The. American Citizens Handbook Kac.ii yi:ah more lhan two rnillhm youji,^ mco (iinl u'omeu in ihc Uni/eJ Shtfes nuirh Of hers act/If in' vo/iti}’ Itrivile/ies thru uul nraiiza- /ion. In order tbal there may be an fml>res<^iie l)i{.hlic occasion for the induction of these neic voters into the responsibilities ichich /!o with their new status in our self/iot erninx liepnblic, the third Sunday in May each year has been \et aside by state and national le/iislation as (d/i-enship li.ecof'uition Day tit be ttbserced by appropriate public cereiitfniies. lo Tin-SK SI Me von ks THIS HA.NimOOR IS OI DICATH) You, at this moment have the hoiwr to belong to a gemrafion whose Ups are touched by fire , . , 77, htman race now passes thru one of its f>reaf crises. New ideas, new issues—a new call for men to carry on the work of rkhteousuess, of chanty, of courage, of patience, and of loyalty—all these things have come and are daily coming to you. When ymi are old ... however memory brmgs bMk this moment to your mimh, let tt be able to say to you: Thai was a neat nonmt. It was the beginning of anew . . , This world in its crisis called for volunteers, for men of faith in life of patience in service, of charity, and of in- tight I responded to the call however I could 1 volunteered to pve myself to my master- std'Tsf t'T' I dted, l loved, I labored, unsparingly and hopefully, to be worthy of my generation. ^JOSIAH UOVCE. The American CITIZENS HANDBOOK At•ran.^ccl hy JOY ELMJiR MOIU'rAN Editor, Journal oF the National lulufation Association, and published under the Iluj'h Birch-Horace Mann Fund, for the Cioimnirtee on New Voter Preparation and Reci>,('iiirion M i asil I lu IlifN THE NATIONAL f:oi!c:atioi/ ASSci7" '' ■'- > ^ Does It Mean To Be American” iw u ■^■,fb’'it,t.onH.ry f,„- "v-li.it and Aaron Metchik for "Amwica. I i!1Tc'V„ m" ' [ 6 ] Contents PART 1—YOUR Cl ITXENSHIP IN IT Hi MAKING 1 1 Your Citizenship in tlic MiikiiiR . Joy l.lmcr 13 Critical Problems P'acins Our Nation Chm’inr /I. Dy/ts/crf 2'I How to Become a Citizen of the Unilwl Slates Imini^valiiitt anJ Sn i i Reverence for Law. . ■ Ahraham l.inrtiln fi‘1 The Ship of State. Henry Waihworth I.onnielltiu- Tit Credo . . Pli»^ Liehcrman 7\) What Constitutes a State? . William /o;irv ?2 God Give Us Men. foiial.i Hilbert JlollanJ 7.5 America, I Love You!. Aaron Metcink 7,3 America for Me . Henry t an Hyltc 7'1 The Land Where Hate Should Die ... Denis A. Mct'arthy 73 Prayer for Peace. Henry WaJsifortb Lonnfdlow 73 What Does It Mean To Be American? . , Roselle M. Montgomery 76 The Better Way. Susan CooliJne 77 The Poor Voter on Filcctlon Day. . , .John Greenleaf Whittier 78 The Ballot. John Picrlunit 7*> The American Way. Charles G. Reinner 7‘J Our Faith in Education. 80 [ 7 ] PART II CONTINUED-//«/w,W S. !r, Columbus. Landing of the PiJgrim I-nthon n. ' The War Inevitable, March 177J ' OJd Ironsides. ^1 Lincoln, the Man of the People I Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight i ' Life mid Aspiration ' * ^ >1 I j We Live in Deeds. Look to This Day . > fav!r<, y • My Life. . I'inni thr S.aint'sii t My Creed . I It my t,)t) c Selfreliance. . . . .„ i ' ‘-''W,/ r.,//,-,■ 5 The Way of Life. . .V. .'.. <^'‘''«V/y 5 Abou Ben Adhcm. . . . Lmiii Sfrt ni^nn > Wisdom from Franhlin-VAimanac-TlZ'■ «• - ^ * The Significance of Fricndshtn . ^ «/•'«»« I ranMm 5 The Spirit of the Worker . , 5' If and And. . haf'SH (tihijif 5 , Four Things. . • R • /’. A'iwi; 5 ; Happiness. .^ Ili'nry ut» Dyf/r 9; Ruilding the Bridge. . Larnlinc S. Wtindruf} 9J Our National So«gs. 9i America [with music] , The Star-Spangled Banner [with muMcl '' **■ Columbia [with music]... ^ Lathannc /.,v Hales 111 : Battle-Hymn of the Republic. f L„t„a’. a Hr, ket IIM Dixie. ^ .. Julia ^’iird Unur 1 ( 1 } Hy Old Kentucky Home. . Lianwl Dveatur Emmett 106 Home, Sweet Home!... .S’/r/i/nvi Cinllins I'nslcr 107 God Bless America. . Ionian/ Pn^n,' 1 O 8 . Hi I/in ItIB Th'^rTli hi the U T*C ■ i. '" TheHallofFameatNew^i^-^,^Sj;;;;;^ [ 8 ] . PART III CONTINUED— The Hall of I'atiie AUTHORS Aalpli Wdlilu Kmerson.. . ]}ff Hdtvdmnie. llfi V/d3in'ii|(ton Jrviiill. lift Henry \V, L(inK/T 'fli nn.m j»j lU («V »i AI<*ii)>Hn , JM 1** Utnicl \V , . /j'hn lJuir.C'f A>:j«nj Iti /iimcii M.s'lii... n- Iiinif* . UMliiJi'i Penn. T'r (I’juur C’lCsrJ.r'i! . !Tf, An.lreo' 'n .. •, . i '-r Alf«jn.Ic» H.hhImdi P.tiruJl Hc>ny . I >2 l.XI*I.t)KI.KS li.tntel II’ 'iir . At. TORS, ARITSIS, MI'MITANS (•tll'P’l « .'IHi.I'S 1 51 i5ir‘',i'«'i ’p'!t 1 •Anfutlnt .'■Mr'.l 15 ’.n.l*'’U t -J 1 111 HI 11 -Pi jiimri A* ’• !t ?»Jr -Vf'i' »»y VVInalf. iSlci.lirn I.’-Jli'-* r tM' . !*• PART IV—THE IT.AG OP THE UNI TED STA IT-S The Pledge to the Tlag. Saluting the Flag. What the Flag Means. Makers of the F'lag. This Land and F'lag. Respect the Flag. Flag Salute, Poem. The Flag Goes By. The Name of Old Glory. .. . The American Flag. Union and Liberty. A Song for Flag Day. The United States Flag Code 1 -H 14.1 1 -M , , , , I'.hiiyli'S }•.. //Kg/Ji's 141 . pranklin K. I.anc 146 . iViTf York Thill'S 14 S . Prank (. ’rune 1SI . Grace P. Haiimm 112 Henry Ilolciimh Ih’iinett ISJ . .James Whilnnnh Riley 114 .. linejd) Km!wan Drake US . xiiiver WenJell Hnintes 117 . Willnir /). iWeil'H I'H . iiy [ 9 ] PARTV CHARTERS Ol-AM JR fc: A N- I)i: MOCK A(;v , Great Charters of American Deinneraev Religious Ideals the foundation ‘ •' Magna Charta, Charter of Liberties The Mayflower Compact. Story of the Declaration of IndejsciulciKc T^he Declaration of Independence Story of the Constitution f Tk. r' -,, ll .. , - ii t.inmln 2* Atnjham l itu-nin _ Maun 2’ W/jife limw Cintjrum-e 2! u v/sow 2t The Constitution of the United .Sta Farewell Address. Gettysburg Address., Second Inaugural Address, Go Forth and Teach. The Children’s Charter From the War Message The Atlantic Joint Declaration D. K,mm vUi Wiu.t,,,, s. VhurJuU H T VI PATRIOTIC pilgrimages AND SHRINES hiraiiiir ( I'nf'luim i' A 'tW If f. M, (tivgg )i: J Y™ Jne American Guide Scritvs i'(iin-r Murj^an m American History in Fiction . Horn J3J PART IX-facTS for everV CITI^^:N 541 The Story of CitizenslirR’RECOGNITION IiaY 3 «I .S'. Jltinar 3 (S 5 The Roll Call of the .States ^ h'. linnar in . . 58(1 PART I Your Citizenship in the Making Ti-ii: uNiTiui sTATLs cAPiToi. s/jou-'n nit the foUotrhi,^ is sUuah-d an the hraw of a hill ovcrlonkinn the cajntal rity. This bniltlinf’—its north win^ leii/cr] honnnn the Senate, and its sonth [lower center], the 1 louse of Reftre- senfalives—is one of the world's finest structures, Geoific Washington was [iresent when its cornerstone was laid in 17!)} and the Ciiil War was rafiinn when its massive cast- iron dome was completed, hut the splendid old huildhtj^ still dominates the city. To the left in this picture may he seen the Senate Office Building and directly behind the Gapifol the recently completed Supreme Clourt Buildinif. If is on the steps of the eastern front of the Gapitol | facing the Snprente Court Building] that Presidential Inauunrations are held. On a special platform over the central outdoor stairwaw the Chief Justice of the United Slates administers the oath of office in the presence of thousands of officials and spectators. The taking of the oath is followed by delivery of the inaii- f>nral address and the procession to the White House, The Capitol jirounds cover 5S acres and arc landscaped with over HOO trees and many shrubs besides fountains, terraves, and balustrades, tfrrntr'r SnfUumt C'nrrifdl [ n ] Your Citizenship in tkc Making JOY ELMER MORGAN Jldifar, Journal of the National Education Asweiation United States Capitol shown on the opposite page is one of the greatest shrines in all the world. Here, with but one brief interruption since 1800 has been the seat of the Congress of the United States, whicli is the oldest republican legislature in the world. I lcre are en¬ acted laws which determine your future and that of your fellow citizens in a great nation of more than l.U) million people. Your future as an individual is hound up with the future of your country. The quality of its life is as much a part of your existence as the air you breathe and the food you eat. We have been conscious during recent years of our national shortcoming.s, It is well that we should attempt to improve the conditions which sur" round our lives, but Jet its never forj{ct our i^rcut and noble inheritance, for upon that inheritaitce we must build our future. Our National Heritage There is first the country itself. What a rich and beautiful continent we are privileged to inhabit! As one rides its farflung railroads or motors over its thousands of miles of paved highway, or follows its streams, or pene¬ trates its forests, or takes the airplane and .skimming thru [ 13 ] 14 The American CiUzetn Uamlhnoh the clouds looks down upon the panorama beneath, it is an inspiring picture of a mighty gift such as the people of no other continent enjoy, God-given and eternal; truly “America the Beautiful'’ as described in Katharine Lee Bates’ inspiring poem: O beautiful for sfiadous akin. Tor amber wavea of /;rain, For pnrltle mountain ma'fcsJiea Above the fruited plain! America! America! God shed His ^racc an thee And crown thy ^ood with brotherhond From sea to shining sea! We have not always been appreciative of this gift. We have been wasteful of our forests and minerals, care¬ less of our water power, ruthless in the wastage of our soil. We have come now to the day of reckoning when by flood and dust storm we are forced to face our na¬ tional destiny and our relation as a people to the soil from which we draw our life. But with all the wastage, with all the lack of planning and of vision, we still have the greatest heritage of natural resources and climate to be found upon the face of the earth. Our Heritage of Leadership There is too the mighty heritage that has come to us in the memory of great deeds performed hy the phitecr men and -women who have established this mighty nation in so brief a span of years. Some of their names are recorded in the account of the Hall of Fame in this book. Every American should be encouraged to read biography because it gives an inspiring sense of the nobility of mankind. It lifts one above the petty and Your Citizemhip in ihr Malthi)’ 1' trivial to go again with George Washington, with Ben¬ jamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, with Horace Mann or with Abraham Lincoln, thru the struggles that have created our national being, that have given us nur freedom, and that have kept us going forward upon the path of democracy. Kvery American is entitled to know these creators and guardians of our liberty, and we may be sure that a knowledge of their great deeds will rein¬ force and inspire our own purposes. We have attached great importance in this country to literacy, to the ability to read and write. We have not attached enough importance to reading itself as a lifelong enterprise in the life of the citizen. The mere fact of being able to read does not of itself guarantee intelligent citizenship. There must be wisdom in the choice of reading. The school course is too short, even if pursued thruout the college years, to enable any citizen to read all the things which he should know about the founding and growth of our Republic. Charters of American I.iheriy Beyond the heritage which is found in the lives of the men and women who have made America, stands the Rctrublic itself, the greatest example of constitutional government among free men. The full text of our American Constitution is given in this book. I’.very American should know its content. It is the greatest single document in the entire struggle of mankind for orderly selfgovernment, Wc need not review here the story of the Constitution. You arc familiar with the history of the colonies and their difficulties, with the Declaration of Independence, with the Revolutionary 16 Tfjc Aniprii'DH C.ifizrm UiinJhonk War, and the difficult years under the Articles uf Con- federation. You are familiar with the struf;i;les of the Constitutional Convention itself. You know the paticnct and nobility of Wa.shington as he presided tiver the con¬ vention; the difficulty of reaching agreenient; the will- ingness of the men who took part to sulsortlin.aie per¬ sonal and sectional interests to the general good; and the narrow margin by which the Constitution was adopted and put into force when it was .submitted kj the states, Religions Ideals f/.w Fouiulafinti It is difficult to read this history without .seeing in it the hand of Providence, for the .struggle which was then taking place in America was in a sense the climax of untold centuries of human struggle upward, a struggle against despotism, against the de.structive forces within the nature of man himself. The birth of our democracy is the result of the teaching.s of religious leailers going b.ick hundreds of years. Democracy finds its fullest expression m the roots of religion, which has ever emphasized the Fatherhood of God and the Brotherhood of Man. I-or democracy to reach its highest fruition, our society must include diat larger liberty and justice preached so elo¬ quently by the Hebrew Prophets and by Jesus. No one would contend that the Constitution is a per- feet document. The very men who framed it wore con- scious of Its shortcomings. And the fact of the Civil War proves that it could not meet all the needs of the young repubhe—a war to test, in the words of Lincoln, whether any nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men arc created equal can ong endure. We have our difficulties in these days Your CUhctisbip in the Miiliitiji 17 also in agreeing among ourselves as to what wc want the Constitution to be and how wc want it to be interpreted or administered. But these arc .small matters as compared with the great fact of the Constitution itself standing between us and chaos, between us and a return to the brutalities and confusion of earlier centuries. Edncatioii, the Safeguard of Democracy We must also Include in our great American heritage, along with the land Itself, the memory of noble men and women, and our system of free governntent, the common school —^which is youns to cherish, to improve, and to use as the Instrument of your intelligence. The importance of education in a democracy is eloquently stated elsewhere in this book by Horace Mann, founder of the American free public-.school system. We have in our schools 30 million young people*—a population ten times as great as the total population of the colonics when the Declaration of Independence was signed. But wc have come to sec that education of adults is no less important than the education of children. We already have the beginnings of a nationwide system of t.ix-supportcd free public education of adults. It is essential that adult education grow to a point where in every school building in the land there will be classes and discussion groups of people in the community deal¬ ing with the important issues of their lives. The setup in our country and in the world is changing so rapidly that new problems of life and government arise over¬ night and if people are to meet them with full intelli¬ gence, they mu.st continue their study and education thruout the years. 18 The Ameriran Citizrm llandhnUihin\{ of public information; and the Ship of State is torn and threatened by conflicting gales of uninformed pub¬ lic pi'cjudice. It is not easy to know the truth and there is always the possibility that the citizen will make mis¬ takes in his judgment, but he can at least make sure that he is honest and sincere in his attempt to get at the truth and to serve not any selfish interest but the people as a whole. That is the principle upon which demo¬ cratic government was founded. It is the only principle upon which it can survive and adapt itself to the new and difficult conditions of our time. The CJfizcii’s Rcsl)nn.\if}iltfy What of the citizen’s obligation to cherish and im¬ prove the great inheritance of democracy and seli'gov- ernment? Think for a moment of what it means to be endowed with the highest gift the community can be¬ stow—that of having a part in the government of hu¬ manity. For untold centuries men have fought and labored thru long and tortuous years that the rights which we enjoy might be ours, and under our system we intrust this precious heritage in the hands of the people thcm.sclvcs. We say to every young man and young woman who reaches the age of 21: You have become .a ,soverei};ii citl/cu. You are ihe source of the authority of our government. You h.ive upon your slioulilers tlie preservation of this great boon of freedom and (»]ipnrtuniiy lor which others liavc p.iid so dearly. If you do not appreci.ue the importance of this sovereign privilege, if you do not exercise it. .iitd exercise it wisely, it will he lost and tlie old long cycle of coiil'usinn and sulTering will he once more ahe.id. 22 The Americm Cifheni Untidhiml! Your Maity-Shlcd T.ifc There is always the danger tJiat wo sh;,!! tliink oi our citizenship too narrowly, that we shall fail to reali/f Its relationship to our lives as a whole. When wo think of citizenship we are likely to think of voting, or oi serving on the jury, or of our services as public officers or of paying taxes, or of the possibility of being drafted mto the army to serve as soldiers. These arc the specific tasks of the citizen and each is of the highest importance, but bach of them stands life itself, the art of living so that life shall be good and beautiful, free and worthy OI the human race. You cannot separate your citizenship and the exercise of your civic duties from the rest of your life. Your aspirations, interests, ideals, tastes, and habits influence e per ormance of your civic duties. If your life r noble and rich, your citizenship will express that nobility hkely to be a good voter. The purpose you have a,s a thei or as a motlier will carry over and influence your Sr 1 --kZ ■ of humLtrir ‘ ‘common Iie,in yourneighbL'^vl’b" y““‘' ^“"'i'y “o'! . these qualities will degrade the public life. Your Citizenship in the Making 23 The world today needs you at your best with such qualities as these: A determination to earn your own way in tlie world by useful service. A personal interest in human welfare that seizes every oppor¬ tunity to help others improve their lives. A deep concern for good government combined with sustained study and action. Begin Your CitizensbH) in the Home The foundations of your whole life—physical, emo¬ tional, and mental—are laid in the home. The well- ordered home based on love, mutual hclpfulnc.s.s, and intelligent cooperation is the highest achievement of mankind. It is the cradle of civilization. By living and working together in the home we acquire the virtues, habits, and skills needed for the highest .success in life. By doing your part in the tasks about the home; by helping to keep it clean, orderly, and beautiful; by seek¬ ing to make it a peaceful, friendly, and happy place; you learn to think, to plan, and to work with others in way.s that will help you to perform well your part in school and community. Exalt, enrich, and beautify your home. It is the foundation of your life and happiness; the first school of citizenship and democracy. Improve Your Community Citizenship Make a list of things which you can and will do to contribute most to the welfare and happiness of all in the community, including such items as; [1] Keeping ilie premises about your home clean, orderly, and beautiful. 24 The Amcricau Ct/item [2] Obeying trallJc rules and slewing emnw.v ..s pedestrian. '•» K‘<'‘fmgnrnl and ajfai,, [4] Taking part in religious, civic, and cult.,r.,I .icriv,ii„. [J] Maintaining a friendly and tnuperative .utinuk- tMWarc members of all races and creeds. [6] Helping to free the cumniuiiity from iiHliu-iu rs tiin and degrade tbc lives of the people. [7] Voting when you arc of proper .tge .uid r.u,.marine „,hrr. to vote for officers who will honestly and ellicieiulv servo the inter ests of all the people. ' Yotir PolWcal aiiznnhip Your citizenship in the political conununitv is m.ulc pub u: a^.MtrM,oa TI,« two wlm-l, art TOkaned thruncfiWt art ,1 k- sovfrnmcnt of iIk locality toct tTrr »■> in- rest m and learn to control and lo manage lumesilv ^^effioendy local political affairt, which'arc .ware., aS of r '7 "°J 'I’c larger ’’“'“‘“I l'o«a gain coMrol vrim^ wl <="u“mriuing on the primary, where a few votes often control the tcsnlr If ticke«Ta*”‘”-“ “"‘‘j'’”® “■ ‘bem on all tion. ^e^prinaar. .lectio. O.Z manti encourage public diacmaion. T&e Government of Industry Your Cifhem/jip in the Ma/dttf> 2T enimcnt of industry. They thought only of political government. With the coming of large corporations, people came to see that their lives, liberties, and happiness were involved in the industrial community as much and sometimes more than in the political community. In what ways may you have a part in the government of industry? hirst, thru your political citiv.cnship you can give attention to the charters which create the corpora¬ tions and the laws and commissions which regulate them. Second, thru organization as a worker you can encourage justice and fair play. Third, as a consumer, you can patronize only industries which play fair and perform a useful service; you can join others in the consumers co¬ operative movement. Toward World Cifizctmhip The world is being drawn closer and closer togeihcr by modern communication and transportation. Races with different ideals, religions, customs, and languages see more of each other. Trade interests cross and often conflict. Dictator countries threaten the peace of neigh¬ bors. These wider interests must in some way be brought under law and order. Their nature must be better under¬ stood. Public sentiment must be created on behalf of the ideal of fair play. Ideals of mutual respect and helpful¬ ness must be developed. World machinery must be per¬ fected to deal with world issues. This will require crea¬ tive thinking and courageous action. Considering what we now have to work with, the problems presentetl are no greater than those associated with the preparation and adoption of the Constitution of the United States, The Pan American Union <•> /.■ [2S] 27 Yrjiir CitJzrns/jiji in the Ma/iinff There Is Power in the People Dictators have discovered the physical force of i;reat masses of people. Democracies traust discover and re¬ lease the intellectual and moral force that resides in the people—in their energy, in their aspirations, in their purpo-ses, in their experience, in their love of neighbors and dear one.s. Jesus built a religion out of the wisdom of plain people. Pie turned their homely experience into devotion, faith, hope, and good works. The founders of America instituted the greatest Republic of all time (ui the conviction that people could rule themselves better than kings could rule for them. Horace Mann laid the foundations of the world’s noblest school system in the ambition of the common people to improve themselves. Release the power that is in the people and out of a great people will come an abundance of great and in- .spired leaders. Toward a New America May you as a .sovereign citi/.en carrying vipon ytmr shoulders the responsibility for selfgovernment, ever be watchful of your pricelc.ss atid hard-won heritage. May you build into your life the best that mankind has thought or dreamed thruout the ages, knowing full well that if your life is right, your citizen.ship will be worthy. May you ever realize that all human institutions, in¬ cluding government, must be born anew in the hearts and minds of each generation. In that fact lies the significance of Citizenship Recognition Day as it is described in this book. May we all accept our trustee” ship for government of the people, by the people, f«)r the people. I'lic Aimntjn And as you read this luatk. ask v,ii.i>i.|l what as a citizen can do ni pass on the ton h „f dcraocr* and to make the nation Iwtter and stionei-r, Deinn^,, to do your part to keep denmeracy tr.ie i„ dw yj of Its founders. Ask yourself .ipain .ind attain iliru tir Wat kind of a life for my*lf aiul niv loved ones?" Ai yourself what you can do to .ichieve the followine m. sonal goalsi [1] To keep fit pliysicilly, mentally, ami sinnoullv i|,n, a fill routine of liviiij;;. [2] To ealt tilt /araily ,md . foundation of civilized coltutc. . [I] To give attenlion o, eiric ,li,ie , JeienninaiMi i ... . well-... in tk comtonMr" " W if Riile and .in,. citiZ "f //V MM Critical Problems Facine: Our Nation CI.AIU-NCM AimiSt)N' DYKSTRA PnsiilcTi/, lUiitrrsUy uf \Vi\riWihi VVii in America face critical national problems on several fronts—economic, social, political, ethical, edu¬ cational, and military. We face a new world environ¬ ment to which we have to adapt ourselves. We cannot face it complacently and without riftoroiis selfanalysis. We cannot wish ourselves 3f;ain into the nineteenth cen¬ tury. There are lessons for us to learn from the plijcht of France and England, tradition-hound and overly sure of themselves. [IJ Whiif of //>(’ fron/'f tXirs is a money economy backed by }j;old. Money came into use because it was a convenient medium WMch which to carry on trade. This medium in time became a commodity ilesired for itself bec,ausc it could brinj' income thru interest. In the course of time we thought that witltout numey nothing could happen in the economic work!. We de¬ clared that nations could not conduct a war without this international medium. We fondly believed that Cier- many could not light because it had no gold. We have recently discovered again that there is such a thing as barter, even imeniaiional barter, anil that an economic .system can run if only iliere are men and materials. Wealth is gom/s and goods are created by the 30 __ TAr Awmi tf.} f-rf,; ,,,; application of labor to materials. We haj fnrsoitcn tf when we insisted that nations needed .uold. \\V h.,ved[i covered recently that the nation with the hulk of th world’s gold supply can have the greatest incidence! unemployment, that a nation without much gold n,,v threaten the international trade of .« country wir billions. We have discovered, moreover, that a nation of un. employed IS a nation imperilled. 'I'he lesson of I-uropci plain—idleness, discontent. loss of confidence in thov. 1° morale, organi/atio? of disgruntled groups, loss of unity, .md then a sense o' futility, the appearance of the dem.igog with liis gospei promises, the c.tpturco: youth and the firing of imaginations, the appe.d to a ne« day n army on the march, a new nationalilm horn-.,! ot thmn progression moving with a fresh religious fervo- ^.ther who can know? Do we need further demons;;:: particularly must find jobs for our young people? rec^n nvrUu itlv sralw k been count' Sie^oMo Hitler. I„s.>fiir . Pot^nllk character, they have demomtra “d Werh"'Td ^''1‘^l^^^ntmcd The new relfgions of F, “ before it. into an enterorise which merge the individual selflessness of the oSnulUrVl”^^ resigmuion and; belief but the drive and power: 31 Yoht Citizemhip in the MaAi/jj’ that go with the doctrine of dynamism. They provide further a common emblem and single leadership which minister to something the race seems to crave. It gets us nowhere to call names and decry systems of "isms.” To say that a new Caesar is on the march or that a wild beast has escaped from his cage is just a combina¬ tion of words. In the Presidential campaigns we are treated to a battle of words. We view with alarm; wc take pride; we appeal to everybody and appease anybody. It is not enough, The hope of democracy rests on things done which other systems get done, on houses built, on jobs provided, on crops raised and materials manufactured, tin resources conserved, on opportunities for the people to come to their best selves, on the development of national goals and unities, on the development of self respect and that intangible thing we call morale. It is no longer enough to say, "Oh, yes, the democratic device is .slow, is inelficicnt, is bungling, we like it and wc muddle thru.” It mast compete today with in¬ struments which perform with perfection. This- is the dtiy when a democracy must plan on a national scale, operate promptly, and do well the necessary things which bring satisfaction to the people. [3] T/ms we come to the political challenge of the day. Ours is too often the accidental leadership which may or may not prove worthy. And yet the call on every hand is for leadership that understands the need of the time. We in the United States have found no sure way by which natural leadership can be trained in the national arena for the national purpose. We are plagued by prob¬ lems of doubtful .states, of "being too wellUnown,” of haying made enemies by having c.mvKrJiMn>.. at u-ctin^ jealousies. We must Tmd .a ilemocr.iiic pi tK s'vH, wJhch mr nearly assures us of getting what we need. This IS but one ex-imple of our many dirticulties lead to the suggestion that we are sorely >ti need of i,n4 tion on our social and political fiimis. ‘rhis generate must therefore produce inventors in the fields of hunu- organ,zation. We h.aye k-cn ingenious beyond compar! in the world of nicch.inics and science. Adv.inces- liavi come from a composite of small contributions froir many sources. In the natur.il sciences e.ich generatior stands on the tallest shoulders of the last. In the scicnc of society we arc tempted to kneel before the veers of th Siod T experiment; We deal ' "controlled e.xperiment,' We deal not with white rats but with hunun beings witr, motions, prejudices, and ignorance. Nonetheless, v. dem invention if we are to mah democracy operate under rapidly changing conditiom makt f Z making ,t adequate for modern demands, that Amcvitably to the special challenfii /7 HI- ^‘^’•^cation, Aw/em-rf// hroNrnis hi- d^yM he in the field of ed,nation. Wc 4n„ ^ I cant economic snri'-,! e,„A ,■ • , "‘‘l"P'”‘'cn-signjii- of our citizens!,- -I'l-’ ^ P°i^*^‘cal questions witli iruidi r our citizendup illiterate in tliesc fields. We vote rely names and SenS.r'’'’ we disagree ® with whom Your CUizemhilt in the hUkjn^ 33 We are seeing how easy it is for whole peoples to slip down the ladder up Avhich they have climbed with in¬ finite pain thru many centuries. We are discovering how difficult it is to make wise choices. We are embarked on the hard road, the democratic way. If ever we needed civic competenc)', it is today. Man must achieve mastery of himself as well as of the material world if civilization is to be maintained thru the next troubled years. We are a generation that live.s in one of history’.s‘ great crises and it would seem that somewhere there is knowledge enough to resolve it without a long blackout. Education carries a heavy burden today. It must sur¬ vey its responsibilities and its re.sources and gird itself for a supreme effort. It must deal with all who are citizens of our democracy. Perhaps it is time even to change our terminology. Our .superintendents of srhnoh should ac¬ tually be superintendents of ctliicitfioii and have the whole community—not just the children—as their re¬ sponsibility. In the field of civic education the adult re- spomibility is perhaps the greater. Civic enlightenment is the condition precedent to successful selfgovernment. A program of cooperation ought to work as well as a dictated program if wc arc willing to do the things neces¬ sary to success. We must know and make generally known what is the ethical content of democracy just as thoroly as the dic¬ tator makes his ethic of the .state a general conception. Germany .seized upon the psjfchological penchant of youth for organization to work out a vast extraciirricu- lum program of youth cducatit)n. We have youth organizations in this country. It is impossible to keep them down. C)ur manifest oppor- 34 Tke A»ictitjn tunicy is to aid them to serve ohjectives which we bclis, m. Many municipal prdice dep.irtinents MruKKling w juvenile delinquency have discovercil that the i;ant- spir m our youth can he capii.di/ed upon hv providi.w W and girls with something to dr,. Dn r.„r yrnuh. ando; people for that matter, know where they arc soinr The world stands aside for the man win, knows whe he ts going.” This is happening in I-ur»pe today. One problem of American education tmlay is to 4 cover and teach a unifying bond which will weld us tt gether, without the loss of individual freedom, in a con ception that a government may be the servant of man tion ‘^I'^fwhcre with tlie honviufouv concep P aims Uhoaa for armaments tc, tlcfo.itl the Amcria- nicians. This will not create a national unity, nor wll hya«„cal wirch hunts. Our unity tt.ul sruuri • 31 Pa»d upon a real devotion to our way of life and . ^Jhngness to make sacrifices other than heavy taxes v '"“Wlization sve cannot ncKlecti. cu. po^ibUitTes Ametj^y 7hfo“ lavisUyfor Sfori “ “> »P--'nJ ntone, axpenditures at oAlTsootT T T“' '* Dictators did nor i ^ l-’ ^tiPPation for iitstaoct. dtd not make this mistake. They stepped «, Your Citizenship in the Makiitfi 3 5 their kind of education to strenf;then the line behind the line. Let us learn from these realists this item for the protection of our sacred heritage. We must know what we are prepared to fight for as well as against. Is it terri¬ tory, a continent, or a hemisphere? Or is It a principle to which we pledge our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor? History is a hard taskmaster. It is useful if we arc will¬ ing to learn from it. The tragedy is that we seldt)m do. Said a workman in a defeated nation: “One of the causes of our misfortune is that we lacked an ideal. We came to imagine that the proper duty of man was to arrange an easy way of life, individualistic to the point of .scliishness. We were all democratic in spirit but in reality we were too much concerned with self. It was to a great e.\tent the fault of our insiituiions, which tended to breed politicians instead of statesmen and which set party interests before those of the nation. We arc all rc.sponsible. We saw no further than the parish pump and we were well .satisfied when our representa¬ tives brought home the gravy. . . . We are about to be¬ come .slaves but adversity will weld the nation. Perils will befall democracy everywhere when it forgets' that free men have duties as well as rights.” An historian wrote of the downfall t)f another de¬ mocracy: “The cause of all these evils was the love of power, originating in avarice and ambition, and the party-spirit which is engendered by them when men are fairly em¬ barked in a conte.st. Each man was strong f)nly in the conviction that nothing was .secure; he must look to his own safety and could not afford to trust others. Inferior Thr Avu'Tff^i] ( s}k intellects generally succmlcJ lu-t, I m,.. ;nv;ue nf th own deficiencies, and tVariiiK i!u- sMpaciiy *it' tlicirrr ponents, they struck Hnldly and at .nu e. Ihsf tlieclcv^i sort, presuming in their .imiiaancc that they svnuWl- aware in time, and disdainini: tfi act svhen ilu-y con' think, were taken ntf tlieirKuard aiul eadly desimvd’ Ihc first esplanatian for (he dnwnfall ,d a demise -the recent debacle in i-rance ^was made hv a seve„r. three-ycar^old Frenchman. The h-cuuI K .1 .,„ntatic fiom lluicydides, cxplaininj; the dnxenfall nf Athcni. greatness after its defeat hy Sparta mnre than 230(1 ver ago. The same sentiment runs tliru !>mh thr. they wtr uttered more than two millenniums apart. They rcip education and understanding. We have a military prep.iredness challenge to faceo- front. Wc hnpn and t..pv« ,1,...'’.. U, i pv=n proper .attention. Tlii. is ,hc rcpoioibiliiv of pa, a nar r T a ' I”” liev^thadaf” “°l ’ which bt sMy sactifiMj’w'*" ”1"* [This statement by Prcsliiona n,.i other sroups „ Pcrwm/anZfl »•» ii,’«-v.nrr jni P*«e 58 of the Handbook.] . .. .0 How To Become a Citizen oj the United State.s A useful book fur every ciiizeti is piiblislieil by the Iiumi,^r;iiiou anil Naluraii/aliun Service ui ilie Uniteil States Department til Justice. It is eiiiiileil C)?ir Coinlihitinii ami (ioi n tniii'nl, anil may be piir- chn.sed fruni the Ciovernmeni IVintini* Clllice, W.ish- ini;l()n, D. Cl., fur ,10 cents. Althu written especially fur caniliilatc.s for citi/.ensliip, it is helpful anil iii~ forniing to every American who wishes in iiiulcrsi.iiul the government of the United States wliich he sup¬ ports. The follosving is C;h.ipier 2 of the huuk. V VE do not live alone but as members of f^ruups. I’ur thoiusands of year.s people have lived together in f amilies, villages, towns, cities, .states or countries, aiul n.iiions, They have also come together in pleasure groups, work groups, and religious groups. In time some ol" these groups have died out and others have grown, 'rutlay the life of the people i,s made up of thousands of groups, and each of us belongs to a number of them. I.et us ligure out how we become members of the various groups to which we belong. What Grouli Mcmbcnhil) Most groups .set up certain qualifications for their members. For example, before you can join the group of people who vote for the Prc.sident of the United States you must be a citizen of this country. licft,)rc a child can join a school group he (or she) must have reached a cer- [ 37 ] 3S The /hwrud'i C ih ..'iv tain age. To join most clubs one i«usi Ix' elected and pj-, dues. Every group must set up stniic definite qualificj. tions for its new mcmlx’ts, if it is to l.ist Itmg .ind gros Very few of us would care to belong to a group that ad mitted every kind of person. You ss-ouU! not want £ kinds of people admitted to your work group. If yoi were ill in a hospital, you would not ss*.tm to find thi; the doctors or nurses h.id no prttper quaiificatinm fo; tlaeir work. You would not w.im the sss'iinming pojjliE a park near your home to have a lifegu.u-d who could no: swim. You would not sv.ant the police force in your tovr to be made up of policemen who were la/y and carclei You would not want yovir neighborhottil filled with per¬ sons who were criminals. And certainly you ilo not w.in; bad people admitted to citizenship. In setting up its qualifications for citizenship in tli: United States, our government has H'ied in keeji persor. who would not make good citizens froju becoming mem¬ bers. No doubt you arc glad of this. If you are joining tk biggest club of all, the United Slates, you will want tv understand its membership. Let us see what qualilication! one must have to join this national group. ^ho May Be Meinben of Our Na/tonal Cmuti>} Most persons who are citizens of the United Srat« were born in this country. The Constitution of tk Fourteenth Amondmeni that; All persons born... in the United States, and sub¬ ject to the jurisdiction thereof, arc citizen.s of the UnitcJ' btates and of the State wherein they reside.” C 'Idren born to American parents who are traveling: mng outsi e this country arc also American citizensi under certain conditions. And our national Congress has made laws to give citizenship to the people of Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands—parts of the United States which arc separate from the main part and are not part of the 48 states. The Constitution also provides that the (congress shall make rules by which persons who were born in foreign countries may become American citizens by naturali/a- tion. When a foreign-born person becomes naturalized, he actually takes our country as his own ctnmtry and becomes a full member of our national group. In becom¬ ing naturalized, a person must give up his old country and become a loyal citizen of the United States. Millions of persons who were born in foreign lands have become members of this nation just as tho they were born here. The laws made by our Congress' pn>vide that an appli¬ cant for naturalization in this country: [a] Must prove that he (or she) is a person of good moral character. [b] Must show that he wholeheartedly believes in the principles of the Constitution of the United .States. [c] Must swear to give up all allegiance to any fc*relgn king, ruler, government, or country. [d] Must .swear that he will support and defend the Constitution and the laws of the United .States against all enemies, outside or inside the country. These qualifications of the naturalization law are only another way of saying that all new members of our na¬ tion [1] must have "the makings” of good citizens; [ 2 | must believe in our form of government; ( 3 ] must give up all membership in any foreign country; and I 41 must honor and obey the principles of our Constitution. 4U rf-C Arnffirjm /f!,- Until abcnit H) >-e.trs .ign ik- iJnitc.i Slates kepti; doors open to almost any perM.n u lv, wished tn mat his home here. I'rom .ill fjver tin- wnrki jn-ople earner this great coimtiy of .ibnit 3 milliou v.jn.ne miles. I; 1882 the Congress hcg.ui tn limit ik kinds nf people wh could come to our kind. Tihkiy the entire immigratio- from all parts of the world except Xnrth. Ckmtral, an;, houtli America is limited to alviui H(»,nnn personsr any one year. Who May Become L\ K, NahiralheJ i:i/izem? A white person, or person horn in Africa, or perar ot African descent, or a person who is a descendant of; race native to the Western I lemispherc, who is r alien, who has been admitted to live in the United .Statt m the way provided by law, and who lias* lived here with- ut a break for 1 years, can be naturali/cd, if lie or sIk has done all that the law requires. Rut it is the tlo/yo{ ih government to refuse citizenship to persons who li.ivi, all ‘'"^‘’chists (persons who arc againsi not seem likely to become good and loyal citizens. How Docs a Person Become Nafnralhed? whieWh 7 f « T K*ven tk isTleast ^8 immigrant an alien who may m?ke Tl ^cal liome herc,^ ' American intenfion to become an, clerk of a CO l is made before tlic: Your CitizeHshil) hi the Making 41 This is the first step which an applicant takes. In this first step the applicant says that it is his intention to give up forever any membership in a foreign state anti to become a citizen of the United States. In this way the applicant is beginning to meet the qualifications for membership in our national group of citizens. In not less than 2 years nor more than 7 years after he makes his declaration (provided that he has lived in this country continuously for 5 years without a break of a year or more), the applicant is ready for the next step. In, the second step he goes to the clerk of the court and signs and swears to his pefithu for naturalization. He states in this petition [ 1 ] that he is not against organ¬ ized government, [2] that he firmly believes in the prin¬ ciples of our Constitution, and [3J that he intends to give up his membership in the country from which he came to the United States. At the time that this petition is signed, two American citizens who are known ttj be truthful must swear before the clerk of the court (1 ) that they know the applicant to have lived continuously (without any long break) in the United .States durittg the last J years, [2] that he is a person of good moral character, and [3] that he is attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States. Before the petition is acted upon by the court, the applicant and his witnesses are asked questions by an examiner of the Immigration and .Naturalization Service of the United States Department of Justice. The purpo.se of thi.s ex¬ amination is to make sure that the applicant is qualified, according to law, to become a good United States citizen. The third step is the appearance of the applicant in court. The law states that at least 30 days must pas.s after the pstamn thv < dvrk kforc i-,, petitioner (the one .I’.knsj; u^t sjmay anpfj- before the jutlj;c for Ima! av?j-0 .snmc id theit richt to *'7° ‘•““■"'J spcciol priviloRC, bul body. * ^k’Jcngcd at any time by any] tm Schools Mem Free People ! abiat*^a a "ladc availi of mankind. EducatloTr'' r"!”'f"'* defeat tyramiy Xmvc ” S" T" y nerever it manifests itself In this land. f . ; Tha National Education Association, ’Washington, D, hcadi/iiarlrrs i. of the nation's teachers. It is (he largest professional organiiation in the world. [45] ^^5 The Amvru>>iij:nhn>s Free schools arc the guarantee of a free people; they le the means whereby every ind^vulua may pr pare himself for whatever achievement and seiMce he is cap We. Adequate educational oppor tunity is now denied Son of youth, it is true, but a fair start in life for Tvty childl an American ideal toward which we have beeJsteadily moving for a century. All the greed and social interest will not prevent the full attain- ment of this ideal. Freedom of Occulmtiou I thank God for American freedom to earn a living in a job I myself selected. No social traditions dictated that I should follow the occupation of my fathei. No agency of the state told me where or at what I must labor. The option was wholly my own, and I was given abundant opportunity to prepare for the j; my choice. All of us arc aware of the fact that the . chine, in combination with economic factors, prevents millions of workmen today from practicing vocations for which they have trained themselves. Yet who can doubt that the inventive genius which created the ma¬ chine is able to adjust the earnings of human livelihood to its use? Who has reason to believe that the same genius cannot or will not perfect an economic system in which honest toil may win its share of a material abundance that exceeds anything the world has ever known? Freedom of Speech, Assembly, emd Press 1 thank God for American rights—for the right to think; to speak; to write and to print what I think; for the right of peaceable assembly to discuss with my fe - ViiHi- f ./Zhi JiJn/t i» llv SUkh;^ •«<’’ lows the way nut of clifHciiltiov which Ji.miss me as an individual nr beset us as a pci.ple; for the ri^hl tn protest and to petitinn those in authority for the re¬ moval of ijnevances and of obstacles to the happiness and welfare of iny family and my neiKlibors; for the right to subscribe to any creed in which T believe attd i(» worship as seems to me most luting. I am grateful for the right to unc>9 essence of Americanism is not territory. It is a way of life. Plains anil mountains and valleys arc only neces¬ sary incidents to its existence. Someone has ventured to suggest that if the American people could by .some magic be transferred in a body to some new continent, that new continent would be America: for the essentials tjf Ameri¬ canism arc in the hearts and minds of the people. However that may be, I thank CJod, more titan for anything else, that the Pilgrims and their hardy succes¬ sors elected to come to this continent, putting three thousand miles of Atlantic Ocean between their descend¬ ants and the warring nations of the Old Work!. This morning our youth are in .school or at work. Tonight our streets will be brightly lighted. There will be no .stum¬ bling thru darkness, at the .sound of a siren, to bombproof shelters. Our children have not been transported to safely schools far from their homes. Our art treasures are on exhibit incur museums and public places, and not hidtlen in deep vaults. We eat without ration cards. Our wlmle lives arc not bc.sct with fear and uncertainty regarding either the outcome or the purpose of any war that men¬ aces our existence. Uuiutw Riji/jfs S/ill Sttcn'ti And ,so, I thank God I’m an American. All may not be right with America. There is .still with us some of the social injustice and inequality to the removal of which we dedicated ourselves a.s a young nation. But the funda¬ mental human rights which are the essence of Ameri¬ canism arc still held sacred by our people and by our responsible leaders. We have .ill and mucli nif»re ch.an the Pilgrim fathers expected to .secure for their posterity 50 The Awi'tiiiiti f■?/)"<■»* ILimIhiiiilt in tlic New World. And as we niemnriali/c tlieir first Thanksgiving, so devoutl)' siiTered bec.iuse they had escaped the religious bigtttry and intcrn.iiiiiiial jealousits of the Old World, every one of us can say with oven more meaning and fervor than the Pilgrims said, "Thank God, I’m an American.” [Available as NliA I'l'rminl (irnutli Jrjjlrt l.~K li.r Swfilm iiili'tiitatinii alma! the tcaflcis, see page III iif the lUiKlhiiuh.] Khuanis Intcrntthnal has erected 17 Biiiiiidiir)) I’encc Tablets dong the United Sfates-Caiimikii Imrdcr to express the friendly relations which have existed between the two nathiis for aver a century. Tlie Code of tlic Good Ai)ic’nain L 'ik' Ciiilf t)( //'I' CriiiiJ fWtfii/irf'J. /'ir/.'Jf.i/ I’t U ll lim j. liifldiiin, till' ituiiiiliJ (ii*/ >' (if /» ll iiii/iiiiiiil oniif'i hy //)!’ Chum h r i JiKUlim iii^tiluliim •.« i(‘A. /). C, P ^ITIZKNS wild art* pood Anu'ric.uis tf\' to k'conu' strong and useful, wortliy of tlieir nation, tlut our country may become ever greater atnl bettei. 1 beu fore, they obey the laws of right living wliich the beM Americans have always obeyeil. 111 77 n- [..iwnfSi'lftinifriit The Gmitl Aiin r'ioni C,aiitrnh Hitnu'lf. I hose wlio best control themselves can best serve their country, Iwillcontrtil my /m/,t{//r, '.md will not allow it to speak mean, vulgar, or profane words. I will think beiore I speak. I will tell the truth and nothing but the truth. I will control my Aw/ier, and will not get angry when people or things displease me. b.ven when indign.tnt against wrong and contradicting falsehood, I will keep my self control. I will control my //lo/tg/i/s, and will not allow a foolislt wish to spoil a wise purpose. I will eontrol my (tflii)in, I will be careful and ibriity, and insist on doing right. 1 St 1 The Ametieen CittifHi ttetiJlmMtk I will not ridicule nor defile the ch.ir.tcier of anodi I will keep my selfrespcct, and help othcr^ to keep tb| [2] The Law of Chwd Health J The Good American Ttic% in Gaitt and Keep Gtl Health, The welfare of our country depcndii upon tlin who are physically fit for their daily work. Thcrcfm I will try to take such food, deep, .and exercise asij keep me always in good health. 1 I will keep my clothes, my twHly, and my mind clA I will avoid those habits which w>ould h.irm me, ^ will make and never break those habits which will me. a I will protect the health of others, and guard thl safety as well as my own. | I will grow strong and skilful. 1 I [3 ] The Law of Kitidnesa i The Good American h Kind, In America those who ac different must live in the same communities. We are 1 many different sorts, but we arc one great people. EveC unkindness hurts the common life; every kindness hdp^ Therefore; i) I will be kind in all my thoughts, I will bear no spitil or grudges. I will never despise anybody, I I will be kind in all my speech, I will never gossip n(| will I speak unkindly of anyone. Words may wound ^ I will be kind in my acts. I will not selfishly insist 0^ avmg my own way. I -will be polite: rude people are nd goo mericans. I will not make unnecessary trouble fd those who work for me, nor forget to be grateful. I wl* 54 Ttx Amrrifnii Cifittmi HanJhtfih be careful of other people’s things. I will dt» my best to prevent cruelty, and will give help to those in need, [4] The Law of Spnrfsmandni) The Good American Plays Pair. Clean play increases and trains one’s strength and etJurage, and helps one to be ^ more useful to one’s country. Sportsmanship helps one ' to be a gentleman, a lady. Therefore: I I will not cheat, nor will I play for keeps or for money. If I should not play fair, the Uwer would lose the fun of the game, tlie winner would lose his scifrespect, and the game itself would become a mean .and often cruel business. I will treat my opponents with courtesy, and trust them if they deserve it. I will be friendly. If I play in a group game, I will play not for my own glory, but for the success of my team and the fun of the game, I will be a good loser or a generous winner. And in my work as well as in my play, I will be .sports¬ manlike—generous, fair, honorable. [y] The Lau’of Self reliance The Good American Is Selfrclianf. Self conceit is silly, but selfreliance is necessary to citizens who would be strong and useful. I will gladly listen to the advice of older and wiser people; I will reverence the wishes of those who love and care for me, and who know life and me better than 1.1 will develop independence and wisdom to think for my¬ self, choose for myself, act for myself, according to what seems right and fair and wise. Your CUhrn’thip in ihc Makin;^ S < I will not be afraid of being laughed at when I am right. I will not be afraid of doing right when the crowd does wrong. When in danger, trouble, or pain, I will be br.ive. A coward does not make a g(H)d American. [6] Tbv I.air of Dii/y The Good American Docs His Duty. ‘I’he shirker and the willing idler live upon others, and burden fellow- citizens with work unfairly. They do m>t do their sliarc, for their country’s good. I will try to find out what my duty is as a good American, and my duty I will dt>, whether it is easy or hard. What it is my duty to do I can do. [7] The Law of Reliahilify The Good American h Keliahlc. (^ur ct)vmtry grows great and good as her citizens are able more fully to trust each other. Therefore: I will be honest, in word and in act. I will jun lie, sneak, or pretend. I will not do wrong in the ht>peof not being found out. I cannot hide the truth from myself and cannot i)fien hide it from others. Nor will I injure the property of others. I will not take without permission what does lUK be¬ long to me. A thief is a menace to me and others. I will do promptly what I have promised to do. If I have made a foolish promise, I will at once confess my mistake, and I will try to make good any harm which my mistake may have caused. I will so speak and act that people will find it easier to trust each other. 56 The Amtrkaa (Utnrnf. [ 8 ] T/jie Jjtw of Truth The Good American Is True. I wHI lu* shm to bcliev* suspicions lest I do injustice; I will avoid hasty opinio^ lest I be mistaken as to facts. I will stand by the truth regardless of iny likes and dis. likes, and scorn the temptation n» lie fttr myself or friends; nor will I keep the truth from tl«»sc who haves right to it. I will hunt for proof, and be accur.ite as to what I set and hear; I will learn to think, that I may discover net [ 9 ] The Law of Good Workmasnhijl} iJt '^hing k tt of our country depends upon those who have learned to do in the right way the work ^at makes civili-zation possible. Therefore! will get the best possible education, and le.irn all that and PJ^eparation for the time when I am grown up my life work. I will invent and m.ikc things better X CclUa formtheS'v passable work. I will blunders r ^ \ ^ ^c®P alert; mistakes and success. sometimes disaster, and spoil give it me But whenTr who havlr ^ <^«vy those Enn.poa.rwr Your Cilizcnship in the htakin^ S7 [10] The Law of Tearn work The Good American Works in Friendly Cooperation with Fellow-Workers. One alone could not build a city or a great railroad. One alone would find it hard to build a bridge. That I may have bread, people have made plows and threshens, have built mills and mined coal, made stoves and kept .stores. As we learn better liow to work together, the welfare of our country is advanced. In whatever work I do with others, I will do my part and encourage others to do their part, promptly, quickly. I will help to keep in order the things which we use in our work. When things are out of place, they are often in the way, and sometimes they arc hard to find. In all my work with others, I will be cheerful. Checr- lessness depresses all the workers and injures all the work. When I have received money for my work, I will be neither a miser nor a spendthrift. I will save or spend as one of the friendly workers of America. [11] The Law of Loyalty The Good American Is Loyal. If our America is to become ever greater and better, her citizens must be loyal, devotedly faithful, in every relation of life; full of courage and regardful of their honor. I will be loyal to my family. In loyalty I will gladly obey my parent.s or those who arc in their place, and show them gratitude. I will do my be,st to help each member of my family to strength and usefulness. I will be loyal to my school. In loyalty I will obey and help other pupils to obey those rules which further the good of all. 58 Thf AfWritJn ('ilrrm I will be loyal to my town, my state, my country, b; loyalty I will respect ami help others to respect their lav,-, and their courts of justice. 1 will be loyal to humanity anj civilization. In loyalty I will do my best to help the frieiully rel.it ions of our country with every other country, .iml to «ive to every¬ one in every land the best possible ch.mce. I will truth and wisdomt I will work, and achieve if I can. some good for the civilization into which I have bcen^ born. 1 ! If I try simply to be loyal to my family, I may be dis-1 loyal to my school. If I try simply to he loyal to my| school, I may be disloyal to my town, my Mate, and my I country. If I try simply to be loy.il to my town, state. | and country, I may be disloyal to humanity. I will trj i above all things else to be loyal to humatiity; tlicn I shall | surely be loyal to my country, my state, and my town,; to my school and to my family. Ami this loyalty to! humanity will keep me faithful to civiliz.uion. i He who obeys the law of hyal/y nlwy \ all of fhv nllm \ ten laws of the Good Avicrican. ' "• ..I ,, /vm.,/; elation Wisliin r* P''WWii;il liy ilit I ilii.Mtiim Aiw-i PART II ; Patriotic Selections, Poetry, ^ and Sone: f I Thi-; Loviv 01- t;tH!NrRY fini/s Us hif^h'sl i’xjin’ssimi in I {toc/ry ami son/’. Our poems ami soti)>s of Amerha eamc I from deep palrio/ic feetiiiff ami are useful in keeping alive I the devotion and purpose of the nation’s founders. The I praefire of reading poetry aloud in the home ami of enjo} - ing these songs together in the family t irele is to he en- eouraged. Readers of this votuine are invited to suggest other poems and songs U'bitb they u inild like to stv in¬ cluded in future editions. [ ss> 1 H’Vr* Y St.OUT On my honor 1 will do my best— (I) To do my duly to God and my country, and to obey the Scout Law. (2) To help other people at all times. (3) '!*(» keep myseK physically strong, mentally awake, and morally .straight. THE SCOUT I,AW [1] A Scout is trustworthy [2] A Scout is loyal [3] A Scout is helpful [4] A Scout i.s friendly [J] A Scout is courteous [6] A Scout is kind [7] A Scout is obedient [8] A Scout is cheerful [9] A Scout is thrifty [10] A Scout is brave [11] A Scout is cle,in [12] A Scout is reverent Vatrioiic Schctiitnn and Soltis 63 OATH Ol- THK ATHENIAN YOUNG MAN We will never bring disgrace to this our city, by any act of dishonesty or cowardice; we will fight for our ideals and sacred things of the city, both alone and with many; we will revere and obey the city's laws and do our best to incite a like respect and reverence in those about us; we will strive unceasingly to quicken the public's sense of civic duty; and thus in all these ways we will strive to transmit this city not only not less but greater, better, and more beautiful than it was transmitted to us. FUTURE 1-ARMER.S OF AMERICA CREEU I BELIEVE in the future of farming, with a faith born not of words bur of deeds—achievements won hy the present and past generations of farmers; in the promise of better days thru better ways, even as the better things we now enjoy have come up to us from the struggles of former years, I believe that to live and work on a good farm is pleas¬ ant as well as challenging; for I know the h»ys and dis¬ comforts of farm life and hold an inborn fondness for those associations which, even in hours of discourage¬ ment, I cannot deny, I believe in leadership from ourselves and respect from others. I believe in my own ability to work efficiently and think clearly, with such knowledge and skill as I can secure, and in the ability of organized farmers to serve our own and the public interest in marketing the prod¬ uct of our toil. I believe we can safeguard those rights against practices and policies that are unfair. I believe in less dependence on begging and more power g4 The American Citizens Handbook in bargaining; in the life abundant and enough honest wealth to help make it so—^for others as well as myself; in less need for charity and more of it when needed; in being happy myself and playing square with those whose happiness depends upon me. I believe that rural America can and will hold true to the best traditions in our national life and that I can exert an influence in my home and community which will stand solid for my part in diat inspiring task. FUTURE TEACHERS OF AMERICA PLEDGE The good teacher requires: Physical vitality, I will try to keep my body well and strong. Mental vigor. I will study daily to keep my mind ac¬ tive and alert. Moral discrimination. I will seek to know the right and to live by it. Wholesome personality. I will cultivate in myself goodwill, friendliness, poise, upright bearing, and care¬ ful speech. Helpfulness. I will learn the art of helping others by doing helpful things daily in school and home. Knoavledge. I will fill my mind with worthy thoughts by observing the beautiful world around me, by reading the best books, and by association with the best com¬ panions. Leadership. I will make my influence count on the side of right, avoiding habits that weaken and destroy. These Things Will I Do Now that I May Be Worthy the High Office of Teacher. _ Sclcciions Uftd Sritt^^s THE COUNTRY BOY*S CRIvi£I> I BELIEVE that the Conner}' wliicli God made i> more beautiful than the City which man made; tliat life out- of-doors and in couch with the earth is the natural life of man. I believe that work i.s work wherever we find it, but th.at work with Nature is more inspiring than work with the most intricate machinery. I believe that the dignity of labor depends not ,m what y.,u do, hut t,n how you do It; that opportunity comes to a boy on the farin as often as to a boy in the city, that life is larger and freer and happier on the farm than in town, that mv success depends not upon my location, but upon nn- self not upon my dreams, but upon what I actually do. not upon luck, but upon pluck. I believe in working when you work and in playing when you play and in giving and demanding a square deal in every act of life. —lulu'hi (h^onti (irtnvr. A COUNTRY GIKVs c:rKI-I) I AM GLAD I live in the country. I l»ve its beauty and spirit I rejoice in the things I can do as a country gir for my home and my neighborhood. I believe I can share in the beauty around mc-™.in the fragrance of the orchards in .spring, in the weight <,f the expre s this beauty m my own life as naturally and Ppily as die wild rose blooms by the roadside. the country Tl/ courageous spirit of pasture The entered into the brook in our P re- The stones placed in its way call forth its ££ The American Citizens Handbook strength and add to its strength a song. It swells in the tender plants as they burst the seed cases that imprison them and push thru the dark earth to the light. It sounds in the nesting notes of the meadowlark. "With this courageous spirit I, too, can face the hard things of life with gladness. I believe there is much I can do in my country home. Thru studying the best way to do my everyday work I find joy in common tasks done well. Thru loving com¬ radeship I can help bring into my home the happiness and peace that are always so near us in God’s out-of-door world. Thru such a hope I can help make real to all who pass that way their highest ideal of country life. I believe my love and loyalty for my country home should reach out in service to that larger home that we call our neighborhood. I would join with people who live there in true friendliness. I would wholeheartedly give my best to further all that is being done for a better community. I would have all that I think and say and do help to unite country people near and far in the great Kingdom of Love for Neighbors. —Jessie Field, You AND I are America. Unless we change, America will not change. Unless we are willing to experiment boldly with the application of absolute honesty, absolute purity, absolute unselfishness, and absolute love in our lives and in our relationships and responsibilities, Amer¬ ica, the land of the free, may lose her freedom because she no longer has the moral and spiritual values to main¬ tain it.—/, Herbert Smith. Jf ■If'' ml V r T Y %' i 'kj* <.>«trr .t„n ,„ ,>|.„^ '■-■.-Ifl, «r ti ;l» "" /': apied m m Amcritau ihiiii', RcihireJ /,y //,, (1*'^**', Vfr«o» itfrf/i j' Asmci,ilhn, it nra/iture\ tJv IcAutrlv * •/('**” * r;szi/''- dear, land of ai.i. my love Lonfi as chi,,. Arc ,sha|| h,vc true l„vr, Long as thy .Science truth shall know, Long as thine liaglc harms no Dove. Long a,s thy I.aw by l.iw shall grow. Long as thy God is God above,' Thy brother every man Iwlow. So long, dear Land of all \Y name shall shine, thy fame sl,.,l| gl,„v[ ^Uiuty iMnitr. 68 The Amcrwau Ci/izen^ UaiuUwnk MY NATIVE LAND Breathes there the man with soul so dead Who never to himself hath said; This is my own, my native land? Whose heart hath ne’er within him burned As home his footsteps he hatl; turned, From wandering on a foreign strand? If such there breathe, go, mark him well! For him no minstrel raptures swell; High tho his titles, proud his name, Boundless his wealth as wish can claim. Despite those titles, power, and pelf, The wretch concentred all in self, Living, shall forfeit fair renown, And, doubly dying, shall go down To the vile dust from whence he sprung. Unwept, unhonoted, and unsung. —Sir Walter Sivtl. THE SHIP OF DEMOCRACY Sail, sail thy best, ship of Democracy! Of value is thy freight, 'tis not the Present only, The Past is also stored in thee; Thou boldest not the venture of thyself alone, not of the western continent alone. Earth’s resume entire floats on thy keel, O ship, is steadied by thy spars. With thee Time voyages in trust, the antecedent nations sink or swim with thee, With all their ancient struggles, martyrs, heroes, epics, wars, thou bear’st the other continents, Theirs, theirs as much as thine, the destination'—port triumphant; Steer then with good strong hand and wary eye, O heltnsraan, thou carriest great companions. Venerable priestly Asia sails this day with thee, And royal feudal Europe sails with thco. ,, —Walt Whitman. Valriotic Hflcr/imis attJ Unnx^ TH1-: AMERICAN SCHOOI, The next time you pass a school pause a momcni uj think what that school means to humanity. Recall the long dark centuries when the masses were kept in igno¬ rance—^when greed and oppression ruled the world with an iron hand. From the very beginning of man’s struggle for knowledge, selfrespect, and the recognition of his inalienable rights, the scIkhjI has been bis greatest ally. We refer to the school as "common” because it belongs tons all; it is ourselves working together in the education of our children. But it is a most uncommon institution. It is relatively new. It is democracy’s greatest gift to civilization. Thruout the world, among upward strug¬ gling peoples, wherever parents share in the aspirations of their children, the American common school is being copied. Let us cherish and improve our schools.—/oy Elmer Morgan/. RIvVBRENCE 1-OR I,AW Let reveri-nce for the laws be brc.iihed by every American mother to the lisping babe that prattles on her lap; let it be taught in schools, in seminaries, and in col¬ leges; let it be written in primers, spelling-books, and in almanacs; let it be preached frs)m the pulpit, proclaimed in legislative halls, and enforced in courts of justice. And, in short, let it become the political religion of the nation; and let the old and the young, the rich and the poor, the grave and the gay of all sexes and tongues and colors and conditions, sacrifice unceasingly upon its altars .—Ahrabam iJucaln. 70 The American Citizens, llamibtuik THE SHIP OF STATE Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! Sail on, O Union, strong and grcatl Humanity with all its fears, Witli all the hopes of future years. Is hanging breathless on thy fate! We know what Master laid thy keel, What Workmen wrought thy ribs of steel. Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, What anvils rang, what hammers beat, In what a forge and what a heat Were shaped the anchors of thy hope! Fear not each sudden sound and shock, ‘Tis of the wave and not the rock; 'Tis but the flapping of the sail. And not a rent made by the gale! In spite of rock and tempest’s roar, In spite of false lights on the shore. Sail on, nor fear to breast the seal Our hearts, our hopes, arc all with thee. Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears. Our faith triumphant o’er our fears, Are all with thee—arc all with thccl —Henry Wadsworth Lonj^fallow, I believe CREDO That there are greater things in life Than life itself; I believe In climbing upward Even when the spent and broken thing I call my body Cries "Halt!” I believe To the last breath In the truths Which God permits me to see. Vafrintiv Selvciiotts aud Sfjn,«!S 71 I believe In fighting for them; In drawing. If need be, Noe tlic bloody sword of man Brutal with conquest And drunk with power. But the white sword of God, Flaming with Ilis truth And healing w'hilc it slays. I believe In my country and her destiny, In the great dream of her founders, In her place among the nations. In her ideals; I believe That her democracy must be protected, Her privileges cherished. Pier frecdoui defended. I believe That, humbly before the Almighty, But proudly before all niarikiiul, \Ve must safeguard lier staiid.ird, The vlsltin of her Washington, The martyrdom of her I-iiicoin, With the patriotic artlor Of the minute men And the hoys in blue Of her glorious past. I believe In loyalty lu my country Utter, irrevocable, inviolate. Thou, in whose sight A thousand years are but as ycsterd.ay And as a watch in the night. Plelp me In my frailty To mil Ite real What I believe. •J'Jiai J.hhermari. 72 ’I'hc American Citizens Uandbnnk WHAT CONSTITUTES A STATE? What constitutes a State? Not high-raised battlement or labored mound, Thick wall or moated gate; Not cities proud with spires and turrets crowned; Not bays and broad-armed ports, Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride; Noe starred and spangled courts. Where low-browed baseness wafts perfume to pride. No:—Men! high-minded men With powers as far above dull brutes endue In forests, brake, or den. As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude— Men who their duties know. But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain, Preveirt the long-aimed blow, And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain; These constitute a State. . . . —William Jones. • GOD GIVE US MEN God give us ment A time like this demands Strong minds, great hearts, true faith, and ready liands. Men whom the lust of office does not kill; Men whom the spoils of office cannot buy; Men who possess opinions and a will; Men who have honor; men who will not lie; Men who can stand before a demagogue And damn his treacherous flatteries without winking; Tall men, sun-crowned, who live above the fog In public duty and in private thinking; For while the rabble with their thumb-worn creeds; Their large profession and their little deeds Mingle in selfish strife, lo! Freedom weeps, Wrong rules the land, and waiting Justice sleeps. —Josiah Gilbert Holland. Uunlkcllii, miiiiii/mloh himv tif r,/t nmCh^rhUcnilk, ViJ„i„ u J h 17, ifT”’ '' »rc many of the //W ', 7 ""’"" AMKRICA, I I,OVK YOU^ I »,l„„ H,« fl.„ of t|,„ u„i„j America, and treasure the ideik «i • i - Ul«r>y»dra,ticcf„,", | f fl t' T'' “ 7 mW. Wlinjlj, j I f; J "^P <'“■■ wm- *««». f r ™X- “L I’ r '’™”“ sl”™, hr our Sr!, “ ■I* way our Fatim liavo XtC "i‘^ ICA, I LOVE you! It tl> US. AMJ;K- —Amii, Ut'fchik. 74 The American Citizens Handbook AMERICA FOR ME Tis fine to see the Old World, and travel up and down Among the famous palaces and cities of renown, To admire the crumbly castles and the statues of the kings— But now I think I’ve had enough of antiquated things. So it's home a^ain, and home agahit America for me! My heart is inming home again, and there I lo?ig to be, In the land of youth and freedom beyond the ocean bars, Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars. Oh, London is a man’s town, there’s power in the air; And Paris is a woman’s town, with flowers in her hair; And it’s sweet to dream in Venice, and it’s great to study Rome; But when it comes to living, there is no place like home. I like the German fir-woods, in green battalions drilled; I like the gardens of Versailles with flashing fountains filled; But oh, to take your hand, my dear, and ramble for a day In the friendly western woodland where Nature has her way! I know that Europe’s wonderful, yet something seems to lack: The Past is too much with her, and the people looking back. But the glory of the Present is to make the Future free— We love our land for what she is and what she is to be. Oh, it's home again, and home again, America for me! I want a ship that’s westward bound to plow the rolling sea, To the blessed Land of Room Enough beyond the ocean bars, Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars. —Henry van Dyke. PuiTttffic Scli't'fifttts dfit/ THE LAND WIII-RI-: I-IATi-l SUOUl.D DlI- Tlii.s; is iJiL" l.iml wlicrc ]i.Uf sliimlii iliu_ No funds (if fjith, no spicxn of r.icu, No d.w-kly InimdiMf; fu.ir '.limilJ uy I5ciic.(tli mir ll.ij; m fmel .1 pl.uu. Ln! every jiuople licir h.»s sl’iu I ts sons to .uistver frcrdnm's ' Tlieir lifehlond is tlu- stront; ivnniif I^luit builds .ijul binds ilir iiAlion's Tliis is [lie land u beiv hau- slmuld die TIui dear to me inv faith and shritu-. I serve iny country well '.vlieii I Respei^t heliets that are iioi inini'. Me little loves his land wIioM east Upon bis neijjlibor's word a doubt. Oi cite the wrinitts oi ai^es past rrnm present rij-lus to bar him out. This is (lie land svlierc hate sh.iold die I his IS the land ss-|iere strife should eea i-. Where loul, suspitious fear shnuld (Iv IJefrire our llaj; of liy.hi and pea.e. Then let us purije from poboned ihomthr That service to tlu- State w,- ,nse. And so be worthy .is we on;;lu Of this fjre.it land in ivbich sw bse! - /hmv A. I-urd, let war's lenipesis s’ease. I'uhl the svhole world in peace Under 1 hy winits. ^lalie all the nations one. All hearts beneath the sun. Till Ihou shall reittn aloiu-. Ciieai Kiiii; of Kintas. - //i-nii W*u,/iMof//i 1 tfH-’JiUttu . 76 The American Citizcm Hamtbook WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE AMERICAN? Wliat docs ic mean? I look across die years . . . I see them come, but thru a mist of tears, Our gallant forebears, full of hopes and fears. I see them leave behind for conscience’ sake, The homes they loved, the ties so liard to bre.ik. Their questing, wondering, westward way to take. I see them face and light the wilderness, Undaunted by its dangers, its duress, And from its wildness, wrest and win success. I see them take their living from the .soil. The men and women joined in homely toil— Where they then planted, now our heart-roots coil. I see them build their homes, their house of prayer, And when its bell rings out upon the air, I see them kneel in simple worship there. I hear the drums of war’s alarum beat, I see them seize their arms, rise Co their feet Their enemies—and liberty’s—to meet. I see them face and conquer every foe, I see their cities rise, a nation grow. To whose broad breast earth’s eager pilgrims go. To be American is to be one In whom these brave inheritances run, A worthy daughter, or a noble son. . . . —Roselle Mercier Montgomery. Uatriutir Srlt'r/intt* umi .S’lwi;? THE HEITER "Vi'AY Who serves liis eciiintry hest? Not he who, for ;i hrief .ind stormy .sjs.u e. Lends fortli her nrmies to the lierce .ihr.iv. Shore is the time of turinoi) and muest. Long years of peace succeed it and leplace: TItere is a hut ter wav. Who serves his- country best? Not he who guides lier senates in debate, And makes tlie laws svliich .ire her prop and sia Not he who wears tJie poet’s |nii])lc vest And sings Iier songs of I,)ve and grief and fate; Iliei'c is a better \smv. He serves his country best Who joins the tide that lifts her imbly on; For spcccli has myriatl tongues for every ilas, And song but one; and Jaw within the breast Is stronger than graven last- •«» stoner I his is a better w,n-. He serves Ids ctiuntry best Who lives pure life, and doeth righteous deed. And walks straight paths, however oiJiers stray. And leaves Jiis .miiis as uttermost betpicst A stainless record which all men m.ty read: This is the better \v.tv. No drop but serves the slowly lifting tide. No dew but has an eriand tu some llower. No smallest star hut sheds some helpful ray. And man by man. each giving to all the rest, Makes the lirm bulwark of the country's power: riiere is no better way. 78 The American Ciiizcm HanJbaok THE POOR VOTER ON ELECTION DAV The proudest now is but my peer. The highest not more liigli; Today, of all the weary year, A king of men am L Today, alike are great and small, The nameless and the known; My palace is the people’s hall. The ballot box my thruncl \7ho serves today upon the list Beside the served shall stand; Alike the brown and wrinkled fist. The gloved and dainty hand! The rich is level with the poor. The weak is strong today; And sleekest broadcloth counts no more Than homespun frock of gray. Today let pomp and vain pretence My stubborn right abide; I set a plain man’s common sense Against the pedant’s pride. Today shall simple manhood try The strength of gold and land; The wide world has nor wealth to buy The power in my right hand! While there’s a grief to seek redress, Or balance to adjust. Where weighs our living manhood less Than Mammon’s vilest dust— While there’s a right to need my vote, A wrong to sweep away. Up! clouted knee and ragged coat! A man’s a man todayl —John Grcctileaf Whittier. Pafriofic Scleciitins itnd 7'} THE BALLOT A weapon that comes down as still As snowflakes fall upon tlie sod; Ikit executes a freeman's will, As lightning docs the will of God. ““/who Pii’rjKiiit. THE AMERICAN WAY Hold high the flaming torch of freedom's holy light That sheds its gleaming rays thruout our native land; Undimmed it spreads afar—a thrilling, glorious sight— Triumphant still, its beams from out the darkness stand. Ring out the bells that once proclaimed the nation’s binh, Unmufllcd let them strike the air in wild delight— Majestic peals chat sound their clang thruout the earth—- Ring out the bells of freedom thru the gloomy night. Unfurl the flag—fling out that symbol of our pride, Ic.s emblematic .stars .and .stripes in triumph wave. The flag of freedom, bougltt by blood, svill .still abide While loyal hearts remember what our fathers gave. Rl.se up in might—reject the .soft and easy way; Our glorious heritage with might and main defend; Strike down the hand that would our liberty betray— For hard-won human right.s must free men now contend, O God of Right, make all our hearts to thrill anew With ardor for the way of life our fathers won. With passion for democracy our lives imbue. For Right makes Might—to this event the ages run, —Charles G. Rciuncr. git The Atuerican Ci/rzciis Handbook OUR FAITH IN EDUCATION The good education of youth has been esteemed by wise men in all ages as the surest foundation of the happi¬ ness both of private families and of commonwealths.—- Benjamin Franklin, Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened.— George Waslj/ngion, The whole people must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and be willing to bear the expense of it.— Jo&n Adams. If a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be.— Thomas Jefferson. A POPULAR government without popular informa¬ tion or the means of acquiring it is but the prolog to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both.— James Madison. In our country, and in our times, no man is worthy the honored name of statesman, who does not include the highest practicable education of the people in all his plans of administration.— Horace Mann, Without popular education no government which rests on popular action can long endure; the people must be schooled in the knowledge and if pos.sible in the vir¬ tues upon which the maintenance and success of free institutions depend.— Woodrow Wilson, We have faith in education as the foundation of democratic government.— Franklin Delano Koosevelt, Historical Selections COI.UMBU.S Behind him lay cln? ;;ray Azores, Behind tlie Gates €)f 1 lercules; Before liim not the i-hosi of shores. Before him only .sliat .shall I say.^" "Why. .say. 'Sail on! .sail on! anti on!’” "My men gnjw mutinous day by tlay; My men grow gh.istly wan and weak.” 'rhe .stout mate timuglu of home; a sprav Of salt wave washed his .swarthy eheek, WJiae shall I say, brave Adni!r.il, say. If we .sight naught but se.is at d.twnr" “Why. you shall say at break of day, Sail on! .sail on! .sail oii! ,md tm!’" They sailed and sailed, as svinds might blow. Until at last the blanched m.tie said: "Why, now not even God would know Should I and all my men fall death These very winds forget their w.iy. For God from these dread seas is gone Now .speak, brave Admiral, speak .and say”— He said; "Sail on! sail on! and on!" They sailed. They sailed. Then spake the ma This mad .sea shows his teeth ttinight. He curbs hi.s lip, he lic.s in wail. r 81 J 82 The American Citizens I land honk He lifts his teeth, as if to bite! Brave Admiral, say but one good word: What shall we do when hope is gone?” The words leapt like a leaping sword: "Sail onl sail on! sail onl and on!” Then, pale and worn, he paced his deck, And peered thru darkness. Ah, that night Of all dark nights! And then a speck— A light! a light! at last a light! It grew, a starlit flag unfurled! It grew to be Time’s burst of dawn. He gained a world; he gave that world Its grandest lesson: "On! sail onl” —Joaquin Miller. LANDING OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS November 1620 The breaking waves dashed high On a stern and rock-bound coast. And the woods, against a stormy sky, Their giant branches tossed; And the heavy night hung dark The hills and waters o’er, When a band of exiles moored their bark On the wild New England shore. Not as the conqtieror comes, They, the true-hearted, came: Not with the roll of the stirring drums. And the trumpet that sings of fame; Not as the flying come. In silence and in fear— They shook the depths of the desert’s gloom With their hymns of lofty cheer. _ fielccliom an d Amidst the storm they sang, And the stars hoard, and the sea; And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang To the anthem of the free! The ocean eagle soared hrom Ins nest by the white wave’s foam And the rocking pines of the forest nured* This was their welcome home! There were men with hoary hair Amidst that pilgrim band; Why had they come to wither there, Away from their chiIdh(K)d’s land? There was woman’s fearless eye, Lit by her deep love's truth; There was manhood's brow, serenely high, And the fiery heart of y«uih. What sought they thus afar? Hrighr jewels of the mine? The wealth of seas, the spoils of war?— They sought a faith’s pure shrine! Aye, call it holy ground, The soil whore first they trod! Tl.=y Ime i.fc hrecdom to worship G(jd! leiicia Dorol/n-a Uniia/ia. 1{4 r/ii’ AtAmcau Citizeii\ llandhnnf; THE WAR INEVITABI-E, MARCH 177S They tell us, Sir, that wc arc weak—unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we arc totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every hau.se? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying su¬ pinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies .shall have bound u.s hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak, if wc make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, Sir, we .shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who pre.sidc.s over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friend.s to fight our battles for us. The battle, Sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Be.sides, Sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable—and let it come! I repeat, Sir, let it come! It is in vain, Sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace!—^but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to our ears the cla.sh of resounding I’a/rwhc Seli'cUum and Simas 'i'Wi Wy stand would .hoy have? h life ^ '« bo purdatod at .ho ptico of ohaim and davoty? Cbid It, Almighty God! 1 know not what cmir,o othm iniv V'WiM.uRi) HYMN SMi ,1 ii„ „i By the rude bridge clwt arched the Jlno.i, riicir fla« to Aprils bree/e unfurled. Here once the emb,Ktled farmers stood. And fired the shot he.ird round the worM. The foe lonj. since in silence deju; Alike tlic con,]ueror silent sleep's- AmlTimetheruinetl bridge Ims sw'ep, Down the d.,rk 'Creiun which seaw,.rd creeps. 0 «>thnyree.Hunk. by this ssdt stream. We sec tod,ly a votive stone; That mcnuiry may their deed redeem. When, like our sires, our sons .ire .none. . .. ■*» . . . . * 0. 0. ButkhigXam Ct. Arlmgtm House, its pillars slcaniing among somber trees snArrngton Cemetery. Virginia, was the borne of Robert E. Lee, Confederate leader. Dimiiu the Civil War /fo hnl, i.,„i to p, f„„ ,p “JJ; became 0 soldiers' cemetery; ami later the United Stales acqmred the property and restored it as a national shrine. ROBERT E. LEE A gallant focman in the flghc, A brother when the fight was o’er, The hand that led the host with might The blessed torch of learning bore. No shriek of shells nor roll of drums, No challenge fierce, resounding far, When reconciling Wisdom comes To heal the cruel wounds of war. Thought may the minds of men divide, Love makes the heart of nations one,’ And so, thy soldier grave beside. We honor thee, Virginia’s son. fnlia Ward Howe. [86] P>/rktic ^lec,i,m anJ OLD IRONSIDES Aye, tear her tatccred ensign down! J-ong lias it waved on high inat banner in the shy; And bur.t .).« cannnn', r,m,- Ihcmtwr of the SliJll tweep the clouds „„ Hct deck once ted rttl. heroes' Mood. TOtn ,..„d, were hurrying o'er the /loud And w.,ves were white Mon., ’ No mo„sh,tl feel the victor's tee,,d, Oi know the conquered knee;— Tlje harp,c, of the shore .hail pluck TJic eagle of the sea! OM-etterth.sther.sha,tere.lln,|k bhould sink beneath the wave- tluinders shook the mighty deep And there should be J,er graven to the mast her holy flag Set every threadbare .sail ’ And give her to tlKUiod of'seorm.,. 1'glitn.ng and the gale! <^//tvr Uolmvs, »K Tl*e Amcncaa C-ilizvtn itaudhntik 1.1NCOLN, THK MAN OI TIIK PEOPLE When the Norn Mother ww the Whirlwind Hour Greatcning and darkening as it hurried on, She left tlic Heaven of Heroes and came down To make a man to meet the mortal need. She took the tried clay of the common road— Clay warm yet with the genial heat of Karth, Dashc thru it all a strain of prophecy; Tempered the heap with thrill of luiinan tears; Then mixt a laughter with the serious siutV. Into the shape she breathed a llantc to light That tender, tragic, ever-changing face; And laid on him a sense of the Mystic Powers, Moving—all husht—behind the mortal veil. Here was a man to hold against the world, A man to match the mountains and the sea. The color of the ground was in him, the red earth; The smack and tang of elemental things; The rectitude and patience of the cliff; The good-will of the rain that loves all leaves; The friendly welcome of the wayside well; The courage of the bird chat dares the sea; The gladness of the wind that shakes the corn; The pity of the snow that hides all scars; The secrecy of streams that make their way Under the mountain to the rifted rock; The tolerance and equity of light That gives as freely to the shrinking flower As to the great oak flaring to the wind— To the grave’s low hiH as to the Matterhorn That shoulders out the sky. Sprung from the West, . He drank the valorous youth of a new world. The strength of virgin, forests braced his mind, The hush of spacious prairies stilled his soul. His words were oaks in acorns; and his thoughts Were roots that firmly gript the granite truth. Patriotic Srlcctinus and Sotif^s 8S> Up from log cabin to the Capitol, One fire was on his spirit, one resolve— To send the keen ax to the root of wrong. Clearing a free way for the feet of God, The eyes of conscience testing every stroke. To make his deed the measure of a man. He built the rail-pile as he built the State, Pouring his splendid strength thru every blow: The grip that swung the ax in Illinois Was on the pen that set a people free. So came the Captain with the mighty hc.tri; And svhen the judgment thunders split the house, Wrenching the rafters from their ancient rest, He held the ridgepole up, and spikt again ' The rafters of the Home, He held his place— Held the long purpose like a growing tree— Held on thru blame and faltered not at praise. And when Iw fell in whirlwind, he went down As when a lordly cedar, green with boughs, Goes down with a great shout upon the hills, And leaves a lonesome place against tisc sky. —Edwin Markham, |A.s revised for the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, J5>22. | ABRAHAM LINCOLN WALKS AT MIUNUJIIT [In Slirhif^field, Illinois] It is portentous, and a thing of state That here at midnight, in our little town, A mourning figure walks, and will not rest. Near the old court-house pacing up and down, Or by his homestead, or in shadowed yards He lingers where his children used to play: Or thru the market, on the well-worn sioiics He stalks until the dawn-scars burn away. The American Cilizem Handbook ?0 A bfonzedt lank mant His suit of ancicnc black, A famous high top-hac and plain worn shawl Make him the quaint great figure that men love, The prairie-lawyer, master of us all. He cannot sleep upon his hillside now. He is among us:—^as in times before! And we who toss and lie awake for long Breathe deep, and stare, to see him pass the door. His head is bowed. He chinks on men .ind kings, Yea, when the sick world cries, how can he sleep? Too many peasants fight, they know not why, Too many homesteads in black terror w'cep. The sins of all the war-lords burn his heart. He sees the dreadnaughts scouring every main. He carries on his shawl-wrapped shoulder now The bitterness, the folly and the pain. He cannot rest until a spirit-dawn Shall come;—the shining hope of Europe free; The league of sober folk, the Workers’ Earth Bringing long peace to Cornland, Alp, and Sea. It breaks his heart that kings must murder still, That all his hours of travail here for men Seem yet in vain. And who will bring white peace That he may sleep upon his hill again? —Vachcl Lindsay. Life and Aspiration We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths; in feelings, not in figures on a dial. Wc should count time by heart throbs. He most lives who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best .—Philip James liailey. Look to this day, for it is life. In its brief course lie all the verities and realities of your existence; the bliss of growth, the glory of action, the splendor of beauty. For yesterday is but a dream, and tomorrow is only a vision; but today, well lived, makes every yesterday a dream of happiness and every tomorrow a vision of hope. Look well, therefore, to this day, .such is the salutation of the dawn .—From the Sanscrit, MY MET-; Let me but li^’e mj' life fnuM year to yc,>r With forw.irJ f.ic« and unA.‘li)ct.ini soul; Not hurrying to, nor turning from, the goal; Not mourning for the things that dis.ippe.tr In the dim past, nor holding b.ick in fe.ir From what the future veils; but with a whole And happy heart, that p.iys its toll To Youth and Age, and tmvels on with cheer. So let the way wind up the hill or down, O’er rough or smooth, the journey will be joy; Still seeking what I sought when hut a Iwy, New friendships, high adventure, and a crown, My heart will keep the courage of the quest, And hope the road’s last turn will lie the best. -“//rnry tan 92 The American CHhens Handbook MY CREED I would be truci For tbere arc those who trust me; I would be pure, For there are those who care; I would be strong, For there is much to suffer; I would be brave. For there is much to dare; I would be friend To all—the foe—the friendless; I would be giving, And forget the gift; I would be humble. For I know my weakness; I would look up—■ And laugh and love and lift. —Howard Arnold 'Walter, SELFRELIANCE It is easy in the world to live after the world's opin¬ ion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.— Kd^h Waldo Emerson. . From time to time I meet with a youth in whom I can wish for no alteration or improvement, only I am sorry to see how often his nature makes him quite ready to swim with the stream of time; and it is on this I would always insist that man in his fragile boat has the rudder placed in his hand, just that he may not be at the mercy of the waves, but follow the direction of his own in¬ sight.— Goethe. Vatriohc Scicciiotn and Sotifi^ THE WAY OF LIFE To be honest To be kind To earn a little To spend a little less To make vipon the vehole A family happier for his presence To renuiiiicc ss'hen tiuit shall be necessary And not be embittered To keep a few friends But these without capitulation Above all on tlic same ^rim condition To keep friends svith himself Here is a task for ail that a man has Of fortitude and delicacy. —-R«/>cr/ T.ofiis Sfcffttwt). ABOU BEN ADHEM Abou Ben Adhcm (may his trilse increase!) Awoke one ni^ht from a sleep drc.tm of peace, And .sasv, within the mooitli};hi in his rtHsm. Making it rich, and like ,a lily in bloom, An Angel writing in a bosik sif gsdsi: Ksiceeding peace had made IVen Asihem bold, And to the Presence in the room he said. “What writest thou?" The Vision raiscil its he.iil, And with ,s look made of all sweet aceorti Answered, "The names of tiuise who love the l.ssrsl." "And is mine sme?" .said Abou. "Nay, not ssi," Replied the Angel. Abou spoke nu»re low. But cheerily still; and said, "I pray thee, then. Write me as one that love.s his fcUowraen." The Angel wrote, and vanished. The nest niglu It came again with a great wakening light. And showed die names whom hive of God had lilessed. And lo! Ben Adhem's n.tme led all ilie rest! lei/ifi Hunt, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin, one of the most intercstinj^ men of his¬ tory, was born in Boston January 17, 1706. At 8 years of age he was sent to school; at 10 taken out to assist his father; at 12 apprenticed in his brother’s printing office. At 17 he ran away to Fhiladelphia, At 23 he became a publisher and at 26 began "Poor Richard’s Almanac.’’ That was in 1732, the year George "Washington was born. Always a student and inventor, Franklin studied languages and experimented with electricity. He became postmaster first of Philadelphia and in 1733 of the Colonies. He was much in London as agent for the Colonies. He began his famous Autobiography in 1771. He greatly aided the Revolution and helped nego¬ tiate the treaty in which it ended. He was a mast influen¬ tial member of the Constitutional Convention. Fie died April 17, 1790. Patriotic Sclectiims and Poetry ys WISDOM FROM FRANKLIN’S ALMANACS [Hanging near the fireplace in the Colonial home, the almanac was a guide to the seasons—a record of sun, moon, and tides. It con¬ tained other useful information and took the place of today’s calen¬ dar, newspaper, magazine, anti radio. I'amily data written on the margins of its pages made it a sort of family history. I-ranklin, see¬ ing the need for wiser living, had the idea of using this means to emphasize fundamental ideals and virtues. He Isegan in 1732 to pub¬ lish his almanac, pretending it was written by Richard .Saunders. After 21 years, he gathered the proverbial sentences that had been scattered thru "Poor Richard’s Almanac” into a connected discourse, which was prefixed to the edition of 17J7. The sayings below are taken from the almanacs.] But dost thou love life? Then do not .squander time, for that is the stuff that life is made of! Human felicity i.s produced not so much by great pieces of fortune that seldom happen as by little advan¬ tages that happen every day. Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. He that hath a trade hath an estate, and he that hath a calling hath an office of profit and honor. Sell no virtue to purchase wealth, nor liberty to pur¬ chase power. Tart words make no fnend.s: A spoonful of honey will catch more flies than a gallon of vinegar. A little neglect may breed great mischief, 1‘or want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of a .shoe, the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the enemy; all for want of a little care about a horseshoe nail! For age and want, save while you may, no morning .sun lasts a whole day. 96 The American Citizens Handbook THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FRIENDSHIP Greater love hath no man. than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends.— Johji 15:13. The friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel; but do not dull thy palm with entertainment of each new-hatch’d, unfledg’d comrade.— Shakespeare. There is a destiny that makes us brothers, none goes his way alone; all that we send into the lives of others, comes back into our own .—Edwin Markham. The only way to have a friend is to be one. JA friend is a person with whom I may be sincere. Before him I may think aloud. jHappy is the house that shelters a friend. 5Let the soul be assured that somewhere in the universe it should rejoin its friend, and it would be con¬ tent and cheerful alone for a thousand years .—Ralph Waldo Emerson. THE SPIRIT OF THE WORKER Life is indeed darkness save when there is urge, And all urge is blind save when there is knowledge, And all knowledge is vain save when there is work. And all work is empty save when there is love; And when you work with love you bind yourself to yourself, and to one another, and to God. And what is it to work with love? It is to weave the cloth with threads drawn from your heart, even as if your beloved were to wear that cloth. It is to build a house with affection, even as if your beloved were to dwell in that house. It is to sow seeds with tenderness and reap the harvest with joy, even as if your beloved were to eat the fruit. It is to charge all things you fashion with a breath of your own spirit. —^From "The Prophet” by Kahlil Gibran, Piilriolic Sclec/inm anil Soii^s n- and and If )‘oit can ihinlv About your work ' As bcinj; help To .someone else. You .smm will iiiul 'I'h.U th,U alone Vill make your l.l^k A happier one. Anil if you .uJil To each task done Some little toucli Th.tt goes beyond What is required, Your work becomes A thing of art And leads you out Into a realm W'lterc pleasure lives And drudgery dies. And this domain Of artistry lias ample room I'or hope and dreams And spreading wings And lilting song. To make the ilay l-'iernal dawn, — W. 1'. Kii/g. i-OUK. TIlINtiS Ik)ur tilings a man must learn to do If he would make his record true: To think without confusion clearly; To love his felluwmen sincerely; To act from honest motives purely; To trust in Clod and I leaven .securely. —Henry van Dyke. 98 The American Citizens Handbook HAPPINESS Who seeks afar for happiness Will find it not. It stands a guest unheeded at thy very door today, Open thine eyes to sec, Thine ears to hear. Thy heart to feel. The call for touch of human .synip.uliy; In answering tliis there enters And close beside thee sits The guest thou soughtest in vain afar. —Caroline S. Woodruff. BUILDING THE BRIDGE An old man, going a lone highway, Came, at the evening, cold and gray. To a chasm, vast, and deep, and wide. Thru which was flowing a sullen tide. The old man crossed in the twilight dim: The sullen stream had no fears to him; But he turned, when safe on the other side. And built a bridge to span the tide. "Old man,” said a fellow pilgrim, near, "You are wasting strength with building here; Your journey will end with the ending day; You never again must pass this way; You have crossed the chasm, deep and wide— Why build you the bridge at the eventide?” The builder lifted his old gray head; "Good friend, in the path I have come,” he said “There followeth after me today A youth, whose feet must pass this way. This chasm, that has been naught to me, To that fair-haired youth may a pitfall be. He, too, must cross in the twilight dim; Good friend, I am building the bridge for him." —Will Allen Dromgoole. Our hlational Sojuks o AMIilUCA Ik'lUV C^lK'V urJcmnlid Sjmuel Francis Smith WUh.a.mo^^rati'ly i M. Mycoimlpy,'It* of IhpftirtwwllanilKflih-er.ly, fjf theft I tiiiiK'I'nriilwiierfttny 2 , My nB^livoc(mn'try,lhcft,I/nnrfiifthi* nn-til«*fim,Thyii«mft I Invtt. I luve (hy 8 Let muftiB uwfill tliBhrflft7ft,AndpiiiK'IV™naU lhetitw)' Kcvca-iuI Samuel I’. Smith, Il(^^t(ln minister. While a stuileiic at Amlitvw, Smith was asketl hy laiwell Masoiii noted musician, to iraiisiait! mhuc (icrmait sniifts. "Tiiriiinf^ over the leaves of the hiiuk tine )*himny dty in l•ehl'u;uy lSt2," Dr. Smith later wrote, "I came across the air. '(ioil Save the Kini;.’ I liked the music. I ({lancc'd at tlw Ciemiaii wnitls at the fimt nl' tin- page. Under the inspiiatiim of the mimivm 1 went to work and in lulf an hour Aiitcrica sv.ts the result. ... I did not know, at the time, that the tune was the British 'GikI Save the Kinv;,' ami I do not share the regret of those who deem it unfortonaie that the national tune of Britain and America slunikl lie the same.” Anurird was first sung at a children's celchration in Bosimi, July 4, IS>2, and continues to be widely popular as a national song. (Arrange' ment from The Coltkn Hmik of l-aroritf Sonn), hy courteims per¬ mission of Hall & McCIrenry Caiinpany, ('Jiic.ago, | [ 99 ] THi; STAR-SPANCLMJ IJANNI-R Francis Scott Key With Rpiril d»nO John Stafford Smith l. Oh,— »iiy! cun yim we—by Ihsdawni »r • ty light, WhM an jinud-ly vvti it, Ontht ihnr«,lR^ fimt beam, In fuU glo-ry re - flecUed now—ihlnM on the itreain. nuit.whenour oauie U le Juit, And ihhi be our mot-lfif •'In— God ie our Iruil.'' 1100 ] 4 . Oil! ilius bv ii ever, wlica fra'iiK'ii ^luU mjikI Hcmwccm (heir linct! 411J klir v.'jrN Hint wall vu'iiir)’ jiiJ jicMic, iim)' die lie^vvii rv^vuirii biul IVaIh' lUv Tower fli.n lutb mailr anJ pri'^l'r^Cll u^ a ii.tumi. Then caii 4 |iK'r wv for mir I'ju^r a in jiKi. \iul tliifi he oui' nmuo: *'{ti inul i*» our rruM." AiiJ die Sc.ir‘S|viiiglv'il Ibnnrr sM iriiuni'li •tiuU O'er dw l.iml ol' ilw fm* 4ml ilic Uomc the Tbo StarSpaiij^lcil Btinmr, adopted by C'tmjji'esv in lyjl as the national anthem of the United States, was written by bVaticis Scott Key, a Baltimore lawyer, in IKI4. It was later adapted to an l-.njjlish melody entitled "To Anacrenn in Meaven,” credited to John Sialford Smith. The artanKement used here is the Service Version prepared for the Army and Navy stin>; and band bmtks and for school and community sinjrinj;. [ 101 J [ 102 ] Ood !ih«d hi't on God mufld iHno ,.v - •ry Mny Cod Ihy Kold ro God shed his KMce un Ar-d CTotkn Ihy ^l3Ud «KiiK C©n ■ ‘ firm l^)' Slllil in tiU .ill sue • • C**M lip And crowfi Ihy K^tud wnh ku iSiSS I «p.in * iR^ ly lit iruiii iii America fix Ucuufifttl was wriiun by KAih.innc I,cc H.ucs, Wcl- lesley College professor, The poem w.i'i inspircvl hy her ilrst trip ii* Pikes Peak in 1833! "As 1 svas l*)okiii,i; out over the siM-likc expanse of fertile country ,spre;ulin>t asviiy so far uiuler iliose .impk .skies, the opening line,s of the hymn lloated into iny mind,” | Arrangement from Bes/f SoMgi for Mitlv Vniivs hy Willians C'.. Hritigman, hy gen¬ erous permission of the American Hook (in., IS'ew York.] COLUMBIA, THE GEM OL- THE OCEAN Thomas a Beckct Majeitiaally i igiQm 1. Q Co-lum-bl»,th«{r«iaortho o-oeon, It. \V1ianw«.r'w1ng^ttiwideilai-o-l»-ttas, B. Tha atuvapwig'lBd faaanarhriog'hlthsr, Tho homo of tho bravo aod thefreg And throatorfdthulaudta do.form' ObrColumbla’itruolontlot It win! The ohrlno of each patrlotb da-vo4ion, A world olrorahDmag'e to tUea! The ark then of IVeedott'sfouadatioo, Co - lumblarodoaafo thro'thegtora: May the wieatho they havewonuevor wither, Nor Ito ttam ocaae to ahino onthe bravti r TUT r ’ r r r r Thy mandateamakohoraoaaaeemblo. When Lib.er.ty'a formelandgin Wlthher garlande of vlo-l!ry a-roundher, When lo proudly ehe bore her brkveemj May thy aerv.loe,u. nlt-'ad ne^er aeV.or, But hold to their ool*ora to true; Lrf_ Thy ban-DOTB make ty^BIl■By tremble, Whoa borne bythe red',whlte^andbluel Wtthher flaff proudly rioattnrberore her, The boaat of the red,white,and blnel The ar-Biy and na-vy for-ev-or. Threeoheerafor thered,white,andbliul Thy bazmOTs iDfrke iyT>an-Dy (rom-ble, ^th her flaf proudly floatlnfr ho^oro hor, The ar-myatid na-vy for-ov - or, When borne by the rediUbltUiUid blue I The boaet of thered,whlto,«ndblucl Three cheeri rortheTed,vuhltt^indtiiuel ^ — g a ■*■ I*' ^ 'i» ' ■ Cohmbk, the Gem of the Oeeau lias been a popular national sonj; since it was first sung in Plulatldpkia in 1843. In Kngland the tmlaily is known as "llritannica, the Pride of the Ocean." The words arc generally credited to Thomas a liccket, an actor of Knglish birth, long a resident of Philadelphia. [Arrangement from Golden Ihnk of Favorite Songs, Hall & McCreary Company, Chicago.] BATTLE-HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord; He is trampling out the vintage where the gr.tpc.s of wrath arc stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword; His truth is marching on, I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps; They have buildcd Him an altar in the evening dews and damps; I can read his righteous sentence hy the dim and Haring lamps; His day is inarching on. I have read His fiery gospel, writ in burnished rows of steel; "As ye deal with my contemners, so with you my grace shall deal!" Let the Hero, born of woman, crush the serpent with Mis heel, Since God is marching on. He has sounded forth the trumpet chat shall never call retreat; He is sifting out the hearts of men before His judgment-.s«ai: Oh, be swift, my soul, to answer Him! lie jubilant, my fccil Our God is marching on. In the beauty of the lilies Christ was born acru.ss the .sea, With a glory in His bosom that transfigures you and me; As He died to make men holy, let us die to make men free, While God is marching on. —Julia Ward lloti-e. [ion 10£ The American Cilizein Hamihook DIXIE I wish I was in dc land ob cotton, Old times dar am not forgotten. Look away, look away, look away, Dixie Land! In Dixie Land whar I was born in, Early on one frosty mornin', Look awayl t.ook away! Look away, Dixie Land! Den 1 wish I was in Dixie, lloo-ray! Hao-ray! In Dixie’s Land I’ll lake my stand to lih and die in Dixie; Away, away, away down south in Dixie, Away, away, away down south in Dixie! Old Missus marry Will-de-wcabcr, Willium was a gay dcccabcr; Look away! etc. But when he put his arm around ’cr He smiled as fierce as a foicy-poundcr. Look awayl etc. His face was sharp as a butcher’s clcaber. But dat did not seem to greab ’cr; Look away! etc. Old Missus acted the foolish part, And died for a man dat broke her heart. Look away! etc. Now here’s a health to the next old Missus, And all de gals dat want to kiss us; Look awayl etc. But if you want to drive ’way sorrow, Come and hear dis song tomorrow. Look away! etc. Dar’s buckwheat cakes an’ Ingen’ batter, Makes you fat or a little fatter; Look awayl etc. Den hoe it down and scratch your grabble, To Dixie’s Land I’m bound to trabble, Look awayl etc, •—Dintlel Decatur Emmett, Pafrio/ir Sclerfioiis and Sini/is HI? MY OLD KENTUCKY HOME The sun shines brij’ht in the old Kentucky home; ’Tis summer, the darkies arc Kay; The corn-cop’s ripe, and. the meadow’s in the bloom, While the birds make music all the day. The young folks roll on the little c.iibin floor, All merry, all h.ippy and bright; lly'n by hard times' comes ,i-knockiiig at the door'— Then my old Kentucky home, good-iiiglul Wce[i no more, in v lady, O, nccfi no nioiv /oJay! We will sitiji one fnr the old Kentucky home. For the old Kentnehy home, far away. They liunt no more for the possum and the coon, On the mcadoss', the hill, and the shore; They sing no more by tlie glimmer of the incKin, On the bench by the old cabin door. The day goes by like a ,shad«»w o’er the heart, With sorrow, where ail w.is delight; The time has come svheii the darkies have to p.ut"-~ Then my old Kentucky home, gtHid-niglu! The head muse bow, ami the back will bave to bend. Wherever the darkey may go; A few more days and the troubles .all will end. In the field where the sugar-canes grow. A few more ilays for tt» c<»te the svc.iry load— No matter, ’twill never lu* light; A few more days till we cotter <»ii the road— Then my old Kentucky home, gcHid-niglu! Weep no more, my lady, O, tveep no more today! We will siitfi one song for the old Kentucky! home. For the old Kentucky /tome, far away. —atephen Collins Foster. 108 The American CUisem Handbook HOME, SWEET HOME! Mid pleasures and palaces tho we may roam. Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home; A charm from the sky seems to hallow us there, Which, seek thru the world, is ne’er met with elsewhere. Home, Homel sweet, sweet Home! There’s no place like Home! there’s no place like Home! An exile from home, splendor d,v/7.1es in vain; O, give me my lowly thatched cottage again! The birds singing gayly, that came .tt my call— Give me them—and the peace of mind, dearer than all! Home, Home! sweet, sweet Home! There’s no place like Home! there’s no place like Homel How sweet 'tis to sit ’ncath a fond father’s smile, And the cares of a mother to soothe and beguile! Let others delight mid new pleasures to roam, But give me, oh, give me, the pleasures of home! Home, Home! sweet, sweet Homel There’s no place like Homel there’s no place like Homel To thee I'll return, overburdened with care; The heart’s dearest solace will smile on me there; No more from that cottage again will I roam; Be it ever so humble, there’s no place like home. Home, Home! sweet, sweet Homel There’s no place like Home! there's no place like Home! —John Howard Payne. GOD BLESS AMERICA God bless America, Land that I love. Stand beside her and guide her Thru the night with a light from above; From the mountains, to the prairies. To the oceans white with foam, God bless America My home sweet home. —Irving Berlin, PART III Hmcs oj American Democracy The LINCOLN memokiai. a/ Ibi' vnd ttf ihe Mall in Wa%h- Mgton, D. C., is pictured on the foltouinfi /wjijr, uitb the Washington Monument and Capitol Dome in the distance. Cornerstone of the Memorial was laid on l-chruary 12, t'CS, the lOGih anniversary of Lincoln’s birtht and it was dedi¬ cated on May JO, lit22, Its cost teas f2,VdO,OOIi, The archi¬ tect, Henry Bacon, descrihes the Memorial as ’'contpoM'd of four features—u statue of the man, a memorial of bis ( ief/y^- Imrg speech, a memorial of bis second inaugural address, and a symbol of the Union of the United Slates, which he stated it was his paramount object to save—and which he did save," The 3(j fluted coluiuns, each 44 feet high, in the colon¬ nade represent the states in the Union at the time of Idn- coln's death. Inferior walls arc decorated with carvings of the Gettysburg Address and Second Inaugural, And front the lighted inferior the majestic Lincoln Statue, 19 feet high, by Daniel Chester Trench, looks out over the 2000- foat long Reflecting Pool and the broad grassy terraces of West Potomac Park, reclaimed swamp land, in which the Mentorial is located. An average of 3000 visitors daily seek inspiration and repose in this memorial to the nation's great war President. PStlv, UaltvMvl Pmk HettU* t 109] Our American Heritage oj Leadership J.HE building of American democracy is a gigantic enterprise to which untold numbers c^f pioneer men and women have given their lives. Their leadership is a heritage which should be built into the life of every American. We gather strength by reading of the strug¬ gles and achievements of others. A life story .speaks directly to other lives. The young Lincoln was pro¬ foundly influenced by a meager account of the life of Washington which fell into his hands. What may not be expected from the young citizen of today if he learns to enjoy the richness of material now available on our American patriots and leaders. New citizens welcome an introduction to America’.s leaders thru well-written biography. They will enjoy the stories of immigrants to this country, such as T/ir Making of an Anurican by Jacob Riis, 7'he VrnnihvJ Land by Mary Antin, or Louis Adamic’.s recent bt»ok. From Many Lands. The pamphlet Antvrhans All-^ Immigrants All, by the U. S. Office «jf Education, may be obtained from the Government Printing C!)flicc, Wash¬ ington, D. C., for 25 cents. The citizen may well ask his library for suggestions in biography so that he will not miss such classics as On the Trail of Washington by I*. T. Hill or Godfrey Charnwood’.s Abraham Lincoln. More recent are Jeanette Eaton’s Leader by Destiny: George Washington, Man and Vatriot, and Ci^arl .Sandburg's notable series of books about Lincoln. 1 in 1 112 Thf American Citizens Handbook U. S. Postage Stamps Honoring Americans Another interesting way to study American history and leadership is thru the United States postage stamps. About 1 5 0 stamps of different designs have been issued in the past SO years. Their historical value is wide. The Philatelic Agency of the Post Office Department, Wash¬ ington, D. C., is a service especially for stamp collectors and students. By written application anyone can be placed on its mailing list to receive without cost an¬ nouncements of forthcoming stamps. The 1940 postage stamp series in honor of 35 Amer¬ icans who achieved fame in the arts and sciences gives fresh interest to the reading of biography. Those honored: AUTHORS Ralph Waldo Emerson Samuel L. Clemens (MarkTwain) Washington Irving Louisa May Alcott James Fcnimore Cooper EDUCATORS Horace Mann Charles W. Eliot Booker T. "Washington Prances E. Willard Mark Hopkins POETS Henry W. Longfellow James Whitcomb Riley Walt Whitman John Grecnleaf Whittier James Russell Lowell ARTISTS James Abbott McNeill Whistler Daniel Chester French Augustus Saint-Gaudens Gilbert Stuart Frederic Remington INVENTORS Alexander Graham Bell Ell Whitney Samuel F. B. Morse Elias Howe Cyrus H. McCormick COMPOSERS John Philip Sousa Edward A. MacDowell Stephen Collins Foster Victor Herbert Ethelbert Nevin Luther Burbank Dr. Crawford W. Long Dr. Walter Reed SCIENTISTS John James Audubon Jane Addams Heroes of Atncrican Democracy 113 The young citizen may perform a great service to his community by -writing biographies of its finest citizens, those who have done most to build up the community’s schools, churches, or government. He may well prepare biographies of the members of his family, which will form a permanent record of births and deaths, mar¬ riages, dates of naturalization if foreign-born, gradu¬ ation from highschool and college, and the like. The young citizen will also wish to study the lives of famous Americans who appear in the National Statu¬ ary Hall, Washington, D. C., and in the Hall of Fame at New York University. T/je National Statuary Hall The National Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol was established by Congress in 1864 as a me¬ morial to which each state might send the statues of two of its distinguished citizens. The act reads; The President is licreby au(hori/.cd to invite e.tch and all the Mates to provide and furnish statues, in marble or lm«v/.c, not exceeding two in number for each state, of deceased persons who have been citizens thereof, and illustrious for their historic renown or front distinguished civic or military services, such as each state shall deter¬ mine to be worthy of this national commemoration; and when so furnished, the same shall be placed in the old h.'ill nf the T louse of Representatives ... hereby set ap.nrt... as a National .Statuary Hall, Rhode Island was the fir.se to respond, chrK>sing Roger Williams and Nathaniel Greene, and there are now over 30 statues in the Hall. Due to overcrowding, the rest of the statues contributed by the states arc distributed in the Hall of Columns, sevcml princip.al floor corridors, and elsewhere in the Capitol. 114 The American Citizens Handbook The National Statuary Hall is a semicircular room 96 feet in diameter. It was the hall of the House of Representatives from 1807 to 1857. It was in this room in 1848 that the aged ex-President John Quincy Adams, then Representative from Massachusetts, after fifty years of public service, was stricken with paralysis and died two days later; a metal plate in the floor in front of the Jefferson Davis statue, marks the spot where he fell. Here for many years Henry Clay presided over the House, making of the Speaker’s post a center of political power. Here were held the debates by Webster, Clay, Adams, Calhoun, and others whose names are indelibly associated with the history of Congress. Faulty acoustics and insufficient space gradually made the room unusable. From 1857 until it was set apart as Statuary Hall in 1864, the room was empty except for “cobwebs, apple cores, and hucksters’ carts.” Hall of Fame at New York University Early in 1900 New York University announced a gift for the building of a colonnade at the University, on University Heights, overlooking the Palisades and the Hudson and Harlem River Valleys, to serve as a Hall of Fame for Great Americans. At that time Chancellor Henry M. MacCracken, the originator of the Hall of Fame, stipulated that provision would be made for 150 names. To date, seventy-three leaders have been elected, of whom seven are women. New names will be chosen in October 1945. Every American is a shareholder in die Hall of Fame and is invited by the University every five years to send names worthy to be inscribed in the Hall. Each- name _ Heroes of Amcriian Democracy 115 that is seconded by any member of the University Sen¬ ate is submitted to a College of Electors of one hundred or more persons of distinction thruout the country. No name is inscribed unless approved by three-fifths of the dectors. No name may be inscribed except that of a person who has been deceased for 2^ years. The biographical notes and quotations which follow are taken from T/x Handbook of the Hall of l^ame, pub¬ lished by New York University. The quotation given at the end of each biography is by the person honored and appears upon the tablet below the bust. Photographs were made from the busts of the leaders which are iit the Hall of Fame. Other important mementoes of each leader are preserved in the Museum. The busts and tablets are the gifts of associations or individuals. Colcmnaile of (he lltiU of Vame AUTHORS RAU’H ^'Al.DO KMERSON 1S05-1J12 Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet and essayist, was born in Boston, May 2!, 1803. Among his chief books arc "Representative Men,” "Eng¬ lish Traits," and "Conduct of Life,” Because of the wisdom and philosophy of lus essays, poems, and addresses he was known as "the "TAe wiihble atimatca of men crowd to him whose mind is filled with the truth as the heaped waves of the Atlantic fallow the moan," NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE I804-Htf4 Nathaniel Hawthorne, writer of romance, was born in Salem, Mass., July 4, 1804. He showed indomitable energy for writing, altho he failed to receive encouragement until 1831. The first series of his "Twice-Told Tales" appeared in 1837. "The Scarlet Letter” and “The House of the Seven Gables” attained iinincdiate success. Later he was United States Consul at Liverpool, England. "Living in solitude till the fullness of time, 1 still kept the dew of my youth and the fresh¬ ness of my heart.’* WASHINGTON IRVING I7B3-18I9 Washington Irving, historian and essayist, was born in New York City, April 3, 1783. His works include "The History of New York by Dledrich Knickerbocker,” “The Sketch Book,” "The Life of Washington,” “The Life of Columbus," and "The Alhambra.” He was appointed minister to Spain in 1842. "The intercourse between the author and his fellowtnen is ever rteu/) active, and immediate. Well may the world cherish his renown. It has been purchased by the diligent dispensation of pleasure.” 117 Heroes of American Democracy henry WADSWORTH l-ONGEEU-OW 1807-1882 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, poet, was born in Portland, Me., February 27, 1807. He w.is a professor at liowdoin and professor of mod¬ ern languages and literature at Harvard. He translated Dante into liiiglisli verse. Mucli of his poetry, which has wide popularity, has been translated into foreign languages. "T/.ie heights hy f^rcat wen reached and kept were not atlahicJ by sudden bn! they, n bile their companions slept, were toilinf* upward in the tiifibfd' JAMES RUSSEI.L LOWI-Xl. 1819-18'Jl James Russell Lowell, poet and critic, was horn at Cambridge, Mass., February 22, 18IS*. He was editor of the Atlantic Monthly and of the North American Review; published many poems and essays; was a professor at Harvard; was United States Minister to Spain and Kng- land. He was chosen Lord Rector of .Saint Andrews in IHH.l. ''A’o power can die that ci’er u rounbt for trulb; thereby a law of nature it became and lives vnwilbrred in its blithesome yoiillt ulu n he who calls it forth is hut a name.” JOHN GREENLI-AI- WHITTIER |g»7.l«'J2 John Grccnicaf Whittier, poet, was born at Haverhill, Mass,, December 17. 1807. lie was the editor of several newspapers and maga¬ zines, a member of the Massachusetts legis¬ lature, He preserved in narrative and ballad poems many American legends and traditions; he wrote many anti-slavery pwins. He is called "The Quaker Poet." "Making his rustic reed of song a weapon in the tt ur with wrong, yoking his fancy to the breaking plough that henm^deep turned the soil for truth to spring and gron.'." 118 The American CHizens Handbook GEORGE BANCROFT 1800-1891 George Bancroft, historian, was born in Worcester, Mass., October 3, 1800. He was Secretary of the Navy under Polk. He was Minister Plenipoienti.iry to Great Britain and Germany. He wrote a History of the United States and many other works. He was instru¬ mental in founding the U. S. Naval Academy. "History interposes with cvhicncc that tyranny and ti’ron.i; lead inevitably to decay; that freedom and ri^ht, however hard may he the stru^igle, always prove WIU-IAM CULI.EN BRYANT 1794-1878 William Cullen Bryant, poet and editor, was born at Cunningham, Mass., November 3, 1794. He wa.s editor of the New York Eve¬ ning Post. His poems include “Thanatopsis" and "The Hood of Years." "Ho live that when thy snmmons comes . . . Ihon go tiot like the quarry slave at ni^ht scourged to his dungeon, but, snslained ami soothed by an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave like one who wraps the drapery of his couch about him and lies dosvn to pleasant dreams." JAMES FENIMORE COOPER 1789-1811 James Fenimore Cooper, writer of romance, was born .at Burlington, N. J., September 15, 1789, He shipped on a merchantman and later won a commission as midshipman in the navy. His "Leather-stocking Talcs" immortalized the American Indian and his sea stories revo¬ lutionized the literature of the sea. ”1 now feel mortified and grieved when I meet with an American gentleman who professes anything but liberal opinions as respects the rights of his fellow-creatures." Heroes of American Democracy 119 OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES 1B0?-1854 Oliver Wendell Holmes was born in Cam¬ bridge, Mass., August 29, 1809. He was a doc¬ tor; his works on medicine are still regarded as authoritative. His poem "Old Ironsides" brought him national fame. He is the author of "The Autocrat of the Breakfa.st Table" and of three novels. His "Chambered Nautilus," "The hast Leaf," "The Iron Gate,” and one or two hymns gave him liigh rank .is poet- philosopher. "Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul, as the sivift seasons roll!" JOHN LOTHROP MOTLEY 1814-1877 John Lothrop Motley, historian, was born at Dorchester, Mass., April 1J, 1814, lie was U. S. Minister to Austria and Great Britain. He was eminent as a historian of Holland, his best-known works being "The Rise of the Dutch Republic,” "History of tlw United Netherlands," and "The Life and Death of John of liameveld." "I venture to hope that the lotrrs of hnnian projiri w atiJ the aJmnen of disinterested virtue may find eneouranement in the deep-laled history of an heroic people in its most eienifnl period." EDGAR ALLAN POP. 18US-184S Edgar Allan Poe, poet and writer of short stories, was born in Boston, JaHu.iry 19, IUU9. He was editor of many papers and maga/ines. His romantic poetry and prose arc among the classics of American iitcraturc and he ranks with Hawthorne as an imaginative genius. His better known work.s are "The Raven," "Tales of the AialjcMitie and Grotesque,” and "The Murders in the Rue .Morgue." "A poem deserves its title only inasmuch as it excites hy eleiatin^ the soul," 120 The American Citizens Handbook FRANCIS TARKMAN 1821-189} Francis Parkman, historian, was born in Bos¬ ton, September 16, 1823. He dedicated his life to the writing of American liistory. He was professor of horticulture at Harvard. He wrote "The Oregon Trail,” "The Conspiracy of Pontiac,” "Prance and England in the New World,” "Montcalm and Wolfe,” and "A Half Century of Con¬ flict.” ’’The narrator must seek to imbue himself with the life and spirit of the time, lie must himself be, as it were, a sharer or a spectator of the action he describes.** HARRIET BEECHER STOWE 1811-1896 ■ Harriet Beecher Stowe was born at Litchfield, Conn,, June 14, 1811. When her "Uncle Tom’s Cabin," first published as a serial, was Issued in book form, more than half a million copies were sold within five years. It became a powerful factor in the anti-slavery agita¬ tion. Other stories by her were "The Minister’s Wooing," and "Agnes of Sorrento.” "1 would write something that would make this whole nation feel what a cursed thing slavery is.” SAMUEL L. CLEMENS 1831-1910 Samuel Langhornc Clemens ["Mark Twain”] was born at Florida, Mo., November 30,183 J, He served as a pilot on the Mississippi, was a reporter and editor, and traveled extensivelv. He was one of the first seven members of the American Academy of Arcs and Letters. His better known works are "Tom Sawyer,” "Innocents Abroad,” "Huckleberry Finn,” “A Connecticut Yankee at the Court of King Arthur,” and “Joan of Arc,” "Loyalty to petrified opinion never yet broke a chain or freed a human soul." Heroes of Amerivati Drinonmy IJl WALT WHITMAN I8I!>-1892 Walt Whitman was born at West Hills, I.. I., May 31, 1819. His fitst literary work was in journalism. His first volume of poems, "Leaves of Grass,” made a sensation in F.ii);land and America for its freedom of method and ex¬ pression. He is one of the most eloquent Amer¬ ican poets, "In this broad earth of ours, amid the measureless ,(;ro,\s- iiess and the s/rt,i[, enclosed and safe within its central heart, nestles the seed Perfection." liDU GATORS HORACE MANN Homcc Mann was born at nranklin, M,>ss„ May 4, 17S>fi. Me served in the Massachuseiis legislature and in Congress, In 1X37 he be¬ came .secretary of ilie Masv.tdiusetts St.de Board of Education, the first in America, His work here earned for him the title of "l-'ather of the Public Schools.” He aided in founding; the lirsi nni tnal school in America. He later became president of Antioch Caillefte. "The common school is the f>realest discovery ever made by man." MARY I.YON I7vr.J8He Mary Lyon was born at Auckland, Mass., I'eh- ruary 28, 1797, She began teaching when 18 years old and devoted her life to founding Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary—now Mt. Holyoke College—a place where girls could obtain an education at a low price. .She was prcsitleni of the Seminary for twelve ycar.s. .She wrote many books on educatitmal teaching and methods. "There is tinthiun in the uniierse that I feat hit that 1 shall not know all my duty or fail to do it," 122 The American Citizem Handbook EMMA ■WILLARD 1787-1870 Emma Willard, a pioneer in the education of girls, ■was born at Berlin, Conn., February 23, 1787. She was principal of two girls’ academics and helped found girls’ seminaries in Water¬ ford, N. Y., and at Athens, Greece. She was the author of schoolbooks which have been translated into many language.s. “Heaxoit and religion teach ns that we too are primary existences, that it is for ns to move in the orbit of our duty around the holy center of perfection, the companions not the satellites of men.” MARK HOPKINS 1802-1887 Mark Hopkins was born at Stockbridge, Mass., February 4, 1802. He practised medicine, but gave it up to become a professor at Williams College; he wa.s president at Williams for 36 years. Pie was a lecturer and author. "What higher conception of virtue can we have than that at every point of a man’s life his conscience should demand and he shoidd render that love which is the fulfilling of the laiv?” ALICE FREEMAN PALMER 18SS-I902 Alice Freeman Palmer was born at Colesvillc, N. Y., February 21, 18J 3. She was president of Wellesley College; nonresident dean of the Woman’s Department of the University of Chicago; and member of the Massachusetts State Board of Education. She lectured on educational and municipal topics. "The smallest village, the plainest home, give ample space far the resources of the college-trained woman.” Heroes of American Deinocracy 12J PREACHERS, THEOLOGIANS JONATHAN MOVt’AHnS I70)-l?fH Jonathan Edwards was born at East Windsor, Conn., October S, 1703. Me served for twen¬ ty-three years as I’resbyteri.tn iiiinisier at Northampton, Massacliuseits. His sermon, "God Glorified Man's Dependence,” st.irted a religious revival in the colonies and Great Britain. His most famous work is the "Essay on the Ereedoiis of tlie Will.” "God is the bead of a universal system of existence, from whom all is perfectly derived and on whom all h most absolutely dependent.” HUNRY Yi'ARU lU-.I'.C.IIl.R iSH-lsa? Henry Ward Beecher svas born at Litchliehl, Conn., Juno 24, 1813. After servinj; as pas¬ tor of two western churches, he became pas¬ tor of the riyniouili Cam^re^aiinnal Cduirch in Brooklyn, where his rare ehaiuence drew large audiences. He spoke for freedom, tem¬ perance, civic honesty, and the Union. "It matters little to me what school or theology rises or falls, so only that I '.lnist may rise in all his father's ulory, fsdl-orhed upon the darkness of this world.” WILLIAM ]■. niANNI.Nti William Ellery Channing was born in New¬ port, R. L, April 7, 1780, He became tlie leader of the movement in the CiongrcR.itional Church in New lingland known as Unil.'irian- ism. He was an ardent abolitionist and cham¬ pioned temperance and cduc,itit)n. Hi.s writ¬ ings have been translated into many langu.iftes. "/ think of (iod as the Father and Inspirer of the Soul-~~of CJirhi as its Redeemer and model; of Christianity as f;iven to enlighten, perfect, and ulorify it,” 124 The American Ci/izens Handbook I'HILUl'i? BROOKS I8JJ-189J Phillips Brooks was born in Boston, Decem¬ ber 13> 1815. He was rector of two churches in Philadelphia before becoming rector of Trinity Church in Bustoit where he served until he became Bishop of Massachusetts. As a pul¬ pit orator he was almost unrivaled. He was the author of many books. "If you limit the search for truth and forbid men anywhere, in any way, to seek knowledge, you paralyze the vital force of truth itself," ROGER WILLIAMS IfiOZ-lfiB-I Roger Williams was born in Wales, probably in 1607. He came to this country in 1611 after trouble with the ecclesiastical and civil authorities in England. He founded Rhode Island, opening the colony to anyone seeking religious freedom. "To proclaim a true and absolute soul freedom to all the people of the land impartially so that no person be farced to pray, nor pray othenvhe than as his soul believeth and , consenteth." m\ PHILANTHROPISTS, REFORMERS PETER COOPER 1791-1883 Peter Cooper was born in New York City, February 12, 1791. He founded the Canton Iron Works, where the first locomotive engine in America was built. He was president of the first Atlantic Cable Company. He founded Cooper Union in New York City. He ran for the presidency of the United States in 1876. "The great object 1 desire to accomplish is to open the avenue of scientific knowledge to youth, so that the young may see the beauties of creation, enjoy its blessings, and learn to love the Anthor," Heroes of Amcricau Deniiwracy GEORGE PEAnODY 17!»I-1S69 A. George Peabody was born at Danvers fiiow Peabody], Mass., February 18, 179S. He estab. lishcd the b.inking liouse of George Peabody . in London, founded tlic Peabody Institute ^ and Librai 7 of Baltimore, and financed scien- / tific expeditions. His greatest gift w.is tlie ■ aJ "Peabody Fund" for education. ‘'Lookhtu font di j heynmi my stay on earth I see our country hccomin^ richer aiiJ more {um erf til. Hut to nah her /tros/u’i/Vy tumc than su[)t'rfil ial, her moral and intel- kctttal developiiictit sboiihl heefi pace u ifh her material groit f/i." FRANCES E. WILI.ARU ias9-lS!»* - Frances Elizabeth Willard was Iwirn at Church- w ^ villc, N. Y., September 28, 1RJ9. She was ^ professor of esthetics in Northwestern Uni- versity and dean of tlte women's college there. She was secretary and later president of the |A ^ Women’s Christian Temperance Union. She " .- founded the World Christian Union and was .t strong suppjirtcr of equal suffrage. "'Were I asked to define hi a sentence the thoui{hl and fnrposc of the 'Women's Christian Temperanee Union,! should trpls it is to make the whole world f.minelike," SCIIiNTISTS JOHN JAMES AU13L!ltt»N John James Audubon, n.ituralist, was horn at Aux Cayes, Haiti, April 2, 1819. He was the fir.se to give to the world a demonstration of the use of .sulphuric ether as a practical sur¬ gical anesthetic, in a major operation per¬ formed in the Massachusetts' General Hos¬ pital, in 1846. *7 leave it to siirj;eons and [ihysicians to speak the praises of ether in the various operations in which if is now iinivcr- sally used whenever the relief of pain is an object.'’ ROBKRT lUI.TON I7iit-I811 Robert Fulton, inventor of the steamboat, war born in Lancaster County, Pa., November 14, 1765. His first steamboat w.as launched on the River Seine, but w'as unsuccessful. In 1807 be launched the "Clermont” on the Hudson River, The first steam-propelled warship was built from his plans, "To direct the genius and resources of ow country to nsefnl improvements, to the sciences, the 'arts, education, the amendment of the public mind and morals, in such pursuits lit . . . the nation’s glory," Heroes of American Democracy 129 SAMUEL r. B. MORSE 1791-1872 Samuel F. B. Morse was born at Charlestown, Mass., April 27, 1791. He was the inventor of the recording electric telegraph, svhicli was exhibited in 1837, and the originator of sub¬ marine telegraphy. He was the first president of the National Academy of Design. He was a professor in New York University, "f am }n-rsuaJcil that tchatever facilitales intercourse hetween the diffcrcitt Jior/iotn of the human family acill have the effect . . .to promote the Inst inlercsls of man." ELI 'WHITN'UY I7(.t-I82t Eli Whitney was born at Westboroogh, Mass., December 8, 17^1, In 1792 he invented the cotton gin, which rcvolutioni/cd the cotton industry. He failed to enjoy the fruits of his invention because of a robbery. He later manu¬ factured firearms. "The machine, if is true, operates in the first instance, on mere physical elements, to proilucc an accnmulatian and distrihution of property. Itiit do not alt the arts of civilisation follow in its train}” ELIAS nOWK 1819-1867 Elias Howe, inventor of the sewing m.achine, was born at Spencer, Mass., July 9, 1819. He began life as a machinist. He secured his first patent in 1846 but it was not until fourteen years later that he reaped any benefit from his invention. "Be it known that I hair in¬ vented a new and useful machine for sewinf> seams in cloth and other articles requiring la be sewed, and I do hereby declare a full and exact description thereof.'* 130 The Ameticm Citizens Handbook SOLDIERS, SAILORS JOHN I'AUL JONI-.S 1747-I7‘J2 John Paul Jones was born in Kirkcudbright¬ shire, Scotland, July 6, 1747. During the Revolutionary '}/ar he had a romantic and brilliant career of distinguished service. In 1778 with the "Ranger” he captured the "Drake,” a British sloop of war, September 23, 1779, as Commodore, in the "Bonhomme Richard," he captured the "Scrapis” In one of the greatest naval engagements in history. "He hath made the flag of America respected.” DAVID GLASGOW’ FARRAGUT 1801-1870 David Glasgow I’arragut was born near Knox¬ ville, Tonn., July 1, 1801. He served in the War of 1812, and in the Civil War com¬ manded the fleets that forced the surrender of New Orleans and defeated the Confederate forces in Mobile Bay. He received the rank of Admiral in 1866. "As to being pre[)afcd for defeat, 1 certainly am not. Any man who is prepared for defeat would he half defeated before he commenced. 1 hope for success, shall do all in my poiver to secure it, and trust to God for the rest." ULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT 1822-1881 Ulysses Simpson Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822, He was lieu¬ tenant-general of the Union forces which defeated Lee, He served two terms as Presi¬ dent of the U. S. His “Memoirs” are a valu¬ able historic record. During his last illness he was made General of the Army. "I determined, first, to use the greatest number of troops practicable; second, to hammer continu¬ ously against the enemy until by mere attrition, if in no other way, there should be nothing left to him but submission." ROBURT hUWARD Li;t IKU7.Ig7l) Robert Edward Lee was born at Straifnrd, Va,, January 19. 1807. Me won a colonelcy in the Mexican War, was superiiitcntleiu of the West Point Military Academy, guarded the Texas frontier, and captured John Krtjwn. 1 le re“ signed his commission to take cummaiul of the Virginia forces when that state seceded, anil l.iter hec.iine com- mander-in-chief of the Confederate Army. After the C',ivil War he became president of Washington College. "/)«/y llh'n /\ l/w Ihnest word hi our /ertgirege." WII.UAM TKC UMSIM SIICRMAN IKiri.|S'»i William Tecumseh .Sherman w.is b«»rn at I.,in- caster, Ohio, h'eliruary 8, 1820. He fougitt at Shiloh and Vicksburg and Ciiutt.in(Mig.t, in¬ vaded Georgia and led the march from At¬ lanta to the sea. Me was made lieutenant- general and later general. "War is t tutUy ami yon cannot tcfinc if. J noiit ficarc and fu'livvc it ran indy hr rnu hrd thru niiion and uaf, and I trill rirr mndltci inir irith a i irtr t" perfect and early success.'' I-AWYKRS, JUUCil-S JAMI-.S KI'NT I7r.5-iaa7 James Kent was born in Euin.im Caniniy, N. Y., July 31, 1763. Me lectured on law at Columbia College, was chief justice of the New York supreme court, was chancellor of the state of New York, and the author of "Commentaries on American I.aw." "Wf t ought not to sejittrate the science iif jiuldic law from that of ethics, .S/a/i*> nr hndies ftnlitic are to he considered as moral persons having a puhlic will calnthlc and free to do right and wrong." 132 The American Citizens Handbook JOHN MARSHALL I7SJ-1S3J John Marshall was born in Fauquier Co., Ya., September 24, 175 J. He served as an officer in the Revolution, was U. S. envoy to France, a member of Congress, and Secretary of State. He was a Judge of the Supreme Court for thirty-four years. '^7'hc Constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof are supreme; they control the con¬ stitution and laws of the respective states and cannot be controled by them.” JOSEPH STORY 1777-1845 Joseph Story was born at Marblehead, Mass., September 18, 1779. He served in the Massa¬ chusetts Legislature and in the House of Rep¬ resentatives and he was associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was a prolific writer of works that rank with the highest authorities on law. "The founders of the Constitution, with pro¬ found wisdom, laid the cornerstone of our national republic in the permanent independence of the judicial establishment.” RUFUS CHOATE 1777-1857 Rufus Choate was born at Ipswich, Mass,, October 1, 1799. A distinguished orator, he served in the House of Representatives and the Senate. "The profession of the Bar has seemed to possess a twofold nature. It has resisted despotism and yet taught obedience. It has recognized the rights of man, and yet has reckoned it always among the most sacred of those rights to be shielded and led by the divine nature and immortal reason of law.” STATESMEN JOHN ADAMS 17JJ-182fi John Adams was bom at Braintree, Mass., October 30, 1733. He was a member of the First and Second ContincnMl Congresses, signed the Declaration of Independence, was the first American minister to Great Britain, the first Vicepresident and the second Presi¬ dent of the U. S. "An a (government so popular am he supported only by universal knosviedge and virtue, it is the duty of all rattks to promote the means of education as well as true religion, purity of manners, and integrity of life" HENRY CLAY 1777-18»2 Henry Clay, Representative, .Senator, and Cabinet moniber, was born in Hanover County, Va., April 12, 1777. He was noted for his efforts to settle the slavery question thru compromise measures. He was three times ^ defeated for the presidency, ’’That patriotism which, catching its inspiration from the immortal God, animates and prompts to deeds of self-sacrifice, of valor, of devotion, and rtf death itself—that is public virtue," BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin, editor, author, diplomat, scientist, public teacher, and philo.sop}icr, was born in Boston, January 17, 1706. He made important discoveries in electricity. He helped draw up the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution and helped negotiate the treaty recognizing the independence of the United States. "This Constitution can end in despotism, as other forms have done before if, only when the people shall become so corrupted as to need despotic government." 134 The American Cifizcns Handbook THOMAS JEFHiRSOiN 174J-1826 Thomas Jefferson was born ac Shadwcll, Va., April 13, 1743. He drafted the Declaration of Independence, was Vicepresident and third President of the United States. During his administration, the Louisiana Purchase was made. "We bold these truths to be selfevident; that all men are created equal; that they arc endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the Inirsnit of happiness," GEORGE WASHINGTON 17J2-179SI George W.ishington, "The Father of his Coun¬ try," was born in Westmoreland County, Va., February 22, 1732. He was a colonel in the French and Indian War, a member of the First and Second Continental Congresses, Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Revolution, presiding officer of the first Constitutional Convention, and first President of the United States. '’Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge.” ABRAHAM LINCOLN UOSl-lSfi! Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin Co., Ky,, February 12, 1809. He served in the Illinois legislature and in the House of Rep¬ resentatives. As President of the United States during the Civil War, he issued the Emanci¬ pation Proclamation. "With malice tenoards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives Hi to see the right, let ns strive on to finish the work we are in.” Heroes of Amcrii att Dcnm rm y DANIEL Vi'EBSTER 1782-I8«2 Daniel Webster was born at Salisbury, N. 11., January 18, 1782. He pMcticed law in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, served in the House of Representatives and the Senate, and was Secretary of State during three admin¬ istrations. Considered tlie greatest political orator of his time, he was an exponent and defender of the Consti¬ tution. "7 profess, in my tarrer hUherto, ft, hare hejif sfeaJity hi view the Imsficrity and honor of fhe u hole rounh y and the /irrsrr- vation of our federal union." JOHN QUINCY AUA.MS 1767-1*^8 John Quincy Adams was born at Braintree, Mass., July 11, 17(57. He was educated at Harvard and abroad. He served in the Massa¬ chusetts Senate and in the U. .S, .Senate, was successively Minister to The Hague, to I’rus- sia, to Ru,ssia, and to Kngland, was .Sceruiary of State under Monrtie, and sixth President of the United States "I live in the faith and hafie of the /.r/tgrrss/i r adianeem'ent of ChrisiiitH liberty and exfiect to abide by the same in death." JAMES MAMIStlN l7tl-|Kt(, James Madison was born at Port Conway, Va., March 16, 17J1. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention aiul one of the chief framers of the Constitution, a member of the Continental Congress, .Secretary of State under Jefferson, and twice President of the United States. He was the author of "Virginia Resolutions." "(lor- ernments do better without kinns and nobles than with ihein; religion flourishes in greater purity without than with the aid of government," The American CUizem Handbook JAMES MONROE 1718-1831 James Monroe was born in Westmoreland County, Va., April 28, 17J8. He fought in the Revolutionary War, served in Congress, was Minister to France, Governor of Virginia, and served two terms as President of the U. S. He was the author of the Monroe Doctrine. '’The cause of liberty ,., animated my youthful days; it has engaged the zealous attention of my maturer years; it will command my best efforts in its support so long as 1 shall be permitted to live." WILUAM PENN 1644-1718 William Penn was born in London, England, October 24, ld44. He was chief author of the Concessions and Agreements of 1676 and 1677, setting forth the right of petition, trial by jury, and other ideas which were followed in the provinces founded and developed under his influence: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. "Govern¬ ments rather depend upon men, than men upon governments . . . if men be bad, lei the government be never so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil it to their turn,” GROVER CLEVELAND 1837-1508 Grover Cleveland was born at Caldwell, N. J., March 18, 1837, He became a lawyer and was elected mayor of Buffalo in 1881. Two years later he became governor of New York. In 1883, at the age of 48, he became President of the United States and served two terms: 188J-1889; 1893-1897. He promoted reforms in the civil service and the tariff system. "Let us look for guidance to the principles of true Democracy, which arc enduring because they arc right, and invincible because they are fust” Heroes of AiiicTicmt Democracy 137 ANDREW JACKSON 1767-1841 Andrew Jackson was born in Waxhaw settle¬ ment, S. C,, March IJ, 1767, He served in the House of Representatives and the U. S. Senate, and was a supreme court judge in Tennessee. He commanded the U. S, forces at the Battle of New Orleans. He subjugated Florida and became Its military governor. He served two terms as President of the United States. He was the successful opponent of nullification. "Oiir federal union! It mast and shall he preserved" ALEXANDER HAMILTON 1717-1804 Alexander Hamilton was born in the V7cst Indies, January 11, 1757. He originated the national system of t.txation, served in the Continental Congress, the Constitutional Con¬ vention, .and the New York legislature. He was the first Secretary of the Treasur)', and chief author of "The l-edcralist." "Tfx cstahlishineiif of a vointilii^ Urn in time of profound peace hy the t olunfary consent of a tvhole people is a prodigy to tlx completion of which I look forward with trembling anxiety." PATRICK HENRY 17J6.I7»S Patrick Henry was born in Hanover Co,, Va., May 29, 1736, In the Virginia House of Burgesses he made notable speeches. He rep¬ resented Virginia in the first Continental Con¬ gress and commanded the Virginia troops in 1775-76, He served four terms as Governor of Virginia. He offered a scries of resolutions declaring the Stamp Act unconstitutional and was an clo{|Ucnc supporter of the Revolu¬ tion. "Give use liberty or g/rr me death." 138 The American Citizens Handhook EXPLORERS DANIEL BOONE 1731-1820 Daniel Boone, explorer, was born in Berks County, Pa., February 11, 1733. He explored the lieadwaters of the Tennessee and Kentucky River valleys and made it possible for pioneers to settle the land by his work among the Indians. He fought in the Revolution with the rank of Colonel. In his later years he explored what is now the state of Missouri. "May the same Alm/Khty Goodness which has tnmed a cruel war into peace banish the accursed monster War from all lands,'' ACTORS, PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, MUSICIANS GILBERT CHARLES STUART 1711-1828 Gilbert Charles Stuart was born at Narragan- sett, R. I., December 3, 173 3. Pie began the painting of portraits before he was fifteen years old, but it was not until 1788 that he received recognition. Among his subjects, be¬ sides George Washington, were Thomas Jef¬ ferson, James Madison, and John Quincy Adams. His portraits are CHARLOTTE SAUNDERS CUSHMAN Hl6-I87(i Charlotte Saunders Cushman was born in Boston, July 23, 1816. She made her first appearance in opera in 1834 and appeared as Lady Macbeth in 1833. She toured the United States playing Shakespearean roles. Her reper¬ toire included Romeo, Hamlet, and Nancy Sykes. She is in the front rank of American tragediennes. "To be tboroly in earnest, intensely in earnest in all my thon^hts and in all any actions, whether in my profession or out of it, became my one single idea." notably faithful. Heroes of Ainericati Democracy 139 AUGUSTUS SAINT-GAUntNS ll!48.|‘}«7 Augustus Saiiit-Gaudcus was bom at Dublin. Ireland, March 1, 1848. In 1871 be pnidiiml his first figure, called "Miawatlia." Antiinj; his better known works are the President Lincoln statue in Cliicago: the Sluw mniiu- ment in Boston: tl>e Ad.iius figure in Ruck Creek Cemetery, W.isliiiigton: and the .Shernun and I-arr.igui st,llue^ in New York City. He was one of the first seven members «f the American Academy. "Too much lime cannot he sfwnt in a task that is to endure for centuries." i-iwiN noorn ihu.ib'm Edwin Booth, actor, was born at Belair, Md.. November 13, 1833. As Hamlet, Uichard 111, lago, Shylock, and C.trdinal Richelieu he m.ide memorable success. He is usually considered the foremost American tragedian. In vtiice. If ) i i, carriage, intellectuality, .tnd dramatic resource he wa,s notable. "Ilamicl teas the eintoinc of mankiuJ, not an indi¬ vidual, a sort of wnig/V* mirror in which all men and n omen \er the reflex of themselves." JAMES AHBOTT MeNKII.l. VIUSTU R IMH-l'niJ James Abbott McNeill Wliistler sv.ts horn at Lowell, Mas.s., July It), 1834.1 le is best known by his portraits and etchings nf Veneti.in scenes, and his nocturnes. His- portrait of Iiis mother is one of his lincsi works. "Nature contains the elements in color nwi/ form, of all pichircs, as the keyboard coutaiiss the notes of all music. Hut the artist is born to fiick and chtmse and gron/i icith sr/cner, these elements, that the residt ma\ he heautiful." 140 STEPHEN COLLINS FOSTER 182(|.lg(;4 Stephen Collins Foster was born July 4, iii 2 j in Pittsburgh, Pa., where most of his best music was written. He entered Jefferson Col- lege in 1841, but his love for music impelled him to leave after a wcck'.s trial and his formal education was continued with tutors. His earli¬ est composition, ‘'The Tioga ¥altz” for flutes, was written in 1840 when he was 14 years old. Best known among his compositions [more than 200 in number] depicting American home life, life on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, slavery, plantation life, and political scenes, are: "Old Folks at Home,” "Massa’s in de Cold Ground," "My Old Kentucky Home," "Old Dog Tray," "Old Black Joe|" "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair," "OhI Susanna," and “Beautiful Dreamer." His best songs are a valuable contribution to the folklore of American music. PART IV The Flag of the United States of America The WASHINGTON MONUMi NT, pit'tum! on the folloti /nn page, is a worthy tribute to the Vathcr of llh Country in the capital city which bears his name. This great white marble obelisk, rising majestically iSS feet occr a beauti¬ fully landscaped mall, is one of the world’s tallest pieves of masonry. On Tebruury 22, Washington's birthday, United States Vlags arc placed at the base of the monument. Its interior is lighted by electricity so that visitors may see the 202 carved tribute blocks set in the inner face of the Monu¬ ment, and contributed by the stales, organizations, arid many foreign countries. Greece sent a block of marble from the Varthenon-, Switzerland a stone from the Chapel of William Tell, The cornerstone ivas laid in IS4H, hut the Monument was not dedicated until Vebruary 21, 18SI. Its cost seas $1,300,000, Each year thousands of visitors climb the SVJf steps or take the elevator to the lop of the Motmment and there wore than 300 feet above the ground, they enjoy thru the tower windows the magnificent panorama of Washing¬ ton, D, C., and parts of Virginia and Maryland, ^*hytg, ffatimul PurK [ 141 ] The Flag oj the United States C3n June 14, 1777, a year after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia adopted this resolution: "That the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and whitej that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field representing a new constellation." In 1916 Presi¬ dent Woodrow Wilson proclaimed June 14 as Flag Day, which is annually observed thruout America by cele¬ brations in the schools and public observances. The stripes of the flag represent the 13 original states, which had a population of some 3 million people. In the stars is recorded the growth of the American nation. With the addition in 1912 of New Me,xico and Arizona, the stars in the flag reached 48, the number we have today. To this flag over 130 million Americans now pledge allegiance. T/jc P/tv/gr /o thv "I pledge allegiance to the Plajf of the United States of America and to the Kepvhlic for which if stands; one nation, indivisible, with liberty and jnsfice for allJ' In pledging allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, there are two approved ways of saluting. One is the military or Army salute in which rlie right hand is kept at the forehead during recital of the Pledge. This salute is used in the schools of New York C’ity anti other places and has recently been adopted by the scliotils 1 1 “^) 144 The American Citizens Handbook in. the nation’s capital. The salute is defined in the U. S. Army Infantry Drill Regulations as follows: At the command, "Salute,’* raise the right hand smartly until the tip of the forefinger touches the lower part of the headdress or fore¬ head, above and slightly to the right of the right eye, thumb and fingers extended and joined, palm to the left, upper arm horizontal, forearm inclined at 4S degrees, hand and wrist straight; at the same time turn the bead and eyes toward the flag saluted. After reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, drop the arm to its normal position by the side in one motion, at the same time turning the head and eyes to the front. The other salute used by schools and civilian adults is as follows: Standing with the right hand over the heart, all repeat together the Pledge. At the words “to the Flag,” the right hand is extended, palm upward, toward the Flag, and this position is held to the end. After the words, "justice for all,” the hand drops to the side. How¬ ever, even without saluting, civilian adults will always show full respect to the Flag, when the Pledge is being given, by merely standing at attention, men removing the headdress. Persons in uniform should render the right-hand salute, Salufmg the Flag During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the Flag, or when the Flag is passing in parade or review, all present face the Flag, stand at attention, and salute. Those in uniform render the right-hand salute. When not in uniform, men should remove the headdress with the right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Women salute by placing the right hand over the heart. The salute to the Flag in the moving column is rendered at the moment the Flag passes. The Tla^ of ttic United States 145 When the "Star-Spangled Banner”—adopted by Con¬ gress in 1931 as the national anthem—is played and no lag is displayed, all present should stand and face toward the music. Those in uniform salute at the first note of the anthem, retaining this position until the last note. All others stand at attention, men removing their head¬ dress. When the Flag Is displayed, the regular salute to the Flag should be given. Words and music of the na¬ tional anthem are on pages 100-101 of this Handbook, WHAT THE FLAG MEANS This flag means more than association and reward. It is the symbol of our national unity, our national en¬ deavor, our national aspiration. It tells you of the strug¬ gle for independence, of union preserved, of liberty and union one and inseparable, of the sacrifices of brave men and women to whom the ideals and honor of this nation have been dearer than life. It means America first; it means an undivided alle¬ giance ... It means that you cannot be saved by the valor and devotion of your ancestors; that to each gen¬ eration comes its patriotic duty; and that upon your willingness to sacrifice and endure as those before you have sacrificed .and endured rests the national hope. It speaks of equal rights; of the inspiration of free institutions exemplified and vindicated; of liberty under law intelligently conceived and impartially administered. There is not a thread in it but scorns self-indulgence, weakness, and rapacity. It Is eloquent of our common destiny.— Charles Evans Hufihes, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. 146 The American Citizcm llaudhank MAKERS OF THE FLAG This morning as I passed into the Land Office, the Flag dropped me a most cordial salutation, and from its rippling folds I heard it say, “Good morning, Mr. Flag- maker.” “I beg your pardon, Old Glory,” I said, “aren’t you mistaken? I am not the President of the United States, nor a member of Congress, nor even a general in the army. I am only a government clerk.” “I greet you again, Mr. Flag-maker,” replied the gay voice. "I know you well. You are the man who worked in the swelter of yesterday .straightening out the tangle of that farmer’s homestead in Idaho; or perhaps you found the mistake in that Indian contract in Oklahoma; or helped to clear that patent for the hopeful inventor in New York, or pushed the opening of that new ditch in Colorado, or made that mine in Illinois more safe, or brought relief to the old soldier in Wyoming. No mat¬ ter; whichever one of these beneficent individuals you may happen to be, I give you greeting, Mr. Flag-maker.” I was about to pass on when the Flag stopped me with these words; “Yesterday the President spoke a word that made happier the future of ten million peons in Mexico; but that act looms no larger on the Flag than the struggle which the boy in Georgia is making to win the Corn Club prize this summer. “Yesterday the Congress spoke a word which will open the door of Alaska; but a mother in Michigan worked from sunrise until far into the night to give her boy an education. She, too, is making the Flag. The Tlaji tif the Uni/etl States I 47 "Yesterday we made a new Jaw to prevent Hnancial panics, and yesterday, maybe, a scliooltcacher in Oliio taugltt Itis first letters to a boy wlio will one day write a song tliat will give cheer to the millions of our race. We are all making the Flag.” "But,” I said impatiently, "these people were only working!” Then came a great shout from the Flag; "The work that we do is the making of the Flag. I am not the Flag; not at all. I am but its shadow. "I am whatever you make me, nothing more. "I am your belief in yourself, your dream of what a people may become. "I live a changing life, a life of moods and passions, of heartbreaks and tired muscles. “Sometimes I am strong with jiride when men do an honest work, lilting the rails together truly. Some¬ times I droop, for then purpose has gone from me, anti cynically I play the coward. .Sometimes, I am loud, garish, and full of that ego that blasts judgment. "But always I am all chat you hope to be and have the courage to try for. “I am song and fear, struggle and p.-inic and ennobling hope. “I am the day’s work of the weakest man and the largest dream of the most daring. "I am the Constitution and the courts, statutes and die statute makers, soldier and dreadnaught, drayman and street sweep, cook, coiinsehir, and clerk. 148 The American Citizens llamlbaak “I am the battle of yesterday and the mistake of tomorrow. "I am the mystery of the men who do without know¬ ing why. "I am the clutch of an idea and the reasoned purpose of resolution. "I am no more than what you believe me to be, and I am all that you believe I can be. “I am what you make me, nothing more. "I swing before your eyes as a bright gleam of color, a symbol of yourself, the pictured suggestion of that big thing which makes this nation. *'My stars and stripes are your dreams and your labors. They are bright with cheer, brilliant with courage, firm with faith because you have made them so out of your hearts. For you are the makers of the Flag, and it is well that you glory in the making.” [From an address before the employees of the Department of the Interior by Secretary Fnanklin K. Lane on Flag Day, 1914.] THIS LAND AND FLAG What is the love of country for which our flag stands? Maybe it begins with love of the land itself. It is the fog rolling in with the tide at Eastport, or thru the Golden Gate and among tlie towers of San Francisco. It is the sun coming up behind the White Mountains, over the Green, throwing a shining glory on Lake Champlain and above the Adirondacks. It is the storied Mississippi rolling swift and muddy past St. Louis, rolling past Cairo, pouring down past the The Viag of the United Stales 149 levees of New Orleans. It Is lazy noontide in the pines of Carolina, it is a sea of wheat rippling in Western Kansas, it is the San Francisco peaks far north across the glowing nakedness of Arizona, it is the Grand Canyon and a little stream coming down out of a New Fngland ridge, in which are trout. It is men at work. It is the storm-tossed fishermen coming into Gloucester and Provincctown and Astoria. It is the farmer riding his great machine in the dust of harvest, the dairyman going to the barn before sunrise, the lineman mending the broken wire, the miner drilling for the blast. It is the servants of fire in the murky splendor of Pittsburgh, between the Allegheny and the Monongaliela, the trucks rumbling thru the night, the locomotive engineer bringing the train in on time, the pilot in the clouds, the riveter running along the beam a hundred feet in air. It is the clerk in the ofiice, the housewife doing the dishes and sending the children off to school. It is the teacher, doctor, and parson tending and helping, body and soul, for small reward. It is small things remembered, the little corners of the land, the houses, the people that each one loves. We love our country because there was a little trce 'on a hill, and grass thereon, and a sweet valley below; because the hurdy-gurdy man came along on a sunny morning in a city street; because a beach or a farm or a lane or a house that might not seem much to others was once, for each of us, made magic. It is voices that arc remem¬ bered only, no longer heard. It is parents, friends, the lazy chat of street and store and office, and the case of mind that makes life tranquil. It is summer and winter, rain and sun and storm. These are flesh of our flesh, jjO The American Cilizcim llandhnnk bone of our bone, blood of our blood, a lasting part of what we are, each of us and all of us together. It is stories told. It is the Pilgrims dying in their first dreadful winter. It is the Minute Man standing his ground at Concord Bridge, and dying there. It is the army in rags, sick, freezing, starving at Valley Forge. It is the wagons and the men on foot going westward (wer Cumberland Gap, floating down the great rivers, rolling over the great plains. It is the .settler hacking fiercely at the primeval forest on his new, his own lands. It is Thoreau at Walden Pond, Lincoln at Cooper Union, and Lee riding home from Appomattox. It is corruption and disgrace, answered always by men who would not let the flag lie in the dust, who have stood up in every generation to fight for the old ideals and the old rights, at risk of ruin or of life itself. It is a great multitude of people on pilgrimage, com¬ mon. and ordinary people, charged with the usual human failings, yet filled with such a hope a.s iiever caught the imaginations and the hearts of any nation on earth before. The hope of liberty. The hope of justice. The hope of a land in which a man can stand straight, with¬ out fear, without rancor. The land and' the people and the flag—the land a continent, the people of every race, the flag a symbol of what humanity may aspire to when the wars are over and the barriers are down; to these each generation must be dedicated and consecrated anew, to defend with life itself, if need be, but, above all, in friendliness, in hope, in courage, to live for. [An editorial in the New York Times, June 14, 1940. Used with the generou.s permission of the editor, Charlc.s Merz.] The I'la^ of (he United States 151 RKSPECT THE PLAG When you see the Stars and Stripes displayed, son, stand up and take off your hat. Stuiicbody may titter. It is in the blood of some to deride all expression of noble sentiment. You may blaspheme in the .street and stagger drunken in public place.s-, and the bystanders will not pay much attention to you; but if you should get down on your knee.s and pray to Almighty God or if you should stand bareheaded while a company of old soldiens marches by with flags to the breeze, some people will think you are showing off. But don’t you mind! When Old Glory comes along, salute, and let them think wh.at they please! When you hear the band play “The Star-Spangled Banner” while you are in a restaurant or hotel dining-room, get up even if you ri.se alone; stand there and don’t be ashamed of it, either! For of all the flags since the world began there is none other so full of meaning as the Hag of this country. That piece of red, white, and blue bunting means five thousand years of struggle upward. It is the full-grown flower of ages of fighting for liberty. It is the century plant of human hope in bloom. Your Flag stands for humanity, for an equal oppor¬ tunity to all the .sons of men. Of course we haven’t arrived yet at that goal; there arc many injustices yet among us, many senseless and cruel customs of the past still clinging to us, but the only hope of righting the wrongs of men lies in the feeling produced in our bosoms by the sight of that Hag. Other flags mean a glorious past, this h'lag a glorious 152 The American Citizens Handbook future. It is not so much the Flag of our fathers as it is the Flag of our children, and of all children’s children yet unborn. It is the Flag of tomorrow. It is the signal of the "Good Time Coming.” It is not the flag of your king—it is the Flag of yourself and of all your neighbors. Don’t be ashamed when your throat chokes and the tears come, as you see it flying from the masts of our ships on all the seas or floating from every flagstaff of the Republic. You will never have a worthier emotion. Reverence it as you would reverence the signature of the Deity. Listen, son! The band is playing the National Anthem —“The Star-Spangled Banner”! They have let loose Old Glory yonder. Stand up—and others will stand up with you .—Frank Crane in the Netv York Globe, FLAG SALUTE I Pledge Allcgiauix to the Vhg! One minute in the day they pause— The youth across the land— With eyes upraised and hand held out, Thruout our schools they stand. And to the Country for Which It Stands! One moment in their busy day Of books, of games, they pause; One moment give unconscious thanks For safety, peace, and laws. One Nation Indiu/siblc In safety of our hearts and homes. Peace, free of hatred's strife. With laws that save youth’s heritage Of childhood’s carefree life. With liberty and justice alive in hearts as pure As hearts of youth, our land is strong, its future is securcl —Grace P. Harmon. 153 The Vlan of the United S/o/r; THE FLAG GOES BY Hats ofF! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruflic of drums, A flash of color beneath the sky: Hats offl The flag is passing by! Blue and crimson and white it shines, Over the steel-tipped, ordered lines. Hats o(f! The colors before us fly; But more than the flag is passing by: Sea-fights and land-fight.s, grun and great. Fought to make and to save the State: Weary marches and sinking .ships; Cheers of victory on dying lips; Days of plenty and years of peace; March of a stro:ig land'.s swift increase; Equal justice, right, and law. Stately honor and reverent awe; Sign of a nation, great and .strong To ward her people from foreign svrong: Pride and glory and honor—ail Live in the colors to stand or fall. Hats off! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruflic of drums; And loyal hearts arc beating high: Hats off! The flag is passing by! ■—Henry Holcomb Benneity The American Citizem Handbook THE NAME OF OLD GLORY Old Glory! say, who, By the ships and the crew. And the long, blended ranks of the gray ajui the blue— Who gave you, Old Glory, the name that you bear With such pride everywhere As you case yourself free to the rapturous air And leap out full-length, as weVc wanting you to?— Who gave you that name, with the ring of the same. And the honor and fame so becoming to you?— Your stripes stroked in ripples of white and of red, With yjaur stars at the glittering best overhead— By day or by night Their delightfulcst light Laughing down from their little square heaven of blue. Who gave you the name of Old Glory?—say, who— Who gave you the name of Old Glory? The old banner Ilf teds and falferinn then, In vague Ihps and whispers fell silent again. Old Glory: the story we’re wanting to hear Is what the plain facts of your christening were— For your name—just to hear it. Repeat it, and cheer it, ’s a tang to the spirit As salt as a tear; And seeing you fly, and the boys marching by. There’s a shout in the throat and a blur in the eye And an aching to live for yovi always—or die. If, dying, we still keep you waving on high. And so, by our love For you, floating above. And the scars of all wars and the sorrows thereof, Who gave you the name of Old Glory, and why Are we thrilled at the name of Old Glory? Then the old banner leaped, like a sail in the blast, And fluttered an audible answer at last. The Fltin of the United States And it spake, with a shake of the voice, and it siiid:— "By the driven snow white and the living blood red Of tny bars, and their heaven of stars nvcrliead— By the symbol conjoined of them all. skyward cast. As I flo.it from the steeple, or flap at the mast. Or droop o’er the sod when' the htng grasses nod— My name is as iikl as the Cilory »if Goil. So 1 came by the name i»f Old Cilory." —fames Wbi/eomh Riley THIS AMHKICAN I'l.ACi V/hen Preedom, from her mtiuntain-heighc. Unfurled her standard to the air. She tore the azure rolu* of night, And sec the stars of glfty there. She mingled with its gorgeous dyes The milky baldric of the .skies, And .striped its- pttre, celestial white V/ith .streakings of the morning light; Then, from his mansion in the sun, She called her eagle bearer down. And gave into his' mighty hand. The .symbol c at the center or at the highest point of the group. W11I.N I-LAGS OF ST ATFS OR tlTU-^S OR PENNANTS OF StH.ILTH-S arC flowil Oil tlie same halyard with the Flag of the United States of America, the latter .should always be at the peak. When flown from adjacent staffs, the Flag .should be on the right of the line (the observer's left). The Flag .should be hoisted first, lowered last. No flag or pennant should be placed above or to the right of the I'lag. WrrEN FLAGS OF TWO OR MORE NA¬ TIONS ARE Disi'i.AYi-i), they should be flown from .sep.tr.tcc .scaff.s of the .same height, and ibc flags should be of ap- proxim.ttely cqu.Tl size. International usage forbids the display of the flag of one nation above that of another nation in time of pc.icc. When the it.ac is iiisplayei) from A STAFF PRO.Ji:G'riNG 1I0R17.0NTALI.Y or at an angle from a window-sill, bal¬ cony, or the front of a building, the union of the Flag should go clear to the peak of tlie staff unless the Flag is at half-mast. When .suspended over a sidewalk from a rope, extending from a house CD a pole at the edge of the sidewalk, the Flag should be hoisted out towards the pole, union first, The American Citizens Handbook When the z'lag is displayed in a MANNER OTHER THAN BY BEING FLOWN FROM A STAFF, ic should be displayed flat, whether indoors or out. When displayed cither horizontally or vertically against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the Flag’s own right. It should be displayed in a window in the same way—^with the union to the left of the observer in the street. When rosettes or drapings of blue, white, and red, are desired, bunting should be used, but never the Flag. When displayed over the middlp, OF THE STREET, as between buildings, the Flag of the United States of Amer¬ ica should be suspended vertically with the union to the north in an cast and west street or to the cast in a north and south street. When used on a speaker’s plat¬ form, the Flag, if displayed flat, should be displayed above and behind the speaker; if flown from a staff, it should be in the position of honor, at the speaker’s right. The Flag should never be used to cover the speaker’s desk nor to drape over the front of the plat¬ form. 161 The I'la^ of the United States When usin in t»>NNUr/iioN with THE UNVI.n.INC. OI- A STATUE OR MON¬ UMENT, the Mjg should not be allowed to fall to the ground, but should be carried aloft to wave out, forming a distinctive feature during the rc- luaiiider tif the ceremony. The Flag itself should never Ik* used as covering for the st.tiue. When it.ow.n at hai.e-stai r, the I-lag should be hoisted to the peak for an instant and then losvered to the half-.staff position: but before lower¬ ing the Flag for the d.ty, it is raised again to the peak, hy iKtlf-staff nr half* mast is meant lowering the Flag .some distance, not necessarily halfway, 1 -hj- low the top of the staff or mast. On Memorial Day, May JO. the Flag is displayed at half-staff from sunrise until noon and at full-staff from noon until .sunset; for the nation lives and the Flag is the synibtpl of the living nation. lT.At..s ii.ow.N I Rt).s.i i ixi n si'AM-.s arc placed at half-staff to indicate mourn¬ ing. When the Flag is displayed on a small staff, as ss'hen carried in a parade, mourning is indicated by attaching two streamers of black crepe to the spearhead, allowing the .streamers to fall naturally. Crepe is used on the flagstaff only by order of the President of the United States, 164 The American Citizens Handbook When used to cover a casket, the Flag should be placed so that the union is at the head and over the left shoul¬ der. The Flag should not be lowered into the grave or allowed to touch the ground. The casket should be carried foot first. When 'rm: i r.AG is displayed in the MODY or THE CHURCH, it should he from a staff placed in the position of honor at the congregation’s right as they face the clergyman. The service flag, state flag, or other flag should be at the left of the congregation. If in the chancel or on the platform, the Flag should bo placed on the clergy¬ man’s right as he faces the congrega¬ tion, and other flags on his left, Cmitions in Displaying the Flag [1] Do not display or store the Fl.ig in such manner that it will be soiled or damaged, When no longer in condition for use, the Flag should be destroyed privately and reverently; preferably by burning. [2] Do not use the Flag as drapery in any form. Use red, white, and blue bunting. [3] Do not display the Flag on a float in a parade except from a staff. [4] Do not drape the Flag over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehicle, railroad train, or boat. When di.splaycd on a motor car, the flagstaff should be affixed firmly to the chassis, or clamped to the radiator cap. [5] Do not use the Flag as a portion of a costume or athletic uni¬ form. Do not put it on cushions, handkerchiefs, or boxes. [6] Do not put lettering upon the Flag. [7] Do not use the Flag in any form of advertising or fasten an advertising sign to a pole from which the Flag is flown. PART V Great Charters of American Democracy The statue oi- liueaty, featured on the fulloroinf^ h the most famous example of colossal art in the world. It is located oh Bedloe Island in New York City Harbor and is one of the first sights the newcomer glimpses from ship’- board. The sculptor, Vrcderic Auguste Bartholdi, spent 20 years creating the monument, which as a gift front the French nation to the United States was to commemorate the centennial of American Independence, and perpetuate the friendship which began between tfje two nations when Lafayette and other Trenchmen cast their lot with the new-world colonies in the cause of freedom. The Statue was constructed against great odds, both tech¬ nical and financial. The cost, which was much more than anyone had anticipated, was paid by the Trench people themselves. At last on July 4, 1884—eight years after the anniversary it was to commemorate—the Statue was com¬ pleted in Paris and presented to the United States, Funds for the foundation and pedestal were raised by papular sub¬ scription in the United States, The Statue was unveiled on October 28, 188^, as the climax of one of the most spec¬ tacular celebrations ever held in New York City, PhttiB, ^olrehlltJ i4«r(ii( aun’mi CI«] * Great Charters oj American Democracy J. HE good things of life which thru the grace of God and the labor of our ancestors we now enjoy cannot be taken for granted. Civilization must be born anew with each generation. The entire population requires not only knowledge but purpose, spirit, and aspiration. If parents, teachers, and older citizens do not care enough for the institutions we now enjoy to work con¬ stantly for their preservation and perfection, how can youth be expected to understand the precious heritage which is ours? This section is an attempt to bring together certain writings that belong to every American—writings that express the aspirations, ideals, purposes, and spirit of our people so clearly that they should by universal cooperation of parents, teachers, and citizens become the common property of every American youth. There are several books which may well be read in connection with this section. The American Canon by President Daniel L. Marsh of Boston University [Abing¬ don Press, no Fifth Avenue, New York, 1939, $1] interprets seven historic documents against their back¬ grounds. These writings are the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of g the United States, Washington’s Farewell Address, the Star-Spangled Banner, Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Ad¬ dress, and Wilson’s The Road Atuay front Revolution, [ 168 The American Citizens Handbook Forty-four documents of American history are in¬ cluded by Stuart Gerry Brown in his sourcebook, 'We Hold These Truths [Harper, New York, 1941, 351 pages, $1.5 0]. Similar in character is a book entitled In Blood and Ink: The Life and Documents of American Democracy, by Maury Maverick, former U. S. Congress¬ man [Modern Age Books, New York, 1939, 282p. 75^.] If you would know the kind of world which the enemies of democracy can create, read the stirring mes¬ sage of the German exile, Thomas Mann, in his book on The Coming Victory of Democracy [Knopf, New York, 1938, 70 pages, $1]. Two little books on American aims and problems, written in simple, direct language, are The American Primer by Dorsha Hayes [Alliance Book Corporation, New York, 1941, 1J2 pages, $1.50]; and America by David Cushman Coyle [National Home Library Foundation, "Washington, D. C. 1941, 91p. 25 jl.] To take place along with these, read Eleanor Roose¬ velt’s The Moral Basis of Democracy [Howell, Soskin and Company, New York, 1940, 82 pages, $1.50] and Lewis Mumford’s faith for Living [Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, 1940, 333 pages, $2]. The latter deals with the fundamental values of civilization frankly and comprehensively. It is a challenge to face the present plight of humanity—grim and terrible as it is—^with a program of corrective action, which re¬ quires selfdiscipline and selfsacrifice. Says the author, '‘My procedure [in writing this book] has been based on the belief that some common agreement as to what life means, what is worth fighting for, and for what, in extremity, one must die quite cheerfully, is the first step toward a restored national morale.” Religious Ideals the Foundation X HE American concept of democracy in government had its roots in religious belief. As Mrs. Eleanor Roose¬ velt points out in TAc Moral Basis of Democracy: “The principle of the responsibility of the individual for the wellbeing of his neighbors which is akin to: ‘Love thy neighbor as thyself,’ in the Bible, seems always to have been a part of the development of the democratic ideal which has differentiated it from all other forms of gov¬ ernment.” This ideal of the brotherhood of man roots down into the fundamentals of religion. The teach¬ ings of the Hebrew Prophets and of Jesus Christ in¬ culcate the idea of brotherhood. The growth of the idea gave us the concept of democracy in government. It ennobled home life. It emphasized the sacredness of human personality and gave rise to the idea of personal rights which all mankind should respect. It led to the doctrine of equality of opportunity. Is it not plain that what the world needs just now is a new devotion to the great religious ideals? In .state¬ craft, in business, in industry, in law, in the church, in science, or in teaching, can anything be more in¬ tensely fruitful and practical than a renewed faith in the higher and finer things of life? As 'Woodrow Wilson points out in The Road Away fro7)i Revolution: "Our civilization cannot survive materially unless it be redeemed spiritually. It can be saved only by be¬ coming permeated with the spirit of Christ and being made free and happy by the practices which spring [169] 170 The American Citizens Handbook out of that spirit. Only thus can discontent be driven out and all the shadows lifted from the road ahead.” The following quotations from the Bible are perhaps best expressive of the religious spirit: The Golden Rnle Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets .—Matthew 7:12. The Ten Commandments [1] Thou shalt have no other Gods before me. [2] Thou shalt not mlake unto thee any graven image. [3] Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. [4] Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. [5] Honor thy father and thy mother. [6] Thou shalt not kill. [7] Thou shalt not commit adultery. [8] Thou shalt not steal. [9] Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. [10] Thou shalt not covet anything that is thy neigh¬ bor’s.— Exod-us 20:3-17. The Great Commandments Jesus said unto him, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it. Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself .”—Matthew 22:37-39. Chartevi—Religious Ideals 171 The Greatest Thing in the World Tho I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not love, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And tho I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and tho I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not love, I am nothing. And tho I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and tho I give my body to be burned, and have not love, it profiteth me nothing. Love suffereth long, and is kind; love envieth not; love vauntedi not itself, is not puffed up. Doth not behave itself unseemly, .seeketh not her own, is not easily pro¬ voked, thinketh no evil; Rejoiceth nor in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; Bearcth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endurcth all things. Love never failetli! but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, T put .away childish things. I'or now we see thru a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now 1 know in part; but then shall I know even as also T am known. And now abideth faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love .—I Corinthians 1}. Magna Charta, Charter of Liberties United States is a democracy, a country in which the people or their representatives make their own laws and choose their leaders. Many of these Amer¬ ican liberties had their beginnings in England with the signing of Magna Charta, one of the first great mile¬ stones of political freedom. This document, granted June 15, 1215, by King John to the barons, fixed in writing a recognition of the rights of the people so that kings could no longer override them at will. In tlie original Latin the charter contains about 3500 words and over 5000 when translated into English. Historians and scholars have divided it into 63 "chap¬ ters” or articles, many of which were temporary in influence. The nine points on which the English judicial system is based were summarized by William Penn in 1687s [1] No man shall be taken or imprisoned [2] No man shall be disseised [dispossessed of land] [3] No man shall be outlawed [from the privileges of the law] [4] No man shall be banished [5] No man shall in any sort be destroyed [6] No man shall be condemned but by the judgment of his peers [trial by jury] [7] We shall SELL to no man justice or right [8] We shall DENY to no man justice or right [9] We shall DEFER to no man justice or right. Other important articles were those which limited the king in taxation: "No scutage or aid shall be im¬ posed in our kingdom unless by the general council of our kingdom.” [172] The Mayflower Compact .ylS THE spirit of liberty grew stronger in England —religious oppression making it keener—little bands began to brave uncharted seas to new America where they would have freedom of thought and action. They brought with them such ideals as those stated in the Magna Charta. In Cape Cod Bay [now Provincctown] on board the Mayflower, was signed on November 11, 1620, a compact in which the Pilgrim Fathers volun¬ tarily agreed on selfgovernment. Governor Bradford thus describes the event: “This day before we came to harbor, observing some now well affected to unity and concord, but gave some appearance of faction, it was thought that there should be an association and agreement, that we should combine together in one body, and to submit to such government and governors as we should by common consent agree to make and choose, and set our hands to this that follows: "In the name of God, Amen. 'Wc, -whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, & Ireland King, defender of the faith, etc,, having undertaken for the glory of God and advance¬ ment of the Christian faith, and the honor of our King and coviniry, a voyage to plant the iirst colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic for our better ordering and preservation and fur¬ therance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof do enact, consti¬ tute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitu¬ tions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." [173] The Shrine of American Liberty—On the second floor of the Library of Congress in "Washington, D. C., are kept the originals of the Declaratmt of Independence and the Consfitntion of the United States. Hundreds of visitors stop at this ■well-gnarded spot where they are on display. The Declaration is In the wall cabinet protected from fading by yellow glass; the floor case holds the Constitution. The Story oj the Declaration oj Independence £aCH year thousands of visitors to the nation’s cap¬ ital look with reverent interest upon the precious docu¬ ments of American liberty as they are preserved in the shrine pictured on the opposite page. We do well to read again and again these two great documents, and thus to renew our faith in democracy and our devotion to the American way of life. The two documents should always be considered to¬ gether, for as John Quincy Adams said a hundred years ago, the Constitution is the complement of the earlier Declaration, founded upon the .same principles, but providing the means by which they could be carried out. The citizen .should also remember the background of history which shaped these two documents! the growing difficulties between the American colonics and Great Britain during the third quarter of the 18th century; the gradual .spread of the idea of complete separation from the mother country; the Declaration of Independence in 1776; the long hard years of the Revolutionary War; the anxious days during which the Constitution was drafted and finally adopted by the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Coloring these events are the leaders who helped shape the thought of the people: Thomas Paine, Pat¬ rick Henry, Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, and others. [17J ] 176 The American Cithern Handbook Keep in mind that at the first Continental Congress, held in 1774, separation from the mother country was not yet considered. The colonial representatives used their right of petition to state their grievances to Eng¬ land. In January 1776 Tom Paine’s pamphlet. Common Sense, was published. Thomas Jefferson called this pam¬ phlet “one of the most powerful and influential pam¬ phlets ever published in the English language.” Paine wrote, in popular form, the practical ideas of repre¬ sentative government which could be established upon this continent. His pamphlet stirred thousands of col¬ onists to demand freedom from Britain. In May, Vir¬ ginia set up an independent state, adopted a bill of rights, and put the power of government in the hands of the people. On July 4, the Second Continental Congress voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence which had been drawn up by Thomas Jefferson with the sugges¬ tions of a committee including Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. This Declaration stated that “all men are created equal” and that they have certain “unalienable rights” includ¬ ing the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi¬ ness.” The Declaration was signed in the State House at Philadelphia which thereafter was known as Independ¬ ence Hall [pictured on page 184], and here on July 8 the Liberty Bell proclaimed the adoption of the Declara¬ tion to all the people. The Bell, now on view in the Hall, bears the following inscription: Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof, —^LEV. XXV, 10. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE A Declaration by the Kepresentatwea of the United States of America, in Congress Assembled, July 4, 1776 VVhen in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as¬ sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments arc instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of govern¬ ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such prin¬ ciples, and organizing its powers iii such forrn, as to them shall seem, most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that govern¬ ments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience has shown tliat mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pur¬ suing invariably the same object, evinces a design to [177] 178 The American Citizens Handbook reduce them tinder absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the pres¬ ent King of Great Britain is a history of repeated in¬ juries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im¬ mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda¬ tion of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places un¬ usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time after such dissolu¬ tions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legis¬ lative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state re- charters—Declaralioti of hidependcncc 179 maining in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the con¬ ditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establi.shing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and car out their substance. He has kept among us in timc.s of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a juris¬ diction foreign to our constitutioji, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish¬ ment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; For imposing taxes on us without our consent; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; 180 The American Citizens Handbook For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre¬ tended offences; For abolishing die free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbi¬ trary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of for¬ eign mercenaries to complete the works of death, deso¬ lation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civi¬ lized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron¬ tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. m from Iht ptlnllnf 6» K«?ii«roiMli I'mle THOMAS JEFFERSON, 1743-1826 Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United Stales, was born at Shadwell, Virginia, April 13, 1743. Educated at William and Mary Collese, he was admitted to the bar in 1767. In 1779 he succeeded Patrick Henry as ffovcrnnr of Virginia. Until 1789 he was in France, as Franklin's succes¬ sor as minister. Under President Washington he became Sec¬ retary of State and was elected to the Presidency in 1801 and again in 1804. The Louisiana Purchase was made during his administration. He died July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniver¬ sary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, and on the same day as Second President John Adams. Jefferson had written his own epitaph; "Here was buried Thomas Jef¬ ferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religions Freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia.” [181 ] 18? 'I'hi- American CHizcnn Hamlbook In everjr stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated peti¬ tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanim¬ ity; and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably Interrupt our connections and cor¬ respondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac¬ quiesce in the necessity which denounces our separa¬ tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis¬ solved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract charters—Dcclaratiors of Independence 183 alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent states may of i-ight do. And for die support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. by Order and in Behalf nf the Caiif^ress, John Hancock, Vremleiil. Attest. Charles Thomson, Secretary. new HAMPSHIRE Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton MASSACHUSETTS BAY Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry RHODE ISLAND Stephen Hopkins William Ellery CONNECTICUT Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott NEW YORK William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris NEW JERSEY Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark PENNSYLVANIA Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross DELAWARE Caesar Rodney George Read Thomas McKean MARYLAND Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll VIRGINIA George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson, Jr. Francis I.iglufooi Lee Carter Braxton NORTH CAROIJNA William Hooper Joseph Flewes Joliri Penn •SOUTH CAROLINA Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward, Jr. Thomas Lynch, Jr. Arthur Middleton GEORGIA Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall George Walton The Story oj the Constitution _[ HE Revolutionary War which followed the Declara¬ tion of Independence dragged along thru weary years of uncertainty and suifering to be finally terminated by the surrender of Yorktown on October 19, 1781, and the Treaty of Peace signed in 1783. The new na¬ tion drew up the Articles of Confederation, which proved almost as weak a machinery for the govern¬ ment of the newly created states as the League of Na¬ tions has proved for the world of the twentieth century. But the Articles did serve as a transition government to tide the new nation along until the Constitution could be put into force. The framers of the Constitution met in May 1787 at Independence Hall [pictured on the preceding page]. They encountered problems of the most complicated nature. The world was not accustomed to democracy. The selfgovernment of nations seemed to be a mere dream. Yet in 87 working days, the delegates by Sep¬ tember 17, 1787, had completed the framework of a system that was “new in human experience, well-suited to the American situation, equitable as between states, and so wisely conceived that it has survived over HO years, during which all Important nations of the world have revised their forms of government.” Small wonder that the English statesman, Gladstone, declared that “the American Constitution is, so far as I can see, the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man.” [ 183 ] 186 The American Citizens Handbook George Washington, hero of the Revolutionary War, who had presided with wisdom and patience over the meetings of the delegates, was directed to send die new Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation. The fight for adoption was long and bitter. From the many pamphlets that were prepared for and against adoption came a series of articles known as The Federalist, a classic that has come down to us as a monumental work on the nature of our government. The first state to ratify the Constitution was Dela¬ ware on December 7, 1787. Pennsylvania approved it on December 12; next New Jersey, then Georgia, Con¬ necticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, and South Carolina. With ratification by the ninth state, New Hampshire, the Constitution became effective in the nine states which had approved it. Virginia was the tenth state to accept it, and New York the eleventh. North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to act. It was not until after the new government was organized and Washington was- President that these two states came into the Union. The struggle to adopt the Constitution may well be regarded as one of the major political conflicts in the history of our country. The debates and discussions on the new government constituted our first great school of democracy. The Constitution is written so that everyone can understand its meaning. It can be read in 15 minutes. It should be, as William Hickey called it, "the fireside companion of the American citizen.” For the conven¬ ience of the reader, headings have been added in the following version, and spelling and capitalization have been changed to conform to modern usage. tHE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Pri’aiiiMc w. THE PEOPLE of the United States, In order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I g/.v/ a/ive Delmrfmvtii .SF.cnoN 1. C7o>/,»'rr,vx All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SECTION 2. House of Ri'lnrsvufa/fi'i's [1] Election and term of uu’mhcrs. The House of Representatives .shall bo composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. [2] Qualifications of members. No person shall be a Representative who .shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in¬ habitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. [3] Apfiortioumenf of refiresentatives and of direct 1 187 1 188 The American CUizens Handbook taxes. [Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor¬ tioned among the several states which may be included within tliis Union, according to their respective num¬ bers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.]* The actual enumera¬ tion shall be made within three years after the first meet¬ ing of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; [and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hamp¬ shire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecti¬ cut five, New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.]® [4] Filling vacancies. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. [5] Officers; potcer of impeachment. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other offi¬ cers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION 3. Senate [1] Number and election of members. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators ^ The final word “persons” refers to slaves. This sentence has been modified by the Fourteenth Amendment. “ Obsolete since 1793. charters—The Constilutian 189 from each state, chosen [by the legislature thereof],'’ for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. [2] Classificafioii. Immediately after they shall be as¬ sembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; [and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legis¬ lature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.] ‘ [3] Qnalificatiom of mewben. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be cho.scn. [4] Preside It i of the Senate, The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. [J] Other officers. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro teviporc, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. [6] Trials of impeachment. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. "When sitting for “ The method of electing ,Sen.itors was ch.ingcd by the Seventeenth Amendment. * The method of iilling Senatorial vacancies was modified by the Seventeenth Amendment. 190 The American Citizens Hatnlhnnk that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. [7] Judgment of convicted official. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to re¬ moval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. SECTION 4. BotJ} Houses [1] Method of holding elections. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Rep¬ resentatives shall be prescribed in each state by the legis¬ lature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, [except as to the places of choosing Senators.] ” [2] Meetings of Congress. [The Congress shall as¬ semble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.] " “ This was to prevent Congress from fixing the meeting places of state legislatures. The Seventeenth Amendment changed the condition. ® Changed by the Twentieth Amendment. The December session was done away with, and Congress now meets on January 3. charters—The Constitution 191 SECTION 5. The Houses Separately [1] Organization. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own mem¬ bers, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do businessj but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attend¬ ance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide. [2] Ihilcs of procedure. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for dis¬ orderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. [3] Journal of proceedings. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time pub¬ lish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judg¬ ment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the mem¬ bers of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. [4] Adjournment. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, ad¬ journ for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. SECTION 6. Privileges and Disabilities of Members [1] Compensation and privileges. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases ex¬ cept treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privi¬ leged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning 192 The American Citizens Hand hook from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. [2] Holcliiiji; other public office forbidden. No Sena¬ tor or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in¬ creased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. SECTION 7. Manner of Making Laws [1] Revenue bills, All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. [2] Ho^v bills become laws. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to re¬ consider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be deter¬ mined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not charters —T he Constitution 193 be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, n nlpss the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. [3] Approval by the Vremlent. Every order, resolu¬ tion, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disap¬ proved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION 8. Powers Granted to Congress 1-17. The Congress shall have power: [1] To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and ex¬ cises, to pay the debts and provide for the common de¬ fense and general welfare of the United .States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform thruout the United States; [2] To borrow money on the credit of the United States; [3] To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes; [4] To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies thru¬ out tlie United States; [J] To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 194 The American Citizens Handbook [6] To provide for the punishment of counterfeit¬ ing the securities and current coin of the United States; [7] To establish post offices and post roads; [8] To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inven¬ tors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; [9] To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; [10] To define and punish piracies and felonies com¬ mitted on the high seas and offenses against the law of nations; [11] To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; [12] To raise and support armies, but no appropria¬ tion of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; [13] To provide and maintain a navy; [14] To make rules for the government and regula¬ tion of the land and naval forces; [15] To provide for calling forth the militia to exe¬ cute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; [16] To provide for organizing, arming, and dis¬ ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appoint¬ ment of the ofl&cers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con¬ gress; [17] To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases what- Cbarh'is—The Crimfititfion 195 soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the govern¬ ment of the United States,’ and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and [18] Implied powers. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or office thereof.** SECTION 9. Powers Forbidden to the United [1] The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing .shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.’" [2] The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in ca.ses of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. ’’ Gives the federal government its authority over the District of Columbia. “This is the famous so-called "clastic clause” of the Constitution. “Other powers forbidden to the United .States arc found in Amendments One to Ten. ^“This paragraph refers to the .slave trade, -which was prohibited by Congress after 1808. Tlte only force of the clause at present is to authorize a tax on immigrants. 196 The Aiitcekan Ci/izeus Httmlbtmk. [3] No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. [4] [No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein¬ before directed to be taken.] " [5] No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. [6] No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. [7] No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and ex¬ penditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. [ 8 ] No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without tire consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION 10. Various Poti/crs Denied the States [1] No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. Modified by the Sixteenth Amendment establishing a Federal Income Tax. charters—The Constitution 197 [2] No State shall, without the consent of the Con¬ gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and aU such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. [3] No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE n Executive Department SECTION 1. PrcsUlcnf and Vice-President [1] Term of office. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: [2] Electors. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of elec¬ tors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Repre¬ sentatives to which the state may be entitled in the Con¬ gress; but no Senator or Representative, or person hold¬ ing an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 198 The American Citizeus Handbook Original method of electing President and Vice-Presi. dent. [The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of die government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and die votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap¬ pointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then die House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.] This paragraph has been superseded by the Twelfth Amendment. Charters —T he Comtitntioii 199 [3] Time of choosing electors. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same thruout the United States.*" [4] Qualifications of the President. No person ex¬ cept a natural born citizen, [or .n citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitu¬ tion,]’* shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. [ J] Vacancy. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, tlie same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Con¬ gress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice- President, declaring what officer shall then act as Presi¬ dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.'" [6] The President’s salary. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be Increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he Since the passage of the Twentieth Amendment, the electors vote, by Act of Congress, on the first Monday after the second W^ednesday in December. Ballots ai'c sent to the President of the Senate before the fourth Wednesday in December. Congress counts the votes on January 6, following. Obsolete. ’'"In 1886 Congress passed the Presidential Succession Act estab¬ lishing the order of succession by Cabinet niliccrs in case of the death or disability of both President and Vice-President. 200 The American Cilizeiis Handbook shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. [7] The Fresidential oath of office. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation; “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, pre¬ serve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” SECTION 2. Poiuers of the President [1] Military powers; reprieves and pardons. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the sev¬ eral states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive depart¬ ments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant re¬ prieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. [2] Treaties; appointments. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the ad¬ vice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassa¬ dors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise pro¬ vided for, and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such in- chartcn—The Constitution 201 ferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. [3] Filling of vacancies. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECi'ioN 3. Duties of the Fresident He shall from time to time give to the Congress in¬ formation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge neces¬ sary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall ct)mmlssion all the of¬ ficers of the United States. SECTION 4. Impeachment The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on im¬ peachment for, and on conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 202 The American Cilixens Handbook ARTICLE III Judicial 'Department SECTION 1. United States Courts The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION 2. Jurisdiction of United States Courts [1] Federal courts in general. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made, under their au¬ thority;—to all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub¬ lic ministers and consuls;—to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;—to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;—to controversies between two or more states;—between a state and citizens of an¬ other state;”—^between citizens of different states;— between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. [2] The Supreme Cotirt. In all cases affecting ambas¬ sadors, otlier public ministers and consuls, and those in The Eleventh Amendment restricts this clause to suits by a state against citizens of another state. charters—The ConstHulion 203 which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate juris¬ diction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. [3] Ktilcs rcspccfills trials. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, .shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held In the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. siicnoM 3, Treason [1] Definition of treason. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com¬ fort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. [2] Pitnisinnenf of treason. The Congre.ss shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no at¬ tainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or for¬ feiture except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV Relations of the States SECTION 1. Full Credit to Official Acts Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws pre- 204 The American Citizens Handbook scribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro¬ ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION 2. Privileges of Citizens [1] In general. The citizens of each state shall be en¬ titled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. [2] Return of fugitives from justice. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. [3] Fugitive slaves. [No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.]'* SECTION 3. New States and Territories [1] Admission of new states. New states may be ad¬ mitted by tlie Congress into this Union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. [2] Power of Congress over territory and property of This paragraph was the basis of the Fugitive Slave Laws. It was practically superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment which pro¬ hibits slavery, chart era—T he Comtilution 20S the United States. The Congress shall have power to dis¬ pose of and make all needful rules and regulations re¬ specting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. SECTION 4, Protection to the States The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legisla¬ ture cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V Amendments to the Constitution The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in cither case shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu¬ tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided [that no amend¬ ments which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and]‘“ that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal .suffrage in the Senate. Obsolete .'iiiiCL' IHOH. 206 The American Citizens Handbook ARTICLE VI General Provisions [1] Public debts valid. All debts contracted and en¬ gagements entered into, before the adoption o£ this Con¬ stitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. [2] The Constitution supreme. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges m every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Con¬ stitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwith¬ standing. [3] Official oath; 110 religions test. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judi¬ cial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be re¬ quired as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII Ratification The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Consti¬ tution between the states so ratifying the same. charters—The Conslitufian 207 Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. George Washington, President, and Deputy from Virginia. Attested, William Jackson, Secretory new HAMPSHIRE John Langdon Nicholas Gilman MASSACHUSETTS Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King CONNECTICUT William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman NEW YORK Alexander Hamilton NEW JERSEY William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton PENNSYLVANIA Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Dia:.AWARi-: George Read Gunning Bedford, Jr. John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom MARYLAND James McHenry Daniel of St, Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll VIRGINIA John Blair James Madison, Jr. NORTH CAROLINA William Blount Richard Dohhs Spalght Hugh Williamson SOUTH CAROLINA John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler GEORGIA William Few Abraham Baldwin 20S C.mzvna Handhuok AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION The Bill of Rights—Ainemhucnts J-X”” Adopted 1791 AMENDMENT I Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition Congress shall make no law respecting an establish¬ ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II Right To Bear Anns A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the secu¬ rity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. AMENDMENT III Quartering of Soldiers No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. “The first ten amendments were adopted at one time within t ree years after the Constitution was ratified. They are often called the American Bill of Rights because their purpose is to safeguard more fully the rights of the people and of the states. charters—The Constitution 209 AMENDMENT IV Protection Against Search and Seizure The right o£ the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or af¬ firmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. AMENDMENT V Right to Due Process of Law No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be de¬ prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. AMENDMENT VI Rights of Trial by Jury, Counsel In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 210 The American Ci/izens Handbook cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the wit¬ nesses against him; to have compulsory process for ob¬ taining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. AMENDMENT VII Suits at Common Law In suits at common law, where the value in contro¬ versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the commoii law. AMENDMENT VIII Bail, Pines, and Punishments Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. AMENDMENT IX Rights Retained by the People The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. AMENDMENT X Powers Reserved to the States or the People The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re¬ served to the States respectively, or to the people. [End of BUI of Rights] charters—The Constitution 211 AMENDMENT XI [Adopted 1798] Limiting Federal Judicial Powers Against States The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com¬ menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.“‘ AMENDMENT XII [Adopted 1804] Election of President and Vice-President The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the President of the Sen¬ ate;—the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; the per¬ son having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the “‘This amendment modifies Paragraph 1, Section 2, Article III, of the original Constitution. 212 The American Citizens Handbook highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose Immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon t-li Pm, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. —^The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such num¬ ber be a majority of the whole number of electors ap¬ pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall con¬ sist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to n choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-Presi¬ dent of the United States.”® AMENDMENT XIII [Adopted 1865] Abolition of Slavery SECTION 1. Slavery abolished. Neither slavery nor in¬ voluntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime This amendment replaces the major portion of Paragraph 2, Section 1, Article II, of the original Constitution. 213 Chayfers—The Comtihition whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SECTION 2. Enforcement. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XIV [Aeloptetl 1868\ Citizenship, Representation, and the Public "Debt SECTION 1. National and state citizenship. All per¬ sons born or naturalized in the United States, and sub¬ ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privi¬ leges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop¬ erty, witliout due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. SECTION 2. Apportionment of Representatives. Rep¬ resentatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, e.xcluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of tlie United States, Representatives in Congress, the ex¬ ecutive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in¬ habitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 214 The American CUizrtis Handbook shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such state.®" SECTION 3. Loss of political privilege. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congre.ss may by vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability.®* SECTION 4. Validity of public debts. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or re¬ bellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or ob¬ ligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obliga¬ tions, and claims shall be held illegal and void. SECTION 5. Enforcement. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provi¬ sions of this article. ““ Sections 1 and 2 of this amendment modify Paragraph 3, Sec¬ tion 2, Article I, of the original Constitution, Section 3 of this amendment supplemcnt.s Paragraph 2, Section 2, Article I; Paragraph 3, Section 3, Article I; and Paragraph 2, Section 1, Article 11, of the original Constitution. charters—The Constitution 2iy AMENDMENT XV [Adopted 1870] Negro Suffrage • SECTION 1. Right to vote affirmed. The right of citi¬ zens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. SECTION 2. Enforcement. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XVI [Adopted 1913] Income Tax The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without ap¬ portionment among the several states, and without re¬ gard to any census or enumeration.'" AMENDMENT XVII [Adopted 1913] Direct Election of Senators [1] Election by the people. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. [2] Vacancies. When vacancies happen in the repre¬ sentation of any state in the Senate, the executive au- ““This amendment modifies Paragraph 4, Section 9, Article I, of the original Constitution. 216 The Amcricatt Citizens Handbook thority of such state shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided that the legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by elec¬ tion as the legislature may direct. [3] 7^ot retroactive. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Sena¬ tor chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Consti- tution."“ AMENDMENT XVIII [Adopted 1919] National Proh/hifion SECTION 1. Intoxicatitip; liquors prohibited. Kixtt one year from the ratification of this article the manu¬ facture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the Importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from, the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. SECTION 2. Enforcement. The Congress and the sev¬ eral states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. SECTION 3. Limited time for ratification. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress.” This amendment modifies Paragraphs 1 and 2, Section 3, Article I, and Paragraph 1, Section 4, Article I, of the original Constitution. This amendment was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment. charters—The Comtitulion 217 AMENDMENT XIX [Adopted 1920 ] Woman Suffrage SECTION 1. Right to vote affirmed. The right of citi¬ zens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. SECTION 2. Enforcement. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XX [Adopted 1933] Abolishing the ^*Lanic-dnck’* Session of Congress SECTION 1. Terms of President, Vice-President, and members of Congress. The terms of the President and Vice-President .shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin."* SECTION 2. yiectings of Congress. The Congrc.ss shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.“" SECTION 3. Succession to the Presidency. If, at the ““Thus defeated Congressmen do not hold over to attend a "lame- duck” session. “"This section modifies Paragraph 2, Section 4, Article I, of the original Constitution. 218 The American Citizens Handbook time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice-President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President elect shall act as Presi¬ dent until a President shall have qualified; and the Con¬ gress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice-President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice-President shall have qualified. SECTION 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President when¬ ever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them."“ SECTION 5. 'When effective. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on tlie 1J th day of October following the ratifica¬ tion of this article. SECTION 6. Limited time for ratification. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission. Sections 3 and 4 supplement Paragraph J, Section 1, Article 11, of the original Constitution, and Amendment XII. charters—The Constitution 219 AMENDMENT XXI [Adopted 1933] Repeal of National 'Prohibition SECTION 1. Repealing the Eighteenth Amendment. The Eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitu¬ tion of the United States is hereby repealed, SECTION 2. Protection of states. The transportation or importation into any state, territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicat¬ ing liquors in violation of the laws thereof is hereby pro¬ hibited. SECTION 3. Ratification by state conventions within limited time. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Consti¬ tution by convention in the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress. AMENDMENT XXII [Pending] Child Labor Amendment SECTION 1. The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen years of age. SECTION 2. The power of the several states is un¬ impaired by this article except that the operation of state laws shall be suspended to the extent necessary to give effect to legislation enacted by the Congress. “ This proposed amendmenc, subinitccd to the states in 1S>24, has been ratified by twenty-eight states. It is an enabling act, giving Congress power to pass federal child-labor legislation, 220 The American Citizens Handbook This Constitution of Ours [1] Allen, Florence E. This Constitution of Ours. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1940, 198p. $2. [2] Beard, Charles A. An Economic Inter [net at ion of the Cousd- iiition of the United States. Macmillan, New York, 1913, [3] Bloom, Sol. The Story of the Constitntion. United States Ses- quicentennial Commission, Washington, D. C., 1937, 192p. [4] Brant, Irving, Storm over the Constitntion, Bobbs-Merrill Co., New York, 1936, 294p. $2. [5] Donovan, H. L. “Making the Constitution," Journal of the National Education Association, Washington, D. C., October 1937, pages 219-234. [6] Ernst, Morris L. The Ultimate Power, Doublcday, Doran !t Co., Garden City, New York, 1937. $3.10. [7] Farrand, Max. The Framing of the Constitution of the United States, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1913. [8] The Federalist, A Commentary on the Constitution. From the original essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay. National Home Li¬ brary Foundation, Washington, D. C., 1937, 618p. 75 cents. [9] Hendrick, Burton J. Bulivark of the Kc[)nblic, A Biography of the Constitntion. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1937, 467p. $3.50. [10] Lyon, Hastings. The Comtitvfion and the Men "Who Made It, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1936. $3. [11] McLaughlin, Andrew C. A Constitutional History of the United States, Applcton-Ccntury Co., New York, 1916, $4. [12] Rodell, Fred. Fifty-five Men, The Story of the American Con¬ stitution. Telegraph Press, New York, 1916, 277p. $2.$0. [13] Wallace, Henry A. Whose Constitution} An Inquiry into the General Welfare. Rcynal, New York, 1916, 336p. $1.75. Farewell Address to the People of the United States GEORGE WASHINGTON Introductory —^This address was written by President Washington primarily to eliminate himself as a candi¬ date for a third term. It was never read by the Presi¬ dent in public, but was printed in Claypoole’s Ameri¬ can, Daily Advertiser, Philadelphia, September 19, 1796. The address is in two parts: In the first, Washington definitely declines a third term, gives reasons, and ac¬ knowledges a debt of gratitude for the honors conferred upon him and for the confident support of the people. In the second more important part, he presents, as a result of his experience and as a last legacy of advice, thoughts upon the government.—^From The Story of the Constitution published by the United States Con¬ stitution Sesquicentennial Commission, 1937. FAREWELL ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, SEPTEMBER 17, 175>6 "pRIENDS and Fellow Citizens: The period for a new election of a citizen, to administer the executive government of the United States, being not far distant, and the time actually arrived, when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person, who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me [221] PortraU by Ci(bert 5t»art GEORGE WASEIINGTON, 1732-1799 Born on a plantation in the English colony of Virginia, February 22, 1732, George 'Washington came into a world of pioneer cavaliers, living on the land, united by the many arms of Chesapeake Bay. There was hard work and little schooling except as children were sent to England. "Wash¬ ington grew into a strong young man, learning to live, work, hunt, and fight in the wilderness. When revolt against England came in 1776, he was placed at the bead of the army and brought the almost hopeless cause to victory. In 1787 he presided over the Constitutional Convention; then was elected and reelected President of the new Republic, serving from 1780 to 1797. He died December H, 1799, and has justly come to be known as the father of his coun¬ try, ’’the noblest figure that ever stood in the forefront of a nation’s life.” k [ 222 ] charters—The Farewell Address 223 proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those, out of whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured, that this resolution has not been taken with¬ out a strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the relation, which binds a dutiful citizen to his country—and that, in withdrawing the tender of serv¬ ice which silence in my situation might imply, I am infl uenced by no diminution of zeal for your future interest, no deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness; but am supported by a full conviction that the step is compatible with both. The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped, that it would have been much earlier in my power, consistently with motives, which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement, from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflec¬ tion on the then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of in- 224 The American Citizens Handbook clination incompatible with the sentiment of duty, or propriety; and am persuaded whatever partiality may be retained for my services, that in the present circum¬ stances of our country, you will not disapprove my de¬ termination to retire. The impressions, with which I first undertook the arduous trust, were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have, with good intentions, contributed towards the organi¬ zation and administration of the government, the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of years admonishes me more and more that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that while choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it. In looking forward to the moment, which is intended to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me; and for the opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attach¬ ment, by services faithful and persevering, tho in use¬ fulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to charters—The Farewell Address 225 our country from these services, let it always be re¬ membered to your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, that under circumstances in which the passions agitated in every direction were liable to mis¬ lead, amidst appearances sometimes dubious, vicissi¬ tudes of fortune often discouraging, in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has counte¬ nanced tlie spirit of criticism, the constancy of your sup¬ port was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guar¬ antee of the plans by which they were effected. Pro¬ foundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your hand.s, may be sacredly main¬ tained; that its administration in every department may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will acquire to them the glory of recom¬ mending it to the applause, the affection, and adoption of every nation, which is yet a stranger to it. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger, natural to that solicitude, urge me on an occasion like the present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your fre¬ quent review, some sentiments, which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all-important to the perma- 226 The American Citizens Handbook nency of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to bias his counsel. Nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former ■ and not dissimilar occasion. Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every liga- ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment. The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also now dear to you. It is justly so: for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independ¬ ence, the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very liberty, which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee, that from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the con¬ viction of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and ex¬ ternal enemies will be most constantly and actively (tho often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment, that you should properly esti¬ mate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the Palladium of your political safety and pros¬ perity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned; and charters—The Farewell Address 227 indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts. For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of American, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of dif¬ ference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have in a common cause fought and triumphed together; the independence and liberty you possess arc the work of joint councils, and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility, are greatly out¬ weighed by those which apply more immediately to your Interest. Here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole. The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected by the equal laws of a common gov¬ ernment, finds in the productions of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial enter¬ prise and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own chan¬ nels the .seamen of the North, it finds its particular navi¬ gation invigorated; and while it contribute.s, in dif- 228 The American Cili~eiis Hatulbook ferent ways, to nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation, it looks forward to the pro¬ tection of a maritime strength, to which itself is un¬ equally adapted. The Basf., in a like intercourse -with the West, already finds, and in the progressive improve¬ ment of interior communications by land and water, will more and more find a valuable vent for the com¬ modities which it hrlng.s from abroad, or manufactures at home. The West derives from the East supplies requi¬ site to its growth and comfort, and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indi.spen,sablc outlets for its own productions to the weight, influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts greater strength, greater resource, propor- tionably greater security from external danger, a less frequent interruption, of their peace by foreign nations; and, what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring countries not tied together by the same governments, which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce but which opposite foreign alliances, attach- Charters—The Farewell Address 229 ments, and intrigues would stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to repub¬ lican liberty. In this sense it is, that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preserva¬ tion of tlie other. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the con¬ tinuance of the union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a case were crimi¬ nal. We are authorized to hope that a proper organiza¬ tion of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of govern¬ ments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to union, affecting all parts of our country, while experi¬ ence shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who in any quarter may endeavour to weaken its bands. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations —Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing man may endeavour to excite a belief that there is a real differ¬ ence of local interests and views. One of the expedients 230 The American Citizem Handbook of party to acquire influence, within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts’ You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jeal ousies and heart-burnings, which spring from these mis' representations. They tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affec’ tion. The inhabitants of our western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head. They have seen, in the negotiation by tlie Executive, and in the unanimous rati¬ fication by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event, thruout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspi¬ cions propagated among them of a policy in the General Government and in the Atlantic States unfriendly to their iriterests in regard to the Mississippi. They have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, tliat with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure to them everything they could desire, in respect to our for¬ eign relations, towards confii'ming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such they are, who would sever them from their brethren, and connect them with aliens? To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a gov¬ ernment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, how¬ ever strict, between the parts can be an adequate substi¬ tute.^ They must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions, which all alliances in all times have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you ave improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Constitution of government better calculated than charters—The Farewell Address 231 your former for an intimate union, and for the ef&cacious management of your common concerns. This govern¬ ment, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature de¬ liberation, completely free in its principles, in the dis¬ tribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amend¬ ment, has a just claim to your confidence and your sup¬ port. Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitutions of government. But the con¬ stitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey die established government. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all com¬ binations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counter¬ act, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the con¬ stituted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force; to put, in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but artful and enter¬ prising minority of the community; and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ 252 The A/ncricon Citizens Handbook of consistent and wholesome plans digested by common counsels, and modified by mutual interests. However combinations or associations of the above descriptions may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and things, to be¬ come potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of government; destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. Towards the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your present happy state, it is requi¬ site, not only that you steadily discountenance irregu¬ lar oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect, in the forms of the Constitution, alterations which will Impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of govern¬ ments, as of other human institutions; that experience is the surest standard, by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon the credit of mere hypotheses and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, from the endless variety of hypotheses and opinion; and remember, especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as Is consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a charters—The Farewell Address 233 government, with powers properly distributed and ad¬ justed, its surest guardian. It is indeed, little else than a name, where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property. I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally. The spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but, in daose of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to party dis¬ sension, which in different ages and countries has perpe¬ trated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries, which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty. 234 The Americtin Citizem Handbook Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and the duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public councils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the com¬ munity with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, fo¬ ments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the government itself thru the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another. There is an opinion, that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty, This within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchial cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain tliere will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. And, there being con¬ stant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to pre¬ vent its bursting into a flame, lest instead of warming, it should consume. It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution in those intrusted charters—The Farewell Address 23S with its administration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this posi¬ tion. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into ditferent depositories, and constituting each the guard¬ ian of the public weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments ancient and modern; some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by usurpation, for, tho this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield. Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable sup¬ ports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of pa¬ triotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the 236 The American Citizena llandbonk pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A vol¬ ume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation deu'rf the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure—reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule, in¬ deed, extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foun¬ dation of the fabric? Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not Only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may charters—The Farewell Address 237 have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon pos¬ terity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your Repre¬ sentatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should cooperate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; that the intrinsic embar¬ rassment, inseparable from the selection of the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the con¬ duct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time dictate. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations. Cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that in the course of time and thing.s, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Provi¬ dence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recom¬ mended by every sentiment which ennobles human na¬ ture. Alas! is it rendered impossible by its vices? 238 The American Citizens tlandbmk In the execution of such a plan, notliing is more essen¬ tial than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations and passionate attachments for others should be excluded; and that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards another an habitual ha¬ tred, or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another dis¬ poses each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dis¬ pute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, enven¬ omed, and bloody contests, The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts thru passion what reason would reject; at other times, it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has been the victim. So likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite charters—The Farewell Address 239 nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions, by unneces¬ sarily parting with what ought to have been retained; and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld. And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or de¬ luded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gliding, with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base of foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatua¬ tion. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many oppor¬ tunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opin¬ ion, to influence or awe the public councils! Such an at¬ tachment of a small or weak, towards a great and power¬ ful nation, dooms the former to be the .satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I con¬ jure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial; else it becomes tlie instrument of the very influence to be avoided, in¬ stead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another, cause 240 The Arntritati Cilizctn Handbook those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confi¬ dence of the people, to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Plence she must be en¬ gaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordin.'iry combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient government, the period is not far off, when we may defy material injury from external annoy¬ ance; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation? Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, Charicrs—The Fare7uell Address 241 by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or ca¬ price? It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli¬ ances with any portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to exist¬ ing engagements. (I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy.) I repeat it, therefore, let those engage¬ ments be observed in their genuine sense. But in my opin¬ ion, it is unnecessary and would be vmwise to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estab¬ lishments, on a respectably defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. Harmony, liberal intercourse with all nations, arc recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither .seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing; establish¬ ing, with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the government to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinion will admit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experi¬ ence and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping 242 The Amcriem Citizem Handbook in view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinter ested favors from another; that it must pay with a por' tion of its independence for whatever it may acL't under that character; that, by such acceptance, it may place Itself m the condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion, which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish- that they will control the usual current of the passions' or prevent our nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But if I may even flatter myself that they may be productive of some par¬ tial benefit, some occasional good; that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism—this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare, by which they have been dictated. How far m the discharge of my official duties I have been guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public records and other evidences of my conduct must Witness to you and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them. In relation to die still subsisting war in Europe, my roclamation of the 22d of April 1793 is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that charters—The Farewell Address 243 of your Representatives in both Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, un¬ influenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest, to take a neu¬ tral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it, with moderation, perseverance, and firmness. The considerations, which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding a neutr.il conduct may be in¬ ferred, without any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. The inducements of interest for observing that con¬ duct will best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress without inter¬ ruption to that degree of strength and consistency, which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, a command of its own fortunes. Tho in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am unconscious of international error, I am neverthe¬ less too sensible of my defects not to think it probable 244 The American Cithern Hamllmnk that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence; and that after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest. Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated by that fervent love towards it, which is so nat¬ ural to a man, who views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations; I anticipate with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free government—the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. Gettysburg and Second Inaugural Addresses ABRAHAM LINCOLN Introductory —Because of the peculiar circumstances of his life, character, and achievement, Lincoln more than any other American has become the hero of the poor and lowly thruout the world who aspire to better things. His utterances have a noble simplicity and sincerity that suggest the style of the Old Testament of which Lincoln was an earnest student. The two addresses which follow reveal Lincoln at his best. In form and thought they de¬ serve a place with the great utterances of all time. Both are on the walls of the Lincoln Memorial in the nation’s capital. THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS Delivered iif the Dedication of the Natio7ial Cemetery at Gettysburg, Peinnylvania, November 19, 1863 Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created ec^ual. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle¬ field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave [ 245 1 charters—Gettysburg Address 247 their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fit¬ ting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have conse¬ crated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedi¬ cated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devo¬ tion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS Washington, D. C., March 4, 1865 Fellow-countrymen ; At this second appear¬ ing to take the oath of the presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declara¬ tions have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the at¬ tention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that 248 The American Citizens Handbook is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well-known to the public as to myself; and it is, 1 trust, reasonably satisfac¬ tory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured. On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it—all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, in¬ surgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it with¬ out war—seeking to dissolve the Union, and divide ef¬ fects, by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came. One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves consti¬ tuted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war; while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither antici¬ pated that the cause of the conflict might cease with, , or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less funda¬ mental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against charters—Second Inaugural Address 249 the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God’s assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men’s faces; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered —that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purpose. “Woe unto the world because of offenses! for it must needs be that of¬ fenses come; but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh.” If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued thru His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe to those by whom the offeitsc came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do wc hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God will that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman’s two hundred and fifty years of unre¬ quited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, “The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.’’ With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and chcri.sh a just and a lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. HORACE MANN", 1796-ISS9 Hnrace Mann, father of the American aysicm of free finblic cducafion, was horn at Franklin, Massachusetts, an May 4, 17S6. During his young manhood he teas surrounded by the patriotic fervor associated with the veterans of the Revolution and the War of IS 12. Amid great diffierdties he secured bis education, graduating from Brown University in 1819 and later from the famous law school at Litchfield, Connecticut. As a lawyer of unusual integrity he rose rap¬ idly in influence, advanced to the legislature, and became president of the Massachusetts Senate, It was then that the opportunity came to become the first secretary of the Mas¬ sachusetts Board of Education where he gave twelve years of such inspired leadership as to turn the tide markedly in the direction of free public education in keeping with the democratic purpose of the new Republic, [250] Go Forth and Teach HORACE MANN Introductory —It is an incalculable loss to America that the national birthday—the Fourth of July—falls at a season when the schools are not generally in session. The force of the occasion is thus largely lost, for most communities pass it lightly by or give it over to com¬ mercialized mirth and noiseniaking. The best celebrations are thoughtful occasions such as were held in Boston during the years following the Revolution when the young Republic was seeking to establish itself. In those days no higher tribute could be made to an orator than to be selected to deliver the Fourth of July Oration to the citizens of Boston, the nation’s leading city. In 1842 that honor came to Horace Mann and he made the most of it In an address which ranks as the greatest of our Inde¬ pendence Day orations—an address that looks far into the future. It is in such pieces as this that youthful aspira¬ tions are aroused and directed. GO FORTH AND TEACH from Horace Mann’s Fourl/j of July Oration, Boston, July 4, 1842 (3n one of those oft-recurring days, when the fate of the state or the Union is to be decided at the polls; when, over all the land, the votes are falling thick as hail, and we seem to hear them rattle like the clangor of arms —is it not enough to make the lover of his country turn [ 251 ] 2J2 The American Ci/izem Handbook pale CO reflect upon die motives under which they may be given and the consequences to which they may lead? By the votes of a few wicked men, or even of one wicked man, honorable men may be hui'led from office and mis¬ creants elevated to their places; useful offices abolished and sinecures created; the public wealtli, which had sup¬ ported industry, squandered upon mercenaries; enter¬ prise crippled, and thus capital which had been honestly and laboriously accumulated, turned into dross; in fine, the whole policy of the government may be reversed and the social condition of millions changed to gratify one man’s grudge, or prejudice, or revenge. In a word, if the votes, which fall so copiously into the ballot-box on our days of election, emanate from wise counsels and a loyalty to truth, they will descend, like benedictions from heaven, to bless the land and fill it with song and gladness, but if, on the other hand, these votes come from ignorance and crime, the fire and brimstone that were rained on Sodom and Gomorrah would be more tolerable. So if, at the time when that almost anarchical state of things which immediately followed the Revolutionary War, subsided and took shape and character in the repub¬ lican form of our national and state constitutions—if, at that time, there was a large class of men more wealthy and better educated than the mass, that class of men had one of the most solemn duties to perform ever imposed upon human beings. If they had a superior knowledge of the past and a greater stake in the future, it was alike their duty and their interest to stifle all considerations of person and caste, to reconcile themselves to their new condition, and to concentrate all their energies in pro¬ viding some refuge from impending evils. With our charters —Go Forth and Teach 253 change from a monarchical to a popular government, from a government where all rule descended from "our Lord the King,” to one where all rule ascended from "our Lords the People,” the whole condition and relations of men were changed. It was like a change in the order of nature. Before this epoch, the few, by force of rank, wealth, dress, equipage, accomplishments, governed the many; after it, the many were to govern the few. Before this, birth and family were words of potent significa¬ tion; but the revolution worked the most thorough at¬ tainder of all such blood. Before this, the deference paid to the opinions of different men, varied in the ratio of thousands to one; but after this, the vote of the veriest ignoramus or scoundrel would balance that of Franklin or Washington, About the expediency, and especially about the extent of that change, a wide difference of opinion prevailed. But the change being made, was it not the duty of its opponents to yield to the inevitable course of events and to prepare for coming exigencies? And could not every really noble soul find an ample compensation for the loss of personal influence or family distinction in the greater dignity and elevation of his fellow beings? From whom should instruction come, if not from the most educated? Where should generosity towards the poor begin, if not with those whom Providence had blessed with abundance? Whence should magnanimity proceed, if not from minds expanded by culture? If there were an order of men who lost something of patrician rank by tltis political change, instead of holding themselves aloof from the people, they should have walked among them as Plato and Socrates did among their contempo- 254 T/jc American Cifizens Handbook raries, and expounded to them the nature and the vast¬ ness of the work they had undertaken to do—^nay, if need were, they should have drained the poisoned bowl to sanctify the truths which they taught. For want of that interest and sympathy in the condition of the poor and the ignorant which the new circumstances required, they and their descendants have been and will be com¬ pelled to drink potions more bitter than hemlock as their daily beverage. . . . With the change in the organic structure of our gov¬ ernment, there should have been corresponding changes in all public measures and institutions. For every dollar given by the wealthy, or by the state, to colleges to culti¬ vate the higher branches of knowledge, a hundred should have been given to primary education. For every acre of land bestowed upon an academy, a province should have been granted to common schools. Select schools for select children should have been discarded, and universal education joined hands witli universal suffrage. Instead of the old order of nobility, with its baubles and pueril¬ ities, a new order should have been created—an order of teachers, wise, benevolent, filled with Christian en¬ thusiasm, and rewarded and honored by all—an order looking forwards to a noble line of benefactors which they might help to rear, rather than backwards to an¬ cestors from whom they had basely degenerated. In these schools, the first great principle of a republican govern¬ ment, that of native, inborn equality, should have been practically inculcated by their being open to all, good enough for all, and attended by all. Here, too, the second great principle of a republican government should have been taught, that all men, tho natively equal, become charters—Go Forth and Teach 255 inherently unequal the moment that one grows wiser or better than his fellow. The doctrine of “higher” and “lower” classes in society should have been retained, but with a change in application. Those who had done the most good to mankind should have been honored as the “highest”; while those who had done no good to the race, eitlier by the labors of the hand or by the labors of the mind, who had lived without requital upon the earnings of others, and left the world no better or made it worse, than they found it, should have been thrust down in the scale of social consideration to “low” and "lower,” thru all the degrees of comparison. Whatever of leisure or of knowledge was possessed by the more wealthy or educated should have been freely expended to enlighten the laboring classes. Lectures, libraries, lyce- ums, mechanics’ institutes, should everywhere have been fostered; scientific tracts gratuitously distributed; and a drowning child should not have been snatched from a watery grave with more promptness and alacrity than an ignorant or an abandoned one should have been sought out and brought under elevating and reforming influ¬ ences. The noblest public edifices, the most splendid galleries of art, theatres, gardens, monuments, should all have been deemed a reproach to any people, while there was a child amongst them without ample and improved means of education. The nature and functions of our government, the laws of political economy, the duties as well as the rights of citizens, should have been made familiar as household words. The right to vote should have been held up as the most sacred of human rights, as involving all civil and religious rights, and therefore to be constrained by all civil and religious obligations. The American Citizem Handbook The great truth should everywhere have been inculcated, by example as well as by precept, that for the dependent CO vote from malice, or envy, or waiitormess, involves substantially the moral guilt of treason; and for the superior to compel the dependent, thru fear or bribery, to vote against his judgment, involves the baseness as well as the guilt of subornation of treason. Had tliis been done, our days of election would never have been, as they now so often arc, days of turbulence and bac¬ chanalian riot, of insulting triumph or revengeful defeat; but they would have been days of thoughtfulness and of solemnity, such as befit a day whose setting sun will witness the ruin or the rescue of so much of human welfare. . . . And until all this work of improvement is done, until this indifference of the wealthy and the educated towards the masses shall cease, and legislative bounty shall atone for past penuriousness, there can be no security for any class or description of men, nor for any interest, human or divine. With additional thousands of voters every year crossing the line of manhood to decree the destiny of the nation, without additional knowledge and moral¬ ity, things must accelerate from worse to worse. Amid increasing darkness and degeneracy, every man’s rights may be invaded thru legislation—thru the annulment of charters or the abrogation of remedies—and thru the corruption of jurors, or even of one juror on the panel of twelve, every man’s right of redress may be denied for the grossest aggressions. . . . I have said that schools should have been established for the education of the whole people. These schools should have been of a more perfect character than any Charters —Go Forth and Teach 257 which have ever yet existed. In them the principles of morality should have been copiously intermingled with the principles of science. Cases of conscience should have alternated with lessons in the rudiments. The mul¬ tiplication table should not have been more familiar, nor more frequently applied, than the rule to do to others as we would that they should do unto us. The lives of great and good men should have been held up for ad¬ miration and example; and especially the life and char¬ acter of Jesus Christ, as the sublimest pattern of benev¬ olence, of purity, of selfsacrifice, ever exhibited to mortals. In every course of studies, all the practical and preceptive parts of the Gospel should have been sacredly included; and all dogmatical theology and sectarianism sacredly excluded. In no school should the Bible have been opened to reveal the sword of the polemic, but to unloose the dove of peace. I have thus endeavored to show that with universal suffrage tliere must be universal elevation of character, intellectual and moral, or there will be universal mis¬ management and calamity.... No, Fellow-Citizens, we have not for years past, and we shall not have, at least for many years to come, an election of a President, or a Congress, or a governor of a state, chosen under written constitutions and to legislate and act under written constitutions, whose choice will not be dependent upon, and determinable by, legal voters unable to read and write—voters who do not know and cannot know whether they vote for King Log or King Stork. The illustrious and noble band who framed the Constitution of the Union—Washington, Adams, Franklin, Jeffenson, Madison—who adjusted all 258 The American CUizens llandbtmk the principles which it contains by the line and the plummet, and weighed the words which describe them in scales so nice as to tremble beneath the dust of the balance—expended the energies of their mighty minds to perfect an instrument which, before half a century should pass away, was doomed to be administered, con- troled, expounded, by men unable to read and write. The power of Congress over all the great social and eco¬ nomical interests of this vast country; the orbits in which the states are to move around the central body in the system; the functions of the Executive who holds in his hands the Army and the Navy, manages all diplomatic relations with foreign powers, and can involve the country at any time in the horrors of war; and that grand poising power, the Supreme Judiciary, appointed to be the presiding intelligence over the system, to harmo¬ nize its motions and to hold its attracting and divergent tendencies in equilibrium—all this splendid structure, the vastest and the nicest ever devised by mortals, is under the control of men who arc incapable of reading one word of the language which describes its framework and defines its objects and its guards, unable to read one word of contemporaneous exposition, of antecedent his¬ tory, or of subsequent developments, and therefore ready to make it include anything, or exclude anything, as their blind passions may dictate. I have spoken of those only who might as well have lived before Cadmus Invented letters, as in the middle of this nineteenth century. But it is to be remembered there is no unoccupied space, no broad line of demarca¬ tion between the totally ignorant and the competently learned. charters—Go Forth and Teach 259 If the seven hundred thousand who, in one particular, surpass the most learned of ancient or modern times because to them all written languages are alike—if these are the most numerous class—probably the next most n um erous consists of those who know next to nothing— and in reaching the summit of the highest intelligence, we should ascend by very easy gradations. Very many people learn to write their name for business purposes, whose attainments at the point become stationary; and it is one thing to be just able to read a verse in the Bible, and quite another to understand the forty thousand words in common use among intelligent men. Nay, if a few of the words, used by an intelligent man, are lost to the hearer, thru his ignorance of their meaning, the whole drift and object of the .speaking or writing are lost. The custom so prevalent at the West and South, of stump-speakJvg had its origin in the voters’ incapacity to read. How otherwise can a candidate for office com¬ municate with ignorant voters? Should he publish his views and send them abroad, he must send an interpreter with them; but at a barbecue —amid the sympathy of numbers, the excitement of visible objects, the feast, the flow, the roar—the most abstruse points of the Consti¬ tution, the profoundest questions of national policy can all be expounded, and men and measures decided upon, to universal satisfaction! A clear corollary is deducible from this demonstration. If the majority of a selfgoverning people are sober- minded, enlightened, studious of right, capable of com¬ paring and balancing opposite interpretations of a fun¬ damental law, or opposite views of a particular system of policy; then all appeals addressed to them in messages, 260 The Atncricart Citizem Handbook speeches, pamphlets, and from the tliousand-tongued newspaper press, will be calm, dispassionate, adapted at once to elucidate the subject under consideration and to instruct and elevate the mind of the arbiters. But, on the other hand, if the people are ignorant, fickle, averse to, or incapable of, patient inquiry, prone to hasty decisions from plausible appearances, or reckless from prejudice or passion, then the demagogues who address, will adapt themselves to the dupes who hear, just as certainly as the hunter adapts his lure to the animal he would en¬ snare? and flattery, imposture, falsehood, the vindica¬ tion and eulogy of fellow-partisans however wicked, and the defamation of opponents however virtuous, will be the instruments by which a warfare, destructive in the end alike to victors and vanquished, will be waged. Let the spirit and tone of our congressional and legislative speechmakers, and the language of the political press throughout the country, decide the question, which of the above described classes they consider themselves as addressing. ... Let those, then, whose wealth is lost or jeoparded by fraud or misgovernment; let those who quake with ap¬ prehension for the fate of all they hold dear; let those who behold and lament the dc.secration of all that is holy; let rulers whose counsels are perplexed, whose plans are baffled, whose laws defied or evaded, let them all know that whatever ills they feel or fear, are but the just retri¬ butions of a righteous heaven for neglected childhood. Remember, then, the child whose voice first lisps, today, before that voice shall whisper sedition in secret or thunder treason at the head of an armed band. Re¬ member the child whose hand, today, first lifts its tiny Char ten —Go Forth and Teach 261 bauble, before that hand shall scatter firebrands, arrows, and death. Remember those sportive groups of youth in whose halcyon bosoms there sleeps an ocean, as yet ruffled by the passions which soon shall heave it as with the tempest’s strength. Remember that what¬ ever station in life you many fill, these mortals—these inunortals—are your care. Devote, expend, consecrate yourselves to the holy work of their improvement. Pour out light and truth, as God pours sunshine and rain. No longer seek knowledge as the luxury of a few, but dis¬ pense it amongst all as the bread of life. Learn only how the ignorant may learn; how the innocent may be pre¬ served; the vicious reclaimed. Call down the astronomer from ie skies; call up the geologist from his subterranean explorations; summon, If need be, the mightiest intel¬ lects from the council chamber of the nation; enter cloistered halls where the scholiast muses over superfluous annotations; dissolve conclave and synod where subtle polemics are vainly discussing their barren dogmas; col¬ lect whatever of talent, or erudition, or eloquence, or authority, the broad land can supply, and go forth, and TEACH THIS PEOPLE. For, ill the name of the living God, it must be proclaimed that licentiousness shall be the liberty; and'violence and chicanery shall be the law; and superstition and craft shall be the religion; and the self- destructive indulgence of all sensual and unhallowed passions shall be the only happiness of that people who neglect the education of their children. 262 The American Citizens Haniibvok Schools for Democracy: A Reading Lht [1] Chase, Mary Ellen. A Goodly Vcllowship. Macmillan, Ncaf York, 1939, 305p. $2.10. [2] Jenkins, Ralph C., and Warner, Gertrude C. Henry Btrmi Conn. State Teachers Assn., Hanford, 1937, 118p. 25(‘. [3] Kennedy, Millard Fillmore and Harlow, Alvin F. Schoolmesfer of Yesterday. McGriiw Hill. New York, 1940, 3S9p. $2.71. [4] Learning the Ways of Democracy. Educational Policies Com¬ mission, Washington, D. C., 1940, 486p. $1. [$] Mann, Horace. Go Torth and Teach. National Education Assn. Washington, D. C., 1937, 148p. 10;*. Full text of the address in the Handbook; also other materials on the autlior's life. [6] Mann, Mary. Life of Horace Mann. National Education Assn., Washington, D. C., Facsimile edition, 1937, 6Ilp. $2. [7] McCusky, D, Bronson Alcoll, Teacher. Macmillan, New York, 1940, 217p. $2.10. [8] Morgan, Joy Elmer. Horace Mann at Antioch. National Educa¬ tion Assn., Wa.shington, D. C., 1939, 608p., illus. $2. [9] Morgan, Joy Elmer, Horace Mann: Ilh Ideas and Ideals. Na¬ tional Education Assn,, Wa.shingcon, 1), C., 1936, llOp, 2S;1. [10] Palmer, George Herbert. Alice Freeman Palmer. Houghton, Boston, 1936, 363p. $2.10. [11] Phelps, William Lyon. Antohiography. Oxford Press, New York, 1939, 986p. $3.71. [12] Smith, William Hawley. All the Children of,AH the People. Macmillan, 1923, 346p, $1.60, [13] Schools for Democracy, edited by Chari 0. Williams and Frank W. Hubbard. National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Chicago, 1940, 239p. 21^. The Story of the CkiUren’s Charter Iniroductory —^Every ten years since 1909 a White House Conference is called by the President of the United States to report on what is being done, and what ought to be done for the nation’s children. The 1930 Conference on Child Health and Protection drew up the Children’s Charter of nineteen points which resulted in a nationwide program to secure these rights for every child. The 1940 Conference on Children in a Democracy found many signs of progress since 1930 in the health and care of children. But it reported also that much more would be required to make the nation’s future reason¬ ably secure in the year 1950. The Children’s Charter is a challenge to the youth of today as the Declaration of Independence was to our forefathers. THB children’s CHARTER ^RESIDENT Hoover’s White House Conference on Child Health and Protection recognizing the rights of the child as the first rights of citizenship pledges itself to these aims for the children of America: [1] For every child spiritual and moral training to help him to stand firm under the pressure of life. [2] For every child understanding and the guarding of his personality a.s his most precious right. [3] For every child a home and that love and security which a home provides; and for that child who must re- [ 26 i] 264 The Amcrkan Cilizcm llantitmik ccive foster care, the nearest substitute for his own home [4] For every child full preparation for his birth, his mother receiving prenatal, natal, and postnatal care; and the establishment of such protective measures as will make childbearing safer. [ 5 ] For every child health protection from birth thru adolescence including: periodical health examinations and, where needed, care (jf specialists and hospital treat¬ ment; regular dental examinations and care of the teeth; protective and preventive measures agaiiast communi¬ cable diseases; the insuring of pure food, pure milk, and pure water. [6] For every child from birth thru adolescence, promo¬ tion of health, including health instruction and a health program, wholesome physical and mental recreation, with teachers and leaders adequately trained. [7] For every child a dwelling place safe, sanitary, and whole.somc, with reasonable provisions for privacy, free from conditions which tend Co thwart his development; and a home environment harmonious and enriching. [8 ] For every child a school which is safe from hazards, sanitary, properly equipped, lighted, and ventilated. For younger children nursery schools and kindergartens to supplement home care. [9] For every child a community which recognizes and plans for his needs, protects him against physical dangers, moral hazards, and disease; provides him with safe and wholesome places for play and recreation; and makes provision for his cultural and social needs. [10] For every child an education which, thru the dis¬ covery and development of his individual abilities, pre¬ pares him for life; and tliru training and vocational Charters—The Children's Charier 26J guidance prepares him for a living which will yield him the maximum of satisfaction. [11] For every child such teaching and training as will prepare him for successful parenthood, homemaking, and the rights of citizenship; and, for parents, supple¬ mentary training to fit them to deal wisely with the problems of parenthood. [12] For every child education for safety and protec¬ tion against accidents to which modern conditions sub¬ ject him—those to which he is directly exposed and those which, thru loss or maiming of his parents, affect him indirectly. [13] For every child who is blind, deaf, crippled, or otherwise physically handicapped, and for the child who is mentally handicapped, such measures as will early dis¬ cover and diagnose his handicap, provide care and treat¬ ment, and so train him that he may become an asset to society rather than a liability. Expenses of these services should be borne publicly where they cannot be privately met. [14] For every child who is in conflict with society the right to be dealt with intelligently as society’s charge, not society’s outcast; with the home, the school, the church, the court and institutions when needed, shaped to return him whenever po.ssiblc to the normal stream of life. [15] For every child the right to grow up in a family with an adequate standard of living and the security of a stable income as the surest safeguard against social handicaps. [16] For every child protection against labor that stunts growth, either physical or mental, that limits education. 266 The American Citizens Handbook that deprives children of their right of comradeship, of play, and of joy. [17] For every rural child as satisfactory schooling and health services as for the city child, and an extension to rural families of social, recreational, and cultural facil¬ ities. [18] To supplement the home and the school in the training of youth, and to return to them those interests of which modern life tends to cheat children, every stimulation and encouragement should be given to the extension and development of the voluntary youth or¬ ganizations. [19] To make everywhere available these minimum pro¬ tections of the health and welfare of children, there should be a district, county, or community organization for health, education, and welfare, with fulltime officials, coordinating with a statewide program which will be responsive to a nationwide program of general informa¬ tion, statistics, and scientific research. This should in¬ clude : [a] Trained, fulltime public hc.alth officials, with public health nurses, sanitary inspection, and laboratory workers. [b] Available hospital beds. [c] Fulltime public welfare service for the relief, aid, and guidance of children in special need due to poverty, misfortune, or behavior difficulties, and for the pro¬ tection of children from abuse, neglect, exploitation, or moral hazard. For EVERY child these rights, regardless of race, or color, or situation, wherever he may live under the pro¬ tection of the American flag. president Wilsons War Message Introductory —^The following excerpt from President Woodrow Wilson’s War Message delivered before Con¬ gress April 2, 1917, foreshadows the movement for a world organization of peoples looking toward universal justice. FROM THE WAR MESSAGE It is a distressing and oppressive duty, gentlemen of the Congress, which I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great, peaceful people into war, into the most ter¬ rible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts—for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world Itself at last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our for¬ tunes, everything that we arc and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other. [ 267 ] Tke Atlantic Joint Declaration Introductory —^The Atlantic Joint Declaration grew out of conferences between the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Great Britain held somewhere in the Atlantic during early August 1941. The following comment on the significance of this Declaration is by Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University since 1902, and President since 1925 of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: "By great good fortune, mankind has just now been offered definite and specific leadership in its search for the foundations upon which to build a new and orderly world of prosperity and of peace. This is given by the Atlantic Declaration, announced to the world on August 14, 1941, by the Prc.sidcnt of the United States of America and by the Prime Minister in the Govern¬ ment of Great Britain. To the American people, this Atlantic Declaration comes like a new Declaration of Independence iir the field of national policy and inter¬ national relations. It is supported with sympathy and understanding by those hopes and policies which have been close to the heart of the American people since the days of Washington and Franklin, of Hamilton and Jefferson. It echoes the famous sentence of President McKinley spoken forty years ago, 'The period of exclu¬ siveness is past.’ It is in harmony with the doctrines taught by Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson, and Harding, as well as with statements contained in the declarations of principle that were adopted by the [ 268 J charters—The Atlantic Declaration 269 Democratic National Convention and by the Repub¬ lican National Convention of 1920. It is in accord with the instructions to the American delegates to the Hague Conference of 1907, given by Elihu Root, then Secretary of State. It is in accord with the Joint Resolution approved June 25, 1910, adopted without a dissenting vote by both Houses of the American Congress, calling for the limitation of armaments and for constituting the combined navies of the world an international police force for the preservation of uni¬ versal peace.”—^From an address at the opening of the 188 th year of Columbia University, September 24, 1941. T THE ATLANTIC JOINT DECLARATION Joint declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister, Mr. Churchill, representing His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, being met together, deem it right to make known certain common principles in the national policies of their respective countries on which they base their hopes for a better future for the world. First, their countries seek no aggrandizement, terri¬ torial or other; Second, they desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the people concerned; Third, they respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and selfgovern¬ ment restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them; 270 Tf)c American Citizens HaiiJbonk Fourth, they will endeavor^ with due respect |or their existing obligations, to further the enjoyment by all states, great or small, victor or vanquished, of access, on equal terms, to the trade and to the raw materials of the world which are needed for their economic prosperity; Fifth, they desire to bring about the fullest collabora¬ tion between all nations in the economic field with the object of securing, for all, improved labor standards, economic advancement, and social security; Sixth, after the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny, they hope to see established a peace which will afford to all nations the means of dwelling in safety within their own boundaries, and which will afford assurance that all the men in all the lands may live out their lives in freedom from fear and want; Seventh, such a peace should enable all men to traverse the high seas and oceans without hindrance; Eighth, they believe that all of the nations of the world, for realistic as well as spiritual reasons, must come to the abandonment of the use of force. Since no future peace can be maintained if land, sea, or air armaments continue to be employed by nations which threaten, or may threaten, aggression outside of their frontiers, they believe, pending the establishment of a wider and permanent system of general security, that the disarmament of such nations is essential. They will likewise aid and encourage all other practicable measures which will lighten for peace-loving peoples the crushing burden of armaments. —Vranidin D. Roosevelt —Winston S. Churchill PART VI Patriotic Pilgrimages and Shrines ThK heart OE TItli NATION-Al Il'C loo/i. tioWfl llpQtl Washington from the air, as pichired on the following page, we see that the nation’s capital is not laid out in the familiar checkerboard pattern of most cities. Instead it is shaped around the wall, or ’'great garden,” which extends from the Capitol in the lower front of the picture, to the Washington Monument, and thence to the Lincoln Memorial on its com¬ manding site near the Vatomac Rh/er. Behind the Lincoln Memorial may be seen the Arlington Bridge linking Wash¬ ington -with Virginia. From the Capitol, as center of the city, radiate broad, tree- lined avenues. Most famous are Pennsylvania and Consti¬ tution Avenues along which may be seen the Trianglc Build¬ ings, the ’’workshops of dcsnocracy," Behind the Capitol are the Supreme Court, Library of Congress, Senate and House Office Buildings, and many others. In its architecture, Wash¬ ington, the last symbol of democracy, reflects the first de¬ mocracy, the ancient free people of Greece, Falr/’Siht An/tat diurvpifa r 271 ] A Week at the Heart oj America ELEANOR C. FISHBURN Mcinlftr (if the Staff of The Journal of the National Education Asxociation j\S the last band notes from the Citizenship Day Parade died off in the distance, young Betty Lewis turned to her husband. “Oh, Harry, wasn’t it thrilling and im¬ pressive! It makes me realize just how much it means to be a citizen of the United States and have the right to vote.” Her husband nodded as he continued to hum the tune¬ ful chorus of Irving Berlin’s song which had been played at the ceremonie.s' by the liighschool band: God Ideas America, Laud that 1 love, Stand beside her and nitidc her Thru the tiijfht with a light from above; From the nionufains, to the jirairics, To the oceans white with foam, God bless America, My home, sweet home. "There was a larger turnout of new voters for this year’s ceremonies than when we became citizens,” said Harry. “Judge Lawson was much pleased with the way the young people responded.” "Harry, I’ve been thinking about our vacation next month. Do you know where I’d like to go? To Washing- ' ton—I’ve always wanted to see the Lincoln Memorial j 274 The American Citizens Hamihook and other historic places Judge Lawson mentioned in his i speech today. After all, every American should visit our ^ nation’s capital.” Betty and Harry Lewis are only two of over a million | Americans who each year visit Washington as the seat I of our government and the center of our national life.:i With its broad tree-lined avenues, its 10,856 acres ofi parks in which are located 74 national statues and tatM morials, and its many fine government buildings, this! city, which is less than 150 years old, has grown from M swampy wilderness to one of the most beautiful capitalsl in the world. I There are other famous shrines in America: Indepen-i dence Hall in Philadelphia; historic Faneuil Hall in Bos-l ton; the Statue of Liberty in New York harbor; butl Washington has now become the universal center of| patriotism and civic interest. The Capital City, in the| first place, has great political significance. Here Congresil enacts the laws that govern our land. Here the Supremel Court hands down decisions by which we are assured oi "Equal Justice Under Law.” And here live our President^ and other officials, as well as diplomats from all nationsJ of the world. In the second place, Washington is historically signifi¬ cant. It is hallowed ground, trod by the leaders of the eighteenth century who with diligence and vision started selfgovernment by a free people. Few Americans can explore or even read about historic places in and around Washington, without a renewed sense of obligation to those who founded and preserved the Republic. In the third place, Washington is culturally signifi¬ cant. The activities of the government—itself the largest 2 : 276 Thv American Ci/isem Handbook business in the world—have attracted to the city not only statesmen, but scientists, educators, artists. Well- equipped libraries, several universities, art galleries, a symphony orchestra, the Service bands—these and other resources make the city a reservoir of cultural richness. The Story of the Federal City Every American will enjoy the story of the founding of the Federal City as recorded in A Manual on the Origin and Development of Washington [Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1939, $2], We usu¬ ally think of Washington as the nation’s capital from the beginning, forgetting that other places shared that honor. The Continental Congress met in eight different towns and cities. George Washington was inaugurated first President of the United States on April 30,1789, in New York City, and there convened the first session of the first Congress under the Constitution. The following year Congress met in Philadelphia which was the seat of government until November 1800. During these years Congress debated the question of a permanent site for the government. President Wash¬ ington, who in earlier days had surveyed the Potomac River country, was largely influential in selection of the present site which was approved by Congress in 1790. Washington himself drew up the original agreement by which he bought land for the government from the local owners at £25 [about $67] an acre. One writer says of this transaction; “Ac a total cost of $36,000 the gov¬ ernment acquired a tract of 600 acres in the heart of the city. The 10,136 building lots assigned to it ultimately proved to be worth $850,000 and now represent a value Palriotic Pilgrimages 277 of 70 million dollars. Shrewd financier as he was, it is doubtful if Washington ever made another so good a bargain as that. UEnfant's Original Plan The newly-established city was planned under direct supervision of President Washington and Thomas Jeffer¬ son, Secretary of State. A French army engineer and architect, Pierre Charles L’Enfant, was employed by Washington to draw up the most comprehensive plan ever designed for any city. The Mall, or central parkway extending from the Capitol to the Washington Monu¬ ment, which was the essential feature of his plan, has taken shape thru the years. It is the keystone of Washing¬ ton’s present magnificent park development. Cornerstone of the North wing of the Capitol was laid by President Washington in 1793. The building rose slowly; money, materials, and .skilled labor were scarce. Congress met here for the first time on November 21, 1800, when the national government was transferred from Philadelphia to Washington. Federal employees numbered about 130 clerks with a few higher officials. Today, government workers in Washington number more tlian 200,000. In 1800 there were 372 houses, shel¬ tering a population of about 3000. In the 1940 census Washington is the eleventh largest city in the United States with a population of 663,173, The departments of government that existed in 1800 were State, Treasury, War, Navy, the Office of the At¬ torney General, and the Postal Service. Newspapers in New York, Philadelphia, and New F.ngland called the Capitol "the palace in the wilderness” and Pennsylvania 278 The American (UUzrtn Handbook. Avenue "the great Serbonian Bog.*’ And Thomas Moore, English poet who visited Washington in 1804, contrib¬ uted this satire on the Yankee capital: In fancy now beneath the Iwilifiht gfoonit Come, let me lead thee o’er this second Rome, Where tribunes rule, w/xre dusky Davi bow, And what was Goose Creek once is Tiber now. This fam'd metropolis, where fancy sees Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees; Which second sighted seers e'en nosu adorn With shrines unbuilt and heroes yet unborn. Washington thru the Years From its establishment the Federal City has shared the ups and downs of the nation itself, After the burning of many buildings by the British in 1814, including the un¬ finished Capitol and the White Mouse, the city was re¬ built and improved. By 1840 the population numbered 23,364. On July 4, 1848 the cornerstone of the Wash¬ ington monument was laid [sec page 142] and in 1851 the cornerstone for enlargement of the Capitol, Agitation in the 1870’s to relocate the capital in some other city, preferably farther to the West, led to renewed efforts to improve the Federal City, and much needed funds were appropriated by Congress. The turn of the century saw the appointment of the McMillan Park Commission, which decided to carry out the "simple and straightforward scheme devised by L’Enfant under the direction of Washington and Jefferson.” The three focal points of the Commission plan of 1901 were the Mall, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Arlington Bridge. And so thru less than 150 years the nation’s capital has devel¬ oped as public pride and support have increased. Patriotic Pit^rima}>cs 279 A Week*s ?ilprimage in the Capital Since most visitors have limited time in which to enjoy Washington, they find it helpful to study in advance guidebooks of the city [see page 288 for a brief list] and arrange a schedule which enables them to see out¬ standing points of interest and beauty: Fin/ —Cjtipiiol Hill U. S. Capitol and Congress U. S. Supreme Court Library of Congress Folgcr Library Union Station Gov’t Printing Office Second Bay—lk'deral Trianale and Votiricculh S/r«'/ Apex Building National Archives Department of Justice Post Office Department Labor Department Agriculture Department Bureau, Printing 8c I'ingraving Third Day—Executice Square and Seventeenth Street Treasury Department The White PIousc State, War and Navy Corcoran Art Gallery American Nat’l Red Cross Constitution Hall Pan American Union Vourth Day—Smithsonian Group National Gallery of Art Smithsonian Building Nat’l Museum Arts & In¬ dustries Natural History Building Aircraft Building l-rcer Gallery of Art Army Medical Museum Fifth Day—Constitution Ave¬ nue and Vourfventh Street Navy Building U. S. Health Service Nai’l Academy of Science Interior Buildings Lincoln Memorial; Speedway JcfTcrson Memorial Washington Monument Sixth Day—^Across Arlington BriJfre Arlington National Cemetery Arlington House Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Alexandria, Masonic Memorial Mount Vernon Seventh Day—Boat trips nn Potomac River National Zoological Park Annapolis and U. S. Naval Academy 0 , 0, JwtMM A view of the -mtun hall in the Library of Congress, one of the most beautiful marble interiors in the world [ 280 ] Patriotic Pilf(riiiia,m‘x 281 Capitol Hill and Congress Many citizens plan to visit Washington while Con¬ gress is in session. Visitors are admitted to certain parts , of the galleries within limit of capacity. Other sections i| are reserved for holders of cards which arc issued by Con- |gressmen to their constituents upon application. Guides tare available to show visitors thru the majestic Capitol fpidding [pictured on page 12] which is open every day |from9to4:30 and after 4:30 when Congre.ss is in session. I Facing the United States Senate Chamber is the new i Supreme Court Biiildinjg [pictured on page 296] in lyhich the majestic Court Chamber is the focal point of |interest and may well be visited when Court is not in ^session, for then the visitor may look about at leisure. iThere is one term of court annually from October thru |kay. Each weekday [except Saturday] on alternate 1 “ '■jrtnights, the nine blackrobcd ju.stice.s convene from oon to 4:30; sessions are open to the public within limit E accommodations. The gray and weatherbeaten exterior of the Library f Congress, adjacent to the Capitol, hardly prepares lis )r the color and beauty of the interior which contains lany paintings and exhibits, including the Gutenberg ible and the Shrine of the U. S. Constitution [.sec page 74]. When begun in 1802 the Library boasted 964 plumes and maps; it is now one of the largest libraries 1 the world, containing over 5 million books and 2 lillion maps. But the Library Is much more than a col- |lection: it carries on interlibrary loans, sells duplicates |‘of its catalog cards, and engages in reference work. At first housed in the U, S. Capitol, the Library was moved to its present building in 1897. H'or* Pnhelt dimMUntin Folger Shakespeare Library tm Capitol Hill In nearby Folger Library, dedicated in 1932, the na¬ tion possesses, beautifully housed and accessible to schol¬ ars and the public, the finest collection of Shakespeare material outside of England—81,000 volumes including priceless first editions. Pennsylvania Avenue and the Triangle Plan Along Pennsylvania Avenue are held the nation’s in¬ augural parades and other historic pageantry. It has been called the "Via Sacra of the great Republic of the New World.” For the past ten years a huge public-buildings program has carried forward the development of the Triangle Plan along Pennsylvania and Constitution Ave¬ nues: the Apex Building at the intersection of these two Ttm Apex Buildhi)’ of the Meral Trianfile streets; the Notioiitil Archives [pictured on page 342]' ^tDeparhnent of Justice ; the Vosi Office Department; and other "workshops of democracy.” Executive Square and Seventeenth Street Dignified and unpretentious amid velvety lawns and beautiful shrubbery is the ^hife House, home of every president except Washington. Second President John Adams and his wife Abigail moved into the unfinished White House in November 1800. Enriched thru tlie yeaK the White House contains many fine paintings and exhibits. The first floor is chiefly used for public and state social affairs and is usually open to the public at certain hours. [ 283 ] The Jefferson Memorial at the Tidal Basin To tilt* east o£ the WJiite Mouse scaiids the Treasiiry Building, oitca called the nation’s money chest. In front is the statue of Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. On the opposite side of the "White House is the formal, oldfashioned State, 'War, and Navy Buddini, Along Seventeenth Street are the Corcoran Art Gdlery, Pan American Union, and other interesting buildings, The Smithsonian Group In the museum buildings on the Mall between Ninth and Eleventh Streets, the visitor will find one of the largest scientific collections in the world. The museums ^including Arts and Industries, Natural History, Air¬ craft, and other buildings—are administered by the Smithsonian Institution, established from funds left in 1829 by an English scientist, James Smithson, “for the [ 284 1 The Naftonal Gallery of Art on the Mall increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” A "Brief Guide,” sold for 10 cents in the museums, will help the visitor locate exhibits in which he has most interest. Newcomer to the units administered by the Smith¬ sonian Institution is the magnificent National Gallery of Art. This IJ milllon-dollar building, 78 J feet in length, gives the nation a gallery comparable to the Louvre in Paris or the National Gallery in London. The entrance rotunda, 100 feet in diameter, resplendent in glistening marble, is the center of the Gallery. Its dome, like that of the Pantheon in Rome, is supported by 24 green marble columns. Among .several hundred master¬ pieces, valued at over 80 million dollars, are represented the old masters—Raphael, Gaimborough, Rembrandt— as well as American painters like Copley and Stuart. [ 285 J 286 The Amerhan Cifizena Hamlbnok Comtitutmii Avenue Buildings along die upper end of Constitution Avenue house many exhibits which visitors enjoyj ship models in the Navy Building; public-health exhibits in the United States Health Service; conservation activities in s the Interior Buildings [ 18 th to 19th Streets]. I In beautiful West Potomac Park, to the south of Coni stitution Avenue, stands the stately white marble shtini [pictured on pages 110 and 246] erected to the memori of Abraham Lincoln. The Lincoln Manorial is openfronvl 9am to 9;30pm and the visitor will find it worthwhile: to return at night when special lighting illuminates the huge Lincoln statue. Leaving the Memorial the visitor enjoys a drive around the Speedway, circling the Potomac R-iver, scene of color¬ ful boat rcgatta.s in summer months. At one end of the Tidal Basin is the Jefferson Memorial. If it is spring the visitor enjoys the sight of the cherry blossoms for which Washington is famous. The trees were a gift to this country from the capital city of Japan. Near the Tidal Basin is the Washington Monument [pictured on page 142 ]. The visitor may go up by elevator and walk down, in order to sec the 202 carved tribute blocks on the inner face of the Monument. Across Arlington Bridge Spanning the Potomac River is the Arlington Me¬ morial Bridge which connects the Capital with the Mount Vernon Highway, Lee Highway, and George' Washington Memorial Parkway. It also leads into Arling¬ ton National Cemetery where arc located Arlington Arlinsloit Bridge ami the Lincoln Memorial House, the Amphitheater, and tlic Tomb of the Un¬ known Soldier. Need for a bridge had been stressed by the McMillan Commission in 1901; but it was not until after Armistice Day in 1921 that steps were taken. On that day thousands of people on their way to attend the burial of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington were delayed by crowded traffic conditions. The next year funds were made available and the Bridge was completed in 1932 at a cost of $14,750,000. The Bridge has been built as low as possible in order not to interfere with the view of the Lincoln Memorial from the Virginia side of the Potomac River. Fifteen miles from Wa.shington, along the Mount Ver¬ non Highway, is the old colonial home and burial place of George Washington—one of America’s most honored [ 2*7 ] 2»8 Thi- Anu'riraH CUizi-m Handbook .^innes Lpictural on page 67], Aftor enjoyW th. home, where many original furnishings are preset the visitor may take a nverboat and glide slowly ud P otomac, back to Washington, that great city which bears the name of Mount Vernon’s master. Wadiiunion Yvs/ertfay am/ Today 111! f I’y Arcliie Robertson. R,„s dtll Co., Washmston. 1). C. 1940, 340 p. u.7^. How the rV can use tlie varied services of Uncle S.iin. ^ 12] Foriy-Two Years hi the White House bv Irwin H h Houghton, Now York. 1934. S,.4S. InfornuuJc2ctts ofT: I residents and their families by the Chief Usher of the White House. 193 V v? Office. Washington. D.C 193 J, 3<5J p. U. AccviiMte. comprchensivci many rare prints. 14] Our \VashiH)i/on, An Album of the Nation's Cahilol, by the -1?^" P- ’« A Jiv.ofi.d g.id,i contains illustrations and .sectional maps. 'P'”'*'"*'"". A Urndbrnk fo, VUlm b, »■ S- Il«y™ld. Co„,pa„y, •»r„hb6»n. D. C 39, 17J p. 50 cents. A handy popular guide, well-illustrated. "^'riters' Project, D C Printing Office. Washington, valuable for travelers and students; well-illustrated. ^ Ca[iiial. Federal Writers Project. Wilfred Punk, Inc. New York. 1941, $3. Parton. I.ongmans, Green, New wirli \\ I *1 Includes page maps of sections in the city with lively dcscriptioivs of buildings in the sections. Whci>t To See in the Antenccis F.LlvANOR C. J'ISHBURN O VER the south entrance to the Union Station in Washington, D. C., is an inscription which reads: He that would bring home the wealth of the Indies must carry the wealth of the Indies with him. So it is in travel¬ ing—a man must carry knowledge with him if he would bring home knowledge. Once a year, oftener if we’re lucky, we turn to that most pleasant of tasks, choosing a vacation. And to get the most enjoyment from the unsurpassed wealth of vacation opportunities afforded by our continent, re¬ quires careful study and planning. There is a vacation for every taste and purse in America: cruises, automo¬ bile trips, mountain climbing, historic pilgrimages. The vacation industry has become the nation’s third largest. In 1940, vacationists spent $6,300,000,000. The United States Travel Bureau, .set up in 1937 in the Department of the Interior to promote wider travel in America, has for its slogan: Travel Strengthens America—It Builds the Nation s Health, Wealth, and Unity. During 1942 the Bureau will empha.s'iite travel in the Western Hemis¬ phere under the slogan: See What You Defend. We have in the Western Hemisphere a groat travel book with more pages in it than any man in his lifetime can read. Begin now to turn over a new leaf each vacation! [ 289 ] Mount Knsbmore Mfmorial in the Black llilh of South Dakott, honoring Washhtj^toii, Jefferson, Throilfirc Roosei'elt, ami Lincoln. ( 290 ] Patriotic Pili^rimag,n 291 Planning a Lifetime Travel Program What are the scenic and recreational attractions which no American citizen can afford to miss? The individual may well plan his travel budget over a period of years or a lifetime. Around this plan he can then build a travel library of guidebooks and maps to be studied in advance for enrichment of his travels. Such a lifetime plan would include: [1] The National Parks Favored vacation spots of the American people are the national parks, preserved and improved by the fed¬ eral government. Yellowstone Park, first such area in the great system of today, and the world’s first national .ipark, was .set aside by Congress in 1872. Today there are twenty-six "People’s Playgrounds” whose location and area are given on page 3 52 of this Handbook. From the .National Park Service, Washington, D. C., the citi¬ zen-traveler may secure free an illustrated booklet on I each of the parks. f [2] Historic Shrines atnl Monuments \ There are now more than a hundred shrines and monu- ‘ meats supervised by the federal government. In addition many states and localities are working to preserve the "story spots” where historic events in the community took place. For renewed appreciation of our American heritage of freedom, visit the scenes in our history by which that freedom was secured; Yorktown, Plymouth, Valley Forge, Shiloh, Gettysburg, Appomattox. For a list of free pamphlets on historic shrines and monuments, write the National Park Service, Washington, D. C. 292 T/w Amrriran Citizens Handbook [3] Sl>cctacular Annual Events Each year thruout the United States are held unique and picturesque events, worth traveling miles to see. A calendar of such impressive spectacles is given in The Vacation Guide by Robert Spiers Benjamin [McGraw Hill, N. Y., 1940, 329p. S2.yOJ. Ten .such events are: fl] Tournament of Roses, New Year's Day, Pasadena, California. [2] Mardi Gras 'V/cek in I'cbruary, New Orleans, Louisiana. [ 3 ] Cherry Blossoms in Washington, D. C., first week in April. [4] Garden Pilgrimages in April at Natchez, Mississippi. [J] Dutch Tulip Time, early in May, at Holland, Michigan. [6] The National Folk Festival in May in Washington, D. C. [7] Portland, Oregon, Rose I'cstival, about the tenth of June, ffi] American Folk Festival, Ashland, Kentucky, in June. [ 9] Annual Play Festival in July at Central City, Colorado. [10] Pendleton, Oregon, Roundup and Rodeo, middle of September. [41 States and lief^mns of the United States To enjoy the flavor and variety of the nation’s vast expaases, visit a different region each vacation: New England; the Middle Atlantic and Great Lakes; the Southeast; the Central region; the Southwest; and the Northwest. Vacation attractions in the states are de¬ scribed in "The Roll Call of the States,” pages 381-405 of the Handbook. Best single guidebooks to the states are The American Guides prepared by the federal government. These read¬ able guides are listed with publishers and prices on pages 330-32 of the Handbook. The American Recreation Series is part of this enterprise and consists of booklets on the recreational facilities in each of the states [Bacon and Wieck, publishers, Northport, Long Island, New York, ly cents each]. Pa/ rio/ic Pilg ri m ajfj 293 From the U. S. Travel Bureau the vacationist may obtain a free colored map, size 32 by 44 inches, entitled Recreational Areas of the United States. The Bureau also issues a calendar of events in various regions. For a list of free publications, persons living cast of Kansas City should addre.ss the New York Branch at 45 Broad¬ way, New York City; those west, the San Francisco Branch, Old Mint Building, San Francisco, California. The National Geographic Magazine, published monthly by the National Geographic Society, Wash¬ ington, D. C., yearly subscripton $3, has many fine illustrated articles on U. S. regions and states. Travel in Canada and South America Travel in North and South America has taken a marked upswing. And along with travel has come in¬ creased interest in books about these countries. Best single source of information about our neighbors to the South is the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C. Write for a list of its free publications. To guide the armchair traveler is an excellent reading list on Latin American Backgrounds, published by the National Edu¬ cation Association, Washington, D. C. [1941, 48 pages, 2J cents a copy]. In 1940 as many as 60,000 automo¬ biles from the United States traveled over the 772-mile Pan American Highway from Laredo, Texas, to Mexico City. For a map and information, write the Pan Ameri¬ can Highway Confederation, Washington, D. C. Before visiting Canada, write to the Canadian Travel Bureau, Ottawa, for free pamphlets such as Vacation¬ ing in Canada; and to the American Library Association, 520 North Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois, for 29-4 TIh' American Citizem llandhmk its booklet Canada: A Rcadhifi Guide and [2y cents a copy]. When and Hniv To Travel In vacation-planning dtjn’t overlook the winter holi¬ day. Many industrialists favtir the two-vacations-a-year plan believing it will pay in increased efficiency of em¬ ployees. A well known Boston store gives senior em¬ ployees a winter vacation in addition to the summer vacation. vSuch a plan will also avoid the costly non-use of the nation’s recreational facilities during winter months. The proposal to dace all holidays in the calendar on Monday, giving a three-day weekend would also pro¬ mote wider use of recreational investments. That travel need not be expensive in these days of good roads, tourist camps, and hiking trails, is pointed out by Horace Coon in his book, lOJ American Vaca¬ tions from $25 to $2U) IDoublcday, New York, 265 pages, hor those who enjoy camping there are several good woodcraft manuals such as Outdoor Living, published by Cornell University [Ithaca, New York, 1941, 32 pages, 2S cents]. And there are over 200 youth hostels in the United States where the traveler may spend the night for a nominal sum. For full information, write American Youth Hostels, Northfield, Massachusetts. Whether we travel in the Western Hemisphere or in Europe, we may well abide by the travelers’ code sug¬ gested by the U. S. Assistant Secretary of State; First, travel abroad is a privilege and not a right. Second, travelers arc half-ainbass.idor and half-guest. They are representatives of the United States. Third,^ every traveler should learn about the institutions, history, and quality of the country visited. PART VII WWt Everyone Should Know About Law The UNiTEU sTATiiS sui‘Ri=Miv COURT uuii.DiNG, atljaceiii to the Library of Congress on Calnlol Hill in 'Washington, h pktnrcd on the follnwinx pa(>c. It was comph'tcd in 193 5 at a cost of 10 million dollars. The austere and classic denr of the buildin}> reflects the solemnity of its purpose; altho the chairs used by the nine justices remain the homely leather ones of their earlier home in the Capitol, During its existence the Supreme Court has met in eight different places, including the basement of the old Senate wing of the Capitol. The new building includes an impressive Court Chamber, offices for the justices, a law library, and conference and reading rooms. Over the outside entrance arc inscribed the words: '^Bqual Justice Under Law.’' Ascending the entrance stairs, the visitor secs first the huge pedestal blocks, weigh¬ ing 45 tons each, which flank the steps. They support statues by James E, Fraser: a female figure meditating the problems of the law, and a male figure, girded with a sheathed sword, who symbolizes the execution of the law. eMufn, r. II. na^klHifhaMi r 295 ] Wkt Everyone Should Know About Law JOHN SUMNER WOOD B.S., Harvard! LL.B., Gvorfie Washinfitou Uiiivcrsi/y; Member of the Bar of Maryland and of the District of Columbia God bless America, we sing. But why? Because America has laws made and respected by a democratic 'people. Ours is a government of laws which we, by our 'vote, have a part in making, and not of men, secret police, bosses, or dictators. The body of our laws, or the art of playing the game of living together was brought over to our country from England, and is called the "Common Law.” To these rules of human conduct we have made a number of important additions: the demo¬ cratic selfgovernment principles of the Mayflower Com¬ pact, early customs, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States (which you can read in fifteen minutes), the Bill of Rights and subse¬ quent Amendments to our Constitution, various statutes and treaties made by Congress, and the laws made by our states. These traditions and rules are our laws which are interpreted for us by our umpires, namely, our courts, AE men in America are free and equal, but laws are necessary to keep freedom and equality from being crushed by force, whether that force be military, sub¬ versive, financial, administrative, or even labor unionism. Laws protect the majority from the will of an undemo- [ 2971 298 The Amcruttn Cifizcm Handbook cratic and unfair minority. We know the rules of base¬ ball, football, tag and other games, we have recipes for cooking, formulae for medicine, tables for mathematics and our laws arc rules of conduct, fair play, and decency for men to live by. To be social and to make the laws work, men must be willing to abide by the decisions or will of the majority. That which is good common sense is good law, and therefore the best law is the .simplest law. The laws which many of us use or rely upon in our everyday experience are simple to understand but difficult to state briefly. Your R/g/)/.T Under Criminal Law An act in violation of a criminal law which injures and endangers the community is called a crime and is punished by the .state thru its criminal prosecuting of¬ ficer. You, as an individual, receive protection and re¬ dress by complaining under oath of your injury to the District Attorney or State’s Attorney, and he, for the state, conducts a criminal proceeding. Insofar as die act damages you as an individual, it is a wrong which we call a tort. To receive money damages for a tort, you proceed against the person who has violated your rights, by civil action. We all know that murder, manslaughter, rape, larceny, robbery, burglary, embezzlement, failure to comply with certain statutes, such as income tax law, certain labor legislation, health regulations, etc., are crimes punishable by the state. A serious crime which is us¬ ually attended by a year or more in prison, or involves Laws Everyone Should Know 299 moral turpitude, is called a “felony.” Any crime less than a "felony” is called a “misdemeanor,” which may include violating the game laws, traffic violations, and other criminal injuries of a lesser degree of seriousness to the community. The Right to a Fair Trial If you are suspected of a crime or caught in a police dragnet you cannot object to being held for a short while for investigation. At the end of a reasonable time you are entitled to telephone an attorney or friend. If you are detained for an unreasonable length of time you obtain your freedom by a writ of habeas corpus. The duration of your detention depends somewhat on the seriousness of the crime committed. If you arc detained an undue length of time, the police, who liave thus kept you, are themselves probably committing a crime. No man should be kept waiting unduly long without being charged with some crime in a warrant and being given an opportunity to obtain counsel and rca.sonable bail, if the crime is not too serious. This detention enables the police to obtain evidence and track down guilty persons without word getting about that the police arc aware of the crime and arc looking for the criminal. Altho this procedure in some cities has been abused; nevertheless, in America you at least know that you will be given a fair trial and be released, if innocent, which is more than can be said of most other countries in the world, not only in times of war, but in times of peace. We arc protected against unlawful search and seizure or false arrest, and we are entitled to our day in court. 300 T/ie American Ciliscns Handbook an opportunity to defend ourselves and engage counsel a fair hearing before a jury of twelve men [except as to certain minor misdemeanors], the benefit of the serv¬ ices of an impartial judge who merely presides over the meeting which is called our trial, and who maintains order, rules on the evidence, and tells the jury what the law is. We are entitled to have the jury render a verdict in accordance with the facts, without prejudice, favor¬ itism, or any feeling of anger. Since an innocent man is practically never punished unjustly in our country, and since everybody knows the difference between right and wrong, it Is hardly necessary that anything further be said on the subject of criminal law. The law-abiding citizen will normally be interested in those branches of the law known as torts, contracts, and property rights. Torts or Wrongs Committed Against You A tort is a wrong agaimt you, the individual, and, for damages sustained, you usually receive money from the person doing the wrong. A steals B’s ring. A has committed a crime against society and also a wrong or tort against B who may compel A to return the ring or pay for it. It is our duty not to injure our neighbor’s right of property, reputation, personal security, privacy, or freedom from unfair competition. Assault and Battery—Defense of Life or Property The apparent intent, apparent physical ability, plus an unsuccessful attempt to injure, done so as to put a reason¬ able man in fear of bodily harm, is an Assault. A doubles up his fist and, moving tow’ard B, says **I will knock you down,” or "Do not take one step from where you are until you have paid me that debt,” or A points a gun at Laws Everyone Should Know 301 B in a threatening manner, or A strikes at B and misses him; these are examples of an Assault, A completed assault becomes a Battery, which consists of a mere of¬ fensive touching of the body, clothes, horse you are riding, chair or carriage you are sitting in at the time of contact. There need be no actual damages because tort law protects the interests of your personal security. Ex¬ amples of Battery are kicking, striking, injuring by throwing an object, or shooting, “smoking out” a tenant, cutting a man’s hair, throwing water on him, spitting in his face, performing an improper or unauthorized surgi¬ cal operation. The Right of Selfdeferne Selfdefensc may justify or excuse what is otherwise an assault or battery, providing it is reasonable and not excessive. Life can only be taken to save a life or in de¬ fending your home or person from a criminal attack which might endanger your life. You may evict a tres¬ passer from your property or prevent someone from stealing your property, but force must be sparingly used. You may meet force with like force after all means of retreat or persuasion arc exhausted, but the duty is on you not to use more force than is necessary. The police¬ man, parent, teacher, football player, prize fighter, using excessive force or breaking the rules of the game may himself become liable in tort. Selfdefense, also known as Selfhelp, like a strong medicine, has to be given at the proper time in the proper amount and at the peril of the person who is relying upon this type of a right, Merc words, tlucats, or conduct unaccompanied by an overt act never excuse or justify an assault or a battery. Mem- 302 The American Citizens Handbook bers of a family, husband, wife, child, and probably near relatives, master or servant may defend one anotlier pro¬ viding they use the same amount and kind of force which the person in danger requires in order to be de¬ fended. False Imprisonment occurs wherever a person or a policeman without right detains you by force or fear, even if the detention against your will takes place in an open street. Absence of malice or mistake are not ex¬ cuses for any restraint of the liberty of the person of another. Example*. "I will not let you take one step until you have paid that debt”; or A places B in a room from which the only means of escape is unsafe; or locks B in a moving vehicle; or sets B adrift in a boat without oars; or without right touches B, intending to take him into custody, stating that B is under arrest, and B submits. Deceit exists where one makes an untrue statement, knowing or not caring whether it be true or false, in¬ tending to induce another person to act upon his untruth, and where such other person acts in reliance upon the statement to his detriment and damage. Malicious Prosecution occurs wherever a criminal judicial proceeding without reasonable or probable cause and actuated by malice has been instituted against you and terminated in your favor. Conspiracy is to defraud, to do a trespass, to injure another in his business, property, or calling, by the en¬ gagement of persons to cooperate in accomplishing an unlawful thing or some lawful purpose by unlawful means. 303 Laws lu'cryone Should Know udkions Interference u'ith Contract is wherever one maliciously causes another to break his contract with a third person to the injury of said third person, and to the benefit of the wrongdoer at the expense of the third person. Trespass is a broad term including any wrong com¬ mitted with force to the person or property of another. Trespass is primarily an abuse of our possession of lands or goods rather than of our ownership. Mere walking upon another’s land is a trespass. You must be in actual possession or have the right to take possession, or you must have constructive possession, as where the actual physical passo.ssion of your property is in the hands of your agent. Certain trespasses are permitted, in case.s of the abatement of nuisance, distress, necessity, private defense, expressed or implied consent, or a special prop¬ erty privilege called an casement, that is, a right to use adjoining land for llic benefit of your land. The tort of Conversion is wherever t»ne assumes power over property from its true owner irrespective of motive. If a garage or repair man withholds your car as security for more money than you owe him, he has converted your car, and tlicreby h.is become li.nblc for its value; and he cannot insist upon returning the property to you at a later date. If A intentionally or unintentionally in good faith sells Il’s properly, without B’s authority, to Cjboth A and C are liable to B for the ctmvcrsion. Some states give the innocent; purchaser a right to return the property to B. If A finds B’s property, he can require B to make .some reasonable proof of his title, but, if A’s demands are excessive, A becomes a ctmverter. Posses- . . .. Handbook Mon, fHjpularly .speaking, is nine points of the law? Nol Indeed it may be the makings of a law suit for con version, or even of a crime. Wash pertains solely to real estate. A tenant cannot remove virgin soil, wrongfully cut timber or destroy wild life which is n-atural around the land, etc., without the owner’s permission. Nttmncr exists where you wrongfully use your prop¬ erty so .as to interfere with or annoy another in the enjoy- ment of his legal rights; with actual injury and damages, Excessive noise, vapors, smells, etc., may render life and the use of property so unenjoy able as to constitute a nuisance. Under certain circumstances you are allowed to abate a nuisance, if you can do so without a breach of the peace. If a tree on your neighbor’s land has branches that overhang your land, you may cut off the parts of branches overhanging your land, but not cut down the tree. You may move an automobile in order to unpark your own car, providing you do so without injury to the car. Negligence is the thoughtless or careless failure to exercise care which you arc under a legal duty to use and which failure proximately causes injury to another. The failure intentionally or otherwise to be as careful as per¬ sons in any like particular situation should be is negli¬ gence, and such a thoughtless person is liable in damages. If you see the danger or negligent acts of another and do not use reasonable care in your own protection and are injured, then we have what the law calls contributory negligence, and that bars you, the injured person, from any recovery. Laws Everyone Should Know iOS Where a person is negligently or wrongfully killed, most states provide that damages can be recovered by the personal representative of the deceased person. Seduction is unlawfully persuading a woman by de¬ ception or promise of marriage to commit sexual inter¬ course. A parent may sue for the seduction of his daughter. Slander consists of acts or words falsely uttered, and Libel consists of written or printed false matter pub¬ lished, with malice and of a disparaging character, which are heard, seen, or read by a third party and which are calculated to subject a person to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. The slander or libel may be “privileged,” as when given in discharge of a duty, or part of fair criticism and comment. Truth, as to a civil or tort slander or libel is a complete defense, but not so as to a criminal defamation. Important Facts About Contracts Where one offers orally or in writing to do or not do a legal act for another at a price, money, promise, or act, i. e., a valuable consideration, in exchange or return, and the offer is accepted by word, act, or writing, we have a contract. "When there has been a meeting of the minds, offer and acceptance, completed by word, act, or conduct, and the amount of the money consideration involved is large or the time element long, or it relates to real estate, or sale of personal property, then there should be a written memorandum signed by the parties who are to be bound. For your protection all contracts should be in writing, but as a rule an oral contract can 77r Amcrimn Cilntm Handbook be just as binding, and, too, it is your word of honor An offer must be accepted without modification or con¬ dition. An acceptance differing from the offer may itself be a counter offer which must be accepted "as is" in order ^ to ripen into a contract. Except as to an “option,” which is itself a contract consisting of an offer, acceptance, and valuable consideration to hold an offer open for a certain time, any offer can he re¬ voked at any time before acceptance^ or it lapses if not accepted within a reasonable time, or upon death or insanity of either party before acceptance, A contract requires a consideration, but in most states no proof of consideration is necessary if the word "Seal” appears with the signature. A promise to do the impossible, or that which you are already bound to do, or where A owes B $100, and B offers to accept $y0 as payment in full and A pays the $yo, arc a few examples of trans¬ actions which do not amount to a contract for want of any valuable consideration, A contract may be a nullity because one party is under 21 years of age, in¬ sane, drunk, a married woman in some states, alien, etc., or because the contract is lacking in real mutual con¬ sent, or because there has been a mistake, misrepre¬ sentation, fraud, duress or undue influence, etc. Never Sign 'Without Kcading It is wise never to sign your name to any writing you do not understand; the law has to presume that you knew what you were signing. Read all small printed matter on front and especially on the back of every paper you sign. Look for carbon paper under page you are signing. The mere signing of your name, mark, Laws Everyone Should Know 307 or initials is an act of magic—from it a binding or troublesome contract springs into existence. It is no excuse to sign something and later say that you did not read or understand it. Misrepresentations short of fraud, expressions of opinion, belief, or expectation, as a rule will not afford you any escape. Where there has been a mistake or misrepresentation, broken con¬ dition or warranty, fraud, duress, or something ir¬ regular, then it is wise to consult a lawyer and not attempt to be your own client. Delay in acting promptly is usually fatal—do not sleep, on your rights or accept any benefits under a contract which you feel is questionable or unfair or shady. When Contracts Are Unenforceable A contract may be unenforceable if its object or con¬ sideration is illegal or against public policy, or if you have allowed a valid contract to run unperformed for too long a time, usually 3 or 6 years, or 12 or 15 years if under seal. The latter situation txsually involves a debt which has not been paid in part or had interest paid on it or been acknowledged in writing within a certain statutory period of time. But with an "open account,” as in the case of a doctor’s bill, each new professional service rendered keeps the debt alive. If you consult a doctor or attorney or ask a real estate or other salesman to sell your property, the law implies a promise on your part to pay either for professional services rendered or for the bringing to you of a buyer who is ready, willing and able to buy at your price. If you make a contract as agent for another person you must sign as agent and disclose your principal’s Ml Si rJir Amcruati llandbouk name in order to escape liability on your princi„,i* contract. Certain contracts are often made and klr srsld to another This is called an assignment. Thl original party, the assignor, remains liable unless re leased for a consideration. Refrain from making oral contracts because thev may become too difficult to prove. Your honor may be of the highest, but how many have a word-perfect memory? Never make an offer to two different people relative to buying one type of property, because both may accept and instead of one contract you will be bound by two contracts. If A makes an offer to B by mail, telegram, or phone and B accepts in identical manner, a contract has been created the instant that the acceptance starts back to the offeror. A telegraphs an offer to B and B accepts by mail, but before the letter reaches A, B receives a revocation. There is no contract. H,ad B accepted by telegraph a contract would have been made the instant that B sent his tele¬ gram. If the offer is by letter and the acceptance by letter, then a contract is created the instant the accept¬ ance is mailed. A revocation to be effective must have reached the offeree before he has posted his acceptance. Keep envelopes because their postmark and date may be vital as evidence in proving a contract. A writing except it be under seal is not the contract, but instead it is evidence of the contract. The contract remains in existence even tho the writing be lost, burnt, or stolen. Kinds of Contracts We have contracts of sale where the owner of prop¬ erty, being competent, agrees to transfer title for a 309 Laws Everyone Should Know money consideration. A contract of exchange is where consideration is something other than money. If the amount involved is above a certain figure, there must be a signed written memorandum, or part delivery and acceptance, or part payment, and thus we Iwve deposits or a dollar down to bind the sale, etc. The passing of title does not rest upon delivery or non¬ delivery but is a matter of intention; it is of great im¬ portance in a sales transaction if the property becomes destroyed or damaged. It is wise for the buyer to stipulate that the risk of loss shall remain with the seller until delivery of possession, or in the case of real estate until a deed has been delivered in hand to the buyer. It is also wise for a buye'r to put the seller on notice that he is relying upon every representation the seller is making about the quality or condition of the property. In dealing with an agent the buyer as a rule relies at his own peril upon that agent s authority to sell or bind his principal, and often the buyer finds that he has bound himself to a mere offer which does not become a contract until the principal has counter¬ signed—the agent merely signs to make the buyer think he has entered into a contract; so always read and understand before you sign your name to any paper. A contract of bailment consists of the delivery of personal property to a bailee upon certain contract conditions but title remains in you as the owner and bailor. You deliver your automobile to B for repair, at a price, safe keeping and return, or you may create a gratuitous bailment, or a pledge or pawn as security with power of sale in case of default. The liabiUty of the bailee for negligence depends upon the amount of benefit he is to receive. A rngnikMc amtract, pwmmnry note, check, ot Ml of cxdutn^c transfers its rights to money by delivery and endorsement. An example of a negotiable promis- sory note is: I promise for value received upon demand or within a fixed time to pay a fixed sum of money with or without interest to the order of a payee." If A orders B to pay to the order of C, and B accepts, then it is a bill of exchange. Beware of the contract which reads pay to the order of," because you cannot later escape having to pay this debt if it has passed into the hands of an innocent party. A sells B a radio which is guar¬ anteed to get London, and B gives A a “pay to the order of” paper which A endorses over to C. The radio can not po.ssibIy get London, but B must pay C, altho B can sue A on the warranty. You have set in motion a type of “to the order of” contract upon which C has an absolute right to rely. This “pay to the order of contract with payee’s signature on back passes as currency. When you have one of these contracts rtiade CO you as payee, and this includes a check, do not sign your name on the back until it is paid, or until you iiitcn to negotiate it to another person, because it can e ost or stolen, and cashed. If you write on the back, pay to the order of B, then only B can use it, and to escape liability you should endorse it: “Pay to the order of B without recourse to me”; a check which you have received and are mailing to your bank should be endorsed "For deposit account of” and your name. Laws Everyone SAonld Know 311 Neither a Bortmver Nor a Lcvder Be It may happen that your friend will ask you to sign your name on the back of his note to enable him to borrow money; without realizing it you have become responsible for his debt, if he fails to pay it. Many people, rich and poor alike, have been tricked or ruined by going on someone’s note. Never do it, because if your friend cannot pay his note, he cannot repay you, and all you have may be taken away from you in payment of the note from which you received no benefit. “Neither a lender nor a borrower be”; never endorse another person’s note, or become his surety or guarantor unless you have and keep enough money in your bank to pay, if called upon when this friend defaults. A contract of imurance should be made only with an old line reputable insurance company, and it should be limited to your capacity to pay. You mortgage your future whenever you take out insurance or sign an installment contract or have a home encumbered by « a mortgage. A contract of marriage requires free mutual consent between capable unmarried or divorced parties, but once made it can only be dissolved by a formal proceed¬ ing. Some divorces are valid only in the state where obtained. Each state has its own causes for divorce, rules as to capacity of married woman to contract, liability of husband for torts of his wife, dower and curtesy, conveyances of either spouse, liability of hus¬ band for wife’s contracts and his duty to support his wife and minor children, emancipation of children, 312 The American Citizens Handbook rights of parents to earnings of children, and [in a few states] duty of child to support the parent—all of which are beyond the scope of any general brief out¬ line of the law. Breaches of any contract should be promptly handled by your lawyer, and in fact this advice applies to all legal difficulties. Partnerships, corporations and trusts are very com¬ plicated branches of the law and beyond the scope of an outline of laws everyone should know. Purchasing and Owning Property Dower is a one-third right for life which a wife has in her husband’s real estate; and curtesy is the right for life which the husband has in his wife’s real prop¬ erty, if they have had a child born alive. These rights to use and income only come into full being upon the death of a spouse, but before that time each must sign contract or deed relating to real estate. Dower and curtesy have been abolished in some states. When we purchase land we contract for a fee simple title good of record, but to get the land there must be a conveyance by deed, which must be properly executed, delivered, and recorded. The contract alone does not convey title to the land. If two men buy land they usually take title as tenants in common, so that upon the death of one his share goes to his heirs at law. If they hold title as joint tenants witli right of survivor¬ ship, then upon the death of one, his interest passes to the surviving joint tenant. When husband and wife buy property they usually hold title as tenants by the entirety, so upon the death Laws F.i'erytMic SJiimld Know 313 of one the land passes to the surviving spouse, and also die creditors of one spouse usually cannot attach the land because the whole belongs to both husband and wife. If a man has children by a deccajied wife, mar¬ ries and has children by this latter marriage, then he should not hold title as tenants by the entirety, be¬ cause upon his death his property would pas.s to his widow and upon her death to her children, the chil¬ dren by the prior marriage being disinherited. His surviving wife is protected by her right to dower. Land can be acquired by adverse possession over a period of usually 21 years and an easement can be acquired by adverse use for a .statutory period of time. If your neighbor openly, exclusively, and hostilely uses a strip of your land or walk.s or drives over your land for a sufficient time, he may acquire and claim the land or right to use the land. If you do not pay your taxes your land is sold, and after a certain period of time a tax deed passes to the purcha.ser. A tax title is usually an expensive nuisance which blocks you from ever .selling or borrowing on the land, and often you may lo.se it entirely. When paying taxes be sure that your land is properly described and keep the receipted tax bills. Leases or rent agreements are usually by the month or year. When the term is up it is your duty to give to the owner a thirty days notice In writing on or prior to a rent date of your intention to vacate, for other¬ wise you will continue liable for the rent. The owner must give you the .same m»ticc if he wants you to move. Any landlord and tenant trouble justifies the obtaining of legal advice. 314 The Amerivan Citizens liamlbouk The Importance of Wills Everyone who is of legal age and sound mind should have a will and not depend upon the law in effect writing a will for him after he is dead, because the laws of distribution may change, or he may not prop¬ erly understand what the law of distribution of his estate is in his particular state. By making a will you pass on to your loved ones your life’s accumulations according to your own wishes and their particular needs. A will is made by simply writing or typewriting your wishes on paper, such as “date, place of residence. . . . All I have I give to A”; then call in three people and in their presence as they stand and watch the move¬ ment of your hand, you sign your name, declaring the piece of paper to be your will, and they in turn sign their respective names as witnesses, in your presence, and in the presence of one another. It is important that all of you be together in the same room and that each of you watch each signature being signed, and all of this be done close to where you are, and as one opera¬ tion, at one time. Tell someone where you are leaving the will so that it can be found after you are gone. You are free to destroy, revoke, or change your will at any time before death. Income Tax Law and Workmen’s Compensation At present every single person who earns a yearly gross of $750 and every head of a family or married person who lives with his wife or family, and earns alone or with his wife a yearly gross of $1500, must file a federal income tax return even tho there may be no tax liability. 315 /Mir.s Jiicryiim- ShimlJ Ktrmi' Every man who hires any person in his trade or busi¬ ness, other than farm or domestic help, must pay a Social Security tax and deduct a further tax from the pay of his employee and remit this to the Collector of Internal Revenue. If you employ men to paint your house and one of them has an accident, you arc liable under most Work¬ men’s Compensation laws; therefore, it is safer for you to state the price and terms in the form of a written contract providing for the painter doing the work at the set price as an independent contractor, entirely beyond your control. If you arc an employee and in¬ jured on a job you have a right to compensation; you should report your injury to the local Workmen’s Com¬ pensation Commission or its agent in your locality. Iloiv Ta Hch'ft a Lawyer Write or go to the president of your local or state bar association, your minister, your local private charitable organization, your legal aid society, or the principal of your public .school, and <»btain the names of three lawyers in your city or county, and then select the most successful man who has been mentioned by two or more of the above people or organizations. Always remember th.it timely advice is cheaper than a law suit. A few dollars will often pay for a will, a deed, most contracts, and considerable helpful advice. When you purchase a home, you .should always have the title searched by a local title company and settle for the sale thru your title company or attorney. A real estate tax ceriilicate or letter .should be obtained from the county or city treasurer or tax collector. 316 The Aiiierican Citizens Handbook A lawyer never represents himself, nor does a doctor ever attend any member of his family who is ill, so obviously no layman should attempt to be his own lawyer, no matter how many outlines or books he may have read. The layman should know enough about the law to avoid common errors of conduct in his daily life and to recognize a duty or a right or a situa¬ tion as to which he should promptly seek legal advice. The Comtitntion Is the Basic Law The law which everyone should know, guard, and protect, and which is the very essence of every Ameri¬ can’s life is that which is set forth in our Constitution and especially in its Amendments. Remember that without our efficient and honest courts our whole ex¬ istence would degenerate into a political mess of favor¬ itism, secret police, general fist fights, and chaos. Yes, God bless America because America has laws and courts open to all men whether they be rich or poor, citizens or aliens—irrespective of color or race; so long as our Constitution remains the supreme law of our land. A Primer of Parliamentary Law F. M. GREGG Author of "Handbook of Parliamentary Law" We ATTACH importance to good manners. They enable social life to run smoothly and pleasantly. Good form in the transaction of public business is equally important. Without a common understanding of pro¬ cedure to be followed, there is likely to be confusion .and ill-will. Parliamentary law is a system of procedure. Its four basic principles are: justice and courtesy to all; one thing at a time; the rule of the majority; and the rights of the minority. Procedure for conducting public business goes back at least to the Roman Senate. It came to us by way of the English Parliament. Thomas Jefferson was the pioneer parliamentarian in America. His Manual is still a part of the “Rules of the United States House of Representatives.” A knowledge of par¬ liamentary law is necessary to effective participation in important public affairs. How To Study Parliamentary Law The best way to master the principles of parliamentary law is thru constant practice in clubs and groups. In addition to the practice gained thru the transaction of the usual business, a period may well be provided at various times to give each member experience in pre- [3171 - American Citizen Uamihtmk dmg over a meeting, introducing motions, debating em, re erring matters to a committee, voting and the other common procedures. The table which IS a summary of parliamentary motions discussed in th'* article. Every club should have a good texHn ^ mentary law and it is desirable tliat courses in ^ct be included in highschool and college curriculums' IS pumer is but a simple introduction. You will do -ell to Study observe, and practice to make ylLif ce^u^r Parliamentary forms and pro- Table of Parliamentary Motions I. princii'al Motions 11] Main Motion [2] Rescind (or Repeal) [3] Expunge II. SUasiUlAIlY MOTIONS [ 1 ] Postpone Indefinitely [2] Amend a Question p] Refer to a Coinmittcc 14] Postpone to .i Certain Time [J] Previous Question (Stop Debate) 16] Lay on or Take from the Table III. INCIDENTAI. MO'ntlNS [ 1 ] Suspension of Rules [2] Withdrawal of a Motion or Question Reading of Papers Considering a Question B Order and Appeal [6] Reconsider the Vote on a Question IV. PRIVILEGED MOTION.S [ 3 ] f4] [ 3 ] [1] Call for the Order of the Day [ 2 ] Question of Privilege 13] Take a Recess 1.4] Adjourn (Unqualified) [J] I'ix Time for Re.assemUling 315 Everyone Should Know Conducting a Simple Meeting When a group of people have come together for a common purpose, some member rises and says “The meeting will pkase come to order. Whom will you have for chmrman? Another member myt. nominate Mr So-and-m. Several may be nominated in tins way The leader then says, "Those in favor of Mr. So-and-sci wiU phase r,se and be counted." Thus he goes down the line of candtda^tes and the one getting the most votes is then mtroduced as the chairman. A secretary is elected in nmilar fashion. The chairman either states the object for which 4e meeting was called, or asks someone else to do this. The chairman then asks for a motion that ei- pr^es the general feeling about the matter. Discussion follows and a vote is taken. A motion is made to adjourn- It IS seconded and voted on; and adjournment follows’ Organizing a Society The start is the same as in a simple meeting. The first business, however is a motion to appoint a committee on constitution and bylaws. For groups chartered as a part of ji state or national organization, the charter and rules of the higher authority usually take the place of the con¬ stitution, so that a set of bylaws is generally sufficient. It IS usually desirable to have the constitution or bylaws a ready prepared so that the committee can report them at once. Someone will then say, ‘T move the adoption of the committee’s report.” When this motion is seconded, the chairman says, "It has been moved and seconded tliat we adopt the committee’s report. The secretary will read the first article.” Amendments may be offered to each 320 The American Citizcna Handbook article as it is read, discussed, and voted on. Finally a vote is taken on the adoption o£ the report as a whole Duties of Officers and Members Once a constitution is adopted, the first business is the election of officers. The election must follow the ' method outlined in the constitution or bylaws. Names and duties of officers are also given in the constitution or bylaws. The president as head of the organization is especially responsible for its success. A good president ; never becomes excited, angry, or partial, and does not | enter into debate. He knows the rules of the assembly i and applies them tactfully. He stands when stating mo- j tions and when taking votes. He never refers to himself ! in the first person but says, “The chair declares the ques- ' tion lost,” or "The chair appoints Mr. Smith to the com¬ mittee.” Members have their rights based on complete equality, are expected to behave as ladies and gentlemen, to abide by the rules, and to help the group attain its purposes. Order of Business When the hour for opening a meeting arrives, the president taps the table With his gavel and says, "The meeting will please come to order. The secretary will call the roll.” After roll call, the president says, "We shall now listen to the reading of the minutes of the last meet¬ ing,” The secretary addresses the president, is recognized, and proceeds to read. The president asks, "Are there any corrections to the minutes? If not, they stand approved as read. If corrections are offered, the secretary is asked to make the necessary changes. The next order of business is the calling for reports of committees, and then for un- The American Citizens Handbook 321 finished business. New business is next taken up, and then follows the special program of the club. The meeting is closed by a vote on adjournment. The secretary’s notes follow the outline here given. Conducting Business To introduce a motion or to speak on a question, a member first "obtains the floor.’’ This is done by rising and addressing the president by his proper title. The presi¬ dent recognixes him by saying, “Mr. Smith has the floor.” Business is introduced by making a motion, that is, by stating a proposition for the club to act on. There must always be something definite to disettss before the talk begins. The standard form is, “Mr. President [pausing for recognition], I move that . . . [stating his proposi¬ tion].” Another member [remaining seated] says, “I second the motion,” The motion must then be stated by the president ["It has been moved and seconded that . . .”] after which it becomes a question and re¬ marks are called for by the president. Finally, after dis¬ cussion by the members, the vote is taken and reported to the group by the president. Voting on a Question Voting is a means of finding out the wishes of a ma¬ jority (sometimes two-thirds) of the members on the question before the club. If the vote is by "ayes and noes,” the president may say, "Those in favor say 'Aye.’ ” After pausing, "Those opposed say ‘No.’ ” The approximate number of voices is the basis of the president’s decision, who says, "The question is carried (or lost).” If the vote is uncertain or fairly even, the president or a member 322 The American Citizens Handbook may call for a “division,” in which case those in favor of the question will be asked to stand and be counted; likewise those opposed. It is every member’s duty to vote tho he cannot be compelled to do so. A president may vote when the voting is by ballot, or by “yeas and nays,” and in all other cases' when his vote would change the result. He can tlius make or break a tie or a two-thirds vote. Prhicipal Mo*‘o;;s or Questions Parliamentary motions fall into four groups as shown in the table on page 318. The first group are known as Principal Motions. They serve to bring new business be¬ fore the club and may be made only when no other busi¬ ness is under consideration. They include [1] Main Motions, which bring new propositions before the club, are open to debate, and require a majority vote to carry them; [2] To Rescind; and [3] To Expunge, The last two are little used. Subsidiary Motions or Questions Subsidiary motions arc attached to other questions for one or more of three purposes: To modify them, to delay action on them, or to stop debate on them. It is important to know tlie order of precedence in dealing with Sub¬ sidiary Motions or Questions. Amending Questions One of the most frequently used of Subsidiary Motions is that of Amending. This means that one may add words to the Main Question, or subtract words, or substitute words, or divide the question. Suppose the question to be “that we hold five meetings this year at Mr. Smith’s The American Citizens Handbook 323 house.” A member addresses the president and says, "I move to amend the question by striking out the word 'five’ and inserting the word 'seven.’ ” If a second is heard, the president says, “It has been proposed to amend the question by striking out . . . etc.” When debate is called for, a secondary amendment may be proposed to the primary one, but no more, such as “to strike out the word 'seven’ and substitute tlie word 'nine.’ ” In voting, the secondary amendment is first voted on, then the pri¬ mary one, and finally the original question or the ques¬ tion as amended. Privileged Motions One more look at the table on page 318 will show that there is still a group of five motions, the Privileged Mo¬ tions, so important that they may break in at almost any time. Three of the.se are quite commonly used: [1] To Take a Recess makes all the motions above it in all the lists “stand by,” tho it may not be made when anyone is speaking on a question. It is not debatable but may be amended as to length of time for the recess. [2] To Adjourn is like the motion To Take a Recess but may not be amended. This is true for the simple form only— "I move that we adjourn.” However, if a motion To Ad¬ journ contains additional words, it at once becomes ex¬ actly like a Main Motion and is debatable. [3] To Fix a Time for Reassembling attempts just what it says and takes precedence over all other motions or questions. Incidental Motions Sometimes when there are several matters under con¬ sideration, things get tangled. At such times some Ina- dental Motion is brought in to keep the business traffic 324 The Americm Citizens Handbook moving properly. For the list of such motions, you may again consult die table on page 318. Only two or three of these are much used. Withdrawal of a Motion or Ques- /ioumay be asked for by the maker and, if no one objects, its withdrawal is allowed. If anyone objects, it is neces¬ sary to make a motion to permit its withdrawal. "When there has been a parliamentary mistake, a member may make a Point of Order calling attention to the matter. If a member disagrees with the president’s decision, he may ^'Appeal from the decision of die chair to the judg¬ ment of the assembly,” which may then vote either to sustain or overrule the chair’s decision.* An Appeal is usually debatable. Action by Common Consent The method of getting business accomplished by “common consent” is one .that may well be employed to push business along in cases where there is likely to be general agreement on the matter, or where the group is so small that less formality is required. The chair says, “If there is no objection, such and such will be done.” After pausing for objection, "There is no objection and it is so ordered.” Suppose, for example, that a number of nominations have been made, and someone now moves that nominations come to a close. Instead of taking a vote on such a matter, the chair may say, “If there are no objections, the nominations will be declared closed.” If no objection is made, time is saved and business ex¬ pedited. If objection is made, the chair will then state the motion and take a vote. PART VIII The American Citizens Reading WHEN JOHANN GUTENDEKG in his secret workshop patired the molten metal into the rough matrices he had cut for separate types, the instru¬ ment for the spread of democracy was created. When early Cavaliers and Puritans planted the crude beginnings of free public schools, the forces of democracy xverc multiplied. When in 1876 the first meager beginnings of the public library movement were evolved, democracy was for all time assured. The world was old when typog¬ raphy was invented. Less than five centuries have passed since then, and in this interval—but a brief period in the long history of htiman en¬ deavor—there has been more enlargement of opportunity for the average man and woman than in all the time that went before. Without the instrumentality of the printed page, without the reproductive processes that give to all the world in myriad tongues the thought of all the centuries, slavery, serfdom, and feudalism would still shackle the millions not so fortunate as to be born to purple and ermine and fine linen. The evolution of the book is therefore the history of the unfoldment of human rights,—Henry E, Legler, formerly Librarian of the Chicago Pub¬ lic Library. C 32J ] Building Your Home Library JOY ELMER MORGAN Editor, Journal of the National Edveation Association Every HOME should have a carefully selected library suited to the needs and aspirations of its mem¬ bers. That is a duty we owe to ourselves and our chil¬ dren. The food we put into our minds is as important as the food we put into our bodies. One percent of the family income is not too much to spend to nourish its intellectual life. Among books and periodicals which may well be included in the home library are: [1 ] A clear type edition of the Bible with a section for the family record. Consult your pastor for suggestions. [2] The American Citizens Handbook. A book of, by, and for the people which belongs in every home. Tell your friends about it. National Education Association, 'Washington, D. C., 41 Sp. $1. [}] A reliable dictionary and a good atlas. Consult any librarian or teacher for suggestions, [4] Dr. Copeland’s Home Medical Book by Royal S. Copeland will save many times its cost by the knowledge it gives about the human body and the various ailments that afflict it. Published by John C. Winston Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1934, 582p. $2,9$. For a simple booklet on first aid there is the pamphlet by the United States Public Health Service entitled Until the Doctor Comes, which may be obtained from the Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1941, 60p. 10 cents. [ 526 ] The American Citizens Reading 327 [5] Tlic most famous and dependable of the innumerable cook¬ books is The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book by F. M. Farmer, published by Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1936, $2.50. An inexpensive cookbook, Aunt Sammy's Radio Recipes, may be purchased from the Government Printing Office, Washing¬ ton, D. C., 15 cents. [6] Bamiliitr Quotations: Passages, Phrases, and Proverbs Traced to Their Sources, compiled by John Bartlett, is a valuable key to the world’s most famous sayings. Blue Ribbon Books, New York City, 1454p. $L69' [7] For reading aloud, Burton E. Stevenson’s Home Book of Verse is a veritable treasure chest. It contains as much as a dozen ordinary books and is worth more than its cost to anyone who can afford it. Henry Holt and Company, New York City, 2 volumes, 4009p. $15. [8] The gardener in the family will appreciate The Garden Ency¬ clopedia edited by E. L. D. Seymour. William H. Wise and Com¬ pany, New York, 1400 pages, 750 illustrations, $4. [9] The American Observer is an excellent weekly discussion of national and international affairs. This paper does not contain ad¬ vertising. Civic liducation Service, Washington, D. C., yearly sub¬ scription $2. [10] The favorite general reader of adult America is The Reader’s Digest, published monthly at Plcasantville, New York, yearly sub¬ scription $3. [11] For information and prices about consumers’ goods, mem¬ bership in the Consumers Union, 17 Union Square, New York City, will repay itself many times over in wise purchasing. The yearly subscription of $3.50 includes the monthly Reports and the invalu¬ able Buying Guide issued each year. How To Bny Books These books arc but a beginning. Books are like win¬ dows opening into an illimitable world of literature, history, biography, fiction, travel, science, and philos¬ ophy. Book.s wisely used inspire and guide youth, are 328 The American CUhtun Hauilhonk a joy thruout life, and a comfort for the sunset years. The ones we like best should be owned and kept at hand. Others may be borrowed from the library. Valuable buying and reading lists are available in the following Personal Grotntb Leafiefs published by the National Education Association [sec page S8 of this Handbook for leaflet prices]: [202] Books Everyone .Should Know [206] American History in Fiction [221] Newbery Medal Books for Children [222] Books Every Child Should Know [226] Sixty Children’s Books of 1940-41 [233] Fiction for Junior Highschonl Students [237] Fiction for Highschool Students [2J1] Rciidable Books of 1940 Books may be had from local bookstores. They may be purchased directly from the publishers. Or perhaps most conveniently of all they may be ordered thru the Consumers’ Book Cooperative, Inc., 27 Coenties Slip, New York City, Life membership in this cooperative organization Is $2. Members receive monthly the book club’s periodical entitled The Reader’s Observer which gives important information about books and how to buy them. Con.sumers’ Book Cooperative will supply books of all publishers postpaid at list prices. Anyone who can spend $100 a year or more for books may well buy Living with Books: The Art of Book Selec¬ tion by Helen E. Haines, published by Columbia Uni¬ versity Press, New York City, 1935, 505p. $4. HOW TO SECURE U. S. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS A LIMITED NUMBER, of publications of the United States govern¬ ment are free and may be requested from the agency which publishes them. All vtaterial for which a charge is made should be ordered from the Superintendetif of Documents, Wasfjington, D. C. Send coin, money, or check. Do not send stamps. Postage is not required for shipment within the United States and Territories and to certain foreign countries. The Superintendent of Documents is the s.tlcs office for all federal eovernincnt publications and is located in the Government Printing Office largest and most completely equipped printing establishment in the'world. Receipts from the sale of over SS.OOO different govern¬ ment publications arc about $600,000 a year. Some publications become national "best sellers”—^for example the pamphlet on infant Care prepared by the Children’s Bureau, of which almost 2 million copies have been sold. Free pricelists of government publications may be secured from the Superintendent of Documents. There are some 50 pricelists, including! 1 ^ 0 . 10 _ Lams —Federal statutes and laws on various subjects. iqg, 11 _ Foods and Cooking —Home economics, household recipes. 19 —Army and Wlilia —Manuals, aviation, pensions. 31 ._ education —^Agricultural and vocational education. No. 33 _ Labor —C^hild labor, women workers, wages, workmen’s insurance. No. 35— Gcograjdiy and Explorations —National parks, etc. No. 38— Animal industry —Domestic animals, dairy industry. No. 50— American History and Biography. No, 53— Maps —Government maps and directions for obtaining them. No. 68— Farm Management —^Farm accounts, marketing, farm homes, etc. No. 72 -—Vublications of interest to suburbanites and home builders. No. 73— Handy Books —Books for ready reference on many topics. The United States Department of Agriculture publishes the Farmers’ Bulletins and Leaflets and other material, much of which is free, on farm and home topics. A copy of its List of Available Fnblications will be sent on request. [ 329 ] The AmcriezLn Guide Series foR the past few years the "Work Projects Adminis' tration of the federal government has operated a pro¬ gram for unemployed writers and clerical workers, num¬ bering from a peak of approximately 6000 to the recent level of about 2000. Their chief task has been the preparation of guidebooks to states, territories, major highways, cities, and regions of the United States. Each book is sponsored by a state or local organization. These well-bound, illustrated guides for travellers and "arm¬ chair” sightseers will promote their love and knowledge of America as a whole. A complete list of WPA Writ¬ ers’ Program publications may be obtained from the headquarters of the WPA, 1734 New York Avenue Northwest, Washington, D. C. State and territorial guides now in print are: Alabama State Guide. Richard R. Smith Co. N.Y. 1941, 442p. $2.75 A Guide to Alaska, Last American Frontier. Macmillan, N.Y. 1939, 427p. $3 Arizona; A Gj»c/e. Hastings House, N.Y. 1940, 530p. $2.30 Arkansas State Guide, Plaseings House, N.Y. 1941, 447p. $2.50 California: A Guide to the Golden State. Hastings House, N.Y. 1939, 713p. $3 Colorado State Guide. Hastings House, N.Y. 1941, 511p. $2.50 Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore, and People. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston, 1938, 593p. $3 Delaware: A Guide to the First State. Viking, N.Y. 1938, 549p. $2.50 [District of Columbia] Washinalon, D. C., A Guide to the Nation’s Capital. Wilfred l-’unk, Inc., N.Y. 1941, $3 ' ''N [ 330 ] 331 The American CUisens Reading al rida- A Guide to the Southernmost State. Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y. 1939, 600p. $2.SO r Tiiia’ A Guide to Its Town and Countryside. University of Georgia Press, Athens. 1940, SS9p. $2.50 Idaho' A Guide in Word and Picture. Caxton Printers, Caldwell, 1937, 431p. SJ'30 Jiliuois; A Descrijifire and Historical Guide. A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. 1939, fi87p. $3 Indiana State Guide. Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y. 1941, 548p. $2.7J Iowa; A Guide to the llawkeye Slate. Viking, N.Y. 1938, S83p. $2.50 Kansas: A Guide to the Sunflower Slate. Viking, N.Y. 1938, 583p. $2.50 Kentucky: A Guide to the Bliicgrass State. Marcourt, N.Y. 1939, 489p. $2.50 iMuisiana State Guide. Hasting.'! House, N.Y. 1941, 746p. $3. Maine; A Guide Down Hast. Houghton, Boston. 1937, 476p. $3 Maryland; A Guide to the Old line State. Oxford University Press, N.Y. 1940, Sfilp. $2.75 Massachusetts; A Guide to Its Places and People. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 1937, (i75p. $5 Michigan State Guide. Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y. 1941, 682p. $2.75 Minnesota; A State Guide, Viking Press N.Y. 1938, 523p. $2.50 Mississipln: A Guide to the Magnolia State. Viking, N.Y. 1938, $4Sp. $2.50 Missouri State Guide. Duell. Hh>.m & Pearce, N.Y. 1941, 6$2p. $2.75 Montana: A State Guide Book. Viking, N.Y. 1939, 429p. $2.50 Nebraska; A Guide to tlw Goruhiiskcr State. Viking Press, N.Y. 1939, 424p. $2.50 Nevada Slate Guide. Binfords & Mort, Portland, Ore. 1940, 315p. $2.50 New Hampshire: A Guide to the Granite State. Houghton Miffltn Co.. Boston. 1938. 5 59p. $3 New Jersey: A Guide to Its Present and Past. Viking. 1939, 735p. $2.50 New Mexico State Guide. Hastings House, N.Y. 1940, 458p. $2.50 332 The Aincriciitt Cithern llotitibtmk New York State Guide, Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y, 1940, 782p. $3 North Carolina: A Guide to tlx Old North State. Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1939, 60Ip. $2,10 North Dakota: A Guide to the Northern Vrairie State. Knight Print¬ ing Co., Fargo. 1938, 371p. $1.21 Ohio State Guide. Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y. 1940, 729p. $2.75 Okla/.mia State Guide. Univ. of Okla. Press, 1941, $2.50 Oregon; End of the Trail. Binfords & Mort, Portland, 1940, 549p. $2,50 Penmylvania State Guide. Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y. 1940, 660p. $3 Puerto Rico Guide. Univ. Society, N.Y. 1940, 448 p. $2.75 Rhode Island: A Guide to the Smallest State, Houghton Mifflin Co„ Boston, 1937, 500p. $3 South Carolina State Guide, Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y. 1941, 5l4p. $2.75 A South Dakota Guide. State Pub. Co., Pierre, 1938, 441p, $2 Tennessee: A Guide to the State. Viking, N.Y. 1939, 558p. $2.50 Texas State Guide. Hastings House, N.Y, 1940, 718p. $3 Utah State Guide. Hastings House, N.Y, 1941, 59531 . $2.50 Vermont: A Guide to the Greets Mountain State, Houghton, Boston, 1937, 392p. $3 Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion. Oxford U. Press, 1940, 699p. $3 Washington State Guide. Binfords & Mort, Portland, Oregon. 1941. $3 West Virginia State Guide. Oxford Univ. Press, 1941, 559p. $2.75 Wisconsin State Guide, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, N.Y. 1941, 651p. $2.75 Wyoming State Guide, Oxford Univ. Press, N.Y. 1941,490p. $2.75 Kmmcm History in Fiction GUNNAR HORN lii’nw/i Ilijihschnol, Omaha, Nehraska To understand history as something real, something that happened to people not much different from our¬ selves, there is no better way than to read historical fic¬ tion, for the novelist helps us to understand the elements of human character which make history. Sixty novels devoted to American history are suggested here. For those desiring a shorter list, twenty-five books have been marked by asterisks. The list is tentative and will be revised if those who use it can suggest improvements. Give copies of this list to your students and friends to encourage reading as a lifelong enterpriiie in selfdevelop- ment. Most of the books listed may be had postpaid at prices indicated from Consumers’ Book Cooperative, Inc., 27 Coenties Slip, New York City, A few of the books are out of print but are available in libraries. Discovery and Exploration 1000-1607 Cooke, John E, My Lan Head. Farrar. 1941. 524p. $2.75. A story based on the actu.»l adventures of a young surgeon who came to arolina from England by way of llarbados. Roberts. Kenneth. Oliter Whnell. Doubleday. 1940. 836p. $3. The story of the American Revolution as seen by a colonist who was loyal to the Crown. Thompson. Daniel P. The Green Mountain Boys. Nelson. 1938. 48$p. $1. Under the leadership of Ethan Allen, the "Green Mountain Boys’’ protected Vermont against the British. An exciting event is the capture of Port Tic(»ndcroga. Thompson. Maurice. Alice of Old Vincennes. Grosser. 1908. 41 jp 7 j^, i.ife in the Northwest and the work of George Rogers Clark during the Revolution. The Vcth'ral RvhiibUc 1789-1829 * Cable. George W. The Grandhsimes. .Scribner, 1908. 448p. $2.50. A long feud Ijctwcen two Creole families in New Orleans in 1803, the year the I.imisiana territory Iwcame a part of the United States. Johnston. Mary. Lcuis Rnnd. Houghton. 1924. 510p. $2. This book depicts the turbulent life of Virginia during the days of Jef¬ ferson and the trial of Aaron Burr. Nicholson, Meredith. The Cavnlkr of Tennessee. Gros^t. 1939. 402p. $1. A story of Andrew Jackson in the early days of Tennessee. Skinner, Constance I.. The White leader. Macmillan, 1926. 219p. $1,75. A vivid picture of tlio days when General Wilkinson intrigued to join Tennessee to I.ouisiana under .Spanish rule. Stackpole, E. A. Vrit afeer Ahiyl Morrow. 1937. 310p. $2. A story of the War of 1812 and the part played in it by Thad Jenkins and a company of Qu,ikers. 336 The American CUizetn llandbouk. Growth of Sectionalism 1829-1861 Brown, Katharine H. The Father. Grosser. 1929. 368p. $1, A New England Abolitionist and his daughter move to Ohio where the father’s editorials attract the attention of Lincoln. Edmonds, Walter. Koine Haul. Modern Library. 1938. 347p. 95^. The story of a young farmer turned boatman in the heyday of the Erie canal. * Eggleston, Edward. The Hoosier Schoolmaster. Grosser. 1913. 28 Ip. A good picture of the lawless and homely life of a crude backwoods settlement in Indiana about 1850. Fairbank, Janet A. Bright Ijtnd, Houghton. 1932. 525p. $2.50. A New Hampshire girl runs away from home to go West. She settles in Galena, Illinois. "■Garland, Hamlin. Trailmakers of the Middle Border. Grosser. 1930. 426p. $1. The experiences of a Maine family who migrate to Wisconsin. Hough, Emerson. The Coeered Wafio/i, Grosser. 1938. 378p. $1. This is the classic account of the Oregon Trail in ’48. Unbridged rivers, Indian attacks, and prairie fires arc incidents. Jones, Nard. Swift Flows the River. Dodd. 1940. 449p. $2.50. Pioneer days on the Gtlumbia River form the background for this story of Caleb Paige who wanted to become a riverboat captain. Quick, Herbert. Vandemark's Folly. Grosser. 1939. 420p. $1. A chronicle of pioneering along the Eric Canal westward to Iowa. Quick is more cheerful than Garland, but a realist, too. Roberts, Elizabeth M. The Great Meadow. Viking. 1930. 338p. $2.50. A story of Virginians who pioneer in the wilds of Kentucky where they suffer Indian attacks and other hardships. Stewart, George R. East of the Giants. Holt. 1938. 478p. $2.50. The daughter of a New England sea captain elopes with a Spanish ranch owner in California. Civil War and Reconstruction 1861-1875 Bachcllcr, Irving. A Man for the Ages. Grosser. 1935. 416p. $1. A good fictional account of the period, with Lincoln as the central figure. The American CUizem Readitif> 337 * Crane, Stephen. Red Iiadf>c of Couraj^e. Appleton. 1926. 242p. $1 The battle of Chancellursvillc, and the psychology of a soldier in action. »De Forest. John W. M/h Raieneh Cwncrmu. Harper. 1939. 4660 pv'hlishcd in 1867, this story presents an objec¬ tive and realistic account of life in both North and South and at the battle front. Mitchell, Margaret, done ii Uh the XPind. Macmillan. 1939. 1037p. S2 A detailed picture of Stiuthern life, this book is almost epic in its account of life in Georgia during and after the Civil War. Page, Thomas N. Red R»,k. Scribner. 1938. 5«6p. S2.7S. A story dcaling' with the war and after, carpetbagging, and Ku Klux Klan raids. National Exfiattsion Ili7S-19l4 » Aldrich, Hess .Streeter. A Unlern in Her Hand. Applcton-Ccn- tury. 1928. 3Cl6p. U. The story of a pioneer wife and mother on one of the first Nebraska farms. Ferber, Edna. Cimarnm. CJrossci. 1930. 398p. 7Jd. The Oklahoma land rush of 1889 and the life of picturesque Yancey C;rav.it and his aristocratic svife, Sabra. Ford, Paul I.. The Uwuirahle Peter Hlhlin^. Grosset. 193tt. 43-lp. $1. A novel of political life, based somewhat on the career of Grover Cleveland. » Howells, William Dean. The Khe nf HHa> f apham. I loiighton. 1937. 381p. The story of a selfniade man and his family. He loses his money without losing either his sturdiness or his char¬ acter. Jackson, Helen Hunt. Kurwow. (irosset. 1940. 432p. SOd The love story of gentle Ramona and the mission Indian, Allcsandro, this is also a story of Anwrican injustiee in old California. Norris, Frank. The Pit. Modern Library. 1934. 403p. 91^. Set in Chicago, this story is devoted to the development of big business at the close of the 19th century. *Rolvaag, 0. F.. (tiaati in the F^rth. Blue Ribbon. 1937, 465p. 98^. A heroic talc of Norwegian wiilers on the plains of Sttuih Dakota. 338 Tf-vc American dtizcm Handbook Tarkington, lUwth. The hU^nipcent Ambcnons. Grosset. 1937. S16p. $1. This novel presents a picture of .social and industrial changes in a typical midwestern city. Wharton, lidith. TIk Aj{e of Innnccmc. Applcton-Century. 1938. 3^5p. $2.30. A story of aristocratic life in New York in the ’70’.s, prc,scnting a vivid picture of a now vanished world. ■'■Wister, Owen. The Virj^iman. (Jrosset, 1938. $1. .Set in Wyo¬ ming between 1874 and 1890, this story of a courageous and honest cowboy shows the transition of the region from cow country to farming country. The World War 1914-19IS Gather, Willa. One of Ours. Knopf. 1922. 439p. $2.JO. A baffled young farmer who develops his real character at the front in France. Fisher, Dorothy Canfield. The Dccfienin}; Slrcam. Modern Library. 1938. 393p. 9J^. The effect of the war upon a young American couple who serve in France. '*■ Nordhoff, C. B., and Hall, J*inics Norman. Valcnns of France, Little. 1929. 332p. ,$2.SO. Scouting expeditions and bombing raids by daredevil pilot.s, wrecked planes, imprisonment, and an escape by a young American. Rinehart, Mary Roberts. Amazing Jnfcrlmlc, Gros.ser. 1918. 7J(i. An American girl goes to Belgium and establishes a .soup kitchen behind the lines. Sinclair, Upton. World’s F.nil. Viking. 1940. 740p. $3. A young American is drawn into the European intrigues of the armament makers in the years 1913-1919. Post War and Present Day America * Barnes, Margaret Ayer. Within This Present, Houghton. 1933. Clip. $2.JO. The chronicle of a prosperous Chicago family, cover¬ ing the years 1914-1919 and 1928-1933. Fairbank, Janet A. The Lion's Den. Grosset. 1932. 374p. 7J{i. The struggles of a young Congressman to resist the questionable methods of practical politics in the nation’s capital. 339 The Amerkait Citizens Readme uj, Dorothy Canfield. Scasnned Timber. Harcourc. 1939. 48Sp. 2 50 A struggle between the principles of democracy and dictator¬ ship. set in rur.il Vermont. Lewis, Sinchiir. Uabhitt. Harcourt. 1939. 4l)lp. $1.29. A satire the American businessman. A picture of middle-class life in a typical American city. e-.ntivana. Gcorec. The l4%f Vuritan. Scribner. 1936. 602p. $2.75. The nuturc and tlumghl-provohing .story of a New England Puri¬ tan in a modern world. Ihr Vnrthcr Reading on American History For tliosc interested in pursuins further any of the period.s sug¬ gested in the preceding pages, almost any public library will have a number of bibliographies of both fiction and nonfiction devoted to American history. Several of these that may prove useful arc: BackmiinJ Readinp (or Amcrkaii Uhtary, compiled by Jean C. Roos. H. ^V. Wilson Company. New York. 1939. 59p. By Way of I>HruJui tii»i. American I.ibrary Association. Chicago. 1938. 128p. 6$^ Uhtorkal Vklhtt, compiled by Hannah I.ogasa. McKinley. Phila¬ delphia. 1941. 193p. $2. An Animtahd »*/ Amerkan Uhtrmcal IktUm, com¬ piled hy N. J. Tides,sen. Kansas State Teachers College. Emporia. 1938. 65p. 2tlV. I-'of bwih arc mure than bmtks, they are the life, the i-erv heart and t ore of a^es patt, Ujc reams why nsess litcJ and uttrked and died, Hk t'ssiiifi' and qusistcsscnce of tixir l/n-s.—.^MY row in.. 3^0 77»c Amerntn Cilizrm Hatitlbonk ON THli USliS Ol- BOOKS ANO RI-ADING Buy books as you buy food; insist on abundance, variety, and quality. Allow as much time and money to nourish your mind as you do your body. Build your library .as carefully as you do your finan¬ cial estate; both arc essential to security, happiness, and long life. Read mostly what you enjoy, but include some books that are difficult and even unpleasant—try to under¬ stand your world as it is. In your reading make a fair division of time between the great btK>ks of the ages; the best books of your own day; and the books and periodicals of the moment. Select some one field that interests you most and make a special collection of books therein, such as biography, drama, poetry, essays, art. THE COMMON MIND Mind is man’s most distinctive characteristic; it lifts him above the beasts. Civilization which requires the cooperation of many people is sustained by the common mind. We understand each other and are happy in our companionships because we have had the same experi¬ ences, read the same books, developed similar tastes. The more specialized we become in our vocations, the more important that our schooling, our companionships, and our home education shall foster a rich and adventure¬ some cultivation of the mind. Otherwise we shall have too little in common to live together and shall know too little to govern ourselves. An overspecialized civili¬ zation always crumbles in the end and ours is highly specialized. There is need that we should exalt and culti¬ vate the common mind. PART IX Facts for Every Citizen The NATioNAi, ARci-iivEs nuii.DiNC, 'Washington, D, C., is a special repository for the more valuable and rare docu¬ ments of the United States Government and a reference library where students are permitted to consult such docu¬ ments. Since the beginning of the nation, the problem of conserving public documents has been great. In JSiO Con¬ gress appropriated $20,000 for a fireproof depository and then ignored the subject for more than a ceniHry, Valuable papers were burned in 1X14 wisest the liritish invaded Wash¬ ington. In IX}), 1X77, and on other occasions, national rec¬ ords were threatened by fire. Valuable documents were mutilated by stamp and autograph collectors. They were stored in out-of-the-way places inaccessible to students. Not until I92(t did Congress appropriate funds for the National Archives Huilding, pictured on the following page, ■which was completed in 1931. Its monumental and imposing architecture is suited to the purpose of the Archives, which is staled on a wall inscrip¬ tion to be: This building holds in trust the records of our national life and symbolizes our faith in the permanency of our national institutions. PSfU), UoUtHOl Jnhhe, L3^1 ] Facts for Every Citizen aim of this section of the Handbook is to make available for convenient reference facts which are useful in planning and managing one’s life, home, or farm. It is expected that this section will be enlarged in future editions of this book. The reader is invited to suggest material which he would like to see included. The con¬ tents of this section are: Population of the United States 1790 to 1940... . Population and Otlier Facts About the States. Presidents of the United States. Milestones in American History.. • ■ The Nation’s Calendar . American Lducation Week. Our National Resources . Our National Parks . Postage Rates ... Weights and Mc.isures . How Interest Rates Arc Calculated . How Insurance Rates Arc Calculated. Home Budget Plan for Year. Organizations Interested in Citizenship. 344 344 346 347 349 310 311 312 313 311 317 31S 319 360 I 343 ] POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 179 0 TO 1940 Incrtase over Preteding Census Census Year Population Number Percent 1940. ...131,669.275. .. 8,894,229. 7.2 1930. . ..122,775.046...... ..17,064,426.... ....16.1 1920. . ..105,710,620. ..13,7.18,.354.... -...14.9 1910. ... 91.972.266. ..15,977,691.... ....21.0 1900. ... 75,994,575..... ..1.1,046,861.... ....20.7 1890. ... 62,947,714. ..12.791,9.11.... ....2S.S 1880. ... 50,155,78.3..... .. 10,3.17,.1.14.... ....26.0 1870. ... .39,818,449. .. 8,.175,128.... ....26.6 1860. ... .31,44.3,321. .. 8,251,445.... ....35.6 18S0. ... 23,191,876. .. 6,122,423.... 1840. ... 17,069,453. 4.20.1,43.1.... ....32.7 1830. ... 12,866,020. .. 3.227,567.... ... 33.5 1820. ... 9,638.453..... .. 2..198,572.... ....33.1 1810. ... 7,2.39,881. .. 1,9.11,.198.... ....36,4 1800. ... 5,.308,483. .. 1.379,269..,. 1790. ... .3,929,214. . . - .... — POPULATION AND OTHER FACTS ABOUT THE STATES tldmil- Number State Area ied Represen- Population St- -Year-Olds [OY. OTi.j fo Union tatives um] 1 l!W] Alttbamu. . 51,998. .1819.. . 9.. 2,8.12,961.. 51,759 Arizona. , 113,956. .1912.. 499,261.. 7,561 Arkansas. . S3,.1.15. .18.16.. . 6.. 1,949,.187.. 35,646 California. . 158,297. .1850., . 2.1.. 6,907,.187.. 94,941 Colorado. . 103,948. .1876., . 4.. 1,123,296.. 17,897 Connecticut.... 4,965. ,1788., . 6.. 1,709,242.. 26,729 Delaware. 2,370. ,1787., . 1.. 266,505.. 4,147 Florida. 58,666. .1845., . 6.. 1,897,414.. 27,754 Georgia. . 59,265. .1788., . 10., 3,123,723.. 58,291 Idaho. . 83,888. .1890. . 2.. 524,873.. 7,877 Illinois. . 56,605. .1818. . 26.. 7,897,241.. 136,597 Indiana. . 36,.154. .1816. . 11.. 3,427,796.. 54,997 Iowa. . 56,147, .1846. . 8.. 2,538,268.. 41,634 Kansas. 82,158, .1861. . 6 . 1,801,028.. 33,411 Kentucky. . 40,598, .1792. . 9.. 2,845,627.. 46,907 [ 344 ] POPULATION AND OTHKR 1-ACTS—Cwi//nw«'**•« I J-H i PRESIDKNTS Ol- THE UNITED STATES ,Vo. jVdtnr tics T)ati rt/ Inaugu- rated Dale qf Death 1 George . . F Va. I'Vh 22. 17.32 1789 Dec 14,1799 2 Jfuhn Ailama. F Stass. Oct .1(1. 1735 1797 July 4,1826 3 ThornA!! JcflcrMin,.... . UD Va. Apr 1,1, I7^3 1801 July 4, 1826 4 Jamei Mailitton. ...... RD Va. Mar 16. 1751 1809 June 28, 1836 5 Jamea MnnrtK. KD Va. .Apr 28. 17.«8 1817 July 4, 1831 (i John Qiiinc)* Ailaina.. . RD July II, 1767 1825 Feb 23, 1848 7 Andrew Jackann. n .s. c. Mar 15, l7f.7 1829 June 8,1845 8 Marlin Van Mnreii. 11 S. Y. lire 5, 1782 18.37 July 24, 1862 9 Win. Henry llarrisnii. . W Va. Kcl. 9, 1773 1841 Apr 4,1841 10 Jnim Tyler. D Va. Mar 29, I7W 1841 Jan 17,1862 11 James Knia Polk. n N. C. Snv 2. 1795 1845 June 15, 1849 12 Zachary 2'aylnr. w Va. Nov 24. 1784 1849 July 9, IBSO 13 Millard Fillmore. w N. Jan 7, IHfH) 18.50 Mar 8,1874 14 I«'r.ink1in Pierce... n N. H Nnv 2.1. 1804 1853 Oct 8.1869 15 Jnmea Uucliannii. . 11 Pa. Apr 23. 1791 1857 June 1,1868 Ifi Alirnliain I.iiiciiln. R Ky. Frli 12, ISIW 1861 Apr 15, 1865 17 Andrew Jo1iii«on.«.... . I) N. C. IVf 29, IHOS 1865 July 31,1875 18 CJlynscs S, (.rant. . R flliiii Apr 27, 1822 1869 July 23, 1885 19 Uiitlicrrnrd H. Hayea . . K Cthiu Ort 4, 1822 1877 Jan 17, 1893 20 Jumes As Gurtiekl.... . U Ohiii Nov 19, 1831 1881 Sept 19, 1881 21 cheater A. Ardiiir,... . U Vt. net 5, 18.1(1 1881 Nov 18,1886 22 Cirover Cleveland. . 11 N.J. Mar 18, 1837 1885 June 24, 1908 23 licnj.'tniin Ilarrisoii... . R i lUio Ang 211, 18.33 1889 Mar 13.1901 24 (irovcr Cleveland..... . 13 N.J. Mar 18, 18.37 1893 June 24,1908 25 Williain McKinley.... . It Ohio Jan 28, 1843 1897 .Sept 14, 1901 26 Theodore Roosevelt... . R N. Y, Oit 27,1858 1901 Jan 6, 1919 27 William Howard I'aft. . It Ohio .Sept 15, 1857 1909 Mar 8,1930 28 Woodrow Wilson. . I> V«. Dec 28, 1856 1913 Feb 3,1924 29 Warren G. Harding... . R Ohio Nov 2, 1865 1921 Aug 2,1923 30 Calvin Cootidge. . K Vt. July 4.1872 1923 Jan 5,1933 31 Herbert C, Hoover.., . It Iowa Aug 10, 1874 1929 32 Franklin D, Roosevelt. . 1) N. Y. Jan .30, 1882 1933 1'—FcdernlUt D—Deinocmt KD—^Republican-Democrat R—Republican W—Whig [ 346 ] milestones IN AMERICAN HISTORY 492—Christopher Columbus UiscovereJ America October 12. 51 }—Ponce dc Leon discovered Florida; Balboa, the Pacific Ocean. J, 07 -jamestown. Virginia, settled under Captain John Smith. i« 09 —Manhattan Island discovered by Henry Hudson; Lake Cham- plain by Samuel Champlain. 1619-Represcntativc legislature of Virginia met at Jamestown. 1«10—Mayflower Comp-act signed by Pilgrim Fathers November 11 . 1624 -Manhattan Island purchased from the Indians by Peter Minuit. _^Harvard College oj>cncd in Massachusetts, the first in U. S. U47-The Massachusetts Law of 1647 asserted the right of the state to require communities to maintain public schools. 1751-The trial of Peter Zenger. editor, New York Weekly Journal, established the right to tell the truth in print. l773_The “Boston Tea Party" protc.stcd the English tax on tea. 1774- Fitst Continental Congress convened at Philadelphia. 1775— The beginning of the Revolutionary War. 1774 —Declaration of Independence .signed July 4 at Philadelphia. 1777- Thc "Stars and .Stripes" adopted by Continental Congress as the national flag, on June 14 . now observed as Hag Day. 1778— Benjamin Franklin negotiated treaty with Franco rccogmz- ing American independence. 1781-Thc British general. C-urnwallis. surrendered at Yorktown. 1783—peace treaty signed iKiwcen United Sta«.s and Great Britain. 1785—Ordinance of 1785 marked lieginnings of national aid for edu¬ cation by reserving one section in every township for schools. J7J7_^u. S. Constitution ratified September 17 at Philadelphia. 1789_Washingtoii inaugurated President April JO, New York City; and first Congress under the Constitution convened. 1789 -Thc United States .Supreme Court created in September. 1793-Corncrstone of the U. S. Capitol laid at Washington, D. C. 1800 —U. S. Congress met for first time in Wasliington, D. . 1803-Louisiana Purchase made from France for II million dollars. 1812 —War between U. S. and Great Britain; peace signed in 1814 . 1821 -First public highschool in the United States established. 1823 -Monroc Doctrine forbade European intervention in America. 1825 —Eric Canal completed, linking East and West. I J \niA%sroNp.s—c:iniiiuiifj 1833—Obcrtin Calle]{e faundcd, the first coeducational college. 1831—Treaty signed with Mexico rccugnixing independence of Texas, 1837—State Board of Kducation created in Massachusetts, with Horace Mann at secretary; had a nationwide influence. 1839—I'irst state normal school in America opened at Massachusetts. 1842— ^First child labor law in U. S. enacted in Massachusetts. 18 52—Compulsory school attendance law followed child labor law. 18 57—National Education Association organized at Philadelphia. 1860— First pony-express linked Missouri with California. 1861— ^Formation of .Southern Confederacy marked start of Civil War. 1863—^President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves, 1865—^Surrender of Lee at Appomattox marked end of Civil War. 1867— Alaska purchased from Russia for 7 million dollars, 1868— Hampton Institute established as first Negro college. 1873—First public-school kindergarten ojKned at St. Louis. 1890—First International American Conference held in Washington, 1892—University of Wisconsin made courses available to all the people of the state thru extension work. 1897—^National Congress of Parents and Teachers organized. 1898^—^Wac between U. S, and Spain; peace signed December 10. 1904—^Panama Canal construction begun; completed in 1914. 19H—EWorld War began; United States entered in 1917. 1918—World War ended Armistice Day, November 11. 1920—Woman Suffrage secured by the Nineteenth Amendment. 1927—Charles A. Lindbergh flew from New York to Paris. 1930—^White House Conference drew up the "Children’s Charter." 193')—^U. S. granted independence to the Philippine Islands, effective about 1945. 1935—Federal Social Security Act passed to promote security of citizens by government aid. 1940— Selective Service Act signed by President Roosevelt. 1941— ^President Roosevelt elected for a third term. 1941—^Atlantic Declaration formulated international policy. [ 348 ] TIIK NAT 1 < 1 N*S CAM NDAR [Legal wr Tublic H«tl«l*y', Arc Starredj tanuary * 1—^New YcarS Day. 3—Congress convener j7_^Benjamin I-rankliiiS Inrllulay. 19_Robert K. Lee's bin Inlay, 20—Inauguration Day, Kscry f«Hit election. jears after Prcsiikntia) FEBRUARY * 12—Abraham Lincoln's birihdat’. i;—Susan B. Anthony's birthday. «■ 22—George Washington's birifnlav. APRIL 6 —^Arniy Day. 14 —^Pan American Union Day. * Good I-riday, before Latter Hvtnday. MAY I—May Day Festivals in parhs am! pJaygroMn*!'. 4~-Horacc Mann's hirtinfay. * 30 —Memorial or licworation Day. Mother's Day. second Sunday »n May. Ciil'/ienship Kccogniiioti Day, third Snmfay »n May. JUNE 14—Flag Day nUsers-aiites ami ilis|)las* of rhr Mag JULY * 4—Independence Da^'. Fatasle and othrr patnoSo nb»<-f samrs. SEPTEMBER * Labor Day falls on the first Monday s% 1st 'fucHlay after fs» Monday. * Thanksgiving Day observes! ilir last Thortdav, DECEMBER * 2f—Clirisimat Day. j MV 1 A.MI KK AX I DUC-A EIOX wi,i:k Am»RK an rnrr.MH'S Vi*i i k Jirsi tibwrvcdl in 1921. It „ nbwrvcd vcjr wt the week whu h ini'IuJvs Armhcicc Day and lM;i;iiinin,i; «» SumUy. !■ li year ai^pmxtinutdy ten million parents aiui citi/ens lii'H iheir utlimiU during the Week. We celchrate t lin«i>nat Isctativ: it f^ixc tit a fjrcat religion. We ohwrvc the l-nurth td IhIv I’ceau'e it t*' >* free nation. We niajtnify the ■sehittiU dttriit^ American I'dticatinn Week each year hccauHt thru ilscni we prcHTve and develop the liner values of our eivili/ation. nwri»)t tint week ihriimn America piihlic interest cen¬ ters ujwrn the schools: a c|iccial w’clcotnc is extended to parents and other citizens to visit ami study (he schools; the nation p.ty.s tribute to the schools ami the part they play in our life: teachers and citi- vtens join in rcdcdicatini; themselves to the cause of educ.nion and democracy. The amni.ll themes lor (he i4*s«rvance reflect the general trends of American life, h'or the past few years they h.ivc In’cn: 1 M.t?—-I-diicatinii ami Our National l ife 19J8-“I‘ducaiiou tor Tomorrow's America 19.V}—hducaiion for the American Way of Life l Seeking World f >rdcr Monday, Nnvemlscr 10 lUiilding Physical 1-iincss Tuesday, Novendser 11 Strengthening National Morale Wcdncsd.iy, NovemK'r 12 Improving Economic Wellbeing Thursday, Novemlwr 1.^ -Safeguarding .School .Support rrid.iy, NovemlKr H beaming the W.tys of Democracy Saturday, Novoml>or 15 Knriching I'amily Life American I'.due.ttion Week is sponsored by the National Educa¬ tion Association, the American Legion, the United States Office of Education, and the National Ciungress of Parents and Teachers wdth the cooperation of hundreds of other national, state, and local groups. t 1 OUR NATIONAL RESOURCES The CEEAT social and economic problems that face the United States seem puny when measured against her vast resources. . . . Viewed from a world standpoint the United States occupies not more than 6/4 percent of the land surface and contributes a corre-' ending 6}4 percent of the world population. In area and in people it is about one fiftcciith of the whole, liut the United States possesses 45 percent of the wealth of the world. In its treasury lies 60 percent of the monetary gold in the po.sses.sion of mankind. It has 17 billions of the 29 or 30 billions in all the world. Every year the world produces, in round figures, 2 billion barrels of oil. Census figures show that of this 2 billion barrels 1V4 billions, or 62 percent, are produced in that 6^4 percent of the world’s surface that lies within the United Slates. The one fifteenth of the people of the world who live within the United States produce one third of all the pigiron and of the steel that rivals oil in importance. They mine 3S percent of the copper and the lead and the /.inci 30 percent of the world’s coal. Inexhaustible .sulphur mines skirt the Gulf of Mexico. In Colorado there Is the only mountain of molybdenum [used in hardening steel] in the world. Californi.t and New Mo.xico are now turning out the potash for the South’s cotton crop which formerly came from Germany. The United States consumes 45 percent of the world’s tin, 56 per¬ cent of its rubber, 72 percent of its silk. There arc 43 million auto- moblle.s in the world and 29 million of them, 68 percent, are in the United States. The world has 41 million telephones and 20 million of them arc in this American one fifteenth of the world. In the year 1937 the world produced 35 million bales of cotton. Of chat total, 18 million bales, more chan half the total, grew in the United States. In a good year the world produces 5 billion bushels of wheat and the United States comes close to one billion, or a fifth of world production. There arc more students in the colleges and universities of the United States than in those of all the rest of the world put together. —National Resounrs Plattiiing Board. [ 351 ] OUR NATIONAL PARKS Evi-.rv Ami-rican is a slMrchoUlcr in tlie srcac Natirm-ii n i System of 16 I nationally important rccreatitmal areas toti"^ 21,JJ0,782 acres, set apart for the Iwnclit of the pcodIc P™ l minister parks and ineinoruis. the citizen-traveler may secure fl booklets describing the national parks, tvhich are: ^ ^ Area [j' Pee Up to $ J . 15c. $300—$ 400. . .. 60c. $ J— 2J , 18c. 400— 500 , . , . . 70c. 2J— 50 . , . 20c. 500— 600 _ ■ 80c. JO— 7J. . .2 Sc. 600— 700 . . . • - .8Sc, 7J— 100 . , 30c. 7011— 800 . , . . . OOc 100— 200 . . 4nc. 800— 000 , , ■ . OJe 200— 300. . fdc. 000— 1000 . , , . . 1.00 INSURANCE I3rd and 4th Class only) Value Fee Value Fee Up t o $ J. Jc. $ 50—$100 .... . . .2Jc. $ J— 2J. , 10c. 100— ISO. . . . 30c. 2J— JO. IJc. ISO— 200 .... . . .3Sc. RETURN RECEIPTS: for Insured or Registered Mail, Domestic— ’3c. each liareign—Sc. e.ich. COLLECT ON m-HViacY MAir, {1-vc includes insurance] UptoM. I2c. % U)—^liin.}2c. s 5— 2J . 17c. ](I0— no .40c. 2 J— yO.22c. IJO— 200 . 45e .SEALED I‘AC:KAG1;S—’riiirj and fouitli class matter may be elo.scd asaiiist inspection when wnipper be.irs .luthoriml primed in- dici.!. If .scaled without indicia, parcels .ire subject to first class rate. .SIZE OP I*AKC;EL POS T I-ACKAt;KS.-~I'.ircels weiKhing lc.ss than 10 pounds, measuring over H4 inches, hut not more than 100 inches, in length and girth combined, are subject to a minimum charge equal to that f«ir a 10 pound parcel for the zone to which addressed. The maximum weight limit is 70 pounds to all zones. PEES FOR MONEY OKDl-RS (no money order issued for more than $100] Under Exceeding tt cc $ 2.10 . 2. JO and not exceeding .$ J.OO " " 10.00 " " 20.00 " " 40.00 " " fiO.OO " 00.00 . 6 cents J.OO. 8 " 10.00 . . . , . . . 11 1C 20.00. .... 13 1C 40.00 , . . , .... 15 c< 60.00 . .. . . 18 ir 80.00 . . . . , 20 (10.00 . . . . . . . 22 cc I J WI-.IGHTS AND MEASURES long measure: 12 inches ~ foot; 3 feet = 1 yard; S'/a yards = 1 rod; 40 rods 1 furlong; 8 furlongs = 1 stat. mile; 3 miles = 1 league. square measure: 144 sq. inches = 1 sq. foot; 9 sq. feet = 1 sq. yard; 30*4 '■il- yards 1 sq. rod; 40 sq. rods = 1 rood; 4 roods 1 afi-c; 640 acres =: 1 ,sq. mile. liquid measure: 4 gills ■— I pint; 2 pints — 1 quart; 4 quarts — 1 gallon; 31 Ij g.ilUins ~ 1 b.irrel; 2 barrels 1 hogshead. Barrels and hogslie.ids vary in .si/e. dry MEASURIi: 2 pints 1 quart; 8 quarts = 1 peck; 4 pecks- 1 bushel. avoirdupois weigh t: 27*grains “ 1 dram; 16 drams = 1 ounce; 16 ounces 1 pound; 100 pounds = 1 cwt.; 2,000 pounds -- 1 short ton; 2,240 pounds = 1 long ton. 1 07 .. Troy 480 gr.; 1 oz. Avoirdupois = 437J4 grains; 1 lb. Troy — 5,760 grains; 1 lb. Avoirdupois = 7,000 grains. apothecaries’ weight: 20 grains := 1 .scruple; 3 scruples == 1 dram; 8 drams 1 ounce; 12 ounces — 1 pound. The ounce and pound in this arc the same in Troy Weight. TROY weight; 24 grains “ 1 pwt.; 20 pwts. 1 ounce; 12 ounces . 1 pound. Used fur weighing gold, .silver, and jewels. ClRCUt.AR measure: 6(1 seconds 1 minute; 60 minutes =: 1 degree; 3Rf,ANlZAnONS IN-rnRl-STi^n in citizenship Atunmn /j-jjiow floiindtd 777 N. Meridian St., Indian. 4t»fdn. hid. Nunilwr members I,()7|,iJ7. H. I„ Cluillaux, DU rcetiir, Xatioiul Amerkamam CommisMon. A’nr-rnrfM r.»Ar4rv Anww/iw* {I87«], $20 N. Miclii(;an Avc., ChU HI. I $.000. Exec. See., Carl 11. Milam. Bi»V Smuli nf Amerha fI910], 2 Park Avc., New York City. 1,‘429,619. t;.hicf Scout Exec., Dr. Jamca E, West. (UuIh of Amrrka, inc. f 1906}, 381 Eourth Avc., New York C.',iij^ 29$,732. See., .Sanford Batex. Ctmp fire (iirh, lm\ [1912], 88 latxington Avc., New York City. 278,4$ 1. Nai'l Exec., heater F. Scott. V-limmIvr af Commerce of tiu United Stola [1912], 161$ H St. K. W.. Waakingtan, D. C. See., Ralph Bradford. ('ii ifau lufcrna/iotml ( 1920], Farley Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. 6000. DeNgA/rrii of tl)e American Revalnthn [1890], Mem. Continental Hall, Washington, D. C. 143,11$. See., Mr*. W. K. Herrin. (iirl Smuts, lm\ [ I9l$], 14 W. 49th St., New York City. 617,020. ImminratioH ^ Naturalization Service, LI. S. Department of Justice, Washington, I>. C. Lemuel 13. SchnScld, Asst, to Att. Gen. Kiuanis Internatinnal [19I$], 520 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. 110,000, .Sec., Fred C. W. Parker. Uons International [1917], 332 S. Michigan Avc., Chicago, 111. 140,000. See.-Gen. Melvin Jones, General Mcratinn of Women’s Clubs [1890], 1734 N Sc. N. W., Washington, D. C. 200,000. Corn See., Mr.t. H. H. Ritchie. National Congress of Varents and Teachers [1897], 600 S. Michigan Blvd., Chicago, HI. 2,379,$99. Pres., Mrs. William Klctzcr. National Tducafiati Association of the U, S. [1857], 1201 16th St, N, W,, Washington, D. C. 203,400. Exec, See., Willard E. Givens. National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Chibs, Inc. [1919], 1819 Broadway, New York City. Nalhiid teafiue of Women Voters [1920], 726 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. 31 state, 560 local leagues. Rotary International [1910], 35 E. Wackcr Dr,, Chicago. 210,000. Sec., Cheslcy R. Perry. United States Office of Education [1867], Federal Security Agency, Washington, D. C. Com., John W. Scudebaker. Young Men’s Christian Associations [1851], 347 Madison Ave., New York City, 1,316,573. Gen, Sec., John E. Manley. Young Women’s Christian Associations of V. S. of A. [1906], 600 Lexington Avc., New York City, 548,000. Sec., Mrs. W. C. White. [ 360 ] PART X Citizenship Recognition Day Hugh taylor birch, w/bose portrait appears on the fol¬ lowing page, is donor of the Hugh Birch-Horaoe Mann Fund, which made this book possible. He is an outstanding citizen and philanthropist. His great interest in the general welfare has led him to devote the earnings of a long lifetime to the creation of public parks; to the endowment of An¬ tioch College of which he is a graduate; and to the promo¬ tion of the ideals of Horace Mann, father of the American free public school system. As a boy in Yellow Springs, Ohio, young Birch played with Horace Mann’s son Benjamin. Now at the age of 92—full of vigor and good cheer — Mr. Birch spends his summers in Ohio and his winters in Florida. I I HI 2 HUGH TAYLOR BIRCH A recent portrait by Evelyn Bartlett [ 362 ] Tke Stor)i of Citi^mskip RecogrotioTi' HUGH S. BONAB. Csrsr&3S‘:Si is destined to become a gr^ , -r i other patriotic rank along wid, dre Fourda of win holidays. Annually som. ” Ldred each year reach the age r23S,260 in I’"*"! thousand newly-naturalize government as are admitted to active participation m gove tn safeeuard the founda- To these new voters we _pnliehtened universal tion principle of our redoing to help suffrage with the secret baUot.Wh^ make these ballots count or these new voters be prepare impressive cere- privilege of voting and recog monies which they w citizenship is offered in 'While much instruction 1^3 ^hru high- the schools of the nation ro . ^ that exists school, there is a real ^ between highschool for most young men and women b graduation and arriving at the ag [ 363 ] Twcnly.o„t-y,ar.dd voters soarch in the parode on CUMih R fcogmtion Day at Manitowoc, mscondn this period represents four years of wanderhtg It is , dangerous condition. After disillusionment ftlloW inability to get regular employment these young people or • Victims of the promises of advocates of isms jus? enoLh Pfogtam of events preceding may be citizens into disillusioned itizens into interested and informed voters. The Manitowoc Plan wSons^n mVhM in Manitowoc County, a nationTOi'rJ ’ become the starting point for R T coib"^' ™ p-ZiTd": R. J. Colfert, head „f d,„ J; [364] Extension Division, University of Wisconsin. The sug¬ gestion was made in an adult class in municipa govern ment, offered by the Manitowoc Board of Vocational and Adult Education. Out of the enthusiasts response from the class, composed of teachers, city officials, and business and professional people, came plan-under the supervision of die school-a pro^^ of preparation, recognition, 21 men and women in Manitowoc County who become 21 years of age during any one year, ^ For five months before the cutaatmg mduction ceremony, the young people attended which under the guidance of government officials, busi nessmen, and university professors, they studied ^^ma¬ chinery of government, as well as local and nml probleL. The culminating program was held on May [36S] The chief justice of the Wsconsin &ut,rente Court mimimstm otto of ulegiatice to the wu> voters the and a parade in which the entire community took part was featured as a part of the day’s events. Each voting precinct was invited to enter a float in the parade. The program committee had recommended the plan of imng some oiie theme each year so that over the years there would be some sequence and little duplication. The i3ill of Rights was the theme for the 1939 floats, which represented freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom of press, right of trial by jury, and the like. The parade ended at the Lincoln Highschool [pictured on page 33] whose 18-acre campus on the shores of Lake Michigan made a fitting setting for the induction ceremonies. The president of the state university spoke, and the chief justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court administered the oath of allegiance to 400 new voters. flv Marintf UntiJ a'ut mdittiry anj »in«l uiiilt Sfiiti'uuic Itiicrni Develops Thcsucccwof iho Maniutw«c plan was so outstanding that the Wisconsin tegislaiure passed the following law directing scIuk*! amhorities in all counties in Wisconsin to organize cnnnniiiccs and help start programs; TIic enumy siijtcriiiirrulvius of selawls annually provide a couniywide ediK'aiioiul progrim for adult ciii’/.cnsliip training for Wisconsin Liti/eits who liavc accaintj their majority and for those aliens who have K'conic natsiralired within the twelve months im¬ mediately preccc construed as changing, or attempting to change, the time or mode of any of the many altogether commendable observances of similar nature now K‘ing held from time to time, or periodically, but, to the contrary, such practices arc hereby praised and encouraged. Either at the time of the rendition of the decree of naturalization or at such other time as the judge may Ex, the judge or someone designated by him shall address the newly naturalized citizens upon the form and genius of our government and the privileges and re¬ sponsibilities of citizenship: it being the intent and purpose of this section to enlist the aid of the judiciary, in cooperation with civil and educational authorities, and patriotic organizations in a con¬ tinuous effort to dignify and emphasize the significance of citizen¬ ship. Groups Cooperating with the NEA Working thru state education a.ssociations, state de¬ partments of education, and colleges and universities, the NEA Committee has attempted to develop the New Voter Preparation and Recognition Program in every state. Many civic organizations have assisted educational authorities in various communities to carry out the program. Citizemhip RentfiOftmu Hty J7l Especially cooperative has been the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the U- S. Department of Jus¬ tice, which has long been sponsoring special ceremonies honoring newly-naturalized citizens. The Service has joined with the educational authorities in establishing the third Sunday in May as a universal observance. Thru its representatives in 22 field districts, the Service has brought the observance to the attention of the judges and clerks of the naturalization courts, and has helped greatly in developing local programs. Another cooperating group is the American Legion thru its National Americanism Commission. The Le¬ gion, which formerly sponsored a new-voter observance on Flag Day, June 14, has voted to adopt the third Sunday in May for its annual celebration. Kiwanis Inter¬ national has .also taken a keen interest in the project, having promoted citizenship education for many years. Citizenship Day in 1941 The nationwide response to Citizenship Recognition Day on May 18, 1941, was truly inspiring. Hundreds of communities held induction services, radio broad¬ casts, and parades, A nationwide radio broadcast arranged by the NBA Committee was carried to the homes of America, featuring Vicepresident Wallace, Speaker of the House Rayburn, and Justice Miller of the D. C. Court of Appeals. A summary of the 1941 observances is given in the “Roll Call of the States,” pages 405 of the Handbook. But we know that many fine programs were held which have not yet been reported. It is hoped that sponsors will send a complete report each year to the NBA Committee, Washington, D. C. How to Organize NcwVoter Programs HUGH S. BONAR Caun/y umt /Wra/-—The program in Manitowoc was developed on the county unit plan, which emphasizes a basic umt m our form of government. It includes a suffi¬ cient variety of governmental functions, many of which are close to every citizen’s daily living. It offers the ad¬ vantage of combining the interests of rural and urban groups. It provides competent leadership in most in- stances that would not be available in smaller community divisions. It has the advantage of making the culminating program and ceremonies more impressive because of the size of the area represented and at the same time avoids a too unwieldy unit for the execution of the several phases of the total project. Certain parts of the training prograin, such as discussion groups of new voters, should be held In the smallest government unit, the township or city voting precinct, CAmnuinitywide While the program .should be developed under the auspices of school author¬ ities, it IS not desirable to have the project planned and carried out exclusively by school people. It will be more successful if organized community life is enlisted to share this responsibility. The executive committee and the various subcommittees should include representatives of' the county board of supervisors and city councils, the federated women’s clubs, chambers of commerce, central labor council, the press, and agriculture, in addition to the school executives of the county. These representa¬ tives should be chosen with great care. They should be [ 372 ] 373 CUitcmhip Kccof^mtum Day conspicuous for their industry, ability, and the respect they command in their community. While religious and political groups should not be represented as such, these factors should be kept in balance. Getting started —Experience proves that little will be done until key men fired with enthusiasm take first steps. This key citizen may not be associated with the schools. That is not important. In Manitowoc County the key man was a citizen who had served the county as judge for nearly three decades. He was aware of the need. He had courage and conviction. He talked with educational leaders and other responsible community leaders. He wrote articles for the press. He insisted upon a meeting of interested citizens. Judge Albert Schmidt kept after the idea until it took root. In other communities the key citizen will be a banker, mayor, doctor, editor, preacher, or civic leader. Seldom will the program get started with¬ out specification by law as to who shall initiate the pro¬ gram in each county unless a key man is aroused to action. Instruction phase of the program —The most impor¬ tant phase of this program is the instruction offered thru the small discussion groups of new voters meeting in their own townships and city wards under competent leaders. While many of these group leaders will be teachers, quali¬ fied business and professional people should not be over¬ looked. A man and woman should serve as leaders with each group to give equal recognition to both sexes. Insti¬ tutes of training conferences should be arranged for these leaders. This was done in the development of the Mani¬ towoc plan and was considered vital to the success of the program. While there should be free discussion of the problems of government in a democracy with particular 7'/ir Amcrifan CitizeHf liandtmnk emphasis upon local government, no discussion leader should presume to go before his group without definite preparation and plan of procedure. Parade values —C^n the day set for the culminating ceremonies a parade including well-planned floats not only lends color to the program but attracts a crowd. If we can attract a large crowd to witness the parade we may reali/e a valuable byproduct in the revival among both old and young of an appreciation of blessings in a democracy. Each year’s floats might present one division in a total series of developments in the history of our American institutions—political, social, and economic. In the 1939 Citizenshtp Day parade in Manitowoc County, floats elfectivcly presented guarantees set forth in the Bill of Rights. The eflfcct upon the thousands who thronged the streets for miles wa.s pronounced. By gleam of eye, .set of chin, and .spoken word, there was abundant evidence of lives being dedicated to the preservation of our liberties under law, huiucHon ceremonies —^Induction ceremonies should be impressive. Addresses should be short. Modern youth docs not want flowery .speeches that are empty of essen¬ tials. They will accept inspirational messages that include a basis of fundamental honesty and reflect sincerity on the part of the speaker. An oath of allegiance is appro¬ priate and in reality offers the only semblance of a ritual in the whole project. This is the occasion to give recog¬ nition to these new voters. It is a primary aim in this whole movement and must be effectively done during these induction ceremonies. Financmg the project —^These projects cannot be de¬ veloped on a comprehciisive and thoro scale without 37J CitizenUnp Rcfaf’rtilion D>iy expense. The major items o£ expense will include post¬ age, printing, parade floats, and some mileage. In Mani¬ towoc County a total of $ 1400 was raised for the project. Boards of education in some communities will include an item for Citizenship Day expense in the annual budget. In some counties the board of supervisors and city councils will make special appropriations to meet the costs involved. In some counties individuals, business establishments, and civic organizations will raise funds. In some counties Citizenship Day buttons will be sold to provide the funds. Financing will determine the scope of the service. It will not be dif&cult to raise adequate funds because the project wins popular support. Organization committees —A carefully planned or¬ ganization eliminates confusion and distributes the work so that success is assured. The central executive com¬ mittee will determine the number and type of subcom¬ mittees and will appoint committee members. These ap¬ pointments will give opportunity for extensive commu¬ nity representation. Subcommittees will include ways and means, program, instruction, finance, publicity, decorations, traffic, and records. The duties of various committees should be defined in considerable detail as suggested in Personal Growth Leaflet 70. ^S^hen this is thoroly done, argument and duplication of effort will be prevented. The executive committee under its general chairman should call all committees together, clearly outline the committee assignments, and make unequiv¬ ocal the understanding as to responsibility for the differ¬ ent phases of the program. S76 The Amcriean CHheiis Handbook Ci/izvtiship Day Pro}!>rams Since many of the nation’s 21-year-olds are on the campuses of our colleges and universities, the new-voter programs arc particularly cifective there. The program which follows constituted the new-voter induction ceremony on the University of Wisconsin campus. MRST ANNUAL DANK COUNTY NEW VOTERS* INDUCTION PROGRAM University Camp Randall Stadium, Sunday, May 19, 1940, 1:41pm William C. Hansen, Chairman, Dane County Citizenship Committee, Master of Ceremonies Band Concert—University of Wisconsin Band—On Camp Randall Green—Raymond P. Dvorak, Director. Procession of Highschool Bands and New Voters from Camp Randall Green into St.idium (.Southeast Gate)—George H. Do Chow, Commanding Otliccr of Pershing Rifles, Clliccr of the Day. Aerial Bomb Salute. Plag Raising—^IVrshing Rifles of University ROTC—^Song Sf«r- S/mng/i’d Banner —Music by massed bands, Raymond P. Dvorak, directing. Invocation—^Rcv. James Plint, Congregational Student Pastor, On WJscansin by band while marching to South Stand. Address of Welcome—Prank Stewart, Cliairman of Dane County Board. Induction of New Voters of 1940—Oath of Citizenship—Justice George B. Nelson, Wisconsin Supreme Court. Selection by massed bands— Stars and Stripes Porever. Address—^President C. A, Dykstra, University of Wisconsin. Responses—William C. Sachtjen, President, Dane County New Voters of 1940; Betty A. Cockrell, .Secretary-Treasurer. Presentation of Dane County Plag—George M. Briggs, Jr., Vice- president, Dane County New Voters of 1940. Song —America —by massed bands, Raymond F. Dvorak, directing. Citumhn^ 0«>- J77 Presentacion of Certificates Beeediction-Rcv.Fr,T.Nt'.J««8. M ^ec.ve ;^r"stSnt;dent Jf SchooU K. J- Bisher, p, aiding: B.™fc-J«'>« 0'’'“ Concert-County High and uty rag Musio-Bands-A7«er/c«« Patrol- Devotional-Dr. Warner Hall. h. G. Addresses-Dr. Richard C. Foster, Senator Hay Dowling. ,, Acceptance of Charge—John Yeu Solo—Herbert Caldwell. ^ r.arhers‘ Association sponsored me The Syracuse j^ay 18, 1941, at 8pm following Induction ’ g New York: “ Uncoil Auditonmn, Welcome-Mrs. Catharine Barrett. Association. ;p, 0».»d.g. BO, s=oo». Flag Raising and Flag iaiu Awericfl—Group Singing. , ^ Syracuse. Greeting-Mayor Rol and Superintendent of Syracuse Schools. Greeting—Dr. G. Carl Alve , ^ Freeman, Director. Selection-Vocational ®anA Leslie Welch. Selections-Nottingham Girls uno J78 The Amcriran Cithcns I}anJhook What American CitizenOiip Means to Me—Native-born and Nat- urali’/.cd Citizens. Oath of Allegiance—New Citizens* Group; administered by Rabbi Benjamin Friedman. Bnllott fnr Ami'ritam —North High Glee Club directed by Rutb Shumway. Message to New Citizens—Hon. Frank J. Ciregg, Address to New Citi/CJis—Dr. Willis A. .Sutton, .Superintendent of Schools, Atlanta, Georgia. Benediction—Rev. Charles D. Newkirk. Siar-Spiinulfd Banner —Group Singing. Pledges aiui Creeds for New Citizens There is a growing demand for a new voters’ oath and some type of pledge of allegiance. The following pledge was written by Retta Maloney, a teacher in the Syracuse, New York, public schools and was used in the induction ceremony in that city in 1941. Material for other pledgo.s and creeds will be found in this Pfandbook, pages <51-66. PLI-DGK OF AI.I.F.GIANCE Without reservation I give my undivided allegiance to the United States of America: —A government which is based upon, and responsible to, the will of the sovereign people: A Political Democracy. —government which guarantees the protection of private prop¬ erty and the exercise of free enterprise in the realm of industry, finance, and labor: An Economic Democracy. —A government which calls for freedom from racial discrimina¬ tion, class prejudice, and religious intolerance: A Social Democracy. —A government which encourages men to reach for the higher development of mind, body, and soul and to contribute by the fullness of their lives to an enriched civilization: A Spiritual Democracy. Cilizcnihift Ki’to^nitimu Day i7S> Wlxre To Get Materials [1] The American Citizens llandhonk is tlie oflicia] organ of che New Voter Preparation and Recognition movement. The section of the Handbook on Citizenship Day will be revised from time to time to keep the iiistory of the movement uptodate. In many communi¬ ties arrangements arc made to present the Handbook to each new voter each year. Sometimes this » made possible by the board of education,* at other times by the Rotary, Kiwanis, or some other civic or patriotic organization. The Handbook sells for Jl a copy. Quantity discounts arc 2-9 copies 10%; 10-99 copies 21%; 100 or more, 33^Order from the National Education Association, Washington, D. C. [2] Personal Growth Lcaftefs, also published by che National Education Association, Washington, D. C., are an effective means of reaching young people as well as new-voter committees in the local communities. Leaflets are 1(# a copy, no orders accepted for less than 2S^. Cash muse accompany orders for $1 or less. Leaflets especially useful for Citizenship Day arcs Number 70 —Organizing New Voter Programs by Hugh S. Bonar, superintendent of Manitowoc schools. How to organize, including committees and detailed duties of each. Number 96 —The Challenge of the Hard Road by Clarence C. Dykstra, president. University of Wisconsin. The address delivered at the 1939 Manitowoc observance. Number 100 —New Voter Preparation and Recognition by Hugh S. Bonar. Purposes and procedures in developing new voter programs. Number 179^-CrUical Problems Facing Our Nation, also by President Dykstra. Widely used for distribution to each young voter either on or before Citizenship Day. [3] The United States Office of Education has prepared Loan Packet II-A-1, entitled Understanding and Practicing Democracy as New Voters. The packet, which is available on request from the Information Exchange, Office of Education, Washington, D. C., in¬ cludes reprints, leaflets, and other new-voter material. [4] The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service, Department of Justice, issues the federal textbook on citizenship. Our Constitution and Government, which is useful for study groups. It may be obtained from the Government Printing Office, Wash¬ ington, D. C„ for 30 {i a copy. Tiic Roll Call oj the States PROMOTION of New Voter Preparation and Rcct»gnititm is carried on in the various states by indi¬ viduals and Committees of the state education associa¬ tion, under the general direction of the Committee on New Voter Preparation and Recognition of the Na¬ tional Education Association. This committee wiis for¬ merly known as the 0>mniittec on Induction into Citizenship. The change of name reflects the intention of putting more emphasis upon preparation for the responsibilities of citizenship. It is desirable that mate¬ rials shall be made available for each state and county, dealing with the problems of government in that state and county. In Wisconsin this work is carried on by the University of Wisconsin Extension Division. The NEA Committee on New Voter Preparation and Recognition consists of a core or executive com¬ mittee plus advisory members representing the various states. The state education associations have been invited to appoint committees of ten for 1941-42, The chair¬ man of such committees will then be the advisory member of the NEA committee. Already several asso¬ ciations have appointed committees as indicated in the Roll Call of the States which follows. The executive or core committee for 1941-42 includes; Hugh S. Bonar, Supt. of Schools, Manitowoc, Wis., vbairtmu, I.ucilc Batdorf, 1806 Tenth Avenue, Oakland, Calif. Doak S. Campbell, President, Florida State College for Women, Talhahasscc. Frank W. Cyr, Associate Director, National Citizenship Education Program, Wasliington, D, C. 1>. A. Van Buskirk, Superintendent of Schools, Hastings, Mich, [ 380 ] Th' K-.Jf f »/ SUUt 381 ALABAMA t >l.i> »f the Old Soutlii f' tZ:'.rG»l. rf Mcico u»«n G»r,» u.™ of w„. t/*« 171) td HI' >'“ ‘"''j'”'f,[!5“a,'i,f"nd>»tt«< >« cotton, iron, admitted to tlw Union in IJH-^ "Pitesburgh ,nd lumber. Chief citic* arc Birni g . Nitrat* plants o£ of Che South." and ShL- At Tnskegee is the ahe federal govcrnniciu Washington for the ed«- pioncer Institute founded by BwKer t. 2,832.961. cation of Alabama is kiuiwn as the » goldenrod. State motto; I Ic« j Teachers sponsors Cita- Thc Alabama Congrew of Jj ^ with twelve to zenship Day. In 1941. 3* Suction services, radto Bftecn thousand new voters P“ Congress Committee and broadcasts, and parades. Chairmw o ^8^^^ preparation and member of the MhA . Associate Professor of Educa- Rccognition 1941-42: Houston Cole, A* tion, University of Alabama, Univ /• Phoenix. 3R2 Th' Ann'riiini CUlizt’tn Handtnmk ARKANSAS Arkan^av is nf the Old South, an inland state in the south-central );roup. It was admitted to the Union in I8J6. About one-fourth of the state is inouiuainuus; the Ozark Mountains arc in the west. The Mississippi River forms the entire eastern houndary. Agriculture, forestry, and minerals arc chief sources of wealth. Arkansas's hot spring’s, of which there arc ^7^ are included in Mot Springs National Park. The springs and land surrounding them w'crc see aside hy Congress in 1A32 for the enjoyment of the people. Capital and largest city is Little Rock. Population in 1940 was 1.949,387. Arkansas is called the "Wonder State." Its flower is the apple blossomt its motto: Rcfitiaf Popnlns (The People Rule). Citizenship Day has l>een sponsored for several years by the Arkansas lutucacion Association. Mcml«r NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41! IJeryl Henry, .Superintendent of Schools, Hope. CALII-ORNIA California occupies more than one-half the Pacific ca.tstlinc of the U. S. Acquired from Mexican control in 1846, California was ad¬ mitted to the Union in 18JO. The gold rush, folhiwing discovery of gold in 1848, was one of the greatest ever known. Output of gold is still considerable. California is a leading .state in irrigation; fruit and vegetable grow¬ ing and canning arc chief industries. Scenic attractions: the giant redwood trees; Lick Observatory; the Hollywood movie industry; and four national parks including Yosemite with 1189 square miles. Population in 1940 was 6,907,387. Sacramento is the capital; Los Angeles is the largest city in the state and the fifth largest in the nation. California is called the "Golden State." Its flower is the golden poppy; its motto: Eureka (I Have Found It). The California Teachers Association sponsors Citi‘/.cn.ship Day and in 1941 introduced a hill in the legislature providing for new- voter programs. The day was observed in many communities. C’bairman of the CiTA Committee and member of NEA Committee on NVPR, 1941-42; Lucilc IJatdorf, 1806 Tenth Avc., Oakland. TIk tOlORAlK? s«tSX -t^ f,r^;s 1845 . and from M«ion «'««'«iu ar«. Big R*mc « for«tsin t:hicf “ V^ky still ibundant. Irrigation h c*tc njghcjt fwak m R^Ky Si, ..«k-..i.i..*. - 1 ;' 7 -"*; ,T "i,..«. Wd. in M“ Y'lJ' !,„* N..ionJ P»k =T" d (|.,»n.l p.rk am ™,n. »f > “ ,,u,,2«. 1 . » n« “ “ State is Denver. Population in I W years after the ••Centennial State" Rocky Mountain colom- Dcclaration of Independence). ijyithout the Tm.™. N« S-» W”'”'"’KX Jpr.p.-''” •“■* Member NBA Broadway. Sterling- nition, 1940-411 Irene Omboy. 4l» » CONNECTICUT t rt,e Thirteen Original Connecticut, one o ^ is called the States, located in _ jj^yjog framed in 1639 "Constitution * ,-mion in America. A the first "brained from Charles H charter ^as independent colony . Enjland “••‘■“’“"'.tocToT Pl.“ 1» «X°tal”S 'rto ander its constitution. have been concealed m 16 site where the charter w surrender. Declaration a royal governor demanded »w s ^ ,be Declar th^Lst colonies to instruct ,bi^ H^e of Independence. Manufactu^ng^^^^^^^^ ? ic popiation machinery, clocks. “*£^Tthe state is HarrfordJ^^^^^ a scenic atwacnon. Capital^®^ flower: moimtam W^ ^ in 1940 was ..^bo Transplanted Con ^ program "< ”™-TvSsri!»c-""”' 1941-42: E. warn 384 Ttw Amethan Cifizcns Handbook nKLAWARli ])cUwjrc, one of the Tliirtccn Original States and the first to ratify the U. S. Constitution, lies in the South Atlantic group. From 1611 to 1776 three nations for different periods, claimed sovereignty over Delaw.tre: the Neth¬ erlands, .Sweden, and Great Britain. Much of the state is low-lying, tseing pare of the Atlantic C!oastal plain and is an immense market garden and orchard for the North. Fresh water lakes and the Dela¬ ware River and Bay provide a large fishing industry. At Wilmington and vicinity is an important industrial center where explosives, chemical and lumber products, and machinery are manufactured. Dover is the state capital. Population in 1940 was 266,101. Dela¬ ware is nicknamed "Diamond State.” Its flower is the peach blossom. The state motto is Liberty and Independence. Member NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41.■ Marguerite Bur¬ nett, Director, Adult Education and Curriculum, Wilmington. FLORIDA Florida, a South Atlantic State, w.as discovered F.aster Sunday 1111 by the Spaniard Ponce dc Leon, in his search for the "fountain of youth.” Today tlie .state is a favored health and pleasure resort. Called the "Peninsula State," Florida’s coastline, excluding islands, is 1141 miles, 470 on the Atlantic Ocean. The central pare contains 30,000 lakes. In the southern pare arc vase swamps, the Everglades, home of the Seminole Indians. Over flve million acres of the Everglades are being drained for agriculture. Fisheries, lumber, and fruits and vegetables arc chief industries. Tallahassee is the capital of Florida. In 1940 the state had a population of 1,897,414. The state flower is the orange blossom. Motto; In God We Trust. The Florida Congress on Education for American Democracy sponsored Citizenship Day in 1940, in cooperation with the Cham¬ ber of Commerce, American Legion, and Kiwanis International. Members NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: A. J. Geiger, Principal, Higitsch., St, Petersburg; Julia Tanner, Senior Highsch., Miami. 77h* Rrill {’all ttf //)(' S/tf/fj! GEORGIA C.>c(tr>;u, r>f the Situth Atlantic group, was one of the Thirteen Original States. It was visited hy He S**to in 0^0 .and was settled in 17? 3 by Fnglish cniotiists under James Oglc- thor(K! who founded it as a refuge for debtors from EngLiiul. It is the largest state east «»f the Mississippi River. Savannah is its chief [mrt, Atlanta its c.tpital. Cotton, sugar cane, resin, and turpentine arc nutor products. At W,irm .Springs is a f.imou.s sanatorium for treatment of infantile paralysis. Population of Georgia in 1940 was 3,123,723. Nickname: "Cracker State”; flower: Clicrokec rose; motto: Wisdom, Justice, Moderation. Georgia's Citizensliip Day is observed October 12 which is also Georgia Day as well as Columbus Day. The Georgia Education Association, aided hy the American Legion and the League of Women Voters, .sponsors the program. Member NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: W, A. Eylcr, 619 West 37th Street, Savannah. IDAHO Idaho, a Mountain State, is located west of the Rockies in the Pacific Coast region. It is bounded on the north by British Columbia. Lewis and Clark were early explorers in this region. With discovery of gold in 1860 and silver in 1884, settlement was rapid. The territory of Idaho, organ¬ ized out of parts of Washington, Nebraska, and North Dakota, was admitted to the Union in 1890. Visitors to Idaho today follow the old Oregon Trail, the famous route of covered-wagon migration. Idaho is mountainous; altitudes range from 700 feet to Mount Borah, 12,663 feet. Lake Pend Oreille is one of the largest freshwater lakes wholly within U, S. boundaries. Shoshone Falls is called the "Niagara of the West.” About 4000 Indians live on the reservations. Agricul¬ ture and stock raising are important industries and are aided by numerous irrigation projects. Boise is the capital. The population in 1940 was 324,873. Nickname: "Gem State”; flower: syringa; motto: Es/o Perpetm (Mayest Thou Endure Forever). Member NEA Committee on NVPR, 1941-42: John 1. Hillman, Executive Secretary, Idaho Education Association, Boise. 386 Tlw Amnitan Ci/iznn llamibmik ILLINOIS Illiiu)i% the j^rcat "I’laino State," lies in the cast nnrtli-cciural sriuip. its northeastern corner touchin}; Lake \Iichi}*an. h sv,is admitted to the Union in 1818. It is an iitdusirial, agricul¬ tural, and mining state. Chicagta is one of the greatest railw.iy centers in the world. Springiicld, tlte cMpital, was the scene of the IJncoln-Doughs delutes and other esenis .associated with Abr.aham Lincoln. .State poptiLition in l()4t( ss-as 7,897,241. riower: violet. Motto: .State Sovereignty—National Union. Representatives from ses'cn statewide educational agencies sponsor the nesv-voter program: superintendent of public instruction; Uni¬ versity of Illinois; the five state teachers colleges; Illinois County .Superintendents’ Association; lllinnis Education Association; and Department «rf Registiution and Kducation. tlbservances ss'ere held in 1941 in Oak Park, Peoria, Rttekfurd, .Springfield, University of Illinois, and numerous other places. .Member NP.A Committee on NVPR, 1940-41; iVlary H. Drown, 1205 North Court. Rockford. INDIANA Indiana, the ‘'llnosier State," is bounded on the north by Michigan, on the cast by Ohio, on the south by Kentucky, and on the west by Illi¬ nois. I'rcnch traders reached Indiana in the early 18th century. I'ollowing the Revolution, .settlers came into the .state from the .south and east. Indiana became a statu in 1816. Indianapolis is the capital and largest city in the .state which in 1940 had a population of 3,427,796. Indiana enshrines the birthplaces of James Whitcomb Riley and Lew Wallace. Zinnia is the state flower. Motto: The Crossroads of America. Indianapolis and Terre Maucc were among the cities observing Citizenship D.iy in 1941. Members of the NPA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: H. H. Blanchard, South Bend; Mrs, Olive S. Byers, Hammond; Gertrude Colcscott, Kokomo; Fred H. Croninger, Principal, Central Highschool, Port Wayne; O. G. Jamison, Indiana State Teachers College, Terre Haute; C. I,. Kuhn, South Bend; Allcgra Nesbit, Lew Wallace School, Gary; Helena Weil, Public Schools OlUcc, Kvansvillc. i fv RttSi f ail t>f fitc Stall \ lOI* A l«wj. ill the Mtddic >K'c«, It a mJlinj; prairie vviili Mill of f{rc4t fertility. Ninety-six percent of this state's acres, arc farms, llivcrsiiy of crops is unexcelled by any state. Mar<|u«ic and jolict were early explorers in this territory which was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and admitted to the Union in 1846. The capital is at Des Moines. Population in l‘i40 was 2,f5«,268. Iowa is nicknamed the "Hawk- eye State." The wild rtisc is the state Aower. The motto: Our Liberties We Prize and Our Rights We Will Maintain. The Iowa State Teachers Association sponsors Citizenship Day. In 1941 programs were held at Algona, Centerville, Creston, Des .Vfoines, Dubuque, Port Dodge. Iowa Halls, Keokuk, Mason City, Ottumwa, Sioux City. Washington, and other places. In the north¬ east district 18 communities held programs. Committee for 1941-42: Jordan 1.. Larson, .Supt. of .Schs., Dubuque, Chairman; E. T. Carl- stedt, Dean, Junior College, Bloomfield; H. H. Boyce, Highsch., Mason (aiy; W. H. Hoyman, Supt. of Schs,, Indianola; V. L. Sanders, Dean. Junior College, Creston; Mrs. Arlene Van Cleave, County Supt. .Sells,, Logan; T. R. Ehrhorn, Asst. Prin., Central Highsch., Sioux C.ity. KANSAS Kansas, the "Sunflower State,” is in almost the geographical center of the United States. In¬ cluded in the Louisiana Purchase it became a State in 1861. Agriculture is extensive, espe¬ cially wheat, corn, and potatoes. Kansas City has the country’s largest grain elevator. The state ranks high in coal, oil, and natural gas production. Topeka is the capital. Popu¬ lation of Kansas in 1940 was 1,801,028. State flower: sunflower. Motto: Ad Astra per Aspera (To the Stars thru Difficulties). Members NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: loan Gassier, 815 Spaulding, Wichita; Finis M. Green, Prin, Roosevelt Jr. Highsch., Pittsburg; L. W. Mayberry, Supt. of Schs., Wichita; Elizabeth S. Miller, 4132 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City; Della A. Warden, State Tchrs, College, Emporia; W. D. Wolfe, Supt. of Schs., Atchison. 3SS 77)1’ Air/ftfiitti CUncm IfauJhnnh KFNTUC.KY Kcittucliv, tlic "Hliic Siaic,” was ori(>i. itally part of Viri{ini.i, svliich iti 1786 gave cniisciu lit its or^ani/acioit as a separate state and it svas admiiied to the Uiiinii in 1792. Of KciiiuthyS •nhahii.ints i2,S-|S,627 in 1940) more til ,111 half .ire eiiji;.if{cd in .igrieiilturc. Irisesitick is an important industry. The state h.is King Itecii noted for its line horses'. Tourist .utraciions .-ire Ciimtserl.ind (>a{s and ^latiimoth C ..ivc National Park, Tliu birthplace of Abraham I.iiicuin is preserved as a national his¬ toric shrine. Ci.ipital of Kentucky is at I-’rankfort. Ctoldenrod is the state flower. Motto; United \£'c Stand, Divided We p'all. The Kentucky Education AsMiciatioii in 1941 passed a resolution recommending the observance of Citi/enship Recognition Day in every coninumity for the state's 611,S29 new voters. Programs were held in Rowling CJrecn, Murr.iy, Ricliiuond, and other places. Mem¬ bers NKA Committee on NVPR, !‘M0-41: 1,. C. (mrry, Supt. of .Sells., Howling Green; Ch.ti'les I.. Henry, Supt. of .Schs., M.aylicitl; W. H. Jones, I’rin., .Somerset Mighsch., Somerset. LOUISIANA I.ouisiana is .situated in the south-ceiur.il region, on the gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Tlie territory was sold by Napoleun'.s orders in 1803 to Thomas Jelfenon for the United States. The Cabildo, bisiuric government building in Nesv Orleans where the transfer Cook pl.acc, is preserved as a .state museum. The territory became a state in 1812. Louisiana leads in the production of sugar cane. Ocher important crops arc corn, .sweet potatoes, pecans, cotton. There arc ricJi sulphur mines in the state; also four of the largest salt mines in the world. The colorful New Orleans Mardi Gras, held annually, atemets many tourist.s. State population in 1940 was 2,363,880. "Pelican State" is Loiii.siana’.s nickname. The magnolia is the state flower. Capital: Bacon Rouge, Motto; Union, Justice, Confidence. The State Department of Education and the Louisiana Teachers Association have taken an active interest in Citizenship Day. Mem¬ bers NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: .Spencer Emmons and M. S. Robertson, State Department of Education, Baton Rouge, } i'r R‘tU ('ait rif fh Stafn Jg9 MAIKl*. .Nbinc, the "IHnc 'free Siitc." in New Eng- i\ ImumleJ on ilic nmtlt jitd cist by CAiijita. on (he onith by the Atijntic, and on the wc« by New Mampdtire and Quebec. WvM Quoddy Head i«i tlie extreme eastern point of the U. S. Maine came into the Union in 1820. The state is heavily wunled and nunintainous; highest peak is Mt. Katahdin, 527.1 feet. WiKids, lakes, and streams of Maine are favored vacation spots, I'ish and game are plentiful. Chief crop is the potato; as many as 55 miilitm bushels are grown some years. Lumber, fi.shcrlcs, and pulp and paper production arc important. On Mt. Desert Island is Acadia National Park. Augusta is the capital. .State population in ‘ 1940 SV. 1 S 847,226. Flowers pine cone. Motto: D/rigo (I Guide). Portland has observed Citizenship Day for the past three years, according to Clara I.. .Soule, Director of Americanization in Port¬ land, and member NliA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41, MARYLAND Maryland, a south Atlantic border state, is one of the Original Thirteen. The colonial charter was granted in 1632 to Lord Balti¬ more and the state is rich in historic spots. At Annapolis, state capital, is the U. S. Naval Academy. It was during an attack on Baltimore and Fort McHenry, now a national shrine, that Francis Scott Key wrote the "Star- Spangled Banner,” Baltimore on Chesapeake Bay is a great seaport and the nation’s seventh largest city. Maryland produces pig iron and coal; tobacco, wheat, and corn. Population in 1940 was 1,821,- 244. Nickname: "Old Line State.” Flower: blackeyed Susan; Motto: Scutrj Bonac Volmtafis Tuae Coronesti Nos CWith the Shield of Thy Goodwill Thou Hast Covered Us). Among Citizenship Day programs in Maryland, the Baltimore ob¬ servance was particularly ^ective. The Department of Education Issued "A Letter to Students of History in Highschool,” stressing the significance of the new-voter movement. Members NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: T. G. Pullen, Asst, State Supt. of Education, and John H, Schwatka, Principal, Southern Highschool, Baltimore. 7'Ar .’Urit'r/ian ('f/t-ffn MASSACHUSFTTS Karly liiuory mi one of the Tltiuccit CVi,>tiital States, is in lirge part the early liiMory of America. Historic landmarks abound: l'roviiuei«»ttii at the tip of Cape CahU I’tynwulb Rock where the Pilgrims landed in 1620; Ikntoh, "cradle of culture," where Haneuil Hall ,ind Hunker Hill recall Rcsolutionary days. Hounded on the east by the Atlantic, Massachusetts is a leading industrial and manufac¬ turing state. Hoston, the capital, is a great seaport and the nation's ninth largest city. Like all Mew Rngland states, Massachusetts is a popular vacation spot. Population in 1940 svas 4,316,721. State flower of tlic "Bay .State" is the Jtiayflower. .Motto; liiisc Pelil VlaciJam Suh Lihi'r/ate Quirtt'm (^’ith the Ssvord She Seeks Peace Under Lilscrty). The State Department of Education, thru supervisors of adult civic education, sponsors Citi/.cnship Day. Members NBA Commit¬ tee on NVPR, 1940-41: Mary L. (iuyion. State Super, of Adult Civic Ktin., Boston; Morton R. .Scavey, Priii., Bulkeley Sch., Concord. MICHIGAN Michigan, the "Wolverine State," is in the heart of the C»rc.si Lakes Region along the C.anadian border. It was in the territory Covered by the Ordinance of 17K7 and became a state in 1837. Its extensive islands, lakes, and forests arc not only important industrially but attract thou¬ sands of vacationists. Isle Royalc in Lake Superior is a national park. Manufacturing and mining arc chief industries. Michigan leads in automobile production. Population in 1940 was 3,236,106. Lansing is the statu capital. Detroit is the fourth largest city in the U. ,S. The apple blossom is the .state flower. Motto: Si Qtiaeris Pfiihisiiiam Avtovnam Cirvumslncf (If You .Seek a Pleasant Penin¬ sula, Look Around You). Detroit and Kalam:t'/.oo were among communities observing Citi- /enship Day in 1941. Wayne University cooperated in presenting programs in and around Detroit. Member NBA Core Committee on NVPR, 1941-42: D. A. Van Buskirk, Supc. of Schools, Hastings. rh' noli Cull of /Af 391 MINNKSOTA Minncsou United f lakes, many ti,.nal area for forests. TtJ middle of ■ the 17 th^ century. Freno explorers established of 1812 when the The British then dominated “y* ” , territorial government. U. S. acquired the land J corn, dairying, and iron Minnesota became a state m 18^. 2,792.300. The ore are the chief products. her State” is the moccasin capital is St. Paul. St.ue flower of th J ^ (lower. Motto-. L’Bo'lc Ju sponsors Citizenship Day. The Minnesota Education A oHs, St. Cloud, Sc. Paul, Programs were held over 4000 new voters took part .nd'other cities. In Council in cooperation in an observance sponsored y Committee and member NE ;:ich the -hools. Chajman^MEA p,rector. Committee on jrankUn St., Minneapolis. Adult Education, 600 west MISSISSIPPI . • • flie •'MaKnolia State.” in the east Mississippi, the M g Mexico, south-central group » ^ 3^7 The cli- .^as “ i„i Agriculture, especially 1"“*® “ subtropical. 8 Vicksburg, cottoa. k ^ „™. na.to.1 ‘"’'w-.rrs ,„„d dumg ^ *. U»» *»"“■ S - $*0. Supt. of oons.. yn T/ir Ament ait ( ’,itne»% tlathilmitk MISSOURI Mi%v)uri, in initlvvi-st United Sutev, h,it over n tluiuMnd milo id ii,iviy;,iltlL’ w,iU‘r\vays on the MiiMssip|ii and MisMiuri Rivers, St, Louis is the gateway fnr north and south travel. The territory w.is part of the l.nulsiana Pur¬ chase of 1)11)3 aiul tsccame a state in letlerMtn Caiy is the C!»pital. State population in l‘HM was 3,?«4.h64. C'.hief industries: corn, wheat, meat-packing, minerals. Missouri’s vacation center is in the O/ark Mountains. Nickname of Missouri: "Shoss’-Me State”; flower: hawthorn; motto: Salus Volmh Siifiretiia Lex listu (Let the welfare of the people he the supreme law). The Missouri State Teachers Association anti the State Department of Kdiication sponsored Catixenship Day in I‘.)4) for Sl),l)()l) new voters. Members NKA Ciommittee on KVPR, 11)40-41: Willard Gr.n/I, Supt. of .Schs., Marshall; James .S. McKee, Southwest 1 lighsch., Kansas City; W. H. Rnsenstengel, ,Supi. of Schs,, C'niumbia; B. M. Stigall, J100 Paseo, Kansas City. MONTANA Montana, the "Treasure Slate" in western U. S., has mountain scenery unsurpassed for lofty grandeur. (Jlacier Park, on the U. .S.- Canadian line, is a vast public preserve of IS37 square miles. Lewis and (dark visited the Montana region in ISOS. Discovery of gold in IMIO and the influx of settlers caused frequent clashes with the Indians. At Big Morn River in 1R7() General Custer and all his men were massacred by Indians. Montana wa.s .admitted to the Union in lliSi). Irrigation projects, including the largest dirt dam in the world at Port Peck, have inerca.sed wheat and fruit production. Melena is the capital. .State population in 1^40 was SJS),45<), Plcwer; hitterront. Motto: Ow y Vhtla (Gold and Silver). The Supreme Court and Montana Bar Assn, in cooperation with the Montana Education Assn., Legion, Kiwani.s, and other groups sponsored Cdti/.eiiship Day in 1941. The state legislature pas.sed a resolution providing for the obscrv.ance. Member NP.A Committee on NVPR, 1!)4I)-41: W. P. Stegner, Supt. of Schs., Miles City. The Roll of 393 NEBRASKA NcEi A^Ui, a north-central siatc^^ Hudson Bay to tile Cm *• Unioti. OnRinally a v:^ Omaha. NEVADA ji tUp Soanish meaning ' snow- Nevada IS from thCi’P^ountain states, sixth covered. Gnc ° „ j^evada was admitted to in size in the n • populous of the tl** J • ^940 had ^110,247 inhabi- 1 . u b..»W by “Sd ”- rf s.«.b,u. b - p'^““Td iS. «»*s •'^S Brm i« h" •'" S'i» «1» dWer. capital; Reno r’V.arles Priest, ° «‘^w‘nea ^ S„^£to.dSoh»U,0.,so»0,. }y-} T/ri’ Ai’icncan f.V//irrn JfdftJhtnk SI.Vi' HAMPSHIRI' New H.tmpUiirc, the "tinHite Stile," one of the Orifiiiul Thiriceii, U in New' England. It W.H settled in at Dover and I’oitsmouth, only three yearn after the landing of the PIU grim 1-ather* in Mannachinetts. New Hamp¬ shire is bounded on the north by Canada and on the east by Maine and the Atlantic, Its surface is rugged and pictiirest{uc W'ith high mountains, large forests, fertile valleys, and numerous lakes. It i$ .sometimes called the ".Switzerland of America." The White Moun¬ tains and the forest reservations and parks arc popular vacation resorts in .summer and in winter as well when skiing is enjoyed. Among scenic attractions are the Did Man (»f the Mountain, Mt. Washington, d2i)3 feet, the l-lumc. and Dtxville Notch. Manufac¬ turing, the recreational business, agriculture, .uid mining arc chief .sources of income. Population in V}M\ was 4!>1,S24, Concord is the capital, l.ilac is the state flower. There is no state motto. Mcmlwr NKA Committee on NVl'R, 1!>41)-41} Mildred E. Taft, Colby Junior C!ollcge, Nesv London. Ni:W JERSEY New Jersey, one of the t,)i'iginal Thirteen, is botiiuled on the north and east by New York and the Atlantic Ocean and on the south and west by Delaware and Pennsylvania. Diversity of soils and climate, as well as proximity to New York City and Pbiladciphia, make New Jersey the "Garden .State," which produces great s^uantitics of fruits and vegetables. Around Newark is an important manufacturing center. Along tlie scacuast arc such famous resorts as Cape May, Atlantic City, and Asbiiry Park, Winter sports such as .skiing, skating, and iceboacing are enjoyed on die lakes and hills in the north. Morristown His¬ torical Park occupies the area used for several w'inters by George Washington and his army during the Revolution, .State population in l'J4() was 4,I60,l(ir. Trenton is the capital. State flower! violet. Motto: Liberty and Pro.sperity. Member NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: Thomas F. Mc¬ Hugh, Principal, Madi,son Junior Elighschool, Newark. NKW MEXICO New Mexico, in xoutl,western U. S.. was the 47th state admitted to the Union (1912). In are the state ranks fourth. Agriculture, cattle- riUinrtnd mining are chief industries. Rich cod fields still aw.-iit development, hor gen- , . of the Pueblo Indians whose com- crations the region was the horn At Carlsbad Caverns, munity villages .ittract j ^ underground caverns man a national park, arc^oni ..gj^hine State." Flowcri yucca; S:rc.:!lrtw:(u G»w.«.. g».>. s..» - 1940 was 551,818. Sarua Fc gtjm was held May 18, In Otero County a ^ods. Tularosa. who presided, is 1941. ]ohn L. Larkin. Supt. NVPB. 19+0-41, 1 number of the NEA Committee on NVPR. new YORK J.. rS"o?r:i.”=.T one of the world's largest Arnong George; Lake Placid, famous for Its , ^ Palisades; and a splendid N»g.r. F.U.; *. Tto^a ttaj. < ^ ^ s„,. “ of " population in 19+« (Higher). ^^ter preparation and recognition is An extensive ° te Teachers Association thru a com carried on by the New of Education thru its mlttec and by the tate Defense. Programs wMe ® ‘ of Civic Education and N highschools in New York City, 1941 in Ithaca; NYSTA Committee and member N aid in other pUces. Chairma^ Culp, Supt. of Schs.. Ithaca. Com. on rs VJ-is-i 39(5 77((' liandhuuk NORTH CAROLINA Half in North ( arolina .nul half in Tgnncsscc arc the Cireai Smoky Mnuntains, made a na¬ tional park in 19 50, coinpri^irij;; 687 square miles of womied mimiiiain lu'auty. North ( arohiu was last of the Thirteen Original States to ratify the U. S. C'.oiistitutioii. At Roanoke Island, in the colony esiaWislied by Sir Walter Raleigh, svas born in 1587 Virginia Dare, first white chilJ of Finglish parentage born in the New World. IVim.'irily an agricultural state. North Carolina "fills every blank in the census of farm products, yieliling all crops grown in both northern and soutliern U. S." Raleigh is the capital. State population in 1940 was 3,571,623. Nickname: "Tarheel State.” blower: dog¬ wood. Motto: /bsc Qiiaiti Vidt'ri (Tt» Re Rather ‘I'lian To Seem). Members NKA Cuniniiitec on .NVI’R, 194H-41: Margery H. Alexander, Route 2, Derita; fi. H. Arnold, Piin., Hugh Mocson I lighscb., Raleigh. NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota, the "Sioux State," is in the center of the great western wheat belt. It svasorgani'/ed as a territory during the struggle over .slavery. Us territorial motto—Liberty and Union, Now and borever, One and In- .scpar.tblc—from a .speech by Daniel Webster, svas taken over when it became a state in 1889. In early d.tys the .state svas the home of .several Indian tribes. In Bismarck, on the state capitol grounds, is a statue of Sacagass'ca, the heroic Indian girl ss'lio guided the Lewis and Clark lixpedition into the Oregon country. State population in 1940 svas 641,93 5. blower: wild prairie rose. rise North Dakota Education Association has a committee to •Sponsor Citizenship Day. .Several interesting pi'o,grams were held in 1941. In a rural community the progr.mi svas developed by a 4-H club svith the aid of ilie Rot.try Club, A coviniy .superintendent in¬ vited new voters into the rural .scliools to take part in .social-science classes. Minot svas one of the first cities in the U. .S. to observe Citi¬ zenship Day. The NDEA Committee, 1941: A. L. Hagen, Supt. of Sells,, Dickinson; Mrs. Jemen, County .Supt, of ,Schs., Mandan; L. A. White, Supt, of Schools, Minot, C/jainiian. Thv KuU Call nf ilv 'States i97 OHIO The name Ohio is from the Iroquois meaning great river—the t^hio touching 436 miles of the state's border, to which arc added 230 miles along Lake Erie, giving the state a navi¬ gable water front of over 6$0 miles. Earliest peoples in the Ohio region were the moundbuildcrs whose prehistoric earthworks are today scenic wonders. Ohio was the first state of the vast Nortliwest Territory to be admitted to the Union under the Congressional Enabling Act of 1802. rcrcile soil and rich mineral resources are nature’s gift to the "Buckeye .State.” In the Stcuben- ville-Cleveland-Youngstown triangle is an inland empire of steel and iron. Columbus is the capital. State population in 1940 was 6,907,612. Flower; scarlet carnation. Motto; hnpmiim in Imperio (A Government Within a Government). Citizenship Day is sponsored by the Ohio Education Association and the .state department. Lorain County was a pioneer in the move¬ ment. Member NEA Committee onNVPR, 1941-42: Ira Baumgart¬ ner, Superintendent of Schools, Sylvania. OKLAHOMA Oklahoma, in the west south-central group, is a vast rolling plain. The territory was organ¬ ized in 1834 as Indian territory and white settlers were barred. The area in the central part was opened to the public by the U. S. on April 22, 1889, in the historic "Land Rush.” More than 50,000 persons entered in one day. Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907. In the state today are 36 percent of the nation’s Indian population. Oil discovered in the 1900’s on land owned by Indians made many of them rich. Oklahoma is primarily agricultural. Okla¬ homa City is the capital. State population in 1940 was 2,336,434. Nickname; "Sooner State.” Flower: mistletoe. Motto: Labor Omnia Vincit (Labor Conquers All Things). Citizenship Day is sponsored by the Oklahoma Education Associa¬ tion. Observances were held in 1941 in Bristow, Oklahoma City, Shawnee, and other places. Member NEA Committee on NVPR, 1941-42: Mrs. Ruth Paris,' 300 N. E. 14th St., Oklahoma City. jys 7A. Amimaii C.Hiztn^ iIo,i.U„mk "’'•isjtiili ORl-GON OrcKon. the "Jic.ver S.^e.’' sl,.nv, som. nn^tluy %eenery—the h,i..ul C:„lint,hia River MU.w.,„p,wd .\f,. Hmul. R,ll,, o.,’ the Jj'TUtus 11,j>h\v.,y whicli .kins the I ■■ I .tcilif ticcjii. 'S'iihin tlic are minv ni tK>n.>l lorcsis extensively used f„r recreaiinn. with , tocil nr ‘ under tederal enntrt.l of .k-,,.,. j ' ;!* rcwatuetrnnt lumber v.ld uiT tl«« reserves and from ,r rh; priv ' 1 ^ 0 . As,.culture, lumbering, fish canning (of f,„uH„ R.ver salmon), .md nunioK. are chief induces. T X .wm,,«, „pi. „j,,, L.»i, ,,j c.;i..,k „ rr sl,-.s lV n ^ Clouncil sjujusors Citi/cn f l aj. Hans are ^oms forward in other cities. .Members NEA C ommittee on MVI'K, 194(1-41: H. \V Acer l»ri» M • ! e . . i'll (land, ,1. A. Howard, I'nn., Hif.hschool, West r.imi. PI-NNSYLVANIA I'ennsylvania, called the "Kevstorie State" because it occupied the center of the arch formed by the Thirteen OriKinal States, is in tlw Middle Atlantic area. It was named for leulcr in self ‘■"‘‘“U' and a X ,if Lr. i' Confederation; the Decla- nd I f Treaty of Peace endin, the Revolution; Valle ioree see historic w nti General Washinfiton durin« the terrible 1 na L d s^r i. ^ ^^’? «f the Civil War. is now pr^S Tt'er 1“"":''^'''“"'* » of the «reat iron and steel s the c Oita 1 u "'■'* .‘7.900.180. Harrisburg otlier nhcer^kle^^I " I’ottstown, and S Turner on NVPR, 1941-42: Rachel ( urner, 208 N. I-ronc St.. M'ormlcvsburg. 399 I'/v Httll Call uf the S/dAs RHODE ISLAND Rhude Idand, southern gateway of New t'!ngland. is the smaltcst state in the Union Vk'ith an area of 1248 square miles. But it is the most densely populated having 674 per¬ sons per square mile. The population in 1940 was 713,346. As shown on the state seal, the ofiicial name since 1776 has been “.Seale of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.” The first settlement in Rhode Island was made in 1636 by Roger Williams who was banislied from Massachusetts for his liberal polit¬ ical and religious ideas. By 1643 there were four settlements which united to form the Colony of Providence Plantations. Rhode Island was tlie last of the Thirteen Original States to ratify the U. S. Constitution (179(1). Providence is the capital. Nickname: “Little Rhody." riower; violet. State motto: Hope. Member, NBA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: Henry F. Nugent, 119 State O/lice Building, Providence. SOUTH CAROLINA South Carolina, a South Atlantic state, was one of the Original Thirteen. Fifty percent of the state’s acres are in cotton and the manufacture of textiles is an important in¬ dustry. Principal minerals are phosphate, gran¬ ite, and clay produces. Historically the state can be divided into the periods of discovery and exploration, 1321-1663; proprietory rule, 1663-1719; royal rule, 1720-7J; and statehood from 1776. South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union at the beginning of the Civil War. Among the, state’s scenic attractions arc the beautiful magnolia gardens at Charleston visited each year around Easter time by thousands of tourists. Nearby are the Brook- green Gardens owned and operated by the state. Columbia is the capital. Population of the state in 1940 was 1,899,804. Nickname: "Palmetto State.” Flower: yellow jessamine. Motto: Animis Opi- bmque Parttfi (Ready in Soul and Resource). The South Carolina Education Association has a committee to sponsor Citizenship Day. Its chairman and member of the NEA Committee on NVPR, 1941-42: C. A. Dixon, Roebuck. •iriri rfw A mtmdn Cifiti m lUndJnmk SOUTH DAKOTA Smiih njkiHj, A iiortli tcutral state, formed ilie s.miliern half nf tlie ..lisi,,.,! ntury orKaui/ed .« iSM .,«d named after the 1 aktiu Indians. Ha* renimry was divided !- <■ , and .'nmili l>v Omercss in isna Except for the Hbck Hill,. ,h, „ate is a hroad. "'."innl Z' in t'-r' l‘"■‘ in 194(1) is engaeed .^iculiurc or industries connected with it. The Black Hilhama lias 1 diversity of scenic wonderst Wind Cave N.nion,I Park Z national monuments; „„e state park; two nation.:! 11:;'’ 1" ■ .. ire IS the capital. Nackname: "Covote .State” P'lower* pasijue flower. Motto; Under (md the People Rule. Ilie .South Dakota hducaiion Association h.is a committee to 1N\1K. 1)41-42: ,1. I-. Slocum. Supt. of .ScIumiIs. Colnian. TK.NNI-S.Si;!*; A large part of Tennessee is iti the area of the leniiessee Valley Authority, created by .(ingress in l') 3 j t„ conserve and develop the n.miral resources of the region, vs-hich also planninit ^f the r ■" «>‘=i»l-cconotnic cions arc mount •*'*’'**1' whole. 1 cniie.ssce’.s great scenic attrac- che Civil War w the Battle of Chattanooga in park Of the 42 (lOn Smokie.s, now a national are woodlan I A t »Pproximatcly 30.000 - 179fi. Tennessee is dek- cdminm-cJ. Agricultme and lierGlo'RnhM NVPR. H4().41: Doak .S. Camp- •W "7 N».vhvillc: Frank Gentry. The Roll Call of the Stales 401 TEXAS Texas, in soutk-ccntral U. S., largest state in the Union, is bigger than any European nation except the USSR and Germany, grows more than a fourth of U. S. cotton and furnishes close to 40 percent of U. S. crude oil. It supports seven million head of cattle, Texans are proud of their history: the winning of their independence from Mexico at the Battle of the Alamo and at San Jacinto under Sam Houston; their status as an independent republic from 183d to 1843 when they joined the Union. The "Lone Star” flag of their republic is now the state flag. Austin is the capital. State population in 1940 was d,414,824. Flower; bluebonnet. Motto; Friendship. The Texas State Teachers Association has a committee on Citizen¬ ship Day. Programs were held in Dallas, sponsored by the Grade Teachers Council, and in Eagle Pass sponsored by the American Legion, Chairman TSTA Committee and Member NEA Committee on NVPR, 1941-42: Avis K. Roberson, Public Schools, Fort Worth. UTAH Utah, in the far West, takes its name from an Indian tribe of Utes or Yutas. It is the "Mormon State,” having been settled in 1847 by Mormons who fled, under the leadership of John Smith and Brigham Young, from reli¬ gious persecution in the Midwest. Utah came into the Union in 189d. Salt Lake City is the capital, on Great Salt Lake (20 percent of its fluid content is salt; has no known outlet). The nation was spanned by rail in 1849 when a golden spike was driven at Promon¬ tory Point near Great Salt Lake on May 10. Scenic attractions are Utah’s two national parks: Zion Canyon with its huge sandstone cliffs, and Bryce Canyon, famous for its Pink Cliffs, brilliantly col¬ ored rock pinnacles cut out by weathering along the edge of an 8,000-ft. plateau. State population in 1940 was 350,310. Flower: sego lily. Motto: Industry. Members NEA Committee on NVPR, 1940-41: Don Barney, Prin., Pingree School, Ogden; W. F, Johnson, 262 E. Second North, Provo; Lester J. Nielson, 724 Windsor St., Salt Lake City. ■ jo : T!v A’ttiru>i» lldiiJhwik VI RMONT Vvmutiit. Nf* I n^l.iiurs (tnly inlind state, \v 4 i tin- l-tt>» *« )•*'» (1791). 1 akf t Ii.iiiipl.iii* ^^trms must uf the western bttiiiuljrv. I'lu' ;ioii in 1. . 7 was „f the war. Mniitpeliei is the e.ipii.«l. ‘'«a'e popnl.uion was 359,231 in PHii. l lowcr: red cluvci. Mmto: 1 iwlom and Lmiy. Member NI A Committee on NVPK. CNn -ll-. Mas \\ • Karrons, St,tie .Supervisor of niithschimls. M.mtpehei. cv. ’ i, vnU.l.N'IA \ '1 4' i\ VirKlni.». a middle Atlantic stale, slwres with M,issachuscits the herit.i>;e of America s early hisinrv. At .lamestmvii in m? the pe^ maneiit KukUsIi settlement was made. In 1619 - ■cTtr. It lamestnwn was held the lirsi representative .h. n™ ™ria. A. Y«k.... n ,U< R™ »*" riymt with surrender of a British army. I he C.isil 'Mr cioe i«.s A,...i ]«;' ;> Ap,»2 Court Mouse. I’rineipal shrines in \ irpiiia: ik C.nloni Hislic l-ark including restored Williamsburg; WasbinKiiin’s home: Monticelln. home; and Arlinston. lioine of Lee. \ irsinia is l u The capital is at Kichmmul. State popul.ition '.'7 ’ blower- dogwood. Motto: .S»« .Srw/vr / iramm t I hus Always ^\”d'/enship Day I SMI was observed Princess Anne County, and other places. ^ mt NV1>K, 1‘740-41: Mrs. Patihne Sch Richmond: Alexandria; Jessie IV II.tynes. Prin.. O. Avents " S A. MacDtmald. Prin., Ruffner Jr. Highsch.. Norfolk. Saw. "WASHINGTON "the FvcrRfcen State oii Washington, «« r h l.,cific Coast. rand ,f forested land. ®'’’“ *^„ow-covered Mount ..w .,T-. Pucet Sound, presides ... c The state Rainier, third highest ^ • ted for its apples, lumber products, a d of NVPR, 1941-421 K. J- WEST VIRGINIA j from the union at the When Virginia the wc^ern epun- outbreah of the ^ wW ties opposed and set up 3'^ x“s: c t v*^ **”'^^tSco“'y*''”-^S^Ch«U.to». 404 I'lm Amcrhatt CUizrm Hand book WISCONSIN WiivconMn, the "BAtlRcr State " in the cast north-central xroup. came into tlic Union in , 184g. It i» al«> called ’‘Qsppcr State" be¬ cause of the copper in the soil and rocks which gives several rivers their unusual color. Ge¬ ologists arc attracted by the peculiar r- of *i* etrJ «" Member NBA Com- s S."‘isW..»i- „ ^ j of the Pacific, ere w crossroads 01 t .. .j-jje appics. Popu'«'“" ‘VvpK. HEA Committee o Honolulu. ,T«nTO KfOO pUEKT- ^ ^ possession acquired f , . Congress. I' , >Iew Citizens meet- t vJS:iVico%.yji"uc»».iSrir. ti. ‘''8* r^t schools Commissioner of Bdu programs n « ^ Univ. of Pu«“ J p, Rodriguez committee. Jo of teachers Association. Rosario, Uireci- pygrto Kico * G6mez Tejera, -^tyPR, 1941-42. THIS HOOK This voi.umk has hem made /wxsihle thru //« rf.# ior hr fi„r W rffiric, ,.41 hru the press; Snperhitendmt Hu};h S linmtr fo .m /,„„/,,/ b, J.M D,./,,r;;,.,, M,,J;]Tc. /oy^nZtfy " "’I"" "/ H//L D^, ti , CWzmhp Remg- Z7t Alt' " '■' ™W/3- *r Rvco„„Uw7t/ P'omoliaii of CiHzmbip S on Day and improvement of future editiom. Readers arc invited and ur^ed to write the publishers tz^zsizt of Cifizeii If -uip ^^1 7 possession of the American nuZL/iTo t 'oe must hep m 'h to , ' ond ideals sehich make for true greatness. [ 406 ] Indc. 6 J Ab« to” Abaham Lincoln ^ ^Iks .u MidinBlu-/.'"‘''**.V , Aims, j j A,kmuh>b»Q">"^y Ailtlams, Itiiir Tr > 1 ". >«■ Absb ■ jj, Akott. a< Almanac!.— Amendments to United States Constitution America—S hi/^^> An.»ic» (» Sl—I " " America, I Lo'’® 7j America the Beautifvil- Katharine Uf American Citizens Reading. American J * ^ American Flag, tne— American Guide S«i« _ American History m —Horn. ; 371 American Legion, The, J American School, Morgan - American T 79 Rrtgwfi* • ■ ■ ■ 'p„ ■' . 61 Americans Creed P J Arizona ■ ■; . 344 ^ 332 Arkansas.^-" ^ 86 Arlington House Lv J Athenian Oath, Ihe Atlantic neclaratmn— Roosetcll, Church,\l 268 Auduhm, John /«-»« 112. B Bfiky, Philip Janies ® ^ Ballot, The-Pif'7)0«/ 7 Bancroft, George 102 Bates, Katharine Lee^ Battle-Hymn of the Re- public—Ho«yf Q 4 ucyt.rhm»> Beecher, Henry Ward . Bell, Alexander G. ■■■ ■ Bennett, Henry Holcomb . ■ 153 Berlin, 77 sr »rTS: ■” >«■ Bonar,Hugh S---_ ■ ■ Booldists. See Reading Lists. Boone, .. Booth, Edwin . Boulder Dam . ^2 Boy Scout Law. Boy Scout Oath. Brooks, Phillips • ■ ■ .. .. Bry«»t, William Cnllen 1 Budget, Home Plan for Year 3 Building the Bridge Dromgoole ■ ■ ' ' Building Your Home Library —. 332 Burbank, Luther . [ 407 ] -<08 Tfv Amvwan Ciitcm lh„Jhtmk Calendar, The Nation’s H9 California jj,,. 3^^^ 3^^ Capitol H,II fD.C.] II. 12. .>81 Census of U. S. i<»40 344 Chauninn, 'William 1 -. 123 Children’s Charter. The 263 Umair, Knfm jj 2 C/m,■ chill, Wiut/o„ S. 248 Citiitenship Rcconnition Dayi Congressional action 349 How to organize 372 Manitowoc plan . 344 NEA Committee on 368. 3(59. 371, 380 jCtite obscrvancciii Story of . , . . 3S3 Wisconsin legislation , 347 Clay, Henry . jjj Clemens, Samuel L, .312. 120 Cliulaml, Ctroixr 134 Code of the Good American, 1 lie —H Hlehins s. R,J . ll JJJ Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean —a Bev/cet . I04 Colunibus~M;V/fr . . . , , gj Committee on New Voter Preparation & Recognition Concord Hymn—Ewrrron 83 Congress of the United States p 1 Congressional .iction on Cici- y-aiMp Day. 3^, Connecticut ,, .330, 344^ 3^3 Constitution of U. S. 1«7 Amendments . 208 Preamble Rcjding list on .... ” Shrine of . ' Story of . Owracts. facts about ;, ,11 Cord/dgr, Susan Canfier, fames I-rstiniore 112, Ha Cooper, Peter .* ** t^rinthians 1:13 ., , . 17, Country Boy’s Creed, The— Orotrr Country Girl’s Creed. A— • . . 43 Crane, Frank . . jjj Credo— I.ieberman 73 Criminal Law, rights under 298 Critical Problems Facing Our Nation—Dyis/ru . 29 Cushman, Cfsarlottc .S. 138 D Hatef In American history 347 Hear Land of All My Love — J-ankr hulepciulencc. 177 Shrine of Story of . • ,7^ HO, 344. 384 District of Columbia „ , 330. 345. 405 See also Washington, D, C. Dixie—Ewnne/f . IO4 Drake, Joseph Rodmats. 13 3 Dronttfoolc, Will Allen . 98 Dykstra, Clarence A, . . , 29 E Rails, James Buchanan . 128 Education in a democracy 17 , 32 , 44 , 231 , 262 , 330 -t 409 ducation.OurF^ithm *0 juiurdh ;;; 8S, 92. 94, 112, 11® ImnKtt, D«ifirt Decatur 10® ijiodus 20!J-17 170 ■jets for Kvery Citiicn Panwell Address, The— WailanRton F(rr«.t:«/, David Glainow F/fW, Jeisie ■ ^ • fishburii, Eleamr C. Flag Code of the U. S. Flag Goes By, The— Bentielf . Flag Salute [pocml— Harmon . Flag of the United States! Description of. Pledge to. Saluting the Flag ■ ■ ■ Selections on the Flag ■ U. S. Flag Code • ■ Florid;'.331. 344. 384 Foster, Stephen Four Things—Vflf* '. 33 Franklin, Benjamin. 80. 93. 133 Portrait -Vna 112 French,Dan{elCbester..l09, 112 Georgia . .- 245 Gettysburg Address—L«»col» 24 S Gibran, Kabil . . .. J Givens, Willard • God Bless America—Berhtt^ 108 God Give Us Men—Holland 72 Go Forth and Tcach-Ma»»t 231 Golden Rule, the [Bible]... 170 Grant, Ulysses S . 13 Greatest Thing in the World, The [Bible] . 171 Gregg, F‘M.y .. . ■ ■ . . Grover, Edmn Osgood . Guidebooks to the states.... 3au Hall of Fame at New York University . Hall of Fame Colonnade.... Hamilton, Alexander . Happiness—Woodrw^ . H,*?. loi Sl!wL».. N"*"*'. Hemans, Felicia D . Henry, Joseph. .. ■ Henry, Patrick . ' Herbert, Victor . ■ ^ History, American. Holland, • • n ’' " Holmes, Oliver Wendell 87, 115», tJ' iTCTTM-Wl X 96 Friendship. Signiacanceof.. Home-Payne 108 Fulton, Future Farmers of America Creed .. Future Teachers of America Pledge . Home budget plan. Home library . Holidays, public.. ■ • Hopkins, Mark .H ■ 41(1 Thr Aiiii'rinin ('ihzf>i\ IttiinUuitik Horn, Giinnar 'Si'S Htmv, lilias . 112, 12 'J Howe, Julia Ward Sfi, 105 How to Become a U, S. Citi¬ zen— U. S. Iiniiii^rafion ’J Naturaliza/itm Venice S7 Hniilh’s, Charles I'vans 145 Hunt, 93 Hutvhiwi, William f, 51 I Idaho .331, 344. 385 If and And —97 Illinois 331, 344, 386 Illustrations, list of ... 415 Iminif^ratiott {^ Haluralha- lion Serikr, V. H. 37, 369, 371 Inilependonce Hall (I’hila.l 184 Indiana . .3 31, 344, 386 Iiulnction into Citi/.unsliip, we Citizenship ll.«cuj»nitimi Day Insurance rates, how calcu¬ lated 3 58 Interest rates, hosv calculated 357 Iowa. 33 1 , 344, 3 87 Irvitiji, Was/jm^lon . 112 , 116 J Jatkmn, Andrew . 137 Jelferson Memorial [D. C. ] 284 JeffmoH, Thonun .7S, 80, 134 Portrait . 181 Jones, John Paul . 130 Jones, William . 72 K Kansas .331, 344, 387 Kent, failles . 131 Kentucky 331, 344, 388 Kri, I'rtiinh Sent/ ... ioq Kfw\', \V, I*. . Kiwants International 360, 37 i Kisvanis International Peace Tablet ... 5 Q L I.and Where Hate Should Die, The—All fo/iVAy . , 75 I.aiulin}; of the Pilgrim Path- ers. The —Hemaiis 82 lane, Praiiklin K. 146 I.ankr, Siiluey 67 I.aw, Parliamentary—317 Laws Kveryone Should Know ■—Wood 297 Lee, Robert I\. 131 Lee, Rolsert I'.. |poeni]— Hotre 86 Lefiler, Henry /■, ... 325 Liberty Bell, The 176 Library of Congress [D. C.] Interior view . , 280 Shrine of Declaration and Constitution . . 174 i.iel>erinaii, V.lias .... 70 iJncolii, Ahra/uiiii 6,9, 88 , 89, 134, 245 Lincoln Memorial [D. C.] 109, 110, 246, 286, 287 Lincoln, the Man of the Peo¬ ple —Markham . 88 Uiidsay, Vachcl . 89 Lang, Dr, Cratvford W, . ■ ■ ■ 112 Longfellow, Henry W. 70, 75, 112, 117 Look to This Day —Sanscrit 91 Louisiana ... 331, 345, 388 Lowell, James Rnsscll. . . 112 , 117 J.yon, Mary . 121 411 Index M iUeDon i'll, iJuitt.l A. 112 Maiiimii, /jwi< RO, 111 Magna C.ltariJ 172 Makers of the Mag— I^ne.. 14fi Maine 331, 345, 3B9 Manitowoc I Wisconsin], . 13, 3<4 Ilware « 0 , 112 , 121 , 251 Ponr,iit .250 Uarkhaiiu lliluin . 88 , 96 Marshall, John .132 Marylaml , 331, 345, 389 Massachusetts 331, 345, 390 Matthess' 7:12 170 Matthew 22:37-39. 170 Af<»ni-)‘, Maftheu Faitlahic. ■ 127 Mayflower Compact, The... 173 McCarthy, Denis /I.. 75 McCormick, Cyrus H . 112 Mctchik, Aaron . 73 Michigan 331, 345, 390 Milestones in American His¬ tory . 347 Miller, Joaquin . 81 Minnesota.331, 345, 391 Missis.sippi .331, 345, 391 Missouri.331, 345, 392 Mitchell, Maria . 127 Monroe, James . 136 Montana .331, 345, 392 Montgomery, Roselle M . 76 Moncicello [Virginia]. 73 Monument, The Washington [D.C].141, 142 Moore, Thomas . 274 Morgan, Joy Elmer 5, 13, 69, 326 Morse, Samuel F. B . 112 , 129 Morton, William T.G . 128 Motley, John Lothrop . 119 Mount Vernon [Virginia] 67, 287, 288 Mvmfard, Lctuis . 168 My Creed —Walter . 92 My Life —van Dyke . 91 My Native Land— Scott. .. 68 My Old Kentucky Home— Foster . 107 N Name of Old Glory, The —Riley . 154 National Anthem, The. 100 National Education Associa¬ tion of United States Committee on. New Voter Preparation and Recog¬ nition . .368, 369, 371, 380 Headquarters Building.. . 45 National Parks of U, S. 352 National Resources Planning Board . 351 National Statuary Hall [U. S. Capitol]. 113 Naturalization, process of. . . 37 Nebraska. 331, 345, 393 Nesbit, Wilbur D .158 Nevada .331, 345, 393 Nevin, Ethelbert . 112 Newcomb, Simon . 127 New Hampshire . .331, 345, 394 New Jersey. 331, 345, 394 New Mexico.331, 345, 395 New Voter Preparation and Recognition, NEA Com¬ mittee on. . 368, 369, 371, 380 New voters in U. S. 1930 .. . 344 New York State. .332, 345, 395 New York Times, The . 148 New York University, Hall of Fame. 114 412 Tm Amerkan Xktizeus Uamlomik North Caroliiu .332, 343, 196 North Dakota 3 32, 34$, SUfi o Oath of Allegiance. . 42 Ohio 332, 34$, 397 Oklahoma. 3 32, 34$, 397 Oldham, G. Ashtwt . 62 Old Ironaidcs —Holmes . . 87 Oregon 33 2 , 34$, 398 Organizations Interested in Citizcaship . .340 P Ptfgf, William Tyler . 61 Palmer, Alice 122 Pan American Union fD. C.] 26 Parkman, Francis . . . 120 Parks, imcional, of U. 8 .. .. 3 $2 Parliamentary Law, Primer of—CJrcgg .317 Payne, ]ahii Howard . 108 Peabody, Gforgi' 12$ Pennsylvania 332, 34$, 598 Peisn, William .136 Personal Growth Leaflets $ 8 , 379 Philippines . 34$ Pier pout, John . 79 Pilgrimage to Washington, D. C. 273 Pledge to the Flag.143 Poe, Ed^ar Allan . 119 Poetry: Historical Selections. 81 Life and Aspiration. 91 Love of Country. 61 Poor Voter on Election Day, The^Whifticr . 78 Population of states 1940 . . . 344 Population of United States 1790 to 1940. 344 Postage Rates . 3 J 3 Postage stamps honoring Americans. 112 Prayer for Peace —w 7 $ Presidents of the U, 5. 346 Property, Ownership of . 312 Puerto Rico 332, 345, 40$ R Reading lists: American Guiile Series . 3)0 American History in He- tion 3)3 Building Your Home Li¬ brary. 326 Charters of Dcntocracy. . 167 Schools for Democracy 262 This Constitution of Ours 220 Travel hooks. 289-294 i Washington Yesterday and j Today . 288 Kced, Dr, Walter .112 ; Reigner, C/nrles G, . 79 ' Remififf/oii, Frederic . 112 i Resources of U. S .—National Ri'sunrirs Planiiin}i Board 3$I Respect the Mag— Crane. .. 1 $ 1 Reverence for Law —Lincoln 69 Rhode Island 332, 34$, 399 Riley, James Whitcomb. 112, 1$4 Roll Call of the States , 380 Roosccelf, Mrs. Eleanor . 169 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 80 Atlanric Declaration 268 s Saint-Gaudens, Angnstns 112, 139 Saluting the Flag . 144 Sanscrit, The. 91 413 Scott, Sir WfiltCT ■ Second Inauguril Address— Commandments, The Lincoln ■ ■ • • ■' [Bible] . Self defense, right of ■ ^01 Tennessee . 532, 345, 4 . rf Shakesheare, William . Texas . 332 , 345,401 Sherrnm, William Tecimseh m Thank God, I’m an American Ship .f S.,.., Th,-L.»*- Constitution [D.C.]. 574 S»«i, ;. ;. “ „ . ... :i,„v_Holm«i 11? Song for Flag Day, A—Nes- United States Constitution. See Constitution of U, S. Songs, Our Soma, John Philip . “Z .. South Carolina .332, 345, 399 y South Dakota ■ ■ ■ .332, 345, 4 ^ Spirit of the Worker, The- van Dyke, Henry. ^02 ^Gibran . Vermont. 332, 345, 402 .ipu-s-isjo.>« State Seals. States, facts about. 344 ^ States, Roll Call of. ^2 Statue of Liberty [N.Y.] Walter H^ard 165, War Inevitable, The— J.ifi .; . Story of Citizenship Recogni- Washington, ■ 2 Zn Day. The-Bo«er, . . 363 Airview _ _.27^’ ^^3 S/ 01 .S. Harriet Beecher. ■ ■ 120 Apex udding^. ^ ^ ^ ^ Shiart, Gilbert Charles . 112, 138 Supreme Court of United States [D.C] . .281. 295, 296 132 "Washington, Booker T . Washington, D. C.: 363 Airview .271, 120 Apex Building. H 138 Arlington Bridge. .. • > Books about.288, 3 0 296 Folger Library. ■*1“* fh Amuttjn ( t jpitoi Mil! n. 12 , iKI Ccium, (Ulicr Ucts Hisiiirv 17^ JcffiTsim Mi’mtiri,il 2)i4, 2Sfi l ibrary td' Conums 2«t», 2S1 I incoiii Mcniurijl 11*9. n«, i-llS, 2S6, 2J!7 Xitiijn,il Archive'. .Ml, N’.uiiiiul Gallery of Art 2RJ Supreme Court, U. S. i«I. 295. 1% W,idjinj— ffa/lcy 91 WV/»|/|T, SX'ei^hts ,tiuJ .\le,iMires 3 55 Vv'est Viiy>ini.i 332, 345, 403 Wh.u Constitutes a State?— /»iici . 72 Vf'hat Docs It Mean To Be Amcrican?“-Mo«/,(ffj//jrr)i liiVlJ/rnu!:' «’liat the I !jjj Mean,— hai In See in the Americas 2S9 U''/>;»//,r, Jama AN’<,SS Afe- 112, 139 'S’hitc I louse Cniifei enee, Tlie 263 3K'htic House (D.C.] 60, 279 WhUmatl, Wall (,s, ija, I2i Wi}ilih'^,I-h 112, 129 Whit tier, }t,hi (havlcaf 78.112,117 Itmma 122 Willari/, I-rama E. 112 , 125 WHliann, Knner I24 SV’ilK, how to make 314 Wihmi, WriiiJriiti jiil, 169, 267 ^"isconsin 332 . 345 , 367 . 404 Siv aim .Mjiiiiosvoc. WihhI, Jtihii SiiHiihf 297 WmiJrtiff, CantliHc .S. 98 'S'orhmcn's Compeiisati,iij 314 Tyomiii}* 532. 345. 404 Y \ou anti I Arc America— Smith . 66 Your Citizenship in the Mak¬ ing—, , , 13 ILI-USTRATIONS PART I— Frontnp>cie-~-Cipno\ Hill, 'Washington, D. C . 12 Boultler Dam, Ari/ona-Xevada . 19 I’an Aincrigan Union, Washington, D. C.. 26 National Kducation Association, Washington, D. C. Kiwanis International Peace Tablet . I’D Lincoln HighschiKiI, Manitowoc, 'Wisconsin. .. 53 PART 11 —hVoM/M/f/fre—Egg-Rolling on White House Grounds 60 Mount Vernon, Home of George Washington. 67 Monticello, Home of Thomas Jefferson. 73 Arlington House, Home of Robert E. Lee.. 86 Portrait of Benjamin Franklin . 94 PART HI— Frontispiece —Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D. C. 110 Colonnade of the Hail of Fame at New York University. 115 Portraits of Americans in the Hall of Fame. 116 [Indexed in the Table of Contents, page 9] PART IV— Frontispiece —^Washington Monument. 142 How To Display the Flag—^Illustrations. 159 PART y—Frontispiece—‘Tht Statue of Liberty. 166 Shrine of the Declaration and Constitution . 174 Portrait of Thomas Jefferson. 181 Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 184 Portrait of George Washington. 222 The Lincoln Memorial Statue, Washington, D. C. 246 Portrait of Horace Mann. 250 PART VI— Frontispiece —Airview of Washington, D. C. 272 Young Voters Visiting the United States Congress . 275 Interior View, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 280 Polger Shakespeare Library on Capitol Hill. 282 Apex Building of the Federal Triangle. 283 Jefferson Memorial at the Tidal Basin. 284 National Gallery of Art on the Mall. 285 Arlington Bridge and the Lincoln Memorial.. 287 Mt. Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota. 290 PART Vn— Frontispiece —^United States Supreme Court. 296 PART Vm— Frontispiece —^National Archives Building. 342 PART lx— Frontispiece —^Portrait of Hugh Taylor Birch. ... 362 Scenes from Manitowoc Citizenship Rccogni Seals of the States. [ 415 ]