RESEARCH BULLETIN | PERIODICAL ROOM "we ae OF THE NATIONAL : VOL. XIIl- No. 2 EDUCATION MARCH - 1935 ASSOCIATION Salaries of School Employees, 1934-35 Published by the RESEARCH DIVISION of the NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. RESEARCH BULLETIN o- Published five times each year in January, March, May, September, and November President, HENRY LESTER SMITH NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION Secretary, WILLARD E. GIVENS The payment of the $5 membership fee of the National Education Association entitles one to receive for one year the Research Bulletin, the Journal, the An- nual Volume of Addresses and Proceed- ings, and certain other publications of the Association. One dollar of each $5 mem- bership fee is for a year’s subscription to the Research Bulletin. The Research Bulletin may be subscribed for separately) at $1 per year. Copies may be pur chased for 25 cents, and in quantities at a reduced rate. 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Address communications to the Research Division, National Education As- sociation, 1201 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. CONTENTS Page a aa ae sensei fe wi cep eer oe 4 eI an haat Dh arads Kosta paw woaec's so gine elias ‘ ine &Saee a eee 5 MeTHOD OF MAKING SURVEY.................. RE Roe eee ye 5 OPT et ere ere ang ae ch RE iw ES EO 5 TRENDS OF SALARIES SINCE 1930-31......... 0... c ec cccncvccceces 6 SOURCES OF FURTHER INFORMATION............0cccuccccccccccccces 10 ) MEDIAN SALARIES PAip SCHOOL EMPLOYEES..............0000ceeuee 12 [WEEREEATE COMPARIGONS.. . o.oo ccc cc we ccac dean ; Pia marae cone THE RANGE AND DIsTRIBUTION OF TEACHERS’ SALARIES. .......6.00005 19 j SALARY SCHEDULES IN LARGER CITIES............ ee re re Pe 25 SUPPLEMENT—CERTAIN DATA ON RURAL TEACHERS’ SALARIES........00005 21 ForMS AND DeFINITIONS Usep IN COLLECTING DATA...........0.0 pinecgc ae } LIST OF TABLES 1. Number of School Systems Included in Study...... Saka 5 } 2. Salaries Paid Elementary-School Teachers in 1930-31, 1932-33, and 1934-35. 6 3. Salaries Paid High-School Teachers in 1930-31, 1932-33, and 1934-35 : 6 4. Sample Table (Reduced about one-half) from the Special Salary Tabulations 1] } 5. Median Salaries Paid Teachers and Principals in 1934-35 12 6. Median Salaries Paid Deans, Department Heads, and Vice-Principals in 1934-35 12 7. Median Salaries Paid to Administrative and Supervisory Officers and Their Assist ants in 1934-35....... Sales cal re ee et ie . 13 8. Median Salaries Paid Certain Secretarial and Custodial Employees in 1934-35 14 9. Median Salaries Paid Kindergarten, Elementary, Junior High, and Senior High Teachers in the Larger Cities in 1934-35....... ; ; 14 10. Median Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities over 30,000 in Population in 1934-35 15 11. Median Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities under 30,000 in Population in 1934-35 16 } 12. Median Salaries Paid Principals by States in Cities over 30,000 in Population in I 5.5.4 ord. bo 6rsk pi deena lal eee eames rer eee ac ee eee seers 17 13. Median Salaries Paid Principals by States in Cities under 30,000 in Population in ts BIR Ce eee ere ‘ia re Te ee i wc ede = 18 } 14. Distribution of Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities over 30,000 in Population in 1934-35 19 15. Distribution of Salaries Paid Teachers in Cities under 30,000 in Population in 2. a Pe tates ae ce pralte tetas abt 4 ss : 20 16. Distribution of Salaries Paid Principals in Cities over 30,000 in Population in EEE An cc wae 6-8 oes oa bled ree stare ; mr 23 17. Distribution of Salaries Paid Principals in Cities under 30,000 in Population in 0 US ee ee oe eee esis aaa es 33 4 18. Minimum Salaries in Basic Salary Schedules of the Larger Cities, 1934-35 5 . 19. Maximum Salaries in Basic Salary Schedules of the Larger Cities, 1934-35 26 : 20. Salaries Paid Rural Teachers in 32 States..... sae s ; 2 a 4 LIST OF FIGURES r . I. Trends in Elementary Teachers’ Salaries, 1930-31 to 1934-35 oe a II. Trends in Junior High-School Teachers’ Salaries, 1930-31 to 1934-35.. 8 III. Trends in Senior High-School Teachers’ Salaries, 1930-31 to 1934-35 9 IV. Distribution of Salaries Paid Elementary-School Teachers in Five Population eee 7 eee ged aera 21 V. Distribution of Salaries Paid Junior High-School Teachers in Five Population NN aa iierds dic w vinden igen eSmaen cE wes . oi wks 21 i VI. Distribution of Salaries Paid Senior High-School Teachers in Five Population i Groups, 1934-35 ......... eT er ee . ee ee 22 &2 FOREWORD city teachers’ salaries conducted by the Research Division. The number of cities reporting this year sets a new record. This bulletin presents data on school employees in 1989 cities, which means that nearly three-fifths of all cities in the country and practically every one of the nation’s larger cities are included. Almost 400,000 school employees are represented in the study. It will become the standard source of information on teachers’ salaries for the next two years. Tes BULLETIN presents the findings of the seventh biennial survey of The results of the study this year have been awaited with unusual interest. A steady stream of letters has been received calling for these findings at the earliest possible moment. We are particularly happy, therefore, to be able to complete this investigation several weeks ahead of the usual schedule. Findings of this year’s study as compared with those of two and four years ago, show a continuing decrease in the salaries paid in most city school systems. However, as explained more fully in the bulletin itself, there is reason to believe that teachers’ salaries have already reached their lowest point and are now slowly returning to somewhat more normal levels. Requests have been received that the Association extend its salary studies to rural areas. At the present time the expense involved in such an extension of service is all but prohibitive. However, an attempt has been made in this bulletin to present concisely certain important figures on a state-by-state basis concerning the salaries paid teachers in rural schools. This should be a worth- while addition to the bulletin and should make it more widely useful. Parents and other citizens interested in maintaining a high morale and standards in the public schools are interested no less than teachers themselves in the facts revealed by this survey. It seems probable that in the next few years the whole question of adequate and equitable salary schedules for teachers and other public employees will receive unusually keen attention. It is hoped, therefore, that this bulletin will have a wide distribution. The facts in it form the basis for careful state and local studies to develop such salary schedules for school employees as will command and reward the lifetime services of a skilful, devoted, and cultured teacher for every child. Witiarp E. Givens, Secretary, National Education Association. [4] — Toul 1)t of scl states 3) salari sched As on sa ot col in det under porar collec ot ed added tion on Tru contai Th ilar t inquir of scl to the Introduction [his bulletin deals primarily with the find- ngs from the Research Division’s regular bi- ennial survey of the salaries paid in city school systems. The data cover the school year 1934-35. (his introduction deals with the way in which the survey was made, the number and proportion of all cities and school employees ncluded, the trend in salaries since 1930-31, and how additional information may be se- cured. The rest of the bulletin is divided into four major parts, reporting respectively on |) the median salaries paid to different classes of school employees; (2) comparisons among states with respect to the median salaries paid ; 3) the range and distribution of teachers’ salaries; and (4) certain data on the salary schedules in larger cities. A supplement presents certain data by states on salaries paid in rural schools. The expense of conducting a rural salary study comparable in detail to that for city schools, makes such an undertaking impossible at present. As a tem- porary substitute, data collected from the various state departments of education. In this connection, it should be added that the United States Office of Educa- tion expects to issue its quinquennial report on rural salaries late in 1935. This study will contain data for the school year 1933-34. on rural salaries were Method of Making Survey The procedure in making the study was sim- ilar to that followed in previous years. The inquiry forms were mailed to superintendents of schools on September 21, 1934. Reference to these questionnaires as illustrated at the end of this bulletin will often help to interpret the data presented. Various follow-up letters and telegrams were sent to secure the largest pos sible sampling. Correspondence with individ- ual cities was carried forward whenever a rea sonable doubt occurred concerning the meaning or accuracy of the report received. Size of Sample In reporting this study the usual practise of grouping city school systems according to the Table | used, the number of population of the city is followed. shows the classification cities in each of the five population groups, and the number and percent of such cities submit ting usable replies. The five population groups as defined in columns | and 2 of Table 1 are followed con sistently thruout this bulletin and are referred to by number hereafter, both in text and in tables, so as to conserve space and avoid cum bersome repetitions. A total of 1989 cities is included in the sal ary survey for this year. This represents nearly two-thirds of all city school systems in the country and nine-tenths of the school systems in cities with more than 30,000 population. This is a remarkably complete coverage for questionnaire studies of this type. The Re- search Division and all others interested in the teachers’ salary question are grateful to the superintendents and other school officials who have submitted detailed reports on this and on The school employees of all classes included in this previous biennial surveys. number of survey is 386,376. TABLE 1.—NUMBER OF SCHOOL SYSTEMS INCLUDED IN STUDY Number of city Group Population school systems po ane Bi Percent number ranges grouped according aus reporting replying to 1930 census — 1 2 3 a 5 a ‘ Over 100 , 000 93 90 96.77 II. 30,000 to 100,000 233 196 84.12 ae , 10,000 to 30,000 670 460 68.66 ) Fee ; 5,000 to 10,000 859 549 63.91 Vv. 2,500to 5,000 1,301 694 53.34 ee 3,156 1,989 63.02 \ Trends of Salaries Since 1930-31 It is well known that teachers’ salaries have suffered reductions during the economic de- pression. Table 2 shows this trend for the teachers in elementary schools as revealed by the biennial surveys of 1930-31, 1932-33, 1934-35. Table 3 gives the same data for teachers in high schools. Similar comparisons for other groups may be readily made by com- paring data in this bulletin with those pre- sented two years and four years previously.' In reviewing the figures presented in Tables 2 and 3, it should be remembered that prob- ably the lowest point reached by teachers’ sal- aries is not revealed in these tables. Nation- wide estimates, as compiled from state depart- 1 National Education Association, Research Division. ‘Salaries in City School Systems, 1930-31.” Research Bulletin 9: 162-227; May 1931 and “Salaries in City School Systems, 1932-33.” Research Bulletin 11: 43-55; March 1933. 2 Those not familiar with the term median may look upon it as having, for ordinary purposes, the same general sig- nificance as the familiar average. More oT. the best paid 50 percent of a group of teachers receive salaries equal to, or greater than the median salary and the poorest paid 50 percent of a group of teachers receive salaries equal to, or less than the median. TABLE 2.—SALARIES PAID ELEMEN- TARY-SCHOOL TEACHERS IN 1930-31, 1932-33, and 1934-35. Median salary paid elementary- school teachers? Popu- lation Percent decrease groups! 1931 1933 1935 1931- 1933- 1935 1935 1 2 3 4 5 6 I $2,118 | $1,947 | $1,922 9.25 1.28 II 1,609 1,526 1,412 12.24 7.47 Ill 1,428 1,360 1,231 13.80 9.49 IV 1,303 1,217 1,050 19.42 13.72 Vv 1,162 1,089 961 17.30 11.75 ! For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. ? Includes kindergarten teachers in Groups III, IV, and V. ments of education, indicate that the 1933-34 average salary cf all teachers was approx imately 7 percent below that of 1932-33 and about one-third of 1 percent below tha: of 1934-35. Since no separate survey of city teachers’ salaries was made in 1933-34 it is im possible to say how closely these nationwide trends are reflected in the trends for city teachers. It is probable also that the salaries reported for 1932-33 are somewhat high than the amounts actually paid, since sony cities imposed further reductions after th: salary reports were filed. Tables 2 and 3 bring out the usual tenden for salaries to increase with the size of the cit As a general rule, the differential between cities in Groups I and II is larger than that by tween Groups II and III, and so on down +. the smallest groups. There is also shown thy usual tendency to pay higher salaries to teac! ers giving instruction to older children. ‘lhe median salary of teachers in the junior hig! schools in the larger cities is approximate! $150 higher than that of © elementary-schoo! teachers, and the salary of senior high-schoo! teachers in the same group is approximate), $350 higher than that of junior high-schoo! teachers.’ Column 5 in Table 2 and columns 5 and 1') in Table 3 show that teachers in the cities in Group IV, that is, cities between 5,000 and 10,000 in population, have suffered the most severe proportionate salary reductions. This is true whether one calculates the decrease below 1931 or below 1933 salaries. Teachers in the cities of Group I have suffered the smallest percentage decreases. These, and other com parisons and trends, are shown graphically in Figures I, II, and III. TABLE 3.—SALARIES PAID HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHERS IN 1930-31, 1932-33, and 1934-35 Median salary paid junior high-school teachers Median salary paid high-school teachers Population groups! Percent decrease Percent decrease 1931 1933 1935 1931 1933 1935 1931-1935 | 1933-1935 1931-1935 | 1933-1935 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - $2,348 | $2,204 | $2,078 11.50 §.72 $2,731 | $2,479 | $2,436 10.80 1.73 Il 1,860 1,761 1,612 13.33 8.46 2,111 1,994 1,834 13.12 8.02 ltl ee eee 1,619 1,525 1,390 14.14 8.85 1,876 1,747 1,603 14.55 8.24 JPRS eee 1,494 1,376 1,208 19.14 12.21 1,692 1,575 1,379 18.50 12.44 Vv Sen .atlan< 1,360 1,270 1,125 17.28 11.42 1,547 1,429 1,260 18.55 11.83 1 For population ranges see Table 1, page 5. [6] oO Llane 4 ea eed iy a ‘ ; 4 3 : : FIGURE I ——— = SALARY IN POPULATION DOLLARS GROUPS 2800 2700 F- 2600 F- 2500 2400 - 2300 fF 2200 - CITIES 2100 F Over 100,000 F777 777 Pg my ae 2000 - * “a Te io 1900 1800 1700 ~ CITIES 1600 }- 30,000 To 100.0008 ~ ~~ ~~~ ~s. 1500 i CITIES SS = a 1400 10,000 To 30,000 Wee CCC 7 CITIES | a 1300 | 5 000 To 10,000 fF ~~~ Tm Page a 7. L—- <— «= «up ae aa aul 1200 LL “Rh CITIES oars 250 70500 F°---rr "1 Pe ti es 1100 LL hay ‘ ~ 4 ~ Me ~*~ eh == as ow «= ew aw at 1000 L_ Bie aes a 900 LI §900 Lo — FS YEARS 1930-31 1931-32 1932-33 1933-34 1934-35 TRENDS IN ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SALARIES 1930-31 to 1934-35 RESEARCH Division, NATIONAL EDUCATION A S'N 1 Trends for this year based on estimates for all teachers, principals, and n the > tesa whole FIGURE II TRENDS IN JUNIOR HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHERS SALARIES 1930-31 to 1934-35 SALARY IN POPULATION DOLLARS GRouPs 2800 2700 |- 2600 f- 2500 F- 2400 F— Cities Over 100,000 -Cr3TTrTr Oro ~. 2300 f- i in, 2200 + Pe, 2100 — ee : Sh» a ae aw as a= ee 2000 }- . 1900 - CITIES 30,000 To 100,000 ~~~ 7. 1800}— So ial ee 1700 -— 4... ~ ~ CITIES — a + . 1600 ~ 10,000 To 30,000 “eer a 1500 — Cities ~?.. 5,000 To 10,000 FSA “he, 1 “Pg om 400 }— Cities a Ps es 8 a eee ee 7 2,500 To 5,000 [FT ~~ ~~ pe ~ mJ ~~. Fi ~~ + 1200 }— ae) oe se os ~ ~ ~ ——_——_—_— — —_—_— —_— = 1100}— 1000 _ 900|_ 800 }— 0 YEARS 1930-31 1931-32 ° 1932-33 1933-34 ' 1934-35 RESEARCH Division, NATIONAL EDUCATION ASS'N 1 Trends for this year based on estimates for al! teachers, principals, and supervisors in the United States as a whole [8] # FIGURE III 1930-31 to 1934-35 | 77 TRENDS IN SENIOR HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SALARIES SALARY IN POPULATION DOLLARS GRouPS 2800 . Ae, ee 2700 OVER 100,000 a \ \ 2600 f- ba 2500 F- Y_ ee 2400 }—- 2300 F- 2200 F—- CITIES 2100 30.000 To 100,000 F ~~~ —~—-—— — 2000 at { ee i. 1900 }— CITIES Sa a 10,000 To 30,000f T*, ie 1800 }-— 7 ~ CITIES — 1700F~ 5,000 to 10,000 F----—-- Ty. Rare 1600 7 ~sp------- 4 th CITIES q Sai st-”6)Uh—C<~ sols 339 s ° 3,376,438 316 4 104,969 3 1B0¢ © ‘ 6 8 102,249 - 114,946 00,626 s 104,393 142 559 3 ‘ 111,110 3 207,745 ’ ie as 4 i | 456,762 ‘ | ‘ ‘ 004,676 ‘ ‘ | 6 il 3 “ 761,388 s| ¢ ” 113,643 115,276 3 3} 3 100,2. re . 112,597 : 103,908 } ~ 149,900 } 198,312 | ‘ ‘ os | | 1,866,662 ? 3 . | | 256,492 ~ oe | 168,892 4 @) @ 4) « «| as) 3 ; 101,463 5 ’ ; 464,356 a > 271,606 ‘ 1 , ‘ Pi ; ‘ 3 ‘4 6 16 138,513 tre | 123,.56 | 1 70€ 1906 194s “ 1827; 1966 Shi 1 2006 2805 3302 1975 | 203 066 1621 0 170C AS 338 | 2615 | 2706 2060 a ¢é 4) 1 » 2000 2000 088 . 16a 2016 ix 1939 i M ‘ “ i ” 000 2000 6 ‘ 63 Tt 7 3 : | 285,389 “ 1804 | 1780/ 1380 | 130 ‘ ‘ 141,256 145¢ } 186C 1638 é i ‘ 301,615 1650 | 1667/ 1667 ? i i | 1886 ‘ é 6 115,967 1400} 1650 17% 3 3 1,960,961 2222 an | 669,617 2100 13 421,171 1m 1278 1x 5 | 1500! 1633/ 1807/| 1633 ‘ 3 ‘ | 185¢ ‘ 3 | 252,902 56 1618 | 3700) 1741! ese “4 3 s i 108 ,002 i 900 1060 117 oi 1267 | -100¢ 28 ty ” ’ i . Paso 7 3128/ 1150] 2140] 1186 « < } ‘ 3 Port Vorth 2 1800} 1380] 1000/ 130¢ « 1700" 3 z , Bows tos 13 1500/ 1470 1500 1263 i ‘ 5 a “ 1000 a) « . " Selt Lame City “ 1465} 1644) 1706 1000 10 a] 6 ‘ i} 8 Virgiois iz | | 1619 i Pichon 17 | «1280) 1967 1619 " i . ae » | 890 4. Bleeee] 3 nineag 3 | 1896) 2000) 2180 18% t 2 Tecoms 4 | 1826) | | ‘ Viscomsin isn | | | 226 101 228 sana 161 2071 3 2228 os L J i Tames Tse is Dee ae ee Cities reporting are arranged miphabetionlly by stetes. c 3 neue jalume 3d. G1 of Kindergarten teachers reported in 1934-1935. The number riven & hee os te Mnited States is the tote) of the etete figures. on ane given are based on the 1924-192! Columoa 10-38 | mmdiacn- The method | method mm Salary © are based on the 1934-1935 aries a. paid Kindergarten te of oslouleting medians ie the median larger then the oth « x my ‘4 4 ‘ ‘ 6 «“ “ 4 ‘ 3 ‘ . ‘ . t ‘4 3} 4 x ‘ « ’ 43 ’ ‘ * bas 4-19.38 solarios tervel pronpe sus TABULATIONS “ é 3 a3 i ‘ G ‘ L, ‘ ‘ ; 4 4 ‘ ‘ 4 8 * ‘ 6 ‘ x porte © give . trae re . enry, have been revited . y thie erm . od motion te glee tions) revscue a © for selery w * figured sedian te § ” tosehers lad The figured median ie $1708 ean * o¢ median te 91722 Median Salaries Paid School Employees The following tables are largely self- principals, deans, and department heads (Tab|- explanatory. Considered in connection with the 6), administrative and supervisory officers definitions and forms used in collecting the (Table 7), and custodial and secretarial ¢ data, as described at the end of this bulletin, ployees (Table 8). they give a summary of the present salary status of the staffs of city school systems.° Table 9 shows the median salaries now Tables 5, 6, 7, and 8 give, for the various ing paid to kindergarten, elementary, junio: population groups, the median salaries paid high and senior high-school teachers in the to teachers and principals (Table 5), vice- larger cities. ® Median salaries are computed for all school employees of each classification concerned except in a few cities where salary schedules for white and colored teachers were reported separately. In these cases only the salaries paid white teachers are included Salaries paid colored teachers in cities maintaining separate salary schedules for white and colored teachers are tabulated and avai able for reference on request. A minus sign ( — ) before a median figure means that an exact median cannot be calculated from the information given, but is somewhat below the sum following the minus sign. TABLE 5.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID TEACHERS AND PRINCIPALS IN 1934-35 Elementary schools oan Part-time o: Kinder-| Teach- high schools High schools aie Population garten | ers of Principals Schools groups! teach- | atypical Teach- ers classes ers? Super- | Teach- | Teach- | Princi- | Teach- | Princi- | Teach- | Prin: vising ing ers pals ers pals ers pals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 a , $1,926 | $1,996 | $1,922 | $3,016 | $2,135 | $2,078 | $3,718 | $2,436 | $4,252 | $2,693 | $4.1 Pe ‘ 1,469 1,611 1,412 2,364 1,738 1,612 2,833 1,834 3,635 1,902 2, 801 . Sa rae or . ae 1,231 2,119 1,476 1,390 2,307 1,603 3,010 1,550 3,1 eee ayy age uae 1,050 1,962 1,246 1,208 1,669 1,379 2,235 838 is ans Sia Saeko 961 2,038 1,181 1,125 1,433 1,260 1,851 | — 600 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. 2 Includes kindergarten teachers in Groups III, IV, and V. TABLE 6.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID DEANS, DEPARTMENT HEADS, AND VICE- PRINCIPALS IN 1934-35 Junior high schools High schools Vice-principals Population groups! of elementary schools Deans Vice- Deans Department Vice- principals heads principals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ee See $2,539 $2,850 $2, 268 $2,913 $3,453 POE AA ns yee IE 2,300 2,150 2,563 2,270 2,412 2,850 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. 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Pay tary to the Pagnell trative and | ings and | °° 0" d Janitors | janitors | J4nit p : to the board of i supervisory grounds ae Oe superin- ; cipals grounds ar tendent | Superin- edu- edtese offices al tendent cation é ‘ —_— . - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1! I $1,850 $1,600 $3,400 $1,147 $1,450 $3,550 $2,750 $2,333 $1,545 $1 : ‘ea Bis. 1,550 1,217 2,160 —1,000 1,105 2,277 2,300 1,867 1,533 1 ; sO Il , 1,207 1,050 1,233 787 940 1,930 oaeene 1,348 . 1,18 : IV 7 948 850 532 687 856 1,767 1,365 1,525 4 V Be. 790 erry Oey 316 656 663 1,550 1,362 1,817 9 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. ' TABLE 9.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID KINDERGARTEN, ELEMENTARY, JUNIOR HIGH, AND SENIOR HIGH TEACHERS IN THE LARGER CITIES IN 1934-35 : _| Ele- Junior | Senior Ele- Junior | Senio: City pon mentary-| high- high- City _—_ mentary-| “high- high teachers| School | school' | school? teachers} ,8°h00l | school! | school’ | teachers/ teachers/ teachers teachers} teachers} teachers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ' _ Birmingham, Ala......]......-. $1,282 |........] $1,653 |] Camden, N. J......... $1,900 | $1,719 | $2,025 | $2,105! sa Long Beach, Calif. ....| $2,000 2,025 | $2,427 2,429 Elizabeth, N. J....... 1,700 1,693 1,906 2.219 Los Angeles, Calif. ... 2,050 2,172 2,391 2,498 aed ~ 3) S ae 1,433 1,763 2,870 2,84 { Oakland, Calif........ 2,152 2,161 2,424 2,443 ewerk, N. J... 2.20. 2,486 2,314 2,850 2,88 San Diego, Calif....... 1,758 1,748 1,926 2,118 Paterson, N. J........ 3,000 2,554 2,975 3, 260 Ala Ari San Francisco, Calif... 1,950 2,408 2,515 2,928 Trenton, N. J........ 1,833 1,781 2,086 2,650 Ark Denver, Colo.........] 1,858 1,986 2,318 2,349 || Albany, N. Y....... .| 1,946 1,947 2,335 2.3 Cal Hartford, Conn...... 1,589 1,804 1,920 2,635 SS | ae 2,000 2,046 Pe ae 2, 4 Col New Haven, Conn.... 1,821 1,848 2,100 2,450 New York, N. Y...... 3,021 3,015 3,433 3,840 Wilmington, Del...... 1,400 1,810 1,770 1,957 Rochester, N. Y....... 1,896 & |) eee 2,33 — de Washington, D.C.....] 2,046 2,034 2,237 2,645 || Syracuse, N. Y.... 1,800 1,843 2,133 2,1 Dis Jacksonville, Fla.......]........ —1,000 1,174 1,200 tica, N. Y..... 2,000 2,045 tS ae 2,458 Flo _ % , SSaaar .....] 1,000 |—1,000 | —1,000 || Yonkers, N. Y...... 2,850 2,827 3,439 3,51 Ge Atlanta, Ga....... 1,300 1,377 1,791 1,797 BN, GID. 6 cc cciescheovceus Vo eee 1,661 5 Ee 1,913 1,935 pa 2,902 |} Canton, Ohio.........]........ 2) 1,713 nc ae 1,538 1,592 1,963 || Cincinnati, Ohio...... 1,992 2,338 2,464 2,764 low Evansville, Ind........ 1,350 86 eae 1,802 Cleveland, Ohio...... 1,625 1,873 1,923 2,308 Ka Fort Wayne, Ind...... 1,620 * 3 ae 2,130 |} Columbus, Ohio.......]...... 1,736 2,222 2,242 Ket OO) Sie A 1,357 - | eae 1,804 |} Dayton, Ohio.........]...... 1,385 1,754 2,025 Indianapolis, Ind......]........ ww | ae 2,061 || Toledo, Ohio......... 1,120 1,114 1,278 1,329 — Ma South Bend, Ind.... 1,538 1,518 1,735 1,961 Youngstown, Ohio.....]...... 1,434 1,715 2,428 Ma Des Moines, lowa. . . 1,627 1,515 1,680 1,863 Oklahoma City, Okla. . 1,140 1,218 1,250 1,804 Ma Kansas City, Kans... 1,409 1,535 1,887 || Tulsa, Okla........... 1,475 1,658 1,739 1,90 Mi Wichita, Kans........ 1,155 1,439 1,519 1,550 Portland, Oregon...... 1,100 1,752 1,283 1,916 s Louisville, Ky........ 1,330 1,249 1,379 1,877 Sere 1,521 1,537 1,752 1,916 en LIS New Orleans, La...... 1,070 1,402 |........ 1,749 || Philadelphia, Pa......]........ 2,110 2,511 2,848 Mi: Baltimore, Md....... 1,715 | 1,669] 1,925 | 2,343 || Pittsburgh, Pa........]...... .| 1,930 | 2,532 | 2,84¢ Mo Boston, Mass....... .| 1,627 1,923 2,036 2,513 Reading, Pa.......... 1,450 1,825 1,954 2,238 Nel Cambridge, Mass...... 1,696 BOD Be ocscses 2,261 || Scranton, Pa.......... 1,654 1,736 1,851 1,80 . Fall River, Mass...... 1,317 1,352 1,654 1,830 || Providence, R.I...... 1,828 1,737 2,092 2,368 +n , ve Lowell, Mass.......... 1,318 1,441 1,648 1,870 || Chattanooga, Tenn....]........ —1,000 1,008 1,255 f Ne Ree SS A ee 1,897 2,137 2,357 || Knoxville, Tenn.......]........ 1,037 1,400 1,525 Ohi New Bedford, Mass....| 1,520 1,548 1,938 2,242 |] Nashville, Tenn.......]........ 1,283 1,354 1,73 Okl Somerville, Mass. ..... 1,250 1,661 1,656 1,735 || Dallas, Texas.........]........ 1,600 1,660 2,10 Springfield, Mass...... 1,815 1,818 | 2,063 2,552 || El Paso, Texas........ —1,000 - ) eae 1, 196 ~ 5 en Worcester, Mass.......} 2,030 | 2,051 2,507 2,774 || Fort Worth, Texas....| 1,700 1,701 1,756 2,032 5 Rhe Detroit, Mich......... , 860 1,930 | 2,525 2,536 || Houston, Texas....... 1,263 1,537 1,553 1,839 : Sou Flint, Mich........... 1,394 1,412 1,561 1,758 San Antonio, Texas....]........ 1,344 1,444 1,551 ‘ Sou Grand Rapids, Mich...}| 1,324 1,334 1,491 1,526 || Salt Lake City, Utah. . 1,250 1,493 1,624 1,776 | Duluth, Minn......... 1,350 1,385 1,650 | 2,009 || Norfolk, Va...........J........ 1,119 1,278 1,513 a ex Minneapolis, Minn... .. 1,617 1,809 1,808 1,935 Richmond, Va........ 1,719 1,610 1,834 2,024 Uta St. Paul, Minn........ 1,547 1,544 | 2,057 | 2,115 || Seattle, Wash......... 1,633 1,666 1,798 | 1,929 Vir Kansas City, Mo...... 1,563 1,573 1,846 2,083 Spokane, Wash........]........ 1,536 1,691 1,765 Wa St. Louis, Mo......... 2,430 BcGE Phos ccace 2,832 || Tacoma, Wash........]........ 1,435 1,480 1,537 Wis Omaha, Nebr. ........ 1,518 1,530 |........ 1,824 || Milwaukee, Wis....... 2,228 | 2,225 | 2,200 | 2,464 a 1 Excludes teachers in pre-vocational schools. ? Excludes teachers in vocational schools. [14] IAL —— he it 1 2) ee O IR 1i¢ gh 00 j he } } ' 843 0 SO ' 1) 58 1 4 8 1? . - 9 g 4 6 & fy g , Interstate Comparisons . ) > P vr m , lables 10, 1], 12, and 13 compare the school systems. | able ] l includes, tor com 3 . . ry ’ : redian salaries paid by states.‘ ‘Teachers’ sal oe , median I gh, parative purposes, the average salary paid all aries are covered in Tables 10 and 11; princi eed ar . mgr teachers, principals, and supervisors as reported pals’ salaries, in Tables 12 and 13. Tables 10 : ) : S 5 O , ati I and 12 deal with cities over 30,000 in popula by the United States Office of Education fo . i. . , ) tion, while Tables 11 and 13 deal with smaller 1931-32. ‘In certain cases data were insufficient to make it worthwhile to calculate medians for certain sizes of cities and groups of 5 employees. In these cases medians are omitted. The general rules for reporting medians followed in this bulletin and in the ¥ Special Salary Tabulations are as follows: when as many as ten cities of a given population group in a single state report, or when j 50 percent or more of all cities of a given size in a state report, a median is calculated. Except: when the number dividual 4 ployees reported is less than five, a median is not calculated. When the use of a calculated median makes the state median urger than the maximum salary actually received by teachers in the cities within the state, the maximum paid rather than the puted median is reported TABLE 10.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES OVER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 Median salaries paid in city school systems to: Kindergarten Elementary- Teachers of Junior high- High-school States teachers school teachers atypical classes | school teachers? teachers’ Group | Group Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group I It I II I II I II I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q 10 11 United States $1,926] $1,469 | $1,922 | $1,412 |$1,996 | $1,611 |$2,078 |$1,612 |$2,436 |$1,834 SEP CEE ere ee a 1,282 1,000 1,300 . 1,031 1,653 1,275 OS eS ee eee 1,350 1,378 ; ‘ 1,545 2,000 Arkansas es ee ‘an ‘ 1,000 1,209 1,417 California... . 2,050 1,823 2,156 1,856 | 2,175 1,880 ?, 396 | 2,140 | 2,470 | 2,407 Colorado........ 1,858 1,400 1,986 1,389 | 2,367 1,425 | 2,318 | 1,600 | 2,349 | 1,700 Connecticut... . 1,800 1,558 1,839 1,646 | 2,004 1,675 | 2,106 1,505 | 2,470 | 2,052 Delaware..... 1,400 ; ; 1,810 1,810 1,770 1,957 District of Col 2,046 2,034 2,043 2,237 2,645 CO a : . er 1,000 1,063 1,041 1,071 Georgia... 1,300 |—1,000 1, 377 1,129 1,491 1,791 1,241 1,797 1,553 Illinois. . 1,913 1,292 1,932 1,328 1,930 1,428 1,592 1,441 2,796 1,802 Indiana 1,438 1,167 1,549 1,265 1,577 1,313 1,735 1,444 | 1,991 1,617 lowa : 1,627 1,224 4, S85 1,228 1,471 1,375 1,680 1,465 1,863 1,570 Kansas : ; 1,155 1,500 1,418 1,608 1,463 1,617 1,527 1,631 1,632 1,919 Kentucky 1,330 1,333 1,249 1,444 1,450 1,500 1,379 1,544 1,877 1,838 Louisiana 1,070 a 1,402 ‘ 1,436 1,739 (SS 1,321 viane 1,346 1,342 1,465 1,659 Maryland.........] 1,715 7" 1,669 1,096 | 1,759 1,906 | 1,181 | 2,278 | 1,319 Massachusetts. . 1,635 1,619 1,834 1,551 1,782 1,641 | 2,007 | 1,726 | 2,351 2,000 Michigan....... 1,756 1,241 1,844 1,328 2,301 1,461 2,460 1,534 2,450 1,693 Minnesota P35 eee 1,577 : 1,715 1,825 ‘ 2,062 Mississippi. - : veobakes , ...|—1,000 ; 1,004 1,055 Missouri. 2,269 Sawelas 1,810 |—1,000 1,739 |—1,000 1,846 1,074 2,448 1,315 Montana ; | Se Sees 1,401 : ; 1,672 : Nebraska 1,518 1,058 1,530 1,128 1,267 1,227 1,824 1,278 : P New Hampshire ‘ 1,517 1,540 : 1,609 |.. .| 2,030 = New Jersey... 2,156 1,986 1,912 1,975 | 2,300 2,239 | 2,076 | 2,336 | 2,731 | 2,516 ‘ New York... 2,854 1,814 2,818 1,822 3,404 1,919 3,425 2,044 | 3,418 2,225 7 Se -Saae 1,607 1,900 1,624 1,193 1,760 1,500 2,011 1,449 2,043 1,702 - Oklahoma Fee 1,454 |—1,000 | 1,275 : 1,550 | 1,130 | 1,825 | 1,244 Oregon ne Bee Braccee 1,752 oe 1,752 ees 1,283 1,916 H Pennsylvania...... 1,577 1,458 1,931 1,482 | 2,365 1,506 2,434 1,624 | 2,831 1,833 ; Rhode Island..... 1,828 1,350 1,737 1,533 | 1,956 1,617 | 2,092 | 1,631 | 2,321 1,905 £ SOUR COTOMMR. oo). ccc sdescecees wae 1,035 1,083 1,067 1,366 4 South Dakota.....]....... yf eee 1,097 1, 106 1,413 ; Oe See 1,064 |.... 1 302:1.., .| 1,701 Texas > ae es Fe 1,125 1,385 1,066 1,309 we 1,181 1,801 1,443 LL. eee 1,250 re 1,493 1,012 1,624 | 1,339 | 1,776 | 1,575 RS ss 8s os. 1,719 1,311 1,185 1,185 1,713 1,175 1,656 1,222 1,800 1,482 Washington...... YD ae 1,586 1,308 | 1,675 1,340 | 1,571 | 1,325 | 1,830 | 1,615 Wisconsin. .. 2,228 1,268 2,225 1,433 2,400 1,458 2,200 1,659 2,464 1,773 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page S. ? Includes teachers in pre-vocational schools. + Includes teachers in vocational schools. Part-time school teachers Group | Group II 1,000 1,475 3,412 1,350 2,144 1,8. 2,550 3,420 2,100 ? 093 1,000 2,600 1,72 1,650 1,000 [15] TABLE 11.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES UNDER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 Median salaries paid in city school systems to: —_ Part-time am ; school teachers Poe — Elementary and Junior high- High-school : States ~-.* |kindergarten teachers school teachers teachers — principals, and Supervisors, | Group| Group| Group] Group} Group| Group] Group Group} Group} Group] Group! Gr. 1931-32) |) re | Iv? | ve | mm | ive| v | m|ive|ve| wm | ively 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 United States $1,417 $1, 231/$1,050} $961/$1, 390/$1, 208/$1 , 125|$1 , 603/$1,379/$1 , 260/$1,550 $838) —s ' Alabama 710 661 em _ ee 784 Arizona 1,605 1,184) 1,213 1,383). . ....-| 1,569] 1,630 Arkansas §93 sith —600} —600).. : 640 (er 797 767 i California. . 2,189 1,579} 1,473) 1,422] 1,810] 1,594] 1,583] 2,093] 2,035] 1,949] 1.775 Colorado 1,386 t,225| 1,045] 1,051] 1,290) 1,204) 1,190] 1,440] 1,270] 1,298 Connecticut 1,970 | ee re ae ee | eee 1,333 Delaware........ fhe SRS ai SR Se Se re cae District of Columbia. 2,340 uel ' Florida sew 867 3 621 785 853 Georgia 690 773 755 ...] 1,088 , ( Idaho 1,166 1,293 949 eee 985] 1,675].... 1,194 Illinois 1,598 1,056 986 969) 1,155] 1,092] 1,070] 1,448] 1,404] 1,362 —600 Indiana 1,497 1,137 986 982) 1,290] 1,081) 1,178] 1,500} 1,249) 1,250 } ) lowa 1,096 1,095 886 876} 1,189} 1,005 973] 1,416] 1,192] 1.156 ) Kansas 1,123 990) 980 846) 1,228} 1,209 991] 1,375] 1,284) 1,137 } Kentucky 835 902 ; 788 953 900} 1,143].... 1,045 Louisiana 895 : af ; pages Sas Ser aon Maine. 952 1,026 aa : SO Re eee 1,355]... } Maryland 1,523 1,061;..... 1,042] 1,350}...... 1,150} 1,278}.... 1,196 Massachusetts 1,845 1,425] 1,272] 1,267] 1,539] 1,408] 1,600] 1,792] 1,589] 1,518 Michigan. . 1,522 1,151 968 958} 1,416] 1,088) 1,090] 1,530} 1,249] 1,213 Minnesota 1,305 1,244) 1,076 975) 1,448) 1,225] 1,134] 1,591] 1,315] 1,237 } Mississippi a eee 868 ee 950 829 ....| 1,000 937 Maine Missouri . 1,230 993 851 777] 1,086 943 872] 1,348] 1,113] 1,079 Maryla Montana 1,184 |...... Siegen 8,898)... .: 1,407} 1,300]...... 1,388) 1,347 } M ac \ g Nebraska. .. 1,051 1,030} 920)...... 1,242] 1,029]...... 1,403] 1,214 Nevada..... . 1,483 1,425]...... 1,461} 1,652]...... 1,514] 1,782 oF 1,913 M New Hampshire 1,258 1,155} 1,052 955} 1,380] 1,225) 1,050] 1,590) 1,500] 1,250 M New Jersey. 2,192 1,457] -1,438] 1,313] 1,757 , 809] 1,456] 1,859] 1,821] 1,454 M New Mexico 1,096 1,261] 1,075 978} 1,309] 1,229)...... 1,567] 1,420] 1,213 ' Mor Nebras New York.... 2,494 1,701; 1,658) 1,519] 1,847] 1,796] 1,666] 2,017] 1,918] 1,702] 2,200 North Carolina 9) Sey Saal Ti Sa cao le ee RE Opaee 2 New H North Dakota 900 1,118 940 688] 1,267] 1,059}...... 1,434) 1,279 950 New Je Ss 24s oes 1,573 1,034] 1,025 999; 1,275] 1,239] 1,246 , 463) 1,465] 1,367 New Y Oklahoma. . 1,102 932 736 759) 1,146 900) 880} 1,237 969 942 O ‘ CR 0:50.00 1,439 1,063] 1,089 922) 1,145) 1,139] 1,056] 1,270) 1,304] 1,110)......]...... Pennsylvania 1,630 1,269} 1,239 972] 1,399] 1,304) 1,204) 1,594} 1,462] 1,283 Oregon Rhode Island. 1,599 344]... ... 1,175] 1,417]...... 1,300] 1,871]..... : Pennsy South Carolina......... Me Brecksdiecenta ee Sage ae Cee AES pial ; Rhode South Dakota. 944 1,076] 1,085) 1,027] 1,266) 1;538] 1,108] 1,357] 1,586] 1,286 South ™ 1 Tennessee 826 827 a 1,008 ee 1,206} 1,050)... ee Texas..... ea eae 795 Be uvien a 965 S73}...... 1,154) 1,044 PhS Tennes RSS 1,239 765} 789) 1,086] 1,150} 1,089) 1,150} 1,275] 1,324). ; Texas Vermont... 931 1,175] 1,018] 900) 1,475) 1,340]...... 1,713} 1,436] 1,100 Utah Virginia. . . 859 1,094 ee Sea Fees 1,381] 1,023)..... > Lo = ashin Washington. .... oF 1,553 1,166] 1,084] 1,061] 1,244] 1,136] 1,156] 1,452] 1,313] 1,298 Wiscon West Virginia.......... Be Se SP CR Pe Se See Ss Se ee ; RSF Wisconsin. .... c.f 1,388 1,196] 1,066) 1,059) 1,415) 1,171] 1,197] 1,658] 1,414] 1,343) 1,558] 1,150 . Wyoming............. 1,250 | 1,489] 1,307] 1,200 1.610} 1,475]...... 1,684] 1.714] 1.494)..°. |. 'F 1 Figures in column 2 from U. S. Office of Education, Statistics of State School Systems, 1931-32. ? For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. [16] BLE 12.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID PRINCIPALS BY STATES IN CITIES OVER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 TA —————————— | Median salaries paid in city school systems to principals of Elementary schools to Junior High | Part-time States high schools schools schools | Teaching Supervising | | Group | Group Group Group Group | Group | Group Group Group Group } I Ir! i iz he II ; i Ss ————————— —_———|- _ —|————| |--—— j 1 2 3 a 5 i she ¥ i 9 10 I | | | eT a I, GS ETS pen | es eee © $2.135 | $1,738 | $3,016 | $2,364 | $3,718 | $2,833 | ¢4 252 | $3.635 | $4,125 | $2,800 | | | date ke ».575 | 1,461 | 3.075 ' 1,950 » 250 1,388 » 050 ; 2.463 2 483 3.171 » 807 4,047 | 3,343 | 4,668 4,133 3,700 | 2,750 ’ » 040 » O1 3.467 | 2.750] 4,275 ( 2,283 2,050 2,900 >. 742 3,900 | 3,150 5.625 3.975 ! Delaware 2,700 D t of Columbia 2.614 3,049 3.800 | 4.375 1, 200 1.530 1,875 j » 71 ( 1,700 1,550 ?, 189 2,050 2,800 | | | 1.917 3,603 2,069 » 667 4,259 3.700 } 2,025 1,758 2,503 2,000 » 450 3.400 3,350 , 1,608 2,283 1.955 2.825 2.433 3,667 i 1,670 2,125 1,970 2,288 2.450 3,050 k ky 1,450 2,238 2,033 2,700 3,550 I ina 2,048 } 2,280 M e 2,350 Maryland 2,450 1,530 2,844 3,100 2,450 4,100 2,575 Massachusetts », 522 1,663 2,786 2,444 4,027 3,143 4.540 4,133 3,400 j Michigan 1.863 3,213 1,938 4,886 » 700 5 596 3,400 4.150 | 2,150 2.562 3,130 3.820 1.258 1,400 2,083 1,340 3,354 1,710 » 025 | 4,500 2,700 1,890 ; 1,842 1,563 2,200 1,779 | 3,250 1,850 | New Hampshire 2,375 New Jersey 3,567 3,542 4,075 4,900 5 083 5,000 New York. . 3,125 5,316 3,046 6,202 4,033 6,333 4,440 5.750 Ohio qd 2.511 1.462 2,459 ? O83 3,464 2.333 3,650 3,125 Oklahoma...... 1,500 2,443 1,750 2,993 3,900 Oregon a% 1,970 2,831 3.471 Pennsylvania 3,571 797 3,674 2,294 4,481 4,025 4.914 3,708 Rhode Island 2 ‘ 1,812 2,725 1,783 3, 886 2,283 South Carolina. 2,290 South Dakota 1,544 be Tennessee. . 1,617 1,725 2,350 Texas 1,650 1,825 2,573 1,850 3S, 237 2.825 3,533 3,250 Utah : 2,744 2,400 3,030 > Virginia 1,450 2,450 1,786 3,460 2,250 Washington. 1,958 1,825 2,633 1,975 2,500 3,560 Wisconsin 2,625 1,900 3,733 2,393 4,660 2,925 4,900 3,400 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. TABLE 13.—MEDIAN SALARIES PAID PRINCIPALS BY STATES IN CITIES UNDER jw’ 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 Shu Median salaries paid in city school systems to principals of: ' ond! - three Elementary schools j 30. Ul States Junior high schools High schools same Teaching Supervising : —— popu Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Grou; tribu lr Iv! vi III IV Vv III IV Vv IV V f pt coi - : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 unde —} table United States........ $1,476 | $1,246 | $1,181 |$2,119 |$1,962 |$2,038 |$2,307 |$1,669 |$1,433 |$3,010 |$2,235 {$1 95 ploye BOR, 60 0:6 0000 ct notte essias 1,850 | 1,350/]....... US Snore! Serie: erry , ee be sure SE ceweesngane ....]—1,000 | —1,000 Se eee! Seer Soe ee toda coe 1, 20 : California........... 2,042 1,853 1,763 Be Fe | ee 2,925 | 2,250 phen 3,867 3,000 950 F Fi Colorado... .. oo eeee}d 1,500 1,330 5 eee 2 eee Ses lee ok 2,750 | 2,150 | 1,95 eee Berek) ies 4 aes. Sk Ry eee Sere TY SRE Hee ; all e ? PS dc cckeeeee . ee Gene | eee ee See eee: | Perr re IAS 65 650460000 cy 7 ee eS Teas SS Ge See Ae 12,208... TAB ee ee 3 Ge f...... ‘ SB) Se aaere. SSerer sate iatabard ee ee 7 ae er 1,650 § Ne ub sance 3 ae ! rr | SRS RE Se ee See eee Dawalad 3,050 Maryland.......... es of eee Oe # SSS S| Sere Seer, ere 1,800 0 = Massachusetts....... 1,619 1,564 1,800 | 2,307 | 1,838 |.......] 2,575 | 1,850 |.... 3,475 | 3,017 SE 1,450 1,125 BB Zeek. 2 eee eae 2,625 | 1,450 | 1,350 | 2,800 | 2,150 | 1.8% Minnesota......... 1,487 1,133 1,113 | 1,650 | 2,125 |....... 2,067 | 1,650 | 1,550 | 2,867 | 2,325 | 1,7 } ame Mississippi.......... 7p 2" See a OO) See eee ae Se onee is ner, Ae 1, 30 $4. 004 Missouri........ ‘a 1,170 |—1,000 |—1,000 | 2,550 | 3,150 ]....... 5 J er senccel 2,400 | 1,900 | 1 "3 800 3, 70 ETT 246 Rees 1,600 |....... ST eT eee Serre eT ee “oe ‘ os 2 60 Nebraska.......... 1,280 1,100 |....... RE SSR) SA, Rae 1,600 ...| 2,450 | 2,050 2 SO ee SS | eS Seer er PE ONO AEE SUE eae RA Sar) Bee New Hampshire. ..... §, 200 f....-. oS 8 EO RR ee eee ee ‘ ae © ae 3. 401 New Jersey.......... 1,883 1,917 | “1,750 | 2,539 | 2,483 | 2,550 | 3,400 | 2,500 |@.....| 3,633 7 3,200 | 2,00 304 201 New Mexico.........]....... 1,400 1,375 Of 2 RRP Sap Eee Trtrre. Rare ce sccewces 3,101 New York.......... 2,035 1,800 1,740 | 2,579 | 2,567 | 2,550 | 3,500 | 2,450 |.......| 3,975 | 3,188 x 2 OO North Dakota........ 1,525 Gs osc PO OE Eb nxse cdbeacesed FO ae ; ree a Ee 1,363 1,314 Det Eh BUM Bon ssccelenscace 2,150 | 1,400 | 1,725 | 2,592 | 2,375 Or on Oklahoma............] 1,313 |—1,000 Fe Je, 3 See ee ee 1,225 3,000 | 1,775 | 1.¢ RO 701 Ro ccunss csneet 1,433 1,270 PS ee eee OD Beanaes 1,567 2,150 | 1.8 > 60 Pennsylvania......... 1,523 1,422 1,383 | 2,000 | 1,750 | 2,725 | 2,650 | 2,025 | 1,475 | 2,975 ,406 | 1,89 50 Rhode Island......... 1,663 |........ Ses BAS POS Tee Sere weer Bas 3,000 South Dakota........ 1,343 1,350 S ) ors Pee ea ce 4 ‘ BE Biacwats. 1,950 40K £ eae Sere —1,000 ]........ FF | SNE Soe Seay ae : Fee ee sete! > 30% 2, 20 TO, 5.6 80040 snenuwdbe sane 1,188 8 RS Se! ee ee ae i 3 eee 1,950 | 1 > 10 aE ee 1,575 1,081 eee: See ee eee & | See See 2, 240 > 2.00 ee 1,170 eT Sep ay Vee Stee Pee eee : Seg SEES 2,750 , 0 ee are t - | Saree 1,736 | 1,450 ]....... Se ae wee FB 1, 90F Washington.......... 1,642 1,450 F FF | ee ee | Oe eee: Sy ee 1, 875 M 1, 801 1,70 \ ee 1,611 1,229 1,294 | 2,263 |....... 1,650 | 2,475 | 1,850 |.......} 3,400 | 2,400 | 2,200 1. 60% WR. nov cccvchess 1,738 1,700 * ig 2 | SaeeRet See eee eee & SRERE, “Sa E ; 1.50 - aan 1, 40 ! For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. a 1,30 é 1,20 1, 10 1, 001 Belov {18 ] YDER Ols ee een teed The Range and Distribution of Teachers’ Salaries (he median salaries reported in the preced- , pages of this bulletin summarize as w ell as ; possible in any single figure the general status however, to know tributed above and below the median figure. lable 14 presents three of teachers’ salaries. It is important, how the salaries are dis- this information for the e main groups of teachers in cities over 30.000 in population, and Table 15 gives this came information for cities under 30,000 in population. Tables 16 and 17 show the dis- Y) 5 : ‘ tribution of salaries for the four main groups of principals in cities over 30,000 and in cities under 30,000 in population, respectively. ‘These tables also show the total number of such em ployees reported by the cities covered in the survey. Figure IV shows the percent distribution of all elementary-school teachers reported in cities TABLE 14.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES OVER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 of the five population groups. This figure Follow ing the slain black vy | 100.000 should be read thus: line which is the symbol for cities over find that in population, we the salaries paid elementary-school teachers range from approxi mately $700 to $3,600. Slightly more than 2 percent of the teachers receive salaries between $1,000 and $1,099; 3.2 percent receive be tween $1,100 and $1,199; 3.6 percent, between $1,200 and $1,299, etc. The peak of this curve is between $1,900 and $1,999, with over 12 percent of the teachers’ salaries falling in this salary interval. Similarly interpret the curves for cities in the other population groups. This graph brings out clearly the relative position of the median salaries in the different population groups and the extent to which the distributions themselves overlap. Figures V and Elementary-school teachers Junior high-school teachers High-school teachers Salary groups — Se — eaten Group I! Group IT! Group I Group II Group I Group II 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 $4,000 and over 7 203 i 3,800— 3,999 21 3,749 3,700— 3,799 10 3,.600-— 3,699 5 1 28 8 55 31 3,500— 3,599 3 1 10 9 49 $1 3,400- 3,499 2,702 2,131 1¢ 413 99 3,300- 3,399 25 2 37 22 267 59 3,200—- 3,299 347 2 149 23 859 51 3,100- 3,199 216 2 193 37 524 143 3,000- 3,099 7,756 26 30 44 576 118 2,900- 2,999 214 46 194 31 2,844 91 ), 800— 2,899 1,487 96 194 76 1,970 156 2,700— 2,799 138 65 742 57 2,310 246 2,600— 2,699 1,271 249 439 115 1,690 173 2,500- 2,599 1,821 265 1,668 208 1,564 372 2,400- 2,499 2,000 217 1,117 305 2,845 57 2,300- 2,399 1,724 289 666 196 4.327 455 2,200— 2,299 4.697 540 1,547 266 1,934 625 2,100- 2,199 6,309 586 1,416 337 1,983 518 2,000— 2,099 6,183 760 1,475 411 1,981 625 1,900- 1,999... 11,169 929 1,281 548 1,993 967 1,800- 1,899 6,979 1,568 1,585 839 1,933 932 1,700—- 1,799 5,348 1,786 1,179 825 1,421 964 1,600— 1,699.. 5,056 2,294 957 931 1,229 924 1,500- 1,599.. 6,259 2,282 1,031 922 1,108 917 1,400- 1,499 4,240 2,53 748 1,034 697 789 1,300—- 1,399 4,174 2,727 921 917 956 610 1,200—- 1,299.. 3,279 2,510 709 688 556 §53 1,100—- 1,199 2,922 2,701 544 625 315 327 1,000—- 1,099. 2,047 2,288 402 425 307 28 Below 1,000.......... 2,837 3,697 410 165 339 358 Total..... 91,208 28 , 466 21,841 10,380 38,224 11,977 Spee $1,922 $1,412 $2,078 $1,612 $2 436 $1,834 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. [19] VI give the same information for junior and senior high-school teachers, respectively. Each of these figures shows that, altho the median salary of various groups of teachers increases with the size of the city in which the teacher is employed, there is a considerable amount of overlapping in the distributions of the salaries. There are some of the teachers in the larger cities which receive lower salaries than some of the teachers in the smaller cities. Differences in the experience and training of the teachers involved, the salary schedules of the cities, and variations in living costs are among the factors which account for this over- lapping. It will be seen that the larger cities, in general, show a wider spread of salaries than the smaller cities. The percentage distribution curves for the smaller cities tend to be more pointed and less rambling. In all of the three figures there is an unusual peak in the distribution curve at the higher salary levels in cities over 100,000 in popula- tion. This peak is due primarily to the sa! paid teachers in New York City and in a fey New Jersey and New York state cities i: vicinity. While space does not permit a compler summation of all the facts revealed by distributions, the following gives an exa: of some of the interesting data disclosed: Among the elementary-school teache: cities of Group I, more than 16 percent re. salaries below the median for cities in G Il; more than 8 percent below the median {0 cities in Group III; and more than 3 percen: ' below the median for cities in Group IV. Conversely the distribution of the sal of teachers in the smaller cities of Group \ such that more than 30 percent receive sa! above the median for cities in Group IV; more than 17 percent above the median for citi: Group III; more than 8 percent above median for cities in Group II; and more tha: percent above the median for cities in Grou TABLE 15.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID TEACHERS IN CITIES UNDER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 Elementary and Junior high- High-school kindergarten teachers school teachers teachers Salary groups r — Group III'| Group IV'| Group V! |Group III | Group IV | Group V | Group IIT | Group IV | Group \ c | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 } $3,100 and over....]...... : 1 1 2 2 2 78 43 } Pe! 3,000- 3,099..... wed 2 1 7 2 — 41 16 2,900— 2,999... 1 10 Aide 2 6 ‘hes 35 11 TEA 2,800-— 2,899... 6 5 6 14 8 1 77 31 2,700— 2,799... 11 6 1 24 5 6 102 42 2,600—- 2,699... & 5 7 16 7 7 94 34 2,500—- 2,599... 27 14 8 33 7 4 190 53 2,400— 2,499... 59 18 14 39 16 8 228 103 2,300— 2,399.. 58 25 20 50 5 7 299 67 2,200— 2,299... 115 43 23 132 25 6 461 139 2,100—- 2,199.. 167 37 30 164 30 25 455 153 1 2,000— 2,099... 346 92 46 180 40 15 643 211 1 1,900—- 1,999. . 404 100 56 236 53 23 641 243 1,800— 1,899. 693 258 122 389 93 35 852 437 1,700—- 1,799.. 1,045 243 120 295 91 23 921 382 1,600— 1,699... 1,317 463 300 451 123 66 1,230 549 34 1,500— 1,599.. 1,823 619 339 605 152 73 1,019 631 } 1,400—- 1,499. 1,966 820 609 620 234 105 1,310 793 5 1,300— 1,399. 2,317 934 602 755 204 140 1,169 754 & 4 1,200— 1,299.. 3,252 1,621 805 767 350 201 1,007 988 9 1,100—- 1,199.. 2,626 1,401 879 642 299 291 681 870 1,04 1,000—- 1,099... 2,864 1,979 1,603 597 430 325 582 682 888 : 900— 999... 2,953 2,414 2,225 405 340 232 289 428 55 h. 800— 899... 1,617 1,588 1,820 128 144 127 83 281 ; 700— 799. 814 1,387 1,404 84 99 120 87 173 1 600— 699 541 850 923 27 64 57 35 2 Below 600. . 159 472 942 6 18 29 19 27 \| :, oe oe 25,189 15,407 12,906 6,670 2,847 1,928 12,628 8,193 7,2 Median..... $1,231 $1,050 $961 $1,390 $1,208 $1,125 $1,603 $1,379 $1,2 | ae F 1 For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. [ 20 ] DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID ELEMENTARY- SCHOOL TEACHERS IN FIVE POPULATION GROUPS - 1934-35 PERCENT iz HERS oe if ] T T T T ref fi + a a + —t 4. + | + = +—— , | _t | 4 | - 16 ] ti T en anne | i POPULATION GROUPS | ‘ | a | 1 - CiT1Es OVER 100,000 “ 14 / , { = 4 4 il - CiTIES 30,000 TO 100,000 -- —-------- / : \ | IIl = CITIES 10,000 TO 30,000 +eeeeeeec ec cee fit uy A IV - CITIES 5,000 To 10,000 —-—-—- —- —-= 12 t t + t + tT V - Cries 2.500 10 5.000 osm ome iP \ a 10 l } —h = 1 +t b+ } i 4 4 4 } | | + Lin | | — : + + / ‘ / + + ++ + + + ’ — + *~ + ; ? + + ’ | i Ry ee ae JN at j i i Rie —_ = Ax b Nm 0 a | — $400 $600 $800 $1000 $1200 $1400 $1600 $1800 $2000 $2200 $2400 $2600 $280 $32 $4000 499 -699 -899 -1099 -1299 -1499 1699 -1899 -2099 -2299 2499 -2699 -2899 -3099 -3299 -3499 ~-3699 3899 AND 1 We SALARY _ ATIO FIGURE V . —$—$$—$___ 2 I — oa nn a - = | DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID JUNIOR HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHERS | | IN FIVE POPULATION GROUPS - 1934-35 PERCENT oF TEACHERS 18 | — | —— i M 4 16 POPULATION GROUPS 1 - Cities OVER 100,000 —_—$—______ 14 Il - Cities 30,000 To 100.000 --- Ill - CITIES 10.000 TO 30.000 seeeoooose IV - Cities 5,000 T0 10.000 --—-—-—-= 12 - Cities 2,500 to 5.000 —------- — 4 10 + 8 6 4 2 1} $400 $600 $800 $1000 $1200 $1400 $1600 $1800 $2000 $2200 $2400 $2600 $2800 $3000 $3200 $3400 $3600 $380 $4000 i] “499-699 -899 “1099 -1299 -1499 -1699 -1899 2099 -2299 -2499 -2699 -2899 3099-3299 =-3499 -3699 -3899 ND Sacary ' ver RESEARCH Division, NATIONAL EOUCATION Ass eames pemscet | 1 For Groups | and II the distribution of salaries below $1,00 ——— FIGURE VI DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID SENIOR HIGH-SCHOOL TEACHERS IN FIVE POPULATION GROUPS - 1934-35 PERCENT or TEACHERS I i” L ie | POPULATION GROUPS | - Cities Over 100,000 ———————————_ Il - CiTIES 30.000 TO 100.000 --------- Ill - CITIES 10,000 TO 30,000 sereereeees IV - CiTIES 5,000 TO 10,000 --=-—-—-— V - Cities 2,500 To 5.000 —-——--—— - . $400 $600 $800 $1000 $1200 $1400 $1600 $1800 $2000 $2200 $2400 $2600 $2800 $3000 $3200 $3400 $3600 $3800 $4000 499 -699 -899 -1099 -1299 -1499 -1699 -1899 -2099 -2299 -2499 -2699 -2899 -3099 -3299 -3499 -3699 ~-3899 AND 1 SALARY over RESEARCH Division, NATIONAL EDUCATION Ass the distribution of salaries below $1,000 is estimate For Groups Ill, IV and V, the distribution below $60 \ x J Hive there are encouraging signs, many teachers still work for extremely small salaries. Reports from 27 states, plus a knowledge of state minimum salary laws, make possible an estimate of the number of teachers receiving less than $750 and $450 yearly. The sum of $750 is a yearly salary roughly equal to the minimum hourly wages of the “blanket code” for a “factory or mechanical worker or artisan.” The sum of $450 may be used as the code minimum if one distributes the teacher’s annual salary over the school term only, rather than over the entire year. Of the entire teaching force of the nation, nearly one in three receives less than $750; one in sixteen receives less than $450 per year. About 250,000 teachers to whom is entrusted the education of some 7,000,000 children receive annual wages below the minimum for factory hands under the “blanket code.’ This estimate leaves out of consideration the fact that even the meager salaries fixed in many teachers’ contracts are unpaid or paid in heavily discounted warrants—Major Trends in Public Education, Joint Commission on the Emergency in Education of the National Education Association and the Department of Super- intendence. [22] $8 , O01 7 50 7, 00 6 5K », OOF 5, 50 5, 00 4, 806 6 400 i 204 00t 80 60K 400 ee 3, 201 00 2, 90 2, 80¢ 6 50 404 301 mM MNRNPy 2,20 101 OO , 901 80 eo me RO DD 70 60 501 40 , 30 1, 201 Below | As aR Sim Hes TABLE 16._-DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID PRINCIPALS IN CITIES OVER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 Elementary-school princi)als Junior high-school High-school principals principals Salary groups —| Teaching Supervising ae — a ” | : Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group II I Il I! II! II | . on —j|— as —-, 2 3 4 5 | 6 7 g 9 ae ni E , a | $8 ,000 8,999 7 500-— 7,999.. | | | 7.000— 7,499. | 1 | , 500— 6,999.. 5 | »,000— 6,499.. 1 6 1 5 500—- 5,999... 275 6 $ 2 22 ) 5,000- 5,499... 104 4 : 1 43 | ) 4,800—- 4,999.... 19 7 9 7 32 : 4,600- 4,799... 16 2 | 9 46 4 4,400— 4,599.. 100 11 | 5 27 11 4,200— 4,399.... 20 8 11 1 73 12 4,000— 4,199. 3 154 7 8 10 34 S 3,800— 3,999.. 39 96 21 37 10 35 8 3,600— 3,799 14 473 39 34 1? 46 31 3,400- 3,599 9 178 44 48 7 40 18 3. 200— 3,399 6 & 261 56 30 31 32 »? 3,100— 3,199 5 2 70 2 »9 26 6 11 3,000— 3,099... 9 12 250 53 32 14 11 13 2,900- 2,999... 22 6 239 28 16 15 10 6 2,800— 2,899... 9 15 158 59 1 27 7 6 2,700— 2,799... 15 6 207 55 18 18 14 rT) 2,600— 2,699 28 4 183 45 14 13 5 6 2,500-— 2,599 68 11 201 74 12 18 7 4 2,400— 2,499.... 36 15 147 64 6 21 4 ; 2,300— 2,399.... 13 12 138 60 2 13 3 ? 2,200- 2,299.... 28 18 153 72 | 10 28 7 4 2,100- 2,199... 42 51 130 62 | 6 14 i 2 2,000- 2,099.... 49 71 85 72 | 6 19 ; 1,900— 1,999.... 33 71 &3 91 | 3; 5 5 1,800- 1,899.... 42 92 64 77 7 5 ; 1,700- 1,799.... 53 82 74 77 | 2 4 1,600— 1,699.. 57 93 24 60 6 ) 1,500—- 1,599 P 51 106 21 33 7 1,400— 1,499.... 16 61 10 25 | 1 1,300- 1,399... 1 44 10 9 | 1 1,200— 1,299 3 55 9 5 1 Below 1,200 12 55 4 4 | 3 Total 663 890 3,958 ,251 560 360 562 65 Median $2,135 $1,738 $3 ,016 $2 364 1$3 ,718 $2 ,833 $4,252 1$3 635 } in nae ! For population ranges, see Table 1, page 5. CONOMY in governmental expenditures—national, state, and local—should be constructive in nature, not adding needlessly to unemployment, nor forcing the eliminatiou of services essential to the public welfare. Report of Special Committee on Tax Policy to Aid Economic Recovery and Permanent Prosperity, Tax Policy ’ if League. [ 23 ] TABLE 17.—DISTRIBUTION OF SALARIES PAID PRINCIPALS IN CITIES UNDER 30,000 IN POPULATION IN 1934-35 ) — unior high-school High-school - Elementary-school principals J cba at gulnchonts s Salary groups Teaching Supervising } [he o Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Grow, ferenti Group | Group | Group | Group | Group | Group III IV Vv Ia IV V Pm Ill! Iv: vi Il IV Vv mentar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 OO Ee, eee eee eee ' 3 : ER hs v2 ch Ue has White men White women Negro men Negro women Teachers in two-year high schools White men White women Negro men Negro women Teachers in four-year high schools White men White women Negro men Negro women Elementary Men Women Junior high-school Men Women Senior high-school Men Women Elementary Elementary White Negro All High-school White Negro All Teachers in one-teacher schools Type of measure Average Average Median Range of averages Range Average Median Average Median Annt sala 004 749 821 884 351 329 689 1,406 420-5 ial ry 000: 88(* 34() 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 to 25 60 510-620 210-3 627 603 577 483 506 808 406 462 587 1,091 904 662 675 817 668 1,068 935 1,251 1,000 573 549 337 489 765 289 723 654 42 70 12 08 33 »s 33 50 50 66 50 00 69 O05 38 74 71 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 29 *) The United States census classifies as rural communities with a population of less than 2,500. this table is not in every instance defined in strict accordance with the census classification (%) Includes principals. *) Median salary reported, $68 per month. school term, approximately 7 months in 1931-32. 4) Median salary reported, $91 per month. *) Median salary reported, $54 per month. f) Includes supervisors and principals. *) All school corporations not chartered as city or rural schools. See footnote (¢) town schools are classed as township schools. 4) Includes kindergarten, elementary, and junior and senior high-school teachers. (4) Based on 8,251 teachers. j) Average salary reported, $56.22 per month. term, approximately 8.2 months in 1931-32. (*) Average salary reported, $69.62 per month. ') Average salary reported, $113.09 per month. for method of deriving annual salary See footnote (*) for method of deriving annual salary. See footnote ()) for method of deriving annual salary. See footnote ()) for method of deriving annual salary. The term rural as Annual salary derived by multiplying this sum by average length of They are, therefo Annual salary derived by multiplying by average length of rura ™) Refers to all high schools other than junior high schools including four-year and six-year senior high schools. (") Includes teaching principals. (°) From: Virginia. 1934. p. 157, 161. Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction [ 29 ] Richmond: State Board of Education used in Forms and Definitions Used in Collecting Data . To illustrate the method by which the study the persons concerned devoted half time : was made, part of one of the forms used in ore to administrative or supervisory duties | S collecting figures is shown below. On request, Win Eom eeue Os chien wader 20.000 the Research Division will send a complete set population is similar to the one reproduc of forms used. The form reproduced below was sent to cities over 30,000 in population. This questionnaire also called for similar informa- tion on principals and all other school em- below except that the classification for ele mentary teachers was expanded to includ kindergarten teachers, teachers of atypical classes, and teachers rated as assistant or vice. principals in elementary schools. Similarly, the classifications of junior high-school teacher and high-school teachers were expanded to in clude teachers rated as heads of departments ——$_~_~— ployees. Teaching principals were defined as those doing some regular classroom teaching, while supervising principals were those giving full time to administration and supervision. Vice- principals, assistant principals, and deans were and assistant principals or vice-principals to be reported under these classifications only if _ these schools. a a SPECIAL DIRECTIONS: On pages 2, 3, and 4 report the salaries you expect to pay for the school year 1934-35. Deduct all direct or indirect losses arising from salary reductions, teaching part of € the year without pay, voluntary return of a portion of salaries to the school board, and other similar losses. DO NOT include school employees paid out of Federal or State WORK-RELIEF FUNDS. DIRECTIONS: In answering this inquiry give figures ONLY for individuals employed for FULL TIME. i Read notes (a) to (i) at foot of this page BEFORE filling out this section. Give the number of teachers whose 1 KGtve then eumtor of empingees whens catesies full tn cach of the salaries fall in each of the salary groups indicated below lery grouse od tobe CLASSROOM TEACHERS OTHER SCHOOL EMPLOYEES Elementary High | Sehect | where grades 7 where Teachers Clecks in separate or 7,| junior high io School offices of jumior high of 8 and 9, school is |High school | part-time School | Attendance) School clerks in | administra- . schools are | atypical [when main- | maintained, or continua-| nurses. officers. gave. principals’ | tive and below not main- tained asa | otherwise ‘tion schools.| See note See note e note offices. supervisory qrades 7 and 8 also. classes. See note separate grades 9, See note ) below | (bh) below (i) below See note officers. (c) below | school or- | 10, 11 and (f) below “ ()) below See note 12. (k) below } “es In column 2 include regular kindergarten teachers in full charge of a kindergarten room. Also include kindergarten teachers ” teaching a section of the first grade in addition to kindergarten class. (b) In column 3, in addition to regular elementary classroom teachers, include elementary teachers rated as assistant or vice-princi- pals ae Sees more than half time to classroom teaching; also include h of 1 and special subjects in regular elemen- tary sc (c) In column 4 include teachers of ungraded rooms, sub-normal groups, open-air classes, cardiac classes, and other special or atypical groups. (d) In column 5, in addition to regular ior high school teachers, include those rated as heads of departments; assistant or vice Lato devoting more than half time to classroom teaching; and h of l and special subjects in regular junior high schools. (e) In column 6, in addition to regular high school teachers, include those rated as assistant or vice-principals, etc., who devote more than n't time to classroom teaching; also include teachers of Vocational and special subjects in regular high schools. (f) In column 8 include teachers of schools for employed chilcren who attend part time only. (g) Do not include head nurse in column 9 (See line 8 on e 4). th) Do not include chief atte attendance officer in column 10 (See line 7 on = ue © " (i) In column 11 include only regular, — janitors employed indivi ly on the annual or school year basis. Do not include head janitor on this page (See line 9 on (j) In column 12 include only regular, ralt-time clerks assigned to principals’ offices for cierical duty. | (k) In column 13 include only regular, full-time stenographers, typists, clerks, etc., employed in these offices. Do not include secre- | tary to the superintendent or secretary of Board of Education on this page (See lines 2 "and 5 on page 4). | , ie ed aan < ew sn —— = vax, — iia» [30] _——_ a NE Se a ae hast am a a i a a N. E. A. PUBLICATIONS ON THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF TEACHERS ® The Economic Welfare of Teachers A discussion of the principles of economic security and their application among teachers and teachers’ organizations. June 1931. 244 p. $1.00 ®@ Administrative Practices Affecting Classroom Teachers Part Il: The Retention, Promotion and Improvement of Teachers A review of salary schedule practices in more than 1000 city school systems. March 1932. 44 p. 25¢ ® Salaries in City School Systems, 1932-33 A report of the median salaries paid in city school systems during the school yea: 1932-33. March 1933. 16 p. 25¢. (Similar reports available for 1928-29 and 1930-31) ® Teacher Personne! The latest issue of the Review of Educational Research to summarize the litera ture bearing upon various aspects of teacher personnel, including salaries. June 1934. 100 p. $1.00 ® Report of the Committee on the Economic Status of the Teacher In June 1935 at Denver the Committee will present a report of its investigation of the financial resources and current expenditures of teachers in certain school systems. Single copies of these Publications at prices quoted above. In quantity orders, ac- companied by funds, the following discounts are allowed: 2 to 9 copies, 10 per- cent; 10 to 99 copies, 25 percent; 100 or more copies, 33'/3 percent. Orders not accompanied by remittance are subject to transportation charges. Make checks payable to National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. [31] HE QUESTION of vocational efficiency con- cerns not only the worker, but also his em- ployers, and his clients as well. When the worker is below his normal effectiveness, his employers or his clients are receiving less than they have a right to expect, and frequently less than they pay for. School teachers have both clients and employ- ers. The children in the schools are their clients, and the school authorities and society in general are their employers. When a teacher falls below normal efficiency, the pupils suffer and society is wasting money. To the extent that economic de- pendence or the threat of dependence reduces the vocational efficiency of workers, it is a matter of serious concern to employers and clients. To the extent that financial independence contributes to high personal morale and working efficiency, it should be encouraged and stimulated by those who pay the bill and expect a high type of service in return.—Sixth Yearbook, Department of Class- room Teachers, p. 13.