NOVEMBER, 1921 No. eee The JOURNAL of the NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 77 : i CORY " — : > PIES => “oe => cs =r. 4 ~ moe se Vows 2 @. jc, Ae a 8 ¢ . S by, Pp (Sy ce ey eee Mag > t_ 4 : te a Rr > AZ =. oS ae ache Tenure—An Important Problem Business and the Schools School Publicity in Oakland Education and the Federal Government He VS Seat 22s = OFF2 <= = coms aaa? SS Our Association's Growth Education Divisions in Chambers of Commerce mcs = a al Sy Rd IZ I oa uaa = ~ Editorial FREGPLR Age Oss ‘ Notes and Announcements C4 Minutes of the Des Moines Meeting BEZEL SS => minal PSS =" a> Guide to New Books ee PER Educational Opinion EE ed See «ma 7S —~- == > ZZ => >! A ASSL Published monthly, except July and August, by the NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES 1201 SIXTEENTH STREET NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. Entered as second class matter October 28, 1920, at the postoffice at Washington, D. C., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized January 26, 1921. Maps Unparalleled in Accuracy Frye-Atwood Geographical Series The latest work of official topographers, the most recent investigations of leading geographers and geologists the world over—on these bases new and accurate maps were made for Frye- Atwood New Geography, Book Two. The Frye-Atwood map editors are in communi- cation with current topographic survey work in all parts of the world. As new data becomes avail- able, the Frye-Atwood maps are immediately cor- rected with the minutest care. You can place your confidence in the Frye- Atwood maps. GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON ATLANTA DALLAS COLUMBUS SAN FRANCISCO McMURRY AND PARKINS GEOGRAPHIES These books are the culmination of a long period of growthand development. They follow a well-defined, well-estab- lished educational procedure with ref- erence to the subject of geography. The one great principle on which the authors have consistently worked out the details of the series is that of adapt- ing the materials of geography to the capacities of children instead of subor- dinating the child to a subject which hitherto has presented unusual diffi- culties. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY New York Atlanta San Francisco Boston Chicago Dallas HERE has been too wide a chasm between the official school system and the individual teacher. But without understanding there can be no co-operation. Therefore the publication of this book by Professors Strayer and Engelhardt is very significant. It makes clear to the teacher the reasons for many things in the system never before explained; it offers valuable teaching helps and shows many ways in which both the system and the teacher will profit from a closer co-operation. 3etter team-work, a wider horizon for the teacher, a quickening and strengthening of the whole school system, whether in a small town or a large city, will result from the study of this book, Strayer and Engelhardt’s THE CLASSROOM TEACHER At Work in American Schools By Georck Drayton Strayer, Professor of Educational Administration, Teachers College, Columbia University, and N. L. Enceruarpt, Associate Professor of Educa- tional Administration, Teachers College, Columbia Uni- versity. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO BOSTON ‘i Our New Catalogues are ready and we want to send you copies free and postpaid. Catalogue No. E- Books and Seat Work Material. \ Catalogue No. 212— Furniture and School Supplies. A. Flanagan Company 521 S. Laflin St. CHICAGO NOVEMBER, 1021 ‘Tenure—An Important Problem’ CHARL ORMOND WILLIAMS HE TEACHING profession to- day faces no problem so impor- tant as that of tenure. tion of tenure strikes at the very heart Until principles are developed and practical ‘The ques- of the profession itself. sound applications worked out, we shall con- tinue to struggle in the quicksands of in- security and uncertainty, without the power or strength to fight for adequate recognition. If education is the founda- tion of our democracy and the hope of our Republic it is time that we checked forever the pernicious influences which continue to sap our life and vigor and thus render impotent. Not until the educational interests of this country stand together fearlessly, our profession protected by the stability of tenure and united in the single purpose of serving the childhood of America, will it receive the recognition and attention it merits. The for had its foundation in the growing appreciation of the application to public officials of the principles of civil service. Gradu- ally it has gathered impetus and strength until now it is recognized as one of the great problems facing our profession and demanding solution. It is recog- nized as the central factor in the in- crease of educaticnal efficiency and the solution of the question of salaries, cer- tification, and pensions. A summary of the replies to a ques- tionnaire sent out by the U. S. Bureau of Education in February, 1921, shows that in 528 cities, with a population be- tween 5000 and 30,000, 975 teachers were not re-elected last year. The total number of teachers in these 528 cities was approximately 21,000. that 4.5 per cent of the teaching staff Were not re-elected. In 90 per cent of the cities, teachers not to be retained were advised definitely not to apply. These figures do not indicate all of the teachers who did not return. It is im- movement tenure This shows a ‘Extracts from the report of the Com- mittee on Tenure to the Representative Assembly of the Association, at Des Moines, lowa, July 5, 1921. Chairman of the Committee on Tenure possible to ascertain definitely the num- ber of teachers who left the ‘schools of these 528 cities because of indirect sug- gestions of their undesirability or WE call upon the teachers of America to unite under the banner of the National Ed- ucation Association in carrying forward the great program of service to which the Associa- tion is committed. We urge professional organization fash- ioned after our American form of government: a local organi- zation of teachers in every com- munity to develop public sen- timent in support of education and to co-operate in the solu- tion of local educational prob- lems; a State educational asso- ciation in every Commonwealth to develop through State legis- lation an efficient and ade- quately supported school sys- tem; and the National Educa- tion Association which shall include all the teachers of the country to support a National program of education in co- operation with all forward- looking men and women who realize that only through pub- lic education can we hope to preserve our priceless Ameri- can __ institutions.—Resolution unanimously adopted by the Representative Assembly at Des Moines, Iowa, July 8, 1921. through transfers to other cities, ar- ranged in order that they might be saved the humiliation of failure of reappoint- ment. Stability is the basis of any profession. it should be a principle in teaching as in other professions that, when a teacher has finished her apprenticeship in a pro- bationary service to the satisfaction of her employer, she should continue in her employment until removed for cause. In other words, after an acceptable trial period, the burden of removal should be [151] placed upon the employer. This stabil- ity of employment is needed in order that the stand upon a profession of teaching may firm foundation. It is doubtless true that teaching does not command the attention it deserves because in the past it has rested respect and so largely upon the quicksands of inse- curity, restlessness, and incompetency due to the temporary character of the work. It is only when teachers feel reasonably secure that they will become the and social life of the community. The Length of the Period—The probationary period should Nevertheless, it should be sufficient to determine with accuracy the the candidate. It must bring out not only the adequacy of professional preparation, but also the ability of the candidate to apply her knowledge successfully; skill in class- room management; skill in teaching; co- operation ; initiative ; enthusiasm; indus- try; and forcefulness. Her physical condition and health, her moral charac- ter, and probably most important, the capacity and desire for growth and the ambition to progress must also be deter- mined. and guidance during this probationary period will do much to safeguard the system from the danger of the incom- petent teacher. Of the twenty-two cities reporting a tenure provision in 1920, six report a one-year probationary period; thirteen, two years; six, three years; one, four years; and one, five years. In Massa- chusetts, New Jersey, and New York three years are required. The new tenure regulation adopted for the De- troit public-schools, April 14,-1921, per- mits a two-year probationary period. A unique provision in this regulation is that a teacher on a continuing contract may be placed upon probation at the end of any semester if the work of this teacher proves unsatisfactory. A three-year probationary period is not too long for it is hardly possible to a constructive power in economic Probationary not be too long. competency of Careful, competent supervision ascertain with accuracy whether the in- dividual merits permanent employment in much less than three years. ‘The pro- bationary period may well be shorter if the protection afforded the teacher is lessened. If the regulations make it easy for the board of education to dis- charge a teacher, then it is less necessary to delay conferring the rights assured in tenure provisions. It is desirable to test carefully the new apprentices and to cull out the inefficient before they have time or opportunity to injure either the school system or the children. If this is done, then adequate protection should be afforded those who success- fully meet all of the probationary re- quirements. The Dismissal of Teachers—The board of education should have the right, upon recommendation of the superintendent, to drop any probationary teacher at the end of the school year after a reasonable notice. This notice should be not less than thirty days. The Portland, Ore- gon, law provides that a probationary teacher shall not be dismissed on account of friction between her and the principal without giving such teacher a fair op- portunity with another principal. After the probationary period teachers should be removed only for cause. The causes usually enumerated include one or more of the following: inefficiency, neglect of duty, professional stagnation, indifference and lack of growth, lack of co-operation, disloyalty, immorality, un- professional conduct, insubordination, ill health and physical disability, or any other reason that would annul a teacher’s certificate. The New York law specifies that the teacher shall hold her position “during good behavior and efficient and competent service.” ‘The proposed Ohio law gave neglect of duty, insubordination, conduct unbecoming a teacher, and immoral or criminal con- duct as causes for removal. The Paw- tucket, Rhode Island, regulations specify only misconduct or incapacity. The Massachusetts law lists no_ specific reason. Since the board of education is the agency which employs the teacher, it would seem that it should also be the removing agency. The right to employ implies the right to dismiss. The privi- lege of reviewing the action of the board in dismissing a teacher is a fundamental principle of American democratic jus- tice and a reasonable protection that should be provided. Since the majority of dismissals are based on_ technical THE JoURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION November, 1921 questions such as neglect of duty, incom- petency, inefficiency, conduct unbecom- ing a teacher, and the like, it is fitting that the final body of appeal should be engaged in educational work and yet dis- interested. Dr. Kandel, of the Carne- gie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, states that “the best practice today provides for an appeal to the State superintendent of public instruction.” DUCATION is entitled to the highest recognition possible. I sincerely trust that the efforts for a Department of Education will succeed. Such a step forward seems to me im- perative if we as a Nation hope to keep pace with our competi- tors.—May Trumper, State Su- perintendent of Public Instruc- tion, Helena, Montana. HE WELFARE of the Na- tion will be largely deter- mined by the quality of its pub- lic schools in the next fifty years. A Department of Wel- fare with education secondary is no better than the present arrangement. Such a plan mini- mizes education, and such a de- partment could not command expert educational leadership.— Jesse H. Newlon, Superinten- dent of Schools, Denver, Colo- rado. Insuring Continued Professional Im- provement—One of the most complex problems involved is insuring continued improvement on the part of the teacher who has been placed on tenure. In- ability to find adequate means of pro- tection through progressive improvement and the difficulty of protecting the schools from the danger of incompetent teachers have proved two of the most serious handicaps in the extension of tenure. Where an employee is assured that her position belongs to her, and es- pecially where a sympathetic public opinion makes it hard to discharge her, there is a grave possibility of an accumu- lation of ‘“dead-wood” teachers whose continued services become a distinct lia- bility to the community. The method commonly followed is that of giving a bonus for attendance at summer school. Whether the practice should be advocated as anything but a temporary necessity is questionable. If teaching is to be a recognized profes- a sion, it must attain such recognition through the deserved merit of its mem- bers. It seems that the practice of pay- ing members of a teaching force a gyb. sidy to improve themselves is not the ethical line of procedure. With the low salaries being paid at the Present time, however, teachers cannot afford to attend colleges or normal schools in summer vacations. Salaries should be adequate to make it amply possible fo; teachers to improve themselves. The inspiration of a broadminded superintendent motivated by high ideals and possessing ability to lead his staff in a constructive program of education wil] do much to stimulate the growth and progress of a school system. Such a man or woman will recognize and re- ward merit and will sympathetically guide and direct the inexperienced and the weaker teachers. The Danger of Incompetence—Incom- petence, inefficiency, indifference, lack of co-operation, insubordination, and im- morality must not long be tolerated. The schools are for the education of children and are working under too great a responsibility to permit deficien- cies to be long endured. If the privi- leges of tenure are limited to those hav- ing adequate educational preparation, coupled with care in selecting teachers from the probationary group, much of the danger will be avoided. Tenure in the elementary should be limited to graduates of a two-year normal school preceded by graduation from a four-year high school. A life certificate should be granted all such graduates who have had two years of acceptable teaching ex- perience. Not less than ten years of successful teaching experience should be substituted for the educational require- ments mentioned above. Higher stand- ards should, of course, be required for positions of greater responsibility. Graduation from a four-year college should be the standard for the special- ized teachers of the secondary schools. National standards’ of _ certification should be adopted with minimum re- quirements which would serve as a basis for tenure regulations. Let us all unite with every ounce of energy at our command to place upon the statute books of our several States and communities strong effective tenure legislation which will serve effectively to stabilize and dignify our profession and gain for it the recognition it merits from the citizenry of our land. ded eals f in will and ha re- ally and ‘om- k of im- ited. 1 of too clen- Tivi- hav- tion, thers h of re in 1 to hool -year ld be have Z eX- s of id be uire- rand- 1 for llege ecial- ools. ation 1 Te- basis ce of upon states enure rively »ssion nerits Vol. 10, No. 9 THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION a—— 153 Business and the Schools HE Chamber of Commerce of the United States is calling on the busi- ness men of America to give sharp at- tention to the public-school system. Its appeal is founded on the fact that the future welfare of American business and the efficiency of the American public school are bound up together. In order to make its campaign effective and far- reaching, the National Chamber of Commerce has organized an Education Service in its Civic Development De- partment. William Mather Lewis, formerly Director of the Savings Di- yision of the Treasury Department and for several years previous to that in edu- cational work, heads the service. In outlining the policy of the Educa- tion Service for THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EpucaATION ASSOCIATION, Mr. Lewis said: “The school problem is too great for business to ignore. It directly touches the lives of one-fifth of our entire popu- lation daily. ‘The operation of the pub- lic schools necessitates the employment of more than 650,000 teachers. The output is daily finding its way into American industry and commerce, be- cause pupils are daily dropping out of school and going to work. “Out of every one hundred pupils who enter the public schools, only fif- teen get through high school and fewer than three finish college. The educa- tion which can reach the entire Nation and which, therefore, demands the first attention of American business, is the education offered by the elementary schools, which cover the first eight years of the child’s training. Popular suf- frage will never justify itself without universal education of the right kind. American business will suffer so long as ignorance prevails. The menace of the great mass of illiterates in our Nation must be recognized and over- come. “What is to be done? Little will be accomplished by general discussion. The answer will come only when the business men of every community actively aid in bringing the local schools to a high plane of effectiveness. As good business men, good citizens, good parents, they can do no less. “A survey will be made of the his- tory and present organization of the American elementary school system; the opportunities now offered to all American children to obtain an elemen- tary school education; teacher training for these grades; school equipment; the situation in regard to illiteracy; instruc- tion of foreign-born in the English lan- guage and the principles of American government; comparative educational opportunities in the rural districts; taxa- tion systems now in force; legislation in force and pending. “Briefly, the purpose of the Educa- tion Service is to assist in securing for all Americans a common-school educa- tion at least, under competent teachers and in a wholesome environment, to the end that our children may receive not Wealth and Population Versus Education A COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, HIGH SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES WITH POPULATION, WEALTH, AND GROWTH OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. THE YEAR 1890 HAS BEEN TAKEN AS A BASIS FOR COMPARISON. ee | ES |S | |S | SS ° 50,155 80% 30 ,068 46% National Wealth in Millions...... School Enrolment in Thousands ., 7,380 58% 220,225 | 60% Public School Teachers.......... Public Normal Schools 7S 55% 1,601 36% Normal School Graduates....... Normal School Enrolment High School Enrolment 1 Census for 1920. * Estima’ ted. 4‘ Data for 1915-16. 43,642 286 , 593 79% 106 135 80% 2,943 66% 17,882 66% 1910 62,622 100% 65 ,037 75,994 121% 88,517 91,972 146% 143,139 9,865 17% 363 ,922 100% 100% | 4,413 100% 26,917 41, 100% 719,241 1,131,466 195% 473% 98 ,923 275,212 387, 106¢ 177% 496% 100% 677% 21 Estimated from paper read before Bankers’ Institute, London, by Edgar Crammond. only mental training, but guidance in character building and instruction as to the privileges, duties, and responsibili- ties of American citizens.” Already the Education Service has prepared and distributed to thousands of Chambers of Commerce and other business organizations throughout the country two pamphlets, the first of which, Schools, Citizenship, and Busi- ness, gives the substance of the addresses on the essentials in education delivered at the last annual meeting of the Cham- ber of Commerce of the United States. The speakers and their subjects are: Payson Smith, Commissioner of Educa- tion of Massachusetts, Rural Schools in the North; Bruce R. Payne, President of the Peabody College for Teachers, Rural Schools in the South; Superin- tendent Broome of Philadelphia, City Schools, and A. J. Todd, labor manager of B. Kuppenheimer, Chicago, T'he School and the Home. The second pamphlet is entitled The Schools of Your City—The General Situation. It suggests pertinent ques- tions to be asked by business men as to the situation in their communities re- lating to illiteracy ; immigrant training; school equipment; use of schools; phys- ical education ; teachers; the cost of edu- cation. This pamphlet brought im- mediate concrete results, many local chambers of commerce at once starting illiteracy surveys; school-building and equipment inspection ; and investigations of the school financial situation. This pamphlet is the first of a series of five. The titles of the others are Buildings and Equipment; Health and Physical Education; The Teacher; Laws and Administration. With the last four of these pamphlets, there will be sent ques- tion blanks to aid education committees of the local Chambers of Commerce in assembling and tabulating the informa- desired. Use of these blanks will make it possible to compare the situa- tion in one city with that in others and so make clear the relative positions and the general situation. An intelligent understanding of the American public-school system by busi- ness men and a clear conception by edu- cators of the requirements .of the busi- ness world are conditions greatly to be desired. When such an understanding is brought about, education, business, and, in fact, the whole social fabric will be tremendously strengthened. To create such a situation is the goal of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States through its Education Service. 154 THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION School Publicity in Oakland ELIZABETH MADISON Chairman of the Publicity Committee, Oakland Public Schools, Oakland, California HE PUBLICITY committee of the Oakland public schools has been unlike most publicity com- mittees in that a large part of the stimu- lation to activity which it has received has come from without instead of from within the organization. In other words, we had something to sell through publicity, but there was a public waiting to buy it with so much eagerness that we were urged to produce more by those buyers themselves, instead of having to continue to advertise our product ap- pealingly. The thing we had to sell was news about the schools and about the children of the citizen during the five or six important hours of each school day when they are away from their parents under the care of the greatest institution in American life—the public school. A great institution of National im- portance is always interesting and chil- dren are always interesting, especially to their parents who are paying for their education. The only problem _ before us was not how to get school news, nor how to find people interested in it. Our problem was how to fell school news in a well-written, readable way, with the facts accurate and up-to-date and fashioned in a word-form usable by the press of the city. We had to strive for the following things: accuracy of information about what was happening in the schools; rapidity in getting the everit to the press before the date of performance or im- mediately thereafter ; impartiality in get- ting the information to all of the city papers without individual preference; and machinery for making it easy for the city newspaper reporters to get the news quickly without having individu- ally to go to the separate schools. To accomplish this with the least work and the best returns the following plan was evolved and put into operation: A superintendent’s bulletin was sent out explaining the value of selling the educational idea. This went to every teacher and principal in the department. It was considerably discussed. Follow- ing this, each principal received a letter asking him to appoint a press representa- tive in his schooi, whose duty it should be to send to the library of the super- intendent of schools a brief weekly ac- count of happenings at the school, and a program of any events promised for the following week. Stories and information and programs of school activities began to flow into T is the bounden duty of school men and school women to think seriously on the problem of ways and means of selling the idea of public education to the commu- nity. There is an eager public willing to buy the educational idea. No other single product can command so wide a market in American life, if intelligently, honestly, and at- tractively advertised. If the sale fails of consummation, the main fault lies with the school people. the library. Here they were segregated and put into brief newspaper form, in a series of items amounting during busy periods to twelve or thirteen items daily. These were put into as many copies as there were leading papers and were sent to the office of the secretary of the superintendent. The secretary of the superintendent filed these ‘“‘school-column stories’’ daily and, when the press representatives called, as they often do twice a day, he handed these copies out. ‘The press rep- resentatives understood that these stories were given to all alike and many re- porters rewrote the stories that appealed to them while some papers used them without change. In this way stories of school activities got into every paper in the city every day. The thing which we could not foresee was that the press representatives would so heartily endorse our plan. We at- tribute this success to the fact that the stories were good, because real children actually did the things related; to the fact that the press people could count upon the stories without having to make long and tedious verifications; and to the fact that any press man was at entire liberty to make individual investigations for himself if he so chose and any school was at liberty to send directly to the November, 1921 press anything which it desired to senq individually, so that there was no ele. ment of supervision of information jp our work—merely a satisfactory ma. chinery for rapidity and accuracy, In addition to the daily stories given out in duplicate, a practice grew up of receiving requests from the press for individual illustrated Sunday - stories, There are so many human _ interest stories daily happening in schools that it was not difficult to find material to answer these requests, but it was some- times difficult to find time to write as many as were called for, especially since it was necessary to give stories of this individual character to each of the papers asking for them in turn. The matter of suitavle illustrations is still troublesome. We could do much better if the different interesting activi- ties of the schools were better photo- graphed. It would be a fine piece of work to make this a committee under- taking next year. Such photographs be- come fascinating records for the schools to keep and often furnish valuable material for record at the superintend- office. “They could be used to tell the public, through the press, what the children of the community are doing. It is interesting to note that the press is always interested in the social-service activities of youngsters. Work done for the day nurseries, scientific investiga- tion work, self-government work and helpful activities among the students are stories all eagerly taken by city editors. When we receive criticism for these broader endeavors of the school children, it is comforting to realize that they are looked upon with interest and a very swift and sympathetic understanding by the busy news people of the big city, who are used to sifting and analyzing human values with rapidity and accu- racy and a keen social judgment. On account of the good news service that the press men have received from the department, they have become more interested personally in school problems. As a result there have been more edito- rials on school matters and some careful column articles on school subjects, which the individual reporters have worked up on their own initiative. Budget and statistical information has been pre- sented with great care and interest by many papers. We do not mean that they would not have done this in the ordinary course of the reportorial work, but they have done it better because they had themselves become interested in the schools. ent’s nce this the ons uch Ivi- Ito- - of ler- 001s able The Present Situation—The activities of the Federal Government with respect to education at the present time are scat- The Bureau of Education occupies a subordinate posi- tion in the Department of the Interior; the Federal Board for Vocational Edu- tered and unrelated. cation, a semi-independent organization, administers Federal aid for industrial education and home economics; and other educational activi- ties of the Government are administered by sev- eral different depart- ments. “That there should be a reorganization and co-ordination of these ac- tivities is universally ac- cepted. The Proposed Solutions— Two plans for reorganiz- ing the educational func- tions of the Nation have been suggested as possible solutions of the unsatisfactory conditions. First—The creation of a Department of Educa- tion under a Secretary of Education who shall be a member of the President’s Cabinet, which depart- ment shall administer all educational activities of the Federal Government not intimately and def- initely related to some other department. The primary function of such a department would be the encouragement and promotion of public edu- cation in the States, in full recognition of the fact that under our dual form of government the con- duct and management of present HUGH S. MAGILL Field Secretary, National Education Association, Washington, D. C. member of the President’s Cabinet, cation, which department shall include educa- tion as one of its subdivisions, along with health, social service, veteran relief, and other more or less unrelated subjects. In this proposal the basis of co-operation heartily supporting the Towner-Sterling bill. We insist that educational interests shall not be submerged in any other phase of work.—Mrs. Thomas G. Winter, Presi- dent, General Federation of Women’s Clubs. HE NATIONAL Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, have earnestly indorsed and are standing back of the Towner-Sterling bill creating a Department of Education.—Mrs. George Maynard Minor, President General, National Society, Daughters of the American Revolution. O LEGISLATIVE measure so comprehensive, so fitted to place education where it belongs, has ap- peared, commensurate with the Towner-Sterling bill. The Congress of Mothers is on record for the principles em- bodied in this bill—Mrs. William Tilton, Chairman on Legislation of the Congress of Mothers and Parent- Teacher Associations. HE AMERICAN Federation of Labor will support the Towner-Sterling educational bill in accordance with the action of the conventions of 1918, 1919, and 1920.—Samuel Gompers, President, American Federation of Labor. Y ENTHUSIASM is getting stronger and stronger for the Towner-Sterling bill every day, and I be- lieve it is going through, because the country is going to demand it.—A. Lincoln Filene, Chairman, National Com- mittee for a Department of Education. HE COUNCIL has submitted the proposition for the creation of a separate Department of Education to its constituent members through a referendum, and the re- ports of this referendum indicate that about seven-ninths of the membership of the organization—and it is very comprehensively representative of the higher education of the country—are in favor of the creation of a separate Department of Education——Dr. Samuel P. Capen, Di- rector of the American Council on Education. Education and the Federal Government: The Women’s Clubs, gress of Mothers and Parent Teacher Associations, 4 Federation of National Con- General The The National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, The National League of Women Voters, with the States for the promotion of The American. Library Association, education is not considered. The American Federation of Labor, and by many religious, ees fraternal, and civic or- HE GENERAL Federation of Women’s Clubs is ganizations throughout the country. The second proposition, to Department of Public Welfare with education as a subdivision, has re- ceived its chief support from General Charles E. Sawyer, the President’s physician, and Honorable Walter F. Brown, the President’s representative on the Committee for the Reorganization of the Ex- ecutive Departments. A study of the report of the hearings held on this bill before the Joint Com- mittees on Education of the Senate and House does not reveal any par- ticular public sentiment in favor of the measure, but very create a strong opposi- tion on the part of edu- cators and friends of edu- cation to the submerging of education in this or any other department. Arguments for a Depart- ment of Education—The primary argument for a Department of Education is the manifest need for an adequate and compre- hensive plan of co-opera- tion between the Federal Government and __ the education is vested in the States, and that the Federal Department of Education should co-operate and assist but never dictate or control. Second—The creation of a Depart- ment of Public Welfare under a Secre- tary of Public Welfare who shall be a ‘Also published as Legislative Commis- sion Series Number Two. Copies may be had on request. The Issue—These two proposals, each embodied in a bill now before Congress, and each supported by influences of rec- ognized weight and authority, make a definite issue which sooner or later must be determined by Congress. The first proposition, to create a Department of Education, is supported by the National Education Association, the National Committee for a Department of Edu- [155] States for the promotion of public edu- cation, based on the following generally accepted facts: (a) that the conduct of public education is a State function, each State being primarily responsible for the support and management of its public schools; (+) that the primary purpose of education from the standpoint of the State and the Nation is to develop good citizens; (c) that a citizenship, physic- 156 THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION ally, intellectually, and morally sound is essential to the life and prosperity of our Republic since a government of the peo- ple can be no stronger than the com- posite citizenship of which it is com- posed; (d) that the privileges and responsibilities of American citizenship are not affected by State boundaries; (e) that whatever tends to elevate and strengthen the citizenship of any State promotes the welfare of common to all the States. It would be far more economical for the Federal Government to carry on extensive in- vestigations in the field of education through a Department of Education, and report thereon to the States, as is now done in the field of agriculture through the Department of Agriculture, than for each State to make independent investigations. the entire country; (f) that any weakness or dis- order in any State sub- tracts from the general health and security of the Nation; (g) that to neg- lect the proper training of any considerable por- tion of the future citizens of our country is to en- danger the future of our Nation as a whole; (h) and, therefore, that it be- comes the imperative duty of the Federal Govern- ment to encourage and promote education in all the States to the end that every American child shall have an opportunity for the fullest physical and intellectual develop- ment of which he is capa- ble, thereby conserving and developing the human resources of the Nation. The Towner-Sterling bill, now before Congress, creates a Department of Education, and provides for co-operation with the States in the training and development of the future citizens of the Nation without encroaching upon the rights and preroga- tives of the States. It provides that the depart- ment shall conduct studies and investigations in the field of edu- cation, and that research shall be un- dertaken in illiteracy; immigrant edu- cation; public-school education, with special reference to rural education; physical education, which shall include health education, recreation, and sani- tation; the preparation and supply of competent teachers for the public schools; higher education; and in such other fields as the Secretary of Educa- tion may think necessary. Such a de- partment would be of the greatest as- sistance in the solution of complex problems in public education which are tion. Maine. Welfare. ESOLVED, That this committee hereby expresses its approval of the Towner-Sterling educational bill and of the stronger organization and support which it assures to the public-school system, and expresses its strong opposition to the substitution of a Welfare Depart- ment or any other department for the proposed Depart- ment of Education.—Educational Committee, Interna- tional Sunday School Association. E BELIEVE that the most distinctive thing that has been done in this Western Hemisphere since the organization of our government is the setting up of a free public-school system. We are asking that education be not transferred to the proposed Department of Public We wish to give it greater dignity than it has ever had before.—Dr. Robert L. Kelly, Secretary of the Council of Church Boards of .Education. HE INDORSEMENT by The Scottish Rite of Free- masonry, The Shrine, and The League of Masonic Clubs will bring to the support of the Towner-Sterling bill the efforts and influence of many men throughout the country.—George Fleming Moore, Sovereign Grand Com- mander of the Supreme Councii of Scottish Rite Masonry, Southern Jurisdiction of the United States. HE FRIENDS of public-school education in Michigan strongly urge an independent Department of Educa- Our disappointment will be keen if education is submerged in a Department of Public Welfare.—Dr. D. B. Waldo, President, State Normal School, Kalamazoo, Michigan. O MATTER what phase of public welfare is under- taken, education is the first step and the basic process. Securing physical fitness, a high degree of intelligence, the relief of indigency, all may be furthered through edu- cation. It seems necessary, therefore, that we have a de- partment of our Government whose chief function shall be the promotion of education.—Dr. Augustus O. Thomas, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Augusta, November, 1921 ia tors, to be appointed by the Secretary of Education, “to consult and advise with the Secretary of Education on subjects relating to the promotion and develop. ment of education in the United States.” This Council will give the Secretary of Education the benefit of the advice of the leaders of education in all the States and provide an effective means of dis. seminating suggestions for the improve. ment of education based upon the results of the re. search and _ investigation carried on by the Federal Department, and the rec. ommendation of the Council. An important feature of the ‘Towner-Sterling bill is the authorization of appropriations by the Federal Government to assist the States in the re- moval of illiteracy, in the Americanization of for- eigners, in physical educa- tion, in the training of teachers, and in _ the equalization of educa- tional opportunities. A certain amount, “or so much thereof as may be necessary,” is authorized for each purpose, but as all appropriations must be made annually, Congress would have to determine each year the amounts that would be appropri- ated for each of the pur- poses mentioned. A com- prehensive plan of co- operation between _ the National Government and the States is proposed which leaves the manage- ment of public education absolutely under State control. The principle of = es | The Towner-Sterling bill clearly rec- ognizes the supremacy of the State with respect to the control of public educa- tion, and also recognizes the legally con- stituted educational authority of each State. That there may be the most effective co-operation between the States and the Nation, there is established a National Council on Education of which the State superintendent or commis- sioner of education of each State shall be an ex-officio member, together with twenty-five prominent educators repre- senting the different interests in educa- tion, and twenty-five citizens not educa- Federal aid to education was approved by President Harding in a statement made by him on October 1, 1920, in which he said: “The Federal Government has estab- lished the precedent of promoting edu- cation. It has made liberal grants of land and money for the establishment and support of colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, and in more recent years has made appropriations for voca- tional education and household arts. Without interfering in any way with the control and management of public education by the States, the Federal. Government should extend aid to the 921 ’ of vith ects Op- i of of ates dis- ve- sed ion ral ec. ure ing ion the to re- the ‘or- ca- of the \ca- Vol. 10, No.9 — States for the promotion of physical education, the Americanization of the foreign-born, the eradication of illiter- acy, the better training of teachers, and for promoting free educational oppor- tunities for all the children of all the people.” It is the universal opinion of those who have given the subject careful study that in order that the Federal Govern- ment may perform its proper function in the promotion of education in the States, the Depart- ment at Washington must be given such dignity and prominence as will attract public recognition, and that it myst be under such leadership as will com- mand the respect and con- fidence of the educa- tional forces of the coun- try. This is absolutely essential. Anything less will mean failure. The authority of the Federal Government in the pro- motion of public educa- tion cannot and should not be mandatory, but must be exercised through the persuasive influence of facts and suggestions emanating from a source of recognized leadership. It is too much to expect the public to accept the THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION scope, as viewed from the National standpoint, to justify the creation of a separate Department of Education; that public education represents only one of many activities carried on by the Gov- ernment for the promotion of human welfare, and that, therefore, it should be included in a Department of Public Welfare with such other activities as health, pensions, war risk insurance, hos- clude in Welfare. S CHAIRMAN of the Legislative Commission of the National Education Association I have been in confer- ence with many State and city superintendents and with representatives of lay organizations. All of these per- sons for themselves, and, in so far as they are able, as rep- resentatives of their respective groups and organizations, have declared that education can best be served only by a Department of Education with a Secretary in the President’s Cabinet.—Dr. George D. Strayer, Chairman, Legislative Commission, National Education Association. HE ESTABLISHMENT of a Department of Educa- tion with a Secretary of Cabinet rank would bring to public education such support and prestige as the educa- tional interests of the country demand. Action by Con- gress at this time which would give education a subor- dinate place in another department would discredit the country and render incalculable harm to the interests of American education.—Dr. Thomas E. Finegan, State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, Harrisburg, Pennsyl- vania. HE PROPOSAL to merge the Department of Edu- cation with the Department of General Welfare is a monumental mistake so far as the interests of education are concerned. It will never work satisfactorily for the benefit of public education—The late Dr. Calvin N. Kendall, Commissioner of Education, Trenton, New Jersey. HE STATE normal school executives of the United 157 are not advanced by the friends of edu- cation, nor by the highest authorities on the subjects which it is proposed to in- the Public Department of Discussion of the Question—The im- portance of education from the National standpoint and the necessity for its en- couragement and promotion by the Fed- eral Government have been advocated by American statesmen since the founding of our Nation. Washington de- clared that since the structure of our Govern- ment gives force to public opinion it is essential that public opinion be en- lightened, and he urged promotion of education by the Nation as a matter of “primary importance.” This sentiment has been repeatedly expressed by other great statesmen. Horace Mann declared that, “In our country no man is worthy the honor- able name of statesman who does not include the highest practical educa- tion of the people in all his plans of administra- tion.” The first bill for a Department of Educa- tion was introduced in the House of Representatives in 1866 by James A. Gar- educational leadership of an under-secretary, or bureau chief, who is not allowed to express an opinion on any _ public question without first ob- taining permission from the head of the depart- ment, and whose salary is far below garded as fair compensa- States are for a Department of Education and in favor of Federal grants in aid of education. ciples are held by them to be valid and in line with his- toric precedent.—Dr. J. A. H. Keith, President, National Council of State Normal School Presidents. HE ONLY practical improvement on the present situation is to create an independent Department of Education, as provided by the Towner-Sterling bill—Dr. : F. E. Spaulding, Dean of Education, Yale University, what is re- Sete Haven, Connecticut. tion for persons of recog- nized National leadership. The ex- periences of the past fifty years have demonstrated the futility of such an ar- rangement. The educational leader of the Nation, because of the paramount importance of education, must hold an outstanding position, with powers and responsibilities clearly defined, and sub- ordinate to no one except the President. Arguments for a Department of Public Welfare—The arguments put forth for a Department of Public Welfare, in which education shall be one of the sub- divisions, are to the effect that education alone is not of sufficient importance and pitalization, care of the Indians, and other lines of so-called social service; that to create a Department of Educa- tion under a Secretary in the President’s Cabinet might bring education into politics, and that, therefore, it is safer to place it in a subordinate division of a Department of Public Welfare under a head who would be kept out of politics by denying him any authority or respon- sibility such as is exercised by the heads of Executive Departments, as, for ex- ample, the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Labor. It is only fair to state, however, that these arguments These two prin- field and earnestly sup- ported in the Senate by Charles Sumner. Dur- ing the past fifty years the leaders in public educa- tion have _ continually urged that the Nation should assume its respon- sibility for co-operation with the States in the pro- motion of education, and through all these years the movement has been violently opposed by the ancient enemies of public education. A condition recognized as unsatisfactory has been permitted to continue, the Gov- ernment failing to establish any fixed policy with respect to the promotion of education in the States. — Finally the revealed to war the American people startling facts regard- ing conditions which seriously impair the strength and security of our Nation. We were astonished to find that one- fourth of the young men called to the colors were practically illiterate; that one-third were physically unfit for full 158 military service, due in a large measure to a lack of proper training; that we are failing to Americanize and assimilate the vast number of foreign-born who are coming to our shores; and that millions of American-born children have little or no opportunity for proper physical and intellectual development. As a result ot these disclosures the American people have become thoroughly aroused to the importance of more ef- fective co-operation on the part of the Federal Government with the States for the betterment of educational conditions throughout the Nation. Those who suggest that education is not of sufhi- cient importance and scope from the National standpoint to justify the creation of a Department of Education fail to com- prehend the tremendously important service which the Federal Government could thereby render the States. They also fail to grasp the impelling fact that the public-school sys- tem is the only institution belonging to all the peo- ple which can be used to develop a strong, healthy, than the effect. to welfare. Welfare in it. THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION in a few weeks. Its sponsors are friendly to the promotion of public education, but the bill reveals a failure to comprehend many of the most funda- mental principles involved in the solu- tion of present-day educational problems. At the hearings held on the bill it was brought out that while the friends of education were not opposed to the creation of a Department of Public eset EDUCATION in this country is an enter- prise of so general and outstanding importance and so clearly defined in its purposes that it is entitled to full and independent recognition—Dr. Payson Smith, Commis- sioner of Education, Boston, Massachusetts. HE EDUCATIONAL forces of Alabama oppose solidly the submerging of education in the proposed Department of Public Welfare and favor unanimously the establishment of an independent Department of Educa- tion, with a Secretary in the President’s Cabinet.—Dr. J. W. Abercrombie, State Superintendent of Education, Montgomery, Alabama. HE RIGHT kind and amount of education is the way to welfare, an effect of which education is the cause. Modern scientific methods would attack the cause rather Education should not be subordinated Create a Department of Education first with If this is not feasible, make an independ- ent Department of Education.—Dr. J. M. Gwinn, Super- intendent of Schools, New Orleans, Louisiana. HE NEW YORK Principals’ Association, represent- ing 500 public-school principals, having charge of November, 1921 gress shall declare his position on the subject. Friends of public education believe that the issues involved are of the most serious import to the Nation, The policy of the Federal Government with respect to the promotion and ep. couragement of public education in the States hinges upon the action to be taken. The great National organiza. tions supporting the ‘Towner-Sterling bill, representing millions of intelligent citizens make their appeal to Cos gress with confidence that this question will be set. tled in such a manner as to insure the increasing development — throughout the United States of 4 strong, intelligent, patri- otic American citizenship, I earnestly hope that Congress will make an in- dependent Department of Education rather than give us a subdivision in the proposed Department of Public Welfare—M, L. Brittain, State Super- intendent of Schools, At- lanta, Georgia. The Towner-Sterling bill, as I view it, is the only bill before Congress intelligent citizenship, nearly 800,000 children, strongly urges the passage by the that meets the wishes ot a capable of understanding, present Congress of the Towner-Sterling bill and the vast majority of persons defending, and_perpetu- establishment of a Federal Department of Education with in the United States in ating our American in- a Secretary in the President's Cabinet.—Olive M. Jones terested in public edu- ditetieiens, and Ambrose Cort, New York Principals’ Association. cation. I am deeply in- _The Towner-Sterling HOSE of us who believe public education is of para- terested =) en the bill creating a Depart- mount National importance will stand firm for the Federal. Government es ment of Education is the Towner-Sterling bill until we have a Department of Edu- tablish a Department of result of years of thought- cation with a Secretary sitting at the President’s council Education to encourage ful deliberation by~ the table, and the co-operation of the Federal Government education in the States, with the States in the financial support of the schools.— I believe that the subor- leaders in public educa- tion throughout the Na- tion. In its preparation and revision every State superintendent or com- missioner of education was consulted, together with hundreds whose opinions on questions of public education are de- serving of consideration. ‘The bill was not hastily drawn, but is the result of prolonged and intense study. In essen- tially its present form it was reported favorably by the Committees on Educa- tion of both Senate and House of the Sixty-sixth Congress. In the prepara- tion of the bill creating a Department of Public Welfare with education as one of its subdivisions, the educational leaders of the country were not con- sulted and the bill was hastily prepared C. G. Pearse, President State Normal School, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Welfare, there was an overwhelming sentiment throughout the country in op- position to the submerging of education in the proposed department. ‘This op- position came not from educators only, but from the friends of education every- where. On the other hand, the enemies of public education let it be known that they would be quite satisfied to have education submerged in the proposed Department of Public Welfare. The Outcome—This question has now become a National issue. Action upon it cannot longer be delayed. The people will insist that every member of Con- dination of educational matters under a Depart- ment of Welfare will not meet the conditions.—Dr. J. A. C. Chandler, President College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va. The one big business of this Nation is the proper education and _ training of boys and girls, and I cannot understand why it should be proposed to discount this important work by giving it a subor- dinate position in some other department. On behalf of the children of Missis sippi I want to urge that Congress put the Department of Education on a equality with the other departments— W. F. Bond, State Superintendent of Education, Jackson, Mississippi. 1921] L the ation re of ition, Ment 1 en. n the 0 be Niza- ling Llions Zens, Con- that > Set- er as asing shout of a Datri- ship, that An in- nt of than on in tment —M. uper- 3, At- ling is the ngress s ofa Persons es in- edu- ly in- the it es nt of jurage states. subor- tional epart- 1] not —Dr. ege of y, Va. tion is ng of rstand scount subor- tment. JL issis- ss put on an nts— ent of Vol. 1d, No. gd —— Our Association s Growth N INNOVATION was _intro- duced at Des Moines when Presi- dent Hunter gave an address on the Association and its work. His picture of the National Education Association as a delicate piece of machinery organ- ied for public education, was _illus- trated by twenty-one slides, four of which are here reproduced. Before pre- gnting these slides, President Hunter discussed the reason for creating a Na- tional Association ; the Association’s ulti- mate aim; and the principles of organi- gation to be adhered to in developing its program of service. “The teaching profession has begun to gssume its true role,” said President Hunter, ‘‘and has decided that upon it devolves the responsibility of seeing that America shall have the kind of public- school system that American ideals ne- cessitate. ‘There has been a distinct change in the ultimate objective for which the National Education Associa- tion stands. Its purpose is as truly pro- fessional as it has ever been, but it has become an active militant body in creat- ing constructive public sentiment in America and in rallying the forces that stand for the public schools of America. “The National Education Association functions through a system of regularly appointed committees and a system of regularly organized departments. The committees are groups of specialists who are delegated by the Association with the responsibility for the solution of some problem and clothed with author- ity to carry on special functions or spe- cial lines of investigation. O Complete Enrolments Lorn © 100% Schools “They include the Committee on Sources of Revenue, Committee on Visual Education, Legislative Commis- sion, Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Salaries, Tenure, and Pensions, Committee on Expenses of Delegates, Commission on Co-ordination of Research Agencies, Committee on Re- organization of Elementary Education, Illiteracy Commission, Commission on THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EpUCATION ASSOCIATION 159 Standardization of Schoolhouse Plan ning and Construction. “The special departments of the As- sociation represent the ways and means of the Association for caring for the spe- cial interests of all important groups engaged in school work in this country. It is the policy of the Association to pro- vide fully for any such special group. A large number of them are functioning now as regularly authorized depart- ments of the National Education Asso- ciation.” MAP SHOWING STATE & LOCAL AFFILIATIONS ‘ a = i owry = OnLA 8 O State Affiliations © Local Affiliations Numbers Indicate Number of Local Associations in States the Reorganization of Secondary Edu- cation, Committee on Health Problems in Education, Committee on Thrift Education, Committee on Racial Well Being, Committee on Rural Education, Committee on Elementary School Eng- lish, Committee on Problems of High School Libraries, and the Committee on Beginning with a slide showing the growth of the Association from 1898, President Hunter called attention to the year 1919 when the membership was more than doubled. In 1920 the mem- bership again doubled. The first map shown here indicates the widespread character of the affiia- tions with the National Education As- sociation. The large circles indicate State affiliations, with all States affiliated except four. The small circles repre- sent affiliated local associations with affliated locals in almost every State in the Union. The numbers indicate the total number of local affiliations in each State. “Our hope of success,” says the re- port, “is great and the evidence is here found in the success of those State and local associations which have organized on a representative basis parallel to our own plan and have succeeded in their programs because they have thus organ- ized, because they have had wise, con- structive leadership, and have stood be- hind that leadership. “You are all familiar with the plat- form of the National Education Asso- THE JouRNAL oF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION Ass FiRsY WUMBER — Members in State Association { SECOND WUMBER- N.E.A. members in State Association THIRG NUMBER - State Delegates to Representative Assembly ciation. I have tried to epitomize that platform by selecting six first objectives as proposed in that platform. They are as follows: “1. In every classroom in America a well qualified, professionally trained teacher, who is a loyal American citizen and who receives an adequate compen- sation. “2. Elimination of the 25 per cent of illiteracy in our population as dis~ closed by the United States Army figures. “3. The Americanization of all non- American elements in our population. “4. Universal training for citizenship to an age approximating maturity— eighteen years. “5. Equalization of educational op- portunity for all of America’s twenty- five million boys and girls. “6. A leader of the educational forces of the country in the highest councils of the Nation—a Secretary in the Presi- dent’s Cabinet. “These are the purposes for which we are fighting as a profession. They rep- resent the things that are before us to do as an organized profession. “As an Association we have not been idle since our change in viewpoint and the adoption of a National Program in working for the accomplishment of that program. Several great steps have been taken to bring about the ends we seek: “1. Reorganized the N. E. A. upon a democratic basis with a representative form of government with a representa- tive assembly as the governing body. “2. Established a publication known as THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EpucaTION ASSOCIATION to be sent to all members of the Association as a means of uniting the profession. —_— ~*~ + OHIO , wo se 2 at e's : 16 “WAT a “3. Established a legislative com- mission to accomplish the objectives of the Association by the enactment of ap- propriate legislation. “4. Established a commission for the co-ordination of all research agencies, studying the problems of education throughout the country. “5. Adopted a policy of a united pro- fession behind a constructive program.” The second map shows the distribu- tion of complete and one hundred per cent enrolments. The large circle rep- resents a city or county school system or an institution with the total membership enrolled in the N. E. A. The small circles indicate single schools with a complete faculty enlisted as members of the National Education Association. From the third map may be noted the widespread hold which the National As- sociation has upon the Nation. Every State association with the exception of four as shown by this map has become an FIRST NUMBER Teachers in Public School SECOND NUMBER Members in State Association. “~~ THIRD NUMBER N.E.A.Members in State Association FOURTHNUMBER Per Cent of Total Teachers who are N.E.A. Members OCIATION November, 1921 affiliated association of the National Eq. ucation Association. The first figur-, show the membership of the Various State associations; the second figures the N. E. A. members in each State as sociation ; the third figures, the number of representatives sent by the association to the present Representative Assembly, Since this map was made, one of the four State associations shown here as not affliated has become an affiliated asso. ciation, leaving only three State associa. tions outside the fold. These figures reveal the strength of the army enrolled behind the National Education Association. Our total affili- ated membership is 363,000. Sixteen of the State associations affiliated are on a delegate basis, and most of them have been supporting constructive legislative programs in their respective States. A total of 213 measures were proposed and supported by these associations during the last legislative session. It is true that the active membership of the Asso- ciation is in the neighborhood of 75,000, When the teaching profession of the country fully realizes the work to be done, the active membership in the As- sociation will grow by leaps and bounds, With the Association as a coherent, uni- fied body actively functioning and stand- ing for its great program, there can be no doubt as to the outcome. The fourth map shows the number of teachers in the public schools of each of the States in the United States, the total number of members in each State asso- ciation as indicated by the second num- bers, the number of N. E. A. members in each association indicated by the third numbers, and the percentage of the total number of teachers in each State who are members of the N. E. A. In hili- n of ma lave tive and ring true \sso- 000. the Vol. 10, No. 9 a total number of members of the N. E. A. in the State association, Illinois ranks frst with 6939; Ohio ranks second with 6118, California ranks third with 4368. In percentage of total number of teachers of the State who are members of the N. E. A., Utah ranks first with 83 per cent; Arizona, second with +5 per cent; Colorado, third with 42 per cent. THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 161 “This,” concluded President Hunter, “gives you some conception of the won- derful piece of machinery known as the National Education Association, which is placed at the disposal of the teachers of America. Can we, standing 700,000 strong, learn to make use of our strength for the cause of public education in America?” Education Divisions in Chambers of Commerce O MOVEMENT is more pro- phetic of better times for public education than the increasing recogni- tion which it is receiving at the hands of business men. ‘This growing respect for public education arises from a belief that physical, moral, and economic ef- fectiveness have their foundations in the public schools—that without education business cannot continue to develop and prosper. The organization of Education Di- visions in Chambers of Commerce is an eflective method of maintaining the spirit of co-operation between business and education. An excellent example of such co-operation is the educational division recently organized by _ the Chamber of Commerce of Memphis, Tennessee. The organization began with seventy-five members, one-third elected for one year, another third for two years, and the remainder for three years. It is planned to build up the membership to about one hundred per- sons representing every interest in the community. The chairman of this Edu- cational Division is Mr. Thomas B. Hooker, a representative leader among the business men of Memphis. There are three vice-chairmen each in charge of a particular field of education. Mr. Joseph A. Fowler is vice-chairman in charge of educational interests in the city of Memphis. Mr. Robert Keebler is responsible for civic education. Miss | Charl Ormond Williams is responsible for seeing that the Chamber of Com- merce meets its obligation to promote education in Shelby County, in Tennes- see, and in the Nation. The Memphis Chamber of Commerce has unanimously adopted the following platform: “The Education Division of the Memphis Chamber of Commerce, real- wing that the educational condition of | the city is an index to its prosperity, that a Nation-wide system of efficient public schools is the best preparation for citi- zenship, and that upon such a system of schools the perpetuity of our free insti- tutions depends, offers the following educational platform as its declaration of principles and urges for these funda- mental bulwarks of education the hearty, co-operative support of every member and every division of the Chamber of Commerce and of all the people, not only of Memphis and Shelby County, but of the entire Memphis territory: 1. A competent well-trained teacher, in hearty accord with American ideals, in every public-school position. 2. Increased facilities for the training of teachers and such inducements to enter the teaching profession as will at- tract men and -women of the highest character and ability to this important field of public service. 3. Equal salaries for equal service to all teachers of equivalent training, ex- perience, and success. 4. A pension for the teachers who have grown old in service; that while a teacher is giving the best years of her life for the public good, she may rest secure in the knowledge of a protected old age. 5. Some form of tenure on the basis of efficient service; that the competent teacher may enjoy a degree of security in her position and not be dependent for her appointment and retention upon the whim of school boards or the favor of politicians. 6. A minimum term of eight months for all schools in the rural sections of this great Republic, and the enforced at- tendance of all children of school age, in order to further equalize educational opportunity. 7. The establishment of a Depart- ment of Education with a Secretary in the President’s Cabinet, and Federal aid, to encourage and assist the States in the promotion of education, with the ex- pressed provision that the management of the public schools shall remain ex- clusively under State control. 8. In every county a well-trained su- perintendent who gives all of his time to school work; sufficient salary to attract such a person and sufficient clerical and supervisory help to insure educational progress in the county. 9. Definite citizenship in every school—as a separate course or a work in correlated subject—to insure prepara- tion on the part of the child for intelli- gent and active participation in the af- fairs of his community, county, State, and Nation. 10. Such vocational work in schools as will fit the child not only to take his place in the industrial world about him, but will make him realize the dignity of work and its necessity for complete liv- ing. Such vocational work we construe to mean agriculture and farm-shop work in rural schools; commercial courses, manual training, and similar courses in city schools; and home economics for girls in all schools, rural and city. 11. Such recreation and physical ex- ercise during school time as will insure an alert and healthy condition of all the faculties of the child and will educate him for the proper use of his leisure time when he leaves school. 12. A program of health in all schools, including expert examination, periodic inspection, correction of faults and habits, and health instruction. 13. Expert supervision of school work to the end that schools may attain greater efficiency and make the largest possible contribution to public welfare. 14. Co-operation with other organi- zations and with men and women of in- telligence and vision everywhere who recognize that only through education can be solved many of the serious prob- lems confronting our Nation. The educational forces of Nebraska are asking for a Department of Educa- tion with the Secretary a member of the President’s Cabinet. Public education has directly in charge one-fifth of the population of the United States and is a most important function of American Government.—J. H. Beveridge, Super- intendent of Schools, Omaha, Nebraska. The education of its future citizens is the most important function of a democ- racy. To place education in an inferior position is to admit that we do not prop- erly understand and appreciate its func- tion. The educators of Michigan are practically a unit in this viewpoint.— T. E. Johnson, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Lansing, Michigan. ws SE Mi aly BOA A Brae ee ee peroetere te pemsterns 9-77 The Journal of the National Education Association Published monthly except July and August by the National Education Association of the United States. President, Charl Ormond Williams Secretary, J. W. Crabtree The payment of $2.00 active membership dues entitles a member to attend all meetings of the Association and its de- partments, to vote for delegates to the Representative Assem- bly, to hold office, and to receive the Journal monthly. The payment of $5.00 instead of $2.00 entitles an active member, in addition to the privileges of the $2.00 member- ship, to receive the complete bound volume of Proceedings, all committee reports, and other regular publications of the Association. One dollar of each membership fee is for a year’s subscrip- tion to the Journal. Subscription to non-members is $2.00 per year; single copies, 25 cents. Advertising rates on application. Members are kindly requested to report at once any change of address, giving old as well as new address. Entered as second-class matter October 28, 1920, at the post- office at Washington, D. C., under the act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage pro- vided for in section 1108, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized January 26, 1921. Editor-in-Chief, William C. Bagley Publication Staff R. S. Erlandson Business Manager Joy Elmer Morgan Managing Editor EXECUTIVE AND EDITORIAL OFFICES: 1201 Sixteenth Street N. W., Washington, D. C, National Conference on Educational Legislation CONFERENCE of | representa- tives of organizations supporting the movement for a Department of Education was held at the National Education Association headquarters in Washington on October | and 2. The conference was one of the most repre- sentative ever brought together for the consideration of educational matters. It included representatives of leading National organizations of women, of labor, and of business, as well as of education. Among the organizations represented were the National Education Associa- tion, the National Committee for a De- partment of Education, the General ’ Federation of Women’s Clubs, the Na- tional Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the National Congress of Mothers and Parent- Teacher Associations, the American Federation of Labor, the American Council on ,Education, the American Library Association, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, the Su- preme Council of the Scottish Rite of Free Masonry, and several members of prominent Chambers of Commerce. Some of the representatives had come long distances to be present. All were enthusiastic in their support of a De- partment of Education with a Secretary in the President’s Cabinet. 162 THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION No vember, 1921 Dr. George D. Strayer, chairman of the Legislative Commission of the Na- tional Education Association, was chosen to preside over the conference, which considered ways and means of effectively promoting the ‘Towner-Sterling bill, and particularly the establishment of a Department of Education, to which the organizations represented are committed. Mr. Hugh S. Magill, Field Secretary of the Association, stated clearly the situation in Congress with respect to education, and suggested plans of action which were agreed upon for carrying forward with renewed earnestness and enthusiasm the campaign for a Depart- ment of Education. Representative Towner and Senator Sterling also made able addresses. Members of the National Education Association may well be proud of the growing prestige of the Association and of the willingness—even eagerness—of other National organizations of great influence to follow its lead in matters educational. The extent of this influ- ence is expressed in a statement made by Judge Towner before the conference in speaking of the TTowner-Sterling bill, in which he said: “No other measure of general legislation ever had back of it so large a group of people who have care- fully considered and approved it.” Maintaining Salaries HE MENACE of the untrained teacher was emphasized in the October JOURNAL in an editorial urging the importance of salaries high enough to enable the profession to command the services of competent trained teachers. To maintain salaries at an adequate level will require constant vigilance on the part of professional organizations— local, State, and National—and on the part of school boards, superintendents, and teachers generally. No clear-thinking taxpayer, when he has the facts, would put salaries at a figure so small as to compel the teachers of his children to live on a lower stand- ard than that maintained by the better section of the community. The tax- payer’s self-interest demands that the in- fluence of teachers be in favor of higher standards of living, which mean greater safety from crime, greater producing power, and, which is equally important, greater consuming power. An industrial system could not exist at all if it had to depend upon a savage or barbarian constituency for the con- sumption of its products. The higher as the general level of intelligence the greater the consuming power of a popu. lation. The best business men, know. ing this, are solidly in favor of profes. sional salaries for professional teachers, They recognize the danger of giving too much publicity to the occasional in- stances where salaries are reduced and of thus creating a false impression that salaries are being reduced generally an impression which will not square with the facts. “Too much Publicity cannot be given the _ instances where salaries are maintained or increased and to the fact that teachers’ salaries, which were hardly half adequate before the war, have at no time reached a satisfac. tory level except in comparatively smal] areas. The Delegate System FULL MEASURE of professional unity among American teachers js an ideal that cannot be realized over night, but the Des Moines meeting gave many striking evidences that substantial progress toward this goal has been made. THOMAS STER- LING, of South Dakota, who ts sponsoring the Towner-Sterling bill in the Senate of the Sixty-seventh Congress. Senator Sterling has been a member of ENATOR the Senate since 1913. He believes that the cause of education is gaining strength in administration circles. | aa eo == es Gs 2s. & & 2 2 4 2.8 25 «Ga eee. no ie -_ t! Saepepsckkereretseoas ateweatwswaias SeepekResE Ss SF eR. — O21 the Opu- lOw- »fes. ers, ; too and that ly— uare icity here and hich the sfac- small ional ers is over gave intial nade, TER- ho is ill in gress. ber of s that ‘ength fol. 10, No. 9 — The reorganization of the Association on a delegate basis is not only a long step in the right direction, but is undoubtedly the most important single step that has yet been taken. “The smoothness with which the reorganization was effected, the good-will with which differences of opinion were reconciled and adjusted, and the spirit of harmony and co-opera- tion that characterized all the sessions of the Representative Assembly were eloquent testimony to the clear foresight and keen insight of those who laid the plans and worked so strenuously and successfully for their fruition. It is appropriate to call attention to the im- portant steps taken in bringing about the transformation. The pioneer in the movement for a delegate system of government for the Association was William B. Owen. The committee of which he was chair- man projected the idea and urged its adoption by the Association. When de- yelopments reached the stage in which the Association was about to take action on the plan, grave doubts were expressed regarding its legality under the Charter of the Association. At the Milwaukee meeting in July, 1919, it was definitely determined, on the advice of legal au- thorities, that it would be impossible to proceed further until an amendment to the Charter could be obtained from Con- gress. Accordingly, the active members of the Association authorized the Execu- tive Committee to take the necessary steps to secure an amendment to the Charter of the Association which would make it possible to establish a representa- tive form of government. The Commit- tee on Reorganization was discontinued on the motion of its chairman, the active members expressing by amendment to the motion their appreciation of the excellent work which the committee had done. In accordance with the instructions given, a bill was prepared and _ intro- duced in Congress amending the Char- ter of the Association by adding a new Section, Section 12, specifically authoriz- ing the Association to establish a repre- Sntative form of government, the de- tails of which should be determined by amendments to the By-laws of the As- sociation. After many delays and the overcoming of numerous obstacles in Congress, the bill was finally passed by both houses and signed by President Wilson on May 13, 1920. As soon as the Charter amendments had been en- acted a preliminary draft of amend- ments to the By-laws was prepared to Put into effect the reorganization plan. THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION At the beginning of the Salt Lake City meeting, the Board of Directors considered these proposed amendments and after a thorough discussion, and the making of several changes, they were approved by the Board and ordered printed for the consideration of the active members. At the business session on Friday morning, July 9, the Drigg’s amendment to the By-laws, amending the article on amendments by striking out the requirement that all amendments should lie over for one year, was adopted by an overwhelming vote, making pos- sible the immediate consideration of the amendments to the By-laws which pro- vided for the reorganization of the As- sociation on a representative basis. The amendments which had been approved by the Board of Directors were then formally considered by the active mem- bers and were adopted in practically the form in which they were submitted. And so in less than two months after the Charter of the Association had been amended by Congress, the representative form of government was adopted, under which the business of the Association was transacted at the Des Moines meet- ing. ‘The principles underlying the re- organization of the Association are as fundamentally sound and democratic as are the principles upon which our Ameri- can form of government is founded. Resting on such a foundation the success of the Association is assured. Better Pictures by Better People HE IMMEDIATE refusal of the public to sanction the showing of films of a certain motion-picture star after the publication of grave charges is evidence of a wholesome sense of de- cency on the part of the American peo- ple. There are standards fixed in the minds of thinking people everywhere which are as inexorable as those fixed by legislatures and courts, and it may safely be predicted that regardless of the ver- dict of the court on the specific charges preferred in this case, the public will ex- press its disapproval of licentious be- havior by refusing to see pictures pro- duced by stars of low character. There are those in the motion-picture business who would put the task of en- tertaining the public on a high plane. The general effort on the part of pic- ture producers to make contracts that will protect them from degenerate stars is evidence that they are trying to elimi- nate the undesirable element in the mo- 163 tion-picture industry. In this move- ment they will have the support of all teachers and others interested in keeping right ideals before the youth of the Nation. Headquarters a Busy Place S THE JOURNAL goes to press early in October, headquarters is a In the Secretary’s office, the work of collecting back dues and ot getting new members is going forward effectively, while the general work of the Association is heavier than before. In the office of the Field Secretary, a stream of correspondence and numer- ous conferences are making steady prog- busy place. ever ress on the Association’s legislative pro- gram. In the Business Department, plans are under way for the commercial exhibits and other business arrangements for the Chicago and Boston meetings, while the campaign to sell advertising space in THE JouRNAL is being regularly car- ried on. In the Department of Records and Accounts, the work of changing the ad- dresses of thousands of members, who have moved during the summer, and of making addressograph plates for new members is requiring a_ considerable force of workers. The mailing room is sending out daily truck loads of October JOURNALS and other printed matter. In the Editorial Office the final touches are being put on the last pages of the volume of proceedings, the No- vember JoURNAL—the largest yet pub- lished—is being made up, while plans are under way for the other numbers of the year. Publicity material on the As- sociation’s program is going out to one hundred journals and to the other magazines and newspapers. Back of all this work is a fine spirit of professional zeal striving to make every dollar of money and every ounce of energy achieve the maximum results for the cause of education and for the teachers of the Nation. school State Association Meetings ps sable IME WAS when the annual meet- ing of a State association was its chief activity. No one joined except as he attended the meeting and dues were paid at the time of the meeting. Now every professionally-minded teacher joins 164 the State association because he knows it is fighting the battles of all teachers in the State 365 days in the year. In the foremost associations dues are paid at any time during the year and go to maintain a permanent secretary and staff charged with responsibility for pro- moting the educational interests of the State. Although the annual meeting is not the main thing or perhaps the most important thing in the life of the State association, it has become more, rather than less important, with the growth in professional interest. This meeting is the inspiration-time of the year—a time when new visions are obtained and foundations laid in broader friendships for State-wide co-operation. The 1921 meetings of State associations are as follows: ALABAMA Education Association. Date to be announced later. ArIzONA State Teachers’ Association at Mesa, November 21, 22, and 23. ARKANSAS Educational Association at Little Rock, November 9, 10, 11, and 12. CALIFORNIA State Teachers’ Association, Bay Section at San Francisco, October 3, 4, and 5; Central Coast Section at Santa Cruz, October 3, 4, and 5; North Coast Section at Eureka, October 10, 11, and 12; North- ern Section at Sacramento, October 18, 19 20, and 21; Southern Section at Los An- géles, week of December roth. CoLorapo Education Association, Western Division at Grand Junction, October 18, 19, 20, and 21; Southern Division at Pu- eblo, October 20, 21, and 22; Eastern Di- vision at Denver, October 20, 21, and 22. CONNECTICUT State Teachers’ Association at Hartford, New Haven, Norwalk and Nor- wich, October 28, 1921; and at Bridge- port, February 3 and 4, 1922. DELAWARE State Teachers’ Association at Dover, November 11 and 12. District oF CoLUMBIA Education Association, Washington, D. C., October. FLorwa Educational Association at Orlando, December 28. GeorciA Educational Association at Colum- bus in 1922. Exact date to be decided later. IpAHO State Teachers’ Association at Boise, November 23 and 24. Itutrnois State Teachers’ Association at Springfield, December 28, 29, and 30. INDIANA State Teachers’ Association at In- dianapolis, October 20, 21, and 22. lowA State Teachers’ Association at Des Moines, November 3, 4, and 5. Kansas State Teachers’ Association at To- peka, Salina, Wichita, and Pittsburg, No- vember 3, 4, and 5. KENTUCKY Education Association at Louis- ville, April 12, 13, and 14, 1922. LovIsiANA Public School Teachers’ Associa- tion at Lake Charles, April 7, 8 9, and 1o, 1922. MaINE Teachers’ Association at October 27 and 28. MARYLAND State Teachers’ Association at Baltimore, November 25 and 26. MASSACHUSETTS Teachers’ Federation at Riverbank Court, Cambridge, October 1s. MICHIGAN State Teachers’ Association at De- troit, October 27 and 28. MINNESOTA Educational Association at Mi-- neapolis, November 2, 3, 4, and 5; South- Portland, THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION western Division at Mankato, October 6, 7, and 8; Northeastern at Virginia, Octo- ber 6, 7, and 8; Northwest Central at Moorhead, October 13 and 14; North- western at Crookston, October 19, 20, and 21; Northern at Bemidji, October 20, 21, and 22. Mississippi State Teachers’ Associatiun, first week in May, 1922. Missouri State Teachers’ Association at St. Louis, November 2, 3, 4, and 5. MonTANA State Teachers’ Association at Great Falls, November 21, 22, and 23. NEBRASKA State Teachers’ Association at Omaha, November 9g, 10, and 11. NeEvaDA State Teachers’ Association. Bi- ennially in even numbered years during week preceding Christmas. New HAMPSHIRE State Teachers’ Association at Concord, October 21 and 22. New Jersey State Teachers’ Association at Atlantic City, December 27, 28, and 29. New Mexico Educational Association, No- vember 21, 22, and 23. New York State Teachers’ Association at Buffalo, November 21, 22, and 23. NortH CAROLINA Teachers’ Assembly at Raleigh, November 23, 24, and 25. NortH Dakota State Teachers’ Association at Fargo, November 21, 22, and 23. Ouro State Teachers’ Association at Colum- bus, December 27, 28, and 29. November, 1921 — es OxktaHoMA State Teachers’ Association a Oklahoma City, February 9, 10, and i 1922. : Orecon State Teachers’ Association at Port. land, December 28, 29, and 30. PENNSYLVANIA State Education Association at Altoona, December 27, 28, 29, and 30, Ruope Is_anp Institute of Instruction at Providence, October 27, 28, and 2g. SouTH CAROLINA State Teachers’ Association at Columbia, March 16, 17, and 18, 1922, South Dakota Education Association at Huron, November 21, 22, and 23. TENNESSEE State Association of Teachers, Texas State Teachers’ Association at Dallas November 24, 25, and 26. F Uran Educational Association at Salt Lake City, October 20, 21, and 22. VERMONT State Teachers’ Association at Rut- land, October 12, 13, and 14. Vircinta State Teachers’ Association at Rich- mond, November 22, 23, 24, and 2s. WasHincTon Education Association at Bel- lingham, October 26, 27, and 28. West VircintA Education Association at Huntington, November 3, 4, and 5. Wisconsin Teachers’ Association at Mil- waukee, November 3, 4, and 5. Wyominc State Teachers’ Association at Thermopolis, October 12, 13, and 14. a eee cee ee — tt tt—nsefy | | NOTES and ANNOUNCEMENTS L. PINET, secretary of the Kan- State Teachers’ Association and managing editor of The Kansas Teacher, which is published by the Asso- ciation as its official organ. The Kansas Association has grown during the past five years from about 5000 ta more than 13,000 members. @ sas Reservations for the meeting of the Department of Superintendence in Chicago should be made through Mr. M. G. Hogge, Chairman of the Hous- ing Committee, 650 South Clark Street, Chicago, Illinois. Information of special value to off- cers of State Education associations is to be collected at headquarters in accord- ance with the wish expressed by the Rep- resentative Assembly at Des Moines. The headquarters office is being re- arranged to provide for the growth in the Association’s activities. The south half of the second floor, which was occu- pied last year by the Legation of Sweden, is now being used by the Association for office purposes. American Education Week—The October JoURNAL announced that De- cember + to 10 had been set aside as American Education Week by the Na- tional Education Association and the American Legion. The detailed plans for the observance of this week will be mailed directly to State, county, and city superintendents, to normal school and college presidents, and to others. The purpose is not to carry out a program which will interfere with the regular of the schools, but rather through articles and editorials in news- activities / pa pi | at at ion 22. at las, ake kut- ich- 3el- Mil - at 4 the Mr. Dus- eet, offi- s to yrd- tep- ) in yuth ecu- den, for The » as Na- the lans | be city and The ram ular ther -WS- papers and periodicals, through confer- ences of civic leaders, through slides in picture theaters, through information carried by children to their parents, and through every other legitimate means to help the public to understand the pri- mary importance of education in the life gad community, State, and Nation. Plans for the program of the Boston meeting were carefully considered by she President and the Executive Com- mittee at their meetings on September 30 and October 1. ‘The arrangement which appears to find most favor is that of devoting mornings to business sessions of the Representative Assembly, after- noons to the departmental meetings which are assuming increasing import- ance, and evenings to inspirational ad- dresses, excepting on the Fourth of July which is to be given over to patriotic programs and exercises. Letters are being sent to libraries sug- gesting their completing sets of the As- sociation’s Proceedings while volumes are still available. ‘There is probably no single source of educational litera- ture so rich and varied in content as the seven-foot shelf of proceedings, which record the expansion cf education and reflect the evolution of the thought of educational leaders on vital questions for over three-score vears. These back volumes are being sold for $3.00 per copy. The will ex- hausted as it already is for some num- example, 1878, 1882, and these supply soon be bers—for 1885. The Ohio State Teachers’ Associa- tion, of which Superintendent Frank E. Reynolds, of West Park, is secretary, has the honor of being the first State as- sociation to pay its 1921-22 dues as an affiliated association of the National Ed- cation Association. All State associa- tions, except three, are now afhliated with the National Association. The annual dues of affiliated State associa- tions are $10.00 for each delegate with amaximum of $100.00. Each State as- sociation is entitled to elect one delegate and one alternate to the Representative Assembly for each one hundred of its members, or major fraction thereof, who are active members of the National As- sociation, up to five hundred active members, and thereafter one delegate and one alternate for each five hundred of its members or major fraction thereof. The American Country Life Asso- cation will hold its annual conference in New Orleans, November 10, 11, and THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 12. President, Kenyon L. Butterfield, presi- The officers of the association are: dent Massachusetts Agriculture Col- lege, Ambherst; vice-president, A. R. Mann, Dean of New York State Col- lege of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca; executive secretary, Charles J. Galpin; treasurer, Charles A. Jenkins; acting field secretary, Nat T. Frame. The American Country Life Associa- tion works in close co-operation with the Rural Department of the National Edu- cation Association. OHN ENRIGHT, who succeeds J the late Calvin N. Kendall as Com- missioner of Education of New Jersey. Mr. Enright, who was appointed assist- ant commissioner by Dr. Kendall six vears ago, acted as commissioner during the illness of Dr. Kendall. A study of teachers’ salaries in New Jersey reported in The School News for September, 1921, indicates that 80 per cent of the schools reporting have in- creased salaries, 30 per cent have dis- continued the war-time bonus, and 25 per cent have made this bonus a part of the salary. The increases reported range from one per cent to three hun- dred dollars. Kellogg Library, of the Kansas State Normal School at Emporia, has issued an eighteen-page bibliography on school consolidation and related topics. The compilation is most timely, for the rural school problem is a most The include vital one. many references recent 1605 magazine articles. Some of the topics on which references Rural Attitude “Toward Rural Life as Affected by tion, Community Surveys, Unit, Teacher Housing, Community Recreation, and School Publicity. This bibliography may be obtained for fifteen cents a copy by applying to the Kellogg Library, Emporia, Kansas. are given are: Education, ‘Transporta- The County Thanksgiving Day ot this year, No- vember 24, is the three-hundredth anni- versary of the first thanksgiving held by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, Massactu- setts. The Pilgrims expressed sincere thanks that the health of the members of the colony had been restored and that food was plentiful for the winter. Their neighbors, the Indians, had been invited to join in this feast of thanks- giving. ‘This colony, whose descendants living all over the United States, drew up a compact which was signed in the cabin of the May- flower before landing. The members of the colony covenanted together and formed themselves into a body politic “to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts. and offices, from time to time, as should be thought meet and convenient for the general good of the colony.” Pilgrim are Calvin N. Kendall, until rece: tlv Commissioner of Education for the State of New Jersey, one of the foremost edu- cators of America, died at his home in Trenton, New September 2, 1921. He was born in Augusta, New York, February 9, 1858. Dr. Kendall’s success as an educator may be attributed to his careful training in college, his painstaking efforts to real- ize his ideals for education by solving any problem in school administration or supervision that he encountered, ani hi: exceptional ability to inspire his cor fréres with enthusiasm and confidence. Few educators have been able to find, Jersey, guide, and inspire as many young men and women in did Dr. Kendall. His experience covered a wide range of activities. From a teacher in the rural schools of New York State and principal of the high school at Jackson, Michigan, he became superintendent of the Jackson schools, a position he held for four years. Subsequently he _ be- came superintendent of schools in Sagi- naw, Michigan; New Haven, Connecti- cut; and Indianapolis, Indiana. From 1911 until his death he was Commis- sioner of Education in New Jersev. education as 166 ‘THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION Dr. Kendall also served in many posi- tions of professional leadership. He was president of the Council of Educa- tion in Connecticut, president of the Connecticut and of the Indiana State Teachers’ Associations as well as the New Jersey Council of Education. In 1920 he became president of the Depart- ment of Superintendence of the National Education Association. He was joint author, with Reuben Thwaites, of a History oF THE UNITED STATES; with George A. Mirick, of How to TEACH THE FUNDAMENTAL SuBJEcTs AND How to TEACH THE SpectaL Susjyects; with Florence E. Stryker, of How to Teaco History IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. During his busy career he found time to be an inspiring friend to the children of the elementary and high schools and to the young men and women in colleges. He kept in touch with men of affairs. Believing whole-heartedly in youth and its opportunities, he worked without ceasing for the betterment of the cause of education and devoted his life to im- proving educational facilities for the youth of America. Two nation-wide prize essay con- tests in behalf of safety education are announced by the Highway and High- way-Transport Education Committee which was appointed by the Commis- sioner of Education last May. The first contest includes five hundred prizes for the best essay on safety by grammar-school children of the United States. All grammar-school children fourteen years of age or under are eligible. In addition to the State prizes, there are three National prizes. The first National prize includes a trip to Washington and a gold watch. The second National prize is a gold loving cup, and the third National prize is a silver loving cup. Prizes are to be awarded in each of the States and terri- tories, including the District of Colum- bia, the Canal Zone, Alaska, the Philip- pines, and Porto Rico, as follows: First prize, gold medal and $15 in cash; sec- ond prize, silver medal and $10 in cash; third prize, bronze medal and $5 in cash. The third prizes will vary in number in the different States, being prorated among the different States in proportion to the number enrolled in the grammar grades. The essays are to be about five hundred words in length. The second contest is for grammar- school teachers. One thousand dollars is offered for the best lessons in safety education. The awards in the teacher contest are as follows: First prize, $500 cash and a trip to Washington;.second prize, $300 cash; third prize, $200 cash. Each contestant is to submit an outline of a plan for a classroom lesson which will instruct children in how to avoid accident when on the street. Both of these prize contests are avail- able due to the generosity of the Na- tional Automobile Chamber of Com- merce, New York, N. Y. Announce- ment will be made in the press regarding the rules and regulations, as well as through posters. Teachers and school officers who desire further information should address the Director of Highway and Highway- Transport Education, Professor C. J. Tilden, Willard Build- ing, Washington, D. C. In view of the enormous loss of life by preventable ac- cidents, every worthy effort to promote safety merits the support of educators. Department of Superintendence S ANNOUNCED by President Jones in the September number of THE JOURNAL there will meet with the Department of Superintendence at Chi- cago, February 27 to March 2, 1922, twelve other organizations representing administrative service or closely allied interests. The officers of the departments and associations are as follows: Superintendence President, R. G. Jones, Superintendent of Schools, Cleveland, Ohio. Vice-President, Will C. Wood, State Com- missioner of Education, Sacramento, Calif. Second Vice-President, E. C. Broome, Super- intendent of Schools, Philadelphia, Pa. Treasurer, Ira B. Bush, Superintendent of Schools, Erie, Pa. Secretary, S. D. Shankland, Superintendent of Andrews Institute, Willoughby, Ohio. Executive Committee, Jesse H. Newlon, Su- perintendent of Schools, Denver, Colo.; Frank Cody, Superintendent of Schools, Detroit, Mich.; Randall J. Condon, Su- perintendent of Schools, Cincinnati, Ohio; J. H. Beveridge, Superintendent of Schools, Omaha, Nebr. National Council of Education President, Homer H. Seerley, President of lowa State Teachers’ College, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Vice-President, State Superintendent tion, Olympia, Wash. Secretary, Adelaide Steele Baylor, Federal Agent for Home Economics, Washington, B.C. Preston, Instruc- Josephine Corliss of Public Elementary School Principals President, Leonard Power, Principal of the Franklin School, Port Arthur, Texas. Vice-President, Katherine D. Blake, Prin- cipal Public School No. 6, New York, N. Y. Secretary, J. Bracken, Public Schools, Du- luth, Minn, November, 1927 Rural Education President, Ernest Burnham, State N School, Kalamazoo, Mich. Vice-President, J. C. Muerman, Spegial; in Rural Education, Bureau of Rdoauiiee Washington, D. C. ; Secretary, Mabel Carney, Professor of Rural Education, Teachers’ College, Columbj University, New York, N. Y. . ormal Vocational Education President, Wilbur H. Bender, State of Vocational Iowa. Secretary, Alma Merwin, State Supervisor of Home Economics, Des Moines, Iowa. Directo r Education, Des Moines ’ City Training School Section Chairman, Norman W. Cameron, Director of Training of Teachers, Baltimore, Md Secretary, Edward E. Hill, Head of Depart. ment of Social Science, Chicago Normal College, Chicago, III. National Association of Directors of Educa- tional Research President, Harold A. Rugg, Teachers’ Col- lege, Columbia University, New York N. Y. ' Secretary, E. J. Ashbaugh, University of lowa, Iowa City, lowa. National Association of High School Super- visors and Inspectors President, H. A. Hollister, University of IIli- nois, Urbana, III. Secretary, J. B. Edmonson, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. National Association of Secondary School Principals President, Merle Prunty, Principal of Cen- tral High School, Tulsa, Okla. Vice-President, William A. Wetzel, Prin- cipal of Trenton High School, Trenton, N. J. Secretary, H. V. Church, Principal of J. Sterling Morton High School, Cicero, Ill, National Council of Primary Education President, Ella Victoria Dobbs, Assistant Professor of Industrial Arts, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. National Council of State Departments of Education President, P. E. McClenahan, State Super- intendent of Public Instruction, Des Moines, Iowa. Secretary, George H. Reavis, Assistant State Superintendent of Schools, Baltimore, Md. National Society of College Teachers of Education President, Henry W. Holmes, Harvard Uni- versity, Cambridge, Mass. Secretary, Florence E. Bamberger, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. National Society for Study of Education President, F. J. Kelly, Dean of the School of Education,’ University of Kansas, Law- rence, Kans. ral bia tor ies, sor Stor Md. art- mal ica- Col- ork, of per- Illi- of on stant rsity iper- ines, State Md. Uni- [ohns ion ol of Law- Minutes of the Des Moines Meeting Complete Minutes of the Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting of the National Education Association, Held in the Coliseum at Des Moines, lowa, July 5, 6, 7, and 8, 1921 IRST BUSINESS SESSION Or THE REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY— President Fred M. Hunter called the meeting to order at 9 A. M., Tuesday, July 5 and announced a short recess until the delegates could take their The delegates States. The President announced that the first busi- proper places. were seated in groups by ness in order was the report of the Cre- Dr. Wright, of North Carolina, chairman of a sub-committee ap- dentials Committee. pointed by the Credentials Committee, re- ported that the committee had gone over the lists of names with the Secretary and that the credentials of four hundred and sixty-eight submitted in the report, were approved, and delegates, whose names were recommended that they be seated in the Assembly. It was further reported that there were many other delegates who had not yet submitted credentials, and recom- mended that such delegates be accepted and seated on the presentation of the delegate’s badge together with the official credential card furnished by the Secretary and en- dorsed by the Committee. Dr. Wright moved the adoption of the report. The motion was seconded and carried. (The complete list of delegates constituting the Representative Assembly is on file in the Secretary's office and will be published later.) The President announced that in the prep- aration of a program he had found it im- possible to crowd all the important reports into the business sessions, and that some of these reports would be made at the general sessions and later taken up in the Repre- sentative Assembly for such consideration and action as might be determined. Dr. W. B. Owen, of Illinois, moved the appointment of a Committee on Rules, con- sisting of seven delegates. The motion was seconded and President appointed Committee on Rules: Dr. Owen, of Illinois, Chairman; Miss Pond, of Nebraska; Miss Force, of Colorado; Miss MacGregor, of Minnesota; Mr. Oberholtzer, of Oklahoma; Mr. Brooks, of North Carolina; Mr. Engle- man, of Illinois. carried unanimously. The the following as the The Secretary was recognized and read a number of announcements. The called upon Mr. Ira B. vania, to present the report of the Committee on Visual Education. nounced that this others pre- sented at this session would be taken up for discussion and such President Bush, of Pennsyl- President Hunter an- report and action as might be determined at a later session of the Repre- sentative Assembly. Mr. D. B. Waldo, of Michigan, next presented the report of the Committee on Salaries. Immediately after the presentation of this report, Miss Haley, of Illinois, entered a formal protest against report and action receiving the taking thereon on the ground that the committee HIS BUILDING, which new home of the National Educa- tion Association, is centrally located on the corner of Sixteenth and M Streets Northwest, diagonally across from the National Geographic Society. It is a four-story structure eighty-five by forty- is the two feet. leased to the Mothers tions. Part of the third floor is National Congress of and Parent-Teacher Associa- having this subject in charge had not met and passed upon the report, and that, there- fore, it should be referred back -to the com- mittee appointed by the Association. Presi- dent Hunter announced that Miss Haley’s protest would be entered in the record and that it would be considered when the subject was taken under consideration at a later session. Miss Charl Ormond Williams, of Tennes- see, then read the report of the Committee When Miss Williams had finished her report, Miss Haley, of Illinois, on Tenure. entered a formal protest against its con- sideration, stating that her reasons there- fore were the same as those given by her with respect to the report of the Committee on Salaries; namely, that because the com- mittee authorized by the Association to con- sider the subject had not met and passed [167] upon the report, it should therefore be re- ferred back to the committee. President Hunter announced that Miss Haley’s protest would be entered in the record and con- sidered when the matter was taken up at a later session of the Representative Assembly. It was agreed that a similar protest by Miss Haley should be entered against the report of the Committee on Pensions, which was to be presented next. Dr. Pearse, of Wisconsin, called attention to the fact that the hour had arrived for the beginning of the departmental meetings, and moved that the Representative Assembly ad- Wednesday. announced that the journ until 9 A. M. President Hunter report of the Committee on Pensions was brief, and sug- gested that it would be well, if possible, to hear that report before adjournment. At- tention was called to the fact that the meet- ing of the Nominating Committee was set for 9 A. M. Wednesday, which would con- flict with the regular meeting of the As- sembly. Secretary Crabtree stated that the time of meeting of the Nominating Com- mittee was fixed by the By-laws and could not be changed. President Hunter then put the motion to adjourn until 9 A. M. Wednes- day. The motion was lost. Thereupon Mr. J. W. Carr, of Kentucky, presented the re- At the close of the presentation of this report, 10:40 port of the Committee on Pensions. A. M., the Representative Assembly took a recess until 9 A. M. on Wednesday, July 6th. Wednesday, July 6, 1921 SECOND BusINess SESSION OF THE REPRE- SENTATIVE ASSEMBLY—The Assembly was called to order by President Hunter at 9 A. M., whereupon, in accordance with the program of the meeting, the President pre- sented his report, which was enthusiastically received. President Hunter next called upon Dr. George D. Strayer, of New York, who was recognized to present the report of the Legislative Commission. Miss Cornelia S. Adair, of Virginia, Chairman of the Com- mittee on Financing Delegates, was called upon to present the report of this committee. Dr. Owen, of Illinois, was next recognized to present the report of the Committee on Rules. The following . mended the procedure of the rules were recom- to govern Representative Assembly and after some dis- cussion were adopted: 1. Seating and Organization of Delegates. The delegates from the several States, territories, and districts shall be seated in a body. Each State delegation shall elect a chairman of the delegation to serve through the annual meeting. 2. Delegates and Alternates. In the absence of a delegate from any meeting of the Representative Assembly, the alternate shall have the right to vote in his stead. In the absence of a delegate and his alternate, no other person shall be authorized to vote in their stead. Where a State or local affili- ated association is represented by more than one delegate and alternate, in the absence of any dele- gate from the meeting of the Representative As- sembly, the delegates from that State or local affiliated association shall select the alternate to act. 3. Debate. In debate on any motion, each speaker shall be limited to five minutes unless his time be extended either (1) by unanimous consent or (2) by vote of the Representative. Assembly. 4. Voting. No person may cast more than one vote in the proceedings of the Representative As- sembly. In taking of a roll call, the roll shall be called by States; the chairman of each State dele- gation shall announce the ayes and noes on the question. Roberts’ Rules of , on parliamentary 5. Parliamentary Procedure, Order is adopted as the autho procedure. President Hunter announced that the time for the consideration of reports had come, and that, since Miss Haley, of Illinois, had entered a formal protest against the con- sideration of certain reports, he would en- motion by Miss Haley on that subject. Miss Haley was called to the plat- form, and after a brief discussion, moved tertain a that the reports on Salaries, Tenure, and on Pensions be referred to the Committee on Salaries, Tenure, and Pensions of the Asso- ciation. The motion seconded. Miss Haley asked for the ruling by the Chair as to whether or not there was a Committee on The Presi- dent declined to make a ruling on this point, stating that if he did so, in accordance with was Salaries, Tenure, and Pensions. his opinion, he would have to rule Miss Haley’s motion out of order and he did not wish to do this but wished the question de- cided Whereupon Miss Haley proceeded to discuss her motion. When Miss Haley had proceeded for a few minutes, Dr. Wright, of North Carolina, made a point of order that the five minutes allotted her had elapsed. The Presidert ruled that Miss Haley had one minute, whereupon she proceeded with her discus- sion. When had President asked unanimous consent to per- upon its merits. this time elapsed the mit Miss Haley to speak for two more min- utes, and ruled that unanimous consent was Miss Haley proceeded of her motion. given. Whereupon with the discussion Presi- dent Hunter called Dr. Strayer to the chair, and taking the floor, proceeded to discuss Miss Haley’s When had elapsed the Chairman (Dr. Strayer) so announced and asked unanimous consent of the body to continue for two more minutes, motion. five minutes which consent was given, and Mr. Hunter continued. At the close of his President Hunter resumed toe chair. Mr. Hathaway, of Florida, offered as a substitute motion that the tull and action of the President and Executive Com- mittee taken with respect to the reorganiza- discussion course THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION November, 1921 tion of the Committee on Salaries, Tenure, and Pensions, and the constituting of three sub-committees to report on these three sub- jects, be made legal and binding. The sub- stitute motion was seconded, and after some discussion, was carried. Mr. Hathaway then moved that the reports of these three sub-committees be received. Miss Haley asked if they were to be received as reports of three separate committees, and the Presi- dent ruled that they were the reports of the reconstituted general committee. Before the vote on the motion was taken, Miss Haley announced that she wished to file her pro- test in the record against a report of a com- mittee being presented and received when the committee, of which these sub-commit- " Prycseaciing GARDNER PEARSE, chairman of the board of trustees of the National Education Association and formerly its Treasurer and President, is president of the State Normal School at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He has been active in the affairs of the Association 18SgI first became a member. since when he tees are component parts, did not meet and did not have an opportunity to see the re- ports. The President ordered Miss Haley’s protest filed in the record, whereupon the motion to receive the reports was duly put and carried. President Hunter asked unanimous con- sent to dispense with the further discussion of reports received in order that the regular program announced to begin at 10:30 might 1r:25 A. M., the proceed, whereupon at a Representative Assembly took a recess until g A. M. Thursday, July 7th. Thursday, July 7, 1921 THIRD BUSINESS SESSION OF THE REppp. SENTATIVE AssEMBLY—The Assembly was called to order by President Hunter at 9 A. M. The Secretary was called upon and made a number of important announce- ments, one being that the attendance had gone beyond the five thousand mark. The President announced that in accord- ance with the By-laws he had appointed the following Auditing Committee: Mr. Haw- kins, of Ohio, Chairman; Miss Hamilton, of Minnesota; and Mr. Rice, of Oregon. Dr. W. B. Owen was introduced and presented the report of the Commission oa the Reorganization of Secondary Education, on behalf of Dr. Kingsley, Chairman of th: Committee. Mr. Hugh S. Magill, Field Secretary of the Association, next presented his report. He was followed by Mr. Arthur H. Cham- who presented the of the berlain, Committee on Thrift Education. The President announced that there are now ofhcially before the Representative As- report sembly the committee reports made on Tues- day forenoon at the first business session on Salaries, Tenure, and Pensions; those made on Wednesday forenoon at the second busi- ness session by the President and by the Chairman of the Legislative Commission: and those presented this morning at this, the third business session. The President further stated that the fol- lowing reports had been presented at the general sessions but not at the official meet- ing of the Representative Assembly: Report of Editor-in-Chief of the Journal; Report of the Committee on Reorganization of Ele- mentary Education; Report of the Committee on Sources of Revenue; Report of the Com- Health Problems in and the Report of the Committee on IIlit- The President ruled that these last mittee on Education ; eracy. named reports were not officially before the Representative Assembly, and that a motion would be necessary to bring them before the Assembly for such action as the Assembly might wish to take. De: 7. OW. of Alabama, moved that the list of reports named by the Abercrombie, President as having been given before the general sessions be officially received by the Representative Assembly for such action thereon as might be determined by the As- sembly. The motion was seconded and carried. Dr. Owen, of Illinois, on behalf of Dr. Woods, of the Committee on Health Prob- lems in Education, presented the following recommendations of the committee, and moved their adoption: That the Committee on Health Problems in Education, originally Council of appointed under the National it- ast the ion the bly na, the the the ion As- ind Dr. ob- ing ind ttee lly of Vol. 10, No. 9 Education, be continued as a Committee on Health Problems in Education of the Na- tional Education Association, and that this committee be authorized; first, to continue its program with the coéperation of a similar committee of the American Medical Associa- tion; second, to enlist the codperation of other organizations and agencies qualified to furnish desirable coéperation; third, to encourage the organization in each State of a Committee on Health Problems in Educa- tion by the State teachers’ association, to co- dperate with a similar committee of phy- sicians appointed by the State medical so- cieties in the several States. The motion to adopt was seconded and carried. Dr. Owen reported the recommendations of the Committee on Sources of Revenue and moved their adoption. After consider- able discussion regarding the form in which the recommendation should be presented, and the suggestions of several amendments which accepted by Dr. Owen, the motion was presented in the following form: were 1. That the Executive Committee be authorized to establish as soon as the finances of the Associa tion would permit, a department of investigation and research in the Secretary's office at Washing- ton. 2. That the head of this department be a trained student of economics and statistics. 3. That this department inaugurate immediately a continuing service to the affiliated State and local associations with respect to the sources of school revenue and finances through THe Journat of the Association, and through bulletins and more com prehensive studies. 4. That these studies contemplate the ment of a comprehensive standard treatment of the develop- whole subject of school economics. 5. That the Association invite the affiliated State associations to create State committees on revenue to coéperate with the department at the National headquarters, and with the Committee on Sources of Revenue of the Association. The motion to adopt was seconded and carried. Mrs. Bradford, of Colorado, was then recognized and addressed the Assembly, calling particular attention to the two great meetings of the Annual Meeting in July, and the meeting of the Department of Feb- tuary, suggesting that these should be com- bined into one great meeting, and to that end moved that the Executive Committee be requested to conduct a careful investigation Association, the Superintendence in cf the advisability of holding annually one great meeting, a union of these two meet- ings; and that after such an investigation the Executive Committee be empowered to bring about such a change, if the Committee should think advisable. duly seconded. Mr. moved to amend the motion requiring the Executive Committee to their clusions back to the Representative sembly for action. The motion was Moore, of Illinois, report con- As- The President ruled that the motion and the amendment were both unnecessary, and that because the By-laws give the Executive THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION Committee full power without any action by the Assembly, but that the motion was valid in so far as it requested the Executive Com- mittee to investigate the matter. Mr. Hathaway, of Florida, offered as a substitute motion that the Executive Com- mittee be requested to make a thorough in- vestigation and report its findings to the Representative Assembly at the next annual meeting for such action as the Assembly might wish to take. seconded, and The substitute motion after discussion was was voted upon and carried. The President announced that he had called a meeting of the presidents of the departments on July 3 as announced at the ALTER P. MORGAN, presi- dent of the Department of Nor- mal Schools of the National Education Association 1921-22, has been president of the Western Illinois State Teachers’ College, Macomb, Illinois, since 1912. Mr. Morgan is past-secretary of the National Council of Normal School Presidents and Principals. Atlantic City meeting, and that at this meet- ing the presidents of the various depart- ments discussed the necessity of amend- ments to the By-laws to set out more clearly the powers and limitations of the different departments of the Association; that at this meeting a committee was appointed to pre- pare such proposed amendments to the By- laws, which amendments had been unani- mously approved by the presidents of the different departments and ordered printed and distributed for the consideration of the Representative these pro- Assembly; that 169 posed amendments were now in the hand, of the delegates; and that at a later sessiou the committee would ask unanimous consent of the Representative Assembly to have these proposed amendments to the By-laws con- sidered for immediate adoption. Dr. Culbertson, of lowa, moved that the Executive Committee be requested to con- sider the recommendation of the Field Secre- tary for an assistant. The recommendation of the Field Secretary referred to in this motion was made in his oral report to the Representative Assembly, and was as fol- lows: I think the Association should have at the headquarters’ important some one office to take charge of the work of collecting information from all parts of the country that will be of value to State and local associations. In other words, the Na- tional Education Association should be a clearing house for such information as State and local as sociations may need in their carrying forward programs. The motion was seconded by Mr. Mat- thews, of Arizona, and carried. In reply to an inquiry from Dr. Owen, cf Illinois, as to when amendments to the By-laws would be considered the President announced that full opportunity would be given at the business session tomorrow, Fri- day, for such business of that nature as any member of the Representative Assembl) might desire to bring up. Whereupon the Representative Assembly adjourned to meet Friday at 9 A. M. Friday, July 8, 1921 FouRTH, AND FINAL, THE BUSINESS SESSION OI ASSEMBLY—President Assembly _ to REPRESENTATIVE called the promptly at 9 A. M. Hunter order and announced a recess of a few minutes while the delegates were being seated. The session was then called to order for business. The Secretary was introduced and made a number of Board meet this after- noon at 2 o’clock; that the Executive Com- mittee would meet at the close oi the meet- ing of the Board of Directors; and that th announcements—that the new of Directors would Board of Trustees would meet at 4 o'clock; all these meetings to be held on the mezza- nine floor of the Fort Des Moines Hotel. President Hunter announced that the first order of business would be the report of the Secretary which had been printed and was in the hands of the delegates. Secre- tary Crabtree made a brief oral report em- phasizing some of the points brought out in his printed duly sec- onded the report of the Secretary was re- ceived and placed on file. : Miss Cornelia S. Association, was introduced to present the She stated that the official report had been printed and placed in the hands of the delegates; that it had been duly audited by a firm of auditors ap- pointed by the President, and that it had also report. On motion Adair, Treasurer of the Treasurer’s report. 170 THE been audited and approved by the Auditing Committee of the Association. She then presented a supplemental report, which she asked to be considered as a part of her complete report. In this supplemental re- port the Treasurer made two specific recom- mendations: First, that a closer coéperation between local and State associations and the National Association be brought about, and that the dues for all be arranged on a bud- get plan and collected by the local associa- tion; and, second, that active members of the Association be made active members for life on payment of one hundred dollars, said amount to be added to the Permanent Fund of the Association. After reply to inquiries made by delegates, the President ruled that in accordance with the By-laws, the life members recommended in considerable discussion, and _ in the Treasurer’s report would have the same powers as other active members, and no more. A motion to receive and adopt the report of the Treasurer, including her sup- plemental report and its recommendations, carried. was seconded and_ unanimously The report of the Treasurer is as follows: Treasurer's Report From June 1, 1920 to May 31, 1921 Deficit brought forward from Treasurer’s Report for year ended May 31, 1920...... $6,394.12 Receipts From Annual Meeting..... 2,296.00 From Membership, Atlantic City Meeting of Depart- ment of Superintendence.. 4,037.00 From Secretary’s Office during the Year: Membership Fees ........ $78,914.00 Subscriptions to N. E. A. Be ee 22,491.00 Sale of Volumes of Pro- aS a a 643.99 Sale of Special Reports.. 370.07 Special Contributions..... 35-50 $102,454.56 From Income from Perma- oS ee ee eee From Commercial Exhibits.. From Advertising in N. E. A. 4,276.64 9,921.97 POUOMAE, i icsne ds ees ae 5,180.83 From Interest on Bank Bal- NCES noc ceccceseccecsececs 7-00 From Loan from Continental io} 6 are rrr ery 5,000.00 From Miscellaneous Income (Exchange, etc.)..-.essee. 73.88 126,914.88 $133,247.88 Expenses Joard of Trustees—Expenses $875.44 Executive Committee: President Mrs. Preston.. $660.02) $2,014.60 (Mr. Hunter.. 1,354.58) First Vice-President........ 187.06 Treasurer .......- se eeeeeee 326.66 Chairman, Board of Trustees 518.21 Member by Election........ 178.84 = 3,225-37 General Secretary’s Othce: Salary of Secretary........ $6,000.00 Postage .....-«- eee cue 5,798.93 Telephone and Telegrams... 1,054.19 Express and Freight........ 195.67 Clerical Services.........-.- 27,832.96 Rent, Light, Power, Heat, Janitor ...+-se-- sees wee 5,414.94 Stationery and Office Sup- PliCS cccccccersevecersees 3,180.43 JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL (a RI rar 579.44 SE Te ee ae Pe 126.93 my Re eae 250.00 ee a a 92.50 NE sa 2/4. 54 sis AeA scats ata ice 173.52 Repairs—Office Furniture and Ee Pee TT ee 470.31 Miscellaneous Expense...... 684.20 —————_ 51, 854.02 Field Secretary’s Office: Salary of Field _Secretary.. $7,200.00 Salaries of Assistant Field etretarse.). 2269-000 0:4 8% 2,850.00 *Traveling, Clerical Service, CUE s ccc Tasessecccssesees 5,862.56 —— 15,912.56 * Notr.—Mr. Magill’s total traveling expenses for the year as Field Secretary, exclusive of items charged to Legislative Commission, were $1,540.84. His total receipts in honorariums and payments to apply on expenses, and turned over by him to the Association were $1,701.15, or $160.31 more than his total traveling expenses. ORNELIA_ 8. ADAIR, of Rich- mond, Virginia, Treasurer of the National Education Association, whose recommendation that provision be made for the payment of dues for life, was adopted by the Representative Assembly at Des Moines. Miss Adair is past- president of the National League of Teachers’ Associations. Express and Freight: Distribution of Volumes.... 961.46 Printing: Proceedings (1920)......... $10,149.89 ROREINE ANS s dns o'4a bande 59.75 Special Reports............ 146.26 Executive Committee Bulle- WS 6 trae ack os Ce ea 6,389.40 Ns Ee th. POURMAR. occ evi 20,924.77 ee eee ee 4,569.71 on — 42,239.78 EpuUCATION ASSOCIATION November, 1921 Special Appropriations: Committee on Reorganization "Se eae $121.43 Committee on Health Educa- NES seeds we Sieeasiie #4, cule ds 490.69 Committee on Organization Elementary Educ......... 174.83 Illiteracy Commission....... 177.15 Legislative Commission..... 1,833.64 <4 ee: Auditing Accounts of the As- 97-74 ee ry ere $687.77 Unclassified Expenses: Purchase of Volumes. $62.36 Christmas Bonus..... 100.00 Subscriptions to Jour- a 14.25 Press Clippings...... 135.00 Moving Expenses to Se 232.19 Miscellaneous........ 21.15 eG ee 564.95 . . * 1,252. Annual Convention: “ae Department Expenses....... $126.65 wemte TUGGEOFE,. 6... So ccee 622.84 Clerical Services: Registration Bureau. .$420.40 Bet (OM ce... cscs cs 79.50 yi is 499.90 Torre Fee ee 1,696.78 Printing: PPORTOME ccs ccacccs $588.70 Miscellaneous........ 317.60 J : be re — 906.30 Stationery and Office Supplies 133.11 Telephone and Telegrams... 85.44 Miscellaneous: Speakers on Program. .$422.15 Legal Service........ 25.00 Badges...... hipiata ple aca 125.90 Expenses of Asst. Says 3 hans ities 421.19 - - 994.24 _ 5,065.26 Department of Superintendence: Expenses of President...... $63.61 Clerical Services: Registration Bureau.. $82.61 Stenographic Service.. 25.75 ‘ a 108.36 SS ee eee 926.24 Printing: POUT AING... . .cicacsaes $860.15 Miscellaneous........ 35.40 —— Roe ee ©95-55 le a = MONIES oe arc a stbacacernia 1.74 Miscellaneous: Expenses of Secretary $96.95 Expenses of Mr. Crab- tree to Trenton.. 112.57 Speakers on Program 395.58 OT SP eee 287.91 Flowers for Mr. Ken- _ . SEER ae 51.62 Expenses—Miss Haw- | ORB RRA ac aia 20,11 Pullman Service, Penn. RE rare 58.32 Sundry Expense..... 29.06 — 1,052.12 ———— $047.63 Payments in respect of Appropriations eee rr 1,708.34 Payments on Loans from Continental : Trust CO.e cee e eee cette e ees 5,300.00 Purchase of Office Furniture and Fix- tUTES... 2.022200 ep eeesoseedeceeeen 5,199.48 Depreciation on Furniture and Fix- Sas bath 5.5 4 bald alle «6.4.06 Sale eel 184.67 $139,624.46 Summary of Expenditures Expenditures made during year for Cur- rent Expenses, repayment of loans, and purchase of equipment............. $126,882.95 Expenditures made during year for Pre- vious Year's Expenses. .....ccccsccs 1,708.34 Total Expenditures for the Year. .$128,591.29 Depreciation Reserved.............0.- 184.67 Expenses of Current Year unpaid at ee Be MNES seas eaisda0cesacenare 10,848.50 $139,624.46 Cash Summary Receipts for Year ended May 31, 1921..$133,247.88 (veraraft at May 313, 1920...cccccerves 6,394.12 $126,853.76 Disbursements for the Year........... 128,591.29 Overdrawn by Treasurer May 31, 1921... $1,737-53 -_ = a as a a ee) re a? ake oe ee: ee 07 16 Vol. 10, No.9 == Certificate of Auditors To the President of the National Education As- sociation: We have audited the accounts of the National Education Association, and of the Treasurer, and of the Secretary, for the year ended May 31, 1921, and certify that the foregoing statement of Income and Expenses is correct, and is in accordance with the books of the Association, The Secretary’s Working Fund of $5,000.00 has also been verified us. R by Marwick, MITCHELL Co. New York, June 20, 1921. Mrs. Josephine Corliss Preston, of Wash- ington, First Vice-President of the Associa- tion, presented the report of the Executive Committee. Mrs. Preston stated that the re- port had been printed and was in the hands of the delegates, and that it included the budget for the ensuing year, with estimated income and expenditures and also the recom- mendations of the Executive Committee on appropriations for the different committees of the Association, and the specific recom- mendation that all committees of the Associa- tion and of its departments terminate with this meeting and that hereafter the life of all committees automatically terminate at the end of the year for which appointed, ex- cept such as are continued by vote of the Representative Assembly. Mrs. Preston moved that the report and recommendations of the Executive Commit- tee with respect to the budget and the ap- propriations for committees for the ensuing year be adopted. The motion was seconded and carried. Mrs. Preston then moved that the recommendation of the Executive Com- mittee with respect to the committees of the Association be adopted. The seconded and carried. Mrs. reported the recommendation of the Execu- motion was Preston then tive Committee that the National Associa- School recognized as a department of the Associa- tion of Elementary Principals be tion, and that it be known as the Department of Elementary School Principals, and moved the adoption of the report and recommenda- tion. The motion was seconded and unani- mously carried. Mrs. Preston presented the recommenda- tion of the Executive Committee that the Representative Assembly approve the printed reports of the Secretary and the heads of departments, and the adoption by the Execu- tive Committee within its discretion of the suggestions and recommendations contained therein. After brought out that this action was not neces- sary, as action previously taken covered the important that the Executive Committee within the limitations some discussion, it was recommendations, and of the By-laws would have power to take such action as it might Whereupon Mrs. Preston withdraw her motion, which was granted. deem necessary. asked leave to The report of the Executive Committee is as follows: (See table to the right.) THe JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION ILLIAM T. SANGER, for- merly dean of Bridgewater Col- lege, who on August 1 began work as the first full-time executive secretary of the Virginia State Teachers’ Association, and as editor of the Virginia Journal of Education, the official publication of the State association. Dr. Sanger is a grad- uate- of the graduate school of Clark University where he was a fellow in education. Appropriations for Committees As required by the By-laws of the Associa- tion, the Executive Committee and Board of Directors have carefully considered the re- quests for appropriations which have been presented by the chairmen of the various and commissions. We committees believe the Representative Assembly should appro- priate the following amounts for the year 1921-1922: Revenue Inquiry, available to Executive Committee.....+..+--.4.- 00066 omnes $4,500.00 Committee on Visual Education eeeeeene 100.00 Committee on Foreign Relations....... 100.00 Committee on Salaries, Tenure, and Pen- I sets ith 6 eb i els ate 00-0 Tae in 1,000.00 Committee on Organization of Elemen- NN ET OOPS Pt PR 1,000.00 Reorganization of Secondary Education 100,00 Commission on Co-ordination of Research Te RE ernie fie, eis As 8 Ts bee | 2,500.00 Legislative Commission...............0. 1,000.00 Committee on Health Problems in Edu- rere eT Prt plewevens bi 1,000.00 Character and Citizenship Committee... 250.00 Committee on Vocational Education.... 200.00 Committee on Thrift Education........ 250.00 Committee on Rural Education......... 600.00 Iiliteracy Commission...... ccsccscesce ses 2,000.00 The Executive Committee recommends that there be voted the sum of $3000 as a lump-sum appropriation to be used, if neces- sity arises, for increasing the appropriations already made by action of the Executive Committee, and $500 to be added for in- creasing the appropriations for departments and State Directors. The Committee recommends that the life of all old committees of the Association and Executive its departments terminate with this meeting and that hereafter the life of all committees with the year for which appointed, except as continued by a vote of the Representative automatically terminate The Executive Committee recommends the following budget for 1921-22. the expenditures for the past two years Income for 1919-20 and 1920-21 This budget is based on and estimated receipts and needs for the coming year. and Estimated Income for 1921-22 Estimated Receipts Receipts receipts for for for 1919-20. 1920-21. 1921-22. Balance Seen MINNIS 6s v's ok be okie betSesteee $3,901.57 $6,304.12 $10,877.59 ees eo eee ee ene” par 10,996.00 2,226.00 2,200.00 POR TOME. cok cvs canis was bbe ceecawewhen 5,600.00 4,037.00 2,000.00 Oey, DNS GOWER 5 s5:5. s s.s'5.os wes be s 6 be Gases dou eeee 71,822.00 101,405.00 153,222.41 Ss tee Th) Sci, dig oles a ate Wiais ane eeeale 1,068.92 643.89 a 00 Prost Beles ar depetinl. Benorts. . 66.5 os. se daadiaiciccosdnace 971.41 370.00 400.00 Pres Sener “ION TONESNOD: os ko dclauss-ce od aloe namo es smuen anes 859.00 ; 35.50 €0.60 From Miscellaneous ph hu sten Sete bac €dadeddbh ses cones 42.34 73.88 100.00 From Interest on Permanent Fund......cccccsseccccceotecves 12,608.82 4,276.64 6,000.00 er SIGE PIMOS. «og i's ca cs 606d b0Ssbadbcswasdanewe 968.53 9,921.07 £2,000.00 GG. MOONE BIE, BROCRUIME, 0 65s cacy oda saga tinkssseeeudces 113.57 7.00 300.00 PUG .RGVECIINe FOUIMB. <6 6:0 ciaaoweessenna rere ow ere > 5,180.83 16,000 00 Prem Laem, Sotemewtes “Treat Cai... 0.000 0.0080sseenenseons aad. ésveaeiee (hee So ee | See Gene eer at oe i abel okscatbeccsescossve Stegagnse $139,571.83 $202,750.00 Estimated Expenditures for 1921-22 Executive Committee... 1.2... ee eeeeeeceececenence General Socratetr’s GhBOGis ss. <0 sii cscinias camdsyee Express and Preight........00.cccscessscvssescesecs gi) Qe eT ee PC eer TYE Yer TT er ree re Appropriations for Committees..........eeeeeeeees DES. . Bie ic ka daa Maoh SNe BOe00 Auditing Unclassified Total. Expenses C Reo e eee Someones eeeseseeee Office Fixtures and Furniture..........ceccccccoes ee ay Ere ee eee ree ho re Department of Superintendence............+.+6.. ee eS OO Re Res ro ee PS PA! .. Ce a eee ee he re ee i. Se TONE oo Fk. ong 0.000 ter aakueas ss AbES ES e To provide Surplus Estimated sid Paid out expense 1919-20. Paid out 1920-21. 1921-22. o0beeseee $357.65 $875.44 $357.65 eee 2,234.24 3,225.3% 3,225.37 00 ceesens 51,510.34 67,766.58 78,800.00 Pee, SS een’ 2,621.21 961.46 1,000.00 oes etend's 35.256.48 42,239.78 63,800.00 ose ehease 6,970.04 2,797.74 18,100.00 eds enaes 525.13 678.77 500.00 indcoewes 3,141.60 564.55 1,000.00 rive ct 1,151.85 5,199.48 5,000.00 gpecvees 5,752.15 5,065.26 6,000.00 0 ik aoe sear 3,031.09 3,047.62 3,000.00 + > sieiniekice 4,000.00 oa > suk ie 172 THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION Assembly. of the following committees: Committee on Sources of Revenue Committee on Visual Education Legislative Commission : Committee on Character and Citizenship Committee on Foreign Relations Committee on Salaries, Tenure, and Pen- sions Committee on Expenses of Delegates Editorial Council Commission on Co-ordination of Research Agencies Committee on Reorganization of Elemen- tary Education Illiteracy Commission Commission on the Reorganization of Sec- ondary Education Committee on Vocational Education Committee on Health Problems in Educa- tion Committee on Thrift Education Committee on Racial Wellbeing Committee on Rural Education Committee on Problems of High School Libraries Committee on Standardization of School- house Planning and Construction The following new committees are recom- mended: Committee to co-operate with American Legion Committee to co-operate with Federation of Women’s Clubs Committee on Finance and Publications of the Council Committee to co-operate with America; School Citizenship League The Executive Committee that the application of the National Associa- tion of Eleientsry School Principals for recognition as a department of the Associa- tion be accepted by unanimous vote and that it be known as the Department of Ele- mentary School Principals. It is recommended that the Representative Assembly approve the printed reports of the Secretary and heads of departments of the central office and the adoption of the Execu- tive Committee, within its discretion, of the suggestions and recommendations contained recommends therein. Respectfully submitted, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Frep M. Hunter, Chairman CARROLL G. PEARSE JOSEPHINE CORLISS PRESTON Tuomas E. FINEGAN CorRNELIA S. ADAIR The next order was the report of the Board of Trustees, which was presented by Dr. C. G. Pearse, Chairman of the Board. Dr. Pearse stated that the financial report, giving a complete statement of receipts and expenditures, had been printed and placed in the hands of the delegates. Dr. Pearse moved that the report of the Board of Trus- tces, showing the amounts received and ex- It recommends the continuance pended during the year, the balance in the various accounts, the securities on hand, and other matters as shown in the report of the auditors, be received and approved. The motion was seconded and unanimously car- ried. The report is as follows: The Permanent Fund We have audited the receipts and disbursements of the Permanent Fund and have inspected the securities held in the custody of the Trust Officer of the Continental Trust Company, Washington, D. C. Details of the securities are given in Sched- ule “I,” showing the par value, and the cost, the market value not having been ascertained. The Permanent Fund remained the same through- out the year under review, with a cash balance of $420.51, no sales or purchases of s-curitics having been made. The cash balance has been certified to by the de- pository. The income from investment and the disburse- ments for the period may be summarized as fol- lows: Receipts Interest from securities owned (Sched- Bigs 9g EERE ae $5,625.00 Interest on bank balances............. 4.90 Rentals received from real estate owned 6,050.00 $11,679.90 Disbursements Interest on Mortgages...... $1,775.58 Commissions on renewal of loans, stamps, etc......... 366.85 Repairs to buildings........ 4,873.31 Trust officer’s commissions. . 387.52 7,403.26 Surplus Transferred to Treas- we urer’s Account. ......cccs 4,276.64 $11,679.90 November, 1921 The receipts were properly accounted for and vouchers were produced in support of the disburse. ments. Commissions paid on loan renewals, rental re. ceipts, etc., which are not specifically covered jn the contract with the Trustees, should be approyeg by the Trustees of the Association. We shall be pleased to furnish any further jn. formation relative to the accounts that may be de. sired. Yours truly, Marwick, MITCHELL & Co., Certified Public Accountants. Dr. Pearse then discussed somewhat jp detail a number of items contained in the report of the Board of Trustees, giving a very interesting and illuminating statement regarding the finances of the Association At the close of Dr. Pearse’s statement, Miss Margaret Haley, of Chicago, stated that she would like to ask the Chairman of the Board of Trustees if the investment of a part of the permanent fund in the real estate at Wash- ington, used as the headquarters of the As- and its business management. sociation, was made under the provisions of the Charter on the ground that such real estate is income-producing and therefore to be considered as a re-investment rather than an expenditure of a part of the permanent fund of the Association. Dr. Pearse an- swered Miss Haley’s question in the affirma- tive, stating that the investment in the head- quarters at Washington was _ income-pro- ducing property and so considered by the SCHEDULE “1” Securities on Hand as at June 6, 1921 Municipal and School Bonds: Par value. Book value. Income. ee | of =r pane 4% per cent Corporate Stock due 1957, as 0 ons ae inte dks ou 0tinad bB.neWabd 6 4-0 6ne64 8S 04:0 8,000.00 &, wv City of New York 4% per cent Corporate Stock due 1957, . oanpee totam _Nos. 26816-26824........ eee e cece ccc ercceascerccesesceres 9,000.00 9,810.00 405.00 Kansas City, Mo., School District 3% per cent bonds due 1925, , Nos. 3127 and 3129, 3133, 3135, 3136, 3190 to 3192, 3200.... 10,000.00 9,500.00 350.00 Clearwater, Kansas, Waterworks bonds, 5 per cent, due 1930, . NE I ee as and alg age 6 Gane baw ows dake as 02 1,000.00 1,000.00 50.00 Clearwater, Kansas, Waterworks bonds, 5 per cent, due 1931, SOO SS arr ae ee 2,000.00 2,000.00 100.00 Clearwater, Kansas, Waterworks bonds, 5 per cent, due 1932, a eee eee Terre ere 3,000.00 3,000.00 150.00 — Lake City, Utah, Water bonds, 4% per cent, due 1934, i 2d ok crt behind oh SEC Ee EN UC kE RPE ES Races 10,000.00 10,000. . Seattle, Washington, School bonds, 4% per cent, due 1931, nies = Nos. 586.595....... bo Veewainvesi*ins Meche cteeesrecacceres 10,000.00 10,266.30 450.00 Los Angeles, California, School District bonds, 4% per cent, EE NR BE ON nw alba s bs He Sh w6 0, C6L EKKO SDODs COE REE O Oe 1,000.00 1,069.29 45.00 Los Angeles, California, School District bonds, 4% per cent, a ge A er re rrr pee rane 2,000.00 2,187.20 90.00 Railroad Bonds: St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad Co. temporary prior lien werunee bonds, 4 per cent, due 1950, Nos. M56051-56055, FEY auch shin Shae teal hWnre Vateck NA wb ea since a SAT a AMEN a 6.0.5 $5,250.00 1331.2 . St. Louis, San Francisco R. R. Co. temporary adjustment _— sceiaiatie: ss bonds, 6 per cent, due 1955, Nos. M14552, D845, Y1033.... 1,750.00 1,443-75 105.00 Terminal R. R. Association of St. Louis, gen. ref. sink. fund gold bonds, 4 per cent, due 1953, Nos. 16311-16325........ 15,000.00 15,050.00 600.00 Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co. (Pittsburgh, Lake Erie & West Virginia System), ref. gold bonds, 4 per cent, due 1941, TEU. SEARO, BIBI BIDEG 6 o.oo d ciccn vas divnetosdicvece 20,000.00 19,942.50 800.00 Oregon Short Line R. R. Co. ref. gold bonds, 5 per cent, due 1929, Nos. 4013 to 4017, 4025-4027, 4976, 13810...........- 10,000.00 8,895.00 400.00 Chicago, Indiana & Southern R. R. Co., 4 per cent, due 1956, Nos. 11386-11394, 13786.....-cccccccccccsccccocsescccces 10,000.00 9,500.00 400.00 Manhattan Railway Co. Cons. Mortgage gold bonds, 4 per cent, due 1990, Nos. 2843, 6522, 16083, 16087............. 4,000.00 3,900.00 160.00 Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co. First Cons. Mortgage bonds, 4 per cent, due 1952, Nos. 5130, 6494, 11638, 11639, 14335, 14339» 17479, 24601, 37565, SO0253....ccccscccccccccccccccs 10,000.00 9,090.00 400,00 Corporation Bonds: Maine Real Estate Title Company First Mortgage gold bonds, 5 per cent, due 1932, Nos. Oo? Oo 0.) Pee ee 2,000.00 2,000.00 100,00 $134,000.00 $132,005.29 $5,625.00 e This does not include the real estate purchased for $98,000.00, against which there is an indebtedness of $33,000. I ),00 .00 1.00 ).00 ;.00 ).00 .00 5.00 ).00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 Vol. 10, No. 9 a taxing officers of the District of Columbia. The President announced that the reports of the Committee on Co-ordination of Re- search Agencies and of the Committee on Foreign Relations had been presented at a general sessiou and were not formally be- fore the Representative Assembly. Dr. A. 0. Thomas, of Maine, moved taat these two reports be accepted by the Representative Assembly for such consideration and action as might be determined. The motion was seconded and carried. The President an- nounced that the committee reports before the Representative Assembly for the most part would not require action beyond what had already been taken, but that there were a few reports that would require action and which he would call to the particular at- tention of the Assembly. Mr. Chamberlain, of California, was called upon to report the recommendations of the advisory Editorial Council of the Journal of the National Education Associa- tion. Mr. Chamberlain presented the re- port, highly commending the work of Dr. Bagley as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal, and very earnestly requesting that Dr. Bag- ley should continue as Editor-in-Chief for the coming year, and moved that the recom- mendations of the Editorial Council be adopted by the Representative Assembly. The motion was seconded and unanimously carried. THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 1 Mr. J. W. Studebaker, of Des Moines, was called upon to present the report and recommendations of the Committee on For- eign Relations. Mr. Studebaker presented the following preamble and resolution on behalf of the committee adoption: and moved its Whereas, the nations of the world are today bound together in interdependent relationships by irrevocable economic and commercial conditions, and Whereas, the inevitable future competition among nations for economic prosperity or supremacy will undoubtedly tend to incite increasing international friction and possibly throw the world again into a merciless, devastating war, and Whereas, the peace of the world is dependent upon international good will and friendship founded upon accurate, scientific and universal understand- ing, and Whereas, a common understanding among the nations is possible only through certain commonly accepted international educational purposes and plans; Be it resolved, therefore, that the Representative Assembly of the National Education Association, assembled in Des Moines, Iowa, July, 1921, request the President of the Association to employ such means as may be effective for the purpose of or- ganizing an International Congress of Education, in accordance with the recommendation of the Committee on Foreign Relations, to be held in the United States of America in 1923, and that the President also inaugurate a plan whereby we may receive in this Representative Assembly at its an- nual meeting in 1922 a report of the committee indicating what may be done with reference to the organization of an International Education Asso- ciation. IN COMMON THINGS By Minot Judson Savage Seek not afar for beauty. Lo! it glows In dew-wet grasses all about thy feet; In birds, in sunshine, childish faces sweet, In stars, and mountain summits topped with snows. Go not abroad for happiness. For see! It is a flower that blossoms by thy door. Bring love and justice home; and then, no more, Thow'lt wonder in what dwelling joy may be. Dream not of noble service elsewhere wrought; The simple duty that awaits thy hand Is God’s voice uttering a divine command; Life’s common deeds build all that saints have thought. In wonder-workings, or some bush aflame, Men look for God, and fancy him. concealed ; But in earth’s common things he stands revealed; While grass and flowers and stars spell out his name. The paradise men seek, the city bright That gleams beyond the stars for longing eyes, Is only human goodness in the skies, Earth’s deeds, well done, glow into heavenly light. [From the author’s Poems, G. H. Ellis, Boston, 1882] ~I Ww The President announced that since the adoption of this would include the adoption of a resolution there would have to be unanimous consent for its consideration or otherwise it would have to be referred to the Committee on Resolutions. Unanimous consent was granted and the motion to adopt was seconded and unanimously carried. The next order was the consideration of the proposed amendments to the By-laws requested by the presidents of the several departments of the Association, which were printed and distributed to the delegates at the business session on Thursday, July 7th. President Hunter explained to the Repre- sentative Assembly the calling of the meet- ing of the heads of the different depart- ments, which led to the drafting and ap- proval of the proposed amendments. Dr. George H. Reavis, of Maryland, chairman of the sub-committee representing the heads of departments, formally presented the pro- posed amendments to the Representative Assembly, explaining in detail the reasons why the departments wished to have them adopted and to go into effect at once. The proposed amendments to the By-laws are as follows: Amend Section 2, Article V, to read as follows: Each department shall have the right to fix the qualifications ef its members for the purpose of electing officers and transacting the other business of the department; provided active members of the Association, and no others, shall be eligible to such department membership, and provided also that all active members of the Association shall be permitted to attend the professional programs and discussions of any department. Amend Section 5, Article V, by adding the words: Any department may provide for the creation of an executive committee and assign to it any duties consistent with the purposes of the department, and the Charter and By-laws of the Association. Amend Section 6, Article V, by adding the words: Provided no department shall establish an office outside of the general headquarters of the Asso- ciation, without the consent of the Executive Com- mittee of the Association. Add a section to Article V, to be known as Section 9, to read as follows: Any department, by a two-thirds vote, of those voting at any regular business meeting, may levy a membership fee to supplement its allowance from the Association. Such membership fees shall be paid to the secretary of the department who shall transmit them monthly to the Secretary of the Association. Such funds shaii be added to the de- partment’s allowance trom the Association and shall be used for the work of said department only, and shall be disbursed upon the recommendation of the executive officers of the department in the same manner as other funds of the Association are disbursed. President Hunter announced that in ac- cordance with the By-laws, these amend- ments could not be taken up for immediate action except by unanimous consent. Miss Haley, of Chicago, asked for a ruling on the meaning of unanimous consent, suggest- ing that in her opinion it meant a unanimous vote, and President Hunter ruled in support of Miss Haley’s contention that “unanimous 174 THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION consent” as used in Article XI of the By- laws with respect to amendments should be construed to mean “unanimous vote.” No objections were offered to the consideration of the proposed amendments. Mr. D. W. Springer, of Michigan, moved that the amendments as proposed be adopted. The motion was seconded, and after a brief dis- cussion, it was unanimously carried, where- upon the President declared the amend- ments duly adopted as a part of the By-laws of the Association. Mr. J. M. Gwinn, of New Orieans, chair- man of the special committee appointed by the Board of Directors to co-operate with the American Legion in projecting a program in education which should give special em- phasis to the teaching of patriotism and training in American citizenship, was called to present the report of this special com- mittee. After an introductory explanation, Mr. Gwinn presented the report of the com- mittee, which had been approved by the Board of Directors, and moved its adop- tion: The National Education Association welcomes most heartily and accepts with great appreciation the offer of the American Legion to co-operate with the National Education Association in secur- ing for America a program of education adequate to meet the needs of the twentieth century and which will give every boy and every girl that equip- ment in education and training which is his right under our democratic government and which will make of all, whether native or foreign born, good American citizens. To the accomplishment of these ends, be it resolved 1. That all teachers in America, exchange teach- ers and professors excepted, should be American citizens and should be required to take an oath of allegiance to the government of the United States. 2. That no one should be permitted to teach in any school in America who has less than a standard high-school education of four years with not less than two additional years of professional training. 3. That the English language should be the only basic language of instruction in all public, private, and parochial, elementary, and high schools. 4. That adequate instruction shauld be required in American history and civics for graduation from both the elementary and high schools. s. That the American flag should be displayed by every during school hours and _ that patriotic exercises should be conducted regularly in all schools, and, further, that the American Legion be invited te furnish speakers from time to time at these and other exercises of the schools. 6. That school attendance should be made com- pulsory throughout the United States for a mini- mum of thirty-six weeks annually to the end of the high-school period or to the age of eighteen. 7. That an educational week should be observed in all communities annually for the purpose of in- forming the public of the accomplishments and needs of the public schools and to secure the co- operation and- support of the public in meeting school these needs. 8. That the Representative Assembly of the Na- tional Education Association authorizes the appoint- ment of a standing committee to co-operate with the Amegrican Legion throughout the year for the purpose of carrying into effect the program outlined above. The motion to adopt the report of the special committee was seconded and unani- mously carried. The President announced that the next order of business was a con- sideration of amendments to the By-laws proposed at the last annual meeting of the Association. The President stated that the amendments proposed at the Salt Lake City meeting and published in THE JOURNAL were as follows: 1. An amendment providing for proxies in the Representative Assembly. 2. An months’ notice of proposed amendments in- amendment providing for a _ six- stead of a year’s notice, as now required. 3. An amendment providing for a refer- endum vote on the adoption of amendments to the By-laws. LMWOOD, the home of James Russell Lowell, is one of the many historic points near Boston. Thousands of teachers who will be in Boston next July at the meeting of the National Education Association will cross the Charles and visit this landmark of Cam- bridge. It was built about 1760 and was used as a hospital after the battle of Bunker Hill. Here Lowell was born on February 22, i819, and here he lived except the eight years when he was min- ister to Spain and England. The room on the ground floor at the left of the doorway is the study, left furnished as it was at the poet’s death. 4. An amendment changing the time of meeting of the Department of Rural Educa- tion. 5. An amendment changing the time of meeting of the Department of Deans of Women. 6. An amendment providing for a De- partment of Immigrant Education. Miss Abby Porter Leland, of New York City, moved the adoption of the proposed November, 1921 amendment creating a Department of Immi- grant Education. The motion was seconded and unanimously carried. Miss Ella Victoria Dobbs, of Columbia Mo., moved the adoption of the proposed amendment granting to the Department of Deans of Women the privilege of holding their annual meeting at the time of the meet. ing of the Department of Superintendence. The motion was seconded. sion which emphasized the After a discus. fact that the question of time of meeting of the Associa- tion was a matter which had been referred to the Executive Committee for careful cop- sideration, it was moved by Mr. Becker, of Illinois, that the motion to adopt the amend- The motion to table was duly seconded and carried. Miss Wilhelmina Van de Goorberg, of Los Angeles, moved the adoption of the proposed amendment to Article XI of the By-laws, as Striking out the words “at the an- ment lie upon the table. follows: nual business meeting next preceding the one at which action is taken” and substituting therefor the words “six months preceding the business meeting at which action is taken,” After an extended discussion the motion to adopt the proposed amendment was lost. Miss Margaret Haley, of Chicago, asked unanimous consent to present an amendment to Article XI, Section 1 of the By-laws, as follows: Strike out the word “consent” and insert in lieu thereof the word “vote.” After discussion of the interpretation of this phrase in the By-laws, President Hun- ter ruled that “unanimous consent” should be interpreted to mean “unanimous vote.” Mr. Robert H. Wright, of North Carolina, announced that he was going to vote against the proposed amendment. It was suggested that unanimous consent was not granted for consideration of the amendment at this time. The President ruled that the motion to adopt the amendment would be put, and that un- less it received a unanimous vote, it would be declared lost. Whereupon the motion to adopt the proposed amendment was lost. The President announced that the next order of business was giving notice of pro- posed amendments to the By-laws, to be considered at the next annual meeting of the Association. The amend- ments were proposed: following (1) By Mr. R. T. Shaw, of Philadelphia.—Amend Article I, Section 3, of the By-laws to read as fol- lows—The annual dues of an active member shall be $2.50, fifty cents of which shall be set aside to be used in part payment of the expenses of dele- gates, which shall entitle him to attend all meet- ings of the Association and its several departments, to receive THE JouRNAL free, and, on application, to secure all publications of the Association at a price fixed by the Publication Committee, which shall be the approximate cost. By the payment of annual dues of $5.00 an active member shall receive, in addition to THe Journat, without application or other condition, the volume of Proceedings and all other regular publications of the Association, in- cluding reports of committees and all special bulle tins and announcements when issued. (2) Amend Article I, Section 3, of the By-laws to read as follows—The annual dues of an active ee ao a ee ame “eee ek Os ee. “N sist her Ar ce “ An tion ~ one ing the Nn. ked lent and 1 of lun- ould ote.” lina, ainst sted | for rime. dopt un- ould yn to t. next pro- o be g of vend- ‘mend is fol- shall ide to dele- meet- nents, on, to | price all be annual ve, in on of nd all n, in- bulle- 'y-laws active Vol. id, No. 9 _— member shall be $3.00, fifty cents of which shall be set aside to be used in part payment of the ex- penses of delegates, which shall entitle him to ,at- tend all meetings of the Association and its several departments, to receive THE JOURNAL free, and, on application, to secure all publications of the As- sociation at a price fixed by the Publication Com- mittee, which shall be the approximate cost. By the payment of annual dues of $5.00 an active member shall receive, in addition to THE JouRNAL, without application or other condition, the volume of Proceedings and all other regular publications of the Association, including reports of committees and all special bulletins and announcements when issued. (3) By B. F. Stanton, of Alliance, Ohio.—Amend Article II, Section 2, of the By-laws entitled, “Elec- tion of Officers, Representative Assembly and Afiili- ated Associations,’ to read as follows—aAt the first Business meeting of the Representative Assembly on the second day of the annual meeting of the Association nominations for the following offices shall be President, Treasurer. nominated from the floor upon roll call of the States. On the first day of the annual meeting of the Association, the delegates of each State, terri- tory, and district of the United States shall nomi- Board of Directors and the name of such person shall be re- made: Vice-Presidents, and Candidates for said offices shall be nate one person for member of the ported to the Representative Assembly at the first business meeting upon roll call of the States. On the fourth day of the annual meeting officers shall be elected from the candidates by the delegates to the Representative Assembly, by ballot. Said ballot shall be printed and shall contain the names of ali nominees as provided above. be open from 8 aA. M. Polls for voting shall to 6 Pp. M., at such place or President of the Association shall designate. The candidates for President, Treas- places as the urer, member of Board of Directors from each State, territory, or district, respectively, and the eleven candidates for the office of Vice-President receiving the highest number of votes shall be de- cared elected. The President of the Association shall appoint tellers and complete all arrangements for carrying out the election. ‘The results of the election herein provided shall be announced at the final business session of the Representative As- sembly. The officers thus chosen shall continue im office until the cl.se of the annual meeting subse- quent to their election, and until their successors are chosen, except as herein provided. ‘The Secre- tary and the shall enter upon their duties at a date which shall be determined by the Board of Trustees and which shall not be later than the first of October and shall continue in Treasurer ofice during the term for which they are sepa- rately chosen and until their successors are duly elected. And that Article VI, entitled ‘“‘Com- mittee,” Section 2, be amended by striking out in lines four and five of this section the word “Nominations’’; that Sectiou 3 of Article VI be omitted, and that Sections 4, 5, and 6 of Article VI be numbered “3, 4, and 5,” respectively, and that anything in By-laws of the Association incon sistent with the provisions of these amendments is hereby repealed. (4) By Miss Margaret Haley, of Chicago.—Amend Article XI, Section 1, by striking out the word “consent” and “vote.” (5) By Mr. O. M. Becker, Berwyn, IIlinois.— Amend Article 1, Section 3, by adding to said Sec- tion the following—The fee for life active member- ship shall be $100.00. Jour- yple he Glad- rary. Foot- . Ap- $1.25. the va- antici- yart of sched- m com- snags.” Gar- 1920. h Seas to its is best, hat the Vol. 10, No.9 ee CCCCCC:::t=<=<‘ ;3S*é‘;‘; HERMAN WILLIAMS, presi- dent of the Library Department of the National Education Association 1920-21 and 1921-22. Dr. Williams has been chief of the school libraries di- vision of the New York State Education Department since January 1, 1912. The statement setting forth the place of libraries in public education, which was prepared under his direction and adopted by the Library Department at Des Moines, has been widely approved. Coonzy, ANNA Marta. Household arts for home and school, by Anna M. Cooley and Wilhelmina H. Spohr. N. Y. Macmillan, 1920. 2v. illus. Each, $1.60. A junior high school course working out the problems of food, shelter, textiles, sani- tation, and household economy and_ art through the story of a girl’s class which furnished and managed Sunnyside apart- ment. This brings about an alternating of different kinds of lessons according to the need of the moment rather than the logical development of a single course. Dunn, ArTHUR WILLIAM. Citizen- ship in school and out, by Arthur William Dunn and Hannah Mar- garet Harris. N. Y. Heath, 1919. 144 p. illus. 80c. A course in citizenship for the first six grades. The authors, thoroughly under- standing child life and school programs, have laid emphasis on really experiencing rather than “conning” lessons of citizenship, and on the working out of a detailed scheme which will fit into cast-iron study periods % incidental, or into regular citizenship dasses, Long lists of material from history THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION and literature. Does not extend to a definite study of government. No index. Franck, Harry Atverson. Roam- ing through the West Indies. N. Y. Century, 1920. $5. Rambly sketches which take the traveler to southern Florida, northern South Amer- ica, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and many quaint little dots on the map. 486 p. illus. map. Fripay, Davip. Profits, wages, and prices. N. Y. Harcourt, 1920. 256 p. $2. Discusses the growth of profits, profiteer- ing, income taxes, war and peace production, wages, credit, and the innumerable money questions which the general public is asking and failing to secure answers to because of lack of data on economics. Explained lucidly and interestingly by the professor of politi- cal economy at Michigan. For every reader who desires a broad view of financial prob- lems peculiar to the times. Index. Gage, ZoNA. Miss Lulu Bett. N.Y. Appleton, 1920. 264 p. $1.75. Much admired both for its craftsmanship and for its interest is this story of a house- hold drudge whose love affairs are told in six chapters covering as many months of her life. For any library. KEEP THE LIBRARIES OPEN FOR THE CHILDREN Amendment 2 Will Do It VOTE FoR Tre CHILOREN AvorTe Foe AMENDMENT MO F-NO? re cnaavee | Oo Tre 'S A VOTE FoR U5) 22 miLaS Foe tetnend 2rHLd woe meres) Me SenOOLS Aw tear an \ OUR CHILDREN ARE ENTITLED TO EVERY POS- SIBLE OPPORTUNITY Good books for children— Broaden the knowledge Quicken the imagination Furnish recreation Teach principles of right living Inspire love for country ALL THE CHILDREN SHOULD HAVE GOOD BOOKS ALL THE TIME Our Schools and Libraries make this possible SAVE THE SCHOOLS AND LIBRARIES VOTE YES ON AMENDMENTS 1 AND 2 Be sure to vote because not voting counts ‘‘No” HIS poster was used in the school and library campaign in Minneapo- lis last June, which obtained an amend- ment to the city charter increasing the legal maximum tax for libraries and schools. During the campaign, every child wrote a letter to his parents under the teacher’s direction. Meetings of parents and teachers and commercial clubs were addressed. Street meetings were held and posters were widely used. The result—an overwhelming vote for better schools and libraries. 177 GALSWoRTHY, JOHN. Plays; fourth series. N. Y. Scribner, 1920. 115 p. $2.50. Contents: A bit o’love—The foundations— The skin game. Plays on social themes, written with the usual sincerity and dra- matic intensity. May be obtained in sepa- rate volumes at one dollar each. Gitt, CHARLEs Otis. Six thousand country churches, by Charles Otis Gill and Gifford Pinchot; published under the authority of the Federal council of the churches of Christ in America. N. Y. Macmillan, 1919. 237 p. maps. $2. The authors whose work The country church (Booklist, 10:14, S 13) described rural church conditions in a county each of New York and Vermont, have thoroughly sur- veyed Ohio, its churches, ministers, educa- tion, crime, social life, denominationalism, and other features. They find too great a division into sects, and in some of the counties most needing religious instruction, a great number of ill-attended churches, with non-resident or poorly educated pastors. Community churches are recommended. Many maps make this book more graphic than the former volume. GuTHRIE, ANNA LORRAINE, comp. Index to St. Nicholas, v. I-XLV, 1873-1918. N. Y. Wilson, 1920. 479 p. 26% cm. $12. “The index is dictionary in form, giving author, subject and title entries, the latter as a rule made for fiction and poetry only. Selection of subject headings most easily usable by children has been the aim striven for.”"—Preface. Indispensable aid. KeryNEs, JOHN Maynarp. The eco- nomic consequences of the peace. N. Y. Harcourt, Lond. Macmillan, 1920. 298 p. $2.50. Criticizes the treaty as a “Carthaginian peace,” shows the inevitable economic dis- aster for victors and conquered if it is car- ried out as planned, and adds pertinent chap- ters on “Europe after the treaty” and “Rem- edies.” Intensely interesting with remark- able pen portraits of “The council of four.” Written with unsparing and _ convincing frankness and a beautiful clearness, it is arousing a great deal of comment and con- troversy because of its intrinsic value and also because of its appeal to widely differ- ing political factions. Often the quotations used as campaign material do not fairly represent the tone of the whole book. Manty, Harotp Puituips. Auto- mobile battery care and repair; the construction, action, care, and repair of storage batteries used with the lighting, starting, and ignition sys- tems of modern automobiles. Chic. Drake, 1920. 335 p. illus. $2. Moorrt, ANNIE CARROLL. Roads to childhood. N. Y. Doran, 1920. 240 p. $1.50. A reprinting of her informal and delight- ful articles in The Bookman. In the more 178 or less casual but none the less pungent re- viewing of individual books of the past year, Miss Moore has interspersed the ideas gained from many years of loved associa- tion with books and children. Beautiful quotations mark chapters rich in suggestion to mothers and fathers, authors, librarians, and teachers. Patcu, EpirH Marion. A little gate- way to. science. Bost. Atlantic Monthly, 1920. 178 p._ illus. $1.25. Twelve stories of the lives of insects best known to children. They are simply told without any sentimentality or “writing down.” Third and fourth grade can read for themselves. Good for school libraries as well as public. QuiLier-CoucH, Sir ARTHUR. On the art of reading. N. Y. Putnam, Camb. Univ. Press, 1920. 250 p. Ss. §5/. The author has delved artistically into the rich soil of English literature and has brought forth delightful chapters notably on children’s reading, the reading of the Bible and the value of the classic languages in English literature. The university students to whom these talks were addressed must have found them an agreeable change from college routine. Especially useful to ele- mentary teachers. Ruopes, JAMEs Forp. History of the United States from Hayes to Mc- Kinley, 1877-1896. N. Y. Mac- millan, 1919. 484 p. $2.75. A continuation of the seven volumes of United States history which ended with 1877 (4. L. A. Catalog 1904). Written in clear, plain English, dealing largely with political, financial, and economic events. Authoritative, stating the facts from which interpretations may be made. Index. RoEHL, Louis MIcHAEL. Farm wood- work. Milwaukee, Bruce, 1919. 136 p. illus. $1.25. Well selected problems instructive for simple wood construction and_ repairing necessary about the farm. Accompanied with good drawings, lists of necessary tools and materials, and directions for the work. Suitable for use in agricultural and rural high schools. By the supervisor of farm shop work, Cornell University. With prac- tically the same purpose and method of ap- proach as Blackburn (Booklist, 13:65, N 16) certain tables are added, and many illustra- tions of the finished product. RoosEvett, Kermit. The happy hunt- ing-grounds. N. Y. Scribner, 1920. 182 p. illus. $1.75. Another bit added to the biography of Roosevelt by his son’s description of their hunting days together in Africa, the inci- dents of which are chosen to illustrate the father’s characteristics. This is followed by the author’s own trips into Africa for ante- lope, into Mexico for mountain sheep, into New Brunswick for moose, and into South America with Mrs. Roosevelt for books. The last chapter is an appreciation of Seth Bullock of the Black Hills. THE JOURNAL OF au efe 7 THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION EDUCATIONAL OPINION November, 1921 ee ee The educational forces of Nebraska are asking for a Department of Educa- tion with the Secretary a member of the President’s Cabinet. Public education has directly in charge one-fifth of the population of the United States and is a most important function of American Government.—J. H. Beveridge, Super- intendent of Schools, Omaha, Nebraska. The education of its future citizens is the most important function of a democ- racy. ‘To place education in an inferior position is to admit that we do not prop- erly understand and appreciate its func- tion. The educators of Michigan are practically a unit in this viewpoint.— T. E. Johnson, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Lansing, Michigan. I would strongly urge that education be made a separate and independent National Department. Education is too important to permit its being in a subor- dinate relationship in any other depart- ment. The Commissioner of Education should have a place in the President’s Cabinet.—Annie Webb Blanton, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Austin, Texas. The resolutions committee of the Kansas State Teachers’ Association has submitted the following report for the consideration of the Association, whose various divisions will meet in different cities of the State November 3, 4, and 5, 1921. ScHooL Cope Commission—We commend the action of the State legis- lature in the passage of the schooi- code-commission bill, and we plédge our support to the commission in the work- ing out of a new code for Kansas schools. STATE COMMISSIONER OF Epuca- TION—Believing the most vital need of education in Kansas is constructive edu- cational leadership, we favor the re- organization of the State Department, and the appropriation of adequate funds to enable the State Board of Education to appoint a state commissioner of edu- cation who shall have general direction of the educational policies of the State. Larcer EpucationAL Unirs—lIn order that there may be equal opportuni- ties for all pupils in every part of the State, we recommend the establishment of larger units as a basis for administra. tion and taxation. TEACHER QUALIFICATIONS — We recommend higher educational stand. ards for the qualification of teachers, and that a scientific readjustment of the certificate law be made and enforced, LAw ENFORCEMENT—We wish to endorse the already existing ‘laws, af. fecting the health and moral life of the child, and ask for their enforcement. We especially recommend the enforce- ment of the anti-cigarette law, com- pulsory-attendance law, and the moving. picture law. STaTE ScHooL Book Commission— We reafhirm our request for a repre- sentation of public-school people on the State School Book Commission. TEACHERS RETIREMENT Funp— We express our appreciation of the work done by the committee of the K. S. T. A, and by the members of the legislature in their efforts to provide, through legis- EORGE L. TOWNE, president of the Department of Educational Publications, 1920-21 and 1921-22, i editor of The Nebraska Teacher, Lir- coln, Nebraska. Mr. Towne joined the Association in 1900 and has attended most of the meetings held since that date. Vo of : poll pos of | tut cate Sta to | gest teat trai )21 Ta- We nd- ers, the to af- the ent. rce- om- ing- N— pre- the vork A, ture egis- ident ional 2, Is Lin- d the ended date. fol. 10, No. 9 _——_ jation, for the establishment of a State fund for the retirement of teachers, and we request that this work be continued by a campaign of information among the teachers of the State. EouaL EpucationaAL Opportu- yitry—In order to bring equal educa- tional opportunity to all children in the State, we favor a comprehensive pro- gram of consolidation of schools. TEACHER EtrHics—We feel the need of a professional code of ethics for Kan- gas teachers and we recommend the ap- intment of a committee to be com- posed of the heads of the departments of education of the various State insti- tutions, together with such other edu- cators as the board of directors of the State association may see fit to appoint, to draft such a code, and we also sug- gest that the State institutions offer courses In ethics, that teachers may prepare themselves to meet the ethical requirements of the profes- professional sion. TowNER-STERLING Bitt—Believing as we do in the establishment of a Na- tional department of education as part of the President’s Cabinet, and in the Federal support of public education, we afirm our allegiance to the Towner- Sterling bill and urge its early passage. We heartily commend the work of the National Education Association in its eforts not only to secure the passage of this bill, but also to further the interests of the various States in the working out of a general, unified, educational pro- gram. Why Join the State Teachers’ As- sociation?—-Wee_ are entering upon a new phase of the epoch in world history introduced by the beginning of the World War in 1914. Ultimately ‘the public schools must play a most im- portant role in reconstruction by pre- paring a citizenship capable of self- control, grounded in the principles that underlie our Government, and well trained for civic and vocational duties. The schools face an enormous task. There never was such imperative need for professional unity. There never was such need for intense study of our common problems. + The teachers of the country should be banded together for a tremendous co- operative effort in behalf of the public schools. Those who attended the National Education Association meeting at Des Moines realized the power there is in harmony and in unity. Our State As- THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EpUCATION ASSOCIATION sociation is affiliated with the N. E. A. Every teacher in the State should enrol as a member of the State Association, and thus ally herself with all the other forward-looking teachers of the State and Nation in one great drive for better public schools. Teachers, need the inspiration that will come from such membership and from attending the meetings of the Association. Let us make the membership in the Colorado Education hundred per cent. And, while we are about it, why not make Colorado the first State to enrol one hundred per cent in the National Education Associa- tion ?—Jesse H. Newlon, in The Colo- rado School Journal for September, 1921. you Association one ee os ~ American Red Cross _ An the service of those who suffer HE RED CROSS, of whose world- wide activity it may be said, “It is twice blessed; it blesseth him that gives and him that takes,” announces its an- nual roll call for November 11-24. The Man’s the Thing—The unit and primary fact in all true progress is the individual. A system or organization composed of ten thousand parts or members is but the collective and aggre- gate strength, efficiency, and intelligence of each unit or member composing it. The good or the bad government, in its analysis, is but the expression and reflec- tion of the individual citizens of the Nation. ‘The efficient business organi- zation, however much the manager may arrogate to himself the credit and monopolize the praise, is made efficient by the intelligent and faithful efforts of the individual workers of the concern, from the office-boy up to the president. This is true no less of education and school-work. Perhaps it is more true of school-work than of the ordinary activ ity, because of the separation and isola- tion of the individual members—isola- tion in school-room, in village, city, and in rural districts. It is true also, and even more so, because of the peculiar fitness and adaptability required of the teacher. Standing before her class, dealing with the multiplicity of prob- lems that must come her, she must be equal to the emergency or fail in and of herself. and hers alone. before The work is hers, No outside agency will avail in the thousand and one delicate situations of the average teacher. The general system of which she is a part, however efficient, and the faculty or or- ganization of which she is a member, however strong, can never take the place of individual faculties, initiative, trained mental personality, and common The teacher to succeed must de- pend upon self; the system to be effi- cient must be operated by efficient units; and the organization that would be helpful and of the greatest utility must seek, above every other consideration, the improvement and interest of its in- dividual members. sense. The strength, wisdom and efficiency of all systems, organizations and of the world, is Man Multiplied. The Man's the Thing —The Missouri School Jour- nal of September, 1921. As never before the American people are turning their attention to education as the ark of their deliverance. The high cost of living, our huge national debt, the swelling budget of national ex- penditures, the rising tide of taxation, our higher standards of education—all of these things have centered our atten- tion upon two problems: how to get bet- ter education, and how to make every dollar spent in education purchase more and better training—C. A. Prosser, of the William Hood Dunwoody Indus- trial Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, in School and Society for September 17, 1921. The Ohio Teacher stands first of all for QOhio’s educational interests. It stands also for a National policy in edu- cation which shall ultimately make the American public-school system the pride of America and the model for the world. Our editorial discussions and contrib- uted articles will never lose sight of these goals. We therefore urge every reader who has not already formed the 180 habit of thinking in large units to learn to do so and to realize that the great problems of each schoolroom in this country are the same as the problems that the Nation as a whole is called upon to solve—Editorial in The Ohio Teacher, September, 1921, On behalf of the educational interests of Alabama and the Nation, I pray Con- gress will enact the Towner-Sterling bill. Education in the greatest Nation on earth deserves an independent de- partment, with health and. public wel- fare as divisions, if you will. The crowning glory of the Republic should not be buried in a corner even less con- spicuous than at present—The late John Herbert Phillips, Superintendent of Schools, Birmingham, Alabama. The bill for a Department of Public Welfare in its present form would bring humiliation to every self-respecting man and woman in the teaching profession. Education in our country needs freedom and professional initiative. It can never function effectively and with dignity until it is placed on a par with agricul- ture, commerce, and labor in a separate department.—Dr. John R. Kirk, Presi- dent State Teachers’ College, Kirksville, Missouri. I am glad friends of education are standing for a separate Department of Education as provided in the Towner- Sterling bill. I wish to add the indorse- ment of thousands of people in this great Northwest, who believe only by recognizing it in this way can the future of education in the United States be assured.—Agnes S. Winn, Seattle Grade Teachers’ Club, Seattle, Wash- ington, The Demand for Education—One of the scarcely expected results of the re- cent war has been to stimulate in all ranks of society in this country a greater demand for education than ever pre- viously existed. The psychology of the situation is highly interesting. The con- trast presented by the opportunities for employment and advancement afforded from 1917 to 1920 to the well-educated and the poorly educated, respectively, were great and etched themselves as with acid into the minds of the people. Consequently not only are grade schools and high schools everywhere abnormally crowded, but law and medical schools are assuming plethoric proportions, evening class enrolments for all sorts of THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION subjects, manual as well as mental, are unprecedented in number, and even col- leges and universities are besieged with applicants for their courses so far be- yond their facilities of accommodation that a line has had to be drawn and re- fusal of admission in many cases deter- mined on as a necessary principle— The Washington Post, October 3, 1921. There is no educational process worth our admiration which does not produce peopie who are on the way to appraise life fairly, who will know the difference between first-class and second-class— which does not, in other words, establish a scale of values that will stand some scrutiny. This is where our education breaks down most deplorably. We can- —_ November, 192) ee not choose intelligently between fine ideas and purposes and mediocre ideas and purposes—between what is worth doing and what is not, considering the shortness of life; between Beauty and the pretense of Beauty, or the total lack of it——-Edward Yeomans, The Atlantic Monthly, October, 1921. The sending of “two or three American youths, high school graduates, picked for ability and promise” to for. eign universities, is urged in an editorial in the July-August number of The American School. “All the nations of the earth except the United States real- ize the importance of having young men who are to be the leaders in their political, financial, and economic life YouR Cwassis, yout RUNNING GEARS, YOUR Sng eny Nour, HenoLicuts, nTais, ( ROCHESTER ¥) RX PUBLIC LIBRARS | \ r" 1S (POWER | ‘ WIGHT ScMoors} TT \ ‘AMO CAROQURGTON. MAY BE ALL _ BUT— OH, BOY! HOW'S YOUR ENGINE ? ARE You HITTING ON SVERY CXLINDER? ARE You GETTING THe BEST y} preEsSULTS yy OvT OF 11? Z”-YOES \T PULL? OR, ARE You just UMPING ALONG, ANO LK ALLOWING A LOT OF F Sone-LUNGERS To Rue WN BY You? Joassaas aso Ves ORRESPONDENCE” © QOVASES \ You MicuT RUN INWto A GARAGE “ws WwunTEe® ANO Have YOUR ENGINE “Gone over” Courtesy B. F. Goodrich Co. j Vol. 10, No. 9 = thoroughly informed about the nations with whom they, as representative citi- zens, are later to have relations.” The editorial urges that the expenses of American students to foreign universi- ties should be paid by the National Gov- emment as the expenses of cadets are paid at Annapolis and West Point. This is an interesting suggestion for the consideration of the Association’s com- mittee on International Relations. Rural Education—The arrival of the new scholastic year focuses attention on many educational problems which still await solution. Foremost among these is the question of rural schcols. Almost half the school children of the United States, about, 8,000,000, attend one and two teacher rural schools, which are lo- cated in 210,000 box-car buildings, many of them dilapidated and neglected. An investigation recently concluded shows that the school term in these in- stitutions averages 137 days a year, as against 184 for city children. An analysis of these figures carried over the necessary period proves that the country child has an elementary school course of only six years, compared with the city child’s eight. ‘The average daily at- tendance of the former is 65 per cent and of the latter 80 per cent. It is es- timated that 90 per cent of country children never go beyond the elementary school. When it is also borne in mind that the city child has, as a rule, better teachers, it will be readily perceived that almost from every point of view the country child has a heavy handicap to carry. The investigation shows that in mat- ters of health also the situation is serious for the country child. When it comes to malnutrition, affected tonsils and ade- noids, defective teeth, ears and eyes, and death rate, the percentages are all against the pupils of the rural schools. The results are summed up in the state- ment that the country child’s chance of getting an education is little better than half that afforded to the city child. One of the causes of this unfortunate state of affairs is comparatively poor superintendence. Another, and a prin- cipal one, is the small salary paid to the country teacher and the low efficiency which is the necessary consequence. Forty per cent of the teachers in rural communities receive less than $600 a vear, 24 per cent less than $500, and 11 per cent less than $400. While the United States as a whole is spending $40 for each city child’s education, it is spending only $24 for the education of each country child. Under such condi- tions it is no wonder that there has been a shortage of 18,000 rural educators, and that of the 300,000 employed in that capacity not more than half have themselves completed a four years’ high school course, while 10 per cent have finished only seven or eight grades of the elementary school, only 2 per cent To Relieve Unemployment A S THe JOURNAL goes to press a request comes from Mr. Herbert C. Hoover, Secretary of Commerce and Chairman of the Unemployment Conference in session in Washington, that the National Education Associa- tion lead in the movement to keep effectively before the people of the Nation the essential facts in the unemployment situation and the means suggested by the Conference for providing jobs for the three and one-half million men now out of work. A statement from Mr. Hoover as Food Administrator in 1918 gives the National Education Association and the public schools a large share of the credit for the success of the movement for food conservation. tion has assured Mr. Hoover similar co-operation in the present movement in 1918. and is calling upon other great National organizations and upon the school officers and teachers of the Nation to help in this great campaign, which is The Associa- no less important to the welfare of our people than was the food campaign THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 181 are normal school graduates, and 33 per cent have had no professional training whatever. In view of these revelations there is no need to argue that a thoroughgoing reform in the rural educational system of the United States is urgently called for—The Washington Post, October 3, 1921. It is asking of schools and colleges a very great deal to ask them to correct the implications of the home atmos- phere—with which their pupils are necessarily saturated. If these implications are second-rate, are low-grade—if the instinct of the family is for property as against human- ity, for instance; for ‘closeness’ as against generosity; for self-interest as against disinterestedness, in social and political things—then those are the la- tent instincts of the children. But schools and colleges can be asked to begin, not to teach these moralities, but to make it perfectly clear that they are invariable corollaries of all that is taught, and that a boy or girl who has not distilled this by-product from his books and his teachers is, up to that time, uneducated, however high his marks may be.—Edward Yeomans, The 4 tlan- tic Monthly, October, 1921. Burglars don’t seek the limelight. Darkness is their stock in trade. They work by stealth—unheard and unseen— their movements cloaked in secrecy. It’s honest folks that seek the light. They are the only ones who can risk it. It’s the same way in business. ‘The manufacturer sure of his goods does not dare to advertise. Ad- vertising would hasten the end of his business career—put him to a test he could not meet. ; The manufacturer who advertises, de- liberately invites your inspection. He tells you about his product and then lets it stand on its own merits. You can de- pend on him. He knows his product is good. That’s one reason why it pays you to read the advertisements. It is through advertising that you are able to keep in touch with the good things that pro- gressive business men are spending their money to introduce and to keep before you. Advertisements are interesting, in- structive, and rrofitable. They throw a powerful light on the very things that concern you most. Read them.—The Atlantic Monthly, October, 1921. who is not | THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATION FRANK IRVING COOPER Specialist in Schoolhouse Design 33 CoRNHILL - BOSTON, MASS. Chairman N. E. A. Committee on Standardiza- tion of School-house Planning and Construction The vocabulary of your spelling lesson need no longer be a matter of guess work LIPPINCOTT’S HORN-ASHBAUGH SPELLING BOOK A Vital contribution to the solution of the problem of developing a nation of good spellers. Wm. B. Ittner, F.A.1.A. Architect and School Specialist The Horn-Ashbaugh survey has produced a vocabulary arrived at by scientific investi- COMPOUNDED SEMI. ANNUALLY on invest. ments in monthly pay. , O ments or lump = sums: Safety ; Real Estate Security; Tax-Exempt; State Supervision. Send for Details, : OKMULGEE BUILDING&LOAN aASg’yn Okmulgee Oklahoma G. L. LOCKHART ARCHITECT School Specialist and School Surveys Illustrated School Lectures N ovember, 1921 Board of Education Building SAINT LOUIS gations, based on an analysis of 800,000 running words of correspondence, represent- ing an amount of research and money in- vestment which has not heretofore been par- alleled in the study of a textbook subject. The basic lessons contain a minimum list of 3998 words found to be most frequently used. In addition, the book includes as sup- plementary lessons, 580 additional words which are somewhat less frequently used, making a total of 4578. Standard errors established for every lesson based on work of 11,000 children. MISSOURI 1353-55 University Ave. St. Paul, Minn, Good positions and good teachers are brought together through our service. CO-OPERATIVE INSTRUCTORS’ ASS'N, MARION, INDIANA POSITIONS FOR TEACHERS WRITE OR WIRE US YOUR NEEDS WESTERN TEACHERS’ EXCHANGE On Serv Offices Serve You Our Methods are MODERN and PROFESSIONAL, Gas and Electric Building, DENVER, COLO. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Plymouth Bldg. Enamelac The New Decorative Art Enamel No other speller enables the teacher or pupil to distinguish between words of greater and lesser importance. Spelling methods have been devised to in- sure that each pupil will eliminate his own errors. Explicit directions to both teacher and pupil are given. Supplies complete and In Parts. in examination will convince you of its merits, BERKELEY, CALIF. CHICAGO, ILL. Berkeley Bank Bldg. Peoples Gas Bldg. Teachers for Schools Schools for Teachers We serve teachers and schools everywhere— No charge to employers—No fee from teachers till appointed. CAUTION—Do not confuse us with any other National Teachers’ Agency. We are in- corporated and have first right to use of name. We guarantee personal service. NATIONAL TEACHERS’ AGENCY, D. H. Cook,Gen. Mgr. Offices: Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Syracuse J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 2126 Prairie Ave. CHICAGO East Washington Square PHILADELPHIA OUR FREE SERVICE i teaching the Mechanics and Pedagogy of Palmer Method Penmanship is still offered x : to all teachers whose pupils are provided with individual copies of our manual. OTHER TEACHERS may enrol for the complete correspondence course upon payment of the small fee of ten dollars. OUR THIRTY VISITING INSTRUCTORS cover the entire United States, and their services are still free to all schools having Palmer Penmanship adoptions. THE PALMER METHOD PLAN wher followed exactly leads to enduring handwriting, which becomes a big asset in school, business, and social life. PALMER METHOD PENMANSHIP is written at commercial speed and is as plain as print. Thus, 4 . it conserves the time of the writer and the time of the reader. Palmer Method Penmanship compels healthful posture while writing, thus conserving health and vision. PALMER METHOD SPELLERS 2!! in Palmer Method Penmanship are attracting more and more the at- - ; : tention of modern educators. Follow at the Palmer Method Penmanship lesson with the Palmer Method Spelling lesson, and the results in both subjects will be highly gratifying. PALMER METHOD STANDARDIZED PENMANSHIP SUPPLIES 27° selling in very great- ly increased quantities, because they offer the greatest value. ¥ - THE A. N. PALMER COMPANY Pittock Building, Portland, Oreg. MAKES THINGS BEAUTIFUL **Enamelac’’ is revolutionizing Decora- tive Design. It is waterproof—works on any surface except paper—and dries over night. Used to decorate Toys, Jew- elry, Wooden Boxes, Frames, Bottles, etc. Let your pupils make useful things beautiful. ‘‘Complete Outfit’? 6 cans Enamelac,’’ 3 Brushes, Shellac and Turp. in box, postpaid $3.00. Per can 30c. Circulars Free. THE PRANG COMPANY 30 Irving Piace, New York City. 2128 Calumet Avenue, Chicago. 1922 Calumet Ave., CHICAGO Teach the Thanksgiving Story and the Christmas Story with them. Send 50 cents for 25 Pictures, 5%4 x 8. A smaller size, 3 x 3%, 30 for 30 cents. ‘The Perry Pictures They Offer Real Assistance to Teachers They should be included in all plans for the education of children They are one of the greatest factors in the uplifting and developing of the young, and the slight cost of these really fine reproductions makes them available to all. Once used their value can never be overlooked. Reproductions of the World’s Great Paintings ONE CENT SIZE. 3 x3%. For 50 or more. TWO CENT SIZE. 5%x8. For 25 or more. TEN CENT SIZE. 10 x12. For § or more. Bird Pictures in Natural Colors. Size, 7x9. Three cents each for 15 or more. Reduced Prices on ARTOTYPES on September 1, 1921. Large Pictures for Framing. $1.25 each for 2 or more. Postpajd. Size, including margin, 22 x 28 inches. Send fifteen cents for our 64-page Catalogue of 1,600 miniature illustrations, unless you have our latest 1920 edition. ‘he Perry Pictures ©. cox vu. s. MALDEN,MASS. $1.50 for one; FEEDING HER BIRDS Millet Mention Tue Journas. when writing our advertisers.