INDEX TO VOLUME VI Ability, to learn of children and adults, 86; of teachers dependent on salary schedule, 210; professional, of teachers, as a basis of fixing salaries, 238; economic, of school boards to provide school facilities, 288, 289. Ability grouping. See, Homogeneous grouping. Acceleration, Pupil, in supervised classes, 92, 93. Administration, issues to be faced preliminary to adopting junior high school plan of, 14, 15-19; reasons for favor- ing junior high school plan, 15; as a function of ele- mentary school principal, 88, 89, 90, 103-107; amount of elementary school principal's time alloted to, 89, 90, 91; work of elementary school principal, relating to, defined, 103; discipline as a function of, 103, 104; relation of, to form of school organization, 104; program making as a function of, 104; routine activities in, 104, 105; standardization of procedures in, 105; direc- tion of janitor a function of, 105; duties of, relating to school supplies, 106; report on teacher participation in, 124; study of principalship as a problem of, 126; bibliography, 142-143; of teachers’ retirement systems, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180. See also, Eight-four plan; High schools; Junior high schools; Personnel administration; Six-four-four plan; Six-three- three plan. Adolescence, a turning point in child’s life, 5; junior high school adapted to needs of, 5, 8, 14, 15, 29, 53; character- istics of, 66. Almack, J. C., quoted, 213. Alabama, plans affecting retirement legislation, 183. American Bankers Association, use of banks, 270, 271; savings deposits, 281. American Educational Digest, article cited, 218. Americanization, study by Research Committee of Sioux City Administration Club, 124. Arizona, plans affecting retirement legislation, 183. Arkansas, plans affecting retirement legislation, 183. Art education, objectives, in junior high school, 48, 49; content of junior high school curriculum, 48, 49; bibliography, 55-56; list of course of study bulletins, 69. Art Education Committee, of Sixth Yearbook, quoted, 48. Associations, types of professional, in which elementary school principals can work, 120; growth of state, local and nationai elementary school principals’, 120; sugges- tions for group work by elementary school principals’, 120-127; programs of elementary school principals’ for improving standards of preparation, 121; steps in im- proving salary schedules by elementary school principals’, 121, 122; development of principals’ handbooks by ele- mentary school principals’, 122-124; suggested problems for research by elementary school principals’, 124-126; types of publications issued by elementary school prin- cipals’, 126; value of publications of elementary school principals’, 127; organization of elemefitary school principals’ for publications, 127; vote of seventy on employment of married women as teachers, 219. Attendance, bibliography, 142-143; of teachers at summer schools, 228, 229; stimulated by war, 261,-262; in- crease in public school, 262, 285, 286, 288; weighted days’, 287, 288; effect on school costs of increase, 286, 287, 288. See also, Enrolment. Automobiles, expenditures for, 272. Ayres, L. P., on future prosperity, 281. Baltimore, division of principal’s time in, 90; law govern- ing retirement of city employees, 178, 179. Barber, quoted, 41. Berkeley, California, first junior High schools in, 8. Bibliography, junior high schools, 54-67, 69-78; art edu- cation, 55-56, 69; commercial education, 57, 69; English, 57-58, 69-71; foreign languages, 58, 71; health and physical education, 59, 72-73; home economics, 60-61, 73-74; industrial arts, 61, 74-75; Latin, 62; music, 62-63, 76; mathematics, 63, 75; science, 64, 76-77; social sciences, 64-65, 77-78; counseling and guidance, 66-67; general courses for junior high schools in city and state school systems, 71-72; penmanship, 76; suggestions for reading of elementary school principals, 116-119; on principal’s work, 128-166; history, development and status of the principalship, 128; general duties and time distribution of the principal, 128-129; professional status of the principalship, 129-130; principal as su- pervisor, 130-131; defining supervision, 131-133; gen- eral activities in supervision, 133-134; teaching im- provement, 135-136; democracy in supervision, 136; evaluating supervision, 136; rating principals and supervisors, 136; measurement in supervision, 136; class visitation, 138; demonstration lessons, 138; teachers’ meetings, 138; promotion and classification, 139; mark- ing systems, 139; curriculums, 139-140; general admin- istrat , 140-141; organization, 142 teacher in admin istration, 142-143; attendance, 143; character education, 143; discipline, 143-144; health educa n, 144; library, 144; lunchroom, 144; publicity, 144; rating of teachers, 144-145; records and _ reports, 145-146; community relations, 146; miscellaneous on principal’s work, 146; handbooks and pamphlets concerning teacher retire ment systems, 191-192; teacher retirement allowances, 195-198; pensions for industrial workers, 198-199; public service retirement systems, 200; pensions for other employees, 200-201; teachers’ salaries and salary sched- uling, 212; teacher training requirements, 217; married women as teachers, 221, 222; the written examination in certification, selection and promotion of teachers, 224; sabbatical year, 226-227; financial rewards for protessional study and travel, 232; sick leave for teach ers, 236-237; salaries of men and women teachers, 247-248 “Blue Laws for School Teachers,” article in Harpers Monthly Magazine, quoted, 218. Boards of education, issues to be faced by local, prelim- inary to adopting junior high school plan of organization, 15-19; weaknesses of rules and regulations of local, 122; responsibility to superannuated teachers, 158; rules of local, affecting differentiation between salaries of men and women teachers, 246, 247; percent increase in economic ability to provide school facilities, 288, 289 Bobbitt, F., quoted, 32. Books and reading, children’s interests in, 38; desirable and undesirable qualities in children’s, 38 See also Professional books and reading Boy Scouts, activities of elementary school principals re lating to, 112. Brubacher, J. S., quoted, 219, 220 Buckingham, B. R., quoted, 213, 214, 215 Building construction, stimulated by war, 262-263; na tional expenditures for, 272. Buildings, junior high school, 17, 18, 19; expenditures for school, 263. Buswell, G. T., and Judd, C. H., quoted, 209 California, high school enrolment, 12; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 183; county tax, 267 Camp Fire Girls, activities of elementary school princi pals relating to, 112. Carrothers, G. E., study cited, 220. Certification, of junior high school teachers, 17; report of U. S. Bureau of Education, quoted, 17; state re quirements for teaching, 213; of teachers, a state func tion, 222; use of written examination as a basis of, 222; statements from professional schools for teachers as a basis of, 222. Champlin, C. D., quoted, 214. Character education, research of May and Hartshorne cited, 86; bibliography, 143; an educational aim, 265-26¢ Chicago Principals’ Club, committees on supervision and the curriculum, 124; publications, 126 Cincinnati, salary investigation, 210. Cincinnati Principals’ Club, Committee on Administra tion and Supervision, 124. Citizenship, an educational aim, 265 Citizens’ Committee on Teachers’ Salaries in New York City, report quoted, 241. Clapp, report cited, 37. Clark, J. R., quoted, 40, 41. Clerks, duties most frequently delegated to, 110; argu ments against employment in elementary schools, 111; need of in small schools, 126. Clothing, percent made in the home in rural and urban communities, 51; unit of instruction in home economics courses, 51. Colleges. See, Universities and colleges Colorado, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 183. Columbus, Ohio, first junior high schools in, 8; list of children’s interests relating to science, 36 Commercia) education, curriculum variables in junior high school, 44; stages of progress in junior high school curriculum, 44; research in, 44-46; objectives, 45; methods of determining content of junior high school curriculum, 45; positions for .which courses should pre- pare, 45-46; requirements as to quality of handwriting, 46; recommendations of Junior Commerce Curriculum Committee, 46; bibliography, 57; list of course of study bulletins, 69. Committee on Educational Progress, research of, 124 Committee on Health and Physical Education in Junior and Senior High Schools, report cited, 52. [ iti J Committee on Industrial Arts in the Junior High School, report quoted, 46, 47. Committee on Junior High * School English, report cited, 36, 39. Committee on Junior High School Home report cited, 50. Committee on Standards and Training, report cited, 112, 124. Economics, Community relations. See, Extra-professional activities. Conclusions, on nation’s economic outlook and expendi- tures, 281-282. Connecticut, state teachers’ retirement law, tabulated, 174, 175; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 183. Connor, W. L., study cited, 91. Constants. See, Curricul Coolidge, Calvin, quoted, 290. Core curriculums. See, Curriculums, constants. Cost of living, data essential to teachers’ salary investi- gations, 211. Costs and expenditures, for high schools, 15; for ele- qanteny schools, 15; for junior high schools, 15, 19; for public elementary and secondary schools, 15, 109, 209, 210, 269, 271-273, 278, 280, 281, and 283-292; of raising teaching elementary principalships to supervisory status, 109; of providing clerical help to elementary school principals, 111; for teachers’ retirement systems, 154, 155, 157, 160, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180, 182; for sabbatical year plans, 226; for sick leaves for teachers, 233; for illness in the United States, 233; for school equipment, 263; for life insurance, 271-272; building construction, 272; automobiles, 272; luxuries, 272; for schoois compared with other public expenditures, "280; for schools and prosperity, 280-281; for public purposes, 283; of hool due to growth in attendance, 285, 286, 287, 288; for days’ attendance in elementary and high schools compared, 286; cent of public ted to school, 286; increase in public school due to loss in purchasing power of dollar, 286, 287; amount of increase in school due to increased efficiency, 287, 288, 289; Federal government during the war, 290; decrease in Federal government, 290, 291; amount of Federal government, 291. Counseling and guidance. See, Educational guidance. Courtis, A., study cited, 92. Crouch, R. A., pe < cited, 108. Cubberiley, E. P., book cited, ~ of: Amy 214. Curriculums, junior high 1 needs of ado- lescents, 14; variables in oer igh. school, 14, 23, 24, 25, 28, 47, 48, S constants in junior high school, 14, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 47, 49, a seventh grade 15, 21. 22, 23, 24, 35° 26, 27, 28, 48, a eighth grade, 15, 22, x 24,” 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35, 41, 47, 49; no prescribed standard junior ‘h high school, 20; junior high school described, classifica- tion of junior high school, 21; single type, n; constants with variables type, 21; combination type, 21; composite of one hundred thirty-nine junior high schools, 21, 22, 23, 30, 32, 34, 40, 42, 47, 49, 52; time allotments = various subjects in junior ‘high school, 21, 22, 32, 52; multiple type, 21, 23; ninth 22, 23, 24, 2¢. 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 41, 47, ‘+. Re 52; length of class periods | in junior high ‘school, » 24; tendencies in one undred thirty-nine junior yuk 24; junior high school social Perey 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30-34; junior high school lish, nt 25, 26, 27, 28 32, 36-39; junior high B — tics, 24, 25, ‘26, 27, 28, 40-42; ju nior high school art, 7 26, 9; junior igh school nior high 24, 25, 2 26, 27, 3, 49-50; home eco- nomics in junior 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 50-51; health education in josh ny * school, aK 28, 52-53; industrial arts in junior high school 27, 28, 46-48; junior high school science, 25, 34-36; foreign languages in junior high school, 2s, 8, 42- 44 algebra in junior high ro 28; Shy inj high se » in experimen stage, geograp in junior high school, 28, 30; civics education in junior — school, 28, 30; contributions of research to old school, 29; need of aye in content of jones hig school, 29; purposes of summarizing research findings relative A} junior high school, 30: via jomice high school, 30; cme in * junior high ; general language in junior high 42-44; bibli- ography, | ae 69-78; "139-140; research as a basis of revisirig, 86; study 7 * - pal’s supervisory activities, 101; use ” of radio in, Curtis, F. D., study cited, 34 Davis, study cited, 37. Dayton, Ohio, report of decrease tants. pals’ committee, 124. Death rate, in, 53. Declaration of Independence, 213. tions, social 30; intuitive geometry, 41; supervision of ration 97; teachers’ retirement systems, 189; cumulative sick leave, 233-234; single schedule, 238; supermaximum salaries, 240. salary retirement legislation, Delaware, plans affecting teachers’ 183. Demonstration lessons, defined, 97; amount of elementary school principal’s time allotted to, 97; use by principal as a technic of supervision, 98, 99. Denver pu High School Industrial Arts Committee, quoted, 47. Department ‘of Elementary School Principals -. the Michigan Teachers’ Association, first yearbook, 12 Department of Elementary School Principals of Ey Na- tional Education Association, Seventh Yearbook, 91, 106, 112, 115, 122, 124, 223; Committee on Educational Progress, 124; Committee on Standards and Training, 124 Department of Elementary School Principals of the Ohio State Teachers’ Association, bulletin cited, 126. Department of Superintendence of the National Educa- tion Association, Fifth Yearbook, 7, 15, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50; Third Yearbook, 30, 32; Sixth "Yearbook, 33, 34, 37, ‘42, 48, 49, 52; summary of forty-four investigations in the field of science cited, 34; Committee on Junior High School Science, 35; Committee on Junior High School English, 36, 39: Junior Commerce Curriculum Committee, 44, 46; Com- mittee on Industrial Arts in the Junior High School, 46, 47; Art Education Committee, 48; Committee on Junior High School Home Economics, 50; Committee on Health and Physical Education, 52. Dewey, John, quoted, 85. Dillard, J. H., quoted, 214. Discipline, an administrative function, 103, 104; bibliog- raphy, 143-144. District of Columbia, teachers’ retirement law, 168, 169; plans affecting retirement legislation, 183. Education, stimulated by war, 261-268; phases in improve- ment, 261-267 Education, Aims and objectives, junior high school, 5, 6, 7, 8; Seven Cardinal Principles, 6; general, 6, 7, 85, 264-266; in teaching junior high school history, 34; in junior high school science, 34, 35; in junior high school mathematics, 40; in junior high school com- mercial courses, 45; in junior high school industrial arts, 46, 47; in junior high school art, 48, 49; in junior high school home economics, 50; in junior high school music, 50; of junior high school health education, 52; character develo ent, 86, 265-266. Education, expenditures for, 15, 209, 210, 269, 271-273, 278, 280, 281, 283-292; amount of, related to earning power, 28 3, 284; as a wise investment, 283, 285; con- tribution to economic productivity of nation, 284, 285. Education, Value of, 85. Education bill. See, United States Department of Edu- cation (p Educational guidance, need of in junior high school, bibliography, 66-67. Educational sapeseuniay, related to differences in wealth and income, 283 Educational Press Association of America, standards rec- ommended by, 127. Efficiency, in administration, of elementary school prin- cipal, 103, 105, 106; ge of school program to promote teacher’ s, 104; promoted by parent- teachers’ association, 113; school, promoted by teacher retirement systems, 153, i54, 156, 158-162, 187; period of teaching, lengthened’ by teacher retirement systems, 159, 160; business, promoted by retirement systems, 161, 162; effect of Sanam personnel practices on school, 209: of married en teachers, 218, 219, 220, 221; school, promoted by professional improvement of ‘teach: ers, 225; effect of sabbatical a plans on school, 226; effect of study during school roar on teacher’s, 228; effect of teachers’ salaries on sc 230; effect of sick leave plans on teacher’s, 233; salary differentiation on the basis of, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245; amount of training as a measure "of teacher's, 238, 240, 241, 242; teacher rating as a measure of, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243; increase in sc as a cause ‘of increased school costs, 287, 288, 289; school, dependent on economic ability of school , 289; of schools in 1918, 291. Eight-four plan, 5, ‘1s. Electives. See, Curriculums, variables. Elementary schools, relative cost, 15; salaries of teachers, 16; research in curriculum content, 29; use of scientific methods and information in, 85, 86; demands made by parents on, 86; learning ability of children in, 86; allotment of principal’s time in, 89, 90, 91; need of clerical help in, 91, 110, 111; teachers’ meetings held in, 100, 101; curriculum making and revision, 101; forms of organizati on, 104; efficiency promoted by parent- teachers’ association, 113; extra-curriculum activities in, 113, 114; training of teachers, 115, 214, 215, 216, 217; earnings of graduates, 283; increase in attendance, 285, Civ J in firms having retirement systems, to Federal retirement act, 162; enjoying pensions, 162; states systems for government, Research Division Employees, number 161; number subject European civil service, and cities providing pension 162; number of school, included in salary studies, 211. Employees’ Retirement System of the City of Baltimore, provisions tabulated, 178, 179. English, time allotted to junior high school, 32; trends in junior high school, 36-37; method of determining junior high school curriculum content, 37-39; conditions govern- ing effective drill, 39; language texts in junior high school, 39; recommendations of Fifth Yearbook Com- mittee, 39; bibliography, 57-58; list of course of study bulletins, 69-71. Enrolment, in reorganized high schools, 8; high school, 8, 9, 12, 262; increase in junior high school, 8, 9; high school, in fifteen states compared with total high school, 1870, 12; junior high school, by states, 12; high school, by states, 12, 13; high school per 1000 population, 12, 13, 14; size of junior high school, needed for homogeneous grouping, 17, 24; size of junior high school, needed for departmental teaching, 17; size of junior high school needed for adequate cur- riculum, 17, 19, 24; minimum needed for junior high school, 19, 24; range in, of one hundred thirty-nine junior high schools, 21; of junior high school pupils in subjects of curriculum, 26, 27, 43; of pupils in high school foreign language courses, 43; in education courses in poounet schools, 229; increase in public school, 285, 286. See also, Attendance. Equipment, of junior high schools, 19; school, Evenden, E. S., study cited, 210. Examinations, analysis of 56,000 questions in social sci- ence, cited, 33. See also, Promotional examinations; Teachers’ examinations. Extra-curriculum activities, relation, to junior high school enrolment, 17; stimulation of, by elementary school principals, 104, 113, 114; factors necessary for success, 114; list of clubs that have proved useful in elementary schools, 114. See also, Playgrounds. Extra-professional activities, of elementary school prin- cipals, 88, 112; bibliography, 146. increase in expenditures for Failures, Student, studies by Chicago Principals’ Club, cited, 126. Fisher, Dorothy Canfield, quoted, 38. plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, — 183. Foreign languages, variables in junior high school curric- ulum, 25, 28; report of Fifth Yearbook committee, 42; groups who should be encouraged to study, 42; percent of pupils who should study, 42; enrolment of pupils in courses, 42, 43; modern versus Latin first to be studied, 42; number. of years studied, 43; value and content of general course, 43-44; selection of vocabularies in texts, 43; percent of pupils reading after gradation, 43; word books and idiom lists of Modern Foreign Language Study, 44; bibliography, 58, 71. France, income compared with United States, 274-275. French, versus Latin as first language to be studied, 43; cent of pupils reading, after graduation, 43; word er and idiom lists of Modern Foreign Language ‘Study, 44. Gary, Indiana, teachers’ sick leave plan, 235. Geography, Acceleration of pupils in supervised classes, 92 Geometry, intuitive, defined, 41. Georgia, high school enrolment per 1000 population, 12; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 183, 184. German, versus Latin as first language to be studied, 43 reent of pupils reading after graduation, 43; word ks and idiom lists of Modern Foreign Language Study, 44. Germany, income compared with United States, 274-275. Glass, James M., quoted, 5. Great Britain, income compared with that of United States, 274-275. Guiler, report cited, 37. Hampton, study cited, 93, 97, 100, 103, 112. Handwriting, quality required in clerical positions, 46; list of course of study bulletins, 76. Harpers’ Monthly Magazine, article quoted, 218. Hartshorne, Hugh, research cited, 86. Hawaii, teachers’ retirement law, tabulated, 170, 171; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 184. Health, of married and single women teachers, 220; need of program to encourage teachers’, 235; an educational aim, 265. Health education, one of three phases of school health work, 52; defined, 52; objectives of junior high school, 52; time allotted to, in junior high school curriculum, 52; contribution of other school departments to, 52; report of Fifth Yearbook committee, 52; pupils’ in dividual differences and junior high school program, 52; as a foundation for healthful living, 53; content of junior high school curriculum, 53; contribution of mental hygiene, 53; senior high school athletics and junior high school program, 53; bibliography, 59; list of course of study bulletins, 72-73. See also, Physicial education. High schools, number of, 8; number of reorganized, 8; enrolment in reorganized, 8; increase in enrolment, 8, 9, 12, 262, 285, 286; distribution of reorganized, by , grades and by states, 8, 10-11; enrolment per 1000 population, 12, 13; enrolment by states, 12, 13; relative cost, 15; earnings of graduates, 283; relative cost of each day’s attendance, 286. History, analysis of 56,000 questions cited, examination 33; objectives of teaching, 33, 3 Holding power, of junior high schools, 16. Home and school, activities coordinated by ers’ associations, 1; Home economics, research in junior high school, 50-51; report of Fifth Yearbook committee, 50; objectives of junior high school, 50; basis for determining content of junior high school curriculum, 50-51; activities of girls and mothers in rural and urban communities, 51; bibliography, 60-61; list of course of study bulletins, 3-74, Homogeneous grouping, junior high school enrolment re- quired for, 17, 24. Hoover, Herbert, on 284-285. Horn, Ernest, parent-teach- education and national prosperity, study cited, 38. retirement legislation, 184 Idaho, plans affecting teachers’ plans affecting teach- Illinois, high school enrolment, 12; ers’ retirement legislation, 184. Illness. See, Health. Improvement of teachers. See, Professional growth. Income, percent of national paid for life insurance, 162; data essential to teachers’ salary investigations, 212 yearly, of nation, 233, 269, 278; amount spent on schools, 269-270; minor fraction devoted to schools, 271; percent paid in taxes, 274; of European nations, 274 275; percent of national expended for public purposes in United States and other nations, 275; estimated per capita in United States and other nations, 276; percent of national expended for schools, 269, 279, 283; of states where standard of education is low, 283; differ- ences in, and differences in educational opportunity, 283; of individua) related to amount of schooling, 283, 284. Indiana, high school enrolment, ment law tabulated, 170-171; retirement legislation, 184. Individual differences, of pupils and ability grouping in junior high schools, 15; and junior high school health program, 52; use of tests in determining pupils’, 99 Industrial arts, prevocational in junior high schools, 46; objectives, 46-47; methods of determining content of courses, 47; criteria set up by Denver committee, 47; current practice in junior high school, 47; bibliography, 61; list of course of study bulletins, 74-75. Insurance, percent of national income paid for, 162; amount in force, 162. 12; state teachers’ retire- plans affecting teachers’ Iowa, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 184. Irion, T. W. H., study cited, 38. ackson, J. W., quoted, . : Thomas, attitude toward teaching profession, << 213. Job analysis, value of, to elementary school principal, 88 listing of duties a method of, 88; diary keeping a method of, 89. Jordan, ote cited, 38. udd, H., and Buswell, G. T., quoted, 209. a Commerce Curriculum Committee. quoted, 44, 46. Junior high schools, adapted to needs of adolescents, 5, 8, 14, 15, 29, 53; distinguishing characteristics, 5; a transitional unit in the school system, 5, 15, 28; func- tions, 5, 6, 7, 19, 20, 29; first established, 8; spread of movement, 8; number of, 8; enrolment, 8, 9, 12, 21; distribution, by grades included, 8, 10-11; distribution, by states, 19-11; economy in plan, 15; reasons for favor- ing plan, 15; homogeneous grouping in, 15, 17; pre vocational work of, 15; relative cost, 15, 19; issues to be faced by local school boards preliminary to establish- ing, 14, 15-19; holding power, 16; training and qualifica- tions of teachers, 16, 17, 19;*source of teachers, 16; buildings, 17, 18, 19; enrolment needed, 17, 18, 19, 24; reasons for increase in number of small, 17, 18; certification requirements for teaching in, 19; equipment, 19; curriculum, 20-28; content of curriculum described, 20: no prescribed standard curriculum, 20; subjects most frequently included in curriculum, 20, 21; analysis of curriculums of one hundred thirty-nine, 21-28; cur- riculums, in experimentation stage, 28; summary of Cv] research findings relative to curriculums, 29, 30-53; bibliography, 54-67, 69-78. a high schools, 8 unior Red Cross, activities of elementary school princi- pals relating to, 112. Kansas, high school enrolment, 12; plans affecting teacher retirement legislation, 184. Kentucky, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 184. Koos, L. V., quoted, 5, 6. Kyte, George C., quoted, 94; study cited, 97; lists of ref- erences on elementary school principalship furnished by, 128. Languages, Modern foreign. See, Foreign languages. Latin, enrolment in junior high school classes, 41, 42; versus modern languages as first language to be studied, 43; bibliography, 62. Laws and legislation, state permissive teachers’ retire- ment, 163; states having statewide teachers’ retirement, 163, 164, 189; states having teachers’ retirement ap- plying to specified communities, 163, 164; local teachers’ retirement, 163, 164, 165, 189; list of states not having teachers’ retirement, 165; Pennsylvania state teachers’ retirement, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 182; tabular state- ment of teachers’ retirement, 165-182; roll call of states as to plans affecting teachers’ retirement, 183-186; rea- sons for support of sound teacher retirement, 187-188; number of states having teachers’ retirement, 189; affecting employment of married women as teachers, 219, 220: affecting differentiation between salaries of men and women teachers, 246, 247, Learning, difficulties in social science, 33; ability of chil- dren and adults, 86 Leaves of absence. See, ey ag! ade Legal education, requirements of, Legal status, of married women %, , WR 219, 220. Lewis, E. E., quoted, 213, 214, 218. Libraries, need of general science in junior high schools, 35; bibliography on elementary school, 144 Life insurance, < ‘omeenes for, 271-272. Lincoln School, aa Angeles, eaBhed for elementary school principals, Sick leaves. Los Angeles Express, editorial quoted, 230. Louisiana, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 184, Lunchrooms, bibliography on school, 144. Luxuries, expenditures for, 272-273. McAndrew, William, quoted, 49. Maine, plans affecting a oom retirement legislation, 184. Married women as teach of superintendents as to employment, 218, arguments for and against em- ployment, 218, 219; attitude of parents toward, 219; vote of seventy civic organizations on employment, 219; reasons most frequently given for employment, 219: efficiency of, 218, 219, 220, 221; number of states having adjudicated question of employment, 219; Oregon case quoted on dismissal, 219, 220; meaning of legal decisions relating to employment and dismissal, 219, 220; re- search concerning, 220; practice in city school systems affecting employment oa dismissal, 221; bibliography, 221, 222. Maryland, provisions of state teachers’ retirement law, ta ulated, 176, - Massachusetts, high school enrolment, 12; plans affecting teacher retirement legislation, 184 Mathematics, time allotted in junior high schools to, 40; objectives of junior high school, 40; research in junior high school, 40-42; analysis of recent texts on junior high school, 40; bases of curriculum revision in junior high school, 41; bases of selecting junior high school texts, 41; contribution of standardized tests to junior high school, 41, 42; bibliography, 63; list of course of study bulletins, 75. ag ———. bibtioerapby » 139. May, research of, cit 6. Mearns, “Hughes, quoted, 39. Men as teachers, number and percent of cities peootting for salary differentiation in favor of, 246; number and percent of cities having formal regulation affecting salaries, 246, 247; types of regulations a salaries, 246, 247; bibliography on salaries, 247, 248 Mental hygiene, program a phase of school health work, Merit systems. See, Teacher rating. Michi high school enrolment, teac retirement legislation, 184. Michigan Principals’ Association, committee of ten on editorial work, 127. —_ m Teachers’ oe Aeepeintion, oe of Department lementary School Principals, 126. ’ Minneapolis, tabular statement of teachers’ retirement law, 174, 175. 12; plans affecting Minnesota, high school enrolment, 12; plans affecting teacher retirement legislation, 184. Sitessetagt. plans affecting teacher retirement legislation, 85. Missouri, high school enrolment, 12; plans affecting teach- ers, retirement legislation, 155. a Foreign Language Study, word books and idiom ists, 44. Moehlman, book cited, 210. ee plans affecting teachers’ 185. Morrison, J. C., study cited, 103, 108, 110. Music, research in junior high school, 49-50; vocational and avocational guidance in junior high school, 50; report of National Research Council of Music Educa- tion on junior high school, 50; objectives of junior high school, 50, Myers, A. F., quoted, 215. National Education Association, Fifth Yearbook of De- partment of Superintendence, 7, 15, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50; Third Yearbook of the Depart- ment of Superintendence, 30, 32, 37; Sixth Yearbook of the Department of Superintendence, 33, 34, 42, 48, 49, 52; Research Division, 68, 163, 210, 238; Seventh Yearbook of the Department of Elementary School Prin- cipals, 91, 106, 112, 115, 122, 124, 128, 223; Research Bulletin, 189, 209, 210, 211, 212; report on sabbatical year for teachers, 225, 226; report on teacher rating, 238; and character education, 266. National Industrial Conference Board, publication quoted, 161, 290; on cost of government, 282. National Society for the Study of Education, yearbooks, 30; and character education, 266. National Research Council of Music Education, report cited, 50. Nebraska, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, retirement legislation, 185. a plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, New Hampshire, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legis- lation, 185. New Jersey, high school enrolment, 12; report of com- mittee of state principals’ association, 124; state asso- ciation of elementary school principals, 126; state teachers’ retirement law, tabulated, 172, 173; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 185. New a plans affecting teachers’ retirement legisla- tion, le New York, high school enrolment, 12; tirement law, 166, 167; plans affecting teachers’ ment legislation, 185. New York City, list of interests of children, relating to general science, 36; tabular statement of teachers’ retire- ment law, 176, 177; teachers’ salary investigation, 210. Newspapers and periodicals, editorials quoted, 213, 230. Normal Schools and teachers’ colleges, statements from as a basis of teacher certification, 222; selection of can- didates for admission, 222; balanced program of, 222. North Carolina, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legis- lation, 185. North Dakota, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legis- lation, 185. ~~ H. W.., classification of duties of the principalship, state teachers’ re- retire- Oakland, California, junior high school buildings, 17; ele- mentary school principals’ committees, 124. Ohio, high school enrolment, 12; state teachers’ retire- ment law tabulated, 172, 173; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 185. Ohio State Teachers’ Association, bulletins of Depart- ment of Elementary School Principals, 126, Oklahoma, high school enrolment, 12; list of childrens’ interests relating to general science, 36; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 185. Omaha, Rules and Regulations of Board of Education, quoted, 242. Oregon, list of children’s interests relating to general sci- ence, 36; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 5. Oregon case, on « ‘ene of married women as teach- ers quoted, 219, Organization. ay , Organizations. See, Associations. Osburn, W. J., study cited, 33. O’Shea, M. V., quoted, 43. Panama Canal ooee, plans affecting teachers’ legislation, 185, Parent-Teacher a coordinator of educational activities of home and school, 113; activities of ele- mentary school principals relating to, 113, 126; vote on employment of married women as teachers, 219. Parents, demands upon the school, 85, 86; attitude of to- ward employment of married women as teachers, 219. retirement [vi] Penmanship. See, Handwriting. ; Pension and retirement systems, fundamental principles of teachers’, 153-157, 191; membership in teachers’, 153, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 180, 189; rea- sons for early entrance of teachers into, 153; amount of teachers’ retirement allowances from, 153, 154, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 182; effect on school efficiency, 153, 154, 156, 158-162; guaranties to teach- ers and public, 153, 154, 158, 160, 189, 190; con- tributions of teachers and public to, 153, 154, 155, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 174, 176, 178, 180, 187, 189, 190; age of retirement of teachers fixed by, 154, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180; shares of teachers and public in cost, 154, 157, 187, 189, 190; individual accounts with teachers, 155, 190; health standards for teachers entering, 155; cost of, 155, 160, 161, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 180; need of reserve fund in teachers, 155; actuarial investigations of, 155, 191; disability allowances to teachers from, 155, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 182, 190; types of retire- ment allowances offered teachers, 156; credit given teachers for past service, 156, 167, 169, 171, 173, 177, rights of teachers under previous, 156, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 182, 191; reciprocity between states relating to teachers, 156, 157; personnel of boards administering teachers’, 157; superannuation in service of teachers prevented by, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 188, 189; a partial com- pensation for low salaries of teachers, 158; a guarantee of security in old age, 158; effect on teacher promotion, 158, 188; and aid to teacher recruiting, 158, 159; and status of teaching profession, 159, 187, 188; effect on teacher turnover, 159; effect on length of period of teaching efficiency, 159, 160; and aid to teacher im- provement, 159, 160; effect on teaching morale, 160; number in United States, 161; number of employees in business firms which have adopted, 161; effect on business efficiency, 161, 162; for Federal employees, 162; European, 162; for state employees, 162; for mu- nicipal employees, 162; statewide teachers’, 163, 189, 194; state, limited to teachers in specified communities, 163, 193, 194; list of states not having teachers’, 163; permissive state laws relating to teachers’, 163; local teachers’, 163, 165, 189, 193, 194; main provisions of laws establishing teachers’, tabulated, 165-182; roll call of states as to legislative "plans affecting, 183-186; rea- sons for support of sound legislation for, 187, 188; not a charity, 187, 189; questions and answers concerning teachers’, 189-191; number of states having legislation providing for teachers’, 189; defined, 189; bibliography, 191-192, 195-201; directory of teachers’, 193, 194. Pennsylvania, high school enrolment, 12; state teachers’ retirement law, tabulated, 165-182; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 186. Personnel administration, for teachers lected field, 209; aims of Research Bulletin dealing with, 209; questionnaire on problems of, 209, 250-254. Physical education, separately administered, 52: defined, 52; contributions of physical capacity tests, 53 Physicians, professional qualifications, 213. Pieters, C. E., quoted, 41. Pittman, M., study cited, 92. Pittsburgh, teachers’ salary study, 210. Plants, School. See, Buiidings; Equipment. 179, 181, 182, 190; a relatively neg- Playgrounds, standard directions in case of accidents, 105. Population, increase in, 9, 12, 262. Porto Rico, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legisla- tion, 186. Powers, J. O., study cited, 5. Prevocational education, in junior high schools, 15. Principals, Elementary school, changing conception of duties, 85; use of scientific methods, 85, 86; research as an aid to, 86, 92; office, a key position, 86; profes- sional study, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 109, 115-119; classifica- tion of duties, 88; supervisory duties, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92-102; administrative duties, 88, 89, 90, 103-107; clerical duties, 88, 89, 90, 110-111; teaching duties, 88, 89, 90, 108-109; miscellaneous duties, 88, 89, 90; extra professional activities, 88, 112; listing duties as a method of job analysis, 88; diary- keeping as a method of job analysis, 89; allotment of time, 89, 90, 91, 100, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112; need of clerical help, 90, 91, 106, 110, 111: cooperation with special supervisors, 93; class visitation by, 94, 95, 96; individual conferences with teachers, 97; demonstration teaching by, 97, 98, 99; adjustment of pupils a supervisory function of, 99, 100; types of teachers’ meetings held by, 100, 101; discipline as a function of, 103, 104; encouragement of extra-curriculum activities by, 104, 114; school or- ganization a function of, 104; program making a func- tion of, 104; time consumed by routine activities, 104, 105; value of standardized procedures, 105; direction of janitor a function of, 105; duties in relation to school supplies, 106; cost of raising office to supervisory status, 109; use for other purposes of time formerly devoted [ vii to teaching, 109; means of eliminating unnecessary clerical duties, 110, 111; miscellaneous duties, 112-11 membership in social-civic clubs, 112; work of related to the parent teachers’ association, 113; state certifica tion of, 115, 121; percent holding bachelor’s degree, 115; professi nal reading, 115; professional organizations tot 120; suggestions for group work of, 120-1. local re quirements for professional preparation, 121; rogram of state and local associations for improving professional standards of, 121; need for professional wage, 121; steps in improving salary schedules to be taken by con mittees of, 121, 122; value and content of handbooks of, 122, 123; research activities of state, local, and suggested problems for publications issued by publications of associations of, 124 research by, 124-126; types of associations of, 126; value of tions of, 126, 127; organizing for publications by ciations of, 127; recommended standards for publications of associations of, 127; bibliography, 128-166 national associa asso Professional books and reading, of elementary school principals, 115, 116-119. Professional education, of elementary school principals, 121; of physicians, 213; of lawyers, 213 See also Certification; Teacher training. Professional growth, ete -mentary school principals’, 86, 87, 88, 91, 92, 115-11 factors stimulating, elementary school principals’, its, 119; professional “nding for purposes of, 115-119; bibliography on teachers’, 135-136; of teachers aided by retirement systems, 159, 160; of teachers influenced by use of written examinations, 223; attitude of teachers toward, 225; sabbatical year for purposes of, 225, 226; teachers promoted by study during school year, 228; of teachers promoted by summer school attendance, 228; financial rewards to teachers for, 228, 229, 230, 231; need of adequate salary schedule to insure teachers’, 230; See also, Associations; Profes sional books and reading; Sabbatical year; Summer schools; Travel as education. Professional improvement. See, Professional growth Professional status, of elementary school principalship, 86, 87; of elementary school principalship improved by organization, 120-127; work of professional associations in improving elementary school principals’, 121; need of professional wage to improve elementary school prit cipals’, 121; bibliography on elementary school princi pals’, 128, 129-130; development of teachers’, 213 Programs of studies. See, Curriculums. Promotional examinations, use in city school systems, 222; number and percent of cities using, 223; use in smaller communities, 223; bibliography, 224. Property, value of school, 270, 271. Public expenditures, in United States and other nations, 274-275 justification of, 283; trend compared with school costs, 280; percent devoted to school costs, 286 290, Federal during war, 290; 291. decrease in Federal, 291; amount of Federal, Public schools, cost of, 15, 209, 210, 269, 271-273, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283-292; efficiency of, 113, 153, 154, 156, 158-162, 187, 209, 225, 226, 230, 287, 288, 289, 291; need for further improvement, 267-268; percent of national income devoted to, 279; percent of tax collections devoted to, 280; expenditures for a wise in vestment, 283; percent of public expenditures devoted to, 286; increased attendance in, 286, 287; increased efficiency as a cause of increased cost, 287, 288, 289; efficiency, dependent on economic ability of school boards, 287. See also, Elementary school; High schools; Junior high schools; Junior-senior high schools; Uni versities and colleges. Public School Salary Revisions in 1927-28, cited, 2 Publicity, Public school, bibliography, 144. Publishers, list of names and addresses, 67. Pupils, curriculum to meet needs of adolescent, 14; indi- vidual differences of junior high school, 15, 52, 99; acceleration in supervised classes, 92, 93; adjustment of, a supervisory activity of elementary school principal, 99, 100; effect of teachers’ retirement systems on attitude of, 160. Purchasing power of the dollar, data essential to teachers’ salary investigations, 212; decrease in, 285; amount of increase in school costs due to loss in, 287; per unit of school service rendered, 287, 288. Radio, use in curriculum, 126. Record systems, bibliography, 145-146. Research, attitude of junior high school teachers toward, 29; contributions to elementary school curriculum, 29; progress of in relation to junior high school curriculum, 29; purposes of summarizing findings of, 29, 30; in junior high school social science, 30-34; investigations in field of science, cited, 34; in junior high school sci- ence, 34-36; in junior high school English, 36-39; in junior high school mathematics, 40-42; in foreign lan- guages in junior high school, 42-43; in commercial edu- school, 44-46; in junior high school art, in junior high school cation in junior hig 48-49; industrial arts, 46-48; in junior high school music, 49-50; in junior high school home economics, 50-51; in health education in junior high school, 52-53; in character education, 86; use by elementary school principal as a means of pro- fessional growth, 86; use by elementary school princi- pal in curriculum revision, 86; use by elementary school »rincipal in relation to supervision, 91; suggested prob- _— tor, 124-126; need for, as to standards of teacher training, 217; findings relating to sick leaves for teach- ers, 234; as to value of single salary schedules needed, 238; on basing teachers’ salaries on, measures of teach- ing efhiciency needed, 243, 244. Research Bulletin of the National Education Associa- tion, cited, 189, 209, 210, 211, 212, 289. Research Division of the National Education Associa- tion, 163, 209, 210, 238. Rhode Island, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legisla- tion, 186. Robinson, W. M., quoted, 213, 215. Rochester, allctment of principals’ time, 89, 90. Rugg, Earle U., quoted, 32. Rules and regulations, principals’ handbooks of, 122-124; weaknesses of local school board, 122; of two cities applying to teacher rating as a basis of salary differen- tiation, quoted, 238; attecting differentiation between salaries of men and women teachers, 246, 247. Rural schools, acceleration of pupils in supervised, 92. Sabbatical year, number and percent of cities providing for teachers’, 225; part of teacher's salary paid dur- ing, 225; report of National Education Association, 225, 226; for college professors, 226; cost of, 226; essential elements of plans, 226; plan adopted in Troy and Sche- nectady, 226; bibliography, 226, 227. Saint Louis, committee on intermediate social sciences, i 30; bulletins on technics of supervision, cited, 122. Salaries, median of teachers, 1926-27, 16; of junior high school teachers, 16; elementary school teachers, 16; high school teachers’, 16; elementary school principals’, 121; retirement systems a partial compensation for low, 158; effect on teachers’ savings of low, 187; science of scheduling not perfected, 210; bibliography cited, 210; investigations of teachers’ cited, 210; information serv- ice of Research Division on teachers’, 210; of teachers an investment, 210; special tabulations cited, 211; tab- ulation of revisions in 1927-28 cited, 211; of various groups of classroom teachers, 211; rural school, 211; statistical information essential to study of, 211, 212; bibliography, 212, 244-245; paid teacher during sab- batical year, 225; imcreases in as rewards for summer school attendance, 228; effect on school efficiency, 230; purchasing power of teachers’, 230, 238; paid teacher during sick leave, 233, 254, 235, 256, 237; of teachers based on measures of teaching efficiency, 238, 239, 240- 243; teachers’ post war, 238; number and percent of cities granting supermaximum, 240, 241; bases of quali- fying tor supermaximum, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244; plans ot cities governing teachers’ supermaximum, cited, 241, 242, 243; of men and women teachers’, 246-248; twelve month plan of paying teachers’, 249; stimulated by war, 263-264; average of teachers, 264. See also, Salary schedules; Single salary schedules, Salary schedules, steps in work of improving, 121, 122; sources of data on, 122; construction of teachers’ a matter of general concern, 210; preparation and ability of teachers determined by, 210; laymen’s committees on construction of teachers’, 210; science of building not yet perfected, 210; sources of information as to general principles of constructing, 210; percent of cities revis- ing in 1927-1928, 211; need of adequate to secure high standards of teacher preparation and ability, 230; rates of normal based on measures of teachers’ efficiency, 238- 239; of Trenton, New Jersey, 240, 241; of Cincinnati, quoted, 242. See also, Single salary schedules. Savings, of teachers affected by low salaries, 187. Savings deposits, compared with value of school property, 270-271; amount of, 281. Schenectady, New York, sabbatical year plan for teach- ers quoted, 226. School costs. See, Costs and expenditures. Schools. See, Public schools. Schwab, Charles M., on education as a national asset, 285. Science, curriculum in junior high schools, 34-36; impor- tance of general, 34; summary of investigations in teaching of, 34; aims of teaching junior high school, 34, 35; biographical method of teaching, 35; recom- mendations as to methods of teaching, 35; value of project method of teaching, 35; need of library in junior high school, 35; effect of children’s reading on knowledge of facts in, 35; lists of children’s interests relating to general, 36; material to be offered in seventh and eighth grades based on opinions of 53 teachers, 36; bibliography, 64; course of study bulletins, 76-77. Scientific methods, used by elementary school principals, 85, 86; effect on elementary school principalship of use, 86; in character education, 86. Searson, review of study cited, 37. Secondary education. See, High schools; junior high schools. Selection of teachers. Sce, Teachers, Selection and ap pointment. Seven Cardinal Principles. See, Education, Aims and objectives. Sick leaves, effect on teacher's efficiency, 233; number and percent of cities reporting provision for teachers’, with salary, 233, 234; cost of teachers’, 233; number of days allowed teachers, 233, 235; arguments for and against teachers’, 233; cumulative, defined, 233, 234; arguments in favor of cumulative, 234; need of re- search on, 233, 234; growth of movement for teachers’, 234; part of salary allowed teachers during, 234; num- ber and percent of cities reporting cumulative, 234; abuse by teachers, 235; Gary plan, 235; “human” basis of administering, 236; bibliography, 236, 237. Single salary schedules, idea promoted by Evenden study, 210; emphasis on teacher training, 238; defined, oy number of cities having, 238; need of research on, Sites, School, expenditures for, 263. Six-four-four plan, 8. Six-six plan. See, Junior-senior high schools. Six-three-three plan, 5, 8, 15. See also, schools. Sioux City Administration Club, research committee, 124. Social sciences, subjects included in junior high school, 24; defined, 30; trends in junior high school, 30; com- mittee recommendations on curriculum content in junior high school, 30, 31; objective methods in determining major problems in, 30, 32; time allotted to in junior high school, 32; content of junior high school text books, 33; methods of teaching, 33; learning difficulties of pupils, 33; analysis of examination questions, 33; bibliography, 64-65; course of study bulletins, 77-78. South Carolina, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legis- lation, 186. South Dakota, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legisla- tion, 186 Spanish, versus Latin as first foreign language to be studied, 43; percent of pupils reading after graduation, 43; word books and idiom lists, 44. Spaulding, quoted, 17, 18, 19. Special Salary Tabulations, 211. Standard of living, data essential to teachers’ salary in- vestigations, 211. Stroh, M. M., book cited, 37, 38. Student activities. See, Extra-curriculum activities. Summer schools, enrolment, 228, 229; arguments in favor of and opposing attendance, 228; number and percent of cities giving financial rewards for attendance, 228, 230; forms of financial reward for attendance, 228, 230. Superintendents, opinions on employment of married women as teachers, 218; of ebeonetedy, New York quoted, 226. Supervision of teaching, a function of elementary school principal, 88; allotment of elementary school principal's time to, 90, 91, 102; effect on acceleration of pupils, 91, 92; defined, 92; cooperation of principals and supervisors in, 93, 101, 102; activities most frequently mentioned, 94; most helpful procedures in, 94; class visitation as a technic of, 94, 95, 96; teacher rating as a device in, 96, 97; individual conferences with teachers as a device in, 97; demonstration lessons as a device in, 97, 98, 99; adjustment of pupils a duty of principal related to, 99, 100; curriculum study by principal basic to, 101; use of check lists in improvement, 101, 102; delegation of duties for purposes of improvement, 101, 102; avoid- ance of routine in, 101; investigation of teachers’ needs a means of improving, 101, 102; effect of adoption of work schedule on, 102. Supervisors, cooperation with elementary school principals of special, 93; types of, 93; demonstration teaching by special, 98. Support of education, reorganized and improved since the war, 266-267; trend of, 279-280; trend compared with other public expenditures, 280. Teacher participation, report cited, 124; article cited, 126. Teacher rating, bibliography, 136, 244-245; number and percent of cities having schemes, 238, 239; number and — of cities basing salary increases on, 238, 239; uman and subjective factors involved, 239; arguments against basing salary increases on, 241, 242; percent of cities basing qualification for supermaximum salaries on, 242; plans of cities for basing qualification for super- maximum salaries on, quoted, 242, 243. Tax collections, trend compared with national income, 277-279; percent of national income paid for, 278; percent spent for public elementary and secondary schools, 280. Junior high [ viii ] -_ Taxes, part paid for schools, 275-277; and prosperity, 280-281. Teacher Training,for junior high school teaching, 16, 17, 19; increase in, a stimulus to principal’s professional study, 115; amount possessed by teaching force deter- mined by salary schedules, 210; state requirements relative to, 213; recognition of need of, 213, 214; desirable minimum standards, 214, 215; requirements for new teachers in city school systems, 215, 216; future standards predicted, 217; need for research to determine standards, 217; bibliography, 217; amount of as a measure of teaching efficiency, 238; as a basis of qualifying for supermaximum salaries, 241, 242; percent of cities using as sole or principal basis of qualifying for supermaximum salaries, 242; stimulated by war, 263-264. Teacher training institutions. See, Normal schools and teachers colleges. Teachers, source of junior high school, 16; salaries, 16, 158, 210, 211, 212, 225, 226, 228, 230, 233, 234, 238 239, 240-245, 246, 247, 249, 264; training, 16, 17, 19, 115, 210, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 238, 241, 242; certifi- cation, 17, 19, 213, 222; attitude toward research, 29; opinions on material to be offered in general science, 36; attitude toward classroom visitation, 94, 95; rating of, 96, 136, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245; individual conferences of principals with, 97; demonstration teach- ing by, 98, 99; membership in retirement systems, 153; guaranties derived from retirement systems, 153, 154, 158, 187, 189, 190; age of retirement of, 153, 154; re- tirement allowances of, 153, 154, 155, 156; share in retirement costs, 154; contributions of to retirement systems, 154, 155, 187, 190; individual accounts with retirement systems, 155, 190; superannuation in service, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 188, 189; health standards of, 155; credit for past service received from retirement systems, 156, 190; rights of, under previous retirement systems, 156, 190; representation on retirement boards, 57; recruiting of, aided by retirement systems, 158, 159; effect of retirement systems on promotion, 158, 188; effect of retirement systems on turnover of, 159; effect of retirement systems on efficierity of, 159, 160; reasons for support of retirement legislation by, 187, 188; number of former, living in poverty, 187; de- pendents, 187; development of professional status, 213; illness of, 220, 233; church affiliations, 222; use of written examinations in selection and promotion, 223; professional growth, 223, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231; sabbatical year, 225, 226; attendance at summer schools, 228, 229, 230; educative travel of, 229; stiidy during school year, 231; sick leaves for, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237. See also, Married women as teachers; Men as teachers. Teachers, Selection and appointment, church affiliations basis of early, 222; number and percent of cities using written examinations as a basis of, 222, 223; use of written examinations in smaller communities as a basis of, 223; bibliography, 224. Teachers’ examinations, methods used in early, 222; use of written as a basis of teacher selection, 222; use of written as a basis of teacher certification, 222; use of written as a basis of promotion, 222; various types of written used in city school systems, 223; number and percent of cities using as a basis of teacher selection and promotion, 223; influence of on teachers’ profes- sional growth, 223; bibliography, 234; as a basis for advancement to supermaximum salaries, 243, 244. See also, Promotional examinations. Teachers’ meetings, types of, 100; time alloted to, 100; a supervisory activity of elementary school principal, 100; frequency, 101; time of holding, 101; bibliography, 138. Teaching, duties of elementary school principal, 88, 108, 109; allotment of elementary school principal's time to, 89, 90, 108; need for other purposes of time spent by principal in, 109. Teaching as a profession, advanced by retirement pro- visions, 153, 158, 159, 187, 188; history of development, 213; illness hazards, 233. Teaching methods and technic, in junior high school compared with elementary school, 14; in junior high school social science, 33; in junior high school science, 35, 36; in junior high school English, 37, 38, 39; in junior high school art, 48, 49; use of demonstrativs lessons by principal to indicate, 97, 98, 99 Tennessee, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legis tion, 186. Tests, contribution of standardized to junior high s« mathematics, 41; use by elementary schoo! principal, 8 use by principal in pupil adjustment, 99, 100 Texas, high school enrolment, 12; plans affecting teache retirement legislation, 186. h Textbooks, strong points and weaknesses of junior high school social science, 32; analysis of language, 9; analysis of junior high school mathematics, 40 prin ciples of selecting junior high school mathematics, 4! vocabularies in modern foreign language, 44. Thiele, C. L., quoted, 40. Thorndike, research by, 86. Thorndike-McCall Reading Scales, cited, 38. Three R’s, an educational aim, 265. Time allotments, range of elementary school principal in, 89; typical, to duties of elementary school principal, 89; average of principals in Rochester schools, 89; average of principals in Baltimore schools, 89, 90; pro posed ideal, to duties of elementary school principal, 90; to supervision in elementary schools, 89, 90, 91; to ad ministration in elementary schools, 89, 90, 91; to cleri cal duties by elementary school prin ipal, 89, 90; to reli by elementary school principals, 89, 90; to mis cellaneous duties of elementary school principal, 89, 90; reasons for small, to supervisory and important admit istrative duties of elementary school principal, 90, 91 Travel as education, value, 228; number and percent of cities offering financial assistance for, 229, 231 Trenton, New Jersey, salary schedule quoted, 240 Troy, New York, sabbatical year plan for teachers, Uhl, study cited, 38. Unfinished task, improvement of schools, 267-268. United States Bureau of Education, quoted on number of high schools, 8; quoted on teacher certification, | circular on teachers’ salaries, cited, 211; quoted, on education as a wise investment, 283 United States, Department of Education (proposed), new bill for, 126. United States, Secretary of Commerce, on prosperity, 281. Universities and colleges, sabbatical year for professors, 226; courses offered teachers during school year, 228, 231; attendance of teachers at summer schools, 228, 229, 231; earnings of graduates, 283 Utah, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 186 Valentine, P. F., quoted, 94; study cited, 97, 100 Vermont, state teachers’ retirement law, 180, 181; plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 186 Virgin Islands, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legi lation, 186. Virginia, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 186. Visitations, Class, types of, 94; attitude of teachers to ward, 94, 95; scheduling of, 95; length of, 95, 96; notetaking during, 96; rating of teachers during, 96, 97; bibliography, 138. Vocational efficiency, an educational aim, 2¢ Wall Street, Magazine of, on prosperity, War, educational lessons of, 261. Washburne, study cited, 38. Washington, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legisla tion, 186. Washington, George, attitude toward teaching profession, 213 Wealth, invested in schools, 270-271; value of tangible 270, 271; estimated per capita in United States, 276; of state where standard of education is low, 283; diffe ences in and differences in educational opportunity, 283. Wheeler, quoted, 42, 43. Wisconsin, high school enrolment, 12; state teachers’ retirement law, 180, 181; plans affecting teachers’ re- tirement legislation, 186. Wise use of leisure, an educational aim, 265 World’s Work, quoted, 161. Worthy home membership, an educational aim, 265 Wyoming, plans affecting teachers’ retirement legislation, 186. [ ix J