RESEARCH BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL VOL. XV - No. 2 EDUCATION MARCH - 1937 ASSOCIATION Salaries of School Employees, 1936-37 Published by the RESEARCH DIVISION of the NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. RESEARCH BULLETIN oF tne Published five times each year in January, March, May, September, and November President, ORVILLE C. PRATT Director of Research: William G. Carr; Associate Director: Frank W. Hubbard NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION Executive Secretary, WILLARD E. GIVENS Assistant Directors: Richard R. Foster, lvan A. Booker, Hazel Davis Research Assistants and Section Heads: Frances G. Bradley, Louise B. Sease, Helen H. Cox, Anna Haddow, Madaline K. Remmlein, Jennette R. Tandy, and Ruth Shirley. Executive and Editorial Offices Copyright, 1937, by the National Education Association 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter February 10, 1923, at the Post Office at Washington, D. 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Address communications to the Research Division, National Education As- sociation, 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. CONTENTS Page ForREWORD 60 INTRODUCTION 61 Method of Making Survey 61 Size of Sample 61 TRENDS IN SALARIES, 1930-31 To 1936-37 62 THE RANGE AND DIsTRIBUTION OF SALARIES IN 1936-37 68 INTERSTATE CoMPARISONS ids INTERCITY COMPARISONS 80 Sources of Further Information 80 SUPPLEMENT—CERTAIN Data ON RuRAL TEACHERS’ SALARIES 3 ForMs AND DeFINiTions Usep In CoLLecTING Data 86 List of Tables Page 1. Number of School Systems Included in Study 61 2. Trends in Salaries Paid Employees in School Systems in Cities over 100,000 in Population 62 3. Trends in Salaries Paid Employees in School Systems in Cities 30,000 to 100,000 in Population 63 4. Trends in Salaries Paid Employees in School Systems in Cities 10,000 to 30,000 in Population 64 5. Trends in Salaries Paid Employees in School Systems in Cities 5,000 to 10,000 in Population 65 6. Trends in Salaries Paid Employees in School Systems in Cities 2,500 to 5,000 in Population 66 7. Distribution of Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities over 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 68 8. Distribution of Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities under 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 69 9. Distribution of Salaries Paid Principals in Cities over 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 70 10. Distribution of Salaries Paid Principals in Cities under 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 71 . Distribution of Salaries Paid Certain Administrative and Supervisory Officers in Cities over 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 Distribution of Salaries Paid Certain Administrative and Supervisory Officers in Cities under 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 . Distribution of Salaries Paid Secretarial and Clerical Employees in 1936-37 . Distribution of Salaries Paid Other School Employees in Cities over 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 . Distribution of Salaries Paid Other School Employees in Cities under 30,000 in Population in 1936-37 . Median Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities over 30,000 in Population by States in 1936-37 . Median Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities under 30,000 in Population by States in 1936-37 . Median and Arithmetic Mean Salaries Paid Kindergarten and Elementary-School Teachers by Cities over 100,000 in Population in 1936-37..................... . Median and Arithmetic Mean Salaries Paid Junior and Senior High-School Teachers by Cities over 100,000 in Population in 1936-37 . Sample Table from the Special Salary Tabulations . Salaries Paid Rural Teachers in 33 States [ 59 ] 73 76 77 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 FOREWORD HIS BULLETIN of the Research Division summarizes the eighth biennial cai of the salaries of school employees. The pertinence and complete- ness of the data are due largely to the excellent cooperation of local and state superintendents of schools and their staffs. The completion of the ques- tionnaires meant in many instances the devotion of considerable time and energy. All who use this information will appreciate the extent and the success of this cooperative effort. One encouraging fact revealed by this survey is that salaries are beginning to return to pre-depression levels. The report made two years ago estimated that salaries reached their lowest point between 1932-33 and 1934-35. As compared with 1930-31, salaries in 1934-35 were lower by 10 to 20 percent, depending on the size of city, the largest reductions being in the cities under 10,000 popula- tion. With the school year 1936-37 an upward trend has become apparent. This improvement is particularly noticeable in the cities over 100,000 in popula- tion where the medians generally exceed those of 1932-33. However, even in these larger cities, salaries are still below those of 1930-31. In cities of less than 100,000 population the restoration of salaries continues to lag. Here, where salary cuts were most drastic the medians are, in most cases, give hope of better things to come. The most depressing facts are to be found in the supplement dealing with salaries in rural areas. Again and again the data show teachers working for an income which condemns them to a bare subsistence level. The National Educa- tion Association is deeply interested in this situation. Thru the Committee on the Economic Status of the Rural Teacher detailed study is being made of rural conditions. Strenuous efforts are also being made to obtain federal aid for the states thru the passage of the Harrison-Black-Fletcher Bill. It is important that all teachers lend their active support to the advancement of these two activities. Laymen, as well as members of the profession, are interested in providing a reasonable income for school employees. Adequate salaries for teachers are an investment in the future of America. The members of the National Education Association believe that America can afford to place in every classroom a well- paid and competent teacher. As an important contribution toward that end the present bulletin deserves widespread distribution and study. Wittiarp E. Givens, Executive Secretary National Education Association. [ 60] Sg pen ee Introduction Biennially, since 1922-23 the Research Divi- sion of the National Education Association has conducted surveys of the salaries paid in city school systems. This Research Bulletin presents a summary of the salaries paid city school employees for the current school year, 1936-37. This introduction deals with the way in which the survey was made, and the number and proportion of cities and school employees included. The rest of the bulletin is divided into the following four major parts: Trends in salaries, 1930-31 to 1936-37 Range and distribution of salaries in 1936-37 Interstate comparisons Intercity comparisons A supplement presents certain data by states on salaries paid in rural schools. The expense of conducting a rural salary study, comparable in detail to that for city schools, makes such an undertaking impossible at present. As a tem- porary substitute, data on rural salaries were collected from the state departments of edu- cation. That the National Education Associa- tion is deeply interested in the rural situation is shown by the plans of the Committee on the Economic Status of the Rural Teacher. Within the next two months 30,000 questionnaires will be distributed to rural teachers thru selected county superintendents or other rural super- visory officers in twenty representative states. The report of this study will be looked forward to with considerable interest. Method of Making Survey The procedure in making the study was similar to that followed in previous years. The inquiry forms were mailed to superintendents of schools on September 21, 1936. Reference to this questionnaire as illustrated on page 86 of this bulletin will often help to interpret the data presented. Various follow-up letters and telegrams were sent to secure the largest pos sible sampling. Correspondence with individual cities was carried forward whenever a reason able doubt occurred concerning the meaning or accuracy of the report received. Size of Sample In reporting this study the usual practise of grouping city school systems according to the population is followed. Table | shows the classification used, the number of cities in each of the five population groups, and the number and percent of such cities submitting usable replies. The five population groups as defined in columns | and 2 of Table | are followed con sistently thruout this bulletin and are referred to by Roman numbers hereafter, both in text and in tables, so as to conserve space and avoid cumbersome repetitions. A total of 1895 cities is included in the salary survey for this year. This represents three-fifths of all city school systems and 92 percent of the school systems in cities with more than 30,000 population. It is estimated that 85 percent of all employees in city school systems in the United States are included in the tabula- tions. This is a remarkably complete coverage for questionnaire studies of this type. The Re- search Division and all others interested in teachers’ salaries are grateful to the superin- tendents and other school officials who have submitted detailed reports. The number of school employees of all classes included in this study is 407,557. TABLE 1.—NUMBER OF SCHOOL SYSTEMS INCLUDED IN STUDY Group Population number ranges 1 2 onwe Over 100 ,000 ae 30,000 to 100,000 tik... . 10,000 to 30,000 IV... wt 5,000 to 10,000 ee ; 2,500 to 5,000 Number of city school systems pepe oe Percent pm pee ae systems reporting replying 3 4 5 93 91 97.85 232 207 89.22 670 468 69.85 &59 488 56.81 1,301 641 49.27 3,155 1,895 60 06 [61] Trends in Salaries, That salaries of school employees were greatly reduced during the economic depression is a well-known fact. How far they have re- covered is shown in the tables in this section of the bulletin. Table 2 gives median! various types of school employees in cities over salaries paid the 1 Those not familiar with the term “median’ , as the familiar “arithmetic mean” or “average. less than, the median. Median salaries are computed for all school employees of schedules for white and colored teachers were reported separately. 1930-31 to 1936-37 100,000 in population in the four bienn periods since 1930-31. From inspection of th), table we find that median salaries paid all of employees decreased from 1930-31 to 1932 33, and decreased still further in 1934-35. |, 1936-37, salaries show an upward trend. |; practically every type of position in cities 0; may look upon it as having, for ordinary purposes, the same general sign More specifically, equal to, or greater than, the median salary, and the poorest paid 50 percent of a group of teachers receive salaries equ the best paid 50 percent of a group of teachers recei each classification concerned except in a few cities wher In these cases only the salaries paid white teach: included. Salaries paid colored teachers in cities maintaining separate salary schedules for white and colored teachers are ta and available for reference on request. A minus sign (—) before a median figure means that an exact median car calculated from the information given, but is somewhat below the sum following the minus sign. TABLE 2.—TRENDS IN SALARIES PAID EMPLOYEES IN SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN CITIES OVER 100,000 IN POPULATION 1930-31 TO 1936-37 Type of school employee Median salary paid in Percent of change 1930-31 1932- 33 1934-35 1936-37 1931- 31-1937 1 1933- 1937 1935-1937 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Classroom teachers: Kindergarten $2.077 $1,909 $1,926 $2,045 — 1.54 ® 7.4 ( Meomentery echool.. .........cccscee 2,118 1,947 1,922 2,027 — 4.30 + 4.11 5 4 Atypical classes 2,372 2,100 1,996 2,182 — 8.01 + 3.90 L 9 — high school 2,348 2,204 2,078 2,303 — 1.92 + 4 49 L108 RS Erne 2,731 2,479 2,436 2,551 — 6.59 + 2.90 - 4 Part-time or continuation school 2,695 2.793 2,693 2.886 + 7.09 + 3.33 Heads of departments in high school 3,436 3,008 2,913 3,288 — 4.31 + 9 31 1 Deans: Junior high school 3,092 2,730 2,539 2,888 — 6.60 + 5.79 $13.75 High school 2,942 2.667 2,268 2,464 —16.25 - 7.61 + 8 64 Principals: Elementary school Assistant principals. 4,280 4,614 4,042 4,245 — 0.82 8.00 + § Teaching principals 2.436 2,184 2,135 2,207 — 9.40 + 1.05 - 3.3 Supervising principals. . 3,519 3,102 3,016 3,225 — 8.35 + 3.97 + 69 Junior high school Assistant principals 3,496 2,899 2,850 3,106 —11.16 + 7.14 + 8.98 IS he <6 ax bast 4,500 3,961 3,718 4,064 — 9.69 + 2.60 £ 9.3 High school Assistant principals 5,544 3,647 3,453 3,569 —35.62 2.14 Principals. ...... 5,100 4,468 4,252 4,473 —12.2 + O.11 5 Part-time or continuation school eer 4,111 3,700 4,125 5,125 +24.67 +38.51 4 Administrative and supervisory staff: Superintendents............. 10,000 8,267 7,288 7,825 —21.75 -~ §.35 Associate, assistant, ‘or deputy superintendents 6,527 5,672 5,578 5,645 —13.51 0.48 Business managers. akin nee eine’ 5,361 4,500 4,186 4,543 —15.26 + 0.96 8 Directors, assistant directors, or supervisors of: Research, tests, and measurements. 3,400 3,010 2,925 3,020 —11.18 + 0.33 3 Vocational education................. 3,550 3,380 3,075 3,187 —10.23 5.71 3:64 Physical education............. 3,100 3,123 2,909 2,989 — 3.58 — 4.29 4 Ns SRE cA nid uae ae tn aa ee'e 2 oa 3,167 2,500 2,800 2,175 —31.32 —13.00 ) NS gc nc acceterbsveseer oa 3,325 3,000 2,700 pee —18.80 10.0 Americanization classes. ................- 3,240 3,033 2,750 2,950 — 8.95 — 2.74 1 7 Mic chueddbteeéesute detbeeracse 2,867 2,744 2,687 2,860 — 0.24 + 4.23 6.44 ie Ss 6 iad ei ebihake ioe kee 2,909 2,825 2,569 2,813 — 3.30 — 0.42 9.5 Penmanship . RE ee ere ree 2,933 2,789 2,727 2,907 —~ 0.89 + 4.23 6.6 Manual training or industrial arts......... 3,450 3,308 3,278 3,136 9.10 — §.20 4.3 Homme QCOmomnics. . . wc ccc ccccces 3,219 2,967 2,818 3,040 — 5.56 + 2.46 + R8 Other school employees: Secretarial and clerical employees: Secretaries to superintendents............... . 2,329 1,978 1,779 1,918 —17.65 — 3.03 * Secretaries of boards of education............. 4,450 3,700 3,333 3,767 —15.35 + 1.81 +13.0 Clerks in principals’ offices.................... 1,281 1,133 1,147 1,218 — 4.92 + 7.50 + 6.1 Clerks in other administrative ‘and supervisory DE cc dies duh haces 1,581 1,442 1,450 1,528 — 3.35 + 5.96 5.38 Superintendents. of buildings a and grounds . = 4,267 3,400 3,109 3,156 —26.04 — 7,18 1.5 Head janitors......... 500 2,000 1,564 2,657 + 6.28 +32.85 +69. 88 St estan ean kee 4 1,541 1,265 1,211 1,297 —15.83 + 2.53 + 7.10 ead nurses........ 2/138 2.029 1.875 1,943 — 9.12 — 4.24 + 3.¢ ee ae ea We bh ba , 111 1,994 1,834 1.954 7.44 » O1 6 54 Part-time or continuation school 166 ». 017 1,902 ? 071 4.39 + 2 68 R 20 Heads of departments in high schools » 575 » 482 > 412 » §5? 0 89 L929 80 Jeans Junior high school ? 36 ?, 308 ?.150 2,325 a. te + 0 74 8 14 High school >. 523 294 2.270 ? 350 6 86 + 2 44 ; 52 Principals Elementary school 0 Assistant principais 756 2. 471 2,300 ? 236 18 87 9 51 8 Teaching principals » O11 1,872 1,738 1.876 6.71 Oo? 4 Supervising principals ? 646 569 ) 364 2, 527 4 50 1.63 t+ 6.90 Junior high school Assistant principals 2,743 508 2.563 », 500 8 86 0.32 » 46 Principals. . 3,353 3.037 2,833 3.012 10.17 0 ®? , 3? High school Assistant principals as 3.053 2,975 > 850 3,017 1.18 + 4 41 + 5.86 Principals 4,281 3.885 3.635 3.839 10.32 1.18 5 61 Part-time or continuation school 4 Principals ; +.050 » 900 » 800 3.188 4.52 9 93 { 86 Administrative and supervisory staff: Superintendents of schools. . 6.758 6,090 $517 6,006 11.13 1.38 + & 86 Associate, assistant, or deputy superintendents 4.587 4.267 4,033 4,160 9 31 » 51 . 3 98 53 Business managers A ; a ; 3.690 3,220 3,060 3,075 16.67 4.50 + 0 49 Directors, assistant directors, or supervisors ot: Research, tests, and measurements » 450 2,467 2,100 ? 267 7.47 8.11 L 7 95 4 Vocational education 3, 200 3.075 2,675 3,100 3.13 + 0.81 15 89 75 Physical education 2,479 2.553 2,288 2,431 1.94 4.78 + 6.25 32 Health G4 2,125 ) 367 1,850 2,500 +17.65 + 5 62 35.14 Of Evening schools 1,033 1,000 1,325 1,100 + 6.49 16.98 2 Americanization classes ? 933 ?,150 1,875 2,075 29.25 3.49 +10.67 44 Art 2,324 2,219 2.096 2,213 4.78 0.27 + 5 58 50 Music... A 375 2,342 2,071 2,238 $.77 4 44 + 8.06 , 60 Penmanship ?, 300 2,300 2,a¢0 2,417 + 5.09 5.09 6.24 | 33 Manual training or industrial arts 2». 892 2.650 2,445 2,788 3.60 5.21 14.03 8 Home economics ? 300 2,233 1,953 2,294 0. 26 2.73 +17.46 Other school employees: Secretarial and clerical employees 81 Secretaries to syperintendents of schools 1.815 1,622 1,508 1,604 11.63 1.11 6.37 0 Secretaries of boards of education 2,514 2,357 2,143 2,508 0.24 + 6.41 +17.03 ». 19 : Clerks in principals’ offices 1,046 1,000 1,000 1,000 Clerks in other administrative and supervisory » 38 : offices. . ee 1,268 1,180 1,105 1,201 5.28 + 1.78 + 8.69 51 Superintendents of buildings and grounds... 2,700 2,513 2.313 2,438 9.70 2.98 + 5.40 ) 88 : Head janitors. . 1,978 1,916 1,700 1,882 4.85 1.77 10.71 > 10 Janitors : 1,444 1,287 1,233 1,298 10.11 + 0.85 §.27 3.63 Head nurses 1,973 1,787 1,660 1,733 12.16 3.02 +. 40 83 Nurses... . ; 1,651 1,558 1,454 1,573 4.72 0.96 8.18 » 3 Chief attendance officers 2,033 1,911 1,838 1,905 6.30 0.31 3.65 27 Attendance officers 1,736 1,617 1,450 1,557 10.31 3.71 +. 7.38 — l 63 school teachers are still 6.59 below those paid in 1930-31. Principals and superintendents have apparently recovered less rapidly than any of the preceding classroom groups. As com- pared with the high point of 1930-31, their 8.35 percent for supervising elementary-school principals; 9.69 percent for junior high principals; 12.29 percent for senior high principals; and 21.75 percent for superintendents of schools. In cities between 30,000 and 100,000 in population similar facts may be pointed out. According to Table 3 the median salaries of kindergarten teachers reached the lowest point in 1934-35. This trend was also true of teach- ers’ salaries in elementary, junior high, and senior high schools. During the current year, however, salaries have begun to recover, altho all are below the 1930-31 level. The median salaries are less than those of the highest year by the following percents: kindergarten teach- ers, 2.67 percent; elementary-school teachers, 6.71 percent; junior high-school teachers, 6.08 percent; high-school teachers, 7.44 percent; median salaries are still below: supervising elementary-school principals, percent; junior high-school principals, 1().| percent ; high-school principals, 10.32 perc: and superintendents of schools, 11.13 percen; Table 4 shows the salary trends in citie between 10,000 and 30,000 in population. A. in cities in Group I and Group II, median sa! aries reached their lowest levels in 1934-35. |; many types of positions the medians for 1936 37 show that recovery has set in, altho ther has been no apparent gain in some example, the median salary of business mar agers reported for 1936-37 is below that of 1934-35. This condition is also true for dire tors of research, for supervisors of physi education, penmanship, and manual training and for secretaries of boards of education. Eye: for the positions where salaries are improving the medians are below the 1930-31 level: ele mentary-school teachers, 9.17 percent; junior high-school teachers, 10.07 percent ; high-schoo! teachers, 11.09 percent; supervising elemen tary-school principals, 7.07 percent; high-school principals, 10.57 percent; Cases. For juni I high TABLE 4.—TRENDS IN SALARIES PAID EMPLOYEES IN SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN CITIES 10,000 TO 30,000 IN POPULATION 1930-31 TO 1936-37 Type of | school emplo-vee Median salary paid in Percent of change 1930-31 1932-. 33 1934-35 1936-37 1931-1937 1933- 1937 1935-1937 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ® Classroom teachers: Elementary school! , $1,428 %. 360 $1,231 $1,297 — 9.17 — 4.63 5 caer high school ; “ee 1,619 .525 1,390 1,456 —10.07 — 4.52 $ ligh school ; 1,876 1747 1,603 1,668 —11.09 — 4.52 4.0 Part-time or continuation schools... nee 1,864 1,741 1,550 1,070 —42.60 —38.54 30! Principals: Teaching elementary school 1,742 1,648 1,476 1,561 —10.39 — 5.28 5 Supervising elementary school..... . 2,349 2,252 2,119 2,183 — 7.07 — 3.06 3.0 Junior high school bike hc , 2,763 2,493 2,307 2,471 —10.57 — 0.88 1 High school. . OE Se 3,613 3,300 3,010 3,061 —15.28 — 7.24 1 Administrative and supervisory staff: Superintendents ee ee ee ree 5.149 4,600 4,242 4,419 —14.18 — 3.93 + 4 Assistant superinter idents sideline 2,950 2,800 2,750 3,175 + 7.63 +13.39 15 4 Business managers......... 3,200 2,788 2,575 2,550 —20.31 — 8.54 0 Directors, assistant directors, or ‘supervisors of: Research, tests, and measurements ocos SD Bee 1,950 1,836 —14.60 —11.52 5.8 Vocational education........... , 3,017 2,450 2,413 2,475 —17.%96 + 1.02 Physical education. ... bois . 2,009 1,924 1,885 1,870 — 6.92 — 2.81 0.80 Health. dna bduaene eke . 1,767 1,579 1,388 1,650 — 6.62 + 4.50 +188 Evening SERRE TED ‘ . —500 —500 —500 —500 aia ; Americanization classes 625 —500 900 —500 ;, es nace. skies “ 1,826 1,786 1,654 1,710 — 6.35 — 4.26 . 5.3 ea ka a4 2 1,943 1,842 1,685 1,744 —10.24 — 5.32 + 3.50 Penmanship ‘ 1,888 1,830 1,883 1,817 — 3.76 — 0.71 3.5} Manual training or industrial arts 2,194 2,081 1,879 1,860 —15.22 —10.62 1.01 Home economics. ... . . 1,718 1,688 1,575 1,605 — 6.58 — 4.92 + 1.90 Other employees: Secretaries to superintendents....... ‘ 1,453 1,297 1,202 1,254 —13.70 — 3.32 + 4 33 Secretaries of boards of education...... 1,250 1,070 1,229 1,175 — 6.00 + 9.81 4.39 Clerks in principals’ offices... ...... 966 836 787 820 —15.11 — 1.91 + 4.19 Clerks in other administrative or supervisory offices 1,113 1,074 940 1,022 — 8.18 — 4.84 8.7 Superintendents of buildings and ae We 2,175 2,007 1,930 1,979 — 9.01 — 1.40 2.54 — rr eS re . 1,360 1,267 1,192 1,231 — 9.49 — 2.84 + 3 Satan anid aaewaeebhae 1,762 1,598 1,467 1,493 —15.27 — 6.57 + 1 Attendance officers... ..........0.0.0cc0cs 1,195 1,190 1,080 996 —16.65 —16.30 8 1 Includes kindergarten teachers. [ 64] «hool principals, 15.28 percent; and superin- rendents of schools, 14.18 percent. In Table 5 are given the median salaries bherween 1930-31 and 1936-37 for cities of 5.000 to 10,000 population. Unlike the cities of Group III (10,000-30,000) the medians reported are almost all consistently higher for the current year than they were in 1934-35. There is, however, considerable lag as com pared with 1930-31. For example, the median for elementary-school teachers is down 11.74 percent ; junior high-school teachers, 10.98 pet cent; and high-school teachers, 11.94 percent. Principals’ salaries also have not recovered: supervising elementary-school principals, 7.95 percent; junior high-school principals, 14.33 percent ; and high-school principals, 10.90 per cent. The median salary of superintendents is still 13.01 percent behind the 1930-31 median. Finally, we may examine Table 6 for the trends in cities 2,500 to 5,000 in population. Here also are many signs of improvements as compared with the survey of 1934-35. Com parisons with 1930-31, however, reveal the same conditions pointed out in connection with the larger cities. Median salaries are generally below those of 1930-31. the statement made that teachers’ salaries in the small cities Earlier in this section was are apparently recovering more slowly than in the large cities. This fact may be illustrated by reviewing the percentages that the median salaries of 1936-37 are below the 1930-31 level. In order of city size the median salaries of elementary-school teachers are lagging as fol- lows: Group I, 4.30 percent; Group II, 6.71 percent; Group III, 9.17 percent; Group IV, 11.74 percent; and Group V, 13.25 percent. The lag of high-school teachers’ salaries also the city 6.59 percent; Group II, 7.44 percent; Group III, 11.09 percent; Group IV, 11.94 percent ; 14.93 percent. It may also be shows influence of size: Group I, and Group V, shown that in the largest cities the median sal aries for 1936-37 have passed the 1932-33 level for most types of positions. This statement cannot be made for the smaller cities, even tho 1936-37 salaries show some improvement over 1934-35. These facts are shown graphically in Figure I, page 67. TABLE 5.—TRENDS IN SALARIES PAID EMPLOYEES IN SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN CITIES 5,000 TO 10,000 IN POPULATION 1930-31 TO 1936-37 Median salary paid in Type of school employee 1930-31 i 2 room teachers: Elementary school! $1 Junior high-school 1 High-school 1 Part-time or continuation school 1 Principal Teaching elementary school 1 Supervising elementary school Junior high-school High-school 2 idministrative and supervisory staff Superintendents 4 Assistant superintendents Business managers Directors, assistant directors, or supervisors of Research and measurements Vocational education tests Physical education 1 Health 1 Art 1 Music 1 Penmanship 1 Manual training or industrial arts 2 Home economics 1 her employees: Secretaries to superintendents 1 Secretaries of boards ot education Clerks in principals’ offices Clerks in other administrative or supervisory offices 1 Superintendents of buildings and grounds 1 anitors 1 Nurses 1 Attendance officers ‘Includes kindergarten teachers 188 300 500 425 350 10? 558 800 057 900 75 641 600 Percent of change 1932-33 1934-35 1936-37 1931-1937 1933-1937 1935-1937 3 4 5 6 7 8 $1.217 $1,050 $1,150 11.74 5 Ss] L 9 52 1,376 1,208 1,330 10.98 3.34 410.10 1.575 1.379 1.490 11.94 5 40 8 OS 1,500 838 900 38.10 40 00 40 1,465 1,246 1,398 11 69 4 57 +12 20 ?. 314 1,962 ? 061 7.95 10.93 ‘/. € os 1.956 1.669 1.871 14 33 4. 35 +12.10 ? 603 2,235 ?, 517 10.90 3.30 12.62 3.818 3,440 3,643 13.01 4.58 5 00 > 650 2, 283 0.82 13.85 2,163 1,700 2.00 1. 41 2.250 2.225 8 25 1.11 2.225 1,833 2,013 14.34 9 §3 9 8 1,719 1,585 1,663 11.73 3 26 4.9 1,000 1,250 1,750 +1020 5 00 40 00 1.563 1,406 1.525 9 66 2. 43 8. 4¢ 1,573 1,415 1,518 12.20 3.50 8 1.325 975 1,050 33.50 20.75 + 69 1,853 1,593 1, 7oe 15.14 6.53 . £94 1,460 1,277 1,384 14.20 5.21 8 38 1,079 946 1,037 13.00 3 890 9 6) 547 532 627 +12. 37 +14.63 17.86 783 687 732 8 50 6.51 6.55 953 856 980 7. + 2 83 14.49 1,860 1.767 1,838 3.26 1.18 4 02 1,144 969 1,068 16.24 6.64 410.22 1,494 1,329 1,431 12.80 4.22 + 7.67 600 600 600 TABLE 6.—TRENDS IN SALARIES PAID EMPLOYEES IN SCHOOL SYSTEMs IN CITIES 2,500 TO 5,000 IN POPULATION 1930-31 TO 1936-37 Type of school employee Median salary paid in 1930-31 ~ 1932- 33 1934-35 1936-37 Percent of change 1931- 1937 1933- 1937 1935 1937 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Classroom teachers Elementary school!, $1,162 $1,089 $961 $1,008 13.25 — 7.44 Junior high school 1,360 1,270 1,125 183 —13.01 6.85 High school. .. 1,547 1,429 1,260 316 14.93 — 7.91 Part-time or continuation school 700 950 —600 $00 eres ert Principals: Teaching elementary school..... 1,409 1,353 1,181 1,233 —12.49 — 8.87 Supervising elementary school.... . 2,175 2,000 2,038 1,950 —10.34 — 2.50 Junior high school............. =e 1,775 1,536 1,433 1,508 —15.04 — 1.82 et nadbneeedee ns aes 2,403 2,134 1,851 1,986 —17.35 — 6.94 Administrative and supervisory waft Superintendents......... ; 3,565 3,216 2,850 3,044 —14.61 — §.35 Business managers. ; oes 1,400 1,850 i mes +46.43 Directors, assistant directors, or supervisors of: Vocational education. . ; 2,500 2,175 1,617 1,750 —30.00 —19.54 Physical education... . 1,756 1,714 1,559 1,492 —15.03 —12.95 PPS bib ea sae oe rorr re 1,300 950 1,050 1,350 + 3.85 +42.11 (> ale EP aa a A Te 1,450 1,427 1,419 1,438 — 0.83 + 0.77 ES 1,439 1,374 1,266 1,338 — 7.02 — 2.62 Penmanship ‘ 1,275 1,350 1,350 950 —25.49 —29.63 Manual training or industrial arts 1,867 1,731 1,554 1,625 —12.96 — 6.12 Home economics.............. 1,526 1,384 1,250 1,330 —12.84 — 3.90 Other em vloyees: Secretaries to superintendents......... 885 833 790 846 — 4.41 + 1.56 Secretaries of boards of education... . —500 —500 —500 -S00_—Cwi...... iat Clerks in principals’ offices............ ; 781 710 656 675 —13.57 — 4.93 Clerks in other administrative or supervisory offices. . 764 739 663 775 + 1.44 + 4.87 Superintendents of buildings and ened ... 2,150 1,750 1,550 1,600 —25.58 — 8.57 ) EOE SARS aS aie ae 1,190 1,045 946 =61,023 —14.03 — 211 hee ce tad. cathe ee d erbeiane 1,546 1,354 1,140 1,216 —21.35 —10.19 ae —600 —600 —600 -600 _~=t«..... ete 1 Includes kindergarten teachers. Rg HE ECONOMIC STATUS of any teacher is naturally of major personal concern to that teacher. The economic status of teachers as a group is, or should be, a matter of fundamental professional concern to all educators and to parents and citizens generally. From the purely personal point of view, a satisfactory economic status is important because it means having the necessities of life in sufficient amounts for one’s self and depend- ents; a reasonable amount for giving to worthy causes outside one’s own household ; ample opportunity for wholesome recreation and for cultural and professional growth; and a chance to make adequate provision for future emergencies and for retirement. From the strictly professional point of view, these things are important because they help to maintain the morale of teachers and to improve generally the efficiency of our schools. The profes- sion of education may well give even more careful consideration than in the past, to the economic conditions and problems of its members and to ways of getting other citizens to do the same. This is essential to the well-being of one of society’s most potentially valuable groups, and hence essential to the effectiveness of the work which society expects this group to do.—T he Teacher's Economic Position, Research Division, National Education Asso- ciation, 1935. [ 66 ] FIGURE I TRENDS IN ELEMENTARY- SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SALARIES, 1930-31 TO 1936-37 SALARY POPULATION $2200 GROUPS Cities 2000 Over 100,000 1800 Cities 30,000 to 100,000 Cities 10,000 to 30,000 Cities 5,000 to 10,000 Cities 2,500 to 5,000 1400 1200 1000 800 1930-31 1932-33 1934-35 1936-37 TRENDS IN HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SALARIES, 1930-31 TO 1936-37 SALARY POPULATION pict GROUPS 2600 ities er 100,000 2400 2200 2000 Cities 30,000 to 100,000 1800 — Cities ne 10,000 to 30,000 Cities ad 5,000 to 10,000 Cities al 2,500 to 5,000 1930-31 1932-33 1934-35 1936-37 Research Division, National Education Association For the exact amounts upon which these graphs are based consult Tables 2 thru 6. The median salaries reported in the preced- ing section summarize as well as is possible in any single figure the general status of city teachers’ salaries. It is important, however, to know how the salaries are distributed above and below the median figure. Table 7 presents this information for the three main groups of teachers in cities over 30,000 in population, and Table 8 gives this same information for cities under 30,000 in population. Tables 9 and 10 show the distribution of salaries for the four main groups of principals in cities over 30,000 and in cities under 30,000 in population, respectively. Tables 11 and 12 give these data for certain administrative and supervisory officers. Table 13 presents the distribution of salaries paid to secretarial and clerical employees, while Tables 14 and 15 show this information for attendance officers, nurses, and janitors. The tables in this section bring out clearly The Range and Distribution of Salaries in 1936-37 the relative position of the median salaries the different population groups and the exten: to which the distributions themselves ove: They show that, altho the median sala: various groups of teachers increases wit! size of the city in which the teacher is « ployed, there is a considerable amount of ove; lapping in the distributions of the sala: ‘There are some types of positions in the |a cities in which many individuals receive low: salaries than some persons in like positions the smaller cities. Differences in the experience and training o{ the individuals involved, the salary schedules of the cities, and variations in living costs among the factors which account for this ov lapping. It will be seen that the larger cities general, show a wider spread of salaries tha: the smaller cities. The distributions fo: smaller cities tend to spread less. Tables 7 to 15 also give the total numbe: TABLE 7.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES OVER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1936-37 Elementary-school teachers Salary groups Junior high-school teachers High-school teachers Group Ir Group I! Group II! Group I Group I Group II 1 2 3 + 5 6 7 $4,000 and over 2 34 3,791 3,800- 3,999 23 58 33 616 3,700— 3,799 22 1 12 22 647 3,600— 3,699 149 35 17 506 3,500-— 3,599 2,709 1 2,512 27 532 4 3,400— 3,499 226 160 35 551 5 3,300-— 3,399 63 2 27 24 348 3 3,200— 3,299 423 49 235 59 2,199 5 3,100—- 3,199 8,402 4 41 24 206 9 3,000— 3,099 391 45 324 64 1,549 18 2,900— 2,999 1,057 205 165 50 2,806 130 2,.800— 2,899 363 109 2,459 81 2,984 149 2,.700-— 2,799 1,115 188 911 149 1,560 524 2,.600-— 2,699 1,972 151 942 217 2,040 3 2,500— 2,599 2,348 201 1,104 315 1,870 509 2,400— 2,499 3, 806 283 1.640 280 3,227 545 2,300— 2,399 3,258 351 979 324 1,631 639 2,200— 2,299 9 698 663 1,096 689 2.645 1.039 2,100— 2,199 4.385 879 1,488 439 1,874 624 2,000- 2,099 6,905 1,013 956 614 1,534 879 1,900— 1,999 9 687 1.540 1,078 659 1,882 1,077 1,800— 1,899 4,669 2,831 1,047 1,072 1,755 94 1,700— 1,799. 4.736 2,022 947 899 1,270 803 1,600— 1,699 3,988 2,337 840 930 971 1,011 1,500— 1,599 5,292 2,230 825 993 857 890 1.400— 1,499 3,498 2.778 736 887 507 584 1,300— 1,399.. 3,719 2,556 778 635 646 46 1,200— 1,299 2,699 2,978 647 726 547 473 1,100— 1,199 2,007 2.270 493 406 445 296 1,000— 1,099 1,649 2,032 456 337 292 5 Below 1,000 1,641 2,468 187 332 229 244 Total 90 902 30,187 23,212 11,339 42,517 13,10 Median $2,027 $1,501 $2,303 $1,747 $2,551 $1,954 Arithmetic mean $2,099 $1,558 $2,315 $1,808 $2,615 $2 , 0 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 61. [ 68 ] +he various employees reported by the cities wered in this survey and the median and irithmetic mean for each type and city size. lables 7 and 8 bring out the usual tendency for salaries to increase with the size of the city. Figures II to V on pages 74 and 75 show median salaries paid the main classes of school employees in cities in the various population rroups. [he tendency to pay higher salaries to teach- ers giving instruction to older children is also ident from the figures of these tables. The median salarv of teachers in the junior high schools in cities over 100,000 in population is ipproximately $275 higher than that of ele the high-school teachers is nearly $250 higher than mentarv-school teachers, and salary of that of junior high-school teachers. Another comparison between median sal iries, paid for various positions in cities over 100,000 population, may be made by index numbers. Taking the median salary of elemen tar\ school teachers ‘Table col. Z is LUU the index numbers of other positior ure unior high-school teachers, 113.6; high-school teachers, 125.9; teaching elementary-school principals, 108.9; and supervising elementary school principals, 159.1. Altho not preser ted in this bulletin, similar comparisons may be made for the other city groups. In 1928 the Committee on Standards of the Department of Elementary School Principals proposed a salary schedule ranging from $2000 to $7000 for supervising elementary principals According to Tables 9 and 10, not more than 1+ principals out of 6500 have approached any where near this proposed maximum. At least 935 supervising elementary principals received less than $2000 in 1936-37. For the first time since the 1928-29 surve\ ‘Tables 12 the detailed distributions for the salaries the Research Division presents, in to 15, of superintendents, assistant superintendents, directors, supervisors, and various types of non professional school employees. TABLE 8—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES UNDER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1936-37 Elementary and kindergarten teachers Salary groups Group Group Group Ill IV! vi 1 2 3 4 $3,100 and over 5 39 3 3,000— 3,099 3 12 4 ’ 900- 2,999 4 9 4 ) 800- 2,899 5 9 ) 700-— 2,799 24 13 14 600-— 2.699 35 14 10 500— 2,599 51 14 28 400- 2,499 109 19 18 s100-— 2,399 106 26 3 200- 2,299 135 51 26 2,100— 2,199 188 53 26 2,000— 2,099 324 123 56 1,900— 1,999 565 159 56 1,.800— 1,899 927 263 102 1,700- 1,799 1,280 59 134 1.600-— 1,699 1,600 539 336 1,500- 1,599 1,872 650 395 1,400- 1,499 3.291 1,417 541 1,300— 1.399 2,419 1,091 545 1,200-— 1,299 2,883 :. 382 801 1,100- 1,199 2.768 1,461 1,085 1,000- 1,099 3.043 1,673 1,558 900. 999 2.367 1,898 2,142 800 899 997 1,241 1,137 700 799 684 781 919 600 699 286 338 576 Below 600 82 137 734 Total 26,053 13,601 11,275 Median $1,297 $1,150 $1,008 Arithmetic mean $1,331 $1, 206 $1,071 For pepulation ranges, see Table 1, page 61 Group Junior high- High-school school teachers teachers Group Group Group Group Groug IV Vv Ill / / 5 6 7 8 9 10 9 4 12 61 & 4 6 43 i¢ ( g 3 73 18 15 0 4 4 90 15 ) 18 5 5 126 43 l Ss 5 178 OR 1 68 13 3 225 91 1 60 10 5 361 101 51 123 1 6 4106 121 43 115 4 9 150 162 905 09 30 16 609 169 “ 19 35 17 75 63 1 ) 301 60 1 R14 339 175 374 94 7 1,086 420 06 422 100 §2 1,071 51 84 06 152 77 1,397 762 368 650 173 105 cane 696 551 50 270 114 1,119 6 58 R51 29? 189 1,258 R18 904 68 324 72 932 858 999 55 242 335 578 543 859 515 30 254 448 432 549 311 227 247 237 455 462 110 51 80 82 129 195 102 46 78 32 9 221 18 18 43 15 58 ) 3 7 13 7 3 g 7,315 2,467 1,983 13,622 8,043 065 $1,456 $1,330 $1,183 $1,668 $1,490 $1 1¢ $1,510 $1,398 $1,240 $1,724 $1,552 $1,382 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1936-37 TABLE 9.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID PRINCIPALS IN CITIES OVER $8 000 and over 7,500— 7,999 7,000-— 7,499 6,500— 6,999 6 ,000—- 6,499 5,500— 5,999 5,000-— 5,499 4,800— 4,999 4,600— 4,799 4,400— 4,599 4,200— 4,399 4,000-— 4,199 3,800— 3,999 3,600— 3,799 3,400-— 3,599 3,200— 3,399 3,100— 3,199.. 3,000— 3,099... 2,900— 2,999.. 2,800— 2,899 2,700— 2,799.. 2,600-— 2,699 2,500— 2,599 2,400— 2,499 2,300— 2,399 2,200— 2,299 2,100— 2,199 2,000— 2,099 1,900— 1,999 1,800— 1,899 1,700—- 1,799 1,600— 1,699 1,500— 1,599 1,400— 1,499 1,300— 1,399 1,200— 1,299 Below 1,200. . Total Median Arithmetic mean 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 61. Salary groups Elementary-school principals Teaching Group Group I! II: 2 3 12 3 il 1 1 7 6 15 9 2 44 3 9 13 40 9 48 23 52 19 34 25 37 43 27 61 41 94 42 105 57 106 47 102 15 58 21 §2 14 62 12 24 & 19 7 48 587 891 $2,207 $1,876 $2,220 $1,893 Supervising Group Group I II 4 ow 1 4,004 $3,423 5 1, 385 Junior high-school principals Group Group I II 6 7 i 71 15 3 12 4 41 6 45 12 4 22 3 44 6 39 20 46 17 27 32 43 40 28 22 29 23 16 13 15 17 13 20 18 23 15 23 5 18 3 25 2 16 7 20 6 3 3 10 1 2 aaa 6 1 2 wana 5 581 383 $2,629 $4,291 $3,225 $2,527 $4,064 $3,012 $3,127 High-scho Group I 628 $4,473 $4,746 principals 0 $3, 83 $3.8 HERE adequate minimum-salary standards are lacking some com- munities may set salaries so low that the selection of teachers, regard- less of their qualifications, is limited either to those who are willing to live at very low levels or to those who can depend on relatives for part of their living expenses. A salary law which eliminates competition for appointment below a certain salary level places a premium on superior qualifications and competence, and thus tends to improve the teaching service —M inimum- Salary Laws for Teachers, NEA Committee on Tenure, 1937. [70] a fbb Shaheen Fi i pe ch Sarita z O00 a 500 5.000 +. 800 $ 600 4 100 00 000 800 3,600 1s he ee be 3,400 3,200 100 3,000 900 800 700 ? 600 » 500 » 400 » 300 200 100 000 1,900 1,800 1,700 1,600 1,500 400. 300. 1,200 1,100 1,000 selow 1 F ABLE 10.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID PRINCIPALS IN CITIES UNDER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1936-37 Junior high-school High-school Elementary-school principals principals principals Salary groups Teaching Supervising Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Ill Vv Vv Ill IV Vv vi Ill IV Vv It Iv! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1d over 4 5.909 1 5 4990 1 10 4.999 > 4.799 1 ; ; 9 4.599 1 1 ; 15 4,399 1 4 ; 1 1 10 4,199 3 1 ; 3 { 3,999 9 4 5 s 3,799 12 3 1 8 12 3,599 1 15 ) 1 17 1 31 5 3,399 20 } 1 10 5 45 ; ( 3,199 2 ] 6 10 1 17 8 ; 3,099 1 2 20 i } 17 3 1 41 4 10 2,999 3 18 ) 8 ) 25 11 ; 2,299 6 25 3 Q 1 6 16 xg 2.799 7 7 31 5 1 19 3 5 Th) 11 2.699 6 3 5 4 19 4 1 5 »s 1? 2,599 27 2 3 3 2 ; ; 3 41 18 2,499 21 10 5 59 11 1 1 4 1 0 4 2,399 27 11 2 50 8 0 7 ' 9 1 1 2.299 31 15 3 55 7 4 3 9 6 13 1 2.199 47 27 5 61 13 4 19 9 7 . ” 3? 2.099 74 31 16 55 | 9 17 9 5 11 s 54 1,999 93 28 & 64 9 6 14 9 ? 5 19 6 1,899 126 64 29 56 16 11 x 19 6 13 1 44 1,799 142 75 29 39 11 4 8 13 4 ) 6 1,699 170 91 47 50 16 8 ~ 12 9 1 3 1,599 189 152 60 35 ] 3 13 19 18 10 Ss 1,499 221 138 69 16 6 6 7 7 13 ) 15 1,399 207 146 84 15 12 3 4 & 14 | i 1 1,299 121 149 80 17 1 1 3 6 17 3 1¢ 1,199 99 140 94 6 5 1 2 14 t ( 1,099 50 121 91 3 3 7 1 10 1 7 1,000 44 108 203 1 5 2 10 1 11 Total 1,714 1,322 828 813 191 104 320 153 159 472 436 408 Median... $1.561 $1,398 $1,233 $2,183 $2,061 $1,950 $2,471 $1,871 $1,508 $3,061 $2,517 $1,986 Arithmetic mean $1,681 $1,448 $1,299 - $2,262 $2,187 $2,087 $2,545 $1,986 $1,586 $3,170 $2,554 $2,033 or population ranges, see Table 1, page 61. HE COMMITTEE is of the firm and deep conviction that in the proper operation of salary schedules lies the possibility of obtaining better and superior teaching in the public schools. To gain this high objec tive however, the schools must have forceful and intelligent leadership. In short, superior teaching is predicated upon superior leadership. The Com mittee, therefore, places great stress upon having strong outstanding prin cipals. Thus, it recommends such salary changes for principals as will attract and hold the highest types of persons, with outstanding educational and teaching leadership.—Pittsburgh Citizens’ Committee on Teachers’ Salaries, 1928. 19 [ 9 32s 1 uotjepndod 10] ors 7$ L8z'¢$ oly '7$ L¢6°7$ 17s ‘7s 7es'e$ Lie'ss 966 t$ Oss 7$ Sil ts 967 't$ OS7 ' 9$ 860° 9$ 168 8$ UROL ONAUITUY ise 7$ g¢7'7$ tis’ 7$ grr 7$ Ost ¢$ $1.0 '¢$ £ts t$ 80S 7$ LOL ¢$ O91 t$ sto ss 900° 9$ S78 L$ uUBIPEW o9l tol bez 8SZ Ith orl £9 zw etl 4 tl FEZ 607 16 JBIOL I Lt 000° 1$ if 1 t I z I 661 1 000° 1 + 8 s z 1 t 66f 1 007 ‘1 ral 1 v1 ¢ L z ra s z 66S 1 OOF I tl t tt 8 9 ol 1 s I 66L 1 009° 1 ol 6 It 07 tl tl t 6 l if 666 1 008 1 97 ol OF 81 1Z L S 9 Ss 6617 000 7 91 zl 97 7 zi ol t z Zz 66t “7 OO7 7 91 $i 7 $7 tt l 8 t a t I 668 “7 OOF 7 el | 1Z tZ tl Ss s ra L t I I 66L°7 009 7 tl st 6 St al t t I t s v4 666 7 OOR 7 $l Li 91 07 8 91 8 t 6 t L t 1 ool ¢ 000'¢ ra 8 8 a L a t 1 9 Zz b z z oot 007 £ S 91 z 6 Ss z z 1 L 6 t z rd 60S ‘¢ (Or '¢ t ol s . t L t t 9 t x s z 66L'¢ 009'¢ § 9 t 8 Z Z 1 9 Z t t 6 666 ¢ OOR '¢ I L z l z L 1 rd z 9 s s t 661 °F 000 °F . t t 1 z s t ¢ z t s ol s 66f Ft O07 Fb cr $ ) t t 1 L l z r 9 zt i 60S & —OOF'> = t I t s Z ra | ¢ t tl t 66OL 009 + ~ l I $ ) i I 91 l 666 > 008 Ff 1 ; " , 9 S S t t - 87 it l oor Ss 000s 4 $ t ¢ 1 | t l It Si i 660 §$ oos §& I t s i Z $i it 6 66F' 9 -000'°9 | z t 1 I Z ra 07 ol 666°9 —00S'9 Z I $ I 6 tl It OOF L 000 L j 1 1 I I vi ol ol 666° L OOS 'L l i i i tl a 666 8 000 8 | oF t 8 666 6 000 6 l | tl l sl 666 Il -000 O1 Zz Zz Z 666 t1$-000'71 I I s 4aA0 PUR OOO’ SI¢ st val eI zI Il ol 6 8 L 9 s + £ Zz I Idnoig =| dnoiy Wdnoiy = dnoiny 1dnoiy =p dnoiny Idnoiy =] dnoiny udnoiy =f dnoiny Udnoiy [dno rT dnoiyn ,[ dnoiy uonPeonpe ISN JO SJOSIA spunoi3 pue sio3vurw uonjEonpe Sjuspuajuuedns $]00498 jo sdnoid Aivjes yeostsAyd jo si0sia -iadns 10 ‘Si0}9011p SZutpling jo ssouisng JO spisB0g Ayndap 10 Swwepuajuuedns -sadns 10 ‘$10}90I!p juUBISISSE ‘S10}9921G sjuspuajuuedns JO SalLlB}8198g ‘a} B1ID0SSB ‘juRISISSy JUBISISSE ‘S10}901IG L€-9€61 NI NOILV1NdOd NI 000°0¢ HHAO SHILIO NI SHHOIAHO AMOSIANXAdMNS AGNV AAILVALSININGY NIVLYAD AIiVd SAIAVIVS AO NOILNAINLSIG— II AIAVL i$ ot i$ O1o 7$ 8 $ t is S& is 0 $ mS " $ S$ ms | $ t 9 oor ¢s I¢ t$ Ineo \ ot $ 18 x’ 1S yee 1g wIS ‘IS tt $ " $ gtk 1S Ole $ ooss $s S $ tro +$ tt . rts Wo t7I d OT in xct ; t ' RHK 5 tl 60 ist UF Ol | ) ‘ $ 5 991 16 os OOS$ MOOR ; ' t | a | ) 60S | S | | $ I 669 , t ‘ re ’ ® 66L ‘ c R Y 9 668 , . c Ol z 7 | Ol 600 2 ‘ 1 " tl el i t 8 t | 600 1 | : 7 Sl 1 y) I 1 ol < Os xi 9 $ - cl t | eI c ‘ i , is ‘ t 9 5 oot 1 l I | 1 zt 97 t $ | ~ u ! ol I | . RE | 11 S 1 I t | Si Z S t I I I 61 ol I ra: I s t | l I 7 Cc] = £7 Ot t i Ol 6 S 1 I ¢ 81 t ra 87 | S t I I r ¢ tl 6 ~ t 1 I ) € ( t x ¢ l wl tl t t I | ) $ < ri t l t mt t ri t t ( S | l | < t . ol t it é t ) 1 HOF < ¢ . | l > 1 s ®t y d oo < a l Uo b l 609 < r t ) ) ts | t 66L i Z ¥ I 7) 1 | | Si tI 1 6608 7 y 7 t | re | ) | 666 7 r S al $ 9 1 S ) os 91 ool ¢ t 7 y c l l i rs 81 oot ¢ t . y 1 1 | | zs #2 66S $ t I Z y $9 Rt ool ¢ t | Si bi 666 '¢ t SZ xt es 661 F t 6 Si tt oot F 7 | it 81 zs 60S Ff t S$ 6 91 ool F bi » It Fé 666 F t Ol 67 £9 66h S$ —O00'S s ol 67 666 S$-O0S 'S I y 91 tS JaA0 puke YOO’ 9$ 9I SI bl el zi Il ol 6 & Z 9 s + £ z I A AI III A Al Ill A AI Ill A Al Iti A 1 AI 1 Il dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiyy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy dnoiy uonPINpe jesishyd o1snu jo SiostAjodns 10 spunoi2Z pue s2uipying UCHEIMNps jO Spiv0g s]ooyos jo sdnoiz Areyes jO Si0SstAiodns 10 *$10}291IP JUBISISSE ‘S10}9911G jO syuspuajuedng JO $9118}9199G sjuapuajuliedng *S1O}JIOIIP JUBISISSE *s10}0911IG Le-9€61 NI NOILVINdOd NI 0000 HHANN SHILIO NI SHSHOIHHAO ANYOSIANAdUNS ANV AAILVALSININGYV NIVLAAO CGIVd SHIAVIVS AO NOILNAIALSIG—?Zz!l ATAVL FIGURE II MEDIAN SALARIES PAID ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL | TEACHERS IN CITIES, 1936-37 | POPULATION GROUPS © $200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 200% Cities Over 100,000 Cities 30,000 to 100,000 Cities 10,000 to 30,000 Cities 5,000 to 10,000 Cities 2,500 to 5,000 Research Division, National Education Associa For details consult Table 7 and Table 8. FIGURE III MEDIAN SALARIES PAID JUNIOR HIGH - SCHOOL TEACHERS IN CITIES, 1936-37 POPULATION GROUPS 2 $200 400 600 890 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 Cities Over 100,000 Cities 30,000 to 100,000 Cities 10,000 to 30,000 Cities 5,000 to 10,000 Cities 2,500 to 5,000 Research Division, National Education Association For details consult Table 7 and Table 8. [74] FIGURE IV MEDIAN SALARIES PAID HIGH - SCHOOL TEACHERS IN CITIES, 1936-37 POPULATION GROUPS 9 $290 490 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 Cities Over 100,000 Cities 30,000 to 100,000 Cities 10,000 to 30,000 Cities 5,000 to 10,000 Cities 2,500 to 5,000 Research Division, Netiona! Education Association For details consult Table 7 and Table 8. FIGURE V MEDIAN SALARIES PAID SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS IN CITIES, 1936-37 POPULATION GROUPS ° $1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Cities Over 100,000 Cities 30,000 to 100,000 Cities 10,000 to 30,000 Cities 5,000 to 10,000 Cities 2,500 to 5,000 Research Division, Netiona! Education Associatio n For details consult Table 1! and Table 12. 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Z s + £ z alte atie onal able enben dnoiyg dnoig bile albe nie dnoiy ancien ok, af, pal Sooo ,sjedroutd ut syH1915 seotyo Asosiasodns PUP SANPISIUIUIpe UI SHJe/5 SJUSPUS}ULAdNS 0} Sa1IB}a199g UBOUI IN uPIpay [rol 009$ Oleg 66L 009 " "3 666 008 661° 1 -000'1 66f' 1 -O007'I 66S 1 —O0F'I 66L°1 -009'1 666'1 —008'1 “"661°Z -000°Z 66£°7 -007'Z 6687 —00b'Z 66L°7 -009°7 666°7 —O00R8 7 661 '¢ —000's 66£'£ —O07 66S '°€ —O0F'£ 66L°¢ —009'¢ 666'°¢£ —008 '¢ 192A PUP OOO ' FS sdnoi3 Areyes L€-9f61 NI SHAAOIMWGA TVOINATIO GNV TVIAVLAXOAS AGIVd SHIAVIVS AO NOILNAIALSIG— Et! ATAVL —_ TABLE 14.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID OTHER SCHOOL EMPLOYEES IN CITIES OVER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1936-37 Chief attend- Attendance Head Head ance officers officers nurses Nurses janitors Janitors Salary groups Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group I! II I II I II I I I Il l 2 3 4 5 0 7 8 9 10 1! 12 13 $4 000 and over 14 1 39 , 5”) R00 3,999 1 1 | 00 4,799 4 1 1 sy)— 3,599 3 7 | i 0-— 3,399 6 l 1 1 4 1 g ; 000— 3,199 4 5 2 1 1 ¢ 1 60 3 » R00— 2,999 6 282 1 4 1 3 1 400 ) 99 6 3 24 9 13 » 134 100-— 2,599 4 12 58 5 3 1 4 4 ? 183 { oO- 2,399 9 16 49 10 4 4 9 8 4 13 9 a0) wo-— 2,199 5 10 176 14 5 5 64 46 10 19 585 133 s00— 1,999 4 21 175 13 15 294 67 4 39 1,374 168 600— 1 99 6 9 97 14 6 15 304 RR > 19 1.51 9 490- 1,599 2 16 136 13 5 13 189 95 1 16 0 09 00- 1,399 1 18 82 2 ) 01 04 12 3. 30 1.38 000-— 1,199 2 52 11 116 55 3.133 9 $1,000 ¢ 12 21 3 8 19 3 3.160 1 34 Total 76 134 1.193 138 30 0 1 06 494 S54 132 16.659 ( 63 Median $2.767 $1,905 $2,063 $1,557 $1,943 $1.733 $1,706 $1,573 $2,657 $1,882 $1,297 $1,298 Arithmetic mean.. $3,053 $1,961 $2,157 $1,630 $2,039 $1,763 $1,607 $1,613 $2,773 $1,903 $1,408 $1,33 I opulation ranges, see Table 1, page 61 TABLE 15.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID OTHER SCHOOL EMPLOYEES IN CITIES UNDER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1936-37 Attendance officers Nurses Janitors Salary groups Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Ill IV V Ill IV Ill IV Vv l 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 9 10 $3,000 and over 1 1 1 900 ?, 999 1 800— 2,899 1 1 700— 2,799 1 | | 2 1 ; ’ 600— 2,699 1 | 1 1 1 5 500— 2,599 4 3 6 4 400— 2,499 5 4 1 12 300— 2,399 5 1 2 14 5 200-— 2,299 } 1 x 3 19 8 4 100— 2,199 6 1 10 1 0 } ) ?.000— 2.099 5 3 18 10 3 33 0 1,900— 1,999 x 17 4 56 4 } 1,800— 1,899 12 1 35 1 9 14 ( 8 1,700 1.799 6 3 1 33 18 9 178 1,600— 1,699 12 3 ) 59 4 13 312 114 ; 500— 1,599 i8 4 3 4? 9 18 471 153 103 400— 1.499 13 5 1 61 »9 17 402 146 8 1,300— 1,399 1 9 1 52 27 20 590 1 11 1,200- 1,299 16 14 8 49 4 19 795 329 188 100— 1,199 10 7 5 29 »3 24 364 158 101 1,000— 1,099 15 x 6 23 1 22 460 74 235 900 999 23 13 6 11 14 26 492 314 40 800 899 18 11 1 5 | 4 244 135 128 700 799 18 14 } 3 7 8 219 147 123 600 699 12 9 7 6 4 7 223 139 93 w $600 RO 130 121 6 6 20 567 504 348 Total 312 237 171 482 272 228 5.636 », 852 1,970 Median $996 $600 $600 $1,493 $1,431 $1,216 $1,231 $1,068 $1,023 Arithmetic mean $1,124 $600 $600 $1.523 $1,442 $1,247 $1.202 $1,098 $1,074 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 61 Interstate Comparisons Tables 16 and 17 compare the median sal- ‘Table 17 includes, tor comparative purpose: aries paid by states.’ Table 16 gives figures on the average salary paid all teachers, prin teachers’ salaries by states for cities over 30,000 and supervisors as reported by the in population, while Table 16 gives similar States Office of Education for 1933-. data for cities under 30,000 in population. — latest year for which these figures are ava [ > ‘+ the 1 In certain cases data were insufficient to make it worthwhile to calculate medians for certain sizes of cities and employees. In these cases medians are omitted. The general rules for reporting medians followed in this bulletin ay Special Salary Tabulations are as follows: when as many as ten cities of a given population group in a single state when 50 percent or more of all cities of a given size in a state report, a median is calculated. Except: when the nu individual employees reported is less than five, a median is not calculated. When the use of a calculated median mak; state median larger than the maximum salary actually received by teachers in the cities within the state, the maxin rather than the computed median is reported. TABLE 16.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES OVER 30,000 IN POPULATION BY STATES IN 1936-37 Median salaries paid in city school systems to Kindergarten Elementary- Teachers of Junior high- High- school Part-time States teachers schoolteachers atypical classes school teachers? teachers? school teachers Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group I: ti I II I II I Il I II I II 1 — 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 i 2B Continental U. S. $2,045 $1,566 2,027 $1,501 $2,182 $1,708 $2,303 $1,747 2,551 $1,954 $2,886 $2,( Alabama ; 1,485 1,026 1,475 1,300 ...... —1,000 1,809 1,418 Arizona 1,413 1,421 + 1,565 ; 1,925 Arkansas -~1,000 1,179 1,385 California 2.194 1,908 2,225 1,941 2,306 2,046 2,596 2,285 2,640 2,511 2,750 2.54 Colorado re 2,096 1,550 2,238 1,490 2,538 ‘ane 2,524 1,700 2,540 1,882 2,543 Connecticut... .. 1,802 1,675 1,845 1,758 1,891 1,806 2,109 1,790 2,454 2,144 Delaware... 1,500 . 1,912 a | seeeeie 1,800 Pe 9s<<5< Dist. of Columbia 2,246 2,234 2,251 2,444 2,826 =e ‘ 1,200 1,150. 1,265 ‘ 1,354 e 1,280 Georgia open 1,314 —1,000 1,398 1,187 1,526 1,150 1,756 1,405 1,798 1,425 1,488 1,02 Illinois. ..... ; 1,942 1,360 1,932 1,399 1,926 1,477 1,594 1,580 2,781 1,854 3,225 Ds seusena 1,491 1,317 1,713 1,429 1,763 1,550 1,756 1,618 2,142 1,821 lowa ‘ 1,777 1,381 1,732 1,412 1,710 1,469 1,827 1.643 1,987 1,709 Kansas 1,330 1,400 1,553 1,603 1,800 1,630 1,741 1,627 1,831 1,908 Kentucky . 1,642 1,343 1,431 1,496 1,694 1,425 1,658 1,654 2,109 1,738 Louisiana. .. sue See 1,344 —1,000 1,517 1,156 1,834 1,179 iS dts alte dees 1,335 8.304. P 1,342 1,455 1,667 Maryland cous See : 1,615 1,203 Se. ss 1, 886 1,321 2, 255 1,519 Massachusetts . 1,942 1,825 2,018 1,631 2,056 1,719 2,308 1,852 2.762 2,064 2,404 > 10 Michigan......... 2,076 1,435 2,161 1,529 2,606 1,657 2,818 1,733 2,813 1,892 2,769 1,783 Minnesota...... 1,573 ‘ 1,709 Ri sede 1,992 ia Bae. Mississippi re ‘ ~1,000 : inna , ; 1,041 1,200 Miseouri......... 2,250 ceae 1,892 —1,000 1,771 1,025 1,980 1,281 2,591 1,407 Montana...... — ia 1,704 De sachas “aeed ; 2,015 PRGROREED. cc. 20... 2,588 1,133 1,523 1,180 1,333 a EE ee 1,295 1,800 1,371 New Hampshire... .... s+ Pe Cee exuheds). diame oe 1,608 ,021 New Jersey....... 2,135 2,025 1,975 1,984 2,290 2,250 2,082 2,320 2,593 2,429 2,350 2,05 DEE BEnccccses Speen 1,888 3,102 1,904 3,524 1,980 3,528 2,099 3,470 2,283 3,713 2 , Oot Okla! North Carolina. . a Ralecc: d yuth plan RL ssatans a aaa ft ae 1,081 ee 1,971 2,083 1,853 1,394 2,008 1,595 2,238 1,682 2,294 1,998 2,550 reg Penn Oklahoma...... Se? es 1,593 —1,000 See” cacnee Tere 1,894 1,250 =o Rhod Oregon......... . te He 1,760 f ae tart iwiakhe RE aa Sout! Pennsylvania... .. 2,075 1,767 2,218 1,818 2,407 1,855 2,746 1,980 3,241 Pane Ubeaks Sout! Rhode Island..... 2,013 1,500 1,840 1,628 2,029 1,600 2,298 1,668 2,485 ee Pica. cescae seaben on ware & ets a Areas Se Asesan Tenn exa, South Dakota..... .. ; 5.068 24. Pee. Saknied “sehen ebb .saleee ‘danas - ee Utah Tennessee. ....... Saat 1,254 sau oteleats meals - ere Se. Sukees we eis Verm ceweses 1,192 1,138 1,462 1,220 1,400 1,850 1,612 1,330 1,775 o - eer Virgi: Utah.. 1,367 1,610 1,139 I) ¢ineaa *ée¢ebne 1,450 1,839 > are Virginia a ae 1,340 1,398 1,219 1,438 1,100 1,879 1,342 2,172 1,487 : wash West Washington....... eo 1,979 1,615 2,088 1,625 2,043 1,667 2,305 1,923 2,300 W isec PEcccee tena te i Te stesae Abweah acunes Serer ae s. +s Wyor Wisconsin. ....... 2,426 1,415 2,440 1,566 2,435 1,617 2,435 1,812 2,646 ED co ae 8 2,175 Ber 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 61. 2 Includes teachers in pre-vocational’ schools. — ® Includes teachers in vocational schools. [78] : [ables 16 and 17, the states of New York — V cities in Arkansas supply the lowest medians: ind Arkansas occupy the extremes of the range elementary-school teachers, less than S600 — , median salaries. In cities of Group I in New ‘Tennessee also reports $600); junior high York, the median of elementary teachers’ sal school teachers, $654; and high-school teachers ries is $3102; junior high-school teachers, $776. Other comparisons, particularly with th, $3528: and high-school teachers. $3470. ( rroup the national medians, will be of interest TABLE 17.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES UNDER 30,000 IN POPULATION BY STATES IN 1936-37 Average Median salaries paid in city school systems to salaries paid IN all teachers, Elementary and Junior high- High-school States principals, kindergarten teachers school teachers teachers and supervisors, Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group — 1933-34 ! III IV Vv Ill V Ill IV Vv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 y 10 ll 1e ntinental United States St . 227 $1.297 $1.150 $1,008 $1.456 $1,330 $1,183 $1,668 $1.490 $1. 31¢ hers 625 826 32 890 775 905 932 rou 1,309 1,230 1,27 1,467 1.713 1.670 II 165 6R4 600 600 R38 670 654 1.019 R59 76 1,899 1.664 1,489 1,461 1,868 1.544 1,629 2.189 » 155 » OR 13 FS I p- 1,353 1,160 1,081 1,458 1,271 1,232 1,614 1,399 1,332 nnecticut 1.607 1.510 1,239 1,567 1,460 1,930 1,409 elaware 1,484 District of Columbia 2,004 Florida R06 ia 640 791 786 1,130 il 794 1,328 1,237 1,021 1,384 1,350 1.043 1,655 1,507 1,318 nois 1.397 1,125 1,096 952 1,236 1,192 1,028 1,543 1.503 1,414 indiana 1.127 1.166 1,061 1.026 1.379 1.244 1.132 1.573 1.338 1.2990 wa 834 1.168 981 036 1.323 1.138 1,037 1,530 1, 296 ..2a7% Kansas 858 1.068 986 875 1,319 1,207 1,003 1,450 1,351 1,170 02 Kentucky 676 981 843 810 1,026 1,270 967 1,284 1,135 1,018 Louisiana 725 X44 1.166 Maine . 803 1.141 769 660 R92 1.571 1,050 950 Maryland 1,409 1,173 1,099 1,367 1,356 .. 23 Massachusetts 1,730 1,491 1,327 1,293 1,596 1,531 1,588 1,832 1,630 1.500 Michigan 1,162 1.303 1,233 1,152 1,620 1,362 1,269 1,770 1,511 1,401 Minnesota i 1,006 1,266 1,125 979 1,453 1,262 1,162 1,588 1,349 1,276 Mississippi 474 936 970 944 9R3 1,082 1,175 Missouri 1,175 1,035 880 821 1,089 993 950 1,399 1.117 1.166 Montana. . 957 1.557 1,307 1,326 1,629 1,357 1,367 1,877 1,533 1,439 . Nebraska 749 1,109 975 1,290 1,091 1,422 1,263 Nevada Py 1,559 1,650 1,883 New Hampshire 1,182 t,.i37 1,005 1,023 1,273 1,217 1,083 1,554 213 1,314 New Jersey 1,873 1.482 1,448 1 75 1,790 1,705 1,489 1,864 R55 1,625 New Mexico 994 1,222 1,133 1,027 1,261 1,095 1,070 1,517 1.500 1,260 New York 2.361 1,775 1,722 1,575 1,940 1,939 1,687 2,082 >? 007 1.767 North Carolina 576 North Dakota 621 1,170 991 1,391 1,047 1,509 1,331 05 Ohio : 1,420 1.205 1,131 1,090 1,508 1,435 1,273 1,654 1,623 1.446 , , Ot Oklahoma , 815 1,040 858 916 1,215 949 932 1,438 1,098 1,012 yregon : 921 Pee 1,194 996 1,333 1,243 1,233 1,430 1,391 1.284 Pennsylvania 1,531 1,444 1,430 1,024 1,591 1,486 1,282 1,685 1,641 1,361 Rhode Island Anais: 4 1,509 1,335 1,150 1,388 1,317 1,671 South Carolina 599 South Dakota as 614 1,080 1,093 1,083 i jar 1,533 1,122 1,445 1,575 1,315 Tennessee 725 814 719 600 980 750 790 1,183 1.090 R38 Texas... pada 849 986 883 840 1,086 1,106 964 1,388 1,216 1,124 tah Swit , 1.094 1,025 961 1,272 1,198 1,325 1,433 ermont : 770 1,204 1,425 1,671 Virginia : : 779 1,159 906 1,247 1,339 1,087 Washington......... 1,217 1,343 1,231 1,186 1,483 1,325 1,275 1,641 1,529 1,44 West Virginia... ‘ ‘ 913 1,009 1,039 1,144 Wisconsin. ....... 1,211 1,267 1,084 1,067 1,600 1,256 1,158 1,760 1,432 1,359 .... ee 4 967 ‘36 .. 1,770 1,900 17 = os : Se a aS ——_ a ’ Figures in column 2 from U. S. Office of Education, Statistics of State School Systems, 1933-34. * For population ranges, see Table 1, page 61. — [ 79 Intercity Comparisons Tables 18 and 19 compare the median and For example, superintendents of schoo|s average (arithmetic mean) salaries paid kinder- ary committees, and others desiring de ’ ° . ~ . . * ee . garten, elementary-school, junior high-school, figures by individual cities may need on and high-school teachers in the various cities more of the Special Salary Tabulations. ‘\) over 100,000 population. tabulations give detailed information w! Sources of Further Information cannot be included in the Research Bullet; : general circulation. Altho for most purposes the summary tables ¥°"¢! ul civeul — contained in this bulletin will be sufficient, the Phe Special Salary Tabulations to Research Division stands ready to supply addi- School year 1936-37 will become ava tional information needed by those conducting during April and May of 1937. Five ditt intensive salary studies or campaigns. tabulations will be published. The key nu s 3 TABLE 18.—MEDIAN AND ARITHMETIC MEAN SALARIES PAID KINDERGARTEN AND ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL TEACHERS BY CITIES OVER 100,000 IN POP) LATION IN 1936-37 = Elementary- Elementary Kindergarten school Kindergarten schoo] teachers teachers teachers teachers City City ~ Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Birmingham, Ala $1.485 $1,483 Omaha, Nebr $1,528 $1,441 $1,523 §¢ i Long Beach, Calit $1,975 $1,941 2,107 2,055 Camden, N. J 1,615 1,610 1,720 ye Los Angeles, Calit 2,202 2,031 2,219 2,118 Elizabeth, N. J 1,975 1,820 1,845 S Oakland, Calif 2.345 2,264 2,363 2,330 Jersey City, N. J. 1,350 1,440 1,884 San Diego, Calif 1,945 1,850 1,969 1,964 Newark, N. J 2,769 2.677 2,566 Sa San Francisco, Calif 2,225 2,121 2.527 2,357 Paterson, N. J 2,100 2,050 1,875 ny Denver, Colo 2,096 2,154 2,238 2,160 Trenton, N. J 1,683 1.646 1.733 1.638 . Bridgeport, Conn 1,442 1,505 1,630 1,610 Albany, N. ¥ 1,957 1.936 1,989 ? " Harttord, Conn 1.888 1,752 1,930 1,832 Buffalo, N. Y 2,000 1,954 2,052 New Haven, Conn 1,822 1,739 1,858 1,832 New York, N. Y 3,124 2,918 3,127 “ Wilmington, Del 1.500 1,483 1,912 1,688 Rochester, N. Y 2,182 2,181 2,097 . Ja Washington, D. C 2,246 2,22 2,234 2,156 Syracuse, N. Y 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,98 Mi Jacksonville, Fla 1.038 1,053 Utica, N. ¥ ?,000 2,000 2,000 Wn Ta Miami, Fla 1.350 1,362 Yonkers, N. Y 2,879 2,803 2,892 At Tampa, Fla 1,203 1,169 Akron, Ohio 1,780 l = Atlanta, Ga 1,314 1,326 1,398 1,361 Canton, Ohio 1,516 eV Chicago, Ill 1,913 1,913 1.913 1,864 Cincinnati, Ohio. 2,129 2,116 2,329 ‘ Peoria, Ill 1,500 1,415 1.500 1,480 Cleveland, Ohio 2,046 1,828 2,138 Evansville, Ind 1.400 1,346 1,739 1,670 Columbus, Ohio 1,735 \s6 Fort Wayne, Ind 1,550 1,605 1,701 1,577 Dayton, Ohio 1,481 1.4 an Gary, Ind 1,480 1,525 1,429 1,446 Toledo, Ohio 1,943 1,901 1,922 De Indianapolis, Ind 1,839 1,790 Youngstown, Ohio 1,731 KG South Bend, Ind 1,525 1,382 1,603 1,542 Oklahoma City, Okla 1,364 1,503 1,387 “— Des Moines, lowa « Boren 1.763 1,732 1,728 Tulsa, Okla 1,550 1,535 1,783 vy Kansas City, Kans Bs 1,350 1,520 1,428 Portland, Ore 1,092 1,296 1,760 . Wichita, Kans 1,310 1,358 1,676 1,616 Erie, Pa 1,850 1,758 1,851! Louisville, Ky 1,642 1,538 1,431 1,435 Philadelphia, Pa 2,200 New Orleans, La 1,210 1,200 1,344 1,316 Pittsburgh, Pa 2,236 2,129 2,233 ' Baltimore, Md 1,692 1,708 1,615 1,641 Reading, Pa 1,400 1,500 1,929 1 : Boston, Mass 1,943 1,920 2,331 2,229 Scranton, Pa 1,640 1,586 1,864 1,8 . ~ Fall River, Mass 1.351 1,346 Providence, R. | 2,013 1,687 1,840 | we Lowell, Mass 1,500 1,482 1,700 1,700 Knoxville, Tenn 1,023 1 , Lynn. Mass 1,900 1,811 Memphis, Tenn 1,370 1 Cn New Bedford, Mass 1,533 1,456 1,547 1,535 Nashville, Tenn 1, 266 1 W, Somerville, Mass 1,600 1,620 1,982 1,824 Dallas, Texas 1,668 1,558 ne Springfield, Mass 2.079 1.956 2,032 1,895 El Paso, Texas 1,067 1,100 1,106 = Worcester, Mass 2,000 1,971 2,053 2,035 Fort Worth, Texas 1,350 1,255 1,405 ; Detroit, Mich 2,281 2,138 2,344 2,171 Houston, Texas 1,533 1,469 1 838 . Flint, Mich 1,469 1,470 1,453 1,424 San Antonio, Texas 1,473 I Mi Grand Rapids, Mich 1,530 1,433 1,533 1,463 Salt Lake City, Utah 1,367 1,327 1,610 os Duluth, Minn 1.343 1,386 1,389 1,428 Norfolk, Va 1,302 Ka Minneapolis, Minn 1,963 1,857 2,118 1,998 Richmond, Va 1,800 St. Paul, Minn 1,544 1,532 1,544 1,521 Seattle, Wash 1,993 1,954 2,093 Kansas City, Mo 1,630 1,599 1,670 1,672 Spokane, Wash 1.790 : St. Louis, Mo 2,538 2,429 2,514 2,196 Tacoma, Wash 1,800 Milwaukee, Wis ; 2,426 2,273 2,440 [ 80] i} f each tabulation together with a brief de- Tabulation—Same as tabulation I-A except that it tion of it follows: II-A includes cities of 30,000 to 100,000. riptic e Scrif Tabulations Bound together in one cover) Sal Pabulation—Salaries paid teachers, principals, and III-A aries paid elementary, junior high re I-A certain other school employees in cities IV Mg one high-school teac ome im’ cides . s : ¢ 2.500 30.000 p > over 100,000 in population. Shows for py 200 to 30,000 in population. The A > V-A tabulations are arranged so that cities various groups of school employees, . : PERE of approximately the same population and for each city individually: (a one lati f cj ; “a é are placed together. Shows for each yulz mays Cb) a . : : population o city ; ) arithmetn city: (a) its population; bh the » ¢ aj ; 997 92 935 mean salary paid in 1927, 1931, 1935, number of teachers employed in each roy and 1937; (c) the median salary paid of the three groups in 1937: (c) the in 1937; (d) the number of employees arithmetic mean salary paid in 1927, in each type of position; and (e) a 1931, 1935, and 1937: and 1) the x4 distribution of salaries paid in 1937. median salary paid in 1937 TABLE 19.—MEDIAN AND ARITHMETIC MEAN SALARIES PAID JUNIOR AND TE) SENIOR HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHERS BY CITIES OVER 100,000 IN POPULATION =a IN 1936-37 OPL —. Junior high- Senior high- Junior high- Senior high- diate P school teachers! school teachers ‘ school teachers! school teachers hg city Daty saat Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Median Mean Mes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 rmingham, Ala $1,811 $1,716 Omaha, Nebr $1.800 $1.653 ng Beach, Calif $2,525 $2,441 2, 521 2,401 Camden, N. J $2,000 $1,898 2,238 2,154 61 4 Los Angeles, Calif. 2,675 2,569 avtte 2,591 Elizabeth, N. J 2.027 2,050 2,400 » 394 akland, Calif 2,623 2,485 2.638 2.509 Jersey City, N J 3.163 2,465 2,983 2.627 San Diego, Calif » 341 2,217 Newark, N. J » 192 ?.520 3.055 3.064 San Francisco, Calif 2,405 2.378 3,204 > 919 Paterson, N.J 2.250 > 113 enver, Colo 2,524 2.320 2,540 2,358 Trenton, N. J 1,996 1,931 2,572 2,458 , Bridgeport, Conn 1,906 1,752 1,950 1,874 Albany, N. Y 2.376 2,384 ? 400 2,400 Hartford, Conn 1,994 1, 966 2,963 » 881 Buffalo, N. Y ». 459 2,365 New Haven, Conn 2,100 2,074 2,462 2,495 New York, N. \ 3,534 3,389 4,000 + 3,627 Imington, Del. 1,800 1,666 1,991 1,998 Rochester, N. Y 2.678 2,666 Vashington, D. C 2.444 2,403 2,841 2.785 Syracuse, N. ¥ 2,400 2.330 2,400 2,400 Jacksonville, Fla 1,184 1,194 1,293 1,283 Utica, N. ¥ 2,093 2 O86 ». 444 2,373 Q Miami, Fla 1,390 1,401 1,535 1,521 Yonkers, N. ¥ 3,479 3,196 3,740 3,378 (ny Tampa, Fla 1,225 1,204 1,280 1,261 Akron, Ohio 1,883 1,834 Atlanta, Ga 1,756 1,648 1,798 1,719 Canton, Ohio 1,958 1,809 Chicago, III 2,813 2,649 Cincinnati, Ohio 2,492 » 319 > 661 2.590 Peoria, Ill 1,594 1,581 1,968 2,000 Cleveland, Ohio 2, 386 ).164 ) 863 2,651 Evansville, Ind 2,123 2,026 Columbus, Ohio 2,234 2,118 2, 240 2,160 Fort Wayne, Ind 2.176 2,143 Dayton, Ohio 1,725 1,656 P, 17 1,928 Gary, Ind 2,022 2,019 Toledo, Ohio » 074 2,072 2,340 2,247 14 Indianapolis, Ind 2,332 2,154 Youngstown, Ohio ? 093 2,136 2.679 2,481 South Bend, Ind 1,756 1,682 2,069 1,992 Oklahoma City, Okla 1,353 476 1,892 1,813 Des Moines, lowa 1,827 1,829 1,987 1,982 Tulsa, Okla 1,825 1,824 1,895 1,941 { Kansas City, Kans 1,723 1,655 2,138 2.020 Portland, Ore 1,930 1,847 Wichita, Kans 1,746 Pa 1,759 1,692 Erie, Pa 2,125 ) 063 2,282 2,244 Louisville, Ky 1,658 1,661 2,109 2,089 Philadelphia, Pa ? 800 2,721 3,246 3,147 New Orleans, La 1.843 1,712 Pittsburgh, Pa 2.732 ? 671 3 278 3.33] 1 Baltimore, Md 1,886 1.807 2,347 2,294 Reading, Pa 2.097 2,059 2,335 », 309 Boston, Mass 2,446 2,434 3,074 3,140 Scranton, Pa 2,200 2,020 2,200 2, O31 18 Fall River, Mass 1,652 1,673 1,819 1,749 Providence, R. I ?, 298 1,973 2.545 2,246 18 Lowell, Mass 2,258 2,321 Knoxville, Tenn 1,281 1,305 1,522 1,511 Lynn, Mass 2,141 2,123 2,367 2,429 Memphis, Tenn 1,423 1,354 1,719 1,652 , New Bedford, Mass 1,908 1,908 2,242 >. 183 Nashville, Tenn 1.346 1,345 1,700 1,700 , Somerville, Mass 1,994 1,893 2,138 2,113 Dallas, Texas 1,723 1,662 2,227 2,119 1 Springfield, Mass 2,299 2,238 2,794 2,712 El Paso, Texas 1,238 1,279 A Worcester, Mass 2,519 2,432 2,772 2,841 Fort Worth, Texas 1.405 1,350 1,716 1,570 Wetroit, Mich 2,849 2,822 2.857 2,815 Houston, Texas 1,817 1,766 2,169 », 016 Flint, Mich 1,583 1,587 1,759 1,734 San Antonio, Texas 1,608 1,562 1,659 1,662 1 Grand Rapids, Mich 1,832 1,773 1,858 1,842 Salt Lake City, Utah 1,839 1,681 | Duluth, Minn 1,712 1,668 1,912 1,741 Norfolk, Va 1,445 1.405 1,683 1,609 , Minneapolis, Minn 2,113 2,010 2,306 2,154 Richmond, Va 2,103 2. O19 2.224 2,141 St. Paul, Minn 2,088 1,969 2,115 2,037 Seattle, Wash 2,337 2,243 2,381 2,283 Kansas City, Mo 1,980 1,954 2.185 2.190 Spokane, Wash 1,956 1,893 2,009 1,959 St. Louis, Mo 3,161 3,062 Tacoma, Wash 1,931 1,817 2,005 1,921 Milwaukee, Wis 2,435 2,330 2,646 2,652 Excludes teachers in pre-vocational schools * Excludes teachers in vocational schools labulation—Salaries paid administrative and su- earlier vears mav also be obtained by I-B pervisory officers. Shows the salary paid in 1937 to each administrative and supervisory school ofhcer in cities cigar . 2 over 100,000 population. bulletin is paid out of the general funds o: wishing to study trends in particular citi The cost of preparing and publishin, Tabulation—Same as tabulation I-B except that it ~ ational Education Association thru the R, II-B includes cities from 30,000 to 100,000, search Division budget. For each of the { Special Salary Tabulations, however, it is 1 Table 20 illustrates the type of information — sary to fix a special charge of $5 to cov carried by these tabulations. Tabulations tor cost of preparation and publication. TABLE 20.—SAMPLE TABLE FROM THE SPECIAL SALARY TABULATIONS Dake TD CLEMEWTART-SCHOOL TRACKERS IN 1936-1937 Cities Over 100 in Population Distribut ton of salaries w= TEM] Le Wy FH [BID] HO PE } 4 it o | te | to | te | te t to 2 | to ise | 299 2999] 2499 2899 | 2699] 2779 [2099 3099 |3499 [22 . retry whytytstsa sett ter toptopeee ter tirtea se se - —$+— hy a pp tT ae l } 5719) 496 | 5282 3906] 4730 | 4069) 9657 | 4905|4385/ 96: $0 | 9006 | 2348 )1972/1115) 363)1087| S91 /Be0e| « “3 hemtanstntne — a nt haas — one © +++} fd $——-—__+__} ues nes bens nate Lanes Das | | 8) 36) 10) | | 69) 9) 1399 California ~| 2aer} Leng beeor iez,os2| wT) | za8s | Lee angrier 1,297,080) 1913) Z108 Oak Law 200000] ase | zsee| 2 San Diege | Mar,9e5) tena) 97s | Sas Prancicee oo) eer coe Oe lerese cece Deere | maa “| es) 1 | seasrne] aaa | iad | } x | sees Mertfore | 106,072] «006 cose | tow Raven | \s2,e80! cose | ~ | a7eo | | \06,907 | 780 | | mos | aos | | are) j uaratl uzoof| } sao | | . | i7se | 2 «+ | arse j cose | 2900 | }3, cnet | 2m iso 1472 cscs | rase | | \ese | use | wren 19es | i720 | wsee | bad | 142,509) 1°79 | 160 | . pnd | ° wos | isee | ten venlane| tame | eer | | com one: | J vzse | 1808 | Wostertile sor.res| ieee | i808 wie | - u | | Sew Orleans | ase.rez) ses | ises | woe | Weed) 182 | maltinnre | eoe.ere| wsee | user) ——————————— Se + - Supplement—Certain Data on Rural Teachers’ Salaries [he expense of conducting a rural salary — tion and are comparable only to the extent in tt study comparable in detail to that given for cated by the various columns in the table R cities in the preceding sections, makes such an Some further general comparisons on a state ndertaking impossible at present. As a ten by-state basis may be made between urban and iry substitute, this supplement presents cer rural salaries by comparing Table 21 with figures on rural salaries. The data of Table lables 16, 17, 18, and 19. Consult also the ?| were supplied by state departments of educa Research Bulletin tor March 1935, p. 2 TABLE 21.—SALARIES PAID RURAL TEACHERS IN 33 STATES Type of Annual! State Year Definition of rural Groups of teachers measure salary l 2 3 4 5 6 Elemen y Wh M 531 00 Neg 25 00 High scl Wi 823 00 Negr 143.00 Wt 621.00 Nes 49 00 . I renta Men w $22 OO Wo \ $29 00 Mer 325 00 Wome leg? 40 00 High Sch Men white 694 00 Women white 533.00 Men negr 66 00 Wome negr¢ 460.00 Elementary Mer Me 1.109 00 Wome 1.103 00 High scl Mer 456 00 Womer 344 00 sus(* Elementary White Mie 5 00 Negro 178 00 goth races 18.00 Secondary White 445 00 Negro SO 00 Both races 440 00 \ll teachers White 20 OO Negro 190.00 Both races 67.00 us(4 Elementary White Me 05.19 Negri 46 03 High school White 1.008 74 Negr 605 95 \ll rural teachers Med 912.69 non-hig All teachers of one Me 516.00 two- and three-room schools One-teacher elementary school Men Me 16300 Womer 452 00 Two or more teacher schools (elementary only Men 654.00 Women 628.00 Two or more teacher schools both = ele nentary and high ™ hools Men (elementary 720.00 Women 667 .00 Men (jr. high school 832.00 Women 711.00 Men (high school 1,003 .00 Women 6 877.00 Rural high schools er 1,011.00 Women 863.00 TABLE 21.—SALARIES PAID RURAL TEACHERS IN 33 STATES—(Continued) State Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan.. Minnesota Mississippi Missouri. . Nebraska... Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania South Dakota Year 1935-36 1936-37 1936 1934-35 1935-36 1936-37 1935-36 1936-37 1936-37 1935-36 1935-36 1935-36 1934-35 1935-36 1936 1935-36 1935-36 Definition of rural(* 3 According to census(* All schools under county superintendents( Towns under 5,000 population non-high schools According to census(*) Open country—one- and two- teacher schools According to census(* Not reported Open country—non-high-school districts One- or two-teacher schools One-room schools Not reported All unincorporated villages Towns under 4,500 population Not reported Districts under 3,000 population Towns under 5,000 population All unincorporated towns Groups of teachers 4 Elementary White Negro High schools White Negro Elementary-White One-teacher schools Two-teacher schools Three or more teacher schools All elementary Elementary—Negro High schools White Negro Elementary (°¢) Men Women Junior high school(¢) Men Women All teachers All teachers Men Women All All teachers White Negro Rural Men white Women “ Men negro Women “ Elementary (town districts) Men white Women “ Men negro Women “ High school Men white Women “ Men negro Women “ One- and two-teacher schools All teachers All teachers One-room rural schools Men Women Two-room rural schools Men Women All teachers All teachers One-room rural Graded and consolidated in open country Graded and consolidated in towns All teachers Elementary Junior high schools All other high schools All teachers Elementary Men Women Type of measure 5 Median Mean Mean Mean Median Mean Mean Median Mean Range of medians Mean Mean Mean Mean Median Mean Ann Sal 6 RR 35¢ 89 393 536 488 4&8 458 150 496 456 379 348 706 611 800 046 R86 , 260 215 932 — ia ary “ 0) x ) ) om Y rs 0 4 00 i) 00 00 Om 1 Vas OO 00 00 \Ves 00 W 00 Wy 7.00 i OO + 00 itl 00 ID 00 00 00 ale ate K ate 00 appr iH) Oo ip 00 00 00 00 — 00 43 53 68 00 0 0 00 45 [ 84] TABLE 21.—SALARIES PAID RURAL TEACHERS IN 33 STATES—(Concluded ) Type of Annua l Definition of rural a) Groups of teachers measure salary 3 4 5 County school system Elementary Men white Mean Women . Men negro Women * High school Men white Women Men negro Women 1935-36 According to census(* All schools Men white Mean Women “ = Men negro Women 1936-37 One- and two-teacher schools Rural teachers Mean Eiementary teachers re High-school teachers All teachers County school systems(° Elementary White Negro Both race High school ‘hite Negro Both races All teachers White Negro Both race shington 1936-37 One-room schools Elementary Men Mean Women Vest Virginia 1936-37 Towns under 5,000 population All teachers Mean Wisconsin 1935-36 One-teacher schools All teachers Median 671 Wyoming . 1935-36 One- and two-teacher schools All teachers Mean 630 (*) The United States census classifies as rural communities with a semabitin of less than 2,500. The term » this table is not in every instance defined in strict accordance with the census classification. (>) Altho there are cities in some of the counties, the salary schedule prevails thruout each county for all schools in cities or rural territory. (*) Includes principals and supervisors. (4) Mean salary recorded $55.43 per month. Annual salary derived by multiplying the average length of school term mately 8.2 months in 1935-36 (*) Mean salary recorded $69.46 per month. Annual salary derived by multiplying the average length of school tern mately 8.8 months in 1935-36 (t) Mean salary recorded $89.41 per month. Annual salary derived by multiplying the average length of school term ately 8.95 months in 1935-36. (S) Mean salary recorded $71.38 per month. Annual salary derived by multiplying the average length of scho approximately 8 months in 1935-36 (") Mean salary recorded $71.40 per month. See footnote (*) for method of deriving annual salary (') Mean salary recorded $58.39 per month. Annual salary derived by multiplying the average length of scho« ipproximately 7 months in 1935-36. (}) Mean salary recorded $47.63 per month. See footnote (') for method of deriving annual salary (*) Mean salary recorded $126.75 per month. See footnote (*) for method of de riving annual salary (!) Mean salary recorded $103.11 per month. See footnote (*) for method of deriving annual salary (™) Mean salary recorded $78.44 per month. See footnote (*) for method of deriving annual salary (") Mean salary recorded $61.88 per month. See footnote (*) for method of deriving annual salary (°) Includes non-towns 2,956 to 6,226 in population. “rural ‘i 91 as used whether approxi- approxi- approxi- term, ) term Forms and Definitions Used in Collecting Data To illustrate the method by which the study was made, part of one of the forms used collecting figures is shown below. On request, the Research Division will send a complete set of forms used. The form reproduced below was sent to cities over 30,000 in population. This questionnaire also called for similar informa- tion on principals and all other school em- ployees. Teaching principals were defined as those doing some regular classroom teaching, while supervising principals were those giving full time to administration and supervision. Vice- principals, assistant principals, and deans were to be reported under these classifications only if the persons concerned devoted half time or more to administrative or supervisory duties. ‘The form sent to cities under 30,000 in popu- lation is similar to the one reproduced below except that the classification for elementary teachers was expanded to include kindergarten teachers, teachers of atypical classes, and teach- ers rated as assistant or vice-principals in ele- mentary Similarly, the classifications of junior high-school teachers and high-school teachers were expanded to include teachers rated as heads of departments, and assistant principals or vice-principals in these schools. schools. FIGURE VI.—SAMPLE SECTION FROM QUESTIONNAIRE FORM Read notes (a) to ( SPECIAL DIRECTIONS: On pages 2, 3 and 4 report the salaries you expect to pay for the school year 1936-37. uct all direct or indirect losses arising from salary reductions, teaching part of the year without pay, voluntary return of a portion of salaries to the school board, and other similar losses. DO NOT include school employees paid out of Federal or State WORK-RELIEF FUNDS. DIRECTIONS: In answering this ry iry give figures ONLY for individuals employed for FULL TIME. k) at foot of this page BEFORE filling out this section. whose salaries fal! in each of the indicated below Give the number of teachers whose salaries fall in each of the salary groups indicated below | Give the aumber of employees CLASSROOM TEACHERS OTHER SCHOOL EMPLOYEES Elementary High School | j aaa, Junior bigh eee | | fear 5 schoo! 10, - of =" Randengee- bo tad ween grades —" Teachers | Clerks in terms a = ten teach- Teachers | and 8, or 7, junior high in School | offices of ore. See high ot 8 and 9, school is | High school| part-time School Attendance Schoo! clerks in | administra- mote (a) | schools are atypical jwhen main- maintained, or continua surses. officers. principals’ tive and below not main- | classes. | tained asa otherwise tion schools.| See note | See note | note offices. | supervisory tained See note sepafate we See note (g) delew (th) below () below See note officers. grades 7 (c) below | school or- | 10, 11 and (f) below () below | See note and 8 also. ganization. 12. (&) below See note See note | See note (>) below (d) below | (@) below | ——— EE ae mecnestel Tse Ateencmate le | a Se — —— 1 2 ; ‘ 5 * } ? ’ « o | wt > + @ — a - ee a a = f- - | arten teachers in full aa of a kindergarten room. Also include kindergarten teachers ‘ade in addition to kindergarten c — Re ty | ie oda to regular elementary classroom ——_ include elementary teachers rated as assistant or vice-princi- pals who devote more than half time to classroom teaching ; also include teachers of vocational and special subjects in regular elemen- tary (a) In column 2 include regular kinde: (c) In column 4 include teachers of ungraded rooms, sub-normal groups, open-air classes, cardiac classes, and other special or atypical In col 5, in addition t regular junior high school teachers, include those rated as heads of ! ‘ onal 2 on oulng anese — than half time to classroom 4 ; and of and special subjects in regular junior high yy? in — t regular high school teachers, include those rated as ote, or vice-principals, etc., who devote more ante i. cach also include teachers of vocational and special subjects in regular high schools. (f) In ~& ty 4 ay teachers 7 schools for aya children who attend part time only. (s Do not include head nurse in column 9 (See line 8 on ( not ts; assistant or vice- 4). chief attendance officer in column 10 O tSee line 7 on _ ~ , full-time janitors employed scaieidedlly: > on the annual or school year basis. Do not include (i) In column 11 ny, A . on pag ee ota 12 include only regular, rs full-time clerks —_ ag my s" vow for clerical duty. Coy yed in p mm 9 offices. Do not include secre- 4). Ly» 4h - toe a sn thie page (hee tines 2 5 on page [ 86 ] N. E. A. PUBLICATIONS ON THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF TEACHERS ® Salaries of School Employees, 1934-35 A report of the median salaries paid in city school systems during the school year 1934-35. March 1935. 32 p. 25¢. (Similar reports available for 1928-29, 1930-31, and 1932-33.) / . *,* ® The Teacher’s Economic Position A report, by the Committee on the Economic Status of the Teacher, of the finan- cial resources and current expenditures of teachers in certain school systems. September 1935. 104 p. 506. ® The Preparation of Teachers’ Salary Schedules: Part |: Administrative and Fact-Finding Procedures A discussion of administrative and statistical procedures in the preparation of teachers’ salary schedules in city school systems, based upon opinions of 222 city ) superintendents and an analysis of 22 local salary studies. January 1936. 48 p. 25¢ ® The Preparation of Teachers’ Salary Schedules: Part Il: Drafting the Schedule Calls attention to questions which arise in making decisions on detailed provisions of salary schedules and presents a list of items for consideration at successive stages of schedule-making process. March 1936. 48 p. 25¢. ®@ Minimum-Salary Laws for Teachers A presentation of the varying types of minimum-salary laws for teachers found in twenty states and something of their operation. A report of the Committee on Tenure, January 1937. 38 p. 25¢. Single copies of these publications at prices quoted above. In quantity orders, accompanied by funds, the following discounts are allowed: 2 to 9 copies, 10 percent; 10 to 99 copies, 25 percent; 100 or more copies, 33'/3 percent. Orders not accompanied by remittance are subject to transportation charges. Make checks payable to National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. N OUR OWN COUNTRY, where many paths, Li brilliant with the trophies of opulence and renown, allure the youth of the land, there is no other way to secure a fair proportion of the genius and erudition of the community for the depart- ment of teaching, than to requite its services with a fair share of all the honors and emoluments which society has to confer. And never, until this is done, shall we see the teacher in possession of his rights, and education fully invested with its high prerogatives.—Horace Mann, Common School Journal, 1884.