EIGHTH YEARBOOK of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION of SECONDARY-SCHOOL PRINCIPALS Edited by H. V. CHURCH Secretary of the Association Published by the Association 1924 n\ GIFT assar: ‘An MY 7 '9¢ 3i 4 a! CONTENTS OrFicers OF THE AssocrATION, 1924-1925................. IX Directory oF MEMBERS, 1924...............0 00. e ee enue XI PROCEEDINGS OF THE E1cHTH ANNUAL MEETING, 1924..... l The President’s Address—‘‘The Holding Power of the High School,” Claude P. Briggs, Principal of Lakewood High School, Lakewood, Ohio...................44. 1 “Functions of the High-School Principal in Curriculum- Making,” by Franklin Bobbitt, The University of Chicago 10 “Purposeful Activities in Akron High School,” E.£. Morley, Principal of West High School, Akron, Ohio......... 17 “Curricula-Making for Pupils of Varying Ability,” Dr. L. A. Pechstein, Dean of College of Education, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio........... 24 Junior High-School Conference....................20.. 29 “The Reconstruction of the Junior High-School Curriculum of Los Angeles,” Susan M. Dorsey, Superintendent of Schools, Los Angeles, California.................... 31 “Guiding Objectives in the Making of Curricula in the Junior High School,” 4. L. Threlkeld, Associate Super- intendent of Schools, Denver, Colorado............. 40 “Teacher Participation in Curriculum Making,” Charles R. Foster, Associate Superintendent of Schools, Pitts- ESET Me re eee ee Pe 48 “Teacher Training During Experimental Operation of Reconstructed Curriculum,” H. LZ. Harrington, Super- vising Principal of Intermediate Schools, and Principal of Jefferson Intermediate School, Detroit............ 54 “A Program of Educational Guidance in the Junior High School,” 4. Laura McGregor, Vice-Principal, Washing- ton Junior High School, Rochester, New York....... 60 Senior High-School Conference....................245. 62 >» “The Development and Control of Extra Curriculum f Activities Among Girls,” R. W. Ward, Principal of Tae High School, Mount Clemens, Michigan............ 62 “The High School Faculty Meeting,” Principal C. C. ~ Katterjohn, High School, Boonville, Indiana........ 67 “On the Adaptation of the Smaller High School to the oe Demands of Modern Life,” Principal J. W. Castelo, , Community High School, La Moille, Illinois......... 73 v s Cc mM ?) 7, 19.2 8, Vk f ; | ; ' | f ' ; ' Senior High-School Conference (Five Hundred and Over). Crystal Room, Hotel Sherman. 79 Chairman Lucy L. W. Wilson, Principal, South Phila- delphia High School for Girls, Philadelphia. “How Can the Teacher Be Brought to Evaluate Himself and to Develop the Experimental Attitude,” Super- intendent of Schools, Frank G. Pickell, Montclair, N. J. 79 Junior-College Conference, Fraternity Room, Great North- ern Hotel, Chairman, Clarence T. Rice, Principal High SOON, TR Ras TOs 6.56 ons cs anns cvscasess 82 “The Junior-College Movement in California,’ W. W. Kemp, Dean of the School of Education, University of | ES SM. ee eis UI “Co-Ordinating the Work of the Senior High School and Junior College,” L. V. Koos, University of Minnesota, re err 94 “Suggestions for the Place and Functions of Junior Colleges in a System of Schools,” Robert Josselyn Leonard, Di- rector, School of Education, Teachers’ College, Columbia SNA ES ANI Ap pi eRe ge Os 106 “The Increasing Burden of Secondary and Higher Edu- cation,” John William Withers, Dean, Graduate School of Education, New York University, New York City.. 112 “Democracy and Education,” Professor B. H. Bode, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.................. 120 “The Application of Democracy to the Organization and Administration of the High School,” Principal Michael H. Lucey, Julia Richman High School, New York.... 126 “The Philosophy of the ‘Forgotten Man,’” A Paper on the “Application of Democracy to the Social Studies,” Thomas J. McCormack, Principal of the LaSalle-Peru Township High School, LaSalle, Illinois............. 133 “Science Teaching in a Democracy,” Edwin E. Slosson, Director of Science Service, Washington, D.C....... 138 “A Sane Program of Competitive Athletics,” Commissioner of Athletics, Major John L. Griffiths ............0005. 148 “Interscholastic Athletics and Their Management,” C. W. Whitten, State Manager, Illinois High-School Athletic re ee TT Tee: oF 152 “The Needs of the High School Girl as the Principal Sees Them,” Principal J. E. Armstrong, Englewood High ee, SA IO. 5 vin vo ods os Keane aneedvas 160 “How These Needs Are Met by a Dean of Girls,” Jeannette McDonald, Dean of Girls, Technical High School, Ge, IRs 6c. 5k 0 os $46skssGeoebabenaeeeses 166 “How They Are Being Met by the Parent,” Mrs. W. S. Hefferan, Parent-Teachers’ Association, Chicago, Ill.. 173 vi “The Mal-Adjusted Girl—How We Take Care of Her and Fail to Take Care of Her,” Principal Dora Wells, Lucy L. Flower Technical High School, Chicago, Illinois. . . . ‘How They Are Met by Social and Philanthropic Organi- zations,’ Dr. Anne T. Bingham, Psychiatrist, Girls’ Service League, New York City.................... “How Are We to Finance Public Education?” Dr. George D. Strayer, Professor of Education and Director, Divi- sion of Field Studies, Institute of Educational Research Teachers’ College, Columbia University............. “What We May Learn from California and Massachusetts Regarding High-School Support,” Fletcher Harper Swift, College of Education, University of Minnesota, ee SR IR hes fis ss eas Oe eee dans Report of Treasurer, National Association of Secondary- Es inde ss itanceourcecwevenesauers Meeting of the National Council of the National Honor Society of Secondary Schools at Hotel La Salle, Chicago 176 182 193 196 210 217 EL Con oS nec en ed ee ks bas aaa es 219 Constitution of the National Association of Secondary ae re nr eer rrr ie 221 vii THE OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION 1924-1925 President: L. W. Brooks Principal High School Wichita, Kansas First Vice-President: WiLL1AM E, WING Principal Deering High School Portland, Maine Second Vice-President: C. H. THRELKELD Associate Superintendent of Schools Denver, Colorado Secretary-Treasurer: H. V. Courcu Principal of J. Sterling Morton High School Cicero, Illinois THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CLAuDE P. Briccs Lakewood High School Lakewood, Ohio MERLE PRUNTY Principal of Central High School, Tulsa, Oklahoma EDWARD RYNEARSON Principal of Fifth Avenue High School Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ix DIRECTORY NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SECONDARY-SCHOOL PRINCIPALS 1924 1919 Harry D. Asetts, S.B., '97. 1898, Superintendent, Morgan Park Military Academy ; Morgan Park, Illinois. 1923. T. J. AperNeTuy, A.B., 17. 1921, Principal, Ellsworth High School; Ellsworth, Maine. 1920 Watter S. Apams, B.E., ’20. 1920, Principal, Delavan Community High School; Delavan, Illinois. 1922 Lincotn J. Arxins, A.B., 19. 1921, Principal, Limington Academy; Limington, Maine. 1922 H. W.C. Arntey, A.B., B.D. 1922, Principal, Stanley Schools; Stanley, New Mexico. 1924 Wayne M. Akin, B.S., 718. 1923, Superintendent, Sargent Consolidated School; Monte Vista, Colorado. 1923. D. M. ALEXANDER. Onaway, Michigan. 1924 H. E. ALEXANDER. Limerick, Maine. 1919 J. A. ALEXANDER, A.M., ’16; A.M., ’19. 1920, Superintendent, Windsor Community High School; Windsor, Illinois. 1923 H. O. ALLEMAN. Vilas, Kansas. 1922 A. W. ALLEN. Eastport, Maine. 1923 CHARLES F. ALLEN. 1610 Spring Street, Little Rock, Arkansas. 1924 JENNIE E. ALLEN. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1923 SHELDON R. ALLEN. Lanark, Illinois. 1922 T. T. Atien, A.B., A.M. 1918, Superintendent of Schools; Dubois, Pennsylvania. 1924 RatpH E. Aten. Ligonier, Indiana. 1923 W. H. ALLEN. East Millinocket, Maine. 1921 W. O. Aten, B.Ped., 710. 1919, Principal, Washington Irving Junior High School; Des Moines, Iowa. 1923 W. S. Aten, A.B., ’12; A.M., ’15; Ph.D., ’23. 1919, Professor of Secondary Education, Boylor University; Waco, Texas. 1924 Cart W. ALLIson. Gilbert, Minnesota. xi xii 1922 1924 1924 1924 1924 1924 1924 1923 1924 1923 1924 1921 1921 1923 1923 1922 1923 1918 1923 1922 1923 1923 1922 1918 1922 National Association of Secondary-School Principals R. Y. ALiison. Pekin, Illinois. Sister Mary A oysius, B.A., ’19. 1920, Principal, Villa de Chantal; Rock Island, Illinois. H. J. Atvis. East St. Louis, Illinois. J. C. Amon. Bellevue, Pennsylvania. W. A. ANDERSON. Julesburg, Colorado. Roy R. ANDERSON. Cleveland, Tennessee. Harotp P. ANDREWS. Winterport, Maine. (Mrs.) Genevieve H. ANpREws. Glasco, Kansas. ApELBERT O. ANDREW. Cambria, California. Eart W. Anipat, Ph.B., 08; A.M., ’23. 1920, Principal, Senior and Junior High School; Glen Ridge, New Jersey. H. J. ANTHOLZz. Spooner, Wisconsin. A. E. ARENDT. Collinsville, Illinois. J. E. ARMSTRONG. Principal, Englewood High School; Chicago, Illinois. E. R. Arnot. Strawn, Kansas. H. A. ARNOLD, Central High School, Sioux City, Iowa. Harry R. ATKINSON. Battle Creek, Michigan. Louis B. Austin, Ph.B., ’97; A.M., ’00; A.B., ’04. 1914, Principal, Business High School; Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania. Joun M. Avery, A.B., ‘14. 1914, Principal, Public High School; Hillsboro, Illinois Pau H. AXTELL. Flemington, New Jersey. F. L. Bacon, A.B., 12; A.M., 715. 1922, Principal, Newton High School; Newtonville, Massachu- setts. Paut V. Bacon. Boston, Massachusetts. Grace W. Backus East Junior High School; Warren, Ohio. H. G. Bapcer. Ashmore, Illinois. W. C. Barr, A.B., ’11. 1913, Principal, Danville High School; Danville, Illinois. JoHN FRANKLIN Balrtey, A.B., 03; A.M., ’04. 1912, Principal, High School; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 1922 1922 1924 1924 1921 1921 1924 1923 1924 1924 1923 1923 1922 1919 1921 1923 1924 1923 Directory of Members xiii ArtuHur C. Bairrp, A.B., ’99. 1918, Vice Principal, Fifth Avenue High School; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Wo. J. Barrp, A.B., 18; A.M., ’21. 1921, Principal, Jefferson County High School; Boyles, Ala- bama. H. L. BAKER. Wellington, Kansas. Russet. D. BAKER. Casco, Maine. W. A. BaLpAurF. Ely, Minnesota. E. W. Ba.pur. Central Evening Preparatory; 19 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois. H. V. Batpwin. Fulton, Illinois. J. H. Batpwin, B.S., ’22. 1922, Principal, Chrisman Township High School; Chrisman, Illinois. Ricuarp R. BALKEMA. Aberdeen Washington. CLaupE Barser, B.A., ’20; M.A., ’21. 1921, Principal, Hominy High School; Hominy, Oklahoma. FLoyp R. Barger. Salmon, Idaho. W. H. Barker. Chenoa, Illinois. JosEPHINE Barnapsy, B.Ph., ’96. 1916, Principal, Shaw High School; East Cleveland, Ohio. Joun R. Barnes, A.B., ’21; A.M., ’23. 1921, Principal, Lawrence Junior High School; Lawrence, Kansas. PercivaL Barnes, A.B., ’17; A.M., ’18. 1919, Superintendent of Schools, East Hartford Public School ; East Hartford, Connecticut. V. G. Barnes, Ph.B., ’08. 1915, Principal, Central High School; Madison, Wisconsin. J. W. Barney, A.B., 710. 1920, Principal, Munising High School; Munising, Michigan. ANNA E. Barrett, B.A., ’18. 1922, Principal, Lyons High School; Clinton, Iowa. Extuts M. Barnett. Sweetwater, Texas. A. J. BartHoLoMew, A.B., ’16; A.M., ’21. 1918, Principal, Summit High School; Summit, New Jersey. C. H. Barts. Pleasant Plains, Illinois. W. W. Bass. Cherryvale, Kansas. Georce A. BAssForp. Ashland, Wisconsin. 1923 1924 1924 1924 1921 1924 1923 1918 1924 1916 1924 1922 1918 1919 191s 1920 1923 1924 1921 1920 1922 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Rarpu E. Bate. Chatham, New Jersey. RoLtanp C. BATCHELDER. Stowe, Vermont. CHarRLes S. Bates. N. Yarmouth Academy ; Yarmouth, Maine. H. S. Bates. Petoskey, Michigan. L. W. Bates, B.S., ’13. 1920, Principal, High School; Cherokee, lowa W. H. Batson. Vermilion, South Dakota. L. L. BEAHM. Delta, Colorado. R. G. Beats, A.B., A.M. 1922, Principal, DeKalb Township High School; DeKalb, [li nois Oret M. BEAN. Woburn, Massachusetts. 3ANCROFT BEATLEY. 6 Lawrence Hall, Harvard University; Cambridge, Massachu- setts. E. C. O. Beatty. Woodstock, Illinois Wicrrep F. Bearpsiey, A.B., 93. 1906, Principal, Evanston ‘Township High School; 1704 Hin- man Avenue, Evanston, Illinois. C. A. BEAVER. Yankton, South Dakota W. E. Beck, B.S., ’00; M.S., ’02. 1917, Principal, lowa City High School; Iowa City, lowa. Ernest J. Becker, A.B., 94; Ph.D., '98. 1909, Principal, Eastern High School; Baltimore, Maryland. Lutvu G. Becxrncton, A.B., 12. 1918, Principal, Belvidere High School; 628 South State Street, Belvidere, Illinois. GRANT Beese, B.S., ’88. 1913, Principal, Calumet High School; 8025 Normal Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. R. E. Beese, A.B., 13; A.M., 16. 1920, Principal, Township High School; Mendota, Illinois. H. H. BEecuer. St. Clair, Michigan Epwin Mitton BELLEs. Devils Lake, North Dakota. P. E. Bertine, A.B., 12; A.M., 18; Ph.D., ’19. 1919, Assistant Professor Secondary Education, University of Illinois; Urbana, Illinois. Frank A. Ben, A.B., ’19; M.A., ’22. 1921, Superintendent, Hebron High School; Hebron, Illinois. James F. BENcHAM. Kirkland, Illinois. 1924 1924 1922 1924 1923 1924 1924 1924 1918 1923 1922 1923 1922 1924 1925 1924 1919 1919 1921 1922 1916 1923 1923 1922 Directory of Members XV J. F. BENHAM. Maple Park, Illinois. L. E. BENNETT. Homestead, Florida. E_ma H. Benton, A.B., A.M. 1919, Principal, Hosmer Hall; St. Louis, Missouri. Emit BENTHACK. Arnold, Nebraska. LinpsLey Best. Plainfield, New Jersey. MarTHA Best. Redford, Michigan. Cuester W. BIpLEMAN. Offerle, Kansas. C. L. Brepensacn, A.B., ’86; A.M., ’93. 1912, Principal, Senior High School; Berkeley, California. D. L. BreMESDERFER. Mount Joy, Pennsyivania. Frep 1. Brester, A.B., ’14. 1919, Principal, Glenbard Township High School; Glen Ellyn, Illinois. E. R. Bracers. Hartland Academy; Hartland, Maine. Paut W. BIGLer. Hebron, Illinois. H. E. Brnrorp. Brazil, Indiana. Forest W. BINNION. Middletown, Illinois. E. F. BurcKHEAD. Winchester, Kentucky. ELIzABETH BISBEE. Manning, Iowa. HerMAN D. Bisuop. McConnelsville, Ohio. F. L. Brack, A.M., ’08. 1922, Principal, Princeton Township High School; Princeton, Illinois. H. B. Brack, B.S., 711. 1921, Superintendent, Mattoon City Schools; Mattoon, Illinois. R. E. Brack. Sesser, Illinois. Warp N. Brack, A.B., ’12. 1921, Principal, Georgetown Township High School: George- town, Illinois. H. E. BLaine. Joplin, Missouri. Josern E. BLatspeEL. Belgrade, Maine. H. A. Briaxe, A.B., 702. 1919, Principal, N. H. Fay High School; Dexter, Maine. H. W. BLANCHARD. Tamaroa, Illinois. 1924 1924 1924 1924 1916 1924 1924 1923 1922 1921 1924 1921 1920 1918 1923 1922 1919 1922 1923 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Hucu W. BLANCHARD. R. W. Traip Academy; Kittery, Maine. Rosert H. Bree. Puente, California. F. L. Briss. Jackson, Michigan. Louis J. Brock, A.B., 68; A.M., ’72; Ph.D., ’82. 1895, Principal, John Marshall High School; 3250 W. Adams Street, Chicago, Illinois. H. G. Buuve. Greeley, Colorado. H. J. Biue. Carlinville, Illinois. A. G. Bossitt. Oak Park, Illinois. Oscar L. BocHSTAHLER. Palestine, Illinois. B. A. Boese. Hurley, South Dakota. Wm. J. Bocan, Ph.B., ’09. 1905, Principal, Lane Technical School ; 1225 Sedgwick Street, Chicago, Illinois. A. W. Borey. Cooksville, Illinois. Giapys Bouter. Principal, High School; Elkhart, Iowa. C. F. Bort. Muskegon Heights, Michigan. B. F. Bortnec, Willow Hill, Illinois. Joun H. Bossuart, A.B., ’02. 1920, Principal, Columbia High School; South Orange, New Jersey. F. H. Bosse. Evansville, Indiana. A. W. Boston. Westbrook, Maine. CLARENCE W. Bosworth, A.B., 09; A.M., ’10. 1917, Principal, Cranstom High School; Auburn, Rhode Island. FE. O. BorrenrFie_p, Ph.B., ’16. 1916, Principal, Sparta Township High School; 501 N. Vine Street, Sparta, Illinois. James C. Boupreav. 1920, Director of Art, Board of Public Education; 716 Fulton Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. J. R. Bouton. Sidell, Illinois. B. R. Bowpen, Ph.B., '17; Ph.M., 718. 1917, Superintendent of Schools, Principal, Community High School; Gilman, Illinois. R. D. Bowpen. Havana, Illinois. Haron E. Bowtr. Harmony, Maine 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1918 1924 1921 1917 1924 1920 1924 1919 1924 1922 1924 1916 1923 1917 1922 Directory of Members XVii H. E. Bowman. Lisbon Falls, Maine. D. L. Boyp. Carmi, Illinois. E. L. Boyp. Carmi, Illinois. Hucu J. Boyp. Portland, Oregon. Epwin M. Boyne. Midland, Michigan. E. L. Boyer. Principal, Bloom Township High School; Chicago Heights, Illinois. Epwin M. Boyne. Midland, Michigan. Ray H. Bracewe tt, B.S., 715. 1919, Principal, High School; Burlington, Iowa. Cuartes A. Braptey, U. S. Military Academy, ’77; D.Sc., ’16. 1893, Principal, Manual Training High School; 2243 Race Street, Denver, Colorado. Marie T. BRrab.ey. Malden, Illinois. S. M. Brame, A.B., ’02. 1909, Principal, Bolton High School; Alexandria, Louisiana. Cuirrorp S. BRaGpon. New Rochelle, New York. H. D. Brasertevp, Ph.B., ’91. 1917, Principal, Fremont High School; 460 Hanover Avenue, Oakland, California. E. W. BrRAMMELL, Downs, Kansas. James F. BRASHEARS. 1919, Superintendent, Community Consolidated; Joy, Illinois. J. J. Bren. Principal, Camp Curtis Junior High School; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Jacos P. Brerpincer, A.B., ’85; A.M., ’88. 1901, Principal, High School; 15 North Franklin Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. J. J. Bren. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Rev. R. H. BRENNECKE, JR. Moravian Preparatory School; Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. J. H. BrenNneMAN, B.A., ’04; B.A., 20. 1920, Principal, High School ; 713 North Fifth Street; Ottumwa, lowa. R. J. BRETNALL. Boulder, Colorado. Francis A. Brick, A.B., ’96. 1917, Principal, Bayonne High School; Bayonne, New Jersey. R. P. Brice. Columbia, Illinois. XViil 1916 1920 1916 1920 1920 1920 1924 1923 1924 1916 1922 19233 1916 1924 1918 1924 1924 1923 1923 1922 1922 1924 1920 National Association of Secondary-School Principals C. P. Briccs, A.B., ’01. 1920, Principal, Lakewood High School; Lakewood, Ohio. EvuGene S. Briccs. Okmulgee, Oklahoma. Tuomas H. Brices, Ph.D., ’14. 1915, Professor of Hducation, Veachers College. Columbia University; 525 West 120th Street, New York City, New York. L. O. Bricut, A.B. 1920, Principal, Antioch Township High School; Antioch, IIh- nois. J. H. Bru, A.B., ’14. 1920, Superintendent of Schools, Bement Public Schools; Bement, Illinois. A. B. Bristow, B.A., ’05; M.A., ‘15. 1920, Principal, Matthew Fontaine Maury High School; Nor- folk, Virginia. K. O. Broapy. Lincoln, Kansas. Eva J. Brokaw. Clarinda, lowa. Epcar J. Brone. Fillmore, New York. L. W. Brooks, A.B., ’03; A.M., 15 1919, Principal, Wichita High School; Wichita, Kansas. \trrep O. Brown. Public School Publishing Company; Bloomington, Illinois C, A. Brown. Abbott, Maine. Epywarp L. Brown, A.B., ’86; A.M., 90; Lit.D.. ‘14 1898, Principal, North Side High School; 3324 Zuni Street, Denver, Colorado. Emma M. Brown. Denver, Colorado. Grorce A. Brown, C.E., ’81. 1897, Managing Editor, “School and Home Education” ; Bloom- ington, Illinois Hazev |. Brown. Milford, Iowa. Letanp P. Brown. Olympia, Washington. M. L. Brown, B.S., '14 1920, Principal, High School; Corry, Pennsylvania M. O. Brown, B.P., ’06. 1921, Principal, Larned High School, Larned, Kansas. Rice E. Brown, A.B., ’08; A.M., ’23. 1918, Principal, Emporia High School; Emporia, Kansas R. G. Brown. Armstrong, Illinois R. R. Brown. Montrose, Colorado V. I. Brown, A.B., 719. 1920, Principal, Community High School; Watseka, Illinois. 1924 1923 1924 1924 1924 1924 1921 1924 1916 1923 1918 1920 1922 1923 1917 1921 1920 1923 1924 Directory of Members XIX Wa. H. Brown. Amherst, Massachusetts. W. L. Brown. New Trier High School; Kenilworth, Illinois. WALKER N. Brown. East High School; Peoria, Illinois. W. W. Brown. Janesville, Wisconsin. Emma M. Brown, M.A., ’22. 1922, Principal, Skinner Junior High School; Denver, Colorado. E. E. Browne Lt. Gilroy, California. Harotp T. BrowNina. Wayne, Michigan. Guy W. Brusaker, A.B., 713; A.M., 15. 1923, Principal, Bent County High School; Las Animas, Colo- rado, M. E. Bruce. East St. Louis, Illinois. L. S. BRuMBAUH. Kendallville, Indiana. R. D. BRUNUNETT. Greenville, Illinois. GeorceE F. L. Bryant, B.S., ’17. Limestone, Maine. W. E. BucHANAN. East Lansing, Michigan. Georce Buck, A.B., 91; A.M., ’01. 1910, Principal, Shortridge High School; Michigan and Penn Street, Indianapolis, Indiana. W. E. Buckey. Fairmont, West Virginia. B. R. BuckincHaM, Ph.B., ’01; Ph.D., '13. 1921, Director of Educational Research, Ohio State University ; Columbus, Ohio. J. B. Buckter. Minonk, Illinois. Cuester A. Buckner, A.B., 09; A.M., 11; Ph.D., ’18. 1920, School of Education, University of Pittsburgh; Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania. E. W. Burron. Netawaka, Kansas. P. C. Bunn, Ph.B., ’09. 1914, Principal, High School; 860 Sixth Street, Lorain, Ohio. Harry H. BurNHAM. Biddeford, Maine. Rev. A. J. Burns. Sterling, Illinois. PRINCIPAL Burns. Cliffside, New Jersey. R. A. Burns. Rockport, Maine. 1923 1924 1923 i917 1923 1921 1924 1922 1924 1923 1920 1920 1922 1924 1923 1924 1923 1923 1924 1922 1923 1924 1919 1924 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Ciara S. BurrouGH. 1899, Principal, Camden High School; Camden, New Jersey. WINIFRED BuRROUGHS. Sturgis, Michigan. Cuarces Burscu, B.S., 718. 1921, Principal, Riley Rural High School; Riley, Kansas. ALLDEN JAMES Burton, A.B., ’08; M.A., ’22. 1918, Principal, East High School; Des Moines, Iowa. Cart D. Burtt, A.B., 93. 1920, Principal, Cleveland Heights High School; Cleveland Heights, Ohio. Ratpu H. Busu, A.B., ’11; A.M., 14; J.D., 19. 1914, Assistant Principal, Joliet Township High School and Junior College; Joliet, Illinois. Ex1 C. Busine. Haubstadt, Indiana. Cuartes H. Butver, Ph.B., ’20; M.A., ’21. 1921, Principal, Chauncey L. Higbee High School; Pittsfield, Illinois. J. J. Butver. Lewiston, Maine. Jos. S. BuTTERWECK. Haddon Heights, New Jersey. C. C. Byerry. Princeville, Illinois Lee Byrne, A.B., A.M., 17; Ph.D. 30 South Governor Street, lowa City, Iowa. W. H. Carn, A.B., ’12. 1920, Principal, Western State Normal High School; 717 West Lovell St., Kalamazoo, Michigan. A. G. CALDWELL. Canton, Illinois. Otis W. Catpwe.t, Ph.D., 98; LL.D., ’17 1917, Professor of Education, Lincoln School of Teachers’ College ; 425 W. 123rd Street, New York City, New York Sister M. CALtista. Orona Catholic High School; Orona, Maine Frances M. Camp Eagle Grove, Iowa. WILLIAM CAMPBELL. Pratt, Kansas. Cuaries H. Cannon. Bird City, Kansas. Grorce N. CarMAN, A.B., ’81: A.M., ’06. 1895, Director, Lewis Institute ; Chicago, Illinois. J. B. Carpenter, A.B., 02; A.M., ’20. 1918, Principal, Louisville Male High School; Louisville, Ky RoLtanp J. CARPENTER. Mapleton, Maine J. W. CarrinctTon, Homer, [llinois Oxtve B. Carr. Brighton, Colorado. 1923 1923 1920 1923 1921 1923 1923 1919 1922 1919 1924 1922 1922 1923 1919 1924 1917 1923 1916 1924 Directory of Members XXi R. B. Carson. Milledgeville, Illinois. D. M. Carter. Sawyer, Kansas. E. S. CARTER. Port Arthur, Texas. J. Frank CARTER. Stevens High School; Rumford, Maine. Joun Linton Carver, B.L., 93; A.M., 03; Ph.D., ’05. 1917, Principal, Friends’ Seminary; 226 East Sixteenth Street, New York. Joun C. Casey, B.S., ’08; A.M., ’09. 1922, Superintendent of Schools, Eaton Public Schools; Eaton, Colorado. J. W. Castevo. LaMoille, Illinois. WitiiaM E. Cate, A.B., ’95. 1911, Principal, Chattel High School; Long Branch, New Jersey. Central Catholic High School; Toledo, Ohio. Tuomas C. CuarreE, A.B., ’02. 1914, Principal, Gardiner High School; 216 Brunswick Ave., Gardiner, Maine. J. R. CHANDLER. Pawhuska, Oklahoma. H. E. Cuanoter, A.B., 711. 1915, Principal, Senior High School; Junction City, Kansas. Leo E. CHANGNON. 1919, Principal, Donovan Township High School; Donovan, Illinois. G. E. CHAPIN. Whitehall, Michigan. Ira T. CHAPMAN, A.B.; A.M. 1917, Superintendent of Schools; New Brunswick, New Jersey. IvAN CHAPMAN. Western High School; Detroit, Michigan. H. W. CHARLESwortH, A.B., '22. 1922, Superintendent, Eads Public School; Eads, Colorado. L. W. CuatuaM, B.S., ’10; M.S., ’17. 1919, Principal, Pana Township High School; Pana, Illinois. A. B. CHESTERTON. Abbott, Maine. Joun O. CHEWNING, A.B., ’01. 1916, Principal, Central High School; Sixth and Vine Sts., Evansville, Indiana. A. CHICK. Monmouth Academy ; Monmouth, Maine. Harry Victor Cuurcu, Ph.B., ’94. 1899, Principal, J. Sterling Morton High School; Twenty-fifth St. and Austin Blvd., Cicero, Illinois. Leta B. CuHItps. Sandusky, Michigan. XXii 1919 1924 1924 1924 1924 1922 1922 1922 1924 1921 1921 1923 1923 1922 1924 1920 1923 1923 1924 1922 1922 1921 1916 National Association of Secondary-School Principals A. L. Crark, B.S., ’93. 1906, Agent, American Book Company, Des Moines, lowa. Ausuy M. CHISHOLM. Collinsville, Pennsylvania. L. T. Crark. Principal, Woodland High School; Woodland, Illinois. CLARENCE CLARK. Hopkinsville, Kentucky. C. A. CLARK. Fairview, Kansas. 1» ae RAY. 1921, Princtpal, Caro High School; Caro, Michigan. A. B. Crose, B.S., ’21. 1922, Principal, Taylorville Township High School ; Taylorville, Illinois. . G. F. CLose. Woodhull, Illinois. Ropert J. CLUNIE. Newcastle, Maine. Harotp P. Copp, B.A., ’13. 1921, Principal, Windham High School; South Windham, Maine. Joun L. Coss. Lostant, Illinois. E. T. Cockrety, A.B., ’12; A.M., '16. 1919, Principal, Collinwood Jr. High School; Cleveland, Ohio. H. J. Corpurn. Washburn High School; Topeka, Kansas. C. F. Core, Ph.B. 1907, Principal, Fairmont High School, Fairmont, West Vir- ginia. E. E. Cotiins. Meckling, South Dakota. G. R. Cottins, B.S., 17. 1919, Principal, Westville Township High School; Westville, Illinois. B. F. Comrort, M.A., ’23. 1907, Principal, Cass Technical High School; Detroit, Michigan. Howarp Conant, A.B., 92; A.M., ’98. 1906, Principal, High School; Holyoke, Massachusetts. E. K. ConcraM. East Lynn, Illinois E. M. ConKLIN. Marshall, Michigan. Witi1aM L. Connor, A.B., ’14. 1920, Principal, Longwood High School; 432 East 109th St., Cleveland, Ohio A. F. Cook, A.B., 710. 1919, Superintendent of Schools, Hinsdale Township High School; Hinsdale, Illinois. R. R. Cook, A.B., ’08; A.M., ’22. 1923. Principal, Theodore Roosevelt High School; Des Moines, Towa. 1924 1923 1917 1924 1921 1924 1924 1923 1922 1922 1923 1924 1924 1923 1924 1921 1924 1920 1922 1924 1919 1917 1923 1924 Directory of Members Xxiil W. A. Cook. Vermilion, South Dakota. Fiora J. Cooke. 616 York Place, Chicago, Illinois. WALTER Francis Coovipce, A.B., ’99; A.M., ’01; A.M., ’14. 1913, Principal, Granite City High School; Granite City, Illinois. J. D. Coomss. Lisbon, Maine. WarreN C. Coompss, A.B., 14. 1916, Principal, Livermore Falls High School, Livermore Falls, Maine. Grace Cooper, A.B., 17. 1917, Preceptress, High School, Marshalltown, Iowa. Joun P. Corcoran. Osborne, Kansas. Apert E. CorrMANn, A.B., 19; M.A., ’22. 1922, Principal, Jr. and Sr. High School; Victor, Colorado. J. H. Corns, A.B., 01; A.M., 16. 1917, Principal, Southeastern High School; Detroit, Michigan. E. D. CorNWELL. Greenup, Illinois. Joun J. Corey. Principal, South Side High School; Denver, Colorado. G. F. Corte. Dunlap, Illinois. VincENT I. Corre. North Platte, Nebraska. Frep M. Corrritt, A.B., ’16. 1920, Principal, Salem High School; Salem, West Virginia. Homer C. Coucu. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. ANNA E. CouGHLin. 1915, Principal, Rockland High School; Rockland, Maine. L. M. Couttas. Winchester, Illinois. H. M. Couttrap, A.B., ’08; A.M., 14. 1912, Superintendent of Schools; Geneva, Illinois. Georce S. Counts, A.B., 11; Ph.D., ’16. 1920, Associate Professor of Secondary Education, Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Connecticut. W. H. Courts. Alvin, Illinois. Puiuip W. L. Cox, A.B., ’05. 1922, Principal, Junior-Senior High School, Lincoln School, Teachers College; New York. Joun A. Crate, A.B., 09; A.M., 710. 1915, Principal, Muskegon High and Hackley Manual Training School; 178 W. Webster Ave., Muskegon, Michigan. (Mrs.) E. B. Cratn, A.B., 712. 1922, Principal, High School; Mankato, Kansas. EpitH CRANE. Royal Oak, Michigan. -. a ee ee —— XXIV 1923 1922 1919 1923 1918 1924 1923 1924 1922 1924 1922 1922 1922 1923 1920 1924 1924 1923 1922 National Association of Secondary-School Principal: HELEN B. CRANE. East Lansing, Michigan. Percy F. CRANE. Washington Academy, East Machias, Maine. J. H. Crann, B.Sc., ’06. 1918, Principal, York Community High School; Elmhurst, Illinois. T. T. Cranny. Grinnell, towa. J. R. Cranor. Sandwich, Illinois. A. R. CrAwForp. Newaygo, Michigan. R. R. Cri. Ault, Colorado. R. CRoMWELL. Peoria, Illinois. Frep H. Cronincer, B.S., ’05. 1921, Principal, High School; Fort Wayne, Indiana. H. E. Crooxer, A.B., °17. 1920, Headmaster, Berwick Academy, South Berwick, Maine. W. F. Crosswaire. Wichita, Kansas. C. Crouse. 1920, Superintendent of Schools; Lebanon, Illinois. M. M. Crurt. Virginia, Illinois. J. A. CuLLEN. 1920, School of Industrial Arts; Mt. Vernon, New York. C. L. Cunrer, A.B., 17; M.A., 18. 1922, Principal, Whittier Junior High School; Lincoln, Ne- braska. H. H. Cutty, A.B., ’87. 1905, Principal, Glenville High School; Cleveland, Ohio. Coss1 CUMMINGS. 1918, Principal, Junior High School; Clinton, Iowa. C. C. Curran. Lead, South Dakota. R. E. Custer. Gove, Kansas. Epwin J. Dau, B.S., ’21. 1921, Principal, High School; Moorhead, Minnesota. A. M. DarneLt. Topeka, Kansas. James D. Darne tt, A.B., 16; M.A., ’17. 1919, Principal, Township High School ; Geneseo, Illinois. FrEEMAN Daucurters, B.A., 96; S.T.B., 03; M.A., ’15. 1915, Professor of Education, State University of Montana: Missoula, Montana. Frank H. Davinson, A.B., ’20. 1923, Principal, Leadville High School; Leadville, Colorado. R. L. Davinson, Jr. Nevada, Missouri. 1923 1922 1924 1923 1917 1923 1922 1922 1917 1919 1924 1921 1923 1917 1923 Directory of Members XXV ALBERT Davis. Englewood, New Jersey. Cavin O. Davis, A.B., 95; A.M., 04; Ph.D., ’10. Joun E. Davis. Ecorse, Michigan. 1905, Professor of Secondary Education, University of Mich- igan; Ann Arbor, Michigan. E. O. Davis, B.A., ’21. 1921, Principal, Stillwater Senior High School; Stillwater, Oklahoma. GeorcE E. Davis, B.A., 02; M.A., ’07. 1919, Principal, Walnut Hills High School; Cincinnati, Ohio. GerorceE Emerson Davis, B.A., ’17; M.A., 719. 1921, Principal, Keokuk High School; Keokuk, Iowa. Nettie M. Davis. Horton, Kansas. L. O. Dawson, Ph.B., ’20. 1922, Superintendent of Schools; Stronghurst, Illinois. Tuomas M. Dean, A.B., 08; A.M., 15. 1916, Principal, Decatur High School; Decatur, Illinois. H. A. Dean. Superintendent of Schools; Crystal Lake, Illinois. Cuar_es E. Decker, A.B., 14; M.A., 719. 1920, Superintendent of Schools, Kewanee, Illinois. E. M. Deem. Gurnee, Illinois. O. F. Dretz. Galion, Ohio. (Mrs.) KATHERINE De FErrIN. Corunna, Michigan. Haroip N. Dempsey. Mt. Desert, Maine. C. F. DENGLER. Shickshinny, Pennsylvania. C. H. Drxon. Yorkville, Illinois. R. E. Devore. Dodge City, Kansas. Cuester C. Donce, M.D., ’87. 1917, Principal, Hibbard High School; 125 N. Sacramento Blvd., Chicago, Illinois. Henry De Youna. Colfax, Washington. J. T. Dorris. Waverly, Illinois. R. B. Dow. Belgrade, Maine. James E. Downey, A.B., ’97; A.M., 13. 1910, Headmaster, High School of Commerce; Boston, Mas- sachusetts. MarsHALL W. Downline, A.B., ’94. 1910, Principal, North High School; Syracuse, New York. XXVI 1920 1924 1920 1922 1924 1921 1923 1922 1924 1923 1924 1924 1916 1922 1924 1924 1924 1923 1918 1924 1922 1924 J. L. ENGeELHarpt. National Association of Secondary-School Principals Otto F. Dupacu, Ph.B., 98; Ph.M., ’06. 1920, Principal, Central High School; Kansas City, Missouri. C. H. DuKenr. McHenry, Illinois. F. J. DuFrain, A.B., ’16. 1921, Principal, High School; Pontiac, Michigan. NeAL DuNCAN. Milledgeville, Illinois. F. W. DuN-ap. LaFayette, Illinois. SmitH DUNNACK. Somerset Academy, Athens, Maine. D. K. Dunton, A.B., ’94. 1912, Principal, Central High School; Pueblo, Colorado. Hersert L. Dyar, A.B., ’05. 1921, Principal, Washburn Township High School; Washburn, Illinois. F. S. EaKevry. San Antonio, Texas. F. L. Earty. Buchanan, Michigan. W. I. Earty. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. James A. Eastwoop. De Soto, Kansas. FE. J. Eaton, A.B., 04; A.M., ’19. 1920, Principal, South High School; Youngstown, Ohio. Lipa M. Essert, Ph.B., ’08; A.M., ’21. 1910, Principal, Linden High School; Linden, New Jersey. Miprep Epert. New Hampton, Iowa. Smas Ecuots, B.A., ’05. 1915, Principal, High School; 612 Broadway, Mt. Vernon, Illinois. RayMonp B. Eppy. Otisville, Orange County, New York. F. S. Epwarps. Marshall, Illinois. A. J. Ercken. Golden, Illinois. E. R. ELiran, Ph.B., 717. 1922, Principal, High School; Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Cartos B. EL is. 1910, Principal, High School of Commerce; Springfield, Mas- sachusetts. J. B. Ety. Fillmore, California. Martua E. Emry. 1921, Principal, Fairfield High School; Fairfield, Iowa. Ness City, Kansas. Epna Wuite Ernst. Wapello, Iowa. 1922 1924 1918 1924 1921 1922 1922 1916 1922 1924 1924 1924 1923 1919 1919 1918 1923 1922 Directory of Members XXVii S. D. Erwine, B.S., 11; M.A., 716. 1922, Principal, McLean Community High School; McLean, Illinois. J. W. Espensuare, A.B., ’03. 1923, Principal, Lebanon High School; Lebanon, Pennsylvania. FRANK S. Espey. 1916, Principal, Roberts High School; Superintendent of Grade Schools ; Roberts, Illinois. Grorce W. Evuts ter. Ivy, Virginia. Asert W. Evans, S.B., '05; S.M., ’08. 1920, Principal, Wendell Phillips High School; 244 East Per- shing Road, Chicago, Illinois. Georce W. Evans, A.B., ’83. 1905, Headmaster, Charlestown High School; Lynn, Massachu- setts. H. E. Evevanp. Fisher, Illinois. Cuar.es D. Everett, A.B., ’80; A.M., ’93. 1893, Principal, North High School; Fourth and Dennison Avenue, Columbus, Ohio. D. M. Ertne, B.S., ’22. 1922, Principal, Crystal Lake Community High School ; Crystal Lake, Illinois. R. H. Ewrne. Blaine, Washington. D. B. Facer. Blandinsville, Illinois. Cuar_es B. Facer, Jr., A.M., 93; M.D., ’93; Se.D., ’11. 1905, Principal, Technical High School; Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania. ‘ C. F. FAHRNROFF. Allerton, Illinois. R. W. FarrcH Ip. Elgin, Illinois. Ben C. FaIrMAN. St. Johns, Michigan. E. F. FANNON. Centerville, Iowa. ELizABETH FAULKNER, A.B., 85. 1909, Principal, The Faulkner School ; 4746 Dorchester Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. N. R. Feastey, A.B., 714. Downers Grove, Illinois. Beutau A. Fenrmore, B.S., ’16; F.R.S. 1917, Principal, Kensington High School; Cumberland and Amber Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Haroip A. Fercuson, A.B., ’14; A.M., 716. 1921, Principal, Central High School; Akron, Ohio. F. E. Ficxrncer, A.B., ’94. 1911, Principal, Langley Junior-Senior High School; Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania. 1922 1918 1923 1918 1922 1923 1924 1919 1924 1924 1918 1923 1923 1917 1919 1919 1921 1924 1923 1921 1923 1922 1923 1923 xxviii National Association of Secondary-School Principals ELien FIean, B.A., ’12. 1918, Principal, Humboldt High School; Humboldt, Iowa. Racpu E. Fires, A.B., ’95. 1912, Principal, East Orange High School; East Orange, New Jersey. Epwin L. Finotey, A.B., 91; A.M., 96. 1919, Principal, South High School; Cleveland, Ohio. Tuomas H. Fintey, B.S. in Ed., ’15. 1916, Principal, Sullivan ‘Township High School; Sullivan, Illinois. Leicu V. FINn.ey, B.S., ’18. 1921, Principal, Catlin ‘Township High School; Catlin, Llnots. R. S. FINLey. Fort Kent, Maine. R. S. FrrepauGu. Oakwood, Illinois. C. A. Fisuer, A.B., '10; A.M., ’19. Principal, Central High School; Kalamazoo, Michigan. Epitn M. FIiscHer. Des Moines, Lowa. L. J. FirzstmMons. Eureka, Kansas. M. L. FranrncaM, B.S., 04; A.M., °14. 1908, Principal, Urbana High School; Urbana, Illinois. J. A. FLEMING. Bonner Springs, Kansas. Harriett FLetcuer, B.S., 19. 1918, Principal, West Junior High School; Warren, Ohio. Ira A. Fiinner, Ph.B., 06; A.M., ’20; A.B., ’11. 1911, Headmaster, Huntington School; Boston, Massachusetts. Lewis L. Forsytue, A.B., 04. 1917, Principal, Ann Arbor High School; Ann Arbor, Michigan. L. M. Fort, B.A., 713. 1918, Principal, High School; Mitchell, South Dakota. G. Herpert Foss. Fort Fairfield, Maine. Eli C. Foster. Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Hersert H. Foster, Ph.D., ’07. 1923, Head of Department of Education, Beloit College; Beloit, Wisconsin. H. A. Foster Belfast, Maine. H. D. Foster. Orono, Maine. SuRTON P. Fow ter, A.B., ’07. 1918, Principal, Central High School; Cleveland, Ohio. Roy U. Fow ter. Dixfield, Maine. Wane C. Fow er, B.S., ’21. 1923, Superintendent of Schools, Hiawatha City Schools; Hia- watha, Kansas. 1923 1924 1923 1923 1924 1923 1923 1922 1921 1924 1917 1924 1924 1916 1923 1924 1918 1923 1922 Directory of Members Xvix E. J. Fox. Neinan Intermediate School ; Detroit, Michigan. Guy Fox, A.B., 715; A.M., ’19. 1923, Principal, Buena Vista and Longfellow Schools ; Colorado Springs, Colorado. HuGuH FRaANcIs. Traverse City, Michigan. J. H. Francis. Piper City, Illinois. ELLEN K. FRANKISH. Central High School; Omaha, Nebraska. EmiLy FRANK. Hecla, South Dakota. W. J. FRANKs. Ponca City, Oklahoma. W. R. Frazer, B.S., ’18. 1920, Principal, McPherson Sr. High School; McPherson, Kansas. Mrs. Jesste W. FREEMAN. Sangerville, Maine. Georce F. Freire, B.S., ’14; M.A., 16. 1920, Principal, Roselle High School; Roselle, New Jersey. P. P. Frencu. St. Charles, Michigan. E. B. FRESHWATER. Macomb, Illinois. Evsert K. Fretwe, Ph.D. 1917, Professor, Teachers College, Columbia University; New York City. Ravpu A. Fritz, A.B., 17; A.M., ’20. 1922, Superintendent of Schools, Fountain Public School; Fountain, Colorado. V. K. Frouta, A.B., ’98. Roosevelt High School; Seattle, Washington. CARLETON S. FULLER. South Paris, Maine. Wipur N. Futter. St. Louis, Montana. L. A. Fucwimer, A.B., 95; A.M., ’05. 1904, Principal, High School; Freeport, Illinois. E. A. Funk, A.B., 710. 1917, Principal, Arkansas City Junior High School; Arkansas City, Kansas. Mary Funlican. Monticello, Indiana. H. H. Gapssy, A.B., ’86; Ph.D., ’92. 1895, Principal, Drury High School; North Adams, Massachu- setts. M. P. GAFFREY. The Roger Ascharn School; Hartsdale, New York. M. C. GaLLaGHeR, B.A., 18. 1921, Principal, Detroit High School; Detroit, Minnesota. xxx National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1924 THomas W. Gatioway, A.B., '87; A.M., ’90; Ph.D., ’93. American Social Hygiene Association; 370 Seventh Avenue, New York, New York. 1923 Cart A. GARDNER. North Side High School; Fort Worth, Texas. 1924 Rk. H. GARDNER. Madison, South Dakota. 1922 Homer L. Garrett. Louisiana State University ; Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 1924 U. F. Garrett. Ethan, South Dakota. 1923 Ransome J. Garrett, B.S., ’20. 1922, Principal, Richmond High School, Richmond, Maine. 1924 R. E. Garrett. Belvidere, Illinois. 1922 Mary GARRISON. Mendon, Michigan. 1924 Avery E. GasKINs. Renick, West Virginia. 1923 Witt1AM HerMAn Geicer, Ph.B., ’10; A.M., '12. 1917, Superintendent of Schools; Lisbon, Ohio. 1924 Q. D. Gasgue. Kingstree, South Carolina. 1921 C. W. GetHmann, A.B., A.M., B.D. 1921, Principal, High School, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 1924 F. N. Gautt. Gilbert, Arizona. 1923 Lee E. Geyer. Corning, Kansas. 1924 CHarves H. Getse. Watertown, South Dakota. 1923 G. A. GILBert. Lamont, Michigan. 1924 A. J. Gipson. Fairmont, West Virginia. 1922 Georce H. Grvpert, Jr., B.A., 14. 1917, Principal, High School, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts. 1924 Erwin L. GIenke. Plumville, Pennsylvania. 1923 A. J. GiLtson. Elkins, West Virginia. 1924 CC. N. Grrrorp. Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin. 1923 F. H. Grcvicanp, B.A., ’17. 1922, Principal, High School; Le Mars, Iowa. 1921 J. F. Grtvicanp, A.B. 1910, Principal, Senior High School; Arkansas City, Kansas. 1924 B. I. Gimmestap. Lester Prairie, Minnesota. 1924 H. R. Grrwarp. Martinsville, Illinois. 1924 Amos W. Gran. Paola, Kansas. 1921 1924 1916 1923 1923 1916 1919 1921 1924 1924 1922 1918 1924 1918 1923 1923 1924 1923 1924 1924 1924 1922 Directory of Members XXXi W. L. Grascock, A.B., 05; A.M., ’06. 1912, Principal, San Mateo Union High School; San Mateo, California. G. A. GLASSING. Menno, South Dakota. Ronatp P. GLeason, B.Sc., ’87. 1905, Principal, Technical High School; Scranton, Pennsyl- vania. H. H. GNuseE. South Side High School; Memphis, Tennessee. Howakrp L. Goas. Orange, New Jersey. W. L. Goste, S.B., 01. 1905, Principal, Elgin High School ; Elgin, Illinois. W. A. Goopter. Bloomington, Illinois. NELLIE GoopMAN, B.Di., 10; B.A., 712. Estherville, Iowa. F. C. Goopwin. Milford, Illinois. CLARENCE N. Goutp. Buckfield, Maine. Maubpe I. GorHam, Ph.B., ’19. 1920, Principal, Holcomb Consolidated School; Holcomb, Kansas. THOMAS WarRINGTON GosLinG, A.B., 94; A.M., 04; Ph.D., 11. 1921, Superintendent; 22 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wis- consin. R. E. Gowons. Ottawa, Kansas. V. BLANCHE GraHaM, B.S., 94. 1910, Principal, High School; Naperville, Illinois. Gorpon GRANT, B.L., ’94. 1912, Principal, Fort Collins Colorado High School; Fort Col- lins, Colorado. Wirarp E. Graves, A.B., ’07. 1919, Superintendent County High School System, Cheyenne County High School; Cheyenne Wells, Colorado, Lee T. Gray. Portsmouth, New Hampshire. W. L. Gray. Belding, Michigan. Maccie Gray. Principal, High School; Grundy Center, Iowa. B. RAYMOND GREENE, Ped.B., 09; A.B., ’12; A.M., 713. 1920, Principal, Fort Morgan Senior High School; Fort Morgan, Colorado. W. Earte GREENE. Lucas, Kansas. Cari GREEN. Flat Rock, Illinois. xxxii National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1921 1920 1922 1924 1924 1924 1924 1923 1916 GerorGe M. GREEN. Principal, Inglewood Union High School; Inglewood, Cali- fornia. Roy V. GREEN. Lyndon, Kansas. N. F. GREENHILL. County High School; Cullman, Alabama. ELiten M. Greco. Wheaton, Illinois. A. F. Grecory. Webster Springs, West Virginia. C. E. GrirFitu. Wyoming, Illinois. KEAN GRIFFITH. Olathe, Colorado. M. R. Gricssy. Oregon, Illinois. R. I. Gricssy, A.B., 718. 1923, Principal, Amos Hiatt Junior High School; Des Moines, Iowa. J. O. Grimes. Ypsilanti, Michigan. E. DuNcAN GrizzeLL, A.B., ’15; A.M., 19; Ph.D., ’22. 1922, Assistant Professor Secondary Education, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. FRANK L. Grove, A.B., ’09; A.M., 717. \ 1918, Principal, Mobile High School; Mobile, Alabama. P. F. Grove, A.B., ’13; A.M., ’23. 1922, Superintendent-Principal, Mt. Carroll Com. High School ; Mt. Carroll, Illinois. C. Cooper Groves. Chester, Illinois. A. D. Groy. Dennysville, Maine. R. L. Gwinn. Ridge Farm, Illinois. E. D. Gunn. Midian, Kansas. Wo J. GuTHrie. Principal, High School; Des Moines, Iowa. C. F. Gysson. Williamsville, Illinois. W. W. Haccarp, A.B., 17. 1921, Principal, Arthur Hill High School; Saginaw, W. S., Michigan. D. H. HotpamMan. Farmington, Missouri. Wayne B. HALtes. Snow Junior College; Ephraim, Utah. Avon S. Hatt, A.B., 84. 1913, Principal, Medill High School; Chicago, Illinois. 1924 1924 1922 1922 1924 1924 1921 1921 1920 1919 1919 1917 1921 1924 1923 1917 1924 1924 1923 1921 1922 1924 1924 1924 Directory of Members XXxXili M. H. HALLMAN. Aberdeen, South Dakota. Myron C. HAMER. Farmington, Maine. G. R. HaMILtTon. Hopedale, Illinois. Jessie M. HAMILTON. Morey Junior High School; Denver, Colorado. R. R. HAMILton. Hurst, Illinois. Cuas. E. HAMLEN. Oxford, Maine. Herzert F, Hancox, A.B., 710; A.M., 711. 1919, Principal, Central Evening Preparatory School; 19 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois. Joun Lous Haney, B.S., ’98; A.M., ’00; Ph.D., ’01. 1920, President, Central High School; Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania. Ben M. Hanna. Rockford, Illinois. C. C. HANNA. 1920, Principal, Bridgeport Township High School; Bridgeport, Illinois. L. W. Hanna, Ph.B., ’09. 1917, Principal, Township High School, Centralia, Illinois. Roy F. HannuM, A.B., ’07. 1923, Principal, High School; Ottumwa, Iowa. F. E. Hanscom, M.A. 1897, Principal, Gould’s Academy; Bethel, Maine. A. I. Harpy. Mendota, Illinois. S. J. Hareis. LaVeta, Colorado. R. T. Harcreaves, A.B., ’02. 1918, Principal, Central High School; Minneapolis, Minnesota. P. J. HARKNESS. Armour, South Dakota. Max C. Harmon. Buxton, Maine. E. L. Harms. Augusta, Kansas. W. E. HarnisuH. Bellflower, Illinois. Pau. W. Harn ty. Chanute, Kansas. W. P. HarreEL. Vincennes, Indiana. Lester B. HARRIMAN. Cornish, Maine. R. W. Harriman. West Hartford, Connecticut. xxxiv National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1922 W.G. Harris. Elgin, Illinois. 1924 Henry H. Harris. Lowell, Massachusetts. 1924 Mervin C. Hart. Birmingham, Michigan. 1924 Drew T. Hartuorn. Waterville, Maine. 1923. R. HARTMAN. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. 1924 Grorce A. Hartwick. Monongah, West Virginia. 1924 J. M. Harvey. Marshall, Illinois. 1921 CuHarves B. HASKELL, A.B. 1919, Principal, High School; South Portland, Maine. 1921 CHarvtes O. HASKELL. Harvard, Illinois. 1924 W. A. Harcu. Nucla, Colorado. 1920 L. W. HaviLanp. Onarga, Illinois. 1924 (Mrs.) M. W. Havicanp. Jefferson, South Dakota. 1919 Watter W. Havicanp, A.B., ’93. 1912, Principal, Friends’ Select School; Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. 1922 Witt1am Hawkes, A.B., ’12. 1919, Principal, Township High School; Toulon, Illinois. 1924 Mason A. Hawkins. Baltimore, Maryland. 1923 H. H. Haw ey, A.B., ’04. 1918, Principal, Ludington High School; Ludington, Michigan. 1923. M. J. Hayes. Hutchins School ; Detroit, Michigan. 1923 R. M. Hayes. Unity, Maine. 1922 WiiiaAM F. Heap, B.S., ’09. 1917, Principal, High School, Albion, Michigan. 1923. Witt1am Heaton, Ph.B., ’04. 1922, Principal, Centennial High School; Pueblo, Colorado. 1924 V. M. HEFFELFINGER. Mahaffey High School; Mahaffey, Pennsylvania. 1921 A. G. Herman, A.B., ’08. 1920, Principal, High School; Sioux City, Iowa. 1924 Ipa J. HeLrricn. Carthage, Illinois. 1924 D. B. Heiter. Vermilion, South Dakota. 1923 L. E. HeNpERSON. St. John, Kansas. 1924 1924 1924 1922 1923 1923 1922 1923 1924 1924 1921 1923 1924 1924 1917 1924 1920 1923 1917 1923 1923 1924 1923 Directory of Members XXXV E. H. HEnricks. LaPlace, Illinois. 2 H. D. Henpricks. Boonville, California. Joun C. HENDRICKSON. Platte, South Dakota. H. E. Henprix. Mesa, Arizona. S. HENDRIX. Iola, Kansas. Bernice Henry. Hillman, Michigan. F. A. HERRINGTON. Depue, Illinois. J. R. Hervey, A.B., 715. 1920, Principal, South Haven High School; South Haven, Michigan. C. L. Hicpon. Hebron, Illinois. S. E. Higgins. Colby, Kansas. Luetta HicutsuHoe, A.B., 07; A.M., 10. 1919, Principal, High School; Shenandoah, Iowa. Roscoe C. Hitt. East Denver High School; Denver, Colorado. Harotp M. Hit. Alba, Michigan. J. W. Hut. Orlindo, Tennessee. Tuomas Crawrorp Hu, A.B., ’81. 1904, Principal, Christian Fenger High School; Chicago, IIli- nois. WitiiaM C. Hut, A.B., ’94; A.M., ’23. 1910, Principal, Central High School; Springfield, Massachu- setts. H. S. HILvesoe. Sioux Falls, South Dakota. C. M. Hime. Principal, Des Plaines Township High School; Des Plaines, Illinois. L. F. Hire. 1918, Principal, Roosevelt High School; Wyandotte, Michigan. A. M. Hitcu, A.B., ’97; B.S., ’07. 1907, Principal, Kemper Military School; Boonville, Missouri. O. F. Hrre, B.A., 713. 1923, Superintendent of Schools; Dodge City, Kansas. FrepericK C. Hopcpon, A.B., 94. Ginn and Company; 70 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York. E. B. Honces. Mountain View, California. Joun A. Hones, A.B., ’09; A.M., 710. 1916, Sumner High School; Kansas City, Kansas. xxxvi National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1924 B. A. Horrman, A.B., 16. 1923, Principal, Elburn Community High School; Elburn, Illinois. 1922 F. H. Horr. Westfield, Illinois. 1924 Grorce W. HopGkins. 1821 Kalorama Road, Washington, D. C. 1924 C. ALLEN Hocte, B.S., ’14. Principal, Senior and Junior High Schools; Newton, Iowa. 1922 P.M. Hoke. Heyworth, Illinois. 1923. W. R. Horsert, Ph.B., ’14. 1920, Principal, Somerville High School; Somerville, New Jersey. 1923 C. R. Hovsroox. Nogales, Arizona. 1920 H. D. Hoxpen. Manlius, Illinois. 1923. Ray B. HoLiincsHeap, A.B., ’21. 1921, Principal, Cripple Creek High School; Cripple Creek, Colorado. 1924 ©. K. Hoxtister. Westbrook Seminary; Portland, Maine. 1924 Fro E. Horman. Mulberry, Kansas. 1924 Watrace F. Hotman. Madison, Maine. 1924 J. R. Hormes. Sapulpa, Oklahoma. 1924 L. C. Horston. Yarmouth, Maine. 1923 L. J. Honiss. Dumont, New Jersey. 1922 F. C. Hoop. Vandalia, Illinois. 1917 Watrter D. Hoon, B.A., ’94. 1908, Principal, The Gilbert School; Winsted, Connecticut. 1921 W. S. Hoover, B.S., ’15. 1921, Principal, Clinton Community High School; Clinton, Illinois. 1922 Frances E. Hopkins. Principal, High School; Lyons, Michigan. 1924 Meyers B. Horner. Corapolis, Pennsylvania. 1923 Watter Horst, A.B., ’16. 1917, Principal, Three Rivers High School; Three Rivers, Michigan. 1919 B. Q. Hosxinson, A.B., 16; A.M., 17. Augusta, Illinois. 1919 Ortis Hosxinson, A.B., 00; A.M., 716. Paxton, Illinois. 1923 Ivan P. Hostetter, B.S., ’19. 1922, Principal, Miami High School ; Miami, Arizona. 1920 1919 1924 1922 1924 1919 1924 1923 1923 1923 1919 1924 1922 1918 1923 1922 1924 1924 1924 1923 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 Directory of Members XXXVii O. C. Hostetter, B.S., ’22. 1922, Principal, Moore Township High School; Farmer City, Illinois. H. W. Hostettcer. Olney, Illinois. T. C. Hostetter. Kempton, Illinois. Henry G. Horz, Ph.B., 13; M.A., ’15; Ph.D., 717. 1919, Professor of Secondary Education, University of Arkan- sas; Fayetteville, Arkansas. J. L. House. El Centro, California. Georce E. Howarp. 1918, Superintendent of Schools; Farina, Illinois. F. J. Howe, M.Ped., ’02. 1923, Principal, High School; Muscatine, Iowa. Juttan O. Howe. Brush, Colorado. Georce Harrison Hower, B.S., 12; B.Ped., ’06. 1922, Principal, Ellis High School; Ellis, Kansas. C. F. Howtanp, A.B., 90. 1923, Principal, Franklin High School; Franklin, Maine. A. E. Hupparp. Wellington, Illinois. Rev. LericH Hussett. Brookland, D. C. Cuartes S. Hurr, A.B. 1910, Principal, High School; Asbury Park, New Jersey. H. D. Hughes, A.B., 08; A.M., ’17. Brewer Teachers’ Agency; Chicago, Illinois. R. O. Hucues, A.B., ’00. 1913, Peabody High School; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Jay Earre Hu et. Keyesport, Illinois. L. B. Hutt, A.M. 1924, Principal, Latimer Junior High School; Pittsburgh, Penn- sylvania. Joun G. Hutton. Latrobe, Pennsylvania. Merte F. Hunt. York, Maine. R. C. Hunt, B.S., ’18. 1918, Superintendent of Schools; Howard, Kansas. R. L. Hunt. Hebron Academy; Hebron, Maine. W. F. Hunter, B.A., 717. 1921, Superintendent of Schools; Platteville, Colorado. MarsHa.y W. Hur in. Jonesboro, Maine. J. H. Hutcurnson. Stanford, Illinois. Lowe. E. Huston. Roxbury, Kansas. xxxviii National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1923 Harry Huston, A.B., ’05. 1915, Principal, High School; Blackwell, Oklahoma. 1923 J. L. Hutcuinson, B.S., ’15. 1911, Principal, Senior High School; Pittsburg, Kansas. 1920 CremMeENT C. Hype, A.B., ’92; L.H.D., ’12. 1911, Principal, Hartford Public High School; Hartford, Con- necticut. 1922 R. W. HynpMAN. Canton, IIlinois. 1922 R. W. HynpMan, A.B., °15; A.M., ’12. 1920, Principal, High School ; Hillsdale, Michigan. 1924 Ernest ILer. Downers Grove, Illinois. 1923 L. R. Isaacs. Charles City, Iowa. 1924 W. L. INcoxp. Walkertown, North Carolina. 1924 E. J. Jackson. Mt. Olive, Illinois. 1924 C. N. Jackson. Bluefield, West Virginia. 1923. Lampert L. Jackson, M.Pd., 00; D.Pd., 06; Ph.D., ’06. 1920, Assistant Commissioner; Trenton, New Jersey. 1921 Raxtpxu W. Jackson, B.S., ’20. 1920, Principal, Benton Township High School; Benton, IIli- nois. 1923 EstTHER JACoBs. Burlington, Iowa. 1924 Sister Mary JAMES. Jefferson, South Dakota. 1922 Danzer F. Jantzen, A.B., ’21. Principal, Phoenix Union High School; Phoenix, Arizona. 1922 WILLson JARMAN. Nauvoo, Illinois. 1923. ArtTHuR W. JELLISON. 1922, Principal, Milo High School; Milo, Maine. 1923. Fern JENKINS. Cassopolis, Michigan. 1924 H. JENKINS. Portland, Oregon. 1923 Loutse K. Jessen. Milford, Iowa. 1922 Joun H. Jessup, A.B. 1920, Principal, High School; Harlan, Iowa. 1923 Ear Jewetr. Telluride, Colorado. 1924 FRANK H. Jewett. Old Orchard, Maine. 1924 CuHartes A. Jonnson, B.A., ’07. 1917, Superintendent of Schools, Walsenburg, Colorado. 1921 FRANKLIN W. Jounson, A.B., 91; A.M., 94; L.H.D., ’16. 1919, Teachers’ College ; 120th Street and Broadway, New York, New York. 1923 1922 1923 1924 1923 1922 1924 1918 1923 ‘ 1922 ’ 1924 1922 1924 1924 1922 1924 1924 1924 Directory of Members XXxix C. T. Jounson, B.S., 21. 1921, Principal, Oswego High School, Oswego, Kansas. Joun H. JouHnson. Mapleton, Illinois. Joun O. Jonnson, A.B., 19. 1923, Principal, Stillwater High School; Stillwater, Minnesota. P. E. JoHNson. Southwest Harbor, Maine. R. W. JoHNSOoN. Royal Centre, Indiana. C. E. Jomner. LeRoy, Illinois. ARTHUR OwEN Jones, B.S., 99; M.A., ’07. 1922, Principal, Woodward High School; Cincinnati, Ohio. ArTHUR J. Jones, A.B., 93; Ph.D., ’07. 1915, Professor of Secondary Education, University of Penn- sylvania; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. G. F. Jones. Denton, Kansas. GALEN Jones, A.B., 718; A.M., ’21. Sapulpa, Oklahoma. H. S. Jones. Plymouth, Pennsylvania. J. W. Jones. 1919, Principal, Melvin Community High School; Melvin, Illinois. Wa ter P. Jones. Macon, Georgia. W. R. Jones. Pagosa Springs, Colorado. WiuiamM O. Jones. 1916, Principal, DeLand Township High School; DeLand, Illinois. F. W. Junccx. Cleveland, North Dakota. BroTHER JUSTUS. St. Mel High School; Chicago, Illinois. W. L. Kartser. Jacksonville, Illinois. J. F. Karper. Ridgway, IIlinois. J. Srevens Kapescu, A.B., ’10. 1921, Headmaster, Medford High School; Medford, Massa- chusetts. W. Les ie Katser, A.B., ’19. 1922, Principal, Jacksonville High School ; Jacksonville, Illinois. G. B. KAPPELMANN. Powhattan, Kansas. O. T. KAPpPELMANN. ‘ White City, Kansas. A. E. KarNEs. Twin Falls, Idaho. | 1] i a ng a ne fen sph cmp deena xl 1922 1922 1923 1923 1924 1922 1924 1918 1923 1922 1924 1924 1924 1922 1924 1924 1924 1924 1919 National Association of Secondary-School Principals D. L. Katreryoun, B.S., 96; A.B., ’18; A.M., 719. 1920, Principal, Labette County High School; Altamont, Kansas. Car R. Keeter, A.B., ’17. 1920, Superintendent of Schools; Greenleaf, Kansas. Lewis KEELER. Osborne, Kansas. E. E. KEena. Glenwood Springs, Colorado. J. C. Keever, A.B., ’18. 1923, Principal, High School; Spirit Lake, Iowa. MARGUERITE KER. Lake Forest College; Lake Forest, Illinois. E. R. KEiier. Greenleaf, Kansas. Paut G. W. Ketter, B.S., ’01. 1920, Principal, Waukegan Township Secondary Schools; Waukegan, Illinois. GLENN K. Ke ty, A.B., ’16. 1923, Principal, Houghton High School; Houghton, Michigan. M. C. KeELiey. Vermilion, Illinois. R. Key. Peotone, Illinois. WittraAM Kempron. Cape Elizabeth, Maine. EpitH KENNoN. Anamosa, Iowa. Harry V. Kepner, A.B., 90; A.M., 97; Sc.D., 717. 1919, Principal, West High School; Denver, Colorado. G. B. KeprerMAn. Miltonvale, Kansas. Tuomas W. Kerroot, B.S., ’18. 1920, Principal, High School; Ft. Madison, Iowa. ARMAND KERLAOUzO. Power, Montana. R. N. KetcHam. Oak Park High School; Oak Park, Illinois. Grisert A. Ketcnam, A.B., ’99. 1912, Principal, Missoula County High School; 813 Hilda Street, Missoula, Montana. Erne J. Keys. Mattoon, Illinois. M. R. Keyes. Mattanawcook Academy; Lincoln, Maine. H. E. Krcsourne. Abilene, Kansas. P. H. Krmpatt, A.B., 711. 1920, Principal, Brunswick High School; Brunswick, Maine. R. R. KimMMELE. Washington, Illinois. J. P. Kine. King City, Kansas. So RIND BRE 8 Se te ee PES an ROSE AER eo 1919 1923 1922 1921 1924 1919 1920 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1922 1920 1924 1921 1924 1923 1918 1920 1922 Directory of Members C. H. Kineman, A.B., ’05. 1913, Principal, Township High School; Ottawa, Illinois. CLARENCE D. KINGSLEY. Boston, Massachusetts. Cuartes R. KINIson. Rosemond, IIlinois. Tuomas J. Kirsy, A.B., 06; M.A., 10; Ph.D., '13. 1920, Professor of Secondary Education, University of Iowa; Iowa City, Iowa. Epona Kirk, A.B., 711. 1923, Principal, Hutsonville Township High School; Hutson- ville, Illinois. H. H. Kirkpatrick. Principal, High School; Tuscola, Illinois. GeraALp W. Kirn, Ph.B., 09; M.A., ’13. 1919, Principal, High School; Council Bluffs, Iowa. G. W. Kurenece, A.M., ’11; A.B., 02. Superintendent of Schools; Hoisington, Kansas. W. A. Kune, A.B., ’16; B.S., ’18. 1917, Principal, High School; Westerville, Ohio. H. E. Knarr. Des Plaines, Illinois. E. L. KNEELAND. Danforth, Maine. Wiry W. KnicHTEN. Grass Valley, Oregon. Rosert R. KNow es, B.S. 1922, Principal, Industrial Arts High School; Sterling, Colo- rado. CuarLes W. Knupson. Eureka, Illinois. O. E. Knutson. Egan, South Dakota. Oscar F. Kocn, Ph.B. 1921, Principal, High School; Kewanee, Illinois. Grover C. KorrMan. Shreveport, Louisiana. C. A. Kors. Reserve, Kansas. G. J. Koons, A.B., 712. 1918, Superintendent of Schools, Principal, Township High School; 922 North Chicago Street, Pontiac, Illinois. Leonarp V. Koss, A.B., 07; A.M., ’15; Ph.D., 716. 1919, Professor of Secondary Education, University of Minne- sota; Minneapolis, Minnesota. ZoLA KRAMME, A.B., ’16. 1921, Principal, Forest City High School; Forest City, Iowa. E. F. KRAXBERGER. Peetz, Colorado. MatHILpa Kress, 1917, Principal, Westmont-Upper Yoder High School; Johns- town, Pennsylvania. | H 4 i xlii 1919 1923 1919 1924 1924 1922 1924 1917 1923 1921 1922 1924 1918 1924 1924 1924 1924 1922 19206 1923 1922 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Ricuarp E. Kruse. 1903, Principal, North Division High School; Milwaukee, Wis- consin. Lewis D. Krucer, B.S., ’10. 1921, Principal, Rosedale High School; Kansas City, Kansas. W. W. Krumsiek, A.B., 713. Edwardsville, Illinois. Exrroy LaCAasce. Fryeburg, Maine. Mitton B. LAMBERT. Houlton, Maine. A. H. LANCASTER. Dixon, Illinois. A. J. Lana. Huron, South Dakota. D. Lance, A.B., ’09. 1916, Principal, Mechanic Arts High School; Central and Roberts Streets, St. Paul, Minnesota. (Mrs.) ZenatpeE LarkINs. 1921, Principal, Northville High School; Northville, Michigan. C. E. Larson. Stronghurst, Illinois. Joun A. Larson, A.B., 12; A.M., ’23. 1917, Principal, Senior High School; Little Rock, Arkansas. H. Paut LARRABEE. Wells, Maine. Arnotp Lau, LL.B., 06; Ph.B., 18. Y. M. C. A.; 19 South LaSalle St., Chicago, Illinois. W. W. Lautersacu, B.S., ’21. 1922, Principal, Zeigler Community High School; Zeigler, Illinois. Cuester E. Lawson. Denton, Kansas. F. Harris Leavitt. Eliot, Maine. C. M. Layton. Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Cuar.es E. Le Furce, A.B., 16. 1918, Principal, Lansing Senior High School; Lansing, Mich- igan. H. W. Leacu, B.S., ’11. 1917, Principal, Marietta High School; Marietta, Ohio. Car E. Lecrow. Brooks, Michigan. H. M. Lernspaueu, B.S., ’13. Mendon, Illinois. C. E. Lemme. Madison, Illinois. J. E. Lemon, A.B., ’83. 1894, Superintendent of Schools; Blue Island, IMinois. M. L. Lennon, M.A. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. 1922 1924 1922 1923 1923 1924 1924 1923 1921 1922 1922 1923 1924 1922 1924 1920 1922 1922 1922 1921 1924 1920 1919 1924 1924 Directory of Members Ratpu F, LeseMANN. Nashville, Illinois. Orvanpo A. LESTER. Springfield, Maine. MartHa M. Letts, A.B., ’83. 1903, Principal, High School; Sedalia, Missouri. James Lewis. Westbrook, Maine. Foster M. Lewis, A.B., ’98. 1921, Assistant Principal, Central High School; Cleveland, Ohio. Jones LEYMAN. Elkpoint, South Dakota. Dwicut L. Lipsey. West Paris, Maine. E. S. Live, A.B., ’14; LL.B., 716. 1920, Principal, Lawton High School; Lawton, Oklahoma. Earw K. Licutcap. Stockton, Illinois. M. E. Licon, A.B., ’05; A.M., ’21. 1921, Principal, High School, Ashland, Kentucky. E. E. Liryegutsrt. Elburn, Illinois. S. J. Linck. Ravenna, Michigan. J. E. Lincn. Johnson City, Illinois. F. M. Linptey. Manito, Illinois. J. W. Linbey. Cheney, Washington. R. V. Linpsey, B.E., 719. Principal, Pekin Community High School; Pekin, Illinois. Cora Z. Lire, B.S., 711. 1921, Principal, High School, Witt, Illinois. F. W. Lipper. Sterling, Kansas. SHERMAN Litt er, A.B., ’11; A.M., ’12. 1921, Principal, Township High School; Henry, Illinois. W. H. Livers. 1921, Principal, High School; Galesburg, Illinois. (Mrs.) E. Lock. Columbus, Kansas. A. V. LocxHanrt, A.B., 715; A.M., 717. Lockport, Illinois. E. H. Lomser, Ph.B., 03; Ph.M., ’06. 1906, Principal, Canandaigua Academy; Canandaigua, New York. CHARLES LoMBARD. Kennebunk, Maine. Rev. W. J. LonerGan. Van Buren, Maine. i nL Sn ema eaennpeeerenas~eennntinncsanneeapenien mermemeieeere xliv 1922 1924 1923 1923 1924 1919 1922 1923 1924 1919 1924 1924 1924 1916 1924 1924 1924 1923 1924 1923 1923 1923 1922 1924 National Association of Secondary-School Principals ALEXANDER LONG. Greenville, Illinois. Epiru A. Loncson. Principal, Berea High School; Berea, Ohio. NorMAN D. Lornrop, B.A., '17. 1922, Principal, Bingham High School; Bingham, Maine. Haroip Loucus. Lyons, Kansas. Pup Lovejoy, A.B., 716. 1923, Principal, High School; Marshall, Michigan. O. H. Lowary, A.B., ’02. 1910, Principal, High School; Bakersfield, California. A. W. Lowe, A.B., ’00. 1922, Principal, Portland High School; Portland, Maine. Mitcarp L. Lowery, A.B., ’08; A.M., ’09; A.M., '14. 1922, Principal, Senior High School; New Brunswick, New Jersey. G. E. Lowry. Stonington, Illinois. W. M. Loy. Gibson City, Illinois. Micuaet H. Lucey. F. A. Lunan, B.A., 717. 1923, Principal, High School, Chariton, Iowa. B. G. Lupwic. Martins Ferry, Ohio. Epmunp D. Lyon, A.B., 02; Ped.D., ’08. 1919, Principal, East High School; 5505 Arnsby Place, Cincin- nati, Ohio. O. S. Lutes. Medford, Minnesota. S. H. Lytrre, A.B., "15. 1920, Principal, High School; Manistee, Michigan. J. I. Lyncn, B.D., ’00; A.B., ’07. 1923, Principal, Township High School, Johnson City, Illinois. Mary MacDona p. Northfield, Massachusetts. J. W. MacNertst, Ph.B., ’11. 1920, Century Co.; 2126 Prairie Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Francis J. MACELWANE. 2535 Collingwood Avenue, Toledo, Ohio. L. O. MACHLAN. Gunnison, Colorado. Evan L. Manarrey, B.A., 07; M.A., 11. 1920, Principal, South High School; Columbus, Ohio. G. G. Manxey, B.S., 715; M.A., ’23. 1921, Principal, Nutley High School; Nutley, New Jersey. Josern F. MANLEy. Boys’ High School; Paterson, New Jersey. Haroip E. Mann. Hinckley, Illinois. Don T. MANN. Dunnellon, Florida. 7 Se aN eee eee 1919 1922 1921 1924 1921 1923 1924 1916 1923 1923 1916 1923 1923 1916 1924 1924 1923 1924 1922 1922 1920 Directory of Members L. B. Mann. Earlville, Illinois. Martin M. Manspercer, B.Sc., in Ed. 1921, Principal, High —-hool; Zanesville, Ohio. J. O. Marserry, A.B., 08; A.M., ’16. 1921, Principal, Rockford High School; Rockford, Illinois. Linpsay J. Marcu. Dover-Foxcroft, Maine. Frank H. MARKMAN. Jerseyville, Illinois. Epwarp T. Martatt, Ph.B., ’03. 1918, Principal, High School, Hackensack, New Jersey. A. M. Marrs. : Omaha, Nebraska. Grorce Epwarp MarsHALL, A.B., ’90. 1907, Principal, Davenport High School; Davenport, Iowa. H. C. MarsHa tt, A.B., ’97. 1918, Principal, Hubbard Junior High School; Columbus, Ohio Joun H. MarsHa.t. Marshall, Missouri. J. E. Marsua tt, B.S., 01; M.A., 19. 1916, Principal, Central High School; 1696 Blair St., St. Paul, Minnesota. F. O. MARSHALL, Vermilion Grove, Illinois. O. T. Marston. Pleasant Hill, Illinois. Murray Martin, A.B., 22. 1923, Principal, Eaton Rapids High School; Eaton Rapids, Michigan. Isaac P. Martin, A.B., 717. 1919, Superintendent of Schools; Pawnee Rock, Kansas. H. I. Marvin. Midland, Michigan. J. G. Masters, Ph.B., 12; A.M., 715. 1915, Principal, Central High School; Twentieth and Dodge Streets, Omaha, Nebraska. Epitu L. MAsTERs. Petersburg, Illinois. EpitH E. Mastus. Petersburg, Illinois. NorMAN L. Matuews, B.S., ’16. 1918, Principal, Waterville Senior High School; Waterville, Maine. Neit D. Matuews. Cleveland, Ohio. ArtHur J. Matteson, A.B., ’14. 1920, Principal, A. D. Johnston High School; Bessemer, Michigan. E. W. Matroon. St. Joseph, Illinois. E. O. May, B.S., 11. 1921, Principal, Township High School; Robinson, Illinois. xlvi 1923 1920 1924 1924 1916 1923 1924 1923 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Frep A. MAYBERRY. 1922, Principal, Carnegie High School; Carnegie, Oklahoma. HERMAN MAYHEW. Morgan Park Military Academy ; Chicago, IIlinois. R. J. Mayo. Hopkins, Minnesota. EL1zaBETH Mayor. Carthage, Illinois. L. F. Meape, Ph.B., ’03. 1921, Principal, Senior High School; Port Huron, Michigan. W. H. Meck. Stivers High School; Dayton, Ohio. A. B. Metrose, A.B., ’15. Principal, High School; Charles City, Iowa. Cuartes E. Metton, A.B.S., "17. 1921, Principal, Walnut Commercial High School; Walnut, Illinois. Monroe MELTON. 1920, Principal, Hall Township High School; Spring Valley, Illinois. G. H. Merriam. Hinckley, Maine. A. W. Merritt, A.B., ’90. 1923, Assistant Superintendent of Schoois; Des Moines, Iowa. C. C. MERRILL. Forrest, Illinois. Louise A. MERRILL. Byers Junior High School; Denver, Colorado. F. H. Merton. Ouray, Colorado. R. B. Mertz. Trinidad, Colorado. Bruce W. Merwin. Sharon Springs, Kansas. Haroip F. Meyer. Elburn, Illinois. (Mrs.) Racuer S. MICHAEL. 1922, Member, St. Louis Board of Education; St. Louis, Mis- souri. F. L. Miran. North Haven, Maine. ApHa M. MILLer. Jackson, Missouri. ARMAND R. Mi ter, B.S., ’97; A.M., ’23. 1914, Principal, McKinley High School; St. Louis, Missouri. BertHa M. MILter, Butler, Pennsylvania. A. F. MILier. St. Francisville, Illinois. Bryan R. Miter, B.S., ’22. 1919, Superintendent, Eudora Rural High School; Eudora, Kansas. 1924 1916 1918 1923 1924 1923 1922 1924 1920 1923 1923 1923 1923 1922 1924 1922 1924 1923 1923 Directory of Members xvii C. E. Miter, B.S., 18. 1922, Superintendent, Kansas High School; Kansas, Illinois. D. W. Miter, B.S., ’21. 1922, Principal, Community High School; Geneva, Illinois. E. F. Miter, Ph.B.; Ph.M. 1911, Principal, Rayen High School; Youngstown, Ohio. Epwin L. Miter, A.B., ’90; A.M., ’91. 1922, Director of Languages, Board of Education; Detroit, Michigan. E. T. MILcer. Hannibal, Missouri. Frep J. Mitrer, A.B., ’05; M.A., ’23. 1913, Principal, East High School ; Waterloo, Iowa. Henry P. MILter. 1893, Principal, Public High School; Atlantic City, New Jersey. Mase. E. Miter, A.B., 14. 1921, Principal, High School, Littleton, Colorado. Paut G. Miter, A.B., ’16. 1922, Principal, Community High School; Staunton, IIlinois. Warp I. Miter, A.B., ’14; A.M., ’15. 1920, Superintendent of Schools; Wiley, Colorado. C. L. Mitton, A.B., ’15. 1920, Principal, High School; St. Joseph, Michigan. W. D. MINGEE. Danville, Illinois. Frep C. MitcHe.t, B.S., ’00; M.A., 06. 1915, Principal, Classical High School; Lynn, Massachusetts. S. C. MITCHELL. Benton Harbor, Michigan. LeonarD MNIECE. Hancock, Michigan. LeRoy W. Moan. Cherryfield, Maine. T. O. Motes, B.S., 713. 1923, Principal, High School; Marshalltown, Iowa. L. C. MonAHAN. Millinocket, Maine. J. R. Monroe. Islesboro, Maine. Basit E. Montcomery, B.Sc., ’22. 1922, Principal, Pennville High School; Pennville, Indiana. Wititram MonyPeny. Marion, Kansas. C. W.. Moore. Stanford, Illinois. C. H. Moore. Clarksville, Tennessee. Harry Moore. High Bridge, New Jersey. Joun W. Moore. R. F. Reynolds High School, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. xIviii National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1923 D. A. Morcan, B.S., 22. 1922, Principal, Shawnee-Mission Rural High School; Mer- riam, Kansas. 1924 WuxraAM L. Moore. Cleveland, Ohio. 1922 Freperic E. Morcan, A.B. 1919, The Principia; St. Louis, Missouri. 1924 J. H. Morcan. Ellensburg, Washington. 1923 FRANK H. Morris. Gridley, Kansas. 1924 R. H. Morris. Flandreau, South Dakota. : 1923 (Mrs.) FANE Morrison, A.B., 18. 1918, Principal, Junior High School; Midland, Michigan. 1924 R. R. Morrow. Florence, Colorado. 1924 CuiiFForp A. Morton. Town of Union, New Jersey. 1924 Emma CAse Mou tton, A.B., ’23. Girls’ Adviser, Roosevelt High School; Des Moines, Iowa. 1920 L. E. Mouton, A.B., 93; Ped.D., ’20. 1909, Principal, Edward Little High School; Auburn, Maine. 1921 Frep H. Moutton. Principal, High School; Clinton, Maine. 1924 Mary H. Moyer. Reading, Pennsylvania. 1922 E. L. Moyer, B.A., 14; M.A., ’22. 1923, Principal, Marquette High School; Marquette, Michigan. 1924 A. E. Moyers. Sidney, Iowa. 1924 Frep J. Mutper, A.B., 17; A.M., ’23. 1923, Principal, High School; Allegan, Michigan. 1920 Epcar R. Mutuins, A.B., LL.B. 1921, Principal, Community High School; Tolono, Illinois 1923 F. A. MuNDELL. 1918, Principal, Reno Community High School; Nickerson, Kansas. 1924 P. M. Munro. Selma, Alabama. 1920 Irvinc Munson. Momence, IIlinois. 1924 Gerorce W. Murpocn, A.M., ’07; Ph.B., 01. 1913, Principal, Southwestern High School; Detroit, Michigan. 1922 MAarGARET MurPHY. Carlinville, Illinois. 1920 Sanrorp Murpuy. Chillicothe, Illinois. 1922 Witit1am D. Murpuy. Perry, Illinois. 1920 Jessie Muse. 1912, Principal, Girls’ High School; Atlanta, Georgia. a 1923 1924 1919 1922 1922 1916 1924 1922 1922 1917 1924 1923 1923 1924 1924 1922 1923 1922 1924 1924 Directory of Members xlix Ray F. Myers, A.B., ’14; A.M., ’21. 1922, Principal, Thomas Jefferson High School ; Council Bluffs, Iowa. J. A. Myers. Pedagogical Library; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Perry W. McAL ister, A.B. 1918, Principal, Township High School; Lovington, Illinois. D. F. McCasu. Newton, Illinois. Georce R. McCLetian. Bement, Illinois. E. H. Kemper McComgs, A.B., ’95; A.M., ’98. 1916, Principal, Emmerich Manual Training High School; South Meridian and Merrill Streets, Indianapolis, Indiana. OrteE McConkey. Clarksburg, West Virginia. A. H. McConneELt. Weldon, Illinois. W. W. McConne tt, B.S., ’17. 1922, Principal, Junior-Senior High School; Winfield, Kansas. Tuomas J. McCormack, A.B., ’84; A.M., ’87; LL.B., ’90; M.S., ’91. 1903, Principal, LaSalle-Peru Township High School; LaSalle, Illinois. JosepuH Stewart McCowan, Ph.B., 95; A.M., ’00. 1916, Principal, High School; South Bend, Indiana. D. W. McCoy, A.B., 712; A.M., ’23. 1923, Principal, High School; Springfield, Illinois. H. W. McCuttocu. Chatsworth, Illinois. M. R. McDaniet, M.S., ’05; A.M., ’09. 1914, Principal, Oak Park and River Forest Township High School; Oak Park, Illinois. R. E. C. McDoveatt, B.A., 716. 1923, Superintendent of Schools; Bradley, Illinois. (Mrs.) Loutse A. McDona np. Oread High School; Lawrence, Kansas. Monte McFarane. Ishpeming, Michigan. R. McGratu. Lanark, Illinois. E. C. McGraw. Hampden, Maine. R. L. McKamy. Paw Paw, Illinois. Maser F. McKee, B.A., ’08. 1922, Principal, High School; Perry, Iowa. E. W. McKeen. Leavitt Institute; Turner, Maine. Ipa E. McKInney. Woodbine, Iowa. J. R. McKi1opr. Selma, California. 1919 1922 1922 1921 1919 1922 1924 1922 1922 1924 1921 1922 1923 1924 1919 National Association of Secondary-School Principals ELeanor McLAvuGHLin. Sesser, Illinois. G. P. McLaucu_in, A.B., ’19. 1920, Superintendent of Schools; Frederick, Colorado. J. C. McMitran, A.B., ’12. 1918, Principal, High School; Mazon, Illinois. H. C. McMittrn, A.B., B.S., ’13; A.M., ’16. 1918, Principal, Senior High School ; Coffeyville, Kansas. Mavupe McMinpes, B.S., 16. 1920, Principal, Senior High School; Hays, Kansas. J. V. McNa tty, A.B., ’21. Assistant Principal, Northwestern High School; Detroit, Michigan. W. W. McNALty. Howland, Maine. E. J. McNety, B.A., ’13; B.S., 16; M.E., ’20. 1923, Principal, Community High School; Gillespie, Illinois. J. H. McNeet, A.B., 00. 1913, Principal, High School; 217 St. Lawrence Avenue, Beloit, Wisconsin. (Mrs.) W. F. McNutty, B.S. 1913, Principal, High School; Stockton, Kansas. R. L. McPueron. McAlester, Oklahoma. A. Guy McREyNo ps. Pocahontas, Illinois. O. L. McReyno tps, A.B., 15. 1919, Principal, High School; Atkinson, Illinois. W. E. McVey, B.S., ’16; A.M., 719. 1919, Principal, Thornton High School; Harvey, Illinois. Wo F. Nan. Anchor, Illinois. Arvip NELSON. Atwood, Kansas. J. B. Netson, A.B., '19. 1920, Principal, High School; Batavia, Illinois. C. H. Netrets, A.B., ’20. 1921, Superintendent of Schools; Smith Center, Kansas. J. K. NEwMANN. 1921, Principal, High School; Rockport, Illinois. C. H. Newcomser, B.S., ’16. 1920, Principal, High School; Oskaloosa, Iowa. Ross J. NicHov. 1921, Principal, High School; Bluffs, Illinois. G. Harvey Nicuots, B.S., ’12. 1920, Principal, High School; Bound Brook, New Jersey C. E. NICKLE. Fort Dodge, Iowa. PauL H. NICHOLSON. Frederick, Colorado. O. F. Nixon, A.B., ’14; A.M., ’22. 1920, Principal, East High School; Green Bay, Wisconsin. 1924 1924 1921 1923 1916 1922 1924 1923 1924 1923 1917 1922 1923 1922 1924 1918 1921 1922 1922 1922 1923 1924 1919 Directory of Members li Cuartes M. Novak, A.B., 08; A.M., ’15; LL.B., 712. 1916, Principal, North Eastern High School; Detroit, Michigan. Warp F. Nort. Rochester, Minnesota. Paut C. Norvett, B.S., 18. 1920, Principal, High School; Cairo, Illinois. Wa tter F. Nutt, B.S., 05. 1911, Principal, High School; Clifton, New Jersey. E. P. Nuttine, A.B., 02. 1905, Principal, High School; Moline, Illinois. W. C. Nystrom, A.B., ’14. 1921, Principal, Community High School; Norton, Kansas. E. A. OaKLEy. Auburn, Washington. M. D. OestREICHER, A.B., ’21. 1922, Superintendent of Schools; Bucyrus, Kansas. F. A. OGLE, Greeley, Colorado. ARTHUR OLLIVIER. Pella, Iowa. F. H. Oxney, A.B., 91. 1893, Principal, Senior High School; Lawrence, Kansas. Ecmer L. Otson. Knoxville, Illinois. Ottver L. Otson, A.B. Lovila, Iowa. A. B. O’Net, B.L., ’97. 1901, Principal, High School; Oshkosh, Wisconsin. MeELton D. OPENo. Kinde, Michigan. F. L. Ortn, A.B., ’00. 1917, Principal, High School; New Castle, Pennsylvania. L. G. Osporn, A.M., 18; A.B., 14; B.S., ’12. 1920, Principal, High School; Wood River, Illinois. C. A. Osticuy, M.E., 712. 1922, Principal, Downs Community High School; Bloomington, Illinois. CHARLES OTTERMAN, A.B., A.M. 1919, Principal, Woodward High School ; Cincinnati, Ohio. Grace A. OVERHEISER. Centerville, Michigan. R. E. Owen. Oak Grove Seminary; Vassalboro, Maine. GarraH M. PACKER. Marshalltown, Iowa. Irvinc O. PALMER, ’87; A.M., ’90. 1910, Principal, Newton Technical High School; Newtonville, Massachusetts. WINNIE M. PALMER. Wellman, Iowa. J. C. ParRLin. Principal, Freedom Academy; Freedom, Maine. lii 1921 1923 1923 1922 1921 1924 1917 1920 1924 1923 1921 1923 1923 1924 1924 1923 1923 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Joun A. PARTRIDGE. Caribou, Maine. Tuomas B. Partwoop. Atchison, Kansas. Inez Patterson, A.B., 13. 1922, Principal Lenox High School; Lenox, Iowa. O. W. Patterson. Eldorado, Kansas. Deva Patton, B.A., 712. 1920, Principal, High School; Washington, Iowa. Francis H. J. Paut, B.A., ’97; Pd.M., 02; Pd.D., ’14. 1914, Principal, DeWitt Clinton High School; Forest Hills, New York. W. L. Payne, B.S., ’18. 1923, Principal, Richmond Burton Community High School; Richmond, Illinois. Eunice D. PEeasopy. All Saints School; Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Cuartes E, Pence, A.B., 08; A.M., ’10. 1914, Principal, Harvard School for Boys; 4731 Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. GEorGE PENNER. Sedgwick, Kansas. C. B. PENNYBACKER. Ardmore, Pennsylvania. Everett V. Perkins, A.B., ’05. 1923, Principal, Cony High School; Augusta, Maine. L. T. Perritt, B.S., ’12. 1922, Principal, Hunter Rural High School; Hunter, Kansas. Cares H. Perrine, Ph.B., ’92. 1920, Principal, Parker High School; Chicago, Illinois. Ratrpu R. Perrine, A.B., ’06. 1922, Principal, High School; Monmouth, Illinois. R. H. Perrott. Rutland, Illinois. Harry A. Peters, B.A., ’02. 1908, Principal, University School; Cleveland, Ohio. O. E. Pererson, A.B., ’07; Ph.M., ’10. 1914, Superintendent, Community High School; Sycamore, Illinois. ELMER PETREE. Fairfax, Oklahoma. C. A. Petterson, Ph.B., ’93. Principal, Carl Schurz Evening High School; Chicago, IIlinois. ALvIN F. Perry. 1922, Principal, Benjamin Funk High School; Shirley, Illinois. E. O. Puares, A.B., ’22. 1922, Principal, Community High School ; Sheldon, Illinois. H. E. Purvsvap. Soldier, Kansas. C. C. Puiiuips. Strong, Maine. 1924 1923 1923 1921 1924 1923 1922 1915 1922 1923 1924 1924 1922 1923 1917 1917 1919 1919 Directory of Members liii C. E. Puituips, A.B., 07; A.M., ’09. 1922, Principal, Durham High School; Durham, North Caro- lina. Epwin PHILLIPs. Hollis, Maine. H. S. Puuties, A.B.,’84; A.M., 05. 1920, Principal, Gove Junior High School; Denver, Colorado. O. B. PHIL irs. Tyndall, South Dakota. Eur Pickwick, Jr. East Side High School; Newark, New Jersey. FRANKLIN R. Pierce. Battin High School; Elizabeth, New Jersey. F. H. Pierce. Principal, Jordan High School; Lewiston, Maine. Mortimer W. PLUNKETT. 7632 Henrrie Avenue, Detroit, Michigan. M. D. Poranp. Central C. and Manual Training High School; Newark, New Jersey. MartTHa Ponp. Business High School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. H. J. Ponirz, Ph.B., ’20. 1923, Principal, High School; Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. D. E. Porter, A.B., ’02. 1919, Principal, Omaha Technical High School; Omaha, Ne- braska. H. V. Porter, B.E., ’16. 1918, Principal, Community High School; Athens, IIlinois. JENNIE E. Post. Van Buren Junior High School; Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Harotp H. Posten. Wauwatosa, Wisconsin. Lecau E. Pore. Vermilion, South Dakota. I. B. Potter, A.B., ’11. 1920, Superintendent of Schools; Dixon, Illinois. J. K. Portte. Lee Academy ; Lee, Maine. Joun L. G. Porrorr, A.B., 03; M.E., 11; M.A., ’11. 1907, Principal, McKinley High School ; Canton, Ohio. Joun Rusu Powe tt, A.B., ’97; A.M., ’99. 1909, Soldan High School; St. Louis, Missouri. E. W. Powers. Fairbury, Illinois. WILLIAM PRAKKEN, A.B., 98; Ph.B., ’00. 1915, Principal, High School; 128 Glendale Avenue, Highland Park, Michigan. H. E. Pratt. High School, Albany, New York. W. A. Pratt, A.B., ’82; A.M., ’85. 1921, Superintendent, Atwood Township High School; At- wood, Illinois. t 1924 1923 1923 1924 1919 1921 1921 1923 1916 1923 1922 1921 1924 1924 1921 1924 1924 1923 1923 1919 1919 1919 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Watter M. Pratt. Waterloo, New York. HELEN PRITCHARD. Des Moines, Iowa. O. G. Pricnarp, A.M., ’15. 1922, Vice-Principal, East High School; Des Moines, Iowa. ELLswortH PRIce. Jackman, Maine. F. C. Prince. Alliance, Nebraska. RatpH W. PRINGLE. Principal, High School; Illinois Normal University; Normal, Illinois. G. A. Prock. Principal, Kennebunkport High School; Kennebunkport, Maine. CLARENCE W. Proctor, A.B., 98. 1920, Principal, Bangor High School; Bangor, Maine. H. G. Provines. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Mere Prunty, A.B., ’09. 1918, Principal, Central High School; Tulsa, Oklahoma. W. J. Purrer. Dort Junior High School; Flint, Michigan. Joun H. Puc. Western Teachers’ Exchange; 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. Myrtle Putten, B.A., ’10. 1919, Principal, High School; Britt, Iowa. Grorce C. PurtncTon. Fort Fairfield, Maine. R. K. Purt, B.S., ’22. 1923, Principal, Community High School; Dupo, Illinois. CLARENCE P. QurMsy, A.B., 710. 1923, Principal, High School; South Manchester, Connecticut. P. E. Qurrine. Freeman, South Dakota. A. W. RAce. Hermon, Maine. Stuart R. Race, A.B., 711. 1921, Principal, Junior-Senior High School; Lakewood, New Jersey. Francis D. RapForp. Menominee, Michigan. James Rae, B.S., ’03. 1918, Principal, High School and Junior College; Mason City, Iowa. L. W. RacLanp, A.B.; A.M., ’19. 1922, Superintendent of Schools; Normal, Illinois. J. E. Rarsourn, A.B., ’96. 1916, Principal, Township High School; Eldorado, Illinois. 1923 1924 1923 1922 1923 1924 1924 1918 1923 1921 1924 1922 1924 1917 1923 1923 Directory of Members lv Atrrep C. Ramsey, B.S., 714. 1920, Assistant Principal, Montclair High School; Montclair, New Jersey. W. M. Rano. Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Foster S. Ranoie, A.B., °11. 1922, Principal, East Side High School; Madison, Wisconsin. GeorcE C. RANNE. Roseville, Illinois. Lee C. Rasey, A.B., ’13. 1920, Principal, High School; Appleton, Wisconsin. F. E. Ray, B.Sc., ’21. 1923, Principal, Cropsey Community High School; Cropsey, Illinois. S. J. Rawson. Redlowville, Maine. A. A. Rea, A.B., 713. 1917, Principal, West High School; Aurora, IIlinois. Everett A. REA, Jr., A.B., ’20. 1922, Principal, High School; Webster City, Iowa. W.C. Reavis, A.M. 1921, Principal, University High School; University of Chi- cago, Chicago, Illinois. Ernest JOHN Reep, A.B., ’15. 1916, Principal, Adrian High School; Adrian, Michigan. H. S. REep. Presque Isle, Maine. Josepu A. Reep, B.S., 06; A.M., ’07. 1906, Principal, Franklin High School; Seattle, Wash. Q. Ray REepy. Hamilton, Illinois. W. D. REEVE. University High School, the University of Minnesota, Minne- neapolis, Minnesota. B. L. Reeves. Williamsville, Illinois. G. H. Rew. McNabb, Illinois. Cecit K. REIFF. Principal, Central High School, Muskogee, Oklahoma. Apert Renwick, A.B., ’21; A.M., ’22. 1923, Principal, High School; Hudson, Michigan. O. M. Rurne, A.B., 713. 1920, Principal High School; Manhattan, Kansas. C. A. Rice. Benton Harbor, Michigan. CLARENCE T. Rice, A.B., B.Sc., ’11; A.M., ’18. Principal, Kansas City High School; Kansas City, Kansas. N. J. Rice. Brighton, Colorado. J. H. Ricuarp, A.B., 711. 1921, Principal, High School; Harveyville, Kansas. lvi 1924 1924 1924 1924 1924 1924 1922 1924 1919 1923 1923 1924 1922 1924 1923 1924 1924 1916 1917 1922 1923 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Myron W. RICHARDSON. Principal, Girls’ High School; Brighton, Massachusetts. Rap D. RicHarps. Rocky River, Ohio. S. H. Riper. Wichita Falls, Texas. Wut A. RICHARDS. Iola, Kansas. Mary O. Ricuey, B.L., 95; M.S., ’97. 1911, Oak Park and River Forest Township High School; Oak Park, Illinois. J. J. RreMersMaA. Holland, Michigan. E. F. Rive. Saybrook, Illinois. Wicrrep Harvey RINGER. High School, Gloucester, Massachusetts. H. A. RItcHer. Rutland, Illinois. B. J. Rivett, S.B. 1920, Assistant Principal, Northwestern High School; Detroit, Michigan. Wit C. Ross, A.B., ’14; A.M., '15. 1920, Principal, Part-Time School, J. Sterling Morton High School; Cicero, Illinois. Cuarves A. Rossrns, Ph.B., ’00. 1923, Principal, Mattanawcook Academy; Lincoln, Maine. CHESTER Rossins, A.B., 13; A.M., 22. 1919, Principal, High School; Bridgeton, New Jersey. J. A. Roserts. Beresford, South Dakota. R. M. Ropertson. Erie, Illinois. L. C. Rosey. Morrisonville, Illinois. V. H. Rostnson. Oldtown, Maine. W. T. Rosinson. Chattanooga, Tennessee. JosepH RoEMER. Gainesville, Florida. Emity Rockwoop. Calais, Maine. Grorce H. Rockwoop, A.B., 79; A.M., ’82. 1900, Principal, Austin High School; 5417 Fulton Street, Chi- cago, Illinois. Wut S. Rog, A.B., 05; A.M., ’15. 1920, Principal, Colorado Springs High School; Colorado Springs, Colorado. ANNA Rocers-Parr. Brownstown, IIlinois. S. O. Rorem. Sioux City, Iowa. 1923 1924 1923 1922 1923 1922 1922 1924 1923 1922 1924 1918 1922 1924 1916 1920 1924 1922 1916 1923 1922 1923 1924 Directory of Members Ivii Harvey M. Rosa, A.B., ’14. 1922, Principal, City High School; River Rouge, Michigan. H. E. Rosenserc. Findlay, Illinois. H. J. Ross. Mexico, Maine. Joun G. RossMan. Fort Smith, Arkansas. G. E. Roupesusu, B.Sc., ’18; M.A., ’23. 1920, Principal, South High School; Lima, Ohio. H. C. RucKmick. Leroy, Illinois. Joun Rurt, B.S., 18; M.A., ’20. 1921, Principal, Luther L. Wright High School; Ironwood, Michigan. H. C. Rute. Parsons, Kansas. James N. Rute, B.S., 98; M.S., ’01. 1921, Department of Public Instruction, Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania. Cuester A. RuMBLE. Hume, Illinois. C. E. Russett, A.B., 715. 1923, Principal, Westfield Township High School; Westfield, Illinois. J. B. Russe. Wheaton, Illinois. W. G. RusseELL. Manual Training High School; Hume, I!linois. W. R. Ryan, A.B., 719. 1922, American Book Company; Chicago, IIlinois. Epwarp Rynearson, A.B., ’93; A.M., ’96; Ped.D., 719. 1912, Principal, Fifth Avenue High School; 1800 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. R. M. SALeE. Oneida, Illinois. V. E. SAMMONo. Hot Springs, National Park, Arkansas. A. B. SANDIFER. 1, Principal, High School; Brownstown, Illinois. R. L. Sanpwick, A.B., ’95. 1903, Principal, Deerfield-Shields Township High School; Highland Park, Illinois. Lina E. Sancer, B.A., 16. 1918, Principal, High School; Bridgewater, Virginia. Epwarp SAvuvain, Ph.B. 1919, Principal, Schenley High School; Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania. Samuet P. Savace, B.Pd., ’11; A.B., ’22. 1922, Principal, High School; Owosso, Michigan. T. E. SavacE. Argenta, Illinois. An EERE SBE RS Sat aieenen lviii 1923 1922 1923 1921 1922 1924 1924 1920 1924 1919 1918 1923 1922 1924 1921 1920 1922 1923 1916 1924 1924 1920 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Ray SAWHILL. Kanopolis, Kansas. M. A. SCHALCK. Rollo, Illinois. Grorce E. Scuitirine, A.B., ’00; A.M., ’20. 1919, Principal, High School; Bradford, Pennsylvania. Rev. Herpert Scuiswer, A.B., ’14. 1920, Rector, St. Bede College Academy; Peru, Illinois. F. L. ScHLAGLe. Kansas City, Kansas. I. L. ScHLuTer. Onaway, Michigan. L. E. Scuiytre. Wittenberg, Wisconsin. O. I. ScHMAELzLE, B.S., ’20. 1921, Principal, High School; Morton, Illinois. CLayTon SCHMIDT. Wilmot, South Dakota. H. G. Scumipt, A.B., 02; B.S., ’07; A.M., 710. 1915, Principal, Township High School; Belleville, Illinois. Parke Scuock, A.B.; ’88; A.M., '91. 1912, Principal, West Philadelphia High School for Girls; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. RALEIGH SCHORLING. Teachers’ College, Lincoln School; New York City. C. B. Scurepet, Ph.B., 19; A.M., ’20. 1921, Superintendent of Schools; Burns, Kansas. A. G. SCHROEDERMEIER. Linwood, Kansas. E. M. ScHUENEMAN. Nashville, Illinois. J. M. Scoviie. Walden, Colorado. A. B. Scorrt. Bath, Maine. O. M. SEARLEs. Albert Teachers’ Agency; Chicago, Illinois. Joun L. Seaton, A.B., S.T.B., Ph.D., D.D. 1919, College Secretary, Board of Education, Methodist Epis- copal Church; 150 Fifth Avenue, New York City. C. F. Serer, A.B., 14; A.M., '17. 1918, Junior High School; Allentown, Pennsylvania. E. O. Serrince, A.B., ’20. 1922, Principal, High School; Denison, Colorado. Wa ter E. Severance, A.B., 95; A.M., ’02. 1918, Principal, Central High School; Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania. A. O. H. Setzepranpt. Eagle Grove, Iowa. J. A. Sexson. Sterling, Colorado. B. F. Suarer, A.B., ’14; A.M., ’23. 1922, Superintendent of Schools; Jacksonville, Illinois. 1922 1922 1924 1924 1921 1923 1924 1923 1924 1923 1923 1922 1916 1922 1924 1924 1919 1922 1923 1924 1923 Directory of Members lix J. P. SHANp. Hudson, Michigan. B. C. SHANKLAND. Principal, High School; Cadillac, Michigan. Roy B. SHARROCK. Euclid, Ohio. B. B. SHaw. Bridgewater, South Dakota. CHarRLEs SHAW. Gorham, Maine. W. F. Suaw, A.B., ’13; M.S., ’21. 1921, Principal, Central Junior High School; Kansas City, Kansas. S. L. SHEEP. Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Joun W. Sue er, Ph.B., 09; A.M., ’21. 1921, Principal, High School; Fort Scott, Kansas. H. P. SHtIetps. Bowen, Illinois. F. J. SIcKLes. Millville, New Jersey. Harry C. Sreser, B.S., 09; Pd.M., ’22. 1920, Principal, High School; Red Bank, New Jersey. XERXES Sitver, A.B., 714. 1922, Superintendent of Schools; San Jose, Illinois. Davin P. Simpson, A.B., 92; A.M., 95; LL.B., 09. 1911, Principal, West High School; Cleveland, Ohio. M. R. Simpson, A.B. 1920, Principal, High School; Bucyrus, Ohio. W. F. Simpson, A.B., 15; A.M., ’23. 1921, Principal, High School; Shelby, Ohio. WiiraM A. Simpson. Bridgton, Maine. IrMA F. SIPtine. Missouri Valley, Iowa. Avery W. SKINNER, A.B., ’92. 1920, Director of Examinations and Inspections Division; Albany, New York. W. H. SKINNER. La Crosse, Kansas. R. W. SKINNER. Rapid City, South Dakota. Louis PALMER Srape, A.B., 93; A.M., ’97. 1912, Principal, Public High School; New Britain, Connecticut. Cuares H. Sater, Ph.B. 1921, Principal, Cleveland High School; St. Louis, Missouri. F. E. SLeeper, Jr. Litchfield, Maine. F. G. Stentz. Greenville, Michigan. C. V. Stoan, M.S., ’05. 1910, Principal, High School; Phillipsburg, New Jersey. Ix 1923 1923 1922 1923 1923 1922 1923 1920 1924 1922 1924 1922 1924 1924 1923 1924 1918 1923 1916 National Association of Secondary-School Principals N. B. Stoan, A.B., ’97. Principal, Central High School; Bay City, Michigan. H. W. SrotHower, B.S., A.B., ’15. 1921, Principal, High School; Mount Union, Pennsylvania. Bessie Smart, A.B., ’21. 1922, Superintendent, Community High School; Milledgeville. Illinois. M. C. Smart. Pennell Institute; Gray, Maine. EuGENE SMEATHERS. Rahway, New Jersey. Cates W. SMIck. Oberlin, Kansas. James B. SMILEY. Lincoln High School ; Cleveland, Ohio. A. E. Situ, Ph.B., ’20. 1923, Principal, High School; Neponset, Illinois. Atwyn C. SMItH. Broadway Junior High School; Denver, Colorado. C. A. SMITH. Attica, Indiana. C. H. Situ, M.E., ’85. 1890, Assistant Principal, Hyde Park High School; Chicago, Illinois. Cuartes W. Situ. Winchester, Illinois. C. L. Smita. Belfast, Maine. Erman S. Situ, B.S., ’00. 1907, Superintendent of Schools; Barrington, Illinois. Everett P. SmitH. Sebago, Maine. G. Ernest SMITH. Elkhart, Illinois. G. T. Smitn. 4932 Lake Park, Chicago, Illinois. Hoyt D. Snir, A.B., ’21. 1923, Principal, Gill Consolidated School; Gill, Colorado. James F. Situ. 912 Markham Avenue, Durham, North Carolina. J. H. Smirn. Lowell, Arkansas. L. C. Smrirtu, A.B., ’05. 1922, Wenona, Illinois. Lena M. Situ. Meade, Kansas. Lewis Wi ser Situ, A.B., 02; A.M., 13; Ph.D., 719. 1919, Principal, Joliet Township High School and Junior Col- lege; Joliet, Illinois. Lioyp Situ, A.B., ’16. 1919, Principal, High School; Ionia, Michigan. O. O. Situ. Chapman, Kansas. 1921 1923 1923 1924 1923 1924 1916 1924 1923 1924 1923 1924 1924 1924 1923 1924 1921 1921 1924 1924 1921 1924 1919 Directory of Members Ixi R. H. G. SmirH. Rushville, Illinois. WELLs SMITH. Kit Carson, Colorado. Wiii1aM L. Situ, A.B., ’95; A.M., ’05. 1901, Principal, Alleghany High School; Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania. W. O. Smita. Keene, New Hampshire. Rosert SMYLIE, JR. Dows, Iowa. Ivan U. Snyper. Montrose, Kansas. WittraM H. Snyper, A.B., ’85; A.M., ’88; D.Sc., ’08. 1908, Principal, Hollywood High School; Los Angeles, Cali- fornia. WarrEN E. Snorer. Sheffield, Illinois. Irwin B. SOMERVILLE. Ridgewood, New Jersey. R. W. SNYDER. Lindsay, California. D. W. SPANGLER. Longmont, Colorado. Oviver SorviEn. Louisville, Kentucky. JEwELL SPARLING. Croswell, Michigan. R. B. Sparks. Plainview, Texas. L. H. Spencer, B.A., ’21; M.A., ’22. 1922, Principal, High School; Glenwood, Iowa. E. B. SPAULDING. Gary, Indiana. C. E. Spicer. Assistant Superintendent, Joliet Township High School and Junior College; Joliet, Illinois. M. H. Spicer, B.A., 17. 1921, Principal, High School; Washington, IIlinois. R. L. Sprres. Paxton, IIlinois. (Mrs.) Lucy M. Spracue. Crete, Nebraska. Asa SpRuUNGER, A.B., ’14. 1920, Assistant Principal, High School; Decatur, Illinois. Cuar.es E. SprINGMEYER. Brooklyn, New York. Frank W. Stant, Ph.B. 1918, Principal, Bowen High School; Chicago; Illinois. Fiorence M. Starnes, B.A., ’11. 1917, Principal, High School ; Eldora, Iowa. Raymonp E. Sratey, A.B., ’12. 1920, Principal, Beall High School; Frostburg, Maryland. Ixii National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1922 L. L. STaNpLEy. Chenoa, Illinois. 1923. E. L. Starrett. Kingman, Kansas. 1918 WayLanp E. Stearns, A.B., ’85; A.M., ’94. 1899, Principal, Barringer High School; Sixth Avenue, Ridge and Parker Streets, Newark, New Jersey. 1924 MINNIE L. SteckeL, A.B., 17. 1921, Principal, High School; Atlantic, Iowa. 1924 F. B. StTeece. Wagner, South Dakota. 1923 J. H. Steere, E.M., ’00. 1921, Assistant Principal, Manual Training High School, Den- ver, Colorado. 1916 H. T. Steerer, A.B., ’09. 1918, Principal, West High School; Des Moines, Iowa. 1924 R. B. Stenincer, B.S., 718. 1923, Principal, High School; Beason, Illinois. 1924 M. R. Srepnan, B.E., ’23. 1923, Superintendent of Schools; Dakota, Illinois. 1923 M. H. STEPHENs. Creston, Iowa. 1923 R. L. STEINHEIMER. Junction City, Kansas. 1924 R. B. STERRINGER. Beason, Illinois. 1922 E.G. Stevens, B.Ed., 16. 1917, Principal, Township High School, Rantoul, Illinois. 1924 Donan B. STEvENs. Brattleboro, Vermont. 1920 E. R. Stevens, B.S., ’18. 1920, Principal, High School; Leavenworth, Kansas. 1922 Grorce C. STEVENS. Kiowa, Kansas. 1924 Everett R. STEVENSON. Palmyra, Illinois. 1916 Frep G. Stevenson, A.B., 08. 1917, Principal, High School ; 1564 Iowa Street, Dubuque, Iowa. 1924 C. E. Stewart, A.B., ’20; A.M., ’22. 1910, Superintendent, Washington County High School Sys- tem; Akron, Colorado. 1924 Joun W. Stewart. Scienceville, Ohio. 1922 ANpREW STEVENS. Keyesport, Illinois. 1924 H. V. Stewart, B.S., ’16; M.S., ’24. 1921, Principal, High School; Lansford, Pennsylvania. 1920 Bennett M. Sricatt, A.B., 01; A.M., ’05. 1919, Assistant Superintendent of Schools ; 3729 Walnut Street, Kansas City, Missouri. 1924 D. H. Stimpson. Patten, Maine. 1920 1924 1922 1922 1923 1924 1921 1923 1924 1921 1923 1924 1924 1923 1920 1919 1924 1921 1922 1924 1919 1921 1922 1924 Directory of Members Ixiii W. E. Stitwe tt, A. B., 01; A.M., ’03. 1903, Headmaster, University School; Cincinnati, Ohio. L. V. StocKarp. Dallas, Texas. WittiaM R. Stocking, A.B., A.M., 713. 1923, Principal, Central High School; Detroit, Michigan. Epna B. Stott, B. A., ’23. 1921, Principal, High School, Independence, Iowa. C. H. Srone. Wheatrige, Colorado. G. Frank Stone, A.B., ’19. 1923, Principal, Leavitt Institute; Turner Center, Maine. J. B. Stout, A.B., 717. 1919, Principal, High School; Shabbona, Illinois. E. S. Stoves. Bloomfield, New Jersey. J. C. Srratey. Cherokee, Kansas. Rateu E. Srrincer, A.B., 16. 1921, Principal, High School; Herrin, Illinois. Everett STROUD. Havana, Kansas. (Mrs.) Mary Stroup. Bunker Hill, Kansas. Ervin Stuart. Monson Academy, Monson, Maine. Mixo H. Stuart, A.B. 1912, Principal, Arsenal Technical High School; Indianapolis, Indiana. Artuur E. Stuxey, B.S., 710. 1918, Principal, High School; Fort Lee, New Jersey. E. H. STULKENs. Sullivan, Illinois. J. G. Srutt. DuQuoin, Illinois. Frank P. SuLLIvAN. Chicago, IIlinois. Wa tter E. Suttivan, A.B., 02. 1913, Principal, High School; Brewer, Maine. Ws. Scott Sutton. Forest City, Illinois. Joun Swan. Bridgewater, South Dakota. Orvit_e M. Swank, A.B., ’07. 1919, Principal, Anna-Jonesboro Community High School; Anna, Illinois. Harotp B. Swicker, B.A. 1921, Principal, High School; Guilford, Maine. C. F. Switzer. Lyon and Barclay Streets, Grand Rapids, Michigan. W. E. Swrzzer. Wabeno, Wisconsin. Ixiv 1923 1920 1923 1924 1923 1923 1924 1922 1924 1923 1923 1924 1922 1921 1916 1923 1922 1922 1921 1920 1923 1924 1920 National Association of Secondary-School Principals R. R. TARBELL. Sagauche, Colorado. I. D. Tauseneck, B.Ed. 1919, Superintendent of Schools; Minier, Illinois. ARCHIBALD Tay or, Litt.B., ’09. 1922, Principal, High School; Longmont, Colorado. Cuar.es E. Tayior. Gardiner, Maine. James F, Taytor. Duluth, Minnesota. Jostan W. Taycor, B. A., 02. 1910, Agent for Secondary Education, Department of Educa- tion; Augusta, Maine. Louis L. Taytor. Harrisburg, Ohio. Harry TAYLOR. Harrisburg, Illinois. A. E. Tayior. Palisade, Colorado. R. B. Tayior. Norristown, Pennsylvania. R. R. Taytor, A.B., ’16. 1919, Principal, High School; Ingalls, Kansas. M. L. Test, B.S., ’92. 1919, Superintendent, City Schools, Petersburg, Illinois. G. A. TEWwELL. Carey, Kansas. W. P. THACKER. Nokomis, Illinois. J. L. THatman, A.B., 00; A.M., 10. 1917, Principal, Proviso Township High School; Maywood, Illinois. V. T. THayer, Ph.D., ’16. 1922, Principal, High School Department, Ethical Culture School; 33 Central Park, West, New York City. BroTHER THEOPHIBES. Holy Trinity High School; Chicago, Illinois. P. E. THERWALT. Litchfield, Illinois. James E. Tuomas, A.B., ’79. 1911, Headmaster, High School, Dorchester, Massachusetts. M. SmirH THoMAs. 1919, Principal, Hutchinson Central High School; Buffalo, New York. Matcotm L. THomas. Woodbury, New Jersey. D. W. Tuompson, B.S., 21. 1922, Principal, Warren Township High School; Gurnee, IIli- nois. Frank E. Tuompson, A.B., 71; A.M., ’75; Ed.D., ’19. 1890, Headmaster, Rogers High School; 15 Champlin Street, Newport, Rhode Island. 1924 1921 1923 1923 1919 1923 1921 1924 1923 1922 1922 1921 1924 1923 1921 1922 1922 1924 1924 1924 1924 Directory of Members Ixv G. E. THompson. St. Charles, Illinois. G. H. THompson. Marissa, Illinois. LeicHton S. THompson, Ed.M., ’23; B.A., ’11. 1920, Principal, High School; Swampscott, Massachusetts Lioyp V. THompson, A.B., ’22. 1922, Principal, Simla Union High School; Simla, Colorado. Wiuis THompson, A.B., 718. 1919, Principal, High School; Woodstock, Illinois. G. E. Tuorpe. Houghton, Michigan. C. H. THrELKELD, B.S. Principal, North High School; Des Moines, Iowa. Mase E. TICHENOR. Princeton, Indiana. Ray J. TipMAN. Cedar Falls, Iowa. W. E. Trersout, A.B. 1916, Principal, Dunbar Township High School; Connells- ville, Pennsylvania. B. C. Ticue, Ph.B., 08; Ph.M., 710. 1913, Principal, High School; Fargo, North Dakota. Cuarces C. Tittincuast, A.B., 06; A.M., ’17. 1920, Principal, Horace Mann School for Boys; 11 West 246th Street, New York City. S. B. TINSLEY. Louisville, Kentucky. W. D. TIspALe. Ramsey Boro High School; Hohokus, New Jersey. T. C. Tooker. Principal, High School; Freeport, Maine. Homer C. TootrHMAN, B.A., ’13. 1920, Principal, West Monongah High School; Monongah, West Virginia. Frank C. Touton, Ph.B., 01; A.M., ’17; Ph.D., ’19. 1922, Professor of Education, University of Southern Califor- nia; Los Angeles, California. E. D. Tow er, B.Pd., ’13; B.S., 16. 1921, Principal, La Grande High School; La Grande, Oregon JANE TownseEnp, B.S., ’17. 1917, Principal, Girard High School; Girard, Kansas. GeorceE E. Tozer, A.B., 714. 1919, Principal, High School; Windsor, Colorado. M. A. TRABERT. Knoxville, Iowa. Ervin E. Trask. Bridgewater, Maine. J. P. Treat. Manitou, Colorado. J. H. Trerz, A.B., ’20; M.A., ’22. 1923, Principal, Centerville High School; Centerville, Iowa. Ixvi 1919 1919 1922 1924 1923 1922 1921 1923 1923 1919 1924 1921 1921 1917 1923 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Exoise R. TreMAIn, A.B., ’04. 1918, Principal, Ferry Hall; Lake Forest, Illinois. J. H. Trink eg, B.S., 04; A.B., ’11. 1911, Principal, Township High School; Newman, Illinois. A. G. Tritt. 412 N. Emporia Avenue, Concordia, Kansas. J. C. TrouTMaAn. Roswell, New Mexico. GLENN E. True. Dowagiac, Michigan. B. W. TRUESDELL. 1915, Vice-Principal, Wichita High School; Wichita, Kansas. H. H. TruFanrt. Principal, Parsonfield Seminary; Parsonfield, Maine. J. W. TruspA.e. Oskaloosa, Kansas. R. M. Tryon, A.B., 07; A.M., ’12; Ph.D., 715. 1913, The University of Chicago; Chicago, Illinois. Eston V. Tusps, A.B., ’09; A.M., ’10. 1919, Principal, New Trier Township High School; Kenil- worth, Illinois. Atonzo H. Tuck. Wytopitlock, Maine. B. X. Tucker, B.S., ’00; A.B., ’01; M.S., ’03. 1907, Principal, Union High School; Richmond, California. Ipa C. TuRNBULL. Mattoon, Illinois. L. T. Turpin, Ph.B., ’06. 1921, Principal, Washington Senior High School; Cedar Rap- ids, Iowa. V. Y. Tutte, B.S., ’20. 1922, Principal, Boyne City High School; Boyne City, Mich- igan. E. T. Umsauacu, A.B., 12. 1923, Principal, High School; New Berlin, Illinois. A. G. Umpreit, A.B., 14; M.A., ’21. 1921, Principal, High School, Boone, Iowa. H. E. Unpersrink, B.E., 20. 1922, Principal, High School; Libertyville, Illinois. Joun C. UNGer. Hugo, Colorado. Witi1aAM Urpran, B.A., ’04. 1909, Principal, High School; Sheboygan, Wisconsin. M. S. VANCE. Oblong, Illinois. Ratpo VAN Hoesen. Alma, Michigan. H. J. Van Ness, A.B., 19; M.A., ’20. 1923, Principal, High School; Red Oak, Iowa. M. W. VAN PutTTEN. 1919, Principal, High School; Mason, Michigan. W. N. Van Sryck, A.B., ’14. 1921, Principal, High School; Salina, Kansas. 1923 1019 1922 1923 1923 1924 1923 1916 1924 1920 1917 1920 1919 1924 1922 1922 1924 1922 1920 1922 1924 1923 1922 Directory of Members Ixvii Bioyse M. Vaucun, A.B., 712. 1923, Principal, High School; Dayton, Nevada. Cosmos C. VeEsELey, A.B., 710. 1914, Rector, St. Procopius Academy; Lisle, Illinois. W. L. Viar. Ursa, Illinois. E. G. VILLERs. Durant, Oklahoma. W. N. Viova. Evart, Michigan. Epwakrp F. Voss. Doland, South Dakota. L. D. Voraw, A.B., 10; B.S., 710; A.M., 722. 1921, Principal, High School; Colorado Springs, Colorado. Cuirrorp GILBERT WaApE, B.S., 96; M.A., ’15. 1913, Principal, Superior High School; 793 W. Fourth Street, Superior, Wisconsin. M. CHANNING Wacner, A.B., 13; M.A., 723. 1923, Principal, Wilmington High School; Wilmington, Dela- ware. J. E. Wake ey, A.B., ’14. 1919, Assistant Principal, Danville High School; Danville, Illi- nois. Kart DoucLtas WaALpo, A.B., ’06; A.M., 714. 1914, Principal, East High School ; 24 Hickory Avenue, Aurora, Illinois. W. D. Watoprip, A.B., ’03. 1916, Principal, Streator Township High School; Streator, Illi- nois. ALBERT WALKER. Arthur, Illinois. CaRLETON L. WALKER. Alfred, Maine. H. A. C. WALKER. Lynchburg, Va. SAMUEL T. WALKER. Allerton, Illinois. DeWitt WALLER. Enid, Oklahoma. F. J. WALLACE. Kirkwood, Illinois. J. B. WaALLAceE. Rock Falls, Illinois. S. M. WALLACE. Waterloo, Iowa. A. S. Wa.icrEN, A.B., ’09. 1919, Dean of Junior College and Academy, North Park Col- lege; 5236 N. Kimball Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. CHARLOTTE WALES. State Normal School; Oswego, New York. PRENTICE T. WALTERS. Arcola, Illinois. Ixviii National Association of Secondary-School Principals 1923 1919 1923 1922 1923 1923 1923 1924 1923 1923 1919 1924 1924 1921 1916 1917 1923 R. J. Watters, A.M., '14; Litt.D., ’20. 1915, Superintendent of Schools, Public Schools; Rocky Ford, Colorado. Grorce A. Watton, A. B., ’04; A.M., ’07. 1912, Principal, George School; George School, Pennsylvania. M. C. Wattz. Canton, Maine. Doucias Wap tes, A.M., 17; Ph.D., ’20. 1920, Tufts College; Boston, Massachusetts. J. J. Warp. Castle Rock, Colorado. R. W. Warp, A.B., 19. 1919, Principal, Mount Clemens High School; Mount Clemens, Michigan. ALice F. WARNER. Durand, Michigan. Raymonp C. Wass. Standish, Maine. C. B. WASHBURN. Lisbon, Maine. O. V. WASHLER. Langdon, Kansas. W. H. Wasson. | Toledo, Illinois. G. E. WartkIns. Garnett, Kansas. T. W. Warkins, A.B., ’06; Ed.M., ’22. 1923, Principal, Kent’s Hill Seminary; Kent’s Hill, Maine. Herpert S. WEAVER. Principal, High School of Practical Arts; Boston, Massachu- setts. R. O. Wess. Wilson, Oklahoma. Maup Wesster, B.S., ’05. University of Illinois; Urbana, Illinois. Apa Louis WEcKEL, B.A., 01; M.S., ’08. 1910, Head Biology Department, Oak Park and River Forest Township High School; Oak Park, Illinois. Frep E. Weep. Athol, Kansas. N. H. Weeks, B.A., ’94. 1923, Principal, Abraham Lincoln High School; Des Moines, Iowa. Davin E. Wecietn, Ph.D., ’16; A.M., 12; A.B., ’97. 1924, First Assistant Superintendent of Education, Johns Hop- kins University; Baltimore, Maryland. J. F. Wevtemeyer, A.B., 06; M.A., ’14. 1917, Principal, Senior High School; 1208 Jersey Street, Quincy, Illinois. Corp WELLs. Nashville, Kansas. 1916 1924 1921 1924 1924 1921 1917 1922 1923 1921 1924 1923 1922 1916 1923 1923 1923 1922 Directory of Members Ixix Dora WeELLs, B.A., ’84; M.A., ’98. 1911, Principal, Lucy L. Flower Technical High School; 6059 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. C. E. WERDEN. Gedes, South Dakota. L. J. West. Bar Harbor, Maine. Mivprep G. WEsT. Knoxville, Illinois. R. O. WEst. West Allis, Wisconsin. James H. WEsTFALL. Crossville, Illinois. Wm. A. WetzeL, A.B., ’91; Ph.D., 95. 1901, Principal, High School; 12 Belmont Circle, Trenton, New Jersey. Georce D. WHAM. Carbondale, Illinois. C. D. WHEATON. 1922, Principal, Yale High School; Yale, Michigan. W. H. WHEELER. Kankakee, IIlinois. A. R. WHEELEssS. Delhi, Iowa. Kart E. Wutnney, Ph.B., ’12; M.A., 715. 1921, Principal, Sandusky High School; Sandusky, Ohio. A. F. WHISNANT. Cawker City, Kansas. E. H. Wuirte, B.S., ’97. 1923, Superintendent of Schools, Hume Public Schools ; Hume, Illinois. F. U. Wuire. Galva, Illinois. (Mrs.) Mame E. Wuite. Hartland, Michigan. FRANK P. WHITNEY. W. Technical High School; Cleveland, Ohio. C. W. Wuirten, A.B., ’06. 1922, Manager, Illinois High School Athletic Association; De Kalb, Illinois. H. K. WHITTIER. Sherrard, Illinois. WILLiAM Wiener, A.B., ’88; A.M., ’89; Ph.B., ’91. 1912, Principal, Central Commercial and Manual Training High School; Newark, New Jersey. A. S. Wicurt. Lincolnville, Kansas. W. F. Witcox. Mancelona, Michigan. D. L. WILpeE. Charlotte, Michigan. G. M. Wiey, PB.A., ’06. 1921, Principal, La Crosse High School; La Crosse, Wisconsin. Ixx 1923 1920 1919 1924 1922 1924 1924 1924 1920 1923 1921 1919 1923 1922 1924 1919 1922 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Ross B. WItey. 2174 S. Grand Street, Denver, Colorado. H. A. Wik, A.B., ’20. Colfax, Illinois. M. P. WILkKINs. Christopher, Illinois. G. W. WItett. LaGrange, Illinois. A. B. WILLIAMs. Junior High School; Old Town, Maine. Frank L. WiiiaMs, A.B., ’89; A.M., ’07. 1908, Sumner High School; St. Louis, Missouri. G. F. Witttams, A.B., ’08; M.A., 10. 1917, Principal, Anson Academy; North Anson, Maine. Lewis W. WILLIAMS. University High School; Urbana, IIlinois. Mattie WILLIAMS. Snyder, Arkansas. R. J. WiLiraMs. Danvers, Illinois. R. W. WILiiaMs. Scotland, South Dakota. M. H. Wrtinc. 1920, Principal, High School; Springfield, Illinois. Ursan G. Wits, A.B., 00; A.M., '10. 1919, Principal, The Pullman Free School of Manual Training ; 250 East 111th Street, Chicago, Illinois. C, C. Witson. Lincoln High School; Jersey City, New Jersey. Curnton D. Witson. Principal, Morse High School; Bath, Maine. F. A. WiLson. 1919, Principal, Community High School; West Frankfort, Illinois. G. T. Witson. Fowler, Colorado. James H. Witson. Rocky Ford, Colorado. L. A. Wirson. Mitchell, South Dakota. (Mrs.) Lucy L. W. Witson, Ph. D., ’97. 1916, Principal, South Philadelphia High School for Girls; 2101 S. Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. O. N. Wino, A.B., ’16. 1922, Principal, Central Y. M. C. A. Day Preparatory School; 19 S. La Salle Street, Chicago, Illinois. W. E. Wina. Deering High School; Portland, Maine. H. E. Winner, Ph.B., ’01; A.M., 04; Ph.M., ’21. Principal, South Hills High School; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PEARL WINDSOR. Iron River, Michigan. Directory of Members Ixxi 1924 H. L. WinsLow. Cumberland Center, Maine. 1920 (Mrs.) A. T. Wise, B.C.S., 719. 1915, Principal, Commercial High School; Atlanta, Georgia. 1924 Wrii1aM D. Wo re. Hiawatha, Kansas. 1924 BeuLtan Woop. Petersburg, Illinois. 1924 Cartton P. Woop. Camden, Maine. 1924 Frora L. Woop, A.B., ’23. 1923, Principal, Durand High School; Durand, Michigan. 1922 R. C. Wooparp, A.B., ’08. 1920, Principal, Haviland High School; Haviland, Kansas. 1922 W. E. Wooparp, A.B., ’10; B.S., 711. 1919, Principal and Superintendent, Montezuma Consolidated School Montezuma, Kansas. 1921 E. R. Woopsury. Thornton Academy Saco, Maine. 1923. Lee W. Woopman, A.B., ’13 A.M., ’20. Principal, Woodbridge High School; Woodbridge, New Jer- sey. 1922 C. A. WoopwortH. 1917, Principal, West New York High School; West New York, New Jersey. 1924 Expert C. Worrom. Cleveland, Ohio. 1922 E. H. Wortuincton, A.B., ’13; A.M., 14. 1918, Cheltenham High School; Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. 1924 RicHarp A. WorsTELL. Cardwell, Montana. 1921 I. M. Wrictey, A.B., ’11. 1921, Principal, Mt. Pulaski Township High School; Mt. Pulaski, Illinois. 1924 Hersert M. WorTMAN. La Grange, Maine. 1921 W. P. Wyatt. Riverside, Illinois. 1924 Horace J. Wussen, A.B., 17. 1923, Principal, Rio Grande County High School; Monte Vista, Colorado. 1921 C. E. Wycant, B.S., 712. 1920, Principal, High School; Ames, Iowa. 1923 Wma. J. Wyse. Hoboken, New Jersey. 1923 S. H. YARNELL, B.S., ’22. 1922, Principal, Ingham Township Agricultural School, Dans- ville, Michigan. 1916 Lronarp Youn, A.B., ’98. 1910, Principal, Central High School; Lake Avenue and Sec- ond Street, Duluth, Minnesota. 1924 O.O. Youne, A.B., ’04; M.A., 14. 1923, Principal, Galesburg High School; Galesburg, Illinois. Ixxil 1922 1921 1924 1923 1923 1924 National Association of Secondary-School Principals EuGENE YOUNGERT, A.B., ’20. 1922, Principal, Rock Island High School; Rock Island, Illinois. W. J. Yourp, B.A., 710. 1917, Principal, High School; 602 Fourth Avenue, Clinton, Iowa. Geo. J. ZEIGLER. St. John, Kansas. J. W. Zentmyer, B.S., ’14; B.A., ’19. 1923, Superintendent of Schools, Everest Public Schools ; Ever- est, Kansas. F. W. Zrese, A.B., ’13. 1921, Principal, Bethany Township High School; Bethany, Illinois. D. E. Zoox, M.A., ’23. 1923, Principal, Nokomis Township High School, Nokomis, Illinois. EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION The eighth annual meeting of the National Association of Sec- ondary-School Principals was held in Chicago, Illinois, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, February 25, 26, 27 and 28, 1924. FIRST SESSION The first session of the eighth annual meeting of the National Association of Secondary-School Principals was called to order at 2:15 p. m. in the Ball Room of Hotel LaSalle by the retiring Presi- dent, Principal Edward Rynearson, of Fifth Avenue High School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Mr. Rynearson introduced the incumbent President, Principal Claude P. Briggs, of Lakewood High School, Lakewood, Ohio, who read his address, entitled, The Holding Power of the High School. THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS THE HOLDING POWER OF THE HIGH SCHOOL CLauDE P. Briccs, PrincipAL oF LakKEwoop HicH ScHoot, LAKEwoop, OHIO In the Ordinance of 1787, which provided for the organization and government of the Northwest territory, our forefathers wrote these significant words: “Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.” The idea and ideals back of this statement have brought the opportunity for an education to the threshold of every home in our land. The fact that almost one in three of the children reaching their teens in the United States enters the high school is worth remem- bering. Nothing like it has ever occurred before in the world’s his- tory. This marvelous growth of the high-school population had its inception about three decades ago, for in 1890 not more than one it ten of the pupils of high-school age in this country were in high school 1 2 National Association of Secondary-School Principals This most unusual growth is all the more significant when con- sidered in light of the growth of the elementary grades during the same period. In consulting the Bureau of Education reports, we find that the enrollment of the grades in 1890 from one through eight was thirteen million, while the enrollment of the same grades in 1922 was approximately twenty-two million—an increase of a little more than seventy per cent. This growth in comparison with the growth of the total population of the United States is but little more than the increase of the total population. Considering the enrollment of the public secondary-schools for the same time, 1890, there were about two hundred and fifty thou- sand, while the enrollment in 1922 is approximately two million, five hundred thousand—an increase of about one thousand per cent. These figures are little short of marvelous. Further consideration of the statistics shows, according to Dr. Thorndike, that about thirty-six per cent of this number, or nine hundred thousand, may be approximately set as the number entering the first year of the high schools annually. He also says, “While we lack measures of the inborn capacities of the one in ten or eleven of a generation ago, and have only scanty measures of the capacities of the one in three today, I think we have excellent reasons for believ- ing that the one in ten of three decades ago had greater capacities for intellectual tasks generally than the one in three of today.” The high school of a generation ago was thought of as was the academy—little more than a preparatory school for the professions and the colleges. What are some of the causes for this unusual growth in what has been termed “the people’s college”? It is due, first, largely to the belief that our people hold; namely, that the cause of democracy is dependent on education, and the belief that this government of the people, for the people, and by the people must see that its children have clear ideas and ideals of the nature, history, and principles of democratic government ; and unless they do, our representative form of government will prove a failure. The better and more complete our education of all the people, the safer and saner will be the direc- tion of our nation. This abiding faith in education and its relation to our govern- ment has led the states to pass laws compelling all children of cer- Eighth Yearbook 3 tain ages to go to school. In some states the upper limit has been increased to sixteen years of age and even to eighteen, if the child is unemployed. Another and a very vital reason for this rapid increase in en- rollment is due to the enrichment of the curriculum. School children unsuited in mental capacity for intellectual tasks solely, could not be compelled to stay in school unless subject mattter suited to their capacities was offered them. Vocational training subject matter has played a very important part in holding pupils in the high school. Last, but not least, the junior-high-school plan, in an endeavor to offer exploratory courses and a reasonable amount of freedom in selection, has had a helpful influence in bringing to the people the value of having their children continue with their high-school education. Let us suppose that the average cost of a pupil’s education in 1912 were $38.27 ; then the average cost of the pupil’s education in 1922 is $110.99. We arrive at this conclusion because the index of the purchasing power of the dollar, derived by experts of the United States Government departments of Labor and Commerce, shows that it took $2.90 last year to do the business of $1.00 in 1912. But when we think that the enrollment of secondary-schools has increased at an unparalled rate; when we add to this increase in the growth the added expense, and then consider the decline in the purchasing power of the dollar, it is no wonder that the tax-paying public is asking administrators to justify our education even to the point of requesting them to dispense with some of the vantage ground. Al- ready there are powerful influences at work crying, “Hold, hold! the nation is going bankrupt unless the idea is dispensed with of trying to train and educate all the children of all the people at the cost of the tax-paying public.” There are those who would eliminate all from the schools except that which is an intellectual agency in the education of the high- school pupils. They say that the high school is primarily an intel- lectual agent and that such subjects as those that do not come within the range of intellectual tasks must be eliminated. They would keep only the languages, elementary processes of arithmetic, social sciences, and a minimum exposure to the processes and results of science. They are enemies to the tendency of the enrichment of the 4 National Association of Secondary-School Principals curriculum and would take away from our cosmopolitan high school the opportunity for the pupils to study art, something of science, something of literature, something of economics, and something of every form of knowledge in which the modern world interests itself. This is a definite attempt on the part of our enemies to stifle the modern movement in our high schools, and to limit it to the formal type of education given in the academies and public high schools of a generation ago. These opponents of the present movement in education propose to cut down the cost by removing from the curriculum all subjects added for the definite purpose of strengthening its holding power. Are the thinking people going to stand by and see this done? It is the belief of modern educators that they will not. On the other hand, it will not be surprising to see them add to the opportunity for training already offered in the high school. The proponents of the modern high school with its enriched curriculum believe too in a thorough study of a few things coupled with the intellectual vigor and training which the mind of the pupil receives in this process, but he does not believe that a child will become educated by teaching him something about every form of knowledge and skill. He believes in the theory of individual differ- ences and does not believe that every pupil is going to get his educa- tion and training along the same lines and on the same subject matter as every other child, any more than he believes that every boy must be compelled to run and train for the one hundred yard dash to become an athlete. The challenge has come to all who are interested in secondary- school work. More and more must we justify our procedure to the tax-paying public. Do you ever hear about eliminating the “frills” in education? What are the frills? Try asking different people what they call the “frills.” You will find about as many answers as there are people. That which is a “frill” and of little or no value or means as an educational agency to one will very likely prove the very essence of the curriculum to another. The study of art to one is a mere waste of time, while to a pupil who expects to become an interior decorator it proves to be the meat of the curriculum. As a result of this investigation the conclusion will be reached that there are no “frills.” Lantana penne innate ata ar PREC BeRRS en Eighth Yearbook 5 Is there need of increasing the holding power of the high school ? Whose child is to be eliminated or denied that training which will make him a better citizen and better able to support himself? Dr. W. O. Thompson, President of the Ohio State University, in a recent address said, “Public education is for the millions—not for the millionaires alone. Every child has a right to an education for the potentialities that lie within him.” In the light of this pronounce- ment, certainly we must add to the opportunities of those who are of limited capacity so that they may have their training. You ask, “Will not this training help to eliminate the exploitation of the work- ers at the lower levels?” This training will tend to standardize occupation and give it prestige; this training will often result in a living wage and it is often a means of eliminating a social hazard. The unskilled worker is usually the first one to be discharged when work is slack. If this philosophy is sound, in time there will be an increase in the number of occupations for which training is offered. W. M. Proctor in his study of the California high-school situation is the authority for the statement that one-third to one-half of the pupils who enter the high school the first year do not return for the third semester. A principal of a large high school in one of the middle-west cities reports, in a study which he made recently, that the “drop outs” (that is, those who entered the first year and did not return the first semester of the second year) number forty-six per cent of those who entered. This study covered a period of ten years. These figures startle us, but there will be still other “drop outs” before this first-year class has completed its four-year course, and the final figures will show a worse picture. Why did these pupils drop out? Was it on account of economic conditions or was it on account of inability to succeed? Probably the latter in a large percentage of cases. In a study which has re- cently been made on the “drop outs” it has been clearly shown by evidence secured from them, that they would have remained in school could they have been shown that they would ultimately gain anything by staying in school. May we ask if there is not a need for training for occupations in the lower vocational levels? We must say, “Yes,” if Dr. Thomp- son is right in assuming that every child has a right to an education for the potentialities that lie within him. We say again, certainly 6 National Association of Secondary-School Principals the tax-payer will not be so short-sighted as not to finance the schools for this purpose. It is a well-known fact that the more time and money spent on the guidance of a pupil before he reaches the age of eighteen, the less cost will result to society later for correction and inefficiency. This will be particularly true of children of the lower levels. Some of these pupils leave high school because of poor teach- ing. There is need of improvement in teaching; more study put upon the subject matter in the light of the boys and girls to be taught. This forty-six per cent of the first-year boys and girls who do not return, do not really quit to get out of school to work but because they cannot work in school. Some one has quoted one of these “drop outs” on his explanation of his situation as follows: “When a fellow goes to high school, at the end of every six weeks he gets pieces of paper with the teachers’ marks on them telling how he ain’t no good—when a fellow works at a job, he gets a slip of paper every Saturday noon with which he can buy things. Who wants to go to school anyhow if he ain’t going to college?” Clearly the bars have been raised too high in our modern high school to make it possible to give proper training to the limited pupils. In a recent study made in the Berkeley (California) High School it is the report that twenty-six per cent of the pupils coming into the tenth grade were below the average in brightness; that is, they had an intelligence quotient of less than ninety-five. The study reports further, after an investigation of the junior high-school enrollment, that the senior high school may continue to expect an equally large per cent of pupils of limited intelligence in the future. A recent study in another high school shows that nearly fifty per cent of the “drop outs” were below the one hundred I. Q. Thirty- five per cent were decidedly below the average intelligence. From these studies we cannot conclude that low learning rate is the only cause for “drop outs”; however, it proves to be one of the important reasons. There are means at the command of secondary-schools which, if made use of, will bring the character and nature of the work down to those of the lower levels of intelligence without lowering the standards of the gifted. For those of the lower and middle levels of intelligence, new lines of work of a more practical nature will have Eighth Yearbook 7 to be added, and since there are probably ten per cent who have not even the ability to complete the work preparatory to high school, the differentiation of classes will have to begin in the sixth and seventh grades. In order that this modification of curriculum may meet better the needs of these lower levels, there must be classification of students by grouping the student body on the basis of group intelli- gence plus achievement tests and teachers’ estimates. We shall not then be put in the anomalous situation of expecting a pupil of inferior or even average ability to do superior work; and, on the other hand, allowing a pupil of superior ability to do less than supe- rior work. Each pupil should perform according to his capacity. If the work exacted of the pupils were based on their ability to meet these requirements, then there would be fewer “drop outs.” In Lakewood High School, numbering two thousand pupils, there are two hundred and sixty-one who are fifteen points or more below the norm for their ages in accordance with the Otis Intelli- gence Test given in September, 1923. This is a fraction over thir- teen per cent. Furthermore, among the four hundred and twenty- eight graduates for the past two years, there were only twelve, or two and eight-tenths per cent, who were fifteen or more points below the norm for their ages. In this same study we found that the in- dices of brightness for the graduating classes of January and June, 1922, was 130; the I. B. for January, 1923, was 130; for June, 1923, the I. B. was 127; and January, 1924, it was 123.3. These figures give us a better idea of what is goiwg on in the way of elimination in a cosmopolitan high school in a high-grade community than could possibly have been without the testing and classification. Lakewood junior high schools as well as its senior high school are endeavoring to meet the “drop-out” problem by the homogeneous grouping of classes. At present in the senior high school we have 223 unclassified classes and 189 classified. We call them the A. B. C. groups; those of slow learning rate are designated as A groups, of which we have 42; those of superior learning rate are C groups, numbering 38; the middle groups called B’s, numbering 109, are those of average learning rate. They are what is left after the A and C groups are taken out. This work has been in operation for the past two years. The surprising thing about this grouping in our school is how generally the teachers have come to approve of the plan. However, just the grouping is the smallest part of the pro- 8 National Association of Secondary-School Principals cedure. We use it as a means of stimulation as well as a means of guidance. Dr. Thorndike says that in general, a pupil whose first trial Alpha ability is below 100 will be unable to understand the symbolisms, generalizations, and proofs of algebra. He may pass the course but he will not really have learned algebra. Pupils excluded may be given a course in mathematics that is within their capacity or take it in the second or third years.” There is not much gained by classification if the curriculum is not modified to meet the needs of these special groups. The teacher of English of the slow groups says that the subject matter must be closely related to the life situations of each, i.e., it must be very con- crete. The teacher of mathematics says that the subject matter of these groups is made as objective and concrete as possible and is linked up with the past experience of the pupil as far as can be. Only the short and plain problems and exercises are used. The work leans toward a review of arithmetic rather than toward the abstract ideas of formal algebra. When a school has analysed its pupil body as has been done in our school, I am sure the conclusion will be reached that the program of work assigned to each pupil should be determined by the ability of that pupil to carry on that program. If there is a carefully arranged plan which considers individual differences, the pupils of average intelligence will, in larger numbers, continue their education rather than, through discouragement brought about by wrong ex- pectations, leave school and go into their life work unprepared. As a result of testing and classification our school has learned something about the technique of dealing with not only those pupils of superior capacity, but with pupils of probable slow learning capacity as well. There must be not only a differentiation of subject matter and curriculum but the methods of teaching must be adapted to these limited groups in particular. Inasmuch as only a limited amount of academic work can be acquired by the slow learning groups, it is necessary that the subject matter in English be related to life experi- ences. What are the operations and the skills which they must per- form? They are not interested in grammar, punctuation, or sen- tence analysis per se, and for that reason their work should be con- fined largely to reading for appreciation and self-expression in its simplest form. We should set for these a daily assignment that is distinct and plain and never allow it to become involved. The Eighth Yearbook 9 teacher who does not confine his assignment to short one-page themes rather than three-thousand-word themes involving many references to be looked up from many sources is doomed to certain failure with these pupils. The pupils of superior learning rate may be expected to look for ultimate principles and final objectives but the children of the lower levels will seldom seek beyond the immediate and for this reason the subject matter should be concrete. It is always well to remember that the mental age of the slow learner is not what his chronological age is. This should be remembered in making the academic assignments. The mental age should be given first con- sideration. In the light of the above considerations, large oppor- tunity should be given for drill. The slow thinker is not necessarily the accurate thinker nor has he an unusually retentive mind. We do not expect him to work out a project by himself. The pupils of the A groups must have teachers of broad sympathy and great patience. These teachers must not only be very patient and sym- pathetic but they must also be keenly alert to the fact that they are training young men and young women of eighteen years chrono- logically but who have the mental age, oftentimes, of fourteen years or less, especially when they are dealing with them in cases of dis- cipline. 7 Our teachers are coming to know that even the limited pupil has some ability and it is their privilege to co-operate with him in developing the ability which he has. It is a significant fact that we have a higher percentage of failures in our non-segregated groups than we have in the classified groups. Failures in Latin for last semester showed higher percentage of failures in the non-segregated groups than in the classified and there were also more failures in the classified C group than in the A or B groups. In mathematics there was a higher percentage of failures in the B group, out of which all the A’s and C’s have been withdrawn. This shows to us that our curriculum and teaching method must be better suited to the individ- uals of these groups if we are to prevent “drop-outs.” Is this procedure undemocratic? No, quite the contrary. This is very important. The slow learner thinks, but he does not enjoy or profit from studies or subject matter handled in such manner that it is above his mental level. Such differentiation of classes, methods of teaching, and enlargement of opportunities for the train- 10 National Association of Secondary-School Principals ing of the humbler sort is the necessary corollary of the purely demo- cratic ideal. In proportion to the extent of our being able to train and educate not only the superior pupils, but those of lower intelli- gence, will we be able to increase the holding power of this greatest of all educational institutions, the “Secondary School.” The discussion of Curriculum Making from the High-School Principal's Standpoint was opened by Dr. Franklin K. Bobbitt of the Department of Education of the University of Chicago, who read his paper, Functions of the High-School Principal in Curricu- lum-M aking. FUNCTIONS OF THE HIGH-SCHOOL PRINCIPAL IN CURRICULUM-MAKING By FRANKLIN Bospitt, THe UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO For many years now, we have been hearing about The Reor- ganization of Secondary Education. The process is under way. Actual reorganization is being accomplished. But it is not rapid. And it has not proceeded far. It has not yet agreed upon a revised theory. Reorganization of our practices must wait on the reor- ganization of our theory. The many small but widely-heralded rear- rangements of things, as for example, the general mathematics or world history, are but rearrangements of subject-matter. They are not genuine reorganizations of the education of adolescents. Not many years ago secondary education was looked upon as the simple process of mastering sixteen units of subject-matter. Education was only information-getting ; information-storage. For all students, whatever their capacity and social destiny, an equal storage of sixteen units was for each and all an appropriate and approved education. These sixteen units were largely alien things which did not func- tion at the time in the lives of the students nor in those of the men and women whom they later became. The educational process is fairly described as one of grafting relatively alien things upon the mind under circumstances not favorable to the growth of the grafted matters. Of course, in spite of this, some of the graftings grew; but probably most of them lacked vitality and remained relatively inert or even died away. The pupils, of course, greatly profited from Eighth Yearbook 11 their high-school career, since they lived for four years within a healthy civilized social atmosphere. Let the sixteen units of grafted subject-matter mostly die away, the effects of living four plastic years in an atmosphere provided by high-minded individuals in itself constituted an education of inestimable value. The great benefits came from the living, the genuine living, of the pupils, in a good social environment, rather than from the relatively alien functionless matters which we were at so much pains to graft onto their minds, and in which our degree of failure as shown by their after-school history has been so conspicuous. That period of academic irresponsibility, however, is drawing toa close. We are changing our definition of education. No longer is it regarded as merely the mastery of subject-matter—almost any kind of subject-matter—anything the pupils chose from whim or ignorance. We are coming to see education as the process of de- veloping in men and women the abilities which should function in the conduct of their daily lives. Power to live depends not so much upon stored text-book information, as upon sense of responsibility, power of initiative, resourcefulness, industry, doggedness, power of self-direction, social conscience, habits, skills, valuations, attitudes of mind, tastes, wants, ambitions, appreciations, interests, width of vision, powers of judgment, the basic quality of the personality, public spirit, large-group loyalties, sense of justice, hatred of petti- ness, hatred of weakness, hatred of falsity, of error, of parasitism, of sentimentality, of greed. These are not text-book matters. But they are the fundamental factors in live human abilities. They are the major things to be created by education. They are not things to be grafted on but rather to be called into being by normal exercise of potential powers. In live abilities, naturally information is an ingredient. It is one of several guides to action. But it must be live information which has grown out of experience and which has grown up with the other things with which it is to operate. It must be amalgamated with them, through having grown with them. It can not be of the em- balmed or cold storage type of information. Not text-book type. In the education that lies ahead of us, we are going to aim as consciously and carefully at the development of a sense of responsi- bility, as at information; far more than at the text-book type of information. We shall aim at a sense of responsibility, not in the 12 National Association of Secondary-School Principals abstract, but specifically in the various actual and practical affairs of life. We are going to discover a reliable technique for develop- ing sense of responsibility. In our reorganization of education we are going to be as much concerned with developing fibre of the personality, perseverance, doggedness, strength, endurance—in work and in play—as now with information. We have the problem of finding a reliable technique for developing these qualities. In the same way, we are going to look specifically and carefully at each of the non-informational ingredients of human abilities, and aim at them as fundamental objectives of education. We are going to find a technique for achieving them. In the main this means a new set of objectives, different from those that we have hitherto employed. Even the informational objectives must be fundamentally altered. When we look at professional responsibilities from this point of view, we begin to see how little genuine education is accomplished by the usual type of cold-storage subjects. We see what a lot of reorganizing we have before us. Few of us yet realize the far- reaching character of the changes that have as yet only begun. The first step in curriculum-making is activity-analysis. This is to discover in specific detail all of the activities which right-think- ing and right-living men and women actually perform; for example, their health activities, citizenship activities, language activities, leisure occupations, vocational labors, parental responsibilities, and religious activities. The second step is to discover the abilities and personal qualities which are necessary for right and consistent performance of the activities. These abilities are the educational objectives. The third step is then to discover what living active experiences will enable the child and youth to develop those abilities. To list these experiences in proper sequence is to formulate the curriculum. In reorganized education, most of the experiences must be those of normal living. Conscious information, mastery for permanent storage, is only rarely an ingredient of normal living ; and will there- fore only occasionally be an ingredient of the curriculum. In other words, the curriculum-maker cannot be primarily concerned with school subjects. Eighth Yearbook 13 Curriculum-making for reorganized education must therefore be led and directed by some one who is not primarily interested in high- school subjects or departments ; but in education. The leader in the work must be some one who sees education as developing the powers of the man to do, to act, and to live; one who has a broad vision over human life and affairs; one who has a clear vision of the wide range of personal qualities and abilities that function in the well-trained man; one who can unconfusedly see education in its wholeness as the development of these abilities ; one who is not a specialist in some partial aspect of education; one who has no special subject-matter axe to grind. This man is the high-school principal. In the reorganization of secondary education, the initiative can not be left to the teachers and department heads with their college advisers : 1. They are submerged in the subject-storage conception of education. They know nothing else. They can conceive of nothing else. 2. They are specialists in subject-matter, not specialists in hu- man life. 3. They are specialists in subjects, but not in the process of unfolding the potential abilities of children into the functioning abilities of adulthood. 4. Education as they have witnessed it has been of the subject- storage type. 5. The colleges where they specialized have set them the sub- ject-storage example. 6. Practically all of educational literature, until recently, has presented this conception. 7. It is embodied in our text-books, plans of school organiza- tion, graduation standards, and college entrance requirements. 8. Several hundred standard tests are built upon this concep- tion. 9. Teachers lack time and energy to think and study the prob- lems. Proof that the initiative cannot be left to departmental teachers is to be found in the reports of the various “Committees on the Re- organization of Secondary Education.” These reports have been 14 National Association of Secondary-School Principals invariably disappointing. Rarely is there any evidence that the committee has actually achieved the functional point of view. In the main their educational preconceptions are of the usual subject- storage type. They would rearrange the subject-matter, thinking that that is reorganization of education. But let them merely rear- range until the subject is unrecognizable, if they lack the functional point of view, they do not really get at the heart of the matter. Reorganization cannot be left to the teachers. There must be some genuine educational engineering and generalship. For this, the superintendent of schools bears a burden of responsibility which he seems often little to realize. But we are not here concerned with him. Our concern is with the principal. Within the high school it is he who should vigorously and aggressively take the lead, direct the engineering, provide the generalship. Too frequently, however, he presents an alibi. He has not the time. He is the director of routine. He has not the needed special preparation. He has not the inclination. It is not the fashion. De- partment heads would resent it. Colleges would resent his injecting genuine education into high schools. It is not sanctioned by the traditions. Commonsense in education is taboo. Books on high- school administration tell him that he must leave these matters to heads of departments; that he is incompetent to deal with them; and that incompetence relieves him of responsibility. And finally he takes the position that, as Director of Routine, he is the only in- dividual in whom either teachers, pupils, or parents can be brought to have sufficient confidence. The high-school principal holds two offices ; and, obviously fills one of them. In his lower office, he should be called the “Director of Routine.” This is the one that he knows all about; and he dis- charges his functions with vigor and efficiency. In his higher office, he should be called the “Director of Secondary Education.” This office he visits all too rarely. Too much of the time his alibi is hung on the door, and dust is gathering on the furniture. As Director of Secondary Education, what should the princi- pal do? 1. He should keep his eyes and his mind open to study the educational needs of the world round about him. He should not take his educational thought second-hand. Eighth Yearbook 15 2. He should pass his vision of educational needs on to his teachers. 3. He should stimulate them—compel them—to study the edu- cational needs of the world round about them. 4. He should set them to discovering: the activities of right- living men and women; to discovering the abilities and personal qualities that lie back of these activities. Thus he has them discover for themselves the objectives of education. It will be done at first in a halting imperfect manner. But it is only from experience that they can acquire skill. 5. He will provide the leadership in the determination of objec- tives ; the vision; but he will not do the work. 6. He will have his teachers take the objectives and discover the pupil activities and experiences best for attaining them. Here again they will do much stumbling; but there is no other way to learn to walk. 7. He will provide leadership in this formulation of the details of the curriculum in each department. He will assist in working out the general policies and plans. But he will not do the detailed work. He will require teachers to take the initiative in formulating curriculum details for their several departments. But he will co- operate and advise and oversee. He will keep ever before them the larger educational vision, in terms of which they are to work out their special portions of the field. He will pass upon the details as they initiate them, showing the teachers how they build out, or fail to build out, the general educational plans. He bears the re- sponsibility for approval or disapproval of the teachers’ suggestions. Thus he will get things done by specialists ; and yet perform his gen- eralizing co-ordinating function. 8. He will keep in touch with and check up the curriculum labors of each department. He will require each department to justify each detail that it proposes. What can not be justified, he will have modified or eliminated. 9. He will always hold to that general common-sense point of view which is necessary for neutralizing the special obsessions of the departmental specialists. 10. And finally, he will see that somebody else is employed to ’ 16 = National Association of Secondary-School Principals perform most of the duties, under his direction, of the Director of Routine. The President at this time named the members of the commit- tees required by the constitution, as follows: COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS PrincipaL P. C. Bunn, Chairman, High School, Lorain, Ohio. Principat F, T. Du Frain, High School, Pontiac, Michigan. PRINCIPAL Lipa M. Exspert, High School, Linden, New Jersey. PRINCIPAL FRANK L. Grove, High School, Mobile, Alabama. PRINCIPAL MERLE Prunty, Central High School, Tulsa, Oklahoma. PRINCIPAL CLARENCE T. Rice, High School, Kansas City, Kansas. PRINCIPAL CHARLES S. TILLINGHAsT, Horace Mann School for Boys, New York City. PrincipaL Lucy L. W. Wixson, South Philadelphia High School for Girls, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. PrincipAL HoMER SHEPARD, High School, Lincoln, Nebraska. PRINCIPAL ARMAND R. Miter, McKinley High School, St. Louis, Missouri. PrincipaAL WILLIAM A. WetzeL, Senior High School, Trenton, New Jersey. COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY PrincipaAL H. V. Kepner, Chairman, West Side High School, Den- ver, Colorado. Principat Joun Ruri, L. L. Wright High School, Ironwood, Mich- igan. Principat A. B. O’NeEaL, High School, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. PrincrpAL WILLIAM WreNeER, Central Commercial and Manual Training High School, Newark, New Jersey. PrincipaL E. H. Kemper McComp, Emmerich Manual Training High School, Indianapolis, Indiana. COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS Principat T. J. McCormack, LaSalle-Peru Township High School, LaSalle, Illinois. PRINCIPAL RicHARD T. HarGreaves, Central High School, Minne- apolis, Minnesota. Eighth Yearbook 17 Principat JosePpH S. McCowan, High School, South Bend, In- diana. PRINCIPAL Epwarp RyNnearson, Fifth Avenue High School, Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania. Mr. Jos1an W. Taytor, State House, Augusta, Maine. Principat M. H. Wit1nc, Lincoln School, Teachers’ College, New York City. PrincrpaAL GeorGe E. MarsHAtt, High School, Davenport, Iowa. AUDITING COMMITTEE Principat J. G. Masters, Chairman, Central High School, Omaha, Nebraska. Principat L. W. Brooxs, High School, Wichita, Kansas. Principat F. C. MitcHett, Classical High School, Lynn, Massa- chusetts. The discussion was continued by E. E. Morley, Principal of West High School, Akron, Ohio, who read his paper, entitled, Pur- poseful Activities in Akron High Schools. PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITIES IN AKRON HIGH SCHOOLS E. E. Morrey, PrincipaL oF West Hicu ScnHoort, AkKRon, OHIO Both school authorities and thinking laymen have long agreed that the fundamental weakness of traditional school procedure is its emphasis on knowledge-getting and its neglect of applying and using knowledge. Pupils who are thus trained often lack the initiative and self-confidence necessary to meet life situations successfully. In fact, it has frequently happened under such training that pupils who have failed in school often achieve greater success in life than those who have won high scholastic distinction. While it is true no doubt that our high schools still retain some teachers who hold the traditional attitude, yet there is increasing evidence that greater stress is constantly being placed upon per- formance and expression. Indeed, schools of education and sum- mer sessions for teachers are now rapidly overcoming the effects of the old theory that thorough academic education is sufficient prepara- tion for a teacher. I hold no brief against that teacher or parent who demands the highest achievement possible in scholarship for his children. In fact, 18 National Association of Secondary-School Principals I am ready to concede any such teacher or parent unfit for his re- sponsibility who is satisfied with less than the best. However, I do not believe that a teacher’s obligation ends here. The demands of the work-a-day world into which all our school boys and girls eventually plunge require some aptitude in the use and application of knowledge. That aptitude moreover, must be fostered and de- veloped in the solution of actual problems and situations arising in school. To enable pupils to discover such situations and problems therefore, and to guide and direct them in their solution is the essence of purposive teaching and learning. The influence of hard-headed business methods upon education has forced many of us to abandon the lame theory, so long in vogue, that learning facts in foreign languages or mathematics or science for example will somehow “train the mind” to cope with all prob- lems. By the simple process of opening our minds to the common sense requirements of successful living, we have come to recognize finally other objectives than merely vague mind-training. We train minds now, but we do it by requiring actual performance of tasks requiring the use of experience and knowledge. To develop initia- tive, we require pupils to discover and carry through to completion tasks which favorably affect their own welfare. To secure a sense of responsibility among pupils, we share with them some of the obligations in class and school administration. To assure a sense of co-operation, we set pupils to work in groups and committees at such problems and tasks as require the use of the various degrees and types of ability represented in the group. Thus we develop all the various qualities of good citizenship for which we are held ac- countable, not as heretofore, by teaching about them, but by requiring actual participation in activities involving them. In this respect all our school procedure has been profoundly affected by methods used in athletic and vocational training. The mile runner, for example, does not train for his event by practising the hundred yard dash, nor does the mechanic learn his trade by reading books alone. Undoubtedly, the best educational returns accompany those school activities which are performed under the drive of a dominant purpose which is fully comprehended and approved by the pupils. I should like to present for your consideration, therefore, a number of specific examples of such activities which have been carried on in Eighth Yearbook 19 the high schools of Akron and particularly in West High School, during the past three years. Of the strictly curriculum activities, I want to speak of the following : 1. A project in Industrial History—During the fall semester of this year, students in the industrial history classes of Central High School have collected material from manufacturers, from old resi- dents, from court house files and from legislative records, for a his- tory of industry in Akron. This material is now being organized and prepared for the printing classes to publish in book form. When finished, it will serve as a textbook in the Akron Schools. 2. In the same school, a textbook in printing has been set up ~s and printed by the students as a part of their regular class work. 3. In West High School, students of the News English classes prepare each year, a handbook of information which is sold to upper classmen and distributed free to all incoming freshmen. In the “Foreword” of this book is an explanation of its purpose. “The ‘W’ book is an effort, not only to acquaint each member of the school with the range of its social and academic activities and opportunities, but also to set forth the ideals and traditions which go toward building up a finer and firmer spirit at West.” The fact that nearly every one of our fifteen hundred students possesses one of these books is a sufficient testimony of the usefulness it serves. 4. The school paper and the annual. All five high schools now publish their own newspapers which are printed twice monthly. West High School also puts out an elaborate annual. Pupils in the English classes undergo hard training in fundamentals in order to qualify for staff positions on these publications. 5. Reference projects in Science and History—Assignments in certain of the science and history classes are made flexible by in- cluding in addition to the general assignment for which the entire class is responsible, special references on related topics for the brighter pupils. Such references are read, summarized in standard form on library cards and presented in class. The cards are then filed under an alphabetical index in a small cabinet where they are readily available for quick reviews and for the use of future classes. Our students take commendable pride in performing these tasks be- cause they are doing a service for others and because they have the 20 National Association of Secondary-School Principals satisfaction of knowing that they are leaving something of value to their school. 6. Social Science Projects ——For the past three years, several lines of interesting work involving student participation in school responsibilities have been carried on in the social science department of West High School. This department includes about six hundred students with five teachers and a head. The courses offered are in community civics, social problems, ancient, medieval and modern history, economics, government, industrial and American history. These courses are all required in the history curriculum but are elective in the others. All pupils in social science courses are encouraged to perform some sort of project or committee work. The school and the com- munity furnish the laboratory for their investigation and study. Pupils select from a list of activities the particular fields in which they wish to work. Those selecting the same lines are organized into committees, under the leadership of a chairman who is held responsible for results. From time to time, chairmen are called in for conferences with teachers and a final report is prepared, given orally to the classes interested and filed for future use. Time will permit only brief mention of just a few of these ac- tivities. Senior Leaders on Freshmen Trips—To quote the words of the department head, “The committee of senior leaders act as guides in conducting small groups of ninth grade pupils in community civics on weekly trips to factories and other institutions. All civics pupils who present the written consent of their parents may join these groups. They make oral reports to their classes of manufacturing processes, occupations, vocational opportunities, and management. Each six weeks, they make written reports to their leaders who grade them and turn them over to the teachers. The best reports are classified and filed for future reference. Leaders must call up and make arrangements for the visits, ex- plain processes, point out interesting details, keep an account of attendance and be responsible for the behavior of their charges. To date, these leaders have been so carefully chosen and trained for their work that no serious criticisms have come from the places visited.” Student Advisers —From the senior pupils in the social science classes, six of the highest type boys and girls are selected to act as Eighth Yearbook 21 advisers to lower classmen. They interview pupils who are not happy in their school life because of timidity, discouragement, un- favorable home conditions, over-sensitiveness, lack of moral stand- ards or any other factor that might hamper them in their school life. The adviser must combine versatility and tact with leadership and loyalty. No pupil is ever put into this position of responsibility unless he has proven himself absolutely reliable. As an example of the kind of pupil selected for such work I might mention the case of “C.” “C” is a senior, fullback on the varsity squad, holder of second place in the discus event of the city meet, prominent member and officer of the Hi-Y club—above average in scholarship, modest, sincere, versatile—a good salesman and all-round student. To such an adviser, young pupils open up and tell details in confidence which few teachers could elicit. With the co-operation of the dean of girls, the home visitor and teachers, many knotty problems of home conditions, relationships between students, and class-room difficulties have been untangled. Of the cases successfully handled by student advisers, there is the girl who was too free with cosmetics; the orphan girl who was left with the care of a family of younger chil- dren; the boy who had lost interest because of lack of sympathy at home and failure of his teachers to understand him; the obstinate boy who could not adjust himself to school regulations ; the user of profanity and vulgarity, and many others. Such problems are very often solved entirely without faculty intervention. The Student Tutors——Perhaps the most important and far- reaching work undertaken by the social science department is that of the student tutors. About forty boys and girls were engaged in this work during the past semester. Failing pupils in freshmen and sophomore classes are reported to the head of the department who assigns each one to a student tutor to be coached during free periods from three to five hours per week. At any hour of the school day, at lunch periods and after school, these tutors may be seen sitting with their charges in the upper corridors, in the cafeteria and in vacant roomis carrying on the serious business of saving pupils from failure. It is only rarely that tutors do not make good. When they fail, the cause is most often poor judgment in selecting them in the first place. The typical school failure responds favorably to this treatment in from three to six weeks and is discharged. Out of one hundred and twenty-five cases referred to tutors during the past term, over eighty per cent passed in their studies. 22 National Association of Secondary-School Principals Both parents and teachers enthusiastically endorse this work. The pupils themselves who helped gave a banquet to their tutors at the close of the semester in appreciation of the service they had received. The School Thrift Program.—lIn order to establish a specific common interest among all curriculum and extra-curriculum ac- tivities of the school a general program of thrift instruction was adopted by the faculty last fall. A survey of the local situation re- vealed these facts: 1. That the school thrift program has been generally success- ful in the elementary schools. 2. That boys and girls as a rule lose interest in saving as soon as they enter high school. 3. That the reason for this loss of interest is that school bank- ing seems trivial and beneath the dignity of high-school pupils. 4. That parents seem to resent this condition and attribute it to the neglect of the high school to give proper attention to thrift teaching. 5. That patrons and business men alike are ready to support the high schools in a constructive program of thrift instruction, be- lieving that thrift is fundamental to the economic stability of the community. With these facts before them, a faculty thrift committee set about to evolve a plan which would remedy such conditions. They based their recommendations on the following theses: 1. The best thrift teaching is accomplished by inducing pupils to practice regular saving and depositing money for a specific pur- pose. 2. Thrift habits must be maintained throughout the high-school period in order to function permanently. 3. The grade school plan of operating a savings system will not work with high-school pupils. Under the committee’s direction, West High School has operated its school savings plan since October 8, 1923. The plan includes such departures from the grade school method as: 1. Regular bank cages erected by the manual training students, where pupils make out deposit slips and hand their money through cash windows to student tellers. Eighth Yearbook 23 2. Banking hours at stated times every day of the week. 3. Savings clubs whose members deposit specific amounts weekly for Christmas, graduation, vacation, and college expenses. 4. Weekly banking statements prepared by the officers and distributed to all rooms. 5. Comparative standings of the school departments published weekly in order to arouse competition for honors among those taking different courses. 6. Wide publicity in local papers and thrift publications to maintain interest in the project. 7. Contests in letter-writing, poster-making, and slogans. 8. Thrift letters sent to the homes of parents to secure their co-operation. These letters are prepared by pupils in English classes, the best ones being selected by the faculty thrift committee. They are then mimeographed and addressed by pupils in the stenography classes. Before our school bank opened for business, West High School pupils deposited at the rate of less than three per cent per week. The total amount of money saved never ran over fifteen dollars. So far this school year we have averaged over twenty per cent and our weekly deposits have averaged above two hundred dollars. The last two statements show 27 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, and with few exceptions, each week has shown a consistent increase over the preceding week. Although the city is now experiencing a slight depression in business, the school bank enjoys a decidedly prosperous condition and a hopeful outlook. I have enumerated briefly some of the activities in which the Akron high schools are engaged where pupils act under the drive of clearly discernible purposes. I have seen some of these activities fail because of lack of foresight and mismanagement and others suc- ceed because of deliberate, careful planning and enthusiastic support. As a result of such experiences, the policy of West High School will be to increase and extend the scope of its purposeful activities to include in time all the lines of work undertaken in the school. The discussion was concluded by Dr. L. A. Pechstein, Dean of College of Education, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, who read a paper, entitled, Curricula-Making for Pupils of Varying Ability. 24 National Association of Secondary-School Principals CURRICULA-MAKING FOR PUPILS OF VARYING ABILITY Dr. L. A. Pecuste1n, DEAN oF COLLEGE oF EpucaTion, THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OHIO What do the scientists of education in general, and the high- school men in particular, know about the field suggested by the title of this paper? Consider it divided into halves, (1) Curricula-making and, (2) Pupils of Varying Abilities. Much is known and the facts with increasing willingness acknowledged about the latter ; little is known and /aissez-faire complacency, still too often expressed, about the former. The healthy difficulties the American high school is now facing go back with fair accuracy of statement to a wonderful birth perhaps a little more than a decade-and-a-half ago. The psychologist served as midwife, and they called the infant the “individual child.” A new psychological and educational terminology was devised to de- scribe him, » minus one articles of diet and methods of expert handling developed to nurture him throughout all his years of school progress, and the easy task of the high school was ended. Why? Speaking, of course, somewhat relatively, you high-school folk have had not the easiest but next to the easiest task of any of us working to educate the youth. In the first place, with teachers trained quantitatively at least far better than those of the elementary school, and especially trained in a particular one of those very few sacred lines of intellectual discipline considered appropriate for the glorious task of preparing for college, the high school worked with small student bodies, a survival group of the many who had been called but relatively only the few chosen as able to pass the hurdles— intellectual, social, economic—of all the prehigh-school years. And these very small student bodies tended to agree in that they were the intellectually elite, were gifted along the lines commonly measured by our so-called general intelligence tests and naturally fairly homo- geneous grouping maintained. With excellently trained teachers, highly selected and homogeneously grouped students, and a uniform interest in going on to college by the dictated-from-above standard route, the high-school task was relatively easy. The contrast of that day two decades ago with a present one of our typical cosmopolitan high school is a measure both of progress Eighth Yearbook 25 and further challenge. With the psychology of individual differ- ences coloring the thinking of all school men really democratic and hence American, we have come to the present moment with the fol- lowing non-debatable assumptions basic to this paper. (1) With individual difference proved ineradicable, irremovable and the hold- ing power of the elementary school so enlarged that now perhaps one of every three children reaching their teens in the United States _enters high school as contrasted with one in ten, twenty years ago, the high school of today has problems of adjustment so mighty to make that static spells disaster along educational, economic, and social lines. (2) Selective elimination is no more possible than it is unwarranted. (3) Variations in intelligence, mechanical aptitude, social powers, character, and temperamental traits, etc., are now seen in bold and compelling relief, and with the quantifying instruments of psychic metrics already in use giving definite answer to the “how much” or “how little” inquiry of science, the high school no less than the grades is being hard put to it thoroughly to make a matter of applied psychology the facts of the pure psychology of individual differences so remarkably being set forward to challenge. (4) Mental endowment must be given opportunity to extend itself along a line appropriate to each individual’s possession, and this, when pro- vided, encompassing and solving most problems of lack of interest, school failure and discipline. What is being done in the forward looking high schools to pro- vide for the individual differences of its pupils?