Research Bulletin OF THE National Education Association VOLUME VIII January to November, 1930 The Research Bulletin is issued by the Research Division, a section of the headquarters staff of the National Education Association rhis division was created in February, 1922, for the purpose of conducting scientific studies of special interest to members of the teaching profession Bulletin One was issued by the Research Division in June, 1922 Bulletin Two, in November, 1922. The first number of the Research Bulletin is Volume I, No. 1, January, 1923, entitled Facts on State Edu cational Needs. With Volume I, No. 1, the Research Bulletin became a regular publication, issued five times each year—January, March, May September, and November. The Research Bulletins composing Volumes I, tI, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII are listed on the inside back cover f the November, 1930, Bulletin , and RESEARCH DIVISION THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES 120! Sixteenth Street Northwest, Washington, D. C. 1930 hij ue Say ae Abercrombie, John W., quoted, 164. = Adjustment, Pupil, checklist for state administration, 64; dis- -ussion of criteria for state administration, 104-7. Administration, checklists for state, 57-86; criteria for state, 104-7; good and poor, and questionnaires, 7; handbook of state, 93-163; questionnaires tn the field of, 30; self-survey lan for state school systems, 57-86. Administrators, certification for, 115. Adult education, checklist for state administration, 76; dis- cussion of criteria for state administraticn, 152-55. Age grade progress, biennial statewide study desirable, 104. Ages, students, fulltime attendance to sixteen, 95; why should children over seven be in school, 95. Aliens. See Immigrants. Almack, John C., quoted, 82. American Education Week, questions to be considered, 199. Apportionment of school funds, census or enrolment statistics as basis for, 140; checklist for state systems, 72; discussion of criteria for state systems, 138-41; financial ability of localities and, 139; percent state should pay, 140; salaries and, 125; tax rate of local schools fixed, 138. Attendance, checklist for state laws and their enforcement, 62; discussion of criteria for state laws and their enforcement, 04-9; increase in public school, 194; increase in summer school, 212; meaning of to children, 213; officers for, 97; record systems for, 98; supervision of by state department of education, 98. See also Enrolments. Automobiles, expenditures for passenger, 179, 180, 193, 197. Bachman, Frank P., quoted, 116, 146. Bagley, William C., quoted, 147. Beginning teachers, tryout periods for, 120. Berkeley, William, quoted, 199. Bibliographies, pension and retirement systems, 268-70, 273-77; references on use of the questionnaire in educational research, 47-9; of studies used in self-survey plan for state school systems, 156-63. Boards of education, fiscal independence of, 136. Briggs, Thomas H., quoted, 217; study cited, 12. Buck, N. S., quoted, 215. Buckingham, B. R., quoted, 23. Building construction, expenditures for, 176, 177, 178, 197. Building departments, state education, 142. Building laws, why a state school housing code, 143. Buildings, public school, checklist for state regulation, 73; dis- cussion of criteria for state regulation, 142-5. Butterfield, E. W., quoted, 18. California, application of checklist to certification of teachers in, 78-80 Carlson, Philip E., quoted, 85. Carrothers, George E., quoted, 155 Carver, Thomas Nixon, quoted, 215. Census, School, why require annually, 94. Certification, age minimum of eighteen for, 117; application of checklist to California, 78-80; authority for should be exclu- sively in hands of state, 114; checklist for in state school systems, 66; differentiation of secondary certificates, 116; discussion of criteria for state administration, 113-20; ele- mentary teachers, 113; health and, 118; initial for limited time, 119; moral character and, 118; practise teaching for, 120; recognition of, in other states, 117; requirements for setting up, 115; rural and city minimum should be same, 120; secondary school teachers, 114; special subject teachers, 116; supervisors and administrators, 115; teacher training in high schools for, should be discontinued, 119; training vs. examination for, 118. Character, certification requirements and, 118; how schools build, 208. Charters, W. W., study cited, 12. Checklists, adult education, 76; application to certification of teachers in California, 78-80; application to employment and contracts of teachers in Pennsylvania, 81-2; application to teacher retirement in Virginia, 83-5; apportionment of state school funds, 72; attendance laws for states, 62; certifica- tion, 66; child labor laws, 63; contracts for teachers, 67; em- ployment of teachers, 67; higher education, 76; list of, for state school systems, 58; material equipment, 73; professional organization of teachers, 69; pupil personnel and adjustment, 64; retirement systems, 70; self-survey plan for state school systems, 57; sources of school revenue in state school systems, 71; state administration, 57, 86; state board of education, 74; State salary laws, 68; supervision, 65; teacher training, 65. iii INDEX TO VOLUME VIII Child labor, adult unemployment and, 211; agricultural, regula- tion of, 103; checklist for laws on, 63; discussion of criteria for state laws regulating, 100-4; employment certificates, issuance of, 104; extent of, 211; hazardous employments and, 102; minimum age for employment, 100; minimum age in mines and quarries, 100; night work under eighteen should be prohibited, 103; physical examinations should be re- quired, 100; street trade, regulation of, 103; study of laws of, 104; work permits only to those of eight year educational standard, 102. Children, number enroled in private schools, 211; number enroled in public elementary and secondary schools, 211: number five to seventeen years of age, 211; number gainfully occupied, 211. Church schools, certification should be equivalent to that for public schools, 120. Citizenship, adult classes in, 155; how schools prepare for, 206-7. Class size, regulation needed for minimum and maximum, 10S. Committee on recent economic changes, quoted, 211. Community centers, school buildings as, 155. Conference Board Bulletin, quoted, 186. Continuation schools, compulsory to eighteen years, 96. Contracts, Teacher, 120; checklist applied to Pennsylvania, 81-2; checklist for, in state schoo] systems, 67; discussion of criteria for state administration, 120-24; state departments should study, 123; statewide laws for, 123; violation of, 123. Cook, William A., quoted, 115. Coolidge, Calvin, quoted, 207. Costs and expenditures, automobiles, 179-80, 193, 197; build- ing construction, 176-78, 197; education, an investment, 174, 175, 198; increase in school, 193, 196-7; life insurance, 176-8; 197; luxuries, 180-2; per capita, for recreation, 200-1; per- cent of total school, devoted to higher education, 193; per capita, of cities, for health and sanitation, 213-14; public, in United States and foreign countries, 183-4; retirement sys- tem support, 129; schools, by states, 172-3, 178-9, 199-2; schools, compared with income, 169-75, 193, 195; schools, compared with wealth, 169-75; schools, compared with tax collections, 189-92, 196; schools, compared with certain other expenditures, 176-82; system of recording should be prepared by state departments of education, 151. Counts, George S., study cited, 11. Cubberley, Ellwood P., quoted, 80, 151. Curriculums, teachers college should be varied, 109; teachers colleges should include program of social development, 111. Demonstration schools, 112. Department of Superintendence, questionnaire problem and, 5. Diplomas, validity of life after discontinuance of educational work, 117. Dismissal. See Tenure. Education, Aims and objectives, seven cardinal, 204-8. Elementary schools, free textbooks for, 143. Employment, Teachers, 120; checklist for, in state school sys- tems, 67; statewide laws for, 123. English, Adult classes in, 155. Enrolment, evening schools, 201-2; private schools, 211; public schools, 211; regulation re minimum, 105; summer schools, 212; teachers colleges, 212. Equalization, Educational, between rural and urban communi- ties, 213. Equipment, Public school, checklist for state school systems of material, 73; discussion of criteria concerning, 142-5. Ethics of teaching, See Professional ethics. Evenden, E. S., quoted, 125, 126. Evening schools, cost of instruction, 202; enrolment, 201-2. Examinations, written, section of questionnaire on, 15. Fairchild, F. R., quoted, 215. Five-day week, prevalence in industry, 199. Fleming, S. E., quoted, 277. France, income coilected in taxes, 183-4; income per capita, 183, 185; wealth per capita, 183, 185. Funds, apportionment of state school, 72. Furness, E. S., quoted, 215. General Education Board, quoted, 114. Germany, percent of income expended for public purposes, 183-4; income per capita, 183, 185; wealth per capita, 183, 185. Se ger ee 2 Wana teaiiadean, adits as aioe Great Britain, percent of income expended for public purposes, 183-4; income per capita, 183, 185; wealth per capita, 183, 185. Greist, O. H., quoted, 225. Grimm, L. O., quoted, 126. Handbook, self-survey plan for state school systems, 93. Handicapped children, facilities for, should be required, 106. Health, certification and, 118; expenditures of cities for, 213-4; how schools promote, 204-5. Health education, supervision of, by state department of edu- cation, 107. Helping teachers, 112. Higher education, checklist for in state school systems, 76; discussion of criteria for state administration, 152-5. High schools, teacher training in, 119. Homes, how schools improve, 204-6. Hoover, Herbert, quoted, 208, 216, 217. Human resources, value of, 177. Hystrom, Paul H., quoted, 217. Illiteracy, of men drafted in the world war, 194. Immigrants, number of, in the United States, 202. Income, by states, 172, 187; increase in, 193, 196-7, 215; per capita in United States and foreign countries, 183, 185; per- cent expended for public purposes, 183-4; percent collected in taxes, 186-7, 193-4; percent devoted to school costs, 169- 70, 172-5, 193, 195. Jones, Arthur J., quoted, 16, 22. Journalism, Educational, journals for state teachers associations, 127. Judd, Charles H., quoted, 12. Junior colleges, expenditure of public funds for, 154. Kelley, Truman L., quoted, 9, 11, 18. Kindergartens, why maintain, 94. King, Willford, quoted, 177. Klein, Arthur J., study cited, 12. Koos, Leonard Land grant college survey, cited, 12. Land grants for education, national expansion and, 203; number of acres, 204. Lang, Albert R., quoted, 82. Learned, W. S., quoted, 147. Learning, how schools encourage, 205-6. Leisure, wise use of, 199-202, 208. Length of school year, eight months at least, 96; number of days, 210, 211. Libraries, per capita circulation of books, 201. Life insurance, expenditures for, 176-8, 197. Lindsay, E. E., study cited, 17. Luxuries, expenditures for, 180-2. Mann, Horace, and questionnaires, 5. Married women, as teachers (section of questionnaire on), 15. Master tabulation, illustration of, 27. Morrison, Henry C., quoted, 189. Mortality rates, decreasing, 215. National Education Association, Committee on Retirement Allowances, quoted, 237; desirability of membership in, 126. National Congress of Parents and Teachers, increase in mem- bership, 205. National Industrial Conference Board, quoted, 128. National Tax Association, quoted, 135. Nursery schools, number of, 209. Organizations, Professional, checklists for, in state school sys- tems, 69. Parkinson, Burney L., quoted, 114. Pearce, Webster H., quoted, 234. Pennsylvania, application of checklist to employment and con- tracts of teachers, 81-2; department of public instruction quoted, 111. Pension and retirement systems, actuarial investigations of, 131, 228, 262, 266-7; administration, 229, 263; age of retire- ment fixed by, 248; amount of teachers’ allowances, 251; application of checklist to Virginia teachers, 83; bibliography, 268, 273-7; checklist for state teachers’, 70; contributions of teachers and public, 235; controlling board of, 229, 260; credit given teachers for past service, 236; death benefits 131, 228, 247; deposits of teachers, 129, 227, 237-40; directory V., quoted, 17; studies cited, 11, 12, 17, 18, 19 - iv of teachers’, 271; disability allowances to teachers P 254-60; discussion of criteria for state teachers fundamental principles of teachers’, 226-9; guar teacherc and public, 226; individual accounts with : 227; legislation for, present status of, 231-2; local, { ers, 230; list of states not having, 230; membership | ers’, 129, 241; options offered, 226, 228; permissi laws relating to teachers’, 231-2; personnel of by ministering, 260; prior service benefits, 132, 2 7, reciprocity between states relating to teachers’, 13 reserve basis needed, 130, 228; retirement age com 131; rights of teachers under previous, 229; shares of | and public in cost of, 129; state education associatio, 34 state teachers’, of limited application, 230; statewid: ers’, 128, 230; studies in progress, 233; superan allowance relation to salary, 250; support of, 129 and practise of, 235-67; withdrawal from, 130, 247 Physical defects, of men drafted in world war, 194. Physical education, time alloted in elementary grades Physicians, School, law should require, 106. Practise teaching, certification requirements, 120. Private schools, certification should be equivalent t, school, 120; tax exemptions for, 137. Professional ethics, state education associations and, 1? Professional growth, required for tenure, 121. Professional organizations, checklist for state school s\ 69. See also Teachers associations. Property, Public school, value of, 171, 173-4. Pupil personnel, checklist for, 64; discussion of, crite: state administration, 104-7. Public expenditures, compared with national incom: United States and other countries, 184. See also Cost expenditures; tax collections. Purchasing value of dollar, decrease since 1913, 194. Pyrtle, E. Ruth, quoted, 270. Questionnaires, administration and, 6, 7; as trail-blazers, |) case against, 9; case for, 11; data from inaccurate, 10; form used in studying uses made of questionnaires, 51; genera! conclusions regarding circulating of, 5; master tabulation should be included in, 26; objections to, appraisal of, 10; on!) way to get certain information, 13; postal card used by cooperating school systems in reporting receipt of, 49 paration of, poor, 10; problem of, 5; replies to, selection of, 9 reporting results of, 25; results of inconclusive, 9; should | reproduced, 27; sources of information on, 44-7; superi tendents and, 13; time-consuming, 10. Questionnaires, Preparation of, 14; ask only for data res; dents can and will give, 19; data should not be collected by if otherwise available, 16; follow-up, 16; formulators should know field, 15; identification of report of, 25; mechani cal form, 22; practises desirable in, 23; preliminary considera- tions to preparation of, 14; preliminary tryout should be given, 22; preparing, 18; purpose of investigation should be stated, 23; require minimum of writing, 21; responses should lend themselves to tabulation, 21; results of, disseminating 17; scope of, delimiting, 15; sending, 18; should deal with matters of fact, 18; should be short, 19; sponsorship of, 14 tabulating, plans for, 17; wording should be simple and clear, 20. Questionnaires, Problem of, 28; analysis of questionnaires received, 29; availability of results, 36; college student ques tionnaires, 41; clearing house for, 42; duplication, 33; evi- dence and what it shows, 28; factors affecting percent answered, 33; field of questionnaire, 30; form of questio: 31; incoming, handling, 38; information sought, 32; length of questionnaires, 30; number of questionnaires, 28, 2° proposed plan for cooperative regulation of, 38; purpose, is it frankly stated, 39; rating plan for, 39; returns, are the) promised respondents, 40; sending out policy, need of, 4! sponsorship, is it adequate, 39; superintendents’ viewpoint 28; uses made of, 35, 36; when are questionnaires sent, 30 31; who sends, 29, Reading circles, 112. Recreation, per capita expenditure of cities for, 200-1. Reform schools, state department of education should co: trol, 106. Revenues, Public school, appropriations for losses from perm nent school fund, 133; bonding for current expenses pr hibited, 137; bonds of state should be prohibited for invest- ment of permanent fund, 133; budget of state unified, 134 checklist for state sources of, 71; discussion of criteria fo: state sources, 133-8; increase of state aid with increase need, 134; investment of permanent school fund, 133; loc. mre Rural Sa bbe Salar sta’ Schw Secor Secor Self-s te 29 ley 41; nt imitation undesirable, 134; property tax should be sup- mented, 135; state tax commissions, 135; tax levy by all «al school units, 136; tax-levying schoolboards should be lly independent, 136. See also Apportionment of school x funds. Robinson, William McKinley, quoted, 119. Rugg, Harold, quoted, 21. Rural education, certification for, 120. Sabbatical leave, salary and, 126. Salaries, apportionments from state funds for, 125; checklist > state laws governing, 68; controlling boards of institu- ns of higher learning, 153; discussion of criteria for state iws governing teachers, 124-6; increase in, 1920 to 1928, 212: increase with experience, 125; increase with training, 125: sabbatical leave and, 126; states’ chief school officers’ fixed by state board, 148; state laws for minimum, 124; state superintendents underpaid, 150-1. Schwab, Charles M., quoted, 216. Secondary education, differentiation of certificates for, 116. Secondary schools, free textbooks for, 143. Self-survey plan, cautions in use of, 60; for state school sys- tems, 57; handbook for, on state school systems, 93; how to continue, 59; illustrations of application of, to state school systems, 78-80; who can use, 61. Sick leave, pay and, 126; section of questionnaire on, 16. Special subjects, certification for teaching of, 116. State boards of education, checklist for, 74; discussion of criteria for, 146-9; investment of permanent funds by, 133. State department of education, advice in purchasing supplies, 145; apportionment of funds by state studied by, 141; attendance and, 98, 99; checklist for, 75; division of school- housing in, 142; minimum building standards should be set by, 143; revenues for schools studied by, 138; self-survey plan for, 57; teachers contracts should be studied by, 123; textbook adoption and, 144. State teachers associations. See Teachers associations. Steele, Robert McCurdy, quoted, 117. Student accounting, checklist for state administration, 64; discussion of criteria for state administration of, 104-7. Superintendents, questionnaires and, 13. Supervision, checklist for state school systems, 65; discussion of criteria for state administration of, 107-13. Supervisors, certificates for, 115. Supplies, combinatior of small units for purchase of, 145; state departments of education should advise in selection of, 145. Survey of Education in West Virginia, quoted, 146, 148. Sutton, Willis A., quoted, 288. Taxation for education, See Revenues, public scnool. Tax collections, by states, 187, 188, 190-2; in United States and foreign countries, 183, 184; percent devoted to school costs, 189-93, 196; compared with income, 183-4, 186-93; trend in total, 1922 to 1928, 193. Taxes, incidence of federal, 186. Teachers, census of and their qualifications, 111; responsibility to some superintendent, principal, or supervisor, 112 Teacher-training, checklist for state school systems, 65; dis- cussion of criteria for state administration, 107-13; high- school classes should be abandoned, 107; high school, should be discontinued, 119; state program for improvement of facilities for, 113. Teachers associations, checklist for state, 69, committees in state, 127; conventions of state, 128; discussion of criteria for state, 126-8; fulltime secretaries for state, 127; journals of state, 127; desirability of membership in state and national, 126. Teachers colleges, admission requirements, 108; curriculum program for social development, 111; curriculums should be varied, 109; placement services of, 110; separate state board of control for undesirable, 109; tuition should be free, 111. Teachers institutes, 112. Tenure, after trial, 121; dismissal appeal from, to state au- thority, 122; dismissal for incompetence, 122; dismissal notice required, 122; dismissal power in hands of appointing board, 122; members of boards of control of higher institu- tions, 154. Terman, Lewis M., study cited, 12. Texas educational survey reports, quoted, 146 Textbooks, adopting authority, the state board or department of education, 144; free, in elementary and secondary schools, 143; state adoptions on multiple list basis, 145. Three R’s, time alloted, 205. Tigert, J. J., quoted, 150. Time allotments, health education, 204; three R's, 205 Toops, H. A., study cited, 17. Tupper, C. Ralph, quoted, 146. Unemployment, amount of, 211. United States, area, 202, 203; income, 169-70, 183-5; number of immigrants, 202; population, 202; tax collections, 183-4, 187-93; value of human resources, 177; wealth, 170-1, 173-4, 183, 185-6, 188. United States Office of Education, quoted, 107, 110, 142, 146, 147, 150, 153, 216. Virginia, application of checklist to teachers retirement system in, 83. Virginia Education Commission and Virginia Survey Staff, quoted, 107. Vocational education, how schools furnish, 205-7; state board of education should act as board for, in federal program, 149 Waney, Anne R., quoted, 262. Waples, Douglas, study cited, 12. Wealth, by states, 188; compared with tax collections, 186, 188; compared with value of school property, 171, 173; per capita, in United States and European countries, 183, 185; percent devoted to school costs, 170-71, 173, 174. Zook, George F., quoted, 116, ee ern.