kjggtf^.*®* _ ^ -^||] 1' ' V-' /- fJ^J !sa®3^^41 298 American School Buildings interest rates are low. Serious consideration should be given to the use of five- or ten-year terms whenever possible. Another advantage of the serial bond is that annual principal payments immediately increase the borrowing capacity of the district under a debt limi¬ tation. The sinking-fund or term type of bond requires very careful ad¬ ministration of the debt by the board of education and the superin¬ tendent of schools. With the possibilities of turnover among mem¬ bers of the board and the superintendent, the administration of a sinking fund is a serious problem. Because all bonds are scheduled to mature on the same date, usually twenty years after the date of issuance, careful management is required each year to insure suffi¬ cient payments into the sinking fund to enable the district to retire its debt when due. In addition, the safe investment of the sinking- fund accumulation presents a business-management problem in itself. During the depression a modified or combination type of school bond was occasionally marketed, usually in refunding programs. It might be called a serial-redemption sinking-fund bond. This type of bond probably should be more widely utilized in new school-bond issues because it has the advantage of both serial and sinking-fund types and the disadvantages of neither. It is a term bond in that all the issue is scheduled to mature on the same future date, and it is callable. However, the bonds are numbered serially. A provi¬ sion in the deed of trust requires the school district to vote a con¬ tinuing tax levy for the life of the issue. Annual collections from this levy are pledged to the sinking fund, with the requirement that the sinking fund be exhausted annually by the call and redemption of bonds in serial order. It is possible for the purchasers of such bonds to plan their investment portfolios with reasonable accuracy. For the school district that votes a tax rate instead of a definite sum, this type of bond protects the schools against unfavorable fluctuations in depression times and accelerates the retirement of the debt in good times. Insurance organizations have appeared more will¬ ing to purchase the combination type of bond than have the banks, who are interested primarily in bonds definitely maturing within ten or twelve years. A fourth type of borrowing has appeared in the use of revolving loan funds maintained in certain states for the purpose of lending Financing the Plant Program 299 money to school districts for capital improvements/ Significant im¬ provements in the financing of capital outlays are possible by this means. Because education really is the function of the state, the state should share the responsibility for necessary capital outlays as well as for the foundation program of current operations. Until sue tune as the states are able and willing to assume this respon- si 11 ty, each state in the Union should at least be able to place at he disposal of local school districts the credit and borrowing power o the state itself, which should be as good as or better than that of To lo°cai mt h Sh ° Uld t0 Pr ° vide for oans to local school districts at a rate of interest lower than the requ^thaflf “h COmmerciall y- Good business practices should h, Tm ° nIy t0 g °° d Credit risks - Thus, grants should be available to supplement loan funds Rates of interest vary more with the nature of the borrowing agency than with the type of debt certificate used. Small school dis c s generally must pay interest rates as much as 1 percent or more aie MuemiaTfnDi nd klWWn districts - If ^stment interests are hkdvtta t ” g 6 ° ngina ' borrowin « transaction, they and depositories VarfaHnne • *u • ead ° f b ds from banks f ^iiuues. variations m the interest rafpc fnr- fL j-u types of bonds probably are no greater than n , ^ dlfferent in the bond market T),mn„ ,/ f han 0ccas,onal fluctuations :-::x jnrs rr; - “ future school generations must'd ^ X resources u P°u which =ss»* is See p. 307 . u 300 American School Buildings current overdrafts, to pay higher teachers salaries, or to meet any other current expenses should be illegal in every state. Relationship of New Debt to School Expenses The ability to accumulate sums of money thru borrowing or thru a pay-as-you-go program is not the only financial determination the board and superintendent must make in advance of construction. They must study the effect of the new indebtedness upon current school expenses. For example, an expansion in the plant inventory thru improved or new structures is almost sure to be accompanied by increased costs in current operations. New buildings require heat¬ ing, lighting, custodial services and supplies, insurance against fire and other hazards, upkeep and repairs, and other current outlays, as well as added instructional expense. These increased costs must be absorbed by the school-tax rate for current expenses, while the increased costs of servicing the debt must come from an increased debt-service levy. The resultant of these influences should be deter¬ mined in advance. Usually a school district finds it necessary to issue new bonds be¬ fore the old existing debt has been retired.. In some instances school units have been encouraged to postpone maturity payments on the new bonds, even when of serial type, until some of the existing debt is retired. This practice is questionable if payments are deferred too long, because maximum interest payments must be made each year. It is frequently advantageous to be able to reorganize the entire debt structure in order to prevent deferment or pyramiding of annual debt maturities. A call feature in outstanding bonds makes it possible to refund and to consolidate the existing debt with the new debt. Such an arrangement is most desirable. An objection to the call feature is that it usually involves a higher interest rate than noncallable bonds. It might be that the flexibility in debt scheduling and in future fund¬ ing programs would be well worth the increase in interest rate. The objection itself sometimes is avoided by making serial bonds callable after the first ten years. The call feature for new issues increases in potential value to the district when interest rates are high, for opportunities to refinance are more likely. The lower the rate of interest the less value there is in the call feature. The problem should be studied by the local administration before a decision is reached Financing the Plant Program 301 as to whether the call feature is desirable and whether it is worth the cost. Projection of the educational program into the future will help to clarify the relationship of the new debt to school expenses. Long¬ term planning of the plant program will suggest estimated needs well in advance. The scheduling of new debts should be made with these projected plans in mind. Altho the refunding of school bonds by distressed school districts under such a statute as the Municipal Bankruptcy Act was necessary and desirable, the philosophy devel¬ oped by the Act is questionable. 5 The fact that a school district may have been overburdened with debt in 1933 did not warrant the as¬ sumption that a period of thirty-three to thirty-five years would be required to relieve the school unit of its debt burden. As a matter of actual consequences, some districts refunding under the Municipal Bankruptcy Act have extended their debt maturities so far into the future that inevitably new borrowing will have to be resorted to long before the old debt is retired. Such conditions might have been fore¬ stalled had the educational program and ultimate plant planning jec e ted Pr ° JeCted ^ far int ° the fUtUre aS thC indebtedness w as pro- Establishment of a Credit Rating A major factor influencing interest rates is the credit rating of the hool district. The following are among the best known credit som p Cie V h f^ maintain ratmgS ° f V° VlticSLl subdivisions, including , - 00 districts: Dun and Bradstreet, Inc., 290 Broadway Moody s Investors Service, 65 Broadway; and Poor’s Publishing Company, 345 Hudson Street; all of New York City. g th . t eS f ab ! iShment ° f S Credit rating is an ™portant function of r sr-«4-“"-r S-ps o,tC fot: “ ClaSS ‘ fy theSC infl — “ lUre of «>e local debt-The cause lapping debt; the rate at which debt w l ai f ount of ne t direct and over¬ debt; method of reUranent*; 1 'tax-exemptfon.””' ‘ he ° f ‘ h ' OU(sta "^ 302 American School Buildings 2. Those resulting in unfavorable market reaction—Small size of the unit; location in a section far removed from any financial center; the fact that the unit borrows frequently, yet has made no special effort to establish itself as a good credit risk; failure on the part of officials to make financial information readily available. 3. Factors indicating the trend which the financial condition of unit is taking— Ability to live within income; extent to which certain conservative practices are followed; the property tax as a source of revenue (growth or decrease of ex¬ emptions, relation of assessed to true valuations, property holdings of large taxpayers, trend of total assessed valuations, place of vacant lots in total assessed valuations, trend in tax collections during the past five or ten years); state aid for payment of interest or principal; revenue sources other than the property tax or state aid; contingent liabilities. 4. Factors in administration and structure of the unit—-Character and legal status of the unit; type of administration; honest and intelligent administration; presence of too many overlapping governments in the community; over-all tax limitation law; the tax calendar; tax collection machinery; security of public deposits; bondholders’ immediate and ultimate remedies’ in case of default. 5. Factors related to economic and social conditions—Compactness in area; strategic location; character of the population; economic resources; stability of the economic life of the community." It will be noted that some of the limiting factors can be over¬ come. The administration of a school district should carefully study its credit rating. If a reported rating is found to be in error or is considered to be unjust, the actual conditions should be called to the attention of the agency and a corrected rating requested. Superintendents of schools should pay particular attention to re¬ quests for information by bond houses or investors. The administra¬ tion and financial condition may be sound but may not have been presented adequately enough to investors and creditors for them to appreciate it. Careful cooperation with responsible bond dealers, prompt responses to private agencies preparing credit reports for dealers and bondholders, submission of items of interest to leading financial journals, and courtesy to investors’ representatives will contribute to interest and goodwill in investment circles. The Bond Attorney Every document and every step in the proceedings leading to a bond sale must be in strict conformity with law. A firm of recognized bond attorneys should be employed from the start. Lists of na- »Chatters, Carl II. and Hlllhousc, A. M. Local Government Debt Admlnlttration, New York: I 1 rent Ice-Hall, 1939. p. 282-87, Financing the Plant Program 303 tionally known bond attorneys may be secured from several sources, such as local banks, investment and trust companies, bond dealers, and The Bond Buyer, 67 Pearl Street, New York City. The school district s own attorney usually is not a bond specialist. It is not a reflection on his competence as an attorney to recognize the fact that prospective investors will require the approving opinion of legal specialists known to them. Most of the services that might be performed by the board’s lawyer will be duplicated by the ap¬ proving attorney, and unnecessary expense will result, if respon¬ sibility is not given early to the bond attorney. An understanding with the two attorneys should be reached in advance. In most cases the fee of the bond attorney will be no greater if he prepares all t e necessary resolutions, ballots, and notices. Fees vary with locali¬ ties but they usually are calculated on the basis of one dollar per thousand dollars on large issues and a fixed minimum on small issues. . [° a PP reciate the importance of satisfying the investor in he selection of the approving attorney may result not only in loss o ime but also in the loss of a market for the bonds. A preliminary approving opinion should be secured prior to the bond sale. Since e final opinion cannot be delivered until the bond sale is consum- mated, it is vitally important that the bond dealer be reasonably sure on the n mary ° P T n Wm be SUstained - For preliminary opin- ion the attorney will require most of the following documents each of which must be certified as to its authenticity: t- Statement of assessed valuation 2. Sworn statement of debt 6 s : S'rr d “° g scho °' eieciion i °^ 7. Certificate of publication of election notice 8. Form of ballot 9. Proceedings canvassing election returns ““ **» -tun,, 11. Advertisement of sale ??• Certificate of publication of sale notice . Certificate of sale and award 14. Resolution confirming sale 15. Certificate of signatures on bonds issue are certified 304 American School Buildings 16. Copy of bond form 17. Nonlitigation certificates 18. Treasurer’s receipt for payment for bonds. Full and prompt cooperation of the administration in providing the attorney with these documents is essential. The board’s local attorney should assist the bond attorneys in every possible way. Procedure in Sale of Bonds Funding procedures involving bond sales are more or less stand¬ ard in all states, altho details such as authorization by board reso¬ lution versus election or provisions in the deed of trust vary widely. Steps in chronological order are approximately as follows: 1. Decision to borrow 2. Advice from state officials 3. Choice of bond attorney 4. Authorization of bond issue 5. Planning the debt instrument—type; call provisions; paying dates, agent, and place; denomination 6. Planning the maturity schedule 7. Preparing the bond contract 8. Marketing the bonds—advertising; prospectus; credit rating; basis for bidding; conducting the sale 9. Steps after bond sale—preparing the bonds; authentication, registration, and signing of bonds; delivery to purchaser; final approving opinion; recording bonds sold; making bond and interest payments 10. Safeguarding proceeds of sale. The notice of sale may specify that interest should not exceed a certain rate, but the bidder should be given the privilege of naming the rate within the limitation. Bids on rate are usually in multiples of 'J4 percent. Permitting the bidder to name the rate allows the buyer to bid what he thinks is the lowest rate the market will accept and at a price close to par. Bonds should be sold as close to par as possible. Occasionally, school bonds command a sizable premium when sold. Sometimes the impression given is one of a high credit rating, when actually the high premium indicates a rate of interest higher than it should have been. Requiring bids at par and allowing the competition to bid on interest rate below a certain maximum will avoid the danger of specifying a rate so low that no bids will be received, and the danger of paying a higher rate of interest than necessary. Financing the Plant Program 305 The practice, legal in some states, of bidding with the privilege of conversion” should be condemned. Under the scheme the ldder specifies a certain rate of interest for the bonds at par, with the option of converting” the issue to one at a lower rate and in¬ creased principal, so that ultimately the total cost to the district will remain the same. The result may make no difference in ultimate cost but it increases the principal of the debt and reduces the additional borrowing capacity of the district to that extent. as tTttrlf require the appr0val ° f a !ar « e majority (such two-thirds) of voters to authorize a bond issue. In others im¬ pediments occur in the requirement that those voting favorably must Teffe t cast maJ ° rit r f ** regiStrati ° n ’ thus > a P u ^ d vot^r may idaholn T ga , Ve ™ te by remainin « a ™y f ™m ‘he polls, ll Haho and Texas only property holders may vote, and numerous r at - % 10 ^“ te ir S ‘ ated earl,er that the Ietter of the must be fol owed in calling and conducting the election and in a- , proposal on the ballot Tt ; c „ • ectl0n and ln wording the ir priority, allocation, or specific purpose^except' i ™ 1 ’? 1Stra ' tio " as t0 funds will be used for maior i i to lns ure that the Wording Will comply with stateTaw ‘ ‘ mpr ° Vements and 'hat the Safeguarding Construction Funds f r s s,ar,s with fp » d - available to the school district the 166 ^ * he b ° nd 1SSUe makes 'ime they are delivered o h P T‘ for the b °" ds a ' 'he Earned interest on the debt shou d ^ the Phaser, hoard has been caucus in re e vi funf ?“ “ tba - b ool date printed on the bonds. § earned mtere st from the 306 American School Buildings If construction is not to start immediately, the major portion of the borrowed money should be safely invested until it is needed. Districts actually were able in 1946 to invest their capital outlay funds in government bonds at a higher rate of interest than the new school bonds were bearing. Investment for several months, or years, if necessary, may be sound business if the market conditions that favor bond sales well in advance of construction seem to warrant the potential hazards of administering the investment portfolio. If construction funds are in a building or sinking-fund accumula¬ tion, they should be invested as they accumulate, with the result that a minimum spread will exist between the interest cost of the funds and the interest earned by them. These investments should be so planned that portions of the account can be liquidated as construc¬ tion progresses without the disorganization of the entire invest¬ ment schedule. In order to see that funds are on hand when needed, the district must safeguard deposits in excess of the $5000 protected by the Fed¬ eral Deposit Insurance Corporation by effecting a depository agree¬ ment with the bank or banks, and it must prepare a calendar of anticipated expenditures for the construction program. The deposi¬ tory agreement usually is a contract under which the bank agrees to set up a trust account with the nearest Federal Reserve Bank, depositing therein an amount of government bonds equal to the deposit of the school district and to be held in escrow for the pro¬ tection of the district’s deposit. The time schedule or calendar of payments may be developed along with the project budget, for.it should be available for study at the time building funds are in¬ vested. To wait until construction is imminent is too late for financial planning. State and Federal Aid for Capital Outlay For the past fifty years state aid to local school districts has been granted primarily for current expenses. Comparable assistance for capital outlay has not developed probably because of inadequate state funds rather than because of any fundamental principle, in opposition to such aid. In recent years there has been an increasing awareness by the several states that some form of equalization and assistance is imperative. In 1948 some adaptation of a state-aid plan for capital outlay Financing the Plant Program 301 m effect in nineteen states, altho the aid was meager in amount and limited in application in some of the nineteen. 7 In Alabama and Florida capital outlay funds are apportioned on an equalization basis as part of the state-guaranteed foundation program. In Mary, and and Washington aid for capital outlay is given according to an equalized matching formula, separate from the foundation pro- n nl « T ~ e Sta * e aW f ° r buiWi ”S s “d transportation is fi s$ M 000 Mo SUrP ' US ( " 7° °' SakS taX C0 “ eC * i0nS ab0Ve the $20 000,000, approximately $7,000,000 was distributed to the counties ,n 1947-48, of which 50 percent was divided equally among he counties 25 percent on basis of population, and 25 plent o n he basis of area. The California plan utilizes a defied funding ype o equalization based on local need; in 1947-48 $55 000 non “St f °; b h iWing aM - A ‘ < b - statefoSp FnnH • v . dlstncts b y maintaining loan funds. The Literary t ’ P ercent and 4 percent, respectively. levies h, advance oVclTuSon.TmLTS states p™” laws in 1947 were Indiana c ,, ^ , e states Passing such -d California are among 0 ^“^^ you-go program is made possible hv * h, -m ° dlfied P^ 5 * which revenue is accumulated in advance The if ° r Slnkm ^ fund in mg such cumulative buildinv fund h , The hazards ln administer- of sinking-fund “n 1947 legislat^L^n^n^anr^and^ 0 "^ 6 ^ “ f ° Fms ’ by the Indiana and Pennsylvania.- The Indiana plan Alabama, California, Connecticut n i 1 s'ssippi, Missouri. New rZ ? neiaware, Florida Maryland iu ■gssarwfcSJFW swai?- «-— 5WW ” W °< r^sylvania, 1947, Act. No. 498 . 308 American School Buildings permits the formation of local nonprofit corporations which may build school buildings and lease them to local school systems. The Pennsylvania statute established the State Public School Building Authority, as a corporation under the jurisdiction of the Depart¬ ment of Public Instruction, and granted the Authority broad powers to issue bonds, buy lands, and to build and lease school facilities to local school districts. An appropriation of $100,000 for administra¬ tive expenses was provided. All of these efforts represent a growing acceptance of the principle that the state should share in the responsibility for providing ade¬ quate plant facilities. Among these current practices the plan afford¬ ing the greatest hope for progress seems to be the trend toward the inclusion of plant facilities as essential elements in a state founda¬ tion program. With the cumulative deficit in adequate school housing and in the face of increases in elementary-school enrolments, federal assistance in plant construction will ultimately be needed to supplement inade¬ quate state and local funds. The basic principles justifying federal aid for public education are equally applicable to current expenses and to capital outlay. CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Unanswered Question j npo imply, as does the title of this chapter, that there are unan- . swered questions in the school-plant field, suggests further in¬ quiries. What are the unanswered questions? How can they be answered? If they are to be answered by research, how and by whom should that research be undertaken? Research in industry and gen¬ era government have been expanded greatly in recent years and in certain phases may contribute to research on the school plant- a discussion of these trends and relationships forms the opening sec- 1011 ° f . he Chapter< 0ther sections deal with efforts to organize re¬ search in the school-plant field; areas in which research is needed- ndmg ways to make the needed studies; and development of trained personnel m the school-plant field. d Trends in Research in Industry and Government Without doubt the sharp increase in the amount of money spent parandTth K ; ndUSt 7” d government since 1938 is without ^te ™ are avc increased trom $350 million to $800 million .n~« 06 sea ,r h increa5ed more than tenfold ' ^^8™!!;™; * ‘" $706 milll0n ln 1945 -‘ Research helped to win the war- it is needed equally in time of peace ’ ---- h PP ° sed to government and industrial laboratories, No. w „: 310 American School Buildings and (b) that, in order to conduct that basic research, federal funds must be provided to support such programs. A bill was passed by Congress in 1947 to establish a Nationa Science Foundation, but was vetoed. The projected plan 1 no include research in the social sciences and hence would not have offered assistance for school-plant research except indirectly^ If at some future time a new bill is passed and grants are made ^ or social-science research, then projects in school-plant research mig secure some assistance from federal funds. Efforts To Organize Research in the School-Plant held The one organization which over a long period of years has main- tailed a concentrated interest in schoo.-plant planning and research Is the National Council on Schoolhouse Construction, organ zed in 1922 Altho the Council has a relatively small membership, it has heavy Responsibility in the planning of school buildings thruout th atlrvn Tn a careful check made a few years ago, it was found that the members of this Council had a direct responsibility for the olanning of the school buildings for the children of more than tw - Thirds f the nation’s population. This organization, therefore, to be aware of the large number of unanswered questions in The fi s1andards Committee, appointed a, the very outset of the organ z "n o, the National Council on Schoolhouse C—n has endeavored to secure funds to undertake research » ^ ^ A19^ v n c rllna or thl* report I, now In procew of publication. Unanswered Questions 311 search studies, has sought to secure funds for school-plant research also. As early as 1935, a small committee of the American Council was set up to draft a proposal for a program of research in the field of school buildings. The resulting proposal, in giving reasons why the recommended research should be undertaken, included the fol¬ lowing : 1. Thirty-five percent of all money expended for public education goes to construct, operate, and maintain the school plant. School-plant funds come from the same source as those for instruction. Where economies can be effected, the savings may be used to improve instruction, to provide additional and necessary school buildings, or to reduce taxes. 2. Existing information on how to spend most economically the money re¬ quired annually for the school plant (more than $700,000,000) is very inade¬ quate. 4 Shortly thereafter, the American Council set up, as one of its standing committees, a “School Plant Research Council.” Later the name was changed to the “School Plant Research Committee” and in 1948 the membership of the Committee was enlarged and the name again changed to the “Committee on Educational Buildings and Equipment.” This Committee has continued without interrup¬ tion since first organized in 1937. The persistent efforts of the American Council on Education to secure adequate financial support for school-plant research have been successful only in a small degree. One foundation made a grant of $30,000 for experimental work in school furniture. Shortly after the outbreak of the war, it was necessary to suspend this project because of lack of personnel, so about 40 percent of the original grant lapsed. However, two publications of the Council resulted from this study Specification for Folding Chairs, and Specification for Chair Desks, issued early in 1942. 5 Also, a study was made of the utilization of school sanitary facili¬ ties. Workers in the school-plant field have long believed that the code and regulatory requirements on the number of water closets and urinals were too high. This investigation, based on actual time use, was carried on in thirty-nine schools located in twenty-five fcET* American Council on Education, CommiUeeon Council - 32 P Series TO. Seheo! P„„ No . 312 American School Buildings different school districts in fifteen states and Canada. 6 It was found that the actual needs for sanitary facilities are from one-third to one-half below the standards set in codes or regulations found to exist in eight states and eleven large cities. To reduce plumbing fixtures from a third to a half, particularly in the light of present building costs, would represent sizable savings. It illustrates what would undoubtedly result, either in terms of savings or better facili¬ ties or both, if an adequate program of research were set up in the school-plant field. Various other research projects in the school-plant field have been undertaken. One of the most outstanding of these was the work of the New York Commission on Ventilation. This Commission, which was financed by the Milbank Memorial Fund, was in almost con¬ tinual operation for eighteen years. One of its major conclusions was that desirable schoolroom conditions may be obtained by any one of the three following methods of ventilation, when proper design and operation are provided: 1. Plenum ventilation 2. Local unit ventilation 3. Window-gravity ventilation.’ Differences of opinion on this subject, however, continue to arise. Further research is needed, to answer satisfactorily many still un¬ answered questions on ventilating and heating, some of which are listed in a later section of this chapter. The American Educational Research Association, a department of the National Education Association, has included the school plant as one of the topics covered in the three-year cycle of the Review of Educational Research. The Research Division of the National Education Association has published occasional Research Bulletins and bibliographies in the field. The United States Office of Educa¬ tion has from time to time thruout its history published bulletins on various phases of schoolhousing and in addition has collected the basic statistics on expenditures and other items related to the school plant. Sanitary Facilities Amerlc»n Council on Education Studiei. wamington, u “tNeSVkComml-lon on Ventilation. School VanlUatlon, Principle, and Practice,. New York: Teacher* Collei*, Columbia Unlvenlty, 1931. p. 33. Unanswered Questions 313 Research studies carried out under the auspices of industrial cor¬ porations have produced findings that have been drawn upon in school planning. In the field of lighting, in particular, such data are in constant use in connection with schools. Disagreements exist, however, as to the interpretation of the findings as applied to school conditions. Overzealous salesmen sometimes make claims far in ex¬ cess of those made by the research agencies of the corporations. Facilities are lacking for action by a public or other nonprofit or¬ ganization that might serve as an authoritative clearinghouse and interpreter of such research and might on occasion participate in industrial research in fields that are applicable to the school plant. Altho there have been many graduate theses and dissertations dealing with various aspects of the school plant, a critical examina¬ tion of the studies on schoolhouse planning and construction yields a relatively small number that could be named as controlled or basic research. This is not to say that graduate schools of education have not made a substantial contribution toward the improvement of . — »™oo lS , PHILADELPHIA, PBNNSYLVA * ahead, an actuality i„ one s ’ chool * ie I'M /kf/lyi Mn 314 American School Buildings school buildings. Many useful instruments have been devised for evaluating the school plant and the various processes in the planning and efficient use of school plants. The whole movement for scientific local surveys and analyses of local school-plant needs was initiated and given impetus by research units in graduate schools of edu¬ cation. These institutions, however, lack the funds and consequently the personnel for large-scale definitive studies. Areas in Which Research Is Needed Since the Committee on Educational Buildings and Equipment, mentioned earlier in the chapter, has given extended consideration on different occasions to the problems in the school-plant field need¬ ing further investigation, the lists which follow have been taken with some modifications from their conclusions. 8 The lists, how¬ ever should not be regarded as exhaustive; there are many other problems in the field on which additional information is needed. The problems mentioned are grouped under four headings; those be¬ lieved to be most urgent are starred: SCHOOL-BUII.DING PLANNING *1. The size, selection, and location of school sites. • 2. The number of square feet of classroom floor space per pupil in the various types of instructional rooms. ' , , 3 Proportion of floor space which should be allotted to different school ac¬ tivities, such as administration, library, physical education, health, shops, labora¬ tories, classrooms, and community needs. edu . *4. Location of different types of rooms in the building in.order to cational requirements most efficiently. Rooms which should be cont '^ OUS often found to be widely separated, thereby causing unnecessary travel, gestion, and expense in administration. *5 Reliable methods of determining the room requirements fo g cational program. New York State ha, made considerable progress m meeting “V 1 MU* In draign'and 0 construction „ meet rapidly changing educational rc— RolftTsmal, or too large to jetivHie, whic they must ierve result either in unnecessary teaching costs or in the was P higher operation coats. •American Council a. Mura U.., M g BuMhis and Bqulpminl. WMhlngton, D. C.. u» ".i^ssma _a -l.laam IH/I ffl!* FMAAfCR iR See ilioj Hamon, R*y L. — Rutareh IS: S-lli F«bru»ry 1048. Unanswered Questions 315 7. Expansibility. It is extremely important that school buildings be located, planned, ani constructed so that additions can be made easily and economically. *8. Standards of training for architects, engineers, and superintendents in connection with school planning and designing. *9. Long-range planning. State-wide master plans should be developed to analyze population migration, growth in rural and urban communities, highway development, and land utilization trends. *10. School transportation. The present administration of transportation is, in many cases, impractical and extravagant. Without definite planning in many school districts, it has become a major item of current expenditures. 11. Analysis of financial plans of the states to equalize capital outlay programs. 12. Comprehensive cost analysis studies of buildings and equipment. 13. The development of more uniform, comprehensive, and accurate records on the school plant among the states. BUILDING MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION, AND EQUIPMENT *1. Maintenance and operation costs in relation to the size of building and type of construction. Casual evidence indicates marked differences in the cost of administration, operation, and maintenance of one-, two-, and three-story buildings, and between buildings of different sizes and types of construction. 2. Optimum building size, in relation to construction, operation, and mainte¬ nance costs. *3. Satisfactory building materials, taking into account original cost, avail¬ ability, and utility. 4. Efficient and economical planning and installation of instructional and service equipment. The use of valuable floor space is frequently lost thru faulty design and location of equipment. 5. Adequate study of the design, performance, specifications, and standards or instructional and service equipment. * 6 . Acoustics There is a need to study the effects on pupils and teachers the satisfactory methods of acoustical treatment of the different space facilities m S 7 Des^m d ngS ’ T d thC r ral 6duCati0nal benefits of acoustical treatment. rlnrT i T’ deC ° ratl0n ’ and color - both ^ide and outside school buildings in¬ cluding landscaping, as they affect pupils. SERVICE SYSTEMS 516 American School Buildings CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS 1. Definitions of adequate and proper working drawings and specifications. Inadequate drawings and specifications result in loose and irregular bidding, leading to disagreements, delays in construction, and extra costs. * 2 . Development of standard forms of building contracts and bonds based upon studies of court decisions, state laws, and local regulations. FINANCE In addition to the foregoing, there is an immediate need for a careful study of the financial ability of the various states to finance their school-building needs. This is particularly true because of statutory and constitutional limitations on the issuance of bonds in many of the states which, in the light of the sharp increase in building costs, prevent many school districts from supplying even their most urgent needs. EXAMPLES OF SPECIAL TOPICS Of the various research areas listed, two of the most contro¬ versial are Numbers 1 and 2 under the heading of “Service Sys¬ tems,” namely, school lighting, and heating and ventilating. By way of illustration, some of the unanswered questions in connection with each of these two major problems are included here. Problems in classroom lighting which undoubtedly need further experimen¬ tation and study are: 1 The gradient of desk illumination with wall and ceiling decorations whose reflection coefficient is .50 and .80 respectively, with different window arrang - m< 2 nt The effect of different types of window shades and wall paints on natural The effect of window mullions of different widths upon natural lighting and the visibility of chalkboard writing. . . 4 . The physiological effects of long working exposure with low and high sities of natural lighting on the working surface. S The effect of natural lighting below eye level. . , 6 . The relative illumination from clear glass windows and glass blocks. 7. The effects of lateral chalkboards on desk lighting. 8 . The amount of wattage of energy per square foot of floor area, w proper luminaires and outlet distribution. . . . f var i. P 9 . The feasibility of automatic photromc control as a solution of hg ““o'Tht effect of orientation, ceiling heights, and room widths on lighting. 11. Lighting standards for different school activities. Unanswered Questions 317 As further evidence of the need for educational research in the school-lighting field, there is quoted here the unanimous action of the National Council on Schoolhouse Construction at its annual meeting on October 12, 1947: That the Council . . . instruct its liaison members, cooperating in the revi¬ sion of the 1938 Standards of School Lighting of the American Standards As¬ sociation that it does not believe that sufficient scientific evidence has been presented to justify the inclusion in the pending revision of the Standards of a minimum intensity of thirty foot candles for standard classrooms; and fur¬ ther, that the Council renew its efforts to have carefully controlled experiments continued by impartial investigators to ascertain optimum lighting conditions for comfort, health, and learning. 8 In the field of heating and ventilating some of the major unan- swered questions are as follows: 1. Is window ventilation a satisfactory method under all conditions? 2. If mechanical systems of heating and ventilating are used, how many cubic feet of air per pupil per minute are required? I w U What CXtent and under what circum stances can air be safely recirculated? 4 What are the optimum temperature and humidity conditions for health and learning? ?' JfLf”; conditioni "g feasible and economical under typical school conditions? and p™w“ ,PS betWee " bU " ding teig ” " d bU ‘ Idin? matokls In addition to specific topics on which information is needed there are certain research services that are needed by the people having responsibility for planning and constructing school build¬ ings. Among them are the following: have^been C rcade.°Tlds t i^olves 0 ”he a collectio 1 n U ^^ 1 ° f report^and artide 5 in educational, engineering, architect, and dlied ST* 3. The furnishing of reference servicps tr> _. ,. .. 318 American School Buildings 5. The collection and analysis of existing statutes and other legal provisions which affect school-plant requirements and the preparation of model legislation as a service to boards of education and other public officials. How the “Unanswered Questions” Can Best Be Answered Obviously the American Association of School Administrators is the organization whose members have the largest responsibility for the adequacy of the school buildings to be constructed in these United States. In Ohio, for example, in the 113 city-school districts as of September 1947, 96.5 percent of the total enrolment was in school districts whose chief school administrator was a member o the Association. For the state as a whole, the proportion was 72.6 The Commission believes that the American Association of School Administrators should take an active and leading part m getting satisfactory solutions to the many problems in the school-plant e> . To that end, the Commission has made recommendation in writ g to the Executive Committee of the Association, urging that the As¬ sociation take steps toward securing the financing and administer¬ ing of a nationwide program of research in the school-plant fie . The United States Office of Education now has a School Housing Section which has only two professional workers. Obviously the sta is too small to provide the services needed. The Commission be ieves that the staff should be expanded so that the Office might take a leading part in the five research services listed on pages - • Tho the Office might not find it feasible to conduct actual research studies itself, it is in the best position along with divisions o schoo - house planning in state departments of education, to make u "thTclmtiontriher believes that those states: which do.not now have divisions of schoolhouse planning as a part of their sta department of education should be urged to provide: such dn«™ or dcDartments.’" Those states having such divisions should be u g Z strengthen them so that they may provide much needed assisUnc to the many school districts which are going to have school-build g protams in the immediate future. These state divisions are in excel Tent position to utilise research findings in the actual planning construction of school buildings. nerd In 11. Unanswered Questions 319 Individual members of the American Association of School Ad¬ ministrators and other persons concerned in the improvement of American school buildings have opportunities to help in getting some of the much needed research under way. The Commission urges the readers of this volume to render such services toward the promotion of this research as the following: 1. Encourage commercial interests involved in school-building construction to subsidize special projects in the school-plant field, these to be carried out by nonprofit organizations such as colleges and universities, state departments of education, and the like. 2. Encourage city school systems, particularly the larger ones, to undertake special school-buildmg research projects with their own staff. Advice on the organization and conduct of such projects might be secured from school-building specialists in colleges and universities and state departments of education and the United States Office of Education. 3 Endeavor to have more emphasis given to school buildings in the choosing of topics for graduate theses and dissertations 4 Cooperate wherever possible with interested organizations, such as the daft’ , C °. UnC • ° n Schoolhouse Construction, the National Education Asso- anri m S™™ 1 0n Education ’ the American Institute of Architects ing other ^erliceThat Educatlon h V answering questionnaires and render- field°ther ^ ™ y be rCqUested in the cond ^t of research studies in this b‘ Xh °°' SlaffS ' and lay and development o, schoo, sites, Development of Trained Personnel in the School-Plant Field The degree to which progress is possible in studying the manv work Vt f d j r ° blem | S “ ' he school -Plant field depends finally on the to emnlo^Tt y ‘ rame , d Pers °" nel and the availability of funds lec^Uv of ha '"t a Wi ‘ h the gr ° Win « cognition of the studiLd^ dt deveoTw^i dCTd °? Warns of American School Buildings he field and could therefore make significant contributions toward heir solution without added cost to the communities. That there is a shortage of trained persons in the field is at¬ tested by the experience of the United States Office of Education and other similar agencies to whom requests for such persons nor¬ mally come. Therefore the Commission wishes to conclude this chapter with an urgent plea to colleges of education, of architec¬ ture, and of engineering thruout the country to cooperate in develop¬ ing appropriate programs of study and research from these three fields Persons completing such coordinated programs then will be able to give the aid so much needed by states, counties, and local school districts in the solution of their school-building problems. CHAPTER NINETEEN Major Steps in Building a School TN THE conduct of a school-plant program, the superintendent can x make good use of a check list of the major steps to be taken, as well as a classification of tasks to be performed. A list of such steps follows, giving the items in approximately the chronological order m which they occur in a building program, altho there will be local variations, especially in sequence of the first nine items: JVLajor Steps 1. Schoolhousing needs become felt 2. Educational consultant appointed 3. Architect or architects appointed 4. Planning committees of staff members set up 5. Survey made to determine needs more exactly 6. Financial program determined 7. Bond attorneys selected 8. Bond issue, if necessary, prepared and submitted to voters bond purchased ° n SCh °°‘ diStriCt made aVailaMe t0 P™P«tive 10. Types of furniture and equipment determined ' Educational specifications submitted to architect 12. Preliminary drawings prepared by architect after necessarv ^vc-and-take conferences with the school staff Y 4 p[nI 1 T m i” ary - drawings a PP r °ved by board of education 4. Final drawings and specifications prepared 14 r',? d r, a ™ gs and specifications checked and approved 6. Bids called for on construction and equipment " bond'has bersupplTM^ “ Pr ° P “ Performance 18. Contract documents legally approved ule. enSitr d ° CUmeatS ’ inClUdi ”« cement on payment sched- [321 ] 522 American School Buildings 20. Supplementary supervision of construction provided by owner 21. Construction started 22. Contract awarded for furniture and equipment not covered by general contract 23. Progress reported at successive stages—foundations, first floor, building enclosed, building completed 24. Construction inspected 25. Building accepted 26. Contract completed 27. Building equipped with furniture, apparatus, and machines 28. Building occupied. Reminder List of Specific Actions Usually, before each of the major steps listed in the foregoing section, specific action is called for by the board of education or the superintendent of schools. The following list of questions is designed to serve as a reminder for some of the more essential acts to be performed; it does not attempt to follow a chronological order, as many of these activities may be carried on at one time. PREPARATION AND FINANCING 1. Has the superintendent of schools listed in sequence the things to be done by himself in the proposed program of improvement or expansion of the school plant? What is his own approach to the problem to be? , 2. Has a school-plant library and workshop been provided to facilitate staff and lay participation and contribution to planning? 3 Have the educational policies, having a vital bearing on p an provisions, been made a matter of official record prior to the time the architect is instructed to proceed with drawings? (Grade group¬ ing; class size; degree of departmentalization; method of teach¬ ing; optimum enrolment for each building or campus; recreational program; special services: health, audiometer testing, speech cor¬ rection, dental work; staff facilities; student activities.) 4 Is there available an analytical, continuing inventory (^docu¬ mentary form) of the existing plant, sites, site improvements, build¬ ings, equipment and furniture? , 5 Have present and estimated future population, enrolment, and educational policy data been Interpreted Into specific building needs Major Steps in Building a School 323 to be provided at specified times on specified sites? (By staff, school surveyor, school-plant consultant or combination of these.) 6. Has provision been made for expenditures from current budget (or other source) for the preliminary costs of the building program? 7. Has a long-range financial plan for capital outlays been ad¬ justed to the long-range plan for facilities needed? 8. Have building funds of the district, not immediately neces¬ sary in the program, been invested for interest income without jeopardizing their availability when needed? 9 \ Has the board of education made a considered choice between maximum and minimum permanence of school structures? 10 Does the estimated cost breakdown include all items in the complete plant project rather than estimates of building cost only? CfcKSONNEL FOR PLANNING 1. Have the special staff positions or reassignments of present staff -—- & 3. Has a definite understanding been reached with the architect sXs"l S “ teCh " kal servlces are bfused? Who acoustica, eng^ chanical engineer, etc.) 8 ’ structural engineer, me- staff adequate I^^adviceto^^e^tl^ district In^ *** bond elections and all contracts « planning procedures changed ^deas^^and e in^mar e< ^^h° US ?Ian bee " ad ° pted for ex ' the architect and for giving necess etW6en the . sch ° o1 district and by the school district? ^ mstructlons to the architect planning? (Snrveyor, 0^1™" * ‘° "*“>*'“* 3. Has a time schedule fnr ^ en S ln eers, and other.) •ions, and the time when essenl'I^onal daT ^ been worked out with the architect and a"£“ d > 324 American School Buildings 4. Have staff and community school-plant committees been at work sufficiently long, with adequate leadership, to have their poten¬ tial contributions to the planning ready when needed? 5. Have staff conferences with the architect been scheduled prior to the production of layout plans by the architect? 6. Has a long-range master plan been developed for the entire district? (New sites to be acquired, sites to be abandoned, assign¬ ment of school-grade groups to each site, remodeling schedule, build¬ ing abandonment or replacement schedule.) 7. Has a sketch plan for the complete plant, designed to give optimum service to the maximum number of pupils to be housed there, been adopted prior to the detailed planning of any specific portion. . 8. Have local, county, state, and national school-plant advisory and control services been used to the utmost advantage thruout the planning program? (Planning commission, county schools office, state department of education, industrial accident commission, fire marshal, state architect’s office, United States Office of Education.) CONSTRUCTION AND OCCUPANCY 1. Is there available to the board of education the means for determining whether or not the bidders for a construction contract are qualified to do the work? (Financial adequacy, suitable con¬ struction equipment, competent personnel, size and quality of re¬ cently completed projects.) . , 2. Has the board of education adopted a policy on the issue doing construction work under a general contract versus the use o segregated contracts? , 3 Has the board of education adopted an exact procedure for handling all change orders so that the results of careful planning will not be lost in hastily made changes during construction t 4 Has the board of education adopted qualifications for the building inspector or clerk-of-the-works, considering the fact this person, in the final analysis, determines whether or not the sch district obtains what Is called for in the drawings and specifica- ,i0 5 n5? Has a program been worked out for effectively introducing the users to the new building and training them in its care? (Pupils, teachers, custodians, public.) appendix a Selected References T he following list of books, pamphlets, and magazine articles is a selection from among hundreds of titles, on the basis of applicability to specific topics discussed in the yearbook, and with emphasis on recency and availability. Many publications footnoted in the text of the chanters are omitted from this list. F Many additional references can be located thru the Education Index which is available in most libraries, and by use of the bibliographies cited 3 . Bibliographies, Magazines, and Annual Publications BIBLIOGRAPHIES Research. ‘Sing Typ^Reference GuMeTo'T STs h“l 1947 XSllZil as^Preprint” °‘ ' : “>«'> Publishing *«*. 0/ Eiu- of reviews of research. Previous issues in Vol' ’V recumn S c >’ cle October 1935 ; Vol. 8, Octobef 1M8 vil 12 k 0“,^ " ,932; VoL S - February 1945.) 938 ' Vo1 - 12 . April 1942 ; and Vol. 15 , ChariesW* 0“"'°"’ William K ' Wilson ' wold, Henry L. Glatner Ndson E V,' rfi ^ W ' Sea « ers ' 1 Fris- R. Flesher. ' S ° n E ' VlIes . N °k" D. Pulliam, and William 4. School Life. “School Plant Art,Yl P « >> c.a , r A selection of articles from January 194 i°th f 29 ' u 3 ' 28 ’ April 1947 ' f. Tk f American School Board f 946 ' appearin * School Executive. ’ e Nation s Schools, and The S ' ^ E jdy C ?946. PIant ArtkleS Architectural Magaaines." School - pi r ■»»** *«. >941 Forum. Kecord > Penal Points, and The Architectural [325] 26 American School Buildings 6. Smith, Henry Lester, and Eaton, Merrill T. Bibliography of School Buildings, Grounds, and Equipment, Part VI. Bulletin of the School of Education, Vol. 21, No. 5. Bloomington, Ind.: Bureau of Cooperative Research and Field Service, Indiana University, 1945. 73 p. 50^. Most recent issue in an exhaustive bibliography on school buildings. Part I was published in 1928. ARCHITECTURAL MAGAZINES 7. Architectural Forum. Howard Meyers, editor. Published monthly by Time, Inc., 19 West 44th Street, New York, N. Y. Subscription $5.50. 8. Architectural Record. K. K. Stowell, editor. Published monthly by the F. W. Dodge Corporation, 119 West 40th Street, New York, N. Y. Sub¬ scription $3. 9. Progressive Architecture. (Pencil Points) Thomas H. Creighton, editor. Published monthly by Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 330 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. Subscription $4. EDUCATIONAL MAGAZINES 10. American School Board Journal. William G. and William C. Bruce, editors: Published monthly by Bruce Publishing Co., 540 North Milwaukee Street, Milwaukee, Wis. Subscription $3. 11. Nation’s Schools. Arthur B. Moehlman, editor. Published monthly by The Nation’s Schools Publishing Co., Inc., 919 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Ill. Subscription $3. 12. School Executive. Walter D. Cocking, chairman of board of directors. Published monthly by American School Publishing Corporation, 470 Fourth Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. Subscription $3. Carries many articles on school buildings and regular monthly depart¬ ment on school equipment. 13. School Management. George J. Hecht, publisher. Published monthly in eleven issues (July and August combined) by School Management, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Subscription $2. ANNUAL PUBLICATIONS 14. American School Publishing Corporation. The American School and University, 1948-49. Twentieth annual edition. New York: the Corporation (470 Fourth Avenue), 1948. 731 p. $5. Current issue includes 288 pages of articles and editorial material, a 16-page index of manufacturers’ products, cumulative indexes (including previous volumes) of authors and topics, and manufacturers’ catalog sec¬ tions including 120 pages on building products and services, 240 pages on furniture and equipment, and 60 pages on maintenance products and bus transportation. 15. Association of School Business Officials. Proceedings of the Thirty- Third Annual Convention. Kalamazoo, Mich.: the Association (Secy.: H. W. Anderson, 306 East Lovell Street), 1947. 151 p. $1. .L i_......11*. SnAln/lna bahafaI nrlrlpAflflofl nn crVinnl nlnnfc. Selected References 327 16. National Council on Schoolhouse Construction. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting. Nashville, Tenn.: the Council (Secy.: W. D. McClurkin, George Peabody College for Teachers), 1946 143 p $1. (Out of print.) The 1946 volume included the proceedings as Part I, and the “Guide K, LT7,n?o° 01 PlantS ” 33 Paft IL The 1947 Proceedings were not published. A 1948 revision of the “Guide” is now in process of publication. Chapter I. The School Board’s Responsibility for the Educational Plant Chapter 11. Organization and Administrative Procedures 17 ‘ Amerkan Council on Education, Committee on Educational Build- S^uLs ND Serie U s IP VlT T S \° Educati °™l Plants. RKearCh ' N °- 4 ' W - hi "Ston, D. C, Agency. Bulletin « tV' °® Ce of Educatl °n, Federal Security Monograph No. 4, Washington 5 D 'c ° G^v^ Dep . a p m . ents of Education, 92 p. 15^. vvasnmgton, D. C.. Government Printing Office, 1941. 19, ®s”> c N r^ jo ™ lvon - ^ “> Bund New yonc. Kemhold Publishing Corporation, 1947. 128 p. $3. 50 . 20 ‘ ° F Schoolh ^se Mi for Approval of Basic Pians-TII Tentaf n n .? eqUI J ed To Be Submitted and IV. Tentative Estimateof^ Propel Costs ° f B “ SiC ; fttoSedTngs^Hh^Skleenth'A ' ^r"' ,0r Sd ‘°° l Programs live Officers of PubfifandPrf™ te Sh Tt ?!' 3,er “ ce f ° r Administra- Chicago Press, 1947. 160 p $2 ° S ’ 1947- Chicago: University of ^don W. Biackweil, John McFadzean, Leonard V. Tames n w n R , S ’ Lawrenc e B. Perkins, Blough, Lee M. Thurston, and Oft? A° ^ A, ° nZ ° Gr *“- *“* i Eoiir DeVe ' 0P " ent ^ ^ *) M mi.X E ?f Issues Involved. IE sT'office oMfdf P,anni "g Schools lor Tomorrow the No. 64, Washington, D. C, 28 American School Buildings 24. Holy, Russell A. The Relationship of City Planning to School Plant Plan¬ ning. Contributions to Education, No. 662. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1935. 135 p. $1.60. 25. Indiana University, Division of Research and Field Services, Indiana and Midwest School Building Planning Conference: Proceedings. Bulletin of the School of Education, Vol. 24, No. 5. Bloomington, Ind.: the Division, 1948. 71 p. $1. Addresses by Wendell W. Wright, R. W. Holmstedt, Henry Lester Smith, Russell C. Putnam, Elton DeShaw, Samuel R. Lewis, and Paul W. Seagers; also three symposiums, each with several participants. 26. School Executive. “Educational Planning—Planning the School Plant.” School Executive 67: 37-52; December 1947. Articles by Carroll F. Johnson, John E. Marshall, William E. Arnold, Harold E. Moore, Lawrence B. Perkins, John H. Herrick, Wilfred E. Clapp, N. L. Engelhardt, and Walter D. Cocking. 27. Strayer, George D., Jr. Plannmg for School Surveys. Bulletin of the School of Education, Vol. 24, No. 2. Bloomington, Ind.: Division of Re¬ search and Field Services, Indiana University, 1948. 36 p. 50^. 28. Wilson, William K. Long-Range Planning of School Plants: What the School Committee Should Know. Cambridge, Mass.: New England School Development Council (13 Kirkland Street), 1947. 14 p. $1. Chapter III. Defining the Community's Educational Program and Organization See also references 37-43, 67-74. 29. Alves, Henry F., and Morphet, Edgar L. Principles and Procedures in the Organization of Satisfactory Local School Units. U. S. Department of the Interior, Office of Education, Bulletin 1938, No. 11. Washington, D. C.. Government Printing Office, 1939. 164 p. 25tf. 30. American Association of School Administrators. The Expanding Role of Education. Twenty-Sixth Yearbook. Washington, D. C.: the Association, a department of the National Education Association, 1948. Chapter 11, “Suitable Plant and Equipment,” p. 243-62. .31. Cassileth, Mortimer, and Goldwasser, David. The Interrelation of School and Large Scale Housing. New York: Division of Housing and Business Administration, Board of Education, City of New York, 1948. 40 p. 32 Cyr Frank W., and Linn, Henry, compilers. Planning Rural Community " School Buildings. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1949. In process of publication. 33. Dawson, Howard A., and Reeves, Floyd W., co-chairmen. Your School District. Report of the National Commission on School District Reorgani¬ zation. Washington, D. C.: Department of Rural Education, National Edu¬ cation Association, 1948 . 286 p. Cloth, $ 2 . 50 ; paper, $ 2 . Selected References 329 34. Engelhardt, N. L, and Engelhardt, N. L., Jr. Planning the Community School. New York: American Book Co., 1940. 188 p. $2.50. 35. McCharen, W. K. Improving the Quality of Living: A Study of Com¬ munity Schools m the South. Nashville, Tenn.: Division of Surveys and leld Services, George Peabody College for Teachers, 1948 68 p Sinde copy gratis. K 36. Whitelaw, John B. The School and Its Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Book Store, 1940. 39 p. 50^. university Chapter IV. Projecting the Community's Educational-Plant Program EXAMPLES OF LOCAL EDUCATIONAL-PLANT PROGRAMS 3? ' CitZT,’ r AL l ER /'’^ d ° THERS - Planning a Schoolhouse for Tomorrow’s versClST Grad " ate SdM,0 ‘ ° f EdUCati °"' Ha ™ d School building needs in Kingston, Mass. 38. Coleman, Basil T. Population Analyses and Anticipated School-Building. Needs of the Bronx, 1945-65, by Health Areas. New York- KvfcfoHf Nrzrw6.T 2 Tp isr tion - Board ° f Education ° f the ^ » f 39, twZ t L B Nfr r ’j k i Educational Research, Ohio State University 1W “The ^ , nf “ p. 52-76; “The School Population," p 77 s 9 SCh °°' Plant ’ Pub™ScL™s, IC lm 0 l 2 I 'p. NeM0 " Schml Bmldm i Needs. Newton, Mass.: Weston, Mass.: thc^ubhc &hoo°s! mT $2 p'“ < ™ S ‘“ iks ,,s Scht ">ls. 43 ' Pow' < 'j^ 1 'S, f fa , of r p‘* °Le ! J f n c y ' WeSt0 " Studks Its Sck00h ' Public Schools, 1946 263 p P 8 Committees. Weston, Mass.: the STANDARDS AND GUIDES FOR EVALUATING AND PLANNING ’ PutS’No-. ?’,{£ So„“ty«* C ~- of Education, 1946. 244 p. y ’ M °" Mlssoun State Department 4S - 1the Agricultural sfes? z. s, ' Slata; ^ Cind^t^Boa^of EdSn, $f.7cf edition ‘ 530 American School Buildings 47. Connecticut State Department of Education, Division of Instruc¬ tion. School Building Code. Hartford, Conn.: the Department, 1941. 127 p. (Out of print; revised edition in process of publication.) 48. Engelhardt, N. L., Standards for Junior High School Buildings. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1932. 161 p. $1.60. (Includes score card, p. 10-14.) 49. Engelhardt, N. L., and others. Manual of School Planning. New York: Board of Education of New York City, Publications Office, 110 Livingston Street, Brooklyn 2, N. Y. Third revision, 1947. 113 p. $3. 50. Holy, T. C., and Arnold, W. E. Standards for the Evaluation of School Buildings. Columbus, Ohio: Bureau of Educational Research, Ohio State University, 1936. $1. (Includes score card for elementary-school buildings, p. 61-66; score card for junior and senior high-school buildings, p. 67-73.) 51. National Council on Schoolhouse Construction, Central Standards Committee. Guide for Planning School Plants. Nashville, Tenn.: the Coun¬ cil (Secy.: W. D. McCIurkin, George Peabody College for Teachers), 1946. p. 33-143. A 1948 revision of this report is now in process of publication. 52. National Society for the Study of Education. The Planning and Con¬ struction of School Buildings. Third-Third Yearbook, Part I. Bloomington, Ill.: Public School Publishing Co., 1934. 337 p. (Out of print.) 53. Oregon State Department of Public Instruction. A Manual for School Building Construction. Salem, Oreg.: Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1947. 90 p. 50*. 54. Pruett, Haskell. School Plant Requirements for Standardized Elementary and Accredited High Schools. Contribution to Education, No. 128. Nash¬ ville, Tenn.: Peabody College Book Store, 1934. 202 p. $1.50. 55. School Executive. “Efficient Utilization of School Buildings.” School Executive 68: 61-74; September 1948. Articles by N. E. Viles, John W. Lewis, J. S. Maxwell, W. W. Carpenter, J. Chester Swanson, Rufus A. Putnam, and Charles W. Bursch. 56. Strayer, George D., and Engelhardt, N. L. Standards for Elementary School Buildings. Revised edition. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1933. 181 p. $1.70. (Includes score card, p. 6-8.) 57. West Virginia Council on Schoolhouse Construction. Standards for Schoolhouse Construction. Charleston, W. Va.: the Department, 1945. 84 p. $1. 58. Whitehead, Willis A., and others. A Guide for Planning Elementary School Buildings. Columbus, Ohio: Bureau of Educational Research, Col¬ lege of Education, Ohio State University, 1947. 138 p. $2. Chapter V. Planning the School Site to Fit the Educational Program 59. Barkdoll, O. R. “ ‘Miracle Dirt’ for Playground Surfacing.” School Bust- ness Affairs 14: 1, 7-8; November 1948. Sioux City, Iowa: Editorial Office, Selected References 331 Association of School Business Officials (1221 Pierce Street). (Describes use of natural rock-asphalt sand for playground surfaces.) 60. Federal Security Agency, Recreation Division. Planning for Recrea¬ tion Areas and Facilities in Small Towns and Cities. Washington D C • Government Printing Office, 1946 . 51 p. 20tf. 61. Hamon, Ray L. Playgrounds. Nashville, Tenn.: Interstate School Build¬ ing Service (George Peabody College for Teachers), 1942 12 n Sinrie copy gratis. v ' 6 62. Hamon, Ray L. Suggestions for Landscaping Community Schools. Nash- (George Peabody Coiie - 63. McCleary, Ralph D. How to Choose a School Site. Cambridge Mass • New England School Development Council (13 Kirkland Street), 1947. 64. National Association of Public School Business Officials Research NoT KaTamT JTT SlMG - «■**"•* ^ BdleS H- W. Anderson,° , 3 0 6 I East^Lov^^ 1 Sta , eetX C 1940.^56*p^ S 50 G ^ C ^ S ^ 1944. 16 p. lS^f. Association (315 Fourth Avenue), SSIaSSSE ‘ ,The u “ »' Sc “ **-«*«*. 67: rIXSS' V L B,oh ”' w - Brace, ,„d U„ is H BroSL Leggett ' R “ lh D. K. Chapter VI. Planning Instructional Features To Fit the Educational Program See also references 3, 19 ; 44-58. BASIC PRINCIPLES Growth.” CkSoot Ft°°' Euildi ” gs ,nd chad . N - L - ^X^„r E . Ni cho Is , 32 American School Buildings 71. Haskell, Douglas. “A Year of Basic School Progress.” (Editorial) Archi¬ tectural Record 101: 79-80; January 1947. A summary of trends in school design. 72. Miller, Ward I. “Requirements of the Modern Secondary School.” The American School and University, 1948-49. New York: American School Publishing Corporation (470 Fourth Avenue), 1948. p. 77-85. 73. Moore, Harold E. “The Modern Secondary School Building.” The Ameri¬ can School and University, 1948-49. New York: American School Publish¬ ing Corporation (470 Fourth Avenue), 1948. p. 70-76. 74. National Elementary Principal. “Elementary School Buildings.” Na¬ tional Elementary Principal 25: 1-52; April 1946. Washington, D. C.: Department of Elementary School Principals of the National Education Association, 1946. 35^. Articles by F. L. Schlagle, Lewis H. Brotherson, Foster S. Brown, Millard D. Bell, Robert D. Morrow, M. L. Knapp, W. W. Haggard, N. L. Engelhardt, Roster A. Begg, E. Joe Bush, Elise Reid Boylston, and Georgia Hensley Lacey. 75. New England School Development Council. Elementary School Buildings in Process. Cambridge, Mass.: the Council, 1948. Not paged. $1. 76. Vincent, William S. “Tomorrow’s School Building.” School Executive 67: 25-27; November 1947. CLASSROOMS FOR GENERAL EDUCATION 77. Engelhardt, N. L., and others. Elementary School Classrooms. Elemen¬ tary School Building Portfolios, Portfolio A. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1941. 80 p. $3. 78. New York State Education Department, Division of School Build¬ ings and Grounds. Planning the Elementary School Classroom. Albany, N. Y.: University of the State of New York Press, 1946. 16 p. 10t. S£ 93 ' •' Ill.. University of Illinois, 1944. 28 p. 35 ^ ’ ’ Urbana, 94 ' New Y * R '>^ Chapter VII. Planning Auxiliary Facilities To Fit the Educational Program See also references 44-58, 86 , 159-63. 11 334 American School Buildings 96. American Library Association, Committee on Planning School Library Quarters. Dear Mr. Architect: An Open Letter jrom the School Librarian. Chicago: the Association, 1946. 13 p. 35 97. Architectural Record. “School Classroom Details.” Architectural Record 103: 146-49, 153-55; June 1948. Multiple-unit storage cabinets used as partition walls and standardized storage furniture including portable units. 98. Architectural Record. “School Lunchrooms and Kitchens.” Architectural Record 101: 107-109; January 1947. Reproduces detailed kitchen layouts for four sizes of dining rooms. 99. Geck, F. J. “Better Housing; Better Teachers.” School Executive 66: 50; September 1946. 100. Gillette, A. S. Planning and Equipping the Educational Theatre. Cincin¬ nati: the National Thespian Society (College Hill Station), 1945. 31 p. 60^. 101. Meadows, A. R. “Planning the School Bus Shop.” The American School and University, 1948-49. New York: American School Publishing Corpora¬ tion (470 Fourth Avenue), 1948. p. 263-66. 102. New York State Education Department, Division of School Build¬ ings and Grounds. Designing the Central School Plant as a Community Center. Albany, N. Y.: University of the State of New York Press, 1945. 10 p. 1036 American School Buildings Chapter X. Building for Safety See also references 44-58. 123. American Association of School Administrators. Safety Education. Eighteenth Yearbook. Washington, D. C.: the Association, a department of the National Education Association, 1940. Chapter XI, “Safety R e 9 U1 ^- ments in Locating, Planning, and Equipping School Buildings,” p.309-29. 124. National Board of Fire Underwriters. Construction of School Buildings and Improvement of Existing Structures. New York: the Board (85 John Street), 1937. 22 p. 125 National Fere Protection Association. Building Exits Code. Eighth edition. Boston: the Association (60 Batterymarch Street), 1946. 110 p. ?L 126 New York State Education Department, Division of School Build- 25 and Grounds. Fire Safety in the Planning of School Buildings. Albany, N. Y.: University of the State of New York Press, 1947. 8 p. 1 4- 127 President’s Conference on Fire Prevention. Report of the Committee on Fire Prevention Education. Washington, D. C.: Government Print g Office, 1947. 29 p. 10 4- 128 Viles N. E. “School Plant Planning and School Safety.” American ^ C StrucWrd ^safe^^re-resisdve^ coi^stru^o^ffi^uWple-story buildings; I„“nd planning of stairs, doors, sites, and playgrounds; specs! safety provisions; fire protection. Chapter XI. Materials and Construction in Relation to Utility See also references 3, 44-58, 59-66. 129 Adams, Barclay. “Permanency Reduces Flooring Costs.” School Execu - no. — N Lists°874 ^sUndard^approved by the American Standards Association^ f" (4, ° r.» 7'W 9 Gree» aalkboard” The African School 132 - York-. American School Publishing Corpora- tion (470 Fourth Avenue), 1947. p. 122-23. 133. Royce, Winchell. “Proper Insulation Means Grater “ d C “- fort for School Buildings." School Mamtement 17.22-23, August 19 ,3S 1 Corporation (470 Fourth Avenue), 1947. p. 117-21. Selected References 337 U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards. Standards and Specifications for Building and Construction Materials, Fixtures, Supplies, and Equipment. Washington, D. C.: the Department, 1947. 22 p. Mimeo. Bibliography of commercial standards, simplified practice recommenda¬ tions, federal specifications, building codes, construction practices, and home maintenance. Chapter XII. Economies in Construction and Design See also references 3, 44-58, 67-76. Clapp, Wilfred E. “What We Like About One-Story Schools.” Architec¬ tural Record 103: 119-21; March 1948. Six principles. Liebsle, Roy W., Johnson, Kermit A., and Huggard, Francis E. “School- house Planning: Temporary, Transportable, and Expanded Buildings.” Nation’s Schools 42: 33-40; August 1948. Refers to practices in Houston, Texas; Tuscaloosa, Alabama; and Seattle, Washington. Lorimer, A. Gordon. “Modular Design.” The American School and Uni¬ versity, 1947-48. New York: American School Publishing Corporation (470 Fourth Avenue), 1947. p. 80-85. Nation’s Schools. “Three Stories about One Story Schoolhouse Planning.” Nation’s Schools 41: 33-40; January 1948. Articles by W. E. Campbell, Jr., James K. Haveman, and John L. Comp¬ ton describe schools in Alabama, Michigan, and California. Orput, Raymond A. “An Iowa School Featuring Modular Construction.” American School Board Journal 115: 36-38; July 1947. Lawrence b - “How It’s Done at Rugen.” Nation’s Schools 33 ■ 34-36; May 1944. Outlines the advantages of one-story construction. Sahlstron, John W. Some Code Controls of School Building Construc- ton vn American Cities. Contributions to Education No. 581. New York: leachers College, Columbia University, 1933. 153 p. $ 1 . 50 . U. S. Housing and Home Finance Agency. Statement with Respect to Construction Cost Reductions through Modular Coordination Washington D. C.: the Agency, 1948. 22 p. Mimeo. ’ Preparatlon and Use of School Plant Codes, Standards, and Guides. Education m Transition. Thirty-Fourth Annual Schoolmen’s Week Proceedings Bulletin, Vol. 47, No. 29. Philadelphia: University of Penn¬ sylvania, 1947. p. 318-26. Chapter XIII. Light and Color See also references 3, 44-58. Wfll 2 3 G n “° dyS K sey i P r ard Q ua Kty.” American School Board Journal 115. 21-23, December 1947. 116: 31-32; January 1948. 338 American School Buildings 147. George, N. L. “Window Shades: Their Selection, Care, and Maintenance.” School Management 16: 4-5, 8; February 1947. 148. Gibson, Charles D. “Daylight Is Bright Enough Everywhere If We Are.” Architectural Record 103: 125-30; March 1948. 149. Hamon, Ray L. Lighting Schoolrooms. U. S. Office of Education, Federal Security Agency. Pamphlet No. 104. Washington, D. C.: Government Print¬ ing Office, 1948. 17 p. 10 for the advancement and dissemination of knowledge relating to illuminating engineering, the Soc iety is the scientitic and engi¬ neering stimulus for the lighting industry, initiating and maintaining the technical activities needed for tin- intelligent progress of lighting science and art. It maintains a reference library on illumination, also, in the office of the Technical Director, an assortment of material relating to lighting problems in the educational held. Monthly meetings of forty-one sections and chapters, study clubs, and lighting courses are open to members as well as to educators and others interested in the advancement of the ait of illumination. The National Technical Conference and nine regional conferences are similarly opened to all who wish to partic ipate. , The Society welcomes the cooperation of other organizations and agen- < ies in the support of researc h in illuminating engineering and related fields. These efforts have been formally organized under a Hoard of 1 rustees of the IKS Research Fund, which sets up university research projects. 1'utilisations lllumwatwf, En^inrrring is the official monthly publica¬ tion of the Society. In addition to numerous tec hnical papers it has included in recent vears the "American Standard Practice for School Lighting, approved by the American Standards Association; the "Recommended Practice for Office Lighting.” "Report on Art Gallery Lighting, am other reports on standards of quality and quantity for illumination. The growing mass of technical data in the field was assembled in 1W with the publication of the IES I.igkting Handbook ($7.50). 1 Im comp e e reference guide provides basic information on lighting for architects, eng - neers, designers, and others who plan, manufacture, and install lighting systems nnd equipment. S. Interstate Smoot. Ihm.nmo Service, George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville 4, Tenn. Organized In 1929, with the help of foundation funds, to P™™** ^ vide* free blueprints and specifications for school buildings upon request Suggested Sources of Information 345 of state departments of education. Issues free pamphlets dealing with specific school-plant problems. Publications —A pamphlet series has been issued, of which the following are still available: Playgrounds, School Plant Insurance, School House¬ keeping, The School Janitor, Landscaping, Community School Plans. 6 . National Council on Schoolhouse Construction, George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville 4, Tenn. Organized in 1922 to promote the establishment of reasonable standards for school buildings and equipment and to promote the efficiency of the school plant as an educational tool. Membership is composed of directors of school-plant divisions of federal, state, and local departments of education, and their assistants; members of permanent state or municipal survey staffs concerned chiefly with school-plant programs; members of staffs of schools of education who are responsible for instruction and research in schoolhouse planning; and other interested persons who may be elected by the Council. Maintains liaison with other agencies concerned with specialized prob- !ems relating to school buildings and equipment. Holds an annual meeting and publishes proceedings. A standing committee, over a period of nearly twenty years, has issued successive reports on school-building standards Pubbcatwns-ne 1946 report of the Standards Committee 8 was widely ° f Pn ’ nt ' A 1948 revisi0n > Guide f° r Pla ^ing School Plants (Revised) is now in process of publication. Annual proceed¬ ings are also published. p . 7. National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth Street, N W Washington 6, D. C. ’ are^W^T °^ Rn[ ^ tlon of approximately 440,000 members; the aims to elevate the character and advance the interests of the profession teaching and to promote the cause of education in the United States ” on tn mtS ° f the NEA PUbHsh materials or carr y on stud es HeaI C ;S t F ° d the t SCh0 ° 1 Pf*. American Association for o!',’ P -. S1 . C ^ Educat ion, and Recreation; American Association of ■ chool Administrators; American Educational Research Association- Dp ographies and current research information on request PuMKotmm—Issues of the Review of Educational Research f AER A i tin on "he ‘ ?' Ce ™ ber , 1948 NEA Res ‘“^ BuUe- Recreation. (DElpftS 5 ” V Peda ' - * ^^^ta^Z ° f the nea “ 346 American School Buildings 8. National Recreation Association, 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, N. Y. Founded in 1906; individual membership of approximately 12,800. Its aim is that every child in America shall have a chance to play; that everybody in America, young or old, shall have an opportunity to find the best and most satisfying use of leisure time. Among its services are free consultation and information service to school authorities on questions relating to the planning of school areas and buildings for community recreation use and on the organization and conduct of school recreation centers. This service is provided thru cor¬ respondence and visits by field workers. At a nominal charge its recreation planners prepare general use plans for school recreation areas and for school-building units and facilities intended for recreation use; they also serve as consultants to school architects. Publications —Many publications relating to the planning of outdoor and indoor recreation facilities, especially Recreation Areas—Their Design and Equipment, a book profusely illustrated with photographs and plans; also booklets relating to the operation of school-recreation centers. Also publishes Recreation Bulletin Service, bi-weekly except August, $2.50 a year; and Recreation, monthly, $3 a year. 9. New England School Development Council, 13 Kirkland Street, Cambridge 38, Mass. An association of about seventy-five public-school systems in New England, organized for the following purposes: (a) the pooling of research resources for the study of problems common to all school communities; (h) the exchange of information concerning effective education practices; and (c) the advancement of public education in New England. Sponsored by Harvard University; organized in 1945. A number of cooperative regional studies, involving from four to twenty school systems, are now under way in various parts of New England. Council meetings (four per year) are held in conjunction with educational conferences built around current problems confronting public-school sys¬ tems. Tn the past two years school-building programs have been given considerable attention in the conferences, studies, and publications of the Council. ... Publications— The Council has published ten pamphlets dealing with current problems in the development of better schools. Four have been concerned with the school-building program: How To Choose a School Site 1947, 16 p.; Long-Range Planning of School Plants, 1947, 14 P-. Conducting a School Building Program, 1947, 10 p.; Elementary School Buildings in Process, 1948, unpaged, reproduces floor plans, elevation and description of eight schools. Each pamphlet sells for $1. The Council also distributes a report of 120 pages entitled: Planning a School house for to¬ morrow's Citizens. Suggested Sources of Information 34? 10. U. S. Office of Education, Division of School Administration, School Housing Section, Federal Security Agency, Washington 25j D i C. A unit of a federal agency, organized and operated to promote better school and college plants and to provide school-plant consultative services to state and local educational administrators. School-plant services of the U. S. Office of Education are provided thru: (a) participation in field conferences, (b) speaking to groups of school- plant specialists, (c) office conferences, (d) technical correspondence, (e) references to and distribution of literature by other agencies, (f) pub¬ lication of pamphlets and bulletins, and (g) writing for periodicals. Consultative services of two school-plant specialists are provided thru: (a) national and regional associations and groups interested in improving educations facilities and functional planning of educational buildings, (b school-plant divisions of state departments of education, (c) officers of local school-administrative units, (d) architects, (e) school-plant con¬ ferences and workshops, and (f) colleges and universities. fro ^^thTt°hn7H h00l ' Pl Q nt f iterature P re P ared b y> and now available from the School Housing Section include the following: ( a ) School Build - tn g Needs Leaflet No. 68 , 1943; (b) A classified bibliography oi 'sToi J? SC *°° l < iie ’ Apdl 1947 = ^ Analyst of ^ducatmnal Flant Needs,” reprint from School Life, January 1948- (d) School Fire Drills, Pamphlet 103, 1948; and (e) Liehtine School rooms, Pamphlet 104, 1948. K ^ Siting School- 11 . State Departments of Education September 1948, are listed below. Providing this service, as of Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Florida Georgia Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maine Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri New Jersey New York North Carolina Oklahoma 12. Universities and Colleges In many state universities and state colleges of the P i rePared t0 giVC consultativ e assistance assista Je" 86 " 0 ” PUbliC U " ,VerSities are *» Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin the department of educa- on school buildings. A few prepared to render such APPENDIX C Check-List Details for Educational and Architectural Planning of a School Building T hru this yearbook there is emphasis on two creative jobs to be done if sound building planning is to be achieved and a good building the final result. First, the educational plan must be devised and, second, there must be created a building in which the educational program will function efficiently and economically. The school superintendent, acting in coopera¬ tion with his educational associates, is primarily responsible for the first, and the architect for the second. But the two must work closely together if success is to be achieved. Appendix C presents details, data, and questions to assist in this dual relationship. The purposes to be achieved are as follows: 1. To help architect and educator to work together with more harmony and understanding in the processes of creative educational and architec¬ tural planning of a school building. 2. To furnish the superintendent of schools and his staff with a fairly comprehensive list of data and details which enter into the planning of a school building. 3. To furnish a check list for use by the superintendent and his staff in the preparation of the educational and school administrative specifica¬ tions which are desired by the architect. 4. To indicate data needed by the architect to be furnished by the school board or staff. Discussion of Basic Problems The first step in the planning of the building requires that educator and architect get together to discuss the program, its philosophy, its psy¬ chology, its health features, its organization, and its community relation¬ ship. The discussion of such topics as those listed below would clear up many problems: 1. The organizational features of the elementary school-kindergarten and primary unit, intermediate grades unit, upper grades unit, office units, community units, health unit, and the like 2. The psychology and philosophy underlying the modern elementary classroom and the effect on size and equipment r ijio i Check-List Details 349 . Principles underlying the organization of the secondary-school build- mg—e g-, specialized vs. unspecialized schools, the vocational program and the like 4. The multiple, use of various laboratories and shops in the junior or senior high school 5 Relation of the building under consideration to the existing buildings and to possible future developments community 1 * 563 ^ featUr6S ° f the buiIdin S by both sch ° o1 and The well-trained and experienced architect will have many ideas to contribute to such a discussion. And, most important, he will gain a better understanding of the backgrounds on which to plan creatively the type of building needed to achieve the local program. 7 Specific Information an Architect Must Have infirm, f° bV 'T addition to general philosophic and educational information, the architect must have such specific information as: 1- Funds available for building 2. Location of the building 3. Size and dimensions of the site 4. Results of borings to determine foundation needs 5. Topographical survey of site 6. Number of pupils to be served 8 SimSr 311 ? a i gCS ° f chiIdren t0 be accommodated the planned pr^ Sr °° mS ’ lab ° rat ° ri «. »" and 8 Jw"! °/ st ? den t-dothing storage 6 18- Type of furniture to be used in classrooms. cator has Zijof a^thSiJr Howev^lhe 115 “rfiT” 8 which the edu ‘ valuable advice to offer on manv of th^ t qU ? llfi T ed architec t will have emphasized too strongly that free disci,! Tt > therefore, cannot be mt understood ^ • should iave the major authori^ATiTh"': 350 American School Buildings 1. Exterior architectural design 2. Interpretation of building codes as they affect the plans 3. Type of construction 4. General over-all floor plan of building (organization within these over-all plans becomes a cooperative process) 5. Location on site 6. Applications of acoustics, heating, ventilating, lighting, plumbing, and construction practices in accordance with physiological and educa¬ tional needs. Check List of Details The remainder of Appendix C presents a list of data and details in¬ volved in planning a school building. The list is not complete; edu¬ cators, consultants, and architects will cover items not listed here. The purpose of the list is to give the educators who are responsible for the planning a few reminders of the multiplicity of details which go into the architect’s drawings of a school plan. The experienced architect, even tho he is well aware of these data and may have other lists available, will probably find this list of some value as a basis for discussion with the superintendent and his staff and even for checking his plans. SOME POINTS TO BE PLANNED FOR BY EDUCATOR AND ARCHITECT 1. Classrooms a. Number b. Floor dimensions c. Ceiling height d. Natural lighting e. Artificial lighting f. Acoustics g. Heating and ventilating h. Wall finish and color scheme i. Doorways—location j. Flooring k. Electrical outlets l. Clock m. Sink n. Storage cabinets o. Tackboard p. Chalkboard q. Teachers’ cupboards r. Lockers s. Wardrobe t. Shelving and bookcases u. Other 2. Kindergarten a. Orientation to daylight, playground b. Same as classrooms, items a to u c. Special room for clothing d. Storeroom e. Special storage facilities f. Toilet g. Drinking fountain 3. Library a. Orientation b. Location in building c. Same as classrooms, items b to o d. Pupil capacity e. Number and size of read¬ ing rooms f. Shelving and filing equip¬ ment; storage g. Workrooms h. Conference rooms i. Librarian’s office j. Storage space Check-List Details 351 4. Music rooms a. Location b. Same as classrooms, items a to t c. Chorus room cl. Orchestra and band room e. Practice rooms f. Special storage for instru¬ ments 5. Laboratories—Art, Science a. Orientation b. Same as classrooms, items a to t c. Dimensions of each lab¬ oratory d. Special wiring and elec¬ trical connections e. Water outlets f. Gas connections g. Special storage facilities h. Equipment layouts i. Instructor’s workshop j. Multiple use 6. Homemaking-education rooms a. Location b. Same as classrooms, items a to / c. Same as laboratories, items c to j d. Food laboratory e. Dining room f- Living room g. Laundering facilities h. Clothing laboratory 7. Shops a. Type b. Location c. Same as classrooms, items a to t d. Same as laboratories, items c to j e. Location of power-driven machines f- Finishing rooms g. Garage doors h. Floor drains 8. Physical-education unit—same details for boys’ gymnasium and girls’ gymnasium a. Orientation b. Dimensions c. Flooring d. Lighting e. Acoustics f. Heating and ventilation g. Seating capacity h. Type of seating i. Piano storage j. Instructor's room k. Drinking fountains l. Locker-room layout m. Locker details n. Shower-room layout o. Shower details p. Toilet facilities cp Storage for equipment r. Team rooms 9. Lunchroom unit a. Capacity b. Dimensions of dining space c. Dimensions of kitchen d. Dimensions of serving space e. Teachers’ dining room f. Multiple use of dining room g. Lighting and electrical fix¬ tures h. Gas connections i. Water outlets j. Storage spaces k. Acoustics l. Flooring 10. Auditorium a. General location b. Capacity c. Flooring d. Slope of floor e - Type of seating f. Acoustics g- Lighting 352 American School Buildings 10. Auditorium (continued) 14. Medical unit h. Heating and ventilation i. Color scheme j. Entrances and exits k. Checking facilities l. Depth of stage m. Width of procenium arch n. Stage lighting o. Stage rigging p. Projection facilities q. Screen r. Dressing rooms s. Storage of scenery 11. Office unit a. Location b. Telephones — school and public c. General storage d. Toilets e. Washroom f. Wardrobes g. Safe h. Waiting room i. Clerks’ office j. Private offices for princi¬ pal k. Assistant principal l. Guidance m. Electrical outlets n. Intercommunications system o. Program clock and system p. Centralized sound system 12. Students’rooms a. Location b. Size c. Kitchenette d. Storage facilities e. Electrical outlets 13. Teachers’ rooms a. Women’s rest room b. Women’s toilet c. Men’s rest room d. Men’s toilet e. Teachers’ workroom a. Location b. Rooms required c. Dimensions of rooms d. Toilet and lavatory e. Electrical outlets f. Telephone 15. Toilets a. Number b. Location d. e. f. g- h. i. j- Number and type of urinals Stools (1) Boys (2) Girls Mirrors Bookshelf Wash bowls Stalls—dimensions Floor drains Flooring must meet h code require¬ ments 16. Drinking fountains a. Number b. Height c. Location d. Style (angle) 17. Wardrobe storage a. Lockers—dimensions b. Lockers—location c. Wardrobes—dimensions d. Wardrobes—location 18. Windows a. Placement in instructional rooms b. Directional glass block c. Clear glass d. Double hung e. Metal sash f. Wood sash g. Provision for shading and darkening Check-List Details 353 19. Heating and ventilating plant a. Location b. Type of heating c. Type of ventilation d. Fuel e. Fireproofing f. Doors g. Zone heating h. Stokers i. Fuel storage j. Ash removal 20 . Custodian’s facilities a. Water and broom cup¬ boards b. General storage of jani¬ torial supplies c. General storage of fur¬ niture d. General storage of educa¬ tional supplies and books e. Vacuum cleaning f. Trash disposal g. Garbage disposal h. Toilet and shower 2 1. Walls and ceilings a. Materials selected for low maintenance b. Color schemes c. Other details 22. Stairs and corridors a. Location b. Lead to outside c. Width d. Height of stair risers e. Width of tread f. Type of tread g. Local and state codes h. Corridor floors—material i. Stair treads—material j. Ceiling acoustics k. Wall finish l. Built-in lockers 23. Doors a. Outside (1) Number (2) Dimensions (3) Safety devices (4) Material b. Classrooms (1) Height (2) Width 24. Safety devices a. Fire extinguishers, location of — corridors, stage, shops, laboratories, etc. b. Fire-alarm call stations c. Panic bars on exterior doors OTHER AVAILABLE YEARBOOKS IN THIS SERIES The Expanding Role of Education Twenty-Sixth Yearbook, 1948, 484 p. $3.00. Schools for a New World Twenty-Fifth Yearbook, 1947. 448 p. $2.50. School Boards in Action Twenty-Fourth Yearbook, 1946. 412 p. $2.00. Paths to Better Schools Twenty-Third Yearbook, 1945. 415 p. $2.00. Morale for a Free World Twenty-Second Yearbook, 1944. 461 p. $2.00. Schools and Manpower Twenty-First Yearbook, 1943. 448 p. $2.00. Health in Schools Twentieth Yearbook, 1942. Reprint, 1948 (paper), 400 p. $1.50. Education for Family Life Nineteenth Yearbook, 1941. 368 p. $2.00. Safety Education Eighteenth Yearbook, 1940. Reprint, 1948 (paper), 406 p. $1.50. Schools in Small Communities Seventeenth Yearbook, 1939. 608 p. $2.00. Youth Education Today Sixteenth Yearbook, 1938. 509 p. $2.00. Tiik Improvement of Education Fifteenth Yearbook, 1937. 328 p. $1.00. Social Change and Education Thirteenth Yearbook, 1935. 383 p. $1.00. Critical Problems in School Administration Twelfth Yearbook, 1934. 383 p. $1.00. Educational Leadership Eleventh Yearbook, 1933. 528 p. $1.00. P'i vie Unifying Factors in American Education Ninth Yearbook, 1931. 543 p.‘ $1.00. 'I'iie Articulation of the Units of American Education Seventh Yearbook, 1929. 616 p. $1.00. The Development of the High School Curriculum Sixth Yearbook, 1928. 584 p. $1.00. The Junior High School Curriculum Fifth Yearbook, 1927. 562 p. $1.00. The Nation at Work on the Public School Curriculum Fourth Yearbook, 1926. 520 p. $1.00. (Quantity orders of the same, volume at the following discounts: 2 to 9 copies, l() f /r,; JO to 90 copies, 25%; 100 or more copies, 33 x /\%. Order from and make checks payable to: American Association of School Administrators 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. OFFICIAL RF CORDS OFFICERS 1948-49 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS A Department of the National Education Association of the United States President Willard E. Goslin, Superintendent of Schools, Pasadena, California First I 'icepresident IIkrold C. Hunt, Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, Illinois Second 1 ' ice president Alfred J). Simpson, Professor of Education, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts Executive Secretary Worth McClure, 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington 6, I). C. Executive Coni mil tee Hohakt M. Corning, Superintendent of Schools, Washington, D. C. George K. Roudeiujsm, Superintendent of Schools, Columbus, Ohio Paul Loser, Superintendent of Schools, 'Trenton, New Jersey Irhy IL Carrutu, Superintendent of Schools, Waco, Texas. The President, First and Second Vicepresidents, ex officio 1356 ] MEMBERSHIP TABLE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS Membership by States for the Years 1943-1948 State 1943 Alabama. Arizona. Arkansas. California. Colorado. Connecticut. Delaware. District of Columbia... Florida. Georgia. . Idaho.' Illinois. Indiana.. Iowa. Kansas.. Kentucky Louisiana. ....!.’ Maine. Maryland Massachusetts Michigan. Minnesota. . . . ' Mississippi. Missouri. Montana. Nebraska Nevada. ] New Hampshire.. New Jersey. New Mexico.. New York. North Carolina. North Dakota. ..!. Ohio. Oklahoma.. Oregon. .!.!.! Pennsylvania Rhode Island. South Carolina. South Dakota. Tennessee. Texas. Utah.. Vermont . . Virginia.] . Washington. . . . . . . . West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. [ . Alaska.’ .. Argentina. .!. Brazil.. Canada.. Canal Zone ... . Guam. ".. Hawaii. .... . Honduras." .. Liberia.. AlRTlVn . Mexico. Philippine Islands Puerto Rico. . Total. 48 34 27 254 57 57 17 65 24 45 13 270 95 79 76 35 36 17 55 150 175 88 34 119 22 41 4 25 206 19 319 50 15 175 41 27 274 29 29 14 30 191 23 21 51 34 36 102 11 1 1 i i ’" 3,680 1944 a- Regiona n meetings 1945 No con¬ vention 85 80 38 33 37 47 244 246 73 65 94 75 26 21 73 63 30 26 150 78 27 20 483 321 140 115 128 90 180 113 52 44 38 39 28 26 77 61 202 180 334 249 120 104 43 37 223 169 22 19 52 50 4 ' 4 39 30 276 237 21 18 414 365 89 72 20 15 253 226 72 53 53 40 391 319 40 37 71 51 22 21 55 48 275 230 30 25 28 51 76 72 141 84 53 50 184 139 14 15 3 2 1 11 ” ’i” "3. "i" ...... 3 | " 2 " 5.644 1 4,593 6 1946 Regional meetings 83 33 50 264 80 109 28 78 34 123 18 468 147 130 254 57 41 33 77 202 370 116 48 247 20 59 4 47 293 22 475 98 15 286 115 48 403 39 92 26 58 321 35 56 81 87 60 180 20 1 12 1 1947 Atlantic City 82 34 43 282 72 119 28 86 31 99 17 366 145 108 141 50 45 29 91 224 341 106 57 218 18 49 5 37 338 29 525 92 19 310 73 39 466 44 62 20 65 326 36 59 83 86 53 158 19 2 1 1 15 2 1 5 1 1 1 2 3 1948 Atlantic City 84 60 45 302 82 130 34 93 36 88 22 480 153 123 155 57 47 33 108 245 342 149 55 218 28 56 7 45 362 50 553 107 31 348 114 57 515 49 97 30 81 378 52 56 106 97 70 134 23 1 1 15 1 1 8 6,053 5,860 20 honorary members. LIST OF MEMBERS THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS A Department of the National Education Association of the United States Corrected to November 1 , 1948 (*) Indicates the Life Members A Abbott, Merle J., A.B.’07. Franklin Col.; Diploma '18, A.M.18, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fort Wayne 2, Ind., since 1932. Abbott, E. Carlton, Ph.B.'26, Vt. Univ. and State Art). Col.; M.A.'33, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’43, Univ. of Pa.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Lansdovvne, Pa., since 1947. Abbott, Pansy Jewett. M.A.'32, Stanford Univ.; Co, Supt. of Sch., Redwood City, Calif., since 1925. Abbott, Warren W., A.B.'29, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A.'39, Wayne Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Keego Harbor Mich., since 1932. Abell, Charles H., M.A.’40, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., New Haven, Conn., since 1946. Abcrnethy, Robert R., Diploma ’15, State Tchrs. Col. Kutztown, Pa.; B.S.'21, Muh¬ lenberg Col.; A.M.'23, Univ. of Pa.; Ed, D.’40, New York Univ.; Supt., Haverford Twp. Sch. Dist., Brookline, Havcrtown, Pa., since 1942. Abcrnethy, Thomas James, Supt. of Sell., Westfield. Mass. Abcrnethy, Walter E., A.B.'22, Lcnoir-Rhyno Col.. Hickory, N. C. ; M.A.’29. Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Sch., Shelby, N. C. since 1936. Abraham, Willard, B.S.’40, Lewis Inst.; M. Ed.'42, Chicago Tchrs. Col., Chicngo, 111.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Roosevelt Col., Chicago 5, Ill., since 1947. Abrahamson, Enrl, M.A.’32, Univ. of Minn.; Supt of Sch., Belfiold, N. Dak., since 1944. Abshicr, Clyde, B.S.‘3I, Sam Houston Stato Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas; M.A.’36, Univ. of Mo.; Supt., Deer Park Independ¬ ent Sch. Dist., Deer Park, Texas, since 1940. Ackerman, Kenneth K., B.A.’30, Iowa Stato Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.’40, Stato Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Consol. Sch., Clemons, lows, since 1945. Ackley. Claronco II., A.B.’IO, M.A.’13, Obor- 1 In Col.; Ph,D.’33, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Consultant on Educ., Pa. Economy League, Inc., Blackstone Bldg., Harrisburg, Pa., alnco 1947. Ackley, E. L., A.B, and A.M.'OS, Pd.B.’OB, Syracuse Univ.; Supt of Sch., Johnstown, N. Y., sines 1910. Actor, Charlos M., B.S.'26, Whitman Col.; Supt. of Sch., Connell, Wash., since 1946. t 358 ] Acuff, Davis H., B.S. in Ed.'30, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville, Mo.; M.A.'36, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Troy, Mo., since 1944. Adams, A. D., B.S.’34, Ariz State Col., Tempe, Ariz.; Prin., Pub. Sch., Bagdad, Ariz., since 1945. Adams. Albert W., A.B.'36, Univ. of Del.; M.A.’46, Bucknell Univ.; Supvg. Prin., John M. Clayton Sch., Dagsboro, Del., since 1948. Adams, Arthur, B.S.'26, Central Mo. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; M.A.'35, Univ. of Ill.; Prin.. Jr. and Sr. H.S.. Mooseheart, Ill., since 1940. Adams, Daisy Trice, B.S. in Ed.'29, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; Prin., Charles Sumner Sch., Kansas City 8, Mo., since 1946. Adams, Edward Randolph, B.S. in Ed.*18, A. M.'24, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Maplewood 17. Mo., since 1941. Adams, Floyd R., M.A.’29, Univ. of Minn.; State Dir. of Tchr. Personnel, State Dept, of Pub. Instr., St. Paul 1, Minn., since 1938. Adams, Frank R., Diploma '12, State Nor¬ mal Sch., Bloomsburg, Pa.; B.A.T8, Dickinson Col.; Supt. of Sch., St. Johns- bury, Vt., since 1935. Adams, George Walter, A.B.'26, Mercer Univ.; M.A. 43, Emory Univ.; Prin., Ros¬ well Sch., Roswell, Ga., since 1938, Adams, J. Harry, A.M.'35, Univ. of Mich.; Deputy Supt. of Sch., Schenectady 5, N. Y., since 1945. Adams, Karl Langdon, Diploma in C.E.’08, B. S.'09. Ohio Univ.; M.A.'29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Pres., Northern III. State Tchrs. Col., Do Kalb, Ill., aince 1929. Adams, Mary A., B.S.'25, M.A. *30, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 3 E. 25th St., Baltimore 18, Md., since 1942. Adams, Ray H., A.B.‘26, A.M.’27. Univ. of Mich.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 5757 Neckel Avo., Dearborn, Mich., since 1944. Adcock, E. L., Bus. Mgr., Pub. Sch., 624 Lamar St., Knoxville, Tenn., since 1924. Addicott, Irwin Oliver, A.B.'22, Univ. of Calif.; M.A.'24, B.D.'25, Pacific Sch. of Koligion; Ed.D.'39, Stanford Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Fresno 1, Calif., since 1944. Addlton, Lorlng R., B.S.'26, Bates Col.; M.A.'39, Univ. of Maino; Supt. of Sch., Bath, Maino, since 1944. List of Members 35 < Addleman, A. N., B.S.'32, M.A.’37, M.Ed.’38, Ed.D.’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Turtle Creek, Pa., since 1941. *Ade Lester Kelly, B.A.’21, Buckneil Univ.; M.A.’24, Yale Univ.; Ph.D.’31, New York Univ.; LL.D.’3S, Buckneil Univ.; Litt.D. 36, Temple Univ.; L.H.D.’38, Beaver Col.; Dir. of Educ., War Relocation Au¬ thority, 621 Market St.. Williamsport 8, Pa., since 1941. (On military leave.) Aden, Fred, A.B.’15, A.M/16, Ped.D.’31, Univ. of Southern Calif.; LL.D.'46, Occi¬ dental Col.; Dir., Colegio Ward, Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires, Argentina, since 1920. Aderhold Omar Clyde, B.S.A.’23, M.S.'30 Univ. of Ga ; Ph.D.’38, Ohio State Univ.;' Dean, Col of Educ., Univ. of Ga., Athens, Ga., since 1946. A M i A S !,? tan i e J'- A - B -T°. Ohio State Univ.; M.A. 35, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Ely, Minn., since 1935. A vine,’ s°c ald c " Pres " Coker Co1 - Har,s - A AM'« J” v' B-A/23. Alfred Univ.; A.M. 36, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch Mamaroneck, N. Y., since 1942 ’ Ahrens^ Maurice R„ A.B.’25, Culver-Stock ton Col.; M.A.’38, Ed.D.’47, Univ of Den ver; Dir. of Instr., Pub. Sch., 414 14th St., Denver, Colo., since 1946. A Sie; : M ed Ed ri ’37, B^'t’es CoV^SupVTs h° f South Windham,’ Maine, since ^926 C " A ter- y s B a M°n Id M E -’ B V S '' 08 ’ Univ - of R°cHes- Uni’v S 'ni p’ A J ass ’ Inst ' of Tech -: M.A.’33, p- l R ,° c h es ter; Asst. Supt. of Sch since 1 ^ St * S ’ R ° Chest » Vy'’ A *Tchrs' CoT h r H " B -S- in Ed.*31. Ark. State ’’ £°, nwa y. Ark -= M.A.’32, Ph.D 35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ • Pres Jacksonville Jr. Col 704 V es '’ Jacksonville 4, Fla.,'sin2e 1944 . de Ave ’’ Alarcon, Arcadio, Acting Div. Supt of Srh is»b. o ; 8 Ed p“t Albers Martin Z„ A.B.’ls, Hope Col.- A M Eklora^l Moines Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch' Eldora, Iowa, since 1936. Albohm, John C„ B.A.’34 M A ’17 EM New York Univ. • Supt’ of Srh’lJ H’ 46 ’ don Conn., since 1948 S " NeW Lon ’ AI M| k 38 Un- D " A B ’ 37 ’ Milligan Col • Albright, Frank S„ A B ’28 r„ji , t - A.M.’38, Univ of in • <; dy , Univ -i Educ., Gary, Ind.° since 1947 aPVr ' ° f Sec ‘ Alexander, Audrey M. B S in »qo c , Mo!; A°M ?39 ate ul v hrS ' sch.;of M-aI^l’W ash""uniV?' 3 I’ Shurtleff Col.; wardsvi’He W lf, h ;si„ n ‘e V 'i93 S 7 UPt ' ° f Sch - Edl A A X M4t Ind" Un'i^'S Vabash Col.; fordsvilie, Ind. since ° f Sch ” Craw ' " Co?o nder M I l a ’ r 4 0 5 ld Un7v rett 'f V’ 22 ’ of of Sch., Grants,’ N. Mex°, sin'ce^Ms! SUP *' Alexander, James B., A.B.’22, Drury Col.; A.M.’31, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Salmon, Idaho, since 1944. Alexander, William M., B.A.’34, Bethel Col.; M.A.'36, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Ph.D.’40, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Battle Creek, Mich., since 1946. Alford, George R., Supt. of Sch., Lake View, s. c. -Algire G. Watson, A.B.'30, M.S.’31, Univ. of Md.; Supvr., H.S., Chestertown, Md since 1947. Aliaga Saurez, Ernesto. Oficial Mayor de Educacion, Casilla 459, Lapaz. Bolivia since 1947. Allan, Harold A., A.B.’06, Bates Col.- Asst rf C u y '^ for . Buslness - NatI - Educ. Assn., 1201 1923 St " N W ” Washington 6, D. C.. since A1 ’', a / d h J R A .J B ;?'- 20 ’ Pa ’ S,atc C °l-: M.A. 34, D.Ed 45. Univ, of Pittsburgh; Supvg 1928.' P ' Sch ” Cora °P° lis Pa '- ^nce TUlen, Charles M., M.S.’36. Univ. of III.; Prin., Univ. H. S., Urbana, Ill., since 1943 Allen, David G M.Ed.’38. St. Lawrence since ' 19 ^ 44 !" ’ b ' Sch - Cazcnovia - N - Y.. A H en s’. E May e wood B ni° f E<1UC '’ Pr ° ViS ° Twp ’ A1 Ed n 'M E l^ a H E " /\ B ’' 28 ’ Ellsworth Col.; ai°’ Hazvar d Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Akron, N. Y., since 1941. Allen. Frank E A.B/ 16 . A.M/ 23 . Ind ^n'c V e : i93 U l Pt ' ° f ScH - S ° Uth Bend 4 - Ind i A1 . I I e o"’ K arIan B -.B.S.’16, Union Col.; M.A 19, Union Univ.; Ph.D.'39. New York Umv.; Supt. of Sch., Mineola, N. Y„ since A ofVh' ° A iu M A ’' 24 ' Univ - of S. C.; Supt ot Sch., Albany, Ga., since 1937 A CoT o J f a Educ K ivr B - S -' 36, Northern Mich. Col. of Educ.. Marquette, Mich.; Supt of Sch., Brimley, Mich., since 1942 ME/’lfi 1 P.-.A-®-’ 27 . Okla. City Univ M.Ed. 36, Univ. of Okla • Sunt o u ’ Pauls Valley, Okla., since 1943 C ’’ A llen W. D B.A.’26. Miss. Col.- M A’41 La State Univ.; Supt of Srh* T, i ’ Miss., since 1944. h ” Tu P el °- A tec n h Ynsv r' B o S ’ 44 ’ MS ’ ’ 47 - Ala. Poly- since 194/V P ‘' ° f Sch ” ButIer ’ Ala.. A & Mr.. MA/35 Un y v P ofV 9 h Cre js ht °n Univ.;' Pomona', ** of Sch., A1 ’3? a i’nd H 'T?*'- B S o 10 ' TH-State Col.; M.A. Dir., Summer'Sessions °T n/v Admir >- and ington, f„d.? r si„ e c S e S1 ??46 d ' UniV ‘' Bloora ' of Educ.; Greelev C S' 0 ’ Stat£ Col. Vallejo. CaTif e , e, si y nce C l°94i; SUPt ' ° f Sch ” A p m h e u n s’'Co n i S f a s U pt" o B f' A Sch°’ R U , Stavus Ado1 - since 1921. P * Sch -> Balaton, Minn., Aloysia, Mother M Ph D v S&i. N eS Y., SS* Coun?el 26 C°.: 0 te 360 American School Buildings Alves. H. F„ B.A/27. Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col.. San Marcos, Texas; M.A.’28, Univ. of Texas; Asst. Dir.. Div. of Sch! Admin., U. S. Office of Ed tic., Washington 25, D. C., since 1948. Alvey, Edward, Jr., B.A.’23, M.A.’28, Ph.D. 31, Univ. of Va. ; Dean. Mary Washington Col. of the Univ. of Va., Fredericksburg Va., since 1934. Alwood. William L., A.B.'24, Huntington Col.; A. M .’29, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Coloma, Mich., since 1930. Amalong, Raymond H., B.S.’3S. Pa. State Col.; M.Ed.’44, Univ. of Pittsburgh: Head, Dept, of Educ., Thiel Col., Greenville, Pa. since 1946. Ambrose, Rell Atlon, B.A.'28, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti. Mich.; M.A.'34. Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Oxford. Mich., since 1942. Ambruster, John Rea, B.S.’17, M.S.'28, Univ. of Ill.; Prin., Pub. Sch., Grcendalc, Wis. Amerinc. I. R., B.S. in Ed. and A.B.'20 Ohio Univ.; M.A.'35, Ohio State Univ.; Pres., Columbus Tchrs. Federation, 188 E. Oakland Avc., Columbus, Ohio. Amerman. Alwyn R., A.B.’30, Chico State Col., Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sell., Isleton, Calif., since 1942. Ames, Clarence E., A.B.*24, Morningsidc Col.; M.A.’4G, Northwcslcrn Univ.; Sr. Class Prin., Community H.S., 2412 Birds- all St., Blue Island. III'., since 1932. Ames, Maurice U.. Supvr. of Science, New York City Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brook¬ lyn 2, N. Y., since 1942. Ami don, Edna P., B.S. '19, M.S.'27, Univ. of Minn.; Chief, Home Economics Educ. Scrv., U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 1938. Amidon, Paul S., B.S.'24. M.A.’34. Univ. of Minn.; Consultant in charge of Educ. Serv¬ ices, General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis 1, Minn., since 1944. Ammcrman, Homer B., Diploma 'IS. State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa.; B.S. in Ed.'30, Pa. State Col.; M.S. in Ed'38, New York Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., IIoucs- dalc, Pa., since 1946. Amabury, Mrs. Lucilc. B.A.'34. Municipal Univ. of Omaha; Prin., Pub. Sell., Omaha 12, Ncbr.. since 1937. Amsdcn, Clarence I<\, B.S. in Ed.'31. M.A. in Ed. '41, Univ. of Vt.; Supt. of Sch., Wood¬ stock, Vt., since 1943. Amslcr, O. L., B.S. '18, North Ga. Col.; M.A. in Ed.'31, Oglethorpe Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Decatur, Ga., since 1944, Ancel, Louis, Attorney, Bd. of Educ., Proviso Twp. II.S., Maywood, III. Andersen. Christian T., A.B.'21, Armour Inst, of Teen., Chicago, III.; M.A.'26, Univ. of Mich.; Asst. Sccy., Bd. of Educ.. 1354 Broadway, Detroit 20. Mich., since 1940. Anderson, A.B., B.S.'27, N. Dak. State Col.; Sutft. of Sell., Silvcrton, Oregon, sinco 1943. Anderson, A. Helen, A.B.'14. A.M.'31, Univ. of Denver; Dir. of Publications, Pub. Sell., 414 14th St., Denver 2, Colo., since 1929. Anderson, Archibald W.. B.S. '32, M.A.'33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ,; Ph.D.'3B, Ohio State Univ.; Asst. Prof, of Educ., Univ. of III., Urbnna, III., since 1940. Anderson, Arthur C., B.A.’29, Buona Vista Cot.; M.A.'33, State Univ, of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Rockwill City, Iowa, since 1944. Anderson. Charles D.. B.S.'17, Mich. State Col.; A.M.’22, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Commr. of Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Trenton 8, N. J., since 1934. ^'Anderson. Earl William. A.B.T8, Univ. of Ill.; A.M.-25. Ph.D.'26, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Dept, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Ohio. Anderson. Edward. A.B.'23. Howard Col.; Co. Supt. of Educ., Huntsville, Ala., since 1944. Anderson, Ernest B., B.A.'09. Gustavus Adol¬ phus Col.; M.A.'32, Univ. of Minn.; 115 Third St.. Cloquet, Minn. Anderson, Ernest Mitchell, B.S.'18. Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; M.A.'22, Univ. of Colo.; Ph.D.’28. Univ. of Mo.; Prof, of Educ., Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pitts¬ burg, Kansas, since 1929. Anderson, Ervin A.. B.A.’29. St. Olaf Col.; M.A.'39, Univ. of Wis.; Prin., H. S., Marengo, Ill., since 1944. Anderson, Godfrey Tryggve, Ph.D.'44, Univ. of Chicago; Pres.. La Sierra Col., Arling¬ ton, Calif., since 1946. Anderson. Hal, Supt. of Sch., Corinth, Miss. Anderson, Harry D., LL.B.'22, Univ. of III.; B.D.'25, Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col.; M.A.'32. Univ. of Ill.; Supt., Twp. H. S., Ottawa, Ill., since 1932. Anderson, Homer W.. B.A.T0, Highland Park Col.: M.A.’15. Ph.D.'25, State Univ. of Iowa; Pres., American Assn, of Sch. Admin., 19*12-43; Supt. of Sch., Newton, Mass., since 1943. Anderson, Howard R., B.A.’22, Augustana Col.; M.A.'28. Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.'30, State Univ. of Iowa; Chief of Instr. Prob¬ lems, Div. of Sec. Educ., U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 1948. Anderson, fc Hnlon Nimmo, B.A.’19, Sam Houston Normal Inst.; M.A.*38. Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas; LE.D.'44, Southwestern Univ., Georgetown, Texas; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Conroe, Texas, since 1912. Anderson, J. A., M.A. *32, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Greenville, Texas, since 194H. Anderson, J. E., B.S, in Ed. *11, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Mankato, Minn., since 1931. Anderson, Jesse T., B.A.*14, Furman Univ.; M.A.’42. Univ. of S. C.; State Supt. of Educ., Columbia 1, S. C-, since 1947. Anderson, John D., A.B.*16, Univ. of Roch¬ ester; M.A.*30, Ph.D.*41. Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh ; Supt. of Sch., Butler, Pa., since 1 94(>. Anderson, Kankakee, Co. Supt. of Sch., Ccdnrtown, Ga. Anderson, Lclnnd Erostus, B.S.*27, A.B. 28, Univ. of Utah; Dist. Supt. of Sell., Manti. Utah, since 1937. Anderson, Marion, B.A.*24, M.A.*26, Ph.D, *35, Stato Univ. of Iowa; Ginn and Co., Back Bay Stn.» Boston 17, Mass. Anderson, Marion Thomas, A.B,*29, Furman Univ.; M.A.*34, Duke Univ,; Prin.. Sr. II. S. t Grconvillo, S. C., sinco 1940. Anderson, Milburn P., A.B/26, Kalnmaioo Col.; M.A.*32, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Twp. Sell., Berkley, Mich., since 1939. Anderson, Raymond, A.M.*37, Ed.D.*43» Sch. of Educ., New York Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Swanton, Vt., since 1940. List of Members 361 Anderson, Robert M., Supt. of Sch., Carlton, Minn. Anderson, Robert W., B.S.’24, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; M. A.’2S, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Neosho, Mo., since 1938. Anderson, Roy A., Diploma ’28, Mass. State Tchrs. Col.; B.S.’40, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Newark, N. J.; M.A.’44, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J.; Admin. Asst., Washington Sch., Millburn, N. J., since 1947. Anderson, Ruth, Gove Jr. H. S., Denver, Colo. Anderson, Theodore Cuyler, M.A.’23, George Wash. Univ.; Div. Supt. of Sch., South Norfolk, Va., since 1941. Anderson, W. O. Diploma ’17, State Tchrs. Col., St. Cloud, Minn.; B.S.’25, M.A.’38, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. Independent Sch. Dist. No. 9, Nashwauk, Minn., since 1944. Anderson, Walter A., B.S.’29, M.A.’31, Univ. of Minn.; Ed.D.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Chmn., Dept, of Admin, and Supvn., Sch. of Educ., New York Univ., New York N. Y., since 1947. Anderson, William Cato, A.B.’19, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.’35, Univ. of Pa.; Vice-Prin., Wash. Jr. H. S„ Baltimore 17, Md., since Anderson, William Ewart, A.B.’21, More- house Col.; Ph.B.’29, Univ. of Chicago; Ed.D 44 Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Dir. of Research and Educ. Serv., State Tchrs. Col., Montgomery 1, Ala., since 1946. * Andrews, Howard T„ B.S. in Ed.’29, M S iJLii • 1 Vj U ? iv ’ - of Idah °; Su Pt- of Sch., Kellogg, Idaho, since 1946. Andrews L. Earl, A.B.’24, Wake Forest c°l.; M.A. 33, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of fcch., Lexington, N. C., since 1937. A, Uni? S ' c Ste , rIin f M.. B.S.’04, Valparaiso since 1908 UP Sch ” Waisenbur g- Colo., Al fc S ’ Wallace C„ B.S.’42, Univ. of Texas Supt. of Sch., Gregory, Texas since 1944. s y ’ -lexas, Angevine, Merrill L„ A.B.’27, M.A.’36, Univ. sin?e ei 1934 : SUPt ° f Sch ’’ Lafa y®tte, Colo., A A b M’23 ar Tr^;’ W 08 * Hamilton Col.; q’*"; 23 ’ n Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.- N. P J.f* since" 1932. SCh ” Mountain Lakaa ’. A Pre e s a ’ Col ter of M -^ P \ D -’ 39 ’- Univ ’ of since’193 8 ‘ St ’ Franc,s ’ ID-, North Adams, Mass., since 1943 . ’’ A Modesm rS cil [ if rga - et L ’,’„ Co ’ Su P t ' of Sch., mooesto, Lalif., since 1939 . An Uni*v Cia !5’ M Ster Mfy' B.S.M., Ph.D.’42, MisericordiaJ°Dallasf 1 pV., Antley, Schuler, Supt. of Sch., Marietta, Ga Cat n b n f-’ S l 5 - ter Mar V. Diploma ’24, B A ’25 W.; lC \* S \ eT . s Co1 - Catholic Univ of tTTX Catholic Univ. of Amer- ^ca. Addressi 2901 W. 43rd St., Chkago ^Antony, Paul U., B.S.’33, Univ. of Dayton; M. A.’43, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Somerset Sch., North Plainfield, N. J., since 1946. Antrim, G. Harold, A.B.’2S, Washington and Jefferson Col.; M.A.’29, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin, of Sch., Pt. Pleasant Beach, N. J., since 1930. App, Isaac D., B.S.’05, M.S.’ll, Ed.D.’40, Susquehanna Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Harrisburg, Pa., since 1922. Appenzellar, J. L., A.B.’08, Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M.’16, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Wyomissing, Pa., since 1923. Appleton, David, B.S.’41, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Groveton, N. H., since 1947. Appleton, William B., A,B.’13, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Leominster, Mass., since 1937. Aquinas, Mother Thomas, O.S.U., Ph.D,’25, Fordham Univ.; Dean. Col. of New Ro¬ chelle, New Rochelle, N. Y., since 1939. Archer, Charles H., A.B.’26, Concord State Col., Concord, W. Va.; Co. Supt. of Sch. Princeton, W. Va., since 1935. Archer, Hubert G., A.B.’30, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; A.M. ’38, Univ. of Mich.; Supt., Paw Paw Tr. Sch., Paw Paw, Mich., since 1946. Ardis, Evart W., M.A.’38, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Inkster, Mich., since 1943. Argo, A. Clarence, B.S.T2, Univ. of Wash.; M.A.’21, Stanford Univ,; Dist. Supt., 1925°" H ’ S ” Eedwood City, Calif., since Armacost, George Henry, B.A.’26, Dickinson Col.; M.A.’30, Ph.D.’40, Columbia Univ.; LL D. 47, Dickinson Col.; Pres., Univ. of Redlands, Redlands, Calif., since 1945. Armour, Pliny L., B.A.’27, Hardin-Simmons Univ.; M.S. 40, Texas Col. of Arts and Indus.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., El Paso, Texas, since 1943. Armstrong Ira R„ B.S.’30, Southeastern State Col., Durant, Okla.; M.A.’36, Okla Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Hugo! Okla., since, 1943. Armstrong Leland R„ A.B.’28, Friends Un‘; V ' ; iu I ' A V 36 ’i Tchrs - Col -> Columbia Univ.; New York 27, N. Y., since 1947. Armstrong, Louis W„ M.A.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Pendleton Oregon, since 1947. Armstrong Ray, A.B.’IS, A.M.’26, Univ. of since'i927" Pt ' " Goldsboro - N. C„ Armstrong, T H. Interstate Tchrs. Agency, Genesee Valley Trust Bldg., Rochester! Armstrong, V. D„ B.A/32, B.S.’36, Daniel Tchrs Cor M ' A ' 48 ’-r WeSt Texas State Cany 9 n ’ Texas; Supt. of Sch. Dalhart, Texas, since 1945. Armstrong, W. Earl, Ed.D.’38, Stanford Univ.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Univ of Del Newark, Del., since 1945. ’ ■Armstrong, W. W„ A.B.’36, M A ’45 Ariz State Col., Flagstaff, Ariz.; ;Prin^j^Sr H- S„ Winslow, Ariz., since 1946 A N aS °D’a A : F i’r B n S .-;f’ f’ A ’’ 35 ’ Univ. of "t LLP- 4t k Jamestown Col- fcv‘At 362 American School Buildings Arnheim, Roy L., B.S.’19, Univ. of Calif.; M.S. in Ed.’36, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Prin., Virgil Jr. H. S., Los Angeles 4, Calif., since 1942. Arnold, Dexter O., A.B.’32, Hobart Col.; M.A.’38, Syracuse Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Concord, N. H., since 1948. Arnold, Dorothy Livingston, Dir., Educ. Relations and Head, Dept, of Tchr. Tr., Parsons Sch. of Design, 136 E. 57th St., New York 22, N. Y., since 1934. Arnold, G. H., M.A.'40, Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Sch., Thomasville, N. C., since 1944. Arnold, William E., A.B.’21, Ky. Wesleyan Col.; M.A.’27, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’32, Ohio State Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia 4, Pa., since 1935. Arnspiger, Varney Clyde, A.B.’17, Texas Christian Univ.; Ph.B.’33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Exec. Vice Pres., Ency¬ clopaedia Britannica Films, Inc., 1150 Wilmette Ave., Wilmette, Ill., since 1929. Arrants, John H., A.B.’16, M.S.’32, Univ. of Tenn.; Supt. of Sch., Johnson City, Tenn., since 1946. Asfahl, William D., M.A.’27, Univ. of Okla.; M.A.’30, Univ. of Colo.; Ed.D.’44, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., and Dir., Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Denver, Den¬ ver 10, Colo., since 1947. Ashby, Lloyd W., A.B.’26, Hastings Col.; M. A.’35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Technical H. S., Omaha, Nebr., since 1947. Ashe, Robert W., M.A.’42, Ariz. State Col., Tempe, Ariz.; Supt., Glendale Union H. S., Glendale, Ariz., since 1946. Ashland, Homer Butler, Ph.B.’24, M.Ed.’39, Univ. of Vt.; Supt. of Sch., Rutland, Vt., since 1948. Ashley, Frank L., B.S.’ll, Young Harris Col.; A.M.’13, Newberry Col.; Prin. Sr. H. S., Gastonia, N. C., since 1929. Ashley, Frederick A., B.B.A.’21, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Everett 49, Mass., since 1932. Ashley, Harold, Co. Supt. of Sch., Klamath Falls, Oregon. Ashley, Lawrence F., B.Sc.'21, Stout Inst.; M.A.’34, Ph.D.’36, Ohio State Univ.; Chief, Div. of Voc. Educ., Bd. of Educ., Yonkers 2, N. Y„ since 1938. Ashworth, Ardele, Bd. of Educ., Provo, Utah. Aslin, Neil C., B.S. in Ed.’35, Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo.; M.A. in Ed.’39, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Columbia, Mo., since 1947. Aspinall, Richard, A.B.’ll, W. Va. Wes¬ leyan Col.; D.B.’14, Drew Univ.; A.M.’14, Ph.D.’26, New York Univ.; Dir., Student Affairs and Univ. Extension, W. Va. Univ., Morgantown, W. Va., since 1930. Ast, Ray J., Prin., Sch. 42, 1005 Grant St., Buffalo, N. Y. Atherton, Harlan E., B.A.’25, Yale Univ.; Ed.M.’33, Univ. of N. H.; Union Supt. of Sch., Concord, N. H., since 1947. Atkins, Charles H., Diploma ’09, San Jose State Col., San Jose, Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Jackson, Calif., since 1946. Atkins, Clark. A.B.’30, M.S.’37, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sen., Anchorage, Ky., since 1946. Atkinson, Carroll, A.B.'20, Lawrence Coh; M.A.’29, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Ph.D. ’38, George Peabody Col. of Tchrs.; Dean of Men, Southwestern Univ., Georgetown, Texas, since 1947, Atkinson, William N., B.A.’25, Iowa Wes¬ leyan Col.; M.A.’32, Ph.D.’39, State Univ. of Iowa; Deputy Supt. of Sch. since 1945, and Dean, Jr. Col., Jackson, Mich., since 1940. Atwood, Clinton H., B.S.’19, Colgate Univ.; A.M.’23, Syracuse Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Solvay, N. Y., since 1938. Atwood, Perry M., B.A.’33, M.A.’35, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Staples, Minn., since 1921. Atwood, Rufus B., A.B.’20, Fisk Univ.; B.S. ’23, Iowa State Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts; M.A.’39, Univ. of Chicago; LL.D.’36, Lane Col.; Pres., Ky. State Col., Frank¬ fort, Ky., since 1929. Augspurger, Harry F., A.B.’27, Ill. Wes¬ leyan Univ.; M.S.’38, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Elem. Sch., Lincoln, Ill., since 1941. Augspurger, R. E., A.B.’26, Bluffton Col.; M.A.’33, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Franklin, Ohio, since 1940. Auld, John T„ M.S.’35, W. Va., Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., New Holland, Pa., since 1946. Aurand, David B., M.Ed.’40, Univ. of Colo.; B.S.’32, Coe Col.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., La- Grange, Ill., since 1945. Aurand, E. D., B.E.’33, Northern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., De Kalb, Ill.; M.S.’36, North¬ western Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lyons, Ill., since 1940. Aurand, O. H., B.S.’21, Susquehanna Univ.; M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Steelton, Pa., since 1935. Austin, Edward C., B.E.’36, State Tchrs. Col., Milwaukee, Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Bur¬ lington, Wis., since 1947. Austin, Everett L., A.B.’17, Moores Hill Col.; B.S.’18, B.S. in Agr.’23, Purdue Univ.; Ph.D.’28, Cornell Univ.; State Supvr. of Sec. Educ., State Office Bldg., Providence 3, R. I., since 1939. Austin, George R., A.B.’33, Bates Col.; Ed.M.’41, Harvard Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Middleboro, Mass., since 1941. Austin, Richard C., A.B.’24, Bethel Col.; M.A.’28, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Huntingdon, Tenn., since 1933. Austin, Ward H., B.S.’25, M.S.’29, Univ. of Calif.; Pres., Marin Jr. Col., Kentfield, Calif., since 1944. Austin, Wilfred G., Diploma ’20, Ariz. State Col., Tempe, Ariz.; A.B.’26, Univ. of Ariz.; M.A.’33, Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Chandler, Ariz., since 1937. Averill, Forrest G., A.B.’24, M.A.’28, Univ. of Mich.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Lansing, Mich., since 1947. Avinger, W. H.. M.A.’43, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Electra, Texas, since 1947. Axtell, Paul H., A.B.’16, Colgate Univ.; M.A.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’34, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Caldwell, N. J., since 1938. Ayars, Albert L., B.A.’39, B.'Ed.’40, M.A.’42, State Col. of Wash.; Dist. Supt. of Sen., Omak, Wash., since 1945. &yer, Fred C., B.S.’02, Upper Iowa Univ.; M.S.’05, Georgetown Univ.; Ph.D. 15, Univ. of Chicago; Prof, of Educ. Admin., Univ. of Texas. Austin. Texas, since 1927. Ayer, Roderick E.. M.S. in Ed.’46, Syracuse Univ.; Prin., H. S., Port Jervis, N. Y., since 1946. List of Members 36 Ayers, Archie Raymond, B.S.’35, Univ. of S. C.; M.A.’39, Duke Univ.; Ph.D.'44, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ. and Prin., Campus H. S., Eastern State Col., Charleston, Ill., since 1947. Ayers, Fred, A.B. in Ed.'29, M.A.’34, Univ. of Ga.; Supt. of Sch., Fitzgerald, Ga., since 1938. Ayers, Solon G., M.B.A.’33, Univ. of Texas; Supt., Haskell Inst., Lawrence, Kansas, since 1942. Ayres, Frank M., A.B.'24, M.A.'26, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Dundee, Mich., since 1924. B Babcock, Earl H., Diploma ’09, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; B.A.’22, M.A,’29, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Grand Haven, Mich., since 1923. Babcock, George Thomas, A.B.’IS, Pomona Col.; M.A.T6, Univ. of Calif.; Pacific Coast Mgr., D. C. Heath and Co., 182 Second St., San Francisco 5, Calif., since 1937. Babcock, Mrs. Ruth Evans, A.B.’16, B.S in Librarianship ’36, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Sch. Library Supvr., State Educ. Dept., Albany 1, N Y since 1937. Baca, M.A., Supt. of Sch., Los Lunas N Mex. Bacon, Allen E., Ph.B.’ll, Lafayette Col.; Supt. of Sch., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., since Bacon, Charles Edward, A.B.’96, Harvar Univ ; Publisher, Allyn & Bacon, 50 Bea con St„ Boston 8, Mass., since 1916. Bacon, Francis Leonard, A.B.’12, South ?'f st T ? r ,n Col.; A.M.T6, Columbia Univ. LL D. 31, Southwestern Col.; L.H.D.’3/ Williams Col.; Supt. Evanston Twr H. S., Evanston, Ill., since 1928. Bacon, Paul Valentine, A.B.’98, Harvar Univ.; Editor-in-Chief, Allyn & Bacon, 5 Beacon St., Boston 8, Mass., since 1913. Bacon, Mrs. Reba Broyles, A.B.'37 Tus culum Col.; M.A.’43, George Peabody Co] since TC 1946. : ^ ° f Sch ” Athens ’ Ba E TD^ illa R rd T H >f B ' 00 ’ Brown Univ. ctnw’ , l ' Col. of Educ.; Supt. o Sch., Westerly, R, I., since 1913. B3 MA't C 7 Jr L A ’ A.B.’28, Wittenberg Col. SrA 32 • ° hl ° State Univ.; Co. Supt o Sch., Greenville, Ohio, since 1945 P Ba MA S ’3i er 0h J L^w A -, B r-’? 8 ’ Bluffton Col. m .A. 31, Ohio State Univ.; Supt of Sch Sebring, Ohio, since 1946. B mT’' 3 ^ S tL B " b -S;’ 18, Dartmouth Col. tt * • * « Tchrs. Col,, Columbia Univ since"mT' ° f Sch ” Peter borough, N. H. Ba of’< 5 I K C v B,S -’ 12 > Heidelberg Col • Supt of Sch., Bucyrus, Ohio, since 1935 P Baer, Herbert K., A.B.’22, M.A.’36 W Va tol Bldg., Chian's, B W. Va^tince^MS ^ n A r ’24^’c^l’ A u- B - ,:1 ?’ Wittenberg, Col. hoga' Hgts CO S U ch bl 4820 U l V ' : 71 s f UP r t i C , Uya 9. Ohio, since 1943. E ‘ 71st ’ Qevel an< Bail, Phillip M., B.A.’20, Mo. Valley Col. M.A.’28, Ph.D.’31, State Univ. of Iowa Pres., Univ. of Omaha, Omaha 2, Nebr since 1948. Bailey, C. L., B.S.’ll, Otterbein Col. M.A,’32, Miami Univ.; Supt. of Sch, Greenville, Ohio, since 1929. Bailey, Mrs. Edna Watson, B.S.’06, M.S.’07 Ph.D.’lO, Univ. of Calif.; Prof, of Educ. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif., since 1927. Bailey, Francis B., A.B.’28, Univ. of Ill.; M.Ed.’43, Loyola Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Oak Lawn, Ill., since 1947. Bailey, Francis L., A.B.’21, A.M.’24, Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.’39, Columbia Univ.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col,, Gorham, Maine. Bailey, G. O., Jr., Supt. of Sch., Tifton, Ga. Bailey, John F., A.B.’23, Baylor Univ.; M.A. 31, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Breckenridge, Texas, since 1939. Bailey, John H., M.E.’41, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Leadwood, Mo. since 1947. Baily, Carl S., A.B.T9, Wash, and Jeffe rson Col.; Supt. of Sch., Swissvale, Pa., since 1933. Bain, V. D., Asst. Supt. of Sch., Portland, Oregon. Bain, Winifred E., Ph.B.’24, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; M.A.’26, Ph.D.’29, Columbia Univ.; ^^eelock Col., Boston, Mass., since 30, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., loms River, N. J., since 1944 *Bair, Carl M„ Jr., B.S.’33, State Tchrs. Col., Trenton N. J. ; M.A.’43, Univ. of Conn., Supt. of Sch., Wakefield, Mass. B ro'l F M d f r M7 k £ a L g1 ?’ AB -' 12 . Grinnell Col.; M A. 17, Ph.D. 31, Tchrs. Col., Co- lnm b n U ? lv - : chl ® f ' Bureau of Curricu¬ lum Development, State Educ. Dept., Al¬ bany 1, N. Y„ since 1947. Bair, Medill B.S’35, State Tchrs. Col, Trenton N. J.; M.A.’39, Tchrs. Col., Co- FaUs I ingt U on, V 'lia SUPt - ° f Sch ’ PennSbu ^ Ba . i . rd - Height C., B.S.’28, Colo. Agrl. and T 6 ' Ck a j° c’ M.S.’36, Univ. of Colo.; Pres J;nce ld i a 9 d 46 State C ° h ’ Trinidad . Colo!; B Co1'- P M U Ed R .L A i B/12 ’ A-M.-IS. Hamilton A?'" 3 ' *2. Springfield Col.; Supt of Sch., Chestnut St., Ludlow, Mass. P ' B A r M’n U1 TS, P r ? ' 18 A P niv ’ of Ala -'. Asst LrJ h I £ o1 - Columbia Univ.; t.nL S P c' J rans P0«ation and At- A, n a d , an “ce C l°947 PUb - SCh " Bi -ingham 3, Baisch, Carl W„ M.A.’27, Univ. of Buffalo- s^nce ?94 S 6 UPt - ° f Sch ” Kenraore N Y.’, B Pkt'sburvh F - ^ B - S -’ 29 ’ d Univ. of B'ridg^flle, p S a UPV sTnce^29° f TWP ‘ Sch ' Baker, Clara Belle, A.B.’09 A M 'll ^f^rn Univ.; Dir. Children’s' Sch. NatL ' ° duc ’’ Bvanston, Ill., since 1926. Baker, Edna Dean, B.S.’13, Natl Cnl or Un?v'-’ LUiD’’4°i £ M ' 21 ' Northwestern NatL' ’^ 1 ^ 0 ? Educ ^EvanstonIll’ Pr£S " 1920. Evanston, ill., since Psych., Kansas State Col' of * duC ’ and sin?i le i 946 ScienCe ’ Manhattan, fLsa" 364 American School Buildings Baker, Ira Y„ A.B.’27, A.M.’33, Gettysburg Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Borough Sch., Man¬ chester, Pa., since 1944. Baker, L. D., M.A.’29, Wash. State Col.; Supt., Highline Pub. Sch., 253 S. 152nd St., Seattle 88, Wash., since 1941. Baker, Marvin P., B.A.’28, M.A.’33, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Corpus Christi, Texas, since 1941. Baker, Raymond N., A.B.’27, Olivet Col.; M.A.'41, Wayne Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Auburn Heights. Mich., since 1945. Baker, Stuart K., A.B.’32, Central State Tchrs, Col., Mt. Pleasant, Mich. ; M.A.’40, Wayne Univ.; Supt., Big Beaver H. S., Birmingham 4, Mich., since 1929. Balch, B. L., M.A.’26, Univ. of Ala.; B.S.’48, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Tuskegee, Ala., since 1946. Baldwin, Clare C., B.S.’27, Univ. of Kansas; M.A.’32, Ph.D.’34, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 362 Pleasant Ave., New York, N. Y., since 1946. Baldwin, Donald C., B.A.’37, State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.'41, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Grosse lie, Mich., since 1942. Baldwin, Robert Dodge, A.B.’13, Princeton Univ.; A.M.’16, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D. ’26, Cornell Univ.; Prof, of Educ., W. Va. Univ., Morgantown, W. Va., since 1931. Ball, Ernest C., B.S.’26, Memphis State Col.; M. A.’36, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Memphis 8, Tenn., since 1934. Ball, Leonard T„ A.B.’31, Ohio Univ.; M.A.’39, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Tipp City Exempted Village Sch., Tipp City, Ohio, since 1946. Ball, Lester B., B.E.’34, Northern Ill. State Tchrs. Cob, De Kalb, Ill.; M.A.’38, North¬ western Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., High¬ land Park, Ill., since 1943. Ball, W. N., B.S.’37, M.S.’42, Brigham Young Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Mt. Pleasant, Utah, since 1945. Ballentine, Will G., Supt. of Sch., Menom- onie, Wis., since 1920. Balliette, Ralph Ernest, Ph.B.’23, Ph.M.’27, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Platteville, Wis., since 1933. Ballif, Algie E., Bd. of Educ., Provo, Utah. *Ballou, Frank Washington, B.S.'04, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; M.A.'08, Univ. of Cincinnati; Ph.D.’14, Harvard Univ.; LL.D.’41, Marietta Col.; LL.D. 43, George Washington Univ.; Pres., Dept, of Super¬ intendence, 1925-26; Honorary Life Mem¬ ber, American Assn, of Sch. Admin.; Supt. of Sch.. Washington, D. C., 1920- 1943. Address: 3130 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington 16, D. C. Balyeat, Frank A., A.B.’ll. M.A *18, Univ. of Okla.; Ph.D.’27, Stanford Univ.; Dir. of Adult Educ.. Univ. of Okla., Norman Okla., since 1945. Bamberger, Florence Eilau, B.S’14, M.A/15, Ph.D.’22, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir Col. for Tchrs., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore 18, Md., since 1937. Bamberger, Russell Elwood, B.S.’24, M.S. ’25, Gettysburg Col., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Glcnolden, Pa., since 1945. Banks, L. Frazer, A.B.’ll, Univ. of Colo.; Officier d’Academie 19, Republic of France; M.A.’28, George Peabody Col. for Telus.: LL.D.’33, Birmingham-Southern Col.; Supt. of Sch., 2015 7th Ave., N„ Birmingham 3, Ala., since 1942. Banks, Ralph H., A.B.’27, Ind. State Tchrs. Col.; M.S.’33, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Vincennes, Ind., since 1943. Bannerman, G. W., Ph.B.’23, Lawrence Col.; M.A.’32, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Wausau, Wis., since 1946. Bapst, Robert T., A.B.’OO, A.M.’Ol, Canisius Col.; Ph.D.’08, St. Louis Univ.; LL.D.’37, Niagara Univ.; L.H.D.’46, Canisius Col.; Supt. of Sch., Buffalo 2, N. Y., since 1936. Barber, Anson B., M.B.A.’31, Harvard Univ.; M.A.’35, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Ed.D.'42. Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hingham, Mass., since 1948. Barber, Mrs. Gail Noah, B.S.'39, North¬ western State Col., Alva, Okla.; State Dir. of Elem. Educ. and Arts and Crafts, Santa Fe, N. Mex„ since 1945. Barber, Joseph E., B.S.’26, M.S.’33, Syra¬ cuse Univ.; Ed.D.’48, Univ. of Buffalo; Chief, Advisement and Guid., U. S. Veter¬ ans Admin., Syracuse, N. Y., since 1946. Barclay, Charles B., B.S.’29, Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas; M.S. ’42, East Texas State Tchrs. Col., Com¬ merce, Texas; Dir., Off-Campus Activities, East Texas State Tchrs. Col., Commerce, Texas, since 1947. Barden, Earle K., M.A.’31, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Sugar Land, Texas, since 1933. Bardwell, Richard W., A.B.’IO, Univ. of Ill.; M.A.’22. Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.'39, Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis. Bare, Thurman H., B.S.’26, M.A.’29, Univ. of Mo.; Ed.D.’44, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., North Plainfield, N. J., since 1946. Barker, Ernest A., M.A.’32, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Honey Grove, Texas, since 1934. Barker, Howard L., M.A.’37, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Springfield Sch., 22nd St. and Upton Ave., Battle Creek, Mich., since 1945. Barker, Willard P., B.S.'31, Col. of Woos¬ ter; M.A.’46, Kent State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Canfield, Ohio, since 1934. Barkley, Mathew, Ph.B.’29, M.E.’39, Mar¬ quette Univ.; Supt. of Sch., 5104 W. Greenfield Ave., West Milwaukee 14, Wis. Barksdale, James A., M.A.’36, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Union City, Tenn., since 1946. Barner, Raymond T., Diploma ’16, Keystone State Normal Sch., Kutztown, Pa.; Ph.B. ’26, Muhlenberg Co.; M.A.’34, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Browns¬ ville, Pa., since 1940. Barner, Robert P„ A.B.’16, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; A.M.’27, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Rochester, Pa., since 1934. arnes, B. H., B.S.’20, W. Va. Wesleyan Col.; Deputy Supt. of Sch., Burbank, Calif., since 1941. arnes, B. N„ A.B.’26, Wake Forest Col.; A.M.’31, Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Sen., King’s Mountain, N. C., since 1934. arnes, Chester H., B.S.’20, A.M.’22, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Hatboro, Pa., since 1932. arnes, Donald E., Univ. of Chicago Press, 5750 Ellis Ave., Chicago 37, Ill. arnes, Floyd C„ Diploma ’21, Miss. South¬ ern Col.; B.S.'24, M.A.’40, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Exec. Secy., Miss. Educ. since 1944. List of Members 36* Barnes, George F., Diploma ’04, State Tchrs. Col., Moorhead, Minn.; Vice-pres., Rand McNally & Co., 536 S. Clark St., Chicago 5, Ill,, since 1942. Barnes, George H., B.S.’28, Univ. of Ill.; Financial Secy., Bd. of Educ., Memphis, Tenn., since 1935. Barnes, John R., A.B.’21, A.M.’23, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Grosse Pointe 30, Mich., since 1947. Barnes, Ward E„ B.S.’28, Northwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col.. Maryville, Mo.; M.A. ’31, Univ. of Mo.; Supt., Normandy Consol. Sch. Dist., 6701 Easton Ave., St. Louis 14, Mo., since 1947. Barnett, Charles E., Jr., A.B.'35, Glenville State Col.; A.M.’41, W. Va. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Clay, W. Va., since 1946. Barnett, John H., B.S.’23, Furman Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Marietta, S. C., since 1938. Barnett, Owen Lee, M.S,’27, Brigham Young Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Spanish Fork, Utah. Barnhart, Charles J., B.S.'39, State Tchrs. Col., Slippery Rock, Pa.; M.Ed.’47, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Blaw- nox, Pa., since 1947. Barnum, Walter Lawrence, A.B.’07, Middle- bury Col.; A.M.’36, Northwestern Univ.; Asst. Prin., Evanston Twp. H. S., Evans¬ ton, Ill., since 1927. Barr, H. D„ B.E.’26, Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; M.A.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Roodhouse, Ill., since 1933. Barr, William Wayne, B.S. in Ed.’38, Ash¬ land Col.; M.A. in Ed.’46, Western Re¬ serve Univ.; Prin., Brookside H. S„ Lorain, Ohio, since 1941. Barrett, C - Bu tton, B.S.'34, Ill. Inst, of Tech.; M.S.’38, Northwestern Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Biloxi, Miss. Barrett, Lawrence Adams, B.S.’25, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M S 29, Univ. of Colo.; Ph.D.’41, McKinley Roosevelt Foundation; Supt. of Sch. Sa- lida, Colo., since 1941. Barrow, Clark L„ B.A.’23, M.A.’34, La. State Univ.; M.A.’35, Ph.D.’39, Columbia Univ.; Parish Supt. of Sch., Court House, Baton Rouge 1, La., since 1943. Barry, Franklyn S., B.A.’31, M.A.’42, Syra¬ cuse Univ ; Acting Supt. of Sch., Ironde- 9, uo ‘f> *5’ S ^ nce - 1945 ’ and Su P‘- of Sch., Cortland, N. Y., since 1947. Barry, Phil M., B.S.’31, M.A. ’44, Kent State « Y’ : .„ Head - Lak e Twp. Schs., Hartville, Ohio, since 1948. Barry, William R„ A.B.T8, Georgetown Univ.; M.A. 47, Springfield Col.; Supt. of och., Northampton, Mass., since 1937. Ba M te 2 S .’, e Mar ^. n JP" B.A.’SO, Capital Univ.; M.A. 35, Ohio State Univ.; Research Asst. Pub. Sch., 216 E. Ninth St., Cincinnati i\ Unio, since 1944. Bartholomew Clifford S, J„ Ph.B.’26, M Pr'ln erg Au 0l V M ' A -’ 33 > Columbia Un P ^-sinleTsr" ^ * S ’> AIle ^ Ba f rtk , y ’r T A : Dean, Sch. of Educ., Sti ford Univ., Palo Alto, Calif. Ba Mo ey st^°^ ,, B ’ S ’J? Ed ’’ 39 - Southw M Ed S ’44 T? c - hrs ’ p°b Springfield, M M.Ed. 44, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sc Unionvilie, Mo., since 1945. Basler, Roosevelt, B.A/34, M.A.*36, Univ. of Wash.; Ed.D’45, Tchrs, Col., Colum- bia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Millburn, N. J., since 1947. Bass, E. E., Tenn. Educ. Assn., Cotton States Bldg,, Nashville 3, Tenn. Bass, M. Reed, B.S.’24, Colo. State Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts; Dir., The David Ranken, Jr. Sch. of Mech. Trades, 4431 Finney Ave., St. Louis 13, Mo., since 1937. Bass, W. A., M.A.’28, Univ. of Chicago: Supt. of Sch., 700 Broad St., Nashville 3, Tenn., since 1938. Bassett, Paul A., B.S.’20, Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.’35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Patchogue, N. Y.. since 1940. Batchelder, Carl J., A.B.’18, Eastern Co!.; A.B.’18, Valparaiso Univ.; Deputy State Commr. of Educ., Montpelier, Vt., since 1923. Batchelder, Mildred L.. A.B .'22, Mt. Hol¬ yoke Col.; B.L.S.’24, N. Y. State Library Sch.; Chief, Dept, of Information and Advisory Serv.. American Library Assn., 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11, Ill., since 1947. Bateman, E. Allen, A.B.’17, Univ. of Utah; M.A.’29, Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.’40, Co¬ lumbia Univ.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., State Capitol, Salt Lake City 1, Utah, since 1945. Bates, A. Parley, B.S.’30, Utah State Agrl. Col.; M.S.’35, Univ. of Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Ogden, Utah, since 1943. Bates, Austin F., Supt. of Sch., Clare. Mich. Bates, Creed F., A.B.’14, Univ. of Chatta¬ nooga; A.M.’24, Columbia Univ.; Acting Supt. of Sch., Chattanooga, Tenn., since 1948. Bates, David E.. B.A. in Ed.’27, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A. in Adm. and Supvn.’35, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Lakeview, Oregon, since Bates, Harold S., B.S.’21. Knox Col.; A.M 34, Columbia Univ.; D.Ed.’40, Univ. of Cincinnati; Supt. of Sch., Norwood 12 Ohio, since 1936. Ba A te ?;., Ral! J. h . F -’ Colgate Univ.; A.M. 14. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch Chatham, N. J., since 1920. Marshall G., Diploma ’25, State Tchrs. Col., River Falls, Wis.; B.S.’31, State Univ. of Iowa; M.Ph.’34, Univ. of Wus.; Supt. of Sch., La Crosse, Wis., since B V. S0 ?’ William H„ Ph.D.’16, Univ. of Mich.; Dir Sch. of Educ., and Dir., Summer Sch., Univ. of S. Dak., VermiL lion, S. Dak., since 1927. Ba M a A gB £ J t °T Se - ph C I* AB -’ 35 - Upsala Col.; M. A. 36, Univ. of Tenn.; Supvg. Prin. Peapack and Gladstone Sch., Gladstone, N. J., since 1947. Batten, Mrs. Pluma B„ B.S. in Ed.’28, Univ. N. j a ;kincTl g 943 Pr,n ' °* Sch ” W °° dStown ’ B wooA r H ? abe A h G ”c B S - in Ed.’26, Marry- EaS-i s “«- s ' h - «-<»• B attle, L H., Ph.B.’15, M.A.’32, Emory Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Dublin, Ga„ since B M £ A d S B V A -' 2S - Central Col.; Fond du La n c. V Wis Mmn - : Supt ’ ° £ Sch ” 366 American School Buildings Baughner, William L., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., West Elizabeth, Pa. Baum, C. W., B.A.'35, M.A. , 42, Mont. State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Livingston, Mont., since 1943. Baum, Paul B., A.B.’19, Aurora Col.; M.A. '21, Univ. of Wis.; Dean, Colo. Woman’s Col., Denver 7, Colo., since 1935. Baumann, Lester H., B.A.’32, State Tchrs. Col., Valley City, N. Dak.; M.A.’37, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Red- field, S. Dak., since 1944. Baumgartner, Ira, A.B.’22, Bluffton Col.; M.A.'27, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Sylvania, Ohio, since 1934. Baxter, Bernice, A.B.’28, San Francisco State Col.; Ph.D.'35, Yale Univ.; Admin. Asst, to Supt. of Sch., 1025 Second Ave., Oakland 6, Calif., since 1945. Baxter, Solomon, Diploma ’21, State Tchrs. Col., Troy, Ala.; B.S.’29, Univ. of Ala.; M.S.'45, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Dothan, Ala., since 1933. Bay. James C., A.B.T2, Oberlin Col.; A.M. '16, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.'27, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Easton, Pa., since 1922. Bayne, Stephen F., B.S.’98, Col. of the City of N. Y.; A.M.’03, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D. '22, Fordham Univ.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1934. Bazard, Walter S., A.B.'I6, Washington and Jefferson Col.; Ed.M.’32, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Supvg. Prin. of Union Sch., Brack- enridge, Pa., since 1947. ♦Beach, Fred F., B.S.'26, M.S.’27, Syracuse Univ.; M.A.’28, Ph.D.’33, Columbia Univ.; Specialist for State Sch. Admin., U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 1941. Beahm, L. L., A.B.’IS, Univ. of Denver; M.A.’33. Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Canon City, Colo., since 1924. Beal, Alice B., Supvr. of Elcm. Educ., 200 Newbury St., Boston, Mass. Beal, George E., A.B.’16, Bowdoin Col.; A.M.'34, Bates Col.; A.M.’41, Bowdoin Col.; Supt. of Sch., South Portland 7, Maine, since 1940. Beal, Raymond I., B.S,’36, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Portsmouth, N. H., ginco 1946 . Beam, J. Paul, B.A.’21, Furman Univ.; Th.B.’39, Southern Baptist Theol. Sem.; M.A.'39, Duko Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Gaff¬ ney, S. C., gince 1946. Bean, Albert M., A.B.’IO, A.M.’14. Dickin¬ son Col.; LL.D.’44, Col. of Soutn Jergoy; Co. Supt. of Sch., Camden, N. J., since 1930. Bean, Borton B.. Ph.B.’I2, Alfred Univ,; M.A.’25, Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., City Hall, Buffalo 2, N. Y„ stneo 1939. Bean. Harold J., Curtis Circulation Co.. Philadelphia 5, Pa. Beard, Roy J., Houston, Texas. Boary, D. Hartley, B.S. In Ed.*23, Central Mo, Col., Warrensburg, Mo.: M.Kd.’46, Mont. 8tate Univ.; Prin., Co. H. S., Missoula, Mont., since 1945. Beasley, K, B., Ph.B.’29, Shurtloff Col.; M.A.’36, Univ. of III.; Supt. of Sch., Kowaneo, Ill., since 1946. Beattie, Alfred W., B.S.’22, Allegheny Col.; M.A.’24, Ph.D. ’31, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Pittsburgh 19, Pa., since 1938. Beatty, Willard Walcott, B.S.’13, M.A.’22, Univ. of Calif.; Ed.D.’37, Reed Col.; Dir. of Educ., Office of Indian Affairs, Dept, of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C., since 1936. Beaumont, Florence S., B.S.’37, M.A.’39, New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 3323 85th St., Jackson Hgts., N. Y., since 1943. Beazley, William Raymond, M.S.’37, Univ. of Va.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Covington, Va., since 1946. Bechdolt, Burley V., A.B.‘30, DePauw Univ.; M.S. in Ed.’35, Ind. Univ.; Dir. of Re¬ search. Ind. State Tchrs. Assn., Hotel Lincoln, Indianapolis 9, Ind., since 1940. Bechtel, Edward W., B.S.’29, M.A.’38, Univ. of Minn.; Prin., Sr. H. S., Fergus Falls, Minn., since 1940. Beck, A. L., Supt. of Sch., Canby, Oregon. Beck, Cameron, Dir. of Pub. Relations, Clark-Babbitt Industries, Inc., 2118 RKO Bldg., New York 20, N. Y. Beck, Richard T„ B.S.’30, M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.‘37, New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Jersey City 4, N. J., since 1947. Becker, Conrad H., B.S.’35, M.S.’38, Coio. State Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts; D.D. ’48, Wartburg Theol. Sem.| Pres., Wart- burg Col., Waverly, Iowa, since 1945. Becker, Edwin G., Vice Pres., Bd. of Educ., Cincinnati, Ohio. Becker, Ernest, B.A.’16, M.A.‘18, B.B.A.’20, Tulane Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., New Orleans, La., since 1944. Becker, Eugenia, Prin., Cockrell Hill Elem. Sch., Dallas, Texas. Becker, Ralph, A.B.‘28, Hastings Col.; M.A. ’35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Evansville 8, Ind., since 1947. Becker, Roy J., Bd. of Educ., 45 N. Hill St., Los Angeles, Calif. Beckett, Verona Elsey, B.S. in Ed.’28, M.S. in Ed.’32. Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Kane Sch., 26th and Jefferson Sts., Phila¬ delphia 21, Pa., since 1927. Beckman, Joseph M., M.A.’34, Univ. of Cincinnati; Coordinator of Sch. Building Planning, 216 E. Ninth St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1947. Beckmann, Milton W., B.S.’35, M.A.’39, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Gibbon, Nebr., since 1944. Bcddow, John E., Secy., Sch. Dist., 337 W. Frock St., Frackville, Pa., since 1930. Bcdwcll, Robert L., Ph.B.’lO, Miss. Col.; M.A.’18, Univ. of Miss.; Ph.D.’29, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs., Supt. of Sch., Hot Springs, Ark., since 1943. odwoll, Robert L., Jr., A.B.’40, M.Ed.’47, " ‘ i.; Prin., Garland Elem. La. State Univ., _. Srh TJttlft Rock. Ark ■ InrA 1Q44. Bee, Carl E., Tchrs. Col., Duke Univ.; Boston, Pa., B.S. in Ed.’32, Ind. State Torre Haute, Ind;! M.E.’40, Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., since 1945. ioebe, Ralph Edwin, B.A.‘13, Winona Col.; M.A.’16, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Naper¬ ville, Ill., since 1927. List of Members 36/ Beeghley, Hobart, Co. Supt. of Sch., Weston, W. Va. Beers, John H., Mgr. of Educ. Dept., Mac¬ millan Co., 350 Mission St., San Francisco 5, Calif., since 1931. Beery, George C., A.B.’16, M.A.’24, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Court House, Columbus 15, Ohio, since 1924. Beggs, Vernon L., M.A.'32, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Supt. of Educ., United Pueblos Agency, Albuquerque, N. Mex., since 1945. Beggs, W. K., Tchrs. Col., Univ. of Nebr., Lincoln, Nebr. Behmer, John H., Diploma ’21, State Nor¬ mal Sch., Millersville, Pa.; B.A.’25, Eliz¬ abethtown Col.; M.A.’29, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Ed.D.’38, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., New Market, N. J., since 1935. Beidel, F. Douglass, B.A.’20, Lebanon Val¬ ley Col.; M.A.’31, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Millersburg, Pa., since 1938. Beierschmitt, Gerald A., Diploma ’23, St. Charles Jr. Col.; A.B.’25, Holy Cross Col.; A.M.’35, Bucknell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mt. Carmel, Pa., since 1934. Beiser, Mack J„ M.A.’32, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Eaton Rapids, Mich., since 1948. Belcher, Frances, M.A.’45. Fla. State Col. for Women; Prin., North Ward Sch Clearwater, Fla., since 1927. Bell, 90 it . r /V- . * ** ■» to./*. in 29 ^.U r | lv - of Cincinnati; Co. Supt. of Sen., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1923. Bennett, R. Dwight, B.A.’ 28 . Wittenberg Col.; M.A 37, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Van Wert, Ohio, since 1946 Bennett, R. M B.S. and M.S.'45, Univ. of Ill., Prin., Consol. Sch. Dist Onarga, Ill., since 1947 * 278 ' B o n f n Educ° y Mt- t-, B ’ 31 ’ Central Mich. Col. ot Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A ’41 Mich:, 0 L“e C 19 : 4S SUPt ' ° f Sch ’ CharIevoix ' Bennett, Ulric J„ A.B.’09. B.L.’14, A M '26 SL n, t-°j Ca ; Co. Supt. of Pub. Instr Ft. Lauderdale, Fla, since 1931 . B o n f n u?ah M Ed L D- tl V6 B Tt S ’ 26 ' M S ’ 32 ' Univ. o Sch Ti 36, c- Univ ' of Ca lif.; Supt. ot Sch., Salt Lake City 2, Utah, since 1945. B Un'iv’ KathIean Bradford, M A ’48 01 s,h - ^Newline', N.''Y. rin " Newfan « Central Sch,, 368 American School Buildings Bentley, Jerome H.. A.B/03, Wesleyan Univ.; M.A/16. Columbia Univ.; Treas., Wells Col., Aurora. N. Y., since 1943. Berg, Ben Conrad, B.A/16. Univ. of Ill.; M.A/23. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Newton. Iowa, since 1922. Berg, Mrs. Olive S.. B.A/16, Univ. of Minn.; M.A/47, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch.. Conde, S. Dak., since 1944. Berg. Sclmcr H., B.A/17, St. Olaf Col.; M.A/24, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., City Hall, St. Paul 2, Minn., since 1947. Bcrgan, K. W., B.A/15, Luther Col.; M.A. ’29. Univ. of Minn.; M.A/48, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Browning, Mont., since 1934. Berger, Harry S.. B.S. in Ed.’19, Northeast Mo., State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville, Mo.; M.A. in Ed/29, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Deadwood. S. Dak., since 1928. Berger, Lowe, M.A.’19. Columbia Univ.; M.A.'21, Univ. of Mich.; Vice-pres., The Bobbs-Mcrri 11 Co., 730 N. Meridian St., Indianapolis 7, Ind., since 1928. Bergerson. Carl I.. B.S.’IS, Hiram Col.; A.M/27, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Albion, N. Y.. since 1925. Bcrges, William R., A.B/18, Southwestern Col., Winfield, Kansas; A. M/26, Univ. of Chicago; Prill., Central Jr. II. S., Wichita 2, Kansas, since 19d3. Bergman, F. V., B.S.’17, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’29, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sell., Manhattan. Kansas, since 194 2. Bergquist, Ernest B., B.A.’02, Gustavus Adolphus Col.; M.A.*30. Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sell., Rapid City, S. Dak., since 1929. B e r k 1 i o f , W i ! 1 i a m L., A.B/27, Calvin Col.; M.A.*30, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Mount Clemens, Mich. Berman, Edward, A.B/11, Yale Col.; M.A. *23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch.. Bayonne, N. J., since 1940. Herns. Karl If., JUS. in Ed. *24, Kent State Univ.; M.A.’27, Univ. of Akron; LL.B.'37, William McKinley Sch. of Law; Ph.D/42, Ohio State Univ.; Asst. Secy., Natl. Educ. Assn., 1201 l()lh St., N.W., Washington 6. I). C.. since 1945. Berry, Merrill M., A.B/19, Bald win-Wal¬ lace Col.; A.M.’22, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Chillicothc, Ohio, since 1935. Best, Mrs. Bessie Kidd, A.B/36, Ariz. State Col., Flagstaff, Ariz.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Flagstaff, Ariz., since 1929. Best. Howard R., B.A/17, Yankton Col.; Ccrtif.'lQ, Univ. of Montpelier, France; M.A.*29, Univ. of Nchr.; Kd.D.’39, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Cranford, N. J., since 1935. Best, Oakley W., A.B/2H, Central Mich. Col. of Educ.. Mt. Plcasntit, Mich.; M.A.*33, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Joncsvillc, Mich., since 1943. Hettinger, George Edward, A.B/I5, M.A.*28, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Alhambra, Calif., since 1934. Bettis, Vance Rcanicy, 100 James St., Green¬ ville. S. C. ♦Betts, Emmett Albert, B.S.’25, Dos Moines Univ.; M.A/28, Ph.D/31, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir. of Reading Clinic, Temple Univ., Philadelphia 22, Pa,, since 1945. Beumer, Edward H., A.B. and B.S/14, Univ. of Mo.; A.M/24, Univ. of III.; Asst. Supt. of Instr., 911 Locust St., St. Louis 1, Mo., since 1942. Bcymer, Rosemary. B.S/36, Univ. of Kansas; M.S/43. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Art. Bd. of Educ., Library Bldg., Kansas City 6. Mo., since 1941. Bibby. Basil G., Dir., Eastman Dental Dis¬ pensary, Box 879, Rochester 3, N. Y., since 1947. Bick. Kenneth F., Ph.B/28, M.A/36, Univ. of Wis.; Prin., Janesville Jr.-Sr. H. S., Janes¬ ville. Wis., since 1946. Bickley, J. C., Supt. of Sch., Branchville, S. C. Bickmore, W. O., Supt. of Sch., Kamas, Utah. Bichn, A. L.. A.B/27, A.M/34. Ph.D/40, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt., Niles Twp. H. S., Skokie, Ill., since 1942. Bicmesderfer. Daniel L., A.B/21, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A/31, Univ. of Pa.; Litt. D/43, Muhlenberg Col.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Millcrsville. Pa., since 1943. Bicrbaum, Milton Wesley, A.B/28, Central Wesleyan Col.; A.M/38, Washington Univ.; Supt., West Walnut Manor Schs., St. Louis Co. 20. Mo., since 1934. Bicrkoc. George O.. A.B/22, Muhlenberg Col.; B. D/25, Lutheran Theol. Seminary; M.A/35, New York Univ.; Litt. D/46, Muhlenberg Col.; Pres, and Chaplain, En- dicott Jr. Col.. Beverly, Mass., since 1939. Bicry, J. E., M.A/36, Columbia Univ.; Ad¬ dress: Colonial Hotel, Sniethport, Pa. Bicstcr, Fred L., A.B/14, North Central Col.; M.A.'38, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Glcnbard Twp. H. S., Glen Ellyn, Ill., since 1918. Bigelow, Edwin Lawrence, A.B/13, Middle- bury Col.; A. M/26, Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Manchester Center, Vt., since 1926. Bigelow, Karl W., B. A/20, Clark Univ.; Ph.D/29, Harvard Univ.; L.H.D/38, Clark Univ.; LL. D/41, Parsons Col.; Prof, of Educ., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., 525 W. 120th St., New York 27, N. Y., since 1936. ♦Bigelow, Merrill A., A.B/18, Colby Col.; M.A/29, Ed.D/47, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Franklin and Brookside Schs., Bloomfield, N. J., since 1942. Biggs, Alfred, Dir. of Sales, Sch. and Li¬ brary Div., The Grolier Society, Inc., 2 West 45th St., New York, N. Y. Biggy, M. Virginia, B.S. in Ed/45, Ed.M/46, Boston Univ.; Dir. of Child Adjustment, Pub. Sch., Concord, Mass., since 1947. Ad¬ dress: 10 Sunnybank Rd., West Roxbury 32, Mass. ♦Bigler, Frank William, A.B/27, Southwest¬ ern Col.; M.A/36, Univ. of Wichita; Prin., El Dorado Jr. H. S., El Dorado, Kansas, since 1946. Billctt, Roy O., B.S/23, M.A/27, Ph.D/29, Ohio State Univ.; Prof, of Educ. since 1935 and Chmti., Dept, of Educ., Grad. Sell., Boston Univ., Boston, Mass., since 1944. Dillinuton, Lillian E.. ELD.'47. Stanford Univ. Address: P.O. Box 113, Stanford Univ., Stanford University, Calif. List of Members 36$ Bills, John E., A.B.’35, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; M.S. in Ed.’42, Cor¬ nell Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Spencer Central Sch., Spencer, N. Y., since 1944. Bills, Mark W., B.A.’23, De Pauw Univ.; Mus.B.’35, Ph.D.’43, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch,, Oak Grove, Crapo and Kearsley Sts., Flint 3, Mich., since 1946. Bimson, Oliver H., A.B.’14, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.’2S, Ph.D.’39, Univ. of Nebr.; Dean, Simpson Col., Indianola, Iowa, since 1947. Binford, H. E., A.B.'17, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; A.M.’23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bloomington, Ind., since 1935. Bingham, E. H., M.S.’33; Supt. of Sch., Newkirk, Okla., since 1942. Birch, Charles R„ M.A.’26, Bucknell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., St. Clair, Pa., since 1928. Bird, Arthur Otis, B.S.’30, M.A.’42, South¬ west Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Mar¬ cos, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Gonzales, Texas, since 1936. Bird, Ralph S., B.S.’34, Morris Harvey Col.; M.Ed.’40, Duke Univ.; Prin., H. S., Matoaka, W. Va., since 1947. Bird, T. C., B.A.'25, Howard Payne Col.; M.A.’40, Univ. of N. Mex.; Supt. of Sch., Santa Fe, N. Mex., since 1946. Bish, Charles E„ D.Ed.’42, George Wash¬ ington Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., George Washington Univ., Washington 6. D. C., since 1945. Bishop, Benjamin J., B.S. in Ed.'28, M A.’34 Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Holland! Ohio, since 1942. Bishop, Frank Edward, B.A.’16, Nebraska Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.’30, Stanford Univ. Address: 1312 E, College Ave., Redlands Calif. Bishop, Fred G., Diploma '05, State Tchrs Col., Oshkosh, Wis.; B.A.’15, Univ. of Wis.; M.A.’30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; First Asst. State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Capitol Bldg., Madison 2, Wis since 1943. ’ ’ Bi 5, h ?P- Henry F - A.B/27, Fresno State to ,M- A - 31 ; Stanford Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Coalinga, Calif., since 1946, Bishop, J Edgar, A.B.’25, A.M.’27, Susque¬ hanna Univ.; Ed.M.’40, Pa. State Col ■ Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Merchantville, N. T ’ since 1946. J '’ Bishop, Leonard R„ Foreman, Mich. Tool McNichols Rd., Detroit 12 Mich., since 1932. Bi . s . h °P. LeRoy, B.S/35, Utah Agrl. Col.; M.S. 40 Univ of Southern Calif.; Ed.D.’47 Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Chmn., Dept, of Elem. Educ., Brigham Young Univ., Provo, Utah, since 1946, Bishop S. D„ B.S.’25, Univ. of Ill.; M.S.’32, Northwestern Univ.; Prin., H. S West Chicago, Ill., since 1926. St B M h a P, -^n li , am i E ” Cotner Col.; M A. 39 Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Arvado, Colo., since B rnf’ ^ th u U u r p - B S.E.-35, State Tel Col., Fitchburg, Mass.; Ed.M.’42, Bos Univ ; Union Supt. of Sch., West Boi ton, Mass., since 1947. Bixler, Harold Hench, Ph.D.’28, Colum Univ.; Dir. of Research and Guidar SCh ” C “ y Hal1, Atlanta 3 - Ga., si Bixler, Lorin E., A.B.’21, Mt. Union Col.; M.A.’23, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’31, Ohio State Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Muskingum Col., New Concord, Ohio, since 1929. Bjorge, John A., B.E.’34, State Tchrs. Col.. La Crosse, Wis.; Ph.M.’44, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Oconto, Wis., since 1947. Bjorkman, S. R., B.S.’23. Utah State Agrl. , Col.; M.S.’34, Univ. of Idaho; Supt. of Sch., Burley, Idaho, since 1944. Bjotveit, Ingaline B., 2108 N. Karlov Ave., Chicago 39, III. Black, Ernest Howard, B.A.’I9, Univ. of Okla.; M.A.’29, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’47, Univ. of Houston; Supt. of Sch., La Mar¬ que, Texas, since 1944. Black, Frank Leslie, A.B.’05, Culver-Stock- ton Col.; A.M.’08, Univ. of Chicago; Mgr., Clark-Brewer Tchrs. Agency. Dierks Bldg., Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1924. Black, H. B., M.A.’24, Univ. of HI. Address: High Sch., Mattoon, Ill. Black, James Robert, B.S.’20, Calif. Inst, of Tech.; Genl. Traffic Mgr., The Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co., 740 S. Olive St., Los Angeles 14, Calif., since 1941. Black, Lester, B.S.’14, Denison Univ,; A.M.’26, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Newark, Ohio, since 1923. Black, Luther J., B.E.’31, Eastern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Charleston, Ill.; M.S.’37, Univ. of Ill.; Secy., State Examining Bd., Centennial Bldg., Springfield, Ill., since 1943. Black, Robert H., Asst. Supt. of Sch., 249 High St., Hartford 5, Conn. Black, William Albert, B.S.'26, M.S.’34, State Tchrs. Col.. Emporia, Kansas; Ph.D! 42, Univ. of Colo.; Head, Educ. and Psych. Dept., Kansas State Tchrs Col., Pittsburg, Kansas, since 1947. Blackburn, Elisha Phillips, A.B,’24, Oakland City Col.; M.S.’35, Ind, Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hartford City, Ind., since 1946. Blackford, F. Pauline, B.S.'38, M.E.’45, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Supvr. of Instr.! Elem. Sch., Hagerstown, Md., since 193 1 ! Blackford, John D„ B.S. in Ed.’26, A.M. in Sch. Admin.’37, Miami Univ.; Supt of Mariemont Sch., 3906 East St., Marie- mont, Cincinnati 27, Ohio, since 1944 , Supt. of Sch., 911 Kingshighway, Charles, Mo., since 1926. Donald E., B.A.’37, Henderson State .£ ch ^' • Co1 - Arkadelhia, Ark.; M.S.E. 46, Univ. of Ark.; Supt. of Sch. Wynne, Ark., since 1946. Blackorby, E C B.A.’30, State Tchrs. Col., MayviUe N Dak.; M.S. in Ed.’38, Univ! of N. Dak ; Supt. of Sch., New Rockford N. Dak., since 1944. Black welder, D. Lee, A.B.’17, Howard Col. Birmingham, Ala.; M.A.’30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ Address; 3616 Norwood Blvd., Birmingham, Ala. 9.? orge L > A -B.’29, Drury Col • A.M. 30 Clark Univ.; A.M. in Ed.’46 T^ l n'K°L K £P SaS - City: Su P*- of Sch., St. Joseph 54, Mo., since 1943 . B1 ^ Ck M eI1 ’ J e Jj F „ e r son Da vis, B.S.’14, Univ of Mo,; A.M.’23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Pres V ’ ; Star. D V 2 l Hopkins Univ.; since 1935 TchlS ' Co1 ” SaUsbu ry. Md.. 370 American School Buildings Blackwell, R. E., A.B.'24, Franklin Col. of Ind.; A.M.'32, Ind. Univ.; Assoc. Dir., In¬ ternational Film Foundation, Inc., 1600 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y., since 1945. Blaha, M. Jay, B.E.’30, State Tchrs. Col., St. Cloud, Minn.; M.A.'39, Ph.D.’41, Univ. of Wash. Address: 808 N. Spring St., Los Angeles 12, Calif. Blair, Clarence D., B.Ed.’30, Ill. State Nor¬ mal Univ., Normal, Ill.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Belleville, Ill., since 1939. Blair, Edmund W., B.A.’24, Simpson Col.; M.A.’37, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Berwyn, III., since 1942. Blair, Stephen Henry, B.S.’23, Miss. State Col.; M.A.’31, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Hattiesburg, Miss., since 1939. Blair, W. L., Bd. of Educ., 1250 N. Wilson Ave., Pasadena, Calif. Blakeslee, Harry K.. B.S.'31, Univ. of Ala.; M.S.'45, Univ. of Buffalo; Prin., H. S., Lewiston, N. Y.. since 1944. Blakeway. Herbert Norris, B.Pd.'06, West¬ ern Union Col.; Ph.B.’27, M.A.'28, Univ. of Chicago; B.D.’28, Chicago Theol. Sem.; Fiin., Howland Elem. Sch., Chicago 23, Ill., since 1943. Blakley, William J., A.B.'29, Westminster Col.; M.Ed.'37. Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Turtle Creek, Pa., since 1940. Blanchard, C. W., A.B.'20, Wake Forest Col.; Dir., Div. of Plant Operation, State Bd. of Educ., Raleigh, N. C., since 1942. Blanchard. Mrs. Ruth, Secy., Bd. of Educ., 8317 Third St., Inglewood. Calif. Bland, Earl, Supt. of Sch., Marathon, Texas. Blankenship. Aldcn H., B.A.’33, M.A.’38, Univ. of Wash.; Ed.D.’43, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Spring- field, Mass., since 1946. Blankenship, William Clayton, M.S.'37, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Big Spring, Texas, sinco 1928. Blcckschmidt, H. C., M.A.’34, Washington Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge Bus. and Finance, 6701 Easton Ave., St. Louis Co. 14, Mo., since 1933. Blight, Alexander, B.S.’35, Brigham Young Univ.; M.S.'39, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Eureka, Utah, since 1939. Bliss. Walton B., A.B/15. Heidelberg Col.; M.A.'29, Ohio State Univ.: Exec. Secy., Ohio Educ. Assn., 215 E. Broad St., Co¬ lumbus, Ohio, since 1935. Blltch, Landis, B.A. in Ed.'48, Univ. of Fla.: Dir. of Instr., Dept, of Pub. Instr., 412 E. Broadway, Ocala, Fla., ainco 1939. Blodgett, Darrell R., Ph.B.’24, Shurtlcfl Col.; M.A.’35, Ed.D.’36, Wash. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Jacksonville, Ill., sinco 1943. Blodnick, Morris, B.A.’15, Col. of tho City of Now York: M,A.'45. Now York Univ.; Prin., Jr. H.S. 73, Brooklyn 33, N, Y., since 1944. ♦Blom, Edward Charlos, A.B.’ll, Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Capo Girardeau Mo.; B.S. In Ed.’15, A.MJ17, Univ. of Mo. | Ph.D.’30, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Malliomatlcs and Physical Sci., State Tchrs. Col., Frodonla, N. Y., since 1946. Blosor, Robert K., A.B/17. Ohio 8tato Univ.; Pres., Tho Zonor-Blosor Co., 612 N. Park St., Columbus 8, Ohio, since 1929. Blossom, Virgil T., B.S.E.’30, Mo. Valley Col.; M.S.’39, Univ. of Ark.; Supt. of Sch., Fayetteville, Ark., since 1942. Blough, Glenn O., M.A.’40, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Specialist in Elem. Sci., U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 1946. Blue, James E., A.B.T7, Ind. Univ.; M.A.'26. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., West Sr. H. S., Rockford, III., since 1928. Bluford, Ferdinand D., B.S.’08, Va. Union Univ.; B. Ped.’09, Howard Univ.; D. Ped.’26, Va. Union Univ.; Pres., Agrl. and Tech. Col. of N. C., Greensboro, N. C., since 1925. Blunt, Robert Randolph, Litt.B.’29, Ed.M. ’32, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Lawrenceville, N. J., since 1942. Boak, Edward Kendrick, A.B.’07, Bates Col.; A.M.’26. Columbia Univ.; Supt., Windham Southwest Sch. Dist., Wilming¬ ton, Vt., since 1935. Boardman, Walter S., Ed.D.'41, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Oceanside, L. I., N. Y., since 1940. Bobbitt. Robert W.. A.B.T2, Univ. of N. C.; M.A.’24, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Keysville, Va., since 1925. Bock. Thomas Andrew, A.B.’IO, Ursinus Col.; A.M.'28, Univ. of Pa.; Ed.D.’40, New York Univ.; Prof, of Educ., State Tchrs Col., Kutztown, Pa., since 1930. Boda, Harold L., A.B.’25, Otterbein Col.; A.M.’30, Ohio State Univ.; Ed.D.’44, Ot¬ terbein Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 232 N. Main St., Dayton 2, Ohio, since 1940. Bode, F. H.. A.B.’28. Heidelberg Col.; M.A. '34, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., De¬ fiance, Ohio, since 1943. Bodenbender, D. P., B.A.’31, Defiance Col.; M. A.’41, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Wooster, Ohio, since 1947. Bodley, George R.. B.S.'07, Syracuse Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fulton, N. Y., since 1922. Boebel, Theodore H., M.A.’38. Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kaukauna, Wis., since 1944. ♦Boehm, Charles H., A.B.'23, Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.’26, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Doyles- town, Pa., since 1940. Bogardus, Glen F., B.S.’16. St. Lawrence Univ. Address: Pub. Sch., Canastota, N.Y. ♦Bogcr. W. J., Jr., A.B.’22, Lenoir-Rhyne Col.; A.M.'42, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Whitcvllle, N. C.. since 1947. Boggs, Paul, State Supvr. of Sch. Transpor- tation, Dept, of Educ., Charleston 5, W. Va. Bogle, Frank P., A.B.’27, State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr.; A.M.’38. Colo. State Col. of Educ.: Ed.D.'42, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. Address: Pub. Sch., Ocean City, N. J. Bohn. Julius Edward, A.B.’20, Heidelberg Col.; M.A.’26, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Springfield, Ill., since 1947. Bohrcn, Karl, Ed.D.’46, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sell., Hanover, Pn„ since 1947. Boland, Michael P., A.B.’SO, St. Joseph’s Col.; M.S. in Ed.’36. Univ. of Pa.; Reg¬ istrar, since 1930 and Hoad, Dept, of Educ., St. Joseph’s Col., Philadelphia, Pa., since 1938. Bole, Lyman W., B.S.’19, Cornell M.Ed.39, Univ. of Vt.; Supt. of Sell.. Springfield, Vt., sinco 1940. List of Members 371 Bole, Rita L., A.B.'20, Middlebury Col.; M.A.’36, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Lyndon Center, Vt., since 1927. Bolin, Paul L., B.E.’30, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; M.A.'35, George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., East Peoria 8, 111., since 1929. Boliver, Thomas Earl, A.B.’21, Geneva Col.; Ed.M.’35, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Butler, Pa., since 1921. Bolmeier, E. C., B.S.’27, N. Dak. Agrl. Col.; M.A.'31, Ph.D.’37, Univ. of Chicago; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Jackson 107, Miss., since 1947. Bolts, Idris K., B.S.’29, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.A.’36, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Grand Junction 1, Colo., since . 1943. Bonar, Hugh S., B. Acc’ts.’16, B.A.T8, Mt. Morris Col.; M.A.’24, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Joliet, Ill., since 1947. Bonar, Ross, A.B.’22, W. Va. Wesleyan Col.; M.A.'37, W. Va. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Buckhannon, W. Va., since 1941. Bond, George W., B.S.’20, Univ. of Ark.; M.A.’23, Univ. of Chicago; Ed.D.’38, Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., La. Polytech. Inst., Ruston, La., since 1945. Bond, Mrs. Helen Judy, A.B.’23, State Univ. of Iowa; A.M.’27, Ph.D.’29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Head, Dept, of Home Economics, Tchrs. Col. Columbia Univ., 525 W. 120th St., New York 27, N. Y since 1937. Bond, Horace Mann, A.B.’23, Lincoln Univ.; A.M.’26, Ph.D.'36, Univ. of Chicago; Pres., Lincoln Univ., Lincoln Univ., Pa., since 1945. Bond William J„ Supt. of Sch., Duchesne, Utah. Bone, Paul L., B.Ed.’37, Ill, State Normal Univ.; M.A. 41, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Princeton, Ill., since 1944. Bonham, Ross B., A.B.’31, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.-40, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Superior, Nebr., since 1942. Boniface, Mother Mary, B.A.’21, Col. of New Rochelle; M.A.’39, Catholic Univ. of Amer- tca; Pres., Rosemont Col., Rosemont, Pa., since 1946. ’ ’ Bonner, Oscar Trent, B.S.’30, Birmingham- Southern Col.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Va.; fince 1943.' SUP *' ° f Sch ” Danville ' V / B Trhrc r Va , U Albert, A.B.’25, Ind. State Ph h n%a Col T - f ? err \ Ir >d.; M.A.'27, Ph.D. 34, Univ. of Chicago; Asst. Dir 16th ea St h M W W Na w ? duc ' Assn -> 1201 sfnce ?931. W ‘* WaSh,ngton D. C„ B °S 0 u k nt r ’ Z' A.M/26, Ind. Univ.; since i928 Sch ' > Muskegon Hgts., Mich., Boomershine, Howard, M,S.’42, Purdue Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Angola, Ind., since Boone, J. D„ Alto, Texas. B °M A’27 ar stat A.B.’i; Otterbein Co!.; sVbD 7 ’ St i?, ,°1- of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Pasco, Wash., since 1929. P Northern Ill. State 1 chrs, Col., Dg Kslb Ill • p c .1 Booth, Jean Patrick, A.B.’23, Davidson Col.; M.A.’39, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kinston, N. C., since 1945. Booth, Leslie A. E., B.A.’24, Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada; M.A.'38, State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J.; Prin., H. S., Boonton, N. J., since 1943. Booth, Raymond E., B.S.’29, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.A.'35, Univ. of Aria.; Supt. of Sch., Winslow, Ariz., since 1939. *Boothby, Arthur Z., Ped.B.’OO, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; B.S.'16, A.M.’20, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. Ad¬ dress; Weston, Vt. Borders, Ferman N., Prin., Pub. Sch., 7701 Metcalf, Overland Park, Kansas. Boren, Gladys, Prin., Arcadia Park Elem. Sch., Dallas, Texas. *Borgeson, F. C., A.B.’21, Univ. of Denver; M.A.'25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.'27, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., New York Univ., New York 3, N, Y., since 1929. Boright, Charles P., B.S. in Ed.'28, M.Ed. '42, Univ. of Vt.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Randolph, Vt., since 1946. Born, F. R., A.B.’21, Ind. Univ.; M.A.'28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Cen¬ tral H. S., Oklahoma City, Okla., since 1940. Borneman, George H., M.A.'39, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Lakefield, Minn., since 1946. Borreson, Ralph O., B.S.'27, Univ. of Minn.; M. A.'37, Univ. of Omaha; Supt. of Sch., Sheldon, I owa, since 1946. Borst, Guernsey J., A.B.'03, Cornell Univ.; Pd.D.’ll, Ph.D.'12, New York Univ.; A.M.’21, Columbia Univ.; Dean. Glens Falls Div., Skidmore Col., Saratoga Springs, N. Y., since 1946. Bosley, Howard E„ Ed.D.’46, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Ill. State Normal Univ., Carbondale, Ill., since 1937. Bosshart, John H., B.A.’02, Cornell Univ.; LL.D.’47, Princeton Univ.; State Commr. of Educ., 175 W. State St„ Trenton 8, N. J„ since 1943. Boston, Paul F., A.B.T7, Ind. State Tchrs. Col Terre Haute, Ind.; A.M.’25, Colum¬ bia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., La Porte, Ind since 1943. Boston, William Theodore, B.A/30, Wash- ington Col.; M.A.'46, Univ. of Md.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Cambridge, Md., since 1938. Boswell, Grover C„ B.A.’26, East Texas -^ C ^ rs * Col., Commerce, Texas; M.A 33, Simmons Univ.; LL.D/39, Texas Wesleyan Col.; Pres., Ranger Jr. Col. 1941 Supt ' of Sch -> Ranger, Texas, since Bosworth, Clarence W„ A.B.’09 A M TO Brown Univ ; Supt. of Sch., Cranston! R. I., since 1935. ' Botleman L J., B.S.’22, State Univ. of Iowa; M.S. 34, Ed.D.’48, Univ. of Colo.; ?i ean ’. 2 ep L o{ Educ - Ariz - State Col. flagstaff, Anz., since 1948. B M ti 2°’, l: LO r? i ? F ." BA -’30, Beloit, Col.; ^'i S r9°TT bl ? Univ ’ : Co - Supt. of Sch., Joliet, III., since 1939. B °reif C e a r ;hn, reffl |’ ? ir A ° f Educ - The Mont- enne C 9t h W C L Ch ’ Co ™ m - St. Cath- 1942? St ‘ W- ’ Montreal 18 > Canada, since 372 American School Buildings Bounds, Clyde E., B.S.’19, Washington Col,; M.A .'27. Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Borough Sch., Windber, Pa., since 1941. Bourgeois, Lionel J., Sr., B.A., Jefferson Col.; M.A.. Tulane Univ.; LL.B., Loyola Univ.; Supt. of Sch., New Orleans 13, La., since 1946. Bourgeois, William L., A.B/26, Assumption Col.; “Naggiar” Scholarship 1927-28, Univ. of Paris, Paris, France; M.A.’31, Boston Col.; Supt. of Sch., Southbridge, Mass., since 1946. Bousfield, Mrs. Maudelle B., A.B/06, Univ. of Ill.; A.M/31, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Wendell Phillips H. S., 244 E. Pershing Rd., Chicago 15, Ill., since 1939. Bowden, Grover C., Diploma ’08, State Tchrs. Col., Troy, Ala.; Row, Peterson & Co.. 441 W. Peachtree St., N.E., Atlanta 3, Ga., since 1925. Bower. James Cra wford. B.S .’30, M. ,S.*35, Ohio State Uni v. : H. s. : Supvr., State Dept. of Educ., Colum bus. Ohio, since 1947. Bowers, Harold J. . B.S. in Ed.’26, Ohio Northi ern Univ.; M.A. ’37. Ohio State Univ.; Supvr., Tchr. Educ. and Certifica¬ tion, State Dept, of Educ., State Office Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio, since 1936. Bowers, Ray L., B.S.’22, Franklin and Mar¬ shall Col.; M.A.*25. Tchrs. Cot. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Lincoln Park, N. J., since 1925. Bowlcy, Harold Croft, Ph.B.'20, Univ. of Vt.; M. Ed.,40, Univ. of N. H.; Union Supt. of Sch., Milford, N. H., since 1939. Bowlus, Edgar Stanley, A.B.'ll, St. John’s Col.; A. B.’ 12, Univ. of Md.; A.M/16, St. John’s Col.; A.M.’32, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Greenwood, Miss., since 1941. Bowman, C. R., Co. Supt. of Sch., Medford, Oregon, since 1933. Bowman, Mrs. Edna Davis, B.S.’34, Tcnn. Col. for Women; Supt. of Sch., Oak Ridge, Mo., since 1946. Bowman, George A., A.B.T7. V7cstcrn Re¬ serve Univ.; M.A.*31, Columbia Univ.; LL.D/45, Bowling Green State Univ.; Pres., Kent State Univ., Kent, Ohio, since 1944. Bowman, Grover C., B.A.’06, Williams Col.; M.A.‘12, Yale Univ.; Ed. D.*42, R. I. Col. of Educ.; Pres., Mass. State Tchrs. Col. North Adams, Mass, since 1937. Bowman, Herbert L., Ph.D.’29, Univ.. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Pcrryvillc, Mo., since 1944. Bowman, Herbert L., B.S.*23, Denison Univ.; M.A.’34, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Bowling Green, Ohio, since 1939. Bowman, John F.. 721 S. Elmwood Avc., Oak Park, 111, Bowman, Lawrence L., A.B/29, Hiram Col.; M.S/35, Univ. of Mich.; Dir., Dept, of Audio-Visual Aids, Pub. Sch., Barberton, Ohio, since 1929. Bowman. W. H., B.S.’12, Southern Methodist Univ.; Southwestern Mgr., The Macmil¬ lan Co., 1701 Ross, Dallas 1, Texas, slnco 1944. Bownhoi, E. Leslie, A.B.'IS. Defiance Col.: M.A.'26, Univ. of Mich.; LL.D. 37. Ash¬ land Col.; LL.D.M2. Defiance Col.; D. Ped/42, Bowling Groon State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Toledo 2, Ohio, slnco 1937. Bowyer, Vernon, S.B.’21, A.M.’23, Univ. of Chicago; Dir. of Americanization and Adult Educ., Pub. Sch., 228 N. La Salle St., Chicago 1, Ill., since 1938. Boyce, R. B., B.S.’34, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A.*46, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Milwood Sch., Kalamazoo 27, Mich., since 1947. Boyd, G. Robert. A. B.’31, Western Ky. State Tchrs. Col. Bowling Green, Ky.; M.A. *38, Ph.D.’43. Univ. of Ky.; Dean, State Tchrs. Col., Troy, Ala., since 1947. Boyden, George H., A.B/05, Harvard Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Worcester 8, Mass., since 1944. Boyer, Clarence Edwin, A.B.’19, Albright Col.; M.A.’26, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Boonton, N. J., since 1942. Boyer, John B. B.S.’08, A.M.’25, Bucknell Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Sunbury, Pa. Boyer, Philip A., Ph. D.’20, Univ. of Pa.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., Parkway at 21st, Philadelphia, Pa. Boyle, Joseph E., A.B/25, Mt. St. Mary’s Col.; M.Ed.’36, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Mahanoy City, Pa., since 1942. Boynton, Paul L., B.A.’20, Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas; M.A.’23, Ph.D.’27, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Pres., Stephen F. Austin State Tchrs. Col., Nacogdoches, Texas, since 1942. Bozarth, Curtis F., B.S.'34, M.A.’43. Sul Ross State Tchrs. Col., Alpine, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Lampasas, Texas, since 1942. Bozeman, Estelle, B.S.’25, Univ. of Ga.; Natl. Dir. of Narcotic Educ., Womans Christian Temperance Union, 1730 Chi¬ cago Avc., Evanston, III., since 1943. Brablcc, Carl, B.A.’30, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich., M.A.’40, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Roseville, Mich. Braccwcll, Ray H., B.S.’IS, Ill. Col.; M.A. ’25, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Burlington, Iowa, since 1937. Bracken, John L., A.B.’14, Col. of Emporia; A.M.’22, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Clayton 5, Mo., since 1923. Bracken, W. Earl, B.S/28, Ursinus Col.; M.S/37, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Borough Sch., Folcroft, Pa., since 1944. Brackman, Walter. Ph.B.’27. M.A.’34. Univ. of Chicago; Editor, Row, Peterson and Co., 1911 Ridge Ave., Evanston, Ill., since 1936. Bradford. C. G., Supt. of Sch., Sanderson, Texas. Bradford, George W., 1213 S. Harthorne St., Hnrthornc, Calif. Bradley, Carson M., B.S.’28, M.S/36, Univ. of Va.; Div. Supt. of Co. Sch., Warrenton, Vn., Bincc 1941. Bradley, Clifton E.. B.S.’26, Colgate Univ.; M.Ed.*33, Boston Univ.; Union Supt. of Sell., Hanover, Mass., since 1943. Bradley. Gerald, B.A,’25 P Olivet Col,; M.A, ’39, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Milan, Mich., since 1946. Bradley, Lewis W., B.S.’24, St. Lawrence Univ.; Ed.M.’40, Univ. of Rochester; Supt. of Sch,, Dansvillo, N. Y., since 1937. Brady, Ballard I., A.B.'29, Hiram Col.; M.A. *37, Kent State Univ.; Dir. of Tr. Sch., V..., Cta»> TTnltl nM a Brady, John F.. A.B/06, St. Mary's Col.: LL.fa.T9. Univ. of Calif.: M.A. 11, St. Mary’s Col.; Assoc. Supt. of Sell., Cfrove St., San Francisco 2, Calif., since 1936, List of Members 373 Bragg, Louis A., D.’Ed.'45, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Holdredge, Nebr., since 1946. Braham, W. J., Ph.B.’09, A.M.’13, Grove City Col., Supt. of Sch., North Platte, Nebr., since 1922. Brainard, Alanson D., B.S.’28, Midland Col.; M.A.'35, Ph.D.’46, Univ. of Nebr.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Bus. and Fi¬ nance, Dearborn, Mich., since 1948. Brake, Charles E., A.B.’20, Kalamazoo Col.; A.M.’39, Univ. of Mich.; Deputy Co. Supt. of Sch., Barium Tower, Detroit 26, Mich., since 1935. Brammell, P. Roy, A.B.’23, McPherson Col.; A.M.’28, Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.'30, Univ. of Wash.; Dean, Sch. of Educ. Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn., since 1940. Brand, R. G., A.B.'29, Heidelberg, Col.; M.A.'37, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Van Wert, Ohio, since 1946. Brandsmark, J. Robert, B.A.’20, Beloit Col.; Supt., Milwaukee Co. Children’s Home, 9508 W. Chestnut St., Wauwatosa 13, Wis., since 1938. Branigan, John, Field Rep., Sch. Planning, State Dept, of Educ., 257 S. Spring St., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1948. Branom, Wayne T„ B.Ed.'32, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; M.S.’34, Northwestern Univ.; Ed.D.’41, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Co. Sch., Hillside, N. J., since 1944. Brant, Ralph E., B.A.’27, Olivet Col.; M.A. ’32, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Ecorse, Mich., since 1948. Brantley, G. D., A.B.’20, Talladega Col.; A.M. 26, Columbia Univ.; Prin., Sumner H.S., 4248 W. Cottage Ave., St. Louis 13, Mo., since 1929. Brasfield, Stephen A., B.S.’29, Miss. South¬ ern Col.; M.A.’32, George Peabody Col for Tchrs.; H. S. Supvr., State Dept, of Educ., Jackson, Miss., since 1947. Braucher, Howard S., A.B.'03, Cornell Univ.; Pres., Natl. Recreation Assn., 315 Fourth Ave., New York 10, N. Y. Braun, Julius C., Buffalo, N. Y.; Supt. of Sch., 1946. B.S.’33, State Tchrs. Col., Ed.M.’37, Univ. of Buffalo; Salamanca, N. Y., since Braun - Loms H„ A.B.’30, A.M.’31, Colo, btate Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Prin. East H. S., Denver 6, Colo., since 1946. Brawner R B„ M.S.’34, Univ. of Ark.; Supt. of Sch., North Little Rock, Ark since 1943. ’’ Bray, Mildred N„ B.S.’14, Mills Col.; State Supt of Public Instr., Carson City, Nevada, since 1937. J B St a a 2 te aI T i^ lbe r BA ’ 31 > North Texas »Q« at TT • hrs ; S ol ‘* Denton * Texas; M.A. 36, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Cana- dian, Texas, since 1948. Breckenridge. J. L„ A.B.'OS, Oberlin Col.; 1927*’ ° f Sch- ’ H °° d Rlver - 0re gon. since Breckner, Elmer L., A.B.’13, B.S. in Ed ’13 Umv of Mo.; M.A.’29, Univ. of Wash •’ ml S Bldl ate n? Upt- - of r?, ub ’u Instr ” OW Capi- tol Bldg., Olympia, Wash., since 1947. Breitwieser, Joseph Valentine, B.S.'04, Cen- Un v N °p t 2 a nM? 1 ’V> A ’ B ’’ 07 ’ A.M.'OS, Ind. S r) j ’ f il. .Columbia Univ.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Dir., Grad. Div., and Dir Su £™\ er S J ss ‘ 01 ?- U n‘v. of N. Dak., Grand Forks, N. Dak., since 1927, Brendel, Anthony J., B.S.'22, Mich. State Col.; M.A.'43, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Twp. Unit. Sch., Grand Blanc, Mich., since 1935. Brender, Peter E., B.C.E.’13, M. in Land¬ scape Arch.’47, Univ. of Mich.; Engineer and Community Planning, Sch. Surveys, Wayne, Mich. Brennan, Fred J., A.B.’17, A.M.'18, Clark Univ.; LL.B.’32, Northeastern Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Worcester 8, Mass., since 1943. Brennan, Helen M., B.A.’27, M.A.'32, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Prin., Whittier Sch., Pitts¬ burgh 11, Pa., since 1930. Bres, Joseph Hughes, A.B.’06, Tulane Univ.; Parish Supt. of Educ., Port Allen, La., since 1908. Brett, Floyd E., M.S.’37, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Belvidere, III., since 1910. Brewbaker, John J., A.B.’18, Roanoke Col.; A.M.'39, Univ. of Va.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Norfolk 10, Va.. since 1943. Brewer, Karl M„ B.A.'33, M.Ed.'38, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Du Bois, Pa., since 1942. Brewer, Mrs. Lela R., M.E.'40, Univ. of Hawaii; Prin., Kamehameha Sch. Prepara¬ tory Dept., Honolulu 35, Hawaii, since 1943. Brewick, Gayheart Millard, B.Ed,'40 North¬ ern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., De Kalb, Ill.; M.A.'45, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., 4050 Wagner Ave., Schiller Park. Ill., since 1940. Brewington, Ann, S.B. in Ed.'20, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col.. Kirksville. Mo. 1 Ph.B. 21, M.A. 22, Univ. of Chicago; Assoc. Prof., Sch. of Business, Univ, of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., since 1942. Brewton, John Edmund. A.B.'22, Howard Col.; M.A.'31, Ph D.'33, George Peabody i j 0r _Tchrs.; Dir., Div. of Surveys and Field Serv., George Peabody Col. for Tchrs., Nashville 4, Tenn., since 1937. Bricker, D. Arthur, B.Sc.’29, Bradley Poly¬ technic Inst.; M.Ed.'39, Univ. of Cin- c> nr iat‘; Dir., Indus. Arts, Pub. Sch., 216 E. Ninth St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1945. Br i dgeS ’ Russe11 E " ?.S.’36. Eastern Ky. State Tchr s . Col., Richmond, Ky.; M.Ed ~° Univ, of Cincinnati; Supt. of Sch.! Fort Thomas, Ky., since 1943. Br i/. gg » S '.,, Eu ?, en - e S " B -S.T2, Central Col.; M.A 17, Univ of Mo.; Ph.D.'34, Colum- bia Umv.; LL.D.’48, Phillips Univ.; Pres., Phillips Univ., Enid, Okla., since 1938. B M gg A S ’.^’ Y" BA ;' 2 . 4 - William Penn Col.; M.A. 36, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of och., Hampton, Iowa, since 1944. B " ght ; E ? rI «y D -> B.E.'36, State Tchrs. Col. Bemidn Minn.; M A.'41. Univ. of Minn.; 5>upt. of Sch., Aitkin, Minn., since 1947. Bright, Orville T„ Ph.B.'35, M.A.’39, Univ IH. C s h inc a e g 1^43 SuPt - ° f Sch ” Lake Blu ^ Brighton, George W., B.S. in Ed '37 State Tchrs. Col., Buffalo, N. Y.; Prin." Amherst Sch. No. 18, Snyder, N. Y., since 1947 B ^1 A.B.'16, Albright Col.; M.A. 25, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch Napoleon, Ohio, since 1925. ’ ♦Brimley Ralph F. W„ B.S.’28, N. C State Ravenna, Ohio, since Brown, Harold S„ Dir., H. S. Dept., D. Van Nostrand Co Inc., 250 Fourth Ave„ New York 3, N. Y., since 1946. B T^'.£ er £ en C > A.B.’17, Greenville Col, A.M. 30, George Washington Univ.- Co 1 S 933' ° f Sch " Ellicott Cit y, Md., since Brown, James F„ LL.B.’30, Lake Erie Sch B ir. 01 Sch., Bd. of Educ., Cleve- land 14, Ohio, since 1937. Br L f el | n U d P A’, A B :’ 16 - Univ. of Wash.; Supt, of Sch., Olympia, Wash., since 1931 Br °'™' UeRoy, B.S.’3S, State Tchrs. Co].', Ala -: M A.’39, Un iv. 0{ Ala .’ nfr^Yvfs a Tch r' Co1 ’; Columbi a Univ.; Dir., Gadsden Center, Univ. of Ala., Gadsl den, Ala. since 1947. Bl C^ n> 500 i v I-" P ^Uc Schop 1 Publishing Co., 509 N. East St., Bloomington, Ill. Ci> 6 M, Mo Wieht ’ U4 W ’ Tenth St ” Kansas B ™rp^nM n fi . B - S -'23, Knox Col.; A.M. (TV ,,V D ’ 46 a Univ. of Chicago; Supt of Sch., West Orange, N. J., since 1946. B Ed M Mn U H n W - A- b .-’ 28, Marietta Col.; Ed.M. 40, Harvard Univ.; Prin., Sr H S Lancaster, N. Y., since 1941 , ’ ' ’’ Brown, Minter, E., A.B.’22, Southwestern Col.; M.A.'3i, Univ. of Kansas; Dir. of Prof. Relations, Kansas State Tchrs. Assn., 315 W. Tenth, Topeka, Kansas, since 1944. Brown, Paul R., A.B.'21, Simpson Col.; S.T.B.'24, Boston Univ.; Ed.M.’31, Rut¬ gers Univ.; A.M.’34, Tchrs. Col.. Colum¬ bia Univ.; Ed.D.’45, Rutgers Univ., Supt. of Sch., Linden, N. J.. since 1935. Brown, Paul V., A.M.'30, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Tiffin, Ohio, since 1931. Brown, Prentiss, A.B.'16, Univ. of Oregon; M.A.’31, Stanford Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Los Gatos, Calif., since 1931. Brown, Ray D., A.B.’30, Southwestern Univ.; M.A.'39, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mt. Pleasant, Texas, since 1947. Brown, Raymond N., B.S.’09 Amherst Col.; M.A.'35, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Meri¬ den, Conn., since 1938. Brown, Robert, A.B.05, Lafayette Col.; A.M.’14, Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Stroudsburg, Pa. since 1938. Brown, S. Mortimer, B.B.A.'25, Univ. of Texas; M.A.'31, Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Ph D.'41, Un iv. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Tyler, Texas. Brown, Winston D., B.A.’33. Univ. of Wis, M.A.’40. Marquette Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Waukesha Wis., since 1941. Browne, Charles L., Jr., Supt. of Sch., Com¬ merce, Ga. Brownell, Samuel M., A.B.’21, Univ of Nebr.; A.M.’24, Ph.D.’26, Yale Univ.- Prof, of Educ. Admin., Grad. Sch., Yale Univ., since 1938, and Pres.. New Haven State Tchrs. Col., New Haven, Conn, since 1947. f ‘ rn.A. jo, ±"n.U. 44, UniV. of Pittsburgh; Supt., West Mifflin Boro Sch. Dist., Terrace, Pa. since 1944. * B S u ? e ’ I "?°n E.. B.A.’32, Henderson State lehrs. Col., Arkadelphia, Ark.; M.A’37 La State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fordyce.' Ark., since 1937. Br -r C u’ BA ’ 35 - Henderson State Tchrs. Col., Arkadelphia, Ark.; M.S.’42 Umv. of Ark.; Supt. of Sch., Hot Springs' Ark., since 1941. H B ’ Bruce M. E A.B.’22. Harris Tchrs. Col St. Louis Mo.; Ph.M.’28, Univ. of Wis • Supt. of Sch., East St. Louis, Ill., since Br ? c *- T h °r W A.B.’23, Lawrence Col, A.M 31. PfflD. 35 Univ. of III.; Auditor, St. Louis Bd of Educ., 911 Locust St ot. Louis 1, Mo., since 1947. Bruce William C„ A.B.’Ol, A.M.’10, Mar- BoaVrf P niv - : , Editor, American School Board Journal, Bruce Pub. Co., 540 N Milwaukee St.. Milwaukee 1, Wis., since B Ph e D -^ U n a v, m o Frenc , h 7 B-Sc.'ll. M.A.'24, St h at^' 2 T 6 ’O h ‘° State Umv, Prof, of Educ.. 1929 T h Co1 ’’ Oneonta, N. Y„ since Bruce, W. T„ Supt. of Sch., Greenville, S C Mcr em K n ;,t L ' L n A B .' 26 ’ Rut 8 e « Univ,' R8 g T 5 ' n . Dlv -- American Book Co. sfnee 1943 n Ave ” New York 16 - N - Y - Srumbaugh Louise A.B.’26 A.M.'27, Univ. Measurement; Ccnuti H° S* Fo'ttWayne 2, Ind., since 1936. wayne B oTlTi eU pHn y T- B D S -; 24 ' M.A.-31, Univ. 1927, * ** W ^‘ ^ ana » HI., since 376 American School Buildings Bruner. Herbert B.. Ph.D/25, Columbia Univ. ; Supt. of Sch., Minneapolis Minn., since 1948. Brunner, Howard B., A.B/23. Swarthmore Col.; A.M/28, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Scotch Plains N. J., since 1936. Brunner, Walter. A.B/40, Drury Col.; Th.M. *43, Iliff Sch. of Theol.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Walden. Colo., since 1947. Brunson. E. D., A.B/29. Presbyterian Col.; M.E/46, Univ. of S. C.; Supt. of Hillcrest Sch., Dalzell, S. C., since 1943. Bruton. Lawrence Allen, A.B/27, Elon Col.; M. A. in Ed/47, Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Sell., Whiteville. N. C. since 1947. Bryan, Fred E., M. A/37, Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Elcm. Educ., 18 E. South St., Uniontown, Pa., since 1947. Bryan, Hugh, B.S/25. Kansas State Col. of Agr. and Applied Science; M.S/37, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Leavenworth 1, Kansas, since 1 943. Bryan, James Edmund, A.B/90, Johns Hop¬ kins Univ.; Ph.D/08, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. Emeritus, Pub. Sch., Camden, N. J., since 1931. Address: 124 S. Springfield Ave., Mcrchantvillc, N. J. Bryan, John Edwards, A.B/15, Hampden- Sydney Col.; LL.D/37, Howard Col.; L. H.D/37, Birmingham-Southern Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Birmingham, Ala., since 193G. Bryan. Joseph G.. A.B/21, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col.. Warrcnsburg, Mo.; A.M/27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Sec. Educ., Pub. Sch. Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1940. Bryan, Paul C., A.B/24, M.A/25, Stanford Univ.; Ed.D/47, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch. Albany 6, Calif., since 1941. Bryant, George E., B.S/34, A.M/37, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Roslyn Hgts., N. Y., since 1943. Bryant, Hayden C., B.S/25, Emory Univ.; A.M/29, Univ. of Chicago; Supt., Druid Hills Schs., Emory University, Ga., since 1937. Bryant, Royc R., Ed.B/30, Southern Ill. Univ., Carhondnlc, III.; M.A.*37, Univ._ of III.; Exec. Asst, in Educ. and Admin., Southern III. Univ., Carbondalc, Ill., since 1948. Bryant, Thomas B. R. t A.B/18, Dartmouth Col.; Trcas. and Co. Mgr., Bryant Tchrs. Bureau, Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia 7, Pa., since 1925. Htydolf, Vernon M., A.B/14, J.D/16, ^Stan¬ ford Univ.; Pres., Pasadena Bd. of Educ., 16 N. Marengo Avc., Pasadena 1, Calif., since 1947. Bryson, George W., A.B/25, Concord Col.; M. A/34, Univ. of Ky.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Welch, W. Va. ( since 1935. Buchanan, Hal N., B.A/34, Southeastern State Col., Durant, Okla.; M.S/41, Okla. Agrl. and Mcch. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Choro- kec, Okla. since 1947. Buchanan, James H„ A.B/28. Univ. of Den¬ ver; A.M/32, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Boulder, Colo., since 1943. Bucliwnld Leona C., Asst. Dir., Quid, and Placement, 3 K. 25th St. Baltimore 18, Md. Buck. Edward M., B.S/29, Whitman Col.; M.S. In Ed.'47, Univ. of Idaho; Supt. of Sch., Milton, Oregon, since 1945. Buck, J. L. Blair, Ph.B/06, Yale Univ.; Ed.M/26, Harvard Univ.; Ph.D/42, Univ. of Mich.; Dir. of Tchr. Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Richmond 16, Va., since 1940. Buck, L. Talbert. A.B/25, Evansville Col.; A.M/33. Ind. Univ.; Dir. of Sec. Educ., Pub. Sch., Evansville 8, Ind., since 1947. Buckingham, Burdette R., A.B/99. A.M/00, Wesleyan Univ.; Ph.D/13, Columbia Univ.; Ginn and Co.. Statler Bldg., Park Square, Boston, Mass. Buckland, Roscoe Verne, B.S. in Ed/38, Appalachian State Tchrs. Col., Boone, N. C.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Fincastle, Va., since 1945. Buckley, J. L., B.A/28, Baylor Univ.; M.A. ’37, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Lock¬ hart, Texas, since 1945. Buckner. D. U., B.A/21, Trinity Univ.; M.A/29, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Pharr, Texas, since 1941. Buckner, J. Guy, A.B/30, Carson-Newman Col.; Supt. of Sch., Lenoir City, Tenn., since 1943. BuDahn, L. A., M.A/22, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Pottsville, Pa., since 1930. Bueker, Armin H., B.S/28, Central Mo. Col., Warrcnsburg, Mo.; A.M/32, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Marshall, Mo., since 1946. Buell, Theodore J., A.B/39, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; Supt. of Beecher Schs., Flint 5, Mich., since 1924. Buell, William Ray, B.S/20, Cornell Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., East Aurora, N. Y. f since 1931. Bucsch, Charles G., B.A/26, North Central Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Blasdell H. S., Blasdcll, N. Y., since 1934. Buikcma, Benjamin J., A.B/26, Western State Tchrs. Col., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A/36, Univ. of Mich.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Grand Rapids 3, Mich., since 1936. Bukcr, William H., A.B/10, Bates Col.; M. A/24, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch,, Holden, Mass., since 1948. Bulcy, Hilton C., B.S/27, Hobart Col.; M.A. ’34, Cornell Univ.; Ed.D/47, Columbia Univ.; State Commr. of Educ., Concord, N. H., since 1948. Bulger, Paul G. M.S/42, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Asst. Provost, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y. Bulger, Ruth A., Tchrs. Col., Boston Univ., Boston, Mass. Bulick, Samuel B., B.S/17, Susquehanna Univ.; Ed.M/33, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Ph. D/45, Webster Col.; Supt. of Sch., Grccnsburg, Pa., since 1941. Bullcit, Robert B., A.B/33, DePauw Univ.; M.S/40, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Cory- don, Ind., since 1942. Bullis, Jerome Q., B.S/30, Univ. of Vt.; Dist. Supt. of Sell., Ludlow, Vt.» since 1945. Bullock, William J., A.B/24, Duke Univ.; A.M/27, Col. of William and Mary; Supt. of Sell., Kannapolis, N. C., since 1931. Bumgardnor, Walter L., B.S/18, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sell., East Aurora, N. Y„ since 1932. Bumpus, J. Orville, B.S/39, John Brown Univ.; M.S/40. Okla. Agrl. and Mcch. Col.; Mgr., City of Konawa, Konawa, Okie., since 1948. Bunco, Edgar F„ Ed.D/39, New York Univ.; Proa., N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Glassboro, N. J., since 1937. List of Members 377 Bune, Levis R., B.E.'36, State Tchrs. Col., River Falls, Wis.; Ph.M.’42, Univ. of Wis.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Balsam Lake, Wis.’, since 1946. Bunn, Bonnie David, B.A.’20, Wake Forest Col.; M.A.'28, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Oxford, N. C., since 1935. Bunn. Paul C., Ph.B.’90, Col. of Wooster; M.A.’22, Tchrs. Col. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Youngstown 3, Ohio, since 1944. Burbank, Natt B., A.B.’25, Univ. of Vt.; M.A.’31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Melrose, Mass., since 1947. Burdick, Andrew J„ A.B.’15, Colgate, Univ.; M.A.’27, Columbia Univ.; Lift.D.’42 Col¬ gate Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Utica 2, N Y since 1941. Burdick, Raymond C., A.B.’H, Alfred Univ. • A.M. 25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., State Tchrs. Col., Pots¬ dam, N. Y. Bu „ r 6« e ; Miel Day - B.S/27, Univ. of Md.; M-A. \8. Columbia Univ.; Prim, Charlotte Hall Military Academy, Charlotte Hall Md., since 1938. B M ger ’ S' „ J 7 B'A/16. Central Col., Fayette, Mo.; M.A. 29, Univ. of Mo.; Supt of Sch., Washington, Mo., since 1930. Frank D„ Superior Coach Corp., 229 Prospect St., Newark, N. Y. B TchL 3 ' -a" BS ’ * n Ed -' 30 ' State lehrs Col. Bndgewater, Mass.; Supt. of Sch., Sturbridge, Mass., since 1947. Bl ph n d ’’?7 W ir U - am c E A BS ’ 17 ' M.A/25, ? h , D ?. 7 ,’ u n ,v - of Pa.; Dist. Supt. of 2 S 2 Ch Pa. W sTnce F i94 M 2.'" er SCh ” Philade,phia BU M k A'2^ ar Frt n:ao B -4-’ 17 i Univ ’ of Idaho = of'^b 8 ’n Ed '?'u Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Omaha, Nebr., since 1946. V Bu m': J ” , D i ploma ’ ld . State Tchrs. Col., f ast Stroudsburg, Pa.; Cert. ’23, Wharton | A'26 A St Ct Th nd Fl " a " ce - c Univ - of p a-; M A ’36 H*' T 710 " 13 ® E ° ■' Scranton, Pa.; mef’Two lch n 7 UnlV - ; r? upt ” Mt - Carl 1933 . P ’ S h " L0CUSt Ga P' Pa - since B R k 9' ? 4 e p lna m C ' M ,V B-A-’OO, Hunter Col • York City°Sch am i^T- : ASS0C - Supt - lyn 2 C N y Y S fs’ince ^ Br °° k - B U T c h r s .^C o U 6 Bridge water Vf’ 22 * Stat ! Sch., New Bedford, Mass’., & ImT' ° f B St k a e t t e’ ^hVco'l 7 ’ ^ A ’ 40 ’ East Texas Deputy State Sup’t. C 0 f mr Sch Ce ’ HaskeU Texas, since 1941. ’ xiasKeU » Burkhard, Elmer L., M A ’41 rvi„ o. Col. of Educ., Greeley’ Colo . e ’ St r ate sss, *■"« t' ill *fpk J c.a.*®, cc= Sch., Carlisle, Pa., since 1946 P ' ° { Burkholder, M H A R '?o a" c M A ’34, Columbia Univ’ Suot^f %°l ; Wadsworth, Ohio, since i 946 . P ’ * Sch '’ B M k Ed. d 4 i r ’ p^' g| a ^ 5 ® ’ 35 i Juniata Col.; •i sen., t&js» w Mich ”r°' sas 1946. g ' Sch ’’ Augusta, Mich., sin*f Burkman, Joel A., A.B,’24, M.A.’25, Univ. of Wash.; Ed.D.’31, Univ. of Calif.; Asst. State Dir. of Educ., Sacramento, Calif., since 1938. Burks, Arthur L., M.Ed.’32, Univ. of Okla.; oupt. of Sch., Shawnee, Okla., since 1934. Burley, Cim, Secy., Sch. Bd., Trenton, Mich. Bu 3 n ! s ? n ’ L - G - A.B.'21, Oberlin Col.- M.A. 29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Westlake, Ohio, since 1924. Bu . rnat V Ce , cil M ” A.B.’27, Oberlin Col.; A.M- 39 > Western Reserve Univ.; Supt. ot Sch., Brecksville, Ohio, since 1945. Burnett, Clinton E., B.A.’25, M.A.’35, Univ of Texas; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Bd. of Educ Corpus Christi, Texas, since 1944. Burnham, Archer L„ A.B.’16, Univ. of Nebr.; A.M/27, Tchrs Col., Univ of £l' : c Ph ' D 'v\ Col o°' State Co1 - of Educ.: S 14th S?’’ T^ ebr -, St „ at \ EduC - Assn - 603 S. 14th St., Lincoln 8, Nebr., since 1938 B o r f ni I ht, .u Ralph c^.’ A-S-’IS, A.M.’20, Univ! of Southern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch Norwalk, Calif., since 1930. ’’ BU Qh nS ; “ a , Icol f m E., B.A.’46, M.A.’47, Colo ff Srh C °^ ° f v, EdUC ^ 9 reeley ’ CoI °-1 Supt! ot Sch., Strasburg, Colo., since 1947. B Trh » R r b ? rt >h ?- S -’ 1 . 6 - M.A.’19, Ph.D.’28, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg Prin of Sch., Cliffside Park, N. J., since 1946. BU MA’29 ran T S h C -’ B r S ,-’ 25 ’ Univ - °f Minn.; M.A. 29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ : dnee 1 S 9 U 3 P !’ ° f Sch ” White Plains . N. y'.’ Burr, Samuel Engle, Jr., Litt.B.’I9, Rutgers Tchrs’ Cof c’o, U T' of Wis.;’ M i g ’27 lenrs. Col., Columbia Univ - Ed D ’36 Univ. of Cincinnati; Chmn., Dept of M dU Arts an fn?‘s ?f Summer Session, Col. ot Arts and Sciences, American Univ Washington 16, D. C„ since 1947 Burrows, L. V., Genl. Sales Mgr Victor Ammatograph Corp., Davenpon, Iowa B 'state’ & C oY B £’ 32 ’ o M ’ S ’’ 41 - Utah Dow e ney A8 i r daho, 0 si n ce Dl 1948 SUPt ’ ° f Sch ’ 'Wim'mm H, Calif., since 1934 C ” Sacra mento B Tchrs. J C a oT; S ^ o U f nl Ed : uc DlSt ,20 S 0 UP 21s? f S S t Ch ’ S and SeCya ’ ^ Calif., since 1946 ” Sacram ento 14, Burt, Carl W.. M A ’sn tt„: c . Supt. of Sch., Warsaw, Indl,' since n-T' ' "s"e- 5SS1 H C., ES ii 30 - *» Houston M F 4 ' 3 ft n "■ '■'OF' Huntsville, Texas- ra.jsa. 38, Univ. of Texas- Fa n ,. a . s > of Houston; Supt of Sch ’ w' D i:i 48 ’e T . Unlv ' since 1942 . P ' Humble, Texas, Burton, Frank L A B ’?n » - | ta V c ^?Edn, a "°Okla a 'M A'-32 C Oki al Agrl. and Mech. Col • Pr^ LL 2 ’ ° kla - 1945. ° f TeCh ” Weathered, Warsince B usb e e, Cyril B., B.S.’28, M.A ’38 TTm* West’ Columbians. 378 American School Buildings Busby, Elden B., A.B.*30, Abilene Christian Col.; M.A.’31, Texas Christian Univ.; Ed.D.*48 Stanford Univ.; Asst. Supt. in Charge of Genl. Admin., 409 E. Weather¬ ford, Fort Worth 3, Texas, since 1946. Bush, E. J., B.S.*21, Mont. State Col.; M.S.’37, Univ. of Wyo.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Thermopolis, Wyo., since 1935. Bush, George H., B.S. in E.E.’22, Kansas State Col. of Agr. and Applied Science; M.S. in Ed.*37. Ind. Univ.; Assoc. Prof, in Trade and Indus. Educ., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., since 1938. Bush, Maybell G., Ph.M.*28, Univ. of Wis.; State Supvr. of Elem. Sch., State Capitol, Madison 2, Wis., since 1916. Bush, Robert Nelson, A.B/35, A.M.*37, Colo. State Col. of Educ.; Ed.D.*41, Stanford Univ. Address: Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, Calif. Bushnell, Almon W., A.B.*16, Dartmouth Col.; A.M.*26, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Meredith, N. H., since 1934. Bushong, James W., B.S.*34, Pacific Univ.; M.Ed.'41, Univ. of Oregon; Supt. of Sch., Bend, Oregon, since 1946. Buskirk, Roy E., B.A.’40, Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb. Ill.; M.A.’46, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Liberty villc. Ill., since 1947. Buss, Otto E., Prin.. Jr. II. S., 885 E. 45th St., Los Angeles 11, Calif. Bustard, Joseph L., B.S.’30, Rutgers Univ.; M.A.*33. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. State Commr. of Educ, 1060 Broad St., Newark 2, N. J., since 1945. Butler, Huldah Anne. B.S. in Ed.'36, M.E. *43, Boston Univ.; Admin. Prin., Nathan Hale Sch., Manchester, Conn., since 1921. Butler, Leo William, A.B.*27, M.A.*31, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo. ; Supt. of Sch., Fort Lupton, Colo., since 1935. Butler, Leslie A., Ph.B.*13, Univ. of Chi¬ cago: M.A/19, Columbia Univ.; M.Ed. '21, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; LL.D’27, Alma Col.; Dir. of Lab¬ oratory Schs. and Placement, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich., since 1939. Butler, Mrs. Marian C., M.A.’42, Univ. of Texas; Asst. Supt. of Sell., Waco, Texas, since 1946. Butler, N. Richard, B. of Mcch. Eng.*29, Northeastern Univ.; Ed.M.*39, State Tchrs. Col., Hyannis, Mass.; Supt. of Sch., Bethel, Vt., since 1947. Butler, Rock L., B.S.'23, Grove City Col.; M.S.*37, Buckncll Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Wcllsboro, Pa., since 1914. Butler, Warren N., B.S. *31, M.S.*32, Pa. State Col.; Prin., Rancocas Valley Re¬ gional H. S., Mount Holly, N. J., since 1943. Butornc, Milo Matthew, B.S. *31, Creighton Univ.; M.A.'44, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Aurora, Minn., since 1947. Butterfield, E. E.. Ph.B.'ll, Mt. Union Col.; A.M.’24, Western Reserve Univ.; A.M. 25, Columbia Univ.; First Asst. Supt. of Sell., Cleveland 14, Ohio, since 1947. Butterwock, Joseph S., B.S. , **? -Fi* 22, M.A.'24, Univ. of Pa.; Ph.D.*26, Colum¬ bia Univ.; Dir., Dlv. of Secondary Educ. and Prof, of Educ., Temple Univ., Phila¬ delphia 22, Pa., since 1926. Butterworth, Julian K., A.B.*07, M.A.*10. Ph.D.’ 12, State Univ. of Iowa; Prof, of Rural Educ., Cornell Univ.. Ithaca, N. Y., since 1919. Butts, James E., A.B.*20, Juniata Col.; A.M.’25, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Hollidaysburg, Pa., since 1942. Butts, R. Freeman, A.B.’31, M.A.’32. Ph.D. ’35, Univ. of Wis.; Head, Dept, of Social and Philosophical Foundations since 1948, and Prof, of Educ.. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1947. Buzzard, Robert Guy, Diploma *14, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill. ; S.B.*16, S.M. *17. Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.*25, Clark Univ.; A.M.*38, Univ. of Ill.; Pres., East¬ ern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Charleston, Ill., since 1933. Bye, Morris, B.A.’18, Concordia Col.; M.A. *40, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Anoka, Minn., since 1943. Byerly, C. C.. A.B.*18, Manchester Col.; M.A.*34, Univ. of Chicago: First Asst. State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Springfield, Ill., since 1943. Byerly, Carl L., A.B.*28, Manchester Col.; M.A.*36, Ph.D.*46, Univ. of Chicago; Dir. of Special Services, Pub. Sch., 6500 Wydown Blvd., Clayton, Mo., since 1948. Byers, Carl C., B.S.’32, Otterbein Col.; M.A.’37, Ohio Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Thoreau Park Sch., Parma, Cleveland 9, Ohio, since 1942. Byers, J. W., A.B.*30, Catawba Col.; M.E. '43, Univ. of N. C. ; Supt. of Sch., Ashe¬ ville, N. C., since 1945. Byrd, Harry Clifton, B.S.*08, Univ. of Md. ; LL.D.’36. Washington Col.; LL.D.*38, Dickinson Col.; D.Sc.*38, Western Md. Col.; Pres., Univ. of Md., College Park, Md., since 1936. Byrd. Rawls. A.B.*18, Col. of William and Mary; M.A.*25, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Williamsburg, Va., since 1928. Byrnes, Thomas J., Supt. of Sch., Windsor, Vt. Bystrom, Theodore L., A.B.’27, M.A.*28, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Piedmont 11 , Calif., since 1947. Cain. Anna M.. B.S.’30. M.A.'33, Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Prin., Whittier Jr. H. b., Bridgeport 5, Conn., since 1945. Cain, Henry L., Diploma *22, La. State Nor¬ mal Col., Natchitoches, La.; B.S. 24, Centenary Col.; M.A.’27, Baylor Univ.; LL. D.’44, Centenary Col.; Pres., Mexico City Col. and Supt., American Sen. Foun¬ dation, San Luis Potosi 154, Mexico City, Mexico, since 1926. Cain. Ralph H.. B.S.*26, Clcmson Col.; M.A. ’43, Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Tamas- scc, S. C. Calavan, Wade H., B.A. in Ed.’28, Col. of Puget Sound. Address : Pub. Sch., Sumner, Wash. Cal cut t, Earl F.. B.B.A.'29, A.M/37. Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Central Falls, R. L» since 1947. Caldwoll, L. C.. A.B.'2S, Marshall Col.; M.A. 't'l. Gcorgo Peabody Col. for Tchrs.. Supt. of Sch., Ashland, Ky., since 1946. Caldwell, Loo L.. A.B., Simpson Col.; B A.. Iowa Estate Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa, Supt. of Sch., Hammond, Ind., since 1922. Calo, Paul H.. B.A.’31. Univ. of Richmond; M.A.’37, UnW. of Va.; Dlv. Supt. of Sch., Charlottesville, Va., alnco 1947. List of Members 37C Calhoun, George B., Ed.B.’36, Southern Ill. Normal Univ., Carbondale, Ill.; M.A.'40, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Elm¬ wood Park, Chicago, Ill., since 1944. Calhoun, Hazel, Owner-Mgr., Calhoun Co., 101 Marietta St., N. W., Atlanta 3, Ga. Calhoun, J. B., B.S.’20, Vanderbilt Univ.; M.A.’29, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Dir., Sch. House Planning and Transpor¬ tation, Memorial Bldg., Nashville, Tenn., since 1948. Calhoun Sanford H., B.S.'26, St. Lawrence Univ.; M.A.’31, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Wellington C. Mepham H. S., Bell- more, N. Y„ since 1935. Calkin, Frederick Arthur, B.S.'28, Mass. Sch. of Art; Ed.M/38, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Scituate, Mass., since 1947. Callaghan, A1 R., Supvg. Prin. of Foster Twp. Sch., Pottsville, Pa. Callahan, Hugh L., A.B.’04, Hiwassee Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Madisonville, Tenn., since 1921, Calloun, Theodore C., B.S.’29, Bishop Col.; M.A.’41, Univ. of Mich.; Prin., Kealing Jr. H. S., Austin, Texas, since 1940. Calloway, Andrew H., B.A.’29, M.A.’41, Ohio State Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt of Sch., Charleston, W. Va., since 1933. Camak, M. B., Supt. of Sch., Ware Shoals, S. C., since 1924. Camden, Arthur Jordan, A.B.’28, Roanoke Col.; M.A.’33, Univ. of Va.; LL.B.’36, La Salle Extension Univ.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Amherst, Va., since 1941. Cameron, Christina B., Deputy Supt. of Sch., Richmond, Calif., since 1928. Camp, Frances M„ M.A.'24, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir. of Educ. Placement Office, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa since 1924. Ca ™P. Harold L., B.A.'14, Grinnell Col.; M.A. 17, Cornell Univ.; Ph.D.’21, State Univ. Of Iowa; Prof, of Educ., State xcnrs. Col. Indiana, Pa., since 1930. Campbell, A. B„ B.S.’23, M.A.’33, Univ of Cahf ; Asst. Supt. Of Sch., 1414 Walnut St., Berkeley 7, Calif., since 1938. Campbell, Bernard C„ B.S. in Ed.'39, Southwest Mo State Tchrs. Col., Spring- field, Mo ; M.Ed. 43, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. ot Sch., Lees s Summitt, Mo., since 1943. Campbell, C. G„ Pres, and Genl. Mgr.’ Kewaunee Mfg. Co., Adrian, Mich., since Campbell, Clyde M„ Ph.D/42, Northwestern ^ SS0C - . Mich ‘ State Col., kast Lansing, Mich,, since 1945. Ca MA b -o« Ouachita Col.; f^r A TrhU Ph i D ‘ 3 °’ c , 1 Ge0 o rge Peabod y Col. m : Pres - Fla ' State Univ., Talla- hassee, Fla,, since 1941. Campbell, Don J„ B.S.'30, M.S.’40, Univ of ?/ e n 0n ’ Su PE of Sch., Parkrose, Portland 13, Oregon, since 1946. Campbell, Ernest W., A.B.’18, LL.B '22 Univ. of Wash.; Asst. Supt. of Sch 810 Dexter Ave„ Seattle 9, Wash., since 1940 C «V G f ^ A - B '' 25 . Eastern Ky. State D >47 'if 0 - 1- ’ Plcbmond > Ky.; M.A.’30, Ph, ^ Ky! 7 sfc9 0 38. Ky ' : Supt ' ° f Sch " Corbin > lampben H. L B.A.’28, Univ. of British Asstsint ^.Ed/SB Univ. of Wash." tori a, B P C.Canada: ° f EdUC " Vic ' Campbell, James A., A.B.'26, De Pauw Univ.; M.S.'42, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Sullivan, Ind., since 1945. Campbell, Jennie, B.S.'28, Brigham Young Univ.; M.A.’36, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; State Dir. of Elem. Educ., Salt Lake City, Utah, since 1936, Campbell, John Lucas, B.S.T5, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; A.M.'30. Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Carthage, Mo., since 1929. Campbell, M. C., B.A.’17, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Newton, N. C., since 1937. ^Campbell, O. K., M.A.'35. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ. and Head Dept, of Educ. Admin., Sch. of Educ., Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col., Still¬ water, Okla., since 1939, Campbell. Roald F„ A.B.'30, M.A.'34. Brig¬ ham Young Univ.; Ed, D.'42, Stanford Univ.; Prof, and Head, Dept, of Elem. Educ., Univ. of Utah, and Dir.. Stewart Sch., Salt Lake City. Utah, since 1942. Campbell, Ross T„ B.A.'16, Sterling Col.: George Washington H. S., Indianapolis, Ind., since 1927. Campbell, T. J., A.B.'25, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Attalla, Ala., since 1942. Campion. Joseph William, B.S.'36, State Tchrs. Col., Kutztown, Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Heckscherville, Pa., since 1936. uanneia, unaries K. -■ - —. D.a, 05, univ. ot ill., M.A. 40, Univ, of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Dowagiac, Mich., since 1946. Cannon, Mary E., Co. Supvr,, Pub. Sch., Paris, Tenn. Cannon, W. F„ B.S.'28, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.A.'35, Texas Tch. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Grape- vine, Texas, since 1938. Cantrell, Lawson J., A.B.'26, M.A.'27 George Washington Univ.; Assoc. Supt’ of Sch., Franklin Admin. Bldg Wash¬ ington 5. D. C„ since 1939. Cantrick, George T., A.B.'14, Adrian Col.; M.A. 28, Univ. of Mich.; M.Ed.'47 Mich Sta * e Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.’; Supt! of Sch,, Monroe, Mich., since 1932. Ca £ e ?' Sam . el Paul - AB - and M.A.'98; Tufts Col.; A.M.'OO, Harvard Univ.' Ph.D. 02, Univ, of Pa.; LL.D.'20, Lafay¬ ette Col.; L.H.D.’21, Tufts Col.; L.H D .25, Hobart Col.; Sc.D.'27, George Wash¬ ington, Univ.; LL.D.'32, Univ. of Chicago; LL.D. 33, Univ. of Pa.; Litt.D.'37, Clark Univ.; LL.D.'38, McMaster Univ.; Chan¬ cellor, Univ. of Buffalo, Buffalo. N Y since 1922. ” Ca Z b Wi T fe ) ™ as F - p h.B.'14, Yale Univ.; A.M. 26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ • Asst. Supt. of Sch., 249 High St., Hartford 5, Conn., since 1934. Ca i^ 0 R e w« et | r /v,. B ,r B A ' 21 ' Boston Univ.; LL.B. 28, Suffolk Univ.; Ed. M.’38, Bos- lince^l SUPt ’ ° f Sch " SaIem ' Mass " Carder, W H„ B.S. in Ed., '21 M S ’35 Univ. of Idaho; Supt. of Sch. Port Townsend, Wash., since 1926. ’ * C v^, e u Elizabetb ®-. A.B.’23, M.A.’34, New York State Col. for Tchrs., Albany N Y • A?banv°1 Educ " State Educ. Dept.! Albany 1 , N. Y., since 1940. F Ca t r a 1 ' Pau ' , F " B .S/18, United States Mili- i&fpra- s is 380 American School Buildings Carlson, C. Allen, B.Ped.’14, State Tchrs. Col., Mansfield, Pa.; B.S.’36, A.M.*38, Univ. of Md.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Princess Anne, Md., since 1940. Carlson, Carl Elmer, A.B.*32, A.M.'36, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Bus. Mgr., Linfield Col., McMinnville, Oregon, since 1947. Carlson, Clemens E., B.S.*40, Northern Mich. Col. of Educ.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Ramsay. Mich., since 1944. Carlson, Edgar M., B.A.*30, Gustavus Adol¬ phus Col.; B.D.’33, Augustana Theol. Sem. ; Ph.D.‘44, Univ. of Chicago; Pres., Gustavus Adolphus Col., St. Peter, Minn., since 1944. Carlson, Henry L., 1356 E. Mountain St., Pasadena 7, Calif. Carlson, J. E., B.E/20, Univ. of Wash.; M. A.’43, Univ. of Ariz. Address; Pub. Sch., Douglas, Ariz. Carlson, Lenus L., B.S. in Ed.’24, M.S. in Ed.’32, Univ. of Idaho; Supt. of Sch., Lewiston, Idaho, since 1941. Carlson. Paul A., Ph.D/21, Ph.M.’31, Univ. of Wis.; Dir. of Comml. Educ., State Tchrs. Col., Whitewater, Wis., since 1917. Carlton, Harold O., Admin. Educator, Driver Educ. and Tr. Program, American Auto¬ mobile Assn., 17th and Pennsylvania Ave., N. W., Washington 6, D. C., since 1945. Carmean, Byron H., A.B.’30, Ohio Univ.; M.A,’38. Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Shelby, Ohio, since 1946. Carmichael, B. F., Supt. of Sch., Latta, S. C. Carmichael, Omcr, A.B.*14, Univ. of Ala.; A.M.’24, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Louisville 8, Ky., since 1945. Carmouchc, Norman Edward, B.A.’27, M.A. '44, La. State Univ.; Parish Supt. of Sch., Napoleonvilie. La., since 1946. Carney, Norfleet Lynn, B.A.’IO, Southwest¬ ern; B.S.’13, Univ. of Tcnn.; M.S.'32, Univ. of Kansas; Co. Supt. of Sch., Clarksville, Tcnn., since 1932. Carpenter. Anna L., M.S.'25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supvr. und Nutri¬ tionist, Hamilton Co. Dept, of Educ., Court House, Chattanooga 2, Tcnn. Carpenter, K. L.. B.S.'34, M.S.’35, Stetson Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Amcricus, Ga., since 1917. Carpenter, Lccwcll Hunter, A.B. 24. Miami Univ.; A.M.’28, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sell., Wabash, Incl., since 1946. Carpenter, N. II., B.A.'35, Lenoir Rhyne Col.; M.A.'41, Duke Univ., Supt. of Sch., Elkin, N. C., since 1945. Carpenter, Roland J., B.S.'22, M.Ed. 39, Bates Col.; Supt. of Sch., Bangor, Manic, since 1943. Carpenter, W. W., Ph.D/26, Columbia Univ. Address: CI&E, GHQ. SCAP, APO 500, c/o Postmaster. San Francisco, Calif. (On leave from Univ. of Mo.) Carper, M. L., B.S.'27, Roanoke Col.; A.M. '37, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Martinsvillo, Va. Carr, Aldon J., Supt. of Sch., Alburg, Vt. Cmr, John Wesley, A.B.'85, A.M.'90, Ind. Univ,; Ph.D/13, New York Univ.; Pros., Dopt. of Superintendence, 1905-06, Honor¬ ary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin. Address: State Tchrs. Col., Mur¬ ray, Ky. Carr, Wilmot D., A.B.’24, Ottawa Univ.; M.A.’37. Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Anthony, Kansas, since 1944. Carrington. J. W., Diploma *16. III. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; B.S.’22, M.A. *34, Univ. of Ill. Address: Ill. State Nor¬ mal Univ., Normal, Ill. Carroll, Charles F., A.B.’21, M.Ed.'30, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., High Point, N. C., since 1937. Carroll, John S., B. A.’30, San Diego State Col.; M.A.’32, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Ph.D.'40, Yale Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Civic Center, San Diego 1, Calif., since 1943. Carroll, Monroe S., A.B.’21, Baylor Univ.; A.M.’26, Brown Univ.; Ph.D/37, Univ. of Chicago; Dean, Baylor Univ., Waco, Texas, since 1948. Carroll, Nora M., Ph.B.’27, Univ. of Chi¬ cago M.A.’34, Loyola Univ.; Prin., Pub. Sch., 10841 S. Homan Ave., Chicago 43, Ill., since 1935. Carroll, R. J., A.B.’27, Univ. of Dubuque; M.A.'34, State Univ. of Iowa; Co. Supt. of H. S. System and Supt. of Sch., Sterling, Colo., since 1947. Carruth, Irby B., B.A.*27, West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Canyon, Texas; M.A.’32, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Waco, Texas, since 1944, Carson, Charles A.. A.B.*21, Univ. of Ariz.; M.A.’24, Stanford Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Sec. Educ., Tucson, Ariz., since 1934. Carson, Mrs. Louise G., A.B.*21, Winthrop Col.; M.Ed.’42, Duke Univ.; Prin., Elem. Sch., Beaufort, S. C. t since 1937. Carson, Thomas E.. Jr., B.S.*31. Bethany Col.; Ed. M.’34, Ph.D.*44, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh ; Supvg. Prin. of Borough Sch., Pittsburgh 5, Pa., since 1947. Carswell, Marion C., Northwestern Univ. Nursery, Nichols Sch., Evanston, Ill. Carter, Mrs. Beatrice. Ed.B.*39, Univ. of Hawaii; Prin., Pub. Sch., 1601 N. Sch. St., Honolulu 51, Hawaii, since 1930. Carter, David V., A.B.'17, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Clinton, N. C., since 1927. Carter. E. Frank, B.S.*33, State Tchrs. Col., California, Pa.; M.A. in Ed.'37» U mv * of Pittsburgh; Supt, of Rostraver Twp. Sell., Bello Vernon, Pa., since 1938. Carter, Guyon J., B.S.'10, Alfred Univ.; M.A.'24. Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. ot Sell., Avoca, N. Y„ since 1911. Carter, O. B„ B.S.'29, Ala. Polytcch. Inst.; M.A.'41, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Eufaula, Ala., since 1942. Cartwright, John S„ A.B.’26, Cornell Univ.; A.M.MO, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Carlisle, Pa., Binco 1940. Case, Randolph V.. B.A.’39, Arlr. State Col., Flagstaff. Ari/..: Prin.. Washington Klcni. Sch., Sonora, Ari/.., since 1944. Casey. J. Edward. A.B.’31, A.M.’41. Boston Col.; Ed.M.'47, Hnrvard Univ.: Asst. Prof, of Educ. and Psych., R. I. State Col., Kingston, R. I., since 1947. Casey. John C., B.S.'OH, Ark. Col.; M.A'09, Univ. of Denver; Supt. of Sch., Eaton, Colo., since 1922. Cash. Henley L.. B.A.’21, Centre Col.: M.A.'40, Univ. of Ky.; Supt. of Sch., Lynch, Ky., elnco 1945. List of Members 381 Cassel, Lloyd S., A.B.’13, Ursinus Col.; M.A.’28, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch Freehold, N. J., since 1929. Cassell, George F., First Asst. Supt. of Sch. 228 N. La Salle St., Chicago 1, Ill. Cassell, Hugh K„ M.Ed.’39, Duke Univ. • Div. Supt. of Co. Sch., Staunton, Va since 1947. Cassell Mabel V., M.A.’32, Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Curriculum, Pub. Sch., 1315 Eagle, Houston 4, Texas, since 1938. Ca . s . si . d ^. Rosalind, B.A.T8, Mills Col.; ??■*■ 23 ’ Ed.D.’37, Tc hrs. Col., Columbia Univ. Address: Women’s Physical Educ Bidg Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles, Los Angeles 24, Calif. Cassileth, Mortimer, B.S.’38, New York n ¥- A -«. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., Div. of Housing, Bd. of Educ., 110 Livmgston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since Gassier, George W., B.S.’20, Susquehanna Si?nt' : M; 31 ' -J 3 ' State Col.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Pittsburgh 19, P a ., since Ca ^ t0 ’, C - ° tis . A.B.’32, W. Va. Inst of Tech; M.A.’38, W. Va. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Winfield, W. Va., since 1945 C Univ 1 : . HolIis Rh.D.’29, Columbia Univ Assoc Dean, Tchrs. Col., Colum- 1946 UmV '’ NeW Y ° rk 27 ’ N ’ Y - since C Tad r ega J ; Ala. TalUdega ’ Col., Tal- Caton, W. Barnie, A.B.’32. N Mev H.vt, Unfv of 'n M 38 Ve | aS ’ N ’ ^ ex ’ ; M.A.’V «">£, » M.K.Ti.ST.V' Sck - «•— C *e".Tb.Vw 4 S' Co - ■» Ca MA’38 Ja n e? A -i ,? A ’’ 28 ’ Bere 3 Col.; Glendive, Mint.,° f sin« y °^ 45 SUPt ' ° f ScH " C M B A% a 8 n ’G J ;o M -> ^• A ’’ 3 , 1 ’ U »iv. of Miss.; 3 ( c u Peabody Col. for Tchrs • Supt. of Sch., Amory, Miss., since 1945 ’ Ca AM y 27 Er ? e i t R k’- AB ’’ 15 ' Harvard Univ • ti C M y A e ’47 J ; Univ B of ,3 ^exa ani p r fn ak c’ C °}’= H. S„ Orange, Texas! sinie 1948 Jr ' ’22 C ,°’Tch°r r s en Co°l’ M.A. a r _n _ »' T , Columbia Univ • Pr*»c Cater ? A aniU - P ’ ^"ee 1937.’ Of Sch! MarktvUli L T a ' Col ' : Parish Supt. r lvlar ksville, La., since 1937. of Tech!^ Weatherford S ^ wester n Inst. Univ. of Okla Sunt ’ M - Ed -’38, ford, Okla., since S 1945 f Sch ’’ Wea ther- Ce c n ^umbia eS Univ R V p^’ 3 ?’ Tchrs. Col., Jr- H. S„ Houston, R Texas/ a huf e ?g 37 Ho « Center, Stella Stewart, A B '01 r Peabody Col. for Tchrs •' PhRMi G T e , or . ge of Chicago; AM ’14 r i ‘?*. **> Univ. Litt.D.’29f Univ of ’gJ~' ^ ll J? lbla Univ.1 Clinic, New York UnhP New York* w di v g since 1935. ’ wew York > N. Y., Chace, Edward Kip Ph R » .. S re r D £:u„ s ,“s- since 1946 Sch ” Gard ner, Mass., Chadd, Archie R., B.A.'28, M.A.'42, Butler Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Anderson, Ind., since 1942. Chaffee, Charles E., Diploma ’21, State lehrs. Col., West Chester, Pa.- B S’27 Susquehanna Univ.; A.M.’31, ’Buckneli Univ.; D.Ed.'39, New York Univ.; Supt. ot och., Stratford, Conn., since 1946. Chaffee, John B„ Ph.B.’31, M.A.'36, Brown Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Sharon, Mass., since 1946. Chain, B. J„ B.A.’28, Miss. Col.; M.A '40 Univ. of Miss.; Supt. of Consol. Sch.' Olive Branch, Miss., since 1936. Challand, Harold U., M.A.’36, State Univ of Iowa; Supt. of Elem. Sch., Sterling! ill., since 1944. b Chalmers James F„ B.S.'21, Mt. Union Col ; M.A 23. Ohio State Univ.; Prin., H. S.. Perth Amboy, N. J., since 1945 Chambers. H. H„ M.A.'27, Univ. of Texas Address; Pub. Sch., Greenville, Texas. Chambers, Merritt Madison. B.A.’22, Ohio ST!! ey T a f n ' Unl V- M - A -’ 2? . Ph.D.’31, Ohio p rn -' , U: P ir " . Foreign Universities 744 J t ‘ the American Council on Educ. d’Y'S*. &."• w - »: Ch Pf m nt r i S ’ ^ I '? ax ’ A.B.’21, M.S.’29, Univ rni? k u a ' : £ r< ? f ’ D ‘ pIoma ’37. Tchrs. Col Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Okmulgee' Okla., since 1931. " ‘ 8CC , Chambre, Melda W„ B.S. in Ed.’32 M S ’40 Ho!l erS u-! In ‘-’ : Rural Sch - Supvr., Court House, Flemington, N. J., since^ 1930. C Bo m o P nto n n', N.T H - PHn ” John Hill Sch., Champlin, Carroll D„ A.B.’14 AM '15 H^erford Col.; Ph.D.’25, Univ. of Pitts- burgh; Prof, of Educ., Pa Stafp i State College, Pa., since 1926 C Uni P v lin 'BS 1 ’ 2 S 2 ?r”- Dip '° ma Tempie ?2. Univ. Of Buffalo; M S ’36 sasrte^r ?' 11 lumbia Univ. Supt of Ih w ? 4 ’u Co ‘ Conn., since 1948 Sch ” Wlndham - Sute^Tchrs ° CoP A 'w 4 ’ Sam Houston M A ’ 4 t tV C ,°U Huntsville, Texas- Orange,’ T^a's, 0 ^^"^;. 3 ^ 1 - ° f Sch ' CI A ! m 1 ?27 H Tchr’ A r B11 ’ Washburn Co! • Chapelle, Ernest H. A B ’41 iur & .*, . .«3k S ^ ° f Sch’., Yp^iiant^AHeh"; C, CoT; a M.A A ’39 H Cv r ’of P in B ’^’ Shurtleff Sch.,’ Supt. of CoT; a B.S E ’2 n 6 eSt Uni; °? 1 r a u' 11 ’ A ^) a nd of Sch., NeW Ken S ington Pn p S a bU sfn h c : e 192^' ter ’^ a A r ^ d 4 B ^ a fB-A.’ll. Yale Dir!.! 'Bureau'o^f’ Sch. Admin. Bldg I E h 25 t n h d | tatist ‘cs, ^ore 18, Md„ sCfce 1926 25th S ‘" Balti - Ovid?N M Y meUe L ” Dist ’ S ^P‘- °f Sch., Chappell, S. G A R -97 it • - s '--' W& K a r: &?•,&: 382 American School Buildings Charitas, Sister Mary, Head, Dept. of Educ., Mount Mary Col., Milwaukee 13, Wis., since 1931. Charlton, Gladys G., B.S/35, Madison Col.; A. M.’40, Columbia Univ. ; Dir., Elem. Educ., Pub. Sch., Admin. Bldg., Norfolk 10, Va., since 1944. ^Charters, W. W., A.B.’98, McMaster Univ.; B. Ped/00, Univ. of Toronto; Ph.B/03, Ph.D/04, Univ. of Chicago; Dir. of Educ. Research, Stephens Col., Maple City, Mich., since 1943. Chase, Francis S., B.S/27, M.S/31, Univ. of Va.; Dir., Rural Editorial Service, 5835 Kimbark Ave., Chicago 37, Ill., since 1945. Chase, Lawrence S., B.S/09, Colgate Univ.; A.M/16, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Hall of Records, Newark 2, N. J., since 1933. Chase, W. Linwood, A.B/20, Univ. of Maine; A.M/27, Ph.D/35, Columbia Univ.; Prof. of Educ., Boston Univ., Boston 16, Mass., since 1940. Chastain, Loren, A.B.’22, A.M.’26, Ind. Univ.; Prin., Central H. S., Muncie, Ind., since 1947. Chatterton, Arthur E., Ph.B/16, Yale Univ.; M. A/47, Univ. of Conn.; Supt. of Sch., Rockville, Conn., since 1945. Chatterton, Perry D., A.B/30, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A. '38, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Whitehall, Mich., since 1942. Chatterton, Roland, Ph.D.*40, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Merrick, N. Y., since 1944. Cherrington, Ben Mark, A.B.'ll, Univ. of Nebr. ; M.A/22. Univ. of Calif.; Ph.D/34, Columbia Univ.; Dir., Social Science Foundation, Univ. of Denver, Denver 10, Colo., since 1926. Cherry, J. H., B.Ed.’32, Eastern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Charleston, Ill.; A.M/37, Univ. of III.; Supt., East Richland Com¬ munity Unit, Olney Ill., since 1942. Cherry, John H., B.S.’34, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Bay City, Texas, since 1944. Cherry, Ralph W., M. A/38, Univ. of Ky. ; Ed.D.*42, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Head, Div. of Educ. Admin., Univ. of Ky., Lexington 29, Ky., since 1947. Chcsky, Edward J., A.M/15, Univ. of Kan¬ sas. Address: Pub. Sch., Herington, Kansas. Cheves, Charles Judson, A.B/19, Mercer Univ.; M.A.'30, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Gainesville, Ga., since 1934. Chidcster, Albert J., Diploma ’01, State Normal Sch., Cortland, N. Y.; A.B.’OS, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.’12, Harvard Univ.; Head, Dept, of Educ., Berea Col., Berea, Ky., since 1922. Ching, John Frederic, Ed.D/32, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Salinas, Calif., since 1947. Chinnock, Eugenio, B.S. in Ed/29, Adolphi Col.; M.A/34. Ph.D/40, New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 277 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn 16, N. Y., since 1939. nan, R. S., B.S/26, Brigham Young iv. ; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Coalville, Utah, since 1947. Chisholm, J. Wilber, Diploma *20, State Normal Sch., Oneonta, N. Y. ; B.S/29, New York Univ.; M.A/40, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Min- eola, N. Y., since 1936. Chittenden, Harold E., A.B/09, Yale; Supt. of Sch., Naugatuck, Conn., since 1918. Chittick, Murray A., B.S/16, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Old Bridge, N. J., since 1929. Cholet, Bertram, Asst. Vice-pres., Higgins Ink Co.,' Inc., 271 Ninth St., Brooklyn 15, N. Y. Christ, Mrs. Alice Louise, Prin., Rhodes Sch., River Grove, Ill. Christensen, Arnold M., B.A/20, Carleton Col.; M.A/23, Univ. of Minn.; Ph.D/34, State Univ. of Iowa; Head, Div. of Prof. Educ., State Tchrs. Col., Moorhead, Minn., since 1938. Christensen, Bernhard, B.A/22, Augsburg Col. and Theol. Sem. ; Ph.D/29, Hartford Sem. Foundation; Pres., Augsburg Col. and Theol. Sem., Minneapolis 4, Minn., since 1938. Christensen, J. Oral, B.S/38, Utah State Agrl. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Panguitch, Utah, since 1943. Christensen, Louis W., B.S/29, Brigham Young Univ.; M.S/42, Univ. of Utah; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Morgan, Utah, since 1943. Christensen, W. W., B.S/23, M.S/33, Utah State Agrl. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Idaho Falls, Idaho, since 1934. Christenson, Christine A., Diploma ’26, B.E. ’42, State Tchrs. Col., Oshkosh, Wis.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Marinette, Wis., since 1927. Christian, Percy W., B.A/26, Broadview Col.; B.S/28, Lewis Inst.; M.A/29, Fh.D. '35, Northwestern Univ.; Pres., Pacific Union Col., Angwin, Calif., since 1945. Christian, Thomas L., A.B/17, A. M/22, Wabash Col.; Supt. of Sch., Lebanon, Ind., since 1943. Christie, Lindon E., B.S.’30, Colby Col.; M.Ed/40, Univ. of Maine; Union Supt. of Sch., Camden, Maine, since 1946. Christman, Paul Snyder, B.S/19, M.Sc/21, Franklin and Marshall Col. ; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Schuylkill Haven, Pa., since 1931. Christy, Elizabeth, Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Lincoln Sch., McKeesport, Pa. Christy, Robert H., B.S/32, Bowling Green Univ.; M.A/40. Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Delphos, Ohio, since 1940. Chubb, Wayne D., 2401 Hewitt St., Ham- tramck 12, Mich. Chubbuck. R. Daniel, B.S/31, Univ. of Conn.; M.A/47, Yale Univ.; Supt. ot Sch., Cromwell, Conn., since 1945. Church, Ernest Elliott. A.B.’IS. Waynesburg Col.; M.A.-26. W. Va. Univ.; LL.D.40. Waynesburg Col.; Pres., Potomac State Sch. of W. Va. Univ., Keyser, W. Va., since 1936. Church, Harold H.. A.M.’29. Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’43. Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Elkhart, Ind., since 1939. Church, W. H., D.Ed.’42, Univ “i/p* 3 ' burgh; Supt. of Sch., McKees Rocks, Pa., since 1926. Churchill, E. C., B.A/29, State Col., Supe¬ rior. Wis.; M.A/40, Univ. of Minn., Supt. of Sch., Cloquet, Minn., since 1948. List of Members 383 Chute, Oscar M., B.S.'29, Colby Col.; Ed.M. ’34, Harvard Univ.; Ed.D.’46, Univ. of Ill.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Evanston, Ill., since 1947. Clabaugh, Ralph E., M.A.’37, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Arlington Hgts., Ill., since 1943. Claiborne, Ray, B.S.’30, Central State Col., Edmond, Okla.; Ed.M.’41, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Hollis, Okla., since 1945. Clark, A. A., Houghton-Mifflin Co., 2 Park St., Boston, Mass. Clark, A. G., B.S.'28, Muskingum Col.; M.A. ’38, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Avonworth Sch., Ben Avon, Pittsburgh 2, Pa., since 1946. Clark, C. I., Supt. of Sch., Stambaugh, Mich. Clark, Clifton W., B.S.’44, Texas Tech. Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Las Cruces, N. Mex., since 1946. Clark, E. L., M.A.’27, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Mt. Morris, Mich., since 1934. Clark, Edward L„ B.A.’12, Syracuse Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Bristol, Conn., since 1938. Clark, Eugene Augustine, A.B.’08, Williams Col.; A.M.’24, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’40 Morgan State Col.; Pres., Miner Tchrs. Col., Washington 1, D. C., since 1930. Clark, Felton G., A.B.’24, Beloit Col.; A.M. 25, Ph.D.’33, Columbia Univ.; Pres Southern Univ., Scotlandville, La., since Bred _^-’ B.S.’32, Allegheny Col M.S. in Ed.'39, Univ. of Pittsburgl Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Harbor Cree Pa., since 1938. Clark, H. L„ B.A.’29, Univ. of Wash.; Supl Evergreen Sch. Dist. 114, Vancouve Wash., since 1946. dark, Harold F„ Ph.D.'23, Tchrs. Col Co umbia Univ ; Prof, of Educ., Tchr Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27 N Y since 1928. ’ B - A .’ 3 <), Dartmouth Col Ed.M. 40, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Scf JJeep River, Conn., since 1948. C M rk A -?, enI !r y J ” Mr’ 09 - Richmond Col M.A. 21 Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch Barton Bldg., Mobile, Ala., since 1944 . ^Col’ A f-’ 28 - Western Mic! 'll t i, r'’r Ka J amazo °. Mich.; M.J 31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.* Ass ?20i l°6th ^ ral M S w V ”«r NaU - Educ -’ Ams since 1945 S ’ N ‘ W ” Washm S ton 6, D. C C1 Col’ of"F l dim H 'ir A' B *’ 23, Western Mid coi ot Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich • A M ’4 ft Co ’ Su Pt. of Sch. Grar Rapids 2, Mich., since 1935. Clark, Marshall, Co. Supt. of Sch Cha tanooga, Tenn. ” '" na C1 Sfr M rZ Iowa S ‘ a te Tchr Univ ^f d r r Fa c’ Iowa: M.A.’36, Sta' Iowa, s 0 inc I e°^46 SUPt ' ° f Sch ’ : Dubu ^ Clark, Price E., M.A.’35, W. Va Univ • r Supt. of Sch., Berkeley Springs, W. Va. C1 ’29 k 'p Z h e D>3?-T B A A '’ 2 p’, 0berlin Co1 -: M.’> 49, Ph.D. 30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ Admin. Asst., Pub. Sch rj S‘ v s JL w i£‘ ia s >- -msAVSS Sch., Clayton, Mo., since 1940. Clarke, Willard H., B.S.’27, Brigham Young Univ.; Mgr., Utah Woolen Mills, 1008 S. 6th St., Alhambra, Calif., since 1947. Clarson, James Willis, Jr., B.S.’18, Iowa State Col. of Agrl. and Mech. Arts; A.M. ’22, Ph.D.’28, Univ. of Chicago; Dean, Col. of Educ., and Dean of Summer Ses¬ sion, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz., since 1927. Claypool, Vincent B., B.S.’24, Univ. of Calif.; M.A.’35 Claremont Col.; Prin. and Dist. Supt., Union H. S., Barstow, Calif., since 1936. Clayton, Joseph E., Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Matawan, N. J., since 1945. Cleland, Henry Lloyd, B.A.’13, Westminster Col.; M.A.’28, Columbia Univ.; D.Ped,’42, Westminster Col.; Prin., Latimer Jr. H. S., Pittsburgh 12, Pa., since 1948. Clemens, Paul B„ Ph.B.’22, Ph.M.’27, Univ. of Wis.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1111 N. Tenth St., Milwaukee 1, Wis.. since 1923. Clement, Rufus E., A.B.’]9, Livingstone Col.; B.D.’22, Garrett Biblical Inst.; A.M. 22, Ph.D.’30, Northwestern Univ.; Pres., Atlanta Univ., Atlanta, Ga., since 1937, Clemons, H. P„ B.S.’28, Central Tchrs Col Edmond, Okla.; M.A.’37, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Whiteface Texas, since 1947. Clemons, Howard H., B.S. in Agronomy *18, Iowa State Col. of Agrl. and Mech. Arts; B.S. in Agrl. Ed.’26, Mont. State Col.; A.M. in Ed. 30, Univ. of Chicago. Address: 720 Main St., Lake Geneva, Wis. *Clettenberg, Joseph E„ B.S.’31, Univ. of ill.; M.S. 36, Northwestern Univ • Supt. of Sch., Palatine, Ill., since 1934. C1 x7 e i an ^’ ? rnest D - B A.’23. Baylor Univ.; “•A. 40, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. ot Sch,, Gladewater, Texas, since 1947. develand Ruth F A.B.’20, Mt. Holyoke Col.; M.A. 26, Columbia Univ.; Dir House in the Pines Sch., Norton, Mass’! since 1944. Clifford, Walter G.,A.B.’32, Colgate Univ.; M.S. in Ed. 40, Cornell Univ.; Supt. of bch., Canastota, N. Y., since 1947. C1 j?’ e A nba g a * Asa W., A.B.’19, Taylor Univ.; M.A. 23, Ph.D. 25, Potomac Univ.- MA in Ed. 40 Wittenberg Col.; Ed.D.’45' Syracuse Univ.; Dir., Harrisburg Area PenA hT ■ °h Pub ri InStr * 106 William Renn, Harrisburg, P a „ since 1946. Clinnin, Josephine M„ B.S.’06, Univ. of Chicago; M.E. 38, De Paul Univ,; Prin since b °935 E 6m ' Sth ” Chica E 0 22, Ill.! Clipman, William Henry, Jr., A B '19 Wash ington and Jefferson Col.;’ M.A.-27’, Buck- since me: SUPt ' ° f Sch ’ Charleroi * Pa. N - Y - since C °MA : 3 J r V Ohio , S 1 t d ; B n •• 28> ? luffton C °l-: \*V ’ i ’ uhl ° State Univ.; Supt. of Sch Wapakoneta, Ohio, since 1945 ^ M.A/34, Univ. of N. Mex.- P . of Sch., Eunice, N. Mex., since 1935. Conway, William F., A.M.'04, Seton Hall Col.; A.M.’17. Columbia Univ.; LL.D.'36, Seton Hall Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Edgewater, N. J., since 1909. *Cook, Albert S., A.B.'95, A.M.'06, Prince¬ ton Univ.; Liu.D.'23. Western Md. Col.; Litt.D.’23, St. John's Col., Annapolis, Md.; Litt.D.’24, Univ. of Md.; LL.U.'37, Gettys¬ burg Col. Address; Tuxedo Park, N. Y. Cook, Denton L., A.B.'35. Nebr. State Tchrs. Col.; M.A,'40, Univ. of Fla.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Plant City, Fla., since 1942. Cook, Harold H., B.A.’30, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'38, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., St. Mary's Ohio, since 1945. Cook, Harriet B„ M.A.'30, Tchrs. Col., Co- lumbia Univ.; Helping Tchr., Monmouth Co. Schs., 80 Broad St., Freehold N I since 1931. Cook, Mrs. Harriet P., B.A.'36, M A '37 Un>v. of Buffalo; Dean and Dir. of Pub! Rel., Cazenovia Jr. Col., Cazenovia N Y since 1945. Cook, J Frederick, 97 Lincoln Park, New¬ ark, N. J. Co ° k ; Pa “ 1 AB ' 18 ' Central Wesleyan 'bhur A ' 2 ?i . Uni, i; of Chicago; LL.D. 47, Phillips Univ.; Exec. Secy., Phi Delta Kappa ; 2 ° 34 K‘dge Rd., Homewood, Ill since 1928. ' ‘ C0 HoVt R \ C " f/. es - Miss - Southern Col.. Hattiesburg, Miss. * C ph k n .^ aU / r Wellman, B.A.’23, M.A.'26. Ph.D. 31 State Univ. of Iowa; Prof, of since 1938 V ° f M ‘ nn " Minnea P° Iis - Mmn.. Cooke, Dennis H„ A.B.'25, M.Ed.'28. Duke Tehri’ P H D a 3< k Georg / Peabody Col. for Tchrs., Head, Dept, of Educ. and Dir. of bummer Session, The Woman's Col Univ. of N. C., Greensboro, N. C.. since CO thor d „ e e:’c R a.if G ’ ^ W ‘ U8th S ‘" C °M n s ’ffi Ul T h 1 - B A C ,' 18 > Univ - of Wis.; M S. 26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. - for . Stl if le 2 and Research in Home c 3^SSzJT,!i8-S^ Cof-’ MA'»"u d ' S L B ''21. Haverford v.OL., M.A. 25, Univ. of Pa • PH n M 7 Grra g rd S Co I l iV 'i>h' U l P d e i v*"' <,f ' E1 “- Sch 1932 C Phllade lPhta 21, P a „ since C °rni er ’ P- ele T ?' . b -S-’ 25, M.A.'34, Tchrs Col !c°h Um E a U rn V ' : Kdgn.-Prim. Supvr., Pub! bch.. East Chicago, Ind., since 1942. C Okla ^ Ed ' Admin.'42, At k o^ A 6kla a , n s d in“ eC l h 946 0l ' ; SUpt ‘ ° f Sch ' C M P Ed ' 4 a Ul Ti D - B K 39 - Western Md. Col • M.Ed. 43, Untv. of Md.; Co. SuDt of ’ Snow Hill, Md., since 1948 P Sch ” C °C P r-’M V A 1 ' i 3 ? m IT P •• , A '? ’, 23 ' Western Md. s?nce S ’l 94 °i. Bd ’ ° f C ““^rl'and, Mdt 386 American School Buildings Copeland, S. D*, A.B.’ll. LL.D/42, Mercer Univ. Address : 844 Heckman Rd., Au¬ gusta, Ga. Corbel], Oscar M., A.B/12, Univ. of Ark.; LL.B.’14, Cumberland Univ.; M.A/28, Univ. of Okla.; Supt., Twp. H. S. and Jr. Col., Centralia, Ill., since 1928. Corey, Arthur F., A.B/24, Whittier Col.; A.M/32, Univ. of Southern Calif.; State Exec. Secy., Calif. Tchrs. Assn., 391 Sut¬ ter St., San Francisco 8, Calif., since 1947. Corey, Stephen M., B.A/26, Eureka Col.; M. A.’27, Ph.D .*30, Univ. of Ill.; Prof, of Educ. and Exec. Officer, Horace Mann- Lincoln Inst, of Sch. Experimentation, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1948. Cornell, Ethel L., A.B/14, Cornell Univ.; Ph.D.’19, Columbia Univ.; Educ. Research Div., State Educ. Dept., Albany, N. Y., since 1920. Cornell, Francis G., A.B.’27, M.A/31, Ph.D. ’36, Columbia Univ.; Col. of Educ., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill.; since 1947. Cornick, Homer H., A.B.’20, M.A.’22, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Santa Cruz, Calif., since 1940. Corning, Hobart Munson, Ph.B/11, A.M/12, Dickinson Col.; A.M/31, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Ed.D.’31, Colo. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Washington 5, D. C., since 1946. Cornwell, G. E., B.Ed.’39, Eastern Ill. Tchrs. Col., Charleston, Ill.; M.S/41, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Elem. Sch., Taylor- ville 1, Ill., since 1942. Corr, Rcade W., A.B/26, Univ. of Rich¬ mond; M. A/38, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Chestcrtown, Md., since 1947. Corson, James Hunt, A.B/27, Col. of the Pacific; M.S. in Ed.’36, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Modesto, Calif., since 1947. Cory, Frank Mirl, A.B/17, Ind. Univ.; A.M. ’23 Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hagerstown, Ind., since 1926. Cory, N. Durward, A.B.’28, Wabash Col.; M.A/35, Ball State Tchrs. Col., Muncie, Ind., Supt. of Sch., Rochester, Minn., since 1948. Cosgrove, John K., B.S.’22, Mich. State Col.; M. A.’38, Univ. of Mich.; Supt., Everett Pub. Sch., Lansing 10, Mich., since 1937. Coslow. William F., B.S/23, Univ. of Ky.; M. A.28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. in charge of Sec. Educ., Bd. of Educ., Louisville 8, Ky., since 1947. Costner, Elbert L., Supt. of Sch., Pateau. Okla. Cottingham, Claybrook, B.A/99, M.A/00, Univ. of Richmond; LL.D/21, Baylor Univ.; Pres., La. Polytechnic Inst., Rus- ton, La., since 1941. Cottle, William E., A.B/20, Clark Univ.; Ed.M/28, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kockport, Mass., since 1930. Cotton, Dana Mcscrvc, A.B/28, Univ. of N. H.; Ed.M/43, Harvard Univ.; Dir. of Placement, Grad. Sch. of Educ., Bince 1944, and Assoc. Dir. of Summer Sch., Harvard, Univ., Cambridge 38, Mass., since 1947. Cottrell, Donald P., B.A/23, Ohio State Univ.; M.A/27, Ph.D/29, Columbia Univ.; Dean, Col. of Educ., Ohio State Univ.; Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1946. Cottrill, Miley, Bd. of Educ., Londonderry, Ohio. Couch, Mrs. O. D., 1832 Maryland, Houston 6 , Texas. Coughlan, John D., Supt. of Sch., Canton, M ass. Coulter, Isabel M., B.S/38, M.A/45, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Waterford, Conn., since 1946. Coulter, Kenneth C., A.B/30, Ohio Univ.; M. A/34, Ed.D/47, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Glen Rock, N. J., since 1941. Coultrap, Harry M. t A.B/08, Univ. of Colo.; A.M/14, Ohio Univ.; A.M/37, Northwest¬ ern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Geneva, Ill., since 1912. Counts, George S., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y. Courter, Claude V., B.S/11, Kalamazoo Col.; M.A/25, Univ. of Chicago; D.Ed/38, Kalamazoo Col.; Supt. of Sch., 216 E. Ninth St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1937. Courtis, Stuart A., Ph.D/24, Univ. of Mich.; Prof. Emeritus of Educ., Univ. of Mich., since 1944. Address: 9110 Dwight Ave., Detroit 14, Mich, Courtney, L. C., B.S/26, Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Houston, Texas, since 1944. Cousino, Paul Kenneth, A.B/34, M.A/36, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., "Warren, Mich., since 1939. Cousins, Robert L., A.B/24, Mercer Univ.; M.A/31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir., Div. of Negro Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Atlanta, Ga., since 1937. Covell, Albert H., A.B/12, M.A/33, Univ. of Rochester; Supt. of Sch., Oneida, N. Y., since 1927. Cowan, Charles Thomas, B.S/31, New York Univ.; M. A/37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Saranac Lake, N. Y., since 1947. Cowin, Duane V., A.B/27, Union Col., Lin¬ coln, Nebr.; M.A/37, Univ. of Denver; Educ. Supt. of Mich. Conf. of Seventh Day Adventists, 620 Townsend St., Lan¬ sing 4, Mich., since 1944. Cowles. LeRoy E., Ph.B/10. A.B/ 13 , Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.*26, Univ. of Calif., Pres. Emeritus, Univ. of Utah, smee 1946. Address; 124 University St., Salt Lake City, Utah. Cox. Carl S., A.B.’ll, Birmingham-South¬ ern Col.; M.A.'12, Vanderbilt Univ.; Kd.D/33, Fla. Southern Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Lakeland, Fla., since 1933. Cox, Edwin Allerton, B.S. in Ed/32, Boston Univ.; M.S. in Ed/39. Univ. of Maine; Union Supt. of Sch., New Salem, Mass., since 1941. Cox. Floyd B., A.B/18, M.A/21, W. Va. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Morgantown, W. Va., since 1930. Cox, Frank W.. A.B/24, Col. of William and Mary; M.A/31, Univ. of Va.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Princess Anne, Va., since 1933. :ox. George B.. B.S. in Engr/19. Univ. of Mo.; M.S. in Ed/40, Oregon State Col., Prof., and Head, Dept, of Indus. Arts ana Indus. Engr., Oregon State Col., Corval¬ lis, Oregon, since 1927. :ox, John R.. A.B/29, Albany Col.; Prin-, Union H. S., Hillsboro, Oregon, since 1938. :ox, Kyle T., Div. Supt. of Sch., Independ- ence, Va., since 1920. List of Members 38 y Cox, Larue, B.A.’22, Howard Payne Col.; M.A.’26, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Jacksonville, Texas, since 1927. Coxe, John E., B.A/09, M.A.’28, La. State Univ.; State Supt. of Educ., Baton Rouge, La., since 1940. *Coxe, Warren W., B.Sc.’ll, Dakota Wes¬ leyan Univ.; Ph.D.’23, Ohio State Univ.; Dir., Div. of Research, State Educ. Dept., Albany, N. Y., since 1923. Coy, S. Clay, A.B.’31, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Nebr.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Westminster, Colo., since 1947. Crabtree, Paul L., Secy.-Treas., Associated Exhibitors of the Natl. Educ. Assn., 20 Exchange PI., New York 5, N. Y„ since 1936. Crackel, Verne E., A.B.’37, M.A.’40, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Crete, Ill., since 1927. Crafton, Paul M„ B.S.’25, Lincoln Col.; M.S.’35, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Mon¬ mouth, Ill., since 1946. Craig, Gerald S., A.B.T5, Baylor Univ.; M.A.’17, Ph.D/27, Columbia Univ.; Prof of Natural Sciences, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1934. Craig, H. D„ Dist. Supt. of Sch., Pueblo, Colo. Craig, James C., B.S.’33, Carnegie Inst, of Tech.; M.A.'37, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Prin., Saugatuck Sch., Westport, Conn, since 1947. Crate* Marjorie L., A.B/34, Smith Col.: M.A. 35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.: Dir., Sch. Health Bureau, Health and Wel¬ fare Div„ Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. 1 Madison Ave., New York 10, N. Y. f since 1947. C rain > J5*.. B.S.’2S, Univ. of Miss.; M.A. 33, M.Ed. 40, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Clinton, Miss., since 1945. Crakes, Charles R„ B.A.’30, M.A.’40, North¬ western Univ.; Educ. Consultant, DeVry Corp., 1111 Armitage Ave., Chicago 14 Ill., since 1943. Cra . n< b Robert E A.B/22, M.A.’26, Univ. Calif Ed- ? - o 4 u Unlv - of Southern since 1932 pt " °* ^ Ch- ’ In g*ewood, Calif., Cramblet, Wilbur Haverfield, B A ’10 Beth V*-' 11 ’ Ph ' D '' 13 - Yale Univ ; LL.D. 45, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Pres Bethany Col., Bethany, W. Va„ since 1934! Cramer, Buell B„ A.B. and B.S. in Ed.’21 '25 nt EH 1 n I ' 0 ,Q C ? T 1 -’. Wa "® nsbui 'g. Mo.; M.a! rr eiP'l 9, F nlv - Mo - Dir - Educ., U. S. Penitentiary, Federal Prison. Leav¬ enworth, Kansas, since 1944 . Cra ™« r > John Francis, A.B.’20, A.M ’21 Willamette Univ.; Ed.M.’32, Ed.D’37 H ai J' ? { Oregon; Dean and Dir., Gent! Extension Div., Oregon State System of Higher Educ., Portland, Oregon, since CrandaH Earle P„ A.B.’27, Col. of the Pa cufic; A.M. 41, Ed D.’46, Stanford Univ?; S ' 4 na nS i^ u '’ , San J° se Unified Sch Calif!, since AV6 - San J ° Se 14 ’ : Tenn r V 'i Ub X n ’. B.S.’34, Middle I" VoS.rS’fe: H - s - tS.: Crane, Ralph W., Ph.B.M7, Lafayette Col; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Dunellen, N. J., since 1927. Cravillion, Ira, B.E.’40, State Tchrs. Col., Oshkosh, Wis.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Juneau, Wis., since 1945. Craw, J. R., A.B.’27, M.A.’36, Butler Univ.; Supt. of Sch., New Castle, Ind., since 1944. Crawford, Carroll C., B.A/26, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A. ’34, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Hol¬ land, Mich., since 1945. Crawford, Clarence L.. B.A.’25, Cotner Col.; M.A.’28, Univ. of Nebr,; Ph.D/36, Univ. of Mich.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Man¬ kato, Minn., since 1946. Crawford, David, M.A.’36. Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Dist, Supt. of Sch., Rochelle, Ill., since 1941. Crawford, Lynn H., A.B, and M.A.’25, Stan¬ ford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Santa Ana. Calif., since 1946. Crawford, Robert T.. A.B.’27, M.A.'30, W. Va. Univ.; Dean. Glenville State Col., Glenville, W. Va. Crawford, Theodore R.. B.Sc.’U, Hastings Col.; Rep. Scott Foresman Co., 1835 S. 23rd St., Lincoln 2, Nebr., since 1924. Crawford. Will C., A.B.'13, Pomona Col.; A.M.T5, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.'40 Univ of Southern Calif.; Supt. of Sch., San Diego 1, Calif., since 1934. Creasy, James L„ A.B.'33, Glenville State Col., Glenville, W. Va.; M.A.'40, W. Va. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Summersville w! Va. Crediford, Eugene E., B.S. in Ed.’29, Buck- nell Univ.; Suprv. Prin. of Sch., Athens Pa., since 1924. Cremeans, Taylor V., Co. Supt. of Sch., Hamlin, W. Va. Cressman, George R„ B.S.T6, Pa. State Col • A.M.'28 Ph.D .'32, Univ. of Pa.; Head, Dept, of Educ., State Tchrs. Col West Chester, Pa., since 1936. Cressman, Paul L., B.S.'25, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Ed.D.'34, Pa. State Col.- Dir Bureau of Instr., State Dept, of Pub’ Instr., Harrisburg, Pa., since 1936. Cretcher, James R„ A.B.'27, Albion Col. ■ A M. 33 Olivet Col.; Ph.M.'39, Univ. of nJ.’uY ^ U P*' lU- Soldiers' and Sailors' Children s Sch., Normal, III., since 1945. Crewson, Walter Samuel, M.S.'37, Univ of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Hamilton. Ohio since 1948. ’ Crist, Amy Bull, B.S.'39, M.A.’40, New York Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Mont¬ gomery, N. Y., since 1940. Crittenden Harold C„ Diploma '23, State ai 0 / 1 ”? 1 T ? c . h " New Paltz . N - Y.; A.B,'34 P 'n ed v U T' : M.Ed.'40, Pa. State Col.;’ I f ap c \ ama Sch ,. 1601 N. School St. Honolulu 51, Hawaii, since 1947. Critaer, Frank J„ A.B.'25, A.M.'32', Univ of Va.^; Co. Supt. of Sch., Pulaski, Va., since ^ f M*A '20 M-’ 2 , 8 / .Uhico State Col.; Bufb,c,T!" Umv - : s ” p ’- s ‘" ' »• S - ■>«"- A-'- Cr °™ er ’ Sturgeon, A.B.'32, Ariz State Cnl Flagstaff Ariz.; M.A.'40. Univ of Ariz Supt. of Sch., Flagstaff, Ariz.. ’since 1947' 388 American School Buildings Cromwell, Howard R., B.S.’30, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; M.S.’41, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Glendale, Ohio, since 1947. Crooke, Charles R., A.B.’33, San Jose State Col., San Jose, Calif.; A.M.’35, Leland Stanford Jr. Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Union H. S., Mountain View, Calif., since 1936. Crooks, C. E., M.S.’37, Phillips Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Guthrie, Okla., since 1946. Crosby, Lydia F., Co. Supt. of Sch., Kelso, W ash. Cross, C. Willard B.A.’IS, Carleton, Col.; Diploma ’21, Union Theol. Sem.; M.A.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Faribault, Minn., since 1935. Crossley, B. Alice, 84 Exeter St., Boston, M ass. Crosswhite, William T., A.B.*14, B.S.’16, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kan¬ sas; M.A.’28, Columbia Univ.; Prin.,^ Al¬ lison Jr. H. S., Wichita 12, Kansas, since 1922. Crothers, Clarence E., B.S.*33, Hillsdale Col.; M.A.’40, Univ. of Mich.; Prin., Busch H. S., Center Line, Mich., since 1947. Crouch, Charles B., A.B.’27, Muskingum Col.; M.A.’34, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Cincinnati, Ohio, since 1948. Crouch, T. Allen, A.B.’32, Brown Univ.; M.A.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Stonington, Conn., since 1945. Crout, James McBride, B.A.’37, Wofford Col.; M.Ed.’47, Univ. of S. C.; Supt. of Sch., Batesburg, S. C., since 1946. Crow, E. R., A.B.'15, Furman Univ.; A.M. *24, Univ. of S. C. ; Supt. of Sch., Sumter, S. C., since 1945. Crow, Lester D., Ph.D/27, New York Univ.; Chmn„ Dept, of Educ., Brooklyn Col., Brooklyn 10, N.Y., since 1946. Crowley, Arthur J., Diploma *13, State Tchrs. Col., Potsam, N. Y.; Dir., Educ. Staff, The Readers's Digest—Popular Sci¬ ence Monthly, 353 Fourth Ave., New York 10, N. Y., since 1940. Croy, Wallace, M.A.'28 State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Tarkio, Mo., since 1943. Crudup, Edward A., A.B.*26, Mercer Univ.; M.A.’32, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Griffin, Ga., since 1944. Crull, Howard D., B.S.*31, Western State Tchrs. Col., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A.*37, Univ. of Mich. ; Supt. of Sch., Port Huron, Mich., since 1941. Crum, J. Wesley, B.S.’36, Seattle Pacific Col.; M.S.*38, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Chchalis, Wash., since 1945. Crumbling, C. S., B.S., Albright Col.; M.S. Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Laural- dale, Pa., since 1946. Crumpackcr, H. C., A.B.’OB, McPherson Col.; Ph.M.'lO, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Hoquiom, Wash., since 1922. Crycr, Curtis A., B.A.'26, M.A.*27, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch. and Pros., Frank Phillips Col., Borger, Texas, since 1942. Culler, Nod, B.S.*29, M.Ed.*37, Pa. State Col.; Kd.D.*45, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Kittnnnlng 1, Pa., since 1945. Cullison, Jess O., Supt. of Sch., Larned, Kansas. Culpepper, J. Broward, A.B.*30, M.A.E/31, Univ. of Fla.; M.A.’39, Ed.D.’42, Tchrs. Col. Columbia Univ.; Dean of Student Welfare, Fla. State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla., since 1947. Culver, Mearl P., B.A/17, Albion Col.; M. A.’20, Columbia Univ.; S.T.B.’20, Union Theol. Sem.; Ph.D.’26, Yale Univ.; Pres., Southwestern Col., Winfield, Kansas, since 1945. Cummings, A. G., B.S.*27, M.S.*34, Univ. of Va.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Bedford, Va., since 1932. Cummings, Guy W., A.B.’27, William Jewell Col.; A.M.'39, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Palmyra, Mo., since 1942. Cummings, James E., A.B. in Ed.*32, George Washington Univ.; L.H.D.’43, St. Francis Col.; Asst. Dir., Dept, of Educ., Natl. Catholic Welfare Conf., 1312 Mass. Ave., N. W., Washington 5, D. C., since 1928. Cummins, John, B.A.*28, Hiram Col.; M.A. *35, Western Reserve Univ. ; Supt., Orange Village Sch., Chagrin Falls, Ohio, since 1932. Cummins, Paul R. f B.S. in Ed.’34, Ohio Northern Univ.; M.A. in Adm.’44, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Lancaster, Ohio, since 1945. Cuneo, Rev. Edmund R., Ph.D.’28, St. Vin¬ cent Col.; M.S.’34. Notre Dame; Dean, St. Vincent Col., Latrobe, Pa., since 1946. Cunningham, Clyde, B.S.’24, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Peru, Ind., since 1947. Cunningham, Daniel F., A.B.’16, M.A.*18, Loyola Univ.; LL.D/32, De Paul Univ.; Supt. of Catholic Sch., 755 N. State St., Chicago, Ill., since 1927. Cunningham, M. C., B.A.*26, Westminster Col., Fulton, Mo.; M.Ed.’37, Ed.D.’45, Univ. of Mo.; Dean of Faculty, North¬ west Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Maryville Mo., since 1945. Cunningham, Robert N., A.B.'25, Prince¬ ton Univ. ; B.A.’28, B.Litt.*29, M.A.*31, Queen's Col., Oxford Univ., England; Headmaster, St. Louis Country Day Sch., St. Louis 14, Mo., since 1946. Cunningham, Ruth, A.B.’31, Bethany Col.; M.A.*32, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Ph.D.’42, Univ. of Mich.; Asst. Prof, and Research Assoc., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1945. Cunningham, W. C., B.A/35, M.A.*39, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Muleshoe, Texas, since 1936. Currier, Roland E., B.S.*26, Bates Col.; M.S. in Ed.*36, Univ. of Maine; Supt. of Sch., Island Pond, Vt., since 1946. Curry, Guy A., Jr., A.B.’32, Northeastern State Col., Tahlequah, Okla.; M.A.'39, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Exec. Secy., Okla. Commn. on Tchr. Educ., Okla. Nat¬ ural Bldg., Oklahoma City, since 1947. Curry, L. C., B.A/24, Western State Col.; M.A.*31, Univ. of Ky.; LL.D/46, George¬ town Col.; Supt. of Sch., Bowling Green, Ky., since 1937. Curry, Robert P., M.A.*37, Univ. of Cincin¬ nati; Dir.-in-Chief, Dept, of Pupil Person¬ nel Services, Pub. Sch., 216 E. Ninth St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1946. Curtin, Thomas Joseph, A.B.*34, Harvard Col.; Ed.M/39, Harvard Grad. Sch. of Educ.; Supt. of Sch., Nahant, Mass., since 1945. List of Members 38' Curtis, Charles LaRue, B.S. in Ed.’27, M.A. in Ed.'42, New York Univ.; Supvg.; Prin. of Sch., Rockaway, N. J., since 1919. Curtis, George R., M.A. in Ed.’34, Col. of Puget Sound; Supt., University Place Sch., Tacoma 6, Wash., since 1927. Curtis, Loren S., A.B.’32, M.A.’37, Univ. of Ariz.; Supt. of Sch., Marana, Ariz., since 1942. Curtis, Louise, Connersville, Ind. Curtis, William H., B.S.’30, Tufts Col.; M.S. in Ed.’44, Univ. of Conn.; Supt. of Sch., Wallingford, Conn., since 1944. Cusac, Ralph L., A.B.'34, Carthage Col.; M.A.'44, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Elem. Schs., Chillicothe, Ill., since 1940. Cusack, Alice M., A.B.T6, Univ. of Nebr.; A.M.’19, Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Kdgn.- Prim. Educ., Bd. of Educ., Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1921. Cushing, Herbert L., A.B.T4, Grand Island Baptist Col.; M.A.’30, Univ. of Nebr.; D.Ed.’37, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; Pres., Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Kearney, Nebr., since 1936. Cushing, J. Stearns, Supt. of Sch., Middle- boro, Mass., since 1927. Cushman, Charles Leslie, A.B.’21, Grinnell Col.; Ph.D.’27, State Univ. of Iowa; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., The Parkway at 21st St., Philadelphia 3, Pa., since 1943. Cushman, Edward V., A.B.’22, M.A.'37, Cor¬ nell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Amsterdam, N. Y., since 1943. Cushman, M. L„ A.B.’32, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; A.M. ’37, Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.’43, Cornell Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Rural Educ., Iowa State Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts, Ames, Iowa, since 1945. Cutright, Prudence, Ph.B.’23, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; M.A.’27, Univ. of Minn.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Elem. Educ., CUy Hall, Minneapolis 18, Minn., since Cutts, Harvey C., A.B.’20, Mercer Univ.; M.S. in Ed.’41, Univ. of Ga.; Supt. of Sch., Greenville, Ga., since 1933. * C £[’J ? ? ank W ‘- B.Sc.’23, Univ. of Nebr.; Ph D. 33 Coiumbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., L c itts. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1930. D Dafoe, Don M., B.A.’37, State Tchrs. Col. Valley City, N. Dak.; M.S. in Ed.’47 Univ. of Idaho; Co. Supt.-of Sch., Rupert Idaho, since 1944. DaM Ross E B.Ed.’31. Western Ill. Stat< Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; M.A.’36, Statf Univ of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., East Libertj St., Joy, Ill., since 1934. Dahle, Casper O., M.A.’32, Ph.D.’40, Stat< a n 'S»°JJ°X? : ? ist Su PC of Sch., High land Park, Ill., since 1946. Dailard, Ralph C„ A.B.’28, Nebr Stat. Ph D%Q C °r A i,^ - ??’ • Univ - of Nebr. Soh ale Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. o; ^nw 1939 Utll ° n St '’ Sa " Dieg0 Cali f. D cif.' £ A ^ on ' AB / 45 - Seattle Pacifii Chill m v Mgr " R ° b A rts J r - Col-. Nortf Lhili, N. Y„ since 1945. Daily, Ray K M.D.’13, Univ. of Texas Member, Sch. Bd., Medical Arts Bldg Houston 2, Texas, since 1928. g Dalager, Paul A., B.A.’20, St. Olaf Col. Exec. Secy., N. Dak. Educ. Assn., Bis marck, N. Dak., since 1946. Dale, C. S., B.S. and M.A.’21, Univ. of Ill. Supt. of Sch., Bellevue, Ky., since 1942. Dale, Gilbert R., M.A.'36, Univ. of Ark.: M.A.’44, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.'46, Univ. of Mo.; Chmn., Div. of Social Studies Adams State Col., Alamosa, Colo., since 1946. Dale, Rex. W., A.B.T7, Ind. Univ.; Prin., H. S., Flora, Ill., since 1921. Dale, Tracy E., B.S.‘25, Northwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Maryville, Mo.; M.A. ’30, Univ. of Mo.; Asst. Commr. of Educ.. Capitol Bldg., Jefferson City, Mo., since 1947. Daley, Mary Wood, B.A.’08, M.A.’ll, Wel¬ lesley Col.; Dir. of Academic Educ., Sleighton Farm Sch. for Girls, Darling, Pa., since 1919. Dalton, Clyde E., B.S.'35, State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa.; A.M.’38. Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch.. Marcus Hook, Pa., since 1945. Daly, Francis J., B.S. in Ed.’41, Ed.M.'43, Boston Univ.; Ed.D.’47, Harvard Univ.; Head, Div. of Juvenile Adjustment, Pub. Sch., Boston 14, Mass., since 1943. Daly, George, A.B.'33, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A.’43, Wayne Univ.; Supt., Kearsley H. S., Flint 7, Mich., since 1937. Damm, Mrs. Frank, Pres,, Ill. Congress of Parents and Tchrs., 4915 Kilpatrick Ave., Chicago 30, Ill. Dana, Ernest Burton, Ph.B.'28. Brown Univ.; Ed.M.'34, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Colebrook, N. H., since 1947. Danes, James T., B.S.'13, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.T9, Columbia Univ.; Sales Mgr Allyn and Bacon, 11 E. 36th St., New York 16, N. Y„ since 1920. Danforth, H. Raymond, A.B.'28, Ed.M.'37, Univ. of N. H., Supt. of Sch., Foxboro, Mass., since 1947. Daniel, B. Roy, B.S.'25, Northwestern State Col., Alva, Okla.; M.Ed.’35, Phillips Univ.; Prin., Emerson Jr. H. S., Enid Okla., since 1929. Daniel, J. McT„ A.B.T7, Wofford Col ; A.M. 29, Univ. of S. C.; Ed.M.'31, Ed.D 35, Harvard Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of S. C., Columbia 19, S. C„ since 1932. Art hur W„ B.S.’37, Bates Col.; M.Ed. 45, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Eppmg, N. H., since 1947. * D r n i n ’ A B ’ 96 ’ AM -’99, Union d°L' : E j ei M v Ch 9 525 Roanoke Ave., Kiverhead, N. Y., since 1938. De M A® 25 Le T 7 n - J ” AB ;’ 22 - Phillips Univ.; M.A. 25 Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch Oyster Bay, N. Y„ since 1928 ” Demoney, N. E„ Supt. of Sch., Estherville, DeMoranviUe, Aaron F„ Diploma ’25 R I £ 0 '’ of „ ? dU r C ’ : A B ’’ 30 - A.M.’34 N Y W Jc'i, °i r J chrSl ’ Albany, N. Y • Supt. of Sch., Johnston 9, R. I., since 1938 mTzI’ TA r E - r A B ’’l 2 . Keuka Col.;' Supvr of Va Cl> ’’ Columbia Univ.; Kenmore 17 N v UC '- 155 Dela ™are Rd. nciimore i7, N. Y., since 1930 De ,™P se y- John A., Supt. of Sch 306 <4 Valley Ave., Olyphant” Pa ’ S ’ 392 American School Buildings DeMunbrun, H. C., B.S. *27, Northwestern State Col., Alva, Okla.; M.S.'39, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Vinita, Okla., since 1930. Deneke, Wesley A., B.S. in Ed.’26, South¬ east Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; A.M.'31, Ed.D.’43, Univ. of Mo.; Dean, Student Personnel Serv., North¬ eastern State Col., Tahlequah, Okla., since 1948. Denison, Sidney Alexander, B.E/22, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal Ill.; M.A.’28, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Glen Ellyn, Ill., since 1929. Denlay, Raymond E., A.B.'30, Chico State Col.; M.A.'39, Leland Stanford Jr. Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Santa Paula, Calif., since 1942. Denman, G. E., Ph.B.’27, Ripon Col.; M.A. '32, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Green Bay, Wis., since 1935. Denmark, Annie Dove, Diploma in Piano '04, Meredith Col.; A.B.'25, Anderson Col.; Litt.D.’41, Furman Univ.; Pres., Anderson Col., Anderson, S. C., since 1928. Dennard, E. N., A.B.'27, Lon Morris Col.; B.A/29, Trinity Univ.; M.A.'37, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Marshall, Texas, since 1940. Denning, J. T., B.A.’36, Atlantic Christian Col. ; Supt. of Sch., Southport, N. C., since 1947. Dennis, Lindley H., B.S.'12, Pa. State Col.; A.M/33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; D. of Voc. Ed.'40, John Brown Univ.; Exec. Secy., American Voc. Assn., Inc., Dcnrike Bldg., Washington 5, D. C., since 1934. Dennis, Merrill L., B.S. in Ed. *19, Ohio Univ.; M.A.'37, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mingo Junction, Ohio, since 1937. Denniston, A. Bruce, B.S.'25, M.A.'28, Ed.D. '42, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Greenville, Pa., since 1938. Dcnsbcrger, Frank C., A.B.*08, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kenmore 17, N. Y., since 1915. Densmorc, David W., B.S. in Ed.*28, Univ. of Rochester; A.M.’35, Cornell Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 13 S. Fitzhugh St., Rochester 4, N. Y., since 1940. Dent, Ellsworth C., B.S. in Ed.*23, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; Genl. Sales Mgr., Coronet Instructional Films, Coronet Bldg., Chicago 1, HI., since 1946. Dent, James W., A.B.’29, M.A.’37, Univ. of Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Concord, Calif., since 1948. Dent, Lottie Marshall, A.B.'15, Western Md. Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Leonardtown, Mr!., since 1928. DeSilva, Lionel, B.A/24, Pomona Col.; M.S. '35. Ed.D.'42, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Exec. Secy., Calif. Tchrs. Assn., Southern Section, 612 S. Fiqucroa St., Los Angeles 14, Calif., since 1947. Desmond, John J., Jr., A.B.’09, Harvard Col.; A.M.’IO, Harvard Grad. Sch.; State Commr. of Educ., Boston 16, Mass., since 1946. Dewey, John, A.B.'79, Univ. of Vt.; Ph.D. *84, Johns Hopkins Univ.: LL.D., Univ. of Wis.. Univ. of Mich., Columbia Univ., Univ. of Vt., Harvard Univ.. St. Andrews, Paris: Honorary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin.; Prof. Emeritus of Philosophy, Columbia Univ., 1158 Fifth Ave., Now York 29, N. Y. DeWitt, C. K., B.A.'25, Heidelberg Col.; M. A.'31, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Vermilion, Ohio, since 1945. DeWitt, Robert Lee, M.A.'47, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Hurley, Mo., since 1947. De Wolf, George E., A.B.’12, Univ. of Nebr.; A.M.’20, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Downers Grove, Ill., since 1931. Dexter, William A., A.B.’28, Clark Univ.; A.M.'36, Univ. of Mich.; Union Supt. of Sch., Easthampton, Mass., since 1945. De Young, Chris A., A.B.'20, Hope Col.; A.M.’29, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.'32, North¬ western Univ.; Dean, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill., since 1943. Diamond, Edward C., A.B.'36, Union Col.; A.M.’44, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Supt. of Sch., Watervliet, N. Y., since 1945. Dice, Norvell R., A.B.*28, Santa Barbara State Col.; M.S.'33, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., La Canada, Calif., since 1939. Dick, Margaret D., B.S.'33, M.A.'42, New York Univ.; State Helping Tchr., Phillips- burg, N. J., since 1930. Dick, Wilburn Wilson, M.A.'44, Ariz. State Col., Tempe,. Ariz.; Supt. of Sch., Scotts¬ dale, Ariz., since 1943. Dickason, Henry Lake, A.B.’13, M.A.'14, Ohio State Univ.; Pres., Bluefield State Col., Bluefield, W. Va., since 1936. Dickerson, Douglas F., Diploma '10, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Kearney, Nebr., A.B. '30, Univ. of Nebr.; M.A.'33, Ind. Central Col.; Sc.D.’40, Webster Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mahtomedi, Minn., since 1944. Dickey, Lester L., A.B.'25, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'34, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Marion, Ohio, since 1948. Dickson, Bryan, B.B.A.’23, Univ. of Texas; M.A.'35, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., San Angelo, Texas, since 1940. Dieckmann, Warner C., B.A.'40, Univ. of Wash.; Dir. of Sec. Educ., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Olympia, Wash., since 1947. Diefenbach, Carl M., A.B.'19, Syracuse Univ.; M.A.'26, American Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Collingwood, N. J., since 1939. Diehl, Fred W., M.S. in Ed.'35, Bucknell Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Danville 1, Pa., since 1918. Diehl, William C., A.B.'23. Gettysburg Col.; M.Ed.'46, Univ. of Md.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Hagerstown, Md., since 1947. Diemer, George W., B.S. in Ed.'16, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrrensburg, Mo.; A. M.'26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Pres., Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., War¬ rensburg, Mo., since 1937. Diener, U. E., M.A/30, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fremont, Ohio, since 1938. Dlersen, Arnold, M.A.'40. Univ. of Chicago; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Chicago 1. Ill- since 1947. Dieruff, Col.; Dir., , Louis Admin. Jr. H. S E- Ph.B.’29, Muhlenberg Asst, to Supt. of Sch. and , Allentown, Pa., since 1948. Dleterlch. Herbert R- A.B.’22. Mo. leyan Col.; M.A.’27. Univ. of Mo.| Horace Mann H. S— and Prof, of Educ., Northwest Mo. State Tchrs. Maryville, Mo., elnce 1928. Wes- Prin., Sec. Col- List of Members 393 Dietrich, Grace L., B.S. in Ed.’37, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, ’n. Y.; M. S. in Ed.’45, Syracuse Univ.; Supvg'. Prin., Menands Sch., Menands, Albany 4 N. Y., since 1945. Diffendafer, Willard T„ M.A.’48, New York Univ.; Prin., Chancellor Ave. Sch. Irving¬ ton 11, N. J., since 1943. Diggle, Elliott A., B.S.’34, Colby Col.; M.A.’36, Boston Univ.; Ed.M.’43, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Belfast, Maine. Dillard, J. W„ B.S/37, M.A/39, West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Canyon, Texas; Dean, Frank Phillips Col., Borger, Texas. Dl > le - G - E., B.S.’20, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville, Mo.; M.A.’28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Maryland Heights, Mo., since 1947. Dillehay, Claude H., A.B.T6, Baylor Univ • M. A.T7, Brown Univ.; Supt. of Sch. Vernon, Texas, since 1938. Dillingham, Howard Irving, B.S.’27, Univ. of Pa.; M.S.’36, Ph.D.’38, Syracuse Univ.; Headmaster, The Manlius Sch., Manlius N. Y., since 1944. Dilltaghani, Paul, A.B.T3, Tufts Col.; Ed M 4 9 \ Ma t s -„ Tchrs - Co1 -; Su pt- of sch.; -raimoutn, Mass., since 1923. Dimmett, W S„ Ph.B.’31, M.A.’36, Univ. of since a8 19^0 SUPt ° f ^ Cb ’’ Forest Park, HI., D MA’2 k 5 A V?-' 16 ’ ^ lbright Col ->' CoC; ll^« !lpa? b sinfe h; i 9 fr- ° f P ‘ USburgh D ». L A M ” c B -A.’23 M.A.’33, Univ. of Wash., Co. Supt. of Sch., Seattle 4 Wash., since 1945. ' Dinsmore, B. M„ M.A.’29, Southern Meth- 2. diat U nlv -i Co. Supt. of Sch. Wichita Falls, Texas, since 1942. ' Clma Dintelman, Charles J., B.Ed.’37, Southern I s4 t 4Tsih.^^rd, U lt%in4 I 44 DiSt D f ?!’ Home, Oregon, since 1946. eet D C^?.; e M.A.'^°^. S v’ a ^niv 8 ' of Sch., Moorefield, W. Va., simfe 1943 P D State g T’chr C s he CoT 4, D ‘p; ‘SB?,„ H ^. W- V.. W„U„n since 1941 " Forest N. Y„ D Te“re N Haut^ i ' lnd I - n s State Tchrs ’ Co1 . City, Ind., since 1939 SUPt ’ ° f Sch - T ell Dobbs, Ella Victoria, Diploma ’05, Throop Eolytech. Inst.; B.S.’09, Columbia Univ.; AM. 13, Univ. of Mo.; Prof. Emeritus of Applied Arts, Univ. of Mo., Columbia, Mo. Address; Frederick Apt., Columbia, Mo. E. L., B.A.’35, Morningside Col.; Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of ocn., Bloomfield, Iowa, since 1947. Docken, William L„ B.S.’28. S. Dak. State Col.; M.A. 43 Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of £>cn., Moose Lake, Minn., since 1945. Dodd, John W„ B.S.’ 20 , A.M.’ 22 , Tchrs. Col Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’ 35 , New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Freeport, N Y since 1925. ’ D T?ni La ''K‘T C ,® V ’L b -S-’ 30, Susquehanna Univ.; M.A. 37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lawrence, N Y since 1934. ’ ’’ Dodd, Maurice R., B.A.’14, Ph.D.’35, W Va Univ ; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Martinsburg! W. Va., since 1947. s ’ D mfi e ’ ?n1 nk v’ Mich. State Nor- Co ';. . Yps.lanti, Mich.; M A ’35 Wayne Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bad Axe’ Mich., since 1948. > *Dodge, Harrison S., B.S. and Pd B ’15 ^ cus . e Univ.; M.A.-30. Columbia Univ. ■ Supt. of Sch., Hornell, N. Y„ since 1919. odson, Walter Lawrence, M.A.’ 27 , Univ Of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Kilgore Texal’ since 1932. i exas, D °B e ’D E i h f^ k W ” Harvard Univ.- B.D. 13, Auburn Theol. Sem * M Fd ’ 3 ? Un.y of N. H.; Union Supt. of Sch ’ Northwood, N, H., since 1928 *’ D Univ r .’ MT k in P Fd? 4 c A ’^’- Mont ’ State Supt” of sVb ? d ’ 4 ®’ Univ. of Idaho; since 1945 . ” Araenca “ Falls, Idaho, Doggette, James Carlise, A.B.’27, Univ. of b. o., Supt. of Sch v nfif sj p 1948. * x orK > b* C., since tS&a’BJEr s " p '' - s ‘ h - »«« D Supvg RU pHn oVs h’ S m 23 ’ Corne11 Univ.; since 1932. ’ Trum ansburg, N. Y„ D of an Mi E n ra ; nC S i 4f • , Twp A -l 8 ’ s^n V™’ Jr- Col., LaSali’e, I lb’, 4nce a " d 7 ° glesb y D °li ard L, Rev - Stewart E., S I A B ’?s A lvr 30, Ph D *34 Qf t ■ "’tv . • A.M. since 1946.’ L ° y ° la CMc^ llflfl"; D rTa"^ °TJn R ’’ ^ 1 ’ Hamline Univ • st Lou’is u P^ k °L* nn -; Su ^- °* sch.; Uis r-arir, Minn., since 1944. D °o? ! N Dak 6 - 0 o H ” t B ’ A ’’ 20 > M.S/30, Univ Minn., mnc'e llT ° f SCh ” Fergua F all s ; Donahue, Leo C A p 'on . , Askt B S°„Tt n ofik P C h o?;’ since 1941.' b h ” Some rville 43, Mass., B »? abue ’ Terrence C A B ’?« rr • Notre Dame- M A ’an nu-' 2 o Univ. of Ed.D.’39, Tchrs Col’ °r'? S ‘u ate Univ -i Dist. Suit of Sch p ". Columbia Univ.; N. Y., since 1M6.'' Eastchest «- Tuckaroe’, D M a i d ’38?’ Unw R 0 ’f B i A ’ 20 ’ Lombard Col.; Watervliet, Mich., sin« Sch ” CoTu4bfa dW u a n r fv P ’Admin ’ 4 A 2 ’ TchrS ’ Co1 - Sixteen, ElmonV, N. "y”' shice’ 1947 ’ DUt - 394 American School Buildings Dondineau, Arthur, A.B.'14, A.M.'IS, Univ. of Mich.; LL.D.’46, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Detroit 26, Mich., since 1945. Donlin, Mrs. Verna Q., B.S.’30, Wayne Univ.; Prin., Stellwagen Sch., 11450 E. Outer Drive, Detroit 24, Mich., since 1935. Donner, Arvin N., B.S.’27, M.A.’28, Ph.D. ’37, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir., Sch. of Educ. and Grad. Sch., Univ. of Houston, Houston 4, Texas, since 1945. Donohue, Francis J., A.B.’34, M.A.’36, Ford- ham Univ.; Ph.D.’44, Univ. of Mich.; Dean, Gannon Col., Erie, Pa., since 1948. Doolittle, Howard S., M.A.’28, Univ. of Mich. Address: Pub. Sch., Negaunee, Mich. Dopp, Raymond D., Supt. of Sch., Pitts- ford, Vt. Dorland, Z. Harold, B.Ed.’29, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; M.A.’33, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Streator, Ill., since 1946. Dorr, Charles H., B.A.’28, M.A.'32, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Milton, Wis., since 1928. *Dorsey, Julius, M.A.’19, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs. Address: 4859 Waneta Drive, Dallas, Texas. Dorsey, Margaret M., Supvg. Prin., Frank¬ lin Sch., Bridgeport 34, Conn. Dosch, Ralph H., B.E.’34, State Tchrs. Col., Whitewater, Wis.; M.A.’43, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., New Holstein, Wis., since 1942. Dossett, Burgin E., B.A.'22, Univ. of Tenn.; M. A.’24, Harvard Univ.; State Commr. of Educ., War Memorial Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn., since 1945. Dougall, John Bernard, B.A.’18, Adelphi Col.; M.A.’24, Yale Univ.; Ed.D.’44, New York Univ.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Newark 4, N. J., since 1940. Douglas, Clarence DcWitt, A.B.'20, Duke Univ.; Dir., Div. of Auditing and Ac¬ counting, State Bd. of Educ., Raleigh, N. C., since 1939. Douglas, Dale, A.B.'37, Howard Payne Col.; Supt. of Sch., Pleasant Grove Indep. Sch. Dist., Dallas 10, Texas, since 1946. Douglass, Harl R., A.B.’15, M.A. 21, Univ. of Mo.; Ph.D.'27, Stanford Univ.; Dir., Col. of Educ., Univ. of Colo., Boulder, Colo., since 1940. Douma, Frank W., A.B.’16, Hope Col.; M.A.’38, State Univ. of Iowa: Supt. of Sch., Ottumwa, Iowa, since 1936. Douthctt, Walter R., A.B.’12, Ursinus Col.; A.M.’21, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., Darby, Pa., since 1922. Douthit, Harold K„ B.Sc.’25, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt., Ncbr. Sch. of Agr„ Univ. of Nebr., Curtis, Ncbr., sinco 1933. Dowdy, Glenn, A.B.’31, Concord Col., Athens, W. Va.; M.A.'35. Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Union, W. Va„ since i Q44 Dowling, Thomas I., B.S/24, M.S/25, Univ. of S. C.; M.A.'33, Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Instr., State Dept, of Educ., Columbia, S. C., since 1947. Downer, Eflic M., M.A.'28. Tchrs. Col.. Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Wayne Univ., Detroit 1, Mich., since 1925. Downey, Helen M., M.Ed.'36, Loyola Univ.; Prin., Elom. Sch., 9241 S. Leavitt St., Chicago 20, Ill., since 1941. Downey, Michael J., A.B.'04, A.M.’14, Bos¬ ton Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 15 Beacon St., Boston, Mass., since 1924. Downey, Walter F., A.B.'06, Amherst Col.; Ed.M.’21, Harvard Univ.; L.H.D.’41, Am¬ herst Col.; Headmaster, English H. S., Boston, Mass., since 1922, Downing, Carlton B., B.S.’29, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.A. '47, Hardin-Simmons Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Iraan, Texas, since 1947. Dowtin, J. V., A.B.’26, Bethel Col.; B.S. '29, M.A.'40, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prin., Kenton H. S., Kenton, Tenn., since 1943. Drake, Joseph Fanning, B.A.’16, Talladega Col.; M.A.’26, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’38, Cornell Univ.; Pres., State Agrl. and Mech. Inst., Normal, Ala., since 1927. Drake, Walter Homer, M.A.’36, Univ. of Ga.; Supt. of Sch., Newnan, Ga., since 1941. Dreier, Mrs. Grace M., B.S. in Ed.’32, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Assoc. Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1622 S. Canfield Ave., Los Angeles 35, Calif., since 1946. Drennen, W. James, Diploma '21, State Normal Sch., Millersville, Pa.; B.S.’25, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A.’33, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Nar- berth, Pa., since 1930. Dribben, William Barnett, B.A.’29, Millsaps Col.; M.A.'38, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Consol. Sch., Benoit, Miss., since 1942. Driggs, H. Wayne, B.A.’26, Univ. of Utah; M.A.'28, Ph.D.’32, New York Univ.; Dir., Branch Agrl. Col. of Utah, Cedar City, Utah, since 1945. Driscoll, Martina McDonald, Diploma ’19, Boston Normal Sch.; LL.B.‘27, Portia Law Sch.; A.B.’38, Calvin Coolidge Col.; State Supvr. of Music, 200 Newbury St., Boston 16, Mass., since 1936. Driscoll, W. A., A.B.’22, Wilmington Col.; M.A.’28, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Dayton 2, Ohio, since 1933. Driver, Chester S., A.B.’33, Houghton Col.; M.S.’43, Cornell Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Marcellus, N. Y., since 1935. Druding, Aleda, Pres., Tchrs. Assn., 13th and Spring Garden Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Drum, W. Glenn, A.B.’28, Asbury Col.; M.S.'37, Univ. of Ga.; Dean, Emmanuel Col., Franklin Springs, Ga., since 1935. Dubois, Frank A., M.A.'16, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Ard¬ more, Pa., since 1940. DuBois, Frederick A., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., 22 Eberley, Whitesboro, N. Y. Duckcr, Henry Carsten, Diploma 30, Ja¬ maica Tr. Sch., Jamaica, N. Y.; B.S. 32, M.A.’34, Ed.D.’45, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Baldwin, N. Y., since 1945. Duckstad, John Herman, B.A.’24, Macalester Col.; M.A.’34, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Park Rapids, Minn., since 1946. Duckworth, Irene G„ Agency Mgr, The hg>r 9$ T.bRdv Ave.. Darien, Conn., since 1947. Dudley, L. Leland, S.B.’21. Ed.M. and Ed.D.’27, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sen., Amherst, Mass., since 1935. DuFrain, Frank I„ Diploma '10, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; A.B. 16, A.M. ’22. Univ. of Ill.; A.M.’ 27 , Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Pontiac 15, Mich., since 1945. List of Members 39 ; DuFrain, Viola, A.B.'24, Univ. of Ill.; A.M.’33, Ph.D.’44, Univ. of Chicago; Assoc. Prof, of Bus., Southern Ill. Univ., Carbondale, Ill., since 1947. Dugan, Howard F., Vice-Pres., Hotels Stat- ler Co., Inc., Hotel Pennsylvania, New York, N. Y. Duggan, Mildred M., Prin., McKay H. S., 1929 W. 101 Place, Chicago 43, Ill. Dumas, Gustave, S.J., B.A.’23, M.A.’24, Woodstock Col.; B.Litt.’25, Univ. of Montreal; Ph.D.’36, Univ. of Paris; Dean, Grad. Sch., Fordham Univ.; New York 58, N. Y., since 1938. Duncan, Clifford A., M.A.’44, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Anacortes, Wash., since 1945. Dunckel, Orville E., B.S.’21, Mich. State Col.; M.A.’26, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Farmington, Mich., since 1939. Dungan, J. U., B.S.’19, Univ. of Ill.; A.M. ’31, Univ. of Cincinnati; Supt. of Sch., Lockland 15, Ohio, since 1923. Dunlap, E. T., B.S.’39, Southeastern State Col,, Durant, Okla.; M.S. in Ed. Adm. ’41, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Red Oak, Okla., since 1945. Dunn, Joseph G., A.B.’38, Drury Col.; M.Ed.’47, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Norwood, Mo., since 1946. Dunn, Mary Sue, M.A. in Ed.’41, Murray State Tchrs. Col., Murray, Ky.; Co., Supt. of Sch., Paris, Tenn., since 1944. Dunn, Wendell E., A.B.’16, A.M.’27, Univ of Wis.; Prin., Forest Park H. S., Balti¬ more, Md., since 1935. Dunnan, Donald W., B.S.’33, Univ. of N. H.; M.Ed.’40, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch'.’ Franklin, N. H., since 1945. Dunsmoor, Clarence C., B.S.’22, State Univ. of Iowa; Ed.M.’34, Ed.D.'38, Harvard Univ.; Supvr. of Pupil Personnel, 715 Locust Ave., Long Beach 13, Calif., since 1946. Dunsmore, Philo C., B.A.’21, Mich. Stai Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; M A’2 Bn , iv ; J, o!edo . ; Asst - Supt. of Sch Toledo 2, Ohio, since 1945. Dunwiddie, Walter Rockwood, B.S.’16 M ! lit F. nlv ’ of ,Wis.; Supt. of Sch.,’ Po: Washington, Wis., since 1926. Dupre, Naasson Kelley, B.A.’22 Soutl western Univ.; M.A.’23, Univ. of Texas Asst - Supt- °f Ind. Sch,, Houston, Texa since 1945. Dl ™’ „ Tr °y R-. B.S.-34. Sam Housto, ( c 1 - Tcr « s ' Co *" Huntsville, Texas; Sup of Sen., New London, Texas, since 193' D M b A h ’?v E r r i A u-Hamline Univ M.A 22 , Columbia Univ,; Supt. of Sch Worthington, Minn., since 1937. D AM’’3 T o h °r aS , J-.A.B.'O?, Princeton Univ rl„„ 30 ’ Columbia Univ.; Asst. Stai 1940 ° { EdUC ” Trenton 8 > N. J„ sine D M k I%s W ™ ?n v M ” AB -’ 29 - Bluffton Col M.A. 35, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch Reading 15, Ohio, since 1946. D Coi n - 8 ’ BA'» B c S -’ 21 ' Mt ‘ Unic ofilk i 2. 1 ? 1 . 0 State Univ -; Sup of Sen., Lorain, Ohio, since 1925. ^ Dl Tni . Wi M A n L, Henry > A -B.’32, Occident! F ?*’ 1 41, Stanford Univ * Stai De P p t r ofldnc aU p ?f h Teachi "g Material Dept, of Educ., Richmond, Va., since 194 Durrell, Donald D., A.B/26, A.M.’27, State Univ. of Iowa; Ed.D.’30, Harvard Univ.; Dean and Prof, of Educ., Sch of Educ., Boston Univ., Boston 16, Mass., since 1930. Dusek, C. O., B.S/41, Univ. of Texas; M.E. ’47, Univ. of Houston; Supt. of Sch., Crosby, Texas, since 1947. Dyer, John H., Ph.D/27, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., Scranton 10, Pa., since 1929. Dykhouse, Jay, B.S.’23, Mich. State Col.; M.A.’28, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Charlotte, Mich., since 1934. Dyson, Luther Haley, Jr., A.B.’30, M.A.’37, La. State Univ.; Dean, Southeastern La. Col., Hammond, La., since 1945. E Eades, Roscoe, B.S.’21, Eureka Col.; M.A. ’36, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Ster¬ ling, Ill., since 1931. Eadie, Ralph R., B.Ed.’39, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; Supt. of Consol. Sch., Toulon, Ill., since 1939. Eales, John R., B.A.’34, Washington Univ.; M.A.’46, Northwestern Univ.; Prin., Nich¬ ols Sch., Evanston, Ill., since 1947. Earley, Albert, Supvr., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Georgetown, Del., since 1923. Early, William Ashby, Diploma ’23, Ran- doIph-Macon Col.; A.B.’27, Emory and Henry Col.; M.Ed.’41, Duke Univ.; Div. Supt. of Co. Sch., 148 Granby St., Nor¬ folk 10, Va., since 1946. Eary, L. Edmond, Supt. of Sch., Flint Mich. n-asn, v.. E.., u.A.'lU, M.A. 27, Ind. Univ.; Prin., Warren Central H. S„ Indianapolis. Ind., since 1924. Easson, McGregor, D.Pd.’34, Univ of To¬ ronto; Pub. Sch. Insp., 330 Gilmour St Ottawa, Canada, since 1928. East ; J- K., B.S.’35, Berry Col.; Supt. of Sch., Blacksburg, S. C., since 1947. Eastabrooks, Marjorie, B.S.’29 M A'32 Univ. of Nebr.; M.S.’44, Univ.’of N 'c •’ Supvr. of Health and Physical Educ'.’, Office of the State Supt. of Pub. Instr Olympia, Wash., since 1947. Eastburn Lacey A., Ed.D.’36, Stanford Univ.; Pres., Anz. State Col., Flagstaff Ariz., since 1947. Easterbrook, Neil B.. A.B.’23, Syracuse Univ.; Ed.M.’32, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Butler, N. J., since 1943 E T S ^ a % H - J ’l M- A ’ 35 , State Univ. of 1948 ’ Supt ' of Sch ’’ Vlnton . Iowa, since Ea ‘ ar ’ J- W.,_ B.EM.’37, Southern Ill. State Normal Univ. Carbondale, Ill.; M.S.’45 since" UK 5 . * ’ UPt ‘ ° £ Sch ’’ Rantoul - HI.! Eat ° n ’ E - PeHey, B.S.’27, Tufts Col,; M.A Univ? ir°” U o lv ’ : M.Ed.’39, Harvard Mass'.! sbnce°?943. UPt ' ° f Seh ” Medfield ’ Eat . on > Edwin M„ B.S.’ 12 , Univ of Calif • Fre?no er i c'r! Educ " 915 Van Ness Ave.’, Fresno 1, Calif., since 1941. Ea s,m’ H M.. B S.’13, Syracuse Univ.; Central Sch!; Westfield?^ Y.^sln™/ 1W H. S., Linden, N. J„ since 1910 . 396 American School Buildings Eberly, Wade L., M.A. ’37, State Univ. of Iowa: Prin., Grant Community H. S., Fox Lake. III., since 1948. Ebey, George W., Asst. Supt. of Sch., Port¬ land, Oreg. Eccleston, Howard B., B.S. in Ed.’35, Syra¬ cuse Univ. ; Supt. of Sch., Johnson City, N. Y., since 1928. Eck, Lee, A.B.’26, Albright Col.; M.S/31, Lebanon Valley Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Richland, Pa., since 1926. Eckert, Florence, A.B/41, Washburn Col.; Supt. of Pub. Instr., Topeka, Kansas, since 1939. Eckhardt, Florence, B.S.’37, State Tchrs. Col., Buffalo, N. Y.; M.S.’42, Cornell Univ. ; Prin., Elem. Sch., Hamburg, N. Y., since 1940. Eckhoff, Harry C., B.S.’24, Central Mo. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; Exec. Officer, Person¬ nel Services Div., Deputy Chief of Staff s Office, United States Air Force, Pentagon Bldg., Washington 25, D. ' C., since 1946. Eckles, Port, A.M/24, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Homestead, Pa., since 1922. Eddie, George A., B.S. in Ed.’27, M.S. in Ed.’39, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Marshall, Minn., since 1947. Eddy, Ethel A., Diploma ’09, State Normal Sch., Onconta, N. Y. ; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Brattleboro, Vt., since 1917. Eddy, Paul, B.S.’34, Fla. Southern Col.; M.A.’36, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; State Supvr., Adult and Veterans Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Tallahassee, Fla., since 1936. Eddy, Paul Dawson, A.B/21, A.M.’24, Univ. of Pa.; B.D.’24. Crozcr Theol. Sem.; LL.D/44, Adclphi Col.; Pres., Adelplii Col., Garden City, L. I., N. Y., since 1937. Eddy, Rhoden B., B.S.’20, Colby Col.; Ed.M/28, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Laconia, N. H., since 1943. Eddy. Thco V., A.B/15, Hillsdale Col.; M.A/28, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., St. Clair, Mich., since 1930. Edens, William J., B.S.’19, Miss. Agrl. and Mcch. Col.; M.S.*30, Ph.D.’37, Cornell Univ.; Pres., Ark. State Col., State Col¬ lege, Ark., since 1946. Edgar, James Winfred, B.A/28, Howard Payne Col. ; M.A/38, Ed.D/48 ; Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Austin, Texas, since 1947. Edgerton, Dene R., M.S.*39, Univ. of Kan¬ sas; Prin., Hickory Grove Sch., Mission, Kansas, since 1943. Edgington, O. R., A.B/28, Muskingum Col.; M.A/42, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Ran¬ dolph Schs., Englewood, Ohio, since 1943. Edman, Marion, 467 W. Hancock, Detroit 1, M ich. Edman, V. Raymond, A.B/23, Boston Univ.; M.A/30. Ph.D/33, Clark Univ.; LL.D/41, Houghton Col.; Pres. Wheaton Col., Wheaton, Ill., since 1941. Edmonson, James Bartlett, A.B/06, M.A. *10. Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.*25, Univ. of Chicago; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich., since 1929. Edwards, Corl E., A.B/27, Ashland Col.; M.A.*35, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Solon, Ohio, since 1935. Edwards, Mrs. Ethel P. t Exec. Secy., N. C. Educ, Assn., Raleigh, N. C. Edwards, Jonathan W., A.B/17, Whitman Col.; M.A.’32, Univ. of Oregon; Deputy Supt. of Sch., 631 N. E. Clackamas St., Portland 8, Oregon, since 1936. Edwards, Paul B., B.Sc.’17, M.A.’36, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Newark, Ohio, since 1936. Edwards, W. T., Ph.D.’38, Ohio State Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Fla. State Univ., Talla¬ hassee, Fla. Edwards, William B., B.A/31, Ohio Univ.; M. A.’38, Kent State Univ. ; Supt., Charles F. Brush H. S., South Euclid 21, Ohio, since 1942. Egbert, Sister St., A.B/24, A.M/28, Ph.D. ’31, Fordham Univ.; Dean, Notre Dame Col. of Staten Island, Tompkinsville, S. I., N. Y., since 1931. Egdorf, M. F., B.S.’33, Northwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Maryville, Mo.; M.S. ’39, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., East Lansing, Mich., since 1946. Ege, Louise Noyes, Ph.B.’29, DePauI Univ.; M.E/37, Loyola Univ.; Prin., Morris Sch., Chicago 14, Ill., since 1943. Eggleston, Sister Mary Frederick, L.H.B/23, St. Mary’s Col.; M.A.’24, Ph.D.’34, Univ. of Notre Dame; Pres., Dunbarton Col. of Holy Cross, 2935 Upton St., N. W., Wash¬ ington 8, D. C., since 1943. Ehnes, Albert F., B.S.E/30, State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; M.S.E/37, Bos¬ ton Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Marion, Mass., since 1947. Ehrenkrook, W. J., 1178 S. Race St., Denver 10, Colo. Ehret, Paul D., A.B.*37, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., San Lorenzo, Calif., since 1948. Eibling, Harold H., B.Sc. in Ed.’26, Ohio Northern Univ.; M.A.’32, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. or Sch., Elyria, Ohio, since 1947. Eichelberger, James W., A.B/04, Living¬ stone Col.; A.M/23 Northwestern Univ.; Secy, of Christian Educ., African Meth¬ odist Episcopal Zion Church, 128 E. 58th St., Chicago, Ill., since 1932. Eichler, George A., A.B/14, Muhlenberg Col.; M.A.’28, Ed.D.’34, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Northampton, Pa., since 1930. Eidson, Melvin C., State Tchrs. Col., Austin, Texas. Eikenberry, Dan H., A.B.’ll, A.M.’15, Ind. Univ.; Ph.D.*24, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, since 1927. Eikenberry, Lloyd, A.B.*24, Hillsdale Col.; M.A.*37, Univ. of Mich.; Prin., Willcox Union H. S., Willcox, Ariz., since 1938. Eikcr, William, Diploma *31, A.B/39, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; M.A.*46, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Romulus, Mich., since 1946. Eiscnberg, Harry O., A.B.*23, M.S.*31, B.S. in Ed. and Ed.D.’42, Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bangor 4, Pa., since 1938. Eisenhart, Willis W„ B.S.*17, M.A.V21, Univ. of Pa. Address: Abbottstown, Pa. Eitreim, George W. B., A.B.*32, Augustana Col.; M.A.*40, Univ. of S. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Sacred Heart, Minn., since 1946. Elbin, Paul N., Ph.D.*32, Columbia Univ.; Pres., State Col., West Liberty, W. Va., since 1935. Elcan, E. G„ Supt. of Sch., Bainbridge, Ga. List of Members 39 Eldred, Arvie, A.B.'05, A. M.’21, Williams Col.; Ph.D.’25, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs.; Exec. Secy., N. Y. State Tchrs. Assn., 152 Washington Ave., Albany 6, N. Y„ since 1930. Eley, Edwin William, B.A.T8, Earlham Col.; First Asst. Supt. of Sch., 703 Caron- delet St., New Orleans 13, La., since 1932. Elicker, Paul Edgar, A.B.T4, Ursinus Col.; A.M.’21, Columbia Univ.; Ed.M.’31, Har¬ vard Univ.; Sc.D. in Ed.'41, Boston Univ.; Exec. Secy., Natl. Assn, of Sec. Sch. Prin., 1201 16th St., N. W., Washington, D. C., since 1940. Elkins, Clark, A.B.’35, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Mich.; Educ. Consultant, The Jam Handy Organization, 2821 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit 11, Mich., since 1942. Eller, C. B„ B.S.'26, N. C. State Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Wilkesboro, N. C. since 1933. Ellingson, Mark, A.B.’26, Gooding Col.; M.A.’30, Univ. of Rochester; Ph.D.’36, Onto ? tate Univ.; Pres., Rochester Inst, of Tech., Rochester 8, N. Y., since 1936. E1 i io ‘ t ’ Alvin W., B.S. in Ed.'34, State lehrs. Col., Slippery Rock, Pa.; Ed.M.’43 Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Twp! Sch., Monaca 6, Pa., since 1939. E1E °tt, Ce cU A., Supt. of Sch., Waynesville, EI T , j°‘ t - Charles H " PhD -'14, Columbia Univ. Address: 330 Lincoln Ave. New Brunswick, N. J. E1 li°tt. Edward Charles, B.Sc.’95 A M ’97 1 °$ PhD ’ 05 - Columbia LL.D. 28, De Pauw Univ.; LL.D. Univ® Ut T e ? n U . n ,i, V ' : UL.D.’29, Columbia LL n ! 3fi L Tr'^‘ 3 °’r « r u g0n Agrl - Col.; LL.D. 36, Univ. of Nebr.; LL.D.’40 Ind ^ I a V Vi Uitt.D. 41, Hahnemann Med Col and Hospital; LL.D.'43, Univ of Pitts¬ burgh; D.Sc.’44, Ill. Inst, of Tech Ad dress: 538 S. Seventh St., Lafayette,' Ind! E » Elizabeth M„ B.S.'34, M.A.’36, New Univ-', Dir. of Elem. Educ., Pub! Sch., Yonkers, N. Y., since 1948 E s\°ate M.A.-26, Mich. LL D’36 Aih» Univ. of Mich.; Coi • # Pw lb Sr- u 0l *& Ed - D ’’ 37 ’ Hillsdale Y O p S UanU, eS MicS!. ,C s h inc S e ta 1 t 9 e 48. N0rmal Co1 ” E J °i ln p'X e . Sley ' B -A.’13. Univ of U7 U 0 niv : ®i D > l £ Colgat A Univ.; M.A '* univ. of Chicago; D D ’3S v a i 3 Vt’- M g E n ’28 W R bS t ter - B t S -’ 14 - Univ. of Sch.. Un.onv1ile RU Co g nn S Univ ’ : Supt ' E M S A^9 m n r h C .' ! B ~ S ,’ 23 i Mt - Union Col.; walk, Ohio, e S r in?e C l°93^ S “ Pt ’ ° f Sch " Nor ‘ E St S ate S T a chr? !o, -Northeast Mo. M0, Univ of Mo K nH l e ’ Mo ' : A M - Sunnyvale, Calif., 'Sin« ° f Sch " Ellwood, Robert S., B S in w ’07 w . east Mo. State Tchrs rvi ’ V-' North- Mo.; MA’31 TTni. '1 . Kirksville, ^V 0 a d Ido« a a C . y G?;’ PreS " Dasher Bible Sch., Elsbree, Willard S., Ph.D.'28, Tchrs. Col Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ.. and Kxc- Officer, Inst, of Field Studies, Telus. Col Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. V since 1928. Elstad, Alvin Orris. B.A.'2I, St. Olaf Col. M.S.’37, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch Mohall, N. Dak., since 1945. Elstad. Leonard M., Pres., Gallaudet Col. Washington 2. D. C. Elwyn Foss, A.B.’21. Dc Pauw Univ.; A.M 28, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sell.. Saul' Stc. Marie, Mich., since 1940. Emans, Roy H., M.E.D.'39. Univ. of Oklu.- Dir. of Finance, State Dept •: pic' State Capitol Bldg., Oklahoma City Ok la ' since 1941. Emens, John R„ Diploma '20. A.B.M5. State bferjrij* 1 Col.. Ypsilanti, Mich.; M A.' 2 t. Ph.D. 36. Univ. of Mich.; Pies.. Ball Sh.iv Tchrs. Col., Muncie, Ind., since 1945. Emerson. D. A., B.A/23. Univ. of Was!, ■ M.A 24, State Col. of Wash.; State bn' of Sch. Admin, and Sec. Educ., Salem Oregon, since 1934. El ^ er A S °. n t Uon N„ B.S.'31, Milligan Col ■ M. A. 47, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs. -’ Supt. of Sch., Franklin, Tenn., since 19-1?, E p C h r nAi' EE ' U ' Univ. of Mint,.; Ph D 32, New York Univ.; Pr^f. of lu lus tIv? L m°v Relations, Cornell Univ’ Ithaca, N. Y.. since 1946. El M r s*-« har D *F- B iA 26, Canterbury. Col.; r='rr 37 'm P « due Univ.; Supt. of Sch Gallup, N. Mex., since 1939. Emmons, Morelle, B.A.'37, La. Polvtecb. Inst.; M.A. 40, La. State Univ.; Parwi Supt. of Sch.. Ruston, La., since 1948, En Tc e h!s' C,M 0th M-t C " , Di > lloma ’01. State gfc of Sr Milwaukee 3, Wis., since 1920, A'29 F ph n D 'as V'i 7 ' Cornc!1 C"l.: Dr nf n?- D ' 38 ' Northwestern Univ.; °* Placement and Assoc. Prof of s^nce"l9 I 3s rthWeSt " n Univ " Evanston. Ill.. Enestvedt, Harold R. R A '28 g, rat r Sch’ 1 W' A ' 31 ’ M niV '' of M ‘nn'.; Supt° of och., Waseca, Minn., since 1944 1 ' E *Detroft!'Mich • ^ Co1 " n: r t-w* • ”• 31, Univ. of Detroit - Mich., s in'ce°194 S S PeCial EduC " Detroit 1 - *Engelhardt, N L A R 'na v i ... Ph.D '18, Columbia Uni'v ' pTcs a" 1V ' : can Assn, of Sch. Admin" m 4 Aii F 4 Consultant, 331 W 240 th 4. 4 i • ’ , lK - N. Y„ since 1947 * St " R ‘verdale, Engelhardt, N. L., Jr B S '29 v r rt ■ M.A.'37 Ph n ’io J m A,' Ya '« Univ.; p. , at. , raso> lexas, since 1943. England, Herbert K.. Jr B S Mi d • sw *- - 398 American School Buildings Engle, C. H., B.Ed.’26, Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; M.A.'30, Univ. of Ill. ; Rep., Laidlaw Brothers, 328 S. Jefferson St., Chicago 6, Ill., since 1947. Engle, Margaret L., Supvg. Tchr., Bd. of Educ., Snow Hill, Md. Engle, Mrs. Thelma, Asst. Dir. of Place¬ ment, Univ. of Omaha, Omaha, Nebr. Englehart, George Dewey, B.S. in Ed.’25, Southeast Mo. State Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo.; A.M.’29, Ed.D.’46, Univ. of Mo.; Dir. of Sch. Bldg. Serv., Div. of Pub. Sch., State Dept, of Educ., Jefferson City, Mo., since 1947. Engleman, Edwin E., A.B.’14, Grand Island Col.; B.Sc. in Agr.’15, Univ. of Nebr.; M.A.’31, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Torrington 1, Wyo., since 1942. English, Colin, Ph.B.’17, Emory Univ.; A.M.’34, Ed.D.45, Columbia Univ.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Tallahassee, Fla., since 1937. English, Fred Charles, A.B/16, Colby Col.; Ed.M.’42, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Amesbury, Mass., since 1934. English, Mildred E., B.S.’21, M.A.’26, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Ed.D.*40, Colum¬ bia Univ.; Acting Chmn., Dir. of Tchr. Educ., Ga. State Col. for Women, Mil- ledgeville, Ga., since 1935. English, O. H., B.S. in Ed.’29, M.A.’32, D.Ed.’42, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Uniontown, Pa., since 1946. Englund, Walter E., A.B.’ll, Gustavus Adol¬ phus Col.; Exec. Secy., Minn. Educ. Assn., 2429 University Ave., St. Paul 4, Minn., since 1937. Engman, E. E., Bd. of Educ., 3945 Reed St., Beaumont, Texas. Engstrom, G. E., A.B.T8, Allegheny Col.; M.Sc.'37, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Tarentum, Pa., since 1942. Engvall, Willard R. p Supt. of Sch., San Bruno, Calif. Ensign, Donald O., M.S. in Ed.'39, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Clarkdale, Ariz., since 1947. Ensor, Lowell Skinner, A.B.'28, Johns Hop¬ kins Univ.; B.D.’31, Drew Univ.; D.D.’44, Western Md. Col.; Pres., Western Md. Col., Westminster, Md., since 1947. Epting, Roy W. B.S.’27, Colgate Univ.; M.A.'33, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Warwick, N. Y., since 1938. Erbe, W. A., M.A.’38. State Univ. of Iowa; Ft. Dodge H. S. and Jr. Col., Ft. Dodge, Iowa. Erdly, Calvin V., B.S.’20, Susquehanna Univ.; M.S.’33, Pa. State Col.; Pd.D.’43, Susquehanna Univ.; Supt, of Sch., Lewis- town, Pa., since 1938. Erickson, Arthur E., A.B.*16, Gustavus Adolphus Col.; A.M.’29, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Ironwood, Mich., since 1929. Erickson, Arthur G., A.B.'ll, A.M.’l6, Univ. of Mich.; M.Ed.’22, Mich. State Normal Col. Address: 4165 Seventh Avo., Ecorse, M ich. Erickson, Edward I., B.S.’28, Bates Col.; Ed.M.'37, Univ, of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Longmendow 6, Mass,, since 1945. ErlckBon, Everett R., A.B/2G. M.S.’33, Univ. of Idaho: English Tchr., Afghanistan Min¬ istry of Educ., c/o U. S. Embassy, Kabul, Afghanistan, since 1948. Erikson, Ed K., B.A.’40, B.S. in Ed.’44, M.A. in Ed.’48, State Col. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Issaquah, Wash., since 1948. Erikson, Etna K., Prin., Elem. Sch., 3821 Sleepy Hollow Drive, Wichita 6, Kansas. Erney, Fred G., Diploma ’14, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; B.A.’23, Univ. of Kansas; M.A.’46, Texas Christian Univ.; Prin., Colonial Sch., Dallas 14, Texas, since 1945. Ernst, Frederic, Assoc. Supt. of Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y. Erwin, Charles C., B.A.’37, Univ. of N. C.; M.A.’40, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Salisbury, N. C., since 1945. Erwin, Clayton L., A.B.’03, Dartmouth Col.; Supt. of Sch., Concord, Vt. Erwin, Clyde A., Pd.D.’35, Catawba Col.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Raleigh, N. C., since 1934. Erwine, Russell H., M.A.’22, Wittenberg Col.; Supt. of Sch., Euclid 23, Ohio, since 1939. Eshelman, Arthur W., B.S.’27, Elizabeth¬ town Col.; M.A.’31, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Paradise, Pa., since 1935. Eshelman. Walter W., A.B.’30, Elizabeth¬ town Col.; LL.B.’31, Blacksone Inst.; A.M.’33, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’41, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Ft. Washington, Pa., since 1945. Esplin, T. Lavoy, B.S.*39, Brigham Young Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Kanab, Utah, since 1944. Essert, Paul L., B.A.’22, Univ. of Wyo.; M.A.’30, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Ed.D.’41, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., and Head, Dept, of Adult Educ., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1947. Essex, Don L., A.B.T7, M.A.’25, Ind. Univ.; Ph.D.'30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir., Sch. Bldgs and Grounds Div., State Educ. Dept., Albany 1, N. Y., since 1942. Essex, Martin W„ B.S.’30, M.A.’34, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lakewood, Ohio, since 1947. Essig, J. Fred., B.S. in Ed.’27, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’31, State Univ. of Iowa; D.Ed.’44, Colo. State Col. of Educ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Youngs¬ town 3, Ohio, since 1944. Estcll, Edwin Randolph, B.S.’38, M.S.'41, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Washington, Ind., since 1946. Estcnson, Emil, B.A.’II, Luther Col.; M.S. ’27, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Blooming Prairie, Minn., since 1938. Estes, King R., M.A.’42, Univ. of Mich.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Kalamazoo 38, Mich., since 1933. Etshied. Karl W., B.S.’21, Gettysburg Col.; M.E.’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Lcmoyne, Pa., since 1946. Evans, Andy J., B.S.’32, Central State Col., Edmond, Okla.; M.S.’41. Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Hinton. Okla., sinco 1942. Evans, C. Ray, M.A.’SO, Univ. of Cincin¬ nati; Supt. of Juab Sch., Nephl, Utah, bIupa 1047. Evans, Charles Allen, A.B/22, Marietta Col.: M.Ed/37, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Avalon Pub. Schs. t Avalon, Pittsburgh 2, Pa., since 1947. List of Members V-P Evans, Clara, M.A.'30, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Asst. Prof, of Elem. Educ., Univ. of Nebr., Lincoln, Nebr., since 1929. Evans, Evan E„ A.B.’20, Baker Univ.; A.M.’28, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Winfield, Kansas, since 1931. Evans, Ewart 0., A.B.'ll, Carroll Col.; A.M.’29, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Monroe, Wis., since 1927. Evans, Frederick W„ B.S.’26, Buckncl! Univ.; M.A.’40, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch,, Jamesburg, N. J., since 1941. Evans, Howard R„ A.B. in Ed.'25, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; M.A.’28, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’30, North¬ western Univ.; Dean, Col. of Educ., Univ. of Akron, Akron, Ohio, since 1933. Evans, John W„ A.B.’29, Rio Grande Col.; M.A.’33, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., New Philadelphia, Ohio, since 1942. Evans, Laurance, Dist. Supt. of Sch., Deer River, Minn. Evans, Ralph F., B.Ed.’32, Eastern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Charleston, Ill.; M.A.'37, Ph.D.’41, State Univ. of Iowa; Head, Dept, of Educ., Fresno State Col., Fresno, Calif., since 1947. Evans, Robert O., B.S. in Ed.’23, Univ of Mo.; M.A.’24, Ed.D.’38. Tchrs. Col. Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Quincy. Ill since 1938. Evans, W. E., Prin., H. S.. Knoxville 17 Tenn. Wendell L., A.B.’25, Central Wes- ; M.A.34, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Fulton, Mo., since 1943 Evans, William C., A.B.’l Col.; Ed.M.’41, Univ. Supvg. Prin. of Sch., D 1947. 9, Lebanon Valley of Pittsburgh; illsburg Pa., since Evans, leyan Sch., L ” A.B.’24, Manchester Col.; A IV 28, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Crow Point, Ind., since 1945. Evenden Edward S., Diploma ’03, Orego Normal Sch„ Monmouth, Oregon- A I 1°, A M.’ll, Stanford Univ.; Ph.D *v Co umbia Umv.; Prof, of Educ., Tchr ^ol., Columbia Univ., 525 W 120th New York 27, N. Y., since 1919. Evenson Warren L B.S.’38, State Tchr Col., LaCrosse, Wis.; M.A.’46, Univ. c Chicago; Prin., West Bend H. S. We« Bend, Wis., since 1947. Ev « r | rd : J°* hua G - Ph.B,’17, Lafayette Col i? Pa - State Col. f Supt. < Sch., Huntingdon, Pa., since 1934. Everhart, Mrs. Cora, Diploma ’03, Denvt £f SH? 1 N nd f re P® rator y Sch.; Co. Sup of Sch., Nogales, Anz., since 1942. V Everill, Royal B„ B.A.'30, M.A/37, Stai BeWt °\./ IoWa -' Prin -> Lincoln Jr. H S Beloit, Wis., since 1942. J a Everly, Roger B„ A.B.'37, Univ of Cali at Los Angeles; MS in fh it • Southern pi«. of YcT i Segundo, Calif., since 1948. * Eversole, Roy G.. M A ’42 e v Supt. of Sch., Hazard^ Ky., Yince' ,&.** iM 8 ? iing ‘ o E Cof a ° n ro Cal | lin . e J- B.S.’30, N. Dak. Stai Ewan, S. N.. Jr., B.Sc.’21, Haverford Col. A.M.’32, Ph.D.’35. Univ. of Pa.; Supvg Prin. of Sch., Westfield. N. J., since 1947 Ewert, H. W.. Bd. of Educ., Proviso Two. H. S., Maywood, Ill. Ewing, G. L.. B.S.'32, Western Mich. Col of Etl, Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A/44. Mich. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Harbor Springs Mich. 1 Ewing, James Milton, B.S.'22, Miss. State Col.; M.A.’32, Columbia Univ.; Pres Copiah-Lincoln Jr. Col., Wesson', Miss ' since 1932. Ewing. Parmer L., B.S.'30. M S.’34 Univ of III.; Supt. of Sch.. Rockford. Ill,, since 1948. Exton, Elaine. B.S.'33. Columbia Univ.: M.A.'34, Univ. of Southern Calif. Address: 1200 10th St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C. Eyler, Clement Manley. B.S.'20. Univ. of Ga.; M.A.’26, Columbia Univ,; Ph.D.'46. George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Bristol, Tenn., since 1946. Eyman, R, Merle. B.E.'20, M.A.'29. Ohio State Univ.; Asst. State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Columbus 15, Ohio, since 1945. Eyman, Ralph L., Ed.D.'28. Univ. of Calif • Dean, Sch. of Educ.. Fla. State Univ' Tallahassee, Fla., since 1937. Eyring, Edward. A.B.'26, Univ of Aru M. A.27, Ph.D.'32. Univ. of Calif.; Pres' New Mexico Highlands Univ.. Las Vegas N. Me*., since 1939. Ey , St 5 r ' , Elvin S - b -S.' 26, M.S.'3I, Ed.D.'45. Ind. Umv.; Prof, of Bus. Admin, and Assoc. Dir of Guidance and Placement Bureau, Sch. of Bus,, Ind. Univ., Bloom¬ ington, Ind., since 1941. Fair. Eugene R.. B.S. in Ed.'30, Northeast ™°: ,f' ate Tchrs. Co1 - Kirksville, Mo.; T. chrs ' Go '-. Columbia Univ.; Ph.D. 38 State Umv, of Iowa; Chief, Genl Educ Branch. Educ. and Cultural Relations Div Office of Military Govt, 104 ft He ijj W,eS ^ a ^- Germany, since 1948 Address: A.P.O. 633. c o Post¬ master, New York, N. Y. Fairbanks, Joseph Harrison. B.S.’ 21 , Univ ni« e V’ *? S ', 3 e c nlV ' of Sou,h ern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Morenci, Ariz., since Eh *y' Charles A„ B.E.'33, State Tchrs, Col Bemidji, Minn.; M.A.'42, State Univ sfnce'l942 SUPt ' ° f Sth ’ GUnCoe ’ Minn.. F nf rC M ld l, R A B ' 14 ' M.A.’19, Univ Pre^‘ C lii : Noi ; th ' veste rn Univ,; Ill , since 1933 ^ Univ " Norma1 ' Fa A M 0 ' 1 ?! 1 ’’- W 'r ^ A B - Bowdoin Col.- SurfsVtt «. d N C °^i ia ce U ?9 V 45 f.IL £ > IS: Fa i k B ’. Ph,, P' H- B.A.’21, M.A.’28, Ph.D.’35 Wis.,' sincY 1 1939 SUPt ' ° f Sch ” Madison 3 - F Mfnn!; r ' M F A ^ of EcoYiomic^Edu^ 3 p‘7 I 31 ' CoI> Ames - ^°wa, since 1938.' Iowa, ’ sUice i9i8 Pt ’ °* Sch '' Centerv iUe. 400 American School Buildings Fargason, W. H., A.B.’39, Piedmont Col.; Co. Supt. of Scb., Roberta, Ga., since 1940. Farley, Belmont Mercer, Ph.D.’29, Colum¬ bia Univ. ; Dir. of Public Relations Natl. Educ. Assn., 1201 16th St., N.W., Wash¬ ington 6, D. C., since 1939. Farley, C. H., B.S.’28, Eastern Ky. State Tchrs. Col., Richmond, Ky.; Co. Supt. of Scb., Pikeville, Ky., since 1934. Farnham, C. W., B.S. in Ed.'38, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo.; A,M.’41, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., West Plains, Mo., since 1947. Farnsworth, Robert B., B.A.'27, M.A.’33, State Col. of Wash.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Great Falls, Mont., since 1946. Farquear, Floyd E., M.A.’21, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; D.Ed.’42, Univ. of Texas; Chmn., Dept, of Educ., Texas Col. of Mines, El Paso, Texas, since 1942. Farrell, John Franklin, A.B.’18, Univ. of Mich.; M.Ed.’35, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Adams, Mass., since 1936. Farrin, Leon M., A.B.’IS, Ed.M.'16, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Woonsocket, R. I., since 1935. Farrow, M. G., B.S.'35, State Tchrs. Col., Wayne, Nebr.; M.A.’40, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sell., Freemont, Nebr., since 1945. Farvcr, Albert S., B.A.’26, Western Md. Col.; M.A.’47, George Washington Univ.; Supv. of H. S., Bd. of Educ., Cambridge, Md., since 1947. Fassctt, Josephine, Diploma '14, Miami Univ.; B.S.'26, M.A.’37, Univ. of Toledo; Supvr., Oregon Local Sch. Dist., Seaman Rd., Toledo 5, Ohio, since 1930. Fast, L. Wade, A.B.’20, A.M.’24, Univ. of Mich. Address: Pub. Sch., Mt. Clemens, Mich. Faulk, Joseph Hampton, B.A. in Ed.'32, M.A. in Ed.'37, Univ. of S. C.; Prim, Jenkins Jr. H. S., Spartanburg, S. C., since 1945. Faulkner, Elizabeth, A.B.'85, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Prim, Faulkner Sch. for Girls, 4746 Dorchester Avc., Chicago 15, Ill., since 1909. Faust, J. Frank, B.Sc.’IS, Susquehanna Univ.; M.A.'28, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D. '35, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Cham- bersburg, Pa., since 1940. Faust, Mrs. Wilda Frcebern, B.A.’29, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A. '43, Univ. of Fla.; Natl. Secy., Future Tchrs. of America, Natl. Educ. Assn., 1201 16th St., N.W., Washington, D. C., since 1948. Fawcett, Claude W., A.B.'33, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; Ph.D. '43, Yale Univ.; Supt, of Sch., East Grand Rapids 6, Mich., since 1947. Fawcett, Novice G., B.Sc.'3i, Kenyon Col.; M.A.'37, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bexley, Columbus 9, Ohio, since 1943. Fay, Raymond J., A.B/29, M.A,'31, Tufts Col.; Ph.D.'43, Yale Univ.; Dir. of Re¬ search and Field Serv., Conn. State Tchrs. Ahhii., State Offico Bldg., Hartford, Conn., since 1944. Fcaheny, Adcle L., M.A.’34, Wayne Univ.; Critic-Prin., Poo Tcachlng-Tr. Sch., 4424 Brooklyn Avo., Detroit 1, Mich., since 1946. Fears, Macon F., A.B/33, M.A.'40, Col. of William and Mnry; Div. Supt. of Sch., Victoria, Va., since 1943. Fcnscr, George W.. A.B/28, Elisabethtown Col.; A.M/34, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Middletown, Pa., since 1934, Featherston, Glenn, B.S.’29, M.A.’31, Ed.D. ’41, Univ. of Mo.; Sr. Specialist on Sch. Transportation, U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 1943. Feelhaver, Carl T., M.A.’31, Columbia Univ. ; Supt. of Sch., Fort Dodge, Iowa, since 1947. Feeman, Hyrtl C., A.B.’26, Adrian Col.; Prim, Walter French Jr. H. S., Lansing 10, Mich., since 1944. Fellbaum, Earl H., B.A.’33, Univ. of Mont.; M.A.*38, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Helena, Mont., since 1947. Fenerty, Agnes L., Supvr. of Art, H. S., 7410 S. Yates Ave., Chicago 49, Ill., since 1937. Ferentchak, Martin, Pres., Bd. of Educ., Dist. #104, Argo Com. H. S., Argo, III., since 1933. Fergin, R. H., B.A.’31, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Richland, Wash., since 1942. Ferguson, Arthur W., B.S.’12, Univ. of Pa.; A.M.’20, Lafayette Col.; Ph.D.’24, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., York, Pa., since 1930. Ferguson. Carl H., B.S.’27, Northwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Maryville, Mo.; M.A. ’35, Univ. of Mo.; Admin. Asst., Guid. and Special Services, Central Sch., Tacoma 1, Wash., since 1946. ^Ferguson, Harold Allen, A.B.’14, A.M.’16, Clark Univ.; Litt.D.’47, Princeton Univ.; Prim, Montclair H. S., Montclair, N. J., since 1926. Ferguson, J. C., Ginn and Co., Wheaton, Ill. Ferguson, Norris W., B.S.’33, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; A.M.’44, Univ. of Mich.; Supt., Rural Agrl. Sch., Caledonia, Mich., since 1946. Ferguson, William C., B.S.’16, Col. of Wil¬ liam and Mary; Pres., World Book Co., Yonkers 5, N. Y., since 1947. Fern, Louis J., Pres., George E. Fern Co., 1252 Elm St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Fernald, Langdon D., B.S.’24, Univ. of N. H.; M,S.’39, New York Univ.; Prim, Lyman Hall H. S., Wallingford, Conn., since 1945. Ferran, Rose Marie, B.A.’25, M.A.’29, Tu- lane Univ.; Area Supvr., Kdgn.-Prim. Grades, Pub. Schs., New Orleans, La., since 1943. Ferricr, Mrs. Orpha R., Bd. of Educ., Dear¬ born, Mich. Fetters, Top V., M.A.’32, New York Univ.; Tchr., H. S. of Commerce, Yonkers, N. Y., since 1921. Few, Ray G., Prim, Perry Pub. Sch., Perry, Ohio. Fewkes, John M., Pres., Chicago Tchrs. Union, 130 N. Wells St., Chicago 6, Ill. Tield, Charles H., B.S.’29, Alfred Univ.; M. A.’37, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Supt. of Sch., Waterford, N. Y„ since 1939. Field, Harry B., B.A.’30, Mont. State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Red Lodge, Mont., since 1926. Fields, Harold, B.S.’ll, M.A.’14, New York Univ.; Bd. of Examiners, Bd. of Educ., New York City Pub. Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1940. Fields, Ralph R., A.B.’29, Univ. of Ari*.; M.A.’34, Ed.D.’40, Stanford Univ.; Assoc. Supt. of Pub. Instr,. State Dept, of Educ., Sacramento 14, Calif., since 1947. List of Members 401 Fielstra, Clarence, A.B.’34, Hope Col.; M.A.’38, Ph.D.’42, Univ. of Mich.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., and Head of Educ., Univ. Extension, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 24, Calif., since 1947. Fierke, W. F., B.S.’32, Bradley Univ.; M.A. ’40, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Tinley Park, Ill. Fieser, James L., LL.D.’42, Ind. Univ.; Exec. Dir., Com. for a Christian Univ. in Japan, 214 E. 21st St., New York 10, N. Y., since 1947. Fikes, Edith E., Co. Supt. of Sch., Salita Cruz, Calif. Finch, Bertha O., B.Di.’12, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; B.A.’21, Morningside Col.; M.A.’2S, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prim, Washington and Franklin Sch., Sioux City 20, Iowa, since 1942. Finck, Edgar M., Litt.B.’lO, M.A.’12, Prince¬ ton Univ.; Ph.D.’30, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Toms River, N. J., since 1919. Findlay, Bruce A., B.A.’17, Pomona Col.; M.A.’20, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1946. Findley, W. C., A.B.’14, Bellevue Col.; M.A. ’25, State Univ. of Iowa; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Des Moines 9, Iowa, since 1941. Fink, Robert M., B.S.’36, Washington Col.; M. A.’39, Univ. of Va.; Ph.D.’47, Univ. of N. C.; Consultant in Mental Hygiene, Sch. Health Coordinating Serv., State Dept, of Educ., Raleigh, N. C., since 1947. Fi ,1 ley ’A EIden . D ” B - s -’ 2 3, Knox Col.; M.A. 38 ’ C°’ u I" bia Univ.; Prin., Community H. b., Delavan, Ill., since 1931. Finley, Emmett S., M.Ed.’41, Univ. of Mo • Dist. Supt. of Sch., Holtville, Calif., since 1945, Finley, Lester M„ B.S. in Ed.’23, Ohio State Univ.; M.A.’30, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt of Sch., Jefferson, Ohio, since 1938. Finn, James D., Dir., Audio-Visual Educ Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley. Colo.’ Finnegan, Frank A., B.A.’26, Susquehanna Univ.; M.A. 30, Columbia Univ.; Supvg Prim of Sch., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., since Fi ? n L S! i y J. J° hn J ames > A.B.’16, Univ. of Vt. ■ A.M. 36, Ed.D.’38, New York Univ.; Supt’. of Sch., Tuckahoe, N. Y., since 1946. Finney, Ray, Bd. of Educ., 2801 W 30th St., Fort Worth 6, Texas. Fintz John E., B.S. in Ed.’30, M.A.’33, Ohio ?. tat * V niv -.: As st. Supt. of Sch., Cleveland 14, Ohio, since 1936. F m‘s H ” f B ~l’.’ 30 ’ Allegheny Col.; o*f !ch 8 ,’ Cimornfa, ^ Fischer, Fred C„ LL.B.’20, Hamilton Col of Ml . c , h ’ A ? tate Normal Col., M F-i 'an ’ M.ic h .;M.A.'30, Univ. °f Mich. w 40, Sta ‘ e Normal Col.; D.Sc. h,m^ ayne Univ.;. Co. Supt. of Sch., Bari lum Tower, Detroit, Mich., since 1935. F Tchrs’ J Cnf H r nry ’ Dip ‘° ma ’ 30 ’ Md - State lehrs. Col. Towson, Md.; B.S.’40, Johns ^sst. Supt - of Sch., Bal- timore 18, Md., since 1945. Fi n h ’. S l ymour P - A.B.’29, Univ. of Utah • ?94 S 4.’ SUpt ‘ ° f Sch ” 0verton . Nevada, since Fishack, Howard G., B.A.’21, M.A. in Pub. Adm.’22, Univ. of Mich.; Exec. Dir., Tax Survey Comm., 16 Boardwalk Arcade, At¬ lantic City, N. J., since 1947. Fisher, Gilmore J., B.S.’25, St. Lawrence Univ.; M.A.’32, Ed.D.’44, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Parkway Sch., Trenton, N. J., since 1945. Fisher, Marshall, A.B.’31, Westminster Col., New Wilmington, Pa.; M.Ed.’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Titusville, Pa., since 1947. Fisher, Rayburn J., A.B.’29, Howard Col.; M.A.’35, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Anniston, Ala., since 1947. Fisher, Royal O., A.B,’23, B.S. in Ed.’24. Univ. of Vt.; M.A.’31, Bates Col.; Prin., Nathan Hale and Ray Sch., Moodus, Conn., since 1926. Fisher, W. H., Bus. Mgr., Sch. Dist., Allen¬ town, Pa. Fisk, Robert S., B.A.’35, Grinnell Col.; M.A. ’40, Univ. of Minn.; Ed.D.’43, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, N. Y., since 1948. Fiske, Fremont, Diploma ’31, State Normal Sch., Johnson, Vt.; B.S. in Ed.’42, Boston Univ.; M.A.’46, Tchrs. Col.; Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Waterbury, Vt., since 1947. Fitzgerald, Edward J., B.S.’27, Norwich Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bristol, R. I., since 1946. Fitzgerald, Eleanor M., Ph.B.’29, M.A. in Ed.’36, DePaul Univ.; Prin., Barton Sch., Chicago 20, Ill., since 1937. ^Fitzgerald, James A., A.B.’15, A.M.’24 Univ. of S. Dak.; Ph.D.’31, State Univ’ of Iowa; Prof, of Educ., Fordham Univ. New York 7, N. Y., since 1939, Fitzgerald, Joseph A., A.B.’13, A.M.’14 Boston Col.; Supt. of Sch., New Haven 10, Conn., since 1937. Fitzgerald W. Stewart, A.B.’13, St. John’s Col.; M.A. 29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Denton. Md. since 1940. Fitzpiitrick, Jerome M„ B.S.’14, Univ. of Vt.; Supt. of Sch., Westbury. L. I NY since 1925. ’ 1 Fitzpatrick, John L., Diploma ’25, State Jch£1- «P ol -> Fitchburg, Mass.; B.S. in Ed. 37, State Tchrs. Col., Hyannis, Mass.; oupt. ot Sch., Chicopee, Mass., since 1946. Fi e Z ® i , mi 2? t i s - Tbomas A., Diploma ’28, N. J. M- ate rJ c ^ rs ' Col., Paterson, N. J.- BSE Univ Ru n gers Univ.; M.A.’35, Columbia Umv ; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., East Pater¬ son, N. J., since 1946. FitzSimmons, Warren B„ A.B.’40, M A ’45 Colo. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Adams City Colo., since 1947. y F MA e ? 30 P Un p S V’’ 21 ' I 1 ’ ° laf Col.; F bufy S n | i o S st J on M Ma^ llan C °” 240 New ' F U|P* oma ’24. State xenrs. col., MillersviUe, Pa.: B S *28 Franklin and Marshall Col.; Ed.M ’32* iTiZfTk- K Ed b D V 47 ’ Columbia Univ 1944. f S h ” Paterson 1. N. J., since 402 American School Buildings Flanagan, John C., B.S.’29, M.A.’32, Univ. of Wash.; Ph.D.’34, Harvard Univ.; Prof, of Psych., Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 13, Pa., since 1946. Flaten, Alf R., B.A. in Ed.'29, State Tchrs. Col., Mayville, N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Alexander, N. Dak., since 1944. Flaum, Harry, B.A.'10, Col. of the City of New York; LL.M.T3, New York Law Sell.; Prin., William W. Niles Jr. H. S-, 21 W. 86th St., New York 24, N. Y., since 1944. Fleming, Samuel E., B.A.'07. Wabash Col.; Supt. of Sch., 810 Dexter Ave., Seattle 9, Wash., since 1945. Flemington, William Thomas Ross, B.A.’22, M. A.'23, Mount Allison Univ.; B. Paed. ’30, Univ. of Toronto; D.D.’43, Queen's; Pres., Mount Allison Univ., Sackville, N. B., Canada, since 1945. Flesher, William R-, A.B.’30, Marietta Col.; M.A.’35, Ph.D.’42, Ohio State Univ.; Head, Evaluation Div., Bureau of Educ. Research and Prof, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1947. Fletcher, Ervin R., A.B.’27, Hamilton Col.; M.A.’34, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Port Jervis, N. Y., since 1946. Flinn. Virgil L., A.B.’20, W. Va. Univ.; M. A.'28, Ohio State Univ.; LL.D.’44, Morris Harvey Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Charleston 1, W. Va., since 1937. Flinncr, Ira A., Ph.B.’06, A.M.’08, LL.D.’27, Grove City Col.; A.B.’ll, A.M.T9, Ed.M. '25, Ed.D.'26, Harvard Univ.; Headmaster, Northwood Sell., and Dir., Lake Placid Club Educ. Foundation, Lake Placid Club, N. Y.. since 1925. Flint, Gordon B., B.S.’40, M.Ed.’48, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Newport, N. H., since 1947. Flinton. Edgar William, Diploma '28, State Tchrs. Col., Fitchburg. Mass.; B.S. in Ed. ’29, Boston Univ.; Ed.M.'47, Harvard Univ.; Registrar, Grad. Sch. of Educ., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., since 1945. Flora, A, Cline, M.A.'16, Univ. of S. C.; LL.D.’43. Bridgewater Col.; Pres., Natl. Educ. Assn., 1942-43; Supt. of Sell., Co¬ lumbia 1, S. C., since 1928. Flower, Frank R., Diploma ’10, Williamson Trade Sell.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Voc. Educ., Buildings and Grounds, Atlantic City. N. J., since 1913. Floyd, Troy, Jr., Co. Supt. of Sch., William¬ son, W. Va. Floyd, William, M.S. In Ed.’36. Butler Univ.; Supt. of Sch., West Lafayette, Ind., since 1945. Flurry, Bruce. A.B.M7, M.A.’27, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Dothan, Ala., since • 935 . .. . „ „ Flury, Ablctt H., A.B.T8, Univ. of Pa.; M.A.’27, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’45, Rut¬ gers Univ.; Asst, in Sec. Educ., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Trenton Trust Bldg., Trenton 8, N. J., since 1945. Fly. Murry H., M.A.’29, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Odessa, Texas, since 1925. Flynn, Ella M., Ph.B.'19, Univ. of Chicago; M. A.'31, DePaul Univ.; Prin., LoMoyso Sch., Chicago 13, Ill., since 1935. Foberg, Ann V., B.S.*32, Now York Univ.; M.A.’42, Yolo Univ.; Supvr. of Elom. Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Hartford 15, Conn., since 1942. Fogg, Laurence A.. B.S. in Ed.’43, State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; Union Supt. of Sch., Sterling, Mass., since 1946. Foley, James H., A.B.’31, A.M.’33, Brown Univ. ; Secy.-Auditor, Sch. Com., 20 Sum¬ mer St., Providence 2, R. I., since 1937. Fontaine, E. Clarke, A.B.'Ol, M.A.’U, St. John's Col.; M.A.'25, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Litt.D.’31, Wash. Col.; State Supvr. of H. S., Chestertown, Md., since 1921. Foote, John M., M.A.’23, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; D.Ed.’36, La. State Univ. Address: 1853 Blouin Ave., Baton Rouge, La. Foote, Lewis F., B.S.’25, M.Ed.’33, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Goffstown, N. H., since 1944. Foote, Oscar E., A.B.’37, Municipal Univ. of Wichita; M.E.’41, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sell., Lyons, Kansas, since 1947. Foran, Joseph A., B.A.’37, M.A.'43, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Milford, Conn., since 1946. Forbes. Ernest F., B.S.’23, Ed.M.’34, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., New Britain, Conn., since 1947. Force, Anna Laura, M.A.’21, Colo. State Tchrs. Col., Greeley, Colo. Address: 2254 Lowell Blvd., Denver 11, Colo. Ford, Edith A., Dartmouth House, 37 Charles St., London W. 1, England. Ford, H. L., A.B.T9, Ashland Col.; B.Sc.'20, M.A.’27, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fostoria, Ohio, since 1937. Ford, Prentice C., B.A.'27, Univ. of Mich.; Vice-Pres., The American School Pub¬ lishing Corp., 470 Fourth Ave., New York 16, N. Y., since 1928. Ford, Thomas H., Ph.B.’14, Dickinson Col.; A.M.’25. Univ. of Pa.; Litt.D.’36, Albright Col.; Supt. of Sch., Reading, Pa., since 1933. Ford, Willard S.. A.B.’15. Lawrence Col.; M.A.’25. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.'27, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Sec. Educ., Chico State Col., Chico, Calif., since 1948. Fordyce, Wellington G., A.B.*24, M.A. 33, Ph.D.’44, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., East Liverpool, Ohio, since 1945. Forker, Marvin P., B.S. in Ed.’37, Fort Hays Kansas State Col.; M.S. in Ed. 41, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Medicine Lodge, Kansas, since 1946. Forkner, Hamden L., A.B.’29, M-A- 36, Ph.D.'39, Univ. of Calif.; Prof, of Educ., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1937. Forsgard, Eddie Camille, B.A.’36, M.A. 41, Baylor Univ.; Prin., Sul Ross Sch., Waco, Texas, since 1947. Forsythe, Edmund M., Univ.; Prin., Jr. H. N. Y., since 1938. M.A.’32, New York S., Port Chester, fort, Lyman M.. B.A.’13 Univ of Ill.: M.A.’28, Univ. of Colo.; LL.D.’34, Dakota Wesleyan Univ.: Supt. of Sch., Sioux Falls, S. Dak., since 1944. fortune, Franklin F., Supt. of Sch., Ken¬ yon, R. I. foster, Frank C., B.S.T6, Colby Col.; M.A. •24. fcolumbla tJniv.; B.b/24, Union Theol. Sent.; Ph.D.’34, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine, since 1947. List of Members 403 Foster, Harry K., B.S.’34, Bates Col.; M.A, ’37, Univ. of Maine; Ph.D.’39, State Univ, of Iowa; Prof, of Educ., State Tchrs. Col., Fredonia, N. Y., since 1946. Foster, Harry V., M.A.’31, Western State Tchrs. Col., Gunnison, Colo.; Dist. Supt. of Sch„ Montrose, Colo., since 1938. Foster, Henry L., B.A.’26, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; M.A.’40, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Gree¬ ley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Longview, Texas, since 1923. Foster, Inez, M.A.’28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Acting Asst. Supt. of Sch., Elem. Div., San Antonio 3, Texas, since 1947. Foster, Issac Owen, Diploma '17, Southern Ill. Normal Univ., Carbondale, Ill.; B.S. in Ed.’21, M.S. in Ed.’22, Ph.D.'25, Univ. of Ill.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Ind. Univ., Bloomington, Ind., since 1926. Foster, Luther Hilton, LL.D., Morris Brown Col.; LL.D. Va. Union Univ.; Pres., Va. State Col., Petersburg, Va., since 1942. Foster, Talmadge D., B.S.’24, M.A.’27, Col. of William and Mary; Co. Supt. of Sch., Waverly, Va., since 1925. Fowler, Burton P., A.B.’07, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.’25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ped.D.’39, Syracuse Univ.; Prin., Ger¬ mantown Friends Sch., Germantown, Phil¬ adelphia, Pa., since 1941. Fowler, Oscar F„ Ph.B.’24, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; M.A.’35, Northwestern Univ.; Dist. Supt. of High Schs., 8131 S. May St., Chicago 20, Ill., since 1937. Fowler, Wade C„ B.S. in Ed.’21, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; M.A. 31, Ed.D.’38, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Wichita, Kansas, since 1945. ♦Fowlkes, John Guy, A.B.’lb, Ouachita Col.; A.M. 20, Ph.D.’22, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Summer Session since 1942 and Dean, Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Wis ' Madison 6, Wis., since 1947. Fo £’ „ A , n f le Louise, B.A.’23, Grinnell Col.; M. A. 24, Univ. of Chicago; Tchr., Pt. in 0 /? 3 H- S- ’ San Die g° 6, Calif., since 1947. Fox, Charles D„ M.A.’33, Ohio State Univ.' 1942*’ ° £ Sch ” Steufaenville > Ohio, since Fox, Clayton DeVoe, B.S.’32, Tchrs. Col. Syracuse Univ.; M.A.’35, Tchrs. Col. Columbia Univ ; Prin., Sr. H. S„ Hudson N. Y., since 1947. F °in PM 1 -™ Loyola Univ.; M.S. c E £\ 32, Northwestern Univ.; Prin Spry Elem. Sch., Chicago, Ill. Fox, Frank J B.E.’33, State Tchrs. Col W 0S (\ W t 1S, ii M -^ 41 ' Univ - of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Morris, Minn., since 1947. Fox, Gordon L„ Supt. of Sch., Dover, N. H. F °r’i H ’ S i 5. 0 r d ’ A ' B -’20, M.A.’22, Findlav Col.; Ph.D. 41, State Univ. of Iowa ■ Pres., Findlay Col., Findlay, Ohio, since F °o X f’ wTT Ha ri; old ’ . A - B -’ 25 ' A.M/26. Univ of Western Ontario; Ed.M.’36, Ed D’37 ?" yard Univ.; Dean, Sch. of Educ’ UniV ” Washi «gton 6, ^M’i^r Ph n'’a'n ‘ w Ed 'u 9 ’ Univ - Mo.; m.A. 31, Ph.D. 36, New York Univ • Pres Ihmahou Sch., Honolulu 24, T. H.’, s i nc e Fox, Lorene K., A.B.’3(), Brigham Young Univ.; M.A.’36, Tchrs. Co!., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’45, Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Elem. Educ., Pub. Sell., Schenectady, N. Y„ since 1945. Fox, Louis William, B.S. in C.E.T5, Univ. of Texas; Dir. of Voc. Educ., Pub. Sch,, San Antonio 5, Texas, since 1917. Foy, G. N., A.B.’34, Newberry Co!.; M.A. ’47, Univ. of S. C.; Supt., Joanna Sells., Goldville, S. C., since 1929. Foy, Zed L., A.B.’21, Univ. of S. C.; A.M. ’29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed D. ’38, Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Boise, Idaho, since 1940. France, M. Adele, A.B.’OO. A.M.’01, Wash¬ ington Col.; M.A.’23, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Litt.D.’42, Washington Col.: Pres., St. Mary's Female Sem. and Jr. Col., St. Mary's City, Md., since 1923. Francis, George C., B.S. and Ed.M., Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fitchburg, Mass., since 1938. Francis. Thomas. B.S.'28, Pa. State Col.; M.A.'33, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Scranton 3, Pa., since 1926. Frank, T. Russell, Prin., Glenside-Weldon Sch., Glensidc, Pa., since 1948, Frankenfield, Clyde S., Ph.B.’17, Muhlen¬ berg Col.; M.A.'21, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Catasauqua Pa since 1930. Franklin, Samuel P„ A.B.'19, Union Col Barbourvtlle, Ky.; M.A.' 21 , Northwestern Univ.; St.B.’24, Boston Univ • Ph D '’5 State Univ. of Iowa: Dean. Sch. of Educ.’ Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 13 P a since 1943. - - - i - , mien. LOI. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A.'36 Umv. of Mich.; Specialist for Rural Sch.. Ria of Educ " Federat Security Bldg., Washington, D. C„ since 1947. Fr A n x Z V ^? 0n T a / t ? J - A B -'23. McPherson Col.; A.M. 37, Univ. of Kansas: Dean. Col. of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Tabor Col., Hillsboro, Kansas, since 1947. Franzen, Carl Gustave Frederick, A B ’08 Univ. Of Pa.; M.A.’12, Ph.D.'20, State Univ °r, I oW ? : Prof ' of Sec - Educ., Ind. Univ., Bloomington, Ind., since 1923. Fr |f£’ George Willard, A.B.T6. Mich. State Normal Col.; A.M.'18, Stanford Univ.; Ph.D. 22, Columbia Univ.; M Ed YpsUant. Mich.: LL.D.. Colo. Col;’ LL.D., Univ. of Colo. Address: Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. F Coi • J °Co J S SeP r h ’ in Ed ’ 29 - Roanoke sinc^ l C 9°2i. Supt ’ ° f Sch ” Rus ^g. Va., Fr Oki e a r ; James R ” Su P t - °f Sch., Wewoka, "Si S,„. ° l Sti - Toii™; F F4 b . 0 a t , n ’ ?? alco , lra J-. B.Arch.’30, MS in Ed. 47, Cornell Univ.- Dir nf BM, * Prin" 66 Hun‘t° r M RepUbUc Assn ” N Y„ since ml™™ 1 Sch ” F —Ule, Freeburg, Wesley, B.A.’31 N Mex Hi Wash., since Ga i«? it r , . C, J'5 y .^ n * e B - S -’ 28 ' Utah State A « 6 c L u Co l;’ J5?;A’ 31 > Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., McGill, Nevada, since 1932. Galbreth, W. Henry, B.A.’29, Upper Iowa Univ.; M.A.’36, State Univ. of Iowa Editor, Midland Schools, Shops Bldg., Des Moines 9, Iowa, since 1944. B Ga in’Ed U ’3 7 0n iT B - S -’ 15 < -r^ hitman Co1 ': M.S. in Ed. 32 Univ. of Idaho; Supt. of Sch Nampa, Idaho, since 1947. Ga MA'3 F 7‘ fnd" 1 !? 1 ’- B ' S o' 16 ’ Purdue Univ.; mount, 7 in^' si nc n ri929. UPt - ° f ScH '’ Fair ' G Profpec’t, HU* 1106 ’ SUP ‘- ° f Sch - G u’te Joseph D. A B.’26, Univ. of Pa.; M.A. 37, New York Univ.; Supt of Sch Hazelton, Pa., since 1938 ’ G K er iT M- C„ B.A.’lg, M.Ed.’42, Mont State Univ.; Sunt, of -q;u; Mont., since 1937 Blllln S s > tssbwbv* S’** a, u i A ff /■ Broad S... Gammage, Grady, B.A.’16, M.A.’22, LL.D ’27, Univ. of Ariz.; Ed.D.’40, New York Univ.; Pres., Ariz. State Col., Tempe, Ariz., since 1933. Gammon, Delore, B.S.’29, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Elem. Educ., Pub. Sch., 428 S. Broadway, Wichita 2, Kansas, since 1943. Gannon, Eleanor M., 11 Penhallow St., Dor¬ chester 24, Mass. Gans, Roma, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y. Gant, George F., A.B.’30, M.A.’31, Univ. of Nebr.; Ph.D.’34, Univ. of Wis.; Genl. Mgr., Tenn. Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn., since 1946. Gantz, Ralph M., A.B.’29, Otterbein Col.; M.S.’35, Univ. of Akron; Supt. of Sch., Bedford, Ohio, since 1944. Garber, Lee O., B.S.’20, Ill. Wesleyan Univ.; M.S. 26, Univ. of Ill.; Ph,D.’32, Univ. of Chicago; Educ. Relations Specialist, Tenn, Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn., since 1946. Garber, V. E., B.A.’35, Emmanuel Mission¬ ary Col.; M.A.’44, Mich. State Col.; Prin., Adelphian Academy, Holly, Mich., since 1945. Garcia, Ramon, M.A.’40, Columbia Univ ■ Supt. of Sch., Rio Piedras, P. R. Gard, W. L„ B.S.’21, M.S.’28, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Beardstown, Ill., since 1928. Gardner, J. F., Supt. of Sch., Ennis, Texas. Ga / e , 1 ] e % Au ff ustu s C„ Diploma ’27, Mans¬ field State Normal Sch.; B.S.’34 M A’37 New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Mattituck H. S., Mattituck, N. Y., since 1936, Gar . in /^’, a -B.' 16, Univ. of Mo.; M. A. 21, Ph.D. 36, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Supt. of Sell,, Charlotte 2, N. C., since 1945. Garland, C. J., B.A.’26, M.A.’37, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Eagle Pass, Texas, since 1946. Garland, Philip Lincoln, A.B.’25, Boston Univ' 1 P A;M ' c 5, . Tcl l rs - Col., Columbia Univ., Prin., Senior School, Bronxville 8, N. Y., since 1946. GaHin, R E., B.A.’20, M.A.’21, Ph.D.’27 Umv. of Texas; Prof, since 1927 and Te 6 ch ’ r T' T° ku d ^ C ’ m nd Psych ” Texas lech. Col., Lubbock, Texas, since 1942. G M r A% 7 G n d r i?”- B ’S;'. 28 ’ The Citadel; M.A 37 Duke Umv.; Dist. Supt. of Sch North Charleston, S. C., since 1936. Garrison, J. Don, B.S.’29, M.S. in Ed ’36 oK:, Su| ”’ s ‘ h - 40 Yale Umv.; Prof, of Educ., and Dir' of Summer Session, Univ. of Denver, Den! ver, Colo., since 1946. G Citv°Cof aUl M C i' B - S - i",Ed.’ 31 , Oakland J-ity Lol., M.S. in Ed. 36 Ind TIniv • Supt. of Sch., Richmond, Ind., since 1946 G ’?fi er r ? ar m’ Col.; MA 26, Columbia Umv.; Supt. of Sch Tin bart, Ind,, since 1940. P 1 & H Ryegate! <* G Texa Fn0 prPn' r A ’’ Q J’ M’ A ’’ 24 - Univ. of xexas, Erin., Brackenridge H S San Antonio, Texas, since 1928. ♦> o n 406 American School Buildings Gary, R. W., B.S.’38, Stephen F. Austin State Tchrs. Col., Nacogdoches, Texas; M.S.’46, Univ. of Houston; Supt., French Independent Sch. Dist., Beaumont, Texas, since 1941. Gaskin, Grover Cleveland, A.B.’l6, Univ. of S. C.; M. A.’35, Univ. of N. C.; Prin., Pinkney Sch., Greenville, S. C., since 1937. Gasque, Quincy Damon, B.S.’22, The Cita¬ del; M.S.’36, Univ. of Va.; Div. of Supt. of Co. Sch., Front Royal, Va., since 1945. Gates. Arthur I., A.B.'14, M.A/15, Univ. of Calif.; Ph.D.’17, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y„ since 1917. Gates, Dale W„ B.S. in Ed.’28, M.A.’38, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Willard, Ohio, since 1939. Gates, John Wesley, A.B.’28, Washburn Municipal Univ. of Topeka; A.M.’38, Ph.D.’45, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., East H. S., Aurora, Ill., since 1946. Gates, Sherwood, Dean, Colo. Col., Colorado Springs, Colo. Gatje, George H., Ch.E.’21, Rensselaer Poly¬ tech. Inst.; M.A.’24, Ed.D.’41, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bay Shore, N. Y., since 1939. Gatton, Harper, A.B.’12, Georgetown Col.; A.M.’26, Univ. of Chicago; LL.D.’36, Georgetown Col.; Supt. of Sch., Madison- ville, Ky., since 1914. Gauer, Melbourne A., Diploma ’16, State Normal Sch., Los Angeles, Calif.; A.B.’29, Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles; M.A/31, 91aremont Col.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Ana¬ heim, Calif., since 1925. Gay E. A., M.A.'39, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; Supt. of Sch., George West, Texas, since 1947. Gayle, Thomas Benton, B.S.’23, Va. Poly tech. Inst.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Fred ricksburg, Va., since 1925. Gayman, Harvey E., B.S.’16, Cornell Univ.; M.A.'33, Columbia Univ.; Exec, Secy., Pa. State Educ. Assn., 400 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa„ since 1939. *Gccks, Mathilde C„ A.B.’2S, Harris Tchrs. Col • M.A.'26, New York Umv. Address: 3934’Cleveland Ave., St. Louis 10, Mo. Geddes, Rollie R., B.A.’26. Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; M.A. 32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., French Lick, Ind., since 1945. Gee, William A., Secy., Bd. of Educ., Pro¬ viso Twp. H. S-, Maywood, Ill. Gcgan, M. J., M.A.’42 Lawrence Col.; Supt. of Sch., Menasha, Wis., since 1944. Gchman, A. L., A.B.’09 Franklin and Mar¬ shall Col.; A.M.’IS Tchrs. CoL. Colum¬ bia Univ.; Supt. of Springfield Twp. Sch., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa., since 1922. „ . Gchres, Loyd F„ B.A.’07, Ohio StatelUmv; Vicc-Prcs. in charge of Ed . uc \Rs^PhYhl John C. Winston Co., 1006 Arch St., Phila¬ delphia 7, Pa., since 1931. Gchrctt, J. Foster, A.B.’16, Juniata Col.; M.A.-26, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Prin., Phad- dcua Stevens and Banksville Pub. Schs., Pittsburgh. Pa., since 1947. Geiger, Albert James, B.S.’23, M.A.’31, Univ. of Fla.; Ph.D.’33, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prin., St. Petersburg H. S., St. Petersburg 6, Fla., since 1934. Geiger, C. Harve, Ph.B.’22, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Ed.M.’28, Harvard Univ.; Ph.D.’39, Columbia Univ.; Pres., North Central Col., Naperville, Ill., since 1946. Geiger, Vincent, B.S.’23, Pa. State Col.; M.A.’28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Verona, N. J., since 1938. Geiges, Ellwood A., B.S.’16, M.S.’23, Temple Univ.; Ed.D.’45, Columbia Univ. and Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Norristown, Pa., since 1945. Geiss. Newton W., Diploma ’09, State Nor¬ mal Sch., Kutztown, Pa.; A.B.’15, Muhlen¬ berg Col.; A.M.’23, Univ. of Pa.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Oley, Pa., since 1946. Geissinger, John B., A.B.’27, Muhlenberg Col.; M. A.’29, Ph.D.’45, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Palmyra, N. J., since 1946. Gemmill, Charles W-, A.B.’18, Lebanon Val¬ ley Col.; A.M.’25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., New Cumber¬ land, Pa., since 1927. Genthner, Sylvan Brooks, A.B.’ll, Bowdoin Col.; Ed.M.’34, Harvard Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Warren, Mass., since 1922. Gentle, Ermine Kessler, Supt. of Sch., Mon¬ mouth, Oregon. Gentry, Frank T„ A.B.'16, Tusculum Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Erwin, Tenn., since 1928. Gentry, George H„ B.A.’26, Baylor Univ.; M A.’33, Univ. of Texas; Dist. Supt. of Sch. and Pres., Lee Jr. Col., Baytown, George, Ira, A.B.’37, Nebr, State Col., Wayne, Nebr.; Bandmaster 1938 and Supt. of Sch., O’Neill, since 1945. Tchrs. since Nebr., George, N. L., B.S. in Ed.’2£ Ed.M.31, Univ. of Okla.; Ed.D.’48, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Bus. Mgr., Pub. Sch., Oklahoma City 4, Okla., since 1941. leppert, Otto Emil, Secy.-Treas., Denoyer- Geppert Co., 5235 Ravenswood Ave., Chi¬ cago 40, Ill., since 1916. ierace, Stephen J., Ed.M.’39. Rutgers Univ..; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Pompton Plains, N. J., since 1944. Berber, Joe N„ Ed.B.’34, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; M.S.’35, Univ. of Ill.; Ph D ’41, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prof, of Educ. and Dir. of Student Per¬ sonnel, Northwestern State Col., Natchi-\ toches, La., since 1941. jerken, Edna A., A.B.’14, Washburn Col.; C.P.H.’26, Mass. Inst, of Tech. Address: Grand Junction. Colo. •Gerling, Henry J., A.B., LL.B. an T d T ’ '94 A.M.’96, Univ. of Mo.; LL.D. 31, Muskingum Col.; LL.D.’32, Washmgton Univ.; LL.D.’33, Univ. of Mo. Address. 945 Beverly Ave., Glendale, Mo. Gerritts, J. R., Supt. of Sch., Kimberly, Wis. Gerron, J. F., M.A.’41, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Archer City, Texas, since 1941. Gcrstmyer, Eva E., B.S/28, M.Ek33, J 0 *’"? Hopkins Univ.; Dir., Primary Grades and Kindergartens, Dept, of Educ., 3 E. Z5tn St., Baltimore 18, Md., since 1933. Detain ver T. W.. B.S.’16, Univ. of Aria.; M.A^39’, Stanford Univ.; Coordinator of Distributive Educ., San Diego City Sch., La Jolla, Calif., since 1946, List of Members Getter, Raymond A., A.B.’12, Thiel Col.; M.A.’34, Columbia Univ.; Pd.D.'47, Thiel Col.; Supt. of Sch., Wilkinsburg, Pitts¬ burgh 21, Pa., since 1941, Gettys, E. F., B.S.’21, Clemson Col.; Supt., John Dela Howe Sch., McCormick, S. C., since 1931. Gettys, Joe L„ B.A.'19, Grinnell Col.; M.A. '32, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Oskaloosa, Iowa, since 1947. Geyer, Don F., A.B.’33, Washburn Municipal Univ.; M.S.’41, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; Dir. of Elem. Educ., 415 W. 8th St., Topeka, Kansas, since 1947. Geyer George H., A.B.’27, Pomona Col.; A.M. 30, Univ. of Calif.; Ed.D.’40 Tchrs Col. Columbia Univ.; State Survey Dir.] Calif. Comm, on Sch. Dist., 2722 L St Sacramento 16, Calif., since 1946. Ghan, Lawrence J„ B.S.’34, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo • M A 41, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Strafford] Mo., since 1938. Giaudrone Angelo. B.A.’35, M.A.’48. State Col. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Sunnyside, Wash., since 1944. Gl M b Muskingum Col.; M.A 25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Elyria, Ohio, since 1935. G M b 2. n I S !-, c j0S , e , ph H - B-A.’33. Boston Col.- M.Ed.36, Harvard Univ,; Supt. of Sch.. Stoughton, Mass., since 1948. G w b f;n An T d r r ® W H AV A B ’ 39 ' M.A/44, George ^k h ia U "' V ' : TT Ch o lef Educ. Asst, in State Sch Admin U. S. Office of Educ., Wash- ington 25, D. C., since 1936. (Sibbs, Bert F. B.S.'IS, Tchrs. Col.. Colum- fe, U . n,v -i Supvg. Prin. of Sch., New Milford, N. J„ since 1915. Gibbs, James E.. Jr., B.S.’34, M A '39 George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supvr of Field Serv., State Dept, of Edu c P Me- rnonal Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn., ' since Gi '? S r.°r J C- W - Va - Univ.; M.A. 20 Columbia Univ.; State Supvr of H S since igT ° f EduC " Charleston W Va]] °Mfi° n r JaC . k F ,'{ A.A.'30, Wesley Col.; B.A ot Sch., Childress, Texas, since 1943 G M SO A n '27 OS Tch E - B A -' 13 uUniv. Of Miss.; p Zy a.^ rs ‘ Columbia Univ * F**?' 9 Northwestern State Col., Natchil toches, La., since 1947. '•atcm Gibson, Mae S„ B.S.’39, Rutgers Univ - Co Helping Tchr., Freehold, N. J„ since 1928] G Srpt; !f 0b Sch W EaMe A ’^- Uni ?' ° f 1944. 6 Eagle Grove, Iowa, since G Co° n Su R p°t y ’ of'^ch’ M A' 35 ,', Univ ' ° f Ala.; 1938. Sch " Ashville, Ala., since ^ CWcago; Racine. Wis., since 1933] Pt ' ° f Sch '> MA%4^sJm 3 Nacogd V o e c n he R ' •&!?«" Gifford, Flavcl M., B.S.'20, Mass. Slate Col.; M.Ed.’30, Harvard Univ.; Supt. 01 Sch., Fairhaven, Mass., since 1939. Gil. Pedro, B.A.'17. Univ. of Puerto Rico; Dir., Veterans Educ. Div., Dept, of Edm San Juan. P. R. Gilbert, Arthur W., B.S.'21, Da 11 m-,uth Col.; Dir. of Research and Curriculum, Pub. Sch., Kansas City 6, Mu., since 1942. Gilbert, John Morris, B.S.'4Cl, Daniel Baker Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Henrietta Texas since 1943. Gilbert, Levi. D.Ed.'38, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Sbippensburg, Pa., since 1945. Gilbert, Lloyd E.. B.A.'35. M.A.'40. East Texas State Tchrs. Col., Commerce. Texas; Supt. of Sch., Daytoo, Texas. si-uc- 1945. Gilbert, Robert L„ B.S. in Ed.'34 Man¬ chester Col.; M.S. in Ed.'39, Ini. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Cambridge City, Itul., since 1945. Gilchrist. Robert S.. A B.'27, A.M.'28 C ,!<■ . S > a ‘t, Co, ; r °f E dl,c -- Greeley, Colo.;‘ Ph D 38. New York Univ.; Assoc. Su[>t. ,.f S.h., v-ity riail, Minneapolis, Minn., since 1948 Gi . ] ' s ' H " A,B.'23, Amherst Col.; M.a' 39. Univ. of Wis.; Ph.D.’42. Ohio State u,!il' : pj E,eC ' Aid- B,lreau Lr In-ercul- tural Educ and Dir., Center for Human Rc 1 a 11 ons Studies, New York Univ., New York, N.Y., since 1944. Gill, Howard. B^S.'27, M.S.'33. Kansas State I^ rs r , Co1 " Putsburg, Kansas; Supt. of och., Cherryvale 1, Kansas, since 1944 . Gi LT n'i» flo ? 07 Lafaye „ e Co , . f 9 2 P 0 / ° f Sch " Red Bank - N. J„ since G Unfv ’ of M p S ‘ £ rna Grassmuck, B.S .'20 Univ. of Pa.; Coordinator and Consultant jou G a°i e of P r y EdU k' and Assoc. Editor. forn?a! Pa. e ° graP y> 327 WooJ St " Cali ' G AM d ' 26 Th0 -^u S M >A.B.'09, Ursinus Col.; Ph D '35 IIn brS ‘ ( C nC- Columbla Univ.; ^■n.u. 35, Univ. of Chicago; Dir of Stu r C v?' and PLcement, State Tchrs Col., California. Pa., since 1931 ^LHL 3 " 7 °" 7145 Euclid S ‘-. Chicago “ 81 ».i r‘Z .YSr” 24, Ill., since 1945 ' S " Chlcago Gilliland, Earnest L « S in ej -aa c- ’UpM-SSS G Coi: ; MA-i r 7 Ck Ca^ eS ’i, B ' A '‘ 16 ' M. of Foreign Sery-ji r UniV ' of America : Ph D ’an Rrfcf &er ~‘ , 22 » p e °rgetown Univ • •“-".“.'s as- s '“"' ** 408 American School Buildings Gillis, Hugh L., A.B.’06, Cornell Univ., Asst. Supt. of Sch., Jamestown, N. Y., since 1938. Gillmore, Roy W., A.B.T5, Colby Col.; M.A.’24, Bates Col.; Supt. of Sch., Hamp¬ ton, N. H., since 1930. Gilman, Stanwood C., B.S. in Ed.’33, Boston Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Sebasco Estates, Maine, since 1939. Gilmartin, John G., A.B.’12, L.H.D.’39, Col. of the Holy Cross; Supt. of Sch., Water- bury, Conn., since 1945. Gilmer, Ira T„ A.B.’05, LL.B.’IO, M.A.’36, Univ. of Miss.; Supt. of Sch., Graham, Texas, since 1924. Gilpin, Howard H., A.B.’33, Central State Tchrs. Col., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Rogers City, Mich., since 1906. Gingery, Stanley L., A.B.’20, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.’27, Ohio State Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Columbus 15, Ohio, since 1941. Givens, G. Howard, M.A.'29, Univ. of Va.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Lebanon, Va., 6ince 1928. Givens, Willard E., A.B.’13, Ind. Univ.; M. A.’IS, Columbia Univ.; Diploma ’16, Union Theol. Sem.; LL.D.’38, Ind. Univ.; Ed.D.’41, Miami Univ.; Honorary Fellow of the Educ. Inst, of Scotland ’47; Exec. Secy., Natl. Educ. Assn., 1201 16th St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C., since 1935. Glad, Amos W., A.B.’16, Bethany Col., Lindsborg, Kansas; A.M.’24, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Pratt, Kansas, since 1931. Gladden, Robert F., A.B.’32, M.S.’44, Butler Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Court House, Indianapolis 4, Ind., since 1944. Glann, John D., B.A.’26, M.A.’40, Wash. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Port Angeles, Wash., since 1945. Glasgow, M. W., A.B.’21, Univ. of Mich., Ed.M.’32, Ed.D.’37, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Edmond, Okla., since 1947. Glass, Herman A., B.A.’26. West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Canyon, Texas; M.A. 33, Univ. of Chicago; Dir. of Textbook Div., State Dept, of Educ., Austin, Texas, since 1937. Glasscr, Norman L., A.B.’07, Grove City Col.; A.M.’13, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., Carnegie, Pa., since 1926. Gleason, Charles H.. B.S.'30. M.S.’33, Univ. of Kansas; Prin., Robinson Jr. H. £>., Wichita 8, Kansas, since 1943. ♦Glenn, Charles B., B.S.'91, M.S.'92, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; A.B.’96, Harvard Univ.; LL.D.’18, Univ. of Ala.; Litt.D. 31, Bir¬ mingham-Southern Col.; Pres., American Assn, of Sch. Admin., 1937-38; Honorary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin.; Supt. Emeritus of Sch., Z84U Hastings Rd., Birmingham 9, Ala., since 1943. Glenn, Earl R., A.B.’13. Ind. Univ.; A.M.’28 Columbia lYniv.; Prof, of Physics and Chmn. of Sci. Div., N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J., since 1928. Glenn, Elizabeth L., Dir. of Educ., Dovereux Schs., Devon, Pa. Glenn, F. Berkeley, A.B.’29. Col. of William and Mary; M.S.’41, Univ. of Tenn.i, Supt. of Sch., Waynesboro, Va., since 1946. Glenn, John, B.S. in Ed.’34, State Tchra Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; Supt. of Sch., North Brookfield, Mass., since 1947. Glenn, Mabelle, B.M.’08, Monmouth Col.; Mus.D.’30, Chicago Musical Col.; Dir. of Mus., Pub. Sch., Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1921. Glick, Arthur A., B.S. in Ed.’23, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; A.M/37, Univ. of Mo.; Prin., Walnut Park and Herzog Schs., St. Louis, Mo., since 1941. Glomski, Hyacinth M., M. Mus.’27, Chicago Musical Col.; Ph.B.’31, M.A.’36, DePaul Univ.; Prin., Chopin Elem. Sch., Chicago 22, Ill., since 1939. Gludt, Clarence J., B.E.’31, State Tchrs. Col., Moorhead, Minn.; M.S.*34, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Killdeer, N. Dak., since 1941. Gockley, Clarence M., Diploma ’17, State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa.; B.S.'30, Muhlenberg Col.; M.A.’40, Lehigh Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hokendauqua, Pa., since 1938. Godbold, Edgar, B.S.’05, M.A.’09, Miss. Col.; LL.D.’23, Howard Payne Col.; LL.D.’32, Miss. Col.; Pres., La. Col., Pineville, La., since 1942. Godchaux, Prank A., LL.D.’47, ^ Tulane Univ.; Chmn. of Bd., La. State Rice Mill¬ ing Co., Inc., Abbeville, La., since 1936. Goddard, V. F., B.A.’13, Maryville Col.; M.A.’28, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Alcoa, Tenn., since 1924. Godfrey, Garland A., B.S.*33, M.A.’36, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Pryor, Okla., since 1939. Godwin, W. E. f Co. Supt. of Sch., Seagoville, T gxgs. Godwin,' Wendell R., A.B.’26, De Pauw Univ.; M.A.’32, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Hutchinson, Kansas, since 1943. Goedde, Bernice R., B.Arch. 22, Washing¬ ton Univ.; Pres., Bd. of Educ., 2040 Illi¬ nois Ave., East St. Louis, Ill., since 1947. Goelz, Elinor B„ Asst. Prin., H. S. 827 Greenwood Ave., Wilmette, III. Goetsch, Edward William, Diploma ’09, Iowa State Tchrs._Col„ Cedar Falls, Iowa; B.A.’IO, M.A.'20, Ph.D.’2S, State Univ. of Iowa; Prof, of Educ., since 1918 and Dir. of Tchr. Placement, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls. Iowa, since 1928. Goette, James H., B.S.’33, Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas, M.Ed.’37, Univ of Texas; Asst. Pub. Sch., 1514 Godwin, Houston 3, lexas, since 1944. Goff, Lloyd L„ A.B.’25, Ark. Col.; M.A.36, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Jonesboro, Ark., since 1946. Goins, Jesse L., A.B/25, Univ. of Wyo.: A.M.’31, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Cheyenne, Wyo., since 1938. Gold. Gladwyn H., B.S.’40 Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield Ill.; M^E. ’47, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch.. Good man. Mo., since 1944. Goldberg, Samuel B., B.S.’28, Col. of the City of N. Y.; M.A.’36, New YorkUmv Supvg. Prin., Salanter H. S., New York 57, N. Y., since 1940. Golden. Floyd D.. B.A.’25, West Texas State U Tchrs. Col., Canyon. Texas; M.A. 32, Univ. of Colo.; Pres.. Eastern N. Mex. Col., Portales, N. Mex., since 1941. Golden. Gertrude A., B.S. in Ed.T7,, M.S. In Ed.’20, Univ. of Pa.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., 21st and Parkway, Philadelphia 3, Pa., since 1948. List of Members 40 < Golden, Joe Bob, B.S.’30, West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Canyon, Texas; M.E.’39, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bonham, Texas, since 1944. joldhammer, Keith, B.A.’38, Reed Col.; M.A.’43, Univ. of Oregon; Supt. of Sch., Bandon, Oregon. Goldring, Cecil C., B.A.’18, Queen’s Univ.; M.A.’20, D.Ped.’24, Univ. of Toronto; Supt. of Sch., Toronto, Canada, since 1932. Goldwasser, David, 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y. Gomon, Neal S., A.B.’31, M.A.’4S, Univ. of Nebr. Address: 60S S. 14th St., Lincoln 8, Nebr. Good, Frank J., A.B.'H, Grove City Col.; M.Ed.’36, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Confluence, Pa., since 1939. Good, Paul H., A.B.’23, Friends Univ.; A.M. ’29, Columbia Univ.; Secy., Com. on Educ., Chamber of Commerce of the U. S., Washington 6, D. C„ since 1944. Goode, James T„ Prin., Dallas Voc. Sch., Dallas, Texas. Goodier, Floyd T„ A.B.’03, Colgate Univ.; A.M.’09, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Integration, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill., since 1937. Goodrich, John W., B.S.’25, Univ. of Conn.; A.M. 32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Middletown, Conn, since 1948. Lucille, Co. Supt. of Sch., Middle Goodrich, Lowell Pierce, B.A.’13, Ripon Col.; M.A.’23, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., 1111 N. 10th St., Milwaukee 1, Wis since 1943. Goodrich, Mrs. Pontiac, III. Goodrich, Ralph W., Supt. of Sch burg, Vt. ■’ G ° od wiH, Glen T„ B.A.’29, Univ. of Red¬ lands; M-A’38, Univ. of Southern Calif.- Supt. of Sch., Monterey, Calif., since 1944. Goodykoontz Bess, B.A.’20, M.A.’22. State 0 ' ^wa; D.Ped.’35, N. Y. State C . ol -* or T< £ rs '> Alban y. N. Y.; Dir., Div. of Elem. Educ., U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 1946. GO MA# if* Northwestern Univ.; Tacoma’ l^Wash.! ° f Sch " G< Dist J Sune ern w’ f®,,’ 2 ?’ Stanford Univ.; Supt., Wash. Union H. S„ Center¬ ville, Calif., since 1942. Gore, George William, Jr., A.B.’23, De Pauw ’40 Hnl Ed k^' 2 T 8 f - Han K rd Univ.; Ph.D. 40, Columbia Univ.; Dean, Tenn. Agrl since *1927 SUte Co1 '’ Nashville 8. Term.; G< ’?r’ B I ackb urn Col.; M.A. 28 ’ U T o f Chicago; Supt. of Sch. Venice 1, Ill., since 1935. G ° , Wilbur I.. B.S.’26, Muskingum Col. M. A. 40, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch. St. Clairsville, Ohio, since 1943. Gribbin, Eugene J„ A.B.’14, St. Joseph’; Col., Philadelphia, Pa.; LL.B.’25, Ford ham Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Glen Cove N. Y., since 1941. Gr ifi d A er ,’.i' a L v , in A B A -’ 27 ’ Univ - of Dubuque M.A. 36, Ph.D.’38, State Univ. of Iowa Etof. of Sch. Admin., Col. of Educ., Univ of Colo., Boulder, Colo., since 1940. Grieder, Theodore G., A.B.’20, Univ o Dubuque; M.A.’28, State Univ. of Iowa Supt. of Sec. Sch., Ventura, Calif., sinci 1946. Gr .! e „ r> , Boyce M - A.B.T6, Erskine Col.; M.A t?u’rP. n A v ‘^ f Ga ‘ ; Litt.D.’41. Erskine Col. Ph.D. 47, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs. Bres., Lander Col., Greenwood, S C since 1948. Gr M V A% 7 C ' r?”- B - A -’ 22 ' M °tningside Col. M.A. 37, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch. bac City, Iowa, since 1940. G w\Fn anciS A,?” AB ’ 28 ’ N- Y. State Col non Tt h - rs " N - Y -i M.A.’38, Cor 3® ' Un «\ V 'i C ^ f ’ Bureau of Rural Admin shice 19« EdUC- Dept ’’ AIban y- N. Y. G TVh n ;. H n rSCh ® 1 Exec ' Secy - Affiliatec Angeles^CaliL atl ° n> 847 S ’ Grand St - Lo; Criffin, Lee H Ph.B.’lfi, Univ. of Chicago sintfe ms. Gmn and C °” Chica 8° 16 . iV °'M"n, M i;;S:"ii„ aw Sth - »» G Co"’s.fnt B ’i If’ 25 ’ Wake Forest Col.; 1935 S p Sch ” Boxboro, N. C„ sinc^ G Coi n - M h s“ 27 S B i A ’’ 2S - Northwesterr supV. F*T l Griffith, Edward D., A.B.T9, Lafayette Col.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Pa.: Eastern Mgr., Lyons and Carnahan, 225 S. Main St., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., since 1943. Griffith, John S., Asst. Supt. of Sch., Port¬ land, Oregon. Griffiths, Thomas J., Jr., B.S. in Ed.’33, State Tchrs. Col., Bloomsburg, Pa.; M.Ed. ’42, Pa. State Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Salem, N. J.. since 1947. Grigg, Claud, A.B.’21, M.A.’28. Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Albemarle, N. C.. since 1934. Grigg, Jasper Horace, A.B.M6, Duke Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Shelby, N. C., since 1926. Griggs, Joseph R., B.A.’32, M.A.’39, Texas Tech. Col.; Ed.D.’43, Univ. of Texas; Dir., Demonstration Sch., Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., and Supt. of Sch., Huntsville, Texas, since 1945. Griggs, Oscar C., B.S.T5, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; M.S.’28, Univ. of Okla • Asst. Supt. of Sch., 410 S. Cincinnati, Tulsa 1, Okla., since 1944. Grigsby, Paul A„ A.B.’22, Central Col. Fayette, Mo.; A.M.’29, Univ. of Mo.; Supt., Community H. S., Granite City Ill., since 1932. o ’ r *w‘- 4-wungxu v-oi.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Pottstown, Pa., since 1940. Grim. Paul R., B.S.'32, M.A.'35, Ph.D ’38 Ohio State Univ.; Dir. of Student Tchg! and Assoc. Prof, of Educ.. Col. of Educ., Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis 14, Minn since 1946. Grimes A. B„ B.S.’23. Coe Col.; M.A.'31 State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Boone' Iowa, since 1944. Grimes, Leslie K„ A.B.'22, A.M.'34, Univ. Pub. Sch., Eurelfa, Mo! H ' UmV ' Address: Gr ™1 s - E. B.S.'28, Southwest Mo. -a. 3 e r.^- C a^h C ?> "• Springfield - Mo -i A.M. 31 D Ed. 43. Univ. of Mo.; Dean, Stu¬ dent Personnel, Central Mo. State Col Warrensburg, Mo., since 1946. Crimes, William N„ B.A.'33, State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.'45, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Gowrie Iowa, since 1945. Cnniv’ J homas t M.Ed.'24, Harvard since 1924. Pt ° S ’ Lexington ' Mass., Grinnell Melvin Walter. B.S.’28, Evans¬ ville Col.; M.A.’36, Ind. Univ.; Head of s^nce" m’8 tral H ' S '’ EvansvilIe », lad.! G New n wM Eric ’ AB k 30 ' Westminster Col., New Wilmington. P a .; M.A.’32, Univ of s P inc : e C l°94| UPt - ° f Sch " ^minglon, N.' J°* Gl M n A%? ra M kUn i” B S -’ n . Bucknell Univ.; M.A. 35, New York Univ.; Supvg Prin of Sch., Bradley Beach, N. J.. since 1923 ! Tchrs H CoV’ B n S ' 27 ’ N ° rth Texas State Consol. JtrsiA 01 Grose, C. Herman, B.S/16 W Va Wac Gross, Ira C„ B.S’15 M 17 o hanna Univ.; Supvg 'Prhn'of q , S .\’ 3que - Sch.. Johnstown. P p£ s[‘ce 1934. ottthmont 412 American School Buildings Gr °ss, J° hn Owen, A.B.’18, Asbury Col. • S.T.B.’21, Boston Univ.; D.D., Asbury Col.; L.H.D., Union Col.; LL.D., W. Va. Wesleyan Col.; Litt.D., Fla. Southern Col.; L.H.D., Mt, Union Col.; Secy , Dept, of Educ. Inst., Methodist Church, 810 Broadway St., Nashville 2, Tenn. since 1941. Grove, Frank L., A.B.’09, Univ. of Ala.; A.M.’17, Columbia Univ.; Secy., Ala. Educ. Assn., 21 Adams Ave., Montgom¬ ery 4, Ala., since 1928. Grove, Robert N., B.S.’39, State Tchrs. Col., Millersville, Pa.; M.A.’48, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. Address: 40 W. 107th St., Shanks Village, Orangeburg, N. Y. Grover, Elbridge C., B.S.’IS, Harvard Col.; M. A.’20, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’25, Sch. of Educ., New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Fair Lawn, N. J., since 1948. Grubb, Ira E., B.S.*32, Northwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Maryville, Mo.; M.A.’42, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Tipton, Mo., since 1942. Grubb, L. C., A.B.T2, DePauw Univ.; A.M. ’34, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Whiting, Ind., since 1943. Gruenberg, Benjamin C., B.S.’96, Univ. of Minn.; A.M.’08, Ph.D.’U, Columbia Univ. Address: 418 Central Park, W., New York, N. Y. Gruhn, William T., B.S. in Ed.’26, North¬ ern State Tchrs. Col., Aberdeen, S. Dak.; M. A.’33, Univ. of Minn.; Ph.D.’40, Univ. of N. C.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn., since 1947. Grumbling, H. Virgil, B.S.'30, State Tchrs. Col., Indiana, Pa.; M.A.*38, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Oil City, Pa., since 1946. Grunwald, E. E., A.B.’26, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr.; M.A.’3S, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Sturgis, S. Dak., since 1923. Guerrier, Joseph A., B.S. in Ec.’29, M.E.’36, Duquesne Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Natrona, Pa., since 1946. Guerry, G. Mercer, Diploma ’30, State Tchrs. Col., Fredonia, N. Y.; B.S.’34, State Tchrs. Col., Buffalo, N. Y.; M.A.’38, New York Univ.; Dist. Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Elmont, N. Y. Guiang, Pedro G., B.A.E.’26, M.A.E.’27, Ph.D.’34, State Univ. of Wash.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Cebu City, Cebu, P. I., since 1946. Guinn, John A., B.A. and M.A.’29, Ph.D.’39, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Alice, Texas, since 1946. Guitteau, Paul E., M.A.'37, Univ. of Ari.z.; Supt. of Amphitheater Sch., Tucson, Ariz., since 1945. Gum. B. E„ A.M.’37, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Salem, Ill., since 1937. Gumser, W. W„ A.B.T7, Hope Col.; A.M. ’26, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Lowell, Mich., since 1926. Gunn, Edward J., B.S.’28, Wayne Univ.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Detroit; Prin., Nolan Intermediate Sch., Detroit 3, Mich., since 1944. Gunn, Mary Agnella, Ph.D.’33, State Univ. of Iowa; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Boston Univ., Boston, Mass., since 1947. Gunnell, J. R., B.S.’28, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville, Mo.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Mo.; Prin., Normandy Jr. H. S., St. Louis 14, Mo., since 1947. Gunnett, Paul Univ.; M.A. Univ.; Supt, since 1948. pM B.A.*29, Ohio V7esleyan in Sch. Adm. ’35, Ohio State of Sch., Barberton, Ohio, Gussner, William S., B.S.’26 Col.; M.S. in Ed.’38, Univ. Supt. of Sch., Jamestown, N. 1939. Jamestown of N. Dak.; Dak., since Gustafson, Leslie J., B.A.’27, B.S.’28, M A 38, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Owa- tonna, Minn., since 1944. Gustin, Margaret Catherine, B.S. in Ed.T9 Univ. of Mo.; M.A.’26, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Umv.; Supvr. of Elem. Sch., State Bd. of Educ., Unionville, Conn., since 1931. Gl ^ Gn ’ ® et h> A.B.’27, Susquehanna Univ.; M. A. 34, Columbia Univ. j Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Johnsonburg, Pa., since 1942. Guthridge, Wallace H„ M.A.’28, Univ. of Kansas; M.S.’36, State Tchrs. Col., Pitts¬ burg, Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Parsons, Kansas, since 1941. Guy, T. Ward, A.B.*29, Univ. of Chatta¬ nooga; Co. Supt. of Sch., Statesville, N. C., since 1938. Gwinn, Joseph Marr, A.B.’02, Univ. of Mo.; A.M.*07, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; LL.D.*26, Univ. of Mo.; Pres., Dept, of Superintendence, 1927-28; Honorary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin.; Prof. Emeritus of Educ., San Jose State Col., San Jose, Calif., since 1940. Address: 1503 Coolidge Ave., Pasadena, Calif. Gwynn, F. B., B.A.’07, St. Johns Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., La Plata 1, Md., since 1918. ♦Gwynn, John Minor, A.B.T8, A.M.’27, Univ. of N. C.; Ph.D.’35, Yale Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of N. C., Chapel Hill, N. C., since 1927. H Haas, Anna Pike, Pres., Philadelphia Tchrs. Assn., 1522 Cherry St., Philadelphia 2, Pa., since 1948. Haas, Charles A., Asst. Dir., Co. Voc. Sch., Perth Amboy, N. J. Haas, Francis B., B.S.T3, Temple Univ.; M.A.’22, Univ. of Pa.; Pd.D.’25, Temple Univ.; LL.D.’34, Juniata Col.; Litt.D. ’39, Bucknell Univ.; LL.D.’42, Univ. of Pittsburgh; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Harrisburg, Pa., since 1939. Haberlen, John C., B.S.T3, Gettysburg Col.; M.Ed.’30, Ed.D.’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Mount Pleasant, Pa., since 1921. Hachmuth, B. T., Supt. of Sch., Comstock Park, Mich. Hackenberg, J. L., A.B.’20, Susquehanna Univ.; A.M.’29, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Shamokin, Pa., since 1946. Hacker, Ralph E., Sch. Architect, Hacker & Hacker, Fort Lee Trust Bldg., Fort Lee, N. J. Hadfield, Albert E„ A.B.’24, Hiram Col.; A.M.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Maple Hgts., Ohio, since 1938. Hadley, Charles G., B.A.’24, Parsons Col.; M.A.’38, Univ. of S. Dak.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Sioux City 20, Iowa, since 1933. ladley, Clayton M., Jr., B.S.’30, M.S. 37, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Marshall, Ill., since 1948. List of Members 41 ■ Hadley, J. H„ B.S.’38, M.A.’41, Univ. of Ala.; Ed.D.’46, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Tuscaloosa, Ala., since 1946. Hadsell, Harry I., Ginn & Co., 3028 Wood¬ bury Rd., Cleveland, Ohio. Haebich, I. E., B.A.T5, Baldwin-Wallace Col.; M.S.’33, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Riverside-Brookfield Twp. H. S., River¬ side, Ill., since 1939. Haehlen, J. K., B.A.’28, Western Union Col.; M.A.’29, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Waverly, Iowa. Hagen, Alem L., B.A.’25, Concordia Col.; M.A.’33, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Dickinson, N. Dak., since 1938. Hagen, Henry H., B.A.'13, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.’34, Northwestern Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Chicago 1, Ill., since 1947. Hager, Cornelius R„ A.B.’34, Asbury Col.; M.A.’41, Univ. of Ky.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Nicholasville, Ky., since 1947. Hager, Harold V„ A.B.’26, Colgate Univ.; M.A.’35, Syracuse Univ.; LL.D.’45, Hart- wick Col.; Supt. of Sch., Oneonta, N. Y., since 1942, Hager, Walter E., B.S.T6, Univ. of Nebr.; A.M.’27, Ph.D.’31, Columbia Univ.; Pres., Wilson Tchrs. Col., Washington 9, D. C., since 1941. Haggard, W. W., B.A.’17, Maryville Col.; M.A.’27, Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.'37, Univ. of Chicago; Pres., Western Wash. Col. of Educ., Bellingham, Wash., since 1939. Haggerty, Tobin, Supt. of Sch., Richford, Vt. Hagglund, Oliver C„ B.A.’30, Gustavus Adolphus Col.; M.A.’42, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., St. Charles, Minn., since Hagman, Harlan Lawrence, B.E., Northern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., DeKalb, Ill.; M.A., Ph.D., Northwestern Univ.; Assoc. Prof! of Educ., Drake Univ., Des Moines, Iowa since 1947. Haile, O. L„ B.Ed.’32, Southern Ill. Normal Univ., Carbondale, Ill.; A.M.'38, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Winnebago, Ill., since 1944. Haisley, Otto W., M.A.T7, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Ann Arbor, Mich., since 1924. ’ Susquehanna Univ.; M.A. 32, Ph.D. 34, New York Univ.; Supt, of Sch., Pottstown, Pa., since 1934. Ha A it: L m . a . Mn S., A.B.’24, Calvin Col.; A.M. 30, Ph.D. 46, Univ. of Mich.; Chief, Div. of Special Educ. and Visiting Tchr., s“nce 1936 tr " Lan3ing 10 - Mich " HaizUp Ralph H„ B.S.E.’28, M.A.’41, Univ. °in« r m5 SuPt ' ° f Sch " Para 8° uld - Ark., Halberg, Anna D B.S.’22, A.M.’24, Colum- Col U w V 'i, Prof ' Educ - Wilson Tchrs. Col., Washington, D. C., since 1927. H Coi e ™M’Aa Le ?t nard ’ B ,' S '’ 22 - Pa - State J-oi., JVI.S. 32, Univ. of Pa,* Ph D Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Dover Dri’ H Ed’M^4 hU L W ” A?'’ 06 ’ Amherst Col.; S d ;“- 24 > Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch Franklin, Mass., since 1918. Hale, Clifford G., Supt. of Sch., Dalton, Ga. H rv{ F i?l e 5v e ' diploma ’03, State Tchrs £°!-. P‘ tc hburg, Mass.; LL.D.’32, Colby Pre ^’ ^ a U. Educ. Assn., 1931-32 Address: Box 873, Darien, Conn. Haley, J. Wilbur, A.B.’24, Manchester Col.; M.S.’34, Ind. Univ.; Prin., Washington Sch., Fort Wayne, Ind., since 1943. Haley, Nelle, B.S.’21, A.M.'28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; M.Ed.’44, Mich. State- Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; Dir. of Elem. Educ., 544 Millard St., Saginaw. Mich., since 1921. Halkyard, Marcita B., Ph.B.'30, M.A.‘37, Univ. of Chicago; Supvr. of Elem. Sch., Joliet, Ill., since 1935. Hall, Chester A., B.S/26, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; M.A. '34. Univ. of Ariz.; Supt. of Sch., Bisbt-e, Ariz., since 1942. Hall, Clifford R„ A.B.’20, Tufts Col.; Ed.M.'2t, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Arlington 74, Mass., since 1942. Hall, Earl R., Asst. Prof, of Sch. Admin., Ill. State Normal Univ., Carbondale, Ill. Hall, George V., Diploma '27, State Tchrs. Col., St. Cloud, Minn.; B.S.'31, M.A.'34. Univ. of Minn.; Head, Dept, of Educ.. Naval Govt., Guam. M. I., since 1946. Hall, Hal O., B.Ed.'30, Southern III. Univ.; M.B.A.'34. Northwestern Univ.; Erl.D'43. New York Univ.; Supt. of Twp. H s! and Jr. Col., 2600 W. Main St., Belleville. Ill., since 1945. Hall, James Alonzo, A.B.'28, Univ. of Den¬ ver; M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’48, Univ. of Denver; Supvr. of Research, 414 14th St., Denver, Colorado, since 1946. Hall, L. T., B.A.’ll, Univ. of M.A.’40, Col. of William and Supt. of Sch., Windsor, Va., Richmond; Mary; Co. since 1922. Hall Lester A., A.B/13, M.Ed.’44, Western Md. Col.; Supvr. of H. S., Bd. of Educ., Salisbury, Md., since 1945. Hall, Robert C„ B.A.’24, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Fife Pub. Sch., Tacoma, Wash since 1937. H ^L' W A ace W " A B - and B.S. in Ed.'31 Ohio State Univ.; M.A.'32, Col. of the Pacific; Ph.D.'36. Univ. of Calif; Exec. Secy Calif. Tchrs. Assn., 391 Sutter St. San Francisco 8, Calif., since 1946. ^ a * B w a , n ' E> B., A.B.’04, Newberry Col ■ A.M. 45, Wofford Col.; Supt. of Sch ' Spartanburg, S. C., since 1943, Ha ' s *‘V; R u B. S. in Ed.’27, Eastern State Tchrs. Col., Madison, S. Dak ■ M S in Ed. 36 Univ. of Wyo.; Supt. of’ Sch! Albany, Oregon, since 1948, Ha . 1 *' y ’ Y ir u ginia A " s P ec >al Admin. ^1r’M PU r b ' ^ Ch - 22 Valle y Rd -. Mont¬ clair, N. J., since 1946, H rv!f y ’ K^ ar . r r en - W " M - A -’ 2 l. Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch Springfield, N. J., since 1937. ’ Halstead, Harry G., State Dir. of Voc Educ., State Bd. for Voc. Educ., Olympia Wash., since 1940. y pla ' Halter, Millard M„ A.B.’21, Central Wex- le / a " Col.; A.M.’26, Univ. of Mo • Supt T f Bch v 6301 . Wells Ave., Wellstin St’ Louis, Mo., since 1939. 1 bt ' H M V A’?r' ti John V B' A ’ 2 °. St. Olaf Col.; of sch - Ha Man r che 0 ster, tU Ind. Manchester CoL. North 414 American School Buildings Hamilton, Charles Woods, Diploma *14, State Tchrs. Col., Plattsburg, N. Y • B.C. S.’24, B.S. in Ed.’29, M.A.’32, New York Univ.; Exec. Asst, to the Commr., State Dept, of Educ., Trenton 8, N. J., since 1948. Hamilton, George R., A.B.’15, Hanover Col.; M.A.’30, Univ. of Ill.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Atwood, Ill., since 1948. Hamilton, Holmes, Ed.B.’34, Western III. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; M.A.’43, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Consol. Sch., Hudson, Iowa, since 1948. Hamilton, James T., B.A.’22, Reed Col.; M.A.’32, Univ. of Oregon; Supt., Vanport City Sch., Portland 17, Oregon, since 1943. Hamilton, Otto T., A.B. and LL.B.’ll, Ind. Univ.; A.M.’18, Ph.D.’27, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Asst. Prof, of Educ., Ex¬ tension Div., Ind. Univ., since 1927. Ad¬ dress : Oaklandon, Ind. Hamilton, Ralph E., B.S.’35, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; Ed.M.’41, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Rogersville, Mo., since 1941. Hamilton, Ross E., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y. Hamilton, T. D., B.S.’29, Sul Ross State Tchrs. Col., Alpine, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Andrews, Texas, since 1939. Hamlin, Milford M., American Type Foun¬ ders, 519 W. Monroe St., Chicago 6, Ill. Hamm, Hal W., M.A.’30, Colo. Col. of Educ.; Prin. and Dist. Supt., Santa Ynez Valley Union H. S., Santa Ynez, Calif., since 1944. Hamm, William G., B.S.’22, M.A.’41, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Huntsville, Ala., since 1928. Hammer, Irwin A., A.B.'20, Park Col.; M.A. ’28, Univ. of Colo.; Ed.D.’38, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Chum., Dept, of Educ. and Psych., Western Wash. Col. of Educ., Bellingham, Wash., since 1945. Hamner, Herman B., Co. Supt. of Sch., Phenix City, Ala., since 1920. Hamon, Ray Laforest, B.S.’22, Univ. of Fla.; A.M.’25, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Ph.D.’30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Chief, Sch. Housing Section, U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C. Hanawalt, Paul B., A.B.’18, Col. of Puget Sound; M.A.’25, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Puyallup, Wash., since 1930. Hancher, Virgil M„ B.A.’18, J.D.’24, State Univ. of Iowa; B.A.’22, M.A.*27, Oxford Univ., England; LL.D.’41, Grinnell Col.; LL.D.’41, St. Ambrose Col.; L.H.D.M3, Cornell Col.; LL.D.’44, Northwestern Univ.; Litt.D.’44, Beloit Col.; Pres., State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, since 1940. Hancock, Charles Cavanaugh, A.B.'22, Cen¬ tral Col., Fayette, Mo.; M.S.’35, Univ. of S. C.; Supt. of Sch., Imperial, Calif., since 1942. Hand, Harold C., B.A.’24, Macalester Col.; M.A.’30, Univ. of Minn.; Ph.D.’33, Colum¬ bia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Col. of Educ., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill., since 1946. Handel, Elmer E., B.S. in Ed.’36, State Tchrs. Col., Buffalo, N. Y.; Supvg. Prin. of Dist. Sch., Orchard Park, N. Y., since 1947. Handlin, William C„ A.B.’09, Univ. of III.; M.A.'28, James Millikin Univ.; Prin., Community H. S., Lincoln. Ill., since 1919. Handwork, Cora Lacey, Ph.B.’14, Dickinson Col.; M.S. 37, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Birdsboro, Pa., since 1933. Handy, Everett L., S.B.’34, Boston Univ.; Ed.M.’38, Ed.D.’45, Harvard Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Westminster Col., New Wilmington, Pa., since 1947. Handy, Martha Pauline, M.S.’35, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Prin., Washington Jr. H. S., Pasadena 3, Calif., since 1942. Hanes, W. T., M.A.’38, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Cameron, Texas, since 1945. Hankerson, Marshall R., B.A.’38, Hamline Univ.; M.A.’46, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Medford, Minn., since 1942. Hanks, Glen L., M.E.’40, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Peculiar, Mo., since 1947. Hanks, J. M., B.S.'32, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Ysleta, Texas, since 1929. Hanks, N. A., M.A.’32, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Marysville, Mich., since 1928. Hanley, James Lawrence, A.B.’19, Boston Col.; A.M.’20, Brown Univ.; LL.B.’27, Northeastern Univ.; Ed.M.’32, Harvard Univ.; Ed. D.’37, Catholic Tchrs. Col., Providence, R. I.; D. Ped.’41, Bryant Col.; LL.D.’45, Boston Col.; Supt. of Sch., Providence 2, R. I., since 1937. Hann, George D., A.B.’17, Okla. Baptist Univ.; M.Ed.*36, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Ardmore, Okla., since 1938. Hansen, Carl F., A.B.’27, M.A.’40, Univ. of Nebr.; Ed.D.’44, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Exec. Asst, to the Supt. of Sch., Wash¬ ington, D. C., since 1947. Hansen, Harold O., A.B. '28, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; A.M.’41, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Stanton, Mich., since 1944. Hansen, William Carl, B.S.’15, M.S.’25, Univ. of Wis.; Pres., Central State Tchrs. Col., Stevens Point, Wis., since 1940. Hanson, Abel A., B.Ed.’30, Ill. State Nor¬ mal Univ., Normal, Ill.; M.S.’35, Univ. of Ill.; D.Ed.’41, Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Development, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1948. Hanson, Earl H., A.B.’24, Augustana Col.; M.A.*33, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Rock Island, Ill., since 1937. Hanson, Ernest M., B.S.’22, M.A.’28, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Pueblo, Colo., since 1948. Hanson, Floyd H., Bd. of Educ., 23096 Mel¬ rose, East Detroit, Mich. Hanson, Paul J., Diploma ’23, State Tchrs. Col., Valley City, N. Dak.; B.S.’27, N. Dak. Agrl. Col., State College, N. Dak.; M.S.’41, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Little Falls, Minn., since 1946. Hanson, R. J., B.A.'17, Gustavus Adolphus Col.; M.A.’36, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., White Bear Lake 10, Minn., since 1945. Hanson, W. E., A.B.’25, Gustavus Adolphus Col.; Supt. of Sch., Braham, Minn., since 1936. Hapgood, Charles G., B.S.E.’31, M.A.’36, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Manchester, Mass., since 1947. Harap, Henry, B.S.’16, Col. of the City of New York; M.A.’18, Ph.D.’23, Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Dir., Div. of Surveys and Field Serv., George Peabody Col. for Tchrs., Nashville 4, Tenn., since 1937. List of Members 415 Harbo, L. S., B.A.’18, Augsburg Col.; M.A. '32, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Winona, Minn., since 1946. *Hardesty, Cecil D„ A.B.’28, Kansas Wes¬ leyan Univ.; M.A. in Ed.’32, Ed.D.’33, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., San Jose, Calif., since 1947. Hardesty, R. Bowen, A.B.’32, Randolph- Macon Col.; M.A.'34, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Oakland, Md., since 1948. Harding, H. P„ A.B.’99, Univ. of N. C.; A.M.’32, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Charlotte, N. C., since 1913. Harding, Kenneth H., A.B.’24, M.A.’28, Univ. of Ky.; Supt. of Sch., Mt. Sterling, Ky., since 1944. Hardman, Maud R„ B.A.’2S, Univ. of Utah; M.A.’31, Stanford Univ.; Supvr. of Art Bd. of Educ., 440 E. 1st St., S., Salt Lake City 2, Utah, since 1938. Hardy, H. Claude, A.B.’ll, Wesleyan Univ.; M. A.'21, Univ. of Rochester; M.A'23, Syracuse Univ.; Ph.D.’31, New York Univ.; Vice-pres., Save the Children Fed¬ eration, 1 Madison Ave., New York 10 N. Y., since 1947. Hardy, Robert E„ B.S.’40, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A. 46, Univ of Mich.; Supt., Fruitport Rural Agrl. Sch., Fruitport, Mich., since 1946. H m e 'n H ’ „ Frank . Diploma ’17, Cumberland Valley State Normal Sch.; B.S. in Ed. 24 M.S. in _Ed.’34, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Sci.D in Ed. 44, Gettysburg Col.; Supt. ol Sch., Phoemxville, Pa., since 1947. H r re i M i? y ’ , M S ’ 32 - Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; Health Educ. Coordinator, State Dept, of Health, Ma¬ sonic Bldg., Topeka, Kansas, since 1941. Hargrave, Ellis B„ A.B.’23, A.M.’2S, Ind. Univ.; Dir., Adult Educ., Pub. Sch., Indianapolis, Ind. H u,w n ’ D U ^ ban i. M - a ’ 38, State Univ. of Iowa; Prim, Sr. H. S. and Jr. Col., Bur- lington, Iowa, since 1937. f” T? tate Supvr - Tchrs. Place¬ ment, State Dept, of Educ., Madison 5, Harkins, Clifton L., B.A *32 Art* ct,*. Col Flagstaff, Ari'z.; Assh Supt of pSb si n nce r "l947 aPU01 B ' dg - P **«V ArS; Harkins, John M., A.B.’08, Bates Col Supt. of Sch., Warren, R. I., since 194 H MA% JO n Wofford Col M A. 3 4 , Univ. of S. C.; Supt. of Scl Florence, S. C., since 1946. Serfs'?;? ss H of m s an C H ' 8° d f Ue i o B ’’ 29 - M.A.'36, Uni since fsi9 P ° f Sch ” Le * in g‘°n, S. C H ATH n c^ 0n Co B '8 S/3 . 5 ’ fK 43 ’ Utah Sta< since 1948: ' Supt ’ ° { Sch ” Pric «- Utai H pV’K v K - 0 ,*| J!;. •S S *~ 3 Col Newberry, S. C., since 1946. * S h H xP ley ’ J uIia C., B.S.T 8 , A M '20 Ph n >4 New York Univ.- LID’S r'i,' Elizabeth. Address: 302’ Pavoni’a °Ave Jersey City 2, N. J. ^avonia Ave Harney, Thomas E., B.Ed.’27, State Tchrs. Col., Superior, Wis.; M.A.’29, Univ. of Notre Dame; Supt. of Sch., Dunkirk, N. Y., since 1942. Harnly, Paul W., A.B.’15, McPherson Col.; A.M.’16, Univ. of Kansas; A.M.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’38, Stanford Univ.; Dir. of Sec. Educ., Pub. Sch., Wichita 2, Kansas, since 1945. Harper, Laurence, A.B.'26, Univ. of Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., South Pasadena, Calif., since 1946. Harper, R. A., B.S. in Ed.’26, Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Maryville, Tenn., since 1945. Harper, R. W„ A.B.’22, Albion Col.; M.A. ’37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Delton, Mich. Harper, Thomas B., M.A.’27, New York Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., 500 Sixth Ave., Belmar, N. J., since 1936. Harrell, Kenneth H., B.S.’34, Central State Col., Edmond, Okla.; M.Ed.’47, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Fletcher, Okla., since 1933. Harriger, Guy N„ B.S.’35, State Tchrs. Col., Clarion, Pa.; Litt.M.’37, Ed.D.’47, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Cora- opolis. Pa., since 1947. Hardman, Edwin J., B.S.’21, M.Ed.’35, Bates Col.; Supt. of Sch., Hudson, Mass., since 1935. Harrington, H. L„ A.B.’IS, M.A.’20, Ph D ’30, Univ. of Mich.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1354 Broadway, Detroit 26, Mich., since 1942. Harris, Franklin Stewart, B.S.’07, Brigham r Y ? U £ g .„ Un ‘ V v , Ph -D.’H, Cornell Univ.; ™'P'o 45 ’ Brl g llam Young Univ.; Pres. Utah state Agrl. Col., Logan, Utah, since 1945. Harris, George E„ A.B.’24, Howard Payne Col.- Prin Las Vegas H. S„ Las Vegas, Nevada, since 1946. Harris, John Harper, B.S.’35, Bradley Poly- tech. Inst.; M.A.’40, Columbia Univ • Assu Supt. of Sch., Peoria 3, Ill., since H Col iS ’n? 0 T ert E ” B ’ S ’o 23 ’ A & X - and Mech. Col of Texas; Co. Supt. of Sch., Lock- hart, Texas, since 1935. H Aed’ Coi rl - in f R j cha / d d ?' S -’ 24 ' Uta h State since 1940.’ P ° SCh ” T °° le l ' Utah ’ H ” ris ’ William C., A.B.’29, Mich State Norma 1 CoL, Ypsilanti, Mich.; M.E.’43 Xrv ne iw^ I i lV ' : - Dlst ’ Supt - of Sell., Allen Park, Mich., since 1946. H Ed ri ’ 4 i W £ Ue V ” B S. m Ed/36^ M.S. in Ed. 41, Kansas State Tchrs. (iol., Elli¬ s' 13 ’ ^-Kansas; Pnn ” Westwood View ch., Kansas City 3, Kansas, since 1948. Harrison, Albert E., B.A.’04 Parsons Pol • Co. 5 Supt. of Sch., storm Lakfllowa, stnce Harrison, Beatrice L.. M A ’34 in., Univ.; First Asst., Edwin’Denbv H T Detroit 24, Mich., since 1943 7 H- S ” Ha Mex 0 %Fnce E T93 S 3 UPt ’ ° £ Sch ” Rat °»’ N ’ H B.E S? 2 n 7 G Unfv mar ’ f A r-’ 26 -’ Howard Univ.; Ph n ’39 rvJ- c f Cincinnati; A.M’29 Bh.u 32, Ohio State Univ • Pres T ston Umv., Langston, Okla., since 1939^ 416 American School Buildings Harrison, W. T., Supt. of Sch., West Point Ga. Harry, David P., Jr., A.B.’16, Swarthmore Col.; A.M.’22, Ph.D.’28, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Graduate Sch., Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, Ohio, since 1937. Harshbarger, Ernest M., B.S.’34, Univ. of Ill.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Court House, Ur- bana, Ill., since 1931. Harshman, Floyd E., A.B.T4, Ohio Wes¬ leyan Univ.; M.A.’26, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Ph.D.’31, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Nutley 10, N. J., since 1944. Hartley, Byron W., A.B.’12, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; M.A.’15, Columbia Univ. Address: Pub. Sch., Dover, Del. Hartley, Henry H., B.A.’27, Willamette Univ.; M.A.’40, Univ. of Oregon; Supt. of Sch., Nyssa, Oregon, since 1940. ♦Hartman, Albert L., Prin., Edgemont and Watchung Schs., Montclair, N. J. Hartman, D. N., B.A.'40, Atlantic Union Col.; Treas., Broadview Academy, La Grange, Ill., since 1948. Hartman, Richard M., B.S.’24, M.A.’26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Midland Park, N. J., since 1924. Hartstein, Jacob I., B.A.’32, Yeshiva Col.; M.S.’33, Col. of the City of New York; M.A.’36, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’45, New York Univ.; Prof, of Educ. and Dir., Grad. Sch., Yeshiva Univ., since 1944; Prof, and Head, Educ. and Psych., Long Island Univ., since 1945; and Supt. of Sch., Bd. of Secular Educ., United Yeshivos, New York, N. Y., since 1946. Hartung, Frederick, B.A.*20, Dakota Wes¬ leyan Univ.; M.A. in Ed.’40, Ariz. State Col., Tempe, Ariz.; Prin., Fowler Dist. #45, Phoenix, Ariz., since 1947. Hartvigsen, Elmer J., B.S.’31, Utah State Agrl. Col.; M.S.’45, Univ. of Utah; Supt. of Sch., Farmington, Utah, since 1945. Hartwell, Ernest C., B.A.’OS, Albion Col.; M.A.’10, Univ. of Mich.; Pd.D.’28, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; D.Ed.’30, Albion Col.; Pres., Dept, of Superintendence, 1918-19; Honorary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin. Address: N. Main St., Brockport, N. Y. Hartz, Robert E., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Palmyra, Pa. Harvey, Albert B., Asst. Supt. of Sch., Cleveland Heights 18, Ohio. Harvey, Randolph B., A.B.’31, Susquehanna Univ.; M.A.’33, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Coaldale, Pa., since 1939. Harvin, Edwin L., B.A.’21, Baylor Univ.; M.A.’26, Univ. of Texas; Dean, Corpus Christi Jr. Col., Corpus Christi, Texas, since 1946. Haskew, Laurence D., B.Ph.’26, Emory Univ.; M.A.’34, Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D. ’41, Univ. of Ga.; Dean, Col. of Educ., Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas, since 1947. Haskins, Ralph Warner, B.S.’27, Mass. State Col.; A.M.’33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Westfield H. S. f Westfield, Mass., since 1947. Hassard, Charles T., M.A.’27, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Union, N. J., since 1938. Hassett, J. Frank, Ph.B.’30, Col. of the Holy Cross; M.S.’36, Univ. of Mass.; Supt. of Sch., Woburn, Mass., since 1945. Hatch, H. T,, A.B.’22, Western State Col. of Colo., Gunnison, Colo.; M.A.’30, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Petaluma, Calif, since 1947. Hatfield, W. Wilbur, A.B.’02, Ill. Col.; Litt.D.'39, Chicago Tchrs. Col.; The English Journal, 211 W. 68th St., Chicago, Hathaway, Ralph, Ph.B.’13, Heidelberg Col.; A.M.’17, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Wooster, Ohio, since 1940. Hathorn, J. C., B.S.’21, LL.D.’24, M.A.'38, Univ. of Miss.; Supt. of Sch., Grenada, Miss., since 1946. Hattenhauer, M. E., B.Ed.’29, State Normal Univ., Normal Ill.; M.A.’38, Northwest¬ ern Univ.; LL.B.’39, Kent Law Sch.; Supt. of Sch., Bellwood, Ill., since 1932. Hatton, Otis C., B.A.’IO, M.A.’27, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Akron 8, Ohio, since 1942. Hauenstein, W. H., Supt. of Sch., Rittman, Ohio. Hauser, Ludwig J., B.A.’19, M.A.’28, Univ. of Minn.; Ed.D.’39, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Riverside, Ill., since 1931. Hauser, W. J., A.B.'34, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Nebr.; Co. Supt. of Pub. Instr., Omaha, Nebr., since 1944. Haussler, A. G., LL.B.’23, Ill. Wesleyan Univ.; B.Ed.’39, Ill. State Normal Univ.; Normal Ill.; M.A.’42, New York Univ.; Prin., West H. S., Aurora, Ill., since 1945. Havig, Leonard T., Supt. of Sch., Williston, N. Dak. ♦Hawk, Rupert Adam, A.B.’24, Grinnell Col.; M.A.'34, State Univ. of Iowa; Assoc. Prof, of Econ., and Controller, Grinnell Col., Grinnell, Iowa, since 1947. Hawke, Oscar T., A.B.T4, A.M.’17, Witten¬ berg Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Springfield, Ohio, since 1922. Hawkes, Charles E., B.S.'27, Fort Hays Kansas State Col.; M.A.’36, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Salina, Kansas, since 1938. Hawkes, Franklin Powers, A.B.’17, Amherst Col.; A.M.’21, Ph.D.’27, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., West Springfield, Mass., since 1940. Hawkins, E. C„ A.B.’26, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’34, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Schs. and Union H. S., Capitan, N. Mex., since 1944. Hawkins, Earle T„ B.A.’23, Western Md. Col.; M.A.’28, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’42, Yale Univ.; LL.D.’48, Western Md. Col.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Towson, Balti¬ more 4, Md„ since 1947. ♦Hawkins, George L., A.B.’04, B.S.’08, Univ. of Mo. Address: 459 Fairview Ave., Web¬ ster Groves 19, Mo. Hawkins, R. O., Supt. of Sch., Jackson, Mo. Hawkins, Samuel H., B.S. and M.E.’35, Univ. of Colo.: Supvg. Engineer of Build- ing and Planning, Bd. of Educ., 414 14th St., Denver 1, Colo., since 1948. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. ol sen., Ottawa, Ill., since 1947. awley, Ray C., A.B.’24, Morningside Col. List of Members Hawley, William B., A.B.’38, M.A.’47, Wayne Univ.; Asst. State Dir. for Voc. Educ., 115 W. Allegan St., Lansing 4, Mich., since 1947. Hawley, William Earl. B.S.’20, A.M.’21, Univ. of Rochester; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Rochester 10, N. Y., since 1947. Haworth, Nathan R., A.B.’25, Maryville Col.; Supt. of Sch., Canton, Ga., since 1939. Hawthorne, Lee B., A.B.’03, De Pauw Univ.; B.S.’08, A.M.’30. Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Mexico, Mo., since 1906. Hawthorne, Mark Fant, A.B.’28, Furman Univ.; M.Ed.’40, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Anderson, S. C., since 1945. Hay, George A. F„ A.B.’23, A.M.’27, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo. Admin. Asst., Dept, of Coordination, Sch. of Educ., New York Univ., New York, N. Y„ since 1946. Hay, Homer William, A.B.’24, M.A.'27, Ed.D.’34, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Somerset, Pa., since 1934. *Haycock, Robert Lee, B.A.’ll, M.A.'12, George Washington Univ. Address: 1606 Longfellow St., N.W., Washington, D. C. Hayden, Murle M„ B.S.’25, M.S.’35, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Lincoln, Kansas, since 1940. Hayden Rena C„ Supvg. Prin. of Elem. Sch., John Lewis Childs Sch., Floral Park, N. Y. Haydon, Richard Challice, B.A.’22 M A ’35 Univ. of Va.; Asst. Supt. of Pub. Instr’ State Bd. of Educ., Richmond 16, Va since 1946. ’’ Hayes, Mary Therese, Elem. Supvr., Pub Sch., 32 S. Spring St., Concord, N. H. Hayhurst, Normal C., B.S.’15, Univ. of V n i v - of Southern Calif. ; Fince mf. - Glendale 6 . Calif.’, Ha y n f s ,, Charles D., B.A.’22, Univ. of Wash • M.A. 27, Mont. State Univ.; Supt. of Sch ’ Hamilton, Mont., since 1933. ’ Hays > A > E.E.’IO, Univ. of Pitts- Univ. of Chicago; Ed D Fir^a'’ f Y °e k Univ.; Admin. Asst, to First. Asst. Supt. of Sch., Washington, D. C., since 1947. 6 » H i ys .’ Jo ’ Uiploma ’18, State Tchrs Col Shippensburg p a . A B’23 Pa Col.; Ed.M J 30 , Harvarf' Uniwf' SupTg* Pnn. of Sch., State College, Pa., shtfe I? 3 Cre1gh 1 tin S Univ Un Su P t 0f since 193 9 ; f ° r the BHnd ’ Vinton ’- Iowa,’ Hays, R. Vernon, B.Sc ’26 M A ’at ir • 0 Sc e h br - : D^n^ ’ 38 - p 3 v’ardf unfv.’; ot Sch., Danielson, Conn., since 1945 P Cloud, Mii n r s ince 1947 TchrS ‘ Co1 ” St ‘ is* & Healy, Joseph Ewart, B.A.’IO, Col. of Wil¬ liam and Mary; M.A.’25, Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Supt., Va. Sch. for the Deaf and Blind, Staunton, Va., since 1939. Healy, Katharine L., B.S.’21, M.A.'29, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Supvr. of Elem. Sch. Instr., Hagerstown, Md., since 1924. Hearne, Knox, Vice Pres., Educ. Div., Hearne Bros., Natl. Bank Bldg., Detroit 26, Mich. Heath, Allan ]., B.S.’23, Mass. State Col.; M.A.’42, Univ. of Vt.; Supt. of Sch., Ben¬ nington, Vt., since 1944. Heath, Mrs. Helen Bateman, B.A.’21, Cor¬ nell Univ.; Dean, William Smith Col., Geneva, N. Y., since 1944. Heaton, Kenneth L., A.B.’24, Ind. Univ.; A.M.’26, Boston Univ.; Ph.D.'31, Univ. of Chicago; Dean, and Prof, of Psych., Boston Univ., Boston 16, Mass., since 1946. Heaton, Robert L., B.A. in Ed.’38, Western Wash. Col. of Educ.; B.A.’47, Univ. of Wash.; Prin., Evergreen H. S., Vancouver, Wash., since 1947. Heck, Arch O., B.S.’13, Hedding Col.; M.S.’14, Univ. of Ill.; Ph.D.'24, Ohio State Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Ohio, since 1923. Heck, Mrs. Phyllis Mason, Ph.B.’15, Dick¬ inson Col.; M.A.’26, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Supvr. of Rural Schools, State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Wilmington, Del., since 1923. Hedge, John W„ Supt. of Sch., Bethlehem. Pa. Hedges, O. Stoy, B.S.’30, Evansville Col.; M.S. 36, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mt Vernon, Ind., since 1939. Hedrick, E. H., A.B.’16, M.A.’29, Univ. of Oregon; Supt. of Sch., Medford, Oregon since 1925. He * e « e . r .’« E r , ? e ? t A ' A.B.'25, Ursinus Col.; A.M. 30, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of iwp. bch., Worcester, Pa., since 1925. Heemstra C. R„ A.M.’30, Univ. of Mich.; bupt. of Sch., Fenton, Mich., since 1934. H nn S ^n’ t? ev ' J a , cob - A.B.’IO, A.M.’14, T ’ JJ°P e Col.; Pres., Northwestern Jr. Col., Orange City, Iowa, since 1928. Heer, Amos L., A.B. and B.Pd.’14, Tri- State Col ; A.M.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Umv.; Ph.D.26 Ohio State Univ.; Dir. of Tchr. Tr., Kent State Univ., Kent Ohio, since 1927. ' Heffelfinger John Byers, A.B.’07, Baker , u "h lv -w A r- 2 V Univ - of Wis - ; Su P t - °f Sch., Newton, Kansas, since 1923. H of e r”, a Kf H i?i en ’ ? A ’’ 24 ’ M.A.’25, Univ. ot Calif. Elem. Sch. Officer C T anri E. GHQ. AFPAC, APO 500 c/o Post¬ master, San Francisco, Calif. H ^i n ’ £ arry -„ B ’ A- B -’37, Glenville State Ulenville W. Va., M.A.’38, George Peabody Col for Tchrs.; Ph.D.’42, Univ! ru Plt . t * bui ;f 7 h ; Pres., Glenville State Col Glenville, W. Va., since 1947 . ’ H of d Sch H St G ”p B ; A '’ 2 M’- St ’ ° laf Col -i Supt. i ben., bt» Peter, Minn., since 1947 H MA'3 t 0° n ni I '- f V’ 21 ' St ’ Olaf Col.; Research U Pnh° f 5 M u nn -V : ? lr ’ of Admin. Minn., since 1936. S ’ Mmnea P o1 ^ IS. H Wis e . r f Pre r sr n pes”aloz P zi- B Fr 2 o 5 4be7 n T V chr 0 s f 418 American School Buildings Hehnly, Frank K., Diploma ’19, State Tchrs. Col., Millersville, Pa.; B.S.’34, Ed.M.’36, Ed.D.’41, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Rahway, N. since 1935. Heidelberg, Harvey Brown, B.A.’03, Mill- saps Col.; M.A.’33, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Clarksdale, Miss., since 1905. Hein, Fred V., Ph.B.’29, Ripon Col.; M.S. .34, Ph.D.’46, Univ. of Wis. ; Consultant in Health and Fitness, Bureau of Health Educ., American Medical Assn., 535 N. Dearborn, Chicago 10, Ill., since 1946. Hein, R. G., A.B/26, M.A.’32, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., South Milwaukee, Wis., since 1944. Heineman, Mrs. Irene Taylor, B.A.’Ol, M.A. ’02, Univ. of Calif.; Asst, to the State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Calif. State Bldg., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1931. Heinemann, F. E., B.A.’IG, Carleton Col.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Minn.; State Dept, of Educ., State Office Bldg., St. Paul 1, Minn., since 1942. Heinold, Fred W., M.D.’24, Univ. of Cin¬ cinnati ; Pres., Bd. of Educ., 101 W. 70th St., Cincinnati 16, Ohio, since 1940. Heisner, H. Fred, A.B.’29, Univ. of Red¬ lands; M.A.’32, Ed.D.’47, Univ. of South¬ ern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Inglewood, Calif., since 1948. Helble, Herbert H.. B.A.’21, Beloit Col.; M.A.’24, Univ. of Wis.; Prin., Sr. H. S., Appleton, Wis., since 1925. Heifer, Martin A., B.S.’27, Dartmouth Col.; M.A.’37, Syracuse Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Binghamton, N. Y., since 1947. Helgesen, Borghild, Admin. Asst, to the State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Old Capitol Bldg., Olympia, Wash., since 1941. Heller, Ray E., B.S.’33, M.S.’38, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; Prin., H. S., N. 8th St., Neodesha, Kansas, since 1947. Helm, Charles P., A.B.’23, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A.’26, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., Laurel, Del., since 1926. Helms, Henry A., A.B.’20, Wake Forest Col.; M.A.’23, Univ. of N. C.; Prin., Broughton H. S., Raleigh, N. C., since 1941. Helms, Walter T„ Ph.B.’99, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Richmond, Calif., since 1909. Helt, Raymond J., A.B.’26, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Wayne, Nebr.; M.Ed.’45, Univ. of Colo.; Asst. Bus. Mgr., Univ. of Denver, Denver 10, Colo., since 1946. Heltzell, George D., A.B.’30, Drury Col.; M.Ed.’45, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Paris, Mo., since 1944. Hempel, Edward C., Ph.B.’08, Brown Univ.; M.Ed.’34, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Orange, Mass., since 1929. Hemphill, Franklin C., A.B.’22, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; M.A.’33, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Asst. Supt., Compton Jr. Col., Compton, Calif., Bince 1930. Hemstreet, A. Earle, Ph.B. and Ped.B.’ll, Syracuse Univ.; M.A.*23, Columbia Univ.; Prin., Riverside Elem. Sch. No. 60, 238 Ontario St., Buffalo, N. Y., since 1936. Henaman, Joseph L., 127 Rockland Ave., Bradford, Pa. Hendershot, John B., B.S. in Ed.’30, Ed.M. ’33, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Newing¬ ton 11, Conn., since 1944. Henderson, Barbara, B.S.’28, M.A.’29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Elem Educ., Pub. Sch., Library Bldg., Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1929. Henderson, Carl, B.S. in Ed.’32, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; Ed.M.’39, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Moberly, Mo., since 1946. Henderson, Carl P., B.S. in Ed.’28, Kent State Univ.; M.A.’34, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Irondale, Ohio, since 1930. ^Henderson, Elmer A., Asst. Supt. of Sch. in Charge of Colored Schs., Madison and Lafayette Ave., Baltimore 17, Md„ since 1945. Henderson, Louis C., B.S.’21, Univ. of Miss.; M.A.’35, Peabody Col.; Supt. of Sch., Harlan, Ky., since 1936. Henderson, Mabel J., John C. Winston Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Henderson, Perry B., B.S. in Ed.’25, Univ. of Mo.; M.A. in Ed.’32, Wash. Univ.; Prin., Glenridge Sch., Clayton 5, Mo., since 1927. Hendricks, Floyd W., B.S.’25, Univ. of Ill.; M.A.'31, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Kirkwood 22, Mo., since 1947. Hendricks, Jake J., B.A.’24, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.A. ’29, Univ. of Texas; Educ. Rep., The Macmillan Co., Ross and Akard, Dallas, Texas, since 1934. Hendrickson, H. A., M.A.’47, Ariz. State Col., Flagstaff, Ariz.; Prin., Union H. S., Snowflake, Ariz., since 1946. Henkel, Albert John, Ph.B.’21, Ph.M.’36, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Portage, Wis., since 1921. Henniger, Monroe Richard, B.S.’40, M.A.’41, Univ. of Texas; Supt., Sam Houston H. S., San Antonio 3, Texas, since 1941. Hendrickson, Velma W., B.S.’26, M.A.’29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., East Sch., Long Beach, L. I., N. Y., since 1927. Henry, David W., Diploma '09, State Tchrs. Col., Hyannis, Mass.; B.A.’ll, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A. ’16, Columbia Univ.; Diploma ’37, Lon¬ don Univ., England; Dean, Col. of Educ., Univ, of Toledo, Toledo 6, Ohio, since 1914. Henry, Edith M., B.F.A.’26, Univ. of Nebr.; M.A.'43, Univ. of Denver; Supvr. of Art, Bd. of Educ., 414 14th St., Denver 2, Colo., since 1947. Henry, H. Moody, A.B.’27, Wofford Col.; M.A.’41, Univ. of S. C.; Supt. of Sch., Olympia, S. C., since 1946. Henry, N. B., Prof, of Educ., Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Henry, Paul H., B.S. in Ed.’32, Ohio Univ.; M.A. in Sch. Adm.’40, Ohio State Univ ; Supt. of Sch., Needles, Calif., since 1948. Henry, William E„ A.B.’23, Va. Union Univ.; M.A.’29, Ed.D.’45, Univ. of Pa.; Pres., Md. State Tchrs. Col., Bowie, Md., lenshaw, J. Harry, B.S.’22, Grove City Col., M.S.’32, M.S. in Ed.’35, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Hollidaysburg, Pa., since 1946. lenson, Elizabeth, A.B., W. Va. Univ., M.Ed.’36, Duke Univ.; Asst. Supvr. ol Elem. Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Rich¬ mond 22, Va., since 1946. lentze, Louis J., Superior Coach Corp., Lima, Ohio. List of Members 415 ♦Hepner, Walter R., A.B.’13, A M. 1 ’16, Ed.D. ’37, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Pres., San Diego State Col., San Diego 3, Calif., since 1935. Herbein, William B„ Ph.B.’27. Muhlenberg Col.; M.A.’33, Univ. of Pa.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Topton, Pa., since 1946. *Hcrber, Howard T., A.B.’25, Ursinus Col • A.M.'26, Ph.D.'38, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Malverne, L. I N. Y., since 1931. Herdeg, Leo G„ B.S. in Arts '33, Lewis Inst.; M.A. in Ed.’36, Northwestern Univ ■ Dist. Supt. of Sch., Chicago 22, Ill., since 1944. Hereford, C. S., B.A.’32, Southwestern Univ.- M.A.’43, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch. Mexta, Texas, since 1946. He ii ih y. I. Frank, A.B/28, Boston Col.; Ed.M. 34, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch.. Chelsea 50, Mass., since 1942. Herman, Beaumont A., A.B’30 A M ’31 Harvard Univ.; Ph.D.’37, Boston’ Col.;' SUP*, of Sch., Northbridge, Mass., since Herman, Thomas Jefferson, A.B.T2 Sus¬ quehanna Univ.; M.A.’25, Tchrs.’ Col. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Freeland, Pa., since 1930. H M m A ann 'T ! arba ^ , V ”r. B S ' in Ed - ^d Tchrs. Col., Fordham Univ. Ad¬ dress: 137 Roosevelt Ave., Carteret, N. J. Hernandez, Adolfo Jimenez, Asociacion De »«««>. ? e D P I ?’ Patada 33, Hato Rey San Juan 6, P. R. r ' Herndon, Franklin C., B.A.’24, Southwest ?!* as Co1 - San Marcos! Texas, M.A. 38, Colo. State Col. of Educ Greeley Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Rosenberg' Texas, since 1934. cr g. Herndon, H. W., B.S. and M A '40 west Texas State Tchrs Col Sin m ' th ‘ T*«ae • i e u 1 0I, » ^ an Marcos, 1942? S P f Sch *» ° dem * Texas, since Herndon, Joe, Supt. of Sch., Raytown, Mo. M F ’a’ 23° C B i' A g B- ??’. Trans ylvania Col- M.A. 23, Columbia Univ.; Bus. Mgr Pub Sch., Lexington 37, Ky„ since 1934 Herr, Benjamin B., A B ’ll , caster. Pa., since 1937, " Ean ’ H i rr ’ u P ’ £ loyd ' M.A.’33, Tchrs Col r lumbia Un v.; Secv StatV pj S ;o C o ' Topeka, Kansas since 1944 d - ° f Educ " Univ.. ColumbuV'io, John M. f B.A *22 rr ♦ M.A/39, Univ of Min« ** amlin e Univ., New Ulm, Mton! f since W4 SUPt ’ ° f Sch ” Herron, Harry H., Ph.B.’21 Univ of ru- AR'&Fg£l ?S*hV- HI., since 1922. P ' Winnetka, H Sc r h!’ Trenton Col.; supt. Of Sen:, Ne^i, ft Jg£ Hersh. T. R.. M.A.’30, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Last Palestine, Ohio, since 1934. Hcrshey, Charlie Brown, AB’I4, MA'2! Hniv Ill.; Ed.D.'23. Harvard Univ.; LL.D/34. Cc ilo. Col.; Pr es., Colo . Col’.’. Colorado Spr ings. Colo. icrtzler. S; ilas . B. A.'l 3. Go; > h e n Col. : B D ’17. Yale Di vinity Sell.; M . A. ‘ 1 H. Tchrs. Col.. Co] lum b i a Univ.; Ph. D. ’27. Yale Univ.; Dir., Tchr. Tr., Goshen Col., Goshen. I mi., since 192u. erzoK. W< .-Lst or Carl, Dip loma ’19. State Tchrs. Co il„ West Chc-stei r. Pa.; A B.’23. Dickinson Col.; AM.'31, Uruv. < i Pa.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., West Chester Pa., since 1934. Heskett. Dale D.. B.S.'37. Muskingum Col.: M.A.’37, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Urbana, Ohio, since 1944. Hess, Frank D.. B.S.'25. Untv. of Okla.; M.A.'29, Univ. of Colo.; S.ipt. of Sch Drumright, Okla., since 1929. Hess. Glenn C., B.S. in Ed.'37. State Tchrs Col., Indiana, Pa.; Ed.M. '39 Univ of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch Geistown, Pa., since 1946. Hess, John H., Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch . Ligonicr, Pa. Hesse. Ernest. B.A.'IO. Ohio State Univ.; A.M.T2, Columbia Univ. Address; 107 Lewis Parkway, Yonkers 5, N. Y. Hester, Vance C.. M.A.’39, Univ. of Colo Supt. of Sch., Franklin Park, III., g.nce Hetherington, Charles George B S 16 Col- gate Univ.; M.S.’W, Pa. State Col.; Ph D 34. New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Au^ burn, N. Y., since 1937. , J ,°„ hr \, A B '' 26 ' Westminster Col.; S I ’h Ed V 39 ' Vi ni D of .Pittsburgh; Supt. ot Sch., Farrell, Pa., since 1946. Hewes, Earl D„ Supt. of Sch., Beacon, N. Y. He r x ' er ' Edward G-. A.B.’16. McKendree Twn’ H ’ a U T nlV ’ 111 : R «8istrar. since lV' ^ ^ C °'" Be,,ev ‘ 11 '- HI.. H Ed n G u re f g ’ J r - Litt.B.' 28 . M.Ed.'35, Ed D. 46. Rutgers Univ.; Supt. of Sch Bridgeton, N. J., since 1942. H Educ r M r M L A '.' 14 ’ Co1 °' State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch Rav Ariz., since 1924. ’ ” ay - Hibschman. John A., Supvg. p rin . of Two Sch., Stony Creek Mills, Pa. P ' Hibschman, Ralph O., D.Ed.’41, Ohio North- G?rls, W V l 'noughby T Ohi And !nre 3 1929’ S? r Mt r » 9 3 S 3 60 N ’ Ski “ ker - ^ H W k s y : sHpt P o J f'lnsfr’' 1 9lf d l S ' 20 ’ U " iv ' ° f Louis 1. Mo.,°since* 1944! * L ° CUSt St - St ‘ n^amafonick^'’ Y SUPt ” Rye Neck S ‘ h - since 1936. * ’* ^ Monte, Calif., Herrschaft, Howard G. AR’ii » since 1932 ’’ Pearl R,ver . N. Y.. 420 American School Buildings niebert. Noble, Ph.B.’36, Sterling Col.; M.S. 43. Kansas State Tchrs. Col Em¬ poria, Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Sterling Kansas, since 1945. Hieronymus, William P„ B.A.’17, Capital Univ.; Diploma ’21, Theological Semi¬ nary, Capital Univ.; M.A.’27, Ph.D.’34 Univ. of Nebr. ; Pres., Midland Col., Fre¬ mont, Nebr., since 1945. Higginbottom, Arthur Raymond, B.A/32, M.A.’41, Clark Univ.; Supvr. of H. S. Easton, Md., since 1947. Higgins, Edwin E., B.S. in Ed.’25, Ohio Univ.; M.A.’29, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Gallipolis, Ohio, since 1936. Higgins, Eugene, A.B.’26, Wabash Col.; A.M.’29, LL.B.’38, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Greenfield, Ind., since 1938. Higgins, J. Henry, A.B.’21, Boston Col.; LL.B.’26, Suffolk Univ.; M.A.’32, Boston Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Peabody, Mass., since 1946. Higgins, L. W., Supt., Jefferson Parish Sch. Bd., 519 Huey P. Long Ave., Gretna, La. Highfield, Mrs. Esther Lee, A.B.’26, M.A. ’29, Univ. of Louisville; Co. Supt. of Sch., New Castle, Ky., since 1938. Highlund, Everett C., B.S. ’29, Alma Col.; M. A.’38, Mich. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Harbor Beach, Mich., since 1945. Highsmith, Edwin McKoy, Ph.B.’07, A.M. ’14, Univ. of N. C.; A.M.’15, George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Ph.D.’23, Univ. of N. C.; Chmn., Div. of Educ., Mercer Univ., Macon 28, Ga., since 1937. Highsmith, J. Henry, B.A.’OO, M.A.’02, Trinity Col., Durham, N. C.; LL.D.’25, Catawba Col.; Ed.D.’34, Wake Forest Col.; State Dept, of Educ., Raleigh, N. C. Hilburn, W. C., B.S.’28, M.S.’40, Iowa State Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts; Supt. of Sch., Iowa Falls, Iowa, since 1945. Hill, Allen J., Diploma ’09, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr.; B.A.’27, Brigham Young Univ.; M.A.’28, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Dalton, Mass., since 1942. Hill, Andrew P., Supt. of Sch., Stockton, Calif. Hill, Charles W., B.S.T9, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’20, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Gregory Elem. Sch., Chi¬ cago 24, Ill., since 1936. Hill, Chester O., Supt. of Sch., Kirkland 1, Texas. Hill, Clyde Milton, A.B.’IO, Drury Col.; A.M.’IS, Ph.D.’26, Columbia Univ.; Ster¬ ling Prof, of Educ. and Chmn., Dept, of Educ., Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn., since 1926. Hill, E. N„ A.B.’OS, A.M.’ll, Earlham Col.; A.M.’38, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Humboldt, Kansas, since 1934. Hill, Fred, B.S.T4, North Central Col.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Nebr.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 3902 Davenport St., Omaha 3, Nebr., since 1944. Hill, Frederick William, B.S.’34, M.S.’35, Kansas State Col.; Ed.D.’41, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Secy., Bd. of Dir., and Bus. Mgr., Pub. Sch., Abington, Pa., since 1942. Hill, Guy H„ Ed.D.’46, Univ. of Mich.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Div. of Educ., Mich. State Col., East Lansing, Mich., since 1936. Hill, Henry H., A.B. and M.A.’21, Univ. Va.; Ph.D. 30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Pres., American Assn, of Sch Admin., 1946-47; Pres., George Peabody Col. for Tchrs., Nashville 4, Term., since 1945. Hill, Ishmael, Dir. of Curriculum and Instr., Pub. Sch., Beaumont, Texas. Hill, J. Davis, M.A.’38, West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Canyon, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Galveston, Texas, since 1946. Hill, Mrs. Jimmie, Co. Supt. of Sch., Susan- ville, Calif. Hill, Mrs. Margaret Ford, B.A.’39, Santa Barbara Col., Univ. of Calif.; Tchr., Lin¬ coln Sch., Santa Barbara, Calif., since 1947. Hill, O. E., B.S. in Ed.’27, Ohio Univ.; M.A. in Adm.’36, Columbia Univ.; Supt., Upper Arlington Sch., Columbus 12, Ohio, since 1943. Hill, Robert Russell, B.S. in Ed.’22, South¬ east Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girar¬ deau, Mo.; M. A.’26, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Ph.D.’34, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prof, of Educ., Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo., since 1925. Hill, Roy M., Box 18, Route 2, Port Huron, Mich. Hill, Roy W., Prin., H. S., 72 Lindale, Stamford, Conn. Hill, Thurston S., A.B.’36, Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo.; M.Ed.’40, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Dexter, Mo., since 1937. Hill, W. W., A.B.'29, Oglethorpe Univ.; M. A.’3S, Univ. of Ala.; Ed.D.’42, Colum¬ bia Univ.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Liv¬ ingston, Ala., since 1944. Hill, Walter Henry, B.S.’23, Gettysburg Col.; M.A.’31, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Swedesboro, N. J., since 1923. Hill, Wilhelmina, B.S. in Ed.’30, Univ. of Kansas; M.A.’33, Ed.D.’39, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Denver, Denver 10, Colo., since 1939. Hilleboe, Guy L., A.B.’20, Univ. of Minn. : A.M.’28, Ph.D.’30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Rutherford, N. J., since 1938. Hills, Carroll A., Ph.B.’26, Univ. of Wis.; M.A.’35, State Univ. of Iowa; Prin., Twp. H. S., Rochelle, Ill., since 1930. Hinaman, Joseph L., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Bradford, Pa. Hinchey, Clarence Edwin, A.B.’28, A.M.’35, Ed.D.’46, Univ. of Mich.; Prin., Nott Ter. H. S., Schenectady 8, N. Y., since 1946. Hinderman, Roy A., B.S.’28, Univ. of Minn.; M.S.’29, Ph.D.’38, Univ. of Wis.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Sec. and Adult Educ,, 414 Fourteenth St., Denver 2, Colo., since 1946. Hines, Ben B„ M.A.’36, Southern Methodist Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Kaufman, Texas, since 1942. Hines, Clarence, A.B.’25, Drury Col.; M.A. ’29, Univ. of Mo.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Eugene, Oregon, since 1946. Hines, Floyd Arthur, A.B.’25, M.A.’31, But- ler Univ.; Supt, of Sch., Martinsville, Ind., since 1945. List of Members 421 Hinkle, Thomas L., Ph.B.’33, Muhlenberg Col.; M.S.’38, Bucknell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hazelton, Pa., since 1939. Hinson, Y. L., B.A.’27, Univ. of Texas; M.A.'40, Stephen F. Austin State Tchrs, Col., Nacogdoches, Texas; Prin., Dowling Jr. H. S., Beaumont, Texas, since 1946. Hinze, Robert E., B.A.’28, Miss. Col.; M.A. ’47, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Louis¬ ville, Miss., since 1947. Hipp, Frederick L., B.S. in Ed.’33, Bowling Green State Univ.; M.S.’36, Ed.D.’39, Syracuse Univ.; Exec. Secy., New Jersey Educ. Assn., Stacy-Trent Hotel, Trenton 8, N. J., since 1946. Hirst, Eric A„ B.S, and M.A.'39, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Rural Sch. Supvr., State Dept, of Educ., Willimantic, Conn., since 1947. Hitchcock, Clarence C., B.S.’14, St. Law¬ rence Univ.; M.A.’28, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Ph.D.’38, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Hasbrouck Hgts., N. J., since 1927. Hix, R. Milton, A. B.’30, Univ. of Texas; M. S.’38, Texas Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Hearne, Texas, since 1941. *Hobbs, Edwin G., B.A.’25, State Tchrs. Col., Silver City, N. Mex.; M.A.’36, Univ. of N. Mex. Address: Bd. of Educ., Clovis, N. Mex. Hoag, William T„ Ed.M.’34, Univ. of Buf¬ falo; Prin., H. S., Angola, N. Y., since 1927. Hobgood, Baxter E„ M.A.’38, George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Mur¬ freesboro, Tenn., since 1945. Hobson, Fred C., A.B. in Ed.’29, Univ. of N- C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Yadkinville, N. C., since 1939. Hochstuhl, Frank J„ Jr., Secy, and Bus Mgr- Bd of Educ., 155 Broad St., Bloom¬ field, N. J., since 1927. *Hodge, Lamont F., A.B.’97, A.M.’21, Pd.D 26, Colgate Univ. Address: 448 Clinton Ave., Albany, N. Y. .£ ,iv 4 r 4..?’ A -’ 30 > Univ. Tulsa; Ed.M. 33, D.Ed. 37, Univ. of Okla.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Oklahoma City, Okla., since 1947. Hodges, J. Allen, A.B.’28, Univ. of Calif • Exec. Secy., San Diego City Sch. Retire- ment System, Spreckles Bldg., San Diego 1, Calif., since 1940. Hodges, WiHiam E., Supt. of Sch„ Belle- vine, Kansas. Hodgkin, Boswell B., A.B.’29, Ky. Weslevan Col. Address: Pub. Sch., Winchester, Ky! Hoech, Arthur A„ B.S.’07, Central Wes- c ya L C ol.; B.S. in Ed.’18, M.A.’31, Univ, n,ef rv’ f u P‘-- Ritenour Consol. Sch. Dist., Overland, Mo., since 1920. H r e ii er ’ Gustavus Adolphus £^y„ M A.’38 .Univ. of Chicago; Prin Taft H. S„ Chicago 31, Ill., since 1939. ’ H MEd n 4 H n 0l - d A > £ A -B.’32, Park Col.; “g', Is p„bSJ d £"tS„ m A„“' H m’a 4 E M neSt v” , B t S-’ 32, Wheaton Col.; oA*V” ,TS H. S„ »• A -*‘» Hofer, G. Martin, B.A.’36, Univ. of S. Dak.; M. A.’46, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Blair, Nebr., since 1947. Hoff, Arthur G., B.Ed.’28, State Tchrs. Col., Superior, Wis.; M.A.’30, State Univ. of Iowa; Ph.D.’38, Univ. of Minn.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Redlands, Red¬ lands, Calif., since 1946. Hoffman, Harold F., Ed.M.’34, Univ. of Buffalo; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Leonia, N. J., since 1947. Hoffman, M. Gazelle, B.A.’ll, Elmira Co!.; M. A.’26, Columbia Univ,; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Lewiston, N. Y., since 1915, and Lec¬ turer, N. Y. State Tchrs. Col,, Buffalo, N, Y., since 1931. Hoglan, John C., B.A.’23, M.A.’32, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Marshall¬ town, Iowa, since 1946. Hogrefe, Roy A., A.B.’29, Presbyterian Col.; M.A.’37, Univ. of S. C.; Dir., Dept, of Children’s Work, Presbyterian Church, Richmond 9, Va., since 1948. Hogue, O. Wendell, B.S.’18, Syracuse Univ.; M. A.’25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y., since 1934. Holbeck, Elmer S„ B.S.’23, Columbia Univ.- M.A.’26, Ph.D.’34, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst Supt. of Sch., Passaic N I since 1938. ’ aadiduu, vvnnam - -r - --... -.V., * i T, iadidyctic 25 ’ ^ n * v - °* Pa-; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., North Arlington, N. J., since 1935. Holbrook, C. Ray, B.A.’19, M.A.’22, Univ. of Wash.; Ed.D.’39, Stanford Univ.; Dir. of Adult Educ., Pub. Sch., 50 Embarcadero, Palo Alto, Calif., since 1940. Holbrook, Sabra, Exec. Dir., Youth Builders 120 E. 16th St., New York 11, N. Y. Holden, Ellsworth B., B.S.’23, Mich. State Col.; M.A. 34, Columbia Univ.; Educ. Consultant, Warren S. Holmes Co. Archi¬ tects. Olds Tower, Lansing 8, Mich., since Holden, Fox D„ B.S.’20, Ed,M.’38. Univ. of Rochester; Supt. of Sch., Poughkeepsie, N. Y., since 1938. *Holden, Miles C„ The Holden Patent Book MasT C °'’ 53 Hlllman St -, Springfield, H r !I ? nd ’»x9'.,? e ?. n ? th ’ A.B.’29, Occidental ■a? tt^ A ‘ 3I - Pr,nceton Univ.; Certificate ,?i’ of Grenoble, France; Certificate 32, Univ. of Pans, France; LL.D.’46 Occidental Col.; U. S. Counselor on wt SC0 D A ? al ^’ c/o The Amer ican Em- bassy, Paris, France, since 1948. H M la ,'l d ’ J ^ icho , 1 ? s s P rin g. A.B.'17, Southern Methodist Univ.; A.M.’27 Ed D ’^7 Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.V'Texas'Mgn! N y st rom Company, Wilson Bldg., Dallas, Texas, since 1946. Hollenbach Charles R„ B.S.’16, M.A ’17 r, n tv V 'M 0f T Pa v Prin., Sr. H. S., Atlantic City, N. J., since 1939. H n 1 ? r ’ Carlisle, A.B.’21, Wofford : u 5 iv - °f s. C.; Supt Of Sch., HartsviIIe, S. C., since 1944 H uiag‘£i A - a “‘« *»»• w H M S-29 CIemson Col.; oflrh *7:• Pol .y tech - Inst.; Co. Supt. I Sch., Martinsville, Va., since 1933. Tch7s er Co J I 0hn w R '; ?ii pIoma ’ 10 > State icnrs col., West Chester, Pa * Geni sfifce 1930 dlSan Hote1 ’ Atlantic City, N. J..' 422 American School Buildings Hollingsworth, Henry T., B.S.’18, Wash. Col.: M.A.’23. Columbia Univ.; LL.B.’28. N. J. Law Sch.; Supt. of Sell., Bloom¬ field, N. J., since 1942. Hollister, Harold Edmund, A.B.‘17, Middle- bury Col.; A.M.'36. N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany. N. Y.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., White Plains, N. Y., since 1941. Hollmeyer, Lewis H., A.B.’20, Hanover Col.; M. A.’3 7. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Pub. Instr.. Spring- field. Ill., since 1945. Hollobaugh, E. E., B.S/23, M.Ed.’37. Pa. State Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Franklin, N. J., since 1948. Holloway, George E., Jr.. Lift.B.’29, M.Ed. ’33, Rutgers Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Pittsfield, N. H.. since 1946. Holloway. H. V.. A.B.’95, A.M.’98, Wash¬ ington Col., Chestcrtown. Md.; Ph.D.’14, Univ. of Pa.; LL.D.’32, Washington Col., Chestcrtown. Md.: State Supt. of Pub. Instr.. Dover, Del., 1921-1946. Address: 10 King's Highway, Dover, Del. Holman, Monroe A.. M.A.’43. Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Paltonville, Mo., since 1927 - . Holmes. Burton C., M.A.’34, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Grinncll, Iowa, since 1947. Holmes, Chester W., S.B.U6. Ed.M.’24, Harvard Univ.: Ed.D.’36. George Wash¬ ington Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Malden 48. Mass., since 1946. Holmes, Dwipht Oliver Wendell, A.B.’Ol, Howard Univ.; A.M.’15, Ph.D.’34. Colum¬ bia Univ.; Pres., Morgan State. Col., Bal¬ timore 12, Md., since 1937. Holmes, Frank L., B.A. and B.Sc.’29, Univ. of Kansas; M.A.’36, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Maine Twp. H. S., Dempster at Potter, Park Ridge, Ill., since 1942. Holmes, G. E., B.A.'29, M.A.’33, State Univ. of Iowa; Regional Supvr., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Des Moines 10. Iowa, since 1945. Holmes. Harley W., A.B.’26, Western Mich. Col. of Kduc., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A. ’35. Albion Col.; Supt. of Sch., Marshall, Mich., since 1929. Holmes, Henry W., A.B/03, A.M.’04, Har¬ vard Univ.; Litt.D.’24, Tufts Col.; LL.D. ’31. Univ. of Pittsburgh; Lift.D.'33. Rut¬ gers Univ.; LL.D.'36, Franklin and Mar¬ shall Cot.; Prof, of Educ.. Harvard Univ., Cambridge 38, Mass., since 1917. Holmes, J. E., A.B.’27, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich,; A.M.’36, Univ. of Wyo.; Supt. of Sch., Spring Lake, Mich., since 1923. Holmes, Joy William, A.B.'16, Hiram Col.; M.A.'28, Ohio State Univ.; Prin., Wilbur Wright II. S., Dayton 3, Ohio, since 1940. Holmes, Keith D., B.S.'37, State Tchrs. Col., Oswego, N. Y.; M.A.'42. Columbia Univ.; Supvr. of Elcm. Educ., Drydcn-Freovilie Central Sch., Dryden, N. ¥., since 1948. Holmes, Roy IC„ A.B.'29, Wilmington Cot.; M.A.'37, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Milford, Ohio, Binco 1942. Holmstodt, Raleigh Warren. A.B.'24, Has¬ tings Col.; M.A.*27, Ph.D/32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Ind. Univ,, Bloomington, Ind., since 1929. Holsinger, Clyde Kngoy, A.B.’09, Bridge- water Col.; A.M.'IB, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; L.H.D. 37, Brldgowater Col.; Dlv. Supt. of Sell., Richmond, Va., since 1938. Holsinger. Virgil C.. Sr., A.B.’27, Juniata Col.; M.Ed.'37, Univ. of Pittsburgh- Supvg. Prin. of Sch.. Millvale, Pittsburgh 9, Pa., since 1935. Holst, Alwyn Robert, Ed.D.'47, New York Univ.; Head. Dept, of Educ., Hamline Univ., St. Paul 4, Minn., since 1945. Holste, Hilary L„ B.S.’21, Capital Univ.; M.E.’36, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Arnold, Pa., since 1936. Holstein, Walter E„ A.B.’25, M.A.'31, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Prin., Phineas Banning Evening H.S., Los Angeles, Calif, and Supvg. Prin., Day Adult Classes, Los Angeles Harbor Area, 1500 Avalon Blvd., Wilmington, Calif., since 1933. Holstine. Garold D., B.A. in Ed.'32. Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; M.A.'35. Ph.D.'42, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir.. Univ. Laboratory Sch. and Tchr. Educ., Col. of Educ., Univ. of Okla., Nor¬ man. Okla., since 1946. Holston, Evelyn T., B.S.’20, A.M.'21. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Genl. Supvr. of Jr. H. Schs., Springfield 5, Mass., since 1922. Holt, A. D., Ph.D.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Exec. Secy., Tenn. Educ. Assn., 321 Seventh Ave„ N., Nashville 3, Tenn., since 1937. Holt, E. E., A.B/26, Wilmington Col,; M.A.'36. Miami Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Springfield, Ohio, since 1948. Holt. Frank E.. B.S.’06, Amherst Col.; Ed.M.’29, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Whitman, Mass., since 1922. Holton, Edwin Lee, Diploma '00, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; A.B.’04, Ind. Univ.; Ph.D.'27, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Kansas State Col., Man¬ hattan, Kansas, since 1910. Holtz, Roger B.. B.A.'32. Carroll Col.; M.A. ’41. Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sell., Rice Lake, Wis., since 1945. ♦Holy, Thomas C., A.B.’19, Des Moines Univ.; M.A.'22, Ph.D.’24, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir., Bureau of Educ. Research, Ohio State Uuiv., Columbus, Ohio, since 1942. Honora, Sister M., A.B.’22, Marygrove Col.; A.M/25, Univ. of Notre Dame; Ph.D.’28. Fordham Univ.; Pres., Marygrove Col., Detroit 21, Mich., since 1937. Hood. Charles E., B.S.’27. Jamestown Col.: M.A.’35, Mont. State Univ; Prin., Co. H. S. and Jr. Col., Miles City, Mont., since 1948. Hood, R. E., Co. Supt. of Sch., Brunswick, Ga. Hood, Terrance R., M.A.’44, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Consol. Sch., Monroe, Mich., since 1948. Hook, Paul Garland, B.A.'28. Elon Col.; M.A.’34, Univ. of Va.; Supt. of Sch., Clifton Forge, Va., since 1941. Hooker, Clifford E., M.A.’32, Univ. of Minn,; Supt. of Sch., Lakeville, Minn., since 1936. Hooker, Orville T., A.B.’24. M.S.’34, Butler Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Marlon, Ind., since 1943. Hoop, Charles C.. B.S.’27, Wilmington Col.; M.Ed. '35, Univ. of Cincinnati; Supt. of Sell., Bellcfontaine, Ohio, since 1946. Hooper, Bertrand, B.S.'30, Boston Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Medford 55. Mass., since 1922. List of Members 423 Hooper, Laura, B.A.’18, Univ. of S. Dak.; Ph.D.’35, Yale Univ.; Dir., Illman Carter Unit for Kdgn.-Elem. Tchrs., Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa., since 1946. Hooper, Mary L., M.E.’45, Wayne Univ.; Prin., John R. King Sch., Detroit 27, Mich., since 1945. Hopkins, Johanna Marie, Diploma ’14, Brooklyn Tr. Sch. for Tchrs.; B.S.’37, M.A.'38, New York Univ.; Asst. Dist. Supt. of Sch., 3515 84th St., Jackson Hgts., New York, N. Y., since 1942. Hopkins, John L., Ph.D.’36, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hastings-on-Hudson 6, N. Y., since 1923. Hopkins, John W., A.B.'30, M.A.’39, Drake Univ.; Ph.D.’4I, Williams Col.; Pres., Williams Col., Berkeley 7, Calif., since 1938. Hopkins, L. Thomas, A.B.’IO, A.M.’ll, Tufts Col.; Ed.D.’22, Harvard Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1929. Hopkins, Lowell, M.A.’31, Univ. of Mo.; Dir. of Elem. Educ., Pub. Sch., 200 N.W. 7th St., Evansville 8, Ind., since 1943. Hopkins, P. H., B.A.’07, Georgetown Col.; Supt. of Sch., Somerset, Ky., since 1927. Hopkins. W. Karl, A.B.’06, Univ. of Utah, Address; Ogden, Utah. Hopper, Arthur F., B.S.’16, M.A.’2I, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Plain- field, N. J„ since 1944. Hopper, Robert L„ B.S.’41, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.Ed. ’47, Harvard Univ.; Dir., Educ. Finance, State Dept, of Educ., Concord, N. H., since 1947. Hoppock, Robert, B.S.’23, Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'32, Ph.D.’35, Columbia Univ.; Prof', of Educ., and Chmn., Dept, of Guid, and Personnel Admin., New York Univ New York 3, N. Y„ since 1939. Hopwood, Bernard, Diploma ’32, Bowling Green State. Univ.; B.S.’ in Ed.’35, Univ of Idaho; Supt. of Sch., Potlatch, Idaho, since 1940. H °™. Carl M., B.S.’21, Mich. State Col.- M. A. 27, Univ. of Mich.; Dir. of Con¬ tinuing Educ., Mich. State Col. East Lansing, Mich., since 1948. Horn, Earl G., M.S.’34, Iowa State Col.- 1948' SUPt- ° f Schv Ashton - IU - since *U° rn - Ern ,f st ' B -S-’07, A.M.’08, Univ. of Mo.; Ph.D. 14, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ. and Dir., Univ. Elem. Sch., State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, since H ?L anc l? B - A -’ 30 - Dartmouth Col. M.A. 34, Univ. of Va.; M.A.’42, Yal Univ.; Dean, McCoy Col., and Dir., Sum mer session, Johns Hopkins Univ.. Balti more 18, Md., since 1947, H ’i r fi e rT' £•’ A rr B ’- 12 ’ Juniata Col -i A.M Id, Columbia Univ. Address: Pub. Sch iamaqua, Pa. H °A r M r .’,? a i a L? oyt ’ A -B.’01, Univ. of Ill Trlfr's 15 a?n' D ' 18 ir N L Y - State Col. fo Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; LL.D.’32, Alfrei Ame'-’ Sec ^” C ? uncil °n Dental Educ. St Chfr n ; ,v D Ti tal Tii AsS "” 222 E - Superio; ot., Chicago 11, Ill., since 1940. i A n M ! 26 Me ph r D -fa’ n B -’ 13 ’ / u £ iata CoL DS F w D 'n 38, of Pittsburgh; oflVu 3 tir W u Sh - a nd Jefferson Col.; Supt of Sch., Washington, Pa., since 1930. Horsman, Ralph D., B.S.’29, M.Ed.’34, Ph.D. ’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Mt. Lebanon, Pittsburgh 16, Pa., since 1946. Horwich, Frances R., Ph.B.’29, Univ. of Chicago; M.A.’33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’42, Northwestern Univ.; Chmn., Dept, of Educ., Roosevelt Col., Chicago 5, Ill., since 1945. Hosier, Fred W., B.Sc.’21, Pa. State Col.; Ed,D.’34, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Oklahoma City, Okla, since 1948. Hossfield, George L., Special Sch. Rep.. Underwood Corp.. One Park Ave., New York 16, N. Y„ since 1914. Hostetler, Ivan P., B.S. in Ed.’19, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A. in Ed.’26, Stanford Univ.; Supt., Miami, Lower Miami, and Inspiration Pub. Sch.,’ Miami, Ariz., since 1934. Hostler, Amy, B.S.’30, M.A.’34, Western Reserve Univ.; Dean. Mills Sch., New York 11, N. Y., since 1941. Hougen, Leif A., Dir. of Special Serv., Pub. Sch., Royal Oak, Mich. Hough. , Arleigh R„ Mng. Editor, Rand McNally & Co., 536 S. Clarke St., Chicago Houk, Dale W., A.B/24, Park Col.; M.A.’33, Ed.D.’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Slippery Rock, Pa., since 1946. Houle, Lawrence E„ A.B.’25. Lawrence Col.; M.A. 30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; bupvg. Prin. of Sch., Pewaukee, Wis since 1945. Hounshell, Paul, B.A.’18, Bridgewater Col • M.A. 36, Univ. of Va.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Culpepper, Va., since 1941. House, Fred B B.S. in Ed.’28. Central Mo. state Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; A M’34 Univ of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Warrens- burg, Mo., since 1941. R ‘ c ii ard A -> B.S.’36, Central Pleasant. Mich.; M.A. 41 Ed.D. 46, Tchrs. Col., Columbia It UJY* 1 Asst. Prof. Of Educ., Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa„ since 1946. H ^ S A™o a , n ’ Lynn ’ B - s -’08. Colgate Univ.- M.A. 21, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ!; Supt. of Sch., Geneva, N. Y., since 1926 HO R U o S ch°e n ile J T S Y. HudS °" Sch ” New Houston Raymond E„ B.S. in Ed.’33 North- " est ? tate - Tchrs . Col., Maryville “:,4: 38, Univ. of Mo.; Supt of Sch., Chillicothe, Mo., since 1947. Mich - State Nor- T? • Ypsilanti, Mich.; M.A. ’41 Univ. of Mich.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Flint Mich,, since 1929. Ho .'f' ar ' i . Er . vin > A.B.’24, M.A.’27, Univ. of Mich.; Dir., Dept, of Instr., Pub. Sch., Dearborn, Mich., since 1945. George, A.B.’l2, Davidson Col • A 2 ’ L 1 } 1 ?-’ 24 - Columbia Univ.; Prof. sinfe d 1946 Jn ‘ V ' ° f A ’ a ” University, Ala., HO M A'28 H t't A ' B -’ 22 A Furma " Univ.; BeL '8 r V ' -° f Supt. of Sch. ceiton, b. C., since 1947. Howard, Harriet, M.A.’16, Tchrs Col Co Cof^f FH niV ' : ?‘ r " Supvg Dep^ Natl! Col. of Educ., Evanston, Ill., since 1923. Howard, Joseph E., B.S.’15 Central Pol Payette Mo, a’.M.’ 28, Univ of Mo •' mood h' ( Mu "c Sc T h ” - 8734 Nashville, Rich¬ mond Hgts., St. Louis 17, Mo,, since 1927. 424 American School Buildings Howard. Marie R„ Diploma ’10. R. I. Nor¬ mal Sch. Address: 29 Modena Ave., Prov¬ idence 8. R. I. Howard. Ray W., B.A.’3I, M.A.'40, Univ. of Wash.; Supt., Shoreline Dist. Sch., Seattle 55, Wash., since 1944. Howe, Charles Homer, B.A.’32, M.A.'33, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Peninsula Pub. Sch., Gig Harbor. Wash. Howe, Joseph William, A.B.'28, Juniata Col.; M.A.'32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Burlington. N. J., since 1946. Howell, C. M., A.B.’15, M.Ed.’36, Univ. of Okla.; Assoc. Secy., Okla. Educ. Assn., 306 Oklahoma Natl. Bldg., Oklahoma City, Okla. Howell, Charles W., B.S.'ll, Denison Univ.; M.A.’35, Ohio State Univ.: Supt. of Sch., St. Bernard, Ohio, since 1940. Howell, Clarence E.. B.S.'17. James Millikin Univ.; A.M.’23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. Address: 252 Parkway Ave., Tren¬ ton 8, N. J. Howell, E. J., B.S.'22. M.S.’32, Agrl. and Mech. Col. of Texas; Dean, John Tarleton Agrl. Col., Tarleton Sta., Stephenville, Texas, since 1945. Howell, Harry M.. B.A.'24, M.S. in Ed.'37, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1938. Howell. John Marion. B.A.'25. Emmanuel Missionary Col.; M.A.’38. Ph.D.’42. Univ. of Ncbr.; Genl. Conf., Seventh Day Ad¬ ventists, Tacoma Park, Washington, D. C. Howie, Thomas W., B.S.’23, Lafayette Col.; M.S.'31, Temple Univ.; Ed.D.'43, New York Univ.; Supt., Alexis I. duPont Spe¬ cial Sch. Dist., Wilmington 67, Del., since 1936. Howton, Everett. B.S.’20, M.A.’29, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Turrell, Ark., since 1944. Hoxic. Irwin H.. B.S.'28, M.Ed.’40, Univ. of Vt.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., East Hard¬ wick, Vt., since 1947. Hoycr, Louis P., M.S.'35, Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., The Parkway and 21st, Philadelphia 3. Pa., since 1943. Hoyman, W. IL. A.B.'09, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls. Iowa; A.M.'33, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sell., Indianola, Iowa, since 1926. Hoyt, C. O., A.B.'18, Grinncll Col.; M.A. '30, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Dcs Moines 9, Iowa, since 1941. Hoyt, Carlyle G., B.S.’26, Middlcbury Col.: Ph.D.’44, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fair- field, Conn., since 1947. Hoyt, Guy M.. Ph.B.'16, M.A.'21. Univ. of Chicago; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 451 N. Hill St., Los Angeles 7, Calif., since 1945. Hoyt, Herbert E., A.B.’31, M.A.’38, Bates Col.; Union Supt. of Sell., Harwich, Mass., since 1947. Hubbard, Frank W„ A.B.’22, M.A.'26, Univ. of Calif.; Ph.D.'31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Research, Natl. Educ. Assn., 1201 16th St.. N. W., Washington 6, D. C.. since 1940. Hubbard, Louis H., B.S.'03, M.A.'18. Univ. of Texas; LL.D.'29, Austin Col.; Pli.D.'30. Univ. of Toxbs; Pres., Texas State Col. for Womon, Denton, Texas, since 1926. Huber, Adelbert D., B.S.'32, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. PleBBant, Mich.; B.S. '36, Mich. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Shop- herd, Mich., eince 1942. Huden, John C.. Pres., Castleton Tchrs. Col., Castleton, Vt. Hudspeth. Ben H., M.A.'41. George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.: Supt. of Sch., Atlanta 1. Texas, since 1945. Hudtloff, A. G., B.S.'20. M.A.'30. Univ. of Wash.; Supt.. Clover Park Sch., Tacoma 9. Wash., since 1928. Huebner. Robert H.. Long Island Institu¬ tional Equipment Co.. 1501 Franklin Ave.. Mineola, N. Y. Huey, Arthur S., B.A.'35, Amherst Col.; Dir., The Leelanau Sells., Glen Arbor, Mich., since 1942. Huey, Leslie E., B.S. in Ed.’22, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville. Mo.; M.Ed.’46, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Lincoln, Mo., since 1948. Huff. Leo W., A.B.'30. M.A.’36, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Lincoln Park, Mich., since 1928. Huff, Raymond, B.A.’21, Univ. of Texas; M.A.'30, Univ. of Colo.: Supt. of Sch., Clayton, N. Met., since 1920. Huff, Z. T., A.B.'25, Baylor Univ.; A.M. '29, Columbia Univ.: Ph.D.'36, Univ. of Texas; Dean, Howard Payne Col., Brown- wood, Texas, since 1938. Hufford, Gayle N., Ph.D.'37. Univ. of Chi¬ cago: Supt. of Sch., Joliet, Ill., since 1937. Huggard, Ethel F., M.S. in Ed.'29. Col. of the City of New York; Asst. Supt. of New York City Sell., Elem. Div., 110 Liv¬ ingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1941. Huggins, W. Zack, B.A.’25, Miss. Col.; M.A. '40, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Quitman, M iss., since 1936. Hughes, James. B.S.'25, A.M.'34, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Grccnsburg, Pa., since 1921. Hughes, Janies Monroe, A.B.T6, Ind. Univ.; M.A.'22, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.'24, Univ. of Minn.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., North¬ western Univ., Evanston, Ill., since 1941. Hughes, John Francis, A.B.’09, Washburn Col.; D.IL'34, Washburn Col.; M.S.'36. Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg. Kan¬ sas; Supt. of Sell., El Dorado, Kansas, since 1926. Hughes, D. V., M.S. '39, Univ. of Idaho: Dist. Supt. of Sch., Sandpoint. Idaho, since 1946. Hugh cs, Mrs. L. W., Pres., Natl. Congress of Parents and Tchrs., 600 S. Michigan Blvd., Chicago, III., since 1946. Hughes, M.V., A.B.’32, Susquehanna Univ.; A.M.'37, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sell., Plains, Pa., since 1934. Hughes, Otto, A.B.'29, Franklin Col.; M.A. '30, Ind. Univ. Address; Pub. Sell., Co¬ lumbus, Ind. Hughes, Ray O., A.B.'OO, Brown Univ.: A.M.'24, Univ. of Pittsburgh; L.H.D.41, Brown Univ. Address; 5517 Beverly PI.. Piftshnrirh 6. Pn. Ilughcy, Allen Harrison, B.A.*03, Vander¬ bilt: LL.B.’oa, George Washington Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Sch. Admin. Bldg., El Paso, Texas, since 1919. Hughson, Arthur, A.B.T6, Col. of the City of New York; A.M.'18, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1948. Huie, W. E., Co. Supt. of Sch., Jonesboro, Ga. List of Members 42 : Hull, J. Henrich, A.B.’30, Univ. of Red- lands; M.A.'32, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Tor¬ rance, Calif., since 1947. Hull, Osman R., B.S.’13, M.S.’14, Ph.D.’25, Univ. of Calif.; Prof, in Educ. Admin., since 1924, and Dean, Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles 7, Calif., since 1945. Hulme, George W., A.B.'27, Mercer Univ.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Ala. Address: Pub. Sch., Alexander City, Ala. Hulton, John G„ Supt. of Sch., Latrobe, Pa., since 1929. Humbert, Gordon G., B.Sc.’29, M.A.'36, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lima, Ohio, since 1947. Hummel, Edward John, A.B.’13, Univ. of Southern Calif.; A.M/14. Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.'45, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dep¬ uty Supt. of Sch., Beverly Hills, Calif., since 1939. Humphrey, George Duke, B.A.’29, Blue Mountain Col.; M.A.'31, Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.’39, Ohio State Univ.; Pres., Univ. of Wyo., Laramie, Wyo., since 1945. Humphrey, Joe R., B.A.’25, Trinity Univ.; M.A.’31, Ed.D.'38, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch. and Pres, of Jr. Col., Temple, Texas, since 1939. Hunter, Frederick Maurice, A.B.'05. Univ of Nebr.; A.M.'19, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D '25, Univ. of Calif.; LL.D.'30, Colo. Col.; LL.D.'32, Univ. of Colo.; LL.D.'39. Univ. of Nebr.; Pres., Natl. Educ. Assn.. 1920-21. Honorary Chancellor, Oregon State Sys¬ tem of Higher Educ., Eugene. Oregon, since 1946. Huntington, Ira Leo. B.S.'2H, M.S.'33, lnd. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch.. Rensselaer, Ind., since 1933. Hurd, Archer Willis, Ph.B.’OO. Hamline Univ.; M.S/24. Ph.D/28. Univ. of Minn.; Dir., Bureau of Educ. Research and Serv¬ ice. Medical Col. of Va., Richmond 19. Va., since 1943. Hurie, Wiley Lin. A.B '06, Ill. Col.: B.D. ‘12, Union Theol. Sent.; D.D.19, Col. of the Ozarks; LL.D/39, Cumberland Univ.; Pres., The Col. of the Ozarks, Clarksville. Ark., since 1923. Hurlburt, Allan S.. A.B.'33. A.M.'37, Ph.D. '47, Cornell Univ.; Head. Dept, of Admit;, and Supvn., East Carolina Tchrs. Col., Greenville, N. C.. since 1947. Hurlburt, Edwin N.. B.S.'29, M.A.'46 Clare¬ mont Grad. Sch.; Prim, H. S., Los Alamos, N. Mex.. since 1947. Hurst. George A., Southern Methodist Univ. Dallas 4, Texas. Huneycutt, J. E., A.B.’34, M.A.’40, Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Sch., Rockingham, N. C„ since 1948. Hungerpiller, Lois, A.B.'28, Winthrop Col ; Helping Tchr., Pub, Sch., Elloree, S. C. Hungerford, Richard H-, A.B.'27, Albion Col.; A.M.’31, Univ. of Mich.; Dir. Bu¬ reau for Children with Retarded Mental Development, 224 E. 28th St., New York 16, N. Y„ since 1942. H unkins, Ralph V., B.A.'M, Univ. of Nebr.; M.A. 21, Univ. of Chicago; D.Litt.'36 Dakota Wesleyan Univ.; Supt. of Sch Lead, S. Dak., since 1922. Hunsaker Ray e.S.MO, Univ. of Oregon; oupt. of Sch., Coquille, Oregon, since 1947. HF " Ph B -’26. Brown Univ.; M.A. 38, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., ondgewater, Mass., since 1940. HU JL E r?, R -r **.A.'29. Univ - of Wash.; 1931 ° f Sch " Lake Stevens - Wash., since Hunt - Harry A., A.B.'Ol, Col. of William sCfce^goS)! SUPt ' ° f Sch " Portsmouth . Va., n^HeroIdC., A.B.’23, A.M,’27. Univ. of Univ’- Pr; D ' 4 A Tc - hrs ' Co1 " Columbia Univ., Pres., American Assn, of Sch. Admin,, 1947-48; Genl. Supt. of Sch Chicago, Ill., since 1947. H MA % ma r i Cur K! s ' A®’ 12 - Univ. Of Vt.; M.A. 38, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch Burlington, Vt„ since 1922. P " Hunt, Malcolm G., B.S.’31, M.A/32 West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Canyon Texas Supt- of Sch., Portales, N. Mei„ since * H M n A'27 0l ph L D n -« r ’ r A '’ 24 ' Millsaps Col.; m u’ 37 > George Peabody Col for Tchrs.; Editor-in-chief, The Phi Delta fh^f 34 Ridge Rd - Homewood D fu.: nusxey, u. V... A.B.'30, Florida Southern Col.; M.Ed.’40, Duke Univ.; Co. Supt. of Pub. Instr., Ft. Pierce, Fla., since 1945 Huss, Hunter. A.B.'23, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Gastonia. N. C. Hussey, James T.. M.A.'31. Boston Col.; Pres., Loyola Univ., Chicago 26. 111. since 1945. Hustcd. Inez M„ M.A.'35. Ed.D.'39. Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supvr. of Spe- Deposit and Savings Bank Bldg., Wilkes-Barre, Pa., since 1939. H “ s ‘°n. Harry, A.B.'OS. Southwestern Col . Winfield, Kansas; M.S.38, Okla Agri and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Blackwell' Okla., since 1931. Hutchens, Jens H.. A.B.'34, San Diego State Col.; M.S. 38, Univ. of Southern Calif- Asst Co. Supt. of Sch.. San Diego 1 Calif., since 1943. ♦Hutchins, Clayton D.. B.A. and B.S.'22 M.A, 27, Ph.D. 38, Ohio State Univ,; Asst Dir. of Research, Natl. Educ. Assn i?oi" 16th St., N.W., Washington 6 D C since 1945. H fi!» C |a in r , He rjot Clifton. B.S.’30. Spring- w! d . C c °- L if A ' 32 ' Ph.D.'34, Univ. of ^ le )^ ? ep *’ Natl. Recreation Assn.. 315 Fourth Ave., New York 10 N Y since 1944. ’ ‘ * H V‘f hi 5 s t R ? r be . n M-. A.B.'21, A.M.’22, ll.b , 2 ' n Y ?‘ e V m c V ' : LL 'P' 29 - W. Va. Univ.;' v'R' , 29, Lafayette Col.; LL.D229 Ober- n° ’’ LL.D.-30. Williams Col.; LL.D. p 1 ’ Be ff a . Co1 ; LI;-D.' 3 6, Harvard Univ.; fince 1929, V ' ° f Ch,cag0> Chica K° 37, Ill., Hutchinson, Eldon, Okmulgee, Okla. H Col WnS Snm J ° e r C e u M A v'- 38 »' Te « s Tech, since 1945. ° f Sch-> Llttlefield - Texas, Matteson, Ill., since 1940 162> 426 American School Buildings Hutton, James B., B.S. in Ed.’32, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; A.M. ’39. Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Chanute, Kansas, since 1947. Huxtable, Ethel E., Art Supvr., Pub. Sch., 1107 Douglas Ave„ Burlingame, Calif. Huyck, Claude A., M.E. and M.S.’40, Univ. of Ark.; Prin., Washington Rural H. S., Bethel. Kansas, since 1936. Huyck, F. S.. B.S. in Ed.’23, M.A.’31, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Wauseon, Ohio, since 1935. Hynds, Harold D., C.E.’12, Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Plant Operations and Mainte¬ nance, Bd. of Educ., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn, N. Y., since 1938. Hyde, Mrs. Florence S., 707 Ridge Ave., Evanston, Ill. Hyde, Paul S., Supvr. of Elem. Educ., Bd. of Educ., Elkton, Md. Hyde, Richard E., A.B.’21, W. Va. Univ.; A.M.'24, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’29, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Exec. Secy., State Tchrs. Retirement Bd., Charleston, W. Va., since 1941. I I ekes, Dale J., M.Ed.’48, Univ. of Oregon; Supt. of Elem. Sch., Milwaukee 22, Ore¬ gon, since 1946. Iden, Thomas L., A.B.’22, Kansas Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.'29. Western State Col., Gun¬ nison, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Russell, Kan¬ sas, since 1939. Idlcman, H. L. p Co. Supt. of Sch., Keyser, W. Va. Idlcman, Hillis K., Ph.B.*31, Brown Univ.; M A.'39, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., East Hartford 8, Conn., since 1944. Idol, E. D., A.B.T4, Pork Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Greensboro, N. C., since 1945. Igoc, Cclcstine, B.E.’30, De Paul Univ.; M.E.’37, Loyola Univ.; Dir., Spalding Sell, for Handicapped, 1628 W. Washing¬ ton St., Chicago 12, Ill., since 1942. Ihlcnfcldt, R. S., B. A,’34, M.A.’35, North¬ western Univ.; Supvr. of Elem. and Sec. Sch., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Madison 1, Win., since 1935. Illing, Arthur II., B.S.’20, Wesleyan Univ.; Kd. M .’42, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Manchester, Conn., since 1935. Indall, Floyd J., B.A.’28, St. Olaf Col.; M.E.'37, Univ. of S. Dak.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Lake Crystal, Minn., since 1947. Ingalls, Rosen C., A.B.’09, McPherson Col.; A M 'll, Univ. of Kansas; LL.D. 38, Mc¬ Pherson Col.; LL.D.'42. Col. of Osteo¬ pathic Physicians and Surgeons; Pres., East Los Angeles Jr. Col., Los Angolos 22, Calif., since 1945. Ingebrlghtson, Carl S.. B.A.’29, Concordia Col.; M,A.’40, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Westbrook, Minn., since 1946. Ingram. Irvin S„ A.B.'28, Univ. of Go.; M.A.’33, Emory Univ.} Pres., West Go. Col., Cnrrollton, Go., stneo 1933. Inman, William O.. B.S.'2S, M.A/48, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Paris, Tenn., since 1933. Itiscoe, L. S., B.A/15 Woke Forest Col.; M.A.’28. Tciirs. Col., Columbia Univ., Co. Supt. o{ Sch., Nashville, N. C„ sinco 1919. Ireland, Dwight B., B.A.’26, M.A.’29, Ph.D. ’38, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bir¬ mingham, Mich., since 1942. Ireland, Elizabeth, B.A.’20, Univ. of Mont.; M.A.’27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Helena, Mont., since 1929. Ireland, Everett W., B.S.’ll. Tufts Col.; Supt. of Sch., Somerville, Mass., since 1928. ’’'Irons, F. S., A.B.’26, Middlebury Col. Address: Southwest Sch. Dist., Benning¬ ton, Vt. Irons, Harold S., B.S. in Ed.'18, Ohio Univ.; M.A.'33. Ohio State Univ.; D.Ed.’42, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Sewickley, Pa., since 1943. Ironside, Keith L., B.A.’31, Macalester Col.; M.A.’41, Univ. of Minn. Address: Pub. Sch., Windom, Minn. Irvin, Leon P., A.B.T4, Mercer Univ.; A.M. '20, Ohio State Univ.; Diplome ’22, Univ. of Paris; Head, Dept, of Romance Lan¬ guages and Literatures, Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio, since 1930 (on leave of absence) ; and Chief, Educ. and Religion, Civil Affairs Div., U. S. Army, Pentagon Bldg., Washington, D. C., since 1947. Irvin, William Buel, A.B.’21, Simmons Col.; M.A.’27, Simmons Univ.; Ed.D.’39, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Highland Park, Texas, since 1944. Irwin, Forrest A., B.S.T5, Northwestern Univ.; A.M.’26, Columbia Univ.; Pres., N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Jersey City, N. J., since 1946. Irwin, Manley E., B.A/22, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; M.A.’23, Univ. of Mich.; Supvg. Dir. of Instr., Pub. Sch., 467 W. Hancock, Detroit 1, Mich., since 1936. Isanogle, Alvey Michael, A.B.’98, St. John’s Col.; A.M.'24, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Ed. D.’36, Western Md. Col.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Western Md. Col., Westminster, Md., since 1928. Isbistcr, Russell L., B.S.’32, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; A.M. 37, Univ. of Mich.; Prin., H. S., River Rouge 18, Mich., since 1947. Isliam, Charlotte H.. B.E.’35, Danbury State Tchrs. Col., Danbury, Conn.; M.E. 47, Yale Univ.; Supvr. of Instr., Regional Dist. #3, Southbury. Conn., since 1947. Isle. Walter W., A.B.'15, Univ. of Okla.; A M.T9, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’42, Stanford Univ. Address: East¬ ern Wash. Col. of Educ., Cheney, Wash. Israel, M. J., B.A.’28, M.A.’32, La. State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bogalusa, La., since 1939. vy. Horace M.. A.B.'03, A.M.’04. Central Co!., Fayette. Mo.; Ph.D.’22, George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Meridian. Miss., since 1923. •J ck, Addio Belle, B.S.*46, State Tchrs. Col., St. Cloud, Minn.; Tchr., Irving Sch., Sioux City 18, Iowa, since 1930. ck. John D„ B.A.’30, Pa. State Col.; M.A/32, Univ. of Mich.: M.Ed. 38, Pa. State Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Williams¬ burg, Pa., since 1944. ck, Walter A., A.B.’37, Humboldt State Col.; M.A.’41, Stanford Univ.; Supt.,Elem. Sch. Dist., San Mateo, Calif., since 1948. List of Members 421 Jackman, Willard C., A.B.’23, Nebr, Wes¬ leyan Univ.; M.A.’30, Ph.D.’39, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Elem. Sch., Elmhurst, Ill., since 1942. Jacks, Thomas A., Ph.B.’27, Muhlenberg Col.; M.A.’34, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Harrison Morton Jr. H. S., Allentown, Pa., since 1946. Jackson, Ada L., A.B.’25, Geneva Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Freedom, Pa., since 1935. Jackson, Frank M., B.A.’28, Southwestern Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., San Angelo, Texas, since 1939. Jackson, Herbert G., Harris Tchrs. Col., 5351 Emight Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Jackson, Horace L., B.S. in Ed.’28, South¬ east Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Gir¬ ardeau, Mo.; M.E.’39, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., St. Genevieve, Mo., since 1942. Jackson, Shelby M., B.S.’26, M.S.’34, La. State Univ.; State Supt. of Educ., Baton Rouge 4, La., since 1948. Jackson, T. Eldon, A.B.’32, M.A.’34, Drake U n »v.; Supvr. of Curriculum, State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Old Capitol Bldg., Olym¬ pia, Wash., since 1947, Jackson Walter M., B.S.’ 20 , Georgetown Col., Ky ; M.A.’27, Tchrs. Co!., Columbia Univ. , Supt. of Sch., Decatur, Ala. Jacobs, Harvey C., A.B.’38, Franklin Col.; 5 lr - , ?/ Bub - Relations, Franklin Col., hranklin, Ind., since 1941. Ja n°FM ' 47 enf D L t- U.B.A.’35, Bryant Col.; D.Ed. 47, R. I. Col. of Educ.: Pres Bryant Col., Providence, R. I., since 1916* Ja M°a S ’M? U i h L ’’ B - A -’31, Spokane Univ • M- A -4 3 . S ‘ ate Co! ' of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Woodland, Wash., since 1944. Jacobsen, Einar William, B.A.’16 M A '2? Supt'o 0 Z a l i H Ph - D i, 3 °’ Columbia Univ 3 ;’ 1948 f SCH '’ Santa Barbara ’ Calif., since Ja MA’^ H - C ” St ' °laf Col.; Canton 3 ’S Un n V 'i, 0f Dak ’ ; Supt - o{ Sch., v-anton, b. Dak., since 1926 Ja p 0 rin.° n Wm Jr" JVf’ 22 ’- ° Hv£t Col.; since’ 1945? J ‘ ’ LanSIng 13 > Mich., Jacobson, Paul B„ A B ’22 T r , Eugene, Oregon, since 1947 * reg0n * Sans***- Jaeger, Herman F., M.A.’40, Univ of Chi wfMce s y&. #f Sch - <*«** && * J M°A b ’22 Ph Tc P h^-’ Yale Univ.; Ed n ’to M CkrS 4r Col., Columbia Univ • Norwalk’ ° £ James, A. W„ Supt. of Sch., Drew, Miss. M e s.’39, e Univ. of'N B 'Dak 3 '- Supt^ Linton, N. Dak., si’nce 1945 S P ° £ Sch ’’ of Sch Concordia, Kansas, since 1947 "S: %• Tchrs. 0 Col £ °sflUr P City N jj ex ’’ S - tat£ 1936. ny ’ N< Me *-. since James, L. L., Diploma 15, State Tchrs. Col., Florence, Ala.; B.S.'39, George Peabody Col. of Tchrs.; M.S.’41, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; Supt. of Sch., Roanoke, Ala., since 1919. Jameson, J. Adelbert, B.S. in Ed.’36, State Tchrs. Col., California, Pa.; Litt. M.’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Prin., Jr. H. S., Brownsville, Pa., since 1946. Jameson, Sanford F., A.B.’23, Ohio North¬ ern Univ.; M.A/35, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Ashland, Ohio, since 1944. Jammer, George F„ B.S.’19, Bucknell Univ.; M.A.’26, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lockport, N. Y., since 1943. Jansen, William, B.S.’08, M.A.’13, Ed.D.’40, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ,; LL.D.’ 47 , Union Col.; LL.D.’48, Gettysburg Col.; Supt., New York City Sch., 110 Living¬ ston St., Brooklyn 2 , N. Y., since 1947. Janvier, Carmelite, B.A.’ll, M.A.'13, Tulane Univ. Address; 1130 Eighth St., New Or- leans, La. Jardine, Alex, A.B/26, M.A.’34. Ind. State Tchrs. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Moline Ill since 1946. Jarman, A M. B.S and M.S.’ 20 , Univ. of Va; Ph.D.32, Umv. of Mich.; Assoc. P . r ° { ’ ° f Educ., Univ. of Va., Charlottes¬ ville, Va., since 1928. Jarrell, Miss Ira, Diploma ’16, Atlanta Nor- ma! Tr Sch.; A.B.’28, M.A.’ 31 , Ogle¬ thorpe Univ ; Supt. of Sch., Atlanta 3 Ua., since 1944. Ja A«t' 5 0yd A - b -S-’ 13, Pa. State Col.; Pa?? since 1 %T ° £ Sch ” West Che ^’ Ja CoT’ l- W -. B -S.;23, Kansas State Tchrs. 1 - 01 ., Emporia, Kansas; M.S. in Ed.'28 Kansas State Col. of Agr. and Applied son' K C !ii rm -' Llb «ty Jr. H. S„ Hutchin¬ son, Kansas, since 1918. Ja MA'’3 L 2 aW p h n Di fi -’ B n?-’ 28 ’ c 0hio Univ.; Ass A oc 32 ’Comm°' 3b f g^c ^ U F "j v ’< Dept., Albany 1 , N. Y^since^ma dUC ' Ja A V M’3 E 0 me ind n n-’- A ' B d’ 24 ’ FrankB " Col.; le'yf Col’umfui's.^OMo', & ***' Kv Infantile Paralysis 120 Rmoj way New York 5> N Y. ^? S ce i943 d - Jedlicka, Alexander I„ B A '07 M A ’27 fc.lSSii,. 8 "”- - *&. M's B ’‘4 S l 3 Al S Ti Tchr >- C »U s»p, o. At IS; .“-W-’M. M.A.’26, Univ. of Mirh Y ? S c; lant1 ’ , Mlch ”' Jeffers', GUnnB^A B^fi" H''”' ^ Jefferson, William D r> o >?, -- -, Iowa State Col.; Supt’of Srh n S ’ 34 ’ Iowa, since 1931 P ' * och., Dunkerton, J l 0 M.’32 H - N M ew t Yo , rk'a’’ 4 ’ Sy J acuse Univ.; Chelmsford? ML°s?M I n n c l e V -i 9 4 S 7 UPt - ° f Sch - J £dr y ess P -53 J i3 PefsMng Ave" It.Toul'll Jeffries, TJ. B., A B *20 tt • _ _ Univ. of Wis • Umv.* M.A.*31, Ill., since 193Q*. ^ Sch., Charleston, 428 American School Buildings Jelsch, John, A.B.’12, Albion Col.; M.A.’27, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Iron Mountain, Mich., since 1933. Jenema, P. J., M.S.’40, Mich. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Hazel Park, Mich., since 1947. Jenkins. Albion Urban, B.S.’13, A.M.'16, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Newark 2, N. J., since 1944. Jenkins. David S.. B.A.’30, St. Johns Col., Annapolis, Md.; M.A.’42. Univ. of Md.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Annapolis, Md., since 1946. Jenson, J. Justin, M.S.’40, Univ. of Houston; Supt. of Sch., Mont Belvieu, Texas, since 1932. Jenson, Theodore J., Diploma ‘26, State Tchrs. Col., River Falls, Wis.; Ph.B.’28 Univ. of Chicago; M.S.'31. Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Shorewood 11, Wis., since 1946. Jester, Howard A., B.S.’24, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia. Kansas; M.A.’31. Univ. of Kansas: Dean, Jr. Col., and Prim, Sr. H. S., Chanute, Kansas, since 1947. Jenkins, Floyd Franklin, B.A.’18, Col. of William and Mary; M.A.’31, Columbia Univ.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Franklin, Va., since 1923. Jenkins, Leo Warren, B.S.’3S, Rutgers Univ.; M.A.‘38, Columbia Univ.; D.Ed.’41, New York Univ.; Dean of Instr., East Carolina Tchrs. Col., Greenville, N. C., since 1947. Jenkins, Ralph D., A.B.’28, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo,; A.M.’33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Englewood. Colo., since 1934. Jenkins. Robert E., A.B.’32, Columbia Univ.; A.M.'38, Ed.D.’47. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Research. Pub. Sch., 825 Union St., San Diego 1, Calif., since 1947. Jenkins, Wade M., Dir., Div. of Textbooks, State Bd. of Educ., Raleigh, N. C., since 194 5. Jcnnc, Carl F., B.A.’26, Col. of Puget Sound; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Silverdale, Wash., since 1939. Jcnness, Samuel M., B.S.’22, Washington Col.; A.M/29, Univ. of Md.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Westminster, Md., since 1946. Jennings, E. J., M.A.’34, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Quincy, Mich., since 1930. Jennings, Harlan, A.B.'36, Univ. of Kansas; Field Exec., State Dept, of Educ., Topeka, Kansas, since 1946. Jennings. Harold M., A.B.U3, M.A.’15, Cor¬ nell Univ,; Supt. of Sell., Mt. Kisco, N. Y., since 1920. Jennings, Sister Marietta, C.S.J., A.B/19, Col. of St. Catherine; A.M.'25, Ph.D.’38, Columbia Univ.; Pres., Col. of St. Teresa, Kansas City 2, Mo., since 1945. Jennings, Morris S., B.B.A.‘31, M.B.A.’38, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., South San Antonio, Texas, since 1943. Jennings, Robert C., B.S/22, M.A,’27, Col. of William ami Mary; Supt. of Sch., Char¬ lottesville, Va., since 1940. Jensen, Mrs. Anna D., M.A.’34, Loyoln Univ.; Prin., Hammond Sell., 2819 W. 21st PI., Chicago 23, III., since 1943. Jensen, Elmer A., B.Ed.'23, Ill. State Nor¬ mal Univ., Normal, Ill.; MS.’38, Univ. of III.: Ed.D.'42, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Knoxville, III., since 1943. Jensen, Harvey D.. B.A.’29, St. Olaf Col.; M.A.'34, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., International Fnlls, Minn., since 1943. Jenson, Richard A., A.B.’28, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; M.A. 38, Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Sch.. North Tonnwanda, N. Y., since 1946. Jonson, Howard A., B.A/32, Concordia Col., Moorhead, Minn.; M.S. In Ed.*43, Univ. of N. Dnk.; Supt. of Sch., Lltchfiold, Minn., since 1945. Jeter, Dexter G., A.B.’33, Furman Univ,; Tchr., H. S., Ware Shoals, S. C., since 1944. Jeter, M. T., Sr., B.A.’21, Furman Univ.; Prin., H. S., Union, S. C., since 1929. Jewell, Marion D.. A.B.'08, Cornell Univ.; Prin., Julia Richman H. S., New York, N. Y., since 1941. Jewell, R. L., Pub. Sch., Sedan, Kansas. Jewell, Ralph H.. B.A.’29. Pa. State Col.; M.Ed.’39, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Midland, Pa., since 1942. Jiacoletti. James F., M.S.‘36, Univ. of Wyo.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Hanna, Wyo., since 1945. Job, Leonard Bliss, A.B.'15, M.A.’19, Ind. Univ.; Ph.D.'26, Columbia Univ.; Pres., Ithaca Col., Ithaca, N. Y., since 1932. Jobe. E. R.. B.A.’I8. M.A.‘35, Univ. of Mi ss.; Ph.D.'48, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Exec. Secy., Bd. of Trustees, In¬ stitutions of Higher Learning, Jackson, Miss., since 1945. Jochem, Charles M., Diploma ’25, B.S.‘37, N. J. State Tchrs. Col.. Trenton, N. J.; M.A.‘40. Columbia Univ.; Supt., Sch. for the Deaf. West Trenton, N. J., since 1939. Jochen, Albert E., Litt.B.'29, M.Ed. 32, Ed.D.’47, Rutgers Univ.; Dir., Co. Voc. Schs., New Brunswick. N. J.. since 1946. Johanes, Dana B., Jr., 8081 Georgia Ave., Silver Spring. Md. Johns, C. R., B.S.'33, Langston Univ.; Prin., H. S., W. Gale St., Seminole, Okla., since 1927. Johns. Oliver D.. A.B.'26, Okla. Baptist Univ.; M.Ed.’33. Okla. Univ.: Supt. of Sell., Seminole, Okla., since 1945. Johns, William Christy. B.S.’28. George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; M.A.’40, La. State Univ.; Asst. Parish Supt. of Sch., Shreve¬ port, La., since 1945. Johnson. Alvin W., B. A.’20. Emmanuel Mis¬ sionary Col.: M.A.'23, Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.’33, Univ. of Minn.; Pres., Emman¬ uel Missionary Col., College Sta., Berrien Springs, Mich., sinco 1943. Johnson, Arthur L., Co. Supt. of Sell., Cran¬ ford, N. J. Johnson, Carl G., B.A. 24, Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Wash., since 1938. State Col. of Battle Ground, ohnson. Carroll F.. A.B.’35. Univ. of Chat¬ tanooga; M.S. in Ed.'40, Univ. of Ga.. M.A.’47, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., Regional Supt. of Sch., Southbury, Conn.. sinco 1946. ohnson, Charles L., Ph.M.’^, r ^"'^'inci tx/i„ . nf Sch.. Dunkirk. Ind., since 1927. List of Members 429 Johnson, Charles W., B.S. in Ed.’18, Univ. of Cincinnati; M.A.’29, Ohio State Univ.; Ed.D.’38, Univ. of Cincinnati; Assoc. Prof, of Educ. and Chmn., Dept, of Admin, and Supvn., Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincin¬ nati, Ohio, since 1948. Johnson, D. L., B.S.’26, Mont. State Col.; Prin., Beaverhead Co. H. S., Dillon, Mont., since 1941. Johnson, E. Douglas, B.A.’IS, Univ. of Texas; M.A.’28, Baylor Univ.; Prin., North Jr. H. S., Waco, Texas, since 1938. Johnson, Edwin S., Jr., B.A.’42, State Tchrs. Col., Minot, N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Ma- koti, N. Dak., since 1945. Johnson, Erling O., B.A.’31, Luther Col.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Northfield, Minn., since 1945. Johnson, G. L. Haddon, A.B.’07, A.M.’08, Col. of William and Mary; Supt. of Sch., Danville, Va., since 1925. Johnson, Harry O., A.B.’29, Northern Mich. Col. of Educ., Marquette, Mich.; M.A.’37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Plym¬ outh 5, Mich., since 1944. Johnson Herbert F., B.S.’30, Univ. of Minn.- M.A. 34, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Tarrytown, N. Y„ since 1947. Johnson, J. Ludwig, B.A.’23, St. Olaf Col. M.A. 33, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch Waconia, Minn., since 1945. Johnson, James B„ M.A.’37, Univ. of Ill Supt. of Sch., Alton, Ill., since 1947. G ” B - A -’97. Milligan Col. M.A. 06, Ph.D.09, Umv. of Va.; Supt. o bch., Charlottesville, Va., since 1909. Ad dress: Cabell Ave., Charlottesville, Va. J °ij/i nS A 01 ?;, Jos T ? ph H > A - B -’23, Univ. of Kv M.A. 32, Umv. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch'. Andalusia, Ala., since 1943. Johnson, Kermit Alonzo, Certificate ’34 State Tc *lts. Col., Jacksonville, Ala. B.S. m Ed. 38, M.A. in Ed. Adm.’44 y*}' v - of 4 , Ala - : . Co - Su Pt. of Sch., Tus caloosa, Ala., since 1945. J °Sch° n, R^lK Wre Tj 6 * . Supt >. o{ Canal Zon, Sch., Balboa Heights, Canal Zone. Bee ’ B - A -’24, Simmons Univ.; M.S •irh pum- ° f Southern Calif.; Supt o Sch., Phillips, Texas, since 1946. J °S?a S t O e n Tchrs 0y r Y’h B ’ S ’ 24 ’ North Texa ?, n ; v Tchrs. Col. Denton, Texas; M.A. '29 TeTas,° s f ince 0l ? 9 28 SUPt ' ° f Sch " Staraf ° rd Si CmHcukm, r of . CaIif -1 Coordinator o vmrCalU.’, s^°c U e rt 19^ USe AMe *’ Johnson, Lowell W BAMs h;„i.i P ark Col.; M.A.’36, Univ of^Vash ? Alst* Supt. of Sch., Butte, Mont°, f s^ce Sh i93? lSt Johnson, Morton A., B A ’27 PM t> 2CW* ° f J °and°Theof.^Sem*-’ M 1?4 ?°' Supt. of Sch., Ishpeming, Mich., sinci Johnson, Ralph M. T Ph R ou m , York'n ' ^4 Yale Univ.'fM.A.MO 6 Nev since 1946^ ! SUPt ‘ ° f Sch ” Bethal > Conn. Johnson, S. L„ B.S .’22 M A ’79 tt • since' igffiT' ° f Sch ” Piain,i ™. "Minn. Johnson, Samuel P., Jr., A.B.’34, Randolph- Macon Col.; M.A.’41, Ohio State Univ.; Dir. of Instr., Pub. Sch., Petersburg, Va., since 1943. Johnson, Sir Sidney, Secy., Co. Council Assn., 84 Eccleston Square, London S.W.l, England. Johnson, T. H., A.B.'23, Baylor Univ.; M.A. ’35, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Taylor, Texas, since 1947. Johnson, V. Bernard, A.B.’41, Univ. of Calif. Address: Pleasanton, Calif. Johnson, Waldo P., Pd.B.'ll, Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo.; Pres., Webster Pub. Co., 1808 Washing¬ ton Ave., St. Louis 3, Mo., since 1924. Johnson, Walter C., J. B. Lippincott Co., Dallas 1, Texas, since 1925. Johnson, Walter D., A.B.’31, Univ. of Ne¬ vada; Supt. of Sch., Las Vegas, Nevada, since 1946. Johnson, Wesley Albert, B.A.’21, Aurora Col.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Bensonville, Ill., since 1943. Johnson, Winfred Foote, A.B.’20. Aurora Col.; M.A.'27, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Spencer, Iowa, since 1940, Johnsten, Carsten T„ B.A.’30, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.’41, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Osage, Iowa, since 1948. Johnston, David A., Diploma '23, State Tchrs. Col., Millersville, Pa.; B.S.’29 Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A. in Ed’ 33, Cornell Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Boothwyn, Pa., since 1943. Johnston, Ernest Milton. B.S.’25, Grove City Col.; M.A.'32, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Ebensburg, Pa., since 1929. Johnston, Eugene M., A.B.’23, Univ. of Dubuque; M.A.’37, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Taft, Calif since 1944. Johnston, Mrs. Eula A., M.A.’38, Tchrs. Col Columbia Univ.; Co. Supvr. of Sch., Court House, Chattanooga 2, Tenn., since 1925. Johnston, Fred N., B.A.’26, Ill. Col.; M.A. 33, Northwestern Univ.; Prin., Sr HS 22p W - Grand Ave -, Beloit, Wis,, since 1946. * TT “A *-auc M ooston Univ., Boston, Mass. J °Cnf 0r V/r *4% A ' B -’ 20 - Emor y and Henry t 27, Colum bia Univ.; Co. Supt. ot Sch., Peansburg, Va., since 1936. Johnston Mrs Lillian B„ A.B.’l9, George- sinTe 1943.' **' ° f Sch ” Lebanon ’ *4 Johnston, Staniey L„ M.A.’45, Univ of Decorah H r ad ’ Dept ’ ° f Educ - Luther Col., JJecorah, Iowa, since 1948. JO ChmPe e s? i M™: n H " C °' Supt ‘ of Sph - St. Jolly, Thomas Claude, Jr., B S ’17 M A ’77 ss-sif®-> sm - - **• w«?ts 430 American School Buildings Jones, Arthur J., A.B.'93, Grinnell Col.; Ph.D.'07, Columbia Univ.; Prof. Emeritus of Sec. Ecliic.. Univ. of Pa., since 1941. Address: 307 Dickinson Ave., Swarthmore, Pa. Jones. Benjamin, B.A.’22, Coe Col.; M.A.'32, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Tama, Iowa, since 1942. Jones, Burr F., A.B.'07, Colby Col.; A.M. ’12, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Plym¬ outh, Mass. Jones. Burton Robert, M.A.’28, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Creston, Iowa, since 1933. Jones, C. Gatewood, B.S.’36, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; M.S.’43, Texas Col. of Arts and Indus.; Supt., Sundecn Ind. Sch. Dist., Corpus Christi, Texas, since 1941. Jones, C. H., Jr., A.B.’38, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; M.Ed. ’41, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Nevada, Mo., since 1947. Jones, Charles L., B.S.’34, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas. Address: Ridgetop, 50th and Red River, Austin, Texas. Jones, Donovan S., B.S.’17, Univ. of Vt.; M. A.'37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Winchcndon, Mass., since 1940. Jones, Evan E., A.B.’16, Hamilton Col., Clinton, N. Y.; M.A.'25, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Port Chester, N. Y., since 1934. Jones, Mrs. Evelyn A., Diploma '27, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; Co. Supt, of Sch., Emporia, Kansas, since 1945. Jones, Frank O., A.B.'97, Brown Univ.; M. A.'07, Yale Univ.; Mgr., Cary Tchrs. Agency, 49 Pearl St., Hartford 3, Conn,, since 1937. Jones, George Eric, Pres., Atlantic Union Col., South Lancaster, Mass., since 1936. Jones, Gilbert H„ A.B.’IO, B.S.’15, Witbcr- forcc Univ.; Ph.B.‘15, A.M.'20, Dickinson Col.; Ph.D.'20, Jena Univ., Germany; Dean, Col. of Educ., Wilberforcc Univ., Wilbcrforce, Ohio, since 1939. Jones, Guy M., Pub. Rel. Dir., Natl. School Studios of Minneapolis, since 1947. Ad¬ dress: Natl. Sch. Studies, Inc., 2618 W. Gregory St., Chicago 45, III. Jones, Harry Mason, B.S.'IS, Syracuse Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Wyckoff, N. J„ since 1931. Jones, Henry, Pres., Bd. of Educ., Hanna, Wyo. Jones, Henry S., M.A,’35, Buckncll Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Plymouth, Po., since 1926. •Jones, Howard Robert, B.S.'33, M.A.'36, Univ. of Minn.; Ph.D.'40, Yale Univ.; Pres., Plymouth Tchrs Col,, Plymouth, N. II., since 1946. Jones, Howard W., A.B.'20, Hiram Col.: A.M.'30, Western Roscrvo Univ,; Pcd.D. '43, Westminster Col.: Pros., Youngstown Coh, YoungBtown 2, Ohio, since 1931. Jonos, J. Fred, B.8,'22, M.Ed.'33, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Nanticoko, Pa„ since 1941. orris, A.B.’17. C.M/18, Univ. of [ng. Editor, World Book Ency- 35 E. Wuckor Dr„ Chicago 1, 1940. Jonos, J. M Wales; Hi clopodla, III., since Jones, J. R,, A. B.'20, Hamline Univ.; M.A. '36, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Garden City, Kansas, since 1940. Jones, John E., Ph.B.’31, Marquette Univ.; Ph.M.’38, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Cudahy, Wis., since 1938. Jones, Lloyd M., A.B.'22, Univ. of Wichita; M.A.'27, Ph.D.’35, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Physical Educ., Pa. State Col., State College, Pa., since 1940. Jones, Paul R., B.S.'28, State Tchrs. Col., Mansfield, Pa.; M.A.'31, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Moorestown, N. J., since 1946. Jones, Ralph B., B.S.E.’32, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; M.S.'35, Univ. of Ark.; State Commr. of Educ., Capitol Bldg., Little Rock, Ark., since 1941. Jones, Roy E„ B.S.'41, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; Ed.M. '47, Univ, of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Fair Play, Mo., since 1943, Jones, Ruby M., B.A.’37, Baylor Univ.; Prin., N. 4th St. Sch., Waco, Texas, since 1924. Jones, Sherman H., Prin. Architect, 115 W. Emerson St., Melrose 76, Mass., since 1930. Jones, W. J., B.S.’29, Univ. of Ala.; M.A. '34, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Educ., Camden, Ala., since 1923. Jones, Willard T., A.B.'25, M.A.'30, Syra¬ cuse Univ.; Ed.D.'42, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bailston Spa, N. Y., since 1933. Jones, William Clarence, B.S,’22, East Texas State Tchrs. Col., Commerce, Texas; M.A.'25, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Ph.D.’31, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs,; Dean, Grad, Sch., George Peabody Col. for Tchrs., Nashville 4, Tenn., since 1945. Jordan, Alphonso Milton, B.S.’31, Langston Univ.; M.A.'41, Univ. of Wichita; Supt. of Separate Sch., Douglass H. S., We- woka, Okla., since 1940. Jordan, Floyd, A.B.’21, Oakland City Col.; A.M.'27, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Ph.D.’33, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Ga. and Coordinator, At¬ lanta Area Tchr. Educ. Serv., Fishbume Bldg., Emory Univ., Ga., since 1938. Jordan, Lawrence V., A.B.’26, Ohio Univ.; A.M.'31, Columbia Univ.; Prin., Sec. Tr. Sch. and Siipvr. of Student Teaching, W. Va. State Col., Institute, W. Va., since 1934. Jordan, Marion, A.B.’33, Northwestern Univ.; M.S.'36, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sell., Palatine, Ill., since 1947. Jordan, Richard C., A.B.'33, Manchester Col.; M.A.'39, Ball State Tchrs. Col., Munclc, Ind.; Supt. of Sch,, Indianapolis 24, Ind., since 1948. Jordan, W. L„ M.A.'37, Baylor Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Crockett, Texas, since 1939. Jorgensen, Albort N., B.A.’21, Coe Col.; M,A.'25, Ph.D.'27, State Univ. of Iowa; LL.D.’42, Coe Col.; Pres., Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn., sinco 1935. [oBophine, Sister Mary, B.V.M., B.A.M2, Clarke Col.; M,A.'25, Univ. of Wis.; Pres,, Mundelein Col., Chicago 40, III-, since 1945. foy, O. B., B.A/39, M.A.’46, Ari*. State Col., Flagstaff, Arl*.; Prin., Inspiration Addition Sch., Miami, Ari*„ since 1943. List of Members 431 Joyal, Arnold E„ A.B.’25, M.A.’26, Ph.D ’31 Univ. of Calif.; Pres., Fresno State Col.. Fresno 4, Calif., since 1948. Joyce, Charles W., B.S.’26, M.A.’35, Univ of Rochester; Ed.M.’45, Harvard Univ.; Dir., Reading Serv., Sibley Tower Bldg Rochester 4, N. Y„ since 1945. Judd, Arthur M„ B.S. in Ed.’40, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch. New Brunswick 14, N. J„ since 1927. Juneberg Frank, B.S.’41, State Tchrs. Col., £ a . u R a uf* ? rin -> Lincoln Park bch., Rockford, Ill., since 1944. Justiss, Thomas S„ M.A.’37, Univ. of Texas; bupt. of Sch., Paris, Texas, since 1946. Jutta, Sister M A.B.’17, Catholic Univ! of America; A.M.’29, Marquette Univ.; Dean A^verno Col., Milwaukee 4, Wis., since Kaar, Mrs. Galeta, A.A.’24, B S '25 I ewis Inst.; M.A^’37, Northwestern Univ.’; Prin Peabody Elem. Sch., 1444 W Aueusta Blvd., Chicago 22, Ill., since 1943 A Ka Co a i t ’ w° rge Ju ^’ B E -’ 36 > St ate Tchrs. r r’ Mlnn -: M.A.’38, Univ of Colo.; Ph.D.’47 Univ. of Md.;’ Dir. Col of M8 C ‘r C ° nt 'nuation Studies, Univ. Of Md„ College Park, Md., since 1947 state' Tchrs' So “ thwest Texas M A%r T n : Co L^ San Marcos, Texas; e ™ 8, Uni Y; of Texas; Supt. of Sch San Marcos, Texas, since 1937. ’* Kadesch J Stevens, A.B.’IO, Ed M ’30 Clark Univ.; Ed.D ’31 Tufts r n i. c .' of Sch., Medford, Mass., since 1930 Pt ' K Co C l he of’E A d r ur Ur /v AB ’’ 28 ’ Western Mich, v-oi. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich • M A 'u Northwestern Univ ■ SuDt « u ' »i, ’ gan, Mich., since I 939 P Sch ” Alle ' Kampschroeder, W C R e •->, Univ. of Kansas; Supt of Sch JM 1 * Kansas, since 1937. P ’ “ c “’’ Eureka, ° tt0 °- A.B.’27, McPherson Col.; M.S. 33, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kan- inm ^ u Pt- of Sch., Derby, Kansas, since Kau .la, f; Edw ard, A.B.’04, Tufts Col.; irst Vice-pres., World Book Co., 2126 Prairie Ave„ Chicago 16, Ill., since 1933. Kaupp, Mrs. Eugenia Baker, Jr. H. S. W Fifth Ave. and Fox St„ Denver 4, Colo. Kavanah, Gladys Emma, B.S.’10 M S ’ll H nl q’ ° f ., Maine ; Asst. Prin., Bassick n. o., -Bridgeport, Conn., since 1929. Kaylor Donald Gray. B.A.’25, Washington and u Lee A J Un . lv -: A.M.’33, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Admin. Dir., Hagerstown Jr. Col Hagerstown, Md., since 1947 . ’’ Ke t Tchrs. Col. Address. 453 Stinson, Detroit 26, Mich Kerschner, E. E AR’u a »» . ° f Sch A ; M A^b’er U ^a V ; Ke s r o S u e fhe7n ie Cant. A L B L , L 5 '. 2 “^’ h 21 ; - Uni ^ of ?i P 1o?°-oy^ : t^S^ e ;^c : Surgeons- LL n Phy , sicians and «il C ^T ^ Add»!i 111 St ” Los Angeles 12, Calif Col.?’ MA^T Th i0n ’ r B ,- A/14 ’ Miss. Univ.; Pres 25 ’Miss hr fi u Col o Columbia «- T ' h -- K A 1 M i .'ig'''p i ; i D"',!*' E T r V’ Gr 1 S v , e Ci V Col.; Univ.; Supt of Sch Columbia delphia 17, P p .' since' lf 3 2 S Park ’ Phila ‘ K ?n E 0 d r M7 n ’ r- B -’ 38 ’ Howar *?W!rSl „. _, ’ "‘Kouac, Mich., since 1947 King, Luther A. M Ed ’ 3 fi tt„- r ^ Supt. of Sch., Oregon Citv n ° f ° re S on : 1946. wregon City, Oregon, since King, Starr M. B Sr ’ 7 i aa r Supt. of Sch., Beverfy’ Mass' S - 3te ? n o1 ' : Kinv TU ^ y ’ Mass -> s *uce 1935. ^ Hays ^Kansas S^cV- 0 T M / S ’ 41 ' P nce"i947 e . thany C ° ! " Linds^o^g, Kansas! K of g Chfc'innati I,I LLD 4 ’ 42 Co i of Law - Univ. Exec. Secy.,’Kv eh. ’ G | or getow n Col.; Ki!l dg w B ° UiSVUIe 2 ' since"l933 eybUrn Co g i. M Was® E Co B S S '’ 21 ’ M A ’ 40 - State ton, Orego^since^mT' ° f Sch " Pend ‘- Kingsley, Virgil G b S '« t • c , Prin., Union H S fUr,- 3 ’ Uinfield Col.; since 1942. ’ J unc tion City, Oregon, Kinkade, R. Alma AA'u r ■ a for Women; B S ’23 Un’; Llnde, } wood Col. TchrY. ni X ss ° n f s 0 f h L e ™ c .aw-“pt;; ^1- Bldg., Los Angeles 1°4, CaH^, 1 si’ncf 434 American School Buildings Kinley, Frederick L., B.S.’16, Heidelberg Col.; M.A.'28, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Scb.. Findlay, Ohio, since 1936. Kinsey. Clarence V., A.B.’23, State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; M.S.’33, Butler Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Beech Grove, Ind., since 1945. Kintigh, W. B., A.B.’25, York Col.; M.E. '37, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Olathe, Kansas, since 1936. Kipp, George A., A.B.T3. Ohio State Univ.; Pd.M.T7, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Tenafly, N. J., since 1930. Kirk, Harold H., B.A.'13, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'26, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fargo, N. Dak., since 1935. Kirk, Mrs. Lucile D., B.A.T9, Western Reserve Univ.; M.A.’44, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Editor, Sch. Management Magazine since 1935 and Metropolitan Editor, Parents’ Magazine, 52 Vanderbilt Ave.. New York 17, N. Y., since 1936. Kirk, Paul L., A.B.'32, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley. Colo.; M.S.’39, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Pueblo, Colo., since 1946. Kirk, Thomas J., Vicc-pres. in charge of Educ. Div., Americana Corp., 2 W. 45th St., New York 19, N. Y. Kirkland, Denver D., B.A.'28, Northwestern State Col., Alva, Okla.; M.Ed.’33, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., McAlester, Okla., since 1941. Kirkpatrick, Forrest Hunter, B.A.’27, Beth¬ any Col.; M.A.'31. Columbia Univ.; Dean of Students, Bethany Col., Bethany, W. Va., since 1927. Kirn, Gerald W., Ph.B.'09, North Central Col.; M.A.’13, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Council Bluffs. Iowa, since 1946. Kiser, Carl C., Supt. of Sch., Warren, Ohio. Kittle, Hugh David, B.S. of M.E.'22, Buck- ncl 1 Univ.; M.A/36, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J.; Prin., II. S., Belleville 9, N. J., since 1935. Kittle, Ruth, A.B.'29, Washburn Col.; Pen¬ manship Stipvr., Pub. Sell., Topeka, Kan¬ sas, since 1924. Kittlcson, Arnold M., Supt. of Sell., Halstad, M inn. Kizer, Elmer Win field, B.S.'ll, Hiram Col.; A. M .'30, Univ. of Cincinnati; Prin., Hughes H. S.. Cincinnati 20, Ohio, since 1945. Klagcr, Benjamin, B.Pd.’lS, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; A.B.'19, M.A.'21, Univ. of Mich.; M.E. 43, Mich. Stale Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich. Ad¬ dress; Pub. Sch., Bay City, Mich. Klnuminzcr. Frederick A., B.S. in Ed.’29, M. Ed .’37, Rutgers Univ.; Dir. of Educ. mill Tr„ Southbiiry Tr. Sell., Southbury, Conn., Rime 1940. Klaus, Roland A., B.A.’20, Lawrence Col.; M.A.’27. Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sell., Edgcrton, Wis., since 1929. Kleckitcr, Joseph R., B.S.'28, State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa.; M.Ed. 39, Tem¬ ple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Now Cnstlc, Del., 1946. pic since K leckncr, Univ.; of Sell., Terrence A., A.B,*25, DePatiw M.A.'33, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. Grconcastle, Ind., since 1946. B.A.’06, Wahash Col.; __ Thcol. Scm.; M.A.’09 PJi D.'I6, Columbia Univ. Address: 6064 Olcntnngy River Rd., Worthington. Ohio. Klein, Arthur J., B.D.'09, Union Klein, Harvey L., M.A.’27, Northwestern Univ.; Acting Dean, Herzl Br., Chicago City Jr. Col., Chicago 23, Ill., since 1946. Klein, Louis M., A.B.’25, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; M.A.’33, Cor¬ nell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Harrison, N. Y., since 1936. Kleinert, Erwin J., A.B.’32, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; A.M.’39, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Rockford, Mich., since 1940. Kleinfelter, Claude B.. A.B.’20, Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M.’26, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Prin., Jr. H. S. No. 1, Trenton 8 , N. J., since 1947. Kleinpell, Eugene H., B.A.’25, State Univ. of Iowa; M.A.'36, Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.’36, Ohio State Univ.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., River Falls, Wis., since 1946. Kline, Barton L., B.Sc.’29, Cotner Col.; M.A.’37. Univ. of Nebr.; D.Ed.'48, Colo. State Col. of Educ.. Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Beatrice, Nebr., since 1946. Kline. Ira M., B.S.'28, M.A.’32. New York Univ.; Prof, of Educ. and Supvg. Dir., Bureau of Appointments, Sch. of Educ., New York Univ., New York, N. Y., since 1937 (on leave of absence). Address: 177 Gibson Ave., White Plains, N. Y. Kline, LeRoy J., A.B.’22, Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.’29, Univ. of Pa.; Ed.D.'43, Pa. State Col.: Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Camp Hill, Pa., since 1936. Klitzke, Lyle K.. B.A.'29, State Univ. of Iowa; M.A.'34, Univ. of Chicago: Supt. of Sch., Nappanee, Ind., since 1945. Klonower, Henry, B.S.‘15, M.A.’20, Univ. of Pa.; Pd.D.'36. Ursinus Col.: Dir., Tchr. Educ. and Certification, State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Harrisburg, Pa., since 1920. Klontz, Vernon E., B.A.T7, Univ. of Wis.; A.M.'29, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sell., Janesville, Wis., since 1935. Knappe, Adolph H., Architect, Knappe and Johnson, 368 E. 149th St., New York 55, N. Y. Knapp, Lorenzo H., A.B.'14, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.’25, Columbia Univ.; Prin., Sr. H. S., Port Chester, N. Y., since 1922. Knapp, M. L., A.B.'19, Ind. Univ.; A.M.'26, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Michigan City, Ind., since 1939. Knapp, Thomas C., B.S.*27, M.A.*31, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Canton 3, Ohio, since 1940. Knight, George S., Supt. of Sch., Steelville, Mo. Knight, Hazel A.. Prin., Elem. Sell., 57 Sch. St., Hyannis, Mass. Knight, Helen M„ B.S.'26. Univ. of Utah; Dist. Supt. of Sell., Moab, Utah, since 1936. Knight, John Lowdcn, A.B.'39, Drew Univ.; A.M.’41, S.T.B.'42. Boston Univ.; M. A. '43, Vanderbilt Univ.; D.D.’47, Kansas Wesleyan Univ.; Chancellor, Nebr. Wes¬ leyan Univ., Lincoln 4, Nebr.. since 1946. Knight, Melvin C.. Supt. of Sch., Hyannis, Mass. Knight, N. T„ A.B.'26, King Col.; M.S. in Ed.'37, Univ, of Tcnn.; Union Supt. of Sell., Sugar Grove. Ohio, since 1945. Knight, Riley F„ B.S/27. Southwest Mo. State Col.; M.A.’45. George P« a , bo . d / M 1 ' for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sell., Bloomfield, Mo., since 1945. List of Members 43; Knight, Russel], Diploma ’25, State Normal GJassboro, N - J-; B - s - in Ed.’32, , ™ 35 > Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Erlton, N. ]., since 1934. Knoblauch, Arthur Lewis, B.S.’29 Mich M ’ A ’’ 33 ’ . Univ - °f Mich.;' Ed.D. 42, Harvard Univ.; Dir., Div. of Univ. Extension, Summer Session and Educ. by Radio, and Prof, of Educ. Adm.m Umv. of Conn., Storrs, Conn., since 1942. ' Knoelk William C., A.B.’07, M.A.’25, Univ. of Wis.; Prin., West Division H. S., Mil¬ waukee, Wis., since 1940. K M A P ’35 Stfte y TI J -’ B ' A /r 27 ’ Carth ^ge Col.; M.A 35 State Univ of Iowa; Prim, Twp. Hi.!;; m in "fi” " s '- aril " s “" ’‘WM-Suf’ c °- s "«- - **, K Di« eS Sun 0 t e C f ”A S ’’ 21 ’ Wash ’ State Col.; since 1923.' ’ ^ ° rchard - Wash., Knowles, Robert Reily, B.S.’ 09 , M A ’27 Sterling r° i°‘ : S “ pt ’ Eraeritus . Pub. Sch.! K M A S ” £ B ’’ 08 ; Amhers ‘ Col.; Sunt n'f Jl hrS ’r., Co1 ” Culumbia Univ.- Sup_t. of Sch., Glastonbury, Conn., since ^Ilniv^ ?"V'?-®'' 22 ’ ” B£le Citadel; M A '38 ir of sch - sai - ^'Unlv'oM’c’. ^°f° rd ( Cobi M.A. Augusta, S C ,' since 8 1^8.° f Sch ” North Kn orScT: Id N 0 ew R Mnf 0 S 'd 28 'c C o 0lby Supt ’ iviutord, Conn., since 1943 cm' k, “°d";X M.s. son, Minn., since’ 1940 * Sdl ” Hutchin - I'alTVnl- “ilv. y&: Mich., since 1939 Mich., Ann Arbor, K S|. R m""';'J I k l A v R ' I M i L -t."On Valley 01 si*., fl te; c„? d - ; ci, m? T[h "- m-. 31, Marquette Univ tt 3 Univ ’ : p h-D. Ave., W., Bradenton,' Fla SS: 2501 13th Koeppe, John F., B.S in Rd >->i v Univ.; M.A. ’32 Western p 21 ’ Kent State Supt. of Sch Berea nn- Re ? erve Univ.; ;off m .n ^ ° hl0 ’ SIn « 1935 K °^ P j en V : ^? l l rice E " B.S.’26, Allegheny Cul-; M.Ed, 36, Harvard Univ.; Co. Supt of Sch., Erie, Pa., since 1941 . Koogler, Clare V., M.A.’31, N. Mex. High- lands Umv,, Las Vegas, N. Mex.; Supt. of Sch., Aztec, N. Mex., since 1935. K ?° nce T > B.S.’20, Miss. Col.; M.A. 26, Ind. Umv.; Supt. of Sch., Greenville, Miss., since 1946. Koopman, G Robert, A.B.’ 22 , Central Mich. ’■ 9* Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; A.M, p 6 J. . Tc . h t s -. Col., Columbia Univ.; D. St°ite IC < 3 1 t C 1 'r 7 b U u niv - of Palerm °: Assoc. State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Capitol Bldg Lansing 2 , Mich., since 1947. 8 ’ Koopman PhiHp u„ A.B.’31, Central State ’ 3 ? hr n - C ° ”r^' PIeasant - Mich.; A.M. 32, Umv. of Mich.; Ed.D.’41, Columbia Asst : Dist. Supt. of Sch.. Ard more, Pa., since 1940. K °A° M uf n Ph n V -,’« A -?r- ,( ! 7 ’ ° berlin Col.; litt n ^7 nW 6 ’^ F nlv - of Chicago; Litt.D. 37, Oberlin Col.; Dir. of Research U me Co C i an To ASSn i °tt Co ‘- and Editor.' Jr. Col. Journal, Umv. of Chicago CM cago 37, Ill., since 1946. 8 °’ Chi- K ° 12 ak Mkh Ward W " 3086 j3C0b ’ Ha ™ramck K °A PP M A l B ;’ 09, Gettysburg Col.; PHTi-ai Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ • S d - D - 3 f’ Gettysburg Col.; Supt. of Sch’ Cumberland, Md., since 1928. ’’ K ° 2 P 37 i n 7 ' r£ aUl Jr ^ Secy ” Bd - of Educ 23717 Piper Ave., East Detroit, Mich. M b A.’27, J fch R s S '’col Ke r t t St m 6 Univ - = Ph.D.’38 Western 0 Pac C ° Iu ?} bl - a Univ.; - sc.. •kSswsra^a& as- &n N °S‘." .Intermountain Prim, Powell Co H o niV H ° f Mont -! Mont., since 1946.* ’ M ^ eer Lodge, KO of n N gay c D ;’ A f ’ B c’ 33 - M.A.’40, Univ N. C.', since S 1946 0£ SCh ” Hender sonville, v- ^nio, since 193S Koffman, Gladstone aR’k tt • Jackson, Tenn.; A M ’28 ^TTn ” 1011 r Univ - sfnc°e : 19 S 3 U 2 Pt ' ° f *0^ Hipfe,,^ ^ Kohute, Ann G„ 834 Scott St., Dickson City, M a A.’’34 JOl Niagara A ‘Un 23 ’ I i arvard Univ.; Col., Cambridge Springs! P.^inM^ mS; s?c°' K l°^he P Sr 31 HuY% ° AfBpa2 i P-s!. an Co V i a delphia, Pm ’ Chestn « Hill, j» h il a . A.M'’l 6 Fr p h k D H ’20 B Un H ’ G f et * ysbur S Col.; Educ., Gettysburg Co Prof ’ of since 1921 . 8 L Gettysburg, P a „ Dak 6 .!’M.'A^30 W State U A '' 24 ’f Univ ’ of S - Coio.?°l?res St t^ Springfield, S. Dak "s'inc^ms 1 '"' 1 "- C °'” Erantz, Beatrice V A R ’oo T , Col.; A.M.’30, Columbia Un’ Lak A Forest Supt. of Sch., Chicago 1 tVi - : Asst - Co - since 1948. V 1 bch ’’ Mattoon. Ill., Edwin C. AB'M t . M.A. ’29, Stanford Tini,^ 4 ’ ^ lnfiel d Col.; 2348 Mariposa St., Fresno ^ Kratt, William E An’u t • m M.A.’33, Univ of 27, Einfield Col • field Col.' Pres M re , g °S : L L.D.’46, Lim Menlo Park, Caflf sfnj ^m s and Jr ’ Co1 - 436 American School Buildings Kraus, Edwin W., B.S.’44. N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Glassboro, N. J.; M.E.’47, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Kenilworth, N. J., since 1944. Krause, Arthur W., B.S.’03, Valparaiso Univ.; A.B.’24, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch.. Grand Rapids 3, Mich., since 1936. Kraybill, David B., A.B.’ll, Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.’17, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Ph.D.’27, Pa. State Col.; Chmn., Regional Rehabilitation Bd., Vet¬ eran Admin., Lecco Bldg., Huntington, W. Va., since 1945. Kreizenbeck, F. W., A.B. in Ed.’21, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Chadron, Nebr.; M.A. in Ed.’22, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Ainsworth, Nebr., since 1947. Krentzman, Sara Malcolm, A.B.’36, Fla. State Univ.; M.S. in L.S.'48, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Dean. Sch. of Library Tr. and Serv., and Consultant in Library Serv., Fla. State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla., since 1941. Kreps, Melvin H., B.S. in Ed.’30, State Tchrs. Col., Shippensburg, Pa.; Ed.M.’36, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Pem¬ berton, N. J., since 1947. Kriner, Harry L., A.B.’20, A.M.’27, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Ed.D.’31, Pa. State Col. Address: State Tchrs. Col., Shippensburg, Pa. Kripner, Mrs. Louise K., B.M., American Conservatory of Music; Ph.B.’29, Univ. of Chicago; M.A.’38, DePaul Univ.; Prin., O’Toole Sch., Chicago 36, Ill., since 1935. Krug, Marguerite Charlotte, B.S.’29, M.A. '34, Wayne Univ.; Prin., Elem. Sch., 2270 Leslie Ave., Detroit, Mich., since 1933. Krugman, Morris, B.S.’19, Polytech Inst, of Brooklyn; M.A.’25, Ph.D.’28, New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Guid., New York City Bd. of Educ., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1947. Krum, William J., Jr., Supt. of Sch., Endi- cott. N. Y. Kruschke, Walter F., Ph.B.’20 Ph.M.’40, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Rhinelander, Wis., since 1928. Kruse, Samuel Andrew, A.B. and B.S. in Ed.’09, Univ. of Mo.; A.M.’15, Univ. of Wis.; Ph.D.’28, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Head, Dept, of Educ., State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo., since 1915. Kuefler. Bernard C„ B.Sc.’28, M.A.’38, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Forest Lake. Minn., since 1930. Kuhn, Ernest G., A.B.’28, Fairmont State Col.; M.A.’37, W. Va. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Grafton, W. Va., since 1935. Kuhn, Florence E., B.S.’29, M.S.’35, Wayne Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1354 Broadway, Detroit 26, Mich. Kuhn, Helene G„ A.B.’33, M.A.'35, Ph.D. 38, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin., Mt. Oliver Sch., Pittsburgh 10, Pa., since 1942. Kuhn, Ray, A.B.’16, B.Pd.’17, Tri-State Col.; M. A.’27, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Plymouth, Ind., since 1930. Kullman, Nathan E., Jr., A.B.’37, M.A. 41, State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Co¬ ordinator of Field Services and Pub. Re¬ lations, State Tchrs. Col.. Plattsburg, N. Y., since 1947. •Kulp, Claude L„ B.S.’27, Univ. of Roches¬ ter- M.A.’30, Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., 117 E. Buffalo St., Ithaca, N. Y.. since 1930. Kuntzelman, Harvey A., B.S.'25, Wesleyan Univ.; M.Ed.’39, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Dover, N. J., since 1944. Kuntzleman, Oliver C., B.S.’25, Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M.’32, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.'37, Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Sunbury, Pa., since 1940. Kurtz, Clyde W., B.A.’25, M.A.’37, Univ. of Wyo.; Supt. of Sch., Evanston, Wyo., since 1941. Kurtz, John R., Supt. of Sch., Vadergrift, Pa. Kurtz, Stanley M., Ph.B.’24, Muhlenberg Col.; M.A.*29, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of East Greenville Sch., since 1933, and Supvg. Prin. of Red Hill Sch., since 1947. Address: East Greenville, Pa. Kurzius, Edward, M.A.*42, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ. Address: 102 Chestnut Ave., Floral Park, N. Y. Kutz, William C., A.B.’24, Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.’28, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Ed.D.’47, Pa. State Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., West Lawn, Pa., since 1935. Kuykendall, R. L., A.B.’32, Catawba Col.; Prin., Mineral Springs H. S., Winston- Salem, N. C. Kyle, Clyte John Madison, B.S.’24, Col. of William and Mary; M.A.’29, George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Stuart, Va., since 1941. Kyle, Roy E., B.S.’24, Col. of William and Mary; M.A.’31, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Hillsville, Va., since 1938. L Laas, O. J., M.A.’30, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Plainview, Texas, since 1937. La Coste, John A., M.A.’47, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Republic, Wash., since 1948. Lacy, R. L., B.A.’18, Univ. of Richmond; M. A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Halifax, Va., since 1934. Lacy, Susan M., M.A.’34, State Col. of Wash.; Dir. of Elem. Educ., Old Capitol Bldg., Olympia, Wash., since 1945. Ladd, Harland A., A.B.’25. Univ. of Maine; Ed.M.’38, Columbia Univ.; State Commr. of Educ., Augusta, Maine, since 1947. Ladd, Harold Marden, B.S.'20, M.Ed.’37, Univ. of N. H.; Union Supt. of Sch., Mon- son, Mass., since 1942. Laidlaw, Arthur J., B.S.’ll, M.S.’13, St. Lawrence Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kingston, N. Y., since 1939. *Laird, J. David, A.B.’28, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Tulare 1, Calif., since 1943. Lake, Charles H.. B.A.’09, M.A.’IO LL.D. ’34, Ohio State Univ.; LL.D. 44, Western Reserve Univ.; Pres., American Assn, ot Sch. Admin., 1945-46. Address: 3238 Chad- borne Rd., Shaker Heights, Ohio. Lake, Ernest G- B.A.’29, Univ of Mont.; Ed.M.'38, Ed.D. 43, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Gloucester, Mass., since 1945. Lake, Robert Campbell, Supt. of Sch., Whitmire, S. C. Lakemacher, Robert E., B.S.’2S, Bradley Univ.; M.S.’35, Northwestern Univ.; Prin- Tilden Tech. H. S., Chicago 9, Ill., since 1945. List of Members 437 Lamb, Earl, Bd. of Educ., 1321 Colorado Ave., Marysville, Mich. Lamb, Jack J., Prin., Becker Elem. Sch., Austin 1, Texas. Lamb, L. H„ B.S.’22, Stout Inst.; M.A.‘32, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Manitowoc, Wis., since 1943. Lamb, T. N., B.S.’25, Ind. State Normal Sch.; B.A.’28, Goshen Col.; M.A.’31. Univ. of Mich.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Flint, Mich., since 1937. Lambert, Asael C., B.S.’25, M.S.’26, Brig¬ ham Young Univ.; Ph.D.'35, Stanford Univ.; Prof, of Educ. Admin, and Dean, Summer Sch., Brigham Young Univ Provo, Utah, since 1934. Lambeth, M. T„ A.B.’26, Univ. of N. C. ; M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Statesville, N. C.. since 1947. Lamborn, Robert L„ A.B.’38, Stanford Univ.; Ed.M.’41, Harvard Univ.; Asst. Headmaster, McDonogh Sch., McDonogh Md., since 1943. La i?ers, William M„ A.B.’22, A.M.’23 O Mar quette Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Milwaukee, Wis., since 1942. La 1 ?? k s i^ 9 o UeI I> W ' , P » e r s - Natl - Educ - Assn., Trtl ’r , Pr L S " Northwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Maryville, Mo., 1921-45. Pres Emeritus, since 1945. LaMuth, Henry B.S.’38, Ed.M.’41, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Wil- Ioughby, Ohio, since 1943. La M C S S ' 3 e S r ‘ u Ien H ? Univ. of Ill.; M.S. 38 Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch. Dixon, Ill., since 1932. L r aSter 'rt B - ela £ IIen ’ AB - and A.M.’26, Mercer Univ.; Supt. of Sch., La Grange Ga., since 1937. Be > Lancaster Dabney S., B.A.’ll, Univ. of ,Y?' ’ M.S. 15 , Va. Polytech. Inst.; LL.D 43 Univ of Richmond; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Farmville, Va., since 1946. La " f c -r> J- W" r B v P t d -’ 061 M.S. ’13, Univ. sinm i<323 P - Georgetown , Ky„ La s n hall J C h o'? - N a FrankIin and Mar- Prf„ S ' A.M 35 Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Hamburg, P a „ since 1910. Land^, Ira C., Supt. of Sch., 3450 Ninth St Riverside, Calif., since 1928. ’’ La Co d r U Suot P M ?'i, B Q A n’ 32 ’ M.A.’35, Austin 1947 .' S P f Sch ” Sherman, Texas, since La in d t y - M A C ’33 B t A '’ 22 i; Southw estern La. S-PtV of Sch., 'Laf a aye S t^: e La U , ni s V in : ce P !^8 h L t|tf & * Bdl'of «T 13|4 Broadway, Detroit 26, Mich., since w.Vs i SLf-.gr"* “i: Of Sch., Lakewood, N. J., sinc^lW. Prm ' ./ s " p '- StJte D i’T B " A ' r 5, T WeStmar Col.; M.A. Alburnett, I owY, sinwmt S “ Pt ' ° f Sch '’ kang, Charles E Ph P tt * . _ Supt.* sa Lang, John C., B.A.’36, State Tchrs. Col., Valley City, N. Dak.; Educationist, Navy Dept., Arlington Annex, Washington, D. C., since 1946. Langbell, Delmar P., B.A.’35, State Tchrs. Col., Minot, N. D.; M.S.’42, Univ. of N. Dak,; Supt. of Sch., Harlem, Mont., since 1943. Lange, George D., B.A.’29, Lehigh Univ ■ M.A. in Sec. Ed.’33, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Prin., M. S. Hershey Jr.-Sr. H. S„ Hershey, Pa., since 1942. Lange, Paul W„ Ph.B.’30, M.A.’33, Ph.D.’40, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Lutheran H. S.’ St. Louis 8 , Mo., since 1946. Langfitt, R. Emerson, B.S. in Ed.’20, Ohio Univ.; A.M.’26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’38, New York Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., New York Univ. New York, N. Y., since 1938. Langford John A., A.B.’30, Holy Cross Col.; M.S. 33, Mass. State Col.; M.A.’42 Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Putnam, Conn since 1942. Langford Marvin E„ B.S. in Ed.'38, North- ® ast Tchrs - Col., Kirksville, Mo.; M.Ed. 42, Univ. of Mo.; Prin. 1943 kln H ‘ ckman Mills, Mo., since Langley, L. D A.B. in Ed.’33, M.A .’34 Univ. of Ga.; Grad.’40, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Mill- edgeville, Ga., since 1943. Thonias B., B.S.'31, Colby Col • Ea^'r 41 ’ B ° s t° n _ u uiv.: Supt. of Sch’.’, East Greenwich, R. I„ since 1946 Langwith J. E A.B.’23, Southwestern Sun^ «f*sV 9 ’m° Ut n ern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Terrell, Texas, since 1923. Langworthy Harry W„ Ph.B.’07, Alfred Univ ; M. A .’25, Columbia Univ.; Consult¬ ant, Private Trade Sch., N. Y. State Ednc Dept., Albany 1 , N. Y., since 1947 Langworthy Harry W„ Jr„ B.S. in E E ’32 Tchrs Col SCh rT ta K dy ’ Y' Y ' : M-Ai’Ii: o cnrs. Col., Columbia Univ.- Assoc Supvr. of Educ., State Educ. Dept A 1 bany 1 , N. Y„ since 1947 ’ L M g A ? 3 r 8 hy T P h i,iP B -' A.B.’34. Union Col.; ^•Jtbrs. Col., Columbia Univ ■ since 194 Pnn ’ ° f Sch '’ Maho P ac - N. Y„ Lanham, Ralph S„ A.B.’26, Bridgewater Sch 1 Pl' A « 4 °’ ° M ? State Univ.; Su^t ®f Sch., Bluffton, Ohio, since 1944. * L Univ r ’ AM h M c°’ H , ara ' A-B.’ 22 , Lincoln LincoinUniv; ®D H°L %8 " LiL W''? 1 ’ Monrovia, Liberia Pre!’ x bei:la Col.; Univ. for Negroes,’Houston. Texas tatC Rnff"’ ^r ar - y A ” BS - in Ed -’46, Ed M ’47 Boston Univ.; Elem. Supvr Pub Sch ’ Bennington, Va., since 1947 . S Lankford, Francis G T r R c >70 o , . , Macon Col.; M.S ’32 ”ph D % R T a r n< ?° lph : Children, ChU.A" SSfrUi 438 American School Buildings La Porte, Rollo, B.A.’20, Occidental Col., B.D/23, S.T.M.'26, Th.D.'30, San Fran¬ cisco Theol. Sem.; D.D/41, Occidental Col.; Pres.. Univ. of Dubuque, Dubuque, Iowa, since 1948. Lardie, Kathleen N., M.A.’34, Wayne Univ.; Supvr., Dept, of Radio Educ. and M?r„ Station WDTR, 9345 Lawton Ave., De¬ troit 6, Mich., since 1946. Larkin, E. O., M.A.'42, Hardin-Simmons Univ.; B.S.’33, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; Supt. Lake View Indep. Sch.. San Angelo, Texas, since 1948. Larkin, John L., M.A.’31, Univ. of Ariz.; Supt. of Sch., Tularosa, N. Mex., since 1935. Larsen, Arthur Hoff, B.Ed.’29, State Tchrs. Col., Superior, Wis.; Ph.M.’31, Ph. D.’39, Univ. of Wis.; Head, Dept, of Educ. and Psych, and Asst. Dean, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill., since 1944. Larson, Carl E., A.B.’16, Knox Col.; M.A. ’28, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of West Side Sch., Aurora, Ill., since 1935. Larson, George V., Pres., Larson Jr. Col., New Haven 14, Conn., since 1911. Larson, Jordan L., B.A.'22, M.A.’31, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Mt. Ver¬ non, N. Y., since 1946. Larson, Wendell C., M.S.’32, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch.. Columbia Heights, Minne¬ apolis 18, Minn., since 1946. La Salle. Jessie, B.S.T8, A.M.’20, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., West Sell., Washington 11, D. C., since 1923. Lasatcr, Ira L., B.S.'38, M.S.’47, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton. Texas; Supt. of Sch., Winters, Texas, since 1944. Lassiter, Alford Lee, B.S.T9, Col. of Wil¬ liam and Mary; M.A.’30. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Richmond, Ky., since 1941. Lau. John A., LL.B.’03, Univ. of "Wis.; Ph.B.TS, Univ. of Chicago. Address: Scott Forcsman and Co., 433 E. Eric St., Chi¬ cago 11, Ill. L a ud en si auger, E. B., A.B.’21, Swarthmore Col.; A.M.'33, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., Hatfield, Pa., since 1922. Loudcrbach, John Calvin, B.A.’20, M.A.'31. Ph.D.'48. Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Chula Vista, Calif., since 1930. Lauderdale, R. D.. M.A.’32, Austin Col.; Prim, South Park H. S., Beaumont, Texas. Latter, John Edwards. B.S.'30, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A.’37, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lansford, Pa., since 1938. Laughlin, Butler, Diploma ’10, Ind. State Normal Sch., Terre Haute, Ind.; A.B.14, A.M.T6, Ind. Univ.; Asst Supt. of Sch., Chicago, Ill., since 1948. LaVignc. Bernard E., B.S.’29. New York Univ.; M.A.’33, Tchrs. Coi., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sell., Admin. Bldg.. Montclair, N. J., since 1946. Law, Frederick I-Iouk, A.B.’95, Amherst Col.: A.M.'96, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D. 14. Now York Univ.; Editor, Educ. Dept., The Render's Digest. 353 Fourth Ave.. Now York 10, N. Y., since 1942. Law, Reuben D., EdLD '41, Univ. of South¬ ern Calif.; Doan, Col. of Educ., Brigham Young Univ., Provo 1. Utah, since 1946. Lawler, Eugene S-, B.A.’14, Trinity Univ.; M.A.’22, Ph.D.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Northwestern Univ., Evanston. Ill., since 1934. Lawler, Frank D., Diploma ’29, State Tchrs. Col., Gorham, Maine; B.S. in Ed.’33. Univ. of Maine; M.A. in Ed.’46, Univ. of Conn.; Supt. of Sch., Winstead, Conn., since 1948. Lawler, Marcella R., B.A.’30, M.Ed.’46, Univ. of Wash.; Asst., Horace Mann- Lincoln Inst, of Sch. Experimentation, Tchrs. Col. Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1946. (On leave from Wash. State Dept, of Pub. Instr.) Lawless, Thomas A., A.B.’IO, S.T.L.T2, D.D.T4, Portifical Roman Univ.; LL.D. ’31, LaSalle Col.; Rector. Salesianum Sch. for Boys, Wilmington, Del., since 1943. Lawlor, Caroline E.. B.A.’03, Hunter Col.; Prin., P.S. #12, Queens, Woodside, New York, N. Y., since 1932. Lawrence, Annette Smith. B.S.’26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Educ. Dir., Council Against Intolerance, 17 E. 42nd St., New York 17, N. Y„ since 1938. Lawrence, Bertha, B.S.’36, A.M.*39, Univ. of Pa.; Dean of Instr., N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Trenton 8, N. J., since 1946. Lawrence, Edgar P., A.B.’20, Dickinson Col.; A.M.’23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Myrtle Ave. Jr. H. S., Irvington 11, N. J., since 1946. Lawrence, Rianzo Jay, B.A.’24, M.A. 38, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Union Springs, Ala., since 1944. Lawrence, William F., Ed.D.’47, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Somerville, N. J., since 1945. Laws. W. Edward, B.S.’22, Denison Univ.; M.A.’33, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch.. New Philadelphia, Ohio, since 1936. Lawson, Anna E.. M.S. in Ed.’30, Col. of the City of New York; Prin., Jr. H. S. No. 81, Manhattan, New York 27, N. Y., since 1936. Lawson, F. Melvyn, A.B.’28, M.A.’35, Col. of the Pacific; Asst. Supt. for H. S., Col. and Adult Educ., Administration Bldg., 21st and L St., Sacramento 14, Calit., since 1946. Lawson, James H., B.S.’16, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Ed.D.’34, Univ. of Pittsburgh. Supt. of Sch., Shaw Avenue Bldg., Mc¬ Keesport, Pa., since 1935. Lawson, Oliver C.. A.B.’26, M.A.’35, Stan- ford Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sen., Santa Ana, Calif., since 1948. Lawton, Albert D„ A.B.’16, Dartmouth Col.; Supt. of Sell., Essex Junction, Vt., since 1935. Lay, Chester F„ B.Ed.’17 State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; M.A.’23, Univ. of Chicago; C.P.A.’29, Texas State Bd. of Public Accountancy; Ph.D. 31, Univ. of Chicago: Pres., Southern Ill, Normal Univ., Carbondale, Ill., since 1945. Laycock. Huclyn W„ B.S.’40, West Texas State Tchrs. Col.. Canyon, Texas; Co. Supt. of Sch., Pampn, Texas, since 1944. Lazcnby. M. R., B.A.’25, Iowa Wesleyan Col.; y M.S.’37, Ijniv. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Hankinson, N. Dak., since 1946. Leach, Kent W., A.B.’37 M.A .’38 Oberlin Col.; Dir. of Research and Guid., t-up. Sch., 1470 Warren Rd., Lakewood 7, Ohio, since 1947. List of Members Leadbetter, David H., B.A.’31, Merton Col., Oxford, England; Information Officer, Ministry of Educ., Curzon St. House, Lon¬ don S.W, I, England, since 1945. Leaden, John W., B.A.’36, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Okanogan, Wash., since 1942. Learner, Emery W., A.B.’09, Univ. of Nebr.; A.M.’19, Univ. of Chicago; Dir. of Tr., State Tchrs. Col., La Crosse, Wis., since 1925. Lease, R. A., B.S.’24, M.A.’26, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Sycamore, III. since 1928. Lease, Vernon O., B.S.’35, Univ. of Ala.; Prin., Somerset Twp. Sch., Friedens, Pa since 1942. Leaver, C. B., Supt. of Sch., Kent City, Mich. Leavitt, Jerome E„ B.S.’38, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Newark, N. J.; M.A.’41, Sch of Educ., New York Univ.; Prin., Canyon Elem. Sch., 1100 4th Ave., Los Alamos, N. Mex., since 1946. Leavitt, Russell H., Chief, Div. of Instr State Bd. of Educ., Concord, N. H. ’ LeBarron, E. H., Ed.D.'47, New York Univ.- Supt. of Sch., Hicksville, N. Y., since 1936. LeCron, Wilbur R„ M.A.'28, Univ. of Pitts- Q U [ gh: A ? d ’ D :’ 3g ; Pa - State Co1 -; Supt. of Sch., Ashland, Pa., since 1942 Le i C i r ° ne ’ K - A.B.’21, Susquehanna Univ.; M.Ed. 38, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prm. of Sch., Middletown, Del., since LeCronier Russell, A.B.’23, Central Mich. ? f . Edu , c ;' , M , t - Pleasant, Mich.; A.M. 35, Univ. of Mich. Address: 407 E. Wood- worth, Bad Axe, Mich. A ™ s C-, B.A/22. Drake Univ.; M.A. wicf St n te of T Iow a; Supt. of Sch., West Des Moines, Iowa, since 1942 Le DEd 1? ?5 rleS T^’ Univ. of Mo.; D.Ed. 35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. • LouU J dUC --- Washington Univ., St’. Louis 5, Mo., since 1935. La. State Normal Col., Natchitoches, La.; Parish Supt. of Sch Natchitoches, La., since 1925. Lee, Edwin A., B.S.’14, M.A.’ 15 , Ph D ’32 Sc T( L UniV -, : , Prof ' of Educ.’and Dean , Sah ’ ° £ Educ., Univ. of Calif., Los Ang^ les, Calif., since 1940. «nge- L M A Ms'r h ^’ B-.A.’30.>atl. Peking Univ ■ M.A. 45, Columbia Univ.; Research Assoc opiraUon 86 iV W .°/M Intellectual £>- operatm^,, ^ Rivemde Drive, New York L Aia J f“ e „ S ce AI 192 n 8. CO - SuPt ‘ ° f Educ - Selma, Lee, K a rl Dayton, A.B .’14 Ed M ’38 ?/ D :’ Supt of Sch - Monahans, Texas. Kr s ,"e fa- ' T ’ aUas 5, Texas, since 1939. L Vps^ i L M^ h Ed c: 3 ' c S ‘ a - Uor mal C ol„ Clemens, 1 Mich.,' since uS?*' ° £ Sch ” Mt ’ J Leeds, Albert M., M.S.’34, Rutgers Univ • r, Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Franklinville, N. J. i- since 1929. Leeman, Hafford R„ M.A.’42, Univ. of Ala.; ’ Co. Supt. of Educ., Decatur, Ala., since e 1947. Le A es - Chester C„ A.B.’26, Harvard Univ.; * A M. 37, Brown Univ.; Supt. of Sch., • Winchester, N. H., since 1947. LeFevre, E. R„ A.M.’32, Univ. of Mo.; ^ oupt. of Sch., Paris, Mo., since 1948. . Le ^ e i’ M J Uard C - A.B.’ll, Nebr. State Vxt S ; Co1 ” Peru - Nebr.; M.A.’16, Univ ; of Nebr.; Ed.D.’42, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ , Address: 720 S. 22nd St., Lincoln, Nebr. Le iwr g A t Ln St ^r t 2. n ,’ A.B.’38, Columbia Col.; ' Unf^ 39 ’ i?a h ' D ' ^ 8 ’ Tchrs - Col., Columbia Univ.; Educational Consultant, Engel- ??nfb’q. En xf lhar v t ’, and Eeggett, 331 W. 250th St., New York 63, N. Y„ since 1947. Lehman Eugene Heitler, B.A.’02, M.A ’10 Cn! B w n ‘. V V Prea ” Highland Manor Jr! Col., West Long Branch, N. J., since 1940 L t m N n Y M ' H " 254 W ’ 31St St ” New York Le q,^. Ed ? a o I i” A - B -' 26 . M.A.’30, Ind. Univ.- Supt. of Sch., Rock Falls, Ill,, since 1930, L M na ^i! r ’ M T r , s ,’ Mar j° r >e B., B.S. in Ed.’44 Northern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., DeKalb’ since mi. Pt ' ° f Sch " Sycamore, Ill., Le t i r n a T e Cn? W c esley J y A B ’ 23 - North Cen- heart ni.’, since m; M °° Seheart ’ Moose - L ® 3 g t ’ g’ A- b T7, De Pauw Univ.; M.S. Ind. B since 1924 ^ ^ ° f Sch " Tipton ’ Le Prin M Sh r ^ S ¥■*’”' Univ - ° { Chicago- 1937.’’ Shepard Sch - Chicago 12, Ill., since L Col^ 0 M A G '°39 d0 C ?■’ v B A V t 27 ’ Macalester 39 ’ Columbia Univ.; Prin of Sch., Winneconne, Wis., since 1935 L C t o Z l Sey M A’41 B '’n Jr " £?’’ 25 - Newberry H S„ Florence S 1V r° f S ' C ’ : Prin - J r ’ Florence, £>. C., since 1946 Le Uni S v erS, M A E’4r °U B ' S -’ 24 ' ° hi ° State Supt.' ’ of M H E owi a ’nd U Sch. I : since 1945 . ’ warr en, Ohio, Lemasters, E. M B S ir, n-n * T Mo., State Tchrs ' Cnl v-' i 25, Northeast A.M.’29, Univ. of Mo"- SuDt* V nf%“°- ; BET l‘ b - s ' h -“- *<■ l&X rtvK vf 2 *- s -" SrtSfJS'isr- - ft 4" ff,Notre st.;. Marcos, Texas; Supt of Srh f a r° " ^ an Texas, since 1945 P S h ” LaGra nge 1, Lenhart, O. W iic’k tit Le sha h ll C Co r l. G AM B io 07, p F h ra n n ^ n and Mar - ?9ii. C °- S ' UPt -' ° f ' Medfa 2 ,’ Pa^'incl L CoT;'s?p a t rry { Sch J "sf- B -’ 21 ' Kalamaa °° 1946. P Sch ” Seligman, Ariz., since L C„ n ," d ' M B *A'?,'l d Midd,, bu Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch^ Eden C N U Y bla 440 American School Buildings Leonard, Charles B., Ph.B.’29, Brown Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Scituate. R, I., since 1948. Leonard, J. Paul, Ph.D.’29, Columbia Univ.; Pres., San Francisco State Col., San Francisco 2, Calif., since 1945. Leonard. John I., B.S.’IO, Lombard Col.; D.N.’13. Chicago Col. of Naprapathy; Ed. D.'42, Fla. Southern Col.; M.A. in Ed. '47, Univ. of Fla.; Co. Supt. of Pub. Instr., West Palm Beach, Fla., since 1936. Leonard, Joseph A., A.B.’27. Tufts Col.: M.Ed.’45, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Old Town, Maine, since 1938. Leonard, Sister Mary, Dir., Mt. St. Mary's Academy, North Plainfield, N. J. Leonard, Wardwell C., Ph.B.’18, A.M.’41, Brown Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Tiverton, R. I., since 1944. Leps, Joseph M., A. B.’20, Hampden Sydney Col.; M.A.’38, Fla. Southern Col.; Ed.D. '42, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Sch. Admin., Univ. of Fla. and Consultant in Surveys, State Dept, of Educ., Gainesville, Fla., since 1944. Lesher. D. B., A.B.'21, Colo. Col.; M.A.'33. Univ. of Denver; Ed.D.'46, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Fort Collins, Colo., since 1944. Leslie, Glenn F., B.S.‘35, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrcnsburg, Mo.: M.E.’42, and Ed.D.'45, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Eldon, Mo., since 1942. Lcssenger, Waldo E.. B.A.'19, M.A.*22, Ph. D.’25, State Univ. of Iowa; Dean, Col. of Educ., Wayne Univ., Detroit 1, Mich., since 1930. Letrick, John, Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Cali¬ fornia, Pa. Lctson, John W., B.S.'32, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; M.A.'42, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., Asst. Dir., Div. of Admin, and Finance, State Dept, of Educ., Mont¬ gomery, Ala., since 1947. Leutner, Winfred George, Ph. D.’OS, Johns Hopkins Univ.; A.B.'Ol, Western Re¬ serve Univ.; LL.D.'35, Wittenberg Col.; LL.D.'35, Col. of Wooster; LL.D. 37, Obcrlin Col.; Pres.. Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland 6, Ohio, since 1933. Lcvenson, William B., B.S. in Ed. 27, Ohio State Univ.; M.A.'33, Ph.D.'37. Western Reserve Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Clevc- land 14, Ohio, since 1947. Lcwallon, Fred, Supt. of Sch., Chaffee, Mo. Lewis. Mrs. Dorothy M. Shanley, Secy., Conn. Tchrs. Retirement Bd., State Office Bldg., Hartford, Conn., since 1924. ♦Lewis E. E„ A.B.'07. M.A.'09, Stanford Univ.; Ph.D.'20, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Ohio Stato Univ.. Columbus, Ohio, slnco 1926. Lewis, James A., B.S.'34, Tchrs. Col., Mt. Pleasant, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Central State Mich.; M.A.’38, Sch., Dearborn, Mich., sinco 1948. Lewis, John W., A.B.’17, Colgate Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 3 E. 25th St.. Balti¬ more 18, Md., sinco 1927. Lewis, John W., A.B.’26, Rio Grande Col.; M.E.’40, Wnyno Univ.; Dlst. Supt. of Sch., St. Clair Shores 32, Mich., sinco 1942. Lewis, L, W. Univ.; Prin., sinco 1941. Lewis, R. F., Wls.; Supt. since 1938. , A.B.’23, M.A.*45, Mercor Lsnior Jr. H. S., Macon, Ga., B.A.’15, M.A.’28, Univ. of of Sell., Waukesha, Wls., Lewis, Russell A., Diploma '19, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; A.B’22, Abilene Christian Col.; M.A.'28, Ph.D.'38, Univ. of Texas. Ad¬ dress: 310 W. 104th St., Los Angeles 3, Calif. Lewis. Victor E., A.B.’26, Pa. State Col.; A.M/29, Susquehanna Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Edwardsville, Pa., since 1924. Libby, Herschel Scott, Diploma ’ll. State Normal Sch., Farmington, Maine; B.Ped. ’16, Univ. of Maine; M.A.'32, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Irvington 11, N. J., since 1934. Lichty, Elden A., Ed. D.’43, Univ. of Mo.; Prin. Elem. Tr. Sch., Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill., since 1945. Licking, Ralph Herbert, B.A.’23, M.A.’26. Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Ripon, Wis., since 1941. Lidikay, Donald R., B.S.'27, Baker Univ.; M.E.'34, Univ. of Kansas; Prin., Trego Community H.S., Wakeeney, Kansas, since 1947. Lieberman, Elias, B.A.’03, Col. of the City of New York; M.A.’06, Ph.D.’ll, New York Univ.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., 110 Liv¬ ingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1940. Liggitt, Earle O., B.S.’17, Muskingum Col.: A.M.’27, Ph.D.’42, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Dist Supt. of Sch., Munhall, Pa., since 1938. Light. Bertram M., B.S.’20, Ursinus Col.: M.A.’28. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Frenchtown, N. J., since 1933. Light. J. Everett, B.S.’34. Ball State Tchrs. Col., Muncie, Ind.: M.A.'41, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Rushville, Ind., since 1945. Light. N. Searle, B.A.’08. Yale Univ.; Dir., Bureau of Sch. and Community Services, State Dept, of Educ., Hartford, Conn. Light, Ray H., A.B.’16, Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M.’23. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch.. Cornwall. Pa., since 1927. Lightbody. E., M.A.'34, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Nebraska City, Nebr., since 1945. Lillard, D. R„ B.A.’27, Morningside Col.: M.A.’36. State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. ot Sch., Winterset, Iowa, since 1942. Lillie, C. H., B.A.’12, Baker Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kelso, Wash., since 1929. Lind, A. Grace, M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Co- lumbia Univ.; Divisional Dir. of Sen.. Div. Five, Emery Sch., Washington 2, D. C., since 1937. Lindahl, F. A.. B.A.’32, Gustavus Adolphus Col.; M.A.’42, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. ot Sch., Sleepy Eye, Minn., since 1947. Lindahl, Hannah M„ Ph.B.’31, Univ. of Chicago; M.A.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvr. of Elem. Educ., 402 Lin- coin Way West, Mishawaka, Ind., since 1925. Lindbergh, Mrs, Evangeline L. L., Honorary Life Member, American Assn, of hen. Admin. Address: 508 Lakepointe, Detroit, Mich. Lindbloom, Ray L., A.B.’30, M.A.’37, State Col. of Educ., Greeley. Colo., Dist. Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Elmont, N. Y., since 1947. Lindell, George E.. A.B.’l 7 , Bethany Col.’. M.S.'40, Univ. of Wyo.; Dir. of Distribu¬ tive Educ., H. S., Cheyenne, Wyo., since 1947. List of Members 441 Linden, Arthur V., B.S.’33, M.A.’35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’41, Arnold Col.; Assoc. Dir. of Student Personnel in charge of Field Relations and Placement, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1936. Linden, Clarence Vander, A.B.’35, Hope Col.; M.A.’46, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Leslie, Mich., since 1946. Linders, Margaret, B.S.’41, M.A.’44, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Wheeler Sch., since 1946, and Acting Prin., Gar¬ field Sch., Bridgeport, Conn., since 1948. Lindley, Aaron T„ A.B.’25, Earlham Col.; M.S.’30, Butler Univ.; Supt. of Sch. La¬ fayette, Ind., since 1947. Lindley Fred E., LL.B.’ll, Univ. of Chi- ? res -' Bd - of Educ., San Diego Uni- Vo e as Sch ‘ Dist ” San Dieg0 3 ' Calif -> since Linton, Harry J., B.S.’24, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Schenectady 5, N. Y., since 1946. Linton, John H„ A.B.’25, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.’32, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Verona, Pa., since 1946. Lipscomb, N. C. C. C., Supt. of Sch., Reidsville, Lipsey, Crawford H., B.A.’20, Miss. Col.; M.A.’25, Univ. of Va.; Supt. of Sch. Brookhaven, Miss., since 1941. Litle, L. O., Ed.D.’43, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., North Kansas City 16, Mo., since Litle, Roy F., B.S.’29, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield. Mo.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Aurora Mo since 1941. Lindman Erick Le Roy, A.B.’31, Whitman Col.; M.A. 39, Univ. of Wash.; Deputy ml S “ pt - of Pub - Instr - Olympia, Wash., since 1946. L ‘ nd J a A> C ' A! L on .’ , B - S -’27. Col. of William and Mary; M.A.’40, Univ. of Va.; Div Sup^t. of Schools, Hampton, Va., since Lindsay, James Armour, B.S.T9. M S '30 Univ. of Colo.; Ph.D.’33, Columbia Univ. • Pres., the Berry Schs., Mount Berry, Ga. L M d A e ^a M r e r rv - in E P BA .’24, Huron Col.; M.A 34 Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch Custer, S. Dak., since 1924. ’ Lindsey, Morton Cole, M.A.’29, New York H n s -: Mn UP , Vg - P " n ’U Hendrick Hudson , b., Montrose, N. Y., since 1943. Lindsey Richard V., B.E.’IO Ill Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.*; Ph.M ’26 nMeT^: Supt - of Sch - «A8 Lindstol, Carl F„ B.S.’IS, Tufts Col • Bd P M^ H ’ U i, & ■ NavaI Academy! d.M. 25, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch Revere 51, Mass., since 1928. *’ Lindstrom Elmer J„ A.B.'28, Univ of s «-° ! 126 ’w. Lake C St^ r Ba , rdngton,' HI 6 ™' Sch ” Pe!u H Ne y br H -’ tl’W' TcbrS ' Col., M.A.’ 26 , Ph'.D.’29 Tchrs Coi C , Neb k r : : Univ.; Prof, of Educ Tchrs" Col C^ 1946 b ‘ a UmV ” NeW York 21 ’ N. Y.,"since Li K' a l P - A f B A 21, Willamette Univ • a.a,s. ^ &*&,**■ - Col., Ada, Okla.! since" 1920 " tral State jp&Ma ■Sr 1 #; Vr New York 27 N Y. since ? 93 A Univ ” Littel, Charles Lester, A.B.T2, Univ of Nebr.; M.A.’26, Stanford Univ.; Ed.D ’35 New York Univ.; Pres., Bergen Jr. Col' Teaneck, N. J„ since 1933 and Pres., Berk¬ shire Hills Girls Sch., Great Barrington, Mass., since 1947. Littie, Adrian O., A.B.’27, M.A.’30, Ind. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Huntington, Ind., since 1933. Li “ le -.Harry A., A.B.T9, Hendrix Col.; M-A; 28, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Ph.D. 34, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch. ■Little Rock, Ark., since 1948. B.S.’28, Gettysburg Col.; M.A. 32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; oupt. of Sch., Waynesboro, Pa., since 1945. Little, Wilson, B S.’31, North Texas State Pk C n’« C ?S De , nt ° n ’ Texas; M.A.’38. Ph.D. 42^ Univ. of Texas; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col., Still- water, Okla., since 1948. Li ^* S ’ J ° hn ^ V B -S.’34, State Tchrs. Col., East Stroudsburg, Pa.; M.S.’37, Bucknell since ml'. SUP *' ° f Sch " Stroudsbur g. Pa., L p^ g00d ’ William W„ A.B.’07, Ind Univ. • Bonk° r Co' Ch Ba ef r 3nd Vke pres ’ American is m v" 88 ^‘"gt 00 Ave., New York 16, N. Y., since 1931. L CM gSt °M ^ I . e , I , vin „ C " b -S.’ 25, Middlebury fig- L Pre d s m 2 0^" M -A-’28, Clark Univ.; fon eS 17 M D cJfnce 0ri 193i minary ’ Washing ' L * 41 <1 ’T?;. Todd > A-B.’28, Geneva Col.; M.Ed S 4 ch U G rard f p msburgh; Su P v g- Prin. of &cn., Uirard, Pa., since 1943. Lobaugh, Lawrence C., B S ’27 Alfr L S£ h i^ B Tth»: Cof.;' 42 Nacog P dochel' since i938 P ° f Sch " Laneville . Texas,’ Ohio, since 1938. *’ n cinnati 2, Locke, W. M„ Supt. of Sch., Texarkana, L °C^ Edmond, J OkU’- B M S 2 ’ 8 3 3 C OM al ! tat , e 442 American School Buildings Lockey, J. H., Dist. Supt. of Sch., Liberty, Texas. Lockhart, Albert V., A.B.’15, Mo. Wesleyan Col.; A.M.T7. Northwestern Univ. ; Ph.D. *48, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. Twp. H. S. and Jr. Col., Harvey, Ill., since 1948. Lockhart, John C., A.B/12, Univ. of N.C. Address: Woman’s Col., Univ. of N. C., Greensboro, N. C. Lockhart, Raymond J., M.A/31, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Messapequa, N. Y., since 1930. Lockwood, Charles Madden. A.B/16, Furman Univ.; M.A/38, Univ. of S. C. ; Supt. of Sch., Lancaster, S. C., since 1940. Lockwood Luther A., A.B/17, Ind. State Tchrs. Col.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Chicago.; Supt. of Sch., Columbus, Ind., since 1945. Loew, C. C., A.B/28, Ill. Col.; M.A/38, Wash. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Urbana, Ill., since 1948. Loftin, James Otis., M.A.’25, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Pres., San Antonio Jr. Col., San Antonio 1, Texas, since 1941. Logan, Jack M., A.B/15, Drake Univ.; M. A/27, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Waterloo, Iowa, since 1942. Logan, Lawrence A., B.A/29, Drake Univ.; M. A.’35, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Shenandoah, Iowa, since 1945. Loggins, W. F., M.A.’28, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D/45, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Greenville, S. C., since 1940. Lohr, B. E., B.A/21, M.A/22, Univ. of N. C. ; Supt. of Sch., Lumbcrton, N, C., since 1942. Lokken, Roscoe L., Ph.D.*39, State Univ. of Iowa; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Valley City, N. Dak., since 1946. Lomax, Paul S., B.S. in Ed.'17, Univ. of Mo.; Ph.D.’27 New York Univ.; Prof, of Educ. ami Head, Dept, of Business Educ., Sch. of Educ., New York 1 Univ., Washing¬ ton Square, E., New York 3, N. Y., since 1924. Long, Charles M., A.B/32, Tarkio Col.; A.M/38, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley Colo.; Asst. Prof, of Educ., Sch. of Educ., Ind. Univ., Bloomington, Ind., since 1947. Long, Clarence M.. B.S.'31, State Tchrs. Col., California, Pa.; M.A/34, D.Ed.’42, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Oak- mont, Pa., since 1946. Long, Edward W., A.B/28, Syracuse Univ.; Prin., Drydcn-Frcevillc Central Sch., Dry- den, N. Y. t since 1947. Long, Edwin B., A.B/19, Dickinson Col.; A.M .’25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’44 f Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Mcchanicsburg, Pa. Long, Everett W., B.A/33, Intermountain Union Col.; M. E.’40, Mont. State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Columbus, Mont., since 1945. Long, Howard II. ? Wilbcrforce State Col., W i 1 beiforce, Ohio. Loiik, J. K., B.S.’24, M.A.’32, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’33, GoorRo Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Registrar and Dir. of Adniia- BioiiB, East Carolina Tchrs. Col., Green¬ ville, N. C., since 1947. Lone, Orcn I?., A.B.’12. Johnson Bible Col.: M A.'15, Univ. of Mich.; M.A. in Admin. ’23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.: Secy, of Hawaii, P. O. Box 3226, Honolulu, 1. H„ since 1947. Long, Raymond V., M.A.*14, Columbia Univ.; Commr., Div. of Planning and Economic Development, State Dept, of Educ., Richmond 19, Va. Long, Watt A., B.A.’24, Pacific Univ.; M. A/32, Univ. of Oregon.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., San Francisco, Calif. Longstreet, John H., M.S. in Ed/43. Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Windom, Minn., since 1948. Longstreet, R. J., B.S/16, LL.B/17, Stetson Univ.; A.M/32, Duke Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Peninsula Sta., Daytona Beach, Fla., since 1920. Look, Arnold Evert, B.Th/17, Southern-Bap¬ tist Theol. Sem. ; B.A/19, McMaster Univ.; M.A/20, Univ. of Pa.; B.D/20, M.Th/22, Crozer Theol. Sem.; Ph.D/27, Yale Univ.; Pres, and Prin., Ellis Col., Newtown Square, Pa., since 1931. Loomis, Arthur Kirkwood, A.B/09, Baker Univ.; A.M/17, Univ. of Kansas; Ph.D. ’26, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; L.H.D. *44, Baker Univ. (On leave from Univ. of Denver) ; and Advisor, Educational Reorganization in Tokyo, CIE, GHQ, SCAP, APO 500, Postmaster, San Fran¬ cisco, Calif., since 1947. Loomis, Glenn E., A.B/16, A.M/25, Olivet Col.; M.A/30, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Traverse City, Mich., since 1939. Loomis, Harold V., A.B/12, Syracuse Univ.; M. A/26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Ossining, N. Y., since 1932. Loomis, Orson E., B.A/17, Beloit Col.; M.A. ’28, Univ. of Wis.; Prin., Ho-No-Ne-Gah Community H. S., Rockton, Ill., since 1929. Loos, Leonard E., A.B/22, Wittenberg Col.; M.A/26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D/40, New York Univ.; Prin. Shore Sch., Euclid 19, Ohio, since 1937. Loper, W. Harold. B.S/21, Univ. of Red¬ lands; Ed.M/25, Grad. Sch. of Educ., Harvard Univ.; Ed.D/39, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Pub. Instr. and Executive Officer, Territorial Bd. for Voc. Educ., Territorial Office Bldg., Honolulu 4, Hawaii, since 1946. Loprcsti, John, Jr., A. B/34, Seton Hall Col.; M.Ed/38, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Plainfield, N. J., since 1944. Lord, Arthur B., B.S. in Ed/37, Boston Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Vineyard Haven, Mass., since 1936. Lord, Arthur Bcrtcllc, Jr., A.B/35, Tufts Col.; M.Ed/43, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Reading, Mass., since 1948. Lorco. G. Ira, B. A. in Ed.’38. Univ. of Wash.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Mt. Vernon, Wash., since 1947. -orctan, Joseph O., B.S. in Ed, 26, City Col. of the City of New York; M. A. 28, Ph-D- ’30 Fordhnm Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Archer and Theriot St., New York, N. Y., since 1947. ^orette, Robert L., B.E.'37, State Sch., Castlcton, Vt.; M.A. in Ed. 46, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. uinro Loser, Paul, Ph.B.’I3, Muhlenberg Col.; M.A.’25, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., Litt.D.'41, Muhlenberg Col.; Supt. oi Sell., 9 S. Stockton St., Trenton 9, N. j., since 1932. Lott, E. B., Supt. of Sch.. Fillmore, Mo., since 1947. List of Members 443 Lott, Fred W., B.A.’15, Wittenberg Col., Bd. of Educ., Avon Lake, Ohio. Lott, Leigh M„ Diploma '20, State Tchrs. Col., Mansfield, Pa.; B.A.'26, Wesleyan Univ.; M.A/32, Univ. of Pa.; Ph.D.'46, Univ. of Vienna; Supvg. Prin. of Sch.,' Hackettstown, N. J., since 1946. Lounsbury, John L„ A.B.'19, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; A.M. ’22, Stanford Univ.; Ed.D.’39, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Pres.. San Bernardino Valley Col., San Bernardino, Calif, since 1942. L °Fla' 1 ' Br0Ward ’ Supt - of Pub - Instr.. Ocala. Loveland, Gilbert, B.A.’14, M.A.U5, North¬ western Univ.; Mgr., Sch. Dept., Henry Holt and Co., Inc., 257 Fourth Ave., New York 10, N. Y„ since 1934. Lovell, v. P„ M.S.'36, Ind. Univ.; Bus. Mgr., Dept, of Educ., Lake Union Con¬ ference of Seventh-Day Adventists, Ber¬ rien Springs, Mich. Lovenstein L. K B.S .’22, Davis-EIkins Col ; M.A. 40, W. Va. Univ.; Admin Asst. Supt. of Sch., Charleston 1 W Va since 1946. ' ' ” Loving, Solon O B.A.'27, East Texas State icnrs. Col Commerce, Texas; M.A.'34 Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sabine Sch., Gladewater, Texas, since 1940. Lowe, E. E„ Supt. of Sch., Sedan, Kansas. Lowe Harold Thomas, B.S.’17, Hobart Col. • 34 - R. I. State Col.; Litt.D 36 Hobart Col.; Supt. of Sch., North Attleboro, Mass., since 1947. L °Tchrs J 'Coi ay, r M S ’ 41 ’ H St Texas State c u Commerce, Texas; Supt of Sch., Athens, Texas, since 1946 1 Mi. S "">' "• A,h Grove. L W.; L Z Ed -' 31 . Harvard Urriv • Supt. of Sch., Rye, N. Y., since 1945. Lower, Kenneth E., B.A .’29 Baldwin U 7 ,t SuDt 001 ’^ M A -’ 4 “ 1 Western Reserve Univ • Ors’ted E Ohi P o: e sinc V e‘ 1 ! a 47 e SChS ' Nor ' d L °AM y ’14 M Coh K AB i;° 8 ’ Denison Univ.; of pi .'r'o mbla Univ.; Ph.D.'24, Univ xr Pa 'A C ' ® u Pt- of Sch., Co. Office Blrlr New Brunswick, N. J„ sin ce 1925 g ’’ ^hrs y 'Coi ar M y t pY A®-' 1 ^Central State Univ'of^ic^: PhD’40 uiiv : o? I G A - ,21 H bo a r P n ld Mich dreSS: 260 S ' Highland. DeTr- Lowry, Charles D„ B.S.’OS A M ’13 Ev S an e s r t n on U i n iE- AddreSS: 628 ' Fos '* er St.; L °o7n R c y ro nk e AB '' 30 - M.A/36. Univ. N. C, E nce C l-94? UPt - ° f Sch ” L °MA''l^ i {i 1 n am J r t?' A ' 14, Temple Univ • Sch.,' Phife&^^i “ft, ■-P*. oi A.’M A 37 C w nt Va' A - B -' 3( >. Marshall Col.; ° f Sch ” T y ch°°c y :! T DeL S n' 28 fe N ° rth < I Te3 ' aS S < a “ f- Mountain, * (Silmer **,' & Lubbers, C. W A R >vc n _ , Lubbers. Irwin J., A.B.'17, Hope Col.; A M. '27, Columbia Univ.: Ph.lt.’31, North¬ western Univ.; LL.D.'45. Hope Col.; Litt.D.’45. Rutgers Univ.; Pic., Hope Col., Holland. Mich., since 1945. Lubbers, Melvin, B., A.B.'27. Hope Col.; M.A.‘37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. i Sch.! Zeeland. Mich., since 1912, Lubera, Thaddeus J.. B.S.'26. Lewis Inst.; M.A.-36, De-Paul Univ.; Ph.D.47, Univ’ of Chicago; Dist. Supt. of Sch 641 F 60th St., Chicago 37, III., since 1944 . Lucas, Homer C., A.B.'dO, Ohio Wcslev v Univ.; Ginn & Co., 199 E. Gay St. C - lumbus 16. Ohio. Lucas Robert E., B.S. in Ed.'37, Wilmir.g- ton Col.; M.A/46, Ohiu State Univ.; As*.*. Co. Supt. of Sch., Katun, Ohio, since 1947. Luce, C. M., B.S.*04. Valparaiso Univ • bupt. of Grammar Sells.. Klku Nevada* since 1924. ' “ ' Lucia. ^ Mother. B.A.’IS. Creighton Univ.* M. A.-29 Notre Dame Univ.; Sacred Heart Hospital, Spokane. Wash. Luckenbill, N. P„ Supvg. Prin. of Sch t-recland. Pa. Ludi, Phillip Morris. B.A/44. N. Mex. High, lan,Is Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Las Vegas N. Mex., since 1941. Ludington John R„ B.S.'31. Ball Slate > °'-- M line le. Ind.; M.A.‘34. PhD 40. Ohio State Univ.; Specialist in Indus.' A s ,!> n U r S . ofifi ‘- c of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 194«. Ludy Reginald S. B.A'32. Coe Col.- MA 38 Univ. of Minn. Address; 1 225s Gree-i^ wood Ave., Seattle 33. Wash. Luehring, Fiederick W., P), B 05 N r-s Ph n D^ C °c"i P 7 M -’,7-. Un.v. B d 05 e h , ag^; „ip? 9 - Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Phvsil ptfitv’^r- of Pa - ph " ad ' ipb ‘ a L burne,°V, r . t D ” Jr ” Supt ' of S ‘ b - Sh.l- Sch.. Dushore, Pa., since 193 s L ’24 n '2 r , ank r, A -' B.A.’l7, Tarkio Col.- M A 24, State Univ. of Iowa • Sunt c u ' Chariton, Iowa, since 1945 . P ' 1 Sch " LU r d r J 7 n ' , A B -' 13 - Clark Univ.- M A'14 Columbia Univ,* Ph n ’iiji v-,*i i? *• Specialist of Sch. Admin ' U S oX’= l ^l^rb" SHi.,Crystal Yake Hfl y '^' ^° upt ‘' Ot fch, Flint 3. S “ P '' v2a“ 0 Ji- U ‘"'- h Sth. L ppu te. head, Minn., since 1948 H ’ S - Moor - L in‘'Ed 0 ’3 b 3 e . rt U B „i v B 0 S f ' 3 A Colby Co.,; M.A. of Sch., Rockland, Marne," since"^ Supt ' M.'yvme Per N P " &S’. 27 - A S l 5 t- Teh,,/ Col., State Univ of Iowi'. pjf' 3 S; Ph - D ' 32 * Col.. Mayville, N. ^"nce m7 TchrS ' 444 American School Buildings Lutes, Olin S., Ph.D.’26, State Univ. of Iowa; Chief Counselor, Guid. Center, Brooklyn Col., Brooklyn 10, N, Y., since 1947. Luther. Earl W., Ph.B.'30. Ph.M.’35, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Plymouth, Wis., since 1940. Luther, James F., M.E.‘39, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Delavan, Wis., since 1941. Luttrell, C. John W., B.A. and B.S.’17, Ohio State Univ.; M.A.’24. Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Baldwin-Wallace Col., Berea, Ohio. Lutz, Charles D., M.A.’32, Univ. of Chicago; Supt.. of Sch., Gary, Ind., since 1941. Lutz, Ralph N., A.B.’15, Albright Col.; M.Ed.’41, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Borough Sch., McKeesport, Pa., since 1931. Lux, Clara, M.A.'39, Baylor Univ.; Prin., Elem. Sch., Waco, Texas, since 1944. Luxford, Louise, Co. Supvr. of Elem. Sch., Princess Anne, Va. Lydell, Dwight M., Diploma ’17, Chico State Tchrs. Col., Chico, Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Monrovia, Calif., since 1939. , Lyman. Warren B., Ph.B.’06, Yale Univ. Address; Pub. Sch., Stoughton. Mass. Lynch, Clyde Alvin, A.B.T8, Lebanon Val¬ ley Col.; B.D.’21, Boncbrakc Thcol. Semi¬ nary; A.M.'2S. D.D.’26, Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M.’29, Ph.D.’31, Univ. of Pa.; LL.D.'37, Albright Col.; Pres., Lebanon Valley Col., Annville, Pa., since 1932. Lynch, E. B., B.A.’21, State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.’27, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Red Oak, Iowa, since 1944. Lynch, J. M., Ph.D.'38, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Middlcbush, N. J., since 1947. Lynch, John B., 1404 Baltimore Ave., Ocean City, Md. Lynch, Lincoln D., A.B.’21, Boston Col.; Ed.M.’39, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Norwood, Mass., since 1936. Lynch, Margaret C., Prin., Monroe Sch., Chicago, Ill. Lynch, William S., A.B.'2S, Col. of the Holy Cross : A.M.’31. Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fall River. Mass., since 1945. Lyscth, Harrison C., B.A.’21, Bowdoin Col.; Ed.M.’28, Ed.D.’41, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Portland 3. Maine, since 1942. Me Me Adam, J. E B.S. in Ed.'34. Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Wnrronsburg, Mo.; A.M. ’40, Ed.D.’46, Univ. of Mo.; Asst. Prof, of Educ., State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, since 1946. McAlister, Royce D., A.B.’17, Univ. of Maine; M.A/27. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Sufficld, Conn., since 1927. McAllister, R. Brown. A.B.'SO. Lcnoir- Rhyne Col.; Supt. of Sch., Concord, N. C,, since 1943. McAllister. W. E., Ed.B.’43, Enstorn Ill. Stato Tchrs. Col., Charleston, Ill.; Supt. of Sell., Vandalia, Ill., since 1941. McAndrow, Mary B„ B.A.’23. Marywood Col.; M.A.’36, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Carbondalo Pa., since 1934. McArthur, L. C., Jr.. A.B.’39. A.M.’42 Univ. of S. C.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Darlington, S. C., since 1946. McAuliffe, Mary Frances, B.S. in Ed.'27, Tchrs. Col. of the City of Boston, Boston, Mass.; M.E.’28, Boston Univ.; Ph.D.’35, Boston, Col.; Prin., Robert Treat Paine Sch., Boston 24, Mass., since 1941, McBee. Mary Vardrine. B.A.’06, Smith Col.; M.A.'08, Columbia Univ.; Litt.D.’32, Con¬ verse Col.; L.H.D.’36, Smith Col.; Litt.D. ’37, Furman Univ.; Prin. Ashley Hall, Furman Univ., Charleston 15. S. C., since 1909. McBride, George C., B.S.’18, Dartmouth Col.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Dawson, N. Mex., since 1945. McBride, Guy T., Diploma ’07, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Boling, Texas, since 1929. McBride, H. E., B.S.’22, Gettysburg Col.; M. A.’26, Univ. of Md.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Elkton, Md.. since 1936. McBurney, John H., A.B.’20, Morningside Col.; M.A.’26. State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Webster City, Iowa, sice 1944. McCaffrey, Austin J., B.S.’36, Ed.M.’40, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Manchester, N. H., since 1947. McCaffrey, Donald F., Supt. of Sch., Ware- ham, Mass. McCain, Elizabeth, Dir. of Child Adjust¬ ment, Pub. Sch., 317 Poplar, Memphis 3, Tenn. McCall. H. R., A.B.’28, Albion Col.; A.M. '38, Univ. of Mich.; Ed.D.’41, Univ. of Mo.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Waukegan, Ill., since 1945. McCall, W. Morrison, A.B.’23, Westminster Col.; A.M.’26. Ph.D.’30, Univ. of Mo.: Dir. Div. of Instr., State Dept, of Educ., Montgomery 6, Ala., since 1937. McCallister, James M., B.S. in Ed.’21, Cen¬ tral Mo. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; A.M.’22, Ph.D.’29, Univ. of Chicago; Dean, Herzl Branch, Chicago City Jr. Col., Chicago 23, Ill., since 1948. McCandless. Harry P., A.B.’22, Nebr. Wes¬ leyan Univ.; M.A.’32, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Redondo Beach 1. Calif., since 1935. McCanless, Clarence A., A.B.’22, Carson- Ncwman Col.; M.A.’32. George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Dir.. Div. of Finance, State Dept, of Educ., War Memorial Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn., since 1933. McCann, Josiah S., A.B.’OO, Bates Col. Ad¬ dress: Pub. Sch., St. Albans, Vt. McCann, R. Harold, Dir., Transportation and Maintenance, Bd. of Educ., Annapolis, Md. McCannon, Roland, B.Sc.'38, Univ. of Ill., M.A.'41, Univ. of Chicago; Co. Supt. oi Sch., Woodstock, Ill., since 1943. McCarl, D. N„ Vice-pros.. American Tech. Society, Drexel Ave. at 58th St., Chicago 37, Ill., since 1927. McCarn, Robert H„ Supt. of Sch., Sanford, TVA nina Carroll. E. F., A.B.’25. Otterbein Col.; /I.A.'40, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sen., )cnnison, Ohio, since 1937. Carllia, Carl W.. A.B.’22, Newberry Col.: /I.A.'41. Univ. of N. C.; P. K. Yonge Sch McCarthy, Frances, M.A.’37, Prin., Otis Sch., Chicago, DePaul Univ.; Ill,, since 1938. List of Members 44i McCarthy, John A., B.S. in Ed.’37, Rutgers Univ.; Asst. Commr. of Educ. in charge of Voc. Educ., 175 W. State St., Trenton 8, N. J., since 1937. McCarthy, Julia M„ M.A.'33, Univ. of De- Prin., Herman Sch., Detroit 3 Mich. McCarthy Mary E„ M.A.’25, Ohio State Umv.; Co. Helping Tchr., Moultrieville, S. C., since 1947. McCartney, Ernest Ray, A.B.’21, M A ’27 Univ. of Wis.; Ph.D.’32, Univ. of Nebr.; Dean, Fort Hays, Kansas State Col., Havs Kansas, since 1941. ’ McCauley G. Kent, A.B.’21, Univ. of Den- r/J , A ' M r 3 , 2 ’ C c? 10 ’ State Col- of Educ , Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch. and Pres., Jr. Col., La Junta, Colo., since 1944. M nMi ai T?’ - War I en J- A.B.’31, M.A.’38, Buck- sfnce 1944’ SuPt ‘ ° f Sch ” Woodbur y. N. J„ McClanahan AHce, M.A/37, Tchrs. Col Columbia Univ. Address: Liberty, S C * McCleary Mrs. Edith Bender, ’ B S’27 Johns Hopkins Univ.; Vice-prin., South¬ ern H. S„ Warren Ave. and William St Baltimore 30, Md., since 1942 ** H. S„ Crystal Lake, Ill.fsfnce ^Community M Coh Ua M’ ld 0 ’4 g i e T’ A ,' B -; 3 r 4 ’. Pa ’ S ‘ate SIS i„ s E M T^ I ; ellan t d \r Donald W.. A.B.’ll M.A’25 Vt„ since 194 : 4. SUPt ‘ ° f Sch ’’ M° nt Peiier,' M D^ OS o k f ey Com a mu k nhy A ^ 8 u , c ^' St., New York 2 , N Y . since McCloskey, Walter H. A B *29 Pr»i c Holy Cross • FH M ’oa ' of the Sih ” Uxbridge Ha ^ a a r s l ( U s n ‘-’ M WesSins F t r e a r n ^ol L Th S b “<>> cago; Pres.. Lindin^’ U 2 1V -M Chi- McCluer, V. C A R -t» A.M.’29 Washing tt - estminster Col.- Fergu 2 son^r^ 0 f°r nc U e n } v.;Supt. of Sch/, M A C M/lb, Un°i r v h 'of A w'°^ ®' m P s on Col.; of Puget Sound; D Ed'il “.0/32 CoL American fC’ 6 N. W„ Washin S ^on Ad 6 m DV Harry G a B ’u u . M.A/40, Southern Mpt?' J?* Hendrix Col.; Of Sch., Stephen™Ark.V'sinoe l^T’’ Supt ’ McClurkin, W. D A R ’20 « M.S.’34, Univ. of Ark'- 2 pi, I n?. dri * Co1 -! Peabody Col for Tch’ Pb V? - George Admin." George Pel^r- 7- Prof ' of Sch Nashville 4, Tenn., since 1946. ^ Tchrs ’’ McCollister, Ralph H s s ■ „ mington Col.; P S upt 0 S f 'th ’ V’ WiU Ohio, since 1942 . P 0t “ cb -> Amanda Un1v Pm M.A.’f 0 '; fe A as 8 T«h rd r"f immons of Sch., McAll^^ ce %V. SUPt - M rn? b M a N ^ elI o D - A.B. 20, Simpson n rh 'a^‘o- 27 ’ St ?, te Univ - °f Iowa : D.Ed. 43, Simpson Col.; LL.D.’44, Drake Univ.; Su pt - of Sch., Des Moines 9, Iowa since 1941. ’ M IVhm Se r’nl G 'l^?i Ward ’,, D;pI ° ma ’ 24 ' State ’27 h M A -I'i MUlersvilIe, Pa.; B.S. in Ed. Sch h’ „ Uni M Pa ’-' Co - Su Pt. of och., Mt. Holly, N. J., since 1948. M M°A n ’f fi ha hu' A i’ A ' B -;? 9 ’ Muskingum Col.; M.A. 36, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch Coshocton, Ohio, since 1947 . * M Sm°te ne Trh^ ar r n< ; e S" D . iploma ’17, Ball otate lehrs. Col., Muncie, Ind * B S Pa. State Col.; M.S.'42. Buckneil Univ - since S 1947. ° f ScH " Wllllams P°tt 5, Pa., M Co? nne Emn D ° naId v A - BS ’’ 20 ’ State Tchrs. Goi" Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’27, Tchrs Hon’c^tv 11 ^ 13 Uni ^' : Supt - °f Sch., Junc¬ tion City, Kansas, since 1939. McConneH W. Joseph, Ph.D.’25, Columbia Col 1 V bent r on'’T N ° rth TeXaS State Tchrs. ^oi** Benton, Texas, since 1934 . MC M CO E°d k ’34 T - J“" ph > rf?’’ 31 ’ Boston Co1 -; 34, Boston Univ,; Supt. of Srh Marlborough, Mass., since 1942 . 1 % Cord ’ George M„ B.Ph.’27, M A ’36 Emory Gniw ; Prin., J. C. Murphy ' J r ’ H. S. 1425 Memorial Dr., S. E Atlanta' Ga., since 1942. ’ anta ’ McCord, Harold C. B S in VA al- of"Sell M w A o«h ! ° hi0 A tate Univ - : ’ *’ Worthington, Ohio, since 1938. McCormack, RE R q r\ * oS„ c -'- s 0 , r hT n A.b s i„-;' Uc Hrh ssa *" m-s «• nC °< sa..:Btadin,rtiS: MC U C n° r v m ; iC M*A Fe i UX Sta J te TH^r Buckne11 Montclair N J A S soc I 5 ' F 0l -r Upper Studies, Tchrs J "rnl r- , Inst '.°f Field New York, N. Y.^ince ?948. mb ' a Un ‘ V " McCormick, George A A R «» kingum Col.; M Ed ’34 n pu •«’ ,“ us - of Pittsburgh; Sunt Of Sch E r 46 ’ Univ ’ since 1936. P ’ °‘ ^ch., Beaver, Pa., McCormick, Harold W t -t ^ ililwSs # #t : K! McCormick, L. B B ^ ’ 9 a w*n* M. A.’29, Geor? e ,, p? a K5 4, n M , lIllgan CoK; Supt. of’Sch , Mullf„ b s° d g C c 01 ' f ° r Tchrs - : Huinns, s. C., since 1928. McCormick, Leo Joseph AB ’21 t. u , Semi.; S.T.L’27 2 .1 "f- Mary’s sK-TissSsn wmore 1 , Md., since 1943. {££ i° h %o^± s iSu M i- ■« c™<:. Raymond F., A B ’34 • yt » M.A. 35, B.E.’36 fedD’3Q ? T a ^ ler F niv - cinnati; Chmn Dem nf tP niv ‘ of Cin * Grad. Div. Xavi^r^ tt°^ an ^ Dir., Ohio, since* 1946. Univ., Cincinnati 7, 446 American School Buildings McCracken, Joseph Glenn, B.S.’38, Wake Forest Col.; M.A.’42, Univ. of N.C.; Supt. of Sch., Elizabeth City, N. C.. since 1944. McCready, Elmer T., Supt. of Sch., Summit Hill, Pa. McCuen, T. L., A.B.’28, M.A.’29, Stanford Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Bakersfield, Calif., since 1945. McCuistion, Ed T., A.B.T7, Hendrix Col.; M.A.’22, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; State Dir. of Negro Schs., State Dept, of Educ., Little Rock, Ark., since 1938. McCullough, D. Ralph, B.S. in Ed.’28, South¬ east Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girar¬ deau, Mo.; A.M.’31, Ed.D.’48, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Elvins, Mo., since 1943. McCunn, Drummond J., A.B.’27, Occidental Col.; M.S. in Ed.’38, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 351 S. Hudson Ave., Pasadena 5, Calif., since 1934. McDaniel, B., M.A.’28, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Denison, Texas, since 1937. McDaniel, Philip Alfred, B.S. in Ed.’27, Univ. of Ala.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Clayton, Ala., since 1919. McDavid, Fred, B.S. ’36, M.S.’41, Univ. of Ill.; Prin., Hillsboro Community H. S., Hillsboro, Ill., since 1945. McDermith, Clark Wright, A.B.'29, Ill., Col.; A.M.’34, Univ. of Ill.; Ed.D.’40. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Passaic, N. J., since 1946. McDevitt, John W., B.A.*28, M.A.’29, Bos¬ ton Col. Address: 55 School St., Waltham 54, Mass. McDonald, Howard, M.A.’25, Univ. of Calif.; Pres., Brigham Young Univ., Provo, Utah, since 1945. McDonald, John M., A.B.’13, B.S. in Ed.’14. A.M. in Ed.’23, Univ. of Mo.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., National City, Calif., since 1932. McDonald, Leslie C., B.S.’21, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; M.A.’30, Ph.D.’34, Univ. of Texas; Dir. of Attendance and Census, Pub. Sch., 1500 Louisiana, Houston 4, Texas, since 1945. McDonald, Ralph W., A.B.’25, Hendix Col.; A.M.’27, Ph.D.’33, Duke Univ.; Exec. Secy., Dept, of Higher Educ., since 1945, and Nat’l Commn. on Tchr. Educ. and Professional Standards, Nat’l Educ. Assn., 1201 Sixteenth St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C., since 1947. McDonough, Marguerite F., B.S.’39, M. Ed.’46, Rutgers Univ.; Prin., Roosevelt Sch., South Plainfield, N. J.. since 1928. McDougall, Richard E. C., A.B.T6, Green¬ ville Col.; M.A.’25, Northwestern Univ.; Ph.D.’43, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Orville 1, Ohio, since 1936. McEachen, Howard D., A.B.’25, State Tchrs. Col., Wayne, Nebr.; A.M.’35, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Instr., 7401 Johnson Rd., Mission, Kansas, since 1944. McElhinney, C. F., B.A.’26, Acadia Univ.; M.A.’29, Columbia Univ.; Bus. Mgr., Univ. of Houston, Houston 4, Texas, since 1945. McEwen, Vera Dixon. M.A./29, Univ. of Mich.; Prin., Fitzgerald Sch., Detroit 22. Mich., since 1945. McFadden. C. B., B.A.’36, State Col. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Moses Lake, Wash., since 1944. McFadden, Elton, B.S.’31, State Tchrs. Col., Slippery Rock, Pa.; M.E.’42, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin., Neville Sch., Pittsburgh 25, Pa., since 1943. McFadden, J. H., B.S. in Ed.’41, Northwest¬ ern Univ.; M.S. in Ed.’47, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Regent, N. Dak., since 1947. McFarland, Kenneth W., B.S.’27, State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.S.’31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’41, Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Topeka, Kansas, since 1943. McFarland, William H.. M.A.'26, State Univ. of Iowa; Regional Supvr., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Des Moines 19, Iowa, since 1944. McFate, Roy, A.B.’27, Univ. of Ariz.; B.E. ’27, Ariz. State Col., Flagstaff, Ariz.; Supt. of Sch., Ashfork, Ariz., since 1945. McFeely, Thomas F., B.S.’34, Villanova Col.; LL.B/43, John Marshall Law Col.; M. A.’44, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hoboken, N. J., since 1944. McGaughy, James Ralph, A.B.T2, Park Col.; M.A.’21, Ph.D.’24, Columbia Univ.; Prof. Emeritus of Educ., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y., since 1941. Address: Mt. Gilead, Ohio. McGehee, W. Ross, B.A.’23, Bryson Col.; B.S.’26, M.A.’27, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prin., Glenwood Sch., Oak Ridge, Tenn., since 1945. McGinness, John A., A.B.’20, Lebanon Val¬ ley Col.; M.A.’24, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., since 1928. McGinnis, W. C., B.S., Univ. of Vt.; A.M., Ph.D., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Perth Amboy, N. J., since 1930. McGrath, Robert T., Head, Dept, of Educ., Fort Hays Kansas State Col., Hays, Kansas. McGraw, Ernest E., B.S.’38, M.S.*39, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Liberty, Ind., since 1943. McGreal, Michael R-. B.S.’16, Univ. of N. H.; M.A.’29, New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. in charge of Sec. Sch.. Bd. of Educ., Newark 2, N. J., since 1945. McGuire, J. Carson, B.A.’39. Univ. of Brit¬ ish Columbia; Research Assoc., Com. on Human Development, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., since 1945. McGuire, James L„ A.B.’13. The Catholic Univ. of America; Supt. of Sch., North Providence, R. I,, since 1931. McHale, Kathryn, B.S.’19, A.M.’20, ’26, Columbia Univ.; L.H.D. 41, Brown Univ.; L.H.D.’42, Russell Sage Col., Genl. Dir., American Assn, of Univ. Women, 1634 I St., N. W.. Washington 6 , D. C., since 1929. McHenry, J. P., A -B.’29, W. Va^ Univ., M.Ed.’36. Univ. of Pittsburgh; Co. Supt. of Sch., Wheeling, W. Va„ since 1935. McHugh, Thomas F„ A.M.’34, New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 31 Green St.. Newark 2, N. J., since 1944. McIIwaine, Thomas J.. A B ’14, Hampdjm- Sydney Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Farmville, Va., since 1933. McIntosh, Daniel C., A ’ B ’* 3 . A.M. 16, n • Univ.: B. S. 20, Iowa State Col., Ph.D. 44, Ind. Univ.; Dean, Grad. Sch. and Prof, of Agrl. Educ., Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col., Stillwater, Okla., since 1928. List of Members 44; McIntosh, Donald H„ B.A.’16, Occidental Col.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Colton, Calif., since 1930. McIntosh, William Ray, B.S.’20, M A ’23 Northwestern Univ.; M.S.’32, Univ.’ of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Decatur 5, Ill., since 1944. Mclsaac, Robert H - A.B.’21, Geneva Col • M.A. 37 Municipal Univ. of Wichita; mu' of TV e , nsi i s ’ Attendance and Visiting nt^u S -*’ Pub. Sch., 428 S. Broadway Ave. Wichita 2, Kansas, since 1941. H ' B - Prin - H. S„ Lansing, McKay John G., B.A.’27, Central Mich. Col. Of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A.’48 Umv. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Marion,’ Mich., since 1943. McKay, Robert H„ M.A.’37, Southern Meth¬ odist Univ.; Prin., Sunset H. S„ Dallas Texas, since 1945. M £ Eee ’ ,?o er w Ce ’c State o He *P‘ n g Tch., Pub. Sch., 179 W. State St., Windsor, Vt. M S£ e ®. Ernest M B S.’29. Northwest Mo. *Q t / t TT • chr ?- Col., Maryville, Mo.; M.S 36, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., El Dorado Springs, Mo., since 1946. M of e p’^u rga u et 9" B - S -’ 2 8. M.A.'32, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch Pittsburgh 19, Pa., since 1942. M MASr't Dea \?' A ' ,U ' Monmouth Col.; P^,'b ' p 9 ’i ?- tate m nlv ' of Iowa : Dir. of Pub. Relations, Tarkio Col., Tarkio, Mo. since 1945. M m^l%Jh aIt pl T - Diploma ’28, State Nor- f?? 1 ir ■ ’ B ] 0r « e , nce ’ Ala U B.S.’33, MA 36, Univ. of Ala.; Asst. Supt. of Sch Montgomery 5, Ala., since 1942 " M ^n eI EdM F ' r 3 e fi de ^ Ck H V AB -’ 3 °. Univ. of V M - 3 ®' J Harvar d Untv.; Dir., Univ. Ohio rr f ° r ? d u UC ' Serv ’’ Co1 - of Educ Ohio Univ., Athens, Ohio, since 1948 M M K A’ 3 T nu- bC c W - A.B/27, Ohio Univ.; mouth 4 ’H 0h 9° S D ate Univ ' : Prin - Ports - mouth H. S„ Portsmouth, Ohio, since McKelvie, C. L. B S ’27 A M ’vo tt • M AHz my ’M S a tr y rr A ' B '’ 30 ' Univ. of Supt’of'tch ' r nlV ' of A Southern Calif.; supt of Sch., Tempe, Ariz., since 1934. McKendree, E. Wallis, Ed.D '41 Temnle **■ *£ McKenzie, A. R r c v „ • , . McKibben, Howard'“j.f A*B^' bara Col.- rf' • 30, oanta Bar- Calif.; Dist. Su’pt’.of’Sch nl Wh°4- 5ou ' h . c . rn since 1948. P “ c “'* Whittier, Calif., McKibben, J. D B S ’?a rr • , _ M.S.’40,’ Uni v : of in’ . U R V bv A hic ?r g0 . : Supt. Of Sch., Oneida, Ill. R ‘°' V A - Umt McKinnis, Joe M <5 ™ , Mech. Col. Supt of Sch M AgrI ' and Since 1946 . P 1 bch ” Marietta, Okla., M M K A% h 5 t ; ihio B „S ’27 Geneva Col.; MckS 6 ’ T 0hi °’ sin « W. Pt ' ° f Sch ” A ^’ Sch., Wmnsboro. S. C„ sinc e C 1947 SUPt ’ ° f McKnight, William W., Jr., B.S. in Com¬ merce 38, Northwestern Univ.; McKnight fud McKnight Educ. Publishers, 109-111 ^Market St., Bloomington, Ill., since McKusick, Leon Roy, A.B.’ll, Bates Col Address; Pub. Sch., Winsted, Conn. McLanahan, Charles Jackson, A.B.'34 Univ of Chicago; Educ. Dir., Cooperative League and Natl. Cooperatives, Inc., 343 1942 Dearb ° rn St- ’ Chicag0 4. 1“., since M w aU u gh ^ n ; In f ez r- V " Diploma ’09, Western Wash. Col. of Educ.. Bellingham, Wash.; £nce SU 1943.° f Sch " P ° rt AngeIes - Wash - McLaughlin, Samuel J„ Ph.D.'36, New York Umv.; Dir. of Tchr. Educ. and Place Vern t n^ r ? ,Str0ng - HaU ’ CorneI! Col . Mount vernon, Iowa, since 1936. McLean, David S„ B.S.’31 M A ’33 r n i,™ bia Univ.; Asst.’Supt. of Sch CreenwicT Conn., since 1947. Ceiw icn. M OkU n ’ R ' L " Supt ' of Sch - Anadarko, McLean, William, B.S.’24 Tchrs Col PrTn bia MY n H' : h M 'Vl 7 ’' ColumbU Univ.? N j’.’, smce H i e 9 b 22 0n Sch ” Upper Montclair ’ M cYf ar 9 R . alp r Pi B S -' 24 ’ M.A.’30. Colby 1 C 945.’ S P ° f S ” Concord ’ Mass., since M cYf° d ' B D f 20 C r appelle - A -B-'17, Claflin 3 T R hi ., Ga 1 mon Theol. Sem.; I™#* itASsns&i SS’ SSf wu ” “•tS; «^ ure . John Rankin, B.S.’ll, Univ of O a Y> %n A -i\ 4 ’- Ph -D.’25, Columbia Univ LL.D.30 Umv. of Ala.; Dean Col of since"l942 nlV ' ° f AU '’ Univer sity. Ala., M AU.?’ pW«. Tc U hrs M Co'l 32 ’ ^ Univ ■ Assoc iJ iri '' Columbia 3 - i:,t of Ill., Urbana, Ill., since 1948 Marietta Col.; Sch.,' MiSS, Oh“. “S'isS' s ""' - M h Ma n° n b C - J" M.E.’38, Univ of Pitts burgh; Supt. of Sch., Braddock, Pa., Yinee' McMahon, Mrs, Edna Sch., Chicago, Ill T " Pnn - Bennett McMillan, J. C A R ’i? m M.A.’26 Univ of f-hf; Moni ?outh Col.; Normal and Indus C Sch g ° i State Dak., since 1926 h " Ellend ale. N. McMindes, Maude M A tt * . sas; Dir. of Sec pJ,,' 27 i Unl T ^ of Kan- State Co, aC Hays? kans°a r s,Yfn y c S e D^l U ! 1 M’. A 335 W uLYv rd of A pY-’ 2 |’ tJniv. of of Sch., Oxford, Pa.! since 1923 UPVg ’ Pnn ' McMullen, R. F RA'n state Univ.; Smt „i c\ M f 32 ' 0hi ° Ohio, since 1929 . P ® ch -> Loudonville, McNally, Harold T B S ’ 3 « nr a •42. Columbia Univ - Asst’ pjV 40 ( - Ph -D. Tchrs. Col Colnmkt S fr‘ . Pr °f- of Educ., 27. N. Y„ since; 1M6. V ” New York 448 American School Buildings McNary, Carl W., A.B.’IO, Westminster Col., New Wilmington, Pa.; M.Ed.’38, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Erie, Pa., since 1939. McNaughton, Daniel Charles. B.S.’29, Colo. Agr. and Mech. Col.; M.A.'35, Univ. of Chicago; Ed.D.’42, Stanford Univ.; Pres.. Palomar Col.. Vista, Calif., since 1946. McNaughton, Howard J., B.S.’18. New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Orange, N. J., since 1940. McNeill, E. L., A.B.’27, Wichita Univ.; M.S.’38, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Dir. of Operations, Pub. Sch., 415 W. 8th St., Topeka, Kansas, since 1943. McNickle, T. R.. B.S.’28, M.A.’34, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., York, Nebr., since 1942. McNeil, Joe B., B.A.’29, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.A.’33. Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Wichita Falls. Texas, since 1947. McNitt, Ernest B., B.C.S.’35. M.Ed.’41. Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., New Brighton, Pa., since 1943. McNutt, Franklin H.. A.B.’16, A.M.'18, Wittenberg Col.; Ph.D.’32, Ohio State Univ.; Assoc. Dean. Grad. Sch.. Woman's Col. of the Univ. of N. C., Greensboro. N. C., since 1942. McPhail, Harry R., B.S.’32, Baker Univ.: M.A.’38, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir. of Elem. Educ., 1001 Harrison. Davenport. Iowa, since 1946. McPherson. E. W.. A.B.'27, Baylor Univ.: M.S.’47, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton. Texas; Supt. of Sch., Nocona, Texas, since 1945. McPherson, H. M., Ed.D.’38, Univ. of Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Napa, Calif., since 1940. McPherson, W. B., B.S.’26. Jamestown Col.; M.A.’3Z. Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sell., St. Charles, Minn., since 1948. McQuagge, Carl L.. B.S.’32. Miss. Southern Col., Hattiesburg, Miss.; M.A.‘47, Univ. of Miss.; Dir., Miss. Southern Col. Dem¬ onstration Sch., Hattiesburg, Miss., since 1945. McQuilkin, Dwight Eggleston, A.B.’05. A.M. ’06, W. Va. Univ.; A.M.'08, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Roanoke, Va., since 1918. McSwain, E. T., B.A.'19, Newberry Col.; M. A.'28, Ed.D.’38, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ.. since 1935 and Dir. of Summer Session, Sch. of Educ., North¬ western Univ., Evanston, Ill., since 1946. McSwain, Holland, A.B. in Ed.’28, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Yanceyvillc. N. C., since 1935. M Mans, Leroy John, B.S. In Ed.'28, Oakland City Col.; M.A.’45, Goorge Wash. Univ.; Pres., Southeastern Univ., 1736 G St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C.. sinco 1940. Maaske. Robcn J„ B.A.'27. Univ. of Nebr.; M.A.'36, Univ. of Orogon ; Ph.D. 38, Univ. of Minn.; Pros., Enstorn Oregon Col. of Educ., La Grande, Orogon, since 1939. Mabry, T. E.. A.B.-25, Ersklno Col. I M.S. ’34, Univ. of Go.; Supt. of Sch., West¬ minster 1, S. C., sinco 1940. MacBean, Mrs. Dilla W., B.S.T9. North¬ western Univ.; B. of L.S.’21. Carnegie Inst, of Tech.; M.E.’39, Chicago Tchrs. Col.; Dir., Div. of Libraries, Pub. Sch., 228 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 1, Ill., since 1948. MacConnell, James D., A.B.’31, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A.’40, Ed.D.’44. Univ. of Mich.; Sr. Educationist, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Navy Annex, Washington, D. C., since 1946. MacCorkindale, H. N., B.A.T3, Univ. of Toronto; Supt. of Sch., 590 Hamilton St.. Vancouver, Canada, since 1933. MacDonald, George. A.B.'34, Western State Tchrs. Col., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A.’40, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Parchment, Kalamazoo, Mich., since 1936. MacDonald, Manley Elroy, B.A.’23, Green¬ ville Col.; M.A.’27, Ph.D.'44, Univ. of Mich.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Bradley Univ., Peoria 5. III., since 1947. Macdonald, Robert C., B.A.T6, Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin, Fulton H. S., Fulton, N. Y., since 1929. MacDonald W. H., Pres., Bd. of Educ., 274 Parkway, Oshkosh, Wis. MacFarlane, David L., B.A.T6, S.T.B.T7, Northwestern Univ.; Ph.D.’31, Univ. of Edinburgh, Scotland; Pres., Kansas State Tchrs. Col.. Emporia, Kansas, since 1945. Mack, A. Russell, Diploma ’17, State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; Ph.B.’22, Brown Univ.; Ed.M.’32, Harvard Univ.; Supvr. of Sec. Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Bos¬ ton 16, Mass., since 1936. Mackenzie, Gordon N., B.S. and M.A.’29, Univ. of Minn.; Ed.’40, Stanford Univ.; Prof, of Educ.. Exec. Officer, Horace Mann-Lincoln Inst, of Sch. Experimenta¬ tion and Head, Dept, of Curriculum and Teaching. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1945. Mackenzie, Harold. A.B.’09. Wheaton Col.; A.M.’22, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Savannah, Ill., since 1940. Mackey, A. B., A.B.’25. Eastern Ky. State Tchrs. Col.. Richmond, Ky.; M.A.’26. George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; LL.D. ’41, Northwest Nazarene Col.: Pres., Tre- vecca Nazarene Col., Nashville 4, Tenn., since 1936. MacKey, Carl L.. A.B.T8, Marietta Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Sandusky, Ohio, since 1948. Mackintosh, Helen K., Ph.D.31. State Univ. of Iowa: Sr. Specialist in Elem. Educ., U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C., since 1938. MacLaughlin, Marlin V.. A.B.’27. Univ. of Maine; Supt. of Sch., Berlin, Conn., since 1941. r Vlaclny, F. Don, M.A.’39, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Auburn. Nebr., since 1946. MacLcan, William P., Ph.B. in Ed. 26, M.A. in Ed.’28, Univ. of Chicago; Supt.. J. Sterling Morton Sells., Cicero 50, ill., since 1940. ,_ . , MncNaughton, Orison A., M.A. 30, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Howard City. Mich., since 1924. MncNelll, H. J., Binney and Smith Co., 41 E. 42nd St., New York 17, N. Y. Vlaconiber, F. G.. A.B.’26. Univ. of Wash.; A.M.’30, Ed.D.35, Stanford Univ.; Dean. Col. of Educ., Drake Univ., Des Monies 11, Iowa, since 1946. List of Members 445 MacQuiddy, T. S„ B.S.'03, Univ. of Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Watsonville, Calif., since 1907. MacTavish, J. A., Supt. of Sch., Utica, Ohio. Madden, Robert W., B.S.’28, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., North Bergen, N I since 1931. J '' Maddox, C. R„ Thornton Twp. H. S. and Jr. Col., Harvey, Ill. Maddox, J. M., B.A.’33, Southwestern Inst. °r f J e c Ch 'L M ' Ed : 41 ’ Univ - ° f Okla.; Supt. oi bch., Mountain View, Okla., since 1943. Maddy, Joseph E„ Mus. D.’30, Cincinnati Conservatory of Music; Prof, of Radio Music Instr., Univ. of Mich., and Pres and Musical Dir,, National Music Camp Ann Arbor, Mich., since 1937. w M agi!°Ral?4 a h?N. P c r . in -’ Methodist 0r P h — M R d 4 S rk,J red | rick , j?” Wa y ne Oakland Bank Bldg., Royal Oak, Mich. Maffeo, Alfred A., Ph.B.’30, Col. of the Holv Sr° H' Boston VnV prin* or. i-i. s., Natick, Mass., since 1942 Magan Isabel L„ Ph.B.'26, M.A.’ 35 . Univ b a Unfv g0; p d ' D A 7 ' , TchrS ' Co1 - Colum: calo 19 Til ’ n " A ,n a , ,0n Park Sch " Chi - cago iy, III., since 1939. M Sum JTi!?’ d B -’ 22 - J un ‘ata Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Huntingdon, Pa., since 1946. Ph D’^ aIt TT r - H -’ in Ed -’ 20 ' M.A.’22, K nu - 30, Univ. of Pa.; Prof of a f n 9 e and Dir. of Voc Tchr Ednr Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia 0 4, Pa., ^slnce J homas W„ A.B.’21, Col. of the Sum 5 Ed / 35 ’ Harvard Univ i\a U P -r.- ^ ch *’ Norwich, Conn., since 1942. Maher, Richard, B.A.’02, M A '34 New York ss-wsr 01 sci >- "s5v;! '•'•Sr' uiii.J' m a a B; 22 6 ’ and Mahnke, Carl F B 9 ’?•? t o Pres Vnn n z2 . J.owa State Col.; Moines 10, Iowa! since mo™’ Inc - Des “Tchls.CM???^' 34 ' *■»«»■ State sch., oberlin, Kat^' s^cTl^' ° f M fe R Univ C ; ha ^ S D ^ A ^. M -A.’36, ter 4, N Y. s S in c r e i° 9 £ heStnut St ” Roc hes- “lid.’ te TV*' CI e, Ind., since 1934 . 3 ' Mun- Maine, Leonard L„ Supt. of Sch., Newport, & SST&ttSW.jW ? fi P r, tSburgh; Dist. Sup’vg Prin 41 ’^"! 7 - m6 a, rton Rd„ Pittsburgh 27Pa°! since ft: Springs, Ind!, .tece”,^ 01 - WeSt Bade " Malloch, James Morrow, A.B.’17 M A'20 Univ. of Calif.; G.Th.'33. Church Divinity Sch. of the Pacific; D.D.’43, Col. of the Pacific; Dean, St. James’ Cathedral, since 1937 and Mem., Bd. of Educ., Fresno 3, Calif., since 1941. Malloy, Norine. Pres., Seattle Grade Tchrs Club, 109 John St., Seattle 9, Wash Malmquist, M. L„ B.A.’23, Gustavus Adol- phus Col ; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Grand Kapids, Minn., since 1944. Mal ° ne - J V®” B a S ’ 32 - North Texas State lehrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.A ’41 George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prin’ Fulmore Jr. H. S„ Austin, Texas, since 1946. Maloney, Edwin T„ B.A.’ll, Middlebury Supt. of Sch., Jericho, Vt.. since 1935. ’ ’ Manl ? ar t. Doyle, B.S.’23. Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; A.M '29 Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Peters¬ burg, Ind., since 1943. L r z r b h s -’ 23 ’ Nor,h Texas State lehrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.A ’31 Univ - ° f N. Mex.; Supt. of Sch., Carri- zozo, N. Mex., since 1942. M M- l€ u’ e rank J ames ’ B.S.’30, M.E.’37, M ch'- n ate J* 0 "",? 1 Co1 " Ypsilanti, ■ D' r " Mott Foundation Program since 1934 and Asst. Supt. of Sch., Flint 3 ’ Mich., since 1945. M ’\a n ’ fr' A " J V I K 28 ’ Evansville Col.; A.M. v 3 ilie U m V ‘ ° f II! ,’i,| upt ’ of Sch - Shelby- vuie, 111 ., since 1936. M ?, n 7 n - Jo? 111 P.. B.A.'22, Ripon Col.; M.A 22 ’ B y. lv ‘ °f Wls -i Supt. of Sch., Apple- ton, Wis., since 1944. Ma 3 n na m c M . r , S ,’ Earnest yne W„ B.S. in Ed. M a S '. 33 'e Unlv - of Southern Calif.; 46 r A ? st -. Su Pt- of Schs., Los Angeles 46, Calif., since 1945. s Manning Clarence G., A.B.’07, Morning- fi de - C ° L - M : E -’ 44 . Univ. of Mont.; Supl 01 bch., Lewistown, Mont., since 1920. M S?m; Da X id ,’ B v s -’ 41 . Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville. Texas- upt. of Sch., Corrigan, Texas, since 1946 M Sum r ’ofTh L i’ A - B -’ 10 - Frown Univ.;' 1931 f S ° h " Swam P sco «. Mass., since Manwiller Charles E„ M.A.’27, Ph D ’34 PuTsch Pl A t !, SbUrf?h Gm Dir - of Research 4 : Pa. b -sin C c h e’l9 A 4 dmin - Pittsbur e h 13, Mapes, Elmer Stephens, A.B.’20 Alfred Umv.; A.M.’23. Cornell Univ.; Supt of Sch., Weymouth, Mass., since 1945 Marcellus, Ralph, B.S in Ed ’ 3(1 Tr .,1 r “ 0 ,: C °- Supt ’ of Sch!. n R E o?io! 0 MY.? I ri„c°e f jo., &°ri&^ Marie, Sister Catharine, A M ’20 FnrdK f.’iur.lnSi s ?s a N - c.B.m-si’SeSS M .“ k *sfi.. H H-„, V h r y - Hecshey 450 American School Buildings Marks, Sallie B., A.B/23. Southwestern State Tchrs. Col., Weatherford, Okla. ; M.A/25. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. Ad¬ dress: 3133 Connecticut Ave., Washing¬ ton, D. C. Marquette, Harvey E., B.S/26, S. Dak. State Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts; M.A/33, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Milbank, S. Dak., since 1946. Marquis, Norwood, B.S/37, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; M.Ed.’45, Univ. of Mo.; Dir., Div. of Elem. Educ., Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio, since 1948. Marsden, George C., Prin., Milton H. S., Milton, Mass. Marsh, Daniel L., A.B.*06, A.M/07, North¬ western Univ.; S.T.B/08, Boston Univ.; D.D.'13, Grove City Col.; LL.D/26, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Litt.D/27, Northwestern Univ.; L.H.D/29, Cornell Col.; Ph.D/31, Univ. of Bologna, Italy; Sc.D. in Ed.’34, Iowa Wesleyan Col.; J.U.D/36, Ill. Wes¬ leyan Univ.; D.C.L/37, Ohio Northern Univ.; LL.D/38, Simpson Col.; Litt.D. ’39, Portia Law Sch.; LL.D/41, Univ. of Southern Calif.; N. Ph.D/41, Nebr. Wes¬ leyan Univ.; LL.D/43, Dickinson Col.; LL.D.’45, R. I. State Col.; LL.D/48. Univ. of Chattanooga; Pres., Boston Univ., Boston 16, Mass., since 1926. Marshall, Donald, Asst. Parish Supt. of Sch., New Orleans, La. Marshall, E. G., Deputy State Supt. of Sch., Austin, Texas. Marshall, Farnsworth G., A.B.’03, Bowdoin Col. Address; 519 Highland Ave., Malden, M ass. Marshall, George H., M.A.’29, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sell., Ottawa, Kansas, since 1932. Marshall, Harris Andrew, A.B.’31, Furman Univ.; M.A/42, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Darlington, S. C., since 1945. Marshall, James, LL.B.’20, Columbia Univ.; Member, Bd. of Educ., New York City Pub. Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y.. since 1935. Marshall, James D., B.Sc.’25, Univ. of Nebr.; Partner, Marshall and Brown, Architects and Engineers, 114 W. 10th St., Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1938. ♦Marshall. John E., A.B/36, A.M/37, W. Va. Univ.; Dir. of Research and School- house Planning, State Dept, of Educ., Charleston, W. Va,, since 1944. Marshall, Loyal S., A.B.’15, Geneva Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Springdale, Pa., since 1922. Marshall, Richard J., B.Ed/31, Central State Tchrs. Col.; Ph.M/39, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sell., Jefferson, Wis., since 1947. ♦Marshall, Robert, B.A/32, Univ. of Texas; B.S/34, Agrl. and Indus. Col. of Texas; M.A/39, Univ. of Texas. Address: 112 S. First St., Temple, Texas. Marshall, Robert E,, B.S/20, Middle Tonn. State Col., Murfreesboro, Tonn.; M.A. 30, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Clovis, N. Mcx., since 1945. Martin. A. G.. A.B.’IS, Union Col.; Prin.. Joseph Ii. Brown Jr. II. S., Atlnntn, Gn„ since 1923. Martin, August, B.S.'2S, Muhlonborg Col.; M.S/31. Pa. State Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Wont Hnxelton, Pa., since 1936. Martin. Cecil W., A.B.’25, Ill. Col.; M.S. *31, Univ. of Ill.; Ed.D/42, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Elem. Sch., Cicero, Ill., since 1948. Martin, Charles Francis, B. A/15, State Univ. of Iowa; Exec. Secy., Iowa State Educ. Assn., Shops Bldg., Des Moines 9, Iowa, since 1946. Martin, Charles L., A.B/18, Howard Col.; M.A/40, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Sylacauga, Ala., since 1943. Martin, Edwin D., A.B/23, Abilene Chris¬ tian Col.; M.S.’27, Texas Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Ed.D/41, Colo. State Col. of Educ.; Dir. of Research, Pub. Sch., Houston 5, Texas, since 1945. Martin, F. A., B.S. in Commerce '22, Univ. of N. C. ; Prin., Griffith Sch., Winston- Salem, N. C., since 1926. Martin. Frederick F., Diploma ’07, Central State Tchrs. Col., Edmond, Okla.; B.Pd. ’08, Southwest State Tchrs. Col., Spring- field, Mo.; B.S/08, Drury Col., Spring- field, Mo.; M.A.’ll, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Chico, Calif., since 1938. Martin, George B., B.S/30, M.A/38. Ed.D. ’44, Univ. of Calif.; Prof, and Head. Educ. Dept., Willamette Univ., Salem, Oregon, since 1947. Martin, H. Clay, B.S.’17. A.M.’20, Univ. of Pa. Address: 301 Chews Landing Rd., Haddonfield, N. J. Martin, H. G., B.S.’08, Univ. of Mo.; Dir.. Issac Delgado Central Trades Sch.. 615 City Park Ave., New Orleans, La., since 1920. Martin, Henning J., A.B.’24, Macalester Col.; M.A.’27. Tchrs. Col.; Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Herkimer, N. Y., since 1940. Martin. J. A., B.S.’18. Pa. State Col.; M.A. '36, Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Trucksvillc, Pa., since 1932. Martin. J. V., A.B.’26, Presbyterian Col.; M.A.'39. Univ. of S. C.; Supt. of Sch.. Dillon, S. C., since 1936. Martin. Jesse W., M.S.’38. Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Nowata, Okla., since 1946. Martin, Joel N., A.B.'30, Bethany Col.; M.S. ’39. Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia. Kansas: Supt. of Sell., Ellsworth, Kansas, since 1947. Martin, Lclnnd L., B.S/34, M.E/39, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Crane, Texas, since 1940. Martin, M. L.. B.A.’26, M.A.’33, Wash. State Col.; Supt. of Sell., Yakima, Wash., since 1947. Martin, Quintin M.. Supt. of Sch., Carthage, Texas. Martin, Richard A., A.B.'34, Univ. of N. H.. M.Ed.'39, New York Univ.; Supt. of bell., Attleboro, Mass., since 1947. Martin, Stanley E., A.B.’35, Denison Univ-! M.A.’42, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. ot ben., Granville, Ohio, since 1941. Martin, Stephen James, A.B.’23, Col.; M.A.’41. Univ. of Mich.; Sell., Evart, Mich., since 1929. Hillsdale Supt. of Martin, W. E., M.A.’41, Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col.. Huntsville. Texas; Asst. Supt. of Sch.. Anahuac. Texas, since 193/. Martin, Walter G. t A.B/14 Ottawa Univ,; M.A/16, Univ. of Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sen.* Fresno, Calif., since 1945. List of Members 45J Martinsen, S. A., Ed.B.’37, State Tchrs Col., Superior, Wis.; Supvr. of Elem Sch., Petersburg, Va., since 1924. Martinson, Edwin A„ M.A. in Ed.’33, Tufts Co!.; Supt. of Sch., Billerica, Mass., since 1947. Marvin, William B„ Litt.B.’18, Princeton Umv.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Cape May, Maryott, Alfred J„ A.B.’08, A.M.’16, Brown Umv.; Supt. of Sch., Pawtucket, R I since 1947. ’ Mason, Charles C B.A.’25, Central Wes- K? a n’,n 0 ri 28 ' Washington Univ.; Ed.E) 41, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Gree- since944.’ SUpt ' ° f Sch ” Tulsa ’ 0kla - Mason, Elwood B„ A.B.’31, Washington ?r° ii D rn e Univ ’ : Prin -, Leland Jr. Fi. S., Chevy Chase 15, Md., since 1943. M M°R 4 ^ W ?r rd F ” BA ’ 31 - Dartmouth Col., M.Ed. 39, Umv. 0 f N. H.; Supt. of Sch Hanover, N. H., since 1948. Mason, J. A., Supt. of Sch., Effingham, Ill M Tc°hr’s ^ol Ua r , H V Jr Vr BS '’ 3A M.A.’36. i , hrs - C °lv Columbia Umv.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Morristown, N. J„ since 1941. Massey, Thomas M„ B.S. in Ed .’33 B S in Commerce ’40, MS in Fa rv ' In Stitp Trt,. r i f. • Ld. 4? , Kansas Mathers, Albert P„ B.S ’35 AM'li b , since' ’l946?*’ ° f S ‘ h ” M C t o h ] e , S °Moofhead, Minn^'jlffe ’^‘tt Tchrs ; Minn’ sffice J 4 T ° f ’ S ‘ h ”W FB&sia Mathews, Clarke A r q y ^n ^ and Mech. Col. • M A^U ' - Tex f a V A ® rl - Supt. of Sch. Nederland ml 1 1946 . «eaenana, Texas, since Mathews, George M A R TT • _ , Lincoln, Nebr ; ft >35 Xl^ Co1 *’ Educ. Secy., Exec U £ lV * of P e nver; Columbia Union Coni 3**1 ° f E v duc ” Adventists, 900 Carroll Ave T S ? venth - da y 12, Md., since 1947 Ave ” Takom a Park M Washin°gt’on C and°"l ff e ' A B r’ 3 ,°' M.A.’33, p“’o, H Z y ; E D d e™' Jg-S- Sciences, since 1946 ’ w?'A° f • Arts and Colo. Col Colorado? d Actm e Dean, v ‘ S P ri n 6 a, since 1948. M:A.’'39 M w n estern S R 2 e 3 ; Mou ? r t Union Col.; Sch., New^^Hs^® Col h ! Wl M E ^i C 3 e T°£’ BA ’ 3b . Hunter Umv.; Ph.D.’47, T Cornell C °n • Colu mbia Consultant for Tn q - Umv.; State ^ne‘8 A !-enn?tince d 7947 tateTCchori -’ ^“h- »*'■*> E >'„. sd,.. Matthews, Don B,, B.S.’46, M.A.’47, Univ of Mo. Address: 315 W. 105th St., New York 25, N. Y. Matthews, Henry V., M.A.’33, New York Umv.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Lodi, N I since 1921. Matthews, Raymond W„ A.B.’16, Southern Methodist Univ.; M.A.’28, Texas Tech. 1942 ’ bUpt ’ ® cb -’ Lubbock, Texas, since Matthews Willard B„ B.S. in Ed.’31, State F$ h M S ,' TT° West Chester, Pa.; M.S. in Ed. 41, Umv of Pa.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Court House, Cape May, N. J., since 1945 Matthys, Fred H„ M.A.’36, Baylor Univ Address: Indep. Sch. Dist., Liberty, Texas. M o tZ i e ”’,/°- hn M - A.B.’27, A.M.’28, Tchrs Col., Univ. of Nebr.; A.M.’29, Ph.D.’31, T c Ch l\ Co l” J Columbia Univ.; Asst. Prof ° f , Sch y . Admin.. Tchrs. Col., Univ. of Nebr., Lincoln, Nebr., since 1931 . M r£ Ck ’ Willfred, 689 Rollingwood Dr Chevy Chase 15, Md. * Maucker J. W. Dean, Sch. of Educ., Mont. State Umv., Missoula, Mont M mo g rer n Uta A h. M " C °’ Supt ’ ° f Sch - FB >- M u n r i e ; , R ^°" d ' B -S-’16, M.S.’25, Alfred umv., Ed.D. 38, New York Univ * Prin s i f n T e PS l t 9 e 2 a i d H ' s ” Hempstead, N. Y.',’ M MA r ’30 Ha Obf R ?; B ' S v’r 24 ' CoL of Wooster; r c ij* tt 10 State Umv.; Supt. of Sch ? 93 2 fieId HgtS ” Cleveland 5, Ohio, since M MA’38 E Oh?o’ Wittenberg Col.; Ash A tab 8 u’la Oh O°hio U ‘!nc U e n T940 SUPt ' ° f Sch " M C^ hin MX’’ 2 rCo? m J” A : B ’’ 10 ’ Bel °^ na Columb ' a Umv.; Registrar FlL v ^ gr '.’ GeneraI Motors Inst Flint 2 , Mich., since 1927 ’ M.A.. 30 . U™. il Mo.'| “S' Ot Sch., Union, Mo., since 1941 p Maxwell, Charles Frederick A B ’09 T , Ed ye D’41 C °Wa^ A '’ 34 ’ UniV ’’° f Pittsburgh: cji* strMyfs; sm M sas 5 «fc. «*. Prin. of Sch., Blairsville, Pa., S si’nce * 1947 ' “SM* Ohim PVg - Prin ’ ° f Hlem. SchJ M cX I km p a e:^rU' S ^ n S Ed i -; 3 | A "- T State Of Southern Calif’- Exec «!; 41 ’ Eniv ’ Educ. Assn., 812 N. First" St y p h Arlz ' Aru„ since 1942. M ’> Phoe nix, May Albert L., B.S.’23 Mfl’u t> u ^ " cof. ?ass: M K:^™ciE,f s t E ;t , a v C "' «< Wooster; n’eveland &V »*•*«< CoL Manning, S. C„ sin^e 1947. Supt ’ of Sch - Mayfield, Leonard B„ M Ed ’37 tt • r Oregon; Supt. of Sch U ^ 1v ’ of since 1944. ’’ ^ 00s Lay, Oregon, Maynard, Addie E r q t, , , Univ.; M.A.’42 • , T®h r s m cfl d ' 32 r ? os [ on Umv ; State Helping Teh? ’ 10 rv, mb ^ St., Essex Junction, Vt. ’ Church 452 American School Buildings Maynard, Milton M., A.B.*08, Univ. of Okla.; M.A.’20, Univ. of Ill.; Prof, of Educ., Monmouth Col.. Monmouth, Ill., since 1909. Meacham, W. A., M.A.*37* Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 409 E. Weatherford St., Fort Worth 3, Texas, since 1931. Meade, John David, A.B/31, Randolph- Macon Col.; M.A.’37, Univ. of Va.; Supt. of Sch., Petersburg, Va., since 1943. Meade, Mary E„ A.B.’18, Hunter Col ; A M.’26, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D. 35, Ford- ham Univ.; Prin., Wash. Irving H. S., 40 Irving PI., New York 3, N. Y., since 1944. Meade, Raymond D., B.S.’23, Univ. of Okla., M.A.’33, Univ. of Chicago; Entrance Coun¬ selor, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., since 1947. Meader, E. L„ B.S.’31, M.S/35, Colo. Agrl and Mech Col.; Asst. Dir., Indus, and Adult Educ., Wichita H. S. East. Wichita 7, Kansas, since 1944. Meadows, Austin R., B.S.’26, M.A.’32, Univ. of Ala ■ Ph.D.’40, Columbia Univ. .State Supt. of Educ., SOI Dexter Ave., Mont- gomery 4, Ala., since 1946. Means, William L. B.S.’37 . Calif. State Tchrs Col.; M.Ed. 41, Univ. of Pitts- burgh'; Prin., North Union H. S., Union- town, Pa., since 1944. Mease Clyde D., M.A.’36, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch.. Humboldt, Iowa, since 1947. Medes.E. Harold^ Diploma^ Col Columbia Univ.; LL.B.'38, John S !h ^rv?,'w. 4. 1 ?.” City Jr. Col., Chicago 34, Ill., since 1946. Mees, John D., Prin., Univ. H. S„ Carbon- dale, Ill. Megill, William Kenneth, M.Ed. 32, Rutgers Univ • Prin., Middletown Twp. H. S., Leonardo, N. J., since 1946. c A « _ r'oiif • Chief Aviation Educ. Div., Civil Aeronautics Admin., Washington 25, D. C., since 1945. -SK- Be* charge of Elem. Educ., Yonkers 2, N. Y„ since 1944. _ M E i . ne wkshing"n Avl^Xtiamic' Highlands, Twp. Sch., Shamokm, Pa., since 1940. M M b X'' 2 f rn p e h t D 9 28 , B U A niv 3 'of St Minn a ! Deaii an' A "Prof. of Educ., Sch of Educ, New York Univ., New York 3, N. Y„ bell St., Kansas City, Mo. Melchior, D. Montfort, A.B.’02, A.M.’05, Gettysburg Col.; Pd.D.’29, Bucknel;’ Univ.; Pd.D.’46, Gettysburg Col.; Prin., H. S., Girard Col., Philadelphia 21, Pa., since 1948. Mellinger, Clifton F., A.B.’26, Ed.M.’46, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Mt. Lebanon, Pittsburgh 16, Pa., since 1945. Mellon, E. H„ B.S.’23, Ill. Col.; M.S.’32, Univ. of Ill.; Ed.D.’42, Colo. State Col. of Educ.; Supt. of Sch., Champaign, Ill., since 1943. Mellown, Elgin W., B.S.’25, Birmingham- Southern Col.; M. A.’28, Univ. of Ala.; Co. Supt. of Educ., Livingston, Ala., since 1939. Melton, Monroe Joel, Diploma ’12, A.B.’15, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; A.M.’33, Univ. of Colo.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Bus. Affairs, Louisville 8, Ky., since 1946. Melton, S. M., A.B.’16, Texas Christian Univ. Address: Pub. Sch., Kermit, Texas. Mendel, Augusta, B.S.’34, M.A.’44, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin,, Sheridan Sch., Bridgeport 4, Conn., since 1933. Mendenhall, James E„ B.S.’24, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.A. 25, Ph.D.’30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Exec. Editor, Compton’s Pictured Ency¬ clopedia, 1000 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. Menegat, Paul A., M.A.’30, Univ. of Oregon: Dist. Supt. of Union H. S., Forest Grove. Oregon, since 1941. *Menke, Robert F., B.S. in Ed.’42, State Tchrs. Col., Oshkosh, Wis.; M.A. 45, Northwestern Univ.; Asst. Prof, of Admin., Ariz. State Col., Tempe, Ariz., since 1947. Mennes, Harold B„ A.B.’27, St. Olaf Col.; Ph.M.’37, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Neenah, Wis., since 1946. Mensenkamp, Louis E., A.B.’16, A.M.’22, Univ. of Ill.; Prin., Freeport H. S., Free¬ port, Ill., since 1940. Mercer, Lloyd V., B.A. in Ed.'29 Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; M.A. ’38, Univ. of Ill.; Prin., Community H. S., Orion, Ill., since 1941. Merchant, Claude J., B.S. in EcL and M.A. ’22, Syracuse Univ.; M.A. 23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.'37, Rutgers Umv ; Educ. Consultant, Scotrun, Pa., since 1949. Merity, Howard E., A.B.’26, Seton Hall Col.; M.A.'32, Ed.D.’36, New York Univ., Supt. of Sch., Bayonne, N. J., since 1941. Merkens, Albert G., M.Th.’33, Pittsburgh- Xenia Seminary; M.A.’34, Ph.D. 47, Umv. of Pittsburgh; Dir. of Educ., N° rt hern Ill Dist. of the Lutheran Church. Mis¬ souri Synod, 314 Iowa St.. Oak Park, Ill., since 1945. Merrall David, Vice-Pres., Rhodes Sch., 11 W. 54th St., New York, N. Y., since 1920. Merriam, Burr J„ Diploma -98 ^Cohira- mal Sch., Oneonta. N. Y., B.S. 16, bia Univ.; Ed.M. 27, Harvard Umv., Supt. of Sch., Framingham, Mass., since 1922. Merriam, Thornton W., A.B.’15, Col • Ph.D.’34, Columbia Univ.; Dean, Springfield Col., Springfeld, Mass., sine Merrill, Bert Leland, B.S.’24, Colby Col.; M Ed.M.’39, Boston Umv.; Supt. of S Mansfield, Mass., since 1935. List of Members 453 Merrill, George A., A.B.’IO, Colgate Univ.; M. A.T4, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hackensack, N. J., since 1937. Merrill M. P„ Dean, Summer Sch., Utah State Col., Logan, Utah. Merritt, Harold I., B.S. in C.E.’24, Cooper Union; B.S. in Genl. Ed.’29, M.A. in Ed. Adm. 34, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Westmont, N. J., since 1938. Mertching, Mrs. R. A., B.S. in Ed.'34, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Oradell, N. J., since 1945. Mesn.ier, Charles J., A.B.’26, Washington Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Affton, Mo., since 1933. ^ ess ” er ' J- C., A.B.T6, Franklin and Mar¬ shall Col.; B.D.’19, Eastern Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in the U. S.; M.A. 24, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Harrington, Del., since 1926. Metcalf Harold H„ B.S.’23, M.Ph.’38, Univ. of Wis.; Ed.D.’46, Columbia Univ * Supt. of Twp. Sch., Chicago Hgts. Ill since 1947. Metcalf, John L„ B.S.’28, Brigham Young since 1935* St SUP *‘ ° f Sch ” Aft0n ' Wy0 " Metcaife, Tristram Walker, L.H.D.’48 Long Island Univ.; Dean, Col. of Arts and Sciences since 1932 and Pres., Long Island Univ 380 Pearl St., Brooklyn N. Y., since 1942. Mifflin, Mrs. Thelma, A.B.’45, Washburn Municipal Univ. of Topeka; Bus. Mgr., Bd. of Educ., 415 W. 8th St., Topeka, Kansas, since 1942. Mikkelsen, E. C., B.A.’28, Yankton Col.; M.A.’36, Univ. of S. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Spearfish, S. Dak., since 1945. Milam. Carl H., A.B.'07, Univ. of Okla.; LL.D.'34, Southwestern Col.; LL.D.'35. Lawrence Col.; Dir. of Libraries, United Nations, Lake Success, N. Y„ since 1948. Miles, Samuel F., Prin., Mesa Sch., Los Alamos, N. Mex. Miller, A. R., M.A.’36, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Beach, N. Dak., since 1928. Miller, Alexander W., A.B.T2, Harvard Univ.; A.M.’22, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Glens Falls, N. Y., since 1927. *Miller, Anthony J., Ed.M.’33, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Jamestown, R. I., since 1943. Miller, Bruce, A.B.’34, San Diego State Col.; M.A.’44, Claremont Col.; Supt. of Sch., Ontario, Calif., since 1940. Miller, C. T„ Bus. Mgr., Pub. Sch., West Chester, Pa., since 1922. Miller, Charles A., Diploma ’17, State Nor¬ mal Sch.; Millersville, Pa., A.B.'23, Franklin and Marshall Col.; Ed.M.'24. Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., South Had¬ ley Falls, Mass., since 1944. M ?* ter T 'Uarry Louis. B.S. ’24, M.S.’25, Ph.D 3 , 3 ’™ U ? 1V - of HI.; Prof, of Educ., and Dir. Stai^T t, Tr ' Placement, Eastern Ill. fgf| Tchrs- Co1 ” Charleston, Ill., since Metzger, D. B„ Supt. of Sch., Toronto, Ohio Meyer Ernest A.. B.S.’33, M.A.'34, New LLB’ 4 ^ n Ti ^• M -: 40 ’ Rutgers Univ.; of L ^b 4 M°a n M £ rsh T a11 Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Linden, N. J., since 1946 Meyer, Fred E„ Bd. of Educ., Maywood, Ill Co?- *A M M 2g G '’ T ? ;22 e Elizabethtown Univ FHriMn £ ChrS U Col ~ Columbia Univ Ed.D.40, New York Univ.- Asst Co^Supt. of Sch., Stroudsburg, P a „ since Meyer Walter J., M.A.’38, Univ of South a® s “ p ’- s ‘ h - Meyer, Walter Scott, B S ’02 Citv r„i t An 8 “„"i, Av *" E **< Michel, Gerald H., A B ’23 Ohio tit i Univ M A ’ii n *i ‘ , .. Clhio Wesleyan of Sch. wlckliffe Ar bla - Univ - ; S “P‘- “gg-, ^ c SSk M. S ch C ie nd J AVe '’ CaHf., f.'nce 1M6? State Col. of Colo p,, ^ >re o’ Western 1946. °” Gunn 'son, Colo., since Middleton, W. E M 5 'u u • » of Consoi: • Miller, Charles E., Secy.. Bd. of Educ.. Clifton Ave. Grade Sch., Lakewood N T since 1938. ’ Miller, Charles S., A.B.’13, Allegheny Col.- A.M.’15, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Ph.D ’3l’ New York Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Al¬ legheny Col., Meadville, Pa., since 1941. Miller, Chester F., A.B.’07. A.M.’09. Mc- Kendree Col.; A.M.’18, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Litt.D.’28. McKendree Col.; LL.D. 37, Alma Col.; Supt. of Sch., Sagi¬ naw, Mich., since 1927. MiDer, Clifford D„ B.S.’29, M.S.’35, Fort Hays Kansas State Col.; Coordinator. Audio-Visual Educ., Bd. of Educ., 428 S Broadway. Wichita 2, Kansas, since 1939.' M pa e n £,l yd A R-. A - B -’ll, Ohio State Univ.; Ed.D. 37 American Internatl. Col.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y„ since 1928. D f W l g u t M.A.'30, Univ. of Ill.; 1940 ° f Sch " Watertown, S. Dak., since Miner Earl G. M.A. '32, Univ. of Minn.; Supt, of Sch., La Salle, Ill., since 1939 Miller, Elmer G„ B.C.Sc.’IS, Bowling Green Business Univ.; M.C.Sc.’IS, Capitol Col Un iv r erCe i D.C.Sc.’27, Duquesne m‘ v ," .U* r - Of Commercial Educ. and Kilc d ^ r jj Ing ’ Putsburgh Pub. Sch. 1912- iurgh A 17 d p S a S: 1129 S ’ Ne ^ey Ave.. Pitts- Miller, Emmett T„ A.B,’15, B.S ’16 A M ’25 MoJsince WL S “ Pt ° f Sch ” kanniba >: Ml MA’2 E 7 rn ph t D E ’ d 3! ar M AB x>' 17 ' Goshen Col.; n'tu 7 ’,f , °A 39 - New York Univ • Pres Goshen Col., Goshen, Ind., since 1940 ’ M Sunt nf ed M E- ’ M.A.’29, Univ. of Mo - 6701 'Eastera°A^e nd St £° nS - ol ;,. S ‘ h * Dist -’ 1913 . e '' Louis 14, Mo., since 454 American School Buildings Miller, G. Tyler, B.S.’23, Va. Military Inst.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va., since 1946. Miller, George R., Jr., A.B.T5, Lafayette Col.; M.A.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’43, New York Univ.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Dover, Del., since 1946. Miller, Graham R., Bd. of Educ., 414 14th St., Denver 2, Colo. Miller, J. Cloyd, B.S. in Bus. Adm.’27, N. Mex. Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts; M.A. in Ed.’36, Univ. of N. Mex.; Supt. of Sch., Deming, N. Mex., since 1939. Miller, James C., B.S. in Ed.’25, Central Mo. Col., Warrensburg, Mo.; M.A.’27, Ph.D.’30. Univ. of Mo.; Pres., Christian Col., Columbia, Mo., since 1938. Miller, John L., A.B.’26, Bates Col.; Ed.M. ’29, Ed.D.'46, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Great Neck, N. Y., since 1942. Miller, Joseph R., B.S.*14, Otterbein Col.; A.M.’30, Ohio State Univ.; Ph.D/40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Beaver Falls, Pa., since 1942. Miller, Leo E., B.S.’20, Alma Col.; M.A. ’37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Hud¬ son. Mich., since 1935. Miller, Lora G., West End Ave., Shrews¬ bury, N. J. Miller, Marvin H., B.S. in Ed.’30, Ohio Univ.; M.A. in Adm.’37, Ohio State Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Lancaster, Ohio. Miller, Norman, B.S.’25, Ed.M.’28, Harvard Univ.; Ed.D.’46, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Tyrone, Pa., since 1939. Miller, Oscar E., B.A.’32, M.A.’36, Univ. of Texas; Asst. Dist. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Jr. and Sr. Sch., 141 Lavaca St., San Antonio 3, Texas, since 1947. Miller, Paul, B.S. in Ed.’36, Wilmington Col.; M.A.’41, Miami Univ. Address: 1940 Washington Ave., S.E., Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Miller, Ralph Harvey, B.S.’32, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; M.S., P.H. ’38, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., West Branch, Mich., since 1947. Miller, Van, A.B/29, Hastings Col.; M.A. ’35, Univ. of Ncbr.; D.Ed.’42, Harvard Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill., since 1947. Miller, Vincent W., B.S.*29, Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas; M.A. ’35, Univ. of Colo. ; Supt. of Sch., Pasa¬ dena 1, Texas, since 1945. Miller, W. W., A.B.’22, Goshen Col.; M.A. ‘28, Ph. D.’39, Ohio State Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 270 E. State St., Columbus, Ohio, since 1936. Miller, Wade E. t A.B.T1, Heidelberg Col.; M.A.’16, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Middletown 18, Ohio, since 1944. Miller, Walter A., J., Diploma *29, State Tchrs, Col., Bloom8burg, Pa.; A.B/36, Susquehanna Univ.; M.S/42, Bucknell Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Egg Harbor City, N. J., since 1945. Miller, Ward I.. A.B.T4, A.M.’IS, Univ. of Denver; Ed.D.‘41, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt, of Sch., Wilmington, Del., since 1946. Miller, William Lawrence, A.B/16, klngum Col.; M.A.’33, Univ. of burgh; Supt. of Sch., Mansfield, since 1934. Mub- Pitts- Ohio, Miller, William P., B.A.’32, Col. of Woos¬ ter; B.S. in Ed.’34, Ohio State Univ.; Acting Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Burgettstown, Pa., since 1947. Miller, William P-, B.S.’36, Utah State Agrl. Col.; M.S.’42, Univ. of Utah; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Ogden, Utah, since 1946. Milliette, Earl B., Bd. of Educ., 215 Park¬ way, Philadelphia 3, Pa. Milligan, Jack, A.B.’26, Wayne Univ.; A.M. ’29, Univ. of Mich.; Chief, Bus. Educ., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Lansing, Mich., since 1937. Milligan, John Padgett, A.B.’26, Dickinson Col.; Ed.M.’32, Ed.D.’37, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Glen Ridge, N. J., since 1946. Milligan, R. W., Dist. Supt. of Sch., Bena¬ vides, Texas. Milliken, Daniel B., B.A.’26, Pomona Col.; M.B.A.’28, Harvard Univ.; Acting Supt. of Chaffey Union H. S. and Col., Ontario, Calif., since 1948. Milliken, Mrs. Gertrude Cornish, B.S.’01, M.A.’27, Middlebury Col.; Prin., House in the Pines, Norton, Mass., since 1911. Milliken, William H.. Jr., Educ. Dept., Binney and Smith Co., 41 E. 42nd St., New York 17, N. Y., since 1919. Millikin, Robert C., A.B.T5, Waynesburg Col.; M.A.*30, Columbia Univ.; D.Paed. ’47, Waynesburg Col.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Sec. Educ., Bellefield Ave. at Forbes St., Pittsburgh 13, Pa., since 1946. Milling, C. L., B.S.*26, Miss. Southern Col.; M.A.’38, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Ruleville, Miss., since 1938. Mills. Charles L., B.A.’29, N. Mex. High¬ lands Univ., Las Vegas, N. Mex.; M.A. ’41. Univ. of N. Mex.; Supt. of Sch., Hobbs, N. Mex., since 1947. Mills. DeWitt T., M.A.T7, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Marion, Ohio, since 1931. Mills. E. Ray, B.A.’30, Pacific Univ.; Prin., Union H. S., Vernonia, Oregon, since 1945. 1 i 11s, Hubert Lawrence, Diploma 11, Sam Houston State Tchrs. Col., Huntsville, Texas; LL.B/15, Houston Law Sch.; LL.D’31, Southwestern Univ.; Ph.D.’32, Webster Univ.; Bus. Mgr., Pub. Sch., Houston 1, Texas, since 1922. 1 ills, Mrs. Lula C., A.B.’07, M.A.’36, Win- throp Col.; Prin., Tomlin Jr. H. S., Plant City, Fla., since 1943. lilne, John. B.S.’29. Univ. of N. Mex.; M. A.'31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Albuquerque, N. Mex., since 1911. 1 ilncr, Charles F., Assoc. Dir. of Exten¬ sion Div., Univ. of N. C., Chapel Hill, N. C. linear. Craig P., A.B.’23. Iowa Wesleyan Col.; M.A.’30, State Univ. of Iowa; Exec. Secy., Colo. Educ. Assn.. Denver 2, Colo., since 1944. liner. Edwin H., A.B.*27, Dartmouth Col.; A.M.'29, Univ. of Pa.; Assoc. Coniimr. of Educ.. U. S. Office of Educ., Wash¬ ington 25, D. C., since 1947. liner, George D., B.A.’22, Carleton Cob, M.A.'29, Ed.D.’40. Univ. of Calif. ; LL.U. '45, Urslnus Col.; Asst. Supt, of Sch., Richmond, Calif., since 1947. List of Members 455 Misner, Paul J„ A.B.’26, Mich. State Nor¬ mal Col.; Ypsilanti, Mich.; A.M.’27, Ph.D. ’35. Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch„ Glen¬ coe, III., since 1935. Mitchell Clovis W., B.S.’OS, R. I. State Col.; Supt., Gloucester Schs., Harmony, R- I., since 1940. Mitchell, David R., A.B.’ll, Brigham Young Univ.; Supt. of Sch., American Fork, Utah, since 1938. Mitchell, Edith L., B.S.'30, M.A.’31, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; State Dir. of Art Educ., Dover, Del., since 1938. Mitchell Guy C„ A.B.’32, M.A.’33, La. State Univ.; Ph.D.’42, Univ. of Mich.; Pr .°C a J? d , ^ ead ’ Dept, of Educ. and Psych., Miss. Col., Clinton, Miss., since 1947. Mitchell, James A., 12339 Tahoe Ave., Haw¬ thorne, Calif. Mitchell John J„ B.A.’17, Seton Hall Col.; bupt. of Sch., Clinton, Mass., since 1946. Mitchell R. G.. A.B.'26, Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles; M.A.’27, Univ. of Calif; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Beverly Hills, Calif’. Mitchell Roger Q., B.A.’23, M.A.’24, Colo t a e e u C °^ ? f , Educ " Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Golden, Colo., since 1926. M i, tChe V;- S C C 'i Su P‘- of Sch., Benton Har- bor, Mich., since 1923. •Mitchell, William D„ M.A.’38, Univ. of Mo.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Quincy, Ill., since Mize, Gilbert, B A.’32, Sul Ross State Tchrs. Col., Alpine Texas; M.A.’39, Texas Tech. 1948’ SUf>t ' ° f SCh " Perr y ton ' Texas, since Moberg, Walter J„ Diploma ’29, Univ. of Paris, A.B. 30, Boston Univ.; A.M.’32 Harvard Univ.; Dean, North Park Col! and Academy, Chicago 25, III,, since 1941. T h0 n maS ^'’ ?' S - in Ed -’ 20 - Kansas frn CaTu • ; ri VI ' S ' 32 ’ Univ- of South- edvH U rTr H ? race Mann Sch., Bev¬ erly Hills, Calif., since 1929. Moe, Floyd B B.A.’22, M.A.’25, Univ of Mmn.; Diploma ’45, Harvard Univ • Dean, Jr. Col., Virginia, Minn., since 1930. M m’a ?” B S.’27, Univ. of Minn • M.A. 46, Umv. of Mont.; Exec. Secy’ Mont. Educ. Assn., 422 N. Park Ave" Helena, Mont., since 1933. ’ M °« h Jj nan . Arthur B., A.B’12 A M ’21 rTe n^ 2 , 3 93 a 2 nd Edit ° ; ’’ ^ Tchrs’ ® -S .’24, Sam Houston State 1 chrs. Col Huntsville, Texas; M S ’29 Texas Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt of Sch., Center, Texas, since 1926. P ' ’ -“‘■’J L-JC O. M M e A% v 'oif,; f-i Sch., Ashland, Ohio, since’1939 S “ Pt ' ° f “Y^uVuniv" P^D’d’o ^ S '’ 29 ’ f Supt. of Sch.’, Provo, Umrsince l^T 1 ™ 8rT gon, since 1945. irass, Ure- MofEtt, Richard E. BA ’3d ur <_• and Jefferson Co ; Ed M ’40 Waah ! ngt °n Pittsburgh; Asst. Co. Supt of tanning, P a ., since 1947. ' * S h ” Klt ‘ °22’ Tchrs d Col B p S ',' 16 ’ A dr ian Col.; M A Moll, Clarence R., B.S.34, Ed.M.’37, Temple Univ.; Dean of Admissions and Student Personnel and Prof, of Educ., Pa. Military Col., Chester, Pa., since 1947. Moll Richard M., Diploma ’05, State Nor¬ mal Sch., Kutztown, Pa.; A.B.’15, Leba¬ non Valley Col.; A.M.’25, Univ. of Pa • Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., 313 W. Penn Ave Robesonia, Pa., since 1928. Monahan, Catherine E., B.S.’31, M.A.’35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvr. of Elem. Sch., 20 Summer St., Providence 2, R. I., since 1927. Moncla, Robert O., Parish Supt. of Educ. Thibodaux, La. Monell, Ralph P„ A.B.’26, A.M.’39. Colo Col; Headmaster, Iolani Sch., Nuuanu ?” d J udd St., Honolulu 3, Hawaii, since 1940. M ° ng ° n ’ J° h " E - B ’A.’31, M.A.'40, Seton Hall Col., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Riverside N. J., since 1948. “Teh's F c a ol k * ?' S -’ 33 ’ W m est Texas State rjo Cc Canyon, Texas; M.A.’41 c ' State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo. - p . of Sch., Midland, Texas, since 1942’. Monroe Walter S A.B.’OS, B.S.’07, A.M Phi, UnIV W. of Mo.; Ph.D.’15 Univ of and Proj of^H -° f EduC- Search Ill , since 192L dUC " U " 1V ' ° f ™-’ Urbana - M M a\ H Y a a7i d TT B - A -’e 32 ’ St ’ OIaf Col.; a«on. 4S Co^!%& ; 19 S 4 r ° f Sch " Th ° m - M H. S s n ,’ cfrtha’ge Pr ni: Cartha S e Community Mp " tag y A-- E-S .'39, M.A.’42, Northwest- Dist U Beif SU a t ’T,°, f Sch " Berk eley Sch. Dist., Bellwood, Ill., since 1940 M Riv a e? Ue v t Harry N " Supt ’ 0f Sch-- Saxtons W We Va.; ib M e 7 Sch., Wheeling w'\r S t; Co ' Supt. of , vvneenng, W. Va., since 1939 Montgomery E. W„ A.B.’09 A M’13 Univ.; H D ’46 r„i 1 Jud. Ariz., since 1925. uuenix uol -> Phoenix, Montgomery, G. Millage BS’13 n State Col.; Asst S.inr' t e %?’ ° regon Hm St , Lo , A <&?.?.& «■„»; H.SSydn , .“» h "col F1 A h MtSi ,? few" f %: 5 Montgomery, Kenneth M A R bs M san si “ ti 1 ; Montgomery, U. G Ra’h at lands Univ., Las’ Vegas ^ *5^ ex ’ High ‘ ’38, Univ. of Colo M.A. ment, N. Mex., since^mi ° f Sch ” Monu ‘ Montgomery, W. Walter B S’27 ur burg Col.; Ed M’38 D. Waynes- Supvg p rin . of ’ Bo’ro^gh Sch Plt W bUrgh: burg, Pa., since 1946 g b h ” Wa ynes- b.s. M.Ed.’40, Pa. State "r!^ c CheSter ’ Pa- = Warwick Consol Scf° 1- r) S . upvg- Prin., since 1920. " Sch., Pottstown, Pa., Moody, Van Buren A R an,, vard Univ.; Supt at eh A ”. - , 15- Har- Conn., since 1925. Sch., Middletown, 456 American School Buildings Moon, Clinton, Co. Supt. of Sch., Columbus, Ga., since 1929. Moon, F. D., B.S.’29. Langston Univ.; M.A. ’38, Univ, of Chicago; Prin.. Douglass Jr.- Sr. H. S., Oklahoma City 4, Okla., since 1940. Moon, Glenn W.. B.A.’24, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.’31, Colum¬ bia Univ.; Prin., Burdick Jr. H. S., Stam¬ ford, Conn., since 1946. Moore, Benjamin Arthur, B.Sc. in Ed.’19, Ohio Northern Univ. ; M.A.’33, Ohio State Univ.; Asst. Dir., Ohio Scholarship Tests, State Dept, of Educ., Columbus 15, Ohio, since 1938. Moore, C. H., A.M.’17, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Clarksville, Tenn,. since 1927. Moore, Cecil L., B.A.’29, Samuel Huston Col.; M.Ed.'43, Univ. of Colo.; Supvg. Prin., L. L. Campbell Sch., Austin 22, Texas, since 1936. Moore, Mrs. Clara, A.B.’32, State Tchrs. Col., San Francisco, Calif.; Prin., Bret Harte Sch., San Francisco 24, Calif., since 1943. Moore, Clarence C., A.B.’28, Union Col.; LL.B.’30, Hamilton Col. of Law; M.A.’31, Ph.D.’40, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Gree¬ ley, Colo.; Dir., Northwest Center. Univ. of Wyo., Powell, Wyo., since 1946. Moore, Clyde B., A.B/12, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; B.Ed.'13, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr.; A.M.'16, Clark Univ.; Ph.D. ’24, Columbia Univ. ; Prof, of Educ., Stone Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y., since 1925. Moore, Elmer J., B.A.*30, M.A.'40. Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Shamrock, Texas, since 1945. Moore, H. Claude, B.S. in Ed.'29, Univ. of Tenn.; M.S. in Sch. Adm, '41, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Dycrsburg. Tenn., since 1945. Moore, Harold E., A.B.'24, State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind. ; M.A.’29, Ed.D. ’45, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1948. Moore, Harry H., M.Ed.’34, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Large, Pa., since 1934. Moore, Hollis A., B.S. in Ed. 27, South¬ west Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; M.A.'32, Univ. of Mo.; D.Ed.'47, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Greeley. Colo., since 1948. Moore, J. H., A.B.'2S, Miss. Col.; M.A.’31, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Eliza¬ beth City, N. C., since 1947. Moore, J. Layton, A.B/23, Wesleyan Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Ridley Park, Pa., since 1926. Moore, James A., B.S.'41, State Tchrs. Col., Oswego, N. Y.: Prin., Lewes Special Sch., Lewes, Del., sinco 1941. Moore, Mrs. Jcrc M., Diploma '98, Ga. State Col. for Women; Co. Supt. of Sch., Ogle¬ thorpe, Ga., since 1936. Moore, Joe Preston, B.S.’25, North Texas State Tchrs. Col.. Denton, Texas: M.A. •28, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; LL.D.'48, Texas Christian Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Fort Worth 3, Texas, since 1946. Moore, John E., M.A.'35, Now York Univ.; Dir. of Educ., State Homo for Boys, Jamesburg, N. J., since 1948. Moore, John Watson, A.B.T2, Davidson Col.; M.Ed.'32, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Winston-Salem 5, N. C., since 1933. Moore, Millard C., A.B.’07, Colby Col.; Ed. M.’27, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Southwick. Mass., since 1930. Moore, Raymond, A.B.’20, Lake Forest Col.; Ed.M.’30, Harvard Univ.; Ped.D.’45, Lake Forest Col.; Prin., H. S., Highland Park, Ill. Moore, Thomas C., B.S.’26, Alfred Univ.; Ed.M.’42, Univ. of Buffalo; Prin., East Aurora H. S., East Aurora, N. Y., since 1946. Moore, W. J., A.B.’25, A.M.’28, Ph.D.’31, Univ. of Ky.; Dean, Eastern Ky. State Tchrs. Col., Richmond, Ky., since 1945. Moore, W. Mitchell, M.A.’41, Univ. of Den¬ ver; Prin., Elem. Sch., 1432 N. E. 8th St., Oklahoma City 4, Okla. Moore, Wilden J., B.S. in Commerce ’28, Bliss Col.; B.S. in Ed. ’38, Kent State Univ.; M.A. in Ed.*35, Univ of Cincin¬ nati; Supt. of Sch., Girard, Ohio, since 1939. Moorhead, M. R., B.S. '20. M.S.’31. Colo. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Au¬ rora, Colo., since 1947. Moran, Marion, Ph.B.’27, Univ. of Chicago; M.Ed.’35, Loyola Univ.; Prin., Kohn Sch., Chicago 28, Ill., since 1937. Moran, Thomas M., Pres, and Treas., C. C. Birchard and Co., 285 Columbus Ave., Boston 16. Mass., since 1946. Morehead, Allan, A.B.'34, A.M.’41, State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J.; N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J. Moreland, Jerre F., A.B.'25, Univ. of Colo.; M.A.'30, Colo. Col. of Educ.; Ed.D.’40. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Florence, N. J., since 1939. Moreland, William E.. M.A.’36, Columbia Univ.; LL.D.’45, Southwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Houston 3, Texas, since 1945. Morey, Victor P., B.S.'34, Fort Hays Kansas State Col.; M.S.'36, Kansas State Col. of Agr. and Applied Science; Ph.D.'44. Univ. of Nebr.; Pres., Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Wayne, Nebr., since 1946. Morgan, Barton. B.S/19, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., KirksviUe, Mo.; M.S. '22, Iowa State Col. ; Ph.D. 34, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir. of Tchr. Educ., Iowa State Col., Ames, Iowa, since 1936. Morgan, Clarence B., B.S.’42, State Tchrs. Col., Glassboro, N. J.; Supvp. Pt ln - °' Twp. Sch., Gibbstown, N. J., since 1942. Morgan, Dean C.. B.P.E.’26. Springfield Col.; M.A.’37, Univ. of Wyo.; Supt. of Sch., Casper, Wyo.. since 1934. Morgan, Frank H., M.S.’37. East Texas State Tchrs. Col.. Commerce. Texas: Reg¬ istrar, West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Can¬ yon, Texas, since 1947. Morgan, Frederic Evan, A.B.’19, Washing- ton bniv.: Ed.M.’33, Harvard Univ. LL.D.’46. Lincoln Memorial Univ.. ^res., The Principia Col., St. Louis 12, Mo., since 1919. _ . . Morgan, Hugh C„ A.B/15 Dickinson Col., A.M.’20, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.. Supvg. Prin. of Sch., West Grove, P since 1930. , Morgan. Jesse J„ B.S.’26. Dartmouth Col.. Ed.M/34, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sen.. Auburn, Mass., since 1942, List of Members 45i Morgan, Lewis V., Co. Supt. of Sch., Whea¬ ton, Ill. Morgan, Roland R., B.A.’28, Berea Col.- M.A.’40, Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Sch’ Mooresville, N. C., since 1945. Morgan, W. George, A.B.’29, Oberlin Col.; A M. 37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Owego, N. Y., since 1937. Morgan, William E„ Jr., B.A.’27, M.A.'41 Washington Univ.; Vice Pres., Upper and Lower Sch., and Headmaster, Upper Sch The Principia, St. Louis 12 , Mo. Morgart, George Harold, B.A .’22 Heidel- berg Col ; M.S.MO, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Folsom, Pa. Morgenroth George W„ B.S. in M.E/28 Cooper Union; B.S. in Ed.' 45 , Rutgers ^ V - ; n M -V n Ed / 46 - New York Univ.; Asst. Dir Essex Co. Voc. Sch., Hall of Records, Newark 2 , N. J., since 1947 Moroney, Helen G B.S.’32, M.A/40. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Salem och., Naugatuck, Conn., since 1933. M T?h het ’ r E , dg m L - a - b -’ 18. Ind. State Ph D ; 27 C °T . Terre H^ Ind ’ : M.A.'26. Ge'nl 2 r T ^ hrS - C °’" Columbia Univ.; Ta7l : ;h ConSUl ir a , nt> ? tate De P t - of Educ., lallahassee, Fla., since 1947 M ° rrel >- J° hn S„ B.S. in Agr.’23, Univ of Mo^; Supt. of Sch., Beloit, Kansas, since Morris, E. Paul. A B ’?o i Sch V ’ ; k M - A -’ 38 - Univ. °f Nebr.,^ e u S p t ya of Sch., Kearney, Nebr., since 1947 “Text’s itte ?”h ^r' 3 , 3 ' M.S.'4 o', North xexas Mate Tchrs. Col., Denton Tpy^q- upt. of Sch., Claude, Texas, since 1943 ’ Morris, Lyle L R o r% i „ . M A ’26 Ph n *Vn r' l t . ^ ra ^ e Univ.; oftfc ’h ,D ' 30, Columbia Univ.; Supt of Sch., Huntington, N. Y„ since j'946 P Tc r hr's L CoT Kal A ' B ' 37 ' ,Western State HV ^Rogers Sch., Grand Rapids 8 , Mich., since 1930 ♦Morris, M. Ray, B S in FH M , • CoL; C M.'A.' B 9 S 'cm Adm?n>28 MU m‘ s n s - Sch., Westerville, Ohio? since V Y943 UPt ' ° f Univ - geles, Caiif., since l 0 93 9 St - Sch - Los An * Morris, Paul A R >?a » T t. Univ.; M.A.’'38 Univ.’ of Nebr -^ e u S ‘ t eyan f Sch., Kearney, Nebr.. since 1947. P ’ ° f tist' S Coi a - Ul M A A 8 B ' u 9 ’- Gra ? d Island Bap- of Sch., Be^,m 3 “k U NTb,, 0f sin N c e e b ; 9 k SUPt ’ Col 1 .;’ A^oc. rd in Kn Fi^d eS s AB ' 4 D 0, Trinity State Office Bldg., H^rtfe’Co^.’. & Univ. of Prof, of Educ. Univ 3 oV C r V l ? bla Univ.; geles, Calif., since 1941 °* CaIl f-, Los An- Morrison, Donald B„ BS'u t. _ , Arts and Indus.- M A’ 4 a’ ^f Xas ^° ‘ °f Mex.; SuDt nf c-i, o A "Univ. of N since 1945. Santa Rosa, N. Mex., Morrison, Howard D B S r < Univ.; M.S.’33 Univ ’n ' 26 ct Columbia of Hamilton Twp Sch 0 *-?* - ’ Supv S- Prin. since 1939. P- bch " Tren ‘on 10, N. J., ♦Morrison, J. Cayce. A.B.T2, Valparaisc Univ.; M.A.-16, Ph.D.'22, Columbia Univ.; LL.D.'32, Alfred Univ.; Asst. Commr. for Research. State Educ. Dept. Albany N. Y.. since 1937. Morrison. J. R„ Supt. of Sch., Litchfield Mich. Morrison- John H„ A.B.'26, Ohio Univ.; M; A . 40. Wittenberg Col.; Supt.. Ncrth- ridge Schools. Dayton 5, Ohio, since 1929 Morrison. Maria P„ B.S. in Ed.'33, M S '37 Boston Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Nashua' N. H., since 1937. °- BA.'25. Trinity Univ Adf d mi Unlv ' of ° kla ' ; Supt - of SchV. Ada. Okla., since 1943. Morrison, Robert H„ B.A.'23, Mich. State Co In™ 9 C °^ Ypsiianti. Mich.; M.A.26 Ph D'f a, T n • ° f r- E , duc >t Gr celey, Colo.; A«P r Chrs ; Co1 " Columbia Univ.; Dent' f ,° r Hlghcr Edy e- State SnVc ,945. PUb ' InStr - Trtnt ° n «' N ' J- M rn| iSOn M S A . E -, W A' A - B ' 18 - Lebanon Valiev S^h 1 r^ A n 2 a C S' Umbia Unlv -1 Sup,, of Mh., Clearfield, Pa., since 1931 . Morrison, W. B., A.M/29. Tchrs Col C lumbia Univ,; Dean. East Central Cor' Ada. Okla,, since 1938. Morrow, J. Andrew, Co Sunt nf c.u Towanda. P a .. since 1922. P ' f S ^ h ” Morrow, Robert D R a • ?7 r Umv, M.A e .^7 D GalIa A ude ’ &°' 6 M' & since^l94i’, S “ P ‘- ^ Morrow. W. O.. M.A/35. Univ. of Texas- Prin., Elem. Sch., Waco, Texas, sin.e M p r ' of Pa o U ‘ Ph -U.'24, Columbia Univ.; Univ., New York 27° n' v C °*' : Colu[ tibia c Iork 27 - N. Y.. since 1979 ^ Texas {mte T^hrV’ Cof'^ S °i" hw “' •^^ch^s^C 3 !’ c n oi V ’ Te *«: M Ed.D.' Edu A c dU Div d of C ’G a e nd i°i^ -^tiAuftiol,’ Ala.. U?iver,Uyf Ali.. E tt , l944 UniV - °* M rr, 2 Wl & o H f en N r e y b A B a'^' : o^Tchr ir^C^' 28 ' U n niv ' Neb^'C and Prin. Tch^H'Co^'H °i Se T C ,' Educ ' Nebr., Lincoln. Neb^’si* S 19 ^ Un,V ' ° f M ?T Seey ,. Nicholas - B.A.T9 PhD '25 vi Hook, Con r n e5S: Snake Ro ' ck Ea em Sandy Moshier, Stephen W r c ... Mosier, Earl E A R ’an u r, ’37. Univ. of Mich 'Asst H0 9 Pe e C0l ; : , M S- State Dept, of Pub’lnstr l Suf> ° f Instr - since 1947 . ' nstr -- Lansing, Mich., Moss, John R M A ’a? n 1 , Supt. of Sch.’ Paris 3 i'll C ° Umbla Univ.; Moss, W. CA B ?2 w.T I922 ‘ Ga.; Co. Supt of Sch*’^ 36 ' Univ. of since 1937. P ' * Sch -> Hartwell, Ga., Mossman, Hobart F., M A ’ 3 fi M .u Univ.; Pres Th* b»'l a Northwestern 6. Texas, since 194 ?° Ckaday Sch - Da Uas B - S “i»- S«h„ Portland. 458 American School Buildings Moulton, E. Russell, B.S.’24, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; Supt., Pepperell Schs., Lindale, Ga., since 1929. Moulton, Lloyd W., B.S.'27, Dartmouth Col.; M.A.'35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Vergennes, Vt., since 1947. Moulton, Onsville Joshua, B.A.’14, Bates Col., Ed.M.’32, Harvard Univ.; Ed.D.’37, New York Univ. Address; Old Corlies Ave., Neptune, N. J. Mounce, James Rex, B.A.’19, Coe Col.; M.A.’24, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Clinton, Iowa, since 1944. Mourer, Harry H., A.B.’13, A.M.'23, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bedford, Ind., since 1938. Mowls, J. Nelson, B.S. in Ed.’24, Kent State Univ.; A.M.'28, Ph.D.’37. Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh ; Supt. of Sch., Grove City, Pa., since 1946. Mowrey, Raymond G., Diploma '06, State Tchrs. Col., Shippensburg, Pa., Pd.D.’44, Lebanon Valley Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Waynesboro, Pa., since 1934. Moyer, Edward, B.S. '38, Northern State Tchrs. Col., Aberdeen, S. Dak.; M.A.’41, Yale Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Briar- cliff Manor, N. Y., since 1947. Moyer, Harry C., Diploma '10. State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa.; B.S. and M S.'21, Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Leb¬ anon Pa., since 1926. Moyers. A. Edison, B.A.T2, Tabor Col.; M.S.’22, Iowa State Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Sidney 1. Iowa, since 1945. Moyle, William D., B.A.’23, Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.’29. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Edgcmont Sch., Scarsdalc, N. Y., since 1937. Mueller, Frederick Eugene, B.A.’28, Iowa State Tchrs. Col.. Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.’34, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., River Forest, Ill., since 1947. Mufflcy, E. J., B.S.'17, Eureka Col.; A.M. '45. Univ. of III.; Prin., Roosevelt Jr. H. S., Decatur, Ill., since 1943. Mulford, Charles W., Proprietor, Schermer- horn Tchrs. Agency, 366 Fifth Ave., New York 1, N. Y., since 1906. Mullen, J. O., A.B.’28, M.A.’36. Univ. of Ariz.; Supt. of Sell., Jerome, Ariz., since 1918, Mullcnix, Fred, Prin., Pub. Sch., 722 Second St., Marietta, Ohio. Muller, Mrs. Emma Fleer, Mus.B.’18, Mar- quetto Univ.; S.B.’23, Univ. of Chicago: Dir. of Personnel and Registrar, Chicago Tchrs. Col., Chicago 21, Ill., since 1938. Mullins, David W., A.B.’31. Univ. of Ark.; M. A.'34, Univ. of Colo.; Ed.D.’41. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Acting Dir. of Instr., Ain. Polytech. Inst.. Auburn, Ala. Mullins. R. J.. B.S.'09, Millsnps Col.; M.A. '33, Univ. of Colo.; Exec. Secy.. N. Mcx. Educ. Assn., 114 Morey St., Santa Fc., N. Mcx., since 1938. Mummed, Ira C.. B.S.'17, M.A.’25. Susnuc- hnnnn Univ.; M.A.'33, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Valley Stream. N. Y., sinco 1928. Muncastcr, T. H., B.A/25, M.A. 35, State Col. of Wash.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Evcr- ott, Wash., since 1948. Munro. Paul Morrltt. A.B.TO, Emory Univ.; M.A.'22, Ed.D.'41, Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lynchburg, Va„ since 1943. Muns, Arthur C., M.A. '35, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Community Unit Sch., Shelby- ville. Ill., since 1948. Munson, Eva, B.S.'35, Wayne Univ.; Prin., Van Zile Sch., 2915 E. Outer Dr., Detroit 12, Mich., since 1943. Munson, Grace E., B.A.’ll, Univ. of Nebr.; M.A.'12, Wellesley Col.; Ph.D.’16, Univ. of Nebr.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Special Educ., Bd. of Educ., 228 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 1, Ill., since_1947. Munson, Irving, A.B.T3, Augustana Col.; A.M.'29, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Kan¬ kakee, Ill., since 1934. Munson, J. B., B.A,’32, Morningside Col.; M.A.'40, Mich. State Col.; Dir. of Guid. and Research, Pub. Sch., Lansing, Mich., since 1936. Munson, John M., Ph.B.’ll, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; M.Ed.’13, Mich. State Normal Col.; LL.D.’39, Ashland Col.; D.Ed.’42, Wayne Univ.; Pres., Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich., since 1933. Munson, McKinley C., B.A.23. St. Olaf Col., M.A.'37, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Luverne, Minn., since 1941. Munson, Willard D.. A.B.’24, Col. of Em¬ poria; M.S.’34, Kansas State Col.; Prin., Reno Community H. S., Nickerson, Kan¬ sas, since 1946. Munzenmayer, L. H-, Ph.D.'31, Ohio State Univ., Prof, of Educ. and Dir. of Ap¬ pointments, Kent State Univ., Kent, Ohio, since 1931. Murdock, Edward L., B.S.’31, Western Mich. Col. of Educ.. Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A.’41, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Okemos, Mich., since 1946. Murdock, Forrest G., B.A.’16, State Col. of Wash.; M.Ed.’32, Univ. of Wash.; Pres., El Camino Col., Lawndale, Calif., since 1947. Murdock, Glenn E., B.A.’28, Univ, of Red¬ lands; M.A.’36, Stanford Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Le Mesa, Calif., since 1947. lurdy, Robert H., B.C.S.T8. New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., New Bedford. Mass., since 1942. turphy, Forrest W., A.B.’17, Transylvania Col.; M.S.’31. Univ. of Ill.; Ed.D. 45. Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Dean. Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Miss.. University. Miss., since 1946. Murphy, Harry T., B.A.’35. Western Md. Col.; Supvr. of Pupil Personnel, Pub. Sch., Ellicott City. Md., since 1945. durphy, Helen A.. B.S. in Ed.'39, M.A. 40, Ed.D.'43, Boston Univ.; Asst. Prof, ot Educ., Dir. of Elem. Educ. Boston Univ.. Boston 16. Mass., since 1944. Tlurphy, Irvin P., M.A.'38. Univ. of N.Mex.; Supt. of Sch,, Carlsbad, N. Mex.. since 1941. . 1 /Iurphy, John Howard. B.S. '25, Univ. of Wis.*; M.A.'32. Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sell.* Chippewa Falls, Wis., since 1945. Vlurphy, Joseph E., M.A.'32, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Hurley, Wis., since 1904. tfurphy, L. R., M.A.'40. Univ V of TI ? hic s a i ®°; Supt. of Sch., Mt. Prospect, IB., since 1948. . . Wurphy M. D.. B.S.'32. Texas Christian Uni/; M.A.'41, Southern Methodist Umv., Supt. of Sch., Mesquite, Texas, since 191 . Vlurphy. Marie M., M.A. in Ed.'41. Cohim- bia Univ.; Supvr of Primary Dept., Grammar Sch., Perth Amboy, N. J., since 1945. List of Members 459 Murphy, Mary E„ Dir., Elizabeth McCor¬ mick Memorial Fund, 848 N. Dearborn St rhiratrr. in Til St., Chicago 10, III. Murphy, Paul G„ Ph.D.’32, State Univ. of Dean .of Admin., Kansas State lehrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas, since 1945. M " ra y. A- B-, A.B.’27, Bluffton Col.; M.A. 35, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Washington Court House, Ohio, since 1941. Murray, James Milton, Supt. of Sch., Elk Kiver, Idaho. M « rray ’n^ oren L - Architect, 8081 Georgia Ave., Silver Spring, Md., since 1945. Muschell Charles S„ M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Westwood N. J., since 1946. M M g A ra -^’ £^ ar L-, B A -’ 34 ' Findl ay Col.; M.A, 46, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch. Hebron, Ohio, since 1946. Musselman, Fren A.B.'IO, Ind. Univ,; A.M. *.®’ C3lamb ‘ a Univ.; Dean, Summer Ses- F.nf 3 nu- Ex . tensI0n - Kent State Univ,, Kent, Ohio, since 1924 M VaTev C Co. n M ivM’, in Ed -’ 25 ’ Lebanon T- ff ley M.A. 33, Washington and Jefferson Col.; M.Ed.'44, Univ. of Phts- burgh; Supt. Of Sch., Sharon, Pa„ since M Col’ - P M a ’•«'?t’ 2 - 2, B f ir . n ? ingham - Sout hern V? 1 -* 35, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch Alexander City, Ala., since 1948 * M Co r i • A M-n E rf • A - B -; 10 ' Southwestern it Sottfwis^e^Tol.f D?r h . Ca c!°/c ft* Myars - C - Randall, B.S.’40, State Tchrs Col | ;Xrnh R0C , k ' Pa - ; _M.Ed.’44, Univ. of riuS«fh’, s Su fI. £ -.&,*i ** •*. M MA’-20 ly Co e i,^h- A ^-’ 18 ' Colgate Univ.; Center N Y 3 Un ‘ V ' Address: Scipio Myers, Edward T„ B.S in Ed’23 Temni Umv.. M.S.’28, Ph.D.’30, Univ ’ o f P ? a since 1 S 9 U 4 P !' ° £ Sch '’ Phll adelphi a 46, Pa.! M ^ S pf St e a e te A Coi’ 3 °’<5 JUniat D Col - : M - Ed - Freeport, Pa* site ?££*■ Pdn ’ ° f Sch " “univ.-^A^e 01 ^' A ‘Fl 3 - Stanford Myers, Reed F. A«s«?t c Kingwood, W.’Va. ^°* ^ upt * °* Sch., Myers, Spencer W A R *07 xr* „ A.M. and MBA'w m Hiram Col.; Ed.D.’42 Tnd ’ N ° rthwest ern Univ. Gary,'ln' d £n s d ; nc U e n ‘ V g46 A -t. Supt. of Sch.', Mylin, Arthur P pm >,-> nj t. , lin and Marshall Col’ - 2 ,r „ Pd i D ’ 33, Frank - 353 N. w. End Ave r C °’ Supt - of Sch., 1922. d Ave ” Lancaster, P a „ since N n SJb?.^ e S;?‘"S‘ •«..»•«. coi. 1945. auc " St. Louis, Mo., since nf-A'^pAdm.' and B ’s 2 upv^ U ^ s enb ^f C °L: Pa n : V s : in Rn i945 RaUb H N w r a 0 sh Skl ' P ‘ C ” Supt ’ of Sch -, Cosmopolis, Nagy, Joseph F Pres., Bd. of Educ., Ecorse Mich., since mf # "' Melvi ” dale 36 ’ N Tam’pa E11 FTa? d C ” PreS '’ Univ ’ ° f Tampa ' Na T n " ll i r nga > Simon P B.S.T6, Kansas State Phn%s C0 Tt- : - M - A -22' Stanford Univ.; Ph.D.25 Univ. of Calif.; Dean, Col. of Educ., Univ, of N. Mex., Albuquerque, N. Mex., since 1925. N l nt , s ’ -L. S -' A-B.’09, Ind. Univ.; M.A.TO, Columbia Univ. Asst. Supt. of Sch., 911 Locust St., St. Louis 1, Mo., since 1942 a ern ag T°t n '- F - B ’?- in Ed '’ 23 ' ° h i° North- Sunt T V 'V Ohio State Univ.; ’ T Leetot 1 la Exempted Village Sch Dist., Leetonia, Ohio. Nash, Harry B B.A.T4, Dakota Wesleyan 5“&i M’ A - 24 . Univ. of Minn.; Supt of Sch., West Allis 14, Wis., since 1934. Nash, James B., B.S.’30, State Tchrs Col Kutztown Pa.; M.Ed.’38, Pa. State’ Col s S in P ce g i947: n - ° f Twp ’ Sch ” Pottsville. Pa.'. Nash, M. A., Chancellor, Okla. State Re- ffinm, f ° r ,K Ighe I Educ., Capitol Bld = Oklahoma City, Okla., since 1943 Naylor, T. H„ J r „ DlrM Sch B j d Jack n so P n 0 , rt M/s 0 s n ' State Dept ’ of Educ - Ne Tc g hrs y ’ Co? 3 S L h- nn ' B k S - in Ed -' 2 «. State Colu r m b i C a 0 Univ h TcTd’3?’ , “if'’ 33 ' Supc, Mt. Pleasant’ Spe'ci^Tch.D^r Wilmington, Del., since 1944. ’ Neal Connally, B.S. in Ed.’42, Texas Tech since l C 9°4’7. SUPt ' ° f Scb ” % a niv E ; 1 A a ss A ’Su B pt A 0f 3 Sch’ A s' 26 ’A C0lUmbia Texas, since 1930 ’’ San Antonl ° 3, N Un’iv. N & Y A ric ' 2 T / b -’ y Co... Columbia son Sch., Hays, Kansls 0 :"^ 1 ^^^/ 6 ' 1 "- UniV r Head Ck D G ent A ’?i 2 l M ' A ’ 32 - dad - Col., Danville, I^d!, °since U l C 946 CanterbUry Me y ho S df s n t ey Un V iv 5 V 30 ' Southern nito. Texas, s"nce 194h’ f Sch ” San Be ' Neigebaur, Mrs. Zena M «020 Ry,„ Ed., yg S '‘~ co?"' Adoiphu. «°'?. c ad?i!' s«... Ne S lso P n, Byron’ B^AB^ p": lumbia Univ.;' Dir d v T „ c f hr L C ?‘" C °- Finance, State Dent V °L , A dmtn. and gomery 4, Ala., since 'l946 EdUC ” Mont ‘ SKrytt i«™. .ss-'i <&?<■ ° r *£ fcaa-'ft Nelson, H. A M A ’aa rr • Supt. of Sch., Plymouth M ni u’ °- f Mich -i Nelson, Herbert R B a’ 3 i 't’t ^ 1945 ‘ M.A.’39, Univ. of’ Ne'br' 3 ’ pt ' Sch., ■Sts, Mt. Vernon,'Ohio since i a 9 y 43 Advent - 460 American School Buildings Nelson, Irvin T., 5651 Highland Dr., Salt Lake City 7, Utah. Nelson, James K., M.A.’44, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Coleman, Mich., since 1947. Nelson, John B., A.B.’19, Wheaton Col.; M.A.’28, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Batavia, Ill., since 1938. Nelson, M. J., B.A.’16, Luther Col.; M. A. ’24, Ph.D.*28, Univ. of Wis.; Dean of the Faculty, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa, since 1934. Nelson, Milton Goodrich, B.S.’24, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; M.S.’25, Ph.D.’27, Cornell Univ.; Acting Pres., New York State Col. for Tchrs., Albany 3, N. Y., since 1946. Nelson, Norman J., A.B.’l7, George Wash¬ ington Univ.; A.M.’30, Harvard Univ.; First Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Sr. H. S. and Wilson Tchrs. Col., Washing¬ ton, D. C., since 1947. Nelson, Robert Oliver, A.B.’20, Erskine Col. ; M.A.’30, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Ph.D.’41, Univ. of Ga.; Supt. of Sch., Newport News, Va.. since 1946. Nelson, Roy M., Supt. of Sch., Hughes, Ark. Nelson, Stacy E., A.B.’07, Univ. of Chatta¬ nooga; M. A.’20, Columbia Univ.; Prin., Central H. S., Chattanooga 4, Tenn., since 1921. N el son, Thomas L., B.S.'16, M.A. in Ed.’25, Ed.D.'33, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Berkeley 9, Calif., since 1945. Nelson, W. A., B.A.’25, Union Col.; Educ. Secy., Lake Union Conf., Seventh Day Adventists, Berrien Springs, Mich., since 1947. Nelson, Wm. J., B.S.'ll, Trinity Col., Hart¬ ford, Conn. Address; Pub. Sch., Plaistow. N. H. Nepomuccn, Sister Mary, Prin., Immaculate Heart H. S., Los Angeles 28, Calif. Nesman, Harry E., B.S.’24, Mich. State Col.; M .A.’32, Univ. of Mich.; Chief, Agrl. Educ. Div., State Bd. of Control for Voc. Educ., 115 W. Allegan St., Lans¬ ing 4, Mich., since 1937. Nesmith, R. A., Prescott St., South Lan¬ caster, Mass. Nculen, Leon N., A.B."16, St. Olaf CoL; M. A.’22, Ph.D.'31, Columbia Univ.; Ped.D. ’37, Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Camden. N. J., since 1931. Neulcn, Lester N., B.A.’16, St. Olaf Col.; M.A.’23, Ph.D.’28, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Tcaneck. N, J., since 1928. Address: 360 Warwick Ave., West Englewood, N. J. Neuncr, Elsie Flint, A.B.'18, A.M. 19. Ph.D. '22, Brown Univ.; Dir. of Instr., 131 Huguenot St., New Rochelle, N. Y.. since 1939. Neuwion, Reginald, B.A. 26, Loyola M.A.'32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Supt. of Sch., Stamford, Conn. Novoln, S. T„ A.B.’16, Iowa State Col.; Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A. 34, of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Austin, since 1921. Col.; Univ.; Tchrs. Univ. Minn., Neville, Ernest L.. Ph.B.’OO, Univ. of N. C. Address: Monroe, La. Novins, Vincent, B.S. in Ed.'33. State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Moss.; Ed.M. 41, Bos¬ ton Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lincoln, R. I., since 1046. New, Wilson, B.S. in Ed.Tl, Valparaiso Univ.; M.S. in Ed.’33, Univ. of Tenn.; Supvr. of Instr., Pub. Sch., 624 Lamar St., Knoxville, Tenn., since 1948. Newcomb, Douglas A., B.S.’18, Univ. of Rochester; M.A.’27, Stanford Univ.; LL. B.’38, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Long Beach 13, Calif., since 1947. Newcomer. J. Carman, A.B.’17, Juniata Col.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., McClelland- town. Pa., since 1934. Newcomer, John M., Bd. of Educ., May- wood, Ill. Newell, Clarence A., A.B.’35, Hastings Col.; A.M.’39, Ph.D.’43, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. ; Prof, of Educ. Admin., Univ. of Md., College Park, Md., since 1948. Newenham, R. L., Diploma ’17, Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; B.S.*26, Univ. of Ill.; M.A.’30, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Zion, Ill., since 1947. Newkirk. Louis V., B.A.’25, M.A.*27, Ph.D. ’29, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir. of Indus. Arts, Pub. Sch., Chicago 1, Ill., since 1935. Newlun, Chester O., Ph.B.’24, Ph.M. 26, Univ. of Wis.; Ph.D.’29, Columbia Univ.; Pres.. State Tchrs. Col., Platteville, Wis., since 1943. Newman, Derwood A., B.S.’22, Univ. of N. H.; Ed.M.*31, Ed.D.’35. Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., 1330 Highland Ave., Need¬ ham 92, Mass. Newman, Harvey H., B.A.’38, Univ. of Colo.; M.A.’43, Univ. of S. Dak.; Supt. of Newman, J. Marion, Supt. of Sch., Holly Grove, Ark. Newman, Winifred H., A.B.’29, Marshall Col.; M.A.’36, W. Va. Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Charleston 1, W. Va., since 1940. Newton. Gerald M„ B.S.’33, Westminster Col., New Wilmington, Pa.; Univ. of Pittsburgh: Prin., H. S., 5th at lewton, J. H.. Jr., B.S/25 Southwestern Presbyterian Univ.; M.A. 40, La. State Univ.; Parish Supt. of Sch., Amite, x-a., since 1944. Meyhart, Amos Earl, B.S. in Indus. M.S.'34. Pa. State Col.; Admin. Head. Inst, of Pub. Safety, Pa. State Col., State College, Pa., since 1938. Micely. Paul W.. M.S.'41, Ind. Univ.: D>., Bureau of Tchr. Placement, Butler Univ., Indianapolis, Ind., since 1948. Nicholas, Ivan C„ B.S/29, Northern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., DeKalb, *U-> **. • 34, Ph.D.'41, Northwestern Univ., Dist. aup of Sch., St. Louis 5, Mo., since 1942. Nicholas, Lynn N.. B.A/29, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'35. Ohio State Univ.; Chmn., Div. of Appointments, Ohio State U Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1946. Nicholas, William L„ B S'30, Nebr; State Tchrs. Col.. Kearney Nebr ; M.A. 37. Pn D.’43. Colo. State Col. of Educ., Or y Colo ; Pres.. Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr., since 1946. ( Nichols, Augusta M„ B.S '’* 9, ^f^Sch.'. Ed.'47, Boston Univ.; Asst. Supt. o: Manchester. N. H„ since 1938. Nichols, B. R.. j 1 .; 8 ' h ln Co? < -’ iupt E oi Sch.! Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col., oupt. Bristow, Okla., since 1942. List of Members 461 .Nichols, Claude Andrew, B.A.’98, South¬ western Univ.; Ph.D.’05, Univ. of Havana, Cuba; Ph.D.’31, Columbia Univ.; Dir., Sch. of Educ., Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas 5, Texas, since 1928. Nichols, Mrs. Constance P., B.S.’45, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Jersey City, N. J. ; A.M.’47, Seton Hall Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Jersey City 4, N. J., since 1947. Nichols, R. E., B.S. in Ed. 1 ’31, Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Cape Girardeau, Mo.; M.A.’37, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Ellsinore, Mo., since 1948. Nichols, Richard Clyde, M.A.’32, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Miami, Okla., since 1928. Nichols, Walter S„ Ph.B.’25, Marquette Univ.; Ph.D.’38, Univ. of Wis.; Asst Supt. of Sch., 1111 N. 10th St., Milwau- kee, Wis., since 1947. Nicholson, Harry, 414 14th St., Denver 2 Colo. Nicholson, Mrs. Noyella, B.S. in Ed.’30, M. S. in Ed.’34, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dir. of Curriculum, Pub. Sch., 245 E Magnolia Blvd., Burbank, Calif., since 1946. Nicholson, William B., B.S.’18, M.A.'28 George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Teach¬ ing Fellowship ’37, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Blytheville, Ark., since 1943. Nicklas, Victor C„ B.A.’17, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; M.A.’23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Woodbridge N. J., since 1933. Nicol, Lucille, B.S.’27, New York Univ ■ Asst. Supt. of Sch., Pub. Sch. 55, Queens’ Richmond Hill 19, N. Y„ since 1921. Nicolello, Louis L. D„ A.B.’29, Syracuse Univ.; M A’41 New York Univ.; Supvg. Prm. of Sch., Garwood, N. J., since 1941 . Niergarth, J. Ivan, M.A.’36, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., St. Johns, Mich., since 1943. Nieta, John A A B.’14, Ohio Northern ,»? IV i’r ^- A - 19, ° hl ° State Univ.; Ph.D 33, Univ of Chicago; frof. of Educ., Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 13 Pa since 1926. 6 ’ ' Nifenecker Eugene A„ B.A.’Ol, Col. of the City of New York; M.A.’06, Columbia Dlr ’ Reference, Research and Statistics, Pub. Sch., 110 Livingston St Brooklyn 2, N. Y„ since 1920. Niles, Caleb H„ Supt. of Sch., Berlin N H Ni ,L 1 l L ° ui . se > B- A ^29, Wayne Univ.; M.a' Sch •.° f 1 , D ^ ro i. t; Pri »-. Hamilton Sch., Detroit 13, Mich., since 1946 N M A’’ 3 WT ia! " 0 7 ?i A ’’ 24 - St ’ Ola'f Col.; M.A. 35, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch Excelsior, Minn., since 1943. ’ N B S Th’’3^°T t0 ri, 0 ”m B A ’’ 26 ’ U P saIa Col.; B.Th. 35, Luther Theol. Sem.- D D’48 Luther Col.; Pres., WaldorfCM. Forest' City, Iowa, since 1943. 1 Ni Coi E X M’ 3 n 5 ’ w B V 5 , n? vis ^ nd Elkina H! 1 S„ A M^dis 5 o„ W w V Va Un,V ’ : PHn ” Scott Sch., Salem, Va., since 1945. p Ni M P A’’ 39 He n ry - L ” A B ’’ 21 ’ Howard Col.; £?,• 29 > Umv. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch Florala, Ala., since 1944 P °* &ch ’’ N Co1 U . er, A M- E” A.B.-2S, Lebanon Valley PHn’ of‘m' 3 °’c C u 0lumbia Univ.; Supvg 7 Prm. of Twp, Sch., Neffsville, P a „ sfnce Niven, Henry A., LL.B.'ll, Syracuse Univ.; Vice-Pres., L. G. Balfour Co., Attleboro, Mass., since 1922. Nixon, J. W., B.S.*34, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Laredo. Texas, since 1946. Noar, Gertrude, B.S.'19, M.A.'22, Univ. of Pa.; Prin., Gillespie Jr. H. S., Philadel¬ phia 31, Pa., since 1930. Noble, Frederick R., A.B.'08, Bates Co!.: Ed.M.’26, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Tr Schs., State Tchrs. Col., W illimantic, Conn., since 1928. Noble, M. C. S., Jr., A.B.’21, Univ. of N. C.: M.A.’22, Ed.D.'24, Harvard Univ.; Asst. Prof, of Educ. and Psych., R. I. State Col., Kingston, R. I., since 1948. Noble, Ralph E., A.B.’23, Dartmouth Co! • A.M.’32, Ed.M.'40, Univ. of Vt. ; Pd.D.'42 Middlebury Col.; LL.D.'48. Norwich Univ.; Pres., Vt. Jr. Col., Montpelier. Vt. Nock, Rupert A., Ph.B.'30, Brown Univ.; Ed.M.’38. Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch Newburyport. Mass., since 1946. Nodland, Marvin T.. B.A.’26. Cornell Col.; M.A. 35. State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Sioux City 18, Iowa, since 1946. A ®' 26, William Jewell Col.- A M. 34, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch. Boonville, Mo., since 1945. N °“?’ R ar J F B.A.’IZ. Iowa State Tchrs. ■ it ”c Cedar Falls. Iowa; M.A.'31, PhD 36, State Univ. of Iowa: Grade Supvr.. Llem. Sch., Hibbing, Minn., since 1936. Nolte. Roy W„ M.A.’35. Univ. of Mo.: Supt. of Sch., Clinton, Mo., since 1 944. Noonan, Joseph Francis, Ph.B.’23 Muhlen¬ berg Col ; A.M.’25, Ph.D.’26, New York Umv.; Pres. State Tchrs. Col., East Stroudsburg, Pa., since 1940 N M d A a ’ a /. d ' n E ’- N ” B 'A.’23, Luther Col.; M.A. 42, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch Glenwood, Minn,, since 1928 NO A rd M a '2 r 7 d ’n rneSt /'^ B -' 10 ’ St ’ ° ,af Col.; A.M. 27, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch Anaconda, Mont., since 1947. Nordrurn, Ga, . fi ^ B B.A/33,'State Tchrs Col Mmot, N. Dak.; Supt. of Pub Instr ' Dak! since ^ Bismarck ’ N ’ N MTch n : ® M S^O 3 Okla Ag^l’ ^ K*,S£‘ Supt ’'° f 'Sch.. Searcy! Ark^ N0 T r c m hr n s 8t0 Col R0 ^ T - B Ed ' 23 ’ Central State , ol *» Stevens Point Wis • M a of Srh Ch p- fl 1 ” Columbia ’ Univ ;' Supl’ Of Sch., Reedsburg. Wis.. since 1936. P Norris, Clarence T„ B A ’37 Pa e ( ,, r i “ h Ed - T 42. Univ. of Pittsburghf*Vupt”°oi Sch., Tarentum, Pa., since 1946. Norris, Forbes H AR’ij m . Sup, k? »" te" 1946 Ch ” Wlnchester , Mass., since yjgr-t s “"- Norris, Paul B B S ’?7 n. ,, . Stiff: Sr bi -'S& "S& ,«•*•;». Coip, 8 s- D ~ *■«!«:t'lo^iiS "I™! IriJ'-'S;: 1 ’ Univ ' of Chicago; 1937. - Kalama *°o 5, Mich., since 462 American School Buildings Norsted, Roy A., B.S.’27, M.A.’36. Univ of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Hastings, Minn., since 1945. North, Ward T., B.S/15, Drake Univ.; M.A/31, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Corydon, Iowa, since 1925. Norton, Bernard F. t B.S/27, Providence Col.; Supt. of Sch., Valley Falls, R. I., since 1935. Norton, Catherine, A.B.’30, Mary Manse Col.; M.A/35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Westfield Sch., Toledo, Ohio, since 1940. Norton, Elbert B., A.B.’23, L.H.D/42, Bir¬ mingham-Southern Col.; LL.D/42, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; Exec. Secy., Natl. Council of Chief State Sch. Officers, 1201 16th St., N.W., Washington, D. C., since 1948. ^Norton. John K., A.B/16, A.M/17, Stan¬ ford Univ.; Ph.D/26, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Un iv.; Prof, of Educ. since 1931 and Dir., Div. of Admin, and Guid., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y.. since 1942. ^Norton, LaVerne Allen, A.B.’31, Colgate Univ.; M.A.’35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin., N. Y. Central Sch., South Glens Falls, N. Y., since 1946. Norton, Warren P., A.B.’IS, Brown Univ.; A. M.'23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Meadville, Pa., since 1928. Norvell. Mrs. Florence Crane, Diploma ’21, B. S/38, Ga. State Col. for Women; M.A. '41, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., The Pape Sch., Savannah, Ga., since 1944. Norwood, W. Howard, B.A.T6, Univ. of Texas; M.A.'36, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Corsicana, Texas, since 1931. Notlcy, Llewellyn, M.A.'33. Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sell., Teague, Texas, since 1920. Noursc, Laurence G., A.B.T7, Dartmouth Col.; A. M .'20, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Norton, Mass., since 1924. Novotny, E. L.. A.B.’22, Ncbr. Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'26, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’41. Univ. of Ncbr.; Supt. of Sell., Lawrence, Kansas, since 1946. Noyes, William E., B.A.’ll. Macalcstcr Col.; M.A.'31, Univ. of Minn.; Supt., Tower- Soudan Schs., Tower, Minn., since 1922. Nugent, J. Frank. B.S.‘37, Baker Univ.; M.S.'42, State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kan¬ sas: Prill., Atchison Co. Community H. S., Effingham, Kansas, since 1945. Nunn, Earl, M.A.'43, N. Mex. Highlands Univ., Las Vegas, N. Mex.; Supt. of Sell., Dcs Moines, N. Mex., since 1941. Nunn, G. Virgil, B.S.'32, M.S.’35, Ala. Poly- tcch. Inst.; Supt. of Sch., Fairfield, Ala., since 1946. Nunnollcy, Newman Franklin, B.S.’35, M.A. '40, Univ. of Ain.; Co. Supt. of Sch.. Talladega, Ala., since 1947. Nurnbcrgcr, T, S., M.A.'29, Univ. of Mich.; Dist. Supt. of Sell., St. Louis, Mich., Hincc 1932. Nusbaum, Louis, B.S/08, Pccl.D. 30, Temple Univ.; Prea., Philadelphia Pub. Sch. Re¬ tired Employee*/ Assn., 21st St. and Parkway, Philadelphia. Pa., since 1947. Nushan, A. K., 3431 School St., St. Louis 6, Nuzuin, Richard A., B.S.‘28, Ball State Teh™. Col., Muncio. Inti.; A.M. 34, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Froobol Sell., Gary, Ind,, since 1942. Nybakken, Ernest O., B.A.’28, Concordia Col.; M.A.'36, Univ. of Minn.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Canaan, Conn. Nye, Frank Harrison, A.B.T5, Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'37. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., White Plains, N. Y. since 1947. Nygaard, E. L., Supt. of Sch., Kenilworth. Ill., since 1924. Nykerk, Glenn, A.B.’31, Hope Col.; A.M. '37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Rich¬ land, Mich., since 1946. Nystrom. Wendell C., A.B.T4, Bethany Col.; M.A.'34, Ph.D.’37, Univ. of Kansas; Dean and Prof, of Educ., Wittenberg, Col., Springfield, Ohio, since 1937. o Oakes, Cecil E., A.B.’25, M.Ed.’37, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Okemah, Okla., since 1938. Oakes, J. D., Houston, Texas. Oakes, W. Otto, A.B.’28, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr.; A.M.'38, Univ. of Den¬ ver; Supt. of Sch., North Platte, Nebr., since 1948. Oberholser, Robert M., Ph.B.’12, Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.'24, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., Bordentown, N. J., since 1919. Oberholtzer, Edison Ellsworth, Ph.B.’lO, M.A.’IS, Univ. of Chicago; LL.D.’21, Univ. of Tulsa; Ph.D.’34, Columbia Univ.; Pres., Dept, of Superintendence, 1934-35; Pres., Univ. of Houston, Houston 4, Texas, since 1945. Oberholtzer. Kenneth E., B.S.’24, Univ. of Ill. ; M.S.’28, Agrl. and Mech. Col. of Texas; Ph.D.’37, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Denver 2, Colo., since 1947. Obourn, Lewis C., B.S.'32, Alfred Univ.; Supt. of Sch., East Rochester, N. Y-, since 1944. O'Brien Francis J., A.B.’16, Harvard Col.; A.M.'31, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., North Andover, Mass., since 1946. O'Brien. Frank J., A.B.T2, Holy Cross Col.; A.M.'13, Ph.D.’ 16, Clark Univ.; M.D.’27, Univ. of Louisville; Assoc. Supt. of Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1941. O’Brien, George M., B.A.’24, M.A.’31, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Two Rivers, Wis., since 1943. O’Brien, Justin L., B.A.’26, Holy Cross Col.; M.A.’37. New York Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., New Haven 10, Conn., since 1940. O'Brien, W. Smith, M.S.’42, Syracuse Univ. Address; Round Valley H. S., Springer- ville, Ariz. O'Connell, Gilbert P., General Motors Bldg., Detroit 2, Mich. O'Connor, Paul D„ B.S.’24, Niagara Univ.; M.A.'41, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Allendale, N. J„ since 1941. >dell, William R., A.B. and B.S.’27, Univ. of Southern Calif.: M.A.'31. Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ. Admin., _l T T, — " r - Odom, Horace Parnell, B.S. in Ed.’35, Ga. Tchrs. Col., Collegeboro, Ga.: M.S. in Ed. ’41, Univ. of Ga.; Supt. of Sch., Monroe, Ga., since 1045. List of Members 463 O’Donnell, William F., A.B.T2, Transyl¬ vania Col.; M.A.'32, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; LL.D.’43, Transylvania Col.; Pres., Eastern Ky. State Tchrs. Co!., Rich¬ mond, Ky., since 1941. Oehrli, R. R., B.S.’29, Mich. State Col.; M.A.’40, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Montague, Mich., since 1929. O'Fallon, O. Kenneth, A.B.’37, M.A.’41, Western State Col. of Colo., Gunnison, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Gunnison, Colo., since 1947. Offerman, Kate M., B.S.’20, State Normal Sch., Bowling Green, Ohio; M.A.’27, Univ. of Chicago; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Bowl¬ ing Green, Ohio, since 1921. Ogden, Chauncey M., B.S.T7, Colgate Univ.; M.A.’33, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Woodmere, N. Y., since 1940. Ogg, James T„ B.S.’37, Stephen F. Austin State Tchrs. Col., Nacogdoches, Texas; M.Ed.’41, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Pine Tree Sch., Greggton, Texas, since 1946. Ogg, Terrell W„ B.S.'3S, Stephen F. Austin State Tchrs. Col., Nacogdoches, Texas; M.Ed. 42, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Bra- zosport Independent Sch. Dist., Freeport Texas, since 1946. °’ E ara, J a ™ es L - A.B.’2S, A.M.’32, Bates Col ; Ph D. 36, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Derby, Conn., since 1944. Ojemann, Ralph H., B.S.’23, M.S/24. Univ. ^ » A ^^.D. 29, Univ. of Chicago; Re- search Assoc. Prof., Iowa Child Welfare Research Sta.. State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, since 1929. °rw e ’ ]y al M r ’j SaIe l M S r - Institutional Dept., Doubleday, Doran & Co., Inc Garden City, L. I„ N. Y. °' d 'f he , r ; . R °^ er A, B " A.B.’2S, Heidelberg Col., M.A. 37, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of och., Painesville, Ohio, since 1948. °L dh \ m 'J ames R- D„ A.B.-97. Brown Univ • Supt. Emeritus of Sch., East Providence RumfoXR. T 45 ' AddreH: 66 Do " Ave.. °'o/’Schf.; Jerome^'idaho!‘since ^ SuPt ' °^ e M y ’iT Ma « i f e . J -> ®-A.’28, M.A. '37, Univ of N. H.; M.A. 44, Columbia Univ.; Prin H. S., Springfield, Vt., since 1944 . ’ ° liv « r ' Geor g e J-. B.A.’31. Col. of William Ma^Wiinfm^urg^Va^sinTe 11 !^ ^ Oliver, Stanley C„ B.S.'19 M S '26 p = Prof n C f°'-p P ^ D -33. Coiumbfa 26 Univ a : State rii R c Ura Rduc - Southwest Mo State Col., Springfield, Mo„ since 1929 atwstfjW Olsen, George S„ Supt. of Sch., La Grange, »«■<■»«, uj: S&" #SR "«5 Olson, H. C.. B.A.-26. M.A.'35. Univ. oi Mont.; Supt. of Sch., Orting, Wash., since 1945. °' s „ on - , H - R.. B.S.-23. Oregon State Col.: M.A. 32, Univ. of Calif.; Supt.. Delano 1932* Unl ° n H ' S '' Dclano ’ Calif., since °p? n ; f Ha , r , ry E ,:,. B E '3S. State Tchrs. Col. Platteville, Wis.; Ph.M.'36, Univ. of ^nce’l944 Pt ‘ ° f SCh '' Oconomow °4, Wis.. Olson, Henry A B.A.’31. Luther Col.; M.A. toi' w‘ V ' ° f WlS ' : Supt ' of Sch " Stough- ton, Wis., since 1945. °M°A-i? U w r - G " BA ’ 24 - Carleton Col.; O. Umv of Minn.; Supt. of Bloom- lngton Consol. Sch.. Minneapolis 20 Minn., since 1943. Olson, Ove S B.A.T8, Gustavus Adolphus Col., M.A.26. State Univ. of Iov.-a- Ph D Gn ' v ; , of C° l0 - Prof. Of Educ. and „ D ;Student Personnel. Gustavus Adol¬ phus Col., St. Peter, Minn,, since 1930 0 M5'« C N r n'J" 1 B V 2 e 7 ' Concordia Col.: a' r 4 ?’ N ',? ak ’ Agrl - Col.: Supt. of Sch Arlington, Minn., since 1947. °’.M. al r y ,', V . er Y Rev. Comerford J„ STD n» D in 10 - Angelico, Rome. Italy; Pres' De Paul Univ,. Chicago 14, Ill., since 1944.’ °TT ak ?' L. Geiger. Certificat '26. Univer- site de Poitiers. Tours, France; A.B ’29 Franklin and Marshall Col.- M Ed '48 since SUPt ' ° f SCh - Oneal, Frank E. BE ">Q Til c,„.„ m U niv.. Normal', In! lln^f Chicago; Asst. Supt. of Pub Instr Cr-n tennial Bldg.. Springfield. Ill'., since 1943^ 0 9 N N.' y! 6 " 3 M " Laurelton Sch., Rochester A, ‘ce. Elem. Super. 0 f Sch IS’i W. Main, Waterbury. Conn " 1821 0? l S 9 a Vj er n"- B A / U - Luther Col • MA Iowa city, Iow V a. tfnce°»%b ^ ° f Sc ' h l O M.A.^0 W T t c e h r rs M 'c BS -'3 6 ’ 1 A 'f-d Univ.; Pm Supt ' of s ' ch " Orr, George David. B.S. and M S ' 2 ? n r Oregonl* since I 943 ' Sl ' Pt ’ ° f Sch ''' ToledSl raer, Ala., since 1936. P Sch " Besse - O p r hD''3n 'r B S -’ 10 ' D Univ - of Ala.; M A'28 He-d. Edu G c e0 D 8 ept Pea A b l°a dy Co C . 01 ' Tch ^ Ala., since 1936. ’ ' '~° '' Montevallo, O T a exas Arn0ld ’ Pdn " Aldine H. S.. Houston. 0 M°A’.'?3 Way c n ol’ A oV B -; 2 h 6 ' U p niv ' fi of Redlands; Univ. of R^lands^L BL ' D ','^ Col.; Dir. of Educ 7,7, 48 ,’ Jusculum chines Corp M "mIh at ‘* Bus ' Ma- York 22, N Y., sinc^igll 0 " AVe " New °P": fes H n- ’I" Maryville T "">- sch.. Ch!*. .t 464 American School Buildings Osborn, L. G., B.S.’12, Shurtleff Col.; A.B. ’14, M.A.'18, Univ. of Ill.; Ph.D.'38, Wash. Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., East St. Louis, Ill., since 1942. Osborne, R. E., M.A.’44, Wash. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Colfax, Wash., since 1943. Osborne, Ralph William, B.S. in Ed. ’32, State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; M.Ed.’39, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Plainfield, Conn., since 1946. Osgood, Jonathan A., B.S.’32, M.Ed.’35, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Somers- worth, N. H., since 1947. O’Sheasy, Edward A., B.S.E.’39, State Tchrs. Col., Fitchburg, Mass.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Charleston, S. C., since 1946. Ostenberg, Joe W., A.B.’24, Bethany Col.; A.M.’33, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Iola, Kansas, since 1946. Ostenberg, W. M., A.B.’24, Bethany Col.; A.M.’39, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Gree¬ ley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Coffeyville, Kan¬ sas, since 1942. Ostrander, Raymond H., A.B.’28, Hamilton Col.; M.A.'34, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. ; Supt. of Sch., Oak Ridge, Tenn., since 1946. Ostroot, James, B.A.’28. St. Olaf Col.; M.A. ’39. Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Granite Falls, Minn., since 1944. Ostwald, Ernest, Pres., Uniforms by Ost- wald, Inc., Ostwald Bldg., Staten Island 1, N. Y.. since 1932. Osuna, Juan Jose, A.B.'12, Pa. State Col.; A.M.’20, Ph.D.’23, Columbia Univ.; Dean Emeritus, Col. of Educ., Univ. of Puerto Rico, since 1922. Address: 1300 24th St. S., Arlington, Va. O'Toole, James B., Jr., A.B.’28, Lynchburg Col.; M.A.'38. Columbia Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Baltimore 1, Md„ since 1948. Ott, Emory D., A.B.’12, Gettysburg Col.; M.A.'25, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Dale Borough Schs., Johnstown, Pa., since 1938. Otto, Henry J., Ph.D.’31, Univ. of Minn. Address : Col. of Educ., Univ. of Texas, Austin. Texas. Ottun, Alice, A.M.’29, Columbia Univ.; B.S. '29, New York Univ.; Dean. Pace Inst., New York 7. N. Y., since 1929. Oulton, Arthur C., B.S. in Ed.’36, State Tchrs. Col., Fitchburg, Mass.; Ed.M.'40, Boston Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Poult- ney, Vt., since 1947. O vcrcash, "Whitson M., A.B.'18, Daniel Baker Col.; M.A.'32, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Springfield, Tenn., since 1937. Ovorholt, Clyde W., M.A.'32, Mich. State Col.; Supt. of Sell., Williamston, Mich., since 1943. Ovcrn, A. V., Ph.D.'30. Univ. of Minn.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of N. Dak., Univer¬ sity Stn., Grand Forks, N. Dak., since 1930. Owen, J. Willis, B.S.’33, Hillsdale Col.; M.A.'40, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sell., Belleville, Mich. Owen, Lyman B., A.B. 30, A.M. 37, New York Stuto Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Supt. of Sell., Haverhill. Mass., since 1946. Owen, Mary E., A.B.’17, Smith Col.; A.M. ’20, Univ. of Chicago; Assoc. Editor, The Instructor, Dansvillo. N. Y. Owens, Anderson D., B.A.’18, M.A.’25, Tran¬ sylvania Col.; Ed.D.’39, Univ. of Cincin¬ nati; Supt. of Sch., Newport, Ky„ since 1925. Owens, Morgan R., B.A.’14, Ouachita Col.; M.A.’24, Ph.D.’40, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Dir., Div. of Instr., State Dept, of Educ., Little Rock, Ark., since 1941. Owings, Ralph S., A.B.’24, M.A.’35, Wofford Col.; M.A. '40, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Anniston, Ala., since 1948. Oxnam, G. Bromley, A.B.’13, Univ. of South¬ ern Calif.; S.T.B.'IS, Boston Univ.; D.D. ’25, Col. of the Pacific; LL.D.’29, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; LL.D.’29, Wabash Col.; Litt.D.’30, Boston Univ.; LL.D.’31, Univ. of Southern Calif.; D.Sc.’35, Rose Poly¬ tech. Inst.; L.H.D.’38, De Pauw Univ.; Lift. D. '41, Northeastern; Bishop, Meth¬ odist Church, 150 Fifth Ave., New York 11, N. Y., since 1936. P Pacella, D. J., A.B.'30, Ohio Univ.; M.A. '35, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Campbell, Ohio, since 1942. Packer, Paul C., A.B.’18. State Univ. of Iowa; M.A.’21, Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.’23, Columbia Univ.; Chancellor, State System of Higher Educ., Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, since 1946. Paden, William G., A.B.’08, M.A.’20, J.D. '12, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Sch., Ala¬ meda, Calif., since 1925. Padin. Jose, B.S.’07, A.M.’08, LL.D.’31, Haverford Col.; Lift.D.’32, Univ. of Puerto Rico; Ped.D.’34, Dartmouth Col.; Editor-in-Chief, D. C. Heath and Co., 285 Columbus Ave., Boston 16, Mass., since 1946. Pafford, William E„ Ph.B.’17, M.A.’25, Emory Univ.; State Dir. of Sch. Supvn., State Office Bldg., Atlanta 3, Ga., since 1941. Page, John S., A.B.’22, M.A.’24, Univ. of Mich.; M.A. in Ed.’43, Mich. State Nor¬ mal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Howell, Mich., since 1922. Page, Richmond, B.A.’22, Harvard Univ.; B.S.'29, Columbia Univ. Address; Educ. Applied Economics for Better Living, 280 Madison Ave., New York 16, N. Y., since 1946. Page, William J., Diploma '07, Chicago Tchrs. Col.; Ph.B. in Ed.’21, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; M.A. in Soc. Sci., Loyola Univ.; Supt., Parental Sch., 3600 Foster Ave., Chicago, Ill., since 1937. Painter, Fred B., B.S.’29,’ Black Hills Tchrs Col., Spearfish, S. Dak.; A.M.’34. Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Gloversville, N. Y., since 1944. Painter, William I., A.B.’25, Oakland City Col.; M.A.'29, Ph.D.’33, Ind. Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Akron, Akron 4, Ohio, since 1945. Pair. Paul M., A.M.'34, Univ. of Wash.; Vice-Pres. and Dir., The Greg$ Col., 37 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill., since 1940. Paire, Newell J.. B.Ed.’36, Keene Tchrs. Col., Keene, N. H.; Union Supt. of Sch., Wilton, N. H„ since 1947. Palmer. A. Roy, M.A.’Sl. Tchrs. Col.. Co- lumbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Ridge- field Park, N. J., since 1918. List of Members 465 Palmer, Carroll A., B.A.’31, Macalester Col.; M.A.’45, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Kassoh, Minn., since 1947. Palmer, James B., B.S.’21, Ph.D.’30, Cornell Univ.; Editor-in-Chief, Ginn and Co., Back Bay Post Office, Boston 17, Mass., since 1936. Palmer, John H„ A.B.’28, Chico State Col • Supt. of Elem. Sch., Marysville, Calif., since 1944. Palmer, Lulu, Diploma ’21, Ala. Col.- AB ■23 Univ. of Ala.; M.A.’27, Tchrs. Col.,' Columbia Univ,; Supvr., Extended Sch. Serv State Dept, of Educ., Montgomery 4, Ala., since 1944. Pancost, Maurice H„ B.S.’26, Mich. State Col.; M.S.’38, Colo. State Col.; Prin. Lansing Tech. H. S., Lansing 15, Mich since 1943. ** Pannell, H. C„ M.A.’34, Univ. of Colo.; 1939^" ° f Sch '' Lovington ' N - Mex„ since Pa i,x k, A9, h c arl f T s B - B.S.’25, Mich. State Col.; M.A.3S, Univ of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Bay City, Mich. Park James D., B.A.’33, Southeastern State Col, Durant, Okla.; Supt. of Sch, Sugar City, Colo., since 1945. B P rn? r ’ tv* I CoUr J? ey V A - B -' 19 . Dartmouth f T o1 . - > 22 - Tchrs. Col, Columbia Univ.; M A. 22, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., South Royalton, Vt., since 1927 Parker, Albert C„ M.A.’27, Columbia Univ Address: 4547 Brown St„ Union City, * B " ke T r ' Clyde, A B -’30. Franklin Col,; A.M. 31, Ind. State Tchrs. Col, Terre Haute since S' ° f Sch " Cedar Rapids ’ Iowa - ^Trhro ^ ei { ry D *-’ BS -’ 29 - Kansas State Unh/ Plttsb „ urg - Kansas; M.A.’3S, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch, Ottawa Kansas, since 1948. ' Parker, Jessie M, State Supt of Pub Instr, Des Moines, Iowa, since 1939. b ' Parker, Robert A., B S ’27 M q ’sc tt ♦ <■> fc: Madison, N. J,’ since 1940 ° f Sch ” ti 'tE’cf'' A “"- C »- .1 Sch., Parkinson, Everton H. BA ’26 W» i Umv.; Ed.M.’32, Univ. of N H Su^of Sch, Derry, N. H, since 1942 !'’ P - ° f Ba chs, Catherine E„ Asst ei,, , Pub. Instr, Centennial Bldg, Springfield! P Ru S t g er L s e0 Un[v • W# T \ S ' » Ed/32. lumbia Univ.;Sup'4' PrJ^c Gr °ve, N. J, since 1937 f Sch " Cedar Parmenter, L. E A Tt >ia c Exec. Mgr, Natl SyracU3e Univ.; Palmer Hluse, Chicago 3 in erv,ce Inst - Parmer, Wayne Rutter B ‘ 94 °' and Marshall Col.- M A ^ 4 ^ Tl 9 ’- Fran ^ Iin St s ‘ h ~ Parris, H. E, B.S.’31, M.S.’36, Ala. Poly- tech. Inst.; Supt. of Sch., Brewton, Ala since 1940. Parry, Meredith, M.A.’34. W. Va Univ • Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch, Charleston, W Va ’ since 1948. Parsons Clarence G„ B.A.’26, Hardin-Sim- mons Univ.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Texas; Co. hupp of Sch, Garden City, Texas, since 1942. Parsons, Floyd W„ M.A.’45, Univ. of Texas: Supt. of Sch, Bishop. Texas, since 1946, P ro? nS 'vr^--tc Ja ,T eS ’ BS ’ 32 - Washington u 2 M.S. 35, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch. Media, Pa, since 1945 . Partch, Clarence E, B.S. in Mech, Eng. ’09 Univ of Mmh.; Ed.M.’25, Ed.D.’26 Har- Un? U M V,: « ean ’ S - Ch ' of Educ - R utgers Univ, New Brunswick, N. J„ since 1927. P p t Jr , l gt Q n i; St «P he " A - Supt. of Wyoming Park Schs, Grand Rapids 9, Mich. Partridge Harold R„ A.B.’13, Nebr. Wes- M y u n U nlv -1 A. M.’33, Ph.D.’48. Univ of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Alliance, Nebr, since ^Col^M^-Jo"* L ‘ B - S/36 ’ Parsons of Diploma ’04, Tchrs Cnl Col," Co n iumbia : Univ 3 ?’ As”'’ 3 Prof^^f Tchng E BuVr n u^v PVr i°H f Kdgn - since 1930 U ” Ind ‘anapolis, Ind, ^ >a ^ erson ’ Weldon M a B Ms vr j 8& s »- - P cSr; M D “ 3 d . uiiv s .?'r 23 - • w "" l »e*»" .I sih„ Patton, Fred J. B A ’24 win M A Tr_• 1 *, Willamette Univ La Grande, Oreg, since'Wlf “ Pt ' ° f Sch ” M y AJ27 ym Col d umbia’ Unlv^LL'^D^g 17 ^''' 1 ory Univ.; LL D’42 Tin";’,, c » 38, Em- 466 American School Buildings Paul, Arthur G.. A.B/09, Occidental Col.; Pres., Riverside Col., Riverside, Calif., since 1921. Paulin, Eugene A., B.S.'09, Univ. of Day- ton; M.S.’12, Univ. of Fribourg, Switzer¬ land; Ph.D.’29, Univ. of Texas; Insp. of Sch., Maryhurst Normal, Kirkwood, Mo., since 1929. Paulsen, O. B., M.A.’32, Univ. of Calif.; Dist. Supt., Hayward Union H. S., Hay¬ ward, Calif., since 1942. Pauly, Frank R., Diploma ’14. Central State Tchrs. Col., Edmond, Okla.; B.A.’17, Univ. of Okla.; M.A.’25. Ed.D’35, Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Dir. of Research, Bd. of Educ., 410 S. Cincinnati, Tulsa 1, Okla., since 1929. Payne, J. M., A.B.’IO, Univ. of Ga.; M.A. ’23, Univ. of S. C. Address: Platt Spring Rd., West Columbia, S. C. Payne, J. Win, B.S.’32, Central State Col., Edmond, Okla.; M.S.’44, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Ponca City, Okla., since 1946. Paynter, William Robert, A.B.’30, Pa. State Col.; M.Ed.’37, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of West View Schs., West View, Pittsburgh 29, Pa., since 1945. Peacock, Fletcher, A.B.’ll, Mt. Allison; M.A.’30, Columbia Univ.; Dir. and Chief, Supt. of Educ. for Province of New Bruns¬ wick, Educ. Office, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, since 1944. Peakes, Lawrence A., A.B.’28, Colby Col.; M.A.’40, Bates Col.; Union Supt. of Sch., Rumford, Maine, since 1944. Pearce, D. R., B.S.’26, Brigham Young Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Beaver, Utah, since 1947. Pearce, H. W., B.A.’34, Ill. Col.; M.A.’42, Univ. of Ill.; Prin., Twp. H. S.,1606 W. 23rd St, Zion, III., since 1941. Pearsall, Carl C., B.S.’24, M.A.’26, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Irwin, Pa., since 1934. Pearson, Gilbert B., B.S.’39, M.S.’44, Univ. of Conn. ; Supvg. Prin., Pratt H. S., Essex, Conn., since 1948. Pearson, H. D., B.S.’34, East Texas State Tchrs. Col., Commerce, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Garland, Texas, since 1945. Pearson, Irving F., B.S. in Ed.’22, Univ. of Ill.; M.S. in Ed.’30,Northwestern Univ.; Exec. Secy., Ill. Educ. Assn., 100 E. Ed¬ wards, Springfield, Ill., since 1938. Pearson, Mrs. Nora L., Pres., Los Angeles Elom. Tchrs. Club, Embassy Auditorium Bldg., Los Angeles 14, Calif. Pease, James E., A.B.’29, Central State Tchrs. Col., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; M.A.'37, Univ. of Mich.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., La Grange, 111., since 1940. Pcbly, Harry E., A.B.’17, Thiol Col.; M.Ed. ’35, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sell., Sharpavillc, Pn., since 1927. Peck. Jesse R., B.E.’38, Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; Co. Supt. of Sell., Galesburg, Ill., since 1939. Peck, Mrs. Marie Mattocks, Ph.B.’24, Univ. of Chicago; M.A.’40, Northwestern Univ.; Prin., Boll Sch., Chicago 18, Ill., since 1929. Peck, William R„ A.B.T6. M.A/20, CoL of tho Holy Cross; M.A. l 30, TchrB. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Holyoke, Mass., since 1920. Pederson, C. A., B.A.’09, Luther Col., De¬ corah, Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Montevideo, Minn., since 1923. ^Peebles, James F., B.S.’31, Ed.M.’40, Bos¬ ton Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Bourne, Mass., since 1927. Peet, John Herbert, B.A.T6, Cornell Col.; M.A.’28, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Cedar Falls, Iowa, since 1935. Pegg, Harold J., A.B.’25, Gettysburg Col.; M.A.'34, Univ. of Wash. Address: Univ. of Maine, Orono, Calif. Peik, Wesley E., B.A.’ll, Univ. of Minn.; M.A.'23, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.’28, Univ. of Minn.; Dean, Col. of Educ., Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis 14, Minn., since 1937. Pelkey, W. Harry, Supt. of Sch., Newfane, Vt. Pell, G. R., A.B.’20, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; A.M.’26, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Brazil, Ind., since 1946. Pelley, James, M.A.'41, Univ. of Wash. Address: 2010 S. 24th St., Lincoln, Nebr. Pelton, Frank M., A.B.’28, A.M.’31, Cornell Univ.; Ph.D.’34, New York Univ.; Prof, of Educ. and Dir. of Summer Sch., R. I. State Col., Kingston, R. I., since 1945. Pence, Edith E„ B.A.’12, M.A.T3, Univ. of Calif.; Prin., Girls H. S., Scott and Geary Sts., San Francisco, Calif., since 1942. Pence, W. G.. A.B.’12, B.S.’21, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville, Mo.; M.S.’22, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Fairfield, Iowa, since 1927. Pendergraph, L. B., A.B.’07, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mount Airy, N. C., since 1928. Pendleton, Charles S., Austin Peay State Col., Clarksville, Tenn. Pendleton, Claud B.. A.B.’21, A.M.’22, Univ. of Denver; Asst. Supt. of Sch., in charge of Elem. Educ., Denver 7, Colo., since 1946. Penley, Ferdinand J., B.S.T8, Univ. of Maine; M.A.’26, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Rural Educ., Unionville, Conn., since 1919. Pepper, James N., A.B.’35, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti. Mich.; M.A. 40, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Richmond, Mich., since 1945. Pepper, Margaret R., Exec. Asst, to the Supt. of Sch., Washington 5, D. C. Perdew, Philip W., A.B.’37, Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles; M.S. '43, Univ. of South¬ ern Calif.; Ed.D.’48, Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles; Asst. Prof, of Educ., Whit¬ tier Col., Whittier, Calif., since 1947. Peregoy. C. G., A.B.’23. Wash. Col.; AM. ’32, W. Va. Univ.; Prin., Woodrow Wil¬ son H. S., Beckley, W. Va., since 1933. Perkins, Lawrence B.. B. Arch.’SO. Cornell Univ.; Partner, Perkins and Will, 309 W. Jackson Bivd., Chicago 6, Ill., since 1935. Perkins, Raymond E. p Diploma ’ 28 , Eastern State Normal Sch.; B.S. in Ed. 36, Utuv. of Maine; M.S.’43, Univ. of Ark.; Supt. of Sch., Bloomfield, Conn., since 1947. Permenter, John A., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ,, New York 27, N. Y. Perrin, Basil Howard, B.A.’27. State Tchrs Col.. Conway. Ark.; M.A/32 Un.v of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Benton, Ark., since 1936. List of Members Perrin, H. Ambrose, Ph.B.’ 12 , M.A.’22, Ph.D. ’32, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Blue Island, Ill., since 1937. Perrin, Justus Newton, 3rd, A.B.’26, Middle- bury Col.; M.E.’42, Univ. of Vt.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Plainfield, Vt., since 19.40. Perry, Arthur L., B.S. in Ed.’28, Ed.M.’31 Rutgers Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Rahway, N, J„ since 1931. Perry, Edgar C„ B.S.’23, Pa. State Col.; M. A.’29, Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch., In¬ diana, Pa., since 1938. Perry, Marvin B., A.B.’12, Univ. of Ga.; Pres., D. C. Heath and Co., Boston 16’, Mass. Perry, Oliver Floyd, B.A.’29, Southwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch,, Round Rock, Texas since 1938. Perry Ralph F„ Prim, H. S., Morristown, N. J. Perry, Ralph W„ A.B.’22, Hamilton Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., New Hartford N Y since 1947. ** Pertsch, C. Frederick, Assoc. Supt. in charge of Voc. H.S., Bd. of Educ. of the City of lyn W 2 N° r Y 110 Llvingston St ‘> Brook- P Tkr ^ ary i AB -’ 2 °. St - Clara Col.; A M 23 , Univ. of Wis.; Ph.D.’35, Colum- bia Univ.; Pres Rosary Col., River For- est, Ill., since 1943. Pe M r f'^? a ol d B.S.’23, Roanoke Col.; b 2 i r 31, Columbia Univ.; Pres. Radford Col., Radford, Va. * fBS .£?■' *■*» «*• *•«-» S'. P Col S ’ ri a ,?K V ” B k S / 39 t ’ N - J. State Tchrs. Col., Glassboro N. J.; Supvg. p r i n . of Sch., Ventnor, N. J., since 1937. P C e ol S ’ m W A° r ' 35 ’ A tt B --’ 28 ’ Randolph-Macon Manassas, Va ’ Un ‘ V ' ° f Va ’ Address; p eter SO n Arthur.E„ B.S.’32, Univ. of South- Utah^since tit ^ ° f Sch ” Sa " dy , Pe A M°’ 22 E TchM-’ Augustana Col.; Ph D ’27 Slat TT ^ 0l " r 9° Umbla Univ.; 21 ' o tate Unlv - of Iowa; Dean Col of Educ., State Univ. of Iowa Iow^Citv Iowa, since 1946. ’ Llty ’ Pe ii e i rS0 Prin’ C" B ' S '- 24 ’ M-S.’27, Un-. of since P 938': C ° mmunity H ' S - Pekin, Ill., P w r as 0 h n ’ J ° hn °” 4314 S ’ Eighth * Tacoma, Pennsville, N. J., sincf 1945 ° f Sch ” 1 1 p ss*j, Mech. Col •’ Dir Tn’<; 0k a V Agrl - and s,.t. Coi., k&.'sser-js; 1 MK'sipfTS ",1 “A'M. Univ." ,f 1944! Sch ” Loi “siana, Mo., since '• Pfingst, Ralph A., A.B.’34, Western Mich, e Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A. ’45, Wayne Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Marine City, Mich., since 1944. Phaneuf, Paul H., A.B.’35, Col. of the Holy Cross; M.A.’36, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of , Sch., Dracut, Mass., since 1947. , Phay, J9 bn B., Ed.D.’46, Columbia Univ.; M. S. in Ed.’42, Univ. of Pa.; A.B.’ 34 , ; Maryville Col.; Dir., Bureau of Educ Research, and Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Miss., University, Miss., since 1948. Phelan, William F„ B.A.’28, M.A .’34 Niagara Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Depew' N. Y., since 1943. P 1 HL Iip 4l A ’ J - a -B.’ 21 , Albion Col.; M.A. 2S .- ,F h '2’ 33, Univ. of Mich.; Exec. Secy., Mich. Educ. Assn., Lansing 2, Mich since 1936. * ’ ’ Phillips Claude Anderson, B.S.’92, Odessa Col.; A.M. 10, Univ. of Chicago; Ph D ’20 George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prof, of 1924 C " UmV ‘ ° f M °" CoIumbia - Mo., since PhiHips, Clyde U.. B.S.'18, Kansas State Tchrs. Cok Pittsburg, Kansas; A.M.’26, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Hays, Kansas, since 1931. y ’ P M A P ’ 3 t D °T a l d Columbia Col.; 33 r o T if hr |; Co1 " Columbia Univ.; ?948 t- ^ Sch " NCW RocheIIe ' N - Y -. since Phillips, F. R„ M.A.’29, Univ. of Mich • Supt. of Sch., Alma, Mich., since 1926 P Smt P e S ’Col Fer n an ’ A a B ’ 32 ’ Southeastern State Col., Durant, Okla.; M.S.’38. Okla tp? 14 ' a « nd Mech. Col.; Exec. Secy. Okla Assn ^. 306 Oklahoma Natural’Bldg ' Oklahoma City 2 , Okla., since 1948. P 1 Univ S : M « -^ a r re ?’ it A B '’ 3 °. De Pauw Univ., M.S. 35, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch Valparaiso, Ind., since 1944 . ** Phillips, Guy Berryman, A.B.’13, Univ of |unmier^^sslo’n, C since 3 * a’ n ’d D 0^ a n^ Hui, N. C^si’nc^V' N ' C " ChapeI ’ Ph i‘ 1 , ips ’ L. V A.B.’IS, Ind. Univ.; M.A’27 Columbia Univ.; Commr. of H S Ath’ linc C e’l9 C 45. Cle T ° Wer ’ Indianap °U* 4, llit Phillips Ned, Diploma ’26, Wash State 1940.’ SUPt ' ° f Sch '’ Naches - Wash'., since Phippin, Donald E.. B E ’36 T,!,,, r~ , Conn., New Britain ' CoJn .-^'m ^’ 3 °/ Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ • Dir Vinai’ smfe°1944 TeCh ' Sch ” Middletown," Phipps, Harrie J., B S ’03 FH M >ot u Mass. Univ ' ’ s “Pt. o S f'Sch. Ed W M hit^sv^e; Phisterer, Isabel Dewev A B ’?o q -.u I- V?mck n"Mich L " 8474 Rockwood - Ham- P Coi, J B 1 loomsbu?g Pl 0 p™ a ’a’b ? 2 8 ate s Tchrs ' Supvg. ^ 1915. bch -’ Wyoming, P a ., since hoover Sch., Pittsburgh ’lO^Pa., ^ 468 American School Buildings Pickel, T. Wesley, Asst. Dir., Schoolhouse Planning and Transportation, War Me¬ morial Bldg., Nashville 3, Tenn., since 1943. Pickett, Louis L., A.B.’21, Mo. Wesleyan Col.; M.S.’23, Iowa State Col. of Agr. and Mech. Arts; Supt. of Sch., Ruthven, Iowa, since 1948. *Pickett, Ralph E., B.S.’17, Columbia Dniv.; Ph.D.’24, New York Univ.; Assoc. Dean, Sch. of Educ., New York Univ., New York 3, N. Y., since 1940. Pierce, Arthur Edwin, B.S.’24, Univ. of Mass.; M.Ed.’30, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Wellesley Hills, Mass., since 1943. Pierce, Charles B., A.B.’32, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A.’37, Ph.D.’44, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Audu¬ bon, N. J., since 1947. Pierce, John F., Prin., Kingsburg Joint Union H. S., Kingsburg, Calif. Pierce, Wendell H., B.A.’33, State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Rapids, Iowa; M.A.’38, Colum¬ bia Univ.; Dir. of Personnel, Pub. Sch., 216 E. 9th St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1946. Pierpont, Donald W., Provost, Avon Old Farms, Avon, Conn. Pigott, George F., Jr., B.S. in Ed., New York Univ.; Assoc. Supt. of N. Y. City Sch., 110 Livingston St., Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1941. Pigott, Lee D., A.B.’21, James Millikin Univ.; A.M/29, Univ. of Ill.; Prin., Decatur Sr. H. S.. Decatur, Ill., since 1943. Pike, Irving L., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y. Pillsbury, W. Howard, A.B.’06, Carleton Col.; L.H.D.'39, Union Col.; Pres., Amer¬ ican Assn, of Sch., Admin., 1941-42. Hon¬ orary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin. Address: 194 Central Ave., New Haven, Conn. Piper, Donald F., Dir. of Youth Serv., State House Annex, Concord, N. H. Piper, R. B., Jr., A.B.’30, Western Ky. State Tchrs. Col., Bowling Green, Ky.; M.A. ’40, Univ. of Ky.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Rus¬ sellville, Ky., since 1942. Piper, 'Woodward, Co. Supt. of Sch., Carth¬ age, Tenn. Pipes, Wesley O., A.B. and M.A.*26, Baylor Univ.; Prin., North Dallas H. S., Dallas 4, Texas, since 1945. Pitcher, J. E„ B.S.*18, La. State Univ.; Parish Supt. of Sch., Mindcn, La., since 1936. Pitt, Felix Newton, A.B.’16, M.A.’17, St. Mary’s Univ.; Ph.D.'33, Univ. of Fri¬ bourg, Switzerland; Supt. of Catholic Sch., Louisville 2, Ky., since 1925, Pittenger, Benjamin Floyd, B.A.’08, State Normal Sch., Ypsllantl, Mich.; M.A.'12, Univ. of Texas; Ph.D.’16, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Dean. Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Texas, Austin, Toxas. Place, Earl H., A.B.'32, Hillsdale Col.; M.A.'37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Tccumseh, Mich., since 1948. Platt, Frank K., Tchrs. Col., Northwestern B.E.'36, Northern III. State De Kalb, III.; M.A.*41, Univ.; Supt. of Elem. Sch., Poru, III., since 1945. Plemmons, William Howard, A.B.’28, Wake Forest Col.; M.A.’35, Duke Univ.; Ph.D. ’43, Univ. of N. C. ; Admissions Officer since 1943 and Acting Registrar, Univ. of N. C-, Chapel Hill, N. C., since 1944. Plenzke, O. H., A.B.T4, Lawrence Col.; A.M.’24, Univ. of Wis.; Exec. Secy., Wis. Educ. Assn., Insurance Bldg., Madison 3, Wis., since 1933. Plimpton, Blair, S.B.’30. A.M.’38, Univ of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Park Ridge, Ill., since 1947. Plummer, Leon A., A.B.’38, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.; M.A. '46, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Olivet, Mich., since 1947. Pluzdrak, Walter F., 1974 Belmont, Ham- tramck, Mich. Poehler, Paul F., Jr., A.B.'30, Dartmouth Col.; A.M.’37, Columbia Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Hanover, N. H., since 1946. Poggeman, Albert L., A.B.’32, Univ. of Wichita, M.S. in Ed.’42, Univ. of South¬ ern Calif.; Prin., John Marshall Inter¬ mediate Sch., Wichita 3. Kansas, since 1945. Pointer, A. R., Supt. of Sch., Refugio, Texas. Pollack, Richard S., B.S. '31, Mass. Inst, of Tech.; M.Ed.’40, D.Ed.’42, Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Sayreville, N. J., since 1945. Pollich, Raymond E., Ed.D.’43, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Elem. Educ. Div., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1945. Pollitt, Frank C., Prin., Pub. Sch., 806 Ange, El Paso, Texas. Poncet, Aimee, M.A.'23, Tulane Univ.; Dir. of Instr., Pub. Sch., 703 Carondelet St., New Orleans 13. La., since 1943. Pond, M. Z„ A.B.’30. M.A.’38, Wittenberg Col.; Supt. of Sch., East Sparta, Ohio, since 1942. Pool, A. L., A.B.’25, Southeastern State Col., Durant. Okla.; M.S.’31. D.Ed.’42, Univ. of Okla.; Dir. of Tchr. Tr., South¬ eastern State Col.; Durant, Okla., since 1947. Poole, Ralph, A.M.’35, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. 'of Sch., De Soto, Mo., since 1942. Poole, Roger K., B.S.'32, Tufts Col.; Ed. M.’33, Boston Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Northborough, Mass., since 1948. Porter, Clarence S., B.P.E.’32, Normal Col. of the American Gymnastic Union; B.A. ’32, M.E.’44, Univ. of Mont.; Supt. of Sch., Missoula, Mont., since 1944. Porter, Mrs. Florence C., Exec. Secy., Calif. Sch. Trustees Assn., Professional Bldg.. Bakersfield, Calif., since 1930. Porter, Frederick W., B.S.'14, Tufts Col.; Ed.M.’27, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Greenfield, Mass., since 1929. Porter, Sumter A., B.S.’ll, The Citadel; Supt. of Sch., Ninety Six, S. C., since 1936. Porter-Shirley, Carl State Tchrs. Col., M.Ed.’30, R. I. Col Sch., Newport, R. I. H., B.S. in Ed.’27, Bridgewater, Mass.; . of Educ.; Supt. of Portwood, Thomas B., B.S.'19, Kansas State Tchrs. Col.. Emporia, Kansas; A.M. 22, Columbia Univ.; D.Lltt.’47, Trinity Univ., Supt. of Sch., San Antonio, Texas, since 1946. List of Members 46 c Poteet, Ernest H., B.A.’21, M.A.’31, Baylor Pratt, George T„ A.B.'36, Washington Col Univ.; Acting Pres., Texas Col. of Arts M.Ed.'40. Duke Univ.; Co. Supvr of H S and Indus., Kingsville, Texas, since 1948. Bd. of Educ., Centreville, Md., since 1947 D^U.-c A nL n > » r n /n 1 Pratt, Harry H„ B.Sc.’22. Rutgers Univ.: M.Ed.’34, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. ol Sch., Pompton Lakes, N. ]., since 1943. Pratt, Milford H., A.B.'27. Univ. of Roches¬ ter; A.M.'31, Columbia Univ.; Prin., Bar¬ ker Central Sch., Barker, N. Y. since 1931. Pratt, Ramon W., B.S.'31, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Kearney, Nebr.; Supt. of Sch.. Grangeville, Idaho, since 1942. Pratt ’ ,Y' in U E - B.A.'27, Allegheny Col.; M.A. 32 Ph.D.'40, Univ. of Pittsburgh Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Indiana Pa ' since 1948. Preece, Tom W„ M.A.'46. Univ. of Oregon; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Encinitas, Calif since 1945. Pregler Hedwig O., Ph.D.'46. Univ of Pittsburgh; Prin.. Colfax Elem. Sch Pittsburgh 17, Pa., since 1937. Pr ® isler -, ^nneth L., Diploma '18, State normal bch., Shippensburg, Pa • A B '25 Susquehanna Univ.; A.M.'35, Buckneli Umv.; Supt. of Sch.. Columbia, Pa., since Pressly William Cornelius, A.B '14 Ers kine Col.; M.S.'31. State Col. of Agr and Engineering of the Univ. of N. C.; Liu D R 2 a 6 ie,Vh rSk hTr C ° ' : Pres ’ Peace Col., Kaieigh, N. C., since 1926. P rn t l 0n 'M E ^a r . e , t i £- BS ' 21 - M^s. State Col., M Ed. 26, Harvard Univ.; Ph.D *36 Tf , CoI iL .Columbia Univ.; Dir Div’ Trenton 8 M dU f’’ ^ tat e Dept ' of Educ..' irenton 8, N. J„ since 1944 Pr MS 0 '35% L, Vh PhB ' 31 ' , Univ ' ° f Chicago; u 5 ' ■^° rthwes,ern Univ.; Dist. Sunt of Sch., Berwyn, Ill., since 1945. P ' Preston, Kenneth Frank, A.B.'24 Cornell of n Sck A ^; 2 , 9 'R Co ' Umbia Univ.; °Supt! °939 b h " G Barrington, Mass., since P M St0 in' E5°^ aS Tt F - anCis ' B S ' in M.E.'l 7 Dir Voc |ch t ° f Pi ’ tsbur g h ; Voc. ’ voc. Sch., Monessen, Pa., since 1936 P MA ? 3°9 d ’ I E ;s L k A rr B -' 29 ' Columb ia Univ,; ^ ehl gh Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Slatington, Pa., since 1942 p rice, Curtis, A.B.’25, Duke Univ • To 1945.' ° l SCh '’ Mocksvill e. N. C.." since Pr Okiah D oma e Cit'y^Okla. THe Ec ° n ° my Co.. P M C A “5 Ugh U?iv n "V B r^' 25 ’ Denison Univ,; gomery'jr. Col., Bethe 1° h"^., e duu liiuus., -rviiigsvme, lexas, since Potenza, Robert A., Ph.B.’36, Boston Col.; Supt. of Sch., Slatersville, R. I. Pottenger, Mary O., M.Ed.'35 American Internatl. Col.; Genl. Supvr. of Elem. Educ., Pub. Sch., Springfield, Mass., since 1921. Potter, Donald B., B.A.’32, Buena Vista Col.; M.A.'42, State Univ. of Iowa. Ad¬ dress; Pub. Sch., Manchester, Iowa. Potter, Floyd A., B.S.’33, M.S. in Ed.’35 Rutgers Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Atlantic City, N. J„ since 1946, . Chase ' Ph.B.'95, Albion Col.; M.A. 05, Univ. of Chicago; Litt D’13 Univ. of Denver; M.Pd.’H, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; Pres Dept, of Superintendence, 1932-33, Hon- 2 ra v ry A L . lfe . Member, American Assn, of Admin.. Supt. Emeritus of Sch. ^ 9 c W M lk n e ’ W ' S " since 1943 ' Address: 2725 N. Prospect, Milwaukee II, Wis. P °Dl e N ^o nii T a r m . Ma,thew ' B.A.'33, M.Ed.'46 Sc h h D 'w • y,? 1V ' D of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Franklin, Pa., since 1948. P °tfi S ’ E ° pis c Rober ' s . .B.A. and B.S. in Ed. bus Oh?n U ? ,V t- : LL B -’25, Colum- qt»L°iT ? ’ C ~’ °i Law: M.A.'36. Ohio ville W n ‘v : C °-' SUP I' 0f Sch " Mounds- Vine, W. Va., Since 1933. P0 A W mVu^’ VV' 0 ’ Univ - of Kan «s: McPherson, Kansas, since' lllf' ° f ScH ’ Hauie C1 i a n r d nCe A " C °’ Supt ' ° f S ‘ b - Terre Povenmire, Mahlon A B Sr In pa M.A ’31, Ohio State Unfv. SC p r n n E L d ak 2 e 6 ' wood H. S . Lohewood 7. ,i,," 'Svte.w «e as- 1 ! Sch., Watertown, Wis., since 1942 P f Tch r ;s Le CoT rd W B - S -' !6 v: Central M °- State Columbia Univ • Pdnr rv rcnrs. Col., 45 th Sf h. i' , due. Consultant, 2 W 4sth St., New York 19, N. Y. since loan' Power, Thomas F A B '08 A h c Supt of Sch ° 8 ' Amherst Col.; 1943 Ch " Worcester 6, Mass., since Powers, Fred R ah ’is A.M.’20, Tchrs" Col ri° b h- !ln Co1 ' : Supt. of Sch., Amherst Oh!^^ 3 Univ ' : Powers, Guy VV RS ’,1 u ’ S1 " Ce 19 ‘ 8 ’ dress: Pul. Sch.^raVtie^ro,' & Vt ' Ad ‘ 0 M.A S ’’2 P “ n Tch I rs ^Col*’ ^!' mi L gton Col.; Ed.D.'4 New VnVh'Vr Columbia Univ.; Chief. Scout eW Ex Y e 0 cu k tiv U e mV Bov A T- ? th s1„ m c e e r,C i a 944 2 Park Ave ” New 0y York:^ S Y. P °in e ; S ’A.M™9 el Ph D Pb 23 A I?'1 2, F-v. of Head, Dept, if NaU,'ral's^ n ‘ V - ° f Minn ' ; of Natural Science Teh?.“coT cl Univ., New York 27 N v • ’ Columbia Powers, Sue McFall B s T' ^ body Col. for Tch'rs n i’-.?.. 0 ,' 8 ' Pea - 3 We Ten r n., C s 0 i!;i e C i 0 92 f. Upl ° f ^. M.mX P °o'f e Oreg^'n; R Suit"of 'Bertel s'h'’ 3 p Univ ' Oregon, since P 1948 . £tb 1 Scbs '> Eugene, Prather, Hubert W A H ’ 9 s rr * LL.B/31, Cumberland ' n’ • Uni0n Univ.; Univ of Denver; Supt of Sch' F M ' A '’ 40 ’ N. Mex„ since 1945. b Es P an ola, Pl AB '17 S U GIa ‘ r f A.B.’ 1 2, Lincoln Univ • *0 B HL G Tunt M, D^n ^of'Vv Ed ’ D ' sIS ? 9 ?r d W^ot L « ? 3 f 7 eA l r ch™" d f A r Bed ^'Arts*LL a B.’30 at LL C M‘ '48, Ia h nsa 0 s f Sta a tIc S oi an o f f°k d Uniy -U lI' Arts; Chancellor, Uni V f of g n and Ap ?- hed ver 10, Colo., since lSis'. Denver ’ Den- 470 American School Buildings Price. Malcolm P., B.S.’18, Cornell Col.; M.A/27, Ph.D/29, State Univ. of Iowa; LL.D.’41, Cornell Col.; Pres., Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa, since 1940. Price, R. Holleman, A.B.’21, Western Re¬ serve Univ. ; Ph.D/33, Ohio State Univ. ; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Miss., Univer¬ sity, Miss., since 1946. Price, S. Willard, B.S/27, Univ. of Idaho; Ph.D/32, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Green¬ wich, Conn., since 1946. Prichard, Clarence E., A.B/12, Butler Univ.; M. A.’ 13, Ind. Univ.; M.A/27, Univ. of Chicago; Acting Supt. of Sch., Waukegan, Ill., since 1947. Priebe, Lloyd H., B.S. in E.E.’27, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Oroville, Wash., since 1939. Priestley, Ehud, B.S.’33, M.A/34, Ph.D.’42, New York Univ.; Prin., H. S., Nutley 10, N. J., since 1948. Prigmore, James T., B.A/35, Univ. of Chat¬ tanooga; Co. Supt. of Sch., Jasper, Tenn., since 1942. Prince, A. E., A.B/18, La Grange Sch. of Theol. ; D.D/21, Ewing Col.; Pres., Han- nibal-La Grange Col., Hannibal, Mo., since 1941 . Prince, James L., B.S/29, Northeastern State Col., Alva, Okla. ; M.S/36, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Sapulpa, Okla., since 1940. Prince, Thomas Chafer, A.B/29, M.A/35, Univ. of Fla.; Supt. of Sch., Knoxville 17, Tenn., 6incc 1941. Pritchard, Mervyn W., M.A/32, Manchester Univ., England; Educational Attache, British Embassy, Washington 8, D. C., since 1946. Procter, C. Dan, B.A/28, East Central State Col., Ada, Okla.; Ed.M/35, Ed.D/43. Univ. of Okla.; Pres., Okla. Col. for Women, Chickasha, Okla., since 1943. Proctor, Arthur Marcus, A.B/10, Duke Univ.; A.M/22, Ph. D/30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., since 1923, and Dir. of Summer Session, Duke Univ., Durham, N. C., since 1947. Proctor, Ralph W., B.S/21, Tufts Col.; Ed.M/34, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., South Braintree 85, Mass., since 1946. ♦Proffer, Robert L.. M.S/35, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Justin, Texas, since 1945. Proffit, G. T., A.B/26, M.A/33, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Hillsboro, N. C., since 1947. Pruitt, Eugene Watts, M.A/26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Fred¬ erick, Mcl., since 1932. Pryor. Guy C., B.A/29, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.A/36, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Grand Saline, Texas, since 1946. Puckett, Harold G.. B.S. in Ed/26, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrcnsburg, Mo.; M. A/34, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Savannah, Mo., since 1940. Pudorbaugh, J. Frank. A.B/17, Dickinson Col.; M.A/27, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lock Haven, Pa., since 1929. Puff. Clinton M., A.B/26, Maryville Col.; Ed.M/32, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Scottdnlc, Pa., since 1942. Puffer, Noble J., B.S/23. Ill. Wesleyan Univ.; M.A/32, Northwestern Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., 160 N. La Salle St., Chi¬ cago 1, Ill., since 1935. Pugh, Sterling B., A.B/21, Syracuse Univ.; M.A/31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Wash. Sch., New Rochelle, N. Y., since 1938. Pugmire, D. Ross, B.S/27, Brigham Young Univ.; M.A/33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D/37, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Sch., Admin.. Univ. of Okla., Norman, Okla., since 1947. Pullen. Thomas G., Jr., A.B/17, M.A/25, Col. of William and Mary; Ed.D/41, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. ; LL.D/47, Loyola Col.; State Supt. of Sch., Lexing¬ ton Bldg., Baltimore 28, Md., since 1942. Pulliam, Nolan D., Ed.D/46, Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Redlands, Calif., since 1948. Pullias, Athens Clay, B. A/31, LL.B/32, Cumberland Univ.; B. D/34, Vanderbilt Univ.; Pres., David Lipscomb Col., Nash¬ ville 4, Tenn., since 1946. Pullias, I. C., M.A/36, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prin., Pub. Sch., Hartsville, Tenn., since 1935. Pulsifer, Walter T., A.B/27, Univ. of N. H.; Ed.M/40, Harvard Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Cornish, Maine, since 1946. Purcell, Borden R., B.S. and M.S/34, Ind. Univ.; Dir. of Field Serv. and Placement, Ind. State Tchrs. Assn., Hotel Lincoln, Indianapolis 9, Ind., since 1944. Purcell, Earl E., A.B/18. Lafayette Col.; M.A/29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Bogota, N. J., since 1944. Purdom, Thomas Luther, A.B/10, Centre Col.; M.A/22, Ph.D/25, Univ. of Mich.; Dir., Bureau of Appointments and Occu¬ pational Information, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich., since 1929. Purdy, Ralph D., A.B/29, Asbury Col.; M.A/33, Univ. of Ky.; Supt. of Sch., Conneaut, Ohio, since 1944. Putnam, Rex, B.A/15, M.A/29, Univ. of Oregon; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Salem, Oregon, since 1937. Putnam, Rufus A., B.S/28, Evansville Col.; M.S/35, Ind. Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. for Bus. Admin., 138 S. Broadway, Yon¬ kers 2, N. Y., since 1946. Puzzo, Virgil P., A.B/35, M.A/37, Univ. of Chicago; M.A/42, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Lemont, Ill., since 1944. Pygman, Clarence Huston, A.B/28, James Millikin Univ.; M.A/34, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Supt. of Sch., Maywood, Ill., since 1940. Pyle, H. R., B.S/30, M.S/39, Univ. of Ark.; Asst. Commr. of Educ. and Dir. of Sch. Finance, State Dept, of Educ., State Capi¬ tol, Little Rock, Ark., since 1945. Pyle, T. V., A.B/32, Ariz. State Tchrs. Col., Tempe, Ariz.; Prin. Elem. Sch., Buckeye, Ariz., since 1942. Quackenbusli, Everett A., B.S/07, St. Law¬ rence Univ.; Dir., Bureau of Sch. Admin., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Harrisburg. Pa., since 1940. Quackcnbush, Neil R.. B.S/15, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; M.A. 30. Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Union Sch., East Islip, N. Y., since 1928. List of Members 471 Quick, Sherwood S., Diploma '34, State Tchrs. Col., Brockport, N. Y.; B.S.'38, State Tchrs. Col., Buffalo. N. Y.; M.A.’42, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Valley Stream, N. Y., since 1945. Quigg, James C., B.A.’28, State Tchrs. Col., Eau Claire, Wis.; M.A.'33, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Greybull, Wyo., since 1934. Quimby, Joseph Henry, B.S. in Ed.'35, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Newark, N. J.; M.A.’46, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Bedminster, N. J., since 1947. Quinlan, Frederick F., B.S.'33, M.A.’39, Columbia Univ,; Supt. of Sch., Lake For¬ est, Ill., since 1944. Quinn, Helen L., 4650 W. Menard Ave. Chicago, Ill. Quinn, James Joseph, A.B.’12, Amherst Col.; A.M. 14, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch 1923-45. Address: 17 E. Center St., Rut¬ land, Vt. Quinn, Mrs. Lila, M.Ed.'43, Univ. of Okla ■ Pnn West Nichols Hills Elem. Sch'.’, Oklahoma City 9, Okla., since 1945. Quinn, Maisie E., B.Ed.’37, R. I. Col of Educ.; Supt. of Sch., West Warwick, R. I., since 1938. Quivey G M. A.B.’Sl, M.A.’36, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Canons- burg, Pa. R Raab, George Edward, A.B.’40, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.S. in Ed.'46, Univ A sst - Dir., Illman-Carter Univ., Sch of Educ. and Prin., Illman Sch. for Pa. l . ld si e nce ° f Pa - Ph “ adel P hla Rabe, W. C., Supt. of Sch., Madison, Minn. A a M- 2 ^ R 'v Lafayette Col.; New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin of Sch., Newton, N. J., since 1942 N. Y. len B " 155 DeIawara Rd„ Kenmore, Ragan, William Burk, B.A '22 M A ’ 7 H Prof V 'o°/ §, kia - ; Ed,D:'37 'Sta n ford Univ 8 ;’ Ok O ,a., O sin?e l C 94 0 UniV ' ° f ° kU - ■ R Mi a ami Un"v ie MA^’ToI '°h : V'- 08 ' ter c?-: Center, San Dfego, Olif.^ince 1947 CiWC Tch b rs Ck 'c^ F " r B ' S ' 33 - West Texas State Texas Tech’ CoW’ Te ? as = M.A.'as! Texas, since’1943.’ Supt ' ° f Sch " Rotan . aF’ ^•«* e 8ecy.’. B A 2 Ia. ^“uc^’aYs^ V ' 2! Adorns Ave., Montgomery 4 , AuTsinU R cX, at c r in^y,\ rk B ’ A k 30 A ><\«% ?*"■ » 01 Sch.;W^%S ,V Ar k °: R Tc’hrs Ed CoT d C?dar M Fa°i' 9S i T ° Wa Sta “ State Uni v C 0 e f dar io Ba a 1 ; b> p I h °5 a, { l 3 B -^ 0 * Address: North Central Cot NapeJuL*,’ Ralston, Everett, B.S. in Ed.'22, Ohio Univ.; M.A.'33, Columbia Univ.; Dist. Supvg Prin. of Sch., Derry, Pa., since 1947. Rambo, William Lester, B.S.'20, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.A. '27, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch.. Paola, Kansas, since 1929. Ramey, Arthur G., B.A.'16, Hampden-Syd- ney Col.; Supvr. of Pupil Personnel, Pub. Sch., Cumberland, Md., since 1934. Ramsey, Benjamin Sterling, A.B.'27, A.M. '45, Duke Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch Martinsville. Va., since 1946. Ramsey, Harold W„ A.B.’27. M.A.'40, Col of William and Mary; Co. Supt. of’Sch.. Rocky Mount, Va.. since 1927. Ramsey, James William, A.B.’13, Ouachita Col.; M.A.'21, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; LL.D.'46, Ouachita Col.; Supt. of Sch., Fort Smith, Ark., since 1923. Ramseyer, Lloyd L„ A.B.’24, Bluffton Col.; M.A. 32, Ph.-D.’38, Ohio State Univ.; 193^8 * * Bluffton, Ohio, since Ramy, A. Kirk, B.S.'24, Kansas State Col Emporia, Kansas; M.S.'30. Univ. of Kan¬ sas; Prin., Lowther Jr. H. S„ Emporia. Kansas, since 1934. Ra ,1 d f-_, Harold T " B -S'25. Univ. of N H • M.Ed. 32, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch" Rochester, N. H., since 1943. Randolph W. H„ Dir.. South Texas Col¬ leges, Houston 1, Texas. ♦Rankin Paul T A.B.'IS. Mich. State Nor- mal Col.; Ypsilanti, Mich.; M.A.'21, Ph D 26, Univ of Mich.; M.Ed.'42, Mich. State Normal Col ; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1354 Broadway, Detroit 26, Mich., since 1943, R AB al i8 nn- k , C ,'• BL ’ 12 ’ J ohns °" Col.; S'®' 1 ®' X}mvCo ' Su P ( - of Sch., Aenton, Ohio, since 1947. R M m A Ua i, C ?. rI , J "c A B.’28, Defiance Col.; CeUna^’ohfo^'since Y942.'’ SUPt ’ ° f Sch " R s” n Md L ’ R " 9213 Bradf0rd ' SiIv - R C S 0 0r ’suo 0 t yd AfVi,' 26 'n Otterbein CoI '= Asst. 1934 S 1 Sch " Dayton 2 ■ Ohio, since R s1nce G 'l9 E 4i. SUPt ’ ° f ScH ’ WeSt P° r *' Conn.. R Un I iv 0rd ’M A ' 34 J ”m A B v’ 25 ’ Susquehanna „ f nl o V V “ A. 34 New York Univ.; Supt of Sch., Shenandoah, Pa., since 19277 P Rathbun, Franklin Ellsworth, A.B '05 West House^, d Oakland, C< Mdf, UP ince^ ,!&*’ <*“' Ra Norma’ln M Sch.."conh'„ d D '.’"x. f Sch..’ Dist. No. 2, cSMr’ife Mich., since 1917. P * bc “‘’ f° n, a. R PHn’ M hn Ai MA ‘ Univ. Texas- ?exa’s, ^nce ha ,942 Jr ' H ’ S " Houston R Mo: n |tate F Tch r r l s Ck Cor V' 30 ' Southwest M. A.'40 EdD'47 tm,* S P" n ,8fi*ld, Mo.; Univ.; Supvg ’ Prin oA ^‘-Columbia N. J.,’ since *1946 ’ ° f Sch ' Rld « e "°°d. 472 American School Buildings Rauh, John A., B.S. in Ed.*28, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville, Mo.; M. Ed/38, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Brookfield, Mo., since 1940. Raver, Milson C., B.Eng.*31, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Exec. Secy., Md. State Tchrs. Assn., 1101 N. Calvert St., Baltimore 1, Md., since 1945. Rawlins, Robert E., M.A.*29, State Univ. of Iowa. Address: Pub. Sch., Pierre, S. Dak. Rawson, Kenneth O., B.A.*32, M.A.*37, Univ. of Wis. ; Supt. of Sch., Clintonville, Wis., since 1945. Ray, Chester T., B.S. in Ed.*29, State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; Ed.M.*40, Bos¬ ton Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mass. Superin¬ tendency Union, Charlemont, Mass. Ray, Dennie Ezell, Sr., B.S. '26, A.M.*38, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Jackson, Tenn., since 1946. Ray. Floyd R., M.A.*34, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., H igginsville. Mo., since 1935. Ray. George R., B.A.*06. M.A.’IO. Univ. of Wis. ; Owner-Mgr., The Parker Tchrs. Agency, Insurance Bldg., Madison 3, Wis., since 1929. Ray, Mrs. Willie C., A.B.*13, M.A.*30. Transylvania Col.; Supt. of Sch., Shelby- ville, Ky., since 1930. Rayburn, R. H., Supvg. Prin., Converse Jackson Sch., Converse. Ind. Read, Florence M., A.B.*09, Litt.D.*29, Mt. Holyoke Col.; LL.D.*39, Oberlin Col.; Pres., Spelman Col., Atlanta, Ga., since 1927. Reagan, C. R., A.B/14, La. State Univ.; Pres., Film Council of America, Lamar and 12th St., Austin, Texas. Reagan, Chester L., B.S.*12, M.A.*22, Earl- ham Col.; Ed.M.*30, Harvard Univ.; Prin., Moorcstown Friends’ Sch., Moorestown, N. J., since 1925. Reals, Willis H., A.B/16, M.A.*21, Syra¬ cuse Univ.; Ph.D.*28, Columbia Univ.; Dean, Univ. Col., Washington Univ., St. Louis 5, Mo., since 1943. Reaugh, William L.. B. of Ed.*35, Ill. State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill.; M.A.*38, Univ. of Ill.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Dolton, Ill., since 1941. Rcavis, George Harve, B.S.*11, Univ. of Mo.; M. A.* 16, Ph.D.’20. Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1938. Rcavis, William C., Ph.B.*08, A.M.*11, Ph.D. *25, Univ. of Chicago: Prof. Emeritus of Educ., and Chmn., Com. on Appoint¬ ments and Field Service, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Rchcll, Milton C., M.S/39, Denver Univ.; Admin. Asst., Pub. Sch., Denver 2, Colo., since 1946. Rcbcr, Donald D., Prin., Punahou Sch., Honolulu 24, Hawaii, since 1948. Redcay, Edward K., Dir. of Educ., State Tchrs. Col., Plattsburg, N. Y. Redmond, James Francis, M.A/40. Ed.D.*48, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Gcnl. Supt. of Sch., 228 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 1, Ill., since 1948. Reed, Albert J., A.B/18. Washburn Munlci- E al Univ.; M.A.*36, Univ. of Kansas; upt. of Sch., Kiowa, Kansas, since 1937. Reed, Mrs. Helen Parker, B.S. in Ed.*31, M.A.*34, Wayne Univ.; Elom. Prin., Ever¬ ett Sch., Detroit 28, Mich., since 1947. Reed, J. McLean, B.A.*23. B.S.*25, Ohio Northern Univ.; M.A.*31, Ohio State Univ.; D.Ph.Ed.*44, Ohio Northern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Danville, Ill. Reed, Mary D., B.A.*20, State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls. Iowa; M.A.*29, State Univ. of Iowa; Assoc. Dir. Div. of Tchg., Ind. State Tchrs. Col.. Terre Haute, Ind. Reed, Nona B., M.A.*29. Columbia Univ.; State Dir. of Elem. Educ., 1211 Fairfield Ave., Bridgeport 5, Conn., since 1929. Reed. Roberts V. S., B.Ed.*26, R. I. Col. of Educ., Providence, R. I.; M.A.*35, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Summit, N. J., since 1947. Reed. Thomas M., Jr., B.S.*20, Pa. State Col.; Mgr., John J. Nesbitt, Inc., 11 Park PI., New York 7, N. Y., since 1930. Reed, Wayne O., B.A. in Ed.*35, Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Peru, Nebr.; M.A.*40, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Pub. Instr., State Capitol, Lincoln 9, Nebr., since 1943. Reeder, Edwin H., A.B.*13, M.A.*24, Ph.D. *26, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill., since 1937. Reeder, Ward G., A.B.*14, Ind. Univ.; A.M. *19, Ph.D.*21, Univ. of Chicago; Prof, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1922. Reedy, John J., Co. Supt. of Educ., Beaufort, S. C., since 1942. Reetz, O. A., B.A.*21, Univ. of Wis. Ad¬ dress: Shawano, Wis. Reeve, Howard, B.S.*37, M.A.*41, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Little Falls, N. J., since 1937. Reeves, Ernest Reginald, B.A.*33, West Texas State Tchrs. Col.; Canyon, Texas; M.A.*37, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Lefors, Texas, since 1941. Reeves, Floyd W.. Ph.D.*25, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Prof, of Admin., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago 37, Ill., since 1929. Reeves, G. J., A.B.’IS, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; A.M.*J6, Univ. of Wis.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Price, Utah, since 1934. Reeves, J. A., B.A.*20, Cotner Col.; M.A.*28, Univ. of ^Vash.; Supt. of Sch., Everett, Wash., since 1939. Reeves, Stanley N., A.B.*25, Univ. of Fla.; A.M.*28, Ph.D.*32, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Conway, S. C., since 1947. Regier, J. N., M.A.*32, Univ. of Nebr. ; Supt. of Sch., San Luis Obispo, Calif., since 1948. Rehmus, Paul A., Supt. of Sch., Portland, Oregon. *Reiche, Howard Charles, B.A.*24, M.A. 36, Univ. of Maine; Prin., H. S., Portland 3, Maine, since 1947. ‘♦‘Reiche, Karl A., B.L.*09. M.A.*38, Trinity Col.; Supt. of Sch., Bristol, Conn., since 1913. Reichcy, Mrs. Kathryn P., B.S.*28. M.A/45, New York Univ.; Helping Tcnr., Mon¬ mouth Co.. 68 E. Main St., Freehold, N. J. t since 1921. Reichlcy. E. V., B.S.’32, Baker Univ.; M.A. *40, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Well¬ ington, Kansas, since 1947. H Reid, Charles Frederick, A.B.’23, Colgate Univ.; A.M.'29, Ph.D.’40, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Prof., Sch. of Educ., Col. of the ritii of York. New York. N. Y., since 1931. List of Members 473 Reid, Paul A., A.B. in Ed.’29, M.A.’38 Univ. of N. C.; Controller, State Bd. of Educ., Raleigh, N. C., since 1944. Reid, Ray E„ B.S.’26, M.A.’36, Col. of William and Mary; Div. Supt. of Sch., Nottoway, Va., since 1946. Reilly, Rev. Edward M., Diocesan Supt. of Sch., 19th and Wood Sts., Philadelphia Reimold, O. S„ A.B.’97, Univ. of Mich Address: World Book Co., The Maples, Holland, Mich. Reinertsen, S. G., B.A.’ll, St. Olaf Col.; M.A. 21, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch.. Moorhead, Minn., since 1926. Reinhardt, Emma, Ph.D., Univ. of Ill • Prof, of Educ. and Head, Dept, of Educ.! Eastern Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Charleston, Re , i , 5h c U . S U K V p - B > B.A.’09, Luther Col.; M.S.35, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., East Grand Forks, Minn., since 1929. Re «/ h A U ?4n V T C r t0 - r L ” b a -’ 27, St. Olaf Col.; M.A. 39, Univ. of Minn.; Dist. Supt. of ben., Biwabik, Minn., since 1941. Reisman, Morton, Ph.B.’31, Univ. of Chi- cago; M.A.’40, Northwestern Univ,; Dist' 1940*' ° f Sch ’’ MeIrose Park, Ill., since Re iir S A .? fi 0ri ?T an - I ” C B ^’’ 21 ’ Ottawa Univ.; Jf'c' f’ w"i 1V ' 2? Kansas; Supvg. Prin. ot Sch., Wilmerding, Pa„ since 1937. R M te s’’4q 1 ' A ' B /’ 2 n’ Muh l en berg Col.; M.S. 39,. Univ. of Pa.; Supt. of Sch Morrisville, Pa., since 1940. ’’ Reiva J ames T„ A.B.’30, Colo. State Col Udnc., Greeley, Colo.; M.A.’35, Colum- bia Univ.; Elem. Prin. and Asst, in Spe¬ cial Services, Bd. of Educ., 414 14th St Denver 2, Colo., since 1945. ” Re j‘ e J’ Theodore L„ Ph.D.’33 Yale Univ Address: Univ. of Calif., ’ Berkeley ^ B.-y, 0 „ 0ffi. *• *»“ S <- Coj«mbS: Children's S.k, Uni"’ M a‘’ 23 Ph D ’?o 2 °i Upper Iowa DT : Adui a t d ’Ed ePt ' ° f Uduc. ta Adrnin!, V 'and ^.t^y^^-^-nity^, R r,",rut.D.’v, s,. N. J„ since 1947 Sch ” Jersey Clty 4 - Re yn°lds, James W. B A F ’tn a i c T chrs. Col., Conway, Ark • M A ’34’ Sw 6 SSS; ££■'% Reynolds, Roland, B.B.A.’32, M.B.A/37, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Franklin, Texas, since 1946. Rhodes, Catharine I., B.A/15, Vassar Col.: M.A. 20, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Mount Vernon, N. Y since 1941. Rhodes Harry K., B.S.’39, State Tchrs. Col., Edinboro, Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Dist. Sch., Erie, Pa., since 1933. Rh ° des > J - U- B.S.’34, North Texas State lehrs. Col., Denton, Texas; M.E.’39 Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch’ Van, Texas, since 1930. Rhodes, L H„ B.S.’26, West Texas State lehrs. Col., Canyon, Texas; M.A.’31 Univ of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Tucumcari, N. Mex., since 1937. R '» C /’ Ar ; hpr H - Ph.D.’47, Univ. of Mich.; \? n ^A-^. dltor ’ . The Nation’s Schools, 919 1L Michigan Ave., Chicago 11, Ill., since Rice Cecil L B.S.’32, State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.A.’38, Ed.D.’44 Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of ben., Coatesville, Pa., since 1947. R St e L5‘i a r renCe h B ’S E ’ 32 - M.A.’37, Ohio State Univ ; Supt., Brooklyn Village Sch. Cleveland 9, Ohio, since 1946. Rice, Cleo Willard, A.B.’31, Col of Em ofTcl, M R E 'r 8 ’ Uni £ ° f Kansas; Su“t. ot Sch., Burlington, Kansas, since 1946. Rl MA7s R 'T B i; S ' ,15 c ( ? 1,i0 r Northern Univ.; Sr! a(A m Co1 ” Colum bia Univ.; Supt. Of Sch., Mentor, Ohio, since 1924. Rice, Frederick A., A.B.’08, Cornell Univ • Chmn. of the Bd., and Pres., Ginn & Com- simre ml* 1 " Bldg ’’ Bost0n 17 - Mass., «ssrr,!fa% * «■ >■-»• v, B £v c “ss°g 1 i 8 ’ 0h ‘° State Univ.; Pres., Oswego State Tchrs. Col., Oswego, N. Y„ since 1947 Rl MA J '3S n ?’h AB > 24 ,’ Grand Island Col.; fupt! of Sch^Ab^e»nni U s“/„ V ci 5.^’y^s ,v« .<■ a tfti’SL'nsr " av '" N ™' y °" R D e ’Fd R a a s 1P D S | mue1 ’ B.Sc.’25, M.Sc '30 BHF- ^ i Rice, Spencer M., B.A ’32 M A ’as w r ord Col.; Diploma -47 Tchw' Col C lumbia Univ • Prin Co- Spartanbu?‘:’s. P c r .: n s i n f Pa i94 a 2 nbUrg H ’ S ” Reynolds, Merton T r q >/>*7 o U 0 niv 0f of A ^„ and S A p PPlie f d ’ A ^’ Dak., since ms. P ° Sch ” Pierre - S. R Nor°ma S i Unfv^A B^lfi 0 ™'t/ 1 - 4 ’ IH ‘ State M.A.T7, Ph D’’27 ’ u Gn,V ’ of Ul.; dtess: 430 E. Main St. ^WUl^Pa/ Ad " R M h A^ ig Cnl H -’n A ’ B rV 1 ?’ Ka l a mazoo Col 1V1.A. Z7, Columbia Univ.; SuDt nf cl’ Lansing 15, Mich., since 1945 Sch ” R Tnstr^’ Ho 1 1on° Kans a’ C °’ Supt * of Pub - noiton, Kansas, since 1944 f"&. MlsS^-cSi 5 - S ms-dstw sgt&r**' * s 474 American School Buildings R ichards. J. G., Jr., A.B.'09, Davidson Col.: Supt. of Sch., Camden, S. C., since 1917. Richards. Ralph R.. B.A.’28, Seattle Pacific Col.; M.A.'29, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Wenatchee, Wash., since 1935. Richards. W. M., B.Sc.'ig, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas: M.Sc.’26, Univ. of Kansas ; Supt. of Puh. Instr., Emporia Sr. H. S., Emporia, Kansas, since 1935. Richardson, Daniel S.. B.S. in Ed.'38, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; M.A. in Sch. Adm.’47. Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Ogallala, Nebr., since 1947. Richardson, Frank W.. B.A.'28, East Texas State Tchrs. Col., Commerce, Texas; M.A. '31, Southern Methodist Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Henrietta, Texas, since 1934. Richardson, Herman H., A.B.'29. Dartmouth Col.; AM."34. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., White River Junction, Vt., since 1943. Richardson. Ira, Ph.B.'97, Central Col., Fay¬ ette. Mo.; A M.'08, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Pres.. Adams State Tchrs. Col., Alamosa, Colo., since 1925. Richardson, James W., B.A.’17. Ind. Univ.; Ed.M.'27. Harvard Univ.; Ph.D.'40, Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Dist. Dir. of Curriculum and Research, Pub. Sell., Allentown, Pa., since 1946. Richter, Arthur L., Supt. of Sch., Frank fort. Mich. Richter. Charles O., A.B.'33, Bates Col.; M. Ed.'40, Boston Univ.; Admin. Asst, to Supt. of Sch.. Newton Pub. Sch., Elm Rd., Newton 60, Mass., since 1944. Rickards, James S.. A.B.’08, DcPauw Univ.; Exec. Secy., Fla. Educ. Assn., Tallahas¬ see, Fla., since 1929. Rickcrt, Glennis II., A.B.'22. Susouchanna Univ.; M.A.'28. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch.. Kane, Pa., since 1932. Ricketts, Mrs. Ella S., B.S.’30, M.A.'35. New York Univ.; Stipvg. Prill, of Sch., Bclmar, N. J., since 1936. Ricketts, Robert K., B.S.'26, Parsons Col.; M.A.'38, Univ. of Chicago; Supt.. Ever¬ green Park Puh. Sch., Chicago 42, Ill., since 1945. Kidglcy. Wallace A., A.B.'28, Western Mich. Col. of Educ., Kalamazoo, Mich.: M.A.'33, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Clarkston, Mich., since 1947. Kicfling, B. Jeannette, B.S. 'll, A.B.'13, Univ. of Mo.; A.M.’20, Columbia Univ. Address: 3907 Connecticut St., St. Louis 16, Mo. Riggs, Edwon L., A.B.'34, Ariz. State Col., Tempo, Ariz.; M.A.'39, Colo. Stnto Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Prin., Creighton Sell. #14, Phoenix, Ariz., since 1944. Riggs, Grace, B.S. In Ed.'’20, Central Mo. Stale Tchrs. Col.. Warrcnsburg. Mo.; M.S/25. Colo. State Col., Ft. Collins. Colo.; Vice-prill.. Manual High and Voc. Sell., 1215 15. 15th St., Kansas City 6, Mo,, since 1939. Rlghtmiro. Harry A.. B.A.’03. Yale Univ.; Mgr., Detergent Dopt., Wyandotte Chem¬ icals Corp., Wyandotte, Mich., slnco 1935. RHoy, Charles K.. B.S.'14, Colgate Univ.: M.S.'39, Syracuse Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Oswego, N. Y., slnco 1939. Kllcy, George Arthur, A.B.’27. Stato Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; M.A. 31, D.Ed. 45, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., California, Mo., since 1945. Riley, Richard F., Supt. of Sch., Anahuac. Texas. Riley, Wilson M., A.B/31, M.Ed.’37, Phil¬ lips Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Woodward, Okla., since 1947. Rilling, Walter E,. B.A.’22, North Central Col.; Secy.-Bus. Mgr., Bd. of Sch., Dir., 1111 N. Tenth St., Milwaukee 1, Wis., since 1938. Ring, Carlyle C., B.S.’22, Wesleyan Univ.; M. A.’29, Cornell Univ.; D.Ed. ’40, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Jamestown, N. Y., since 1946. Ring, Harold R., Pres., Springfield Commer¬ cial Body Co., Cambridge, Mass. Rinsland, Henry Daniel, A.B.’20, A.M.’23, Univ. of Okla.; Ph.D.’35, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ. and Dir., Bureau of Educ. Research, Univ. of Okla., Norman, Okla., since 1924. Riordon, Antoinette, A.B.’09, Columbia Univ.; A.M.’27. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 223 Graham Ave., Brooklyn 6, N. Y., since 1944. Ripley, William, Jr.. Ph.B.’26. Brown Univ.; Ed.M.’43, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Cohasset, Mass., since 1942. Rissler, S. M., A.B.’21, Central Col., Fay¬ ette, Mo.; A.M/31, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Trenton, Mo., since 1937. *Ritch, Charles F., Jr., A.B.’34, Columbia Univ.; A.M.’40. Harvard Univ.; Rural Supt. of Sch., Waterbury 7, Conn., since 1948. Ritchie. Harry E., A.B.’20, Mt. Union Col.; M.A.*24, Univ. of Akron; Ph.D.*40, West¬ ern Reserve Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1380 E. Sixth St., Cleveland 14, Ohio, since 1942. Ritchie, Jennings Bryan, Supt. of Sch., Strong, Ark. Rittcnhouse, Floyd Oliver, B.A/28, Em¬ manuel Missionary Col.; M.A.’32, Ph.D. ’47, Ohio State Univ.; Dean, Southern Missionary Col., Collcgedale, Tenn., since 1948. Ritter, Elmer L., A.B.*14, Ind. Univ.; M.A. ’16, Ph.D.‘20, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir. of Extension, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa, since 1948. Ritter, Mortimer C., Prin.. Pub. Sch., 225 W. 24th St., New York 11, N. Y. Ritter, Paul J.. A.B/19, Univ. of Calif.; M.A.*25, Ph.D.’34, Univ. of Southern Calif.: Asst. Prof, of Psych., State Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J., since 1947. Roach. Tructt A., M.A. ’33, Baylor Univ.; Supt. of Sch. and Pres., Victoria Jr. Col., Victoria, Texas, since 1947. Roachc, Jonathan E., A.B/41, Wayne Univ.; M.A/48, Columbia Univ.; Educ. Supt., Seventh Day Adventists Parochial Sch., 560 W. 150th St., New York 31, N. Y., since 1945. *obb. Charles W., B.A/12, Univ. of To¬ ronto; Supt. of Sec. Sch., 155 College St., Toronto, Canada, since 1945. fobb, Ralph, A.B.’ll. Ill. Col.. Dlst. Supt. of Sch., Clinton, Ill. fobbing, Cheater, A.B.'13, Urainus Col.: A.M.'22, Univ. of Pn.; Asst. State of Educ., Trenton 8, N. J.. *mce 1942. fobbing, Clarence Ralnold, A.B/27, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. M.A.’35, Cornoll Univ.: Prin., Pub. Sch., North Syracuse, N. Y., aince 1933. List of Members 475 Robbins, Edward T., B.B.A.’26, Univ. of Texas; M.S.’33, Agrl. and Mech. Col. of Texas; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Alamo Hgts., Texas, since 1947. Roberson, C. C., B.S. in Ed.’28, Oakland City Col.; M.A.’40, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Exempted Village Sch., Ada, Ohio, since 1941. Roberts, Allen W., Diploma ’28, Newark Normal Sch., B.S. in Ed.’37. N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Newark, N. J.; M.Ed.'41, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., New Providence Borough, N. J., since 1937. ^Roberts, Edward D., B.A.’99, M.A.’07, Univ. of Cincinnati; M.A.’08, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; LL.D.’32, Col. of Woos¬ ter. Address; 3533 Burch Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Roberts, G. M., A.B.’27, M.A.’28, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Bartlesville, Okla., since 1947. Robinson, George R., M.A.’30, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Melvindale, Mich., since 1947. Robinson, H. H„ M.S.’34, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Augusta, Kansas, since 1940. Robinson, L. C., A.B.T4, Ed.M.’24, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Moscow, Idaho, since 1946. Robinson, Lyman D., B.S.’28, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; B.A. and M.A.’32, Austin Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., McKinney, Texas, since 1943. Robinson, Mrs. Margaret R., 754 Pine, Fresno, Calif. Robinson, Owen L., Prin., H. S„ Janes¬ ville, Wis. Robinson, Ross N„ A.B.T5, Carson-Newman Col.; A.B.’19, Univ. of Tenn.; A.M.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kingsport, Tenn., since 1924. Roberts, Henry E., B.S.’35, Pa. State Col.; Ed.M.’39, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Carnegie, Pa., since 1946. Roberts, J. Earle, A.B.’12, Washington and Jefferson Col.; M.A.’26, W. Va. Univ - Supvg. Prin. of Borough and Twp. Sch.’ Point Marion, Pa., since 1944. Roberts, John J., B.S.’29, M.A.’39, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Hettinger, N Dak since 1939. ’ Roberts, L A., B.S.’27, North Texas State lehrs. Col., Denton Texas; M.A.’29 Southern Methodist Univ.; Dist. Supt of Sch., Grand Prairie, Texas, since 1934. Roberts Llewellyn, A.B.’29, Middlebury 42 ’ Unlv ' of Vt.; Dist. Supt. ol bch., Danville, Vt., since 1943. R °T^ e - tS ’A^ omas ph B -’05, Upper Iowa Univ. Address: Pub. Sch., Decorah, Iowa. Robertson Harley L„ Dir., Health and Physical Educ., Old Capitol Bldg., Olym- pia, Wash. Robertson John W., B.S.’24, M.A/32, Tchrs P^r'y C n° , U , mbla U " i , v ’ : Su P v E- Prin., Floral Park Bellerose Sch., Floral Park N Y since 1929. ’ 1 *’ Robertson Malcolm, B.A.’28, Pa. State Un’iv • M «? A ’ 31 ’ ? c - hrs ’ Col '> Columbia PlTinV M UP , Vg -- Prln - of Sch, Morris Plains, N. J., since 1942. Robertson Martin Brown, B.S.’18, Trinity go‘.; M A.’ 20 ’ p a . State Col.; M A in Ed.Adm. 21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ siZe 19 2 f EdUC - Willimantic . Conn'.; Robertson, Minns Sledge, B.A.’21 North- La S - MA^a 6 gu 1 n°L La A’ Natchitoches, r i’f^ 3 ’ Ph.D. 25, George Peabody Co ' of I?' 5,1 T Res earch Prof, of Educ., Col. of Educ., La. State Univ. Baton Rouge 3, La., since 1948. ’ Robertson Walter J., A .B.’22, Southwest- RO Mi C ch aU CoI H o? U p°H n J ”*f B ’’ 34 - Northern M:i h '41 C °Unfv. of dU M’ich Ma T i £ st te ’Sum Ch 'i Sch., Inkster, Mich, since T942. Supt ' ° f Robinson Charles M„ B.S.’21, A M’24 of sch - ' t °- Kan!a!';' 2 M.!! ? 28, u'n[v! Bldg., Kansas S City S 6, Pt Mo°.! since «»• I A Koy "-v-w, central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich ; A.M.’37, Univ. of Mich.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Ferndale 20, Mich., since 1948. Robinson, Thomas E., B.A.’26, Lehigh Univ.; M. A.’31 Univ. of Pa.; D.Ed.’41, Rutgers Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Trenton 10, N. J., since 1944. Robinson, Truman, Asst. Dist. Supt. of Sch., Clinton, Ill. Robinson w Trite, B.A.’31, St. John’s Col.; Ed.B.36, Univ. of Hawaii; Dir., Div of Health Educ., Dept, of Pub. Instr., Hono¬ lulu, Hawaii, since 1939. Robinson, William C„ A.B.’26, Ph.B.’35 Washburn Municipal Univ.; M.A.’3s’ oV rS 'A eg 01 " c ° lumbi a Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Abilene 1, Kansas, since 1942. Robison, Roy H„ A.B.’24, M.A.’42, Univ. of since : i942 St ' SU?t ' ° f Sch '’ Tucson ’ Ar iz„ R °Bh’ 7n? n r®’ S j C L’ ? rleans Parish Sch. Bd., 703 Carondelet St., New Orleans 13 La., since 1942. Rochfort, Marcella T„ Diploma ’29, Chicago Tchrs. Col., Chicago, Ill.; Ph.B.’32, M.Ed. T aUon 3 U £ ,v ’ : i? r . in " Elem - Sch., 3330 Lake Shore Dr., Chicago 13, Ill., since R ° C i j 1 e /’ S ’> Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Brook- Roda > Prank C„ B.S.’26, M.A.’32, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Og- densburg, N. Y., since 1939. g Rodgers, J. Harvey, A.B.’20 Franklin and Marshall Col ; Ed.M.’21, Harvard Unfv 1 C 933. SUP ° f SCH ’’ Woodbu ry, N. J„ since Roe, Cleveland, A.B.’30, State Normal Col Snnt 1 an V ’ m lch ’ : A -M-’35, Univ. of Mich’ slTe 1935. TWP Sch " Mic h h'.; R Col U - k, M A rt -3n r PA.’27, Miss, hr’ auj 30 ’ V n . IV - 0f AIa -i Supt. of Sch., Aberdeen, Miss., since 1946 R Cof •' M D A" 3 a l d n?-- o A B -’ 27 ' Manchester sch.; Ne^c^rPsrwn^rh^irnL 8 ^.^ shall’ CoI.1'’A A M B -23 17 ’Tlh a rs kl Coi an< C f' 3r ' bia Univ.; Ph.D.’33, New York r? Roemer ° f Sch ’’ Palmerton . P a -, sincere. " m NAh 476 American School Buildings Rogers, Albert E., A.B.'21, Haverford Col.: A.M.'28, Univ. of Pa.: Headmaster, Perki- omen Sch., Pennsburg, Pa., since 1944. Rogers, C. P., B.S.'25, Furman Univ.; Supt. of Sch.. Nichols, S. C.. since 1941. Rogers. Charles M., A.B.'13, Miss. Col.; M.A.'31, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Amarillo. Texas, since 1935. Rogers, Don C.. B.A.'16, M.A.’21, Ph.D.’23. State Univ. of Iowa; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 228 N. LaSalle St.. Chicago 1, Ill., since 1944. Rogers. George Calvin, B.S.'IO, The Citadel; M.A.'28, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Charleston 6. S. C., since 1946. Rogers, J. G., A.B.’26, McKcndree Col.: M.S/32, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Orland Park, Ill., since 1946. Rogers. Malcolm B., B.A.’26, M.A.'32, D.Ed. ’44, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Willow Run. Mich., since 1943. Rogers, N. A.. B.S. in Sec.Ed.'37, Univ. of Ga. ; Co. Supt. of Sch., Franklin, Ga„ since 1941. Rogers, T. Guy, M.A.'27, Univ. of Texas; Prin.. Thomas Jefferson H. S., San Antonio 1, Texas, since 1932. Rogers, Virgil M., A.B.'20, Wofford Col.; AM.'24, Western State Col. of Colo., Gunnison, Colo.; Ed.D.'44, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Battle Creek, Mich., since 1945. Rogge, H. W., M.A.‘39, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bryan, Ohio, since 1946. Rohlcdcr, W. C., A.B.’20. M.A.’23, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Grandview Hgts., Columbus 8. Ohio, since 1927. Rohrbach, Quincy A. W.. A.B.’22, Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.'24. Ph.D.'2S, Univ. of Pa.; LL.D.'34, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Kutz- town, Pa., since 1934. ♦Roland. M. M., A.B.'20, Wake Forest Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Wilmington, N. C., since 1936. Rolfc, John J., B.S. in Ed.'35, Stntc Tchrs. Col., New Britain, Conn.; M.Ed.’3B, Bates Col.; Union Supt. of Sell., North Dighton, Mann., since 1943. Rollins, Arthur S., B.A.'IO, Dartmouth Col.: Supt. of Sch., Plymouth, N. H.. since 1943. Rollins, J. Leslie, B.S.'37, Brigham Young Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lyman, Wyo., since 1945. Rollins, Leonard T., B.S. in led.*30, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrcnsburg, Mo.; M. Kd.‘3H, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Butler, Mo., since 1944. Romney, Miles C,, Ph.D.'47, Columbia Univ.; l)lr.. Metropolitan Detroit Bureau of Cooperative Sell. Studies, 60 Farns¬ worth, Detroit 2, Mich., slnco 1947. Runnel, Herman L., B.A.’I6, Luther Col.; M. A.'30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Valhalla, N. Y., since 1930. Roonoy, Rev. Edward B., S.J., A.B.’24, M .A.'25, Woodstock Col.; Ph,D.'32, Gre¬ gorian Univ., Romo, Italy; Exec. Dir. and Natl. Secy., Jesuit Educ. Assn., 49 E. 84th St., Now York 28, N. Y., since 1937. Roosonraad, Christian H., A.B.’24, Hope Col.: M .A .'27, Univ. of Mich.; Prin.. J. W. Soxton H. S., Lansing IS, Mich., since 1943. Root, Ernest E., B.Sc.’24, Baldwin-Wallace Col.; M.A.*32, Ohio State Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Brecksville, Ohio, since 1929. Ropp. George William, A.B.'20, Hampden- Sydney Col.; A.M.'35. Duke Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch.. Martinsburg, W. Va., since 1935. Rosa. Irvin E., B.A.'24. Carleton Col.; M.A.'31, Univ. of Chicago; Dir. of Ad¬ min.. Josten Co., Owatonna, Minn., since 1944. Rose, Charles L., A,B.'25, Norman Univ.; M.A.'31. N. Mex. Highlands Univ., Las Vegas. N. Mex.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Santa Fe. N. Mex., since 1947. Rose, Clayton Earl, B.S.'24, Colgate Univ.; M.A.*30, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Penn Yan, N. Y., since 1937. Rose. Junius H.. A.B.’13, Duke Univ.; A.M. '26, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch. and Dir. of Lab. Sch., East Carolina Tchrs. Col., Greenville. N. C.. since 1920. Rose. M. M., B.S.'19, State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.S.'29, Univ. of Kansas; Exec. Secy., Kansas State Sch. Retirement Bd„ 801 Harrison St., Topeka, Kansas, since 1941. Rose. Oscar V.. B.S.'31, East Central State Col., Ada, Okla.: Supt. of Sch., Midwest City Br„ Oklahoma City 16, Okla., since 1943. Rosccrance, Francis C., A.B.’20, Lawrence Col.; Ph.D.'36. Northwestern Univ.; Assoc. Dean of Instr., Sch. of Educ.. New York Univ., New York 3, N. Y., since 1946. Roselle, Ernest N., Diploma '04, State Tchrs. Col., East Stroudsburg, Pa.; Supt. of Tr. Sell., Southbury, Conn., since 1936. Rosen, Frances A.. B.S.'39. State Tchrs. Col.. Buffalo, N. Y.; Prin., Elem. Sch., East Aurora, N. Y., since 1939. Roscnstcngcl, William E., B.S. in Ed.'23, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col.. Kirks- ville. Mo.; M.A.'27, Ph.D.'31, Univ. of Mo.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of N. C.. Chapel Hill, N. C„ since 1941. Ross, Albert William, B.S.'32, Albright Col.; M. A.'41, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sell., Kulpmont, Pa., since 1943. Ross, B. Paul, Diploma '25, State Tchrs. Col.. Clarion. Pa.; B.S.'31. M.S.'35 Ed.D. '43, Pa. State Col.; Registrar and Dir. ot Admissions, State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa., since 1947. Ross, C. Reid, A.B. in Ed.’29. Utiiv of N. C.: Co. Supt. of Sch., Lillington, N. L.. since 1940, Ross, Cecil L.. A.M.'32, Columbia Univ.; Ph. D.'37, New York Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ, of Miss.. University, Miss., since 1946. . Ross, Donald H A.B.'36. N. J. State 'Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair. N. J.; M.A. 46. Tchrs. dol.. Columbia Univ.; Su|ivg. Prin. of Twp. Sell., Plainfield. N. J„ since 1947. Ross. Frank A„ A.B.'3t. Do Pauw Univ : M.A.*38, I ml. Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Union City, Itul., since 1946. Ross, Mrs. P. H., Ph.B/lO, Syracuse Univ.: Co. Supt. of Sch., Tucson, Ari*.. since 1939. Ross. Robert, Diploma '19. Utiiv. B.A.'21, Bethany Col.; M.A. 27, Univ. Chicago; Supt. of Sch., MontlceUo, Ind.. since 1931. List of Members 47; Ross, W. A., M.A.’38, Texas Christian Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mineral Wells, Texas, since 1937. Ross, William R„ B.S.’ 21 , M.S.’24, Colo. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Ph.D.’40, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo. • Pres., Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley’ Colo., since 1948. Rosser, John E., Southwestern Mgr., World Book Co., 707 Browder St., Dallas, Texas. Rossman, James H., B.S.’47, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; Supt of Springfield Place Sch., Battle Creek Mich., since 1948. Rossman, John G„ A.B.’08, A.M.’ll, Frank¬ lin and Marshall Col.; A.M.’17, Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Warren, Pa., since 1934. Roth, Anthony E„ A.B.’27, St. Benedicts s C inci m 3 SUPt ' ° f Sch '’ HayS ’ Kansas - R M h A ?/ 7 ied r ri< i h ?:> Yale Univ.; u c 27 B Columbia Univ.; Prin., Bassick H. S., Bridgeport S, Conn., since 1945. R ° l-S-’ 35 - M.S/41, Kansas r' Cal -- Emporia, Kansas; Prin., m 3 Jr '' Sr ‘ H - S ” Hays > Kansas, since RothweH, Angus B B.E.’29, State Tchrs. Col., Superior Wis.; M.A.’32, Columbia mi V ’ Supt ‘ of Scfl- ’ Superior, Wis., since Roudebush, Earl D., A.B.T2, M S ’27 Ind Roudebush, George E„ B.S. in Ed.’18 Ohio State Univ.; M.A.’23, Tchrs. Col Co° lumbia Univ.; D.Ed.’40, Ohio Wesleyan ° f S0h - C ° lumbus 15 Ohio" R Ci?y aV B e d le, of M Fa Gert ^ de H - Los Angeles Angeles 12 r»n t“ - 51 N ’ Hil1 St., Los ^ngeies 12, Calif., since 1935. Hourke, Robert E K r a ’07 » Univ.; A.M.’31, Harvard "Ajniv ^d* t^n ? o ter Can‘ C d kerin - g Co1 " Newmarket f On- tano, Canada, since 1947 . *Rouse, Laurance T„ A.B.’27 M A ’q? r„i„ ■w’rr^ n R P A-B.T9, Beloit Col.- M.A Chkago* a 6, R IU. an ^'/J^ > 'l^o^" ^ apkeI ^"^^'’ S,*“ V / n ; i( A “ J\ »»/«. Har- Mass., since’ 1940^ °* Sch- ’ Lancaster, R A W ss”’ Editor B ^ A r’ 43, ^ awrence Col.; surance Bldg.^Ma&i In- 1944 e ’ ™aclison 3, Wis.. since Roy, George C., A.B.’34, Providence Col.: Ed.M.’39, Boston Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Huntington, Mass., since 1946. Royse, Clarence W., B.A/28, Col. of the Pacific; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Oakdale. Calif., since 1942. Rozema, John R„ Supvg. Prin. of Sch. Gar¬ field, N. J. Rozzell, Forrest, A.B.’31, Col. of the Ozarks, LL.B. 41, Ark. Law Sch.; M.A.’48, Univ. of Ark.; Dir. of Field Serv., Ark. Educ Assn., Union Life Bldg., Little Rock, Ark., since 1940. Rubado, Clarence A., Ph.D.’29, Tchrs. Col. Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch’ Louisville 8 , Ky., since 1929. a ^'. 0 n ya *r ^-> B.A.’31, Concordia Col ■ M.A 38, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch Crosby, Minn,, since 1935. Rua ' A K "? te Ly B A.’27, Univ. of N. Dak.; "LA-,? 1 . Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Cavalier, N. Dak., since 1945. R ufi John, B.S.-18, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’19, Ph.D.’27 lehrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Mo., Columbia, Mo., since Ru r?, g ’ Ear!a U - A.B/15, A.M.T7, Univ of n-‘ : 23 ' Columb ‘a Univ.; Head, Div. of Educ., Colo. State Col. of Educ. Ureeley, Colo., since 1923. Ru r g *v Haro ' d ;, B S-’OS, C.E.’09, Dartmouth Col.; Ph.D. 15 Univ. of Ill.; P.D.D /33 Dartmouth Col.; Ph.D.’37, Univ. of Tas- ™ a . nia - Australia; Prof, of Educ., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27 N Y since 1920. *’ Ruggieri, Joseph M., M.E/36, Rutgers sfnee' 'l947. Pt ' ° f Twp ’ Sch ” Fords ’ N J- Rulkoetter, A. H., A B ’36 Union Pol - M.A.’39, Ph.D’48, Univ'. of Nebr ; Dean! fp^gs, U Mich M!SSI ° nary C0L ’ Berrien R bu q ba e Ugh Dut R e, B I U o S wa Mgr " UniV ’ ° f D “' “a cS- Sch ” Mt: RU M A ! 4 fi H u ry E 'i R h.B.’23, Ripon Col.; o' Unlv - of Minn.; Supt. of Sch Richfield 9, Minn., since 1944 . ^Univ.f’M^uI Hfe/.B ’08’ Temple Address: 10 'Surrey RH n u n T iv - of Pa ' adelphia, Pa. y Rd ’’ 0ak Lane, Phil- Rowland, Sydney V B S ’la -r , .. M.A.’21 Univ Of p 7'. c H ’. Te x m £ Ie Univ - i Wayne.’Pa" since 1920 UPt - ° f Twp ’ Sch - Rowland, W T RS’is ti a M.A.’21, Ph D "’32 rio Header son Col.; for Tchrs.; Supt 2 ’ of Ge s ° c r f Peab ° d y Col’. Ky., since 1941 b h ’’ Lexington 37, Rl ^al w h “M?f u1 ’ Diploma ’13, State Nor- ' ’*29 MjUersville, Pa.; B.S.’26, M.Ed. Q 2 v. U 5 IV ' Pittsburgh; Supvg Prin of Sch., East McKeesport, P a „ since 1918. ton rt TT ^ Vllliam Earle, Litt.B.’09, Prince¬ ton Univ ; Supvg. p r in. 0 f Consol Sch Kennett Square, Pa., since 1932. ’ Ru PP, Allen E., B A '23 Ohin i Univ ; lVLA.’34 0h1o 2 |ta?e hl Sn^r Sl Su y pt n of Sch., Cambridge, Ohio, since 1947 Univ.T h E m d a M .’33 H S ‘ in Ed / 2 . 5 ' Boston of Sch., Weston ’93, Mats., sin^m!!^' Kushin, Andrew E a R *oa o , Univ • M A ’34 Mo 1 Susquehanna Co. supt. Of Sch., Aid en° St a ^ *Nant i ccfk ej Rushin, William E B q ’31 c , Univ.; M A ’34 Jv 3 }’ S us quehanna Supt. of Two’ Sch r°, rk Univ.; Asst, since 1948. P ' b h ” GIen Lyons, P a ., Rushton, E. W a R •■>>; , 1 , _ M.A.’ 40 , Univ "of s' c'- ^° fford Col.; Orangeburg, S. C„ fi'nce' ’l946. Pt ' Sch ” 478 American School Buildings Russell, Anna May, A.B.*34, Western Md. Univ.; M.A.*43. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ. ; Pres.. St. Mary’s Sem., St. Mary's City, Mil., since 1948. Russell. Clyde, B.A/22, M.A.'26. Colby Col.; Ed.M.*33. Harvard Univ.; Exec. Secy., Maine Tchrs. Assn.. 146 State St., Au¬ gusta. Maine, since 1945. Russell, D. G., Asst, to Advertising Mgr., Superior Coach Corp., Lima. Ohio. Russell, Earle S., B.S.*19, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Ed.M.‘22, Harvard Univ.; Ph.D.‘34, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., W indsor. Conn., since 1934. Russell, Edward J.. A.B/17, Col. of the Holy Cross ; M.A.*21, Providence Col.; Supt. of Sell., Pittsfield 1, Mass., since 1934. Russell. Garland B., A.B.’33, A.M/35, Brown Univ.; D.Ed.*43. Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Westboro, Mass., since 1947. Russell. James L., Ph.D.‘40. George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Dean, Grad. Div.. West Texas State Tchrs. Col., Canyon, Texas, since 1947. Russell, John Dale, A.B.M7, A.M/24, Ph.D. *31, Ind. Univ.; Dir. of Higher Educ., U. S. Office of Educ., Washington 25, D. C. Russell. R. R.. A. B.’27, Phillips Univ.; M.A. '34. Ok la. Agrl. and - Moch. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Stillwater, Okla.. since 1947. Russell, William F.. A.B.'IO, Cornell Univ.; Ph.D,*14. Columbia Univ.; LL.D/28, George Washington Univ.; LL.D.*28, Univ. of Pittsburgh; LL.D/29, Colby Col.; LL.D.'29. Columbia Univ.; Ed.D.’35. Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Pacd. I).’39, Sofia; Dean. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27. N. Y., since 1927. Rust, Mrs. Lucilc, B.S.*21, State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg. Kansas; M.S. *25. Kansas State Col.; Prof, of Home Economics Educ., Kansas State Col., Manhattan, Kansas, since 1925. Kutaii, James Olen, M.A.*34, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Co. Supt. of Sell., Wcllsburg, W. Va., since 1933. Rutherford. Kenneth L., A.B/16, Hobart Col.; M.A.’24. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Monticcllo, N. Y., since 1928. Rutland, A. J., A.B.*24, Newberry Col.; M.led.*46, Univ. of S. C. ; Co. Supt. of Sch., Aiken, S. C. Ryan, Austin 1C.. Ph.B.*25, M.Erl.*35, Loyoln Univ.; Prin., Elcm. Sch., 4201 W. Hender¬ son St., Chicago 41, Ill., since 1940. Ryan, Belle M., Asst. Supt. of Sell., Joslyn Castle, 3902 Davenport St., Omaha 3, Nehr.. since I9IH. Ryan. Carl I.. B.A.'Ki, Univ. of Dayton; M. A.*24. Ph.D.*27, Catholic Univ. of America; Supt. of Parochial Sch., Cin¬ cinnati 19, Ohio, since 1932. Ryan, Mcbcr Hinds, B.S.’OG, Whitman Col.; A M.*11, Columbia Univ.: Ph.D.*32, Univ. of Chicago; Kd.D.'4f>, Whitman Col.; Asst. State Cntnmr. of Educ., Trenton 8, N. J., since 1943. Ryan, Jack R., A.B.*2I. Southwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., McKinney, Texas, since 1929. Ryan. W. Carson, A.B.*07, Harvard Univ.; Ph.D. and Kd.D.'lH, LL.D/32, George Washington Univ.; Head, Dept, of Educ. ( Univ. of N. C., Chapel Hill, N. C., since 1948. Ryder, Harold, B.S.*21, M.S.*22, Ohio North¬ ern Univ.; M.A.*24. Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Toledo 2, Ohio, since 1940. Ryle, Walter Harrington. B.S. in Ed.*19, Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirks- ville. Mo.; A.M.*27, Ph.D.'30, George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Pres., Northeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Kirksville, Mo., since 1937. s Saam, Theodore. A.M.*03, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Western Springs, Ill., since 1938. Sabin. Charles E., B.S. in Ed.*26, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Watertown, N. Y., since 1933. Sabine, Harold F., Ph.B.'09. Hamilton Col. Address: Pub. Sch.. Southampton, N. Y. Sabold, Harvey C., B.S.*28, Ursinus Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Springfield, Pa., since 1927. Sackett, C. H.. A.B.'04. A.M/07, Oberlin Col.; Prin., Southwest H. S., 3125 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, Mo., since 1938. Sadlowski. Vincent S., 12044 Moran, Ham- tram ck, Mich. Sacgert, Joe F., B.A.*08. M.A.*14, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Seguin, Texas, since 1920. Safford. Howard P.. B.S. in E.E.*12, M.S. in E.E/17, George Washington Univ.; Assoc. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Bldgs, and Grounds. Franklin Admin. Bldg., 13th and K St., N.W., Washington 5, D. C., since 1946. St. John, Vernon L., Supt. of Sch., Opp, Ala. Salisbury. Robert Kenneth, B.A/23. M.Sc. *33. Ohio State Univ.; Supt. Exempted Village Schs., Georgetown, Ohio, since 1947. Salscr, George Aldcn, A.B.*16, Southwest¬ ern Col.; M.A.*24. Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Horace Mann Sch., Wichita 5, Kansas, since 1941. Salter, J. D., A.B.*28, Mercer Univ.; M.S. in Ed.*41, Univ. of Ga.; Supt. of Sch., Waycross, Ga., since 1947. Saltsman, Edward A., B.S.*31, Mount Union Col.; M.A.*34. Univ. of Pittsburgh; Co. Supt. of Sell., Youngstown, Ohio, since 1945. Saltzman. B. George, LL.B/27, M.A.*40, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sell., Brentwood 17, Mo., since 1946. Snlzwcdcl, J. J., B.A.*26, Carlcton M.A.*40, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sen., Gaylord, Minn., since 1942. Snmpson. Gladys E., Prin., Elem. Sell., 7344 Lake St., River Forest, Ill. Samuels, Charles T„ A.B/31. M.S. in Ed.'35. Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dist Supt. of Sell., Whittier. Calif., aiuce 1938. lamuelson, Agnes, M.A.'28. State Univ. of Iowa; Lift. D.'35, Augustana Col., Kock I sland, III.; Ed. D.’36, MacMurray Col.; Ed.D.'36, Simpson Col.; L.H.D.'36, Luther Col.; LL.D.'37, Tarklo Col.; Pros., Natl. Educ. Assn.. 1935-36; Asst. Editor, /our- nal of the National Education Association, Natl. Educ. Assn.. 1201 16th St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C., since 1946. Sanborn, Kent L., A.B.'12, Clark Univ., A.M.'SO, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Longmont, Colo., since 1934. List of Members 479 Sanchez, Adelino, A.B.'30, N. Mex. Tchrs. Co!., Silver City, N. Mex.; M.A.’40, Univ. of N. Mex.; Supt. of Sch., Belen, N. Mex., since 1943. Sand, Harold J., 5720 Dupont Ave., S., Min¬ neapolis, Minn. Sanders D. W., M.A.’46, George Peabody E °V? r . T c 1 H s 4 Pr ‘n., Hugh Morson H. S., Raleigh, N. C„ since 1945. Sanders, Walter Frederick, A.B.’09 A M ’17 Univ. of Chicago; LL.D.’37, Park Col.;’ E | an ’ Park C01 ’’ Parkville ’ Mo " sin ce Sanderson Jess O A.B.’ 24 , Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Raleigh, N. C., since 1942. Sa nf dm Trn A ' A 't,?' A { 33 ' Central Wash. Col. of Educ , Ellensburg, Wash.; M.A’38 Univ of Wash.; Ph.D.’43, Tchrs. Col,’ la 0 nd Um Wash. mV ‘ ; ASSt ’ SUpt ' ° f Sch ” Rich ' Sa Fd%R E 1 n a - eth ’ i B b S - in Ed ’’ 28 ' M.S. in SuDt 38 of U c: nl u V - - of , Southern Calif.; Asst. Anne 1 pk li e Ch ? rge of J r - H - S., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1943 SS: : Sch., Hilton Village, Va., since 1933*. M f A rd 34 T u 0 - d0re /^ A B -’ 2 2, Centre Col.; Henderso^ Ky Ky ’ AddreSS: Pub ‘ Sch - S M Ul Z- A - B ’. 21 ’ Mich, state Nor- Ph n>9K "it . Y P sl ' ant ', Mich.; A M ’22 Mich! 2 Col Un o , f V -E°duc MiC L : 1 Pr ^" Since 1936. " Kalamaz °°. Mich., S weste e ;n A Snii g0 H.S., Chicago 27, HL, ^ce ml C ° r ' 1SS Sa Tch' r s V ' C o I f'’ r B S ’’ 35 ’ West Texas State Sa in e Ed.’I 2 he Uni: D 0 f vV S ' Ed -’34. M.S. Sch., Orwell, Vt„ f since’ mV' Supt ’ of Sa Co°. r : US M.A^ Ua D m uke S U AB ' 3 , 2 ’ A »Hem Sch., Snow Hill, Md„ since w 5 Sl,pt ' of p ark, Pa., since 1935 P * Bcb *’ Allison Satterlee, O. Ward nr a ... Tchrs. Col. Co 111 m 1 , T ^' A ' 34, Ed.D.’48, Dept., State Tchrs CoY"^'’ S hmn - Educ. since 1947. ' Col., Potsdam, N. Y., Ba «i® ast ’ Charles R B S ’94 ti • M.A.’26, Stanford fr • 23 ’ i 7niv - of HI.; lumbia Univ ; °p d res Uni s V -i t Pk ;D'39, Col Bemidji, Minn., since 1938 Tchrs ’ Co1 - Sa M d A. ? 38 C EYD%o M Tc PhB 'c 9 i Ya!e Co1 -: Univ.; Supvg prin Co1 -> Columbia Raritan. N f P - r _‘_ n : ?. f .. Tw P- Elem. Sch Univ.; SupvgPdnofT CoI 'L Columbia Raritan, N P £ since m 2 ^ E ‘ em ' Sch - Saul, Marie A. AR’« n Tech.; M.A. 32 TInY Car i le S‘e Inst, of Assoc. Supt. of’ Sch 'BelVfi PiM sburgh; Forbes, Pittsburgh 13 ’’ p Eelle . fiel d Ave. at S 3 ' Pa ’> Sln ce 1945 Saunders Raymond Justin A R ’ 9 a -d 4 Col.; M.Ed.’46, Teml it - 4 ’ Bowdoin waster, p en Ryn sTh‘ Head- since 1947. yn bc "’’ Andalusia, P a ., Sa “? dl ch., Preston, Minn., since 1941. Schwiering Oscar C., A.B.’09, Iowa Wes- Co1 -; M.A. 16, Univ. of Wyo • Edim n^ eW X or ^, Univ -: Dean. Col of ^nce "l93g niV Wy °- Laramie ’ Wyo., Scobee Russell T„ B.S.’24, M.A.'27, Univ. °f 31 ' Columbia Univ.; Supt of Sch., Little Rock, Ark., since 1941. Scofield, R. J„ B.A.’IS, M.A.'27, Univ of Minn.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Coleraine Minn., since 1946. e ' SC Ch e rii- N w R l Scarritt Col. for Th n ./a" ^° r - k fi erS i ®-D.’16, Emory Univ,; Th.D. 24, Pacific Sch. of Religion; D.D Col • it o Col f : LL - D -’«. Central Pres’ L =tn',^ 45 ’ South T e T r n Methodist Univ.; Pres., Southwestern Univ., Georgetown 2 Texas, since 1942. 6 n Scott, Cecil Winfield, A.B.’27, M A '28 Univ. of S. C.; Ph.D.’34, Tchrs Col 5 C b ‘ a y n T 1V ' : Dir ' - Voc - Counseling Serv Inc. and Lecturer in Educ., Yale Univ New Haven 11, Conn., since 1945. *' SC Co t l’ nf ha pa S E " B - A .’21, M.A.'22, Colo Col of Educ.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col Dickmson, N. Dak., since 1939. ’’ SC M Ed^’q J Tt Westminster Col.; M.Ed. 39 Univ. of Mo.; Supt of Sch Lawson, Mo., since 1946. P och., Sc ott, Helen Elizabeth, A.B.'26 A M '27 p 1n T V ' Southern Calif.; Prof 'of Psvch ’ R. I. Col. of Educ., Providence,°R. I yCb ’ hcott, James Armstrong, A B '19 UmV Louis 1, Mo., since 1942. ’’ Scott Julius E., A.B.’26 Ark m u Col., Conway, Ark ■ A M m a f e F S. br , s ’ Columbia D iv ’D Vif' J, chrs - Col., Supt. Of Sch. Peekski'll 'N V 3 C ° h; 1935. "‘“‘Hi, N. Y„ since Scott, Keith, A.B.-31, Ind. State Tchrs Col tSS. K-W Elwood, Ind., since 194 L ’ Supt> ° f Sch " ^Th’.^ey.^'c?’ 1 Supt ' ° f 's u p t f' Sch. F a Lbu ry ? N ed?r.?' s in c ?9 26' Scott, Walter W B S '33 W . Col. of Educ KalamaV 33 ’ *y e ? tern Mlch - Mich. State'Col • ^‘ch.; M.A.’44, Muskegon, Mich!,'’since i 9 4°7 ’ North Scott, Wilbur Toel R a 'u Tr . M.A '37, Emory' Unfw ’pVfn''' B S ' 9' : ■ Atlanta, Ga., since 193o’ 3SS ^ r ' Univ.^T A B.-33 M.A.-47, Mooresville, N. C„ since m" H ' S " Vice-S iS Sc H 0 t’ t A f B ’ 17 ' ° berlin Col.; s. w„b„,h 4..! fchfc"|”“ In 4 o>~ m Scruggs, Arthur E B 1 bi in « ... , of Miss.; Supt of ' «'i 3 ' ^'.4' 33. Univ. since 1947 P ' ot Sch -> B ‘loxi, Miss. Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Paducah, Ky„ since S AM° ? 3 k 6 J r , W "k A - B ,-;° 9 ' BiddIe Univ - T;hr'r 30 V < T' olu S lbla Univ.; Pres., State 1933 C ° " Fayetteville . N. C.. since tSeagers Paul William, A.B.’27, Cornell Univ.; M.A. 32. Columbia Univ.; Sch. of 1947°" Ind ' Unlv '' Bloomington, Ind., since Se r”l ans ' M H . e ^ ert L " A-B.'13, Fairmont 9° l i M.A. 28, Yale Univ.; Ed.D.'47 Stanford Univ.; Dir., Commn. on Educ Organizations, Natl. Conference of Chris York 16 N J v WS ’- 381 F ° Urth Ave " New rork 16 , N. Y., since 1939 Se c a us S e, F N ed Y R '’ 2U N ' Ma!n St " North Syra - Stanford U O nivefsiti d Caiif. St sTnc°e r l9n ni0n ' Seay, John W„ B.A.'36. Univ. of Fla. - Genl Supvr. of Instr., Pub. Sch 412 F Rrnori way, Ocala, Fla., since 1946 Seay, Maurice F„ A.B.’24, M.A.'26 Transvl- LLD'43 'h PhD ^' Univ ' °f Chic a go; trar Univ of 0n E C0l -V Dean and Regis- sinc’e 1M6.' Y ” Lex,n S ton 29. Ky.. Se 'afi’ d ^? ar0 v Id ' A ' B -’ 3 °. Capital Univ • M A °M° St fte Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt of Sch., Newark, Ohio, since 1946 Se &nPv t! . S s A u 't M ' A -?', Tc , hrS - Col-,'Columbia 21? Mi. S s?nce 0 l f 92L h '’ St ' Louis S Cor S ’AM T C 6 0n c1’ r- B -7 r 3 '- Muhlenberg ,t V' lo, Columbia Un v • Ph D 'an Vn, ’~ Seel, Helen, B.S. in Ed.'29 Bliss Col • p r.culum Asst., H. S„ 216 E. Ninth sV c?n cinnati, Ohio. mn ot., Lin- Se Tch'; s C r?| le V F ! anklin ' Diploma '08, State ^nb r e S rg C C 0 o,' K rM°r7 n ’u a ' : V D ' 14 ' M«h! sAztB&&jrit!az s |f Id *cS: Mo. s ,„, Tchrs. Col., Columbia uAiv • Sunvr V ' of Instr., State n™t -fc? upvr -. D iv. Conn., since 1935 . P ' Educ -> Essex, "Su‘,', k W-'M. Southeast Mo., M.A.-3 6 : lr 0 , ,uS- p f. ay O, S ,do,u, C °'-' Colum- Uu d I k , V Sfi;: D --C..S„pro,'sehI'o,h- Alfred". DiS: J u °p h ; ohohJirtitS"*; Co,. Selke, George A R A tt • M.A.'26, Cofumbia Uniy niV >°h f M T, n ' : Univ. of Mont., Helena Chancellor, Selland, A L Bail o’ „ t " Slnce 1946 son, Fulto^Fr R n ‘ e Bl d S e ella K nd and David Sellers, Sandford, Jr B J CaIif ° f Chka ^= Supt.,’’ Morgan EA ^ 1,^1 482 American School Buildings Academy and Jr. Col., 2153 W. Ill St., Chicago 43. Ill., since 1945. Sellig, George Arthur, Ph.B.’32, Providence Col.; M.A.'37, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Webster, Mass., since 1941. Selvidge, Morgan, M.S. in Ed.‘37. Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Eureka, Mo., since 1948. Selzer, Charles A., Supt. of Sch., Dumont, N. J. Senkbeil, Anna E., A.B.’36, M.A.’37, Ogle¬ thorpe Univ.; Prin., George W. Adair Sch., Atlanta, Ga., since 1942. Senour, Alfred C., B.A.'17, Ind. State Tchrs. Col.; M.A.’27. Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., East Chicago, Ind., since 1943. Sensenbaugh, James A., B.S.'36, M.A.'40, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Towson 4, Md., since 1946. Sensingcr, H. G., M.A.’30, Columbia Univ.: Supt. of Sch., Lchighton, Pa., since 1948. Severn, William E., B.S.’22, Allegheny Col.; M.A.’35, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Corning, N. Y., since 1929. Sewell, Nelson B., A.B.’32, Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles; M.A.'33, Univ. of Calif.; Prin., Salinas Union H. S., Salinas, Calif., since 1942. *Scxson. John A.. Pd.B.’05, A.B. and Pd.M. ’08, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; A.M.'20, Univ. of Denver; D.Ed. ’38, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Pres., Ameri¬ can Assn, of Sch. Admin., 1938-39; Exec. Secy., Assn, of Calif. Pub. Sch. Supt., 365 S. Oak Knoll, Pasadena, Calif., since 1948. Scydcl, E. Paul, B.A.’32, Cornell Col., Mt. Vernon, Iowa; M.A.'46, Univ. of S. Dak.; Supt. of Sell., Maquokcta, Iowa, since 1947. Scylcr, Mrs. Louise Wood, Ed.D.’45, Univ. of Calif.; Dist. Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1740 N. New Hampshire, Los Angeles 27, Cailf., since 1946. Shade, Walter E., B.A.’IG, M.A.'34, Ohio State Univ.; Supt, of Sch., West Carroll¬ ton, Oltio, since 1931. Shafer, B. F., M.A.'23, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Freeport, Ill., since 1929. Shafer, P. F., M.A.'38. Univ. of Ill.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Macomb, Ill., since 1941. Shafer, Kobcrt K., B.S.'36, State Tchrs. Col., Kutztown, Pa.; M.A.'39, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Buckingham, Pa., since 1945. Shaffer, Clarence C., A.B.'22, Princeton Univ.; M.A.'29. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Shanks- villc, Pa., since 1946. ShafTor, Roacoc D., A.B.'24, Ball State Tchrs. Col.. Muncic, Ind.; M.Sc. in Ed. '33, Ind. l/nlv.; Supt. of Sch., Muncic, Ind., since 1946. Shaffer, Sanford B., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Wilkinsburg, Pa. Shahccn, T. A., A.B.’38, Boston Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Ashaway 3, R. I., since 1945. Shambaugh, John B.. B.S,’19, Franklin and Marshall Col.: Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Succasunna, N. J., sinco 1920, Shane, Harold G., B.Ed.’SS, State Tchrs. Col., Milwaukee, Wis.; M.A.*39, Ph.D. 43, Ohio State Univ.: Sunt, of Sell., Skokie Sch., Wlnnetka, 111., sinco 1946. Shaner, James D., B.S.'20, Westminster Col.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Mich.; Ph.D.'41, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Borough Sch., Pittsburgh 27, Pa., since 1946. Shangle, C. Paine, B.A.’IO, Univ. of Oregon; M.A.’ll. Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Bellingham. Wash., since 1933. Shankland, Alan, A.B.’34, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.’38, Western Reserve Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Mentor, Ohio, since 1943. Shanks, Carl H., A.B.’27. Cedarville Col.; M.A.’38, Miami Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Wilmington, Ohio, since 1932. Shapiro, Leo, Ph.B.’35, M.A.’36, De Paul Univ.; Ph.D.'47, Northwestern Univ.; Dir., Dept, of Educ., Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, 212 Fifth Ave., New York 10, N. Y., since 1944. Sharman, Jackson Roger, B.S.'17, Univ. of Miss.; M.A.’24, Ph.D.'30, Columbia Univ.; Head, Dept, of Physical and Health Educ., Univ. of Ala., University. Ala., since 1937. Sharp, William B., B.A/32, Col. of Woos¬ ter; M.S. in Ed.'36, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Rockville, Ind., since 1946. Shaterian, Harold A., A.B.'32, Ed.M.’33, Rutgers Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Ocean City, N. J., since 1948. Shattuck, George E., Ph.B/22, Brown Univ.; M.A.'33, New York Univ.; Prin,. The Nor¬ wich Free Academy, Norwich, Conn., since 1 94°. Shattuck, Marquis E., A.B.'12, Albion Col.; M.Ed.‘29, Harvard Univ.; LL.D/47, Al¬ bion Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Detroit 26, Mich., since 1945. Shattuck, Ralph L., M.E/45, Univ. of Buf¬ falo; Prin., Emmet Belknap Jr. H. S„ Lockport, N. Y., since 1939. Shaver, John H., E.E/16, Pratt Univ.; B.S. '30, M.A.’33, New York Univ.; Supvr. of Indus. Educ., Pub. Sch. Admin. Bldg., Jersey City 4, N. J., since 1942. Shaver, Stanley B„ A.B.'23, M.A/24, Po¬ mona Col.; Prin., Union H. S. and Dist. Supt. of Sch., Covina, Calif., since 1946. Shaw, Archibald Boyden, B.S. in Ed.'29, State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; M.Ed/40, Boston Univ.; Asst, Supt. of Sch., Scarsdalc, N. Y., since 1946. Shaw, Dora Mac, A.B.'26, M.Ed.'47, Win- throp Col.; Tchr.-Hclper, Sumter, S. C., since 1947. Shaw, Edwin A., B.S.’98, Tufts Col.; M.A. ’15, Ph.D.‘18, Harvard Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Tufts Col., Medford, Mass., since 1927. Shaw, George E.. B.E.’28, State Tchrs. Col.. Superior, Wis.; M.A.’3I, State Univ. of Iowa; Prin., Superior Central H. S., Su¬ perior, Wis., since 1946. Shaw, Homer, B.A,'30, Okla. Baptist Univ.; M.A.'34, Okla. Agrl. and Mcch. Col.; Supt. of Sch., pRwnec, Okla., since 1942. Shaw, John A., B.A.U8, Wash, and Jeffer¬ son Col.; Supt. of Sch., Spokane 9, Wash., since 1943. Shaw, Lloyd, A.B.'13, LL.D.’28, Colo. Col.; Ed.D.’37, Univ. of Colo.; Supt., Cheyenne Mountain Sch., Colorado Springs, Colo., since 1916. haw, Rogor M„ B.S.'36, M.S.'38, Univ. of Ill.; Ph.D.’42, Ind. Univ,; Specialist m Higher Educ., Educ. and Cultural Rela¬ tions Div., Office of Military Govt, for Bavaria, aince 1947, Addrcsa; A.P.O. 407, c/o Postmaster, Now York, N, Y. List of Members 483 Shaw, William Henry, B.A.’28, M.Ed.’33, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Columbus, Ga since 1945. Shea, James T„ B.A.’15, M.A.’24, Univ. of Detroit; Dir. of Curriculum and Research, Bd. of Educ., San Antonio 3, Texas, since 1922. Shearer, Allen Everett, A.B.’24, Lincoln Memorial Univ.; M.S.’28, Mercer Univ.; Ph.D.’37, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Dean, Southeastern State Col., Durant, Okla., since 1938. Shearer, Fred W„ B.A.’OO, Amherst Col.; fg£g' o{ Scl, -> Middletown, Conn., since Sheehan, Mary A., Prin., Monroe H S Rochester 7, N. Y. Sheehan, William E., B.S.’42, M A ’44 Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Deer¬ field, Ill., since 1945. Sh ," k r? a ' P ^ W-. B.S.’!7, A.B/22, Frank¬ ie Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Franklin, Ind., since 1933. Shelburne, C. C„ B.S ’27, M.S.’34, Univ. of Va^sfnc" llT ° f ^ Christia nsburg, Shelburne L F M.A.'14, Univ. of Va • bupt. of Sch., Staunton, Va., since 1925. ?° nald . R i b -S.’26, Kansas State Tchrs. Col , Putsburg, Kansas; M A ’31 iri^since"!^. 811151 - ° f Sch ” Prescott ’’ S Tchr n s be Co e i r ’ SV iIIiam n B ” BS ’ 35 - State PaState kl Sh « PPensb S r ?’ Pa ' : M -Ed.’43, Wai?s at p a CO since UP l V 9 g 46 Prin - ° f ScH " N ° rth Sh 9 eU Oh a io’. Mark A - Supt ’ of Sch - Dayton s helt°n, A. C„ Co. Supt. of Sch., Anniston, Shelton, Nollie W., B S ’31 PM Sh Sta?e n ’ Unfv 6 ^ ? 35 S - >".Ed’29, Ohio 1947 ’ R ° 0Se ' ;eh S ^’ To& 0 °h f io ( C .tci Sh ^ J ^4, D 'Wl» G ^ COE; of Sch., Cuthbert, Ga., sinfe 1944 UPt ’ Shephard, William H B A >29 w \' Pres Si °w ry h Co1 - : M’-A.'M, i£ Shepherd, Byron L., B S ’32 M <5 v sas State Col • Ace 'o' ’ M .S. 33, Kan- Jharge of Sec.'Sch., Tulsa^ “ S M P A" d L uX r o^'T B - S -’° 5 c Baker Univ.; Sch., Lyndhurst, N. j”," since P l g 32 Prln ' ° f C^l h um d bia L l?“ iv A '’ A ’24, Tchrs. . Col., Educ., Iowa Statf* 'r Prof.of Primary FaHs, IowT, since' i924. ChrS * Co1 - Ceda ^ Shepherd, Rulon T M Q tt • % Tn . C a2if.; Assi: Su% ’ o y n s V ch S M Uth ‘ Anz., since 1946. P Mesa, shepherd, Warren P M ^ tt • , s» 01 E,em - s;-h - Shepoiser, Lawrence H., B.A.’32, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A.’39, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Mason City, Iowa, since 1947. Sheppard, H. Leon, B.S.’40, Ithaca Col.; Pres., Arnold Col., Milford, Conn., since 1946. Sheppard, Irene B„ M.A.’40, New York Univ.; Helping Tchr., Pub. Sch., 232 High St., Burlington, N. J., since 1930. Sheppard, J. Hall, Co. Supt. of Sch., 1225 Eider St., Houston 10, Texas. Sherman, C. A., B.S.’33, State Tchrs. Col. Slippery Rock, Pa.; Ed.M.’36, Ed.D.’44 Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supvg. Prin. of Sch.’ Aspinwall, Pa., since 1944. Sherman, Warren A., A.B.’ll, A.M.’16 Brown Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Warwick,’ R. I., since 1930. Shelter Floyd A., B.S.’30, Bradley Poly¬ tech Inst.; M.A/37. State Univ. of Iowa; 19°35 SUPt ' ° f Sch ” R ° ck IsIand ’ I]1 - sinc « Sh .£ ler ’ German L., A.B.'29, M.A.’32, Ph D 4, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Highland Park 3, Mich., since 1942. Sh E b d’3 S 4 R rr ? A ’’ 29 ' CoIb >’ Co1 '-- M. Ed. 35 Boston Univ.; Dean, Sch. of Educ Dir. of Summer Session, and Dir. of Ex¬ tension Div., Univ. of Maine, Orono Maine, since 1947. ' Sh A* lds 2 P alIas T p- Sales Mgr., Superior Coach Corp., Lima, Ohio, since 1939. Sh Col d -’ M R A hard Ph ; B -’ 12 - Dickinson Eol., M.A. in Ed. ’34, New York TIniv Address: Pub. Sch., Lewes, Del. S Univ'. T body Col. for Tchr’s. Supt ’oF sch C well, N. Mex., since 1936 ” Ros ‘ S H Pk s ey ’,^o r 6 h W I Bm T ^ UStee, A Anaheim Union since 1942 Broadw ay, Anaheim. Calif., S Dak y ;’ Itl of’ sV’b 7 ’ Univ ‘ ° f N ’ since 1947. * ® ozeman » Mont., s ^ Sch., Tipton, Iowa *' °* ^ u P t - Sh I 0 n e sr k f r Te J ch n Southwestern ’31, Univ of bkl a h c rf0rd ' ° kla -; M.E. ton, Okla", sin^ m 6 SUPt ' ° f Sch ” Law ' Shores, Roscoe V A R ’in r> . - A.M.’25, Univ of w;V a Central Col.: Sch. Library Bldg Supt ' oi since 1945 . f^ ansas City 6, Mo., Shotwell, Fred C. PhB’ifi r t A.M.'21, Tchrs Cnl ‘ 16 A f afa y e «e Col.; Supvg. Prin of Srh tt Columbia Univ.; 1923. 0t Sch ” Fcanklin, N. J„ since 484 American School Buildings Shotwell, Harry W., A.B.’21, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.’27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Tch., Union Hill H. S., Union City, N. J., since 1925. Shoulders, W. B., M.S.’37, Univ. of Tenn.; Supvr., Elem. Sch. Supvn., State Dept, of Educ., Nashville 3, Tenn., since 1942. Shoun, H. Maine, A.B.’22, Carson-Newman Col.; Supt. of Sch., Caldwell, Idaho, since 1945. Showalter, John F., Ph.D.’45, Univ. of Nebr.; Dir. of Instr., Pub. Sch., Rich¬ mond 19, Va., since 1946. Shows, S. M., B.A.’26, Northwestern State Col., Natchitoches, La.; Supt. of DeSoto Parish Sch., Mansfield, La., since 1926. Shrode, Carl, A.B.’16, Swarthmore Col., M.A.’22, Univ. of Pa.; Prin., Central H. S., Evansville 8, Ind., since 1927. Shronk, Eugene W., B.S. in Ed.’30, Temple Univ.; M.S. in Ed.’34, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Margate, N. J., since 1935. Shyrock, Clara M., B.A/31, M.Ed.’35, Pa. State Col.; D.Ed/43, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Wilmore, Pa., since 1924. Shuck, Albert C., A.B.’ll, A.M.’12, Dickin¬ son Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Salem, N. J., since 1931. Shue, J. Harvey, B.S.’27, Franklin and Mar¬ shall Col.; M.A.’32, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Hightstown, N. J., since 1945. Shue, Wilmer E., B.S.*29, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A.’33, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Newark, Del., since 1945. Shugart, G. Gardner, A.B/28, A.M.’33, Univ. of Md.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Upper Marl¬ boro, Md., since 1943. ♦Shugart, Lehman C., A.B.’27. Ind. Univ.; M.S.’31, Lehigh Univ.; Prin., Theodore Roosevelt Pub. Schs., Elizabeth 2, N. J., since 1947. Shulkcy, Bruce C., B.A.’16, Baylor Univ.; M.A.’31, Texas Technological Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Fort Worth 4, Texas, since 1935. Shull, John R., B.A.'39, Emmanuel Mission¬ ary Col.; Prin. and Bus. Mgr., Mt. Ver¬ non Academy, Mt. Vernon, Ohio, since 1947. Shultz, Lewis W„ B.S.’29, Baker Univ.; M.A.’41, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Louisburg, Kansas, since 1946. Shultz, Wilmer L., Diploma ’20, State Tchrs. Col., Bloomsburg, Pa.; B.S.’28, Susquehanna Univ.; M.A.’42, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Terryville, Conn., since 1946. Shuman, William L., A.B/21, M.A.’29, Ohio State Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Cleve¬ land 14, Ohio, since 1943. Shunck, William, A.B.’31, Mich. State Nor¬ mal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; M.A.’37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Twp. Sch., Pontiac, Mich., since 1945. Shupc, Verna Irene, Eureka, Nevada. Shutcr, L. D„ A.B.’23, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'41, Ohio State Univ.; Exec. Secy., State Tchrs. Retirement System of Ohio, 85 E. Gay St., Columbus 2, Ohio, since 1947. Sibbing, Paul A., B.A.’17, Univ. of Dayton; Lie.Sc.’26, Univ. of Fribourg, Switzer¬ land; Supvr. of Marlanist Schs., Mt. St. John, Dayton 10, Ohio, since 1946. Sibley, John D., A.B.’25, Albion Col.; MA ’31, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Eaton Rapids, Mich., since 1945. Sickles, Frederick James, A.B.’08, Syracuse Univ.; A.M.’18, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., New Brunswick, N. J., since 1923. Sides, King J., B.A.’30, Texas Tech. Col.; M.A.’35, Columbia Univ. Address: El Paso, Texas. Sieber, Harry Clayton, B.S.’09, Gettysburg Col.; Pd.M.’22, New York Univ.; Prin., Sr. H. S., Red Bank, N. J., since 1920. Siefert, Edward F., Supt. of Sch., New Haven, Mich. Sifert, E. R., A.B/13, Des Moines Univ.; M.A.’26, State Univ. of Iowa; Ph.D.’42, Univ. of Minn.; Supt., Proviso Twp. H. S., Maywood, Ill., since 1936. Sigler, E. A., B.S.’28, North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; Supt. of Sch., Plano, Texas, since 1927. Sigmon, C. V., A.B.’32, Duke Univ.; M.A. ’47, Univ. of N. C.; Prin., Kernersville Sch., Kernersville, N. C. Silke, Eugene H., A.B.’30, Willamette Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Springfield, Oregon, since 1940. Sillari, Edward A., B.E.’37, Plymouth Tchrs. Col., Plymouth, N. H.; Headmaster, Keene H. S., Keene, N. H., since 1947. Simcox, J. Russell, B.S.’33, M.S.’47, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Kerkhoven, Minn., since 1945. Simley, Irvin T., A.B.’ll, Luther Col.; M.A.’27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., South St. Paul, Minn., since 1926. Simmonds, E. S., B.S. in Ed.*23, M.S. in Ed.’31, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Mor¬ rison, III., since 1943. Simmons, G. Ballard, B.A. in Ed.’22, M.A. in Ed.’30, Univ. of Fla.; Ph.D.’33, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Acting Dean, Col. of Educ. and Head, Dept, of Educ., Univ. of Fla., Gainesville, Fla., since 1941. Simmons, Harry D., B.S.’24, Univ. of Okla.; M.A.’27, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Muskogee, Okla., since 1947. Simmons, Ira Fred, A.B/14, Howard Col.; A.M.’24, Ph.D.’34, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Birmingham, Ala., since 1948. Simmons, Linton T., Diploma ’17, Ariz. State Col., Tempe, Ariz.; B.S.’21, Univ. of Ariz.; M.S/41, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Santa Ana, Calif., since 1945. Simmons, Wiley, B.S. in Ed.’40, Loyola Univ.; A.M.’42, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch.. Dist. No. 122, Oak Lawn, Ill., since 1942. Simmons. William O., B.A.'27, Westminster Col.; M.A.'38, Univ. of Ill.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Carlyle, Ill., since 1948. Simms, L. Moody, M.A.’42, George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Prin., Enochs Jr. H. S„ Jackson 43, Miss., since 1946. Simonson, Jacob, Prin., Food Trades Voc. H. S., New York 11, N. Y. impson, Alfred Dexter, A.B.'13, Syracuse Univ.; M.A.'23, Yale Univ.; Ph.D. 27, Columbia Univ.; Paed.D.'41, Syracuse Univ.; M.A.'42, Harvard Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Harvard Univ., Cambridge 38* Mass., since 1948. 48 List of Members Simpson, J. Olen, B.A.’32, Univ. of Wash • Supt. of Sch., Mukilteo, Wash., since Simpson, John Childs, A.B. and AM 'll LL.D. 48 Randolph-Macon Col.; Pres.' Matford Col., Danville, Va., since 1930. Simpson Laurens L„ Pres., The Manual Arts Press 237 N. Monroe St., Peoria 3 III., since 1940. Simpson, Roy E., M.A/31, Claremont Col¬ leges; Litt.D. 48, Chapman Col.- State since 1945 Ub ' InStr " Sacramento 14, Calif., Simpson William B„ B.S.’30, Univ. of ' n Ed.’36, Cornell Univ.; Dist Supt. of Sch., Camden. Del., since 1938. Sims, Cecil Melville, B.A.'14 M A '27 nv,;„ since® ^ ° f Sch: ' Pi< l ua -' Ohio, Sims Henry R„ A.B.’13, LL.D.’45 Wofford Sl la e nds -^B°S’4^ ’ir A:B ' 3 V Univ. of Red- D, P st Sunt' of Umv. of Southern Calif.; since 1947 f ScH " Cu ‘ Ver City, Calif., si a iz\v ! 'sj,r k T,bi B c?i’ is - N s, *i'i*" k ». Texas- M PH rS 'c Lo Nacogdoches, Univ.;' Supi E of Sch Tr Crn T Me,hodist 1948 P • ot och., Troup, Texas, since A M°.r • B OHvet Col. A M. 26, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch Sheridan, Wyo., since 1945. Sk St’a P t e e r 'rn'V r ?' BS ' 32 - M.S.’38. Fla Mate Col. for Women; Dir.. Div. of Instr State Dept, of Educ., Tallahassee- Fla since 1943. Skogsberg Alfred H.. M.A.'35 New Yorl Jr m H : S Ed R ^' 48 V C i 0 , IUmljia U ”iv' Pnn Jr. H. S.. Bloomfield. N. J., since 1942 MA'34 G Un- e A 'l ?; A ' 27 ' St - Olaf Col.; S “ Pt * “ '‘Co.:; W M.A a ’20 J Tch« S, Col Oh!o V ; ; s,n S cT, 944 f ^ ^ Slager, Fred C.. B.S in Ed '?n m,- m ym.- sskss ■32 at De T n C v h e r r S ' $£ . Sch.. Denver 7 . Colo/^n'ce 1934 '" Elc ' m ' Singleton, Gordon G., Dinloma ’10 r a"T Univ.; Ph D’25 Cn!' rS 'i,- C< ?1"• Columbia 40, Baylor 'u ni 'v 0l res‘ a £ niv ‘ = J>-Litt. Baylor Col., Belton, Texas. *SZ S Tchr E s! m c e ol. E Kuti P to°w m n a p !'State Sch., Burnham, U pl W since i : 930°' SUpt ' ° f Sl LLD E 43 Sli Io B ;h M A -' 29 ’ Columbia Univ - of Educ’ Univ nf‘w' S? 1 -' Dean - Col! Kansas, since 1929 * Wlch,ta - Wichita 6. Sirrine, W. R r 4 ■>, , . Flagstaff, Aria • Prin 2 ’r AnZ -o S I ate C ol„ Ariz., since 1938. Crane Sch., Yuma. sk, ^Horace, Supt. of Sch.. Fayetteville, S1 St g a g t S e C D ol. rCy Tempe A |''' 33 ’ Ariz. Sch., Artesia. Calif., ,in« me.' Supt ' ° f Skaith, Francis T pc * „, . west State Tchrs Coi ln i>» Ed - 33 ' N °rth- M.S. in Ed.'36, Colo C St’ a t M r y . VU, o’ Mo -: Sch Maryville, Mo.', since mV Pt ’ ° f Skarstedt, Marcus BLSMi rr Ph.D.’24, Univ. of Cal f’- ^‘k ° f 111 ' Francisco J r . Col W oriey Sch., Canton iFJ^'ynfv 5 o[ 6 n. S Dak Iaf c G °s 1 M ' S ' Sch., Hardin, Mont., since 194E Supt ' of fn?v r ’ ; m!a.’ 2^ U h niv SC 0 B f M ; Upper Iowa Sch., Fairmont,’ ifc. •= Supt. of skinner, KatP J? M.A.’38, Statf ”Uni' A ' 2 if ? orne11 Col.; Supvr., Ginn and Co 2301 p W - : - Elem - Chicago 16, Hi., s > c °-’ ,| 3 °» Frame Ave., S, «' <*»« Co,.; Tc n hVs C, «?‘h. M Emp!rfa’ 33 k S ^ Sl^" Kansas, since ms. ° ? Col^'p^tfou® 5 ^ 1 ' Kansas State Tchrs. Mo” 0, Address ' ; 1104 Lake St'/ Columbia.' S tecoWr Tthrs V’* 33 ’ York don Hgts., N. J., sinie m2 Sch ” Had ' Sl0 M U A m '4l! a ff" v F of f A n' 3 k °' Y - kt °" Co.,; Winner. S. Dak., sin « ^948 P *' °‘ Sch " " S C 0 olo 6Cke A r grl Lyl a e nd Ne ’ S e 0n H Vi' 24 ’ M-S/33. Psych, and Educ r^' De Pt- of Col.. Fort ColHns; & ^‘e *^ 7 Mech - Mounf^^o, 011 ^^' A.B.;04, M.A.'06. Lexington Ave., Dayton 7 Ohfo : 16 Co Ce Iupt M ”oF S Sch’ %V e C °n 01 Wa ^. : since 1945. “ Pr,nev >He. Oregon. vlI >* cu' 0.K DesPlai..,, Ysf.j Sup * Sch., Pittsburg, Kansas v’ C ;L Supt - of Small, William q 44 ‘ Falls, N. Y J ” Supt ' of Sch -, Niagara SupL oFcons 0 ?Seh I ' S WaU d'? yne Univ -i since 1945. S Walled Lake, Mich., Sr Un r *v.; N °MA’33 arlet s n ’ , Ba -’ 3I. Baylor Univ ; Prin. A Jr ’h Methodist San Angelo, Texas.'since i 9 « Ma edalen, M.a’,’ 317,‘ Univ n ’o? h Ch'i 20 ’ Shurtl eff Col ; H - S., Robin* 0 ' n , Ill., sin ^ 0 : j 9 «. in '’ Twp ’ 486 American School Buildings Smith, Allen Candler, A.B.’32, Univ. of Ga.; M.A.’37, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Quit- man, Ga., since 1938. Smith, Benjamin L., A.B.T6, M.A.’37, Duke Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Greensboro, N. C., since 1936. Smith, Bertrand LeRoy, B.S. and A.B.’34, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Spring- field, Mo.; M.A.’37, Ed.D.’42, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Oak Park, Ill., since 1946. Smith, Cale C., B.S.'28, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.S.’38, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Casa Grande, Ariz., since 1942. Smith, Calvin S., B.S.'15, M.S.’22, Univ. of Utah; Ph.D.’28, Univ. of Chicago; Admin. Officer, Veterans Admin., 1710 S. 1700 W., Salt Lake City 4, Utah, since 1943. Smith, Calvin U., Diploma ’23, State Tchrs. Col., Buffalo, N. Y.; B.S.’28, St. Law¬ rence Univ.; M.A.’33, New York Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Painted Post, N. Y., since 1931. Smith, Carl D., B.Hum.’14, Springfield Col.; M.Ed.’25, Harvard Univ.; LL.D.’41, Adrian Col.; Dir. of Educ., Natl. Assn, of Credit Men, 1 Park Ave., New York 16, N. Y., since 1945. Smith, Carleton Blose, Supt. of Sch., Pekin, Ill., since 1923. Smith, Cecil E., Dist. Supt. of Sch., Chris- man. Ill. Smith, Cecil E., B.S.’28, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.A.’31, Ohio State Univ.; Prin., Liberty H. S., Pratt, Kan¬ sas, since 1943. Smith, Charles Bunyan, Diploma ’17, State Normal Sch., Troy, Ala.; B.S.’22, M.A. ’27, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; D.Ed. ’41, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Troy, Ala., since 1937. Smith, Charles C., A.B.T2, Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M/19, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch.| Bridgeport, Pa., since 1932. Smith, Charles William. B.A.’30, Howard Col ■ M.A.’46, Col. of William and Mary; Supt. of Sch., Hopewell, Va„ since 1946. Smith, Clcll R., B.S. and M.S. ’40. North Texas State Tchrs. Col., Denton, Texas; Prin., El Paso H. S., El Paso, Texas, since 1947. Smith, Dana H., Ph.B.’27. Muhlenberg Col.; M A.’33. New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Bellmore, L. I., N. Y.. since 1946. Smith, David R.. B.A.’21, Mt-A.’22, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Delaware, Ohio, since 1933. Smith, Don M., Dist. Supt. of Sch., Haw¬ thorne, Calif. Smith, Doyle, B.S.’40, Central State Col., Edmond, Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Maramec, Okla., since 1946. Smith, E. W., B.S.'32, Texas Col. of Arts and Indus.; M.A. 36, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Fort Stockton, TexaB, Bince 1947. Smith, Elmer Francis. B.S.’09, R. L State Col • M.A.’21, Now York Univ.; Supt. of Sch'., Roselle Park, N. J., since 1919. Smith, Elmer R.. Ph.B.’26 A.M.’28, Brown Univ.; Supvr. of Curriculum Research, Pub Sch., Providence 2. R. I., since 1940. Smith, Emmltt D., M Kd.’41, Texas Tech. Col.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., White Deer, Texas, since 1946. Smith, Ethel L., B.S.'14, M.A.’27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir., Elem. Educ. and Binet Classes, Admin. Bldg., 9 S. Stockton St., Trenton, N. J., since 1936. Smith, Ezra E., Co. Supt. of Sch., Riverside, Calif., since 1926. Smith, Florence A., Prin., Elem. Sch., Oceanside, N. Y. Smith, Floyd, Ph.M.’34, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., since 1936. Smith, Frank L., B.S.TO, Syracuse Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lancaster, N. Y., since 1921. Smith, Garland S., Diploma T3, State Tchrs. Col., Florence, Ala.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Vernon, Ala., since 1917. Smith, George A., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Quarryville, Pa. Smith, George B., B.S.’29, M.A.’30, Univ. of Minn.; Ph.D.’35, Columbia Univ.; Dean, Sch. of Educ. and Dir. of Summer Session, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, since 1941. Smith, George Kerry, B.A.’26, Emory Univ.; Ed.D.’42, Columbia Univ.; Chief, Informa¬ tion and Publications Serv., Office of Educ., Federal Security Agency, Wash¬ ington 25, D. C., since 1946. Smith, George T„ Jr., B.A.T7, Univ. of Richmond; M.A.*21, Univ. of Pa.; State Dir., Educ. Supplies and Equipment, 3 E. 25th St., Baltimore 18, Md„ since 1929. Smith, Gerald A., B.A.’37, M.A.’39, Univ. of Redlands; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Bloom¬ ington, Calif., since 1946. Smith, Glen, Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Wells- burg, W. Va. Smith, H. L., B.S.’25, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; M.A.'30. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Henderson, Ky., since 1947. Smith, H. L., B.S. in Ed.’45, Black Hills Tchrs. Col., Spearfish, S. Dak.; Supt. of Srh Nisland. S. Dak., since 1945. Smith, Harold W., A.B.T6, East 'Texas State Normal Sch., Commerce, Texas; M.A.’30, Univ. of Calif.; Supt. of Gram¬ mar Sch., Glendale, Ariz., since 1925. Smith, Harold W., B.S. in Ed.’31, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; M.S. in Ed.’41, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pitts¬ burg, Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Deerfield, Kansas, since 1948. Smith, Harry Pearse, A.B.’09, A.M.’IS, State Univ. of Iowa; Ph.D.’25, Columbia Univ., Prof, of Educ., Syracuse Univ., since 1927 and Dir. of Research, Pub. Sch., Syracuse, N. Y., since 1928. Smith, Harvey A., A.B.T4, Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.’22, Univ. of Pa., Ph.D.’30, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lancaster, Pa., since 1938. Smith, Henry Earl, Ph.B.’20, 2 ®' Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Sheboygan, Wis., since 1934. ♦Smith, Henry Lester, A.B.’98, A.M/99, Ind. Univ.; A.M.’IO. Ph.D.’ 16 . Columbia Univ.. LL.D.’40, Butler Univ.; Pres., Natl. Educ. Assn., 1934-35; Consultant ° n Schoolhouse Planning, State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Bloomington. Ind., since 1946. Smith, Herford A.. B.S.’29, M.S. in Ed.^A, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs^, Albany, N. Y.. Dist. Supt. of Sch,, East Qveenbush, N. Y., since 1934. List of Members 48; Smith, Howard P., B.S.’27, Mount Union Col.; M.A/33, Ohio State Univ.; Ph.D.’43 Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Kent,’ Ohio, since 1944. Smith, Hubert H., A.B.T5, Wabash Col.; M.A.’26, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Hammonton, N J since 1926. Smith, Ira M., LL.B.'09. Ind. Univ.; LL.D. ’37, Ashland Col.; Registrar, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich., since 1925. Smith Irving Wright, B.S.'IO, Trinity Col Halford, Conn.; M.A.'13, Yale Univ.; r o ; 27 v* Harvard Univ.; Deputy Supt. ot Sch., Richmond, Calif., since 1945. PA ’ 26 ' Southwestern Univ.; M.Ed. 37, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch .La beria, Texas, since 1936. Sm A h ,. J- Edward, A.B.’27, Geneva Col.; A.M. 30, Ed.D. 42, Univ. of Pittsburgh Address: 345 Linden Ave., Doylestown, J-. Millard, B.S.'29, Memphis State , Me ™P.his. Tenn.; M.A.’30, George S r y i C M f° r Tchrs.: Pres., Memphis Mate Col., Memphis 11. Tenn., since 1946. Sr ? r 1 * 1 ?; JaI ? e L ^S Ki I nnon . A.B/21, McMaster Unrv.; A M/22, Univ. of Chicago; Supt of Twp. H. S., Lockport, Ill., since 1925 MA W r Carroll Col.; FUmMi 7 -' Vx IV ' of Chicago: Supt. of Sch. iSemidji, Minn., since 1928. S M*A’27 en Tcb E - r B -, S -' 21 ri , Colgate Univ.; Sup, of Sch., Walden, nT^c^ 37 ! Massillon, Ohio, since 1936 Smith, Nila B., 21 Brinkerhoff Ave Tea- neck, N. J. Smith, Paul E„ A.B.'34. Col. of Wooster: M..A. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ • Prin., Hayes Jr. H. S„ Youngstown 4 ' Ohio, since 1947. Sm M th 4 '- P e aU Au E -e BA -' 32 - Heidelberg Col.: M.A. ,5, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch bhadyside, Ohio, since 1946. Smith. Payson. A.M.' 03 . Tufts Col.; LL.D 08 Univ. of Maine; Lilt.D.'09. Bates Co!.; Litt.D. 11, Bowdoin Col.; D. Ed it'- 1 ' of Educ -: LL.D.. Norwich •V? IV c’ LL 'P" Northeastern Univ.- LL D 35, Springfield Col.; D.Ed., Colby Col.;' Pres., Dept, of Superintendence, 1923 - 24 - Honorary Life Member. American Assn'. Admin.; Lecturer. Sch. of Educ Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine. Sr ?‘! h ,. R alph Richards. B.S. in Ed.'24 M A Pa . ^, n nc V e°1926 a ' : SUP ‘- ° f Sch - Yale ^lj V U'- ^ n d ia nap o H s’*' C B. IL°o 5 ’ tun Univ., Fort Worth 9. Texas, since S Asst. R Supt M of M Co ' 3 S ch W M Va - Univ ' : W. Va„ since 1947 " M ° r8Jn,ow "' S ^'f th p n°i ert G " Chief Clerk. State Dent of Pub. Instr., Springfield, III. P Smith, Robert L R 3 'll r- Mo’* Supt Unlv.o} 1942! Hamson * Ark., since S ^ h ’ S’ ®-A. 11 . Southwestern- M A J&ciaJrJss ssi/” S M 08 n'w* if.V'ni, f r “- SUm. Sch.. Smith, Lewis F P h B .“n X ° kU ' M.A.-40 Ohio" Star?' It'' Un, X;. of Wis -i tt i ■’ Lewis Wilbur, A B ’o? n. • ca'go"■ 'LLD’28 Ph P'Univ. Tc™- Fellow^ Univ of CalT £ ni *', : Rese /rcb Berkeley 7, Calif., sin/e 194* Un, ° Ave - Sm Emory M ^ i i ° v n ; PhD °^ B S’ 21 ’ MU,saps Col.’, Jackson,’ ^ Cob’; & 3 t’ M B S ’ 1S 'r Clemaon* AgrL Clemson Col.; Co. 'sup' of‘s'ch D 'M d '’ 48 - Ga, since 1941. 01 i>ch -> Macon, Smith, Martha W B 9 »» . °f Mo.; State Supvr 0 f Sc^' J Univ ' and Community Relatinnc c -Attendance Educ., Montgomery 4 °2?: St * te De Pt- of Smith, Max S AB'u 1938 ' M.A.’35, Univ 0 f MiVg Uni o' of Den ver; Niles, Mich., since *1947.’ ’’ SUPt- of Sch - Smith, Milton S AB‘i«' * 1 M.A.’39, Georee P-kk i 5, A ; kf »nsas Col.; I Ph h D.^9, A UrUv B- 'of’ p ^°, Univ -: M.A.’27 Sch., Ambridge,' Pa , since Supt ‘ ° 7 Smith. Sampson G.. B S •?<; e Tchrs C '1 r r > *• -“• Ind. State S L‘[ h B •!r U ifv e - of f ' 15 - Tf inny Univ.; Col.. Columbia u n J eX Askt S A ' 27 ' 7‘ hrs ' New Rochelle. N. Y since 19 ^ Sch " s f t *te. v & ®v s -^d^ A -' »■ L Tchrs - Ave., Port Washington. N. y L ° Cust Sr Cal h i'f. ^'DUV fup?'of'S U h iV 'n° f Sou,hern since 1948. P ' f Sch., Ogden, Utah, S nati’; Pdn W Ea^t'H d ' S°' p Un ' V ‘ ° f Cincin - since 1940.’ S '' Port smouth, Ohio. Smith, Theodore H B S e . Umv.; Supvg. Pr' in . of Sch US<, rf hanna N. J., since 1946. Mh., Clayton. Smith, Vernon G. BA ’?i r a ^ M.A, 29, Ed D '41 Tnl ' t-' Colby Col.; SmHh SC V' SC3rSdale ’ N - tt-V. ni »b SUPt ’ LL.b.ML l Univ Th o°f m i a i!’. p; A s' 29 u Ph D /^ Umv, Fayette, Iowa,"sin C e i 93 g Per Iowa Smith, W. C. M A ’36 ok* C °- Supt. of Sch Lo?H h ‘° S X\ te Hniv. ; 1942. ch " London, Ohio, since Sl Sta h t'e Teh”.' Cob.' Coaimf' 47 '/ 3 " Texas ° f Sch > Hawkins, Texas,'’sinc^* 193 I. Supt ' 488 American School Buildings Smith, W. Virgil, LL.B.’IO, Univ. of Mo.; A.B.*20, A.M.’30, Univ. of Wash.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 810 Dexter Ave., Seattle 9, Wash., since 1929. Smith, Walter Irvine, A.B.’ll, Union Col.; M.S.’17, Whitman Col.; Ed.D.*34, George Wash. Univ.; Head, Dept, of Sec. Educ., Pub. Sch., College Place, Wash. Smith, William A., A.B.*29, M.Ed.’42, Ohio Univ. ; Supt. of Sch., Pomeroy, Ohio, since 1941. Smith, William Frank, A.B. and M.Ed.'45, Univ. of Ga.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Cordele, Ga., since 1944. Smith, William M., A.B.'12, Dickinson Col.; Supt. of Sch., Long Branch, N. J., since 1936. Smith, William S., A.B.’35, Glenville State Col., Glenville, W. Va.; M.S. in Ed. *39, Univ. of Ga.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Folkston, Ga., since 1945. Smithgall, Elizabeth, B.S.’29, M.A.*34, Co¬ lumbia Univ. Address: 139 E. Clay St., Lancaster, Pa. Smittle, W. Ray, Ph.D.’33, Ohio State Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Wayne Univ. t De¬ troit, Mich., since 1936. Smola, Frank A., M.A.*32, Northwestern Univ.; Educ. Dir., Natl. Dairy Council, 111 N. Canal St. f Chicago 6, Ill., since 1946. Smotherman, Bealer, B.S.'33, Middle Tenn. State Tchrs. Col., Murfreesboro, Tenn.; M.A.*40, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Murfreesboro, Tenn., since 1942. Snapp, Carlos V., A.B.’23, M.A.’34, Univ. of Ky.; Supt. of Sch., Jenkins, Ky., since 1929. Snarr, O. W., Ph.D/41, Univ. of Chicago; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Moorhead, Minn., since 1941. Snavely, Guy E., Jr., A.B.*27, Birmingham- Southern Col. ; Exec. Secy. Pickett & Hatcher Educ. Fund, Inc., Columbus, Ga., since 1938. Sneed, Henry L., Jr., A.B.*36, Erskine Col.; M.A.’43, Univ. of S. C.; Supt. of Sch., Piedmont, S. C., since 1942. Snell, Fred W., M.Ed.*40, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Penacook, N, H., since 1946. Snell, Hayward, A.B.*30, Clark Univ.; Ed.M. *46, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Middle- town, R. I., since 1946. Snell, Lois L., A.B.*31, Univ. of Ala.; M.A. '46, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prin., Elem. Sch., 1013 Topeka, Topeka, Kansas. Snider, R. Nelson, A.B.*22, Ball State Tchrs. Col. ( Muncic, Ind.; M.A.*30, Columbia Univ.; Prin., South Side H. S. f Fort Wayne 5, Ind., since 1926. Snivcly, Donald L., B.S. in Ed.*37* State Tchrs. Col., Shippensburg, Pa.; M.S. in Ed.'41, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Media, Pa., since 1947. Snoke, James S., B.S. in Ed.*30, State Tchrs. Col., Shippensburg, Pa.; M.A.*38, D.Ed. *44, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Pittsburgh 19, Pa., since 1946. Snow, Deskin D., B.S.*25, Southwest Texas State Tchrs. Col., San Marcos, Texas; Co. Supt. of Sch., Corpus Christi, Texas, since 1929. Snow, Fletcher J., Product Mgr., Sch. Div., American Seating Co., Grand Rapids 2, Mich. Snow, Glenn E., B.S.’25, M.S.’29, Univ. of Utah; Pres., Natl. Educ. Assn., 1947-48; Pres., Dixie Jr. Col., St. George, Utah, since 1938. Snow, Irene, Dist. Supt. of Elem. Sch., Napa, Calif., since 1937. Snow, Silas D., Supt. of Sch., Crossett, Ark. Snowden, F. B., Ph.B.’15, Lafayette Col.; M.A.’29, Ed.D.*33, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Jeannette, Pa., since 1937. Snuggs, William E., B.S.’20, Ala. Polytech. Inst.; M.A.’28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Selma, Ala., since 1943. Snyder, Clarence A., B.S.’25, M.S.’37, Colo. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Delta, Colo., since 1944. Snyder, D. R., Asst. Supt. of Sch., Miami 37, Fla. Snyder, Dudley C-, Diploma ’23, State Tchrs. Col., Mansfield, Pa.; B.A.’32, Pa. State Col.; M.A.’38, New York Univ.; Dist. Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Valley Stream, N. Y., since 1938. Snyder, E. Grant, Ph.B.’37, Milton Col.; M.Ph.’45, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Cedarburg, Wis., since 1947. Snyder, Franklyn B., A.B.’05, Beloit Col.; M.A.’07, Ph.D.’09, Harvard Univ.; LL.D. ’35, Beloit Col.; LL.D.’39, Colby Col.; L.H.D.’39, Northwestern Univ.; LL.D.’40, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Litt.D.’40, Ill. Wes¬ leyan Univ.; LL.D.’41, Wesleyan Univ. Address: Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Ill. Snyder, H. Austin. B.S. in Ed.’32. State Tchrs. Col., Mansfield, Pa.; M.Ed.’35, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Borough Sch., Sayre, Pa., since 1946. Snyder, Harold E„ A.B.’29, Swarthmore Col.; M.A.’33, Ph.D.’42, Columbia Univ.; Dir., Commn. for Internatl. Educ. Recon¬ struction, 744 Jackson PI., N. W., Wash¬ ington, D. C., since 1946. Snyder, Lewis N., A.B.’16, Gettysburg, Col.; A.M.’24, Univ. of Pa.; Ed.D.’47, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Perkasie, Pa., since 1929. Snyder, Raymond H., B.A.’12, Ind. Univ.; M.A.’19, Univ. of Chicago; Pres., South¬ ern Idaho Cot. of Educ., Albion, Idaho, since 1913. Snyder, Robert D., A.B.’43, Harris Tchrs. Col., St. Louis, Mo.; M.A.’46, Washing¬ ton Univ.; Prin., Washington Sch., 7977 Washington, St. Louis Co. 14, Mo. Snyder, Walter E.. B.S.’25, Oregon State Col.; M.S.’36. Univ. of Oregon; Asst. Supt., State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Salem, Oregon, since 1946. Snyder, Warren P„ B.S.’20, Muhlenberg Col.; M.S.’32. Temple Univ.; Supt. of Sch., 1201 Radcliffe St., Bristol, Pa., since 1936. Soderstrom, LaVern W., A.B.’24, Bethany Col.; M.A.’35, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. ot Sch., Lindsborg, Kansas, since 1930. Johrbeck, Harold M„ B.S.’29, Bradley Univ.; M.A.’40, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Grade Sens., East Solberg, Carl E„ B.A.’29, Luther Col.; ’41, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., non Falls, Minn., since 1945. M.S. Can- List of Members 489 Somers, Wilson E., Diploma and A.B ’15 Col. of William and Mary; M.A.’23, Tchrs’ Col., Columbia Univ.; Rep., Educ. Dept., Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York N Y since 1926. Address: 3333 N. Charles’St.',’ Baltimore 18, Md., since 1946. Somes John, B.S.’31, Univ. of Mass.; Union Supt. of Sch., Sheffield, Mass. Sommerville, Thomas, M.A.’15, Glasgow Univ., Scotland; Dir. of Educ. and Secy.- Da eaS 'i^° n «» e ^ Protestant Central Sch Bd. 3460 McTavish St., Montreal 2,' Quebec, Canada, since 1945. ^As^.ta.^’ Supt ' ° f S ‘ h ” New So .?! r ’,) V - ayne w - B.A.’13, York Col.- M A 24, Univ. of Nebr.; Ph.D.’28, Tchrs’ Col Hca'? n s bla U q‘ V ' ; C J?' ef ’ Bureau ° f Statis- N Y., S :i„ V ce fgm dUC ' DeP ‘" Albany »■ Sorensen, Carl G„ Supt. of Sch., Plattsburgh, S °MA'2 n 4 R T?h R -’ W 1S A Car,eton Col.; 2 1 cY h ^' Co1 - Columbia Univ • Supt. of Sch., Tracy, Minn., since 1921 SO C e o? SO Ea„ T n?°-- A \'„ B - A ' 4 °. State Tchrs. ch!pp?: u a of Sch " S a e ^ 2503 Montebello Ter., Bal- Souder, Rexford S., B S '35 N i , ^hrs. Col Glassboro n’. f. J A ft* Asst S , Tc ? rS c COL Columbia Univ ■ since 1946 H '’ BrookIine 46. Mass.! Southerlin, W. B. BA ’29 rr • M.A.’42, Univ of S r •’ Burman Urnv.; tegT*?- %tT'kk S?-V-’V- *•*•■«, Univ. since 1945 ’ J ' H ’ S ” Sumter, S. C„ Southworth, John Van Duyn B A ’26 vard Univ • ivr a t u * * .• Har- bia Univ.T’Vice Pres’ and T Col ” T Co ^m- Pub Cn Tr,!. 4 eS ’ a P d Treas., Iroquois 2, N. Y°"since"l945° t,U ° 1S Bld S” Syracuse S Ed d iS532 W & if B 'A426, Boston Univ.; vard Univ.* LL D ’47 *d * : c E ?;*V 42 « Har- Col. of Educ., iFniv ’?*• * B V t er Univ.; calif.; LLD’4i ButU^Tf - of Southern Hanover Col - LHn « LLd -’H. LL.D.’47, De’Pauw ’ B y,cknell Univ.; Col., Crawfordsville,^nd V ; : si R c e e S 19M abaSh Goose Creek, Texas?'.Vnce^SSl' 60 * S ’ SP Un!v" g Vi W D liara £- A- 5 -’ 1 ®- Harvard Bn*,’’ , V M PreS ". Houghton Mifflin Co., -Boston 7, Mass., since 1939. SP Col ke of G Ed' 0rd ™’a B ' S -’ 31 ' Wes ‘orn Mich. Sunt r t‘l, C,; D M - A;41 ’ Univ - of Mi ch.; 1943 f Sch " R ‘ Ver Rou S e - Mich., since SP nf ar ri an ’ £ e fU , E " A.B.’32, M.A.’39, Univ. TT A a 'b Ed - D - 43, Tchrs. Co!., Columbia Umv.; Supt. of Sch., Hinsdale,’ Ill.,s7nce Spa f s - , Har p ld , A.B.’24, Wabash Col.; MA Currfcul^m V T Co1 " Columbia Univ.;' Curriculum Coordinator, Pub Sch 91 Grove St., San Francisco, Califfsince Specht, Clarence W Ph R ’?« v F n n i . v -: f M <; Ed -’ 3 3. Univ. o R Pittsburgh aV Co r since °946. Ch ’ C ° Urt H ° USe ’ Celina - Ohio,’ SP Texas Ja Si e r S n’ Sr *i E d.D.’45, Univ. of Speer, R. L„ M.A/33, Univ. of Colo ■ Dir Demonstration Sch. and Asst n’t i Educ., Abilene ChVisUan Col Abi en°e Texas, since 1947 ’ Abilene, CohT’M^^ PhD in S -’ 2 c 4 ’ l0Wa . State ^^b.p,^ i i?« ] .^e e Supt. Spencer, Herbert Lincoln B S ’21 p- Inst, of Tech • M a 4 dl ?V,„9 arne e ie Of Pittsburgh’ Pres 'p^ ', 3 , 4 ' t V nlv - Lewisburg, P a .’, since i’ 945 ^ kneU Univ " SP Hono r i’u R ? b Hawiii. Prin '’ R °° Scve,t H - S„ Sparling, E. A r e . 1fi XT . Crystal City, Mo,, ,§g<- « Sth, SP iSr I u‘ n 5! Bernard L A B ’?r nr Mich. Col. of Educ ’vVi' 28 ’ Western M.A.’ 45 , Univ of Mich Kal | raa2 ° 0 ’ M ‘eh.; Sch., Grand Rapk^ Mi^V Fai 7 H Spaulding, Frank E A ’ ' Ch ” Slnce 1941 - A M., Ph.D?94 T.;; A : B - 8 7 9 r ’ Amherst Col.; LL.D.’20, Amherst P C WN’y^ n ^ an ^ Spinas, Andrew A R tj " i Col.; Dist. Supt of'Sch H D m J boldt State Calif., since 1937. *’ I^ e< ^ w ood City, ^ P Roches’ter{ 3 Supt Univ ’ of s., Rochester 4 , N. Y. h 'since i' 933 Ugh St ’ Primtf Twp. VP p ^ I A.’ 3 i a , rl ’un A v B 'o 1 f 7 , h rth c Central Sch., Petoskey, Mich'., sinfe^ 1923. SUPt- ° f 490 American School Buildings Spoerl, Elmo E., Acting Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Metuchen, N. J. Spong, Clarence R., Sc.B.’32, Ottawa Univ.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Kansas; Prin., North Lincoln H. S., Wamego, Kansas, since 1945. Spooner, William A., Diploma ’10, State Tchrs. Col., Bridgewater, Mass.; Supt. of Sch., Athol, Mass., since 1937. Spraberry, George E., M.S. in Ed.’27, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Perry, Okla., since 1937. Sprague, Harry A., Ph.D.'40, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Pres., N. J. Tchrs. Col., Upper Montclair, N. J., since 1924. Sprague, Raymond B., B.S. in Ed.'25, Rut¬ gers Univ.; M.A. in Adm.’29, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., East Willis- ton, N. Y., since 1925. Spratt, Elliott Cowgill, Secy., Hillyard Chemical Co., and Genl. Sales Mgr., The Hillyard Co., 706 S. 13th, St. Joseph 1, Mo., since 1925. Sprayberry, W. P., A.B.‘31, Univ. of Ga.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Marietta, Ga., since 1943. Spring, Gardiner W., A.B.’IS, M.A.*27, Univ. of Calif.; Advisory Supt. of Sch., On¬ tario, Calif., since 1948. Springer, A. G., M.A.’37, W. Va. Univ.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Keyser, W. Va., since 1948. Springer, Wilbur J., B.S.’25, Mt. Union Col.; Ed.M.’32, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Bay Village, Ohio, since 1940. Springman, John H., A.B.’31, Albion Col., A.M.’34, Wayne Univ.; Ed.D. 44, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Glenview, Ill., since 1948. Sprouse, W. Lloyd, A.B.'21, Ohio Univ.; A M ’28, Ph.D.’40, Ohio State Univ.; Asst. Examiner. Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1945. ♦Spry, Edward W„ A.B.’lt, A.M.’22, Univ. of Rochester. Address: Summit Road, Le Roy, N. Y. Spurr, Ethel M„ A.B.’19, Radcliffe Col.; A M.’24, Columbia Univ.; Prin., Northrop Collegiate Sch., Minneapolis 5, Minn., since 1933. Stabler, D. A., A.M.’29, Univ of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Otsego, Mich., since 1939. Stabley, Elwood C.. A.B.’24, Lebanon Val¬ ley Col.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Unionville, Pa., since 1936. Stackhous, Mildred A.. M.A.’41, Northwest¬ ern Univ.; Tchr., Bryant Sch., Sioux City 18, Iowa, since 1930. Stackhouse, Esther, Co. Supt. of Educ., Marion, S. C. Stafford. R. E„ B.A.’29, Howard Payne Col.; M.Ed.’41, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Kenedy, Texas, since 1941. Stafford, W. D.. A.B.’30, N. Mex. High¬ lands Univ., Las Vegas, N. Mex.. M.A. *37, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., San Jon, N. Mex., since 1945. ♦Stahl, Harvey E., A.B.’M, Ind. yniv.; A.M.’IS, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., Dist. Supt. of Sch., Claymont, Del., since 1922. _ , Stahly, Gerald B„ A.B.’26 Bluffton Col.; A.M.'38, Ohio State Untv ; Supvr. of Educ., The Boys’ Indus. Sch., Lancaster, Ohio, since 1940. Stallbohm, H. R., Pres., Bd. of Educ., Steiner Bldg., Lima, Ohio, since 1948. Stallings, Tharon Eugene, M.Ed.’41, Univ. of Mo. Address: Pub. Sch., Sikeston, Mo. Stalter, S. S., Mgr., American Book Co., 300 Pike St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1945. Stanfill, H. L., A.B.’39, Ouachita Col.; M.A. ’47, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Prin., H. S., Mabelvale, Ark., since 1947. Stanley, Calvin, B.A.’24, Univ. of Tenn.; M.A.’28, George Wash. Univ.; M.A.’30, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Rural Sch., Nor¬ wich, Conn., since 1929. Stanley, Ralph J., A.B.’29, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; M.A.’36, Cor¬ nell Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Clarence Central Sch., Buffalo, N. Y., since 1948. Stanley, William Oliver, Jr., A.B.’26, Baker Univ.; A. M.’36, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Prof, of Educ., Col. of Educ., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill., since 1942. Stansfield, Joseph W., B.A.’20, Trinity Col.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Coulee Dam., Wash., since 1938. Stanton, Robert, Carmel, Calif. Stapay, Peter P., B.C.S.’30, Rider Col.; Ed.M.’47, Rutgers Univ.; Dean, Panzer Col. of Physical Educ. and Hygiene, East Orange, N. J., since 1947. Stapleton, Edward G., B.S.*17, The Johns Hopkins Univ.; M.Ed.’41, Univ. of Md.; Supt. of Sch., Towson 4, Md., since 1947. Stapleton, R. B., B.S.’14, Bucknell Univ.; M.A.'30, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Tamaqua, Pa., since 1948. Stapley, M. E., B.A.’28, State Univ. of Iowa; M.S. in Ed.’38, Ed.D.’47, Ind. Univ., Dir., Bureau of Tchr. Recommend¬ ations, Sch. of Educ., Ind. Univ., Bloom¬ ington, Ind., since 1946. Stark, Harold C„ B.S.'19, Mich. State Col.; A.M.’29, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Buchanan, Mich., since 1923. Stark, M. F„ B.S. in Ed.’22, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas; Ed.M.33, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hiawatha, Kansas, since 1935. Starke, Louis E., A.B.’26, Culver-Stockton Col.; A.M.’37, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Normal, Ill., since 1946. Starr, J. G., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Annville, Pa. Stateler, C. B., Sales Mgr.. A. J. Nystrom & Co., 3333 Elston Ave., Chicago 18, in. Stauffer, Richard F., B.S.’40, M.A.’45 North¬ western Univ.; Prin., H. S., East Lansing, Mich., since 1946. Steams, Harry Lee, AJ3.’22, Dickinson Col.; M.A.’29, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Ph D. ’36, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sen., Englewood, N. J., since 1944. Stebbins, Walter E., B.S. in Ed.'37, Univ. of Dayton; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sch., Day- ton 3, Ohio, since 1939. Steel. Charles L., Jr. B.S.M9, Muhlenberg Col.; Prin., H. S., Teaneck, N. J., since 1933. Steele, A. G.. B.S.’25, Southwestern State Tchrs. Col., Weatherford, Okla., Ed.M. ’33, Univ. of Okla.; Dean, Jr. Col., Altus, Okla., since 1948. Steele, Herbert L., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y. List of Members 491 Steele, Maurice E., Pg.B. and A.B.’15, Val¬ paraiso Univ.; Ph.B.’27, Univ. of Chicago; M.A.’33, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Mendota, Ill., since 1927. Steele, N. E„ B.S.T9, S. Dak. State Col.; M.A.’28, Ph.D.’34, State Univ, of Iowa; Pres., Northern State Tchrs. Col., Aber¬ deen, S. Dak., since 1939. Steffens, Merwin R., B.S.’24, M.A.’30. Univ. of Minn.; Prin., East H. S., Superior Wis., since 1946. Stern, Bessie C., A.B.’09, Cornell Univ.; Ed.M.’21, Harvard Univ. Address: 4013 Maine Ave., Baltimore 7, Md. Stetler, R. A. G., B.Sc.’21, Susquehanna Univ.; M.Ed.‘35, Pa. State Col.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Matawan, N. J., since 1947. Stetson. G. Arthur, B.S.'19. Allegheny Col.; M.A. 27, Tchrs, Col., Columbia Univ.; D.Ed.’41, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., West Chester, Pa., since 1938. Steffenson, Paul J., M.A.’40, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Walker, Minn., since 1941. Steger, Leonard Andrew, A.B.’27, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; A.M.’32, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch. Web¬ ster Groves 19, Mo., since 1944. St ^ gn a e 9, E - B.S.’16, Carleton Col.; M.A. 39, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch. Havre, Mont., since 1947. Stein, Edwin, B.S.’33, Johns Hopkins Univ • o.‘ r- ^ f , Personnel - Bd - of Educ.. 3 E. 25th ot., Baltimore 18, Md., since 1948 St ri% 4 J0 , h r n - P - t A; B ' 2 3. Southwestern; Un ,‘ V D ? f , Kansas • Dir. of Educ. and Cultural Relattons, Office of Military Govt., Wuerttemberg/Baden, since 1945 York eS N y P ° 154 ' C/ ° Postmaster - New St i l un k t e ’n E f c"c M |', 37 / S ,tate Col. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Selah, Wash., since 1946. St UmV et of ?,f thryn E v S.B.75. A.M.'30, Sch 4?47 M ?' St - Su P«- of Elem. since 1948. ' PP Ave " Chlca g° 41, Ill., St '40 d ph n*U7 m C ! Ha Bu , rns - B.S.'37, M.A. Asst P pmf 47 f p C i’ rS ' 9, 01 " Columbia Univ.; in . t smc 0 e'l° 94 6 EdUC " Univ ’ ° f I1, ‘= Urbana'. ^Co?'^’ A.M.’30, Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M. 33, Univ. of Pa • < 5 ,.L r Sch., Collingdale, Pa., since 1934 . ' ° St ph q D '21 J< Co n i LaI ?2 d °P-.B.S.’14, A.M.'15, rn.u 21 , Columbia Univ.; Dir of R„ s S rnce Ch 192 B 2 d - ° f EdUC - BaB 'more 18*/ MtL, St M A '39 V' M St - Olaf Col • RnM U IV ' o{ Minn.; Supt. of Sch Buhl, Minn., since 1947 " s “Sr--. ft. Lynn, Mass., since 1945 ‘ P Sch " Stephens, Joseph B„ B.S '20 M A 'at tr • H. S.,‘ C aId : Jr S c'oI SU h' Thornton ’ T wp. 1947. J Co1 - Harv ®y. Ill., since S V P aX S 'Co P i aUl M ^46 B U S '- in r E f 3 °- Mo. of Sch., R!sco M ^o.: 6 sin U ce ,V 1 94°8 f . MO - : Sup ‘‘ t of* , Chl’cago PO< Pres P ’^5 son ' MuD[.*41. Univ. Ill., since 8 1933 . '* Aurora Col., Aurora, Sterling Grace R., B.S /22 M A ’28 nvt. Col., Columbia Univ ■ G.„i o’ Tchrs - Up^er Elem. Sch„ Bridiep^-Cofefa^ ern ° f South ' Hudson Ave , PaVadeni °5 E r U ri’ 351 S - 1947. ’ rasade na 5, Calif., since Sterling, William C R a tr , N. H • EH M tt . 31, Univ. of 5ft of 8* sas; Supt. of Sch., Independence, Kansas since 1946. Sevens, Francis L., B.S.‘26, Union Col.: M.A.'38, Columbia Univ.; Prin. Burnt Hills-Ballston Lake Central Sch., Ballston Lake, N. Y„ since 1938. Stevens. Kathleen H., M.A.'28 Univ of Southern Calif.; Prin., Melrose Sch., Los Angeles 46. Calif., since 1943. Stevens. Paul C„ A.B.'26, M.A.'36, Univ of Denver; Supt. of Sch., Wheat Ridge Colo., since 1934. Stevens. Rudolph Harroll, B.S.'27 South¬ west Texas State Tchrs. Col., San'Marcos Texas; M S.-34, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., n. Boling, Texas, since 1937. Stevenson H E„ A.B.’ZS. Ariz. State Col., Flagstaff Ariz ; A.M.'30, Stanford Univ,; oupt. of Sch., Douglas, Ariz., since 1948. Stewart, Charles S.. A.B.'OO, Knox Col- Asst. State Supt. of Pub. Instr. Dept' HE, s U in V c n e'l943 n,ennial B ‘ dg> Spr,ngfield ' St l W M^ c D ?- vi , d H " BS ' 15 - Pa - State Col • A / M n- 25 ', Cohlmbla Univ.; Ph.D.'35 Univ of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Dormont' Pittsburgh 16. Pa., since 1936. Stewart Dorothy H„ B.S. in Ed.'44, Ed.M. 45. Boston Univ,; Consultant in Elem Educ Pub. Sch., 100 Washington Park Newtonville 60, Mass., since 1947 S tXs' Co? nk r R u B S i, in Ed ' 38 ' State •39 Aia C p'i / ac . ks ? nv,| le, Ala.; Diploma 1 ° lyt ® ch - Inst -: Co. Supt. of Sch., Centre, Ala., since 1945. St Coi art 'v Yi arry r-- L " AB ' 24 - State Tchrs i c City, N * Uak.; Supvg Prin of Sch., Oakdale, Pa., since 2924. Stewart, Howard S., B.S.'32. M Ed '35 Asst. Supvg. Prin' of Sch., Butler, Pa., since 1942 Prin> n - ph ° enu h - s - St ' 30 art Vr Lyle ' AB '' 24 - Simpson Col.- AM S 3 c°h 8 i n n‘ V h ° ^ ash -: Asst. Supt. of since ?945 eXt6r AVC " S£attla 9 ' ^ash.. St &^P?rk^ a ^^ £ rY d ^SouJhe^'c”: 1 "^^ lup^'of'EH 29 ' Miss ' Comb. Miss b Pt ' of Educ - Me- pisses St of eS Vt Era Dtt 0 Supf S 0 '; 23 s h M |’ 39 ' Univ. Vt., since 1940. P ' Bcb '' Fair Haven, 492 American School Buildings Stilwell, H. W., B.A.’09, M.A.'19, Univ. of Texas; LL.D. Southwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch. and Pres., Texarkana Col., Tex¬ arkana, Texas, since 1920. Stinebaugh, Virgil, A.B.'21, Manchester Col.; A.M.’27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; LL.D.’45, Manchester Col.; Supt. of Sch., 150 N. Meridian St., Indianapolis 4, Ind., since 1944. Stock, Earl K., A.B.*19, Gettysburg Col.; M.S.*30, Pa. State Col.; Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Bellefonte, Pa., since 1946. Stockton, William G., Jr., B.S.'26, North¬ eastern State Col., Tahlequah, Okla.; M.A. ’35, Okla. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Le Flore, Okla., since 1920. Stoddard, Alexander Jerry, B.S.’22, Univ. of Nebr.; A.M.’24, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D/32, R. I. Col. of Educ., Providence, R. I.; L.H.D.'39, Beaver Col.; LL.D.'39, Temple Univ.; LL.D.’40, Univ. of Nebr.; L.H.D. ’40, Univ. of Pa.; Pres., Dept, of Super¬ intendence, 1935-36; Honorary Life Mem¬ ber, American Assn, of Sch. Admin.; Chmn., Educ. Policies Commn., 1936-46; Supt. of Sch., Los Angeles, Calif., since 1948. Stoddard, George Dinsmore, A.B.'21, Pa. State Col.; Diplome ’23, Univ. of Paris; Ph.D.’25, State Univ. of Iowa; Litt.D.*42, Colgate Univ.; LL.D.'42, St. Lawrence Univ.; LL.D.’42, Syracuse Univ.; LL.D. ’42, Hobart Col.; LL.D.’43, New York Univ.; LL.D.’43, Skidmore Col.; L.H.D. ’43, Alfred Univ.; LL.D.’44, Union Col.; LL.D.’46, Yeshiva Col.; LL.D.’48, Univ. of Fla.; Pres., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill., since 1946. Stoddard, J. A., A.B.*02, Univ. of S. C.; M.A.'24, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; LL.D.’30, Presbyterian Col. of S. C. Ad¬ dress: 3323 Devereaux Rd., Columbia 55, S. C. Stokesbary, M. R., M.A. in Ed.'35, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Deputy Supt. of Sch., Alhambra, Calif., since 1936. Stolen, Alvin T., B.A.*18, St. Olaf Col.; M.A.'41, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Duluth 5, Minn., since 1944. Stolt, Edna B., B.A.’23, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; State. Supt. of Pub. Instr., Cheyenne, Wyo., since 1947. Stone, Ernest, M.A.'38, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Jacksonville, Ala. Stone, Franklin D., B.A.*38, Jamestown Col.; M.A.*42, State Univ. of Iowa; Prin., Sr. H. S., Keokuk, Iowa, since 1947. Stone, William Jack, A.B.’35, San Diego State Col.; M.S. in Ed.*41, Ed.D.'45, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dir. of Intercultural Educ., Pub. Sch., 825 Union St., San Diego 1, Calif., since 1943. Storer, Charles S., M.Ed.*37, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Dist. Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Eliza¬ beth, Pa., since 1942. Storey, Bernice L., A.B.'19, Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; M.A.*28, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D.'36, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Prin., Larimer Elem. Sch., Pittsburgh 13, Pa., since 1939. Stork, Elvin J., B.S.’32, Central Mich. Col. of Educ., Mt. Pleasant, Mich.; Supt., Utley Sch., Flint 7, Mich., since 1933. Stoudemirc, Emory Blair, A.B.*23, Newberry Col.; Supt. of Sch., Walhalla, S. C., since 1926. Stout, Grover, A.B. in Ed.’28, Univ. of Mich.; Prin., Wingert Sch., 3480 Russell St., Detroit 7, Mich., since 1932. Stout, H. G„ A.B.’14, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.’2S, Ph.D.’37, Univ. of Nebr • Chmn., Dept, of Educ., Nebr. State Tchrs. Col., Kearney, Nebr., since 1937. Stover, Burd D., B.S.’36, State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa.; M.S.*41, Univ. of Pa. Address: 74 Rockaway Ave., Rockville Center, N. Y. Stover, Frank B., B.A.’31, M.A.'32, Wesleyan Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Livingston, N. J., since 1945. Stover, James D., B.A.*12, M.A.’13, Prince¬ ton Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 216 E. Ninth St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio, since 1929. Stover, William R., B.S. in Ed.'37, Ed.M.’40, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Penn- sauken, N. J., since 1947. Stowe, A. Monroe, A.M.'04, Northwestern Univ.; A.M.'OS, Harvard Univ.; Ph.D.’09, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of N. H., Durham, N. H., since 1934. Strachan, Lexie, B.S.'20, Univ. of Oregon; A.M/21, Stanford Univ.; Psychologist, Pub. Sch., Library Bldg., Kansas City 6, Mo., since 1921. Strand. F. A., B.A.*23, St. Olaf Col.; M.A. *37 Leland Stanford Jr. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Madison, S. Dak., since 1939. Strattan, J. Maurice, B.S. in Ed.’31, M.Ed. '34 Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch.. West Reading, Pa., since 1944. Stratton, Mason A., B.S. in Ed.'28, New York Univ.; Ed.M.*46, Temple Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Mays Landing, N. J., since 1946. *Strayer, George D., A.B.'03, Johns Hopkins Univ.; Ph.D.'OS, Columbia Univ.; LL.D. *25, Col. of William and Mary; Litt.D.*29, Columbia Univ.; LL.D.’30, Bucknell Univ.; Pres., Natl. Educ. Assn., 1918-19; Honorary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin.; Prof. Emeritus, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York 27, N. Y., since 1943. *Strayer, George D., Jr., B.S.*27, Princeton Univ.; M.A.*28, Ph.D.*34, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of .Educ., Sch. of Educ., Ind. Univ., Bloomington, Ind., since 1941. Streeter, Helen, M.A.*36, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Dir. of Kindergarten-Primary Grades, Pub. Sch., Library Bldg., Kansas City 16, Kansas, since 1938. Streitz, Ruth. Ph.B.’21, M.A.’22, Univ. of Chicago; Ph.D.’26, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1938. Strevell, Wallace H., M.A.’38, N. V. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Asst, in Educ., Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y., since 1947. Strickland, Chester O., M.A.*39, Univ. or Texas; Supt. pf Sch., Denton, Texas, sinc& 1947. Strickland, Ruth G., B.S.*25, M.A.*32 Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph.D. 38, Columbia Univ.; Assoc. Prof, of Educ., Sch. oi Educ., Ind. Univ., Bloomington, Ind. Strickland, V. L., Ph.D.’25, Univ. of Nebr.; Prof, of Educ., Kansas State Col., Man¬ hattan, Kansas, since 1922. Strickler, Robert E., A.B.’20, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; M-A. in Ed.’23, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Hodgen Sch., St. Louis 4, Mo., since 1929. Strine, Huber D., A.B.’20. Lebanon Valley Col.; A.M.’24, Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., York, Pa., since 1938. List of Members 493 Strings, Simeon, B.S.’OO, Southern Normal Urn..; B.A. 02 Western Ky. State Normal Sch., Bowling Green, Ky.; M.A.’28, Univ of Miss. Address: 3951 Council Circle Jackson, Miss. * Strohle, M. D M.Ed.’36, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Poteet, Texas, since 1939. S, ;?i M ; Margaret B S.’ 12 , Susquehanna H”^' 1 A.M. 25, Ph.D. 27, Columbia Univ.; Natl. Exec. Secy., The Delta Kappa Gamma Society, Littlefield Bldg., Austin Texas, since 1945. Strong Ormond B„ Supt. of Sch., 208 Bull St., Savannah, Ga., since 1926. S EdM’ro il H n ' ^•',t B : S '’ 13 ' Tufts Col.; Ld.M. 29, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch Southington, Conn., since 1934 . ’’ St MA-42 Ly Nl 0n H " ?r' S --’ 18 ’ CoI g ata Univ.; s " p ’- - s “- S Mc“fc£*s.f£ S pT e - Pn "' “ T ”» Sell., Stryker, Ethel M„ B.S.’38, M.A.’42, Tchrs H S Nn Tt 3 Univ ’ : Vi «-Pnn., J r .' H- S. No. 5, Trenton 9, N. J„ since 1946. j •> suite ly^o. otuart, Alden T. B S *?Q c* t A M’-aJ*"*? P" Muhlenberg Coi.- ^ 4 Tchrs G Col’ A f?' 26 ' Southeastern State , otiuwater, Ukla., since 1945. M.A.’’40 M Univ B o S f''W ? lcP £ e r son Col.; Rural H. S Buhltr ^- ash - ; Pr . In -> Buhler StodsK t -' Buhler, Kansas, since 1944. p5t Hf e ^ a ^ er . John W. a B ’in t j C lark Col- AM ’17 r , ‘ Leander l B Pb?; g 34 'Co 1 ? r - ak LL i D ni '4s : ^ Muhl S V t i ;Xw S Yo S rk h ?!^ iC Y Maga2? ^s,7 0 E.“ d th Studwell, Harold F., B S ’22 t Univ.; M A ’27 rvi?, I-' Lawrence ’39, NewYorkil„;“ ” c bla Univ.; Ed.D. Rockaway, N. Y., since 1925 ° { ScH ” EaSt St ^nf’Boston U’nfv' B 'Supt Ba of er s U h niV Q ; A ’ M ’ field. Mo., since 1924 . ?t ' f Sch ’’ S P rin 8- bturtevant Merle Alton, B.S.’08, Univ. of ^f n a p lne i 09 S 3 Upt ' ° f Sch ’’ Shrewsbury, Mass., since ly^o. S t dath ’o WilIiara c , N - M.Ed.’37, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Desloge, Mo., since Suerken Ernst Henry, A.B.’30, A.M.’31, Cornell Univ-.; M.A.’42, State Tchrs. Col. dren s" vn’i N ' | u P v e- Prin ’. The Chil- sfnee l94 2 Uage H ' S " D ° bbS Ferry ’ N ' Y - SU ma 0 rl d e. N.T P ” C °’ SUPt ’ ° f Sch ” Albe ‘ Suhrstedt, Frederick John, B.S.’34, The Citadel; M.A.’39, Univ. of S. C.; Supt of Sch., Centenary, S. C., since 1946 P Suitor, Earl, Supt. of Sch., Hinsdale, Mass. tra*^k k i2, %tl en ' 11627 C ° nam ’ Ham - Sl ton Va i n r’ n : Hel |> n Blair ' Prof - of Educ., Bos- ton, Univ., Boston, Mass., since 1936. Sullivan, Henry Lee, B.Sc. in Ed ’19 Ohio £ n h 1V - : M M - A ;’ 27 ’ Columbia Unit : sip? if Sch., Marietta, Ohio, since 1928. Spring- 'city,’ Ohi B ’’ Supt ’ of BetheI Sch., Tipp M.A/34^Ph P D. t ’4f'’univ’' 2 f’r£? iv - of ln -: of Educ., Dept of FH°*^^ cago; Prof* Durham, N. C. * Educ -> Duke Univ., Sturgeon, L. p RA'n . , Texas State Tchrs' CoI^V 1 ’ EaSt °‘ “K-s£'i «sr?ss- P - «• •> Sch., Bismarck, Sturke, Ralph C B ^ »qe tt * Ed.M.’42, Boston ‘Univ ° f , Maine > Grafton, Mass., since 1946 UPt ’ ° f Sch - bT/cil.^te 6 ! E fh B ’ S ; 25 ’ Middle- bia Univ.’; Sup^’o^lch C t I ” E. I., since 1945. ^ Barrington, SU Col Van ’r J n B o B - S -’ 3 ?’ Middle Tenn. State Col., Co. Supt. of Sch., Fayetteville Tenn., since 1946. ayecievine, Su ' 1 . ivan - John P„ Ph.D.’30, Boston Col • tii Sullivan, Richard Howard A R ’30 tr Col.; A.M ’40, Harvard UMv.’^Di^Ed^ cational Testing Service, 2 y 2 Chambers St., Princeton, N. J„ since 1948. Sullivan Samuel B., M A ’33 T r • slcte. SUPt - ° f “ D&, U ^ Sullivan. Walter Caswell, A.B ’17 A M ’18 IT: s°i f nc S e &8. SUPt ’ ° f Scb ” ^ Hift s f v !iu S*L!fc B i i” ft•*«»ij. teas A,'i; sr-iSt* e, «"- S "."r’i,„ D i° v ” ,d s u F p; B ;!’’sV i’ 31, 9W" Ohio, since i94l 5ch ’’ Zane sville, Summitt, J. E„ Supt. of Sch., Cardwell, Mo Summitt, W. K A R ’as tt • p H A D’3 8 3. G r„?v e ' B r b M° dy . and Registrar. Hardin/col^eart Sl M d U s r B. a 28 , ^McPhail Sch° 1C f M ipI - oma ’ 27 ’ ’33, Western Unbon C oL b ' Minn. Aruiif 6 ’ T of Music, Indianapolis 2 , Ind.^sTnc^m? SuH.ne, Chester, Supt. of Sch., Potterville,' State Tchl-s" CM’ ofkafb IU ’ Purdue Univ.; Supt of PI™ i 1 u M ’ S ’’ 33 ' dee, Ill., since 1934. m * ^ c ^*» Dun- ton and d Le{‘ui°f 6 . m'a^j' ti 1 ’. Wa shing- fo 0 rd D v r a.: f si I „ n c S e t l’94i iber ' ty Acad ^y. Be'dl S M.S d ’t E of Mtn 2 ’ ? ampbe " Co1 -: Stewartville, Minn., sinci 1930 . ° f Sch ” 494 American School Buildings Sutton, James B., M.A.’38, Univ. of Ariz.; Supt., Isaac Sch. #5, Phoenix, Ariz., since 1925. Sutton, Willis Anderson, Ph.B.’03, LL.D. ’04, Emory Univ. ; Ped.D.’24, Oglethorpe Univ.; LL.D.’37, Tusculum Col.; LL.D. ’38 Emory Univ.; Honorary Life Member, American Assn, of Sch. Admin.; Supt. Emeritus, Atlanta Pub. Sch., 930 Drewry St., N. E. f Atlanta, Ga., since 1944. Swaim, Laura Grey, Ed.M.’38, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Maple Shade, N. J., since 1922. Swain, Carl C., M.A.*18, Columbia Univ.; LL.D.’40, St. Olaf Col.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Minot, N. Dak., since 1938. Swan, Agnes E., A.M.’39, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supvr. of Spelling and Handwriting, Div. of Instr., Pub. Sch., 467 W. Hancock, Detroit 1, Mich., since 1944. Swank, Paul A., B.S.’33, Susquehanna Univ.; M.Ed.’39, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Westfield, Pa., since 1944. Swanson, A. M., M.S. in Ed. ’22, Univ. of Kansas; Pres., Jr. Col. of Kansas City, Kansas City, Mo., since 1939. Swanson, J. Chester, A.B.’26, Univ. of Rich¬ mond; M.A.’29, Ph.D.’35, Duke Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 825 Union St., San Diego, Calif., since 1947. Swanson, Walter G., Genl. Mgr., Conven¬ tion and Tourist Bureau, Civic Auditor¬ ium, San Francisco 2, Calif. Sward, John I., A.B.’23, Bethany Col.; A.M/38, Colo. State Col. of Educ.; Supt. of Sch., Valley Center, Kansas, since 1937. Swartz, Daniel V., A.B.’31, Southwestern Col.; M .A.’38, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Fort Scott, Kansas, since 1946. Swartz, David L., B.A.’37, Juniata Col.; M. Ed.’40, Pa. State Col.; Supt. of Sch., Corry, Pa., since 1946. Sweadner, Duval W., A.B/34, Western Md. Col.; Supvr. of H. S., Frederick, Md., since 1948. Sweat, Clifford H., A.B/29, Knox Col.; M.A. '34, Univ. of Chicago; Asst. Supt of Sch., Abraham Lincoln Sch., Park Ridge, Ill., since 1944. Swcatt, Chester V., B.S.’24. Univ. of Maine; M Ed.41, Western Reserve Univ.; Union Supt. of Sch., Ashland, Mass., since 1947. Sweeney, Ellen, C., B.S.*36, Boston Univ., Asst. Supt. of Sch., New Bedford, Mass., since 1942: Sweeney, Joseph C., A.B.’04, Bates Col.; Ed.M.’46, R. I. Col. of Educ., Providence, R. I.; Supt. of Sch., Harrisville, R. I., since 1910. Sweeney, Kenneth K., M.Ed. 45, Univ. of Okla.; Supt. of Sch., Thomas, Okla., since 1937. Sweeney. Mary J., Vicc-Prin., Grattan Sch., San Francisco 17. Calif., since 1938. Sweet, Ruth Page, B.S. In Ed."32, Ed^M. 43, Boston Univ.; Admin. Dir., Bouv4-Boston Sch. of Phy. Educ., Boston 30. Mass., since 1946. Sweet, Walter Prescott, B.S.’17, Tufts Col.; Ed.M.'30, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Danbury, Conn., since 1941. Sweeting, Mrs. Stella M.. D.Ed.*39. New York ilniv.; Prin., Jr. H. S.. 118 Man¬ hattan, Now York 11, N. Y., since 1946. Swenson, Justin W., A.B.’30, Augustana Col.; M.S.*38, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Pipestone, Minn., since 1948. Swicker, Harold B., B.A. in Ed.’21, Univ. of Maine; M. A. in Ed.’27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Chester, Mass., since 1930. Swift, Gordon C., Diploma ’06, State Nor¬ mal Sch., Edinboro, Pa.; A.B.’ll, Yale Univ.; A.M.’17, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Watertown, Conn., since 1919. Swigart, Forrest Damon, B.S.’21, Denison Univ.; M.A.’29, Ohio State Univ., Supt. of Sch., Bellevue, Ohio, since 1942. Swihart, O. M., A.B/28, N. Manchester Col.; M.S.’36, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Kokomo, Ind., since 1946. Swinehart, George B., A.B.’15, Ursinus Col.; M.S.’41, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Boyertown, Pa., since 1917. Swing, Glenn O., B.A.’16, M.A.*17, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Covington, Ky., since 1927. Swingley, Clarence E., A.B.*28, Ball State Tchrs. Col., Muncie, Ind.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Edison Elem. and H. 5., Gary, Ind., since 1943. Swope, Charles S., A.B.’25, Dickinson Col.; A.M.’31, Univ. of Pa.; Pd.D.’41, Dickinson Col.; Pres., State Tchrs. Col., West Chester, Pa., since 1935. Swope, Mary B., Prin., Hartford and Roose¬ velt Sch., Canton 4 .Ohio, since 1921. Sydnor, H. M., A.B.*23, Hampden-Sydney Col.; M.A.*31, Univ. of Va.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Charles Town, W. Va., since 1935. Sylla, Ben A., Ph.B.’28, M.A.*33, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Chicago Hgts., 111., since 1933. Sylvester, Charles W., B.S. in M.E.’08, Univ. of Md.; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Voc. Educ., Baltimore 18, Md., since 1922. Syre, Melvin G., B.A.*31, Univ. of Wash.; Asst. Dist. Supt. of Sch., Seattle 33, Wash., since 1944. Taggart, Charles C.. B.S.*14, Ohio Wes¬ leyan Univ.; M.A.*35, Univ. of Chicago; Asst. Supt. of Twp. Sch., Maywood, Ill., since 1937. Talbot, R. L., Prin., Pierre S. Dupont H. S., Wilmington, Del. Tall, Henry M., B.A.*25, Univ. of Chicago; M.A.’41, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Onalaska, Wis., since 1944. Tallman, Norman O., A.B.*31, Occidental Col.; M.A.’36, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dir. of Research, Child Welfare and At¬ tendance Unified Sch. Dist., Montebello. Calif., since 1942. Tallman, Pearle, A.B.’20, Iowa State Tchrs. Col., Cedar Falls, Iowa; M.A. 28 , Colum¬ bia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 1S00 Louisiana St., Houston 3, Texas, since 1941. Tamplin, Clarence D., A.B.’35, Bethany Col.. Bethany. W. Va.; M.A/40. Univ. of Ky.; Co. Supt. of Sch.. Madison, W. Va., since 1945. Tangcr, Frederick E., B.S. in Ed.’34. State Tchrs. Col., Millersville, Pa.j MA> , 3 , 6 J Tchrs Col., Columbia Univ. Address. 546 Hummel Ave., Lemoyne, Pa. List of Members 495 Tanglen, Leverne H., B.A.’25, Macalestcr, Col.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Hopkins, Minn., since 1944. Tanner, Luther W„ A.B.’30, Transylvania Col.; M.A. 43, Univ. of Miss.; Supt. of Sch., Moss Point, Miss., since 1946. Tanruther Edgar M„ B.S.’24, Iowa State Col.; M.A.’29, Ph.D.'37, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir., Tchr. Tr. and Prof, of Educ., Miami Univ., Oxford, Ohio, since 1942. Tarlton J. J A.B.’25, Wake Forest Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Rutherfordton N C since 1934. * ’ Ta R rr A E ’ «. BCS ' 29 - R'der Col.; B.S. 35, M.S. 38, Syracuse Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Wilson, N. Y., since 1945. T Texas C ' W " SUPt ' ° f Sch ’ Sweet water, T % t ^£ e0r $- BS V j. n Ed - Miar "i Univ.; oupvr.. Visual and Safety Educ 232 N Mam St., Dayton 2, Ohio* since 1937 T Pr°n' Sr % U " iv ’ °J Kansas; since' 1947. Lcavenw ° r ‘h, Kansas, Taylor, Charles A., B.S.’22 M A '40 rth.v of Sch - : **&*?£. T Ed°M ’33 ar Har?" f?/ 34 ’ Univ ' of Maine; Barfe', Vt., s?^ce r ? 945 n,V - : ^ ° f Sch ’ Ta yior, Derwood L., B.S.'13 M <1 'la si ScV, t Montgo S miry A 5 m i7a. A s1nce 0 1947 Pt - Albany 7 ,Yy, & S ,*9«. EdUC ' DeP ‘ ' T Col. r 'fo? Tchr 6 ^' M A'!;' Peab '’ d y Asst. Parish Sept of’Sc t 13 Univ ' : La., since 1945 . P bch '' Shr eveport, Taylor, R. W„ M.A.'36. Univ. of Ariz.; Supt. of Sch., Coolidge, Ariz., since 1944. Taylor. Robert N„ B.Ch.E.'24. Northeastern Univ.; Ed.M.'34, Harvard Univ.; Union f “P*- of Sch., Northfield, Mass., since 1941. Taylor Roy E B.S.'23. State Tchrs. Col . Pittsburg, Kansas; M.S.'27, Univ. oi Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Herculaneum, Mo since 1924. T M 1 ich WiIUam C ” Supt - of Sch., Trenton, Taylor, William H„ B.S.'23, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti. Mich.; Ed M '29 Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Vicksburg' Mich., since 1947. s T K y J° r ' M W A ,n ir „ S v B S A.-12. Univ. of r y i" Un,v - of Wis.; Ph D "24 Univ mb n l f R n,V V Dean ' CoL of Educ..’ 1923 f Ky " Lex ' n gton 29, Ky„ since Tazewell R. L „ M.A. '40, Northwestern w.; Sup,. Of Sch., Harvard, Ill since Teach, Charles Elden, A.B.'03. A.M '14 F nlv ; of £jebr. Address: Bd. of Educ ’ San Luis Obispo, Calif. Harvey Don, M.A.’27, Ohio State Univ.; Sup,. 0 f S ch„ Clair,on. Pa°. since T ton e Col JOh Snn R ," B r S c V" EJ ' 30 ' Wilming- since 1932. Pt - ° f Sch " Wav erly, Ohio, Tell, Carl L„ Sup,, of Sch.. Carroll, Ohio. Mesa, Ariz., since 1946 ’ P • of Sch., T moHa. H Cv. n M A * 39 ^ cf’ Linc °'" M «- Col. for Tchrs • c . Ge ? r e e Peabody Hn, Kyf, since ,945 SUP *’ ° f Sch " F ™"k- Ta y. lor > Hugh L., B.S.’26 M A ’31 Tr • , »«. Cast Ph.D.’44 Co. s J of i 8 '. W f bs ‘er Univ.; Texas, since 1935 .' * P b- InStr ” Edna . T 5& j h„ c „S »•«.•» Ta / 1 ,°. r ,’ John Walter A R >ai rr • Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sch tii- P”!^ of Since 1935. P °* bch- ’ Ukiah, Calif., Tayiof. Leonard C. A B *31 « • Univ. of Ky • Prin ' nl' *?’ A ’ ln Ed.’40, H- S„ Paris, y ky. Pr si n nce B , 0 9 U 48 b0n C °’ Voc! T3 Ch?cago f'Pr’i n P *Luena’ U -v. of Sch., Chicago 17, Ill., siace 1948 Sh E!em ’ Taylor, Louis, B.S in Frt ’oc »» » 1 SS. s “-' '«< 's” f, r gp« Ohla., since 1935 . P of “Ch., El Reno, T C n a n iu: T ’ Supt ' of Sch., Grass Valley. T J~o'„ ?oT y M L A’3 B 3 S T? 6 h W A Sl ?- and lornbia Univ! ' Supvi Prin R°‘’ C °: Twp. Sch., Union H e R of Boro and Pa., since io38 S '' Bur g e ttstown, Terkeurst, Arthur T A R 'ra tr _ M.S.E.’33 Ph D ’ 37 - w B V 32 ’ Hope Col.; Head. Educ Di! 7 ' 1 ^ or,hw f s 'ern Univ.; Tchrs. Col Warren’cK Gent w Mo. State ■. Warrensburg, Mo., since 1947 ■lerrebonne, L. P A R 'ai c c T La -. Ins,.; M.A . : 21 Ph D'' 40 Soi V bwe | ter n Univ. and A and M (V .d 0 ’- r a A S,ate Kansas’s, a f e - C ®; S : 4" E 4'3I Ft. Hay, of Kansas; Sup° ofIch ‘r 3 ?: Uni '’- sas, since 1943 . ” ’ Caldwell, Kan- Terrell, Wendell P. Sr r e u _ , Kansas State Col’ „r''«“' a ' ln M.E. 04, &-M S S B i?S'- r Mass d I A ns?. U o d f S.’3?° W ^ v M 0 ’ f A I B ’ 3 °, Drury Co!.; Bonne Terre, M 0 .. 'l^' ° f Sch ’ Te . r /y. William Jefferson R o • _ . M.A. in Ed'31 rr • 0n ’» B S - ln Ed. 25 oi Educ, Greensb U or;:’ A t A ’i a n ’ e G ° 4 3 ^ p *'' Pd C M!’0 n 7. J °p h h n D A '.’ 08 A V9. Furman Univ.; te o s f u s K v c s 1916. enn ’ Knoxville 16, Tenn., since T Sup P t'. of M Sch A ia° y 9, M U, ' iv ' of Ala.; Co. 1918. ’• Bay Minette, Ala., since 496 American School Buildings Thatcher, Fred G.. B.I/04, La. Polytech Inst.; Exec. Secy.. La. Sch. Bd. Assn., University Sta., Baton Rouge 3, La., since 1 947. Thayer, J. E., B.A.'25. M.A.'27, Univ. of Wyo. ; Supt. of Sch., Laramie, Wyo., since 1945. Theilgaard, Sophie A., Ph.B.’15, Univ. of Chicago; M.A/30, DePaul Univ.; Ph.D.’39. Northwestern Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., 3539 W. Grace St., Chicago 18, Ill., since 1945. Theisen, W. W., B.Sc/07, Univ. of Nebr. ; Ph.D/17, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sell., 1111 N. Tenth St., Milwaukee 1, Wis., since 1922. Theman, Viola. Ph.D/42. Northwestern Univ.; Assoc. Prof., Sch. of Educ., North¬ western Univ., Evanston, Ill., since 1944. Theodine, Sister Mary. Ph.D.’47, Catholic Univ. of America; Pres., Viterbo Col., La- Crosse, Wis., since 1947. Theurer, Lloyd M., B.S/28, Utah State Agrl. Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Logan, Utah, since 1946. Thibadeau. Charles Raymond. B.S.T9, Bates Col.; Ed.M/30, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Belmont, Mass., since 1947. Thomas. Alta Emily C.. B.A/30, M.Ed/45, Univ. of Okla.; Prin. of Elcm. Sch., Okla¬ homa City 3. Okla.. since 1944. Thomas E. Byron, M.A/35. Northwestern Univ., Supt. of Sch., Coldwater, Mich., since 1948. Thomas, Earl D., M.A/30. Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Lincoln H. S. and Jr. Col., Kansas City 8, Mo., since 1947. Thomas. Ervin H., A.B/35, Middle Tenn. State Col.; M.A/40, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs. ; Supt. of Sch., Shelbyville, Tcnn., since 1946. Thomas. Frank W., A.B/05, Ind. Univ.; A.M/10. Univ. of Ill.; Ph.D/26, Stanford Univ.; Pres., JFresno State Col., Fresno, Calif., since 1927. Thomas, Franklin C., B.A/25, Mt. Morris Col.; M.A/31, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Barrington, Ill., since 1944. Thomas, Harold Prescott, B.S/20, Colgate Univ.; Kd.M/25, Ed.D/32, Harvard Univ.; Head, Dept, of Educ., since 1932 and Dir. of Summer Sessions, Lehigh Univ., Beth¬ lehem, Pa., since 1935. Thomas, John B., M.A/32, Tchrs. Col., Co¬ lumbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., River- head, N. Y., since 1932. Thomas, John W., B.S/27, Central Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Warrcnsburg, Mo.; M.A/35, Univ, of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Wakefield, Mich., since 1938. Thomas, Joseph D.. B.A/23, Univ. of Utah; M.A/30, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Georgetown, Del., since 1943. Thomas, L. Ralston, B.S/13, Haverford Col.; Kd.M/24, Harvard Univ.; Sc.D/43, R. I. Col. of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences; Headmaster, Moses Brown Sell., 257 Hope Si., Providence 6, R. I., since 1924. Thomas, Maurice J., B.A/25, Univ. of Wash.; M. A/26, Ed.D/43, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., since 1948. Thomas, Wesley E., B.S/19, M.S/26, Mich. State Col.; Dir. of Field Service, Mich. Educ. Assn., 935 N. Washington Avc., Lansing, Mich., since 1936. Thomas tian Univ. since Willet S B.A.’26, Abilene Chris- Col.; M.A. 41, Southern Methodist *1935^^* ^ c ^*’ Holliday, Texas, ihomas William, B.S/43, Utah State Agrl. 1947 ^ Upt ‘ °* Sch *» Shelley, Idaho, since Thomasson. A. L., A.B.’25, Western Ky , Sta te Tchrs. Col.; M.A.'28. George Pea¬ body Col. for Tchrs.; Ph.D.’43. Univ. of Ill.; Prin., Jr. H. S., Champaign, III. since 1934. Thomasson, R. Case, A.B.'25, Centre Col. • M.A. 36. Univ. of Ky.; Supt. of Sch. Middlesboro, Ky.. since 1944. Thompson. Byron E., A.B.'33, Univ. of Red¬ lands; Dist. Supt. of Sch., El Monte, Calif., since 1947. Thompson, C. V., Co. Supt. of Sch. Troy Ohio. Thompson. Carl T.. B.S.T8, Harvard Col.; Supt. of Sch., East Providence 14, R. I., since 1945. Thompson, Edward Merle, A.B.T2, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.'29, Colo. State Col. of Educ.. Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch.. Rock Springs. Wyo., since 1925. Thompson, Fred R., B.A.’29. M.A.’35, Univ. of Texas. 7806 Hanover, Dallas, Texas. Thompson, French W., A.B.’97, Ark. Col.; B.D.'02, Presbyterian Theol. Sem.; D.D. '20, Daniel Baker Col.; Pres., Greenbrier Col., Lewisburg, W. Va„ since 1925. Thompson. G. E., A.B.T5, Defiance Col.; A.M.’34, Univ. of Chicago: Supt. of Sch., St. Charles, Ill., since 1919. Thompson. G. E., A.B.*32, Trinity Univ.; M.Ed.'42, Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch., Kermit, Texas, since 1948. Thompson, James B., B.S.T2, Colby Col.; M.A.'27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Ft. Lee, N. J., since 1933. Thompson. Max. B.S.’29, Alma Col.; M.A. '41, Wayne Univ.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Van Dyke, Mich., since 1945. Thompson, O. Scott, A.B.’04, L.H.D.’39, Lake Forest Univ.; Supt. of Sec. Sch., and Pres, of Jr. Col., Compton, Calif., since 1916. Thompson, Orrin G.. B.E.’33, Northern Ill. State Tchrs. Col.. DeKalb, Ill.; M.S.*36, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Elgin. Ill., since 1946. Thompson, Paul Lamont, B.A.'I8, Emman¬ uel Missionary Col.; B.D/33, Colgate- Rochester Divinity Sch.; LL.D.’33, Frank¬ lin Col.: Pres.. Kalamazoo Col., Kala¬ mazoo. Mich., since 1938. Thompson, R. W., B.A.’28, M.A.'38. Univ. of Wyo.; Supt., Fremont Co. Voc. H. S., Lander, Wyo., since 1938. Thompson, Robert S.. LL.B.T2, Univ. of Mich.; A.B.’25, Univ. of Denver; Ph.D. *30, Columbia Univ.; Dean, State Tchrs. Col., Frcdonia, N. Y., since 1948. Thompson, Roger M., State Dir., Fed.-State- Local Relations, State Office Bldg., Hart¬ ford 15, Conn., since 1947. ^Thompson, Tlieron Barker, B.C.E.'31, Northeastern Univ.; Ed.M.’33 t Boston Univ.; B.S.'38, Northeastern Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Walpole, N. H., since 1945. Thomson. F. Edward, M.A.'35, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs.. Albany. N. Y.; Supvg. Prin., Royalton-Hartland Central Sch., Middlcport, N. Y., since 1945. List of Members 49; Thordarson, T. W„ M.S.’29, N. Dak. Agrl £ oI Hi ta ‘ e ? lr A°, f Correspondence Study,' 0925 AgrI. Col., Fargo, N. Dak., since Th p°h rn n''f; dm n nd H v B JV in Ed -’ 29 . M.A.-32, Ph.D. 44, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch West Hartford, Conn., since 1947. Thornton James W„ Jr„ Ph.D.'41, Stanford Univ.; Vice-pres. Orange Coast Jr Col Newport Beach, Calif. J " T M r s’<^° h H B ; S ',’ 28 ' The Stout Inst.; M.S 31 .Univ. of Wis.; Ed.D.'45 New Co°nn k .^c'’ ^ ° f Scb " Ch ^ T h°/son, Guy A., B.s.’31, Univ of N Dak • S^v'r 44 ’ J C Ji rs -. C °'" Columbia 'iW.'.’ ra U i P nI, r ' M a inn..finite ^942. PUb ' Sch " CoIe: Th B r e a ^'ardino, U C°aU'f. C0 ' Supt ' ° f Sch " Sa " BS 19 Univ. of Mo.; A.M.’23, Tchrs’ Col v C EdD'32 V , : , LL D ; 30 c Univ, of Den- Colo. CoL; 3 Pre Gni Dent ^f'V LLD ' 35 ' rt »'■ e;s: Thurston, Lee M Ph n ’?c tt • v State Supt of* P„k * r ’ . Univ ; of Mich - Mich., since 1948^' 1 " Lansin g 2. T Cof.; tS Ai%T S a “' £*■’*- Ober.in Sch., Wheaton, IIL,'since iglf 0 = Supt ' of Uni;. of rd So 1 uthe B rn n Calif A B s’ 22 ' M A ' 28 ' Compton, Calif h . e Tince l‘93 ; 4 SUPt ' ° f Sch " LL.D I ''23 R °B b frming , ha B m S ko 5 Vh lJniv ' of A!a -> '25, Columbia U„W LL D e '7 n 7 C ?T : - M ' A ' Ala.; Dean of 27, Univ. of Educ., Univ. of Air S1 °I?n' and Prof - of since 1930 . AIa '' University, Ala., Tl M- eman ’ Henr y G. B S '78 rr • Minn.; M A '34 ? 8 ' Univ. of Supt. of Sch.' Mt I^on 6 lkr n ‘ V ' ° f Iowa i Tieje Ralnh F.rl ' * Mlnn " Slnc e >938. ’>7, Un!v h turas. Calif., Tietz, Carl G Ph R 'vc rr • ’ firaas- ■ &£ Mi. 83)3? Totten wT'rf. IMl. ' Sssift c ”'- ***'»4 B is- 'fcsrtw* Vf* u„.«. c Ed-..';.ok. r .n,° I Mte: r ; i « s ,'*" 5 I "p>- - T, of kh wT,’. G lf nn D "zH‘ 21 ' p h-M.’36, Univ ?LmM 7 P Sch '’ Marshfield ' Wis., T Univ M s r f,'nt G ' K B , SE ' 38 ' J° hn Brow " Since"l943 ° f Stb " Ben,onviI! e. Ark,, , C | ladney Jack. B.S.'25. M.S.'27 La Pel 6 South' EdD '’ 31 ' Stanford Unit;' La . since ,945 " C °'" Hammond ' T M S r, '30 Pe n y ' A " , B „ S -' 23 ' Carroll Col • Oshkosh, Wis.', stnee 194 : 6. SUP '' ° f Sch - T ' r 4 e 5 y ' Ind! P Un N i°v bIe p A s B ''Tn d A ^' 27 ' ELD ' Prvi nr tt ’ ’ Ind. State Tchrs Terre Haute, Ind., since 1934 . T v'r ge o , Rich ? rd M„ B.S. in Agr Ed '22 Va. Polytech. Inst.; M.S729 PhD’ ' Cornell Univ. Address: Chemawa, Ort Tl Educ C Ka'la A B '' 27, J V . estern Mich. Col of of Mich^ S^t^of Sch h Be^ A ' 46 ' £ niv - since 1946. " Bellevue - Mich.. T U U niv. ROb s e u r ;t C "of' B Sch 5 ' A C M ,'- 29 ' Sta " f -d since 1947 Sch " Coalinga, Calif.. T '2 b 8 n 's J u°ffo,k M T A B v 19 ' Boston Col.; LLB zb, Suffolk Law Sch.- Ed M 'to ' D ' Since' : i 945 UPt ' ° f Sch " Cambridge, Ma'ss." TO S d t d a'te G Tchrs We Co t r 0r, p- ft B h S ' in Ed ' 16 - M.A.’26, Univ C of’ Coln^T?’ Ka " sas: Norma, Sch., Lewto^^ho^ce ^ Sch.. 1506 T ofs en c.;°S U l ipt M of fch 3 r Ed M ' 48 ' ^iv. since 1945. f Sch - Grani tevill e . S. C.. Tolentino, Amado C r q a T t • Calif.; P r i n Nu.v,” v -'“' A ' 3 i' Univ. of B.j.n,bo. g ,'fc' fe;;. 'ci'rf-'kSf^i^B^SwettWot, Borough Sch., Easton, Pa., since 1^46 Tomlinson. Ht Hnn rur ■ Curzon St Hou^Lon^or^I^LS; M.A. ! 28 S : uX R of B OkiI 4 : ° uachi ta Col.; Extension, Okla A«rrt a »* ? l Ii oi Educ. Stillwater, Okla.', since 193*6 MeCh ' Col ' ; T Vo”r„“"- SgJPTJi-*--”. Ave., Trenton 8 , N J. 21 Delawara View T °C P n e i' r° na1 ^ E " B.A’28, Western State °Cr n oV c &- Lincoln, Phoenix. AH Z . Address: E. Torgerson, H. O MA'n n - Supt. of Sch. New Lon'd Un ‘»; of Minn -: 1944. London, Minn., since Stated Tchrs** Coi ^lf Ed ' 24 i-' Western Ill Univ. of lli. C c n ' Macomb III.; M.S.-34.' Ill., since 1939. Pt ' 0 ® c h., Dixon, Totdahl, A. O. BA ’44 T .u -"^ B e’^"“^e C ^. SUP ‘' 498 American School Buildings Tower, Cecil O., B.S.'27, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.S.'29, Univ. of Toledo: Dir. of Research, Bd. of Educ., 216 E. 9th St., Cincinnati 2. Ohio, since 1946. Tower, J. Harold, A.B.'22, State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute. Ind. ; M.S.’39, Ind. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., LaPorte, Ind., since 1945. Towne, Arthur H.. A.B.’22, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Auburn, Wash., since 1940. Towne, Charles Franklin, A.B.'OO. Colby. Col.; A.M.T6, Brown Univ.; Ed.D.’41, R. I. Col. of Educ.; Deputy Supt. of Sch.. 20 Summer St., Providence 2, R. I., since 1936. Towne, George L.. A.B.‘95, Univ. of Nebr.; Pres.. University Pub. Co., 1126 Q St., Lincoln 1, Nebr., since 1902. Townsend, C. Powell, Prin., Jr. H. S.. 43 Shelburne Rd., Yonkers 3, N. Y. Townsend, Everett B., Jr., B.S.’26. M.S.’30. Temple Univ.; Ed.D.’37, Rutgers Univ.; Dir. of Courses, Rider Col., Trenton 9. N. J., since 1947. Townsend, Loren George, B.S. in Ed.’25, Southeast Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Spring- field. Mo.: A. M. '31, Ph.D.'32, Univ. of Mo.; Prof, of Educ., Dir. of Summer Ses¬ sion. and Dean of the Faculty, Col. of Educ., Univ. of Mo., Columbia, Mo., since 1945. Townsend, Raymond E., A.B.’15, Univ. of Rochester; M.A.’37. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Irvington-on- Hudson, N. Y., since 1932. Tozer, George E., A.B.’M, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'28, Colo. State Col. of Educ.; Supt. of Sch., Windsor, Colo., since 1931. Tozicr, Roy Becker, A.B.'19, Park Col.; A. M .'26, Univ. of III.; Ph.D.’32. State Univ. of Iowa; Supt., York Com. H. S., Elmhurst, Ill., since 1942. Trnbue, M. R., B.A.’II, Northwestern Univ.; M.A/14, Ph.D.'IS, Columbia Univ.; Dean. Sch. of Educ., Pa. State Col., State Col¬ lege, Pa., since 1937. Tracey, Earle Thurman, A.B.'12, Middlcbury Col.; M.Ed.'38, Univ. of Vt.; Supt. of Sch., Nashua, N. H., since 1931. Trachsel, Raymond E.. Supt. of Exempted Village Sell., North Canton, Ohio. Tracy, Edward, Ph.B.’34, Brown Univ.; M. A ,'43, H arvard Univ.; Supt. of Sell., Baldwinvillc, Mass., since 1948. Trnfton, E. Lester, A.B.'14, Clark Col.; Ed.M.’34, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Claremont, N. II.. Binco 1943. Trainor, Harry J.. A.B.’26, Central State Tchrs. Col., Ml. Pleasant, Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Lake Linden, Mich., since 1927. Trnncr, Fred W.. A.B.’08, Beloit Col.; M.A.'20, Ph.D.’30, Univ. of Calif.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Univ. of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, since 1937. Travers, Louis B., B.S. in Ed.'28, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo; Chief Asst. Sunt, of Sch., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1945. Travis. Walter F., B.S. '38. West Texas Slate Tchrs. Col., Canyon, Texas; M.Ed. ’41, Texas Tech. Col.; Supt. of Sch., Du¬ mas, Texas, since 1944. Trohnrno, Thomas O., B.S.'24, Donlson Univ.; M.S.'2B, Ohio State Univ.; DiBt. Supt. of Sch., Troy, N. Y., since 1942. Treloar, William Butler, Sr., M.A.’24, Ohio State Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Dist. Sch., Daytona Beach 1, Fla., since 1933. Trenholm, H. Councill, A.B.’20, Morehouse Col.; Ph.B.'21, A.M.'25, Univ. of Chicago; LL.D.. Allen Univ.; Pres.. State Tchrs. Col., Montgomery, Ala., since 1925. Trent, W. W„ A.B.’12, W. Va. Univ.; A.M. '21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ped.D. '31, Salem Col.; LL.D.'41, Marshall Col.; State Supt. of Free Sch., Charleston 5, W. Va., since 1933. Trescott, S. B., Asst. Co. Supt. of Sch., Madison, Ohio. Triggs, Dean E., A.B.’33, Whittier Col.; M. S.’48, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Ventura, Calif., since 1944. Trillingham, Clinton C.. A.B.’21, South¬ western Col.; A.M.'31, Ed.D.’33, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sch., 808 N. Spring, Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1942. Trimpe, Wilbur R. L., B.E.’42, Western Ill. State Tchrs. Col., Macomb, Ill.; M.A. '45, Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Havana 1. Ill., since 1932. Trippensee, Arthur E., B.A.’24, Univ. of Mich.; M.A.'32, Ph.D.'48. Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Medina, N. Y., since 1935. Trowt, B. C., Supt. of Sch., Narragansett, R. I., since 1933. Troxel, Oliver L., B.S.'14, North Central Col.; A.M.'22, Ph.D.’26, Univ. of Minn.; Prof, of Educ. Admin., Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo., since 1929. Troxel, Russell B., A.B.'23. Ill. Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.'34. Univ. of Ill.; Supt. of Sch., Farmington, Ill., since 1939. Truax, Mrs. Grace Greves, B.A.’37, Augus- tana Col.; Special Lecturer, Augustana Col., Sioux Falls, S. Dak., since 1932. Address: 711 W. 12th St., Sioux Falls, S. Dak. Truax, James L., B.S.'32, Mich. State Nor¬ mal Col.; M.S.’39, Wayne Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Van Dyke, Mich., since 1940. Truby, Charlotte C., M.A.’28. Univ. of Pitts¬ burgh; Prin., Lemington Elem. Sch., Pitts¬ burgh 6, Pa., since 1932. True, Roy, B.S. in Ed.'32. Eastern Ky. State Tchrs. Col., Richmond. Ky.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Frankfort, Ky., since 1934. Trucll, Harold A., B.S.'30. Ed.M.’35, Univ. of N. H. ; Supt. of Sch., East Longmeadow, Mass., since 1946. Tryhus, T. E., M.S/46, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Casselton, N. Dak., since 1947. Tucker, Richard D., Ph.B.’06, Brown Univ.; Supt of Sch., South Dartmouth, Mass. Tucker, Ruel E., Ed.M.’31, Harvard Univ.; Prin., Great Neck H. S., Great Neck, N. Y., since 1941. Turek, J. Arthur, Supvg. Prin. of Sch., New Castle, Pa. Turner, George W., Pres., Bd. of Educ., 2308 Clay Avc,, Fresno 3, Calif., since 1938. Turner, H. B., A.B.’03, Hiram Col.; M.A.'31, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Warren, Ohio, since 1916. Turner, Horace F., A.B.’ll, Bates Cot.; Ed.M,*32, Harvard Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Milton 86, Mass., since 1926. Turner. J. C.. B.S.’26, The Citadel; M.S. '32, Univ. of S, C.; Supt. of Sch., Green¬ wood, S. C., since 1945. .List of Members 49 Turner, J Frank, A.B/18, M.A.'23, Ind. Univ.; Prin., Stephen J. Hay and Sam Houston Schs., Dallas 4, Texas, since 1941. T TVhr; M ^ s -, Ma I r I ie R-. A.B.-31, N. J, State lehrs. Col., UDDer Montrlalr xr r . Trhr* ni TT N. J. State Tcbrs. Col. Upper Montclair. N. f. Co. Supt. of Sch., Jackson, Ky., since 1931 Turner, W. E A.B.’24, M.S.’31. Univ. of Tenn., State Dir, of Negro Educ War J^ 3 ™ orial Bld e-. Nashville 3, Tenn.,’ since T 3g n, T H en*'' C0 ' SUP ‘- ° f S ‘ h - Lawrence- Turpen, Noah C., B.S ’29 t State Col., Murfreesboro,’Tenn • M A™' George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Ed D oVsrh h n' C °i" Columbi a Univ.; Supt of Sch.. Owensboro, Ky., since 1947 ’ fit* ?«., cViU.taV^r M ™ c “'- ; T Tq en H^ e 'a Ge ° rge c . Ruford - A B - and B.S. del'phia, Ark.T M.SJ^Wa Sute Co^' T Sup n t' ofTch F S A th B A 22 ' Dickinson Col.; 1940.’ ’ S ° Uth Amb0 >'’ N - J- since T cuse e ’ Univ"- M A^'22 WW' Syra ‘ bia Univ V ;’ A«t 's'uVo/Sch 0l ”M C ° 1Um - neck, N. Y„ since 1936. Mamar °- T Ph I D.'4 P 2 red Y e a r L Ck T r B ’ B -A'30. Yale Col.; slnc^sir Admi "‘- V Wash?n C |t‘r25!' d ! C.| Tchrs. Col Cob mV ,? n ? as; Ph.D.*23. Educ., Univ of IfTn b s U r n ‘ V ’ : Prof - ol sas, since 192 s/ Kansas ' Lawrence, Kan- T Ra C msey, Vj am S " Supvg ' Prin - °f Sch„ Coi i ma - Santa Maria, Calif.'.’since l^*' Sch " T M e A.4, K Tch h ; s B c A o ; 25 ’ c U "iv. 'of Neb,; Ph.D.’ 39 , Columbia n' • Col ^ mbla Univ.; Educ. and Prof of Radio Univ., Columbus’l 0 , Ohio, si'nc°m 4 St3 ‘ e Tyler, Ralph W 4 R ’91 r\ A.M.-23, Univ. of Neb®.. p h D°'2 n 7 e i?°. L: cage, Chicago‘ V ’l,fr a s Tn^e er ’ 1 942 n,V ’ ° f Chi ' Tyler, Tracy F a R »»« •23, Univ. of” N A b®'. 16 i, h D ° a , n / Col ; M A - Univ.; Assoc. Prof ’ of pf, 33, Columbia Minn., Minneapolis Mirm^ dpC ’’ Univ. of Tyndall, Russell F LBe r” “T 1939 ' Mich. Col. of Edic M, C PI” 26 ' Centra l B S.-30, Mich. State Col P » e / Sa ? t - Mich.; °L^0 SUPt - * ® cb -° L’ake citjb Mich!, ry C°b ; ,West”hene P r! 0 ? 3 S Sta . te Tchra - M.A. 22, Univ. of P a ln Ed.*20, Sch., Upper Darby, p a ’.; a f”g‘ 19 ° 4 3 Twp ’ Tyson, Levering A R ’in A.M.’ll, Columbia Un?; . G ? ttys k u . r 8 Col.; tysbvre Col.; LLD’ 37 - ’ r' lt t5'-R: 30 " Det- LL.D. 39, Franklin knH £ ehl f h Univ.; LL.D242, Moravian Co?. J 5 arshaI! Col.; berg Co1 ” Allentow n n C p°‘:; fe 9 $“ hl «- Udall, R. Keith. B.A237. M.A.’47. Ari/ nf Q C n C °r' b,a 4 sta, L Arin.; Di,t. Supt oi i>ch., rredonia, Ariz., since 1943 Uda ", Richard M.. A.B223. Dartmouth C .l M. /V. 32 Tcbrs. Co]., Columbia Univ Supvg. Prin. Of Sell., Valley Stream, L. 1 ' N. Y., since 1946. U * c f ke /- n r t y,i T- B A.’26. M.A.’37, Univ. Ot S. Dak.; Supt. ol Sch.. Mitcbc-u s Dak., since 1947. U e!h; CI ° y F? B ” j'?’ A -’ 27 - 0bio St -‘'c' Univ.; Editor, Educ. Dept.. The Bobbs-Mtrrili Co.. Indianapolis 7, Ind., since 1944 . Ullrich, Felix H.. B.S ’24 Univ , f w,’< • Dept' 2 o| P r| D ’' 37 T UniV - ° f T — Chmn’ “nio-.? T^”si^e"l^2 UniV ’ : Sa " Ap ' Col.; M.ET’40." Temple" ^Jni'v.;" Su"-g V since 1°947 " Pr ' Jt;rCbS ’ Harrisburg, Pa.,' Umbcrger, Willis U., A B '’9 Vela ir.,- M.A. 40, Columbia UniS.VVp.’Vs ^ Old Lyme, Conn., since 1942. U M S a ”'4 J |? mCS 9 r i', e ” lcaf . B.S. in Ed,’is w. -4. Univ. of Mo.; Ph.D.’30 Univ of Minn.; Lttt.D.’46. Univ n ,, i u 53«/ of U of C pa aCh ’,Pe Cn t a ?” B S ’°8- A.M.’ll. Univ Un S r r 'h H A fb' Pbiiade ' pbiaC 3L e pl: ^1^ UniO, M C ^^’6 B U S ni 39 ’ o^^' 3 ^ Seh Lamberton, M,nr... since WE Unruh, Herman B A R *^>0 rai i - , A.M.-28. Univ of" Kane-,' 0, n° berl, . n Col ' ; since 1937. and Prin.. Sr ^“"s Jr -p Co *- Kansas, since 1931. ’ Up Jf gra ,?’ Har l a ". Ph. B. '94 Cornell r 1 Co 1 u m b ia "u n’i v 'ud P »'D 08,’ Address: .596 E. Mountain rtt, Ave.. Batavia. N. Y„ since",916 Fa,rmon ' | P y e raTus n e UaTv; D o’■2 9 A B Si ' 22 ’ M A ’ 2 «- P -;. Baxter Sem„ ££ r foE; Icyak Co'iI'a'm % w B 'v 3 ’ U 7 ' Va ' Wes ' UP-. Ro,,and —/- urn Ucban, Herman F. B A "tn o . . M.Ed/43. Bates Col A 'q 3 °' Bo ' vd °in Col.; Hour, Conn., since !945 Pt ’ ° f Sch ” S *y- Kansas. M " 1600 Mor B a " St„ Parsons, ?::vsi.s,"«“isr »» v Valdina William F. B S ’36 a • Needham 92. Mass., Seh - D ePt ‘. 500 American School Buildings Valentine, William Robert, A.B.’04, Har¬ vard Univ.; A.M.’28, Columbia Univ.; Prin., N. J, Manual Tr. Sch., Bordentown. N. J.. since 1915. Van Arnam, William L.. Jr., B.S.’27, M.A. ’38, St. Lawrence Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Purdy Station, N. V.. since 1945. Van Buskirk, David A., A.B.’16, A.M.’23, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Hastings. Mich., since 1923. Vance, R. R., A.B.’20, A.M.'21, Univ. of Tenn.; Dir.. Div. of Pub. Sch., State Dept, of Educ., Nashville 3, Tenn., since 1934. Van Cleave, Arlene R., B.S.’20, Coe Col.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Logan, Iowa, since 1929. Van Cott, Harrison H., B.S.’06, Tchrs. Col. Columbia Univ.; M.A.'19, N. Y. State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; Ph.D.’33, New York Univ.; Chief. Bureau of Instr. Supvn. for Sec. Educ., State Educ. Dept., Albany, N. Y., since 1938. Vanden Berge, H. O., B.A.’31, Yankton Col.; M.E.'47. Univ. of S. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Vermillion, S. Dak., since 1947. Vanderhoef, W. Howard, B.S.T6, Colgate Univ.; M.A.’29, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hamburg, N. Y., since 1940. Vanderlinden, J. S., B.S.’21, M.A.*28, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Perry, Iowa, since 1935. Vanderslice, Harvey R., A.B.T5, Ursinus Col.; AM.’25. Univ. of Pa.; Ped.D.’34. Ursinus Col.; Prof, of Educ., Ursinus Col., Collegeville, Pa., since 1947. Vander Ven, James H., M.A.’37, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Mason, Mich., since 1946. Van Giescn, Raymond, B.S.’31, Hobart Col.: M. S. in Ed. '41, Cornell Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Fayetteville H. S., Fayetteville, N. Y., since 1937. Van Houtcn, Robert W., B.S. in C.E.*30, C.E.’32, Newark Col. of Engineering; Dean, Newark Col. of Engineering, New¬ ark 2, N. Y., since 1943. Vaniman, Glenn G., A.B.’29, LaVcrne Col.; M.A.’31, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Prin. and Dist. Supt. of Sch., Azusa, Calif., since 1945. Van Klccck, E. R., A.B.’27, New York State Col. for Tchrs., Albany, N. Y.; A.M.’33, Cornell Univ.; Ph.D.’37, Yale Univ.; Asst. State Commr. of Educ., State Educ. Bldg., Albany, N. Y., since 1941. Van Laningham, Lccland W., M.A.’35, D.Ed. ’47, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Belleville, Ill., since 1947. Van Loan, Wendell L., Ed.D.’42, Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Corvallis, Oregon, since 1946. Van Netta, J. A., Ph.B.’21, Univ. of Wis. Address: Pub. Sch., Sturgeon Bay, Wis. Van Ness, Carl Condit, A.B.'16, Columbia Univ.; Editor, Educ. Book Dept., D. Applcton-Contury Co., Inc., 35 W. 32nd St., New York, N. Y., since 1922. Van Pelt, Joseph Benjamin, B.A/26, Ron- dolph-Mncon Col.; M.A.’38, Univ. of Vo.; Supt. of Sch.. Bristol, Vo., since 1945. Von Putton, Morlnus W., B.A.’17, Hope Col.; M.A.’39, Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Eveleth, Minn., since 1947. Vansant. Joseph A., B.A.’26, Havorford Col.: M.A. in Eng.’29, Univ. of Pa.; Ed.D.’41, Columbia Univ.; Diet. Supt. of Sch.. Ro- hoboth Beach, Del., since 1945. Van Sickel, J. G., A.M.’31, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Kirksville, Mo., since 1947. Van Slyke, Frank A., B.S.’37, Canterbury Col.; M.S.’40, Ind. State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Griffith, Ind., since 1947. Van Winkle, Lloyd S., B.Ed.’33, Eastern III. State Tchrs. Col.. Charleston, Ill.: M.A. ’41. Univ. of Ill.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., San Diego 3, Calif., since 1947. Van Wyk, A. C., B.A.’26, Hope Col., M.A. ’37, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Bis¬ marck, N. Dak., since 1942. Van Zanten, Charles, A.B.’23, Hope Col.; A.M.’28, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Shelby, Mich., since 1947. Van Zwoll, James A., A.B.’33, Calvin Col.; M.A.’37, Ph.D.’42, Univ. of Mich.; Prof, of Educ. Admin., Col. of Educ., Univ. of Md., College Park, Md., since 1948. Vardy. Lee, B.A.’29, M.A.’37, Texas Tech. Col.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Slaton, Texas, since 1947. Varn, Guy L„ A.B.’27. Wofford Col.; M.A. ’41. Univ. of S.C.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., Columbia 1, S. C., since 1948. Varney, Charles E., Diploma T5, State Nor¬ mal Sch., Farmington, Maine; B.S. in Ed.’28, Ed.M.’35, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Stoneham 80, Mass., since 1929. Vasey, Hamilton G., A.B.’36, Ill. Col.; M. A.’38, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch., Independence, Iowa, since 1947. Vaughan, James P„ Ph.B.’07, Univ. of Wis. Address: Pub. Sch., Chisholm, Minn. Vaughan, John S., M.A.’27, Univ. of Okla.; Pres., Northeastern State Col., Tahlequah, Okla., since 1936. Veasey, Wesley F., B.A.’25, M.A.’45, Univ. of N. C.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Washington, N. C., since 1947. Vedder, Ollen M., Diploma ’22, A.B.’24, Mich. State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.: M.A.’36, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Hancock, Mich., since 1937. Velte, Charles Henry, A.B.’14, Hastings Col.; M.A.’29, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Crete, Nebr., since 1919. Veltri, John B., Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Sharps- burg. Pa. Venable, Myrtle C., A.B.’04, Winchester Normal Col.; Supt. of Sch., Pacolet Mills, S. C., since 1942. Ver Bcek, John J., A.B.’26, Hope Col.; M.A. ’33, Univ. of Mich.; Supt., Henry St. and Glcnside Schs., 1213 W. Hackley Ave., Muskegon, Mich., since 1944. VerMeulen, James M., A.B.’26, Hope Col.; Genl. Sales Mgr., American Seating Co., 901 Broadway, Grand Rapids 2, Mich., since 1944. Vermilya, C. D., Co. Supt. of Sch., Ottawa, Ohio. Vest, H. Grant, M.S.’38, Brigham Young Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Logan, Utah, since 1948. Vick, Claude E., B.S.’25, M.S.’29, Univ. of Ill.; Ed.D.’35, Washington Univ.; Dir. of Professional and Pub. Relations, Ill. Educ. Assn., 100 E. Edwards St„ Springfield, III., since 1943. Vlemolster, Edmund H., B.S. ’33, M.A.’40, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Hawthorne, N. J. Vikan, Walter L., B.A/21. Univ. of N. Dak.; M.Ed.’40, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Brighton, Colo., since 1942. List of Members 50 Viles, N. E. A.M.-30. Ph.D.’34. Univ. of n°c : ?^ ClaIlS , t V Sch - Plant Management. U. b. Office of Educ., Washington D C since 1946. 6 Vincent Harold Sellew, A.B.’23. Greenville Col., A.M. 32, Ohio State Univ.; First Siipt. of Sch., 618 High Ave., N. W., Can¬ ton, Ohio, since 1947. Vi S*’Je U u M e M A ' 21 ' Univ. of Wis. : of Sch -. Stevens Point, Wis., since Vincent, Quincey G„ A.B.’25, Thiel Col • Supt. of Sch., Ford City, Pa., since 1928. Vincent, William S„ A.B.'36 Col. of Wil¬ liam and Mary; A.M.'40, Ph.D.'44 Co- CoT sta^Coi P p° f - ° f Educ " Pa ' *«« ^ 01 ., state Col., Pa., since 1946 Since 1947 ’ Arkansas City . Kansas, V Co} iS ’ m'a '4i' B 1F A -' 23 ' ? uatavus Adolphus t,!'' ™ : A. 41, Univ. of Minn.; Supt of Sch., Stillwater, Minn., since 1946 P Vogel. William F., A B ’I? Tr .,1 it • A M/17, Columbia Univ. ' S u Dt ' f Jeffersonville, Ind., since 1938 . L " Co*’ • J EdM ^H 0 "' a' 8 ,,' 03 ' Wil >iams Williams Col ' Address V" w' A M l 29 - Marblehead. Mass ' 7 Wa,Son St - ^ s! a te'"Tchrs^^"ol^ ,5 Ed ' 2 ?’ Western '•!. tt_; A r n £f,' Macomb, Ill • MS field! in! n ‘- : DiS '- Sup «- Sch Pitu V '34 kUyl ph RO D ge 3 r 8 J " ' 32 A H ?P*. C °>'= A.M. Wheaton Col.,' Whea^o!? i|Y niV ' : Dean ' Voss, Edward f! b 5“ 8 S D w T' 1948 Mo.; M A in eh Th k° - Warrensburg ington Univ. isst Sun. 0 '' H L 't 2 ’ Wash- wood 17, Mo’ Since 1945 ° f Sch " Ma P le - w 1380 E? Sixth’S^ 1C C k lev r 1 3S J Bd ' of Educ -. Waddell , L Cleveland 14. Ohio. Univ. ’ 0 f J Wis Fra D k ped P ' h t, B -' 2 . 2 ' Ph -M.'26, Supvr. of Sec S ”sch' P ^'P’rs Milton Col.; w l...,, 2 . «,£*&**« p ub. State Tchrs D ‘cT a sin S j? uthwest Texas EL.B.’30, Univ. of Te " f Texas; Kingsville, Texas, since ,935 P *' ° f Sch ” N d V;° h ^-’. 0 f- S - 92 . Col. of the City of New York City’Sch nn a r U ^ iv - : S 4°- Brooklyn 2, K Y.^f ,^‘"^0" St - Walw Ch " T Homer ' : Su P*- «*• Cul.: J f -Sr. H. S„ Madison 3 Wu" Cen,ral P B S -25 7, ^‘a^'PWa Col.; A.M.’28, Univ „x d 25, Muhlenberg of Sch., Sharon H U p f a Pa v s “Pvg. Prim Wagner Hnb. ?’ Pa ” slnce J 932. M.A.*29, Columbia Univ?’ o k,bri K ht Col.; Sch., Berwyn, P a ., since 194i" Pt - of Tw P- Wagner. Homer, A.B/24. Manchester Col Asst. Prin., Fairmont H. S.. Dayton < Ohio, since 1934. Wa on ne Vt Le ° n E " S " pt - Sch - Ben Ring Wagner. M Channing, B.A/13. Witienber, f°'y A.M. 23, Columbia Univ.; A J Supt. of Sch 1100 Washington St. W,1 mington, Del., since 1929 Wagner. Paul A„ Bell an,] Howell Co 71"- McCormick Rd„ Chicago 45. 111. ♦Wagner Thomas A.B.'IO. Franklin a-d ci d :r, W MA ■ J 4 m r S Pran o' B.A.*20, Hendrix Col - M A. -6 George Peabody Col f,, r Teh's'' Sup,, of Sch.. Helena. aV. snue 1 «J. ' Mech ?'oT: M.S/46 Okla. Agrl. and OkU ! s f n °! e ' ^ Frederick, W Coi e ' F° y i R '' diploma '30. State Tchrs t-ol.. Fredonia, N. Y • R c , ,;r M.A.'40, New York Univ.: Sup, of^'s’eh ’ Northport. N. Y.. since 194b 9 h " Wakefield. Urban C A R ’Ai hk 1 m l U niv., M Ed.'4, C "Univ: 'jf' ^‘° Sup, h *of Sch.. Lyndonville, V,.. since 1946 P A M 0 'm K n D " , A r B ' 06 ' Univ. of III A.M. 14, Univ. of Chicago- Sun, f c L" Has, Side. Aurora. Ill..' ^nce l'^k. Sch " C MA a i7n!' b S.' 27, Muskingum e, I, ' p . | 33, Ohio State Univ.; Supt of S h„ Bridgeport. Ohio, since 1946 ‘ Waldrip, Rankin C.. B S '37 M s to w u Texas State Tchrs Ed ■ M -S. 39. North Sup,, of Sch Alief 1 T" Dt ' n,on - T “as; i. Texas, since 1945 Waldrop, Ames I.. 1106 Ninth Ave . jasper, ^ni'v. 0 ' 0 /^ -f,' A 0 P ' 99 '. Ohio Wesleyan !i 4 j New 'fork ’ ', Ph °- Col-: Dean, Tchrs r„i r 3 | Juniata Philadelphia. Pa , sinc^ i9.^ mple Un,V '" A 1 M’28 D Tc n hrs E Cof B r’ 2 r T K ri - Sta *' Col.; Univ.; MA in FH • to aL Com.'29. Ohio ^hio^Uc H «‘" Walker, Kirby p A R ’ 7 ? c Memphis. Tenn M A Southwestern, s C r e ; iSaT ° f ^h. Jack SO n n, ro7 Muli; ^^c/umbi/un',! 5 '. A* r s C , er c^ ni S : M A f Sch., Court House. Atlanta,' Ga SUP '' ° f W ri! er 'c?° bert Kdwin, B S '34 State T h of Pit S tsb PP r e g r h y - R d£ P i ' : M A.'40 Uni”,' Verne, Calif gh ; in ?‘ S l t b46 S . UPt ' ° f Sth ’ La fnd„ since 1946 V ** Blvd - South Bend, Walkotten, George, A B ’?? v i M-A. 31, Tchrs Col 22 k I f jl, “ i *°° Col., Supt. of Sch.. Albion Mi>h ,Umb ‘ a Univ.; Wallace, John W B A .m e" S ‘ nCe 1939 ' M.E.’40, Univ." 0 B ' A v? • S s yracu ®e Univ.; Bra ttIeboro vt„ since i 94 | Pt ’ of S < h - Wallace, Morris S. B A ’at m . Texas State Tchrs Col 'rf*' A ' 38 ’ North Miss., since 1947. Ml ss., University, 502 American School Buildings Waller, DeWitt, A.B.’ll, Epworth Univ.; A. M .’28, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Enid, Okla., since 1934. Ware, Thomas L., M.A.’39, Baylor Univ.; Prin., West Jr. H. S., Waco, Texas, since 1946. ♦Waller, J. Flint, B.A.’16, Univ. of Va.; M.A.‘28, Ph.D.'32, Columbia Univ. Ad¬ dress: 232 Kalorama St., Staunton, Va. Walsh, J. Hartt, Diploma ’24, Ed.B.'27, State Tchrs. Col., Eau Claire. Wis.; Ph.B. '27, Ripon Col.; M.A.'34, Univ. of Minn.; Ph.D.'44. Univ. of Wis.; Dean, Col. of Educ.. Butler Univ., Indianapolis, Ind., since 1948. Walsh, Joseph W.. M.A.’44, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Saybrook. Conn., since 1942. Walsh, Michael Francis, B.A/22, Col. of the Holy Cross; Dir. of Educ.. State Dept, of Educ., Providence 3, R. I*, since 1947. Walter. Robert Bruce, B.S. in Ed.'29, M.S. in Ed.'39. Univ. of Southern Calif.; Chief Deputy Co. Supt. of Sch., Los Angeles 12, Calif., since 1942. Walter, Z. M.. B.Sc. in Ed.' 21 . M.A.’23, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Wyoming Schs., Wyoming H. S., Cincinnati 15, Ohio, since 1932. Walters, John G.. B.S. in Ed.’32. State Tchrs. Col.. Valley City. N. Dak.; M S. in Ed.'37, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt.. Walsh Co. Agrl. and Tr. Sch., Park River, N. Dak., since 1942. Walters, Morgan L. ; A.B.’34, Lcland Stan¬ ford Univ.; M.A. 40. Univ. of Buffalo Ph D.'43, Harvard Univ.; Asst. Editor, The Macmillan Co., 60 Fifth Avc„ New York 11, N. Y„ since 1946. Walters, Newell. 414 14th St., Denver, Colo. Walton. L. Arthur. B.S.'20 Ursinus Col.; A M.*24, Univ. of Pa.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Pitman, N. J., since 1941. Wampler. W. Norman. A.B '29 Intermoun- tain Union Col.; A.M.'33. Univ. of Wash Ph D '46. Univ. of Southern Calif., Supt. of Sch.. Bellflower, Calif., since 1946. Wanamakcr, Mrs. Pearl A., B.A.’22, Univ. of Wash.* Pros.i Natl. Educ. Asan^ 1946- 47* State Supt. of Pub. Instr.. Old Capitol Bldg.. Olympia, Wash., since 1941. Warburton, T. Stanley. Supt. of Union H. S. and Jr. Col., Pullcrton. Calif. w«rd Charles C., B.S.'18, Buckncll Univ.; M A.'30, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Ph D.'34, New York Univ.; LL.D. 43. Buckncll Univ.: Pres., State Tchrs. Col., Plattsburg, N. V., since 1933. Ward, Edwin K., Supt. of Sch., Providence, War'd, Mrs. Ethel S.. Deputy Supt. of Co. Sch., Oakland 7. Calif. -j i nn i ti m Ed.*41, Univ. of Texas; 8upt. J of Spring Hill Sch.. Longview. Texas, since 1943. 1947 W j^' 2 r r p?, ^'effl; in«v.: U 8u V ptl of Sch?,' Valley City, N. Dak., since 1946. Wa.d, W. H.j A.B.’ 14, Purmat* Univ.: DUm Extension Div.. Univ. of 8. C., Columnia 19. 8. C., since 1937. Wardl-W. H. Pat, B.». In Bd.'M, Unlv.^o! Commr M of'Kd. Z jc., Sul. Daft. of' Educ.. Jefferson City, Mo„ since 1947. Warfield, Silas T.. B.S. in Ed.'20, Ohio Univ.; M.A.’34, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Barnesville, Ohio, since 1939. Warner, Mrs. Ada M„ 100 Grove Ave., East Providence 14, R. I. Warner, Paul C.. Prin., Greenville H. S., Greenville, Ohio. Warner, Rodney J., B.S/22 M.A.'29, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Xenia, Ohio, since 1936. Warner, William E„ B.S.’23, M.S.'24. Univ. of Wis.; Ph.D.'28, Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1925. Warnke, Robert, Supt. of Sch., Brookville, Ohio. Warren. Arthur E„ A.B.'23. Hamilton Col.; M A.’31, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Canandaigua, N. Y., since 1940. Warren, Carl V., B.S.’23, Hamilton Col.; M.A.'32, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Middletown, N. Y., since 1939. Warren, Curtis E.. A.B.’IS, Ed.D.36, Univ. of Southern Calif. Address: 1534 Garden St., Santa Barbara, Calif. Warren, Helen B., Prin., Eighth St. Sell., Newark 7, N. J. Warren. Julius E., A.B.'10. Dartmouth Col.; M .A.'22, Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ., D.Sc. in Ed.'44, Boston u„i Northeastern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Un versity City 5, Mo., since 1946. Warren. Worcester, A .B.’12, Kn<« n^' A M.’21, State Univ. of Iowa, Fh.u. Yale Univ.; Prof, of Sch. Admin., Boston Univ., Boston, Mass., since 1943. Washington, William Harold, B.S.’20, Clern- soii Col M.S.'22. Iowa State Col.; Dean, Sch. of Voc. Educ.. Clcmson Col., Clem- son. S. C., since 1934. Waskin, Leon S., B.A. in Ed.'34, M.A. 36, Ph D ’39 Univ. of Mich.; Chief, U'v. o w ra. R s;... , mu. B Snw:, «;.D State Col. of Educ., Supt. of Sch., Colo¬ rado Springs. Colo., since 1942. Sch., Supt. of Sch., Garden City, N. Y , since 1937. _ . Wntcrpool, W. F.. B.A.'20, Lawrence Co ., Ph M.’26, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of S ., Marinette. Wis.. aince 1940. Waters. Fred M.. A.B.'IS. Wabash Col. i M.A.'28. Univ. of N. C.; Supt. Gastonia, N. C.. since 1945. Waters. Roy A., B.S/32 M A.'36. Columbia Univ.; Prin., Rogers Jr. II. b.. btamio Conn., since 1944. cm Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sell., Kcwau nee, Wis., since 1946. , .. w r£'&t*r m y«ji = '39, Nrw York Univ.; Supt. of Sc .* N. Y., since 1923. since 1907. List of Members 503 Watkins, Steven N., B.S. in Ed.’31, Cotner Col.; M.A.’35, Ph.D.’45, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Ames, Iowa, since 1946. Watkins, Thomas W., A.B.'31, Dickinson Col.; A.M.’42, Lehigh Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Coopersburg, Pa., since 1937. Watne, Theo A., M.S.’35, Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Shabbona, Ill., since 1934. Watson, Charles Hoyt, A.B.’18, A.M.'23, Univ. of Kansas; LL.D,’41, Whitworth Col.; Pres., Seattle Pacific Col., Seattle 99, Wash., since 1926. Watson, Floyd B„ A.B.’14, Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., South Side H. S., Rockville Centre, N. Y., since 1933. Watson, G. E„ B.A.'21, Lawrence Col.; M A. 32, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch. Wauwatosa 13, Wis., since 1940. W ! tS °»’, H *', Ginn and Co., 165 Luckie St., N.W., Atlanta 3, Ga. Watson, Mrs. Mary, Co. Dir. of Elcm. Educ., Albuquerque, N. Mex. Norma n E., A.B.’38, Pomona Col ■ M.A. 40 Univ. of Southern Calif.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., San Juan Capistrano, Calif since 1948. Watson, Norman E.. Ph.D.'42, Northwestern Univ.; Supt of Twp. Sch.. Northbrook. Ill., since 1947. Watson. Paul W„ A.B.'24, A.M.’32, W. Va vr.inS'.faT' Slh " ltin « w " od - w TsWi *•£„!■ y&ssr: Supt. of Sch., Hastings, Nebr., since 19 * 44 ’. Watson, Wayne P.. M.S.’30. Ind. Univ • SupL of Sch., Terre Haute. Ind., since W Beach! c“liT Pt ° n ’ SuPt ’ ° f Sch " Hermosa ^uo't^’nf 0 ^ A V, A V? ' 20 ’ Baker Univ.; 1933.' 1 Scb " E Centro - Calif., since W Pn y n r ' t; M u A ’i 6 ' Univ ’ of Kansas; since 19 T 46 Peka H ’ S " T ° peka ' Kansas’. W MA'32 LU ri S S ‘ a °y. A : B.’24, Duke Univ,; M.A. 32, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch Durham, N. C„ since 1947. ' Weaver, Martin E„ B.A.'29 M A in Fd 'aa Sch V 'Li f br > a 1USb p reh: SupVB ’ Prin - of Tw p! ocn., Library, Pa., since 1944 P W AM’57 P U Hp J V A.B.’ 3 4, Duke Univ.; . sch - W l a M’26 R Uni I® ” f A r?' 22 ’ De Pauw Univ.; Gosh etc’ Ind!^ s?nce"l 942 °' SUPt ’ ° f Sch " W C a or er ’M^’d^ na i d ’ B S -' 30 ’ Gr °ve City Twp. S M A«’ p S a t .: t sin C c°e 1 Y 94 S 2 UP ‘’ Mines C and eS Meullurgy- ^j A ’ 3 ®' { g°'j .°[ Activities, Pub Sch y Ft d f Special Since 1925. ' E1 Paso - Texas, W Va b : Co V 9 B . arr I f’ S - in Ed -’30, Univ. of 1930’. ’ Up ’ °* Louisa, Va., since Hartsdale, N. Y., since"l 94 P f Sch " Webb, H. L., Co. Supt. of Sch., Emporia, Webb, J. O., B, A.'14, Southwestern Univ.; M.A.'24, Univ. of Texas; Asst. Supt. of Sch. in charge of Sec. Educ.. 1500 Louisi¬ ana St., Houston 3, Texas, since 1935. Webb. Paul E.. Adviser, Textbook and Cur¬ riculum Revision. Civil Information and Educ. Section, G.H.Q., S.C.A.P., A.P.O. 500, c/o Postmaster, San Francisco, Calif., since 1948. ♦Webber, Elmer Harrison. Diploma '07. State Normal Sch.. Farmington, Maine; B.Pd.'IS, Univ, of Maine: A.M.'23. Bates Col.; Pres.. Webber Inst., Mt. Vernon Maine, since 1945. Weber, C. A., Ph.D.'43, Northwestern Univ • Dean and Dir., Fort Trumbull Braneh. Univ. of Conn., New London, Conn, since 1946. Weber, Joseph C„ BA.'34. St. Ambrose Col.; M.A. 39, Colo. State Col. of Educ. Greeley, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Leadville Colo., since 1947. Webster. Marjorie Fraser, Diploma ’15. Columbia Col. of Expression; BA '33 George Washington Univ.; M.A.'35, Amer- ican Univ ; Pres., Marjorie Webster Jr. Col., Washington 12, D. C.. since 1930. Webster, Wayne C.. B.S. in Ed.' 30 . State Tchrs. Col., Mansheld, Pa.; M.Ed.'35 Pa State Col.; C. Supt. of Sch., Montrose. Pa.. Since 1946. Wedelin, George H.. B.S.'24. Kansas State lctirs. Col., Emporia. Kansas: M E '34 Umv. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Stafford’ Kansas, since 1946. W nf e, R H n rber ‘ S rf B A ’ 99 - M.A.'01. Univ. of Rochester; Pd D. 18 . New York State Col. for Tchrs., Albany. N. Y.; Litt D '33 Un‘v. of the State of New York; Honor¬ ary Life Member. American Assn, of Sch Supt. of Sch., Rochester. N Y 1911^10 1934. Address: R.F.D. 3. Medina! * V Un e i l v ein ’A D M M 3 E r A , B ^ 7 ' Johns Hopkins ■IS V c . Columbla Univ,; PhD 16. Johns Hopkins Univ.; Educ. Con- 2400 an i t ' y- S k ° ffice of Educ - Address: 2400 Linden Ave., Baltimore 17, Md. W M A78 F 'N ° b v rt - q A ® ' 2I A Corne11 Univ,; 1*!&*&•& l;ir nam Lity, Utah, since 1947. K Weil, Truda T. B.S.'20, M.A.'30 New York }95j E ^ V '^ Ba * on ^^* n, ' I ® r °°'hiyn R< N. ^..^since C aoud S J M B E ' 3 !' Sta,e Tchrs. Elgin, Minn.r^nce”^^ Supt ' ° f Sch '' W CoLf r Mi°'3‘l Se Ed ”n ^ Swee ‘ BHar lumbia Univ.’; Dir of ^R brS ‘ since w"' Ni " ,h S '*” Rich ™^ V a b ; "Kt'rt, V '?;"■ c °>i Reading," & * Vi 8 ' Col.; Bellwood-Antis Joint S°ch : ReT*’ J Pr ^ n " since 1946. J 1 t>c “' Bellwood, Pa., 504 American School Buildings Weiss. Leon Jay, B.A.’28, Cornell Univ.; M.A/30, Tchrs. Col.. Columbia Univ.; M.S/43, New York Univ.; Supt. of Sch., South Fallsburgh, N. Y.. since 1946. Welch. A. G.. A.B/24, M.A.‘25, Mercer Univ.; Supt. of Sch.. Alvin. Texas, since 1939. Welch. Claude A., A.B/31. Sterling Col.; M.S/43, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Em¬ poria. Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Pawnee Kock. Kansas, since 1943. W elch. Dale D.. A . B. ‘ 21, Univ. of Dubuque; M.A.'28. Cornell Univ.; LL.D.’36. Coc Cnl.; Pres., Alma Col., Alma. Mich., since 1947. Welch, Earl E.. B.A/25, State Univ. of I'iwa; Ph.M.*33, Univ. of Wis.; Editor-in- Chicf. Silver Burdctt Col., 45 E. 17th St., New York 3. N. Y., since 1940. Welch. M. W.. B.S/1 7. Univ. of Mich.; S c. D/22, Univ. dc Blattcrcau, France; Pres., W. M. Welch Scientific Co., 1515 Sedgwick St.. Chicago 10. Ill., since 1937. Welch. Sam G., M.Ed/47. Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Chilhowee, Mo., since 1938. Welch. William A.. LL.B/27. Suffolk Univ.; A.B.‘30, M.A/31. Boston Col.; Supt. of Sell., Peabody. Mass., since 1933. Welcome. Mrs. Verdn F., M.A/39, New York Univ. Address: 1131 Harlem Avc.. Baltimore 17, Md. Weldon, Charles Raines. Diploma *24. State Tchrs Col.. Troy. Ala.; B.S/33, M.S/35. Ala. Polytcch. Inst.; Co. Supt. of Sch.. Wetumpka, Ala., since 1942. Wcldcn, James E., Supvr. of Vocational Educ.. Pub. Sell.. 2404 Kern St., Fresno, Calif. Welflc. Frederick K., S.J., B.A/22.M.A/23, Gon/aga Univ.; M.A .'30, St. Louis Univ.; Ph. I).’40, Ohio State Univ.; Pres., John Carroll Univ., Cleveland 18. Ohio, since 1940. Wells, A. K.. B.A/31, Abilene Christian Col.; M A.‘36, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Grcrlcy, Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Sonora, Texas, since 1945. Wells, George II., B.S/15, Knox Col.; M.Ed. *38. Univ. of Texas; Supt. of Sch.. Lufkin. Texas, since 1943. Wells. George Newton, Diploma ’21. South¬ ern III. State Teachers. Col., Carbondalc, III.; Ph.B/28, M.A/33, Univ. of Chicago; Supt. of Sch., Bloomington, III., since 1944. Wells. Guy H.. A.B/I5, Mercer Univ.; A.M.’25, Columbia Univ.; Pres., Gn. State Col. for Women, Millcdgcvlllc, Ga.. since 1934. Wells, Hetman B., B.S/24, A.M/27, Iitd. Univ.; LL.D/39. Butler Univ.; LL.D/39, Rose Polytech. Inst.; LL.D/39, De Pauw Univ.; LL.D/42, Wabash Col.; LL.D/46. Univ. of WIs.* Pres., I ml. Univ.. Bloom¬ ington, Ind., since 1938. Wells, I. J. K., D.Pcd/40, Lincoln Univ.; State Supvr. of Negro Sch., 1032 Bridge Rd.. Charleston 4. W. Va., since 1933. Wells, J. Kvelyn, A.B/24, Univ. of Louis¬ ville; M.A/34, Columbia Col.; Asst. Prtn.. Shawnee II. 8., Louisville 12. Ky.. since 1930. ♦Wells. John Edward, Tchrs. Cert/24, Pro¬ vincial Normal, Regina, Smite.: Life Cert. 'ZB. Northern Mich. Col. ol Kduc., Mar¬ quette, Mich.; B.S.'32. M ancheater Co Li M.A.'43, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Hermanavllle, Mich., ilnct 1848. Wells, Lynford L., Ph.B.'26, M.Ed.'40, Univ. of Vt.; Supt. of Sch., Newport, Vt., since 1940. Wells, Thomas R.. B.A.'23, Centre Col.; M.A.'40, Univ. of Ala.; Supt. of Sch., Pascagoula, Miss., since 1937. Welsh. Maurice J.. Dist. Supt. of Sch., St. Maries, Idaho. Weltzin, J. Frederick, A.B.'25, M.S.’27, Ph.D.’29. Univ. of N. Dak.; Dean, Sch. of Educ.. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, since 1944. Wendell. Harold U.. B.B.A.’32. Northeast¬ ern Univ.; Bus. Mgr. and Treas.. Atlantic Union Col., South Lancaster, Mass., since 1946. Wendt, Joseph J.. Trustee. Bd. of Educ., 15502 Charles Rd., East Detroit. Mich. Wendt, Julius A.. B.A.'29. Mont. State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Cathlamet. Wash., since 1937. Wenger. Paul. B.A.'25, Bluffton Col.; M.A. ’30. Ohio State Univ.: Supt. of Sch., Lan¬ caster. Ohio, since 1938. Wenner. William E., A.B.'97. Ped.D.’36, Westminster Col.. New Wilmington, Pa.: Supt. of Sch.. 1 Lake St., Ashtabula Harbor. Ohio, since 1909. Wenners, Paul Joseph, A.B.'24, A.M.’26. Boston Col.: Ed.M. in Sch. Adm.'44, Har¬ vard Univ.; Prin., Robert W. Traip Acad¬ emy. Kittcry. Maine, since 1944. Wcnrich. Ralph C-. B.S.'31, M.S.'35. Pa. State Col.; Asst. State Supt. of Pub. Instr. in charge of Voc. Educ.. Bauch Bldg., Lansing 4. Mich., since 1946. Wente. Walter H.. M.A. '18, Ph.D.'32, Univ. of Chicago; Registrar, St. John's Col., Winfield, Kansas, since 1922. Wermager. Lawrence Everett. B.A/33, Con¬ cordia Col.; M.A.'44. Univ. of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Brcckcnridgc, Minn., since 1946. Wesley, Charles H.. B.A.'ll, Fisk Univ.; M.A.'13. Yale Univ.: Ph.D.'25, Harvard Univ 1 Pres.. Col. of Educ. and Indus. Wilbcrforce Univ., Wilbcrforce. since 1942. Philip M.. B.S.’28, M.S.'33, Ind. Supt. of Sell., Winchester, Ind., 1941. Edwin Arthur, A.B.'24. Davidson M.A.'40, Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Washington, N. C., since 1946. West. Franklin Lorenso, B.S.'04, Utah State Agrl. Col.; Ph.D.'ll, Univ. of Chicago; Comnir. of Educ.. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Salt Lake City 1, Utah, since 1934. West, Glen C.. B.S. in Ed.'I7, Ohio Univ.; M.A.'28. Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch.. Portsmouth, Ohio, since 1945. West, Henry Carson. A.B.U7, A.M.'23. Trin¬ ity Col. (Duke Univ.); of Pub. ’ - " Arts, Ohio, Wcsiicr, Univ.; since West, Col.; Sell.. , ... Statistician, State Instr., Raleigh, N. C.. aince Dept 1927. West. John Lee. Supt. of Sell., 1934. West, Paul D.. Pli.B.'24. M.A.*40. Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sell., Atlanta slnco 1947. West, Roscoe L.. A.B.M4, Ed^M.'ZS, vard Univ.: Pro*., State Tchrs. Trenton S, N. J., since 1930. B.S.'22, Centro Col.; Co. Huntsvillo, Tenn., since Emory 3, Ga., Har- Col,, List of Members 50 = West, William H., B.Act.’31, B.Ed. in Com¬ merce '32, Rider Col.; M.Ed.'37, Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Belvidere, N. ]., since 1945. Westby, Cleve O.. B.A.’20, M.A.'36, Mont. State Univ.; Ed.D.’45, Columbia Univ.; Dir., Sch. Plant Facilities, State Dept, of Pub. Instr., Olympia, Wash., since 1947. W n! tf J> l .l' Byron L., B.S. in Ed.'29, A.M.'32 Fh - D W 3 . 5, Univ. °f Mo.; Prin. of Lab. Sch. and Dir. Div. of Teaching, Ind. State lehrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind., since 1946. Westlake. Glenn, B.E/36, Northern Ill State Tchrs. Col., DcKalb, Ill.; M.A'46' Northwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Lom¬ bard, Ill., since 1944. W nw'« H ^ y T ;' ®' S ' in Ed -’ 41 ' M E.'42, Psfrh w n \ V - ° f M °' :Frof - ° { Educ. and since i'94^ e m ‘ nStCr Co ‘" Ful,on ' Mo., Wetherow, E. B„ M.A. in Ed.'39, Univ. of since al 1941 SUPt ' ° f Sch " Noblesville . Ind., Wetmore, Charles, B.E.'31 State Trhrc Cob, Platteville, Wis.; Ph.M.'40, Uni v H of Wis,’ sinc P e Vg 193 P 3 nn ' ° f S ° h " Su " Prairie ' W Ed'29 A T Cn , H ", B S ' in E d.'21, M.S. in E f d '4h T em P le Un ' v -: Asst. to the Supt. ? f ,. Sch - '"charge of Sch.-Community Re- ^c°e nS 194 B 6 d - ° f EdUC - Philadelphia 3^ Pa 6 . „ B A -' 34 ' Wes,mar 7 0i *» 40. State Univ. of Iowa Ad- dress: Pub. Sch., Roundup, Mont. ZV’ Fr " nk . E - Ph.D.'41, Univ. of Nebr • s°nce'm8 aS “ nES C °'" Hasti "S s ' Nebr' W ^°^ h '.° rrin J " M.A.'39, Colo State Set SUPt ' ° f Whalen, Frank D. A B '13 i .. Col.; M.A.'30 PhD’33 Josephs Asst Supt. of'Sch 330 E ? 2 nd m St U N V - : York 51, N. Y„ since 1941 St " New ^n'col^Bn 8 ',^",? 4 ' 32 ' William Jew- Sem ; Ed.M°i 4 ?. aptis ‘ T heol. Sem.; Ed MM4 'Unfv r ?/ Ptist Theo] - w Sch New M Lo^„ Un iJ 0 . Pf sin M c - 19 ^Pt. of M.A/33 L Tchrs H '’Coi B ' 1 r' , Ma f i . etta Col.; fZ: Sch - Wharton, Mildred M„ B A '31 t 0 oX° n pre“fn' 3 p ? ub V' *'*' Col Portland », U &4fe Stf** Univ!*’ L G L°D.' e 4 ^ A& ol'V’' Queen ’ s Canaia.^sfnce Tchrs. H Co?” Commerce 9 ' TeX ;^ N f, al . M - A B.'l?. Sterling Col. A.M. 34 Univ. of Kansas; Prin.. Liberty Memorial H. S„ Lawrence. Kansas, since Whinncry, John Carroll. A.B.'32. Univ of Co 1 ' a, . Eos Angeles; M.A.-34, Occidental Co D st. Supt. of Sch., Montebello 1 Calif., since 1945. ' W r i '3 ner ?; . Karl E " Ph.B.'12. Mt. Union Sch" sUnd u' U oi V ' 0f Wis ' : Sl, P'- 01 ocn., bandusky, Ohio, since 1939 Whipple Carl E.. B.S.'25. M S '30 Pa State Col.; Ed.D.'40, Univ. of Pittsburgh- f 9 S 4 V; Supt ' of Sch - Warren. Pa., since Whipple, Lucius Albert. B.S.'08, R. I. State r° i : i M t Brown Univ.; Ed.D.'40 _ a 'ho lie Tchrs. Col., Providence, R. I. Anier/°<; R ' F Eo *' Pharmacy and Allied Sciences; LL.D/44, R I State de°nc : e s'r" f R ' ■' Co1 ' ° f Educ.!' Prov, aence 8, R. I., since 1939 W Sup, 0m of's F ch y ® S-’ 3 3. Springfield Col.; p . or Sch., Bradford, Vt., since 1948 W SuDt of S E h ^ A ' 44, Univ. of S. Dak.; P ' °* Sch '' Canton ' S. Dak., since 1948 White, Frank E B A '29 u State Tfhr« rrj .., bam Houston .,l a tt A . cnrs v Col., Huntsville, Texas- M A ton Tev V ' ° f TeXaS: Supt ' Sch Grove- ton, Texas, since 1939. W York Hn ?rge o G " B s ’ 28 ' M.A.'32, New d a >e k N n j V : : since PV l R 923 Prin ' °' Sch " H ‘"- W .own, S. en C. y A " SUPt ' ° f Sch " George- W Ore 6 g H M Kh S M ’ If J" ^.'34. Univ. of *!»»•"? .V*-' W Col 6 ’- M S A' h 32 B D t0 lr n ' n B ' 27 ' Wofford S ', j z, Duke Univ ■ Ph n 'in E5 0 uc g , e Un?v b0 o d f y ^ a O1 - g - T ^tof ol ' ot Fla -- Gainesville, Fla. of te Educ., E '’K B ' a S mixo 0 We MUh “m*A jl' fe 0 L“i c U5 Supt ’ °' f Sch - White, Raymond H„ B.S in Ed '18 8 .u west Mo. State Tchrs r„i e *'■ South- Mo ; A.B.'19. Drury Col A A 11 ^’ of Chicago; Ed.D.'36, Tchrs Co'l r,"- b> a Univ.; Supt. of Two Sch" 1Um ' Pa., since 1942 P ‘ 6Ch ‘* Abin «ton, of Colo.; Parish’SupF'of - S A h' M '» *£ W ‘ a tt 'ivi Henry I - B a -’ 25. Col. of William Sunt nf a q y i, I y t - A L?°’ Columbia Univ 1 S 946 f Schools - Richmond 19, Va„ since ' V p I h e n' 2 fi ilb tT rt - S " BS -’ 2 °. Univ. of III - Ph.D. 26, Umv. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch" Lincoln, Nebr., since 1948 Willey, Ivan R„ M.A.'40, Univ of Wvo ■ Supt. of Sch., Superior, Wyo., since^l946. At I'os A ter ,°- ^ A -' 42 ' Univ. of Calif e t v L ^ Angeles; Prin., El Rodeo Flem Sch., Beverly Hil , s _ Ca , if * EUm. Williams, Bert D A R '70 XI t Sf Co-of. ScT; Wa e u b keUn SU ¥.'. B s€e e Williams, C. H R e "?■> r- M.A/30, Columbia Univ.; Co S un ?° l i c ., Hamilton, Ohio, since 1932 ’ ° Williams, Chari Ormond, D Litt >24 Service', ^ { ft ® Will' W ” ^ aShingt ° n 6l ^'’C.f^ince^ig^i: Srss Ohio, since 19i5. Williams, Ed E„ B.A. - 29. McMurry Col.: M.A.’42, Hardin-Simmons Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Colorado City, Texas, since 1942. Williams, Eugene Allen, A.B.'20, Furman Umv.; Ed.M.'46, Univ. of S. C • Sup- Baron Dc-Kalb Sch., Westvilk S C since 1943. Williams. Frank L.. B.A.'29. M.A.36 Har- din-Simmons Univ.; Ed.D.’45. Univ. ,.< Texas; Prof, of Educ., Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas 5. Texas, since 1946. W i ll . iam . s ; Harold J.. B.S.U6. Iowa State S° c’ u A ^ tale Univ. of Iowa; Supt. of Sch.. Davenport. Iowa, since 1947 . Williams. J. H.. 46 Rivas Avc.. San Fran¬ cisco 12. Calif. Williams, John Davis. A.B. - 36 M A '30 Umv. of Ky.; Ed.D.'40, Tchrs. Col. Co¬ lumbia Umv.; Chancellor. Univ. of Miss University, Miss., since 1946. Williams. John Roger. Co. Supt. of Sch Painesville. Ohio, since 1931 . WiHiams, Joseph Post, A.B/33. Univ of ^ Su P vr - Tulare Co. Sch., Visalia. Calif., since 1948. WiHiams Nat, M.A.M2, Univ. of Texas Supt. of Sch., Abilene. Texas, since 1947. Williams, Omer Stewart. Pli.D.'39 North- 194 P 7 f S Bcaumont - Texas, since Wiliiams, Ralph R.. B.S.U7. M.A/28. Univ of Chicago; Prin., Yale Sch 7010 V ' Ave., Chicago 21. Ill., since 1935 ' a ‘* Williams, Robert C.. Ph B '14 r.or.i n i Pre A s' 29 'Stat h e D T 38 h S,a ‘‘* ^ ^Wa! Wis/since ,94l. C °'" Whi ‘* w «*r. Williams. Robert F B A ’?o 1 ^ , M A "17 o f • 29, Roanoke Col • M./l. 32, Columbia Univ.; Exec Va. Educ. Assn., 401 N 9 th St p;',p ecy i’ 19. Va., since 1946. " Rlchmond ' Williams Robert Hill, A.B.T 8 M A '77 Sr nl H °S H XaS: Prin " John H. Reagan Sr H. S Houston 8 , Texas, since 1932 Williams, Russell L.. B S in F 4 '11 Lebanon Valiev Col • Me ln R o. 34. Bucknell Univ.l slpvg Vrin ‘"of* s'f' Par lr. Pa., since 1945 Sch " sfnc 0 e 08 i a 9 : 36 CO ’ ^ ° f S ‘ h " W nenUniv T ’; fe*’ | r f n ' 21 0 > M.A/36. Buck- Pa., since 1934 ° f Sch > Lu «rne, Williams, Thomas C., B S T 5 v, u -,. *s«T'V Jean Assn, for Gifted 5 cy - A mer* ercy Park, New York 3NV ^ 15 Gram - Williq Y - since 1947. ington Uni**" M A : fi’ 22 (j C . eor Se Wash- Supt. of Sch..’Yonkers , N v‘ V - ° f Md Willis, Charles W A B ’30 w “ nC " 1947 ‘ Col.; M.A ’34 • 3 ®f Western Md. ♦» s ' h - s -- 508 American School Buildings Willis, David E., A.B.’39, Univ. of Wichita; M.A.’46, Ed.D.’48, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Prof, of Educ., Sch. of Educ., State Col. of Wash., Pullman, Wash., since 1948. Williston. Arthur L., S.B.'89. Mass. Inst, of Tech. Address: 986 High St., Dedham, Willson, Gordon L., B.A.’25, M.A.’35, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of Sch., Baraboo, Wis., since 1936. Wilmoth, Stark A., Co. Supt. of Sch., Elkins, W. Va. Wilson, A. E., A.B.’97, Vanderbilt Univ.; Southeastern Mgr., Laidlaw Brothers. 441 W. Peachtree St., N. E., Atlanta 3, Ga., since 1942. Wilson, Alan S., A.B.’29, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; M.A.’37, Wittenberg Col.; M.A.’44, Yale Univ.; Pres., Hillyer Jr. Col., Hart¬ ford 4, Conn., since 1938. Wilson, Arthur Jess, B.S.'3S, New York Univ.; LL.B.’40, St. Lawrence Univ.; Asst. Dir., Yonkers Evening Sch., Bd. of Educ., Admin. Bldg., Yonkers, N. Y., since 1946. Wilson, Bryan O., B.A.*28, Univ. of Mont.; M.A.'36, Univ. of Calif.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Martinez, Calif., since 1932. Wilson, Charles O., Supt. of Sch., Pleasant- ville, N. J., since 1945. Wilson, G. F., Fla. Educ. Assn., Columbus Dr. and 15th St., Tampa 5, Fla. Wilson, Glenn T.. A.B.'18. Geneva Col.; M.S/34, Univ. of Southern Calif.; Commr., Colo. H. S. Activities Assn., 1605 Pennsyl¬ vania St., Denver, Colo., since 1948. Wilson, Mrs. Grace B., A.B. in Ed.’29, Ariz. State Col.; M.A. in Adm.’40, Univ. of N. Mcx.; Sunt, of Consol. Sch., Kirt- land, N. Mex., since 1927. Wilson, H. F„ A.B.'25, Univ. of Kansas City; M.E.'36. Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Fredonia, Kansas, since 1932. Wilson, Henry L., A.B.*26, W. Va. Univ.; A.M/35, Univ. of Wis.; Prin., H. S., Holtvillc, Calif., since 1946. Wilson, James H., A.B.'13, Sterling Col.; A.M.'28, Univ. of Chicago; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Trinidad, Colo., since 1948. Wilson, Kenneth D„ B.S.'24, Univ. of Ill.; M.A.‘37. State Univ. of Iowa; Prin. of Elcm. Sch., Marengo, Ill., since 1945. Wilson, Lytle Murray, B.S.’27, Bucknell Univ.; M.A.'31, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Supt. of Sch., Aliquippa, Pa., since 1937. Wilson, Martin L.. A.B.'07, Cornell Univ.: M.A.'38, Columbia Univ.; Asst. Prin., Christopher Columbus H. S., Bronx, N. Y. Wilson, O. A., Jr., A.B.'33. Central Col., Fayette Mo.; A.M.'39 Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Jorseyvillc, Ill., slnco 1946. Wilson, Orus, B.S.'39, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo. ; M.S. 41, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Mountain Grove, Mo., since 1947. Wilson, Otis E.. B.S. ' 20 , Oregon State Col.; Dlst. Supt. of Sch., Emeryville 8, Calif., slnco 1936. Wilson, R. H., A.B.'23. Alma Col.; M.A.'30, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Alpena, Mich., since 1936. Wilson, R. M„ A.B.’09, Univ. of N. C.; Supt. of Sch., Rocky Mount, N. C., slnco 1014. , „ , . . Wilson, Sam, Co. Supt. of Sch., Loudpn, Tenn. Wilson, T. Lessley, B.S. '31, State Tchrs. Col., Slippery Rock, Pa.; Supt. of Sch., Sparta, Ill., since 1944. Wilson, Theodore Halbert, A.B.'07, A.M.’08, Harvard Univ.; S.T.B.’ll, Union Theo¬ logical Seminary; Ed.M.’28, Ed.D.’37, Harvard Univ.; Pres., Univ. of Baltimore, Baltimore 1, Md„ since 1940. Wilson, W. Harmon, Sales Mgr., South- Western Pub. Co., 201 W. Fourth St., Cincinnati 2, Ohio. Wilson, Wallace Marvin, B.S. in Ed.'28, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Spring- field, Mo.; M.A. '31, Ph.D.’46, Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Centralia, Mo., since 1938. Wilson, Wayne, B.S.'32, Northern Mich. Col. of Educ., Marquette, Mich.; M.A.'40, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Cheboygan, Mich., since 1945. Wilson, William E., A.B.'20. Hanover Col.; M.S.'31, Ind. State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Jefferson¬ ville, Ind., since 1933. Wilson, William Keith, A.B.'20, Rio Grande Col.; M.A.'24, Ph.D.’33, Ohio State Univ.; Assoc. Supvr. of Sch. in charge of Sch. Bldg. Planning, Albany 1, N. Y., since 1930. Wiltse, Earle W., A.B.'22, Nebr. Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.’26, Columbia Univ.; Ph.D. '42, Univ. of Nebr.; Supt. of Sch., Grand Island, Nebr., since 1944. Wimberly, W. W., A.B.T9, Hardin-Simmons Col.; M.A.'47, Colo. State Col. of Educ., Greeley, Colo.; Prin., Austin H. S., El Paso, Texas, since 1937. Winans, S. David, A.B.'37, Temple Univ.; B.S. in Ed.'37, N. J. State Tchrs. Col., Glassboro, N. J.; Ed.M.’48, Rutgers Univ.; Field Supvr., State Dept, of Educ., Tren¬ ton 8, N. J., since 1947. Winchell, Lawrence Romie, B.S.'25, City Col. of the City of N. Y.; M.A.'29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; D.Ed.’37, Rutgers Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Bridgeton, N. J., since 1942. Windes, T. R., B.S.'29, Southwest Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield, Mo.; M.S.’38, Univ. of Wyo.; Supt. of Sch., Lamar, Mo., since 1940. Windrow, J. E., M.A.'25, Ph.D.'37, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Dir. of Pub. Scrv., George Peabody Col. for Tchrs., Nashville 4, Tenn., since 1947. Wine, Norman B.. A.B.'23, Manchester Col.; M.A.'31, Wittenberg Col.; LL.D. 45, Man¬ chester Col.; Asst. Supt. of Sch., 232 N. Main St., Dayton 2, Ohio, since 1938. Wingate, Harold C., B.A.'05, Clark _ Col., Worcester, Mass.; Supt. of Sch., Scituate and Marshfield, Mass., since 1926. Ad¬ dress: Egypt, Mass. Wingo, Alfred L.. B.A.’26, Univ. of Rich¬ mond; M.A.'40. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvr. of Research, State Dept, of Educ., Richmond 16, Va., since 1947. Wingo. Mrs. Ann, B.A. In Ed.'40, Western Wash. Col. of Educ., Bellingham, Wash., Co. Supt. of Sch., Okanogan, Wash., since 1947. Wingo, Charles E., B.A.'24, Furman Univ.; M.A.'37, Cornell Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Argo, Ill., slnco 1942. Winkler, Clyde V.. Ed.B.'29, Southern Ill. Normal Univ., Carbondale, Ill.; M.A. 34, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., Carbon- dale, Ill., since 194B. List of Members *Winslow, Marion B., B.A.’27, Pacific Col.- M.A.'34, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch.] Grants Pass, Oregon, since 1934. Winsor, Thomas K., Vice-Prin., Mt. Baker H. S., Deming, Wash. Winter. Olice, B.A.’ll, Ind. Univ.; M.A ’31, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Lake View H. S., 4015 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago 26 Ill., since 1930. Winterble, Mrs. Margaret R., M.A.’34, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Research Asst., Bd. of Educ., 110 Livingston St Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1930. Wintermute, Edwin Hampton, B.A.'28, Brown Univ.; Mgn. Editor, Michigan Edu¬ cation Journal, 935 N. Washington Ave Lansing 2, Mich., since 1947. Winters, Darrell S„ A.B.’34, Western State Col. of Colo.; Prin., Co. H. S„ Eureka, Nevada, since 1948. Winters, Thomas Howard, A.B.’96 Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; A.M.'24. Ph.D.'30, Ohio State Univ.: LL.D.'45, Rider Col.; Head, Prof, of Educ., Rider Col., Trenton 9, N. J., since 1932. Winther Ad °’P h I-. B.A.’30, Augsburg Col.- R h -r' R h.D.’48, Univ. of Wis.; Dir ° f ,,T r - and Placement, State Tchrs.’ Col.' Whitewater, Wis., since 1945. Wippermann, Edgar George, Ph.B.’22 Ph M 30 Ph.D.'41, Univ. of Wis.; Supt. of bch., Columbus, Wis., since 1933. Wirth, Fremont P„ Ph.D.’25, Univ. of Chi¬ cago; Prof of History, George Peabody 19°26 f0r Tchrs ” Nashville 4, Tenn., since W « e i H '" J ry , A ,'’„ B ; S -’ 98 ' Va - Polytech. Inst.; M.A. and LL.B. 05, Centre Col.; M.A.’ll Univ. of S. C.; Div. Supt. of Sch., Acco- mac, Va., since 1929. W Sunt Fr f d Jr iV A f 13 - Bowdoin Col.; 1 S 923 f Sch " Hartford s ' Conn., since W t eS r \ A ? h ” B.A.’H, Luther Col., Sunt n ^ r a j.n; A ’ 38 ’ Univ - of Minn.; Supt. of Sch., Willmar, Minn., since 1929. Wisseman, Charles Louis, B.A.'27, M.A.'28 Southern Methodist Univ.; Ph.D.’ 32 , New York Univ.; D lr „ Sch. of Educ., Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas 5, Texas, since W MA ? 33 N rnCSt v C u T?- S ’' 04 ’ Tufts Col.; M.A. 33, New York Univ,; Prof, of Educ s^ncf r i929 V " NCW Brunsw * ck . N. j:,’ W ‘i h ?, rS ’^ Clarence Maxwell, A.B '31 Mar shall Col.; M.Ed.’37, Duke Univ ■’ Prin Hinton H. S„ Hinton, W. Va., since mi! W -os er xT’ -J 011 ." W " B.S.’90, B.A.’91 Pd D ’04’ YaV» n° rmal T U T niv -: M.A.' 02 ' Ph.D.' Univ • LL D ”la' ’tt I t L D ;’ 1 , 7 / Wash ington umv LL D. 18, Univ. of Mo.; L.H.D ’38, Amedcan U A V s’s : n. “oTTc!? i“w F Y^/'n °Y EdU - C ” WeW York Un!v" ml ^m k ’A^.,^'ra S de n n C ton! 93 F 9 , a Add ~- W CoT ey M’A^ Lebanon Valley Pa , since ?946/ ° f Sch " Williamsport 3, 37, d ij > j. ace ment, Un.v^o’f Chi'c’ag^ChPcago ; Woglom, Russell S.. Ph.B.'15. Lafayetti • Col.; M.A.'28, New York Univ.; Ph.D '35, Webster Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp r Sch., New Providence, N. J., since 1947. Wolbach, Charles A.. A.B.'18, Lehigh Univ.; . M- A - 2dt Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; I Ph.D.'34, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. , of Sch., Rumson, N. J., since 1934. Wolfe, Merlin C., B.S.'31, A.B.'32 Mich , State Normal Col., Ypsilanti, Mich.; M A 42, Univ. of Mich.; Supt. of Sch., St Joseph, Mich., since 1948. Wolfe, William D.. A.B.'17, Col. of Em- pona; M.E.'29, Univ. of Kansas; Ed.D. 35, Col. of Emporia; Supt. of Sch., Atchi¬ son 1, Kansas, since 1929, Wolfle• David H., M.A.'03. Univ. of Wash • Co. Supt. of Sch., Port Orchard, Wash.' since 1948. W M K tr a M’, E - BS ’ 22 ' Ottawa Univ.; “ E. 42, Univ. of Kansas: Supt. of Sch Marysville, Kansas, since 1933 . WoH, Edwin M.. B.E.'31, State Tchrs. Col. Eau Claire, Wis.; M.A.'42, Univ of Minn.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Fennimore Wis., since 1946. Wood, C. R. B.S.'12, M.S.'14, Ala. Polytech Inst., Ph.D. 28 George Peabody Col. for WBe rS 'Ai? ean ’ Stat£ TchrS ’ Co1 " -J acks °n- Wood. Charles B.. B.A.'H. Univ. of To- ronto, Canada; A.M.'24, Tchrs. Col Co- r U nTnA a h- Un v' : Registrar, Univ. of British 1941 bla ' Vancouver . B. C„ Canada, since W MAH 7 ar M S S- BA ;' 29 ' Montezuma Col.; V f A „ 3: Highlands Univ.. Las Mounri w m"' 1 - Supt ' of Sch - W agon Mound, N. Mex., since 1937. W St°a d t’e ell" £ ar,os ' A B '31. Southeastern of OkH " 9 kla ' : M.A.'35, Univ. sin ° i 94 i. SUP ° f Sch " Duncan . Okla.. W °° d ',. Ed g ai ' Otto, B.A.'24, La. Col.- MA 26. Univ of Chicago; Ph.D.'31, Univ of Texas: Head and Prof, of Psych La Col., Pineville, La., since 1935 /• Ra V. , B.S.'26. Southwest Mo. ’74 *nJ- ChrS i " Springfield, Mo.; A.M 34. Univ. of Mo.; Supt. of Sch., Bolivar Mo., since 1931. dr ' W mal'r^ ar v W A r AB ' 23 - Mich. State Nor- Tni ° A'i Yp i‘! antl ' Mich.; M.A.'27. Tchrs c. i' C ° lumbla Univ.; M.E.'44 Mich Sunt® of N «?T al M Co1 :' Ypsilanti. ’ Mich ;' P • of Sch., Munising, Mich., since 1925 Wood, Harry H Ph.B.'OS. Grinnell Col ■ SS; SV&SS ■■vr /s'- f. r c»■ L w ”« tSihJSS: W U°»1', . J ! h " L,, 3rd v ®.?.'U. PHnc«.n Fund,' Trenton 4 . N, Univ * Dir nv.;« c u 1 ‘ . v ^hio State Instructional R search 3 ^ 1 ," T n eStS a °1 Educ. Columbus 15 . Ohio^'ce^ ° f CoL - R MA S '34 A t? - 27, S entral Wesleyan Sch., Joplin, lio, s l ince° 1944 l0 '’ SuPt- ° f ^Kansas’; dWeI^ Eduf 2 ?’ of Hutchinson, Kansas, sin^e 1945 Un, ° r C ° l " 510 American School Buildings Woodbury, E. Davis, B.S.’31, Tufts Col.; Ed.M.’41, Boston Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Natick, Mass., since 1942. Woodbury, Kenneth Foster, B.A.'24, Univ. of Maine; M.A.'33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Jersey City, N. J., since 1944. Woodford. Delbert. B.S. in Ed. "31, Kent State Univ.; M.A.’44, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Oakwood, Dayton, Ohio, since 1946. Woodin, J. C., B.S.’28, State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg. Kansas: M.S.’38. Colo. Agrl. and Mech. Col.; Dir. of Indus, and Adult Educ., Wichita 2, Kansas, since 1934. Woodman. Orlando C.. B.A.’16, Bates Col.; Union Supt. of Sch., Gardiner, Maine, since 1944. Woodmansee, Merle B., M.A.’45, Univ. of Conn.; Supt. of East Windsor and South Windsor, Warehouse Pt., Conn., since 1944. Woods, E. 'W., M.S.’3S, State Tchrs. Co., Pittsburg, Kansas; Prin., Booker T. Wash¬ ington H. S., Tulsa 6, Okla., since 1913. Woods, L. A., A.B.’19, M.A.’25. LL.D.’33. Baylor Univ.; State Supt. of Pub. Instr., Austin 11, Texas, since 1933. Woods, Mrs. Mabel Talley, B.A.’30. Texas State Col. for Women; LL.B.'31, Houston Law Sch.; M.A.’42, Univ. of Houston; Prin., Eastwood Elem. Sch., Houston 3. Texas, since 1942. Woods, Ralph H., Ph.B.'21. Berea Col.; B.S. in Agr.’23, M.A.'27, Univ. of Ky.; Ph.D. '30, Cornell Univ.; Pres., Murray State Tchrs. Col., Murray, Ky.. since 1945. Woods, Roy C., A.B/18, Pa. State Col.; M.S.’20, Penn. Col.; M.A.’24, Ph.D. '27. Prof, of Educ., Marshall Col., Huntington 1, W. Va„ since 1927. Woods, William Russell, B.S.'30, South¬ western Inst. of Tech., Weatherford, Okla.; M.S.’34, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia. Kansas; Supt. of Sch., Stafford, Okla., since 1945. W oodside, J. Barnes, A.B.’28, "Western Re¬ serve Univ.; M.A.’34, Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Willoughby, Ohio, since 1939. Woodson. Wilbert T., A.B.U6, Col. of Wil¬ liam and Mary; Div. Supt. of Sch., Fair¬ fax, Vo., since 1929. Woodward, II. B.. Jr., A.B.'32, Howard Col.; M.A.'46. Univ. of Ala.; Ed.D.’48, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Acting Co. Supt. of Sch., Tuscaloosa, Ala., since 1948. Woodward, Myrle A., Supvr. of Elem. Sch., 112 Hcrscy St., Hinghnm, Moss. Woodworlli, A. Aldcn, Supt. of Sch., Lewis¬ ton, Maine. Woolf, Kenneth A., A.B.’27, Lafayette Col.; M.A.'3Z, Ed. D.’42, New York Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Twp. Sell., Mountain View, N. J., since 1946. Woollatt, Lorno Hadley, B.A.'30, B.Ed/39, M.Ed.’44, Univ. of Saskatchewan; Ph.D. '48, Columbia Univ.; Research Assoc. Inst, of Admin. Roscarch, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ., Now York 27. N. Y.. since 1946. Woostor, Earl, A.B/21, Univ. of Nevada; M.A/40, Stanford Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Reno, Nevada, since 1944. Wooster, Lyman Dwight, A.B.'ll, State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas: Ph.M. 10, Univ. of Wls. ; Ph.D.‘36, Stanford Univ.; Pres., Fort Hoys Kansas State Col., Hays, Kansas, since 1941. Wooten, E. A., Supt. of Sch., Canyon, Texas. Wopschall, Milton, B.A. in Pub. Adm.’42. Univ. of Southern Calif. Address: Pasa¬ dena Sch. Bd., 114 W. Holly, Pasadena 3, Calif., since 1947. Wookman, David Frank, B.S.'25, M.A.’29, Franklin and Marshall Col.; M.A.’29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Waldwick, N. J., since 1927. Workman, John H., A.B.13. M.A.’32, Ph.D. '35. Univ. of N. C.; Head. Economics Dept.. Appalachian State Tchrs. Col.. Boone, N. C., since 1946. Worley, H. E., B.A.‘28, Miss. Col.; M.A.’40, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Supt. of Sch., Holly Springs. Miss., since 1943. Worley. Vivienne S.. M.A.’31, Univ. of Denver; Prin., Whittier Sch., Denver 5, Colo. Worrall, John R., B.S.'32, Allegheny Col.; M.Ed.'39, Univ. of Pittsburgh; H. S. Prin., Woodbury, N. J., since 1947. Worrell, Henry G., B.A,’40, Sir George Wil¬ liams Col.; Bursar, Sir George Williams Col., 1441 Drummond St., Montreal, Que¬ bec, since 1947. Worth. Charles L.. M.A.’46. Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sell.. Lambertville. N. J.. since 1938. Wranosky, Ernest J., M.A.’43, Texas Col. of Arts and Industries; Supt. of Sch., Flour Bluff, Corpus Christi, Texas, since 1946. ♦Wright, Arthur Davis, A.B., A.M.*04, Col. of William and Mary; Ed.M.'22, Harvard Univ.; A.M.'27, Dartmouth Col.; Pres.. Southern Educ. Foundation, Inc., 726 Jackson PI., N.W., Washington 6, D. C-, since 1931. Wright. C. O., A.B.’20. A.M.'21. Univ. of Mo.; Excc. Secy., Kansas State Tchrs. Assn., 315 W. 10th, Topeka, Kansas, since 1941 . Wright, Frank Lee, A.B.’IO, Kansas State Tchrs. Col.; M.A.'15. Univ. of Wis.; Ed.M.’24, Ed.D.'25, Harvard Univ.; Head, Dept, of Educ. and Dir., Summer Sch., Wfash. Univ., St. Louis 5, Mo., since 1924. Wright, George W., Ed.M.’42, Temple Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Smyrna, Del., since 1944. Wright, George W., B.S., Ed.M., Ed.D., Rutgers Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Glassboro, N. J., since 1937. Wright, H. Neil, B.V.A.’46, San Jose State Col.; Prin., Central Tr. Evening Sch.. 240 E. 10th St., Oakland 6, Calif., since 1947. Wright, Harold W.. M.A.’28, New York Univ.: M.A.'38. Columbia Univ.; Supvg. Prin., Sewanhaka H. S., Floral Park, N. Y., since 1947. Wright, Howard W., Exec. Secy., La. Tchrs. Assn., 418 Florida St., Baton Rouge 2, Ln„ since 1939. Wright, Innthus, Supt. of Sch., Cedar City, Utah. Wright, J. Herbert, B.A.'18, Southern Meth¬ odist Univ.; M.A.'39, Univ. of Calif.; Dir. of Personnel, Houston Ind. Sell. Dist., 1500 Louisiana, Houston 1, Texas, since 1945. Wright, James C., A.B.'27, Drake Univ.: M.A.’36, State Univ. of Iowa; Supt. ot Sch,, Keokuk, Iowa, since 1940. Wright, John L„ A.B. in Ed.‘41, Aria. State Col., Tcmpe, Arl*.; Prin,. Wickenburg Elem. Sch., Wickenburg, Arls., since 1944. List of Members 511 Wright, P. A., B. A.’24, Univ. of Wash.; Supt. of Sch., Richland, Wash., since 1948. Wright, Stanley W., A.B.’30, M.Ed.'40, Univ. of N. H.; Supt. of Sch., Agawam 1, Mass., since 1946. Wright,, Wendell William, A.B.’IG, State Tchrs. Col., Terre Haute, Ind.; Ph.D.’29, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dean, Sch.’ of Educ.. Ind. Univ., Bloomington, Ind., since 1946. Wright, Wilbur W., M.S.’29, Kansas State Col.; Supt., Highland Park Schs., Topeka, Kansas, since 1931. Wrightstone, J. Wayne, B.S.'25, Univ. of Pa.; M.A.’28, New York Univ.; Ph.D.'33, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Dir., Bureau of Reference, Research, and Sta¬ tistics, Bd. of Educ., 110 Livingston St. Brooklyn 2, N. Y., since 1940. Yeager, William A., A.B.’M, Ursinus Col.: A.M.’18, Ph.D.’29, Univ. of Pa.; Prof, of Educ. and Dir. of Courses in Sch. Admin.. Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., since 1934. Yentema, Clarence D., B.S.'35. Rutgers Univ.; A.M.’40, N. J. State Tchrs. Col.. Upper Montclair, N. J.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Florham Park, N. J.. since 1945. Yeokum, Charles F., M.A.'34, Univ. of Colo.; Supt. of Sch., Garnett, Kansas, since 1945. Ylvisaker, Herman L.. B.A.T5. Luther Col.: M.A.'24, Univ. of Chicago; Prin., Leyden Community H. S., Franklin Park, Ill., since 1940. Ylvisaker, J. W., B.A.’21, Luther Col.; C.T. 25, Luther Theol. Sem.; M.Th.'26, Prince¬ ton Theol. Sem.; Pres.. Luther Col.. Dc- corah, Iowa, since 1948. Wrinkle, Herbert E., Diploma ’15, South¬ west Mo. State Tchrs. Col., Springfield Mo.; A.B.’22, Ed.M.’31. Univ. of Ok!a. ; Dir. of Field Relations, Univ. of Okla Norman, Okla., since 1943. Wubben, Horace J., B.A.’17, Colo. Col.- M.A.’32, Univ. of Colo.; Pres., Mesa Col ’ Grand Junction, Colo., since 1937. Wurster, Henry R., Bd. of Educ., 2350 Tren¬ ton Dr., Trenton, Mich. Wyatt, Robert H„ A.B. and M.A.'25. Ind. Univ.; Exec. Secy., Ind. State Tchrs. Assn., Hotel Lincoln, Indianapolis 9 Ind since 1938. W r 8 , a1 ’ ™ a^S’’^ ® ' 26 ’ Emor y and H ^ry Col.; M.A. 30. Univ, of Va.; Dir.. Div. of Relafcci Instr Serv.. State Dept, of Educ., Richmond 16, Va., since 1942. Wyl | nd ’ R r y °- AB :' 1S - Univ. of III.; Garrett Biblical Inst.; M.A.’28. Ph.D. 34 Columbia Univ.; Dir., Div of Relationships, Natl. Council Boy Scouts of America, 2 Park Ave., New York 16. N. Y., since 1944. WyUe, Clarence C., Supvg, Prin. of Sch. Ligonier, Pa. Wynstra, Stanley S„ B.A.'27, M.Ed .'47 Univ. of Wash.; Dist. Supt. of Sch Bremerton, Wash, .since 1943. W s y “; ra ;f W - S" M.A'37. Univ. of Wash.; Supt of Sch., Mt. Vernon, Wash., since W ,y‘ he f- William H„ B.S. in Ed.’28, M.A Asst - in Adul ‘ Educ. Sute Dept, of Educ., Trenton, N. J., since Yaeger, Bernard F„ B.S.’40, Northeast . 4 t 7 at j I Tchrs - Col.. Kirksville, Mo.; M.Ed’ Coio^nc^?’ 1 SUPt ’ ° f Sch ” Ya b h o n rnr i M I feh. Vin C ” 361 River Lana ’ D <— Y CitJ: IH? 1Vin R - Prin ” Pub - Sch., Dalton Yar , br °ugh, Cecil L. M A ’39 bch.. Holt, Mich., since 1947. p Yeager, Howard J. BA’ll p,,.., Marshall Col.-MA’tt i v ft ? nd Supt. of Sch vJZ' A ' 23 A Lehl S b Univ.; p acn., Emmaus, Pa., since 1930. - --... s-v.u.u i u, IM.n, 1>, fll.LJ. 22. State Univ. of Iowa; Prof, of Educ. and Dir. of Courses in Elc-m. Educ.. Univ. of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pa., since 1923. Yoder. Harry T„ A.M.’27, Manchester Col.. M.S. in Ed. 34, Ind. Univ,; Co. Supt. of Sch., Columbia City. Ind.. since 1937. York, Arthur C., B.S.’32, State Tchrs. Col Buffalo. N. Y.; M.A.’36. Univ. of Roches¬ ter; Prin.. Eggertsville Elem. Sch Ee- gertsville 21, N. Y., since 1941. York, George A., B.S. in Ed,’24. Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M E 35, Univ. of Kansas; Supt. of Sch.. Osa- watomie, Kansas, since 1924. Y ° r , k 5 .^ yr U e F " BS - in Elem. Ed.’32. M.A. 36. Ohio State Univ.; Prin. Whit- tier Elem. Sch., Toledo 12, Ohio, since 1942. Young Alfred R M.A.’36. Univ. of Kansas; oupt. of Sch., Lamar, Colo., since 1943. Y °A U M'-^ r t hU , r £”• AB ’ 04 - B ^wn Univ.; A M. 30, Yale Univ.; Supt. of Rural Educ.. Sute Dept, of Educ., Essex, Conn., since Y M n f''£ ra ?s k J- in l/ 1 - BS ’ 26 - Otterbein Col.- M.A. 31 Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch Miamisburg, Ohio, since 1943. Y M n A'32 rC C W - Univ ’ of Miss.; Sum of Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; oupt. of Sch., Yazoo, Miss., since 1946. Y ^*in»' D 3 * 1 B " Supv& - Prin - of Sch., Wyo¬ ming, Pa., since 1947. y Young. Gordie B.S.'20, M.A.’ZS. Univ of Frankfmt St V State Supt ’ ° f Pub - Instr. rrankfort, Ky., since 1928. yo^ng, Hammond, Supt. of Sch., Conway, Y Trj Hsrry H -- Sec Y- and Bus. Mgr Bd n. !?&£!«*•“* a ”- *•>•»' KcSJ: Young, Joseph P„ B S ’25 M A 'n rr • sL^S SUPt ’ ° f Sch " Cottu 3 , 2 : Neb'r!; Y M n I ;, 3^ m Columbia B Un'i 3 v.’ : since “ d * Y °Col g . I°e^re of Wis • Ph Ti xr 1 ,, * Univ. Y Supt. of Sch., Mis^rind Y , 0 ^e e U ^V. Emporia?^Kansas®' * A.M^g ^PhD^V 512 American School Buildings Young, Mary H., B.S.’28, M.A.’36, New York Univ.; Co. Helping Tchr., Toms River Rd., Laurelton, N. J., since 1928. Young, Oliver O., A.B.’04, Bethany Col.; M.A.’14, Univ. of S. Dak.; Supt., Sch. Dist. No. 69, Skokie. Ill., since 1939. Young, Ray A., A.B.’25, Manchester Col.; M.Ed.’45, Univ. of Cincinnati; Supt. of Exempted Village Sch.. Greenhills, Cin¬ cinnati 18, Ohio, since 1945. Young, W. Rankin, B.S.’22, Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Pittsburg, Kansas; M.A.’25. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Cleveland, Okla., since 1934. *Young, William E., A.B.’24, Bates Col.; M.A.’28, Ph.D.’30, State Univ. of Iowa; Dir. of Elem. Educ., State Educ. Dept., Albany, N. Y., since 1938. Youngert, Eugene, A.B/20, Augustana Col.; A.M.’37, Ed.D.’39, Columbia Univ.; Ed.D. ’45, Cornell Col.; Supt., Oak Park Twp. H. S., Oak Park, Ill., since 1941. Yount, Marvin E., A.B.’ll, Concordia Col.; M. A.’43, George Peabody Col. for Tchrs.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Court House, Graham, N. C., since 1927. z Zahn, D. Willard, B.S. in Ed.’22, M.S. in Ed.’30, Temple Univ.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Philadelphia 43, Pa., since 1943. Zannon, Fred A., A.B.’29, Chico State Col.; M.A.’31. Ed.D.’41, Stanford Univ.; Co. Dir. of Educ., Court House, Bakersfield, Calif., since 1946. Zavitz, Edwin Cornell, B.A.’14, Univ. of Mich.; M.A.’31, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Headmaster, Sidwcll Friends Sch., Washington 16, D. C., since 1942. Zeigler, George J., B.A.M6. Southwestern Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Rock River, Wyo., since 1948. Zeller, Dale. Ph.D.’40, Tchrs. Col., Colum¬ bia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Kansas State Tchrs. Col., Emporia, Kansas, since 1922. Zeller, Glenn W., M.A.’32, Ohio State Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Uhrichsvillc, Ohio, since 1942. Zcllmer, Amil William, A.B.’16, Lawrence Col.; A.M.’28, Columbia Univ.; Prin.. Wood County Normal Sch., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., since 1927. Zcran, Franklin R., B.A.’30, M.A.’32, Ph.D. '37, Univ. of Wis.; Dean, Sch. of Educ., Oregon State Col., Corvallis, Oregon, since 1947. Zicg, Leo O., M.S. in Ed.'32, Ind. Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Boonville, Ind., since 1942. Ziegler, L. E., A.B.’20, Univ. of Mo.; A.M. 27, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Asst. Commr. of Educ., State Dept, of Educ., Jefferson City, Mo., since 1947. Zimmerman. Carl A.. A.B.’28, A.M.*32, Indi¬ ana Univ.; Supt. of Sch., Logansport, Ind.. since 1945. Zimmerman, Clarence. B.S.’26, Wash. State Col.; Dist. Supt. of Sch., Cowiche, Wash., since 1947. Zimmerman, M. B., B.A.’18, Central Wes¬ leyan Col.; M.A.’37, Univ. of N. Dak.; Supt. of Sch., Wahpeton, N. Dak., since 1937. Zimmerman, Roy R., A.B/28, M.A.’32, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Co. Supt. of Sch., Hackensack, N. J., since 1934. Zinn, W. Roger, A.B.’22, Alma Col.; M.A. ’26, Univ. of Mich.; Asst. Prof, of Educ.. Div. of Adult Educ., Sch. of Educ. and Assoc, in Production, Audio-Visual Center, Indiana Univ., Indianapolis, Ind. Zirbes, Laura, B.S.’25, M.A.’26, Ph.D.’28. Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Prof, of Educ., Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio, since 1928. Zoerb, Donald V., M.A.’32, Univ. of Wis.; Prin., Maryland Elem. Sch., Clayton 5, Mo., since 1941. Zook, George Frederick, A.B.’06, A.M.’07, Univ. of Kansas; Ph.D.’14, Cornell Univ.; Litt. D.’34, Boston Univ.; LL.D.’31, Ohio Wesleyan Univ.; LL.D.’34, Univ. of Mich.; LL.D.’34, Duquesne Univ.; LL.D. ’34, Wayne Univ.; LL.D.’34, Mt. Union Col.; LL.D.’35, Univ. of Southern Calif.; LL.D.’46, Univ. of Pa.; LL.D.’47, St. Francis Col.; LL.D.’48, Univ. of Akron; Pres., American Council on Educ., 744 Jackson PI., N.W.. Washington 6, D. C., since 1934. Zorella, John W., B.S.’31, Pa. State Col.; M. Ed.’37, Rutgers Univ.; M.A.’48,'Colum¬ bia Univ.; Supvg. Prin. of Sch., Manville, N. J., since 1937. Zorger, Clarence E., Ph.B.’IS. Franklin and Marshall Col.; A.M.’31, Columbia Univ.; D.Pcd.’46, Franklin and Marshall Col.; Supt. of Sch., Harrisburg, Pa., since 1942. Zuerner, Frank Dewitt, Supt. of Sch., North Braddock, Pa. Zuill, Frances L., B.S.’20, M.A.’21, Tchrs. Col., Columbia Univ.; Dir. of Home Eco¬ nomics, Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis., since 1939. Zuk, Mrs. Pauline, Vice-pres., Bd. of Educ., Hamtramck 12, Mich., since 1946. Zwinglc, J. L., Pres., Park Col., Parkville, Mo. LIBRARIES, COLLEGES, AND SCHOOLS Library, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Au¬ burn, Ala. College of Education Library, University of Alabama, University, Ala. General Library, University of Arkansas, Fayotteville, Ark. Library, Kern County High School, Bakers¬ field, Calif. Library, University of California, Borkoley 4, Calif. Teachers Library, Kings County Free Li¬ brary, Hanford, Calif. California Test Bureau, Ethel M. Clark, President, 5916 Hollywood Blvd., Holly¬ wood 28, Calif. Teachers Professional Library, Board of Education, Long Beach 13, Calif. Division of Library and Textbook Activities, Board of Education, 1205 W. Pico St., Los Angeles, Calif. Library, Loyola Univ., Los Angeles, Calif. California State Library, Mabel R. Gillis, Librarian, Sacramento, Calif. County Teachers Library, 121 E. Anapamu, Santa Barbara, Calif. Westwood Junior-Senior High School, Las¬ sen County, Westwood, Calif. Summer School of Education, Bank of Mon¬ treal Building, Victoria, B. C.» Canada. List of Members 513 State Teachers College, Willimantic, Conn. Watson Automotive Equipment Co., 1042 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, D. C. Library, Rollins College, Winter Park, Fla. Library, Georgia Teachers College, Colleee- boro, Ga. Library, Georgia State College for Women, Milledgeville, Ga. Library, Southern Idaho Col. of Educ Al¬ bion, Idaho. Library, Eastern Illinois State Teachers College, Charleston, Ill. Bell & Howell Co., 1801 Larchmont Ave. Chicago 13, Ill. F. E. Compton and Company, School Service Department, 1000 N. Dearborn St. Chi¬ cago 10, Ill. The Joseph Schaffner Library, Northwestern University, 339 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago Library, Science Research Associates, 228 S Wabash Ave., Chicago 4, Ill. Broadview Academy, La Grange, Ill. Library, Western Illinois State Teachers College, Macomb, Ill. Riverside-Brookfield Township High School, Riverside, Ill. Periodica 1 Division, Library, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. y Pr ind ary CounciI ° f r ndiana, Huntington, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Ind. Library, Purdue University, La Fayette Ind CO Miines L /l br To y wa Drake Des Midland Laboratories, C. F. Hillyard, Vice- pres., 210 Jones St., Dubuque, Iowa K Ka S nsab S * ate TchrS ' College ’ Pi « s burg, City Teachers Club, Salina, Kansas s “" T “' h ™ ^r& , tsr^is^>s r > Morgan State College, Baltimore, Md ' Ll 2, r Mass State Teachers College, Worcester ’'Sr&Mr’as."■ s -"“" *•*•- B " ,rJ Minneapolis. L ‘tSS: S, ■ , * T “« hm emu,. Moorhead. Library, State Tchrs. Col St Cln.M «■ Winona State Teachers Library, Harris Teachers College, St. Louis 4, Mo. Professional Library, Board of Education, 91! Locust St., St. Louis I, Mo. St. Louis Public Library. St. Louis. Mo. School Supervisory Union No. 40, Garden St., Milford. N. H. Bogota High School, Bogota, N. J. Bridgeton Public Schools, Bridgeton, N. J. Board of Education, Hackensack, N. J. Hackensack Teachers Association, Hacken¬ sack, N. J. Public Schools, Lyndhurst, N. J. Edgemont School, Montclair, N. J. Montclair High School, Montclair, N. J. Montclair Public School Teachers Associa- tion, Montclair, N. J. Watchung School. Montclair, N. J. Public Library, Newark 2, N. J. Princeton Survey, Princeton University Princeton, N. J. y ' Benjamin Franklin Junior High School, Kidgewood, N. J. H wood° n hf V j nUe EIemeiUary School, Ridge- Kenilworth Elementary School, Ridgewood. Ridgewood High School. Ridgewood. N. J. U wood, n"T Elementary School, Ridge- G R 0 id e g e ew^d, Sh N. e j 0n Elemen * ary Schoo! - Ge R 0 Mg e ew^od S , N ng ]° n JUni ° r High Sch ° 01 ' Wlllajd Elementary School, Ridgewood, Tenafly High School, Tenafly N J L qu r er r q y ue U r e ^ y ° f N ' W **«»“■ A >*- Senior High School, Carlsbad N Mex Br ° ok ‘ yn College, Bedford Ave., and Ave H. Brooklyn 10, N. Y. State Teachers College, Fredonia. N. Y. Hornell Teachers Association. Hornell N Y Stn, °' '1=1. H,!h B ps.. 8, ia“. u s; 7 - iravr" Ave., New York 22, N. y'. 59 ° Madlson E 972 at I7n I : In< ? ex ’ H - W. Wilson Co.. 950- University Ave., New York 52, N Y Library, New York Universitv w «u- ‘on Square East, New York 7,’ ™ Library, Teachers College Column;, ir • versity. New York 27 N y 1 b Unl ‘ B™ r ,.jw,' yi nJI'y'S l”»! N Ff a is a N 3 Y S TeaCherS Assoc ' 3 tion, Niagara Olean Public Schools, Olean N Y Library, State Teachers College, Oneonta. Library, State Teachers College. Oswego. 514 American School Buildings Port Jervis Public School Teachers. Port Jervis, N. Y. New York State Association of Elementary Principals, Sibley Tower Bldg., Rochester 4, N. Y. Rochester Teachers Association, Rochester, N. Y. Library, Union College, Schenectady 8, N. Y. Federation of Parent-Teacher Associations, Yonkers, N. Y. School No. 16, Yonkers, N. Y. Library, East Carolina Teachers College, Green vi lie, N. C. Library, State Teachers College, Minot, N. Dak. Chubb Library, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Sunray Films, Inc., 2108 Payne Ave., Cleve¬ land 14. Ohio. Ohio State Library, State Office Bldg., Co¬ lumbus 15, Ohio. Library, Ohio State University, Columbus 10, Ohio. Youngstown College Library, Youngstown, Ohio. Oklahoma City Teachers Mutual Organiza¬ tion, Key Bldg., Oklahoma City, Okla. Superior Coach Sales Co., 2335 N. W. 12th St., Oklahoma City 7, Okla. Library, Northeastern State College, Tahlc- quah, Okla. Library, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon. Library, Oregon College of Education, Mon¬ mouth, Oregon. Dickson City School Board, John Tylcnda, Secretary, Dickson City, Pa. Curtis Publishing Co., Independence Square, Philadelphia 5, Pa. Drexcl Institute of Technology, Philadel¬ phia 4, Pa. Educational Test Bureau, Educational Pub¬ lishers, Inc., 3433 Walnut St., Philadel¬ phia 4, Pa. Free Library of Philadelphia, Periodical Department, Middle City West District, Philadelphia 3, Pa. John J. Nesbitt, Inc., State Rd. and Rhawn St., Holmcsburg, Philadelphia 36, Pa. Administration Library, Public Schools, Bcllcficld Avc., at Forbes St., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Wayne Iron Works, H. B. Wood, Vicc- pres., Wayne, Pa. Library, General Beadle St. Normal School, Madison, S. Dak. Library, Hardin-Simmons University, Abi¬ lene, Texas. Jefferson County Education Association, Beaumont, Texas. Library, West Texas State Teachers Col¬ lege, Canyon, Texas. W. H. Adamson High School, Dallas, Texas. Stephen F. Austin School, Dallas, Texas. James B. Bonham School, Dallas, Texas. John Henry Brown School, Dallas, Texas. N. R. Crozier Technical High School, Dal¬ las, Texas. Cumberland School, Dallas, Texas. Forest Avenue High School, Dallas, Texas. Stephen J. Hay School, Dallas, Texas. James Stephen Hogg School, Dallas, Texas. Lida Hooe School, Dallas, Texas. Sam Houston School, Dallas, Texas. Obadiah Knight School, Dallas, Texas. Richard Lagow School, Dallas, Texas. William Lipscomb School, Dallas, Texas. Maple Lawn School, Dallas, Texas. North Dallas High School, Dallas, Texas, San Jacinto School, Dallas, Texas. Ascher Silberstein School. Dallas, Texas. Sunset High School, Dallas, Texas. T. G. Terry School, Dallas, Texas. William B. Travis School, Dallas, Texas. Trinity Heights School, Dallas, Texas. Woodrow Wilson High School, Dallas, Texas. Library, Texas State College for Women, Denton, Texas. Library, University of Houston, St. Bernard at Wheeler, Houston 4, Texas. Cache County School District, 179 N. Main St., Logan, Utah. Library, Central Washington College of Education, Ellensburg, Wash. Department of Administration and Super¬ vision, Washington Education Association, Scdro Woolley, Wash. Spokane Public Library, Spokane 9, Wash. Library, College of Puget Sound, Tacoma 6 , Wash. Parkersburg Teachers Association, Parkers¬ burg, W. Va. Library, Lawrence College, Appleton, Wis. Library, The Stout Institute, Menomonie. Wis. Library, State Teachers College, Milwaukee 11. Wis. Racine Public Library, Racine, Wis. INDEXES INDEX OF PERSONS A Page Allen, Carl J. 233. 236 Alves, Henrv F. 40 Anderson, Earl W. . ?7l Anderson, Homer W. 4, 67 Anderson, J. R. . . . 236 Arnold, E. J. . 265, 266 Goslin. Willard E. Graves. Walter A. Page t'6 6 H B Barkdoll, 0. R. Bennett, Henry E. Boeckii, E. H. Bormann, Henry H. Brigham, Bernice Brown, W. P. Bursch, Charles Wesley Bush, Vannevar 190 264 212 6 246, 247 4, 14s Hamnn, Ray L. Harmon, Darell B Haskell, Douglas Haynes, S. W. Herrick, John H. 1 ; j Hillhouse, A. M. Holy, T. C. 4, 32, 39, 60, 160. 27! Hosier, Fred W. Huggatd, Ethel M. Hunt, Herold C, 4. 1 21 o, 307. 314 2 1 S. 247 230 233 1 v 32. 59 502 2 7 r 87 87 3.56 I Ingham. A. B. 182 c Carruth, Irbv B Cate, John T. . 356 j Joyner, S. C. 2S6. 2S7 Chatters, Carl H. Clapp, Wilfred E. ■’07 K Corning, Hobart M. . 356 Kiernan, Owen B. 271. 2 7 ■> ’37 D Kimbol. Anthony F. 174 Davis, H. H T Davis, Hazel ft Langmuir, Alexander D Lewis, John W. Little, Robert W. Loser, Paul Luckiesch, Matthew Luehring, F. \V. Davis, Lucille .... 6 Davis, Mary Dabney Dawson, Howard A. Dresslar, Fletcher B 41, 44, 45 Dreyfuss, Albert M., Jr. .. 230 13 Eckles, William G. Engelhardt, N. L. .48, 60 , 65, 87 , 553 Engelhardt, N. L., J r Ernst, Frederick Essert, Paul L. Essex, Don L. Ale 48 60 4 290 McCharen, W. K. McClure. Worth McClurkin, W. D. M Flesher, W. R. 60 Maxwell, C, H. Monroe, Walter S. Morphet. Edgar L. Moss, Frank K. Gibson, Charles D. . 2 23 771 7 a- r„ . i2i ' ~ 24 ’ 221 Olsen, Edward G. [ 517 ] 4. 23 7 21S, .245, . 40, 156 279 169 356 225 107 39 356 4 247 169 59 21S 13, 4S 518 American School Buildings Packer. Paul C. 69 Price, Mark 265 Putnam. R. C. 236 R Reeves, Floyd W. 41, 44. 45 Reid, John 145 Roudebush, George E. 356 S Sabine, Paul E. 192 Sampson, Foster K. 223, 224 Seagers, Paul W. 4, 32, 156 Sessions, E. B. 60 Simpson, Alfred D.33, 356 Smaage, Leon 233 Smith, Howard Dwight 4. 132, 140 Page Strayer. George D. 59 Swanson, J. Chester . . . . 87 T Thompson, Warren S. 50 V Yilcs, N. E.287 W Wells, William F. 156 Whelpton, P. K. 50, 53 White, Warren T. 4 Whitelaw, John B.36, 37 Williams, Frank L.218 Wilson, W. K. 69 SUBJECT INDEX A Acalanes Union High School, Lafayette, California, site plan, 81 Accidents in schools, 170-71 Acoustical treatment, trends toward use, 17, 19; in all instruction spaces, 87 (see also in connection with classrooms of special types, 100, 101, 103, 108, and with auxiliary facilities 112, IIS, 117, 121, 122); general discussion, 191-95 Activity alcoves, 91-92 Adaptability, a principle of planning, 86 Administrative facilities, for school sys¬ tem, 123-24; for school buildings, 124- 26 Adult education, trend toward expansion 16 Aerosols, 156-57 Age of school buildings now in use, 58 Allentown, Pennsylvania, classroom lay¬ out, 91 All-purpose rooms, uses by community, 18; general discussion, 122; as an economy, 214 Appraisal of existing school plant, in de¬ termining school-building needs, 56; in relation to rehabilitation, 266-68 Architect and architectural services, re¬ lationships to superintendent, 23; re¬ sponsibilities in general, 24-25, 35, ’ 130- 45; relationship to consultant, 28-29- selecting the architect, 131-33; contracts with, 134-40; time schedules 140-41• specific duties, 141-43; interpretation of plant, 144-45; in connection with major steps in program, 321-24 Architectural design, trends toward sim¬ plicity, 19, 212 Auxiliary facilities, general discussion, 111 130 B Bakersfield, California, schools, photo graph, 27, 28; classroom layout, 89 Baltimore, Maryland, schools, sketch, 19 Barstow, California, schools, photograph 119 Basements, elimination of, 19, 214 Basic data required for planning a build¬ ing, 84-85, 348-49 Beauty, a principle of planning, 86 Biology laboratories, 96-97 Birth rates, 50-57 Boards of education, responsibilities for school buildings, 9-19, 20-22, 35; re¬ lationship to superintendent, 21, 23 Bonds for financing construction, elections, 30, 287-89, 304-305; bond attorney, 30, 302-304; serial bonds, 294-301; sinking fund bonds, 295; combination type, 295; interest rates, 299, 304-305; call features, 300; sale of, 304-305 Bookkeeping classrooms, 99-100 Brick, for interior wall finish, 187; leaking walls, 188-89; quality, 189; in skeleton type of construction, 209 Budget, building-project, 288-92. See also Financing of buildings Building programs, master plan, 9-13; functional planning, 13-19; general dis¬ cussion, 50-72 Buildings as an instrument of education, B T, ba ?k’ Calif ornia, schools, photographs, 22, 101, 296, 298 Business-education classrooms, 99-100 Art rooms, 100 Asphalt tile floors, 185, 186, 187 Georgia > s <*°ols, Photograph, 45 Attendance areas, defined, 40; desired size and scope, 43 Audio-visual facilities, provision for in lementary-school classrooms, 92-23 (see also m connection with classrooms of other types, 93-110, and with auxiliary t^ f X ] l - 29 J J mechanical install Auditoriums, uses by community, i 8 - general discussion, 114-17; size, 114-15’, 213-14, seating, lis, 196; floors lg7 .’ use m audio-visual education, 258-61 Cafeterias, see Lunchrooms Call systems, 158 Camping, 18, 130 Canneries, 128-29 Cement floors, 162, 186, 187 Ceramic tile floors, 162 Chalkboard, in elementary class rooms, 92 (see also m connection with other types 88 - C vZ 0 °T’ 93 ' 110); materia l> 187- 88, hght-reflection factors, 223 Chemical laboratories, 95-96 [5191 520 American School Buildings Cincinnati, Ohio, community participation in building program, 32-33 ; photograph, 160 Cinder block for interior wall finish, 187, 200 City planning in relation to schools, 32, 33-34 Class size, trend toward smaller classes, 14-15 Classrooms, size of, 14-15, 215; general discussion of various types, 87-110; floors, 184-85 Cleaning systems, 157 Clerestory lighting, 228 Clerk-of-the-works, duties of, 25; in re¬ lation to contract with architect, 135 Cloaks and books, storage of, 122-23. See also Lockers Clocks, program, 124, 158-59 Clothing, classrooms for study of, 97-99 Codes, interpretation needed, 30; restric¬ tive provisions mentioned, 148, 214-15, 311; in relation to safety, 169-70, 170- 72, 176-77, 179; in relation to economy, 215-16 Colleges, local, trend toward, 16-17 Color, to promote safety, 174-75, 243; in relation to light, 239-42, 243; psycho¬ logical effects, 241 Columbus, Ohio, rehabilitation project de¬ scribed, 271-72 Committees, school board building com¬ mittees discouraged, 21; citizens’ com¬ mittees, 32-33; in connection with main¬ tenance experience, 183 Community agencies, relationship to building policies, 38 Community participation in planning, de¬ sired, 13; examples, 31-33; philosophy of education, 45-46 Community schools, characteristics, 38-39 Community studies, examples, 32-33 ; technics, 36-39 Community use of school buildings, trend toward, 18-19; shops, 103; lunchrooms, 119; conference rooms, 125; special rooms for community use, 128-29; grounds, 162, 197 Concrete, architectural or monolithic-con¬ crete buildings, 209 Conference rooms, 123, 125 Connecticut State, classroom layout, 92 Construction, types as to fire-resistive qualities, 168-69; standards, 204-206 Consultants, educational, general respon¬ sibilities of, 13, 26-29; in evaluating ex¬ perience gained thru maintenance, 183 Consumer education, 97-99 Contractor, responsibilities, 25-26, 35 Contracts, with architect, 24, 134-40; building contract, general vs. segregated, 25; legal questions, 30; as a major step in building program, 321-22, 324 Cork, for floors, 185, 187 ; for tackboard, 188 Corridors, floors, 186; single-loaded vs. double-loaded, 214, 229, 231 Costs of construction, trends since 1910, 263-64; in relation to rehabilitation, 262-66 Counselors’ offices, 126 Counter for working surface, in ele¬ mentary classrooms, 93 Credit rating for school districts, 301-303 Curriculum adequacy, a principle in plan¬ ning, 85 Custodial staff, participation in planning, 31-33, 35, 183; service facilities and storage, 125-27, 166; living quarters, 129; responsibilities in plant preserva¬ tion, 275-76; selection and training, 282-83 D Defective hearing, classrooms for children with, 108-109 Des Moines, Iowa, schools, photograph, 109 Desks, see Furniture Dimock, Pennsylvania, schools, photo¬ graph, 271, 272 District organization, interdistrict coopera¬ tion, 12, 34; reorganization needed, 12, 39-45; principles, 41-43 Doors and doorways, 190, 196 Dormitories, 129 Dover Township High School, Toms River, New Jersey, photograph, 30 Drainage, in laboratories, 95; in local sewage systems, 165; swimming pools, 165; lunchrooms, 166; of sites, 198 Drinking fountains, 164 Driveways, 76, 119 E Early childhood education, 15-16, 88-90 Economy, a principle of planning, 86; in selecting materials, 183-84; in construc¬ tion and design, 201-16; true and false, 201-203 Educational-plant programs: general dis¬ cussion, 50-72; estimating enrolment, 50-56; appraisal of plant, 56-61; de¬ veloping the building program, 61-72 Subject Index 521 Educational program as basis for building¬ planning: necessity for, 10-11; general discussion, 36-49 Efficiency and utility, a principle of plan¬ ning, 86 Electric outlets and equipment, in ele¬ mentary-school classrooms, 92-93 (see also in connection with other types of classrooms, 93-110, and with auxiliary facilities, 111-29) Ellensburg, Washington, schools, photo¬ graph, 153 El Paso, Texas, schools, photograph, 297 Elementary-school classrooms, specialized classrooms rare, 87; discussed in gen¬ eral, 88-93 Fremont, Ohio, procedure described, 56- 57 Fuel, as a factor in choice of heating sys¬ tem, 151, 154; handling of, 155-56; in relation to maintenance, 283-84 Furniture, in elementary classrooms, 93 (see also in connection with other types of classrooms, 93-110, and with aux¬ iliary facilities, 111-29); sizes, 250-55; refinishing, 255-56; light-reflection fac¬ tors, 223, 247; color, 241, 247-48, 255- 56; general discussion, 244-61; porta¬ bility, 245; in relation to light, 246-49; arrangement of, 246, 249-50. G Engineering services, 144. See also in con¬ nection with architects Enrolment trends, estimates of, 50-57, 72; in relation to rehabilitation, 266 Equipment, classrooms in general, 15; in elementary-school classrooms, 90-93 (see also in connection with classrooms of other types, 93-110, and with aux¬ iliary facilities, 111-29); light-reflection factors, 223; color, 241; general dis¬ cussion, 244-61 Erie, Pennsylvania, schools, photograph, 194 Eugene, Oregon, schools, photograph, 94 96 ’ Expenditures for schools, trends since 1909, 11 Financing of buildings, economy essenti; 10; state aid needed, 40, 299, 306-30! in relation to rehabilitation, 261-6! general discussion, 288-308; buildint project budget, 288-91; federal aid, 308 borrowing vs. pay-as-you-go, 292-94 ta^ limitations, 293-94; bonds, 294 300, 302-305; credit rating, 301-303 safeguarding funds, 305-306; loans fror state funds, 307 Fl ^, Sa /® ty ’ fire ' alarm systems, 124, 15? 175-76; flame-proofing, 169-70; plan ning for fire safety, 178-79 Floors, trends in materials, 19; gym nasium, 106; swimming pool, 107-108 toilet-room, 162-63; corridor and othei laTo 5 ; If’’ daS T m ’ 18S - 87 -- on sla" laid on the ground, 210 - 11 ; light-reflec¬ tion factors, 223; color, 240-41 Fluorescent lamps, 235-37 Foods classrooms, 97-99 Garages, for school buses, 127-38 General shops, 101 Germicidal lamps, 156-57 Glass block, trend toward, 19, 200; use of, 215, 228-30 Grade grouping, influence on building design, 87 Grading of sites, 203 Greenhouses, 97 Grounds, site-development, 75-83; opera¬ tion and development of, 197-99 Gymnasium-auditoriums, 117-18, 213 Gymnasiums, trends toward providing 17 • uses by community, 18; general discus¬ sion, 104-107; provisions for spectators, 105, in relation to safety, 171, 173 • installation of equipment, 196; floor on concrete slab, 210 - 11 ; combination uses, H Hamilton, Ohio, structural evaluation of a building, 267-68 Handicapped pupils, classrooms for, 108- Hardware on doors, 181,190 Health education, see Physical and health education Health units, 118-19 Heating and ventilating, special require- certain r °° ms > 9s > ios > io8, 18, 121, 128, 163; general dis¬ cussion, 146-56; objectives, 146-47- stendards, 147-49; heating controls’, 150-51; types of systems, 151-54; point- *3: \ S f 4 ; 5 l ; germicidal lam P s and aero¬ sols, 156-57; in relation to safety, 172- m relation to maintenance, 280-81, 283 - 522 American School Buildings Heating costs, 208, 215 Homemaking-education classrooms, 97-99, 173 I Incinerator shafts, 196 Inspection of buildings as a factor in maintenance, 276-77 Instructional features of buildings, prin¬ ciples, 85-87; instruction rooms, 87-110 Insulating materials, 19, 156 Insurance of property, 284-87 Interfunctional accessibility, a principle of planning, 85-86 Interpretation of finished building, 144 J Junior colleges, local, trend toward, 16 K Kindergartens, trend toward, 15-16; prob¬ lems in rural areas, 47-48; classrooms, 88-90 Kitchens, see Lunchrooms L Laboratories: classrooms in general, 14- 15; science, 95-97; floors, 186 Landscaping, planning, 75-76 Land-use plan, required at early stage of building project, 75 Language-arts classrooms, 93-95 Laundering instruction and community laundries, 97-98, 129 Legal controls, permits at local level, 26; state department of education, 29; in connection with safety, 169-70 Legal counsel, general responsibilities, 30; in relation to contract with architect 137. See also Bonds Libraries, general discussion, 111-14; fur¬ niture, 256-57 Lighting, trend toward multilateral light¬ ing, 19; importance in instructional rooms, 87; special requirements in cer¬ tain rooms, 100, 101, 105, 108, 112, 115, 121; in relation to safety, 174; in one- story vs. multi-story buildings, 207; in relation to ceiling heights, 215; general discussion, 217-43; relationship to health, 217-18; relationship to learning, 218-19; terms used, 219-21; quality of, 221-24; quantity of, 224-26; stand¬ ards, 224-25; daylight, 226-32; shades and baffles, 230; artificial, 233-38; types of fixtures, 233-35; fluorescent vs. in¬ candescent, 235-37; cold-cathode flu¬ orescent, 237; automatic controls, 238; wattage requirements, 238; in relation to furniture and equipment, 247-49 Linoleum, care of, 185-86; for floors, 184- 85. 186, 187 Lockers, gymnasium lockers, 104, 106- 107; for clothing and books, 122-23; ventilation, 190-91 Lunchrooms: trend toward providing, 17, 46-47 ; in connection with kindergarten, 90; general discussion, 119-22; floors, 186-87, 211 ; combination with gym¬ nasium, 214 M Madison, Wisconsin, schools, photograph, 41 Maintenance, as a guide in planning, 1S3- 84; general discussion, 275-87; inspec¬ tions, 276-77; records and schedules, 277-78; budgeting, 278-79; outside con¬ tracts for, 2 79-80; summer program of repairs, 280-81; in relation to custodial staff, 281-84 Maintenance staff, participation in plan¬ ning, 31, 35; responsibilities in plant preservation, 275-76 Maple floors, 183, 184-85 Master plan, 9-13, 202 Materials, in relation to maintenance and operation, 183-200 Mathematics classrooms, 93-95 Meals at school, see Lunchrooms Mentally handicapped, classrooms for, 110 Modular construction, 211-12 Monroeville, Alabama, schools, site plan, 77 Montebello, California, schools, photo¬ graphs, 75, 137; sketch and plot plan, 125 Monterey, California, schools, photograph, 112, 296 Moving pictures, projection of, 161, 259- 62 Music education, trend toward, 17 N Neighborhood schools, in rural areas, 47- 48; in cities, 87-88 New York, New York, schools, photo¬ graphs, 44, 114, 117 Nursery schools, trend toward, 16, 48, 88 O Oakland, California, schools, attendance area map, 66 Subject Index 523 Obsolescence, meaning of term, 266-69 One-story buildings, trends toward, 19; vs. multi-story buildings, 20S-208 Operational staff, see Custodial staff Orchard Park, New York, survey pro¬ cedures described, 37 Oregon State, recommended site sizes, 74 Orientation of buildings and classrooms, 227 Ornamentation, trend away from, 212 Orthopedic cases, classrooms for, 109 Outdoor education, trends toward, 18, 78; outdoor classrooms, 75, 88, 93; in science teaching, 97 P Painting, uses of in relation to lighting 19, 239-42, 243 Parapet walls, 189, 212 ^Ridge, Illinois, schools, photograph, Participation in school-plant planning, by community representatives, 13, 31-33 • by school personnel, 13, 31-33; in noting effects of maintenance, 183 Pasadena, California, schools, photo¬ graphs, 42 Period styles of architecture, 212 Permanent vs. temporary construction, 204-206 Personnel, organization for building plan¬ ning, 20-35; need for trained personnel 319-20 ’ Playgrounds, community use, 18-19; gen¬ eral discussion, 79-83; surfacing ma¬ terials, 82-83, 198-99; in relation to safety, 173 Playrooms, elementary-school, trend toward providing, 17; general discus¬ sion, 104, 106 Plumbing and sanitary facilities, general discussion, 161-66; water supply, 162; toilet rooms, 162-63; showers, 164; drinking fountains, 164; local sewage disposal, 164-65; swimming pools, 165- 66; in relation to safety, 172-73. See also in connection with classrooms, 88- 110, and with auxiliary facilities, 111-29 Population trends, 50-56, 71 Posture, percent of defects among pupils. Prefabrication of building units, 205 Principals, offices, 124; residences for, 129; m relation to maintenance and opera¬ tion, 183, 284 Procedures, major steps in a building project, 321-24 Program of education, 10, 36-49 Public-address and radio system, 124, 159- 60 Pupils, participation in planning, 32-35 Q Quarry tile floors, 162, 186-87 Photography laboratories, 96-97 Physical and health education, trends toward, 17; building facilities, general discussion, 104-108; health unit, 118-19 Pianos, in gymnasium, 106, 196 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, schools, photo¬ graph, 98 Planning commissions, participation in planning schools, 33-34, 35 Planning procedures, responsibility of board 9-19; functional planning, 13- 19; educational planning, 21-22, 36-49- cooperation of school and other agen- cies 34-35; projecting the educational plant, 50-71; personnel for building surveys 61-62; principles of planni^ a school plant, 85-86; for safety, 176! 79; major steps, 321-24 Plantings on school grounds, 78-79 Plastic tile flooring, 185, 187, 199 PJayground equipment, general discussion, u* l» t " ase - Radiant heating, 153-54, 199, 210 Radio, 124, 159-61 Recessing of fixtures, 196 Records, should be maintained for each project, 23, 322; educational planning, 48-49; signatures by engineers and architects on safety precautions, 178- 79; m maintenance, 277-78 Recreational uses of schools, 18-19 • use of grounds, 79-83, 197 Rehabilitation, general discussion, 262-73 • financia! factors, 262-65; specific proj! ects described, 269-72; criteria for, 273- Repairs, see Maintenance Research in relation to the school plant, m developing the program, 23; general discussion, 309-20; trends in govern ment and industry, 309-10; efforts to 310 ' 14; t0 P ics needing study, nwH 1 ^ methods Proposed, 318-W; need for personnel, 319-20 524 American School Buildings Retailing education, 99-100 Roofs, 212 Room requirements, determination of, 13, 72; economy in, 213-14 Rubber flooring, 185, 186, 187 S Safety, in location of school sites, 74; principle of planning, 85; in school shops, 100-101, 173; in lunchrooms, 122; fire-alarm systems, 159; general discussion, 167-82; safety consciousness, 167-68; items that affect safety, 168- 76; planning for safety, 176-79; ad¬ ministering the plant, 180-82; in one- story vs. multi-story buildings, 207-208; as influenced by school codes, 215-16; in relation to rehabilitation, 273 San Carlos, California, schools, photo¬ graph, 138 Science classrooms, 95-97, 173 Score cards, use of, 58-59, 270-71 Secondary-school classrooms, in general, 93-95; specialized types, 95-108 Sewage disposal, local systems, 164 Shape of building, 212 Shops, 100-103, 173 Shortage of school buildings, 10, 11, 58 Showers, 104, 106-107, 164 Sight-saving classrooms, 108 Sinks, one needed in every classroom, 93 Sites, acquisition, 30; location of, 59-61, 73-74; appraisal of location, 59-61, 73- 74; general discussion, 73-83; size, 74- 75; placement of buildings, 75-76; drives and walks, 76-78; plantings, 78- 79; recreational areas, 79-83; eco¬ nomical development of, 202-204; grad¬ ing, 203 Size of class, see Class size Size of schools as a determinant of build¬ ing policies, 43-44 Skeleton-type vs. wall-bearing type of construction, 208-209 Slate, for chalkboards, 187-88 Social-studies classrooms, 93-95 Space per pupil, in elementary classrooms, 88; in kindergartens, 88; in secondary- school classrooms, 93-94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 109; in lunchrooms, 119 Space requirements, in relation to econ¬ omy, 212, 213-14 Speech -defective children, classrooms for, 109 Spot maps, 64-65 Springfield, Ohio, schools, examples quoted, 71-72 Stage, general discussion, 116; installation of equipment, 196 Stairways, 171, 187, 196 State department of education, general responsibilities of, 29, 35 State responsibility, in relation to local building programs, 29; in financial aid to local building program, 40, 299, 306- 308; in district organization, 41 Steel, skeleton-type buildings, 209; code requirements, 216 Storage space, in elementary classrooms, 90-92 (see also in connection with other types of classrooms, 93-110, and with auxiliary facilities, 111-29) ; general dis¬ cussion, 126-27; in relation to safety, 172 Structural safety, 177-78 Structural slab vs. slab laid on the ground, 210-11 Superintendent of schools, responsibilities, in relation to board of education, 9-19, 20-22; as administrator and coordina¬ tor, 22-24, 35; in relation to safety, 177-78, 182; check-list of steps and re¬ sponsibilities, 321-24 Supervisors, participation in planning, 183 Surveys of school-building needs, 10, 61- 72; examples of, 32-33 Swimming pools, 107-108, 165-66 T Tables and chairs, see Furniture Tackboard, in elementary classrooms, 92 (see also in connection with other types of classrooms, 93-110); on wardrobe doors, 123; material, 188 Tax valuations and assessments, 263-65, 293-94 Teacher participation in planning, 13, 23, 31-33, 35, 183 Teacherages, 129 Teachers’ rooms, offices, 104; rest rooms, 124-26; workrooms, 126 Telephones, 124, 158 Television, 161, 311 Temporary buildings, 204-206 Term of school, 47 Termites, 210 Terrazzo floors, 162, 186, 187 Test borings on site, 203-204 Toilets, in elementary-school classrooms, 93 (see also in connection with other types of classrooms, 93-110, and with auxiliary facilities, 111-29); general dis¬ cussion, 162-63; accessibility to play¬ ground, 197; location, 214 Subject Index 525 Trades and industries shops, 102 Traffic hazards, 76, 173 Transportation, in relation to location of sites, 4^, 76-78; school-bus garages, 127- 28 c- Travel distances for pupils, maximums sugges^d, 43, 73; time of travel as a measure in defining attendance areas, 66 Trends in education that influence school buildings, 14-19 Typing and shorthand classrooms, 99-100 Tulsa, Oklahoma, schools, photograph, 175 U Uniontown, Pennsylvania, schools, photo¬ graph, 277 Upper Arlington, Columbus, Ohio, schools, photograph, 139 Utilization of building, room utilization, 59-60; pupil-station utilization, 59-60 V Vacuum cleaning systems, 157 Ventilation, in connection with swimming pools, 108; of lockers and wardrobes, 123, 190-91; heating and ventilating, general discussion, 146-57; code require¬ ments, 215-16; toilet rooms, 163 Vision, percent of defects among school pupils, 247 Vocational-agriculture shops, 102 Vocational education, trends toward, 17; shops, 100-103 W Wainscot and trim, reflection factors and color, 223, 240 Walks on school sites, 76, 198 Walls, exterior, 188-89 Walls, interior finish, gymnasium, 106; swimming pools, 108; lunchroom and kitchen, 121; cinder block, 187; light- reflection factors, 223; color, 240 War memorials in relation to school-build¬ ing administration, 39 Wardrobes, shown in classroom layouts, 89-92; discussion, 123 Wastes and trash, provision for disposal of, 99, 121, 127 Water supply, 162 Watertown, New York, schools, spot map, 64 Wayland, Massachusetts, rehabilitation project, 270-71 Weston, Massachusetts, survey procedures described, 33 Wichita, Kansas, classroom layout, 90 Windows, gymnasium, 105; in relation to safety, 174; various types of sash, 189- 90; location, height, materials, 226-32 Wood floors, 184 End, papers from photograph by Phoenix Phoenix, Arizona Junior College, I %:fi ^ Lit;. 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