Ability to support education: 


and Clark’s formula, 60, 62, 64, 65 
and density of population, 67 
and effort, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54 

and school costs, 239 

and school efficiency, 45, 46 

and support given education, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 
cost a living, 68, 69 

definition of, 29, 61, 70 

effect of percent of children in population, 41 
factors affecting, 61, 66, 69 

inequalities in, 35, 209, 210 

in 1880 and 1922, 58, 59 

in 1900 and 1922, 57 

measures of, 29 

of states, 29, 30, 36, 37, 64, 65, 67 

of the nation, 239 

permanency of differences in, 55, 60, 70, 71 
rank of states in, 29, 30 

also see School support 





Administration: 


INDEX TO 


71 


organization for, of a modern school system, 192, 193 


state vs. local, of teachers’ retirement systems, 1¢ 


Agricultural depression: 240 
Agricultural products: 


increase in volume of, 246 
value of 240, 241, 243 


Attendance: 
bibliography, 208 
compulsory: see Compulsory attendance 
increase in, 171, 201, 256 
increase in and school costs, 250 
non-attendance, figures of Federal census 1920, 
254 





Automobiles: expenditures for, 240, 241 


Banking power of United States: 1924, 244 


Bibliogranhy: 77, 157-60, 190, 191, 194, 198, 201, 208, 


221, 224-6 


Boards of education: 
bibliography, 221 
business managers of, 219 
election at large vs. ward election, 219 
elective vs. appointive, 218 
independence of. 219, 220 
personnel of, 221 


Building construction: (also see School buildings), 
241, 244 


Carregie Foundation, twentieth report quoted: 117, 
Certification, principles of: 189 


Children: 

effect of percent of, in population, on ability to 
port education, 41 

number of, aged 6 to 13, 24 

number of, by states, 24, 64 

also see Population 


Compulsory attendance: 
laws effecting employed children, 204-205 
laws effecting employment of children, 204 
also see Attendance 


Congressional hearings on: 
education, 1, 82 


na 


Coolidge, President: quoted, 169 and 25 


Corporations: 
amount and definition of surplus of, 247, 248 
net income of, 248 


Costs: see School costs, School support, Retirement costs, 


Government expenditures 


Current income: see Income 





46 


209 


’ 


» 


™N 


240, 


146 


sup- 





I 





] 


limi 


teachers 


Jensity 


of 


Department of 


I 


Economic a 


FE 


,conomic power 


also see Income, Wealth, Index of 
Economic resources see E onomic po 
Economy in public expenditures: see S« 
Education 

as civilization’s life insurance, 169 

cost of see School costs 

quotations advocating restriction, 1 

productivity of, 171 

responsibility of state for, 209 

state constitutional provisions for 

also see Rank of States, Schools, et 


Yollar 


253 


VOLUME IV 


ication and 





depreciation in purchasing | 


port e lu 


icatior 


and effort to support education, 
by index 


is 


competition 


indi 


ated 


for 


share 


of 


factors influencing use of, 





e 


onomic 


61 


S 


income as an index of, 3, 
increase , 243 

of states compared, 3, 20 
proportion of devoted to 
real estate as a measure of, 


wealth a 
wealth a 


Educational 


s 


income as 


3 


11 


] 


education, 


4 


measures 


an index of, 3, 4, 


attainment: 


6, 12 


> 


and ability to support school 4 
higher in rich states, 48 
in the United States, 242 
of states, 47 
Educational efficiency: 
and ability to support s« hools, 4 
and retirement systems, 115, 11 
indicat if, 45, 46 
of states, 46 
superiority in, of rich states, 45 
Educational obligations: 
age er ps as measures of, 2 
effect on school costs of, 23, 2¢ 
of states, 23, 24, 25, 26 
population as a measure of 4 
Fffort t < ort schools 





in avera 





we 





School co 


sts 


12 


42 





70) 




















INDEX TO VOLUME IV (Continued) 


Government expenditures, 240, 241, 255, 256 


Illiteracy 
figures of 1920 census on, 209, 254 


Income: 
accuracy of estimates of, 5, 7, 17 
and wealth, 12, 14, 


as measure of economic power, 5, 10 
average, 8, 10, 14, 239 

current, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 239, 242, 244 
cyclic factors influencing, 7, 10 

earned, 12 

from investments, 13 

in agricultural and industrial states, 17 
meaning of, 

method of estimating by states, 7 
national, proportion of paid for insurance, 118 
of states, 11, 19, 74 

percent of to education, 49, 53 

per child, 29, 30, 33, 36 

ratio of current to total, 7, 8, 9 

ratio of to school costs, 240, 241, 244 
ratio of wealth to, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 
total, 5, 7, 8, 13 

also see Wealth, Economic power 


Income and outgo of representative teacher retirement 
funds: 144, 145 


Index of: 
cost of living, 69 
wholesale prices, 242 

Index of economic power: 
formula for, 17 
of states, 19 
percent to education, 49, 53 
per child, by states, 34, 36 
also see Economic power 


Inequalities in: 


ability to support education, 209, 210 
state aid, 211 


Insurance: 
in force, 1924, 118, 247 
premiums in 1924, 118, 247 
proportion of national income paid for, 1i8 


Jenyns, Samuel, quoted, 170 
King, Willford: quoted, 169 
Luxury expenditures, 241 
Mandeville, Bernard: quoted, 169 


Manufactured products: 


increase in volume of, 246 
value of, 240, 241, 243 


National Bureau of Economic Research, 5, 12 

accuracy of income estimates of, 5, 7 

economic position, 60 

quoted on permanency of states’ economic position, 60 
National Council of Teachers Retirement Systems: 
omen of February, 1926, on reciprocal relations, 149- 


National Education Association: plan of for the “entire 
profession at work on its problems,” 231-2 
National government: 
and public education, 1, 71 


and school support, 1, 71 
property of, 4, 5, 72 


National Tax Association: model plan of state and local 
taxation, 4, 17 


New York City Retirement Fund, 153 
Ordinance of 1789, 1 


Organization: 
administrative, of modern school system, 192, 193 


Parents: 
suggestions for, from a city superintendent, 224 


Parents and Teachers, Congress of: 
growth in membership in, 1912-26, 223, 225 


Parochial schools: 
effect of on measurement of effort to support schools 
51, 52 
estimated cost, 51 


Pensions: see Retirement 
Physical deficiency of drafted men, 254 


Population: 
and ability to support education, 61 
as measure of educational load, 23, 24, 26 
by states, 64 
density of, and ability to support schools, 28, 66, 63 
effect of varying percentages of children in, 26, 27 
increase in, 247, 252 
ratio of adults to children in, 64 
also see Educational obligations 


Private schools: 
effect on measurement of effort, 
estimated cost of, 51 


51, 52 


Production: increase in volume, 246 


Property: 
increase in value of tangible, 246, 247 
total tangible and school, 240 
valuation per pupil of real, 210 
value of tangible in United States, 239 
also see School property 


Rank of states according to: 

ability to support education, 36 

deviation in rank, 

economic resources (average annual current income 
plus 1/10 of wealth), 20 

expenditures per child of school age, 1922, 1918 and 
1919, 40, 42, 43 

expenditure (non-salary) per pupil in average daily 
attendance, 1922, 1918, 1919, 40, 42, 43 

high school attendance, percentage of total in 1922, 46 

income, current, 11 

income, current per child, 30, 33 

income (average current 1919-21), plus 1/3, 1/5, 1/10 
and 1/20 of wealth, 19 

income, ratio of current to total, 9 

income, ratio of total to wealth, 16, 18 

income, total per child, 30 

length of school term in 1922, 46 

magazine circulation, 47 

percentage of population, age 6-13, 25 

salaries, average annual paid teachers in 1922, 1918 
and 1919, 40, 42, 43 

school attendance, average number of days per pupil 
enroled in 1922, 46 

school property, average value per pupil enroled in 
1922, 40 

teachers, percentage of who are normal graduates, 46 

wealth (tangible estimated) in 1922, 6 

wealth per child in 1922, 30, 31, 37, 38 

years of school life per pupil, average number of, 46 


Retirement (pensions) : 
administration of: 
according to Vermont law, 151, 152 
State vs. local, 146 
advantages of sound system of, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 
allowances: 
in case of death, 104, 105, 154 
in case of disabilty, 102 
and length of service, 114, 147, 148 
and poverty in old age, 114, 119, 120 
and school costs, 116 
annuities: 
amount of, 103, 110 
and teachers standard of living, 103 
maximum provided by Federal Government, 118 
Associated Press, provisions for, 117 
bibliography, 157, 158, 159, 160 
Carnegie Foundation, twentieth report of, 117, 146 
committee of One Hundred, 1924 report of, 97 


[262] 











INDEX TO VOLUME IV (Continued) 














{ . 
; Retirement (Continued) Salaries 
’ contributions: 
amount of public and teachers’ fixed by organic . : . 
act, 112 , ee 
return of, in case of early retirement, 100, 101 ; : ~_roe 5 : t 
costs, shares of teachers and public in, 109, 111 I - 114 
educational efficiency, promoted by, 115, 117 media f ad strators , 
Federal Act of 1926, 117 median, of elementary and s« 
guaranties to public and teacher provided by, 104 median, of elementary te 
: income and outgo for state retirement funds, 14, 15, sections, 181 
144, 145 median, of elementary and s« 
individual accounts, 106, 153 rural teachers, 184 
membership, 98, 147, 151, 153 yearly living wage of profess 
Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., provision for, 117 186 
National Council of Teachers Retirement Systems, re- 
{ port on reciprocal Yyelations, 149, 150 Salary schedules 
New York City Retirement Fund, 153 easentinin of 106 
; New York Stock Exchange, provision for, 117 rs ; 
Organic Act, contributions fixed by, 112 = sed for Chicag As 
past service, credit for, 108 : a —_ 
relation to teachers’ salaries, 114, 147, 148 pei ak Beka — 7 
report of National Education Association, 1926, 97 increase in amount of deposit 
sinking fund, importance of, 108 247, 248 
superannuation in employment prevented by, 114, 115 , 
teachers’ rights under old system, 107 : School: 
teaching profession advanced by, 114 importance of in the Republic, 169, 
Vermont State Teachers’ Retirement System, 151, ff of forty years ago and today, 1 
Western Clock Company, provision for, 117 also see education 
World’s Work, quoted on, 117 
: School and home: 222, 223, 224 
Retirement laws: 
of California, 147 School boards and committees: see Boards of educat 
of Connecticut, 147, 149 
of Illinois, 147, 148 School buildings: 
: of Michigan, 148 bibliography, 201, 202, 203 
: of New Jersey, 147, 148 common defects of, 201 
; of New York, 147 essential qualities of, 200 
; of Ohio, 147 number of, by states, 203 
: of Pennsylvania, 147, 148 
; of Vermont, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 School costs: 
affect of war on, 255, 256 
; Retirement Legislation: and ability of the nation to support education, ) 
based upon sound business principles, 130 and business profits, 
controversial issues in the field of, 146, 147, 148, 149 and economy, 255, 2 
education of public and teaching profession necesasry and increase in attendance, 250 
: for, 120 and taxation, 257 
expert advice and technical data needed as basis of, as insurance for America's future, 1 
120 by states, 1880 to 1922, 76 
professional advancement promoted by, 120 compared with school accomplishment, 171 
roll call by states as to plans affecting, 126, 127, 128, economic effect of increase in, 242, 243, 244, 24 
129, 130 247, 248 
teachers’ interest in, 119, 120, 121 economy in, 256, 259 
teachers’ professional duty to support, 120 effect of retirement systems on, II1¢ 
teaching efficiency increas by, 119 for public elementary and secondary sch , 239 
7 increase in, 253 
Retirement Systems: in teachers’ colleges and normal schools, 17 
and the Federal Government, 117 per unit of service rendered, 250, 251, 2 
and insurance for old age, 118 proportion of, from state sources, 211 
: and length of service, 115 ratio of, to wealth, 240, 242 
and professional advancement, 114 ratio of total, and of public elementary and se 
and school costs, 116 ondary, to current income, 1924, 240, 242 
} and teacher turnover, 115 total, 1923-24, 239 
| and teachers’ salaries, 114 trend of, 251, 254 
; and teaching efficiency, 115, 119 
arguments in favor of establishing, 189 School equipment: 
directory of local and state, applying to certain classes bibliography, 217 
of cities, 125 also see School costs, School revenue, etc. 
directory of state-wide and territorial, 124 
fundamental principles of, included in 1924 report School property: 
of Committee of One Hundred, critically reviewed, ratio of value of to value of total tangible property, 
97, 113 239, 240 
fundamental principles of, included in 1924 report of value of, 1924, 201, 239 
Committee of One Hundred, percent of people ques value of, public elementary and secondary, 239, 240 
tioned who accepted each, 99 value of, total and average per pupil enroled, 202 
fundamental principles, included in 1924 report of 
Committee of One Hundred, suggested extension School revenues: 
of, 113 increase in essential to progress, 214 
in private industry, 117 sources of: see Taxation 
interpretation of tabular statement of main provisions 
of eleven, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 School sites, size of, 199 
list of those in effect, 1926, 122, 123 i ; 
membership in, 98, 100, 147, 151, 153 School support 
main provisions of eleven, tabular statement of, arguments for adequate, 174 
132-43 expenditures for, by states, 1880 to 1922, 7¢ 
states without, 187 ; 
School systems: 
Russell, James, E.: quoted, 183, 195 essentials of modern, 175 
[263 ] 











INDEX TO VOLUME IV (Continued) 


School term, length of, 205, 206, 20% 
bibliography, 208 


School, consolidated, 201 
Schools, rural, 201 
Security issues: increase in, 245 


State aid: 
bases of distribution of, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216 
inequalities in, 212, 214, 215 
state fund essential, 211 


State retirement systems: see Retirement, etc. 


Summer schools: 
attendance, 227, 228 


Suzzallo, Henry, quoted, 


Taxation: 
and school costs, 257 
justification of universal, for public education, 169 
new forms recommended, 214 
of property, 215 


Teachers: 
employment of, 178, 180 
growth of, in service, 187, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 
232 
in colonial days, 175 
men, percent of, 185 
also see Salaries, Training, Certification, Retirement 


Teachers’ colleges and normal schools: costs per student, 


178 


Teachers’ meetings: 
characteristics of, 229, 230 
outcomes of, 230 
purposes of, 227, 228, 229 
suitable topics for, 230, 231 


Teachers’ salaries: see Salaries 


Teacher training: 175, 176, 177, 178 
also see Teachers 


Tenure: 
characteristics of satisfactory program of, 180 


Wages: see Salaries 
War costs, 256 P 


Wealth: 
accuracy of census of 3, 17 
and income, 12, 13, 14, 15 
and tax-paying ability, 3 
census of, 
in agricultural and industrial states, 17 
of states, 3, 4, 5, 6, 19, 72, 75 
per capita, 10 
per child, 29, 30 31, 32, 36, 55, 56, 57, 58, 209, 210 
per child in rich and poor states, 32, 56, 57, 58, 59 
ratio of wealth to income, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 
value of tangible (1800, 1900, 1912, 1924), 242, 247 


Wells, H. G., quoted, 182 
World’s Work quoted, 117