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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at|http : //books . google . com/| ^ K t / oStanfsrdJ universitV arV' JORDAN Library of Zoology PRESENTED BY DAVID STARR JORDAN THE UNIVERSITY Geological survey OF KANSAS. VOL. VI. PALEONTOLOGY. Part II. CARBONtPEBOUS AND CRETACEODS. SAMUEL W. WILLISTOX, >.tl8i,il StunronJ, ]r\ ADVEBTI0EMEKT. The publioationB of the University Geological Survey of Kansas are for free distribution, on receipt of proper postage, or they may be sent by express^ charges collect. REPORTS PUBLISHED. Volume 1, 1896 — Reoonnaissanoe Report on Gtonersl Stratigraphy of Eastern Kansas. (Edition exhausted.) Postage, '^ II, 1897 — General Greology of Western Kansas 24 cents. *• III, 1898— Special Report on Coal 28 •• '* IV, 1886— Paleontology, Part I, (on the Upper Cretaceous) .... 32 '' '* V, 1899 — Special Report on Gypsum and Gypsum Cement Plasters 16 ** " VI, 1900 — Paleontology, Part II, (Carboniferous Invertebrates and Cretaceous Fishes) 28 ** Report on Mineral Resources of Kansas for 1897 4 Report on Mineral Resources of Ejinsas for 1898 8 Report on Mineral Resources of Kansas for 1899 4 REPORTS IN PREPARATION. Volume VII, 1900 — Special Report on Lead and Zinc. *• VIII, 1901— Special Report on Oil and Gas. Address all applications to THE CHANCELLOR OF THE UHIVERSITT OF KANSAS, __ Lawbbncb, Kak. it MEMBERS OF THE UNIVEBSITT GEOLOaiCAL SIJBVE7, FRANCI3 H. SNOW, • Cbancellor, and ex officio Director. EDGAR H. S. BAILEY, Department of Chemistry. SAMUEL W. WILLISTON, Deimrtment of Historical Qeology and Paleontology. ERASMUS HAWORTH, Department of Physical Geology and Mineralogy. FOE YOLUKE VL SAMUEL W. WILLISTON, Paleontologist. JOSHUA W. BEEDE, Assistant Paleontologist. A LB AN STEWART, Assistant Paleontologist. SYDNEY PRENTICF, Artist. Chancellor F, H, Snou\ Ex officio Director of the Unitieraity Geological Survey: Sir — I have the honor herewith to submit to you for your ap- proval the second part of my report upon the Paleontology of Kan- sas, to constitute Volume VI of the University Geological Survey of Kansas. It is with great pleasure that I again acknowledge to you my appreciation of the uniform encouragement you have shown in the prosecution of the work. Respectfully, Samuel W. Williston. Depaktmsnt of Historical Geologt, Uniybbsitt op Kansas, June 1, 1900. CONTENTS. PAOB University Geological Survey Publications iii Members of the University Geological Survey iv Letter op Transmittal v Preface vii PART I. — Carboniferous Invertebrates. By Joshua W. Beede 1 Introduction 3 Classification of Fossils 5 Protozoa 0 CoBlenterata 11 Echinodermata 26 MoUusooidea 51 MoUusca 107 Explanation of Plates 175 Plates I to XXII, inclusive 189 PART II.— Cretaceous Fishes 235 Frontispiece, Kansas Cretaceous Sea. Plate xxiii 234 Selachians and Pycnodonts. By S. W. Williston 237 Myliobatid» 237 ScylliidfiB 244 Lamnidse 246 Pycnodontidse 254 Lepidosteidse 256 Teleosts of the Upper Cretaceous. By Alban Stewart 257 Introduction 257 Teleostei 269 Ichthyodectidse 262 Saurodontidae 310 StratodontidsB 326 Osteoglossidse 340 SalmoDidse 348 Pachycormidse 362 Clupeidae 371 Enchodontidae 373 Dercetidae. By S. W. Williston 380 Mugillidae 383 Range of American Cretaceous Teleosts 385 Appendix 391 Explanation of Plates 394 Plates XXIV to lxxiii, inclusive 405 General Index 509 (vi) PREFACE. The present volume on the paleontology of Kansas deals with the Carboniferous Invertebrates and the Cretaceous Fishes. The latter part has been made as complete as the present state of the collections and knowledge will permit ; the part on the Carboniferous Invertebrates leaves yet several classes to be treated, but which, it is hoped, will find a place in the next or succeeding volumes of the series. The work on the fishes com- pletes our present knowledge of the paleozoology of the Kansas Cretaceous, with the exception of that of the pterodactyls and plesiosaurs. It was the intention of the writer to make the dis- cussion of these two groups of reptiles a part of the present vol- ume, but the stress of duties in other directions has rendered this impossible ; he can only hope to treat them fully in the early future. It has been the aim to so treat the fossils of Kansas in the preceding and present volumes of this series that the work will be of immediate use to the people of Kansas. For this reason full descriptions and figures of every species have been given, so far as it is possible. Some of the descriptions and figures might have been omitted, giving merely a catalogue, of use only to the scientist, but such a plan would defeat the chief object intended — the preparation of manuals or texts for the use of the student in Kansas geology. Messrs. Beede and Stewart, the authors of much the largest portion of the present volume, have been students and assist- ants in the paleontological laboratory of the University. While (vii) viii University Geological Survey of Kansas. their work has been done under general directions and advice, the merits or faults of their papers are their own. The zeal, intelligence and earnestness which they have devoted to the work w^ill be sure to have produced valuable results. Doctor Beede, it is hoped, will be able in future papers to complete the review of the paleozoic invertebrates. At the present time, Mr. E. H. Sellards, assistant in the de- partment of paleontology, has well along a work on the paleo- zoic plants which, it is expected, will soon be published. The writer desires to thank Mr. Sydney Prentice, who has made all the drawings of this volume, for the care and faithful- ness he has given to the work. SAMUEL W. WILLISTON. PART I CARBONIFEROUS INVERTEBRATES. By JOSHUA W. BEEDE. Plates I to XXII. A thesis presented to the Faculty of the University of Kansas for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, June, 1889. INTRODUCTION. FOBAMINIFEBA TO PELEOYPODA. INOLnSIVE. TN this report the terms Lower and Upper Coal Measures are ■^ only used relatively. The lowermost portion of the Coal Measures is referred to as the Lower Coal Measures, and the upper part as the Upper Coal Measures. As there is some •controversy concerning the boundary lines between these two divisions, and as the material at hand is not of a decisive nature, no attempt is made to draw any sharp division line, if indeed one can be drawn otherwise than arbitrarily. The collections studied, covering the entire Coal Measures area in a very general way, show no very distinct faunal division between the upper and lower rocks of the Coal Measures. There are several species present in the lower portion of the rocks that are absent in the upper, but for the most part the species disappear gradually. Cleiothyris roysii and Chonetea meaoloba are common to the lowermost strata only, and apparently below what is called the Erie limestone by the University geologists. Somewhat above this limestone Lophophyllum weatii fades out, and in the Garnett limestone are found the last of Productua cora americanua and a wide variety of the same species, and also Pleurotomaria miaaou- rienaia. However, this is considerably above what is generally taken to be the limit of the Lower Coal Measures. For con- venience, until a better and more complete study of the faunas can be made, the limestone known in the Kansas reports as the Erie limestone will be considered as the base of the Upper Coal Measures. In almost all cases the labeling of the fossils herein described is not specific enough to tell whether or not they are from below •this limestone ; consequently, their exact position with refer- (3) 4 University of Kansas Geological Sfircfy. eace to it can only be guessed at. Nevertheless, it is distinct enough to show that, in the Kansas area at least, there is no abrupt change in the faunas of the upper and lower parts of the Coal Measures, though the statement has been made that *' the change in faunal features is striking." ' The upper limits of the Coal Measures, as defined by Prosser, are followed in this report. The fauna of the Coal Measures of Kansas presents some very interesting and important features. The vertical range of species is very great for both brachiopods and pelecypods. The fauna also seems to be a young one in some respects, though, as a whole, it is certainly that of the Coal Measures. There are several species ranging through it which are charac- teristic of the English Permian, some of them being even restricted to the lower portion. This would not be so very remarkable were they all brachiopods, but several of them are pelecypods. For the area and thickness of the Coal Measures, the reader is referred to Volume III of these reports. The writer wishes to gratefully acknowledge the kind assist- ance of Dr. S. W. Williston in many ways in the preparation of this report; also to thank Prof. Charles S. Prosser, of the Uni- versity of Ohio, and Mr. Charles Schuchert, of the United States National Museum, for the loan of many valuable specimens and for offering many valuable suggestions and encouragement in the work. To Mr. Austin F. Rogers, of the University, much credit is due for assistance. The drawings for the illustrations accompanying this article were made by Mr. Sydney Prentice. 1. Keyes, Amer. QeoL, zxiii, p. 303, 1899 (May). CLASSIFICATION OF FOSSILS DE8CBIBED IH BEFORT. O Q a ^ §5 i> 2 " 6 « ZZ to O O B^ oc » cc H ^s « •^ 03 o O Protozoa. RHIZOPODA, FORAMINIFERA p. 9 Fusulinida;. FuHulina, CCELENTERATA. Porifera. SPONGI.r. p. 11 PHARETRONES. Somphospongia . SYCONES. AmblysiphoneUa, Cnidaria. ANTHOZOA p. 16 Zaphrentidae. Lophophyllum, CyathophyllidfB. Campophylluin, Axophyllum. Favositidaa. Mlchelinia, Trachypora, Auloporidae. A ulopora, Cladochonuf*, SyriDgoporidae. Syringo2yora. Chaetetidae. Chivtetes, (5) 6 Carboniferous Invertebrates. 0LAS8IFI0ATI0N OF FOSSILS -Ck>ntinaed. A S g S I S a; 2 S5 i> 2 I g B M 3X (» O CD o k I I I 1 I I , ECHINODERMATA. Pelmatozoa. CRINOIDEA p. 26. FISTULATA. Poteriocrinidse. Scaphiocrinus, Zeacrinus. Ceriocrinus, Phiatocrinus, Eri80crinu%, Eapaehycrin us. HydreionocrinuB, AgasaizoorinidBB . Echinozoa. ^ gmsizocrinys. ECHINOIDEA p. 4& PERISCHOfiCHINOIDA. Archseocidaridse . A rchceocidaris. Melon! tidsB. MOLLDSCOIDEA. Oligoportis. BRA CHIOPODA p. 51 ATREMATA. LingulidsB. Lingula, NEOTREMATA. Discinidae. Orbiculoidea. Craniidee. Crania. PROTREMATA. StrophomenidaB. Derhya. Meekella. Productidse. Chonetea, Productua. A ulacorhyncua. Orthidse. Phipldomella. Enteletrs, Bebdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. CLASBIFIOAnON OF FOBBZLB-Oontinued. MoLLUSOOiDEA — continued. BRA CHIOPODA—continued. TELOTREMATA. Rhynchonellidse. Pugnax. Terebratulidae. Dielaama. Spiriferidse. Spiriferina. Spirifer. Amboccelia. Reticularia. Athyridse. Hustedia. Cleiothyris. Seminula. MOLLUSCA. PELECYPODA p. 107 A8IPH0NIDA. MONOMTARIA. Anomiidse. Ptacunopsis. Lixnidse. Pectenidse. Entolium. Aviculopecten. AviculidaB. Pteria. Limopteria. Pseudomonotis. Posidonomya. MytilidsB. Modiola. Myalina. Pinnidse. Aviculopinna Pinna. 8 Carboniferous Invertebrates, OLASSIFICAtlON OF FOSSILS -Concluded. a a o ^ § «i -S 5 I g 8 fifl s-v^ CO O Qo o « MoLLUscA — c. 128, (1889). A globular to mushroom-shaped calcisponge, attaining a large size, and generally possessing a more or less spherical-shaped cloaca near the base ; the canals are all very irregular and crooked, distributed over the entire surface, and moderately large. A rather thick dermal layer is present. They were free, apparently resting with the base in the mud in the adult stage. Somphoftpongia multiformis. Plate f, figs. 6-10; plate II, figs. 1-5. Somphospongia multiformis Beede, Kans. UdIv. Quart., viii, p. 128, pi. xxxiii, n. 1-10, (1899). A small to very large sponge, varying in form from globular to mushroom-shaped, free, and gregarious. Connecting with the cloaca there is an irregular, branching canal system, which communicates with the exterior over the whole surface, though in large individuals they are smaller and probably nearly use- less at the base. These canals are very irregular in shape, and, when viewed on the surface, appear to be labyrinthine ; they become smaller and less numerous as they proceed inward to- ward the cloaca. When not worn the entire sponge is covered with a moderately thick dermal layer, the folds in which form the walls of the canals. There is no sign of attachment in any of our specimens, and the young ones seem to have rolled about Bkbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 13 until they had gained some considerable size, as the pores are about equally developed all over them ; they are somewhat globular in form. Where they were abundant, as is generally the case wherever they are found, they soon come in contact with each other and form a solid mass, sometimes appearing to coalesce, but generally in breaking they part along the line of contact, and neither specimen seems to be ruptured. As yet spicules have not been positively made out. There are no sili- ceous spicules, and several thin sections have failed to show any calcareous ones. The absence of siliceous spicules and chert in the specimens, and the absence of chert in the rock, makes it practically certain that they are calcareous sponges. There is on weathered specimens, where the dermal layer has been removed, a peculiar, more or less haphazard arrangement of pits, surrounded by elevations, which is probably caused by an internal calcareous skeleton, composed of fused spicules. The different individuals of this species vary from half an inch to a foot in diameter, but seldom are more than six inches high. They are found in abundance in the northwestern part of Atchison, in western Doniphan and eastern Brown counties. It is not uncommon to find them making up a stratum of lime- stone six inches thick. They are confined to a single narrow horizon in the Burlingame shales. The cloaca is generally filled with limestone, which, except at the center, is arranged in concentric layers as it was filtered in, giving the cloaca and the parts immediately surrounding it much the appearance of a concretion. The sponge evidently belongs to the Pharetronea, and appears most closely related to Corynella and Siellupongia. It differs from the former in not having the cloaca funnel-shaped, and the fact that the cloaca does not terminate below in vertical branching tubes any more than it does above, and possesses no distinct exhalent aperture. It is much more closely related to the latter, but is simple, and appears quite different in its spic- ules, while the cloaca is confined to the base. 14 University Geological Survey of Kansas. AMBLT8IPH0NELLA. Amblysiphoiiella prosseri. Plate I, figs. 2-2f ; plate II, fig. 6. Amblyaiphonella proaseri Clarke, Amer. GreoL, xx, p. 387, pi. xxiii, ff. 1-9, (1897). Clarke's description : ** The bodies from Netawaka and Weep- ing Water are simple subcylindrical individuals, straight or gently curved, the largest fragment measuring 70 mm., and in- dicating an entire length of not exceeding 100 mm. The fossils are from a calcareous shale and have, for the most part, been somewhat compressed. Their interior cavities, the cloaca and interseptal chambers, are filled with compact gray limestone, distinctly and fine oolitic, and their exteriors are frequently entangled with encrusting Bryozoa and the remains of other fossils. The septate or annulate aspect of the exterior is always shown, and when this external surface is free from other or- ganic remains and cleansed from the attached matrix, it presents the aspect of a Fistulipora or of a small-celled Alveolites; that is, the mesh work of the skeleton is made up of polygonal cells, all of a small size, not always opening directly outward, but in places frequently presenting oblique apertures. So fine is this superficial network, and so uniform the size of the cells, that one might casually interpret the entire fossil as a macerated Orthoceras, overgrown with an encrusting bryozoan. '' One of the specimens is preserved with its aperture entire, which shows it to have been a simple-, narrow, circular cavity. On cutting these bodies along their longer axis, we observe, first, a continuous central cloaca, relatively much wider than would be the siphon of an orthoceran of the same size, but slightly constricted at intervals, where its walls meet the septa. This cloaca is delimited by a well-defined circular wall, and thus has no communication with the septal chambers or the cavities of the annuli, except through the perforations in this wall. The septa are at quite regular intervals and are convex upward. On the gastral surface they project slightly inward, as observed, into the cloaca. Each of these septa presents a former apertural surface, and the sponge affords, thus, an interesting instance of periodical intensity of growth force. The walls of the sponge Bbedb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 15 thus exposed in section are very thin, approximately uniform in this respect, and are all perforated with straight, simple, rela- tively large canals. Those traversing the gastral walls (ex- halent pores) are larger than the rest and appear to be of uniform size. The canals perforating the septal (that is, aper- tural) and exterior walls are inhalent pores, and, with this necessary interpretation, the septal cavities may properly be re- garded either as chambers for the accumulation and discharge into the cloaca, or as true ciliary chambers. We find that, for the most part, these skeletal walls have been, perhaps by sec- ondary changes, converted into crystalline calcite, and this change has obliterated the spicular structure, and in some places the perforate structure of the walls. Elsewhere, espe- cially on the external walls, there has often been a deposit of ad- ventitious calcite which, in sections, gives the wall an unusual thickness. It is to be noted that there is no breach in the con- tinuity of the external wall of any given annulation. The septal or enclosed portions of the wall do not meet the outer or exposed part as they meet the gastral wall, but the entire external wall is arched from the peripheral base of the chamber beneath to the apertural margin of the cloaca." Thin vesicular tissue often extends from the gastral to the dermal wall and some- times between each other. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Thayer, Topeka. I have a single specimen of this species from the Topeka limestone. It agrees very well in all respects with the speci- mens figured by Clarke. The smaller end was broken away before fossilization, making it appear to have the aperture at the smaller end of the specimen, and the septa sag downward in- stead of curve upward. There are several specimens probably of this species from Thayer, which are too poorly preserved in- teriorly to determine specifically, but the exterior resembles very much this species, to which it is referred. Associated with the above, at Thayer, is a smaller variety, very much more constricted at the juncture of the septa and the outer wall, giv- ing it very much the appearance of a row of large beads set 16 University Geological Snrvei/ of Kansas. together. It has a very different externa! aspect from the specimens of the form above mentioned from the same place,, and is probably a different species, but until specimens can be secured showing the internal characters, it is referred provi- sionallj to this species. ANTHOZOA. Corals are exclusively marine animals. The reef'building corals are found in comparatively shallow water, while some other forms are found as deep as 1500 fathoms. The corals here treated are all closely related to the reef-building forms, and consequently indicate that the rocks in which they were formed were laid ^owu in shallow water. The coral is an animal with a distinct digestive sac and body cavity. There are three layers of the body walls — the outer layer or ectoderm, the middle layer or mesoderm, and the inner layer or endoderm. The hard parts or skeleton are deposited by the inner layer between the inner layer and the middle layer. This hard part forms a complete layer around the lower part of the animal beneath the skin. There are thin walls of the hard part projecting inward in the folds of the mesentery. These walls are called septa. There are often cross>plates or table- ..f like platforms across the lower part of the hard parts extend- ing clear across the body ; these are called tabulir. Around the mouth of the polyp, as the ani- mal is called, there is a row of tentacles, or feelers, which are used to create currents of water and assist in securing food. Corals very often increase by budding ; that is, by a little bud-like projection growing out . . 1 • 1 1 . PlD. 1. TranHTena lectlaD of > 110111111 ooral of one Side of a coral and in a (artarNicholtoo). t,BepHim;e,oolnmelIa. Bbsdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 17 short time becoming a polyp exactly like the first and connected with it. In a little while such a coral will form a cluster. Some kinds bud much more abundantly than others, when the cluster becomes a solid mass and is called a compound coral. At Fort Scott there is a large limestone stratum almost en- tirely made up of a coral called Chsetetes milleporaceous. At the time when the corals were living it was a small coral reef. The other fossil corals in Kansas are much more rare, though large masses of two other families are often found. LOPHOPHTLLUM. Milne-Edwards and Haime, Brit. Foss. Corals, pi. LXYI, (1850). Lophophyllnm profimdnm. Plate II, fifirs. 7-7b. CUjaihnxonia pro//«nr/a Milne-Edwards and Haime, Mon. des Polyp. Foas., p. 323, (1851); etc. Cyathaxonia prolifera McChesney, Descr. New Pal. Fobs., p. 75, (1880); ibid., pi. II, ff. 1-3, (1865); etc. Lophophyllum profiferum Meek, U. S. Greol. Surv. Neb., p. 149, pi. v, ff. 4a, b, (1872); etc. Lophophyllum profunda Foerste, Bull. Den. Univ., iii, p. 136, (1888); Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., viii, p. 79, pi. x, ff. 14, 14a, (1890). Meek's description, in part: '^Corallum elongate-conical, more or less curved, or sometimes nearly straight, tapering to a pointed base ; epitheca very thin, with more or less distinct encircling wrinkles and striae of growth, crossed by longitudinal striae; rarely sending off a few spines near the base. Calice nearly, or quite circular, moderately deep ; columella promi- nent, compact in texture, compressed above, with its longer axis coincident with the general curve of the cor all um ; septa from about 30 to 50, every alternate one being generally con- siderably shorter than the others, which latter are extended to the columella, near which they are sometimes a little tortuous." Columella formed by the enlarged prolongation of one of the septa ; tabulae moderately remote, arching from the columella outward and downward, sometimes a little upwards at first. Septa striated obliquely upward. Columella striated by some- what revolving longitudinal striae. Measurements : Length , 30 mm. ; width of calyx, 9 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; 18 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Fort Scott, Marmaton, Bourbon county, Thayer, Olathe, Kan- sas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, McFarland, Grand Summit. Common throughout the Coal Measures. In young specimens, the septa, except the cardinal, do not reach quite to the columella. • LophophyUum westi. Plate II, figs. 8, 8b; plate III, fig. 12. AmplexHs westi Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., vii, p. 17, (1896). Corallum simple, subcylindrical to attenuate-conical, straight, curved or geniculated, epitheca thin, longitudinal striae promi- nent, and concentric lines and undulations of growth distinct. The septa extend about half the distance to the center, 18 to 24 or more in number ; the counterseptum extends to the center, where it is somewhat enlarged ; others of about equal length ; indications of secondary septa visible but very small. The tabulae are well developed 1 to 3 n^illimeters distant and * reaching from wall to wall ; on leaving the walls they are di- rected obliquely upward for a short distance, and then, slightly arching and undulating, cross the center, occasionally branching at or near the bend. Length, 60 mm. ; diameter in lat^^er part, 9 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lecompton, Neosho county. This species is very variable in size and shape as well as de- gree of development of the septa. It was at first referred to the genus Amj)lexus, as it seemed to have no columella, but more material showed that many of the specimens had the cardinal septum prolonged to or beyond the center and slightly enlarged, which seems to make it agree more closely with LophophyUum than Amplezus. That the species is intermediate between the two genera there can be but little doubt, as different specimens of the same species seem to possess the characters of each genus about equally. It is the fossil usually identified by collectors as Cyathaxonia distorta Worthen, and indeed there is no external difference visible (judging from Worthen's figures) in the smaller, more distorted forms. But if his species is a true Cyathaxonia it is Bbbdb,] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 19 of course specifically distinct from our coral. I have been un- able to secure specimens of Worthen's species for comparison, and in his description he does not mention the generic charac- ters nor does he figure the interior of the specimen so as to show whether or not it had any tabulae. If it turns out to be a Lo- phophyllumf his name will, of course, have priority. OAMPOPHTLLUM. Milne-Edwards and Haime. Brit. Foss. Corals, pi. LXVIII, ( 1850). Oampophyllnm torauium. Plate IV, fig. 1; plate V, figs. 1-4. Cyathophylhim (x^erinicularef) OweD,Geol. Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., tab. IV, fig* 3, (1852). Cyaihophyllum torquium Owen, ibid., tab. iv, f. 2. Cyathophylliim flexuosum'(f) Owen, ibid., tab. iv, ff. 3a, b. Campophyllum torquium Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 145, pi. I, If. la-d, (1872); etc. Meek's description, in part : '' Corallum simple, attaining a rather large size, elongate conical, and often geniculated or bent when two or three inches in length, but becoming nearly straight, subcylindrical and considerably elongated in the larger half of adult individuals. Epitheca thin, with small encircling wrinkles and strong undulations of growth, showing no traces of septal costse when unabraded, but, where even slightly worn, exposing the regularly disposed septa and thin intervening dis- sepiments distinctly. Calice circular or slightly oval, compara- tively shallow, with thin margins, from which it slopes rather steeply inward for some distance and then descends very abruptly into a deeper, narrow, central depression ; provided at the outside of the general curve of the corallum with a mod- erately distinct septal fossula, formed by the shortening of one of the primary septa, and the bending down of the tabulse at that point. Principal septa from 30 to 48, extending from about one-half to two- thirds the distance from the exterior toward the center, stout and usually straight inside of the outer vesicular zone, but becoming distinctly more attenuated (as seen in transverse sections) and somewhat curved or a little flexuous in crossing the vesicular area, where they alternate with an equal number of very short, thin ones ; tabulse very wide, or occupying about two-thirds the entire breadth, as seen 20 University Geological Survey of Kansas, in longitudinal sections, and passing nearly horizontally across^ with a more or less upward arching ; dissepiments thin and forming numerous obliquely ascending, small vesicles, in trans- verse sections seen to pass across between the costse with an* upward curve. Entire length unknown." In young specimens the cardinal septum and all the other septa on that side of the corallum are very greatly developed laterally after passing inward from the vesicular zone ; the in- ner wall of the vesicular zone is also thickened on that side of the corallum. As a result of this great thickening of the septa the interspaces are small, producing a peculiar appearance in cross-section. The septal development . becomes less and less~ marked as the specimen advances in age, until in old specimens it is hardly noticeable, save in the cardinal septum, though a close comparison generally shows them a little larger on the^ outside of the general curve. These peculiarities may be seen by sectioning the large and small ends of any adult specimen*. The thickness of the dissepimental zone and also the number of tabular dissepiments are very variable. The young specimens are either rather slender or quite turbinate. Range and distribution: Kansas City, Jefferson, Douglas^ and Chautauqua counties. Some specimens in the University Museum are about nine inches long and apparently incomplete at both ends. Such specimens are usually a little crooked through the entire length.. AXOPHTLLUM. Milne-Edwards and Haime, Brit. Foss. Corals, pi. XXI, (1850). Azophyllam rndis. Plate II, fie:s. 9-9c. Axophyllum rudis White and St. John, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. 115, (1867); Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., vi, p. 525, pi. xxxii,ff. 6a, b, (1875): White, 13th Add. Rep. St. Geol. Ind., pt. 2, p. 118, pi. xxiii, ff. 8, 9, (1883): Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., iv, p. 107, pi. xii, flf. 5a, b,. (1894). Corallum simple, occasionally clustered by gemmation at the base, turbinate, curved or geniculated, generally attached at the base or side. The outer portion of the calyx is shallow and the central portion is rather deep ; pseudocolumella flattened^, moderately prominent, and approaching subquadrate when seen^ Bbbds.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 21 in a section below the calyx. The septa are alternately equal, the larger nearly or quite joining the pseudocolumella. Sur- face marked by irregular concentric wrinkles ; spines or rootlets ^re sometimes present ; septal furrows moderately distinct. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence, Osage, Cowley and Elk counties. This coral tapers very rapidly from the calyx to the apex, 4>eing about as broad as long. MICHELINIA. de Koninck, Deacr. Anim. Foss. Belff., p. 29, ( 1S42). Michelinia eugenes. Plate II, figs. 12-12b. Miehelinia eugenece White, 13th Rep. St. Geol. Ind., 18&3, pt. ii, p. 119; pi. XXIII, ff. 14-16, (1884). Original description: '*Corallum usually in the form of a small globular or irregularly ovoid mass*, higher than broad, with the corallites usually opening upon all sides, except its very small base, which is often concave and irregular ; corallites small, but very irregular in size and shape ; calyces moderately •deep, their walls rather thin and margins narrow or even sharp. Height on one of the larger masses in the collection, 26 mm. ; diameter of the same, 17 mm. Diameter of the larger calyces, ^ mm. ; of the smaller ones, 1 mm.". Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Pomeroy, Wyandotte county, Kansas. He also remarks that ''usually the calcyces cover the whole outer surface of the corallum except the small base, which was evidently attached to some foreign body ; but occasionally a considerable surface above the base is free from calyces, and is •covered with a wrinkled epitheca." It may be interesting to note that we have younger masses of but few corallites, one of which is attached to a crinoid stem. 22 University Geological Survey of Kansas. TBAOHYPOEA. MilnorEdwards and Haime, Pol. Fosa. d. Terr. Pal., p. 806, (1851). Trachypora auBtini. Plate V, fig. 8; plate VI, figs. 7-7b. Trachypora austini Worthen, Greol. Surv. 111., viii, p. 81, pi. xi, fl, 1-ld, (1880). Worthen's descriptioa : '*Corallum dendroid, the branches generally cylindrical, sometimes irregular, from 15 to 25 mm. in diameter, and infrequently divided. Corallites conical, diverging from an imaginary axial line to open on all parts of the free surface. The calyces all oval or circular, very variable in size, the larger ones 1.1 mm. in diameter, and either level with the general surface, or with an elevated mar- gin. Each orifice is adorned with small tubercles or short ridges arranged in a radiate manner around the calyx margin. Openings of the corallites separated by dense calcareous tissue of variable thickness, but apparently always as wide as, or wider than, the diameter of the tube orifices. Sections show that the tubes are prismatic and in contact with each other, that their walls are greatly thickened by a calcareous deposit on the inner side of the tubes, and that the amount of thick- ening increases toward the orifices. Mural pores of large size are present, but apparently not numerous. Tabulse are best developed in the axial region, where they cross the tube cavity at intervals equaling once or twice the diameter of the tubes. Tangential sections show that the corallite cavities are sur- rounded by blunt, thick, septal ridges. The walls are now com- posed of fibro-crystalline calcite, and the change has destroyed the finer details of structure." Range and distribution: ''Coal Measures; Labette county ^ Kansas." ''In all important respects the species described here re- semble the Trachypora ornata Rominger sp., from the Hamilton group, and I do not think any reasonable objection can be urged against placing them in the same genus. Specifically they are quite distinct, the corallum of Rominger's species being much smaller, the corallites much less variable in size and not so prominently margined, nor are the interspaces so thick." Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 28 AULOPOBA. Goldfasv, Petraf. GeniiM P. 82. ( 1826). Aulopora? prosseri. Plate III, fig. 2; plate IV, fig. 2. Auloporaf prosseri Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., vii, p. 18, pi. — , f. 2, (1898). Corallum large, prostrate, bifurcating, the calyces rising ver- tically or obliquely from 3 to 7 mm. or more ; average diameter 2 mm. or less; average diameter of prostrate portion a trifle less. Calyces not campanulate, cylindrical, openings nearly circular ; corallites wrinkled ; weathered specimens show longi- tudinal strise indicating rudimentary septa ; the corallites are one to three diameters distant. In the lower portion of the corallite the cavity is nearly or quite closed on account of the internal thickening of the wall. Tabula" generally wanting, occasionally present in moderate numbers and pass from wall to wall, sagging regularly near the center. Size of corallum unknown. Colonies twenty-two inches across were recently collected in the southeastern part of Douglas county, and still appear to be incomplete. The base of this species broadens rap- idly, and in good specimens appears somewhat like coarse lace. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lyndon, Osage county, Lecompton and near Twin Mounds, Douglas county. In large slabs this species looks not a little like Syringopora, but differs from it very markedly in the absence or sparsity of tabulffi and the fact that the tubes are always rather short. Aulopora? anna. Plate III, fig. 3. Auloporaf anna Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., vii, p. 18, pi. — , f. 3, (18d8). Corallum prostrate, diffusely branched, branches interlacing and anastomosing at every contact ; walls thin, save at the base of the corallite ; tubes very short, slightly subconical, immedi- ate openings slightly flaring, circular to oval ; no tabulae dis- tinguishable ; septa occasionally represented by a faint ridge in the best-preserved corallites ; diameter of calyx opening, 2 mm., contiguous to one or two diameters distant. Corallite low, a little larger at upper extremity than at the base. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Morehead. 24 University Geological Survey of Kansas. This species is profusely branched baso-laterally and anasto- moses to such an extent as often to form solid mats of coral. It differs from Aulopora in having no tabulse, in which respect it agrees with Cladochonus^ but it is prostrate, and does not seem to reproduce by lateral gemmation as does the latter ; hence it is referred, provisionally, to Aulopora. At first it was thought to be the base of a colony of Syringopora, as it was attached to the top of a colony of that species, but, on examining the bases of Syringopora, they were found all to contain very great num- bers of tabulae, which clearly separates the genera. It differs from AJ prosseri in the proximity of the corallites and the degree to which it anastomoses, and the corallites are generally shorter and the mouths more flaring. CIADOOHONUB. OladochonnB? bennetti. Plate III, fig. 1; plate V, tig. 7. Cladochonusf bennetti Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., vii, p. 17, pi. — , f. 1, (^898). Corallum loosely fasciculate ; corallites one or two or more di- ameters distant ; erect corallites larger than the basal branches, often five times as high as thick, upper portion budding and sending off branches as at the base ; epitheca strongly wrinkled, upper portion of the wall of the calyx thin, opening circular, deep, funnel-shaped by the thickening of the wall interiorly, iu the lower portion of which, as a rule, there is only a small cap- illary opening, though sometimes larger. Average diameter of corallite, 2 mm. ; length, 6 to 18 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, Howard. This species resembles Aulopora f prosseri more closely than any other Kansas species. It differs from this, so far as known ^ in having no tabulse, and in the manner of budding profusely at the upper part of the corallites. It resembles Romingeria umbellifera Rom., but the absence of tabulae removes it from this genus. It agrees with Cladochonus McCoy, save that they are only funnel-shaped when young, and very slightly so then. The corallites are long and very stout, resembling Syringopora in general appearance. Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 25 BYBINGOPOBA. Goldfass, Petref. Ghtrm., p. 76, (1826). Syringopora multattenuata. Plate II, figs. 10, 10b; plate V, fig. 6. Syringopora multattenuata McChesney, Deso. New Pal. Foss., p. 75, (1860); ibid., pi. ii, ff. 4a, b, (1865); Traos. Chic. Acad. Sci., i., p. 2, pi. II, f. 4, (1867); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 144, pi. i, flf. 5a-d, (1872): White, U. S. Geogr. Surv. West 100 Mer., iv, p. 100, (1877); Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., iv, p. 122, pi. xiv, f. 6b, (1894). Corallum forming large masses ; corallites subcylindrical, somewhat tortuous, spaced one to two diameters distant ; epi- theca wrinkled, thick; septa obsolete; tabulae very numerous, somewhat funnel-shaped, often forming a tube down the center of the corallite, running into each other laterally, forming vesi- cles. Size of corallum unknown, specimens eighteen inches in diameter appearing incomplete on all sides. Connecting tubules numerous and irregularly placed. The diameter of the corallites varies from 3 by li to 2 by 2 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Atchison, Le- compton, Lyndon, Osage county. GHJ3TETES. Trooat, manuscript (1849T). Milne-Edwards and Haime. Monog. des Polyp. Fobs., p. 272, (1851). ChsBtetes milleporaceas. Plate II, figs. 11-llb. ChcEtetes mUleporaceus Milne-Edwards and Haime, Monog. des Polyp. Fobs., p. 272, (1851); Hist. Nat. des Corr., in, p. 271, (1860); White, PowelPs Geol. Uinta Mts., p. 88, (1876); U. S. Geol. Surv. West 100 Mer., IV, p. 98, pi. VI, f. 2a, (1877); Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., iv, p. 123, pi. xiv, ff. 12a, b, (1894). Corallum large, massive, somewhat globose ; corallites very closely arranged, very long, same size throughout the entire length ; walls thin, roughly five- to seven-sided, one diameter usually longer than the other ; average diameter about a third of a millimeter. Tabulae about a third to a seventh of a milli- meter distant, horizontal, not always uniform throughout the group. Range and distribution : Coal Measures, Girard ; very abun- dant in the Oswego limestone, in which they form large masses. Specimens of this species often attain a very large size. Some from the Oswego limestone are thirty inches in diameter, and still appear to be incomplete. 3— vi 26 University Oeological Survey of Kansas. ORINOIDEA. Crinoids are those animals known as sea-lilies or stone- lilies. The J live in the sea at varying depths, from shallow water to 3000 fathoms. They were very abundant during geo- logical time, and probably reached their maximum development during the Carboniferous period. They are not well adapted for preservation as fossils. Their skeletons are made up of angular pieces fitted together, but which usually fall apart when the animals decay, so that the preservation of an entire individual is a comparatively rare occurrence. It is not uncom- mon to find masses of stone almost entirely made up of these pieces, since the animals were gregarious, living in colonies as they do at present. During the Carboniferous and Triassic periods they were much more abundant than now. Most of the crinoids are attached to the mud by stems which have rootlets at the base to anchor them. However, some of the forms are free during most, or all, of their lives. These stems had small canals running through their centers. They were either round or three- to five-sided. They are often found w.eathered out in the forms of little discs, which are generally called '* Indian beads." Upon the upper end of this stem rests the calyx or cup-shaped base of the animal. The calyx is generally composed of three circlets of plates. First, the in- frabasals, or the plates which rest on the top of the stem. There are usually five of them, and they are quite small, and occasionally are united into one, or they may be entirely want- ing. Above these are the basals, or second ring of plates, which are longer and generally six-sided. Upon these rest the third row, or the radials, which support the arms and the top part of the animal. There are usually five of the radials, which are fiat on top and five-sided. On the posterior side of the ani- mal there is often a series of plates supporting the ventral tube, above which the anal opening is situated. These plates often take part in the formation of the cup, and are called the anal plates. BSJBDB.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 27 Resting on the radials are the arm plates. The arms are five or ten in number. They are composed of short plates laid one on top of another, and capable of motion. The inner side of the arms has usually a groove, along each side of which is a row of smaller armlets or pinnules. These grooves connect at the base of the arms with what are called the ambulacral areas, which in turn connect with the mouth, wh6re food particles which are carried in the water are selected out. The ventral side or top of the animal is often pro- Fio. 2. DiaATBmmatio view of a crinoid with the plate* separated, showing their relative form and posi- tions. The black spot in the center is the hole in aUCea into a ventral sac, the base of the calyz that communicates with the ^ . . stem. Jb, infrabasals; 6, basals; r, radials; hr^ QT anal tube, as it is some- c^ostals; a, anal. The remainder are arm plates. times called. The anal opening is either on top or in one side of this sac. The mouth is almost always centrally located. The crinoids are more closely related to the starfish and the sea-urchins or sea-cookies than to any other animals. In the accompanying figures the various parts of the crinoid are shown and designated. SOAFHIOOBINUB. Hall, Geol. Surv. Iowa, p. 550. (1858). Scaphiocrinas? waslibnrni. Plate VI, figs. 2, 2a. Scaphiocrinuaf washbumi Beede,KaDs. Univ. Quart., i, p. 21, pi. v, fP. 2, 2a, (1890). Calyx broadly obconical, somewhat wider than high, rather stout, and smooth. Infrabasals rather large, bent upward at outer end, exterior outlii^e pentagonal, plainly visible in the side view of the calyx, well defined. Column large, circular, 28 University Geological Survey of Kansas. composed of alternately thick and thia pieces, the outer half of the sutures radially milled, the median canal of moderate size. Basals large, three hexagonal, and the posterior and right posterior ones heptagonal for the reception of the anals ; the plates are nearly all equal, and the sutures are placed in a shallow, rounded furrow, which in branching at the angles of the plates gives them a rounded appearance, so that the plates appear subsemicircular in outline. The radials are the largest plates of the calyx, all pentagonal, all about equal, save the right posterior, which is smaller than the rest ; the entire sur- face truncated above, edge slightly beveled, wider than high, entire upper surface faceted ; the transverse ridge is milled, the lateral corners of the plates drawn in, apparently leaving a pore which connected with the body cavity of the calyx ; there is a dorsal canal piercing the upper surface of the plates ; the inner edges of the plates are drawn in at the center and extend in the form of a ridge to the canal. Costals 1x5, about half the size of the radials, pentagonal, line of articulation with the radial gaping, lateral edges constricted and apparently not in con- tact, about twice as wide as high. The -first interradial is large and situated well down in the cup, supported by the posterior basal and the one at its right, on the sides by the special anal and the right posterior radial, and supports another anal above it on its truncated top. The special anal is moderately large and hexagonal, bounded on the right by the two interradials, below by the truncated upper surface of the posterior basal, on the left by the left posterior radial and the space between it and the costal ; it is about half within the calyx. Above the first interradial is a second, somewhat smaller, pentagonal plate which is about, or a little less than, half within the calyx. This plate, together with the special anal, supports the pos- terior portion of the ventral sac (apparently two columns of plates) , which seems to be composed of rather stout five- to seven-sided plates with no or very small pores at the angles ; they have a botryoidal surface. At one side and on the top of the sac there seems to be a madreporite plate pierced by large- sized pores. The sac was apparently about the size of the calyx, Bbbdb.] Carboniferoxcs Invertebrates. 29 or perhaps the calyx and costals together. Arm plates rounded on the exterior, not at all or very slightly wedge-shaped at the base, and moderately stout. Pinnula" present and of mod- erately large size. Height. Width. Column 8 mm. Infrabasals 3 mm. 5 *^ Basals 10 '• 11 " Radials 8 " U »* { ^**tJL??C*°' First interradial 8 " 9}" ^ smaiier. Second interradial 5 " 6 •* • Special anal 8 *• 8 ** Costal 6 " 11 " Calyx 17 ** 28 •» Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka, Kan., from the horizon of the Osage coal. Now in the collec- tion of Washburn College, in honor of which it is named. This species seems to belong to the Poteriocrinoidea, though there is some difficulty in locating it generically, as it seems to combine some of the characters of several genera. It agrees with Homocrinns in having a round dorsal canal piercing the first radials, but differs from it in that it has pinnules, a robust calyx, and the entire top of the radials truncated. According to the definition of Poteriocrinns, the presence of the round dor- sal canal in the radials removes it from that genus, as would also the fact that the facets of the radials face upward rather than outward. It differs from Scaphiocrinus in having a circu- lar column, and the fact that the transverse ridge does not oc- cupy nearly the whole of the upper surface of the radials and the brachials are not long. However, it agrees in other respects with this genus better than any other, and it is provisionally , referred to it. ZEA0BINTJ8. Troost, Cat. Foss., (1850). Hall. G«ol. Surv. Iowa. p. 511. ( 1858). Zeacrinns? robustus. Plate VI, figs. 1, la. Zeacrinusf robnatus Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., i, p. 21, pi. v, fif. 1, la. Calyx shallow, saucer-shaped or nearly flat, unsymmetrical, five or six times as broad as high, deeply concave at the base ; plates tumid, and the sutures are in depression ; surface finely granular. Infrabasals five, equal, half concealed by the col- 30 University Geological Survey of Kansas. umn, deeply concave and superior to the basalSi forming a large elevation in the interior of the cup, nearly one-fourth its entire width and fully one-half its height ; column round, com- posed of thin plates, which are carinated, and the sutures are crenulated; the canal is round and small. Basals five, large, tumid, three hexagonal and two heptagonal, unequal, situated below the infrabasals and forming a large part of the real body cavity of the cup. The three anterior basals are equal, about as broad as high, very convex, the posterior one compressed laterally, superior lateral edges longer than the others ; trun- cated side for the support of interradial short, side next the radianal long ; the right posterior basal heptagonal very broad, left posterior side very long, side adjacent for the reception of the radianal very short, the latter being situated between the posterior basal and the right posterior radial. Radials five, large, very moderately ascending, placed superior to the basals, five- to seven-sided, quite massive, more than twice as large. as the basals, convex, twice as wide as high, upper exterior por- tion much beveled and concave ; plates separated at the corners and often along the line of union ; at the upper union there seems to be an opening that communicates with the calyx cav- ity between the arms ; right and left posterior radials forced apart fully one-half the diameter of either by the interradial and radianal ; the upper surface is faceted the entire width of the plate, two external ridges present and milled ; the remainder of the surface is nearly flat or a little concave ; the plane of these surfaces is not horizontal but the inner side of each is higher than the outside, so that if each were produced inward they would form rather an obtuse cone ; the inner notch occu- pies about a third of the upper surface of the plate. Radianal long, coffin-shaped, curving upward above, about twice as long as wide, pentagonal, side adjacent to the right radial much the longer ; the superior side supports an anal which is hexagonal, very thick, six-faceted above, touching right radial for a short distance, one and one-half times as high as wide, widest above, mostly without the calyx. Anal large, heptagonal, very thick, Bbsdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 31 one-third within the calyx, broadest above ; height one and one-half times the width. A portion of the vault of this specimen remains, somewhat crushed down into the calyx. It appears to have been in the form of a pyramid, about as broad as high, composed of rather heavy plates, which were rather rough. It appears to have been rather angular, though it may have been conical. Several rather irregular plates are preserved, three of which seem to be from around the aperture ; they are rather massive, five- or six-sided, nearly smooth on the exterior ; articular surfaces are deeply faceted and roughened, while the articular surfaces of the other plates of the sac are milled. Heiffht. Width. Column Begments 1 to 1} mm. 4^ mm. lofrabasals 4 ** 3 Three anterior basals 8 " 9 Right posterior basal 9i '* 11 Posterior basal 9 '* 7J Radial 9 ** 19 Radianal SA ** 4{ Interradial l\ ** 5} Anal 8 *' 4i Calyx 7 " 36 Range and distribution : The specimen is labeled," From the Upper Coal Measures; Kansas City." University of Kansas Museum. It is impossible to locate the specimen generically with any degree of certainty without having more of the specimen pre- served. The ventral sac seems to have been angular and the stem round. For this reason it is left with Zeacrinus. The up- per extremities of the radials do not meet, but leave a small aperture, which seems to communicate in life with the general body cavity. I know of no Coal Measures crinoid with which it is likely to be confounded. 32 University Geological Survey of Kansas. OERIOOBINUS. White. U. S. GeoL and Geoffr. Bur?. Wyo. and Idaho for 1878, p. 12$, ( 1883). OeriocrinuB craigi. Plate VI, figs. 9, 9b. Eupachycrinus eraigii Worthen, Geol. Surv. III., vi, p. 527, pi. xxxii, f. 1, (1875). CerloorinuH eraigii Wachsmuth and Springer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 178, (1886); Rev. Paleocrin., in, p. 251. Calyx basin -shaped, smooth, concave at base, about three times as broad as high, roundly pentagonal in outline when viewed from below. Infrabasals hidden by the column, situ- ated within the calyx. Basals probably pentagonal or hexa- gonal, if they have two short sides at base, except the dorsal one, which is truncated for the support of the interradial ; height about equal to the width, strongly incurved at the base to meet the infrabasals. Radials pentagonal, nearly equal, convex, twice as wide as high, upper edge beveled, with a slight depres- sion in the center, upper side faceted over the entire top of tlie plate, ridges prominent, crenulated, the large one not notched interiorly , furrows distinct, inner portion of the plate depressed. Interradial small, hexagonal, compressed laterally, about half within the calyx, upper portion curving strongly inward. Cos- tals live, short, obtusely spinous, extending half their length beyond the calyx ; lower interior surface faceted to articulate with the radials, upper surface faceted to the tips of the spines for the reception of the two distichals, each of which supports an arm. There is a strong keel on the upper side of the plate extending to its inner edge ; it also gives rise to two lateral ridges which diverge from the tip of the upper surface to the corners of the plate ; the ridges are crenulated ; between these ridges are long depressions. The surface of the calyx is smooth. Height. Width. Length of spiue. Basals 7J mm. 7J mm. Radials 6J *• 12 " Interradial 4A " 3 ** Costals 6 ** 10 ** 9 mm. Calyx 6 " 21 •* (slighUyoomprwed). Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City. According to Worthen, C. craigi differs from C. fayettensis in • Bbkdb.J Carboniferous Invertebrates. 33 its ** larger size, more robust form, and less convex plates." In these respects, judging from the figures, our specimens agree more closely with C. craigi, OeriocrinuB? monticulatns. Plate VII, fig. 2. , CeriocrinuH? montieulatus Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 123, pi. XXXII, f. 2, (1899). Calyx basin-shaped, moderately deep, slightly concave at base ; arms moderately stout, their number not known ; pinnules mod- erately long. Infrabasals not known, but probably small and nearly covered by the stem. Basals large, hexagonal, convex, curved regularly inward at the base, about as high as wide, upper lateral edges sometimes a little unequal on account of the unequal radials, which makes some of the. upper and lower lateral edges unequal also. Radials a little unequal in size, pentagonal, the uppt^r edges beveled, about twice as wide as high, upper surface faceted, the line of articulation with the costal gaping. Costals five, pentagonal in outline, somewhat produced exteriorly but not spinous, twice as wide as high, with single facet below to meet the radial and two above for the ar- ticulation with the distichals. Distichals 2x5, quadrangular or pentagonal according to the number of arms supported, ap- parently faceted above and below ; those supporting two arms very similar in shape to the costals. There are often one or two palmars before the postpalmars are reached, at the base of the arms. Arms long, rather stout, somewhere from fourteen to eighteen in number, ten in view above three radials ; they are made up of two series of short, stout; interlocking, cuneiform plates, each bearing a single, long pinnule. Pinnules com- posed of at least eight long, slender joints, slightly grooved on the inner side ; along each side of the groove is a row of closely set nodes, or little plates. The entire surface of the cup and arms is covered with monticules and fine granulations. Height. Width. Basals 10 mm. 10 mm. Radials 6 »» 11 " Costals 5 " 10 " Distichals 5 " 7 " Arms 53 ** 3 to 4 " Pinnules 11 " i " Calyx 12 *' 2i " 34 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka, horizon of the Osage coal. On account of the general resemblance of this species to some of the species of Ceriocrinus^ it is left there for the present, un- til the azygous plates and infrabasals can be determined. OeriocrinuB hemisphericus. Plate VI, figs. 5, 5b. PoterinerhiUH heminphericus Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 221, (1S58.) Scaphiocrinusf hemisphericus Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Suit. Neb., §. 147, pi. V, ff. la, b, pi. VII, £f. la-c, (1872); Meek and Worthen, Geol. ury. 111., V, p. 561, pi. xxiv, f. 5, (1873). Ceriov.rinus hemiftphcrictis Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., iv, p. 220, pi. xxviii, if. 2,5,(1894). Meek's description : '* Body below the summit of the radials subhemispherical, with the under side deeply concave. Base very small, pushed or inverted entirely within the cavity of the body, and nearly or quite hidden externally ; column facet round and deeply sunken. Radials of moderate size, very nearly equal, having a general pentagonal form, excepting on the anal side which is a little truncated above by the anal piece so as to give it a general hexagonal outline ; each, how- ever, has an additional very obscure mesial angle at its connec- tion with the base, and all are strongly incurved below to form the concavity of the under side. Radials nearly twice as large as the basals, twice as wide as high, and equally pentagonal, the upper side being longer than any of the others and all evenly truncated. Costals (at least the two on the anal side) comparatively narrow, but still wider at the base than high, rounded on the outer side, a little constricted in the middle, and pentagonal in form, the two upper sloping sides supporting the first divisions of the arms, which are composed (at least for the first three ranges) each of a single series of wedge-formed pieces. First anal piece comparatively small, a little concave, resting upon one of the basals and connecting with the radials on each side, above which it projects, supporting upon its slightly in- curved upper edge a second piece, the form of which is unknown. Surface smooth, or only with traces of minute granules." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Jefferson county. Now in the collection of Washburn College. Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 35 OexiocrintiB missonriensis. Plate VI, fig. 6. Delocrinus missourienais Miller and Gurley, Jour. Cino. Boo. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 14, pi. II, ff. 11-13, (1890); 16th Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 336, pi. II, flf. 11-13, (1890). DelocrintM hemisphericua Miller and Gurley, ibid., p. 335, pi. ii, fl. 8-10, pi. X, f. 5; Jour. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 12, pi. ii, ff. &-10. These species referred to the proper genus by Weller, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 153, p. 172, ( 1898 ). Calyx basin-shaped, shallow, pentagonal in outline viewed from below, nearly four times as broad as high, base quite con- cave. Infrabasals small, not entirely hidden on the exterior. Basals five, moderately large, pentagonal (the angle at the base, if it exists, is so small that it is almost impossible to discover it) except the posterior one, which is truncated for the reception of the interradial, giving it a hexagonal outline, about as high as wide ; supralateral edges about equal, basal edge very short ; plates not very sharply convex in the center. Radials five, nearly equal, about twice as large as the basals, and about twice as wide as high, upper edge beveled and upper side faceted, ridges of facet crenulated. Interradial small, laterally compressed, the upper portion bent strongly inward. Costals five, roughly triangular in outline, stoutly spinous, faceted be- low for the articulation with the radials, entire surface of the inner portion faceted above for the support of the two arms ; the spines are stout and blunt. The arms are composed of two series of cuneiform interlocking plates which are rather convex on the exterior on the base of the arms. The surface is smooth. Height. Width. Length of spine. Basals 8 mm. 6 mm. Radials 6 •' 12 " Ck)stal8 8 " 11 " 14 mm. Interradial 5 " 3 " Calyx ( another individual ) 6 *' 21 '* Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Argentine. It is impossible to distinguish this species from C. craigi by the calyx alone ( if it is distinct from that species ) unless the base is so preserved as to show whether or not the infrabasals are concealed, unless the costals be present. The only differ- ence between the two species is that in C. missouriensis the 36 University Geological Survey of Kansas. spines are much longer, the infrabasals not hidden by the col- umn, and that the cup is perhaps, a little shallower, as is also the concavity of the base. If Meek's determination of C. hemisphericus is correct, it does not have the costals developed into spines at all, and hence it is distinct from the spined forms. The minute differences be- tween the two spined forms, as figured by Miller and Gurley, are of little value. PHIAL0CBINU8. Traat£cbold. Mod. Kalkbraecke tod Mjatschkowa, p. 122, n879). Phialocrinus masnificus. Plate VI, fi^. 10. .Efiiocrhiuft magnificus Miller and Gurley, Jour. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIII, p. 15, pl.'ii, 'f. 1, (1890). PhialoerinuH magnifivaH Carpenter, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 96, (1891); Keyes, Geoi. Surv. Mo., iv, p. 220, pi. xxviii, f. 4, (1894). Calyx bowl-shaped, base truncated, of medium size, surface finely granulated. Infrabasals five, cuneiform, pentagonal, half covered by the column, stem facet radiately furrowed. Basals five, hexagonal, posterior one heptagonal ; the two sides at the base rather indistinct, edges straight ; plates convex, curving inward at the base to meet the infrabasals, very slightly wider than high. Radials convex, nearly equal, the right and left posterior ones occasionally a trifle smaller than the rest, pentagonal, width about one and one-half times the height, upper outer edges beveled. Interradial resting on the truncated upper surface of the posterior basal, large, pentago- nal, within the calyx, \vider above, greatest width equal to the height, supporting two anals. First brachials large, quad- rangular, the lower outer edge beveled. The second brachials pentagonal, highest in the .center, superior side faceted for the support of the two arms, about twice as broad as high Arms ten, slender, often 100 mm. long, pinnulate, pinnuhe often 10 mm. long. The arms are composed of a single series of slightly cuneate plates, the inner side of which is fur- nished with a deep, broad groove. Above the interradial rest at least two anal plates which curve moderately inward. The proboscis is long, rather slender, subquadrate in transverse out- line ; in adult specimens, between the lobes of the tube, are Bbedb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, • 37 deep reentrant angles, giving it the appearance of four vertical tubes closely placed. In young specimens it is more round and less rough than in the adult. The plates are so closely united that it is difficult to make out their exact outline, but they are very convex on the exterior. The upper plates in young speci- mens are almost smooth, becoming more highly ornamented as the base is approached, while on old specimens the plates are highly tuberculated and the sides are ornamented by raised ridges which seem to surround apertures in the plates. Height. Width. Inf rabasals 3i mm. 3 mm. Basals 5J " 6 " Radials 5i " 9 " Interradial 4 •* 5 ** First costals 2J " 8 " SecoDd costals 3 " 7 •* Distichals 3A " 5 •• Proboscis 58' " 11 '* Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City and Argentine. EBISOGBINUS. Meek and Worthen, Am. Joar. Soi., LXXX, p. 174, (1865). Erisocrinus megalobrachius. Plate VII, figs, la, 16. Erisocrinua megalobrachius Beede, KaDs. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 124, pi. XXXII, ff. la, b. Calyx basin-shaped, quite concave, ornamented by very coarse granulations, which are sometimes arranged in wavy rows. Infrabasals unknown, covered, or nearly so, by the small column. Basals large, convex, the lower portion curved upward to meet the infrabasals forming a deep cavity in the base of the cup, the inner (or lower) end of the basals being in about the same horizontal plane as the upper end, and hence forming most of the base of the calyx and leaving the infra- basals entirely within the body cavity; higher than wide, all about equal, and apparently pentagonal, the lower side (or sides, if two) short, superior and inferior lateral edges nearly equal, the apical angle extending upward between the radials to fully one-half the height of the latter. Radials five, equal, pentagonal, twice as wide as high, massive, convex, consider- ably beveled at the upper edge ; upper surface faceted for the 38 University Geological Survey of Kansas. reception of the costals, the line of articulation with which is gaping, raised portions of the facet milled. Costals five, mas- sive, stoutly spine-like, pentagonal in outline, lower inner sur- face faceted to meet the radials, upper surface faceted, except the portion protruding in the form of a stout spine to support the large arms. Distichals either one or two to each arm, more commonly two in our specimen, the lowermost quadrangular in outline, massive, a little more than twice as wide as high ; the second distichals are very variable, from four to six times as broad as high. There are ten arms which are very broad and stout, each made up of two series of wedge-shaped, interlock- ing plates which are twice as long as high in the lower portion of the arms ^nd each supporting a single pinnule. The pin- nulse are not well preserved, but are stout, composed of rather large, square plates near their junction with the arms, while farther away they assume a cylindrical form. Where not worn the entire specimen is covered with coarse granulations which are usually a little prolonged. Height. Width. Length. Basals 11 mm. 10 mm. Radials 8 " 16 " Costals 5 ** 15 " 9 mm. 1. Distichals 1-2 " 8 '* 2. Distichals 2 " 4 " Average lower arm plate 2 ** 4 *' Calyx 10 ** 27 " Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka, from the horizon of the Osage coal. This species agrees in many respects with Ceriocrinus craigi ( Worthen) W. and S. and C. hemisphericus ( Shumard ) W. and S., but each of these possesses an anal plate ; the specimen in hanid, though preserved in very perfect condition, shows no in- dication of such a plate. It is also very much like Erisocrinus typus as figured and described by White (Contributions to In- vertebrate Palaeontology No. 6, p. 126, p. 33, f . 5) , but the arms of our species are flatter, plates much less convex later- ally, and granulated on the surface instead of smooth. The brachials also are more spine-like in our specimen, and the basals are not nearly so sharply convex as in that species, and Bebdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 39 the cavity in the base is deeper and the calyx is not so high. It may belong to Stemmatocrinus, as the infrabasals are not known, but as that genus is not yet known from this country, it is more probable that it is an Erisocrhius. Erisocrinus typus. Plate VI, figs. 4-4b. Erisocrinvs typun Meek and Worthen, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxix, p. 174, (1865); Geol. Surv. 111., ii, p. 317, f. 33; Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 146, pi. i, £f. 3, a, b, (1872); Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., V, p. 561, pL'xxiv, f.6. (1873); White, Greol. Uinta Mountains, (Powell's Rep.), p. 89, ( 1876); Cont. Inver. Pal., No. 6, p. 126, pi. xxxiii, f. 5a, (1880). Erisocrinus nebraaccnuia Meek and Worthen, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxxix, p. 174, (1865). Philocrinus pelvis Meek and Worthen, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxxix, p. 350, (1865). Meek's description: ''Body below the summit of the first radials [radials] , basin-shaped, rounded below, and obscurely subpentagonal in outline as seen from above or below ; com- posed of thick, smooth, slightly convex plates. Basal pieces [infrabasals] small, occupying a shallow convexity of the under side, about half hidden by the column, all pentagonal in exter- nal form. Subradial [basal] considerably larger than the basal [infrabasal] , and all equally hexagonal in form. First radial [radial] pieces four or five times as large as the subradials [basals] , wider than long, equal, and all pentagonal ; support- ing upon their broadly and evenly truncated superior sides the second primary radials [costals] , which are of nearly the same size and form as the first, but have their sloping sides above instead of below, while they each support above two first bra- chials [distichals] , or a series of secondary radials [distichals] yet unknown. Surface smooth. Breadth of body below the first primary radials, 0.72 inch ; height of same, 0.35 inch." Range and distribution : The specimen here under discussion is from the Upper Coal Measures, Jefferson county, and now in the collection of Washburn College. The specimen is a beautifully preserved calyx and a single costal. It differs very materially from the type specimen figured by Meek and Worthen. The calyx is much higher, which is due largely to the very much larger basals, which, in- 40 University Geological Survey of Kayisaa. stead of being one-fourth or one-fifth the size of the radials, are nearly as large. The costals show a marked spinous develop- ment on the upper side, but in one of the figures (Geol. Surv. 111., V, pi. xxiv, fig. 6) of the Illinois forms the costal is shown as being somewhat extended above. It is quite different from the figure of the species by White above referred to, in being quite plain and in having the plates less convex. It is also more sharply pentagonal in outline than most of the members of the species. However, this is a somewhat variable species, and our specimen is probably a true E. iypus, but presenting interesting variant features. EUPACHTCBINUS. Meek and Worthen, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 109, ( 1865). Enpachycrinns magister. Plate VI, figs. 3-3b. Eupachycrinua fnagister Miller and Gurley, Jour. Cine. Soc. Nat. Hist, XIII, p. 4, pi. I, ff. 1, 2; 16th Rep. St. Greol. Ind., p. 328, pi. i, S, 1, 2, pi. X, ff. 6-8, (1890); Keyes, Greol. Surv. Mo., iv, p. 218, pi. xxvii, ff. la, b, 3. Original description : *' This species is very large ; calyx low and broad y somewhat saucer-shaped, bulged a little on the azygous side, height about half the width, sutures deep, ex- cavation extending about half the thickness of the plates, plates very strongly tuberculated, tubercles conical, elongated, and ir- regular inform and distribution. The five basals [infrabasals] are sunk in a cavity on the other side, projecting only half their length beyond the column ; even this projection is tubercular ; they form in the interior of the calyx a pyramid, which is pierced at the summit by a five-rayed opening connecting with the canal in the center of the column ; the points of the rays are rounded. The basal plates are made pentagonal by the truncation made at the points of the rays for the central canal. The diagrammatic views which have been made of the basal plates in this genus are incorrect, in so far as they indicate a pentagonal opening with the angles directed toward the sutures, instead of truncating the plates with the concave depression for the five-rayed opening to the columnar canal. The two basals on the azygous side of the species before us are larger than the others, being nearly as large as the other three. Beede.] Carbon if trous Invertebrates, 41 '^The subradials [basals] are very large, extending into the basal cavity, and curve gently upward; three hexagonal, the two longer sides unite with the subradials ; the two up- per sloping sides, uniting with the first radials, are a little shorter, and the two under sides, uniting with the basals [infrabasals] are very short; two are heptagonal, the one on the right of the first azygous plate being much larger, and, ex- cept the two short sides uniting with the basals, the other sides are of subequal length ; the one upon the left has, in addition to the two short sides uniting with the basals, a short side unit- ing with the second azygous plate. Four of the first radials are pentagonal, twice as wide as high; the upper face is the full ' width of the plates, and projects over the interior of the calyx so as to give the appearance of having great thickness when viewed from above. The other first radial, upon the right of the azygous plates, is quadrilateral, except a very slight truncation by the second azygous plate below the depth of the suture. The first radial is separated from the second or brachial piece, on the outer face, by a wide suture, but within a crenated ridge ex- tends from one angle of the plates to another, forming a penta- gon, except as separated by the second azygous plate ; the ridge has a furrow upon the outer side in the central part of each plate, and within this is a wide expansion which supports the brachial arm pieces. The first azygous plate has four sides, rests between the upper sloping sides of the two subradials and along the under side of the first radial on the right, with the shorter side abutting on the second azygous plate. The second azygous plate is hexagonal, curves inward, and supports upon its two short inner faces the third and fourth azygous plates, side by side. The vault and other parts unknown. '' In our specimen the right posterior radial seems to be covered by one of the plates of the ventral sac. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City. 4 — vi 42 University Geological Survey of Kansas. HTDBEIONO0BIKU8. de KoDinck. Bull. Acad. Boyale Belffiqoe, vin, pt. ii, p. 18, (1868.) 'HydreionocrinuB kanBasensis. Plate VII, figs. 4-7. Hydreionocrinua kansascnsis Weller, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., xvi, p. 372, (1896.) Weller's description : '* Dorsal cup depressed, nearly saucer- shaped, more than twice as wide as high, truncated below. The margins of all the plates, except the lateral margins of the infrabasals, ornamented by narrow papillose bands parallel to the sutures. Exclusive of the papillose bands the plates are . smooth. Infrabasals five, large, extending far beyond the column, anchylosed into an irregularly hexagonal, nearly flat disc, the sutures marked by slightly elevated ridges ; central portion of the disc slightly excavated for the attachment of the column, the excavation surrounded by a low ridge. Basals five, four of them broader than high, spherical-triangular in outline, in lateral contact only at the extreme lateral angles. The posterior basal higher than wide, quadrangular in outline, truncated distally for the reception of the special anal plate, the lateral and proximal sides curved as in the four other plates. Radials large, twice as wide as high, the three anterior ones heptagonal in outline, the two posterior ones hexagonal. The proximal sides concavely curved to conform to the curved sides of the basals, the proximal angles meeting the distal angles of the infrabasals and the lateral angles of the basals. First brachials twice as wide as high, pentagonal in outline, bearing upon the two upper sloping sides of the two main divisions of the arms. Arms uniserial, the component plates broader than long, except near the tips, rectangular in outline except the axials, which are pentagonal. In the right posterior arm, the only one known, each main division bifurcates several times, the most posterior one showing ten divisions at the tip. Radi- anal nearly as large as the basals, pentagonal, higher than wide, lying upon the truncated right posterior infrabasal and between the posterior basal and the right posterior radial. Special anal larger than the radianal, hexagonal, higher than wide, lying upon the truncated posterior basal and between the Bbbdb.J Carboniferous Invertebrates. 43 radianal and the left posterior radial. First tube plate partially included in the calyx, higher than wide, lying upon one of the upper sides* of the radianal and between the special anal and the right posterior radial. Ventral sac very large, expanding above and surrounded at its summit by a row of large, spatulate, spinous plates which form a crown of diverging spines around the summit of the sac." Range and distribution : *'From the Upper Coal Measures, about 700 feet below the horizon of the Cottonwood limestone, at Neal, Greenwood county, Kansas." '* Remarks : The form of the plates in the dorsal cup of the species differs materially from the other species of the genus, but the ventral sac, which is the most remarkable feature of the genus, and which is said by Wachsmuth and Springer* to be the best character for distinction, in all respects like that in the remaining species.. This organ is much crushed and only partially preserved in the type specimen, but enough is present to show its great expansion toward the summit and the crown of large, spinous plates. Eight of these spatulate spinous plates are recognizable in the specimen, all of them belonging to one side, so that there must have been at least fifteen or more altogether. **The dorsal cup is remarkable for the large size of the in- frabasals which extend far beyond the column and do not rest in a deep cavity, but are consolidated into an irregblarly hex- agonal flat disc. The spherical-triangular form of the basals is different from any of the other species of the genus, and the manner of meeting in one point of the distal angles of the in- frabasals, the proximal angles of the radials and the lateral angles of the basals is quite remarkable." Hydreionocrinus subsinuatus. Plate VII, fig. 14. Hydreionocrintis subBinuatus Miller and Gurley, Bull. 3, 111. State Mu- seum Nat. Hist., pp. 40, 41, pi. vi, ff. 11-14, (1893). Original description- *' Calyx depressed, saucer-shaped, slightly conciive below, longitudinally concave on the ventral side; sutures distinct; surface smooth. When viewed from 2. BeWslon of the Paleocriooidea, I, p. 130. 44 Univeri. 44, (1890). Dall, Ball. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, p. 87, (1871) ; etc. Orbiculoidea xnissoariensiB. Plate VIII, figs, l-lc Discina missouriensiM Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 221, (1858). Discina nitidaf Meek and Worthen (non Phillips), Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. 572, pi. XXV, f. 1, (1873); White, 13th Ann. Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 121, pi. XXV, f. 10, (1884); etc. Discina meekiana Whitfield, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 288, (1882); etc. Orbiculoidea missourienstH Schuchert, Bull. 87, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 281, (1887). White's description (in part) : *' Shell small, subcircular, de- pressed conical, the sides sloping nearly straight from the apex to the margin ; apex prominent, situated about one-third the diameter of the shell from the posterior border ; lower valve fiat with the usual depression around the foramen ; surface of both valves marked by concentric lines and fine lamellations. Di- ameter of an average example about 8 mm.'' In this shell the height of the apex is about one-third the di- ameter of the shell. The concentric lines are prominent in well-preserved specimens and are sharply elevated, separated by wider, shallow furrows. The sulcus extends two-thirds or all the distance to the posterior margin. The inner laminae of the dorsal valve show a radiate structure. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott ; Rosedale, Wyandotte county ; Lansing, Leaven- worth county ; Topeka. Orbiculoidea convexa. Plate VIII, figs. 3, 3b. Discina convexa Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 221,(1858); White, 13th Ann. Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 121, pi. xxv, f. 9, (1884); etc. Orbiculoidea convexa Schuchert, Bull. 87, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 278, (1897). White's description: *' Upper ^valve broadly but somewhat prominently convex ; subcircular in marginal outline ; the height nearly equal to one-half the diameter ; apex somewhat obtuse, but moderately prominent, situated about one-third the diameter of the shell from its posterior margin ; surface marked by the usual distinct lines of growth. A small under valve was found in the same locality as the upper valve above described, and probably belongs to this species. It shows a similar sur- 56* UniversUi) Geolofjlcal Survey af Kansaa. face, which is nearly flat, but it is depressed above the foramen, which is of the usual character ; the foramen is situated just beneath the beak of the upper valve." The posterior portion of the shell of one individual which has the outer portion of the shell exfoliated shows distinct, discontinuous, alternating, radiating ridges, from near the beak to the posterior margin. ** Diameter of the upper valve just described, 27 mm. ; height, 12 mm." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Topeka. Orbiculoidea manhattanensis. Plate VIII, figs. 2-2b. IHsoina inanhattanmHls Meek and Havden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Phil., (1859), p. 25. Orbiculoidea manhaifnnensis Hall and Clarke, Introduction to Study of Brach., pt. i, pi. v, f. 12, (1892): Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, pi. iv, f. 20, (1892). Shell of medium size for this genus, nearly circular, dorsal valve moderately elevated ; umbo situated about one-half of a diameter from the posterior margin ; surface of dorsal valve marked with concentric lines, which are much heavier near the margin and finer and more wavy near the apex. The anterior slope is slightly convex, posterior a little concave, distinctly so in casts. The ventral valve is flat, shell quite thick ; sulcus in distinct depression, extending about half way from the center to the margin ; opening linear-elliptical. There is a thick callosity near the outer margin which is marked by radiating ridges corresponding to those of the other valve. Diameter of large specimen, 12 mm. ; height, 2^ mm. Outer surface marked by concentric lines similar to the convex valve. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Wabaunsee formation ; black shale in *vagon-road cut east side of Blue Mount, Manhattan, Kan. In collection of E. A. Popenoe. This species differs from 0. wiasouriensis in being more com- pressed, thicker shelled, shorter sulcus, and in having more distinct concentric lines; from O. convtxn^ in being much less convex and much smaller. Bbedb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates.' 57 CRANIA. Retzias, Schrift. Ges. Naturf. Frenende, Berlio, II, p. 72, (1781). Hall and Clarke. Pal. N. Y., pt. I, p. 145, (1882) ; etc. Crania modesta. Plate VIII, fig. 4. Crania modesta White and St. John, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. 11&, (1868); White, 13th Rep. Ind. St. Geol., p. 121, pi. xxxv, f. 9, pi. xxxvi, f. 5, (1884). Crania carbonaria Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 229, (1882): Geol. Ohio, vii, p. 484, pi. xi, ff. 11, 12, (1895); etc. Whitfield's description : *' Shell small, none of the specimens observed exceeding three-eighths of an inch in diameter ; subor- bicular in outline, or varied in form by the outline of the objects to which they are attached. Free valve depressed convex, marked by a few concentric lines of growth ; attached valve thin, but with a slightly thickened margin. Posterior muscular impressions large and submarginal, the others being nearly central and forming a small elevation just posterior to the middle of the valve. '* Measurements: Diameter, 9 mm.; height, 3 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Eudora, Grand Summit. The specimens are attached to Produdns scmireticidatus, and the convex valves reproduce the markings of the host. One near the front of the shell shows the large radiating costir quite plainly, while on the reticulated area shows both the radiating and concentric marks, while still another situated partly on the reticulated area shows the reticulated markings on one side and only the radiating on the other. Two specimens on worn shells show none of the markings of the host. The attached valves are thin, but show the muscular markings quite distinctly. DEBBYA. Waagen. Pal. Indioa, ser. XIII, I, pp. 576, S91, (1884). Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., VIII, pt. I, p. 261, (1802) ; 11th Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Geol., p. 286, (1896), for 18941 The genus Derby a has been divided by Waagen into groups, but I see no sufficient reason for such divisions for our American shells. A consideable stress has been laid upon the nature of the hinge area in the different American species of the genus. I 5 — Ti 58 University Geological Survey of Kansas. find, upon examination of the Kansas Coal Measures forms, that the length of the hinge and the height of the area, as well as the relative convexity and bilobation of the brachial valve, are quite variable. The diverging lines which pass from the apex of the deltidium obliquely to the hinge line, nearly bisect- ing the area, are common to all the well-preserved specimens from the Coal Measures that I have examined. The same is true of the vertical striation of the area between these lines. The area between the diverging lines is composed of two large dental plates not entirely united to the remainder of the hinge area. This is clearly shown by specimens with the area crushed. In such cases it almost always breaks along these lines with smooth fracture. They also present some striking peculiarities in the surface markings of the shell. Upon a cursory examination there seem to be two distinct kinds of surface markings — those shells in which the stria* are small, somewhat rugose, separated by wider channels ; and those with naore rounded, crowded, rugose ridges with narrow valleys. Upon examination of several specimens of different species, the difference in these respects is found to be due, either to weathering or to wearing previous to fossilization. The stria* are rounded, thicker at the top of the ridge than at the base, furrows and ridges crossed by numer- ous fine, concentric lamellae, which are raised into rugao on the ridges and nearly imperceptible in the furrows. In the slightly worn specimens a portion of the top and sides of the ridges are worn away, making them appear keel-shaped, with wider furrows. The wearing of the shell does not seem to di- minish the roughness of the stria* very perceptibly, while it seems to bring out the concentric markings of the furrows more distinctly. Bbsdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 59 Derbya bennetti. Plate VIII, figs. 8-^. Derhya bennetti Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, pp. 263, 348, pi. xi-A, ff. 34-39, (1892); Ann. Rep. St. Geol. N. Y. 1894, p. 347, pi. v, ff. ^-8, (1895). Original description : *' Shell subtrihedral in general aspect, quite irregular in its growth. Hinge line short, its extremities on both "valves being auriculate. Pedicle valve much more irregular in growth, sometimes retaining the scar of attachment at its apex. Cardinal area usually high, narrow, erect or slightly incurved, and frequently distorted ; delthyrium curved* GeVieral surface of the valve depressed, convex in the middle, sometimes rapidly sloping in all directions, at others concave in the umbonal region ; as a rule very unsymmetrical. The brachial valve is deep, more regularly convex, and has a full rounded umbo and a conspicuous median sinus. On the in- terior the pedicle valve bears an extremely high median septum which is united with the dental ridges near the apex. The cardinal process is high, erect and deeply bilobed, each of its apophyses being strongly grooved on its posterior face. Other internal characters unknown. The surface of both valves is covered by fine, elevated, thread-like stria^ increasing very slowly by intercalation. The edges of these striae bear numer- ous minute asperities which may be due to the crossing of fine concentric lines. Irregular lines and wrinkles of growth are abundant near the margins." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lecompton. Mr. Bennett informs me that the type specimen which was sent Professor Hall, and upon which the description was based, was from near St. Joseph, Mo., instead of Kansas City. Hall and Clarke described another species from Kansas City (D. broadheadi) with very much the same characteristics as the species given above. Among the specimens before me I am unable to separate the two satisfactorily, and believe that they will have to be united under a single species. D. broadheadi, in some of its forms, approaches D. affinis so closely, being so slightly bilobate, that the two forms seem to merge completely, as well as the Qharacters of the beaks, which also approach each 60 University Geological Survey of Kanms. other closely ) so that it would be better to leave D. hennetti for the species, should the two be found identical. D. hroadheadi may, perhaps, be varietally distinct from D. hennetti, but our mate- rial would hardly seem to indicate it. Derbya cirmbula. Plate XII, fig. 10. Derby a vymbuln Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, p. 348, pi. xi>b, flF. 2, 3, (1892); Rep. N. Y. St. Geol. 1894, p. 348, pi. vi, ff. 1, 2, (1896). Original description (in part) : *' Shell large ; marginal outline transversely subelliptical. Hinge line straight, its length l^e- ing about two-thirds the greatest diameter of the shell. On the pedicle valve the cardinal area is high, its base being one- third longer than- its sides, and it may be somewhat unsym- metrical from distortion. Its surface is finely striated both longitudinally and transversely, and is divided into an outer and inner portion by two lines diverging from the apex and meeting the hinge line half way between its extremities and the edges of the deltidium. Deltidium broad at the base, rap- idly narrowing for one-third its length, thence tapering more gradually to the apex ; its surface is marked by a well-defined median groove for its entire extent. The surface of the valve is elevated in the umbonal region, and slopes irregularly to a low depression over the pallial region and about the margins. The brachial valve is broadly concave at the umbo, but rapidly becomes regularly convex, the greatest convexity being in. the middle of the valve, whence it slopes almost equally in all di- rections. There is no tendency to irregular growth in this valve. Surface covered with numerous fine, sometimes irregu- lar striae, increasing by implanation. Over the umbonal and pallial regions these stria* are of about equal size, but above the margin the tendency to fasciculate arrangement is more apparent.'* The mesial septum of the pedicle valve very high, attach to the teeth, which extend to the top of the deltidium for about a third of its height, and extending about a third of the distance to the front of the shell, highest at the anterior end. Teeth of the brachial valve narrow, extending well into the opposite valve, where they curve inward, locking around J Babde.] Carboniferous Livertehrates, 61 a process from the cardinal process of the brachial valve. Cardinal process of the brachial valve large, elongated, and expanded laterally, divided by a deep sinus at the summit, each lateral lobe having a very deep groove on its posterior side extending nearly its entire length. The cardinal process is very strongly recurved backwards, fitting closely into the deltidium of opposite valve, and backing the process on either side are two high plates extending well back into the visceral cavity, and attached to die brachial valve. Measurements: Length (hinge to front), 45 mm. ; width, 58 mm. ; convexity (maximum), 39 mm.; length of hinge, 35 mm.; height of area, 13 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures, and base of Permian? Kansas City, Cambridge, Cowley county. This species can be easily recognized and separated from the preceding by its larger size, relatively lower beak (as a rule), and its non-bilobate brachial valve. Hall and Clarke have described another species from Kansas City, D. affiitis, which is, to say the least, exceedingly closely related to D. cymbula, the principal difference being in the location of the point of greatest convexity in the pedicle valve and smaller size. So far as the topography of the pedicle valve is concerned in this genus, except, perhaps, the relative length and height of the hinge area, it seems to be governed largely by the immediate surroundings of the individual. The location of the point of greatest convexity, and, even as to whether or not there is a concavity in the valve, vary greatly in those species which have a convex or raised valve. In the specimens of D. cymbiila in our collection I find no two with the same topography of the pedicle valve, and they vary from regularly convex from the apex of the beak to the extreme front margin to irregularly concave over the same area. Some are regular in their growth, while others are very irregular. It seems to me that the speci- mens described as D, affinis are young or stunted forms of D. cymbula^ for it is almost impossible to separate the two forms at all, if we possess the specimens of the two species, and we have specimens that answer the descriptions very closely. 62 University Geological Survey of Kansas, « Derbya crassa. Plate VIII, figs. 11, lib. OrthiB arachnoMeM Roemer (non Phillips), Kreidebildung Texas, p. 89, pi. XI, f. 9, (1852); etc. Orthisina crassa Meek and Hay den, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1858, p. 261. Orthis lanallensU McChesney, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 32, (I860); ibid., pi. I, f. 6, (1865). Orthis richvnonda McChesney, ibid., p. 32; also pi. i, f. 5. Hemipronitcs crassus Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upp. Mo., Smiths. Cont. Knowl., xiv, 172, p. 26, pi. i, f. 7, (1864); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 174, pi. v, f. 10, pi. viii, f. 1, (1872); etc. Orthis crenf stria Geinitz (non Phillips), Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 46, pi. Ill, ff. 20, 21, (1866). HcmiproniteH lasaUensis McChesney, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. 28, pi. I, f. 6, (1868). Hemipronites riohmonda McChesney, ibid., p. 28, pi. i, f. 5. Ilemipronites crenintria White, Wheeler's Expl. Surv. West. 100 Mer., IV, p. 124, pi. x, f. 9, (1875). StrcptorhynchuH richmondi Hall, 2d Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Geol., pi. xl, ff. 10, 11, (1883). Derbya crassa Waagen, Pal. Indica. ser. xiii, i, p. 592, (1884); etc. Meek's description (in part) : '* Shell varying from nearly cir- cular to truncato-subcircular, or transversely suboblong, generally wider than long, varying from compressed to distinctly convex ; hinge margin equaling or shorter than the greatest breadth of the valves, rectangular, or sometimes more or rather less than rectangular, at the extremities ; anterior outline forming a more or less regular semicircular curve. Dorsal valve always convex, sometimes very distinctly so, the greatest convexity being near the middle ; beak not distinct from the cardinal margin. Ven- tral valve varying in convexity at the umbo, sometimes very prominent, and occasionally distorted there ; less convex, flat- tened, or not unfrequently a little concave, around near the front ; area varying in height in proportion to the elevation to the beak, and either flat or with the beak a little arched, usually rather distinctly striated ; its closed fissure varying in the pro- portions of height and breadth with the greater or less eleva- tion of the beak ; interior always provided with a prominent mesial septum extending from the beak forward to near the middle of the valve ; surface on both valves marked by numer- ous strong, raised radiating stride of unequal size, there being generally one or several smaller ones between each two of the larger ; crossing the whole are also numerous fine, regular con- Bbsdr.] CarhoniferouB Invertebrates, 63 centric striae, more or less defined both between and upon the radiating strise, to which latter they impart a neatly crenate ap- pearance." The dental lamellae are narrow and thin in younger specimens, more rounded and heavier in old ones, extending the entire length of the deltidium and projecting beyond the hinge margin. Muscular impressions of this valve are usually indistinct in young specimens, but are well impressed in the old, thick-shelled individuals, varying from nearly circular to linear- elliptical in outline, in some cases extending two-thirds the distance to the front of the shell, though as a rule it only covers the central portion of the posterior half of the valve. There is a faint mesial ridge in the posterior portion of the brachial valve, extending about half way to the front in old specimens. The muscular scar is nearly circular and marked by longitudinal ridges extending about half way to the front and sides of the valve. Cardinal process moderately prominent, bifid at its apex, and possessing a lateral lobe on each of the supporting plates near their anterior portions. Measurements : Length, 25 mm. ; width, 31 mm. ; length of hinge, 20 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka. This little depressed or moderately convex shell is very easily distinguished from the other species by its smaller size, moder- ately low hinge area, and thick, or sometimes thin, shell. Derbya keokok. Plate VIII, fig. 13; text fig. 3, £. OrthiH crenislria Yandalland Shumard, Cont. Geol. Ky., pp. 19, 21, (1847). Orthia keokuk Hall, Greol. Surv. Iowa, i, pt. ir, p. 640, pi. xix, f. 5, (1858); etc. SireptorhynchuH keokuk Hall, 2d Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Geol.,*pl. xli, ff. 1-S, (1883). Streptorhynchua creniatria Waloott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv., viii, p. 279, pi. XVIII, f. 14,(1884). Derby a keokuk Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, p. 262, pi. xi, ff. 1-3, a892). fOrthis umbraculum Owen (non Sohlotheim), Greol. Surv. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., pi. v, f. 11, (1852). f Orthia robusta Hall, Geol. Surv. Iowa, i, pt. ii, p. 743, pi. xxviir, f. 5, (1858). f Streptorhynchua robusta Hall, 2d Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Geol., pi. xl, if. 12-17, (1^83). f Derbya robuata Waagen, Pal. Indica, ser. xiii, i, p. 592, (1884) ; Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, p. 262, pi. x, ff. 12-17, pi. xiB, ff. 7, 8, ( 1892). 64 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Hall's description (in part) : ''Shell resupinate, somewhat broadly semielliptical in outline, depressed hemispheric ; car- dinal extremities rounded. Ventral valve flat or slightly con- cave ; area low, extending to the hinge extremities ; foramen forming an equilateral triangle, closed by a pseudo-del tidium. Dorsal valve broadly convex, the greatest convexity a little above the middle, and often equal to one-third the width of the shell. Surface marked by even rounded radiating striir, which increase by bifurcation and interstitial addition, and are crossed by fine concentric stria*.'' Interior of pedicle valve marked by large, deep, semicircular impression, with raised irregular per- iphery, moderately high mesial septum extending to the front of the muscular impression, which is marked by irregular radiat- ing ridges and furrows of variable size. Area of the valve out- side of the impression finely pitted to the edge, where the striations of a new layer of shell form a radiate periphery. Hinge area possessing the usual diverging lines, within which are vertical stria*. Entire hinge area marked by horizontal lines or lamella*. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures to Permian ; Kansas City, Carbondale, Topeka, Cambridge, Cowley county. This shell agrees in many respects with the description of />. keokuk and in others with D. rohusta. If tlie previous remarks on surface markings of the valves and the hinge area hold good for the genus, there is little doubt that the two will prove syn- onymous. The fact that our Coal Measures shells have the out- line and also the interior of the pedicle valve almost exactly as D. robusta and, where the shells'are not worn, the markings of 1). keokukf would seem to indicate that they are the same. Specimens broken from limestone always leave a portion of the shell attached to the stone, which makes the specimens look like those with the markings ascribed to Z), robusta. Some of our specimens differ from D. keokuk in that the hinge is hardly as short as ascribed to that species, though some of them approach it quite closely. However, the length of thef- hinge is not a very constant character in any species of the genus that I have examined. The front and lateral margins expand Bekdb.J Carboniferous Invertebrates. 65 much more rapidly than does the hinge after the shell reaches middle age. Professor Clarke writes me concerning these two species that '* There can be no question of the close similarity of these two species, and D. robusta was founded upon a single specimen remarkable for the convexity of its brachial valve and its sub- circular outline, but I recollect distinctly that we had a com- paratively meager representation of this species from the Coal Measures. I have little doubt that one represents the continu- ation of the other specific type, perhaps with some slight varia- tion, and that the genus attained its culminant variability of expression in the Coal Measures." The relative convexity of the brachial valve varies to a con- siderable degree, though the most of them are very convex. Con- sidering these points as a whole, the only grounds left, so far as I can see, for D. robusta to rest upon, are its relatively little longer hinge and greater convexity of the pedicle valve, both of which are variable characters, and the two species approach each other very closely in this respect. However, it may be suffi- cient to distinguish them, though I think that they will prove to be the same. MEEKELLA. White and St. Jobo, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci. I, p. 120, ff. 4-6, (186S). Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y. VIIX, pt. I. p. 264 (1892) ; etc. ' Meekella striatocostata. Plate XII, figs. 9-9c. Plioaiula Htriatovoataia Cox, Greol. Surv. Ky., iii, pt. i, p. 568, pi. viii^ f . 7, ( 1857). OrtkiHina HhumavdianuH Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 183, (1858). Orthfsina minHourirnHia Swallow, ibid., p. 219: etc. (Jrlhis struttocoHtata Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 48, pi. iii, ff. 22- 24,(1866). Meekella siriatocoHioia White aod St. John, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., pp. 129, 122, ff. 4-6 (1868); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 175, pi. V, f. 12, (1872); etc. StrpptorhynchvM (Meekella) tilriatocostata Hall, 2d Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Geol., pi. XL, ff. 18-23, (1883). Meek's description (in part) : * ' Shell trigonal-subglobose, be- coming very convex with age, generally a little longer than wide ; hinge line very much shorter than the breadth of the valves. Dorsal valve convex, the greatest prominence near the 66 University Geological Survey of Kansas, umbo, thence rounding over to the front, being usually some- what flattened over the central and anterior regions, but with- out any mesial sinus ; beak strongly incurved, and with its most prominent part sometimes projecting a little beyond the hinge line, but in others flattened, and with its immediate apex nearly always terminating at the margin of the hinge ; posterior lateral margins laterally compressed and converging toward the umbo at nearly a right angle ; surface ornamented by about ten to thirteen large, radiating, more or less angular, simple or rarely bifurcating plications, which are themselves (as well as the furrows between) marked by flne but distinct radiating strii^^, which, toward the front, instead of continuing parallel to the furrows and plications, converge forward on each side of the latter so as to intersect along the crests of the same at acute angles. Crossing all of these, there are usually toward the front and lateral margins a few strong zigzag marks of growth. Ventral valve more convex than the other, the great- est convexity being at or near the beak, which is elevated and usually more or less distorted, being sometimes twisted to one side, and in other examples straight or somewhat arched back- ward ; cardinal area narrow transversely, but proportionally high, being often distinctly higher than wide, but well defined, and usually finely striated transversely and vertically, either flat or more or less arched backwards ; false deltidium closing the fissure, narrow, and provided with a slender, rounded, prominent mesial ridge extending to the apex of the beak ; sur- face as in the other valve.'' The two dental lamelhv of the pedicle valve extend from the apex of the beak to the hinge and forward about half the distance to the front of the shell, dividing the beak into three nearly equal compartments. The cardinal process of the brachial valve is curved forward and upward, long, and thickened at the extremity. Measurements of average specimen : Length, 23mm. ; width, 29 mm. ; convex- ity, 18 mm. ; length of hinge, 14 mm. ; height of cardinal area, 9 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, Olathe, Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Ijecomp- Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 67 tdh, Topeka, Beaumont, Grand Summit. Widely distributed, but moderately rare throughout the Coal Measures and base of the Permian. Abundant near the base of the Permian. The individual variation of this species is very great. In most of the larger specimens the widtli is considerable greater than the length as indicated by the above measurements. The distinctness of the plications varies with age, being very faint in young specimens and very distinct and sharp in old ones. Young specimens are much less convex and comparatively longer than the old ones. The comparative height of the car- dinal area varies greatly, some specimens having the beak only moderately elevated. CHONETES. Fisher and Waldheim, Oryct. du Qon?. de Moscou. pt. II, p. 184. pi. XXVI, ff. 8, 9. ( 1837 ). Hall and Clarke. Pal. N. Y., VlII, pt. I, firachiopoda, p. aus, pi. KV-a, ff. 11-18, pi. XVI, ff. 1-11. 14, 15, 18-27, 32-86, 89. 48, 44, 48. ( 1892 ). Prior to 1844 species belonging to this genus were described under the generic terms Pecten, Hysterobjthes, Terehratulites , Leptifna^ Orthis^ Spirifera, Strophomena^ Produdm, and Delthyris. Since that time the genus has been better understood. After giving the generic description (loc. cit.) , Hall and Clarke say of the genus : ^'Chnnetcs is remarkable for the persistence of its characters. From its appearance in the middle of the Silurian to its disappearance in the Permian, this type of struc- ture has been maintained with few essential modifications. On account of this stability in its features it is difficult to establish any satisfactory subdivision of its members, especially since the genus has been left more compact by the recent elimination of some of its more aberrant forms.'' The following is a summary of the sections of the genus, as compiled by them, now accepted by leading authorities; these sections are mechanical and arbitrary : I. — Concert fric(r, those with concentric folds or undulations, like C. con- ccntrica. II. — Striata^ those with more than thirty radiating strise. III. — PliooscBf those with less than thirty striae. IV. — Bugo8ce, those with rugose radiating strise. V. — Chrandicoatatce, those with high, strong radiating costs. VI. — Lceves, those with smooth shells. 68 University Geological Survey of Kansas. All of our Kansas shells fall within two of these sections, ^he second and the sixth. The Striata^ include : C\ mesolobus, rer- 7iuiliann8f and granulifer. The L^ves include C. glaber Gein. Chonetes Rlaber. Plate IX, fif;. 2. Choncies glaber Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 60, pi. iv, ff. 15-18, (1866); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 171, pi. xiv, f. 10, pi. VIII, ff. 8-8c. Chonetes gcinitzfana Waagen, Pal. Indica, ser. xiii, vol. i, p. 261, (1884). Chonetes latvin Keyes, Ppoc,. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 229, pi. xii, f. 3: Cleol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 55, pi. xxxvu, f. 5, (1895). Chonetes geinitzianus Miller, N. Amer. Geol. and Pal., p. 339, (1889). Chonetes glaber Schuchert, Bull. No. 87, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 74, (1897 l Meek's description: ** Shell thin; transversely subsemicir- cular, length being more than half the breadth ; hinge line a little longer than the greatest breadth of the valves, at any point farther forward ; lateral extremities abruptly pointed and sometimes slightly recurved ; anterior and anterior lateral mar- gins, forming a semicircular curve in outline, excepting that the former is generally faintly sinuous in the middle ; lateral margins curving abruptly outwards just before intersecting the hinge extremities. Pedicle or larger valve moderately convex, the most gibbous part being in the form of two broad, rounded, undefined prominences, which diverge from the beaks to the anterior lateral regions, leaving a rather broad, rounded, deep mesial sinus between them, extending nearly to the beak, but widening and deepening rather rapidly to the front ; outside of these prominences the posterior lateral regions are more or less compressed; beak small, compressed, slightly arched, and scarcely projecting beyond the cardinal margin ; area narrow, inclined obliquely backward; its fissure small, nearly semi- circular and partially closed by the cardinal process of the other valve ; cardinal margin armed on each side of the beak by four or five slender, moderately long, oblique spines, with sometimes remains of one or two much smaller rudimentary additional ones near the beak ; cardinal teeth compressed, their longer diameter ranging nearly parallel to the hinge line — as seen under a strong lens, finely striated on the outside, at right angles to their length. Interior, excepting the regions of the Bbbdb.] Carboniferous In vertebrate f(. 69 muscular impressions, with numerous, rather distinct granules, arranged in radiating rows — immediately within the fissure, provided with a short, rather prominent, compressed ridge ranging at right angles to the hinge ; muscular impressions very obscure. ** Dorsal or concave valve, following nearly the curve of the other ; area of about the same size as in the dorsal [ventral] valve, inclined forward from the hinge ; cardinal process small, not very prominent, and, as seen on the outer side, somewhat trilobate, the middle lobe or ridge being divided by a linear sulcus ; socket ridges very oblique ; interior granulated as in the other valve. A very small, obscure linear ridge occupies the middle of the valve, without, however, extending up to the hinge; muscular impressions unknown. '* Surface of both valves nearly smooth, but showing obscure, concentric marks of growth. In some conditions of weathering there is a faint appearance of radiating markings, but this is due rather to the structure of the shell and not to proper ex- ternal lines. When a single one of the thin valves is cleaned, and examined by the aid of a good magnifier and a strong trans- mitted light, very scattering punctures or pores are seen arranged in quincunx, and passing obliquely through the shell. These appear to have been connected with minute tubular spines, arranged over the whole surface, during the life of the animal." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. Chonetes granulifer. Plate IX, figs. 1-lc. Choneten granylifera Owen, Geol. Rep. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., p. 583, tab. V, f. 12, (1852); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 171, pi. IV, f. 19, pi. VIII, f. 8, (1872); etc. Chonetes smiihii Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., iii, p. 24, pi. II, f. 2, (1854); etc. Chonetes mucronatn Meek and Hayden, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 262, (1858); Pal. Upp. Mo., p. 22, pi. i, f. 5, (1864); etc. Chonetes granuUferus Beecher, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., zli, p. 357, pi. XVII, f. 15,(1891). Chonetes granulifer Schuchert, Bull. 87, U. S. Geol. Surv., (1897). Meek's description: ''Shell attaining a rather large size, semicircular in outline, having its greatest breadth on the hinge line, which often terminates in extended mucronate ears. 70 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Larger or ventral valve moderately convex, the greatest con- vexity being in the central region, or rather on each side of it, as there is usually a broad, shallow, mesial depression ; ears and lateral regions compressed ; front somewhat straightened along the middle ; beak small, rather compressed, a little arched, and scarcely projecting beyond the cardinal margin, which is provided with from seven to eleven oblique spines on each side of the beak ; area rather narrow, ranging nearly parallel with the general plane of the valves, its fissure broad, partly closed by the arching deltidiutn ; hinge teeth well devel- oped, compressed, and minutely striated; interior with impres- sions of cardinal muscles subovate, diverging, attenuate above ; adductor muscular scars small, narrow-subelliptical ; mesial ridge prominent near the beak, much lower, and nearly extend- ing forward to the central region ; most of the interior occupied by granules, which are largest and most crowded on a narrow space around and near the front and lateral margins ; but around the immediate margin they are much smaller, and ar- ranged in distinct radiating rows. Dorsal or smaller valve following nearly the curve of the other, the beak and central regions being concave, and the ears fiat; area well developed, but narrower than in the other valve ; bifid cardinal process and mesial prominence, nearly or quite closing the fissure of the other valve. From the base of this process there are ex- tending, on the inner side of the valve five radiating ridges, two of which pass obliquely outward, forming the inner mar- gins of the dental sockets, while a third mesial one extends at right angles to the hinge, a little more than half way to the front ; the other two are much shorter, oblique, and occupy in- termediate positions between the middle and two latter ones ; granules of the interior as in the other valve. Surface of both valves ornamented with a few subimbricating marks of growth, crossed by very fine, obscure, regularly and closely arranged radiating striae, of which about 150 can be counted around the free border of a large individual, where about eight or nine of them may be counted in the space of one line." Bbrdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 71 Measurements: Length, 15mm.; width, 28mm. ; convexity, 5 mm. Range and distribution : Common throughout the Coal Meas- ures ; from Kansas City to Topeka and Manhattan, Grand Sum- mit, etc. There are two specimens from Grand Summit, Kan., which show a remarkable variation from the average specimens of this species. In these the ears are elevated, distinctly and deeply notched, the lateral margins curving inward, then, making an acute angle, are directed outward and backward to the hinge tip. In all other respects, so far as can be determined from the exterior appearance, they are exactly like the above species. Two other specimens from eastern Kansas also show this re- markable characteristic, though in a less pronounced manner. This species differs from the preceding in possessing radiat- ing strisB on the surface of both valves and a thicker shell ; it is more broad, and the ridges on either side of the mesial sinus are less prominent. Chonetes meaolobus. Plate IX, figs. 3, 3b. ChonHen mraolobtis Norveood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., in, p. 27, pi. II, f. 7, (18&H; White, Wheeler's Geog, Surv. West 100 Mer., IV, p. 123, pi. IX, f. 7, (1875); etc. Shell small, broader than long, moderately convex, trans- versely subelliptical or subquadrate in outline ; hinge line a little more than equal to the greatest width of the shell. Mesial sinus extending from near the beak, broadening and deepening to the anterior margin, bifurcating near its origin and enclosing a mesial fold. Anterior margin nearly straight or slightly sinu- ate ; antero-lateral margin sharply rounded, then passing nearly in a slightly convex line directly backwards to the hinge line, making a slight outward turn before joining it. Cardinal area narrow, foramen broad and shallow, nearly filled by the small, trifid process of the other valve. Surface ornamented with fine radiating stria?, rather coarsely and sparsely punctate. Four or five small spines on eather side of the beak point obliquely backward from the hinge line. The markings on the interior of the ventral valve are rather similar to the preceding. 72 University Geological Survey of Kansas. The mesial septum is apparently short and thick. Two small, sharp elevations mark the location of the double sinus on the exterior. The adductor scars are located close beneath the beak, oblique and ovate-elliptical in outline, and rather deeply impressed. The pustules are arranged as in (\ granulifer, ex- cept that they are not always arranged in radiating rows around the periphery, though they are in some specimens. The interior of the dorsal valve is different from the rest of our species. The sinus dividing the extremity of the deltidial proc- ess splits into two, making the end of the process appear trifid. The radiating ridges are nearly as in the preceding species, ex- cept that the middle pair are recurved, forward and inward, enclosing a depression resembling a muscular marking. The meeial septum extends fully half the length of the shell, ending in a slight enlargement. On either half of the valve, corre- sponding to the folds of the other valve, are rather crescent- shaped brachial areas, the outer edges of which are beset with large, rather long, pustules. Pustules of the remainder of the surface as in the other valve. In the anterior half of the shell is a deep double sinus, enclosing a mesial fold, corresponding to the sinus and fold of the ventral valve. Range and distribution : Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott and Bronson, Bourbon county. The features which distinguish this species from the re- mainder herein described are the mesial fold in the ventral valve and the short hinge line. Its range is restricted to the lower part of the Coal Measures. Ohonetes vernenilianus. Plate IX, figs, i ic. Chonetes verneuUianus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Ill, p. 26, pi, II, f. 6, (1854); Newberry, Ives' Rep. Col. Riv. of West, p. 128, (1861); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 170, pi. i, f. 10, (1872); Hall, 2d Rep. N. Y. St. Geol. pi. xlvii, flf. 20, 21, (1883); White. 13th Ann. Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 128, pi. xxv, ff. 7, 8, (1884); Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, pi. xvi, ff. 29, 21. Meek's description (in part) : "Shell rather small, varying from subsemicircular to suboblong ; hinge line more or less extended beyond the breadth of the valves at any other point ; sometimes greatly produced. Ventral valve very convex, with Bbsdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 73 a deep rounded mesial sinus, starting near the beak and deepen- ing and widening rapidly to the anterior margin, to which it imparts a distinctly sinuous outline, thus dividing the gibbous part of the valve into two prominent rounded lobes or diverg- ing ridges, separate from each other by a broad rounded de- pression ; ears more or less angular, sometimes extended and acutely pointed, slightly arching, and a little re flexed ; beak rather prominent and recurved ; area moderately developed and common to both valves, but widest in the ventral ; fora- men wide ; cardinal margin provided with four oblique spines on each side of the beak. Dorsal valve following rather nearly the curve of the other, and provided with a mesial ridge corre- sponding to the sinus of the other valve." The interior of the ventral valve possesses a short, sharp mesial septum extending beneath the umbo ; each side of the septum', close under the beak, there is an oval muscular depression, the broader end ex- tending obliquely forward ; near the posterior end is a small elliptical scar. Immediately in front of the scars the shell is smooth. Around the visceral cavity are large pustules, while exterior to these, on the periphery of the shell, are smaller ones arranged in radiating order. There is a small, distinct tooth on each side of the foramen. The deltidial process of the dorsal valve is reenforced by five radiating ridges on the interior of the valve, the first pair of which are nearly parallel to the hinge line, but pointing a little forward and disappearing before reach- ing the margin. Immediately in front of the process, which is somewhat elevated and broad, is a small depression or cavity. The second pair of ridges extend obliquely forward from in front of this cavity. The mesial septum reaches about half way to the front of the shell. On either side of it is the semi- circular brachial area. Pustules on the surface of the valve arranged as in the other valve. *' Surface [exterior] of each valve ornamented with about 100 fine, bifurcating, radiating striae, and sometimes near the front, by a few marks of growth." Length, 9 mm. ; width, 15 mm. ; convexity, 4 mm. Range and distribution : Lower and Upper Coal Measures ; 6— vi 74 University Geological Survey of Kansas, < Bronson, Bourbon county, Kansas City, Buffalo Mound, Wa- baunsee county. This species is easily distinguished by its deep mesial sinus and strong bilobate appearance, together with a long hinge. FBODUOTTJS. Sowerby, Min. Cod., I. p. 153^ (1814). de Koninck, Hecher. Anim. Fom., I. p. 11, ( 1847 ). Hall. 29th Rep. N. Y. St. Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 245 (1867) ; Pal. N. Y., IV, p. 146. (1867). Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., VIII, pt. I, p. S21, (18K) ; Uth Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Qeol., p. 297, (1894). This genus has been divided into groups, as follows : Group I. Lineati Waagen. ** Surface covered with fine radi- ating costae which are rarely spinous, and are not crossed by concentric plications or wrinkles. The shells are greatly pro- duced and sometimes the anterior margins of the shells are modified by the development of a fold or sinus. The shells were very fragile and have usually been subject to much dis- tortion in fossilization."* Group 11. Irregulares WsLAgen. ** Elongate shells very nar- row at the beak, mytiliform in outline ; mode of growth quite irregular. Surface as in the Lineati; spines grouped almost wholly about the cardinal line." * Group III. Scmireticulati de Verneuil. "The longitudinal ribs are sparsely spinous ; surface of visceral disc covered with concentric wrinkles."* Group IV. Spinosi de Verneuil. ** Surface strongly tubercu- lose or spinous ; not reticulated." * Group V. Fimbriati de Koninck. "Surface without radiate stria* or ribs ; covered with concentric ridges or plications, bearing rows of small thickly set spines." * Group VI. Horridi de Verneuil. "Surface without concen- tric or radiating plications ; pedicle valve with a deep sinus." * Group VII. Mesolobi de Koninck. " Surface without radiat- ing or concentric plications except a prominent median rib." * * All of our Kansas species come in groups I, III, IV, and V. I. — Lineati: P, cora and its varieties. III. — Semireticulati: P, srmireticulatus, cotttatus, pertcnuis, longispinun. IV. — Spinosi: P, nebraHcrnsis, V. — Fimbriati: P. puncfatuM, HymmetricuH. 4. Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., VIII, I, p. 326. BsBDB.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 75 Concerning the synonymy of the American species of Prodtictus there is considerable difference of opinion. As far as our Kan- sas forms are concerned, they have not heretofore been collected and preserved in a manner that indicates the exact range of the different forms, or, indeed, the exact location of the specimens themselves ; in fact, if we are to judge from the localities given in paleontological papers, there has been very little if any ac- curate systematic collecting done in the Coal Measures west of the Mississippi river, except that of Meek in southeastern Ne- braska. As a natural result, the range of the different forms is not known, or even the degrees of variation in the same hori- zon. Under these circumstances, it seems best to be quite con- servative in the number of species recognized until further and better work is done ; however, I am of the opinion that some of the forms here referred to a single species will, on more care- ful study of range restrictions, be separated. This is especially true of P. cora, though the data at hand will hardly permit of it now. Prodnctus cora. Plate XI, figs. 1-lf. Prodwtwi cora d'Orbigny, Voy. dans I'Am^r. M<5r. Pal., p. 55, pi. v, flf, 8-10, (1842); Owen, Geol. Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., pp. 103-106, pi. ' V, f. 2, (1852); White, 13th Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 126, pi. xxvi, ff. 1-3, (1884); etc. Productus lyeUi de Vemeuil, Lyell's Travels in North America, ii, p. 221, (1845); Dawson, Acad. Geol., p. 219, f. g, (1855). Productus Memireticulatus Hall, Stanberry'a Expl. and Surv. Valley Gt. Salt Lake, Utah, p. 411, pi. ni, ff. 3, 5. Product fts prattenianus Norwood, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., iii, p. 17, f. 10, (1854); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 163, pi. ii, f. 5, pi. V, f. 13, pi. VIII, f. 10, (1872); etc. Prodnctufi flemmt'ngi Greinitz (non de Vemeuil), Garb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 53, pi. IV, f. 5, (1866) ; etc. ProductuH calhounianua Geinitz, ibid, (non Swallow). Meek's description of Prod uctus prattenianus (in part) : '* Shell attaining a medium to large size ; breadth generally exceeding the length, especially when the ears are entire ; cardinal mar- gin usually somewhat longer than the transverse diameter of the valves at any point farther forward ; anterior and antero- lateral outline regularly rounded. Ventral valve distinctly and rather evenly convex, with or without a shallow mesial sinus ; 76 University Geological Survey of Kanms. umbonal region gibbous; beak incurved, but scarcely passing the hinge margin ; ears large, rather compressed, and provided with a few large, strongly defined concentric folds, which as- cend a little upon the sloping sides of the umbo and extend more or less along the postero-lateral margins, but never cross the shell; surface ornamented with rather small, regular, rounded cost^e or strise, and armed with stout, erect, long spines, those along the hinge margin are more frequent, larger, directed backward, with an inward curve. Some specimens seem to be nearly destitute of spines. Dorsal valve concave, sometimes a little flattened in the visceral region , and following the curve of the other valve around the front and anterior lateral margins ; ears with folds as in the other valve, and each separated from the concave central region by an oblique ridge or prominence ; surface without spines, but with radiating striae, as in the ventral valve, and usually crossed by very ob- scure concentric wrinkles and a few imbricating marks of growth, particularly near the front and sides ; cardinal process small but strongly prominent and bifid, while from its base a slender mesial ridge extends forward to, or a little beyond, the middle. ' ' The internal markings of this valve are obscure. Pro- boscis well developed, bifid, and well produced into the beak of the other valve. Lateral ridges small, straight or curved backward, soon disappearing; adductor scars dim, placed well to the posterior, nearly semicircular in outline ; brachial mark- ings indistinct, enlarging and bending to the front at the ex- tremities. A cast of the interior of the pedicle valve shows a narrow, short beak, with a small depression on either side, faint mesial ridge extending across the central portion of the visceral area ; adductor scars long and narrow, placed close be- side the ridge ; exterior to these are the linear markings of the diductors. Anterior marked by fine pittings. Length of fair- sized specimen, 50 mm. ; width, 70 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Geary county, Melvern, Osage county. The size of the costse in this species is variable, those with Bbbdb.] Carboniferom Invertebrates,, 77 the larger ones possessing the larger and more numerous spines, while those with fine costae seem to be nearly destitute of spines. The forms of this species with the front margin emarginate are restricted, or at least seem to be, to the base of the Upper Coal Measures, and are for this reason worthy of varietal dis- tinction. There is also a very wide form that is very much less gibbous than the ordinary form,' which is likewise restricted to the same rocks as the preceding, and will probably prove varie- tally distinct from the species. Waagen ^ suggests that Pro- ductus cora should be divided into two series of forms, one with, and the other without a mesial sinus in the visceral area. This will hardly hold for our western forms, for those of the form described by Swallow as P, americanus and those without the fold characteristic of that form both possess the sinus. The form that is the most common in the Kansas Coal Measures is that described by Norwood as P. prattcnianus , found abundantly at the Nebraska City, Neb., locality of Meek, and throughout the Kansas Coal Measures. Prodnctus cora americanus. Plate XI, fig. 2. ProductuH americanus Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 91, (1863). xvii-A, flf. 22, 23, (1893). ProductuH cequicoatatuM Hall (non Shumard), Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, pi. This shell differs from the preceding species in possessing a fold in the anterior portion of the shell, which is less developed anteriorly than the sides, forming a deep sinus in the anterior margin. In the most distinct forms of the variety the shell is sometimes less gibbous and more alate than is true of the species. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Eudora, Anderson county. Seems to be confined to the base of the Upper Coal Measures and to the Lower Coal Measures. 5. Pal. Indica, Salt RaDge Foss.f 676. 78 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Productns semireticnlatiu. Plate X, figs. 2-2d; text fig. 2, f. AnomiicB ttemireliculatua Martin, P^tref. Derb., p. 7, pi. xxxii, ff. 1, 2, pi. XXXIII, f. 4, (1800). Prodticttis inca d'Orbigoy, V07. dans 1' Am^r. M^rid. Pal., p. 51, pi. iv, ff. 1-3, (1842); Derby, Bull. Mus. Ck>mp. ZooL, in, p. 280, (18T6). ProductuH semiretienlatnft Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Ill, p. 11, (1854); White, 13th Ann. Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 125, pi. XXIV, ff. 1-3,(1884); etc. Producius setigeiMS Hall, Geol. Surv. Iowa, i, pt. 11, p. 638, pi. xix, f. 3. Productns aetigeruH var. keokuk Hall, ibid. Productm martini A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 4, (1863). Productua mar/nus Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, pi. xvii-a, f. 15, (1892). Shell large, very convex, broader than long ( measured from the hinge to the front) ; hinge line straight, equal to the great- est width of the shell ; cardinal area very narrow but distinct ; beak prominent, appressed, barely arching around the hinge line. Pedicle valve much inflated, greatly prolonged anteriorly in old individuals. Beak broadening rapidly from its point at the hinge toward the anterior; ears nearly flat, well defined, separated from inflated portion of the shell by a gentle curve ; mesial sinus beginning well toward the beak and continuing to the anterior margin. Surface marked by radiating costsF, and the visceral area is also marked by more or less regular, concentric costsp, giving the shell a semireticulated appearance. Sometimes both sets of stride extend over the ears, the concen- tric taking the form of wrinkles, which, together with the bases of stout tubular spines, make the ears appear quite rough. Spines sparsely and irregularly distributed over the costsp of the shell but thickest on the ears ; radiating costtr increasing by bifurcation and insertion. The interior of the valve is marked on the ears, anterior and lateral border by a pitted sur- face. Adductor scars are elongate-elliptical, arborescent, hav- ing their anterior extremities raised, situated centrally in the shell. Longitudinal linear lines or folds are present on the outside of these impressions. The dorsal or brachial valve is strongly concave, visceral region nearly flat, in front of which it curves abruptly downward. A slight indistinct mesial fold is present, corresponding to the sinus of the other valve. Ears and surface markings same as in the other valve, except that Bbbdb.J Carboniferous Invertebrates. 79 there are no spines. Beak extending back of the hinge, produc- ing a concavity below. Proboscis not visible from exterior of complete specimens, only a minute projection seen fitting into a small notch in the hinge of the other valve. The entire inner surface of the valve coarsely punctate, except the portion oc- cupied by the brachial and adductor markings. Proboscis pro- jecting, obovate in outline, trifid, at the base of which there are three radiating ridges ; two high lateral ones, which roll slightly backward, extend nearly to the ears, where they fade out; the third ridge extends directly forward, smaller and sharper than the others, to the anterior portion of the flat sur- face, where it ends abruptly. Situated about one-third, or less, the distance from the posterior to the front of the flat surface and close to the mesial ridge are the arborescent adductor markings, triangular to elliptical in outline.- The brachial markings extend nearly directly outward from the anterior end of the adductors, then bending forward and expanding, ap- proaching very close to the antero-lateral extremity of the fiat surface of the valve. The front inner portion of these mark- ings extends forward to the anterior end of the mesial ridge, the posterior portion connecting with the front of the adductor scar. In some specimens the brachial area is finely crinkled, as are some other parts of the surface back of the muscular scars. There are sometimes short, sharp pustules on the front curve of the valve. Length, hinge to front, 40 mm.; width, 58 mm. ; convexity, 40 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Alma, Marysville, etc. Com- mon throughout the Coal Measures of the United States and the world. ProdnctUB costatus. Plate IX, fig. 8; plate X, figs. 1-lc; plate XI, fig. 4. Productua costatus Sowerby ? Min. Con., vi, p. 115, pi. dlx, f. 1, (1827). Prod actus costatus de Koninck, Recher. Anim. Foss., pt. i, p. 92, pi. viii, f. 3, pi. X, f. 3, pi. VII, f. 3, (1847); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 159, pi. VI, f. 6, (1852); Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. i, pi. XIX, flf. 8-13, (1892); etc. Productus jjortlockianus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Ill, p. 15, pi. I, f. 9, ( 1854). Productus vtminalfs White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 29, ( 1862). 80 University Geological Survey of Kansas, Meek's description (in part) : ''Shell of medium size, wider than long, very convex ; hinge margins about equaling the greatest breadth of the valves. Pedicle valve exceedingly gib- bous, and very strongly incurved, with a deep rounded sinus extending from near the beak to the front, to which it imparts a sinuate outline ; umbo prominent and strongly incurved, so as to pass somewhat within the hinge margin ; ears well de- fined, arched and rather distinct from the abrupt swell of the umbo, from which they are sometimes separated by a small ridge or fold. Brachial valve flattened in the visceral region, and more or less abruptly curved or geniculated toward the front and anterior lateral margins, the former of which usually shows a small mesial ridge. Surface of both valves ornamented with distinct, rather unequal, depressed and rounding radiat- ing costte, which sometimes bifurcate, or, in other instances, two or more of them coalesce in front of the visceral portion, to form a larger one ; crossing all of these, on the visceral re- gion, are numerous, well-defined, concentric wrinkles, produc- ing a distinct reticulated appearance, while the whole surface of the ventral valve is sometimes provided with a few scatter- ing, rather stout, erect spines, somewhat regularly arranged in quincunx. Sometimes nearly all the spines, excepting those on the lateral regions, apparently wanting.'* The internal mark- ings of the ventral valve consist of long, narrow, arborescent adductor scars mesially situated along the vaulted part of the shell, with, exterior to these, the long linear folds, or line-like diductor scars. The beak, as shown in a cast, is quite pointed, possessing a depression on either side running obliquely back- ward, near the posterior end of which there is an elevation, in front of which the pit is deeper than back of it. Above this de- pression is a rounded ridge on each side of the mesial sinus. The proboscis of the dorsal valve extends beyond the hinge line, and is backed by three radiating ridges, one of which ex- tends directly forward to the front of the flattened area, rounded, not prominent ; one extends antero-laterally on j^aich side of the mesian ridge, running nearly outward until the edge is approached, when it curves forward, joining the border Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 81 of the flattened area, and fades out. Adductor scars moderately small, elliptical in outline, placed longitudinally and close to the median ridge, a little anterior to the lateral ridges. Brachial markings not prominent and generally indistinct, extending ■ outward from the anterior end of the adductor scars, curving forward and ending near the antero-lateral portion of the flattened area. Other internal markings unknown. Length, 20 mm. ; width, 35 mm. ; convexity, 33 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner, Wyandotte county, Lawrence, Topeka, Wabaun- see county. Common throughout the Coal Measures and lower portion of the Permian. This species differs from the previous in being smaller, hav- ing a more distinct mesial sinus, ears separated from the body of the shell by a ridge which generally bears spines and un- equal costfp on the anterior slope. The markings of this shell vary considerably in different in- dividuals. They are not so distinct as those of a Russian ex- ample in the collection, and the shell is smaller ; though the ridge separating the ear from the shell is present and spinous, it is not nearly so pronounced as in the Russian specimen. Prodactus longispinus? Plate IX, fi^s. 9-9d. Producius lotifjUpinuH Sowerby? Min. Con., i, p. 154, pi. lxviii, f. 1, ( 1814 ). Prodactus longittpintiH Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 64, pi. IV, f. 2, (1861); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 161, pi. VI, f. 7, pi. VIII, f. 6, (1872); etc. Prodactus flrmmingi Roemer (non deKoninck), Kreidebildung Texas, p. 89, pi. XI, f. 8, (1852); etc. Productus spfcndrns Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., Ill, p. 11, pi. I, f. 5, (1854); etc. Prodactus wabdshensis Norwood and Pratten, ibid. Productus orbign,yanas Greinitz ( ?non de Koninck ), Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 56, pi. IV, ff. 8-11, (1866). Prodactus horridus Geinitz, ibid., f. 7. Meek's description (in part): ** Shell small, thin, wider than long ; hinge line generally longer than the transverse diameter of the valves at any point farther forward, and terminating in more or less distinct, rather vaulted, and often reflexed ears ; anterior and anterior-lateral outlines approaching a semicircu- 82 University Geological Survey of Kansas, lar curve, but the middle of the front is generally rather dis- tinctly sinuous. Ventral valve gibbous, the greatest conyexity being usually behind the middle, and the curve to the beak more rapid than to the front, provided with rather deep mesial sinus ; posterior lateral slopes descending nearly vertically to the ears ; umbonal region moderately prominent, and usually projecting rather distinctly beyond the hinge, as seen in look- ing down upon the shell when lying with the dorsal valve be- neath ; beak small, strongly curved, but scarcely passing beyond the cardinal margin ; surface ornamented with generally rather obscure, somewhat variable radiating costas which are often obsolete in the umbonal region, or, in some examples, over much of the valve farther forward, in other specimens quite distinct to the beak, sometimes bifurcating, and in other instances coalescing to form larger, faintly defined ribs in front ; fine, in- distinct marks of growth are also sometimes seen, and occa- sionally very obscure traces of small, concentric wrinkles may be observed near the beak ; spines stout, erect, long, scattering, and arranged in quincunx. Ventral valve distinctly concave, or following nearly the curve of the other, and provided with a small mesial ridge corresponding with the sinus of the latter ; surface marked as in the other valve, but apparently always without spines.'' Proboscis short, trilobate ; two ridges extend laterally from its base nearly parallel to the hinge line, until the border of the visceral region is reached, where they bend abruptly forward, and in very old individuals form a ridge entirely around the visceral and brachial cavity, but in many adult specimens it fades out before it reaches the front side of this cavity ; the lateral borders of the shell are often striated from this ridge to the margin ; mesial ridge faint, extending nearly to the front of the viscero-brachial area. Adductor scars small, not prominent, ovate, placed close beside the mesial ridge, well to the back of the shell, directed obliquely for- ward ; directly in front of these the brachial markings extend toward the antero-lateral margin of the brachial area, near which they enlarge ; in front of these the surface of the valve is marked by many or few (according to the age of the shell) Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 83 spinous projections ; the remainder of the surface of the valve is smooth. Length, 11 mm. ; width, 16 mm. ; convexity, 10 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City and Turner, Wyandotte county, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecorop- ton, Topeka, Wabaunsee county. Common or abundant throughout the Coal Measures of the state. This species is easily distinguished from the preceding by its smaller size, fainter surface markings, longer hinge, and in the shell being more transverse in appearance, as well as having no fold separating the ears from the umbo. There is also great difference in the internal markings of the two, as can be seen by referring to the plate. This species is quite variable in the distinctness of its mark- ings, spines, distinctness of the mesial sinus, and size. The internal markings vary greatly with age, the very old speci- mens presenting the marginal ridge surrounding the visceral and brachial areas, which forms the generic characters of Mar- ginifera; but I am inclined to think that characters that are only developed in aged specimens are not of generic value in the brachiopods. Productus pertenuis. Plate IX, figs. &-5c. ProductuB cancrini Geinitz, Carb. u. Djas in Neb., p. 54, tab. iv, ft, 6 a-d, (1866). ProductuH pcrtcnwR Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 164, pi. I, ff. 14a-c, pi. VIII, flf. 9a-d, (1872); Drake, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XXXVI, p. 4a5, pi. IX, flf. 8-10, (1898). Meek's description: '* Shell small, very thin, truncato-hem- ispherical ; sides and front regularly rounded ; hinge line usually less than the greatest breadth of the valves. Ventral valve without any traces of a mesial sinus, moderately gibbous, the greatest convexity being slightly behind the middle, from which point it rounds off in all directions, but most abruptly toward the beak and ears, which latter are flattened and sub- rectangular ; beak small, slightly prominent, and but little in- curved beyond the hinge line ; surface witTi fine, regular, radiating strisej crossed by small, rather distinct and regular, concentric wrinkles, which latter are generally most strongly ' 84 University Geological Survey of Kansas. defined on the ears ; over the whole there are also regularly arranged in quincunx, very slender spines, .20-.30 inch in length, rising from the slight prominences or swellings of the radiating striae. Dorsal valve distinctively concave, following nearly the curvature of the other valve, its greatest convexity being in the Central region, while its ears are nearly flat ; sur- face with concentric wrinkles and radiating stria' as in the other valve, but apparently without spines, though a series of rather distinct pits are arranged over it in the same order as in the other valve." Length, 8 mm. ; width, 11 mm. ; convexity, 5 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka. This species differs from the preceding ones of the genus in the absence of the mesial sinus, thin shell, very small size and semicircular outline, as well as being much less gibbous. It is 1 ikely to be confounded with no other shell of the Coal Measures of Kansas. Produotas nebrascensis. Plate IX, figs. 7-7f. Productus ncbrasccnsfA Owen, Geol. Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., p. 584, pi. V, f. 4, (1852); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 165, pi. ii, f. 2, pi. IV, f. 6, pi. V, ff. lla-c, (1872); etc. Productua rogerni Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 2d ser., in, p. 9, pi. i, f. .3, (1854); etc. Prodnctua aapertia McChesney, New Pal. Foes., p. 34, (1860); etc. ProductuH tcilberanua McChesney, ibid., p. 36; etc. Strqpholoaia horrcncena Geinitz (non Murchison, etc.), Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 49, (1866). Meek's description (in part) : ** Shell of about medium size^ approaching subhemispherical ; length most usually a little less than the breadth ; hinge line nearly or quite equaling the greatest transverse diameter ; anterior outline nearly straight, or a little sinuous near the middle, rounding into the lateral margins, which are generally straight posteriorly, and ranging at an angle of from 90 to about 100 degrees with the hinge ; ears nearly rectangular or a little rounded in outline at the immediate extremities. Ventral valve rather convex, most gibbous behind the middle, thence rounding regularly to the Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Tuvertebrates. 85 front and more abruptly to the beak, generally with a moder- ately distinct mesial sinus; posterior lateral slopes descending almost vertically to the ears ; umbonal region gibbous, and with strong incurved beak projecting beyond the hinge line. Dorsal valve somewhat flattened in the visceral region, but most con- cave near the beak and near the anterior lateral regions, the concavity widening rapidly forward, so as to leave a kind of a broad, obscure, oblique ridge between it and the flattened ears, and another in the middle; anterior and lateral margins fol- lowing the curvature of tjie other valve ; cardinal process prominent, bifid, and rather narrow; interior with mesial ridge, narrow, well defined, extending forward beyond the middle,'' bifid, at its connection with the cardinal process en- closing a moderately deep pit. The two lateral ridges are well defined and parallel with the hinge, fading out before the ex- tremity is reached. The adductor scars are either subsemicir- cular or spatulate in outline, placed well to the posterior, with the smaller end forward, ending in a small elevated lobe. The brachial markings of this species are very obscure ; they extend from the anterior extremity of the adductor scars outward and a little forward, rounding off near the antero-lateral edge of the flattened area. The markings of the interior of the other valve are rather indistinct. The adductor scars are long, slen- der, subspatulate, with the larger end toward the beak, situated in the middle of the visceral area ; the two are separated in the extreme posterior portion by a low mesial ridge ; exterior to these are the diductor scars, occupying a rather large space, in- dicated by longitudinal folds or nearly parallel lines. "Sur- face of the ventral valve with more or less defined, rather broad concentric undulations, and obscure striae of growth, over the whole of which are arranged two sets of spines, connected at their bases with short interrupted ribs or elongated tubercles. One of these sets consists of small, short, appressed spines, and the other of stout, more erect, long ones. Surface of dorsal valve with small concentric ridges and striae, with many little pits; spines nearly or quite all small, short, and appressed." 86 University Geological Survey of Kansas, Measurements : Length, 26 mm. ; width , 30 mm. ; convex- ity, 16 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Manhattan, and Grand Summit. Common throughout the Upper Coal Measures of the state. This shell, when found with the shell and spines well pre- served, looks so very diflFerent from specimens which are ordi- narily found with the spines removed that one could hardly imagine that they were the same. Those without the spines seem to be complete specimens, with regular, concentric zones of elongated tubercles, betraying very little indication that they are the bases of detached spines. This shell is very readily distinguished from the foregoing species by its narrow, prominent beak and its peculiar surface markings. The concentric zones of spines are found on none of them. ProductUB symmetricas. Plate IX, figs. 6-6b. Productus symmetricus McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. «35. (1860); Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. 25, pi. i, f. 9, (1868); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 167, pi. v, f. 6, pi. viii, f. 13, (1872); etc. Meek's description (in part) : "Shell of medium size, sub- orbicular, or a little wider than long ; hinge line somewhat less than the greatest breadth ; sides rounding regularly to the front, which is rather broadly rounded in outline ; ventral valve somewhat compressed, or only moderately convex, with- out any traces of a mesial sinus ; ears compressed but not abruptly separated from the swell of the umbo, obtusely an- gular or a little rounded at the extremities ; beak moderately large, incurved, but not curving much within the hinge margin. Dorsal valve rather evenly, and only moderately concave, car- dinal process slender, prominent, curved [not always], trifid, the middle division being more prominent than the others, and emarginate at its extremity, the emargination being caused by a distinct mesial furrow that extends the entire length of the process [and sometimes two-thirds the length of the mesial septum] .'' Lateral ridges elevated, extending outward parallel Bbbde.J Carboniferous Invertebrates. 87 to and a little in front of the hinge nearly to its extremity, where it turns abruptly forward, forming a margin to the vis- ceral area, and disappearing about the middle. Mesial ridge distinct, broad posteriorly, narrowing and rising to the end, which is two-thirds the distance to the anterior margin. Ad- ductor scars distinct, the two nearly forming a circle or broad ellipse, ending in an elevated anterior lobe. Scars placed well to the posterior. Brachial markings very indistinct, beginning at anterior end of adductor scars and extending outward, as nearly as can be made out, similarly to those of the preceding shell. **The remainder of the interior covered with pustules. Surface of both valves ornamented by small, rather obscure, more or less regular concentric wrinkles, and covered by numer- ous ^small, short, rather appressed spines, which are larger on the ventral valve where they are often connected with little, sometimes elongated tubercles." Measurements: Length, 40 mm. ; width, 59 mm. ; convexity, 25 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka. This species can be distinguished from the preceding by the less convex pedicle valve, which has no sinus, narrower con- centric wrinkles, and the fact that it has but a single set of spines, which are small and appressed. In some respects this species is intermediate between the one preceding and the fol- lowing, and is sometimes hard to distinguish from them with- out good specimens. ProdQCtos pnnctatas. Plate X, figs. 3-3e; plate XI, fig. 3. Atiomitea punctatus Martin, Petref. Derb., pi. xxxvii, f. 6, (1809). ProducUm punctatus f Morton, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxix, p. 153, pi. xxvi, f. 38, (1836). Productus punctatus Shumard, Marcy's Rep. U. S. Expl. Red Riv, Louis., p. 201, pi. I, f. 5, pi. II, f. 1, (1853); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 169, pi. ii, f. 6, pi. iv, f. 5, (1872); etc. Productua semipunctatus Shephard, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxxiv, f. 9, (1853). Proiluctus tubuloapinus McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 37, (1860). Meek's description (in part) : *' Shell attaining a rather large size, thin, varying from rotund-subquadrate to longitudinally subovate, being sometimes wider than long, and in other ex- 88 University Geological Sun^ey of Kansas. amples longer than wide, with all intermediate forms ; hinge always shorter than the greatest breadth of the Talyes ; anterior outline regularly rounded, or faintly sinuous in the middle. Ventral valve more or less gibbous, with a moderately distinct mesial sinus extending from near the beak to the front ; beak incurved a little beyond the cardinal margin [considerably so] ; ears rather compressed, but not distinctly defined from the swell of the umbo. Dorsal valve moderately concave with a small mesial elevation. Surface of both valves ornamented with numerous rather regular concentric ridges, increasing in size from the beaks toward the front, but becoming again smaller and more crowded in adult shells near the margin; in the ventral valve these ridges are a little prominent at the margin, separated from each other by smoother spaces, and support numerous small appressed spines, those of the upper row of which are larger and less crowded than the others ; on internal casts, or partly exfoliated specimens, the spines are represented by small tubercles ; surface of the dorsal valve as in the other, excepting that the ridges are represented by little furrows." Interior of the pedicle value with a very small, thin, nearly obsolete mesial septum ; adductor scars long, narrow, larger at posterior extremity, situated well to the back part of the shell. Diductors occupying a large space outside of the adductors, in- dicated by longitudinal folding ridges or parallel lines. In the brachial valve, the cardinal process is long, arched, bifid, slightly enlarged at the extremity ; mesial ridge prominent, extending three-fifths the distance to the front margin, and is slightly thickened at the end. Lateral ridges strong, situated just in front of the hinge and parallel to it, but disappearing before the edge of the shell is reached. Adductor scars promi- nent, situated well to the front, varying in outline from nar- rowly elliptical to nearly ovate, with heavy, narrow lobe at the anterior end. Traces of brachial markings very hard to obtain and nearly obsolete. They extend outward from the ante- rior end of the adductor scars and make a broad, subelliptical loop forward to a point which is back of the end of the mesial ridge. Measurements : Moderately large, perfect specimen : Bbedb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 89 Length, 58 mm. ; width, 75 mm. ; convexity, 35 mm. A smaller specimen : Length, 36 mm. ; width, 36 mm. ; length, 36 mm. ; convexity, 23 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Moline. This species can be distinguished from the previous by its mesial sinus and corresponding fold of the dorsal valve, more recurving beak, longer, more arched cardinal process, more slender and elongate adductor markings on dorsal valve, and also by the lateral ridges, which do not turn forward. There seem to be two forms of this species in Kansas : One, a large, rather depressed shell, occurring in the lower part of the Upper Coal Measures at Kansas City ; and the other, the more common in the upper part of the stage, more narrow, gib- bous and smaller. They may possibly prove to be varietally distinct, occupying different horizons. Dittmar, Verhand. Kais. Min. Gesellsch. St. Petersburg, 2d ser., VIII, p. Q, pi. I, ff. 1-13. (1871). AXTLAOOBHTKCHUS. isellsch. St. Petersburg, 2d ser. HaU and Clarke. Pal. N. Y., VIII. pt. II, p. 311, (l&SSf. AnlacorhyncliiLS xoillipnnctatiis. Plate XI, ^g, 6; plate XII, figs. 1, lb. Chonetesff millipunctata Meek aod Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhU., p. 35, 1870; Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. 566, pi. xxv, f. 3, (1873). laogramma millipunctata Meek and Worthen, ibid., p. 568. Aulacorhynchua millipunctatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. ii, p. 312, pi. Lxxxiii, fF. 14, 15, (1893). Meek and Worthen 's description : '' Shell attaining a large size, very thin, transversely subsemicircular, or more than twice as wide as long, with lateral extremities rounded. Dor- sal valve nearly flat, or but slightly and evenly concave ; hinge line a little less than the greatest transverse diameter ; car- dinal process rather stout, with an obscure linear ridge (or sulcus) extending forward from its base nearly to the front ; cardinal edge slightly thickened within so as to form a faintly defined ridge extending about half way from the cardinal proc- ess toward each lateral margin, but apparently without any sockets for the reception of teeth in the other valve ; muscular and other internal markings unknown ; surface ornamented 7— vi 90 University Geological Survey of Kansas. by numerous slender, exceedingly regular, closely arranged concentric lines, extending parallel with each other and the front and lateral margins. Ventral valve unknown. Length of medium-sized specimen, 1.3 inches; breadth, 2.95 inches." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence. Two small specimens very similar in form and markings to the one above described were collected by the writer at Topeka. They were only about an inch in width and only the cast of the shells remain. They are probably specifically different, but too poorly preserved to admit of description. There is a very large form in the University collection which is quite convex and seems to possess an extra number of ''platforms" from the one figured by Hall and Clarke, and may belong to a dif-^ ferent species. It is figured in plate XII, figure lb. BUpidomella pecosi. OrthU pecosi Marooa, Geol. N. Amer., p. 48, pi. vi. f. 14, (1858); etc. Orthis carbonaria Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 215, (1858); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 131, pi. i, f. 8, (1872): etc. Meek's description : '' Shell small, suborbicular, slightly wider than long, moderately convex in adult specimens ; lateral margins rounded, or, in some examples, faintly straightened posteriorly ; front more broadly rounded, but usually very slightly sinuous in the middle ; valves nearly equally convex ; hinge line very short, or only equaling about half the breadth of the valves. Ventral valve usually most convex in the um- bonal region, sometimes a little flattened anteriorly, so as to give the shell slightly the form unusually called ' resupinate,' though in gibbous specimens this character is nearly obsolete ; beak moderately prominent, rather pointed and arched ; area small, well defined, and arching with the beak ; foramen nar- row. Dorsal valve usually most convex between the middle and the beak, which is small, and nearly as prominent and arched as that of tlie other valve, generally with a shallow sinus extending from the middle to the front ; area well de- veloped but smaller than in the other valve, arched, and divided Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. ' 91 by a proportionally shorter foramen. Surface of both valves- ornamented with concentric marks of growth and fine radiat- ing crowded striae, which increase mainly by intercalation, and^ as in many other species of the genus, show occasional perfora- tions toward the front, apparently left by the removal of very small tubular spines/' '^Length of a well-developed gibbous specimen, rather above medium size : .38 inch ; breadth, .43 inch ; convexity, .27 inch." Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ;. Fort Scott, Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton. ENTELETES, de Waldheim, Oryet. Goav. Moseon* p. 108, tab. XXVI, ff. 6, 7. Waaicen, Pal. Indica, ser. xiii, I, p. 590, (1884) ; et4S. Enteletes hemiplicata. Plate XII, figs. 6, 6b. Spirifer hemiplicata Hall, Stansbury's Ezpl. Gt. Salt Lake, p. 409, pL IV, f . 3, ( 1862 ). Rhynchonella anpulata Geinitz (nonLinn^), Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 37,. pi. Ill, ff. 1-4, (1866). Syntrielasma hemiplicata Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., ii, p. 323,. f. 36, p. 324, f. 37, (1866); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 177» pi. VI, f. 1, pi. VIII, f. 12, (1872); etc. Meek's description : "Shell in young examples only moder- ately convex, and having all the external appearances of a true- Orthis; in adult specimens, often globose, or even more con- vex than long or wide. Hinge line very short, or not more than one-third the greatest breadth of the valves, and, owing ta the gibbosity of the shell, imparting little or no angularity to the outline of the lateral slopes. Dorsal valve more convex, than the other, and very strongly arched, particularly in ma- ture shells; umbonal region gibbous, and often, in adult ex- amples, projecting somewhat beyond the beak of the other valve ; beak strongly incurved , so as to bring its apex under the beak, and nearly against the area of the other valve ; area, rather narrow, and distinctly incurved with the beak. Ventral valve convex, beak moderately prominent, and arched or more or less incurved ; area triangular, small, about one-third as high as wide, and moderately well defined ; its triangular fora- men scarcely as wide as high. Surface of both valves orna- mented with rather fine, regular, crowded, radiating strise, and 92 University Geological Surx^ey of Kansas. a few very large, rounded or more or less angular, radiating plications, which latter are never formed on the umbones, but occupy the anterior half, and become more prominent toward the front, where they often terminate in deeply interlocking angular marginal projections. Of these plications there are two, rarely three, on each side of the larger and more prominent one forming the mesial fold on the dorsal valve, while on the ven- tral valve there are three, rarely four, on each side of the mesial sinus ; a few zigzag marks of growth also traverse the anterior and lateral margins of the valves, parallel to their deeply notched edges." The measurements of three specimens are here given — one rather large, one medium, and one young speci- men : Length, 23 mm., 16 mm., 8 mm.; width, 29 mm., 28 mm., 9 mm. ; convexity, S2 mm., 20 mm., 5 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Independence, lola, Edwardsville, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecomp- ton, Topeka. Besides the variation in size and age, this shell often pre- sents very much the appearance of a Pugnax, which is caused by the mesial plication being divided into two, and the presence of a small fold to correspond in the mesial furrow of the other valve. This gives the brachial valve quite a large mesial fold> and a correspondingly large sinus in the pedicle valve. This is hardly noticable in the majority of specimens, but in some it is very marked. PUGNAX. HaU and Clarke, Pal. N. Y.. VIII, pt. II, p. 202. ( 1883 ) ; Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. QeoL. p. 208. for 18M. Pugnax rockymontana. Plate XII, figs. 8, 8b. Terehratula rockyinontana Marcou, Geol. N. Amer., p. 59, pi. vi, f. 13, (1858). Bhynchonella eatoniceformis McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 49, (1869). RhynconeUa rockyinontana White, Wheeler's Expl.Surv. West 100 Mer., IV, p. 131, pi. IX, f. 1, (1875). Pugnax eafoniifonnis Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. ii, p. 204, (1893). Pugnax rockymontana Schuchert, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 87, p. 336, (1897). White's description: "Shell rather large, inflated, subtri- hedral in outline, broadest near the front ; sides somewhat regu? larly rounded from the antero-lateral portions to the beaks« Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 93 Ventral valve having its greatest convexity toward the beak ; sides sloping away from the middle with a slight convexity and becoming flattened or sometimes a little concave near the lateral margins ; beak rather small, prominent, and closely incurved over that of the other valve ; mesial sinus very broad but not deep, prolonged far upward at the front, becoming obsolete about the middle of the valve and is entirely wanting upon its posterior portion ; from two to four depressed, angular plica- tions occupy the mesial sinus and disappear with it, the sides and posterior portion being free from plications. Dorsal valve more capacious than the ventral ; mesial fold distinct at the front, and, like the mesial sinus, becoming obsolete about the middle of the valve ; from three to five plications like those of the other valve mark the fold, but the surface upon each side of it is plain, like that of the posterior portions of both valves. The whole surface marked by fine striiv of growth, but no radi- ating stride have been detected." Measurements of two speci- mens : Length, 19 mm., 23mm.; width, 19 mm., 23 mm.; convexity, 15 mm., 16 mm. Range and distribution: Lower Coal Measures; Coffey ville, Montgomery county, Kansas City. Our specimens seem to agree very well with White's figures and description, the principal difference being that the lateral angles at the beak seem to be a little smaller. While there are no radiating striae in our specimens, the shell is very fibrous and where exfoliated might appear to be striated. It differs from P. pugnu8 missouriensis in having no plications on the sides of the shell, and also in outline. Pugnax Utah. Plate XII, figs. 7-7c. Terehratula uta Maroou, Geol. N. Amer., p. 58, pi. vi, f. 12, (Feb. 1858). Rhynchonella {Camarophoria) oaaf/ensis Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., I, p. 289, (June, 1858). Bhynchonclkt utah Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 27, (1859); etc. f Bhynchonella species Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, London, xvii, p. 64, pi. IV, f. 5, (1861). Camarophoria globulina Geinitz (non Phillips), Garb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 38, pi. Ill, f. 5, (1866). Hhf/nchonella osagcnsls Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 179, pi. I, f. 9, pi. VI, f. 2, (1872); etc. 94 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Pugtvax Utah HftU and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. ii, p. d(H» pi. lx, ff. 3^ &, ( 18d3). JRhynchonella uta Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 103, pi. xu, f. 7, (1895). Meek's description: "Shell small, more or less variable in form, often subtrigonal, generally wider than long, more or less gibbous ; front truncated, or sometimes sinuous in outline ; an- terior lateral margins rounded in outline ; posterior lateral mar- gins convex, or nearly straight and converging toward the beaks at an angle of from 90 deg. to 120 deg. Dorsal valve more convex than the other, greatest convexity near the middle or between it and the front, which has a broad, rather deep, marginal sinus, for the reception of the corresponding projec- tion of the front of the other valve ; mesial fold somewhat flat- tened, but slightly prominent, and rarely traceable back of the middle of the valve ; generally composed of three, but some- times four — rarely more — plications; sides rounding down rapidly on each side of the mesial fold, and each occupied by about three or four simple plications ; beak curving strongly beneath that of the other valve ; interior with a faint linear mesial ridge, on each side of which is a raised curved line en- closing an ovate space, occupied by the adductor muscular impressions. Ventral valve distinctly less convex than the other, with a broad, shallow, short sinus occupied by about two or three short plications ; anterior lateral margins on each side of the sinus, with from two to four plications ; beak moderately prominent, and more or less arched, rather pointed ; foramen small." Measurements : Length, 8 mm. ; width, 9 mm. ; con- vexity, 7 mm. Range and distribution: Upper Coal Measures; Bronson, Bourbon county, Kansas City, lola, Olathe, Lawrence, Lecomp- ton, Topeka, Beaumont, Grand Summit. The young of this species are perfectly plain and betray no indication that they are of the same kind as the folded, plicated adults. It can be readily distinguished from the previous spe- cies by its smaller size, shallower and more ill-defined sinus, and the presence of plications on its sides. Bbbdb.] Carboniferotis Invertebrates, 95 DIELA8MA. King (non Phillips), Mon. Penn. Foas. Eog. Pal. Soe.. p. 46, (1850) ; etc. Kinff, Proo. Dublin Unir. ZooL Rot. Asio.. I, p. 200, (18M). Beecher and Schnebert, Biol. Soc. Wash.. VIII, pp. 71-^, (1893). Hall and Clarke, Pal N. Y.. YIII, pfe. II, p. 298. (1883) ; etc. Dielasma bovidens. Terebratula hovidens Morton, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxix, p. 150, pi. ii, f. 4, (1836); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 187, pi. i, f. 7, pi. n, f. 4, (1872); etc. Terebratula milltpunctata Hall, Ezpl. Surv. R. R. Route Miss. R. to Pao. Ocean, iii, p. 101, pi. ii, ff. 1, 2, (1856); etc. Terebratula efongata Shumard (non Schloth.), Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., I, p. 393, (1858). Terebratula geniculoaa McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 82, (1861); ibid., pi. I, f. 2, (1865). Dielasma f bovidens White, Wheeler's Expl. Surv. West 100 Mer., Prel. Rep., p. 21,(1874). Terebratula {Dielasma) bovidens White, ibid.. Fin. Rep., iv, p. 144, pi. XI, f. 10, (1875). Terebratula hastata Waloott (non Sowerby), Mon. U. S. Surv., viii, p. 224,(1893); etc. 'Dielasma bovidens Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. ii, pp. 295, 296, f. 213, pi. Lxxxi, ff. 29-35, (1893). Meek's description (in part): '* Shell ovate, rounded and rather compressed at the anterior and anterior lateral margins, and the most convex a little behind the middle ; valves nearly equally convex ; ventral valve strongly arcuate longitudinally, and'presenting a regularly increasing curve, from the front to the beak, which is moderately prominent, and very strongly and closely curved over and upon that of the other valve ; foramen a little oval and not truncating the immediate apex of the beak, but situated directly outside of it ; mesial sinus rather wide, and rounded at the front, but narrowing and becoming less deep further back, until it dies out near the curve of the umbo, which is sometimes slightly flattened. Dorsal valve often nearly straight, or but slightly convex along the middle, from the beak to the front, where its margin is usually some- what raised for the reception of the sinus ; sides sloping from the middle to the lateral margins along nearly the entire length of the valve, but terminating directly under that of the other valve, without any distinct curvature. Surface nearly smooth, or showing moderately distinct marks of growth ; and, by the aid of the magnifier, exhibiting very distinctly the moderately 96 University Geological Survey of Kansas. large regularly arranged punctures." The dental lamellae do not extend much beyond the teeth, and are situated close to the sides of the shell, so that the lateral space enclosed is very small. There seems to be a rounded, indistinct ridge extending about two-thirds the distance to the front on the interior of the ventral valve. Loop situated a little posterior to the middle of the shell, and is about one-third the length of the shell, the two pointing obliquely forward. Measurements of two specimens illustrating the variation: Length, 21 mm., 25 mm. ; width, 14 mm., 19 mm. ; convexity, 10 mm., 16 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures : Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Grand Summit. SPIBIFEBINA. d'Orbigny. Paris Acad. Sci., Comptps ReDdos. XXV, p. 288, (1847 ). HaU aod Clarke. Pal. N. Y., VIII, pt. II. p. 51, ( 1^3) ; etc. m Spiriferina cristata. Terehratuliies cristalus Schlotheim, Beit, zur Naturg. der Verst., Akad. der Wiss. zu Muenchen, pi. i, f. 3, (1816). Spirifer ocloplicatof Hall (non Sowerby), Stansbury's Expl. Gt. Salt Lake, p. 406, pi. iv, f. 4, (1852). Spirifer kentuckt/ensis Shumard, Geol. Surv. Mo., i, p. 293, (1855); etc. Spiriferina crUinta Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, p. 170, pl.'ix, f. 6, (1863); etc. Spirifer laminonuH Geimtz (non McCoy), Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 45, pi. Ill, f. 19, (1866). Spirifer kcntuckyrnBin var. propatulns Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., II, p. 489, (1866). Spiriferina kentiickyenais Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 185, pi. VI, f. 3a-d, pi. viii, f. 11a, b, (1872); etc. Spirifer (Spiriferina) kentuckyensis Hall, 2d Rep. N. Y. St. Geol., pi. LXi, ff. 14-16, (1883). Spiriferina cristata Schuchert, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 87, p. 410, (1897). Meek's description : '* Shell rather small, varying from sub- globose to semicircular, or even subfusiform, always wider than long ; breadth sometimes twice or even three times the length ; hinge line always equaling the greatest breadth of the valves, occasionally greatly extended, and terminating in slender mu- cronate ears ; anterior and lateral margins generally forming a nearly semicircular curve. Ventral valve somewhat more convex than the other, the greatest convexity being between the beak and the middle ; beak moderately prominent and Bbbdk.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 97 rather distinctly arched or incurved; area arched, usually of moderate height, well defined, and extending nearly or quite to the lateral extremities, while it increases rapidly in height, with concave lateral margins toward the beak ; foramen gen- erally higher than wide, with a marginal furrow on each side, and, so far as known, not closed by a deltidium ; mesial sinus, narrow, rather deep, sometimes with a small obscure rib along its middle, but more frequently without it ; plications on each side of the sinus about five to eight or nine, rather narrow, simple, prominent, and a little rounded ; mesial septum of the interior moderately prominent. Dorsal valve with greatest con- vexity near the middle ; beak scarcely projecting beyond the hinge margin, more or less incurved; area very narrow, and incurved with the beak ; mesial fold narrow, not very promi- nent, nor greatly larger than the first plication on either side, most generally rounded, but not infrequently with an obscure sulcus along the middle, near the front ; lateral plications as in the other valve. Entire surface of both valves ornamented with numerous closely crowded, very regularly arranged, sub- imbricating lamellae of growth, strongly arched in passing over the costse; over the whole may also be seen, by the aid of a magnifier, numerous granules, apparently connected with the punctures passing through the shell which are comparatively large and distinct, though regularly arranged." Measure- ments of an average specimen : Entire length, 9 mm. ; width, 15 mm. ; convexity, 7 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, Bronson, Bourbon county, Thayer, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka. Not having foreign specimens for comparison, Schuchert is followed in referring our specimens to S. cristata. 98 University Geological Survey of Kansas. SPIBIFEB. Sowerby, MId. Cnn., II, p. 41 ( 1815). Hall and CUrke. Pal. N. Y.. VUI. pt. 11, pp. l-M, (1883) ; ate. Billlnffs. Can. Jonr., YI. p. 253, ( 1«61) ; etc. This genus is very grealty developed in the Paleozoic rocks of America, though there are but two forms that have been recog- nized with certainty in our Coal Measures. Hall ( loc. cit.) di- vides the genus into six groups, as follows : I. Radiaii. '' Smooth, radially undulated or plicated; fold and sinus smooth ; entire surface covered with fine, filiform ra- diating striae which may be minutely crenulated or granulose." II. Laviellosi. " Radially plicated ; surface covered with nu- merous concentric lamelhe. In Silurian species the fold and sinus are non-plicate ; the later forms usually bear a low median depression on the fold accompanied by a corresponding median ridge in the sinus." He further divides this group into two smaller ones — the Septati^ those possessing a mesial septum in the pedicle valve, and the Aseptati, without this septum. III. Fimhriati, ** Shells with a few low plications or none ; hinge line not greatly extended, often shorter than the greatest diameter of the shell ; dental lamelhe moderately, sometimes notably, developed ; a low median septum may exist in thd pedicle valve. Surface covered with concentric rows or fringes of fine spines." He also divides this group into two smaller groups — the Unicispineif those species in which the concentric fimbriae are made up of short, simple, hollow spines {Delthyns Dolman) , and the Duplicispinei^ those with larger, compound, hollow spines {Reticularia McCoy) . IV. Aperturati. Those having plications on the fold and sinus. These are the typical Spirifers. They are divided into several smaller sub-groups which are of little interest here. V. Ostiolati. Median fold and sinus without plications. VI. Glabcrati. Surface smooth ; fold and sinus faintly devel- oped. These he divides into two smaller groups, the Aseptati and the Septati, according to the presence or absence of the dental lamellae and mesial septa. These are equal to Martinea of McCoy, Martinopsis Waagen, and Mentzelia Quenstedt. Bbsdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 99 Our two species, Reticularia perplexa and Spirijer cameratuSy belong to the Fimbriati and Aperturati respectively. Spiriferina is, in some respects, more closely related to the Lamellosi, flpixUiir euMrattifl. Plate XII. figs, 5-5e. Spirf/er camercUus Morton, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxix, p. 150, pi. ii, f. 3, (1836); etc. Spirifer meusebachaniu Roemer, Kreidebildunff Texas, p. 88, pi. xi, f. 7> (1852). Spirifer triplioatus Hall, Stanbury's Expl. Suit. Gt. Salt Lake, p. 410, pi. iv,f. 5, (1852). Spirifer fasige^ Owen (non Keyserling), Greol. Surv. Iowa, Wis., and Minn., pi. v, f. 4,(1852). Spirifer incquicoatatua f Owen, ibid., p. 586, pi. v, f. 6, (1852). Sjyirifer striatua var. triplioatus Maroou, Greol. N. Amer., p. 49, pi. vii, f. 3, (1858). Spirifera camerata Newberry, Ives' Rep. Colo. Riv. West, p. 127, (1861); etc. Spirifera camerata var. kanaasensis Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., II, p. 409, (1867). Spirifer {Trigonot ret a) camerata Meek, King's U. S. Expl. 40th Parallel, IV, p. 91, pi. IX, f. 2,(1877). Shell medium to large in size, greatest convexity back of the middle, variable in outline from subsemicircular to trigonal; anterior margin sharply rounded to truncate-sinuate ; lateral margins slightly cur,ved to nearly straight, pointing outward and backward to the ears ; hinge line equaling the greatest width of the shell, sometimes prolonged into attenuate ears; cardinal area broad, extending to the extremity of the hinge line ; foramen broadly triangular and nearly equilateral, partly closed in the upper part by a pseudo-del tidium ; beak high, prominent, somewhat recurved over the cardinal area, which is sometimes slightly arched ; mesial sinus prominent, beginning at the beak and broadening and deepening until the front mar- gin is reached ; fold of the dorsal valve to correspond, and the beak of the same moderately rounded beneath that of the other valve. Interior of pedicle valve marked by a subelliptical muscular impression in the vicinity of the beak, posterior end of this impression extending to the hinge line or beyond, bisected by an indistinct mesial ridge, radiating from which are small indistinct ridges for the attachment of the muscles. The cardinal area projects over a portion of the visceral cavity. 100 University Geological Survey of Kansas. leaving a large space beneath ; the shell here is well pitted ; a small tooth and depression are developed on the inner corners of the cardinal area. Shell of the brachial valve thin, muscu* lar marking distinct ; hinge line at beak broadly and shallowly arched, one prominent socket on each side of the arch, for the teeth of the other valve ; two small elevations in the center for at- tachments. The exterior markings of the shell consist of rather large, bifurcating, radiating striae or costiP, almost always fascicu- lated, covering the entire shell to the tips of the ears, where they are nearly parallel. There are, in un weathered, unworn specimens, minute pustules arranged in somewhat radiating order, as well as lines of growth visible on the front border. In exfoliated specimens the fasciculation is less distinct. Meas- urements of average specimen : Length, 32 mm. ; breadth, 44 mm. ; convexity, 21 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Grand Summit. Com- mon throughout the Upper Goal Measures to the base of the Permian. The variation in outline, convexity and length of the hinge line is great in this species. This species has been considered by some as identical with S, striatm ( Martin ) Davidson. Schu- chert has pointed out characters which separate it from that species.* There is also a marked difference in the spires of the two, those of S, siriatus being long, loose, and acute, while those of S. canieratus are short, compressed, and obtuse, and they en- close a slightly smaller angle. The striip of S. cameratits are nearly always fasciculated, while those of S, striatns are not. There is also a marked variation in the interior of the pedicle valve of this shell. In some specimens the muscular scar in this valve is elliptical and extends well back beneath the del- thyriura into the beak, the teeth are not supported by heavy deposits of shell or lamelhr, and the cavity formed by the jut- ting of the cardinal area forms a general posterior cavity ex- tending across the shell, only slight. ridges being present below 6. Bull. U. S. Geol. SarT.87, p. 884: "The latter species ftV. xtriatunh however, is closely and finely reticulated with concentric growth lines, while in «S. etimeratus the plications are covered with small pastales, which are arranged in radiatinir lines." Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. ' 101 and behind the teeth. In other specimens the posterior of the shell is much thickened, the muscular impression not extending beneath the beak or hinge line, that portion of the cavity being filled with shell, which has encroached upon the muscular area until it is small and nearly circular. This heavy deposit of shell also forms strong supports for the teeth, dividing the pos- terior cavity into a right and a left cavity. AMBOOCELIA. Hall, 13th Rep. N. Y. St. Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 71. fF. 1-3. p. 72, ff. 4-6, (1860). Meek and Hayden. Pal. Upp. Mo., Smiths. Cont. Knowl., XIV. 172, p. 20. (1864) ; etc. Ambocoelia planoconvexa. Spiri/er planovonvexa Shumard, Qeol. Rep. Mo., p. 202, (1855); etc. AmbQcceUa gemmula McChesney, New Pal. Fobs., p. 41, (1860); ibid., pi. I, f. 3, (1865). Spiri/er [Martinia) planoconvex a Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upp. Mo., Smiths. Coot. Knowl., xiv, 172, p. 20, ff. a~e, (1864); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Suit. Neb., p. 184, pi. iv, f. 4, pi. viii, f. 2; etc. Martinia planoconvexa McChesney, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. 34, pi. I, f. 3, (1868). Amboccelia jHanoconvexn Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. ii, p. 56, pi. XXXIX, ff. 10-15, (ISaS). Meek's description : *' Shell very small, plano-convex, or very rarely a little concavo-convex, sometimes wider than long, in other examples slightly longer than wide ; hinge margin always shorter than the greatest transverse diameter of the valves, and rounded at the extremities ; lateral margins and front regularly rounded ; surface apparently smooth, excepting a few very ob- scure concentric marks of growth, but, when examined by the aid of a magnifier, showing the remains of the bases of minute hair-like spines. Dorsal or smaller valve truncato-suborbicular in outline, generally nearly flat, with faint longitudinal depres- sion in front, sometimes slightly convex near the beak, and con- cave around the anterior and lateral margins ; beak scarcely distinct from the cardinal margin ; area narrow, but well de- veloped, or about half as large as in the other valve; socket plates projecting like diverging teeth on each side of the small fissure. Ventral valve very gibbous, particularly in the umbonal region, sometimes with obscure traces of a narrow longitudinal depression along the middle, but without a proper mesial sinus ; beak very prominent and strongly arched back over the hinge ; 102 University Geological Survey of Kansas. area subtriangular, being moderately high under the beak, but narrowing rapidly, with moderately defined concave margins, to the extremities of the hinge, and arching with the beak; fissure rather narrow, or higher than wide, apparently rounded above under the beak, and spreading at the hinge." Measure* ments : Length, 9 mm. ; width, 10 mm. ; convexity, 5 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, Fredonia, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Emporia. BETIOULABIA. MeCoy. Garb. Fobs. Ireland, p. 142, ( 1844 ). Waaicen, FaL Indiea, (»er. ziii, I. p. 538, ( 1868). Beticularla perplexa. Plate XII, figs. 4-4c. Spirlfer lineatua Shumard, Geol. Surv. Mo., p. 216, (1855); etc. Spirifer perplexus McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 43, (1860). Spiri/er lineatus var. perplexus Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 406, (1866). Spirifera lineata Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., pi. ii, f. 3, (1872); etc. SpiHfer {Marti nia) perplexa Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., p. 16, pi. iii, ff. 27, 39, 40, 45, 50, pi. viii, f. 13, ( 1874). Spirifer {Mariinia) lineata f White, Wheeler's Expl. Surv. West 100 Mer., Ill, Appendix, (1881); later without query; etc. Spirifera perplexa Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 84, (1895). Reticularia perplexa Schuchert, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 87, p. 342, (1887). White's description: ** Shell moderately gibbous, trans- versely subelliptical in marginal outline, the front and sides regularly rounded ; hinge much shorter than the width of the shell ; cardinal extremities rounded ; cardinal area distinct,, arched, and moderately high ; ventral valve convex ; umbonal portion prominent; beak prominent, incurved; area small,, without median sinus, but there is a slight flattening of the valve in front, which gives the front margin a slight sinuosity ; dorsal valve regularly convex, both transversely and longitudi* nally ; umbonal portion prominent, but not so much so as that of the other valve ; beak moderately prominent and projecting a little beyond the hinge line ; surface marked by very numer- ous very faint radiating lines and somewhat stronger concentric lines, the latter being impressed and finely crenulate, the minute crenulations apparently marking the bases of hair-like Bkkde.] Carbo-niferoua Invertebrates. 103 spines when the surface of the shell is perfect.'' Measure- ments : Length, 19 mm. ; width, 23 mm. ; convexity, 15 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, lola, Lawrence, Topeka, and so on to the base of the Permian. The shell varies a great deal in marginal outline, some hav- ing the beak prolonged and sides somewhat compressed, giving it a very different appearance from the normal form. HUSTEDIA. HaU and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., VIII, pt. II, |>. 120, (1883) ; 13th Ann. Hep. N. Y. St. GeoL. p. 197, (1805). Hustedia mormoni. Plate IX, figs. 10-lOd; plate X, fig. 3. Terebratula mormoni Marcou, Geol. N. Amen, p. 51, pi. vi, f. 11, (Feb. 1858); etc. Retzia punctulifera Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 220, (June, 1858); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 181, pi. i, f. 13, pi. v, f. 7, (1872); etc. Retzia mormoni Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1859, p. 27; etc. Retzia subglobosa McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 45, (1860); ibid., pi. i, f. 1, (1865). Retzia eompresBa Meek, Geol. Surv. Cal., i, p. 14, pi. ii, f. 7, (1864); etc. Retzia radialia Walcott (non Phillips), Mon. U. S. Greol. Surv., viii, p. 220, pi. 7, ff. 5d-h, (1893); etc. Eumeirla punctulifera Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., i, p. 4, pi. viii, flf. 4, 5. 7. 8, 10, pi. IX, f. 3, (1874). Hutttedia mormoni Hall and Clarke, Pal, N. Y., viii, pt. ii, p. 120, f. 196, pi. LI, ff. 1-9,(1893). Meek's description: ''Shell small, ovate; in mature speci- mens, gibbous ; hinge line short, or scarcely extended enough to show distinctly the little ears at the extremities. Ventral valve more convex than the other, the greatest convexity being between the middle and the umbo, which is prominent, rounded, more or less strongly arched, and provided with a moderately large circular foramen ; area well defined, triangular, and arch- ing with the beak. Dorsal valve most convex near the middle ; beak extending a littla beyond the hinge margin, and distinctly incurved. Surface of each vajve ornamented by fourteen or fif- teen (very rarely sixteen to seventeen) simple, rather prominent, radiating costse, one or two of which are sometimes slightly more depressed than the others, near the front of the ventral 104 Univeraity Geological Survey of Kansas valve, so as to cause some appearance of an obscure mesial sinus, but without producing any corresponding mesial elevation on the other valve, or visibly inturrupting the general straightness of the uniting margins of the two valves ; lines of growth ob- scure ; punctures visible under a good pocket lens, and very regularly disposed." Measurements : Length, 10 mm. ; width, 8 mm. ; convexity, 7 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, lola, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Beaumont. 0LEI0THYBI8. Moo. Perm. Foss., Pi til and Clarke. Pal. N. Y., VIII. pt. II, p. 90/ (1898) ; ete. Oleiothyris roissyi. Plate XII, fig. 2; plate XI, figs. 5-5c. Kioff (non Phillips). Jipq._Perxn.JFgs8.. Pal. Soc.. p. 187. (1850). Spirffer de roissyi L^Eveille, M^m. Soo. Geol. de France, ii, p. 39, pi. ii, ff. 1&-29, (1835). Terbratula royaii Maroou, Geol. N. Amer., p. 51, pl. vi, f. 10, (1858). Afhf/ris sublamelloaa Hall, Geol. Surv. Iowa, i, pt. ii, p. 702, pl. xxvir, f. 1, (1858); etc. AthyriB parvirostria Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1860, p. 451. Spirigera americana Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 89, (1863). Spirigera pectenifera Swallow (non Sowerby ), ibid., p. 88. Athyris planosulcata Geinitz (non Phillips), Garb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 42, (1866); etc. Spirigera planosulcata f White, Wheeler's Rep. Qeog. Expl. Surv. West 100 Mer., iv, p. 257, pl. iv. flf. 10, 11, (1877). Athyris hirsuta Walcott, Mon. U. S. Greol. Surv., viii, p. 222, pl. xa'iii, f. 5, (1884). Cleiothyris royssii Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. ii, p. 91j pl. xlvi, ff. 23, 24, pl. Lxxxiv, f. 32, (1893). Cleiothyris sublamellosa Hall and Clarke, ibid., p. 91. Meek and Worthen's description : *' Shell of medium size, quadrato-subcircular, moderately gibbous, length and breadth nearly equal, sometimes a little wider than long (other ex- amples a little longer than wide) ; greatest convexity at the middle ; .yalves equally gibbous ; lateral margins usually promi- nent, and narrowly rounded in outline at the middle, thence converging with a slightly convex outline to the faintly sub- truncate front; postero-lateral margins a little inflected, so as to form slight concavities, converging to the beaks at an angle of about ninety-seven degrees. Both valves destitute of a mesial Bbedb.] Carhoniferous Invertebrates. 105 fold or sinus, but each sometimes slightly flattened in the mid- dle near the front, where they meet without the slightest sinu- osity in the margin of either. Beak of ventral valve small, pointed, closely incurved upon that of the other' valve, which is but little less prominent ; foramen round and very small. Sur- face with small, obscure, concentric marks of growth. Spiral appendages each making about twelve turns. Surface ( proba- bly exfoliated ) showing only small, obscure, concentric ridges." Measurements, two specimens : Length, 10 mm., 10 mm. ; width, 11 mm, 13 mm. ; convexity, 6 mm, 5 mm. Range and distribution : Lower Coal Measures ; Fort Scott, Marmaton station, Bourbon county, Prescott, Linn county. This rare little fossil is rather variable in form. Most of our specimens are rather more straight along the hinge than those usually figured from this country, approaching, in this respect, the form figured by C. Nikitin from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of Europe, one specimen in particular be- ing quite straight and wide along the hinge. The shells, in un- worn specimens, show the surface fimbriae very well. SEMINULA. McCoy, Garb. Foss. Ireland, pp. MO, 558, (1844). Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. ¥., VIII, pt. II, p. 93, ( 1893) ; etc. Seminnla argentea. Text fig. 3, C. Terebratula argentea Shephard, Amer. Jour. BcL, xxxiv,p. 152, f. 8, (1838). Terebratula roifvi d'Orbigny [non L'Eveille], Voy. dans I'Am^r. M<5r. Pal., p. 46,(1842). Terebratula aniiaienaia d'Orbigoy, ibid., p. 46, (non 36). Terebratula peruviana d'Orbigny, ibid., pi. iii, flf. 17-19, (non p. 36). Terebratula aubUlita Hall, Stanbury's Expl. Gt. Salt Lake, p. 409, pi. iv, ff. 1,2,(1852); etc. Terebratula f aubt'diia Davidson, Mon. Brit. Carb. Brach., p. 18, pi. i, ff. 21,22,(1857); etc. Spirigera subttltta Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 20, (1859); etc. AthyDria differentia McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 47, (1860). Athyria aubtilita Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colo. Riv. West, p. 126, (1861); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. G^l. Surv. Neb., p. 180, pi. i, f. 12, pi. v, f. 9, pi. VIII, f. 4,(1872); etc. Seminula aubtilita Hall and Clarke, Pal. N. Y., viii, pt. ii, p. 95, ff. 66, 67, p. 86, ff. 58, 59, pi. xlvii, ff. 17-31, (1893). Athyria argentea Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 92, pi. xxxix, f. 11, (1895). Seminula argentea Schuohert, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 87, p. 377, (1897). 8-vi 106 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Meek's description (in part): "Shell ovoid, being usually widest a little in advance of the middle, and nearly always somewhat longer than wide, moderately convex, becoming rather gibbous with age. Ventral valve usually & little more convex than the other, its greatest convexity being generally behind the middle ; beak prominent, rounded, and distinctly incurved upon that of the other valve ; foramen round, of mod- erate size, and truncating the immediate apex of the beak ; mesial sinus absent, or very shallow, in young or compressed individuals, but well defined, and round, flattened or angular in adult gibbous specimens, in which it rapidly increases in size, from near the middle to the front, where it produces a more or less prominent marginal projection, fitting into a cor- responding sinuosity in the margin of the other opposite valve. Dorsal valve moderately convex, the greatest convexity in small or compressed specimens often near the middle or between it and the umbo, but in large, gibbous individuals, with a well- defined, prominent mesial fold, sometimes near the front ; beak rather distinctly incurved under that of the opposite valve. Surface of both valves nearly smooth, or with mere lines of growth, in young shells, but in large or mature specimens with well-defined, imbricating marks of growth on the anterior half ; exfoliated surfaces also show, under a magnifier, obscure traces of radiating striae/' The spires are large and generally acutely pointed.. Measurements of two specimens: Length, 36 mm., 26 ram. ; width, 37 mm., 23 mm. ; convexity, 26 mm., 18 mm. Range and distribution : Upper and Lower Coal Measures ; Marmaton station, Bourbon county, Tola, Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Manhattan, Grand Summit. Very abundant throughout the Coal Measures of the state. Hall has figured this species as having the ascending edges of the spire straight and forming an obtuse angle at the apex. In all the specimens at hand the sides of the spires are concave and the tip of the spire is acute. However, they vary a great deal in this respect. Swallow has described another form, S. capvtserpentist^ from the Kansas Carboniferous, but I am able 7. Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., II, p. 90, 1863. Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 107 to recognize but the one species, and think there is but little doubt that his Spirigera caputscrpentis is the same as the form above described. The shells vary enough to easily include Swallow's description. The microscopic indications of striae mentioned in the various descriptions of this shell are probably due to the fibrous structure of the shell, which is quite coarse. PELEOTFODA. Pelecypods (sometimes called lamellibranchs) are a group of animals known under the names of mussels, clams, and oys- ters. They live in fresh and salt water, and are covered by a shell which is made up of two halves, or valves. Brachiopods have one valve on top and one on the bottom of the animal, but the halves of the clam shell are located one on the right side and one on the left. The body is nearly enclosed in a mantle or fleshy membrane, which nearly surrounds the soft part of the body. It is divided into two parts or halves, called lobes, which secrete the two halves of the shell. Sometimes this mantle is somewhat grown together for a large part of the way along the lower sides of the animal near the open edges of the shell. In those with the mantle edges fastened together there are two openings in the rear end ; t^hese openings are sometimes prolonged into tubes called siphons, which are used in breath- ing. A current of water passes constantly in through one of these and out through the other. In those which do not have the mantle united there is generally no siphon. The edge of the mantle is also attached to the shell, impress- ing a line nearly parallel with the edge of the shell. When the siphons are present there is an inward notch or angle in the line in the back part of the shell, caused by the muscles used in pulling the siphon into the shell. When the siphons are ab- sent the notch is not present. The line formed by the edge of the mantle is called the pallial line« Near the front of the shell lies an organ called the foot, which 108 University Geological Survey of Kansas. is generally a muscular organ, hatchet-shaped in most fresh- water clams ; it aids the animal in moving. Sometimes this organ secretes a substance which hardens quickly on being ex- posed, and by this means the animal cements its shell firmly to some rock or other object. The foot generally becomes small in such cases on account of disuse. There is an opening in one of the valves for it, so that the attachment may be more certain. This opening is called the byssal groove or notch, and the foot, in this case, is called the byssus. There are other muscles in the clam which are important. One or two large muscles are used in closing the shells together, and run nearly directly across from one shell to the other, and when two are present one is located near the front of the shell and the other near the rear of it, and are known as the anterior and posterior adductors, respectively. These muscles are firmly attached to the shell, causing a depression in it, showing the size, shape and position of the muscle. The pelecypods have no true heads. In the front part of the animal is an opening, or mouth, surrounded by a pair of membranous flaps. In the oyster these flaps are called the beard. This opening is the end of the esophagus, or gullet, which leads to the stomach, which is generally surrounded by the liver. From the stomach the intestine is somewhat convo- luted, generally passing through a part of the heart, and finally ending near the back part of the shell. The circulatory system consists of a heart, having two or three chambers and a few arteries. The heart propels the blood from the gills through the body of the animal. The respira- tory organs consist generally of two pairs of gills. The water, in the siphoned clams, enters through one side of the siphon, or one tube, flows over the gills, constantly bathing them with fresh water, and then flows past the mouth, where the food particles are selected out of it, when it passes out of the other siphon tube. The nervous system consists of two knots of nerves near the mouth and one near the posterior adductor muscle. Now, since we have a general idea of the anatomy of the Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 109 pelecypod, let us^ turn our attention to the shell. The hard parts of animals are the only ones preserved in the rocks. In the clams the shell only is found , and the impressions on the inside of it are all we have to judge from as to the exact nature of the animal which inhabited it ; consequently, it is of great importance to know what these markings are and what they represent. The elevated portions of the shell, which project upward near the hinge, or where the two halves are fastened together, are called the beaks or umbones. These generally point toward the front of the shell. If we hold the shell so that the beaks point away from us, the half on the right side will be the right valve and the other half the left valve. The edge of the shell on which the beaks are situated is the dorsal edge or portion of the shell. The side opposite ( below) this is called the ventral portion, and its edge is called the ventral or pallial margin. The line where the two halves are united is called the hinge line. The hard, gristly material that forms the hinge is called the ligament. The projections along the hinge line, which fit into the corresponding sockets in the opposite valve, are called the teeth. We have previously mentioned the adductor scars, the pallial line, and the notch in the pallial line caused by the muscle (retractor) which pulls in the siphon. The pelecypods described in the following page were inhabi- tants of salt water. I wish to acknowledge the kind aid in this work given by Mr. Austin F. Rogers. He has also found and worked out several species in the following list since the work closed. For full bibliography the reader is referred to Weller, Bull. U.S. Geol, Surv. No. 153, (1898). Fro. 4. I. ADKtomj'otablTslTenioUiuk, Muaarenaria {after Woodward ) : UHtbIts and maotle lobe, and halt ths tlphooi, are remoted: >i, TBtplratorr alpbons (tbs arrows lodioaM Ui« dliecUonot tbs enrtentaj ; aa', addnctor toasclea; b, giUa; h, heart; o, mootb, *Dmnmd*d Bebde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. Ill PLAOUNOPSIS. Morris and Lyeett, Mon. Foss. Qreat Oolite, ( 1853). Placunopais carbonaria. Plate XX, fig. 18. Pfacunomi^ onrhnnnria Meek an^ Worthen, Proc. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. 13, (1866); Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. 578, pi. xxvii, f. 2, (1873). Meek and Worthen's description: ''Shell orbicular, com- pressed subhemispherical, extremely thin. Upper or right valve irregularly convex, sometimes rather gibbous ; hinge margin straight, generally equaling about one-third to one- half the diameter of the valves, and usually showing slight disposition to develop small, obtuse ears at the extremities ; beak very small, sometimes compressed and nearly obsolete, marginal, but not projecting distinctly beyond the cardinal border, located at the middle of the hinge, and showing a slight forward curvature. Under valve flat or conforming to the in- equalities of the surface to which it was attached ; beak mar- ginal, and very nearly obsolete. Surface of both valves marked with irregular, undulating or interrupted radiating lines, with broad, faint, irregular concentric wrinkles, and a set of obscure strise of growth. Often there is also an entirely independent series of parallel ridges, crossing the umbonal region, or some- times the whole surface obliquely and partly, or sometimes almost entirely, obliterating the other markings. Diameter of the largest specimen found, from the hinge to the pallial mar- gin, 1.30 inches; oblique parallel ridges uniformly numbering seven to eight in 0.2 inch.*' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. by (») labial palpi ; /, foot ; r, anas ; m, eat edge of the mantle (after Nicholson). 2. Left yaWe otCythcria chione (after Woodward) : ^1, anterior margin : R, posterior margin; C, ventral margin or base ; u, ambo; A, ligament; c, cardinal tooth; rf, lateral teeth; a, anterior addac- tor; a', posterior adductor; m, pallial line; «, pallial sinas caused by the retractor muscles of the siphons (after Nicholson). 3. Diagrammatic representation of the anatomy of a sipfaonate peiecypod; the left yalve and the left mantle lobe are reiQO?ed, and the siphons are cnt short: 11, umbo ; ca^ cartilage pit: o, the moath ; /;>, labial palpi ; a. stomach, sarrounded by liver ; t, intestine ];>erforating the heart; r, rectum, terminating in the anus; ad^ anterior adductors, pcf. posterior adductors; n, supraesophageal or cerebral ganglion (the month is a little displaced upwards, so that the ganglion comes to lie below the gullet instead of above it) ; n', parieto-splanchnic or branchial ganglion ; /, foot ; xx^ cut edge of the right mantle lobe ; r«, retractor muscles of the siphon ; br, branchiae of the left side ; g^ renal organ ; «, inhalant si- phon ; «S ezhalant siphon (after Nicholson). 112 University Geological Survey of Kansas, LIMA. Bm^eire. Encrcl. Metb., (1791). Deshayes, I>e8C. de Coq. Fobs, des Idt. de Paris* (1824). Lima retifera. Plate XIII, fig. 5. Lima retifera Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., x, p. 214, (1858); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 188, pi. ix, f. 5, (1872). See Weller, Bull. 153, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 324, (1898). Meek's description: ''Shell obliquely subovate, moderately convex, apparently not gaping in front ; hinge line short, or between one-half and one-third the antero-posterior diameter of the valves ; base forming a nearly regular semicircular curve ; anterior side extended obliquely forward, rather narrowly rounded below, and straight or slightly concave in outline, with a rather long, oblique slope to the hinge above ; posterior side distinctly shorter than the other, and rounding from near the ear into the base ; ears subequal, the front margin of the ante- rior one forming an obtuse angle with the hinge line, rather distinctly flattened from the swell of the umbo, and somewhat extended along the anterior margin below ; posterior ear a little more convex than the other, with its upper margin incurved, and its lower margin separated from the umbo by a faint ob- lique furrow, sometimes faintly sinuous behind, and nearly rectangular at its extremity ; umbones rather convex or mod- erately compressed, extending very little above the cardinal margin, and placed near the middle of the same ; surface orna- mented by about twenty-five slightly irregular, angular, radiat- ing costsD, about equaling the spaces between, and occasionally bifurcating on* the umbones and lateral margins of the body part of the valves, where they become obsolete ; crossing all of these, as well as on the ears and lateral margins, are numerous fine concentric striae. Height, 15 mm. ; length, 18 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence, Topeka. BsBDE.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 113 ENTOLIUM. Meek, Geol. Snnr. Cal. II. Entolinm avicolatum. Plate XIX, fig. 1. Pecten aviculalus Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i. p. 213, (1858). Entolium aviculatum Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 189, pi. IX, ff. lla-g, (1872). Meek's description : '* Shell compressed lenticular, very thin, nearly or quite equivalve, suborbicular, or broad subovate in outline exclusive of the ears, the antero-posterior diameter being often a little less than that at right angles to the same ; sides and base more or less regularly rounded ; lateral margins above the middle apparently a little gaping, straight, and con- verging to the beaks at an angle of 115° to 125''; cardinal margin very short, or less than one-third the transverse diam- eter of the valves, and in the left valve generally concave, or more or less sloping in outline from the extremities of the ears to the beaks ; straight or nearly so in the right valve ; ears small, fiat, very nearly equal, obtusely angular at the extremi- ties, and separated from the body of the valves by an impressed line, not defined by any proper sinus in either valve, though the broad obtuse notch separating the anterior one from the straight, sloping adjacent margin is slightly more defined than the other ; beaks small, rather compressed, equal, and not pro- jecting beyond the cardinal margin. Each valve with two shallow undefined impressions diverging from the beak nearly to the anterior and posterior margins ; that on the posterior side being longer than the other. Surface with very fine close concentric striae, scarcely visible without the aid of a magnifier ; crossing these are sometimes seen traces of extremely minute radiating striae, curving gracefully outward toward the lateral margins." In a foot-note he says: '*In most of these speci- mens these radiating striae are entirely obsolete, even as seen under a magnifier ; and it is generally only on specimens that have been slightly weathered that they are most distinctly seen, while even on these they seem to be more due to some pecul- iarity of the shell structure than proper surface sculpturing, the shell showing a disposition to crack along these curved lines. 114 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Both these and the concentric strise are almost invisible to the unassisted eye." "Anterio-posterior diameter of a specimen a little under me- dium size, 0.85 inch ; height, 0.89 inch ; length of the hinge line, 0.27 inch. Specimens are sometimes found of nearly double these dimensions." In some delicately preserved casts there are traces of zigzag markings on the anterior of the ven- tral margin of the left valve. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence, Topeka. AYICULOPEOTEN. McCoy. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hiat.. 2d aer.. VII, p. 171, (1851 ). Avicnlopecten occidentalis. Plate XIII, fig. 7. J^ecten ocoidentalis Shumard, Greol. Rep. Mo., p. 207, pi. c, f. 18, (1855); Newberry, Ives's Colo. Expl. Exped., p. 128, (1861). Pecten cleavelandicus Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 184, (1858). Avfculopecten f Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upp. Mo. (Smiths. Cont. Know!., XIV), p. 50, pi. ii, f. 10, (1864). Avioulopecten occidpntalis Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., ii, p. 331, pi. XXVII, ff. 4-5a, (1866); Meek, U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 191, pi. IX, f. 10,(1872); etc. Pecten missourienais f Geinitz, Garb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 35, pi. ii, f. 18, (1866). Meek's description: ''Shell distinctly inequivalve, not ob- lique ; subovate exclusive of the ears ; lateral and basal mar- gins regularly rounded ; hinge margin nearly or quite equaling the greatest breadth of the valves ; cardinal plate of moderate breadth. Left valve convex, with ears subequal ; anterior one with distinct radiating costao, more convex, shorter, and more obtuse than the posterior, as well as more defined from the swell of the umbonal slope ; posterior ear flattened and more angular at the extremity than the other, some- times without radiating costse, but in other instances having them more or less developed, each separated from the mar- gin below by a rounded, rather broad, more or less deep sinus. Right valve nearly flat and having the general outline of the other excepting that its beak is scarcely distinct from the car- dinal margin, and its anterior ear much narrower and defined by a deep, sharp angular sinus. Surface of valve ornamented Beedb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 115 with rather depressed or flattened irregular radiating costse, of which only about twelve or fourteen of the largest reach the beak, others dying out at various distances between the mar- gins and the umbo; in proportion to size, the larger of the intercalated ones being longer than the smaller. Crossing all of these are numerous fine concentric stria>, some of which on the ears, particularly the anterior one, often form little vaulted scales ; in well-preserved specimens these vaulted projections are strongly developed on one of the posterior costa) of the body part of the valve. Surface»of right valve generally with only very obscure radiating costse and fine crowded lines of growth." Measurements : Length, 24 mm. ; height, 26 mm. ; convexity, about 5 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner, Eudora, Lawrence, Topeka, Wabaunsee county. Aviculopecten rectilaterarins. Avicula rectilateraria Cox, Greol. Surv. Ky., iii, p. 578, p. ix, f. 2, (1857). Aviculopecten reclilaterariua Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., ii, p. 326, (1866). Shell variable in outline, about as long as high ; ventral mar- gin rounded, nearly semicircular ; posterior margin nearly straight, meeting the hinge at nearly a right angle ; anterior margin slightly sinuate at the lower part of the ear, then, round- ing upward, meets the hinge line ; lower anterior margin more abruptly rounded than the corresponding posterior one ; hinge line slightly shorter than the shell, the beak not extending above the hinge ; posterior ear not separated from the shell by a sulcus, anterior ear separated from it by an indistinct furrow. The anterior ear of the right valve contains a sharp byssal notch. The shell is marked by fairly prominent, slightly sinu- ous, radiating striae, which increase by implanation and bifur- cation ; on the posterior ear of the left valve these striae are very dimly visible ,but are more prominent on the anterior ear. These striae are crossed by very fine, close, concentric striae and larger lines of growth. Measurements, two specimens : Length, 18 mm., 18 mm. ; height, 19 mm., 15 mm. 116 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Leaven* worth, Wyandotte county. Specimens are abundant in the shales at Topeka which may belong to this species or to ^. whit^i. The material in hand is too poor to assign with certainty to either species. The proba- bility is, however, that they belong io A. whitei. This species can be easily distinguished from A. occidentalis by its smaller size, thinner shell, and the fact that the posterior ear is not so distinct and the shell is less elongate vertically. Avicillopecteii interlineatus. Piste XIII, fii;. 6. AviculopecUn interlineatua Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 454, (1860); Geol. Surv. 111., ii, p. 329, pi. xxvi, if. 7a, b, text fig. (1866); Whitfield, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., v, p. 694, pi. xvi, flf. 10, 11, (1891); Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 112, pi. xlii, f. 6, (1894); Whitfield, Geol. Surv. Ohio, vii, p. 489, pi. xii, ff. 10, 11. Aviculopecten f inierlineatus White, U. S. Geog. Surv. West 100 Mer., IV, p. 149, pi. XI, f. 3, (1877); 13th Ann. Rep. Ind. St. Geol., p. 145, pi. XXX, f. 9, (1884). Meek and Worthen's description : ** Shell (left valve) rather small, compressed, broad ovate or subcircular exclusive of the ears, not oblique ; length and breadth nearly equal ; hinge straight, about equaling the greatest breadth of the valve below, ranging at right angles to the vertical axis of the shell. Base regularly rounded ; posterior and anterior margins rounded from below the ears to the base. Anterior ear tri- angular, flattened so as to be very distinct from the umbonal slope ; posterior ear somewhat larger than the other, com- pressed, triangular, the hinge side being longer than either of the others, rather acutely angular at the extremity. Beak com- pressed, a little nearer the anterior than the posterior extremity of the hinge ; umbonal slopes diverging from the beaks at an angle of about 78°; anterior one subangular. Surface orna- mented by about fifteen regular, very prominent, slender, and obscurely crenulated concentric costse, which are separated by spaces from four to six times their own breadth, excepting on and near the ears ; spaces between the costiP occupied by numer- ous fine, regular, closely arranged concentric striae, which are crossed by faint indications of radiating ribs. Diameter, from Bbkdb.J Carboniferous Invertebrates. 117 the pallial border to the hinge, 15 mm. ; breadth, from the anterior to the posterior margin, 16 mm. ; convexity, 3 mm. Right valve unknown." In the discussion they also add : ** This exceedingly beautiful species seems to have varied a little in the details of its surface markings at different ages. In young shells the regular concentric costse seem to be nearly or quite smooth, but as the shell advanced in its growth, they gradully assumed a regularly crenulated outline, and became themselves ornamented with extremely fine longitudinal striae, not visible without the aid of a lens. These striae are very much finer and less distinct than those occupying the spaces between the costa?. The faint indications of radiating costse, seen crossing the concentric strii« in the depressions between the concentric ribs, are also wanting in young shells." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City. The absence of radiating striip and costal and the strong con- centric cost86 with the fine concentric striie between them easily and clearly distinguish this species from all others of the genus Aviculopecten carboniferus. Plate XIII, fig. 9. Pecten carboniferus Stevens, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xxv, p. 261, (1858). Pecten broadheadti Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 97,(1862). Pecten haumi Swallow and Greinitz, Carb. u. Djas in Neb., p. 36, pi. ii, ff. 19a, b,( 1866). Aviculopecten carbon if erua Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Greol. Surv. Neb., p. 193, pL IV, f. 8, and pi. ix, ff. 4a, b, (1872). Meek's description: ''Shell rather small, slightly oblique, moderately convex, length and breadth nearly equal ; hinge line nearly or quite straight, and somewhat less than the great- est breadth of the valves, provided with a marginal ridge in both valves ; basal margin regularly rounded. Left valve tnore convex than the other ; posterior ear rather well defined from the swell of the umbo, somewhat extended and terminating in an acute point, separated from the margin below by a deep, rounded sinus ; anterior ear about two-thirds as long as the other, and rather more distinct from the umbo and more ob- tuse, but still rather acutely angular, defined by a moderately distinct subangular sinus. Right valve nearly flat, or distinctly 118 University Geological Survey of Kansas. less convex than the other ; its anterior ear narrow, and de- fined by a deep, rather sharp sinus ; posterior ear of the same size and form as in the left valve. Surface ornamented in the left valve with about fifteen or sixteen regular, distinct, angu- lar, radiating plications separated by furrows of the same size, each one of which terminates at the free border in little spine- like projections, with curved-up margins ; lines of growth fine on the body of the valve, but becoming more distinct and irreg- ular on the ears, where there are rarely any defined radiating costse. At a few distantly separated intervals there are promi- nent imbricating lamellae of growth, showing the same digitate margins as the free borders of the shell. In the right valve the surface markings are somewhat like those of the other valve, but much more obscure, excepting on the anterior wing, where there are a few more distinct radiating costoe." Measurements: Height, 29 mm.; length, 22mm.; convex- ity, about 4 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka. The strong radiating costae with the vaulted and spine-like projections of the free margins and larger lamellae of growth distinguish this species from all others of the genus. When broken from limestone, the larger lamellae of growth are gen- erally broken away. Aviculopecten maccoyi. Plate XIII, fig. 10. Aviculopecten Afccoui Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upp. Mo., p. 50, pi. ii, f. 9, (1864); White, U. S. Geog. Surv. West 100 Mer., iv, p. 150, pi. xi, f. 2a, (1877). Shell below medium size, moderately convex, subovate in outline exclusive of the ears ; hinge nearly or quite equaling the greatest length of the shell, slightly failing from the beak, which extends a trifle above it ; posterior ear larger and more acute than the anterior. The ventral margin is broadly rounded ; the posterior margin is more abruptly rounded than the lower anterior margin ; anterior ear separated from the shell by a moderately deep, rounded sinus, and from the body of the shell by a distinct, moderately deep, rounded depression ; Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 119 anterior extremity of the ear somewhat rounded ; posterior ear separated from the margin by a larger and rounder sinus, and from the shell by a nearly equal depression with that of the anterior one ; the sides of the beak converge at an angle of about 85°. The surface of the left valve is ornamented with ra- diating striae, from three to six of which are marked at intervals with vaulted, scale-like projections, give them a rough appear- ance ; between each of these are four to eight smaller, slightly flexuous strise, increasing by implanation ; crossing all of these are fine, closely set, concentric striae and occasionally larger lines of growth ; anterior ear marked by radiating and fine con- centric striae ; the radiating striae on the posterior ear are less distinct. Measurements: Height, 21mm.; length, 29mm.; convexity, 4 mm. ; length of the hinge line, 19 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Cowley county. This species can almost always be distinguished by its larger ribs, with the vaulted scale-like elevations and smaller striae between. Care must be taken, however, not to confound it with PseudomonotiSf which it resembles to a considerable degree, in an outward way, but it is much more regular and has the ears better developed than in Pseudomonotis, Aviculopecten providencesis. Plate XIII, fig. 2. Pecten providence 81 8 Cox, Geol. Surv. Ky., iii, p. 556, pi. viii, f. 1, (1857). Avieulopecten providence 8 is VfoTihtn^ Greol. Surv. 111., viii, p. 116, pi. XXI, ff. 4,4a, (1890). Aviculopecten fa8ciculatu8 Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 113, pi. xlii, f. 7,(1894). Shell large, broadly subovate in outline, somewhat oblique ; margins, except the ears, broadly and regularly rounded, the beak extending very slightly beyond the hinge line, which is shorter than the length of the shell; height about equal the length. Ears large, well defined, the posterior one much more acute than the anterior, which is somewhat rounded, and sepa- rated from the body of the shell by a somewhat shallow, distinct sinus ; posterior ear separated from the swell of the umbo by a sharp depression and from the margin by a distinct sinus. Sur- 120 University Geological Survey of Kansas. face of the shell ornamented by about twenty-three radiating costse, each consisting of three to five strise, which extend nearly to the beak ; these bundles are separated by rather broad depres- sions or grooves. There are fine crowded lines of growth visible ; they are prominent on the margins of large specimens as lam- ellar striae. The anterior ear is ornamented by ten to fifteen simple radiating striae and concentric lines of growth ; the posterior ear is similarly marked, except that the radiating lines are fewer and less distinct. Measurements : Height, 69 mm. ; length, 64 mm. ; length of hinge, 40 mm. ; convexity, 12 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner. The truncation of the posterior side, nature of the fascicles, ears and the general appearance of this shell are so similar to A . providencesis of Cox that I do not hesitate to refer it to that species. Worthen evidently considered it as belonging to that species, for he borrowed a fine specimen from Mr. W. J. Parrish, of Kansas City, to figure, in the volume above referred to, for comparison, with his new species which he named ^. chesterensis. Mr. Parrish, so he informs me, collected the specimens figured by Worthen from the Kansas City rocks. Some of our speci- mens are from the same locality. It is therefore probable that they are the same as Keyes's A . fascicidatus , which also is from Kansas City. Keyes, in his diagnosis, gives no characters which distinguish his species from that of Cox. It difi*ers from Worthen's species in the larger fascicles and the truncated upper posterior extremity of the outline, as well as haying a comparatively longer hinge. Our specimens are also much more convex than those of A, chesterensis. . The species can be easily separated from the remainder of our Carboniferous species by its large size and the fasciculation of the striae. Bbbdb.] Carboniferotia Invertebrates. 121 Ayicnlopecten hertzeri. Plate XIII, figs. 8, 1, lb. Aviculopecten (Strebfopleriaf) hertzeri Meek, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1871, p. 61; Pal. Ohio, ii, p. 330, pi. xix, flf. 13a-c, (1875). Aviculopecten hertzeri Herrick, Bull. Den. Univ., ii, p. 25, pi. i, flf. 5, 10. Meek's description: ''Shell usually under medium size, higher than wide, rather compressed, the right valve being nearly flat, and the left only moderately convex ; subovate in general outline (exclusive of the ears) , with a slight backward obliquity, caused by the greater prominence of the anterior margin ; basal outline semicircular and rounded regularly into the rather prominently rounded anterior margin ; posterior margin less prominent than the anterior, and forming a longer and more or less gentle curve from the posterior ear into the base ; hinge distinctly shorter than the antero-posterior di- ameter of the valves; posterior ear in both valves very small, flattened, very obtusely angular, and much shorter than the margin below from which it is only separated by a slight sinu- osity, though it is well defined from the umbo ; anterior ear of each valve distinctly larger than the posterior, though not nearly so projninent as the anterior margin below, rather strongly compressed or flattened, so as to be abruptly separated from the umbo, and in both valves defined by a distinct sinus from the margin below, the sinus being deeper and more angu- lar in the right valve ; beaks compressed, scarcely projecting above the cardinal margin, and placed a little behind the middle of the hinge, as well as that of the valves. Surface of both valves elegantly ornamented by numerous, sometimes sharply elevated, nearly equal, very regularly arranged radiating and concentric lines, which are larger and more strongly defined on the anterior ear of the right valve, particularly the radiating markings, which there sometimes assume the character of small cos tae,. while the concentric markings there in some examples project as little lamellas above the hinge margin, so as to give it a subtended appearance. Height of one of the largest speci- mens seen, 1.32 inches ; antero-posterior diameter, 1.20 inches ; convexity, about 0.18 inch." 9— vi 122 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Range and distribution: Upper Coal Measures; Topeka. From the horizon of the Osage coal. The fine, regular, cancellated stria) and the larger striae on the anterior ear distinguish this species from any of the pre- ceding. We have a single specimen from Topeka which seems to agree very well with this species. ATicnlopecten sculptilis. Plate XIII, figs. 3, 3b. Avicuiopecten sculptilis Miller, 17th Ann. Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 702, pi. XX, f. 5, (1892). Shell a little large, somewhat oblique, ovate in outline, taper- ing to the beak at an angle of 90° or less, very moderately con- vex; beak extending to or a trifle beyond the hinge line, and located back of the middle of it. The ears are small, the anterior flattened, and separated from the swell of the umbo by a deep depression, and considerably larger than the posterior ear ; the margin of the ear makes a deep sinus at its junction with the margin of the shell ; however, the anterior border of the shell generally extends beyond the ear ; posterior ear small, well defined, margin not separated from the mai^in of the shell by a very distinct sinus ; the posterior is about two-thirds as long as the anterior. Both ears (in the left valve) are marked by small, well defined, concentric striae. Entire border below the ears regularly rounded and subsemicircular. The shell is marked by numerous,, closely set radiating striae, which are crossed by about equally prominent closely set concentric stria?, giving the shell a beautifully cancellated appearance ; the radi- ating striae increase by implanation. At the anterior border the shell often becomes quite rough in appearance on account of the enlarging of the striae. The anterior ear seems to be crossed by a few indistinct radiating striae. According to Mil- ler, the anterior ( ** posterior " ) ear of the right valve is marked by more prominent radiating striae which '*give it a strongly pitted aspect.'* Measurements: Height, 49 mm. ; length, 40 mm. ; length of hinge, 23 mm. ; convexity, about 8 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City. Taken from the oolite. BsBDB.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 123 This species dififers from A. hertzeri Meek in being much larger, in having a much more (20") acute beak, which makes it a more slender shell. Aside from the species just mentioned, it can easily be distinguished from our other Coal Measures species by its strongly reticulated surface. The specimen at hand agrees very well with Miller's descrip- tion and figure, though there are a few minor differences, but both are from the same locality, so there can be but little doubt of their identity. Aviculopecten germanns. Plate XIII, fig. 4. Aviculopecten germanua Miller and Faber, Jour. CIdd. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 81, 82, pi. I, f. 9, (1892.) Original description : '' Shell small, a little higher than long ; inequilateral ; oblique ; base regularly rounded ; antero-basal and postero-basal margins rounded. Hinge oblique, nearly straight, not quite equaling the greatest length of the valves below. Posterior ear extends to the lateral border, with which it forms nearly a right angle ; it graduates into the shell below without the presence of a sinus. Anterior ear rather shorter than the posterior one, angular at the extremity and rounding on the margin below into a notch, and arching from the wing into a deep and distinct sinus that separates it from the poste- rior margin of the shell. Umbo tumid and umbonal slopes diverging to the margin. Beak high, pointed and projecting beyond the cardinal margin a little forward of the middle of the hinge line. There are two costae on the posterior ear, and three or more finer ones on the anterior ear. There are about twelve principal radiating ribs on the body of the shell and about as many rudimentary and intercalated shorter ribs be- tween them ; they are separated by wider flattened spaces. It is diflBcult to tell from our specimens whether or not there were any concentric lines, though they are quite well preserved ; if there were such lines they were very fine. "This species approaches more nearly to A. rectilaterarhis than to any other, but it may be readily distinguished by the scarcity of the radiating ribs and the wide flattened spaces between 124 University Geological Survey of Kansas, them ; the beak, too, is higher and more pointed, as well as having a more tumid umbo." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence. ATicnlopecten coxanus. Plate XIX, fig. 2. Aviculopecfen coxanus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 453, (1860); Meek, U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 196, pi. ix, ff. 6a,b, (1872). Meek's description: ** Shell very small; thin, compressed, slightly oblique ; broad subovate exclusive of the ears ; basal margin rounded ; anterior margin more or less rounded, rather straight and oblique above ; posterior margin more prominent than the anterior, often subangular at the point where the pos- tero-basal margin rounds up to meet the obliquely sloping edge above. Hinge generally a little less than the greatest breadth of the valves below. Left valve with anterior ear of moderate size, flat, triangular, with the extremity generally a little less than a right angle, sometimes very slightly rounded, separated from the margin below by an abruptly rounded or subangular sinus ; posterior ear slightly larger and much more acutely angular than the other, but shorter than the most prominent part of the margin below, from wliich it is separated by a mod- erately deep rather broadly rounded sinus ; beak small, com- pressed, scarcely projecting beyond the cardinal margin, and placed a little in advance of the middle of the hinge ; surface ornamented with linear, simple, often more or less flexuous costae, which alternate in size, the smaller ones dying out ut varying distances between the free margins and the umbo — crossing all of these are numerous, extremely fine, regular, closely arranged concentric striae, which, like the costae, are more or less distinctly defined on the ears, as well as on the body of the valve. Right valve unknown." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lecompton. A single specimen "of a left valve of this species agreeing very well indeed with Meek's description and figure was collected in the shale underlying the Upper Oread limestone at Lecompton. Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 125 PTEBIA. Pteria longa. Plate XVI, fig. 4. Oervillia longa Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 32, pi. ii, f, 15, (1866). Avieufa lonaa Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p 199, pi. ix, f. 8, (1872); Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. 578, pi. xxvi, f. 1, (1873); etc. Meek's description : " Shell nearly or quite equivalve ; body part obliquely elongated and more or less arcuate ; posterior end narrow and abruptly rounded ; base nearly straight and parallel to the cardinal margin behind, but ascending obliquely forward from near the middle of the valves ; anterior side ob- lique, and broadly and faintly sinuous under the ear. Hinge line about three-fourths the length of the valves, and provided with a marginal ridge, produced behind into a very narrow, elongated ear, considerably shorter than the oblique portion of the valves, from which it is separated by a deep sinus which narrows to an abruptly rounded or subangular extremity close under the ear ; anterior ear shorter and much broader than the other, in the left valve convex, with its extremity pointed, and faintly sinuous just below the point — separated from the swell of the umbo by an oblique sulcus extending from the anterior side of the same to the back part of the broad, shallow marginal sinus of the ear. Beaks of both valves convex, very oblique, placed one-fourth to one-fifth the length of tliB hinge back of the anterior extremity ; in the right valve, rising a little above the hinge, but in the left somewhat more prominent, according to Professor Geinitz's figures. Length of medium-sized speci- men, measuring obliquely from the extremity of the anterior ear to the posterior end of the body part of the valves, 9.61 inch ; height, measuring at right angles to the hinge, 9.33 inch ; length of hinge, about 9.23 inch.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence, Topeka. I 126 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Pteria sulcata. Plate XVI, fig. 3. Oervillia sulcata Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 33, pi. ii, f. 16, (1866). Avieufaf sulcata Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Greol. Sur^. Neb., p. 200, pi. ix, f. 9, (1872). All the specimens before me having the ears either broken off or not visible, Meek's description of Geinitz's figure is given, with remarks on the specimens at hand. '^ Rhombic oblique shell, with short, compressed, triangular anterior ear, defined by a faint, wide marginal sinus ; and a larger compressed, some- what elate, posterior ear, with a^ marginal ridge, showing a tendency to be produced into a narrow appendage behind, sepa- rated from the margin below by a rather deep, rounded sinus. The posterior basal extremity is rather narrowly rounded, but not much produced ; while the outline of the base is broadly semielliptical, and the umbo convex, and rising somewhat above the hinge line, which is apparently shorter than the greatest length of the valve. Surface ornamented by fine lines of growth , and before by two or three sulci, extending from the anterior side of the beak to the an tero- basal margin, leaving ridges be- tween which are more or less crenated by the crossing of the marks of growth ; just behind the posterior one of these sulci, the margin of the latter is ornamented with regular, rather strongly defined wrinkles, or little folds, some of which are pro- longed backward parallel to the lines of growth." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence. Most of our specimens are younger than the one figured by Meek and Geinitz, and, as a result, somewhat less ornamented. The ornamentation is varied somewhat in different individuals. In some the ridge between the sulci is very crenate, and less so in the others. It may easily be distinguished from the other species by the ornamentation of this part of the shell. Bbkdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 127 UMOPTEBIA. Meek and Worthen, Proc. Chio. Acad. Sci., I, p. 29, (1866). Lixnopteria longispina. Plate XVI, fig 6. Oervillia longigpinn Coz, Geol. Rep. Ky., iii, p. 568, pi. viii, f. 6, (1857). Monopteria longispina Keyes, Qeol. Surv. Mo., ▼, p. 114, pi. xliii, f. 1, (18dl). Shell elliptical-subquadrate in outline ; antero-dorsal margin nearly straight to the anterior margin, which is nearly circular, the curve rapidly decreasing again to the extremity of the shell, where it is sharply curved, almost angular ; the posterior mar- gin is a deep U-shaped sinus between the acute point of the ear and the extremity of the shell. Beak placed well forward ; shell very oblique ; umbonal ridge very prominent, extending to the extremity of the shell, greatest curve about one-third the distance from the beak, which protrudes slightly beyond the hinge line. Anterior portion of the shell quite convex. The deflection of the margin anterior to the beak, forming the lunule, is very sharp, almost angular, and extends backward some distance. The internal muscular impressions very faint, as excellently preserved casts show practically no traces of them. Spine acute, about three-fourths the length of the shell. The posterior ear is separated from the shell by a mo&erately well-defined depres- sion, which falls directly from the umbonal ridge, which is very prominent. Surface marked by concentric striae of growth which are nearly parallel to the outline of the shell. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner, Lawrence. Some specimens from Lawrence are extremely long when measured from the tip of the ear to the anterior margin. The great length of the ear, with the convexity of this portion of the shell, are its principal features. « 128 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Limopteria marian. Plate XVI, figs. 5-5c. Monopferia mnrian White, Prelim. Rep. Idv. Foas., p. 22, (1874); U. S Geog. Surv. West 100 Mer., iv, p. 151, pi. xi, ff. 4a-c, (1877). White's description (with additions): "Shell of moderate size, slender, nearly or quite equivalve, narrow and much ex- tended posteriorly, the curvature being much the greater in the anterior half of the shell, the posterior half being nearly straight ; body of the shell gradually tapering to near the pos- terior end, which is abruptly rounded ; a more or less promi- nent ridge, which is sometimes in part raised as a distinct carina, extends along the middle of the body of each valve from the beak to the posterior end ; from this carina, or angle, the sides slope abruptly to both the inferior and upper borders, so that a cross-section of tlie shell behind the ear would have a rhomboidal outline ; beaks moderately prominent, separate ; hinge equal in length to about one-half the full length of the shell, and its direction is nearly parallel with the posterior half of the body; posterior wing well developed, not sharply defined from the body by an auricular furrow ; its cardinal portion narrow and moderately extended ; anterior ear obso- lete ; lunule moderately large and deep, the borders of which are slightly prominent laterally, but its margins sharply rounded inward. Surface smooth in aspect, but it is marked by very numerous fine lines of growth. Length, from the front to the posterior extremity, about 4 cm. ; height, from the base to hinge margin, 18 mm. ; average width of the body of the shell, about 1 cm." We have a left valve, probably of a large specimen of this species, showing part of the muscular impressions. The ad- ductor is located behind the umbonal ridge, just above and in front of the rp^rginal sinus formed by the ear and the body of the shell. From the lower side of the impressions a slight line runs directly forward across the umbonal ridge, then turns abruptly and runs toward the anterior end of the lunule, but fades out at about two-thirds of the distance. In front of the scar, and crossing the front edge of it, is a line at right angles to the first, beginning a little above the scar and fading out Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 129 about half way to the lower end ; beyond the line appears to be a very indistinct furrow near to the ventral margin. In a cast of what appears to be a right valve of another specimen the adductor impression is shown , located nearly opposite to that of the left as described above. It is situated mostly be- hind the umbonal ridge but extends over it, is deeper and roundly ovate. The pallial line extends from the lower side of the impression a little forward and then upward, reaching to the anterior edge of the beak. The umbonal ridge appears to be much less sharp in this specimen than in the other. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner, Topeka. This species may be easily distinguished from the foregoing by its more slender form, more gently curving front, and less spinous ear. Limopteria gibbosa. Plate XVI, fig. 9. Pt€rinin{^fonopfer^ct) gihbnsn Meek and Worthen, Greol. Surv. 111., ii, p. a%, pi. xxvii, flf. 11-llb, (1866). Monnpferin gibhosa White, 13th Ann. Rep. Ind. St. Geol.,p. 139, pi. xxx, flF. 11,12,(1884). Monofiterin ( Pferinfa) a^bbo^n Heilprin, 2dGeol. Surv. Penn., Ann. Rep. 1885, p. 455, f. 11a, p. 444, f. 11, (1886). White's description : '* Shell, exclusive of the wing and pos- terior prominence, irregularly suborbicular in marginal out- line ; the valves moderately convex or a little gibbous ; the anterior and basal margins forming an almost regular semicir- cular curve; posterior portion of the shell produced, narrow and narrowly rounded, or subangular, at the extremity; wing slender, compressed and extending backward as far as the nar- row extremity, between which the posterior margin forms a deep, broad notch, that is narrowly rounded at the bottom; umbonal ridge moderately distinct; beaks equal, not so far forward as the front margin of the shell ; anterior lunule deep ; cardinal border not so long as the full diameter of the shell ; surface marked only by the ordinary lines of growth. Length, from posterior extremity to front, 27 mm. ; height, from base to beaks, 23 mm." 130 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner, •Lawrence. The short, gibbous shell with a moderately long spine sepa- rates this species from the rest of the genus. Limopteria alata. Plate V, fig. 6. Monopteria gibbosa alata Beede, Kans. UdIv. Quart., vii, p. 188, f. 5, (1898). Shell small, extremely thin, laterally compressed; beak ex- tending a trifle beyond the hinge line, prominent on account of the lunule, but not much elevated, and placed well back for a member of this genus ; umbonal ridge less prominent than in any other species of the genus and less curved . Posterior ear very greatly developed, about equaling the entire body of the shell in area. Antero-dorsal margin sinuate on account of the turn- ing down of the margin to form the lunule ; anterior margin circular nearly to the postero- ventral extremity of the shell, which is acute ; the posterior margin consists of a broad, shal- low sinus, extending from the postero-ventral end to the point of the ear, which is apparently rounded and obtuse. The ear is not separated from the shell by a distinct depression, but slopes gradually from the umbonal swell, save at the extreme lower edge, where the depression is more abrupt. Very fine con- centric lines of growth are visible, all of which pass around the shell with a double curve to the ear, where they again curve backward, and then forward to the hinge line. Length, 20 mm. ; depth, 18 mm. ; convexity of single valve, a trifle less than 4 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner, Lawrence . This shell differs from L. gibbosa M. and W., to which it is most closely related in some respects, in being much less gib- bous, the ear much larger and more obtuse, antero dorsal out- line more sinuous, umbonal ridge more nearly straight and less prominent, beak placed farther back, and the depression sepa- rating the ear from the umbonal ridge more shallow. Bkbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 131 Limopteria snbalata. Platr XXI, figs. 3a, 3b. Monopteriaf auhalata Beede and Rogers, Kans. Univ. Quart, viii, p.* 133, pL XXXIV, ff. 3a, 3b, (1899). Shell moderately small, subcrescentic in outline, gibbous, a little longer than high ; valves subequal, but beak prominent, slightly projecting, somewhat inflated, situated about one-fifth the length of the shell from the anterior margin, which is trun- cated, on account of the lunule which is formed by the turning in of the shell. The anterior margin is convex below. Ventral margin broadly rounded to the postero-ventral extremity, where it is abruptly rounded to meet the concave posterior. Hinge short and straight; posterior ear but slightly developed ; um- bonal ridge prominent, somewhat sickle-shaped, sloping abruptly posteriorly, forming a cavity broadly convex anteriorly. Sur- face marked by moderately distinct lines of growth. Length, 16 mm. ; height, 14 mm. ; convexity of single valve, 4 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence, Topeka. At two localities in the lower part of the Upper Coal Meas- ures are found great numbers of Limopteria, Beside the three large species are found two smaller species, L. alata and i. mb- alata; one with an exceedingly large wing and compressed shell, and the other with a gibbous shell and the wing almost want- ing. There are many variations of the two species and they seem to grade into the other species to some extent, but differ sufiiciently, so far as we can observe, from even the young of those, to be considered as distinct. The size of the shell and the exceedingly small ear easily separate L. aubalata from any other member of the genus. 132 University Geological Survey of Kansas. P8ETJD0M0V0TI8. Beyriflh, ZoitMh. der Deatach. GeoL QeaellMh., XIV, (1862). PsendomonotiB hawni. Plate XIII, figs. 11-^llc; plate XV, figs. 1-lf, 2, 2a. MonotfB hawnf Meek and Hayden, Trans. Alb. Inst.^, iv, p. 76, (1858); Proo. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1859, p. 28. Eumicrot^tM hawni Meek and Havden, Pal. Upp. Mo., p. 54, pi. ii, ff. 5a-<3, (1864); White, 13th Ann. 'Rep. Ind. St. Geol., p. 142, pi. xxx, MO, (1884); etc. Meek and Hayden's description: ** Shell subcircular, or subovate ; hinge straight, equaling about half the length of the valves; beaks subcentral, short, not oblique; ears nearly obsolete ; base rounded ; antero-ventral and postero- ventral margins rounded, the latter being somewhat more prominently rounded than the other. Left valve convex ; anterior mar- gin sometimes slightly sinuous near the hinge above ; poste- rior margin intersecting the hinge at an obtuse angle ; beak convex, extending but little beyond the hinge line. Right valve nearly or quite fiat ; beak flat, not projecting beyond the hinge ; byssal sinus narrow, deep, or extending back parallel to the hinge to a point nearly under the beak. Surface of both valves, par- ticularly the left one, ornamented by more or less distinct radi- ating costse, which are usually separated by spaces three or four times their own breadth, and armed with regularly disposed vaulted, spinelike prominences, formed apparently from the pro- jecting laminae of growth. Between each two of the principal radiating costse from one to three or four much smaller radiat- ing ribs or lines are usually seen, crossed by obscure concen- tric markings. Hinge and muscular impressions unknown. Length, 1.47 inches ; height, 1.42 inches ; convexity, about 0.40 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner, Law- rence, near Topeka. To the above synonyms should be added, I think, P. radialis Meek, described in the Nebraska report. From his description and figures, it seems to agree more closely with P. kaxvni than with any other form. BsBDB.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 188 Psendomonotis kansasensis, nom. dot. Plate XIV, figs. 1-ld. Pseudomonotis tenuiatriata sp.? var.? Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 81, pi. xvni, ff. 1-ld, (1899).8 Shell large, ovate in outline, rather compressed ; beak moder- ately prominent, projecting beyond the hinge, which is nearly straight. Anterior ear small, rounded to meet the hinge, rather fiat, the shell rising rather abruptly to the swell of the umbo. Anterior margin slightly sinuate ; antero-ventral margin broadly rounded to the ventral portion of the shell, where it becomes nearly straight, then rounding more abruptly to the posterior ear, which is also rounded to the hinge. Greatest convexity a trifle below the beak, but it is very slight. The surface is marked by many fine, wavy, radiating striae of uniform size, ex- tending from the beak to the ventral margin ; occasionally one striation will be a trifle larger than another on the central por- tion of the shell, but it soon loses itself, and on old individuals the striae on the ventral border are all about equal. They in- crease by implantation and are rather sharply defined, sepa- rated by troughs from one to three times their width, and are generally crossed by fine concentric lines or laminae. Right valve unknown. Height, 62 mm. ; length, 69 mm. ;• length of hinge, 23 mm. ; convexity, 10 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner, To- peka. Auburn (Shawnee county). This species dififers from P. ha^vni in always having small, regular striae and shorter hinge in the large individuals, as well as being a larger species. PseudomonotiB? robnsta. Plate XIV, figs. 2-2c. Pseudomonotisf robuata sp.? yar.? Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 82, pi. XVIII, flf. 2-2c, (1899). This shell dififers from the preceding in being much more con- vex and arcuate, in having a longer hinge, higher umbo, beak very much more compressed and scarcely distinct from the 8. Throuffh the kindness of Mr. Charles Sohnchert, my attention was oall#d to the description of a species of this genns nnder the name tenuistrUUa, by Mr. Bittner. The paper was pnb- lishea in the Jahrbnch der K. K. G^log. Beichsanstaltt xliz, hefts iii and iv, (1889). The species i« from the Triassic of central Asia. As the paper probably appeared before my article, the name of the Kansas species will have to be changed. Kan9aseniiis is proposed as the new name of the species. 9. The specimen need as the tvpe is somewhat crushed on the posterior end, making tiw shell appear longer than it really is. The length given here is that of the specimen in Its crashed condition. 134 University Geological Survey of Kansas, umbo, not projecting very sensibly above the hinge. The striae are more regular and much fainter, and either very indistinct or absent on at least the upper third of the shell. Both concen- tric wrinkles and lamellse of growth are distinct. Length, 48 mm. ; convexity, 18 mm. ; height, 42 mm. ; length of hinge about 28 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner. This species differs from P, hawni in being very arcuate, hav- ing a plain umbo, and full anterior and posterior marginal outlines, and fine, even striae on the margins. It differs from P. kansasensis in its broad, smooth umbo and indistinct beak, long hinge, and more circular outline. Pgeudomonotis hawni eanistriata. Plate XIV, figs. 3-3b. Pseudomonotis hawni equistriata Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., O. 82. pi. XVIII. flf. 3-3b, (1899). Shell of medium size, ovate in outline, moderately to quite gibbous, a little oblique with respect to the hinge ; beak moder- ately prominent, extending to or a little beyond the hinge, which is about half the length of the shell and somewhat arcuate. Umbo quite gibbous. Posterior ear very slightly developed, merging into and forming a slight sinus in the posterior mar- gin ; ventral, antero- and postero-veutral margins regularly rounded ; anterior margin sinuate in the upper portion on ac- count of the anterior ear, which is small and round. The sur- face is marked by fine, somewhat regular, rather wavy striae, which increase by intercalation, each fourth to tenth being usually a little larger than the remainder, though not very con- spicuously so. Small lamellae of growth sometimes distinguish- able. Some of the striae extend nearly to the beak. The right valve is flat, or a little concave ; otherwise unknown. Measure- ments, two specimens: Height, 31 mm., 84 mm.; length, 24 mm., 26 mm. ; convexity, 7 mm., 13 mm. ; length of hinge, 12 mm., 16 mm. These two specimens represent the extremes of convexity. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner. This variety differs from P. hawni in being a shorter shell and BsBDB.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 135 a little more convex, having regular striae, and in being a little smaller. P. cf, hawni, in the article above referred to, should also be considered as a true member of the species. The species here separated are, I believe, distinct from P. hawni; and this variety is worthy of varietal distinction, as often shells of these kinds are found in localities where the others are absent and some method of distinguishing the two forms of the species is necessary. POSIBONOMYA. Bronn. Leth. Geogn., (1837). Poaidonomya? recnrva. Plate XIX, figs. 6-6c. Posidonomya f recur va Beede, KaDS. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 126, pi. xxxii, f. 6, (1899). Shell of medium size, lenticular, oblique, and thin. The hinge line is nearly straight, about two-thirds the length of the shell. The beak is moderately prominent, recurved, projecting very slightly beyond the hinge. The greatest convexity is on the upper half of the shell and constitutes the umbonal swell, which is moderately prominent and curved backward, making the shell oblique. The surface is marked by concentric undula- tions of growth, and fine, closely set, concentric stria?. Height, 23 mm. ; length, 23 mm. ; convexity of valve, about 4 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures; Lawrence. A specimen from the dam, at Lawrence, and shown in figs. 6b, 6c, Plate XIX, is probably of the same species, though it has a somewhat different appearance and outline. It shows the beak projecting beyond the hinge, and the cast of the interior shows the beak to have been hollow beyond the hinge. The cast figured is of both valves in place, one of which is slightly crushed. It may be a distinct species, though as it is from the same horizon it is probable that the difference is individual rather than specific. The character of the hinge and the internal markings are too poorly shown in our specimens to permit of accurate location of the species. It resembles very much in appearance species of the genus Posidonomya, to which it is provisionally referred, and with which it agrees in its surface markings and in having a 136 University Oeologiccd Survey of Kansas. very thin shell. It also agrees very well in these respects with Paracyclas, but that genus is not at present known from the Carboniferous. Posidonomya? pertennis. Plate XIX, fig. 5. PoHdonomya f perienuis Beede, Keds. Univ. Quart, viii, p. 127, pi. xxxii, f. 5, (1899). Shell a little larger than in the previous species and less oblique. Transversely ovate in outline, very thin, quite com- pressed. Hinge line is nearly straight, about equaling half the length of the shell. The posterior? margin is somewhat trun- cate and nearly straight ; anterior extension of the hinge longer than the posterior, rather flat, not separated from the shell by well-defined depression. The front and ventral margins regu- larly rounded. The shell is compressed, probably most convex near the middle ; beak obtuse, not very prominent, protruding above the hinge line. The surface is marked by concentric un- dulations of growth, and fine, close, concentric striae. Height, 40 mm. ; length, 36 mm. ; convexity of single valve, 4 or 5 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence. This species belongs to the same genus as the preceding. It has some resemblance to the figure of Keyes,^® which he refers to Placunopsis carbonaria, though it is very difficult to see why it should be referred to that genus or species ; his species may be the same as the one here described. MODIOLA. Lamarck, Hist. Nat. les Anim. sans Vert., ( 1801). Modiola subelliptica. Clidophorus (Pleurophorus) occidentals Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 23, pi. II, f. 6, (1866). Modiola f Mubelliptica Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv Neb., 211, pi. X, f. 5, (1872;. Meek's description : ** Shell narrow, subelliptical, rather con- vex, extremely thin, usually a little more than twice as long as high ; basal margin nearly straight, or sometimes very slightly convex or sinuous near the middle, rounding up at each ex- 10. Geol. Snrr. Mo., V, p. 106, pi. zliii, fig. 9. Bkeds.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 137 tremity ; anterior margin narrowly rounded ; posterior extremity more compressed, and more broadly rounded, sometimes a little oblique above ; cardinal margin somewhat straightened along the middle, but rounding imperceptibly into the anterior and posterior extremities ; beaks much depressed ; or scarcely dis- tinct from the cardinal margin, moderately convex, and placed very near the anterior margin, but not terminal ; umbonal slopes forming a very obscure narrow ridge, which extends, with a slight curve from each umbo, to the posterior basal margin. Surface marked with moderately distinct lines of growth, which on the posterior dorsal region above the umbonal ridge are crossed by very minute or microscopic radiating and rather dis- tinctly divericating stride. Length of the largest specimen seen, 1.03 inches ; height of the same, 1.43 inches ; convexity, about 0.25 inch.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. MYALINA. de Koninck, Desc. Anim. Foss. Garb. Belgr., p. 125, (1814). Myalina swallovi. Plate XVI, fig. 7. Myalina swallovi McChesney, Desc. New Pal. Foss., p. 57, (1860); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 201, pi. ix, ff. 7a, b, (1872); etc. Aucella hausmani Greinitz, Carb. u. Dyas. in Neb., p. 25, pi. ii, f. 8, (1866). Meek's description: "Shell rather small, nearly or quite equivalve, modioliform or mytiloid, convex, or even subangu- lar, along the umbonal slopes from the beak to the anterior basal margin ; posterior and postero-dorsal regions, cuneate ; cardinal margin nearly straight, and about half the length of the shell, passing almost imperceptibly or without any angu- larity into the posterior margin, which rounds down with a semicircular curve to the narrowly rounded basal extremity ; antero-basal margin ascending obliquely forward, more or less sinuous near the middle or sometimes a little above, usually swelling out into kind of lobe or protuberance above the middle in front of the umbonal slope, as in Modiola. This prominence sometimes extends a little beyond the beaks, and varies more lO-vi 138 University Geological Survey of Kansas. or less in breadth. Beaks small, very oblique, not projecting beyond the cardinal margin, and located so near the anterior extremity as often to appear very nearly terminal. Surface rather smooth, but showing fine concentric lines, which in well- preserved specimens are sometimes crossed by very fine, ob- scure traces or radiating strisB that curve upward on the posterior dorsal region." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Topeka, Turner, Lawrence. Myalina sabguadrata. Plate XVI, fi^s. 10, 10b. Myalina auhquadratrt Shumard, Greol. Surv. Mo., p. 207, pi. C, f. 17, (1855); Meek, Fin. Rep, U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., 202, pi. iv, f. 12, pi. IX, f. 6(1872); etc. Meek's description : ** Shell large and thick, oblong or sub- quadrate, the height being greater than the antero-posterior diameter ; right valve nearly flat ; left convex, both somewhat compressed and alate above and behind the umbonal promi- nence. Hinge line nearly straight, about equaling the greatest breadth of the valve, and ranging at right angles to the vertical axis ; the basal margin regularly rounded ; posterior margin nearly vertical, rounding into the base below, a little sinuous above the middle, and intersecting the hinge above at very nearly right angles; anterior margin thickened within, round- ing into base, thence rising nearly vertically with a broadly rounded concavity mainly above the middle. Beaks terminal and directed forward. Cardinal plate or area usually rather broad, with cartilage furrows distinctly defined. Surface of the left valve marked with fine concentric striae, and stronger imbricating lamellsB of growth. These markings are much less distinct on the right valves." Range and distribution: Kansas City, Melvern (Osage county), Topeka, Lawrence. This species can readily be distinguished from the previous by its much larger size, by the hinge forming about a right angle with the vertical axis, and by the sinuosity or at least straight manner in which the margin approaches the posterior end of the hinge. BsBDB.] CarboniferovAi Invertebrates. 139 Myalina ampla. Plate XVI, figs. 1, lb. Myalina ainpla Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upp.lMo., p. 33, ff. A, B, (1864). Myalina aubquadrata Meek and Hayden, ibid., p. 32. Meek and Hayden's description : ^' Shell attaining a large size, compressed and somewhat alate in the postero-dorsal region, and convex anteriorly — considerably higher than long ; posterior margin forming a broad gentle curve, being nearly straight and ranging almost vertically near the middle, and curving forward so as to intersect the hinge at an obtuse, undefined angle above, while below it arches regularly forward into the rather narrowly rounded base ; anterior margin thickened within above, broadly arcuate or concave in outline, its curvature being nearly paral- lel to that of the posterior margin. Beaks terminal, directed forward; umbonal ridge most prominent and obUque above, and in adult shells curving downwards so as to range nearly vertically near the middle. Hinge line straight, and ranging nearly at right angles to the longer or vertical axis of the valves ; cartilage furrows distinct, straight, and in mature shells numbering about ten or twelve ; area broad. Height, about 4 inches ; antero-posterior diameter at the middle, 2.40 inches ; convexity of a left valve, 0.83 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; the type specimen was collected at Leavenworth. There is one specimen in the collection from the type locality which probably belongs to this species, the only difference being that the lines of growth do not bend quite so sharply forward as in the ones figured by Meek. The principal difi^er- ences between this shell and M. aubquadrata are : Very convex posterior outline instead of a straight or concave outline, greater /Size, and the curving forward of the lines of growth. Meek was in doubt as to whether it was the same as M. sub- quadrata of Shumard or not. He proposes the name at the close of the description of the shell, and comments upon it, stating that he is of the opinion that it is a distinct species. Later, in the final report on Nebraska, he states, in the discussion of M. aubquadrata (page 203) : **The large species figured by Doctor Hayden and the writer on page 33 of the Paleontology of the 140 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Upper Missouri as M. suhqtiadrata is, as we then suspected, a distinct species, differing in having the posterior margin round- ing forward into the hinge above, and not sinuous or meeting the hinge at right angles, as in M. subquadrata. It will have to take the name M. ampla, suggested by us for it, in case it should be found distinct.'* I have collected a large specimen of this species near Topeka with both valves present, but separated. Myalina kansasensis. Plate XVI, fig. 11. Mynlina kanHaaensiH Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 213, (1858); Keyes, Greol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 117, pi. xliii, f. 5, (1894). Original description: ** Shell sub-rhomboidal, sub-inequi- valve, inequilateral, gibbous, the left valve more gibbous than the right ; height about double the length ; in young specimens the greatest length is at the cardinal border, but in the adult toward the pallial margin ; cardinal margin oblique, slightly arched, and forming with the posterior border an angle of about 120° ; posterior margin rather strongly arched in adult specimens, and very gently rounded in the young ; pallial mar- gin rounded ; buccal margin concave ; umbones very prominent anteriorly, and declining with a moderate slope to the posterior margin; anterior slope very abrupt; beaks terminal, attenu- ated, directed obliquely forward, incurved ; surface with strong, imbricating, sub-equidistant, concentric lamellae, whose free edges are often irregularly crenate ; lamellse most prominent on the left valve. The ligament face is broad, marked with equidistant, close, deeply impressed lines parallel to the cardi- nal edge, the number varying with the age of the shell ; be- neath these is a rather broad, smooth space, which is continuous with a similar space extending from the pallial region. Each valve exhibits a singular muscular impression, which is large, ovate, and situated towards the posterior margin. Height, 2i inches; length, 1.17 inches; thickness, 0.88 inch. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Argentine, Cowley county, Neosho river near Council Grove. This species may be easily recognized by the arched lamellae BsxBB.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 141 of the shell when these are not worn away, and also by the convexity of the left valve and the small angle formed by the hinge line and anterior margin (exclusive of the beaks) . Myalina? ezasperata. PJate XIX, fi^. 4. Myalinaf exasperata Beede, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 128, pi. xxxii, f. 4, (1890). Shell cuneate-ovate in outline ; beaks pointed, terminal ; shell very thin, apparently composed of a single layer, compressed; valves nearly or quite equal. The anterior? margin nearly straight above, and merging into the narrowly rounded ventral region ; the posterior? region similar to the anterior, but more oblique. The surface is granular and marked by indistinct, rather broad, concentric striae. Height, 43 mm.; length, 28 mm. ; convexity, 3 mm. ; length of hinge, about 29 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. The hinge of this shell is not suflSciently well shown to per- mit of its proper classification. It is left in Myalina for the present, for want of better information concerning its beak and muscular impressions. The extreme thinness of the shell makes it very probable that it does not belong to that genus. Myalina perattenuata. Plate XVI, fig. 8. MynUna peralfp.nuatn Meek and Hayden, Trans. Albany Inst., iv, p. 77, (1858); Pal. Upp. Mo., p. 32, pi. i, ff. 12a, b, (1864). Meek and Hayden's description : ** Shell very thin and frag- ile, obliquely elongate, narrow and slightly arcuate ; valves convex anteriorly, and compressed behind. Beaks pointed, terminal, and attenuate ; hinge line equaling rather more than half the entire length of the shell, and ranging at an angle of about fifty degrees above the oblique anterior margin. Posterior border sloping from the end of the hingCj nearly parallel to the anterior side above, and rounding to the narrow antero-basal extremity below ; anterior margin of the valves a little arcuate, and rather abruptly deflected inward from the umbonal ridge above the middle, and in outline nearly straight below. Um- bonal slopes prominent from the beaks down the anterior side. Surface with obscure subimbricating marks of growth. Length, 142 University Geological Survey of Kansas. from the beaks to the postero-basal extremity, 1.50 inches ; breadth, 0.65 inch ; convexity, about 0.44 inch.'* Range and distribution : Upper Goal Measures ; Topeka. This species can be distinguished at once from M. subquadrata by the small angle at the beaks. It differs markedly from M, swallovi in its attenuate beak, and the fact that the beak is not recurved and the umbonal ridge is more nearly straight. Myalina congeneris. Plate XVI, figs. 2, 2b. Myalina congeneris Walcott, Pal. Eureka Dist., Mon. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 8, p. 237, pi. XIX, f. 6, pi. xxii, f. 10. Walcott's description : ** Shell oblong, the height being twice the width even in the broad examples ; hinge line straight and ranging at an angle of &0^ with the nearly straight anterior margin ; base narrow, but rather broadly rounded, posterior very broadly rounded, curving slightly inwards towards the cardinal line. General surface of the valves strongly convex towards the front border, and beaks becoming more depressed on the posterior portion. Surface of both valves marked by slightly imbricated lamellae of growth." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. Walcott does not mention the nature of the hinge line in his description. In one of our specimens the beak is exposed, showing it to be acute, extending a little beyond the hinge. The hinge line is similar to that of M, swallovi in having a sin- gle groove, but there is no swell in front of the beak. Our specimens agree more closely with the narrow form as figured on Plate XIX. Our Kansas forms are from nearly the same horizon as M. perattemiata, to which they are most closely related, but differ in having their anterior and posterior margins parallel, and, as a consequence, are not trigonal in outline and the anterior margin is straight, while that of M, perattenuata is concave. Bbede.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 143 AYIOULOPINNA. Meek. Amer. Joar. Soi., XLIV, p. 283, ( 1867 ). Aviculopinna amerioana. Plate XVIII, fig. 2. Avicula pinnceformia Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 31, pi. ii, f. 13, (not S. pinnceformis Geinitz, 1848), (1866). Aviculopinna nmerfcana Meek, Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. ii, xliv, p. 282, (1867); Fin. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 197, pi. ix,ff. 12a-d, (1872); Pal. Ohio, II, p. 337, pi. xx, f. 2, (1875); Herrick, Bull. Den. Univ., ii, p. 38, pi. I, f. 20, (1887); Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 115, (1894). Meek's description ; '* Shell small, compressed, with the slen- der elongated form of some of the Carboniferous species of Pinna ; cardinal and ventral margins generally nearly straight (the latter being more convex in outline) and converging gradually from behind to the rather obtusely pointed anterior extremity ; posterior side truncated, rounding into the base, and inter- *secting the posterior extremity of the hinge very nearly at right angles — a little sinuous just below the extremity of the hinge. Cardinal margin so slightly convex in outline as to ap- pear quite straight, very nearly equaling the greatest length of the valves, and provided with a well-developed marginal ridge, which narrows to a mere line, or dies out before reaching the beaks, and widens gradually to the posterior extremity. Beaks nearly or quite obsolete, extremely oblique, and very slightly behind the very narrow, obtusely pointed, anterior extremity. Surface with two or three broad, nearly obsolete radiating ridges on the posterior dorsal region, and ornamented by nu- merous slender, very regularly disposed and abruptly elevated lines or lamellae, much narrower than the spaces between, and curving gracefully parallel to the posterior border, while on the basal half of the valves they are closely approximate and curved forward.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lansing (Leavenworth county) , Topeka. Aviculopinna illinoiensis. Plate XVII, figs. 1-lc. Aviculopinna illinoienRis Worthen, Bull. No. 2 III. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 13, (1884); Geol. Surv. 111., viii, p. 128, pi. xx, flf. 5, 5a, (1890). Shell of medium size, both valves convex ; dorsal and ventral margins moderately curved, converging at an angle of about 20°. Beak very small and indistinct but placed about as in 144 University Geological Survey of Kansas. A. aviericana. Surface ornamented with concentric lines paral- lel to the posterior end of the shell. They are directed from the hinge line obliquely backward until they pass the central part of the valve, where they curve rapidly forward, finally be- coming nearly parallel to the ventral margin before reaching it. These lines are sharp, thread-like elevations or lamellae, abruptly elevated from the surface of the shell and separated by broad, shallow spaces of several tirae^ their width. Length of specimen ( the posterior portion is shortened by compres- sion), 65 mm.; height, at the posterior end, 19 mm.; con- vexity, 9 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, head of Deer creek ( western portion of Douglas county ) . This specimen agrees with Worthen's description and figures, except that the angle formed by the dorsal and ventral margins is a little smaller. Itdifi^ers from A. americanam being a little more convex, larger, in having the lines farther apart and larger. PINNA. Lianieas, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., (175S). Pinna peracuta. Plate XVII, figs. 3, 3b. Pinna peracuta Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 214, (1858) : Meek, Fin. Kep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 198, pi. vi, flf. 11a, b, (1872); White, U. S. Geog. Surv. West 100 Mer., iv, p. 151, pi. xi, f. 5a, (1877); etc. See Weller, Bull. 153 U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 429, (1898). Pinna adamsi, McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 74, (1860). Meek's description: ** Shell thin, very narrow, elongated, and tapering gradually and regularly from the larger to the smaller extremity ; convex or almost subcylindrical, excepting toward the posterior extremity, which is compressed and ob- liquely rounded, or subtruncated. Hinge margin very long, and almost perfectly straight — carinated in consequence of the sudden erection of the dorsal edges of the valves ; ventral mar- gin equally as straight as the dorsal, and ranging at an angle of about 12° with the latter. Surface nearly smooth, or showing very obscure lines of growth." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka. Bbkdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 145 Pinna subspatulata. Plate XVII, fig. 2; plate XVIII, figs. 1, Id, and 3. Pinna subspatulata Worthen, Greol. Surv. 111., vi, p. 524, pi. xxx, f. 4, (1875). Shell very large, triangular in outline, cardinal and ventral margins diverging at an angle of about twenty degrees ; com- pressed laterally. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight, the dorsal slightly convex. Surface ornamented by very fine lines of growth with occasionally larger ones ; beginning at the dorsal margin, which is ridged, the lines pass across the cen- tral portion of the valve nearly transversely and curve rapidly forward, finally reaching the ventral edge several centimeters in front of their origin in the dorsal margin. The hinge fur- row down the dorsal margin makes a corresponding ridge on the outside of the shell. Length of specimen, incomplete at both ends, 23 cm. ; from broken posterior edge to the beaks, or apex of the angle formed by the sides, 27 cm. ; height at the posterior end, 5.5 cm. ; convexity ( both valves), in the central portion of the shell, about three-sevenths the height at that place. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. This species differs from P, peracuta Shumard in being much more compressed, and the angle of the dorsal and ventral mar- gins being about twice as large. If the concentric lines of growth cross the shell and reach the ventral margin nearly as' directly as the figure indicates, and the angle at the anterior end of the shell is as small as represented, they will sharply dis- tinguish our species from P. subspatulata Worthen. He makes no statement concerning the convexity of the shell, but accord- ing to the figure it appears nearly flat, even more so than our specimen. Some large specimens from near Kansas City, all of which are either incomplete or crushed, may belong to this species, or may be exceedingly large specimens of P. peracuta Shumard. Near the anterior end they are very much more convex than the Topeka specimens while they are nearly fiat at the poste- rior end. The angle of divergence of the anterior end is about the same as in P. peracuta. 146 University Geological Survey of Kansas. MAOBODON. Lyoett, UuTch, Oeol. Chelt.. (1845). Macrodon sangamonensiB? Plate XX, figs. 2-2b. Macrodon aangamonenaia Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., viii, p. 123, pi. xxi, ff. 3, 3a, (1890). Worthen'8 description : " Shell large, transversely elongated, hinge line equal to about four-fifths of the entire length of the shell. Posterior margin compressed and obliquely truncated, so as to meet the hinge line at a rather acute angle ; posterior extremity quite narrow and rounding gently downward to the basal margin. Anterior margin regularly rounded from the anterior extremity to the basal margin, which is slightly sinu- ous about the middle. Beak depressed, strongly incurved, placed about one-fifth the length of the hinge line from the anterior extremity. A gradually widening depression extends from the beaks to the posterior extremity on the dorsal margin, and on this flattened portion six or seven strong striae may be seen, which extend from the beak to the posterior extremity. Strong lines of growth extend around the basal margin, and minute transverse striae are visible under a lens, especially on the anterior portion of the shell. Length, 2i inches ; length of hinge, If inches; height, || inch; convexity of the valve, -j\ inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Turner (Wy- andotte county) . It is with much hesitation that I refer these specimens to this species, even provisionally. The specimens from Turner are very closely related on the one hand to M, sangavionensu Worthen, and on the other to M. siriains ( Schloth . ) . They differ from the former in not possessing minute radiating striae on the anterior portion of the shell, but striae larger than on any other part of the shell except on and above the umbonal ridge, and in possessing a large shallow sinus with obsolete costae in the central portion of the shell. It differs from M, striatus also in the obsolete area in the central or sinuate portion of the shell, and very markedly in the nature of the teeth in the front of the hinge ; in M. striatus (as represented by King) there are Besdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 147 three or four teeth on the anterior of the hinge which are but slightly oblique, having a small angle with the long teeth of the posterior part of the shell. The first three teeth are much more oblique, and just back of them are six small, round teeth, back of which are two or three teeth oblique in the opposite direction to those on the front of the hinge. It differs from M. carbonariu^ (Cox) in the area of obsolete striae, in having the beak placed farther toward the rear, in having the coarse striae in front, and the posterior margin curving farther forward to meet the hinge. These specimens are from about the same locality as that figured by Keyes as M, sangamonensis ? Keyes's" figure agrees exactly with neither M. sangamonensis as figured by Worthen, nor entirely with our specimens, and, inasmuch as there is no description given that will distinguish this from several other species of the genus, I am in doubt as to whether his figure represents a specimen more like M. sangamonensis or like ours ; but he has the hinge line indicated as longer than the rest of the shell and the umbonal ridge as nearly destitute of striae, while our specimens possess large striae at this place. It is with some difficulty that the young of these specimens can be distinguished from JIf . tenuisiriatus Meek, but the striae are much heavier on the anterior than on the central portions of the shell, even in the young specimens. The outline and general appearance aside from this are very similar. Macrodon obsoletus. Plate XX, figr* 13. Macrodon ohsoletuH Meek, List Carb. Foss. W. Va., v, (Ex. Rep. Reg. Univ. W. Va.), (1871); Geol. Surv. Ohio, ii, Pal., p. 334, pi. xix, f. 9. Shell oblong, elliptical, of medium size ; hinge line about equaling the length of the shell ; anterior margin making a right angle, or sometimes less, with the hinge line, and round- ing gradually into the ventral margin, which is a little sinuate near the center and nearly parallel with the hinge line ; pos- terior margin abruptly but regularly rounded, curving forward to meet the hinge line. Sinus across the shell from the umbo to 11. Gen. Surv. Mo., V, p. 121, pi. xlvi, f. 2, (1894). 148 University Geological Survey of Kansas, the ventral margin nearly obsolete ; sinus along the hinge line widening considerably at the posterior extremity, making the posterior umbonal convexity narrow. Valves rather convex. There are three long teeth on the posterior portion of the hinge, nearly parallel, but apparently do not reach more than one-third the distance from the posterior to the anterior end of the shell ; beneath the umbo there are four or more small, comb-like, trans- verse teeth. In front of these there is a thickening of the shell ; anterior to the thickening of the shell, and near the front, are one or two large, oblique teeth making an angle of about 45^ with the hinge line. Concentric lines of growth visible, dis- tinct but not prominent. Length, 20 mm. ; height, 7 mm. ; convexity, single valve, 5 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Olathe, Tur- ner, Lawrence. I am able to find no trace of radiating striae, mentioned by Meek, on these specimens. However, the specimens appear ta have been water- worn before being enclosed in the matrix, and may have been abraded. The specimens seem to be identical with some from Carbon Hill, Ohio, except that the latter are a little larger. The hinge markings are also very similar. The anterior margin of the shell often meets the hinge line at an angle of less than 90° ; otherwise it seems to correspond very well to M. obsoletas. NUCULANA. Likn, Ro8t. Samml., Ill, p. &5, ( 1807). Nncnlana bellistriata. * Plate XX, figs. 14, 14b. Leda bellistriata Stevens, Amer. Jour. Sci., (2), xxv, p. 261, (1858). Nucfda (Leda) kazanenais Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 190, (1858). Nucnlana bellistriata White, 13th Rep. Ind. St. Greol., p. 146, pi. xxxi,. flf. 8,9, (1884). White's description : '* Shell transversely elongate-subovate, gibbous anteriorly and attenuate behind ; basal margin broadly convex, straightened in the middle ; anterior margin narrowly rounded ; posterior margin very narrow ; postero-dorsal mar- gin nearly straight, sloping backward and a little downward from the beaks ; umbonal ridges well defined, situated near to- Bbbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates, 149 the postero-dorsal margin, their outline, as seen from above, forming an elongate ellipse which has a concave surface on eack eide of the median ridge, which is formed by the upflexed margins of the valves there ; umbones prominent ; beaks in- curved, situated about two-fifths the full length of the shell from its front; surface marked by fine, regular, concentric, raised strioe, which are obsolete upon the umbonal ridges and the space which they enclose." Length of our specimen, 27 mm. ; height, 14 mm. ; con- vexity, 10 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Rosedale, Lawrence, Topeka. Kucnlana bellistriata attenuata. Nuculana belliairiata var. attenuata Meek, Fin. Bep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 206, pi. x, flf. 11a, b, (1872). Some are inclined to doubt the validity of this variety. There are forms of N, bellistriata which are more pointed, more finely striated and considerably smaller than others. The striations on this small shell are much smaller, and are separated by much narrower spaces, than the corresponding striae of the umbonal regions of the larger specimens. I believe they are varietally distinct. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Topeka. NUOULA. Lamarck, Anim. Sans Vert., p. 87, (1801). Nucnla beyrichi. Plate XXII, fig. 8. Nucuta beyrichi Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 21, pi. i, ff. 36, 37, (1856): Meek, Fin. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 203, pi. x, f. 18, (1872); etc. Meek's description: '* Shell very small, longitudinally sub- ovate, moderately convex, widest posteriorly ; anterior end somewhat narrowly rounded ; base forming a semiovate curve, the most prominent part being near the shorter end ; posterior side comparatively wide, and subtruncated ; beaks near the posterior extremity ; hinge line nearly rectangular at the beaks ; denticles comparatively large, about seven on the longer side. 150 University Geological Survey of Kansas. and five or six on the shorter ; surface marked with moderately distinct regular concentric striae. Length, 0.16 inch; height, 0.10 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Grand Sum- mit. A single worn specimen, probably of this species, is in the University collection, from Grand Summit. The markings are abraded, and most if not all of the shell is gone. However^ it agrees very well with the figures of the species given by Meek in the base of the plate in the Nebraska report. Nucula ventricosa. Plate XXII, figs. 9, 9b. Nucuin ventricosa Hall, Geol. Iowa, i. pt. ii, p. 716, pi. xxix, ff.,5a, b, (1858); Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 204, pi. x, ff. 17a-c, (1872). Meek's desription : ** Shell small, thick, subovate, very con- vex ; the greatest convexity slightly in advance of the middle of the valve ; posterior ( shorter ) end obliquely truncated from the beaks to its narrowly rounded or subangular -connection with the base, rather deeply excavated just behind the beaks ; ante- rior ( longer ) end rather narrowly rounded, its most prominent part being near or slightly above the middle ; dorsal outline de- clining gently, with moderate convexity from the beak to the anterior extremity ; basal margin forming a nearly semiovate curve, being a little more prominent before than behind the middle ; beaks convex, rather prominent, and placed about half way between the middle and the most projecting part of the postero- ventral extremity. Surface with (at least near the base) fine, regular, concentric striae. Length, 0.42 inch; height, 0.22 inch." Description of the cast : The posterior adductors are strongly developed, ovate in outline, situated at the lower part of the posterior extremity of the shell, nearly beneath the beaks ; pal- lial line very heavily impressed, forming a somewhat oval curve. Anterior adductor scars also prominent, considerably larger and more circular in outline than the posterior, situated on the upper side of the extremity of the umbonal ridge. Immedi- ately to the rear of this are a pair of small pyriform impressions. Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 151 There is a depression on some casts on the anterior side of the umbones extending somewhat below to about the elevation of the upper part of the posterior scar, in front of which is a cor- responding nodose ridge. This character varies greatly in dif- ferent specimens, but the characters are generally sufficiently developed to be detected. In the cast, the beaks are rather widely separated and the top of the cast in front of them is slightly concave, yet nearly flat. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Rosedale, Turner, Topeka, Grand Summit. This species may be easily distinguished from the preceding by its larger size, longer shell, and more robust appearance. Nncula pulchella. Plate XXI, figs. 5a-c. Nucufa pulchella Beede and Rogers, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 132, pi. XXXIV, ff. 5a-c, (1899). Original description : *' Shell very small, subtrigonal in out- line, ventricose ; anterior border straight, rounding abruptly to the ventral margin, which is rounded ; posterior abruptly trun- cated nearly at right angles with the ventral margin. Beaks prominent, incurved, situated nearly at the posterior end of the shell ; lunule not well defined. The greatest convexity is 'at the umbo. The surface is ornamented by fine, elevated, concentric striae and undulations of growth. Length, 4i mm. ; height, 3i mm. ; convexity, 3 mm." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence. This species differs from N. beyrichi in being more triangu- lar, shorter, and the beaks more prominent. It differs from N. ventricosa, also, in the above respects, as well as being very much smaller and having very much more prominent surface markings. 152 University Geological Survey of Kansas. TOLDIA. liooller, Kroyer's Nat. Tid.. IV. p. 91, (1842). Toldia snbscitula. Plate XX, fig. 8. Ledn subsoitvla Meek and Hayden, Traos. Alb. lost., iv, p. 79, (1858). Yofdia subscitulnf Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 205, pi. x, f. 10, (1872); etc. Meek's description: "Shell longitudinally subovate or sub- elliptic, compressed, the greatest convexity a little in advance of the middle, about twice as long as high ; anterior extremity wider than the other but rather narrowly rounded, the most prominent point being usually slightly above the middle ; out- line of base forming a broad semiovate curve, being more prominent anteriorly than behind ; posterior side narrowed, its margin rounding up gradually from the base, so as to meet the dorsal margin at nearly right angles, sometimes faintly truncate at the immediate extremity ; posterior dorsal margin compressed or cuneate, and declining gradually, with a nearly straight, or slightly concave outline; anterior dorsal margin not cuneate, sloping forward gradually, and a little convex in outline ; beaks rather depressed or subcentral, or very little in advance of the middle ; umbonal slopes without any defined ridge or angle. Surface smooth, or only showing traces of very minute con- centric striae. Length, 0.77 inch ; height, 0.37 inch ; convex- ity, 0.14 inch. *' It is with considerable doubt that I have concluded to refer this shell to F. suhsciUda M. and H., because the specimens from Nebraska City are distinctly more compressed than the type upon which that species was founded, their convexity being uniformly not more than half as great proportionally. The five or six individuals in the collection are constant in this character, and yet show no evidences whatever of accidental compression. Otherwise the two forms are very similar in their general outline, but we know nothing of the internal and hinge characters of the form under consideration. I strongly suspect, however, that it will be found to be a distinct species, in which case I would propose to call it Yoldia propinqua, from its near resemblance to Y. subscitula.'^ Bbbdb.] Carboniferoua Invertebrates. 153 Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. Only a single left valve of this species has been collected by the writer, at Topeka, Kan. It agrees so well with this descrip- tion that it is referred to it, though the lines of growth pass forward on approaching the hinge and become nearly parallel to it. Toldia glabra. Plate XXI, figs. 4a, b. Yoldia glabra Beede and Rogers, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 133, pi. XXXIV, ff. 4a, b, (1899). Shell of medium size for this genus, truncate-subelliptical in outline, nearly flat, greatest convexity at the umbo, sloping gently in all directions from the central portion of the. valve; anterior dorsal outline nearly straight, sloping gently, and broadly rounded into the anterior ventral margin, which forms an elliptical curve to the posterior end-, where it is somewhat truncate, meeting the hinge at an obtuse angle. Hinge line back of the beak nearly straight. Beaks depressed, nearly central. Surface nearly smooth, with traces of obscure, dis- tant, concentric stria* parallel to the ventral outline ; lines of growth visible on the postero-dorsal region. Measurements : Length, 14^ mm. ; height, 7 mm. ; convexity of single valve, 1^ mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence. This shell differs from Y. levistriata M. and W., from the St. Louis group, in having its posterior border truncated, striae distant rather than closely arranged, and in being much less convex. It differs from V. subscitulaf Meek, or }'. propinqua Meek, in being more depressed and the posterior end much more broadly rounded. 11— vi 154 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Toldia knoxenslB? Plate XX, fig. 4. Leda polita McChesney, New Pal. Foas., p. 53, (1860). Leda knoxetuiis McChesney, 111. New Spec. Foes., pi. ii, ff. Oa-c, (1865). Yoldia knoxensi** McChesney, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. .^, pi. ri, ff. 9a-c, (1868). Shell rather large for this genus, ovate in outline. The hinge line in front of the beaks bends* somewhat downward; the en- tire anterior and ventral border from near the beaks around to the antero-dorsal border forming a regular, perfectly ovate curve, the broad end of which is placed foremost; postero- dorsal border rounded more sharply but not angulated, turning considerably forward to meet the hinge, in an almost straight line. Hinge, back of the beak, nearly straight ; teeth numerous and very fine ; valves moderately convex ; umbones not promi- nent ; beaks closely approximated and incurved. Greatest convexity in front of the middle of the shell ; the greatest vertical diameter near or a little in front of the center ; beaks placed about one-third the distance from the front end of the hinge. There is a faint depression extending from back of the umbo, near the hinge line, obliquely backward over the umbonal ridge but soon vanishing. This is so faint as to be hardly noticeable, yet it is present in every specimen before me. Surface ornamented by rery fine, regular, concentric lines of growth. Length, 28 mm.; height, 16 mm.; convexity (both valves), 8 mm. Specimen a little larger than the average. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Leavenworth, Lansing coal-shaft. This shell agrees very well with McChesney 's description of r. knoxensisy Proc. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., i, pi. ii, f. 9, but dif- fers from the figure of the species in being about as wide just back of the beaks, near the center of the shell, as at any other place, in being less attenuate behind, less abruptly rounded on the posterior extremity, and meeting the hinge line at a very much greater angle than is shown by his figure, which shows the posterior extremity of the shell to be subtruncate. Bkbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates . 155 SOHIZODUS. Kiii«, Ann. Ha«r. Nat. Hlat., XIV, p. 818, (1844). Schizodus wheeleri. Plate XXII, figs. 1-lc. Cypricardiaf wheeleri Swallow, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., ii, p. 96, (1862). Schizodua obscurus Greinitz, Carb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 20, pi. i, ft. 30, 31, (1866). Schizodua wheeleri Meek, Fin. Bep. U. S. Greol. Surv. Neb., p. 209, pi. x, «f. la-f, (1872). Meek's description : '' Shell attaining a medium size, longi- tudinally subovate, moderately convex; anterior side wider than the other, and regularly rounded; posterior side nar- rowed/ and obliquely truncated ; basal outline rather promi- nently rounded anteriorly, and straightened, or slightly sinuous between the middle, and sharply rounded or subangular pos- terior basal extremity ; dorsal margin straight, and sloping from the beaks to the truncated posterior edge ; beaks rather depressed (for a species of this genus), incurved, placed about half way between the middle and the front, or perhaps nearer the middle ; posterior umbonal slope rather prominent, or usually forming a rather obtuse ridge near the posterior basal extremity ; surface with merely fine lines and obscure marks of growth." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, SchizoduB hari. Plate XXII, figs. 2-2d. Schizodua harii Miller, 17th Ann. Rep. St. Geol. Ind., p. 701, pi. xx, ff. 1-3, (1892); Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 123, pi. xlvi, f. 4, (1894). Shell moderately large, quite convex, rather obliquely sub- ovate in outline, transverse outline ovate. The outline is regu- larly rounded from near the beaks around the anterior end to the postero- ventral margin, where it bends rather abruptly up- ward and forward to meet the hinge line, which is somewhat arcuate. Beaks placed well forward, moderately prominent, somewhat incurved, pointing a little forward, and moderately approximate. Valves very regularly convex for this genus. Greatest gibbosity a little in front of the middle ; umbonal ridge very indistinct or almost wanting ; the depression ex- tending back from the beaks along the cardinal line very 156 University Geological Survey of Kansas. indistinct and ill defined. Posterior portion of the shell some- what wedge-shaped. The fine concentric strijiR of growth are most apparent on the anterior and posterior ends and along the ventral margin. The interior of the shell is marked by rather deep adductor scars, the anterior being situated very near the anterior dorsal margin, rather broadly elliptical in outline, while the posterior is situated near the posterior end of the liga- ment and is much larger, rather ovate in outline. The pallial line is indistinct, but seems to pass rather closely to the ventral margin around to the anterior end, where it curves rather regu- larly upward to the anterior adductor. There is a ritlge in the interior of the shell extending from the umbo obliquely backward about one-half to two-thirds the distance to the pos- tero-ventral margin. In the right valve the tooth is quite large and extends obliquely forward and downward, and is largest at its extremity ; in front of this is a depression or socket for the smaller anterior tooth of the left valve, while back of it is a larger cavity for the large central tooth of the left valve ; back of this cavity there is a slight sharp elevation extending ob- liquely backward. In the left valve there is a small, thin tooth extending obliquely forward, back of which is a large socket for the reception of the large tooth of the right valve. Posterior to this there is a thin, deep depression, extending nearly parallel to the hinge, for the reception of the thin posterior tooth of the right valve. Length, 52 mm. ; height, 40mm. ; convexity of single valve, 13 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lansing ( probably from the penitentiary coal-shaft ) . One specimen, somewhat below the average size, was worked from the shale, showing the internal and external features of both valves, including the hinge. Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 167 8chizodn8 subcircnlaris. Srhizodus subcircnlaris Herrick, Bull. Den. Univ., ii, p. 41, pi. iii, f. 24, ( 1887 ). Schizodus MubcirciUaris Girty, U. S. Geol. Surv., xix, pt. in, p. 582, pi. Lxxii, f. 8a, (1899). Herrick's description (in part) : **. . . The anterior and lower margins are continuous parts of almost a circle, which is only a little produced posteriorly ; the posterior margin is in- clined ; beak submedian, posterior umbonal ridge not sharp. The shell is moderately convex and is nearly smooth, except for the distant lines of growth. Length, 0.63 inch ; width, 0.59 inch ; convexity (single valve), about 0.20 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence. A single right valve from the dam rock at Lawrence agrees well with Herrick's figure and description. It is a little smaller and, apparently, better preserved than Herrick's specimen, for it shows excedingly fine, inconspicuous concentric striae in addi- tion to the distant lines of growth mentioned in his description. Schizodns compressus, n. sp. Plate XXII, figs. 6, 6d. /Schizodus whrderi Herrick, Bull. Den. Univ., ii, p. 42, pi. in, f. 15, (1887 ). Shell medium size for this genus, not very convex, elongate subovate in outline, cuneate posteriorly. Antero-dorsal mar- gin non-sinuate ; anterior margin broadly rounded ; ventral mar- gin quite convex, terminating posteriorly in a rather prominent acute angle ; posterior margin obliquely truncate ; dorsal mar- gin nearly straight, curving very slightly upward. Hinge line straight, a little less than one-half the length of the shell. Beaks depressed, incurved, inconspicuous, scarcely elevated above the hinge line, located about one-third the length of the shell from the anterior end. Umbonal slope subangular, rather prominent, becoming obsolete towards the posterior angle of the shell. Greatest convexity of the shell below and slightly behind the umbo. Posterior to the umbonal slope the shell is much compressed. Adductor scars small, sub- elliptical in shape, anterior one situated near and a little above the middle of the anterior margin ; posterior one placed close to the dorsal margin, a little behind the beak. Pallial line sub- 158 University Geological Survey of Kansas, parallel to the ventral margin. Surface smooth, showing oc- casional very faint undulations of growth. Length, 31 mm.; height at beak, 21 mm. ; convexity of single valve, 5 mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Lawrence. There is but little doubt that our shells are specifically iden- tical with Herrick's specimen, as far as can be learned from his figure and brief description. At any rate, our species is not S, wheeler i! It is much more nearly related to S. cheslerensis M. and W., from the Chester group of Illinois. The beak is less elevated and placed farther back, the shell is less convex, and the posterior adductor scar is placed farther forward than in that species. It bears some resemblance to S. meekanus Girty," but the beak is a little less prominent, the shell less elongate, and the ventral margin curves up more rapidly posteriorly, the posterior angle being nearer the hinge line than in that species. A large number of these shells have been collected from the dam rock at Lawrence, and from its equivalent at Cameron's BlufiF. They all agree well with the above description and rep- resent a distinct species. SOLENOMYA. Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., V, p. 488, (1818). Solenomya parallella. Plate XXI, fig. 1. Solcnoniya parallclla Beede and Rogers, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 131, pi. XXXIV, f. 1, (1899). Shell large, moderately convex, elongate-subquadrate in out- line ; anterior margin broadly rounded to nearly truncate, meeting the hinge at a little more than a right angle ; dorsal and ventral margins straight, nearly parallel ; postero-dorsal margin sloping obliquely downward, meeting the rounded pos- terior margin at an obtuse angle. Beaks depressed, incurved, situated about one-fourth the distance from the posterior to the anterior end of the shell. The greatest convexity is at the umbo, the shell gaping a little wider anteriorly than behind. Surface marked by flat, radiating plications, which become obsolete at either end of the shell, the whole surface of which 12. U. S. OeoL Snry., 19th Ann. Bep., pt. Ill, p. 583, pL LXXII, ff. 7a-c, (1899). B BEDS. J Carboniferous Invertebrates. 159 is apparently covered with radiating strise parallel to the plica- tions. Neither the plications nor the striae radiate directly from the beak, but from a point above the beak and a trifle in front of it. These are crossed by fine obscure lines of growth. The anterior and posterior adductors are prominent ; the pos- terior one is triangular, located between the beak and the pos- terior margin, along its anterior side, and extending above it is a ridge caused by the thickening of the shell, which produces a slight oblique furrow in the cast. The anterior scar is lo- cated on the upper side of the shell, near the anterior angle. The pallial line is indistinct, parallel to the ventral margin, curving backward to meet the anterior adductor scar. Length, 53 mm. ; height, 18 mm. ; convexity of single valve, about o mm. Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence. Solenomya trapezoides. Plate XXI, figs. 2a, b. Solenonn/a sp. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. xxvii, £f. la, b, (1873).' Solenomi/a frnpezoidea Meek, Amer. Jour. Jci., (3), vii, pp. 582, 583, (1874); Bnede and Rogers, Kans. Univ. Quart., viii, p. 132, pi. xxxiv, if. 2a, b, (1899). Shell large, subelliptical in outline, length from two to two and a half times the height, convex, open at both ends. Ven- tral margins slightly convex, curving abruptly upward on the posterior extremity and more gently on the anterior ; posterior side obliquely truncated above ; hinge straight in front of the beaks, which are depressed, approximate, located about one- fourth the length of' the shell from the posterior extremity. Surface niarked by rather obscure concentric undulations of growth, crossed by faint radiating striae, which seem to radiate from the beak. Posterior adductor scar moderately prominent, more or less irregularly subcircular ; the ridge in front of the scar is broad and its outline is rather indistinct, nearly perpen- dicular to the hinge, curving backward below ; anterior scar indistinct, somewhat subcircular ; pallial line extending back- ward "and downward from the lower side of the posterior scar, 160 University Geologkal Survey of Kansas, then curving abruptly forward parallel to the ventral margin to the middle of the shell » where it becomes too indistinct to trace in our specimens. Measurements of a specimen a little below the average size and a larger specimen: Length, 66 mm., 76 mm. ; height, 24 mm., 33 mm. ; convexity, 15 mm., 25 mm., respectively. Range and distribution : Near the junction of the Upper and Lower Coal Measures, at Porterville, Kan., and Westport, Mo. Solenomya radiata. Plate XXII, figs. 5-ob. Solenomfja radiata Meek and Wortheo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 457,(1860). Soleaomya radiata Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., iix, p. 349, pi. XXVI, ff. 10a, b, (1866). Meek and Worthen's description: ** Shell thin, narrow ob- long-oval or subelliptical, moderately convex, nearly closed at the each end ; pallial margin rather straight or very slightly contracted along the middle, and rounding up more gradually in front than behind ; anterior (longer) side narrowly rounded, its most prominent part being above the middle ; posterior (shorter) side narrowly rounded below and obliquely subtrun- cate above ; dorsal outline nearly parallel to the base ; beaks much depressed, located less than one-fourtli the entire length of the shell in advance of the posterior extremity. Surface with obscure marks of growth, crossed by Hat, nearly obsolete radiating plications, which are sometimes separated, near the middle of the valves, by spaces greater than their own breadth ; plications very oblique and more closely arranged on the an- terior side. Length, 1.17 inches; height, 0.47 inch; convex- ity, about 0.33 inch.'^ Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures; Topeka. Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 161 PLEXTEOPHOBUS. Kinff. Ann. Hag. Nat. Hist., XIV. p. 318, ( 1844 ). Pleurophorns sabcostatus. Plate XX, figs. 11-llb. Pleurophorus subcostatus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phil., p. 246, (1865). Pleurophorus aubcoatatus Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., ii, pp. 347, 348, pi. xxvii, if. 2, 2a, (1866). Meek and Worthen's description: ''Shell elongate-oblong, moderately convex ; umbonal ridges the most convex part of the valves, and extending obliquely from the beaks toward the postero-basal margin ; anterior ventral region somewhat com- pressed ; basal and cardinal margins very nearly straight and subparallel, the former being usually somewhat sinuous or ar- cuate along the middle ; extremities rather narrowly rounded, the posterior being generally a little wider than the other, and sometimes faintly subtruncate obliquely. Hinge line long and nearly straight ; posterior lateral tooth of each valve elongated parallel to the hinge margin, very remote from the cardinal teeth, and extending back a little beyond the posterior muscular impression. Beaks depressed upon a line with the dorsal mar- gin, small, somewhat compressed, and placed about one-ninth the entire length of the shell behind the anterior margin. Scar of the anteri'or adductor muscle deep, trigonal-subovate, pointed above, and strongly defined by the prominent vertical ridge just behind it ; those of the pedal muscles small, nearly mar- ginal, and located directly over the anterior adductors ; posterior adductor scars larger and more shallow than the anterior, sub- quadrate in outline, and placed close up under the posterior hinge teeth. Pallial impression well defined. Surface of casts showing traces of a few obscure concentric markings, crossed on the postero-dorsal region by traces of about three equal ob- scure radiating costip. Exterior surface and cardinal teeth un- known. Length of a medium-sized specimen (internal cast) , 0.88 inch ; height of same, 0.37 inch; convexity, 0.26 inch. Some larger specimens, of same proportions, measure 1.33 inches in length. *' Range and distribution : Upper ('oal Measures ; Kansas City, Mo. 162 University Oeological Survey of Kansas. PlenrophoruB tropidophoniB. Plate XX, fig. 7. Pl'urophoriis tropidophorus Meek, Geol. Surv. Ohio, ii, Pal., p. 338, pi. XIX, ff. 10a, b, (1875). Original description : " Shell transversely oblong, much com- pressed, with length a little greater than twice the height ; posterior margin flattened and bifurcated, the lower truncation being nearly vertical, and the upper sloping obliquely down- ward and backward from the hinder end of the hinge ; cardinal margin straight, equaling about two-thirds the length of the valves ; anterior rounded below and sloping abruptly forward from the beaks above ; basal margin long, parallel to the hinge, nearly straight for most of its length, or faintly sinuous near the middle, rounding up anteriorly, and forming a more or less defined angle at its connection with the lower part of the pos- terior margin behind ; posterior umbonal slope distinctly an- gular from the beaks to the angular posterior basal extremity, while a second carina passes obliquely backward and downward along the middle of the dorsal space above the umbonal ridge of each valve ; beaks depressed to the line of the cardinal margin, very little projecting, and placed one-fifth to one-fourth the length of the valves from the anterior margin. Surface marked by distinct concentric lines of growth, that become strongly defined on the flanks and anterior parts of the valves, but are less distinct on the space above and behind the umbonal angles. Length, 1.10 inches; height, 0.52 inch; convexity, about 0.20 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Mo. Pleurophorus costatus. Area costata Brown, Trans. Man. Geol. Soc, i, p. 32, pi. vi, ff. 34, 35, (1841). Pleurophorus eostatus Brown, King, Cat., p. 11, (1848); King, Men. Perm. Foss. Eng., p. 181, pi. xv, ff. 13, 14, (1850). Pleuro2>horus costatiformis Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., iii, p. 535, pi. XIX, f. 8, and text fig., (1868). Meek and Worthen's description : ** Shell elongate, suboval, moderately convex, slightly arcuate ; the dorsal and ventral margins rather long, and more or less nearly parallel, the Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Inverkhrates. 163 former being a little concave in outline, and the latter convex ; extremities narrowly rounded. Beaks small, depressed, or ris- ing little above the hinge line, very oblique, somewhat com- pressed, incurved, and placed very near the anterior end ; lunule apparently small and deep. Surface ornamented by concentric stria? of growth, and a few larger, obscure, concen- tric wrinkles, crossed on the postero-dorsal region by five dis- tinct, equidistant and radiating ridges, extending obliquely from the beak to the posterior margin, the lower one being the largest, and forming the umbonal ridge, while the upper one runs parallel to the cardinal margin, and forms the edge of the long corslet, or escutcheon. Length, about 1.10 inches ; height, 0.46 inch ; convexity, near 0.43 inch.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas Citv, Mo. I see no reason for putting this shell in a distinct species. Our Kansas City specimens agree well with King's descrip- tions and figures, being longer than Meek and Worthen's fig- ures. It seems that the principal reason for making a distinct species of this shell was the fact that it came from a much lower horizon than the European forms, but this is true of sev- eral species of fossils which are common to the Coal Measures of 'the Missouri valley and the Permian of Europe. The lines of growth (or striii*) on our specimens meet the hinge at a very obtuse angle, while Meek's figure represents them meeting nearly at right angles. In this respect it is like costatiis. ASTABTELLA. Hall. G^eol. Iowa, pt. II, p. 715. Astartella vera. Plate XXII, fig. 10. Astarlella vera Hall, Greol. Iowa, pt. ii, p. 715, pi. xxix, flf. la-c, fl858); Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 125, pi. xlvi, f. 6, (1895); etc. Original description : *' Shell somewhat rhomboid -ovate, gib- bous on the umbones ; beaks subanterior, elevated, approxi- mate ; anterior end slightly concave below the beak and rounded below, posterior end obliquely truncate. An oblique undefined ridge extends from the beak to the posterior basal margin, hav- ing the space between it and the ligamental area flattened ; 164 University Geological Survey of Kansas. lunule cordi'form, strongly impressed ; ligamental area deeply marked, and extending to the posterior extremity. Anterior and posterior muscular impressions distinct; hinge strong. Teeth of right valve separated by a deep pit ; the anterior tooth with a longitudinal pit in the summit, and a callosity on the inner margin at its base. Surface marked by strong concentric furrows, which are separated by sharp angular ridges ; the in- termediate space finely striated." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Grand Sum- mit. OONOOABBIUM. Bronn, Leth. Geo., I, p. 92, ( 1835). Oonocardium parrislii. Plate XX, fig. 9. Conocardium parrishi Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., viii, p. 112, pi. xx, f. 7, (1890); Keyes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 124, pi. xlvi, ff. 6a, b, (1894). Worthen's description : ''Shell obliquely triangular, hinge line straight, beaks depressed, umbonal ridge elevated into a strong rounded fold, with faint traces of fine stria* towards the lower extremity. Anterior side evenly and rapidly sloping from the umbonal fold to the extremity, traversed by radiating costal, only four or five of which extend to the hinge line, but increasing by division and implantation so that ten or more may be counted on the margin of the shell, the one nearest the umbonal ridge being somewhat stronger than the others. Pos- terior side flattened towards the extremity, and marked by eight or more flattened stria?, nearly all of which extend to the hinge line. Length, about -^^ inch.*' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City. G7PRICABDINIA. Hall, Pal. N. Y., Ill, p. 266, (1860). Oypricardinia? carbonaria. Plate XX, fig. 16. Cypricardinia f carbonaria Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiL, p.l63, (1871». Ct/pricardf'nia f carbonaria Meek, Geol. Surv. Ohio, ii, Pal., p. 342, pi. XIX, ff. 8a, b, (1875). Meek's description: ** Shell small, longitudinally oval, less than twice as long as high, the widest (highest) part being under the posterior extremity of the hinge ; rather gibbous, with usually a broad impression extending from the beaks ob- Bbbdk.J Carbaniferoits Invertebrates. 166 liquelj backward and downward to the middle of the base of each valve ; anterior side extremely short, ot nearly obsolete, convex, and rounded; posterior side broader, more compressed or cuneate, with its upper edge straight and sloping obliquely backward to the regularly rounded posterior margin ; base broadly and slightly sinuous in the middle, and rounding up- ward at the extremities ; hinge line straight, between one-half and two-thirds as long as the valves, ranging at an angle of about twenty-five degrees with the oblique, longer axis of the shell, so as to meet the sloping upper edge of the posterior margin at a very obtuse but moderately well-defined angle, thus imparting to the somewhat compressed posterior dorsal region a very faintly alate appearance ; beaks extremely oblique, de- pressed nearly to the dorsal margin, very nearly terminal, and scarcely projecting beyond the rounded outline of the anterior extremity. Surface ornamented by about fifteen to twenty ex- ceedingly regular, well-defined, subimbricating, flattened, con- centric ridges or undulations, that gradually become smaller and more closely approximating on the umbones.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; in the oolite at Rosedale and Turner. OABDIOMOBPHA. de Koninck, ADim. Foss. Carb. Belg., p. 101, ( 1844 ). Cardiomorplia migsonriensis. Plate XX, fig. 17. Cardiomorpha mtHSOurienais Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., i, p. 207, (1858) ; Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. 588, pi. xxvii, f. 8, (1873). yucula mervrrvnHiH McChesney, Trans. Chic. Acad. Sci., i, p. 40, pi. ii, flf. 12a-c, (1868). Nucula ciflindrica McChesney, New Pal. Foss., p. 54, (1860). Original description : '* Shell inequilateral, elliptico-subquad- rate, very thin, length double the height; superior and infe- rior borders subparallel ; cardinal margin long, slightly arcuate, inferior border slightly arched ; anal and buccal margins strongly rounded, the latter being very short ; umbonal region moderately convex in young specimens, and very gibbous in the old, great- est convexity short distance below the beaks ; beaks situated near the anterior margin, rounded, closely incurved and nearly 166 University Oeological Survey of Kansas, approximate ; surface marked with very fine crowded, concen- tric strise, which hre sometimes more or less flexuous. Length of full-grown specimen, 1.30 [inches?] ; height, 0.64; thick- ness, 0.62." Range and distribution ; Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. EDMONDIA. de Koninek. Anim. Fosa. Garb. Belir., p. 66. ( 1844). Edmondia nebrascensis. Plate XX, fig. 5. Aaiarte nebrascenais Geinitz, Carb. u. Dyas Id Neb., p. 16, pi. i, f. 25, (1866). Edmondia nebraacetwie Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 214, pi. X, f. 8-8b, (1872). Meek's description: '* Shell subovate, compressed, more or less rounded at the extremities ; length nearly once and a half the height ; basal margin broadly semielliptic or semiovate in out- line ; dorsal margin sloping from the beaks, but more abruptly in front than behind, rounding into the extremities ; beaks moderately prominent, and located somewhat in advance of the middle. Surface marked by broad, rounded, rather regular concentric furrows, separated by sharp, moderately prominent concentric linear ridges, sometimes show under a magnifier in- dications of being minutely crenate ; impressions or furrows between the ridges, showing concentric striae, which, by the aid of a lens, in a cross-light appear to be crossed by fine, nearly obsolete radiating markings. Length of the largest specimen seen, 1.35 inches; height, 0.95 inch; convexity, about 0.30 inch.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Turner, Topeka. Bdmondia aspinwallensis. Plate XXII, fig^s. 3-3b. Edmondia aHryinwallenms Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 216, pi. IV, flf. 2-2c, (1872); etc. Original description : '* Shell longitudinally subov4te, moder- ately convex, the greatest convexity being a little in advance of and above the middle ; base nearly semielliptic in outline ; pos- terior side rather narrowly rounded, or sometimes very faintly subtruncate obliquely above ; dorsal margin nearly straight just Bkbde.] Carboniferous Invertebrates.. 167 behind the beaks, but very gradually declining, with a slightly convex outline posteriorly ; anterior side quite short, declining very abruptly from the beaks above, and rounded below ; beaks rather depressed, incurved, and located nearer the anterior end than the middle. Surface of cast with moderately distinct, ir- regular concentric undulations, showing behind the beaks dis- tinct impressions of the cartilage fulcra. Length, 1.45 inches ; height, 1.03 inches ; convexity, about 0.68 inch.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures; Cherry vale, Kansas City, Turner, Topeka. This species may be distinguished from the foregoing by its more undulate and less carinate concentric ridges, which are never crenate, and the absence of the nearly obsolete radiating stria*. ALLOBISMA. Kioff. Ann. Maff. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 315 (18U). Allorisma geinitzi. Plate XX, fig. 6. Allori»ma elegans GreiDitz, Garb. u. Dyas in Neb., p. 13, pi. i, f. 31, (1866), (DonKiDg). Allorisma {Sedgwiekia) geinitzi Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 219, pi. X, flp. 16a, b, (1872). Allorisma geinitzi Meek, Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. 586, pi. xxvi, f. 23, (1873). Meek's description : ** Shell small, rather compressed, longi- tudinally subovate, abruptly narrowed from the beaks posteri- orly ; umbonal slopes distinctly carinate from the beaks to the posterior basal angle ; anterior side subtruncate, with an ab^ rupt slope from, the beaks obliquely forward above, and round- ing into the base below ; basal margin somewhat prominently rounded anteriorly, and nearly straight or faintly sinuous be- hind ; posterior end compressed, its margin abruptly truncated vertically, so as to make its upper and lower parts nearly rec- tangular ; cardinal margin sloping, with a slightly concave out- line, from the beaks to the truncated posterior end ; beaks elevated, incurved, and placed about half way between the middle and the anterior extremity of the valve. Surface or- namented with numerous minute, closely crowded granules, which, on the umbones and other parts of the valves in front of the angular umbonal slope, show a tendency to arrange 168 University Geological Survey of Kansas. themselves an radiating lines, which are crossed by more or less distinct lines of growth ; on the compressed corselet, above and behind the umbonal carina, there are usually two or more obscure radiating ridges and furrows, crossed by moderately distinct, granular lines of growth, parallel to the truncated posterior margin. Length of the largest example seen, 0.50 inch ; height of the umbones in the same, 0.30 in&h ; height of the truncated posterior end, same, 0.16 inch ; convexity, about 0.13 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. Allorisma granosum. Plate XX, fig. 10. Leptodomus granosus Shumard, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sei., i, p. 207. Allorisma { Sedqwivkia) granosa Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 220, pi. ii, f. 8, ( 1872). Allorinma granosum Keyes, Greol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 128, (1895). Meek's description : '* Shell very thin, approaching an irregu- lar, oblong form, the length being less than twice the height, very convex, most gibbous part being near the middle of the valves ; beaks prominent, incurved, somewhat flattened on the outer side, and placed about half way between the middle and the front. Dorsal margin striie straight behind the beaks and nearly parallel to the general outline of the base, inflected so as to form a distinct, flattened, lanceolate, lunule-like area, bounded on each side by a well-defined subangular ridge ; pos- terior side nearly or quite closed, obliquely truncated, with sometimes a faint sinuosity near the middle ; anterior side rather abruptly sloping forward, and straightened above, and rounding into the base below, near which it seems to be a little gaping ; base somewhat straightened, or even a little sinuous in outline, just in front of the middle, at the termination of a broad, very shallow cavity, extending a little obliquely down- ward and backward from the umbonal region ; behind this rather prominent, thence ascending obliquely, with a slightly convex outline, to the truncated posterior margin. Posterior umbonal slopes very prominently rounded above, and continued as a low undefined ridge, obliquely backward and downward ; posterior dorsal slope, above the umbonal ridge, with an oblique, shal- Bbsdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 169 low, rounded sulcus, extending from the back part of the beaks to the middle of the truncated margin behind. Surface marked with fine lines of growth and small irregular, concentric wrin- kles, which latter are not defined on the posterior dorsal region above the umbonal ridge ; crossing these are the usual radiat- ing rows of minute granules. Length, 2 inches ; height, 1.15 inches; convexity, 1 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, lola, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka. This species may be very easily distinguished from the fore- going by its very much larger size and less angular and more robust form, and the sinuosity of the ventral margin. Allorisma snbcnneatum. Plate XX, figs. 1-lb. Allorisma regularisf Owen, GeoL Rep. Wis., Iowa, and Minn., pi. v, f. 13, (1852). Allorisma subeuneata Meek, Fin. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Neb., p. 221, pi. II, ff. 10a, b, (1872); etc. Meek's description : '* Shell attaining a large size, longitudi- nally elongated, or twice to three times as long as high, pro- portional length increasing with age ; greatest convexity a little in advance of the middle and in the umbonal region ; cuneate and a little gaping behind, where the margin is more or less narrowly rounded in outline. Basal and dorsal margins nearly parallel, the latter being more or less concave in outline, or nearly straight, and inflected so as to form a lanceolate kind of false area, bounded by an obtuse ridge on each side, just out- side of which there is a shallow undefined sulcus ; basal margin slightly convex, or somewhat straightened along the middle, and sometimes very faintly sinuous just under the beaks, round- ing up more abruptly before than behind ; anterior margin very short, a little gaping and rather prominently rounded be- low ; beaks convex, incurved, and placed near the anterior end, rather depressed, but rising moderately above the dorsal margin. Surface ornamented with fine striae of growth, and well-defined concentric undulations usually more distinct and regular on the beaks and umbonal region. Length of the largest specimen 12~vi 170 University Geological Survey of Kansas. seen, 4.81 inches ; height from the ventral to the dorsal mar- gins, near middle, 1.76 inches; convexity, 1.57 inches." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Westport (Mo.), Kansas City, Mont Ida (Anderson county), Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Elmont, Grand Summit. This species is distinguished, on account of its larger and more graceful form, from either of the preceding. AUorisma costatom. Plate XX, fig. 12. AU^risma coatata Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1869, p. 171; Geol. Surv. 111., v, p. 585, pi. xxvi, f. 15, (1873). Meek and Worthen's description : " Shell under medium size, longitudinally oblong, the length being more than twice the height, very thin, rather convex in the central umbonal regions ; anterior margin rather short, closed and narrowly rounded ; basal margin forming a long, rather semielliptic curve, with a very slight sinuosity in front of the middle ; posterior side com- pressed, but apparently a little gaping and distinctly truncated nearly vertically from the base about half way up, and thence a little obliquely forward and upward to the dorsal margin ; posterior dorsal region compressed above the umbonal ridge ; cardinal margin equaling about two-thirds the entire length of the shell, very nearly straight, and inflected so as to form a narrow or lance-linear corselet, extending over its whole length ; beaks convex, rising a little above the cardinal margin, and placed slightly more than one-sixth the length of the valve be- hind the anterior extremity ; lunule well defined and lance- ovate in form. Surface ornamented by about twenty-five very regularly arranged, distinctly elevated, concentric costaB, which commence near the lunule and extend backward parallel to the base, to the well-defined, angular umbonal ridge leading from the beaks to the posterior basal extremity, at which ridge they become suddenly obsolete, or very nearly so, being mainly rep- resented on the more compressed posterior dorsal region by distinct lines of growth, which are crossed on the middle of this area by a second oblique linear ridge extending from the beaks to the middle of the posterior margin. Some indications BsBDB.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 171 of the usual minute surface granules appear to be visible in some of the molds left in the matrix. Length, about 1.20 inch ; height, 0.53 inch ; convexity, 0.44 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Goal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka. This species may be easily distinguished by its large, even, sharply elevated ribs and the radiating costae on the upper pos- terior portion, as well as its long, graceful shape. SEDaWIOKIA. McCoy, Synop. Carb. Fobs, Ireland, p. 61 (1844). Sedgwickia topekaensis. Plate XX, fig. 3. LeptodomtM topekaensis Shumard, Trans. St. L. Aoad. Sci., i, p. 208. Sedgwickia topekaensis f Meek and Hayden, PaJ. Upp. Mo., p. 40, A, B, (1864). Allorisma topekaensis Kejes, Geol. Surv. Mo., v, p. 128. Meek and Hayden 's description : '' Shell depressed subovate, about twice as long as high, extremely thin and fragile, gib- bous in the region of the beaks and along the oblique umbonal slopes. Sides flattened above, and becoming a little concare towards the base in front of the middle. Dorsal border nearly horizontal, and slightly concave in outline behind the beaks, where its inflected edge is margined by a rather distinct ridge ; ventral border presenting a broad semiovate outline, excepting a very slight sinuosity just in advance of the middle — round- ing up abruptly in front and more gradually behind ; anterior side prominent, gibbous, and narrowly rounded below, obliquely truncated above ; posterior side compressed, narrowed, and apparently subtruncate and somewhat gaping at the extremity. Lunular impression in front of the beaks (in casts) moderately distinct, defined by a faintly impressed line. Beaks prominent, gibbous, a little flattened, incurved, and placed between the middle and the anterior extremity, but nearer the former. En- tire surface, in well-preserved specimens, closely covered with minute granules arranged in radiating rows ; and ornamented with small concentric ridges, which are almost regular and dis- tinct on the umbones, and end abruptly along an impressed line extending from the posterior side of each beak obliquely 172 University Geological Survey of Kansas. towards the postero-basal margin, thus leaving the compressed postero-dorsal region comparatively smooth. ( Muscular and pallial impressions unknown.) Length, about 2 inches ; height, 1 inch ; convexity, 0.75 inch." Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Topeka. Our specimens differ somewhat from those figured in having the sides less depressed near the beaks and ventral margin ; they having shells a trifle thicker than the description calls for. CHANOMTA. Moek, Pal. Upp. Mo., p. 42, (1864). Ohsnomya leavenworthensiB. Plate XIX, figs. 3-3b. .AUorismnf leaven worthensit* Meek and Hay den, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1858, p. 263. ChcBnomya leavenworthensh Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upp. Mo., p. 43, pi. II, ff. la-c, (1864); etc. Meek and Hayden's description : ''Shell subcylindrical ; anterior side rounded, a little compressed and apparently entirely closed ; posterior side long, truncated, and very widely gaping, the margins being even a little reflexed. Base nearly straight, or slightly convex in outline, rounding up gradually in front, and very abruptly behind ; dorsal side concave in out- line from the beaks to its elevated posterior extremity, and nearly parallel to the base. Beaks rather depressed, somewhat flattened, incurved, nearly or quite touching, and located about half way between the middle and the anterior end. Surface marked by fine lines of growth, and a few irregular, nearly obsolete concentric undulations, which curve up abruptly be- hind, parallel to the truncated posterior margin. Crossing these, the radiating rows of minute granules may be seen by the aid of a good lens, on well-preserved specimens. Internal casts-of this species show quite distinctly the scar of the anterior ad- ductor muscle^ which is oval, and located near the buccal margin, with its longer axis nearly at right angles to that of the shell. At its upper extremity the small oval pedal scars are also well defined in both valves. The posterior muscular impres- sions broad, oval, and rather faintly marked; from near the middle of the under side the pallial line descends with a gentle Bebdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 173 forward curve, so as to form a broad, rounded, very shallow sinus. Length, 2.85 inches ; height, from the ventral margin to the middle of the dorsal side, 1.36 inches ; length, from the base to the line drawn from the beaks across to the most ele- vated part of the posterior extremity, 1.50 inches; greatest convexity, near the middle, 1.11 inches ; breadth of the posterior hiatus, 1.07 inches ; height of the posterior hiatus, 1.44 inches.'' Range and distribution : Upper Coal Measures ; Kansas City, Lawrence. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. NoTB.— The page nnmben printed in the following matter refer to where the deioription ie given. Nnmbera ( 1, 2, 8, etc.,) refer to figures on the plate. The platee will be fonnd be- ginning on page ISO. PLATE I. J*%tsulina secalica^ (p. 10.) 1. Illustrates the different forms and sizes of these shells. \b. Longitudinal section of a specimen, showing the foramina in the inner walls (/). Arr^lysiphonella prosaeri, (p. 14.) 2. Longitudinal section much enlarged, showing pores in the walls and the thin gastral tissues. (After Clarke.) 26. Cross-section enlarged to show the structure. (After Clarke.) 2c. Longitudinal section about natural size, showing the cloaca in the center and the apertural walls. (After Clarke.) 2d. Average-sized specimen. About natural size. (After Clarke.) 2e, Section of specimen as seen in matrix, from Topeka. Oblique longitu- dinal section. ^. Specimen of different form, and possibly different species. Somphoapongia mttltiformUi, (p. 12.) 6. Drawing to illustrate the thickness of the dermal layer. Magnified. 7. Outline of larger specimen, showing mushroom form. One-half natural size. 8. Tracing of a section through the top of one of the sponges, showing the arrangement of the canals, which are stippled. The unstippled portion is the body of the sponge. One-half natural size. 9. Semldiagrammatio section through the cloaca of a small individual, show- ing canals, which are stippled, and the semiooncretionary nature of the outer part of it. 10. Portion of the surface of a weathered specimen, showing what appears to be the body skeleton of the sponge. Magnified. PLATE II. Somphoapongia muliiformiay (p. 12.) 1 to 5. Photographs showing tho various forms of the smaller specimens, the last showing the manner in which the tops of the sponges weather, bringing out the canals. Less than natural size. Amblyaiphonella proaaerU (P- 14.) 6. Specimen showing aperture. About natural size. ( After Clarke.) (175) 176 University Geological Survey of Kansas, Lophopht/llum profiindum, (p. 17.) 7. Side view of specimen, with part of the calyx broken away, showing the protruding columella. Natural size. lb. Section of a specimen, showing the tabulee. Natural size. Lophophi/liuni wftid, (p. 18.) 8. Side view of moderately large specimen. Incomplete. Sb. Cross-section of the same, showing the tendency to form a columella from the counter septum. Axophyllum ruditt, (p. 20.) 9. Side view of the average- sized specimen. Natural size. 96. View from above, showing the interior of the calyx and the pseudo- columella. 9<\ Cross-section of a specimen below the calyx, showing the structure of the pseudocolumella in the center and the arrangement of the septa and vesicles around it. Magnified. Sifrinyopora inuliaiienuata^ (p. 25.) 10. Enlarged cross and oblique sections across the top of a specimen as it appears when polished, showing the funnel-shaped tabulae. 106. Longitudinal section, showing funnel-shaped tabulae. Enlarged. VhivteteH millcporaeeun, (p. 25.) 11. Longitudinal section, showing tabulae and arrangement of the oorallites. Magnified. 116. Cross-section of the same, showing shape of the corallites. Enlarged. Jfichelinia eugenecpj (p. 21.) 12. Side view of average specimen. Natural size. 126. View of base of another specimen, showing its attachment to a crinoid stem. PLATE III. Cladoclionus bcnnctti, (p. 24.) 1. Side view of type. Enlarged two diameters. Auloporaf prosticrij (p. 23.) 2. View from above. Natural size. Aulopora anna^ (p. 23.) 3. Top view, showing the way in which it anastomoses. Natural size. Lophophylliim westi, (p. 18.) 12. Side view of type. About natural size. PLATE IV. Campophyllum lorquium, (p. 19.) 1. Typical slab of these corals. Reduced in size. Auloporaf prosMeri, (p. 23.) 2. View of base, showing how the individual expands, and the absence of tabulaB and septa. Reduced in size. Bbbdb.] CarboniferouH Invertebrates. 177 PLATE V. Canipophi/Uum (orqufum, (p. 19.) 1. Cross-section of young individual, showing the thickening of the septa on one side. Natural size. 2. Cross-section near the calyx of an older individual, showing the septa nearly equal, except the counter septum, which is thickened. Natural size. .3. Longritudinal section of a rather young individual, showing the compara- tively simple tabula* and a narrow vesicular zone. 4. Side view of young individual, showing a rapidly expanding form. Twice natural size. Limoptrria alata^ (p. 130.) 5. View of right valve. Twice natural size. Sf/rlngopora iiniltattenu(i(. End view of specimen. (After White.) 5<'. Surface markings enlarged. Limo])irria lotiffUpinay (p. 127.) 6. ( After Keyes. ) Mjfalhia swallovi, (p. 137.) 7. Left valve. Natural size. Myalina perattenuata, (p. 141.) 8. Bight valve of specimen. Natural size. Limoptcria gihbosa, (p. 129.) 9. Right valve. (After White.) ^f^/alina Hubquadrata, (p. 138.) 10. Impression of left valve. (After Meek.) 106. Part of left valve broken away, showing the interior of the right valve and outline of the specimen. ( After Meek. ) Myalina kansuHensis, (p. 140.) 11. Specimen showing left valve. (After Keyes.) PLATE XVII. Aviculopinna illinoienHis, (p. 143.) 1. Outline of cross-section. 16. Specimen. Natural size. lo. Surface markings. Enlarged. Pinna snhspatulata, (p. 145.) 2. Drawing of cast. Reduced one-half. Pinna j^eraeuta, (p. 144.) 3 and 36. Lateral and dorsal views. (After Keyes.) Bbbdk.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 185 PLATE XVIII. Pinna aubspatulata, (p. 146.) 1. Semidiagranixnatio dorsal aspect. Does not show dorsal ridge. 16. Aspect of broken right valve. Ic. Same of left valve. Id. Cross-section. All natural size. Aviculopinna americana^ (p. 143.) 2. Lateral view of shell. Natural size. Pinna subapatiilata, (p. 145.) 3. View of another cast from different locality. PLATE XIX. Entoliutn aviculaium, (p. 113.) 1. Left valve. (After Meek.) Aviculopcctcn coxamm, (p. 124.) 2. View showing left valve. Natural size. (After Rogers.) (^hcRnomya Icavrntrorthensia, (p. 172.) 3. Lateral view of specimen. (After Meek.) 36. Dorsal aspect of same. Myalinaf exasperata, (p. 141.) 4. Left ? view of type. Natural size. Posidonomt/af pcrtcnttlHf (p. 136.) 5. Left ? valve of type. Posidonomyaf recurva, (p. 135.) 6a. Left? valve of type. 66. Right ? valve of another specimen. 6r*. Left? valve of the preceding, with a part of the shell adhering on one side. The beak is somewhat crushed and twisted, so that it does not seem to extend above the hinge. All natural size. PLATE XX. AUorisma Buhvuneatum, (p. 169.) 1. Lateral view of specimen. (After Keyes.) 16. Dorsal aspect of the same. Macrodon aangamonensis f (p. 146.) 2. Dorsal view of left valve. 26. Lateral view of same. Natural size. Sedgewickia topekaenais, (p. 171.) 3. Left valve of specimen. Yoldia knoxenBisf (p. 154.) 4. Specimen with valves distended. By mistake, this is not the specimen described in text, and may possibly be a different species. Edmondia nehrascensis^ (p. 166.) 5. Left valve of specimen. Natural size. 13— vi 186 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Alforisma geinitzif (p. 167.) 6. Right valve of specimen. Natural size. PleurophoruH tropidophorutt^ (p. 162.) 7. View of right valve. Natural size. Yoldia subscitula, (p. 152.) 8. Right valve. Natural size. Conocardtum parrishi, (p. 164.) 9. Left valve. (After Keyes.) AlloHsma granosa^ (p. 168.) 10. Left valve of specimeu. Naturs&l size. Pleurophorus subcostatuSn (p. 161.) 11. Cast of left valve. (After Meek and Worthen.) 116. Dorsal aspect of the same. AUorisma costatum, (p. 170.) 12. Right valve of specimen. Natural size. Macrodon obaoletus^ (p. 147.) 13. Right valve of specimen. (After Meek.) Xuculana brllUtriata, (p. 148.) 14. Dorsal view of specimen. Natural size. 14&. Left valve of same. y^ucula ventricosoj (p. 150.) 15. Exterior view of specimen. Natural size. (^ypricardiniat carbonariay (p. 164.) 16. Left valve. Natural size. Cardiomorpha misaouricnafSj (p. 165.) 17. Right valve. Natural size. Placunopsis carbonaria, (p. 111.) 18. Lateral view of specimen. (After Meek and Worthen.) PLATE XXI. Solenomya j}arallela, (p. 158.) 1. Side view of type. Soletwmya trapr zoidea, (p. 159.) 2a. Left valve. Anterior adductor scar and pallial line a little too strong. 3b. Dorsal view of another specimen. Limopterf'a subalaia^ (p. 131.) 3a. Side view of left valve. 3/>. Side view of right valve. Both natural size. Yoldia glabra y (p. 153.) 4a. Side view of type. Natural size. 46. Surface markings. Enlarged. Xuctda pulcheila^ (p. 151.) 5a. Side view of type. Enlarged. 56. End view of same. 5c. Surface markings. Greatly enlarged. Bbbdb.] Carboniferous Invertebrates. 187 PLATE XXII. Svhizodus whederi, (p. 155.) 1. Dorsal view of cast. (After Keyes.) 1&. Side view of specimen with shell on. Ic. Side view of No. 1. Schizodus hariy (p. 155.) 2. End view of specimen. Natural size. 2b. Left hinge. 2c. External view of right valve. 2d. Internal view of same. Edmondia aHpenwa liens is, (p. 166.) 3. Lateral view of right valve. (After Keyes.) 36. Dorsal aspect of same. Sofenomi/a radiatcit (p. 160.) 5. Lateral view of specimen. (After Meek and Hayden.) 56. Dorsal view of same. Snhizodus eompressus Rogers. N. sp., (p. 157.) 6. Internal apparatus of a worn right valve. 66. Same of left valve. 6c. Outline showing convexity of shell. 6cf. Outer appearance of better specimen. All natural siee. Nnculana belliHtriata atfcrniafa, (p. 149.) 7. Lateral view. Enlarged. 76. Surface markings. Enlarged. Nucida beyrichiy (p. 149.) 8. Side view of specimen. (After Meek.) Nucula ventricosa^ (p. 150.) 9. Cast showing adductors and pallial line. Natural size. 96. External appearance of shell. AHtartella vera, (p. 163.) 10. View of right valve of specimen. CORRECTIONS. Page 18: Following Lophophi/Uum westi, after fig. 12, add ** plate V, fig. 7." Page 24: Following Cladochoiius? ben n eft i, after fig. 1, erase "plate V, fig. 7.*' Page 43: After Hydreionocrinua suhshiuatus^ instead of "Plate VII, fig. 14," read "Plate VIII, fig. 14." Page 78: Following Productua acmireetivAdatus, after figs. 2-2d, instead of "text fig. 2, f," read "text fig. 3, f." Page 103: Following Hustcdia mormoui, for "plate X, fig. .3," read "plate XII, fig. 3." Page 149: After Nuculana hcUi striata attenuaia, add "Plate XXII, figs. 7, 7b." TTairenitii Geo'octeal Banty at Kaniat. VOLDin VI. Pb4TK I. -i»ui>' •'^ ai!#* <^^ s;s> 'i^^ (,^i» % FUSULINA, 1. AMBLY8IPH0NELLA, 2. SOMPHOSPONGIA, 6-10. LOPHOPHYLLUM, ■ AXOPHYLLUM, B. SVRINaorORA, 10. UniTanltj GMdoRleal Bnrrejr ot Kaaua. Voldkb VI. Plate IV. CAMPOPHVLLUM, 1. .^ULOPORA,2. UnlTCnitr a«olo«lral Snner of Kbdh VOLDMB TI. PI.ATI V Doireraity Osological 8nrTe>- of Ki R VI. Plate VI. ZEACRINOa, I. KOPACHVCHINUS, 3. TBACHYPOBA. 7. BCAPHIOCSINUS. 2. ERI80CBINUS, 1. AQASSIZOCBINL'S. t. CERIOCBINUS, S,B. initf U«olc«iMl Bum)' of Kinua. T01.DIU VI. Plats VII. OLIOOPOBOS. 3. UniTSnity Oeolosical SuriBr or Kbd VoLcn VI. Plitb VIII. # iti^Sm ^~v V t'alTsnlly Qaolocteil Saner ot KaDiaa. VoLDHB VI. Plate tX. ^wr^ ^ W^^ w CH0NETE8, 1-1. PRODUHTUS, .■-St. HU8TEDIA, 10. t (Jeolocioal Sarrsi' of Kaoxaa. Voldhb VI. Plats X, PRODUCTUS. Uniienitr Qeolosleal Sam]; o( RaDUf. PRODUCTUS, 1-4. CLEIOTHYRIS, 5. AULACORHYNCHUS, 6. VoLOMt TI. Plats xii. JX. 7%, v¥fmsm ADLACOBHYNCHUS. 1. RBTICt'LARIA. 1. PUUNAX, 7,e CLGIOTHYBIS, i. SPIBIFEB. 1. MEEKELLA, HUSTEDIA. a. ENTELETE8, «. DKRBVA, 10. UolTenit)' Osolociul BDrrer o( Kaoui. VoLUMs VI. Plate XIIl. A AVICULOPECTEN, 1-10. PSEUDOMONOTIS, 11. lit! QsologicBl SurTsy or Kaneai. Volume VI. Plate XIV, > PSEUDOMONOTIS. Uoinrsitf Oeolosi«l Bunej at Kbdbb: ToLCUK VI. Plate W. PSEUDOMONOTIS. UoiTonitj ChxiliwlGRl Soriey of KantM. ToLt'in VI. Flats XVI. MYALINA, i, 3, 7, 10, 11. PTERIA, 3, i. LIMOPTERIA, 5, 6 nitjr Qeolosical Surra; of Kanus. AVICULOPINNA, 1. t'alTOnity Geolociwl BarTar of K>dui. Voldmb SI. PblTI SVIII. AVICUIX)PINNA.2. UolTSnity Ottolocieal Barrtj o UaiTardty Q«olosleal Surref of KiDiai. VoLDHs VI. run XX. ALLOBI3UA, 1,0.10.12. HACBODON, 2,13. SEDQBWICKIA. 3. BDUONDU, 9. PLEUROPHOROS, ; CONOCARDIUH. 9. NUCCLA, 15, CYPBICABDINIA, It. CARDIOMOBPHA. IT, PLACCNOP8I8, IS. Uniiersity Cbologieal Surte Ck. OS UnlTfirglt)' Oeolosioal Survey uf Ki .t-HB VI. Platk \X1I. 16— vi PART II CRETACEOUS FISHES. SELACHIANS AND PTCN0D0NT8, Bt s. w. williston. TELEOSTS, By ALBAN STEWART. Plates XXIII to LXXIII. PART II GBETAGEOUS FISHES. SELACHIANS AND P70N0D0NTS, By S. W. WILLISTON. TELEOSTS, By ALBAN STEWART. Plates XXIII to LXXIII. SELACHIANS AND P7GN0D0NTS. By S. W. WILLISTON. The following notes and descriptions of selachian and pycnodont teeth are based upon the material that has accumu- lated in the University of Kansas Museum during the past ten or twelve years, supplemented by a collection kindly loaned for study by Mr. T. W. Stanton, of the National Museum. The material is by no means exhaustive, nor even sufficient to settle several doubtful points, but I trust that, incomplete as it may be, it will be of service in the determination of our numerous forms. ''The specific determination of the detached teeth of sharks and skates is little more than guesswork, and to decide upon their generic relationships with any approach to certainty is also often very difficult."^ Nevertheless, because such de- tached teeth are so often found, and connected series so rarely, an attempt at their determination is desirable. Fortunately, in the present collection there are several forms represented by such complete specimens that the positive addition they afford to the knowledge of the species and genera is very welcome. MTLIOBATIDiB. PTYCHODUS. Teeth with the crown more or less elevated and overhanging, ornamented with transverse or radiating ridges, and surrounded by a larger or smaller, finely marked area. Surface of root smooth. This genus of Upper Cretaceous selachians was for a long time placed among the cestracionts, but recent discoveries of the nearly complete dentition render it more probable that its 1. Wcx>dM'ard : Proc. Geol. Assoc., XIII, p. 190. (237) 238 University Geological Survey of Kansas, proper location is with the Myliobatidsc. The living members of the family y the sea-devils, are broad, flat fishes, allied to the rays, with a disk-like body. Many attain an enormous size, fifteen or twenty feet in length, and weigh a thousand pounds or more. In some the pectoral fins take on almost the charac- ter of limbs, and are said to be used in scooping up their food and transferring it to the mouth. The teeth are flat and pave- ment-like, and are used for crushing crabs and shell-fish. The fish are viviparous, and for the most part live in tropical or semitropical waters. The teeth in Ptychodvs are not less than 600 in number in each jaw, at least in some species. They are arranged in par- allel rows, decreasing in size from within outward, except that in the supposedly upper jaws the median row is composed of small, low and smooth teeth, very much unlike the immediately adjacent ones. In P. mortoni there are eight rows on either side of this median row, or seventeen in all. The lateral teeth become more transversely elongated, the surface markings less conspicuous, and the form more unsymmetrical. About fifteen species of the genus have so far been discovered, all from the Upper Cretaceous. One or two species, including our most common one, have been discovered in both Europe and North America, and it is not improbable that the identity of yet others will be established when they are better known. The teeth vary so much in size and shape in the same individual that the iden- tification from single specimens is often impossible or a matter of great uncertainty. Ptychodus mortoni. Plate XXV; plate XXVI, fig. 1; plate XXVII. Pli/chodus morto7ii (MaDtell) Morton, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., viii, p. 215, pi. X, f. 7; Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., iii, p. 158,.pl. xxv, ff. 1-3; Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., (1868), p. 205; Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 295, pi. XVIII, ff. 1-14; Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 294; Woodward, Quart. Joum. Gool. Soc., xLiii, p. 130; Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., i, p. 159; Proc. Greol. Assoc., XIII, p. 191, pi. V, f. 4; Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., ix, p. 30, pi. VII, VIII, f. 1, pi. IX — Alabama, Mississippi, Niobrara of Kansas, English Chalk. This species is the most common one of this genus in the Kansas Cretaceous, occurring only in the Niobrara beds, so far as I am aware, and, for the most part at least, in the lower part WiLLiSTON.] Cretaceous Fishes. 239 of the beds. I have before me at the present time two excellent series of teeth of this species ; one, including about eighty teeth, obtained from the estate of the late Joseph Savage ; the other collected in the vicinity of Castle Rock, in Trego county, by Prof. G. E. Rose — an exceedingly interesting specimen, be- cause most of the teeth are in place in the matrix. A number of the teeth of the Savage specimen have been arranged serially and photographed in plate XXV. Of course the arrangement is not the natural one, but the plate will show in an excellent way many of the characters of the teeth better than they can be described. In plates XXVI and XXVII are given three views of portions of the Rose specimen ; that of plate XXVI (fig. 1) shows a little more than one-half of the upper view. One end (the left of the figure) has been folded underneath obliquely. This folded end is shown in plate XXVIII, fig. 1. Figure 2 of the same plate gives a view of a transverse series, as arranged from the loose teeth taken from the right end of the specimen — the one that protruded from the chalk when discov- ered. About 550 teeth, all told, have been obtained, and doubt- less not a few had been lost before the specimen was discovered. The set is referred to the upper jaw, on the supposition of Woodward that the small median teeth belong in this jaw. Not a trace of osseous substance is preserved in the specimen. The cartilage of the sharks' jaws is often preserved in a soft, calcified condition, but it is evident that the material in which the teeth of Ptychodus were lodged was of a more perishable nature, accounting doubtless for the fact that Ptychodus teeth are so rarely found associated. The teeth of this species differ markedly from those of all other known species, in having the center of the crown raised into a conical apex, the summit of which is crossed by a short transverse ridge from which other diverging ridges run. In the smaller lateral teeth these ridges become less well marked and occupy a relatively smaller space, becoming almost obsolete in the fifth row. The marginal araa is formed of fine reticula- tions in many of the larger teeth, though in most of these and in all the smaller teeth the markings are more like a fine punc- 240 University Geological Survey of Kansas. tulatioD, clearly visible only with the aid of a lens, giving a uniform, finely roughened appearance. The median upper row is composed of low, flattened teeth, transversely oval or sub- quadrate in shape, with a slight elevation in the middle, and finely roughened throughout the whole coronal surface, there being only the slightest trace of the divergent ridges on the summit of the elevation. This does not quite agree with Wood- ward's description of these teeth, in which he states that they are ^'not marked with the radiating ridges, but exhibit a mi- nute smooth eminence in the middle of the crown." Possibly this effect is due to wear. PtychodUB polygyms. Plate XXIX, fig. 9: plate XXX, fig. 14. PtychoduB poly gy run (Buckland) Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., iii, p. 156, pi. xxv% ff. 4-11, pi. xxv-B, ff. 21-23; Gibbes, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., i, p. 2d9, pi. II, ff. 5,6: Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, p. 208; Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 294; Wocdward, Cat. Fobs. Fishes Brit. Mus., i, p. 143, pi. v, f. 7 — Senonian, Turonian of Europe, Rotten Limestone of Alabama, Niobrara of Kansas; Williston, cf. cit. 31. f Ptychodua latissimus Agassiz, 1. c, fig. 8; Dixon, Foss. Sussex, pi. xxx, ff. 1, 2. A single tooth of very l^rg© size from the lower beds of the Niobrara Cretaceous of the Smoky Hill river is referred to this species provisionally. Until numerous specimens are examined there can be no certainty of its correct location, though the re- semblances are sufficiently great to render the determination not improbable ; at least with some of its varieties. PtychodUB martini. Plate XXVIII. PtychoduH martini Williston, cf. cit. 32. A large series of teeth, 110 in number, found together in the Niobrara chalk of the Smoky Hill river, and collected by Mr. H. T. Martin, cannot be identified with any described species. I have photographed them, arranged as symmetrically as possible, but with no assurance that the arrangement is a natural one. In fact, it is not improbable that the teeth belong to both upper and lower jaws. The teeth apparently from the lower median row are much elongate transversely, with a very flat crown, wherein they differ from the teeth of other known species. The ridges are nine or ten in number, and reach nearly to the lateral WiLLiSTON.] Creiaceou9 Finhes. 241 margin. In some of the teeth several of the ridges form loops near the extremities. The marginal area of granulations is small, and presents scarcely any distinct vermiculations. The teeth of the lateral rows are less elongated than those of the middle one, though still more so than is usual. The granula- tions become rather more extensive in area proportionally in the small teeth, as is the case with other species. A series (left vertical row of the plate) that may belong in the medio- lateral rows of the upper jaws are more nearly square in^shape, and the crown has a distinct, though low, convexity extending over nearly its whole area. Antero-posteriorly the surface is nearly flat, with a moderate convexity of the margin. The surface posterior to the large grooves on the upper part shows small, radiating and branched ridges. The largest teeth measure 45 by 20 mm. ; the ones more nearly square, 35 by 25 mm. Ftychodns anonymus. Plate XXIX, figs. 5-8, 16-18, 20-22, 24. Ptychodu8 anonymus WillistoD, cf. cit. 32. Seven teeth of nearly uniform size, four of them united in the matrix, from Walnut creek, Kansas, seem to belong to a species distinct from any previously described (figs. 16-18). They are of about the same size as those described as P. whip- pleyi and P. occidental is, but will be distinguished from the former by the more broadly conical crowns. In the teeth of this size of P. ivhippleyi the crown is much compressed, stand- ing up, tooth-like ; in the present specimens they are nearly straight or gently concave from the apex to the rims. From P. occidentalis the species will be distinguished by the very dis- tinctly reticulate marginal areas, the transverse ridges not reaching to the rims of the crown. Other specimens agreeing in these characters are from the Niobrara. The horizon is probably Benton. 242 University Geological Survey of Kansas. PtychoduB occidentaUs. Plate XXIX, fig. 4; plate XXX, fig. 13. Ptpchodus occidenfalitt Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, p. 207; Ext. Vert. Fauna West. Terr., p. 308, pi. xvii, if. 7, 8, pi. xviii, ff. 15-18; Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 244; WillistoQ, cf. cit. 33— Niobrara, Benton of Kansas. Two teeth, one from the same conglomerate that yielded the teeth referred to P. janewayii, the other, without locality, from Mr. Joseph Savage's collection, I refer to this species. The species differs from the following in having the transverse ridges continued to the lateral rims, and not separated by an area of fine reticulation. The anterior surface has finer, elon- gated, nearly straight ridges and grooves in this species, while in the others the markings are reticulate or vermiculate. PtychoduB janewayii. Plate XXX, figs. 9, 10, 11. Sporefodus janewaf/ii Cope, Hayden's Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 2, (1874). pi. XLvii. PtychoduB Jane tea f/ii Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 244; Williston, cf. cit. 33. ** Surface irregularly convex, covered with a dense layer, which does not exhibit pores, and is thrown into transverse or oblique ridges. Surface with four folds, which traverse it obliquely from border to border. At the base of the outer, at one end, is a series of adherent tubercles ; at the basis of that, at the opposite end, is a broken fold, with tubercles at its outer base. Length, 0.0045 m. ; width, 0.0025 m. A portion of a larger and more central tooth has the surface with an unsym- metrical convexity, and is crossed transversely by five folds, from border to border.'' - Three small teeth, shown enlarged in plate XXX, ff. 9-11, from the conglomerate containing specimens of Corax curvatus^ appear to belong to this species. The horizon of the conglom- erate is near the line of contact between the Dakota and Ben- ton, in Ellsworth county. Cope's type was from a bed of conglomerate containing Lanina and Isurtis teeth of small size near Stockton. It is probable that the horizon is the same in both. ■ t I. I ■ 2. Cope, 1. c. WiLLiSTON.] Cretaceous Fishes. 243 PtychodoB whippleyi. Plate XXIX, figs. 10-15. PtychodtiH whmpleyi Marcou, Geoi. North Amer., p. 33, pi. ix, f. 4; Leidy, Ext. Vert. Fauoa, p. 300, pi. xviii, ff. 19, 20; J. S. Newberry, Rep. Expl. Exp., p. 147, pi. Ill, f. 2; Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 294 : WillistoD, cf. cit. 34 — Cretaceous, Texas ( Marcou, Leidy); Kansas, Arkansas Valley (Cope): Colorado, New Mexico. Thirteen teeth from Dallas, Tex., and a number of others re- ceived from Mr. Frank Springer, collected in the vicinity of Las Vegas, in New Mexico, agree with the descriptions and fig- ures of this species, as given by Leidy. The same species has been referred to the Niobrara chalk of the Arkansas valley by Cope. If his determination and locality are correct the species must be referred to the Benton of Kansas, since the Niobrara does not occur in the Arkansas valley. A single specimen from the Benton of Kansas in the museum, without definite locality, seems to agree pretty well with the Texas specimens, but the specimen is an uncharacteristic one and may pertain to some other species. Some of the teeth referred to this species show a marked re- semblance to those figured by Woodward' (P. rugosus) , and by Dixon (P. altior Dix.) The European species is described as having the sides of the median elevation of the crown smooth, which is not the case with the present species, the grooves continuing midway into the lateral granulations. Ptychodus, sp. Plate XXIX, figs. 2, 3: plate XXXI, fig. 53. PtffchodaSy sp., Williston, cf. cit. 34. Four teeth of moderately large size, from the Benton Creta- ceous, of Salt creek, Russell county, and two others of smaller size, also from the Benton, seem to belong to a species distinct from any hitherto known. The larger ones will be distinguished from those referred to the upper series of P. martini, which are of nearly the same size and shape, by the smaller area of trans- verse ridges, and the much larger area of marginal reticula- tions, which are coarser. The teeth are more nearly square and the convexity of the crown is greater. The two teeth of smaller 3. Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mas., I. pi. V, fiff. 2. 244 University Geological Survey of Kansas. size probably belong with the others. It is possible that some of these teeth may belong with P. polygyms. The other described species of this genus are the following : PiychoduB mammilaria Agassiz. — Senonian, TuroniaD, and CeDomanian, Europe. Ptychodus rugosus Dixon. — Senonian, England. Ptii/chodus decurretis Agassiz. — Senonian, Turanian, and Cenomanian, Europe. Ptychodus multistriatus Woodward. — Senonian and Turonian, England. Ptycfiodtis latissimus Agassiz. — Turonian and Senonian, Europe. Ptychodus papilloaus Cope, Cret. Vert. 294. — Upper Cretaceous, Colorado. Ptychodus triangularis Reuss. — Upper Cretaceous, Bohemia. Ptychodus lev is Woodward.— Lower Chalk of England. SOTLLIIDA The family Scylliidae comprises small sharks with sharp- pointed cuspidate teeth, arranged in numerous series. The fol- lowing genera are given by Woodward : * Paleoscyllium Wagner, Lower Kimmeridgian of Bavaria; Scylliorhinus Blainv., Turo- nian and Senonian ; Pristiurus Bonaparte, Lower Kimmeridgian of Bavaria; Mesiteia Kramb., Senonian and Middle Eocene; Chiloscyllium Muller and Henle, Molasse ; Crossorhinus Muller and Henle, Gault; ( 'antioscyllium Woodw., TuronisLn; Gingly- mostoma Muller and Henle, Danaian, Eocene. Numerous teeth from the Lower Cretaceous of Kansas seem in all probability to belong in this family, and agree pretty well, though rather large, with the teeth of Scylliorhinus , to which I refer them provisionally. Scylliorhinus rugosus. Plate XXIV, fig. 5. Scyllium rugoHum Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., ix, p. 35. Central cusp broad, pointed, nearly symmetrical, the cutting edges nearly straight, one of them a little longer than the other and slightly convex near the tip ; a single pair of lateral den- ticles, which are nearly equilaterally triangular in shape ; prin- cipal cusp with six or seven strong ridges on the basal two-fifths ; denticles with four or five similar ridges reaching two-thirds of 4. Cat. FosB. Fishes Brit. Mas., I. p. 338. WiLLiSTON.] CreiaceoHS Fhhes. 245 the way to the apex ; root narrow, apparently not at all pro- duced at the angles ; thinned and not at all tamid. Type No. 1949, U. S. National Museum, Greenleaf sandstone at Greenleaf ranch. Height of middle cusp 7 mm. Width of same at base 4 ** Height of denticles 3 ** Width of same 2i •♦ ScylliorMnus planidens. Plate XXIV, fig. 7. Scyllium planiilenn Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., ix, p. 35. Central cusp broad, pointed, convex from side to side, with sharp, non-crenulate edges; lateral cusps sharply pointed, smooth, two in number; root thin, narrow, moderately pro- duced below the posterior denticle, smooth. Height of median cusp 4 mm. Width of same at base 3 " Width of base of tooth 6 '• Height of denticles 1\ ** Type No. 1949, U. S. National Museum. From same horizon as the preceding species. I refer provisionally to this species numerous other speci- mens from the same horizon and collection. They differ in the relative size of the denticles, the more posterior direction of the main cusp, and the size. One tooth seems to lack the anterior denticle, which is always the smaller of the two ; its absence may be due to injury. Scylliorhinus (Lamna? ) gracilis. Plate XXIV, fig. 6. Sci/llium {Lamna f) gracilu Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., ix, p. 35. Main cusp elongate, slender; inner surface smooth, gently convex longitudinally, more so transversely, with sharp, smooth edges ; the interior edge nearly straight, the posterior somewhat concave; denticles of nearly equal size, small, slender, acute; base narrow, prolonged into a slender root at each extremity. Height of tooth 9 mm. Length of middle cusp 6 *' Width of same at base 3 •' Length of denticles 2 ** One specimen. No. 1949, U. S. National Museum, with the preceding species. 246 University Geological Survey of Kansas, LAHNIDJE. The Lamnidse comprise the largest and most voracious of the sharks, represented by a number of species in the oceans of the present time. They are elongated fishes, the dorsal fin without spine ; there is no nictitating membrane to the eye, and the gill openings are wide. The teeth are solid in the adult, and are 300 or more in number. The teeth are found very commonly in the Cretaceous deposits of Kansas, as elsewhere, usually scattered singly, though occasionally found more or less con- nected by the calcified cartilage of the jaws in several rows. Owing to the great variation of size and shape of the teeth in the same individual, it is often difficult or impossible to cor: rectly determine the forms. Doctor Eastman has recently fig- ured and described the nearly complete dentition of Isurus mantclli, the most common species of the family in Kansas. Doubtless similar variations will be found in the different spe- cies of the other genera of this family. ISURUS. This genus differs from Lamna only in the prevailing absence of the lateral denticles of the teeth. The teeth are large. The genus occurs from Jurassic to the present time. Isurus mantelli. Plate XXXI, figs. il-iQ; plate XXXII, figs. 2-2m. Oxt/rhina mantellf. (Geinitz) Agassiz, Poiss*. Foss., iii, p. 282, pi. xxxiii, ff. 1-5, 7-9; Eastman, Paleontographica, xli, pp. 149-192, pU. xvi-xviii (where additional extensive synonymy will be found); Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, xiii, p. 19G — Cenomanian, Senonian and Turanian of Eu- rope; Kansas, Texas, New Jersey, Alabama, Colorado, etc. Oxyrhina extenta Leidy, Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 302, pi. xviii, ff. 21-25. ** Moderate-sized, stout, three-cornered teeth; the crown on the outer side nearly flat, with one or more vertical wrinkles ; on the inner side, lightly convex and smooth ; root long, thick, low, moderately deeply furcate, usually obtuse at the ends, and on both sides more or less flattened."^ This species is very common in tlie Kansas Niobrara, in fact, 5. Eastman, 1. c. WiLLiSTON.J Creiaceou% Fishes. 247 the most common of all, and not infrequently it is represented by many associated teeth. From the plates, and from East- man's figures, it will be readily identified in all its forms. LAMNA. Teeth, except some of the hindmost ones, with a narrow, compressed, conical cusp, with one or two pairs of small, pointed denticles. Some of the following species may belong to Odontaspis, which can hardly be distinguished by the teeth alone, differing only in the relatively less high and less subulated character of the anterior ones, and in the usually larger size of the lateral denticles. Lamna appendicnlata. Plate XXVI, figrs. 3-Dc; plate XXXI, figs. 47-19. Otodua appendicuiatuM (Roemer) Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., iti, p. 279, pi. XXXII, ff. 1-25; Davis, Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc., iv, p. 402, pi. xli, ff. 1-il. Lamna nppendicufata Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., i, p. 393; Proc. Geol. Assoc, xiii, p. 196; Williston, cf. cit. 37 — Senonian, Cenoma- nian, Turonian ( ?), Danian of Europe, Niobrara of Kansas, and Green- sand of New Jersey. ** Teeth robust, with a thick root, having a much flattened postero-inferior face, the nutritive foramen not in a groove. Outer face slightly convex or flat, often with a few indefinite vertical folds on the basal half ; inner side of crown markedly convex, smooth ; cutting edges prominent ; a single pair of lateral denticles, broad, but pointed. Anterior teeth narrow and upright ; lateral teeth much inclined backward, the anterior teeth much more arcuate and longer than the posterior ones.''*' Several teeth from the Niobrara chalk agree sufficiently well with the foregoing description, and especially with Woodward's figures, to permit their allocation here. They are somewhat broader than the specimens figured by Woodward. Two of the specimens differ markedly from the others in having the base flatter and the roots much less prolonged downward, the notch of the base shallower and shorter. Another tdoth from the base of the Benton, in the conglomerate containing the speci- mens of Corax curvatvs and Ptychodus janewayiL agrees well 8. Woodward. 1. c. 248 University Geological Survey of Kansas. with these last specimens and apparently belongs to the same species, if distinct. Their resemblance to Odontaspis kopingen- sis Davis likewise cannot be denied, but the lateral denticles are more triangular in shape. Lamna sulcata. Plate XXIV, figrs. 1-lb. Otodus BulcatUH Geinitz, Char. Schicht. u. Petriffact, saechs-boehm Krei- deb. 5, pi. IV, f. 2. Otodua divan'catus Leidy, Ext. Vert. Fauna, p. 305, vol. xviii, flp. 26-28? Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 295. Lamna HxUcafa Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., i, p. 388 (where additional synonymy will be found): Proc. Geol. Assoc, xiii, p. 197: Williston, cf. cit. 37 — Cenomanian and Turonian, England, France, Belgium, Saxony. Bohemia: Senonian, England; Cretaceous, Texas, (Leidy): Jewell county, Kansas, (Cope): Mississippi (Cope). *' Teeth very robust, the crown sometimes attaining a height of nearly 50 mm. Outer face of crown slightly convex, gener- ally uneven ; both the inner and the outer faces with more or less prominent series of vertical wrinkles near the base, usually irregular. A single pair of large, acuminate lateral denticles, slightly divergent, often incompletely separated from the prin- cipal cone. Root with a considerable inward prominence im- mediately below the base of the crown."* **A name given to very large, robust teeth with vertically wrinkled crown and slightly divergent acuminate lateral denti- cles. There are specimens in the British Museum from un- determined horizons in the chalk of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex." * This species is unknown to me. It occurrence in Kansas is given on the authority of Cope. The horizon is evidently the Benton. Lamna mndgei. Lamna mudgei Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 207, pi. xii, flf. 11, 12; Williston, cf. cit. 38— Niobrara of Kansas, Greensand of New Jersey. '* Indicated by three teeth from the Niobrara epoch of Kan- sas and one from the Greensand No. 4, from New Jersey. These teeth are rather stout, especially at the base, and the crown is not very elongate. The root is excessively protuber- 7. Woodward. 1. c. 8. Woodward. WiLLiSTON.] Cretaceous Fiahes. 249 ant, projecting horizontally beyond the convex side, and flat or truncate below the protuberance. The enamel is entirely smooth. Length, 14 mm." This species is unknown to me, or unrecognizable from the description and figures of the mutilated type specimens. Lanma macrorhiza. Lamna macrorhiza Cope, Cret. Vert., p. 297, pi. xlii, ff. 9, 10; Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes, Brit. Mus., i, p. 399; Williston, cf cit. 38— Niobrara of Kansas; Albian, of England; Cenonian, of S. £. Russia (Woodward). ''Teeth of small size, elevated though robust, the maximum total height being about 25 mm. Outer coronal face flat, or nearly so, with a faint median longitudinal elevation, and often a few folds at the base ; inner coronal face very convex, smooth ; cutting edges sharp ; a single pair of relatively large, narrow, acuminate lateral denticles, divergent, also often marked at the base by minute vertical folds ; root with a prominent inward projection below the base of the crown ; nutritive foramen in a groove." The above description by Woodward is drawn from a Euro- pean specimen, while the type described and figured by Cope is from Ellis county, Kansas, probably Niobrara. I do not know the species. Lamna (Odontaspis?), sp. Plate XXX, fig. 5. Lamnci (Odontaspis f), sp., Williston, cf. cit. 38. A single tooth from the Lower Cretaceous ( Kiowa shales, Clark county), resembles the figure of Odontaspis kopingensis Davis, as figured by that author® except that it is smaller and has the base rather more prominent, more triangular, and more pointed . The tooth has also resemblance to Lamna appendicnlata^ but the denticles are stouter (compare Woodward. )*° Height of crown, 15 mm. ; width of base, 18 mm. ; width of base of crown, 9 mm. ; distance between points of denticles, 14 mm. 9. Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc., IV, XXXVI, fi«s. 27, 28. 10. Proc. Oeol. Aasoc., XIII. pi. VI. fig. 26. 17— vi 250 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Lanma, sp. Plate XXX, fig. 6. Lamnaf sp., Williaton, cf. oit. 39. A somewhat injured tooth, of larger size than the last, dif- fers in having a larger and stouter base, the inner projection in the middle of the latter stouter and broader, and the lateral denticles smaller and more obtuse. Height of tooth (approxi- mately), 32 mm. ; width of base of crown, 12 mm. ; width of base of tooth, 25 mm. One specimen, Kiowa shales, Clark county. Lamna aninqnelateralis. Latnna quinquelateralitt Cragin, Colo. Coll. Studies, v, p. 189; Williston, cf. oit. 39. ''The specific name quinquelateralis is applied to a species of shark whose vertebrae differ from all others of which I have any knowledge. The type vertebra is short, much broader than high, shallow-cupped, and more or less sharply pentagonal ended. '' Measurements : Height, 20 mm. ; length, 12 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. The two upper angles measure each about 130 deg. ; either lateral angles about 105 deg. ; the lower angle is broad and rounded. ** Occurrence : A single vertebra of this form was found by the writer at Belvidere, Kan., with the above-described remains of PtesiocIielySy in the upper part of No. 4 of the Belvidere sec- tion." Possibly this vertebra belongs with one or the other of the above-described teeth from these same deposits, but the corre- lation cannot be made until the teeth and vertebrte are found associated, which may be long hence. Scapanorbjrnchns. RhinognathuB Davis, Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc. (2), iii, p. 480. Scapanorhynehus Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., i, p. 351, (1889). f Mitsukurina Jordan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2k)ol., i, (1886); Amer. Nat, XXXIV, p. 234. The genus Scapanorhynchm, first proposed by Davis under a preoccupied name, has been more closely defined by Woodward. The teeth themselves cannot in many cases be generically dis- WiLLiaTow.] Cretaceous Fishes. 251 tinguished from those of OdoiitaspiSf under which name some were originally described. Recently Doctor Woodward ^' has identified a modern genus of sharks, from the deep sea off Yokahama, Japan, with this supposedly extinct type — Mitsukurina Jordan. Possibly the positive identification is premature, but there seems to be no doubt of the close relationship of the two forms ^ at least. BcapanorhyncuB rhaphiodon. Plate XXVI, fig. 4; plate XXXII, fig. 5. Lamna (Odontaapis) raphiodon Agassiz, Poise. Foes., iii, p. 296, pL xxxvii-A, ff. 12-16. Scapanorhynchus rhaphiodon Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus.,. I, p. 353 (where additional eynonjinj will be found); Proc. Geol. Assoc. XIII , p. 19(S — Cenomanian , Russia and Ghilicia ; Cenomanian and Turonian ,. France, Saxony, and Bohemia ; Cenomanian-Senonian, England ; Upper Cretaceous, 8. India; Upper Cretaceous of Texas, Mississippi, New Jersey ; Benton Cretaceous of Kansas. Lamna texana Roemer, Kreideb. von Texas, p. 29, pi. i, ff. 7 ; Leidy, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv., i, p. 304, pi. xviii, ff. 46-50; Cope, Cret. Vert, p. 296. Teeth of considerable size, slender, the anterior ones without lateral denticles ; inner coronal face conspicuously and finely striate. A number of teeth before me from the Cretaceous of New Jersey and one from the Benton Cretaceous of Kansas agree fairly well with the figures given by Leidy of specimens from Mississippi, New Jersey, and "from near the mouth of Ver- milion creek, in Kansas," and which agree with those from Texas called Lamna texana by Roemer. The specimens agree so well with the European species, especially as figured by Woodward (1. c. ; I have no European specimens for comparison) , that I think there cannot be much doubt of their identity, a conclusion suggested by Woodward. The Kansas specimen described by Leidy was said to have been obtained by Hayden from a ''gray sandstone from near the mouth of Vermilion river.' • The Vermilion in Kansas runs its whole length through the Carboniferous in eastern Kansas ; nor do I think there is any gray sandstone (necessarily Dakota Cretaceous) in the state which will yield these teeth. In all U. Amer. Ma«. Nat. Hist, III, p. 487 (1809). 252 University Geological Survey of Kansas. probability the specimens did not come from this state. How- ever, a specimen in our collection agreeing with the species was obtained in the state, and probably from the Benton, though possibly from either the Niobrara or Fort Pierre. COBAZ. The genus Corax is confined wholly to the Cretaceous, and is )'et incompletely known. Its distinction from Galeocerdoy under which name some of its species have been described, is based upon the solidity of the teeth — those of Galeocerdo have a hollow cavity within. The teeth are small, compressed, more or less triangular, with marginal serrations, though this charac- ter may be more or less wanting in young individuals. They vary not a little in shape in the same individual. In some the crown is nearly bilaterally symmetrical, but they more usually have the crown directed more or less obliquely backward, the anterior margin convex, the posterior more or less straight and angulated. Three species of the genus are known in England — C.Jalcatus, C. pristodontuSy which is hardly distinct, and C affinis. In ad- dition, C. antiquus Desl., C. incisus Egert., C. Ivcvis Gieb. and C. pygmscus Munst. have been described from Europe, and C. crassidens Cope and C, hartvelli Cope from the United States. Ooraz falcatus. Plate XXXI, fi^s. 1-40; plate XXXII, fi^. 1-11. Corax falcatus Agassiz, Poiss. Fobs., in, p. 226, pi. xxvi, f. 14, xxvi-a, ff. 1-15; Woodward, Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., i, p. 424 (where additional synoDymy will be found) ; Proc. Greol. Assoc. , xiii, p. 198, pi. vi, ff . 13-15 — Cenomanian and Turonian of England, France, Switzerland, Saxony, Bohemia, Galicia, and Russia ; Senonian of England and France ; Cre- taceous of Texas, New Jersey, and Mississippi; Niobrara of Kansas. Oaleocerdo falcatus Leidy, Ext. Vert. Fauna West. Terr., p. 301, pi. xvn, ff. 29-42. The very variable shape of the teeth referred to this species will be seen in plate XXXI, figs. 1-40. Possibly the specimens there figured represent distinct species. C. {Galeocerdo) crassi- dens Cope seems to be represented by fig. 24, and C {Galeocerdo) hartvelli Cope" by fig. 23. Possibly this species also includes 12. Cret. Vert., p. 244. WiLLiSTON.] Cretaceous Fishes. 253 C pristodontus and C. lindstromiy both of which seem to be im- perfectly differentiated from C. falcatus at present. In plate XXXIII, figs. 1-1/, are shown a number of teeth per- taining to a single individual and found associated with many Others, by Mr. Martin, in the Niobrara Cretaceous of the Smoky Hill valley. Isolated teeth of this species are the most abun- dant of the selachian teeth in the Niobrara of Kansas. Only in very few instances have many teeth been found associated, so that it is yet impossible to fully understand the dentition. The species occurs rarely, if at all, in the lower Niobrara horizons, where those of Istirus and Piychodxis are the most abundant. Oorax curvatns, d. «p. Plate XXX, figs. 7, 8. Two specimens from the same block which yielded those of Ptychodus janeivayii and Lamna species, antea, seem evidently specifically distinct from the foregoing. These teeth, while not diflFering much in outline from certain ones referred to C. falca- txtSf show a marked variance in structure. In C. falcatus the outer surface of the tooth stands out but very slightly. In C, cnrratus the crown is attached to the root very obliquely, so that when resting upon a plane the tooth forms a high arch, touch- ing only by the extreme tips of the roots and crown. The inner surface, also, is very much more uneven and convex, the crown separated from the root by a marked, narrow, transverse ridge, which is scarcely indicated in the teeth of C. falcatus. Altitude, 8 mm. ; greatest width, 14 mm. ; horizon, lower or lowermost Benton of Ellsworth county. LEPTOSTYRAZ. WUlietoQ, Kans. Univ. Quart., IX, p. 42, 1900. Leptostyraz bicuspidatus. Plate XXIV, figs. 15, 15a; plate XXVI, fig. 7. Lcptostyrax bicuspidatus Williston, cf. cit. 42. Principal cusp long and slender, flattened upon the outer side, with sharp, smooth edges and a median convexity in the middle of the flattened surface ; for the most part convex lon- gitudinally, gently concave before the apex. Inner surface strongly convex from side to side, concave on the lower half 254 University Oeological Survey of Kansas. longitudinallj, gently convex on the upper part. A single denticle present, slender, flattened cylindrical, with an anterior and posterior carina ; it arises below the base of the main cusp, and is directed more outwards, its inner surface concave longi- tudinally. Immediate base of crown of both main cusp and denticle with short ridges. Base of tooth short, truncate ( ? ) below the main cusp, prolonged downward below the denticle. Length of main cusp, 19 mta. ; width of same at base, 5 mm. ; length of denticle, 5 mm. ; width of same at base, 2i mm. ; height of tooth, 26 mm. ; width of base, 10 mm. A small tooth of the same form found with this has a total length of 14 mm. The base is deeply emarginate below, with two slender roots ; that below the denticle the longer. Mentor beds, 4i miles southwest of Marquette, Kan. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 1979. PTONODONTIDJE. The pycnodonts are a peculiar group of ganoid fishes, whose remains have been found in the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eo- cene deposits of Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. They are all rather small fishes, very much flattened and oval in shape, covered with rhomboidal scutes having close-lying spines, which give a ribbed appearance. The united palatine and vomer of the upper jaws are provided with five rows of round or oval, smooth-pavement teeth ; the premaxillary with two or four chisel-like teeth. The dentaries below have a like number of teeth, similar to those of the premaxillary, while on the splenial there are three, four or five rows of pavement teeth similar to those of the vomer. CoBlodus brownii. Plate XXIV, fig. 12. CceloduB hrovmii Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., ix, p. 447, pi. xx, f.l9; Williston, cf. cit. 28. A fragment of the left lower jaw, containing two rows of teeth, the middle and the inner. There are four crowns pre- served on the inner row, nearly corresponding in length with WiLLMTON.] Cretaceous Fishes. 255 the six teeth of the middle row, of which only two have the crowns preserved. Cope's type had only the middle and ex- ternal rows, and none of the teeth had well-preserved crowns. The middle teeth seem to correspond exactly in size with the types. On the inner side the jaw projects as a rather broad trough, with a thin edge, apparently broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Its width here is nearly as great as the width of the inner row of teeth. The inner teeth are large, their width equal to nearly half their length. The surface of the crowns is smooth and convex, more so antero-posteriorly than transversely. The middle row has the teeth placed a little obliquely to the others, and the surface is more flattened transversely in the middle. The axes of the crowns of the two rows are placed at a distinct angle with each other. Length of four teeth, inner row 36 mm. Transverse diameter of crowns, inner row 17 '* Length of five teeth, middle row 31 '* Transverse diameter of crowns, middle row 12 " Thickness of jaw, at middle row of teeth 22 '' The specimen was collected from the Kiowa shales, near Bel- videre, by Mr. C. N. Gould. OoeloduB Btantoni, n. sp. Plate XXIV, fig. 12; plate XXVI, fig. 6. Ccelodus atantoni Williston, of. cit. 28. A fragment of the right lower jaw, containing two perfect crowns of the internal row, together with the bases of four teeth of the middle row, evidently represents a species distinct from the previous one. The teeth are much smaller in size, more elongated and distintly kidney-shaped, the ends narrowed. The surface is smooth, strongly convex antero-posteriorly, and gently so from side to side. The jaw is much less robust than in the preceding species. Transverse diameter of tooth, internal row 14 mm. Antero-posterior diameter of same 5 J Length of four teeth, middle row 17 Transverse diameter of tooth, middle row 11 it The middle teeth seem to be larger in proportion to those of the internal series than in the preceding species. Kiowa shales. 256 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Mesodon abrasus. Mrsodon abrasus Cragin, Colorado College Studies, v, 1894; Williston, Kans. Univ. Quart., ix, p. 29. ''This name is proposed for certain pycnodont teeth of low, rhomboidal form and feebly convex upper surface which occur in No. 3 of the Belvidere section, southwest of the Belvidere railroad station, and seem to agree with the large mandibular teeth of Mesodon. The specific name refers to the occurrence in the type species of two small, oblique facets produced at one end by attrition. The type has a height (above root) of 3 mm., a length of 13 mm., and a breadth of 5 mm. "To the vomerine set of the same species may belong the rotund, oval or nearly hemispherical teeth of similar height but smaller size, which occur not uncommonly at the same locality and horizon, the largest now available example of which measures about 6 and 7 mm. in major and minor hori- zontal diameters.'* In the National Museum collection there are several teeth, occurring singly, corresponding to the vomerine teeth described by Cragin. That they belong with the other teeth there de- scribed is very doubtful — indeed it is doubtful whether the other teeth belong with Mesodon, since it is impossible to locate the genus from single teeth. It is not at all impossible that the vomerine teeth are identical with Cope's M. diastematicus. The larger teeth may be the same as those of either the above- described species of Caiodus, The largest of the specimens in the present collection meas- ures 10 by 7i mm. ; several smaller examples have diameters of 6 and 5 mm. ( See plate XXX, fig. 4.) LEPIDOSTEID^. Lepidotus, sp. In the National Museum collection there is a single example of a scute pertaining to some lepidotid fish { No. 1063, Kiowa shales). Cope has described Macrepistius of this family from a stratum between the Upper and Lower Trinity Sands of Texas. It seems very probable that the teeth referred to the vomer of Mesodon abrasus really belong here. TELEOSTS OF THE UPPER GBETAGEOUS. By ALBAN STEWART. INTRODUCTION. About two years ago, through the kindness of Dr. S. W. Williston, I was given the privilege of working up for publica- tion the excellent University collection of teleost fishes from the Upper Cretaceous formations of western Kansas, the results of which are given in the following pages. At the time the work was begun the literature on the subject was poorly represented in the University library, and, as some of it was very hard to obtain, the work has been delayed on this account, causing a later appearance of it than was first expected. However, it is hoped by the author that it is fairly complete, and that it will be a guide to students of the Cretaceous ichthyology of North America, and especially that of Kansas. For more than twenty years past the Kansas Cretaceous fishes have been almost entirely neglected by writers on ichthyology, and not since the publication of Professor Copers '* Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of the West," in 1875, has any work appeared beyond a few scattering papers on some special form or group ; and, with the exception of those by Prof. 0. P. Hay and myself, these have all been written by students of Ger- man universities, from collections which have been made in Kansas and sent to the museums there. Thus, it seems very proper that there should be a more complete work undertaken at home, where the collecting grounds are easy of access and the collections are probably more complete than elsewhere." In addition to the original collection made by Chancellor F. H. Snow, Dr. S. W. Williston, and others, the geological ex- 13. See also the Appendix to this part.— &'. W. W. (257) 268 University Geological Survey of Kansas. pedition to western Kansas during the summer of 1898 ob- tained some valuable material from the Niobrara and Fort Pierre formations, among which several new types have ap- peared. Before entering into the work in detail^ I wish to ex- press my indebtedness to Dr. S. W. Williston for advice in the preparation and revision of the work, and also to Prof. 0. P. Hay, of the United States National Museum, of Washington, D. C, for the loan of his type specimen of Ichthyodectes cruentt^ for comparison with some of our specimens, and also for informa- tion on some of the points on which I was in doubt. I must also express my sincere thanks to Mr. W. O. Bourne, of Scott, and Mr. Travis Morse, of lola, for the loan of material from their collections of fossil vertebrates; and also to Mr. H. M. McDowell, of this city, for his present of the fine skull of Saurodon xiphirostris. The drawings from which the plates were made were all done by Mr. Sydney Prentice, under the writer's direction. Lawbbncb, Kan., May 15, 18W. Stiwabt.] Cretaceous Fishes. 259 TELE08TEI The fishes belonging to this order are usually characterized by the margin of the upper jaw being formed of the maxilla and premaxilla and by the absence of spinous rays in the pelvic iin. Some of the Cretaceous forms are exceptions to this, as the pelvic fin eften is provided with spinous rays. The parietal bones are united in the median line and the scales are usually cycloid. This order comprises the most generalized types of bony fishes, which are closely related to the bony ganoids. They are among the most abundant fossils obtained from the chalk of western Kansas, and are usually in an excellent state of preservation, which makes them easy to collect and study. They range in size from the gigantic XiphaciinuSj which often attains a length of nearly twenty feet, to Enchodm and some of the other small forms, which are often less than a foot in length. They are found most abundantly in the Niobrara group, not because they were more abundant in that period, but prob- ably because the conditions which prevailed at that time were more favorable for fossilization than in the Fort Pierre and Fox Hill time which followed. They include several families, which will be described and discussed below. A. S. Woodward," of the British Museum, has divided these fishes into six groups, which are given below. ** I. Laterally compressed fishes with large and powerful maxillas and pre- maxillse, bearing teeth, the dentary being the only tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw, provided with a single series, the palatine and ectopterygoid toothless. The teeth are placed in complete sockets. Vertebrae, except near the head, deeply two-grooved on each side in addition to possessing pits for insertion of neural and hsemal arches. Ex.: Porfheua [Xlphaotinus), Ichthi/odcctc8, Daptinus (Sau- rodon)y SaurocephaluA (forming the family of Saurodontidce of Cope). ^' II. Fishes somewhat less laterally compressed, provided with scales or bony scutes, or both, and having the premaxillas and maxillse large, bearing powerful teeth in one or more series. The teeth not implanted in sockets, but anchylosed 14. Proc. Oeol. Amoc., vol. X, 1888, pp. 309, 310. 260 University Geological Survey of Kansas. to the jaw-bones. AbdomiDal vertebne, at least, without deep lateral pits, but longitudinally striated. Ex.: PachyrhizoduH^ Empo (/), Stratodtta. '* III. Fishes only moderately compressed from side to side, naked, or pro- vided with scutes. Both maxilla and premaxilla long and slender, the former about half excluded from the margin of the upper jaw by the latter; the maxil- lary and premaxillary teeth small. Palatines and ectopterygoids powerful, and bearing a single series of large teeth, upon expanded, anchylosed to the bone. Dentary bone of lower jaw with one series of large teeth and one or more series of small teeth similarly anchylosed. Vertebra with two deep lateral impressions and pits for the neural and haemal arches. Ex.: Enchodun^ EurygnathuB^ EtirypholiSj lachyrocejihalus^ Cimolichthya, Pomagnathua. '*IV. Elongated fishes,' with powerful dentition, and the trunk armed with several longitudinal series of bony scutes ; not yet precisely defined and separated from groups II and III. Ex.: Dercctifi {Leptotraohehis)^ Pclargorht/nrJiuSt Plinthophorus, **V. The ProtoaphyrceaidoR (ErisicMheidce Cope), with much elongated snout (ethmoid bone), and long maxilla loosely connected with the premaxilla; also believed to have an unusually complex mandible. Ex.: Protosphyrcpna. **VI. Clupeoids and salmonoids.'' After making a careful study of the material at hand, I think it advisable to make some changes in the above grouping for the American genera, which are given below. I. Fishes with skull laterally compressed; jaws powerful, and bearing a single row of cylindric teeth, without nutrient foramen or notches below the internal alveolar border ; preden- tary not present ; vertebrae deeply grooved, with pits above and below for the insertion of the neuro- and hipmapophyses. Em- bracing the genera, Xiphactinus, Icthyodcctes, Gillicus, and Clado- cydm: family J Icthyodecti. 88. 2B. Kana. UniT. Qaart., vol. VII, pp. 11^-119, pi. VII-X. Stbwabt.] Cretaceous Fishes. 267 XiphactinuB mudgei Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Xiphactinu9 lowii Stewart, Fort Benton Cretaceous, central Kansas. ■ Xiphactinus br achy gnat hua Stewart, Niobrara Cretaceous, central Kansas. In a paper recently published by Professor Hay, of the United States National Museum,^ the author recognizes two more spe- cies, X, molossus and X. thaumas, not mentioned in the list given above, and says that it is quite probable that A", audax is the same as some one of Professor Cope's species of Portheus. He also recognized the great variation in the size and arrangement of the teeth, but thought that the two species could be recog- nized by the difference in form of the superior condyles of the maxillse, the variation of which will be discussed later. Now it seems to me that, if X. molossus and X, thaumas are distinct species, Professor Cope failed to designate any constant characters by which they can be determined, and, until it is shown that such characters exist, we can do nothing more than call them synonymous. I have carefully compared the descrip- tion and figure of Doctor Leidy's specimen with specimens of fin-spines in our collection that undoubtedly belong to one of these species, and find them identical with the description. This being the case, we must, for the present at least, consider X. molossus and A", thaumas Cope as synonyms of Xiphactinus audax Leidy. XiphactimiB audax. Plates XXXIII to XLVII. Saurocephalus thaumas Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, p. 533. Saurocephalus audax Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, p. 533. Portheus molossus Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1871, p. 174; Cret. Vert- West., pp. 194-196. Portheus thaumas Cope, Cret. Vert. West., pp. 196-201. Xiphactinus audax Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phil. 1870, p. 12; Rep. 17. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1873, p. 290, pi. xvii. This species is by far the best represented of the physostomous fishes in the University collection, the material consisting of several individuals, some of which are almost complete and others remarkably well preserved in certain parts, so that from this material a better idea of the anatomy can be gained than from any of the other collections that have been described. 28. L c, p. 27. 268 University Geological Survey of Kansas. The premaxilla is large and oval in outline, convex externally and very irregular internally. The bone thickens toward the lower border, where there are alveoli for the large teeth, which are never more than three in number, and even three is an ex- ception. The teeth are acutely pointed at the apex, non-striated, and directed slightly forward. Considerably more than half of the bone is supported on the anterior lamina of the maxilla, and in the larger specimens the posterior union with this bone is usually by a dentate suture. In the smaller specimens the suture is usually an undulating line, which seems to indicate that the dentate character of the suture becomes more evident with the age of the animal. There was no sutural union with its fellow on the opposite side, but, from the tubercular nature of the anterior border in some of the specimens, it seems that there may have been a cartilaginous or ligamentous union be- tween the two. In some of the specimens there are a number of tubercular exostoses just above the alveolar border, but this character is as inconstant as the focm of the suture mentioned above. The maxilla is a large lanciform bone, much thickened to- ward the anterior end and thin posteriorly. Just back of the premaxilla the alveolar border is rather thin, and contains alveoli for several small teeth, usually four. Back of this the bone swells considerably for the accommodation of several large teeth, which are acutely pointed, non-striate, and vary in cross- section from a cylinder to an oval. Back of this the border is occupied by a varying number of small and medium-sized teeth, the alveoli of which are probably not all filled with functional teeth at once. The bases of all of these teeth are cylindric, or nearly so. On the next page is given a table showing the great variation in the size and arrangement of the teeth on both the maxilla and premaxilla. The numbers in the left-hand column are the catalogue numbers of the specimens. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes, 269 No MAXILLARY ■ PRBMAXILLARY. L^Vm SmalL Medinm. Larffo. Small. Total. Small. Large. SmalL TotaL 1 2 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 6 5 4 5 3 4 "22"* 23 27 23 20 "26" 19-f 25-f 18 26 15 22? 7+ 31 32 36 27 26 6+ 35 27+ 32+ 24 34 23 29? "1 ' 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 88 2 132 1 2 2? 2 3 5 3 155 179 1 ...... 2 2 2 2 4 2 266 3 275 279 3 3 287 30L 353 2 2 From the above table, it is seen that in not a single instance do the size and arrangement of the teeth exactly agree witli either of Cope's species, A', inohssus or A', thaumas. The num- ber of teeth is also as varied as is the size and arrangement. Two more or less constant characters are observed in the above table, viz. : The four small teeth on the anterior portion of the maxilla and the two large teeth on the premaxilla which are the least variable. From the above, it is seen that the size and arrangement of the teeth on the maxilla cannot be taken as specific in char- acter. The teeth on the premaxilla show a diversity in size and arrangement which is quite as marked as the size and arrangement of those on the maxilla. While the two large teeth are fairly constant, and in some specimens are about equal in size, yet in other specimens the anterior is much the larger of the two, while in still others the opposite is the case. The outer surface of the maxilla is somewhat rugosely marked just above the alveolar border, while the internal sur- face is nearly smooth at this point. This surface curves regu- larly into the superior with no sharp break between the two, except near the posterior extremity, where the bone becomes very thin, but the external surface ends abruptly above and forms a slight shelf for the attachment of probably a jugal bone. 270 University Geological Survey of Kansas. In some specimens this shelf is somewhat groove-like, while in others it is broad and flat. Near the anterior end superiorly there are two condyles, of which the posterior is large, irregular in outline, and slightly convex. Professor Hay is inclined to think that two forms can be determined from these condyles, as he says :" '* I believe that the two species maybe identified from the condyles of the maxillary. At least, these condyles are quite different in the two species which I have been able to examine, X. thaumas and .Y. molossus. Fig. 2 represents the maxillary of the former species, fig. 3 that of .Y. molossus. From these fig- ures, it will be seen that in X. thaumas the posterior condyle is notched behind, while that of P. molossus [should be A", molossus] is excavated in front. It appears, too, that the condyle is more extended longitudinally in X. thattmas, more transversely in X. molossus.'^ I am inclined to think that Professor Hay laid too much stress on this and the anterior condyle in the determina- tion of his species, as a glance at the series of drawings of these parts on plate XLI will show that there was quite as much va- riation in these condyles as there is in the teeth, as shown above. I cannot be so sure about the variation of the anterior condyle, as it is broken away in many of the specimens. How- ever, the constancy or inconstancy of this one minor character is of little specific value. The anterior condyle, mentioned above, is oval in outline, convex, and occupies the extreme anterior part of the laminar portion of the maxilla, being thus well separated from the pos- terior condyle. The two condyles are more in line with each other antero-posteriorly than in Ichthyodectes. Just in front of the posterior of these condyles, the thickness of the maxilla becomes suddenly less and forms an abutment, against which the posterior portion of the prem axilla rests. In front of this the bone is laminar and supports more than one-half of the premaxillary bone. The posterior extremity is very thin, and in some specimens it is nearly straight, while in others it is curved strongly upward. 27. Zool. Ball., yol. II, No. 1, p. 84. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 271 Manila : Distance from anterior condyle to posterior extremity, 338 mm. Depth of bone at posterior condyle 92 Distance between the two anterior condyles 44 Length of alveolar border 245 Thickness at posterior condyle 35 Premaxilla : Length of lower border 67 Depth 112 A table of measurements showing the great variation in size of the maxillae in different individuals is given : MAXILLA. No. Length from pre« maxillary. Depth at posterior condyle. No. Length from pre- mazUlary. Depth at posterior condyle. 1 102 111 119 78 92 88.5 98 83.5 179 266 275 279 287 301 353 183 68 2 260-f 314 216.5 273.5 84 3 4 88 127 220+ 263 220 94 90 80 90 132 155 264 2CX5+ 219+ 75 The dentary is deep, strongly built, and not incurved ante- riorly. The alveolar border is slightly concave, and bears two large teeth at the anterior extremity, which are usually sepa- rated by a transverse groove from those following. Just back of this groove there are three or four large teeth which are followed by a number of medium-sized and small ones, the diversity in size and arrangement of which is shown in the table following this description. The teeth are all strongly implanted, with straight conical crowns, non-striate except under the microscope, and are cylindric in cross-section. The symphyseal portion slopes strongly backward and is very thick, but the principal articulation with the opposite jaw seems to be on the internal side, where the bone is very rugose. The lower border is rather sharp, and usually has a row of large nutrient foramina leading inward and forward just above it. The internal side is broadly vertically concave in the posterior portion, but becomes much less so anteriorly. At the end of the alveolar border the bone is projected upward and slightly outward into a weak coronoid process. 272 University Geological Survey of Kansas. MANDIBLK8. No. • • ■ * • * • • i m m m • • • • • • • • ■ I- g • 1 5* 5 • B ? £ 1 ..„.. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 4 2 5 8 5 4 3 6 7 "s" 12 "ii * 11 9 1 20 2 24 3 2+ 10 10 10 9 '"2" 4 "i" 2? 124- 4 88 2 22 22 127 21 i:^5 155 179 "2" "i" 18 23 275 279 287 314 1 4 8 "ii" 9 8 3 2 22 24 353 21 The articular portion as described by Hay*^ is composed of the derm and antarticulars, but I am inclined to think that this author was somewhat mistaken in the extent of the last of these elements, as he says in the description of this part : '' Relying on two good specimens of Xiphactinus and one of Ichthyodecte», I am confident that the proximal end of the antarticular is con- tinuous with the long, sword-shaped process described by Cope, and that this process is entirely distinct from the dermarticu- lar." Professor Cope states^ that the articular is distinct, short, and irregularly wedge-shaped, and supports half of the cotylus. In this Professor Cope was correct, as the antarticular is not con- tinued forward in a long, sword-shaped process, but is separated from this portion by a suture, which is indistinct in many of the specimens, and it is probably owing to this fact that Hay was unable to find it. The dermarticular is a large bone; and in most of the speci- mens it supports less than one-half of the cotylus. On the ex- ternal side it is exposed for some distance beyond the cotylus, when it is covered by the dentary, and continues forward on the internal side, as a long sword-shaped process, for nearly two-thirds the length of the jaw.- The cotyloid process is promi- 28. Zool. Bull., vol. II, No. 1, p. 87. 29. Cret. Vert. West, p. 191. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 273 nent and curved upward on the external side of the cotylus. In addition to the above bones, there is another, which is not mentioned by either Cope or Hay. It is a small bone, which lies in front of the antarticular, and is marked sp. in the figure of the lower jaw on plate XXXV. It presents a small facet above, which seems to have had attachment with something. This bone occupies about the same position as the splenial in some fishes, which name I will give it provisionally. Length of alveolar border 260 mm. Length of dentary from cotyloid cavity 325 *' Depth at symphysis 94 *' Depth at coronoid angle 136 " Length of articular from cotyloid cavity 224 '* The above measurements are of a single specimen, No. 88 in the following table, which shows the great variation in the size of the mandible of this species : No. Lfongth of alveolar border. Depth at coronoid. No. Leofftb of alveolar border. Depth at coronoid. 1 2 242.5 251 279 194 260 145.5 144 140 109 136 ' 179 266 275 279 287 301 314 353 185 94 3 4 88 210 127 132 242 195 130 135 197 215 115 155 The hyoid arch is represented by only one bone, the cerato- hyal, and is the same bone figured by Cope^ and described by Crook" as an interopercular. The bone is elongated, and in out- line is somewhat the shape of a parallelogram with one side crushed in. The posterior end is the broader of the two and bears an elongated, narrow and concave facet for the articula- tion with the epihyal. The anterior end is more irregular in outline and bears two facets for the hypo- and urohyals. The bone is thin and finely striated throughout. aO. Cret. Vert. West., pi. XL, fig. 7. 31. Paleontoffraphica, 1892, p. 117. 274 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Ceratohyal : Greatest length 238 mm. Width across anterior end 86 ** Width across posterior end 97 *' The palato-quadrate arch is made up of six bones — the pala- tine, pterygoid, metapterygoid, mesopterygoid, symplectic, and quadrate. The first and last of these mentioned form the ex- tremities of the arch , the other four intervening. The palatine presents a prominent malleolar portion, which has an articular face above and below for the prefronto-palatine articulation for binding the maxilla to the cranium, so characteristic of the Saurodontidx and Ichthyodectidw . The lower of these faces is the larger and is slightly concave, while the upper is somewhat convex. The external surface presents no markings other than a prominent tuberosity on the posterior side. Just back and above this portion there are two prominent tubercles of bone, one of which may give attachment for a nasal bone. The pterygoid and mesopterygoid are joined to the palatine posteriorly. The first of these is a long, thin bar of bone, which extends backward and downward nearly to the condyle of the quadrate and forms most of the lower border of the arclf.* The mesopterygoid is a somewhat triangular-shaped bone oc- curring just above the pterygoid. It is evidently united to the metapterygoid by means of a very broad squamose suture, as the bone appears to be rather small when seen externally, while the internal side, as figured by Professor Hay** seems to be nearly as large as the metapterygoid. I have been unable to discover any teeth on the external side of this and the ptery- goid, and none on the internal side of the pterygoid, as far as can be examined, which seems to be beyond the point where Professor Hay has shown them to be in his specimen. A sec- ond specimen shows that in this region there was a great deal of ossified cartilage covered with denticles, some of which is adhering to the matrix on the internal side of the mesoptery- goid, and I am inclined to think that it was some of this carti- lage that Professor Hay mistook for teeth on the bone. The -1- 32. ZooL Bull., vol. II, p. 39. Stkwart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 275 metapterygoid is a broad, flat plate just above the quadrate, and is corered with fine striso on the lower portion. The symplectic is a rather small element, occupying a groove on the inner side of the quadrate. On its superior end it pre- sents a small articular facet. The quadrate is very thin above where it joins the metaptery- goid, but in passing downward to the condyle it becomes more robust and is contracted into a neck. The condyle is somewhat elliptical in outline, the ellipse being invaded by a deep notch on the external side, and is strongly convex from before back- ward. On the internal side there is a deep groove for the sym- plectic, and just back of this groove, posteriorly, there is another smaller groove into which the anterior border of the preoper- culum fits. The anterior border articulates with the pterygoid by means of a squamose suture. The bone is minutely striated, both externally and internally. Greatest leogth of arch 342 mm. Anterior depth of malleolar body 40 " Between malleolar body and condyle for the quadrate 261 *' An tero- posterior length of palatine 296 *' Depth at center of the arch 131 *^ The opercular bones are represented by the operculum, pre- operculum, and a supposed suboperculum. There is still another bone (plate XLIII, fig. 3), which may represent an interoper- culum. The operculum is a broad, flat plate of bone, near the anterior superior portion of which there is a deep elliptical pit for articu- lating the bone with the hyomandibular. This pit is projected slightly outward from the rest of the bone, very closely resembling the corresponding portion of Saurodon in this respect. Just above this pit there is a sharp angular projection at the point where the anterior and superior borders meet, but I am inclined to think that this character will not be constant in all specimens. From this point the superior border extends backward and down- ward in an irregularly curved line to the lower border, which is less curved and somewhat striated just above it. The ante- rior border, extending from the articular portion just mentioned downward, is nearly straight and somewhat thickened. Back « 276 University Geological Survey of Kansas. of this border the bone is very thin, thus making it difficult to collect in perfect condition. The preoperculura is a somewhat triangular-shaped bone with a very thick and concave anterior border. The lower portion of this border is directed forward at quite an angle, and is re- ceived in a slight groove on the back portion of the quadrate. Extending backward from the extremity of this portion there is a row of large, shallow foramina, the posterior ones of which have shallow grooves leading into them from behind. Below this line of foramina the bone is not so thick, and is covered with numerous fine striip. The superior portion has a rather broad process extending upward, formed by the anterior and superior borders. The posterior portion of the bone is thin and striate on both sides of the upper portion. There is still another opercular bone, which I regard as a suboperculum. The bone is broad and fiat, thin along the bor- ders, and thickened toward the central portion. The posterior extremity is the broader of the two and is somewhat rounded. The anterior end is much more narrow and bears a small ellip- tical facet on a slight elevation of the bone. It also presents a beak -like process, separated from the above by a slight depres- sion. Both the external and internal sides are striated, the stria) becoming very pronounced near the posterior end of one of the sides. Measurements of the opercular bones are : Operculum : Length of the anterior border * 373 mm. Length of the anterior border below facet for the hyomandibular 268 " Length of facet for the hyomandibular 55 *' Transverse width of facet 22 ** Preoperculum : Greatest length * 345 ** Width near superior extremity 80 " Width of inferior end * 170 " Subopercular : Total length 290 " Width across anterior extremity * 90 Width across posterior extremity * 146 There are four other bones, some of which are fragmentary, which are figured on plate XLIV. They were all found in con- nection with the skull and evidently belong to it. The first of these bones, figs. 1 and 5, is an elongated bone, expanded at * Estimated. • Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 277 one end and contracted into an elongated, narrow and some- what thickened process at the other, at the extremity of which there is a roughened surface which probably gives attachment for cartilage. On one side of this process there is a long, thin lamina of bone extending toward the narrow extremity, and so closely applied to it that at first sight it has the appearance of being the border of a groove on the edge of the process. The expanded end is thickened and bears a small articular surface, the face of which is almost in line with the process mentioned above. This bone was figured by Cope'' as a '*?hyomandibu- lar," which has since been shown to be incorrect. The second of these, fig. 2, is represented by portions of two bones, neither of which is complete. They are thin on one bor- der, while the other is much thicker and is invaded by a shallow groove. This thickened portion was probably continued out- ward in a process beyond the end of the bone. The third, fig. 3, is plate-like and more or less sculptured on both sides. On one of the sides there is a broad, triangular-shaped depression, which is invaded by a notch from the edge of the bone, and on the other side there is a prominent ridge extending away from the apex. I have found a bone almost identical with this in con- nection with the supposed operculum of an unknown fish, which will be discussed later. This was figured by Cope as an *' un- certain bone.*'" The fourth and last of these bones (fig. 4) I have described as probably an infraopercular,** but it is probably a fragmentary coracoid. It is the largest of the four under consideration, and is very thin and flat, excepting near the posterior end, where it suddenly thickens into a prominent ridge, which probably con- tinues to the point where the bone articulates with the scapula. The hyomandibular is a large and somewhat triangular- shaped bone, with the base of the triangle above, where there is a long, narrow articular face for articulating this bone with the pit on the side of the skull for its reception. The face is convex 88. Cret. Vert. West., pi. XL. 84. 1. 0., pi. XL. 8B. KatiB. UdW. Qaart., toI. VIII, p. 21, pi. XI, tig. 4. — 278 Univeraity Geological Survey of Kansas, transversely and slightly concave in the middle. Extending downward and backward from near the anterior end of this facet there is a ridge, which becomes very prominent just in front of the condyle, and, continuing downward, forms a deep groove with the posterior border, into which the anterior border of the preoperculum is received to some extent. The anterior portion of the bone is thin and continued forward quite a dis- tance. The condyle for the operculum is long, narrow, and situated about 45 mm. below the superior condyle. Just in front of this condyle, externally, there is a large and deep pit, which has another smaller one just above it. On the internal side there is a prominent crest, which ends opposite the lower end of the condyle just mentioned, and has another prominent excavation in front of it. The lower end of the bone is some- what bluntly pointed, but it does not seem to possess a facet at this point, as is found in Saurodon, Hyomandibular : Length 265 mm. Length of superior condyle 87 *• Length of condyle for operculum 50 '* Greatest width of bone (estimated) 160 '' The ethmoid is much thickened and narrow in front, where it forms a small beak, and broad and thin behind, where it joins the frontals by a somewhat dentate suture. The bone is moderately deep, and on the median line below there is a well- marked median ridge, on either side of which there is a small facet for the anterior condyle of the maxilla. In addition to this there is also a small pit on each side, which probably accommodates a part of the superior edge of the premaxilla. The upper anterior portion is often covered with numerous tubercles of bone, which fade out posteriorly. The frontals are broad, flat plates, and are the largest bones entering into the formation of the top of the skull. Just back of the ethmoid they join the prefrontals, and back of this form the superior rims of the orbits. Posteriorly they unite with the postfrontals, parietals, and supraoccipitals. The two bones are united in the median line by a distinct suture, and possess no characteristic markings other than an irregular Stewart ] Cretaceous Fishes. ' 279 articular surface near the anterior extremity, which probably gives attachment for a preorbital bone. The prefrontals are stout bones, and are especially character- ized by the presence of a large anterior facet for articulation with the malleolar portion of the palatine. In the figure of the skull of Xiphactinus, as given by Crook/* the prefrontals are represented as extending well backward and forming a portion of the anterior and superior rim of the orbit. In this I am in- clined to think that he was in error, for in several more or less disarticulated skulls in the collection I find that this supposed posterior portion of the prefrontal is a distinct bone which has become separated, showing a well-marked suture where it united with this bone and the frontal. This bone is the supra- orbital mentioned above, and is rather thick and lunate in outline. The parietal bones have been much in doubt by most authors, probably owing to the fact that this portion of the skull is often much distorted and crushed, thus obliterating many of the sutures, or making them so indistinct as to render them un- recognizable. Cope first thought that the supraoccipital might represent the conjoined parietals,^^ but concluded later^ that this was not the case, and that the bones he had called epiotics were the parietals. Crook states that the parietals are completely sepa- rated in the median line by the supraoccipital,'^ but seems to have been somewhat in doubt about the exact extent of these bones, as the anterior portion is but poorly defined in his figure of the specimen on plate XVIII. Professor Hay has described them*^ as wedge-shaped narrow bones which lie between the anterior ends of the pterotics and the posterior ends of the frontals, probably meeting each other in the median line, and including the elevated granular portion assigned by Crook to the supraoccipital, in which I think he is right. -If we ex- amine a well-preserved skull of Ichthyodectes we will at once 86. Paleontographica. 1882, pi. XVII. 88. Paleontoffraphica, 1882, p. 115. 87. Crat. Vert., p. 183. 40. Zool. Ball., toI. II, pp. 28, 28. 88. 1. e., p. 188. 280 University Geological Survey of Kansas. see that this portion is entirely distinct from the supraoccipital, and that the bone he calls parietal is included in the pterotic and is not separated from it by suture. The epiotics are wedged in between the pterotics and supra- occipital and form prominent inner processes of the skull. They become narrow anteriorly and are provided with promi- nent ridges along the superior borders, which end in slight upward projections posteriorly which are thickened at the ex- tremity. The supraoccipital forms a prominent crest and is projected well backward and upward. In some of the specimens having the posterior end preserved, I find that there are a number of tooth-like projections which closely resemble a suture, but they probably gave attachment to muscles alone. The bone is moderately thick and is somewhat rounded along the superior border. I think that I can detect the suture which separates this bone from the granular portion mentioned above. The bone is somewhat irregularly striated on the sides, and posteriorly it descends almost to the basioccipital, forming a prominent narrow ridge in the median line. The pterotics lie just external to the epiotics and back of the parietals, and form prominent outer processes of the skull. The bones are very robust, and have deep grooves along the external borders, which articulate with the superior condyles of the hyo- mandibulars. The posterior extremities are somewhat ex- panded, and have small elliptical surfaces internally, which are covered with coarse striae radiating from near the center. These surfaces probably are connected with the post-temporal. The sutures separating these bones from the parietals are often in- distinct. The postf rentals form prominent processes just back of the orbital cavities, and anteriorly they form the posterior sides of the consptcuous notches which accommodate the posterior su- praorbitals mentioned above. Posteriorly, by their union with the pterotics and prootics, they give a small support to the hyo- mandibulars, and are excavated along the sides for this purpose. Internally they unite with the parietals. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 281 The prootics have been correctly interpreted by Professor Hay as being the largest of the otic bones. They are irregular in outline and extend from the groove for the hyomandibular above to the parasphenoid below. Posteriorly they unite with the opisthotic, but are not separated from the basioccipital by the opisthotic, as Professor Hay has figured them in Tarpon at- lanticus,^^ Just below the hyomandibular facets there is a large foramen on each side, which, according to Professor Hay, trans- mits the glossopharyngeal nerve. Just back of these foramina there are large fossa), the boundaries of which are formed by the pterotics, opisthotics, and prootics. The sutures separating the lower portions of the opisthotics from the basioccipital and the prootics are well defined, but the ones separating them from the pterotics above are almost oblit- erated, although I think they can be traced in one of our speci- mens as extending downward just back of the articular face for the hyomandibulars. They are small bones and do not separate the prootics from the basioccipital, as mentioned above. The basioccipital is deeply concave, and the exoccipitals are not well defined in any of our specimens. The. parasphenoid is triangular in section and forms a strong lower axis of the skull. The posterior extremity of the bone is deeply emarginate where it joins the basioccipital, a short dis- tance in front of which it sends up a short process on each side for union with the prootic. Extending outward from the sides of the bone, just in front of the brain-case, there are two well- developed transverse processes which are bluntly pointed and directed slightly forward. At the base of each of these proc- esses there are two foramina which, according to Crook, trans- mit the facialis and trigeminus. Just above the transverse processes there is a Y-shaped bone, called basisphenoid by Hay," which unites with the prootic above. The anterior end of the parasphenoid is somewhat broadened and bifurcated for union with the vomer. The latter bone is not well defined in any of 41. Zool. BtOl., Yol. II. No. U n. 28. 42. 1. 0., p. 82. 19— Vi 282 University Geological Survey of Kansas, the specimens, owing to the crushed condition of this part, thus making the line of separation indistinct between it and the ethmoid. The orbito- and alisphenoids are also in a much dam- aged condition, so as to render their boundaries only conjectural. The orbital cavity was large, and bounded above by a chain of thickened supraorbital bones, and below by a chain of thin suborbitals, which seem to be quite large. Below this there seems to be a sheet of thin membranous bone covering the hyo- mandibular and the bones of the palato-quadrate arch. The sclerotic ring is composed of two pieces, which are found in place in one of our specimens. The outer borders of these are very heavy, but become thin internally and form a slight ring, which is extended inward. Just below the suborbital ring there is a long, thin bar of bone which rests on the superior border of the maxilla, and is covered with minute canals leading inward. This I take to be the same bone called a '' supernumerary bone" by Cope,*' and an * * extraknochen " by Crook.** It seems to me that both of these authors have been in error in regard to this bone, and that it is the jugal. Crook thought that the jugal was found just beneath this, and has it so marked in the figure of his skull of XiphactiniiSy*^ but I am unable to find any such bone in our specimens. PECTORAL GIRDLE AND FINS. The pectoral girdle is represented by numerous specimens, some of which are preserved almost complete, thus giving a more correct idea of the form than any of the specimens hereto- fore described. This part was not well understood by the early writers on this form, and it was not until about a year ago that Professor Hay demonstrated** that this portion had been de- scribed in an inverted position. The girdle is composed of the cleithrum, scapula, coracoid, and precoracoid, of which the first is the largest and the second the smallest and most compact. The cleithrum is a long bar of bone composed of two parts, which are bent almost at right 43. Cret. Vert. West., p. 194. 45. 1. c, t. XVIIL 44. Paleontoffraphica, 92, s. 115, 116. 46. Zool. Ball., vol. II, p. 42. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes, 283 angles with each other, and are separated by a slightly con- stricted neck just in front of the scapula. The anterior portion is directed slightly downward at the extremity and is very thin, fragile, and it is probably owing to this fact that it is secured in so few specimens. Just above the scapula the cleithrum be- comes very broad and continues so to near the upper extremity^ when it suddenly contracts in width toward the anterior border, and ends in a somewhat thickened process^ below which there is a well-marked dentate suture for the anterior end of the precora- coid. The whole of the anterior border is firmly united with the precoracoid, and the external side is covered with coarse striae, which radiate upward and backward from just over the scapula. The scapula is a rather small bone, composed of a heavy com- pact portion which bears the glenoid surface and a rather thin lamina of bone which extends upward along the internal side of the cleithrum. The glenoid portion is united to the cleithrum above by means of a well-marked undulating suture, and bears three condyles, of which the uppermost is the largest, and is separated from the middle one by a slight ridge. The middle condyle is the smallest and is separated from the lower one by a slight groove. The condyles are all convex from before back- ward, the superior one very much so. Just internal to the glenoid surface there is a large irregular surface which gives a strong attachment to the coracoid, and also gives a partial sup- port to one of the basiosts posteriorly. Just above this portion the precoracoid is united by a strong suture and extends up- ward as a broad bar on the internal side of the cleithrum. The coracoid has been figured by Hay*^ as a broad, thin plate of bone which extends forward to probably the anterior end of the lower arm of the cleithrum. It is not well preserved in any of our specimens, but from the portions that are present I am inclined to think that it is the same bone described and fig- ured by myself as a probable infraopercular.*^ It is somewhat thickened where it joins the scapula and has one deep pit and a portion of another for the extremities of two of the basiosts. 47. 1. 0., p. 48. 48. Kans. UniT. Quart., toL VIII, p. 21, pL XI. 284 University Geological Survey of Katisas. There is a great variation in the size of the various specimens, and the measurements given are below the average, this speci- men being selected on account of its completeness. Cleithrum : LeDgth from scapula superiorly 233 mm. Length from scapula anteriorly 230 Precoracoid : Length 190 4i Numerous fragments of fins and fin-spines are present, which show that these formed powerful weapons of defense ; they have been described by Crook as resembling ribs. The first pair of these are closely applied to each other and are each provided with articular surfaces at the proximal extremity, the first of which articulates directly with the upper condyle of the scapula while the second articulates with one of the basiosts. The first of these is broad and thin, while the second is slightly narrower but thicker toward the proximal end. The two opposing sur- faces are much roughened while the outer surfaces are finely striated. The following rays decrease greatly in width and are much smaller from above downward. They are slightly bent at the proximal extremities and the cross-segmented character has disappeared throughout. The basiosts are three in number. The first of these is an irregular-shaped bone which is provided with two facets internally for articulating it with the two lower condyles of the scapula. These two are some- what oval in outline, flat, and well separated from each other. The external facets are also two in number, one of which is nearly circular in outline and flat, while the other is irregular and strongly convex from above downward. The two remain- ing basiosts are somewhat thickened bars of bone which are slightly expanded at the extremities and are provided with con- vex condyles, the proximal ones of which are received into the pits on the coracoid and scapula for their reception. About midway between the extremities of each of these basiosts there is a thin transverse process extending outward. The pelvic actinosts, called femora by Professor Cope,** con- sist of two parts — a massive posterior portion, bearing the facets for the attachment of the pectoral fin, and the thin, 49. Cret.Vert.We8t., p. 188. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 285 somewhat wing-like, anterior portion, whose entire structure is not known. In the median line the two halves are strongly united together by suture, and at the point of union there is a prominent swelling of the bone all around. There are four facets on each for the fin attachment. The upper and lower are large, flat facets, somewhat ovoid in outline, and support the upper and lower halves of the first ventral fin-ray. When seen in cross-section from behind they are obliquely set, but hardly so much so as in Ickthyodectes. The lower one of these facets is the larger, and has two more facets between this and the upper, of a somewhat tubercular nature. The last two are for succeeding rays or basiosts. In front of the articular por- tion the bone becomes thin and somewhat expanded. On the outer border of this portion there is a prominent crest both above and below, of which the upper is the larger. It is likely that this crest did not extend very far forward, but was prob- ably succeeded in front by another smaller crest or tuberosity, as something of the kind is shown in the figure of this part by Professor Hay,*® but not described in the text. On the internal border there is a prominent ridge of bone extending forward on both the superior and inferior surfaces. These two ridges nearly coincide with each other, thus forming a rod of bone, which extends forward, but how far is not known. These two bars are separated by quite an interval, as is shown in the cut. There seems to be some difiference between this specimen and the one figured by Professor Hay. In his specimen the distance across the external crests was probably about 15 cm., and the distance between the internal ridges about 4.8 cm. In our speci- men the first of these measurements is 12.3 cm.," while the last is 5 cm., making the distance between these ridges proportion- ally greater in our specimen. Distance across superior facets 83 mm. Distance across inferior facets 52 ** Distance across middle faciets 86 '* Vertical depth of articular ix>rtion 52 *' There are none of the pelvic fin-rays present, but they were 50. ZooL Bull. 1888, p. 44. 61. Approximated. 286 University Geological Survey of Kansas. probably eight or nine in number, of which all were very feeble excepting the first. There are five vetebral columns of this genus preserved, two of which are practically complete, and the other three only par- tially so. There are also portions of several more columns, but, as they have not been numbered in the positions they occupied in life, I will not use them in the table given below. The most complete column has 77 centra present, which I think is all the animal had in life, with the exception of one of the terminal caudals. The other contains 73. Unfortunately, the neural and hsemal arches are gone, or so badly preserved that their characters cannot be made out in most instances. The first anterior vertebra is much shorter than those following, and the anterior end is not so deeply concave. It presents deep pits above for the neurapophyses, but none below for the pleura- pophyses, the points where they should be being marked by scars. This one and the two or three following are usually without lateral grooves, but the second and third sometimes show them. The pits for the neurapophyses are large in these, as in the first, and the pits for the pleurapophyses become functional at about the third or fourth. Back of the vertebrae just mentioned, the pits for the neura- pophyses begin to assume the elongated form found farther back in the column, and the number of lateral grooves on the sides become somewhat varied. To illustrate this last point, I have arranged the following table to show the individual variation in the different speci- mens. In this table the numbers at the heads of the columns represent the catalogue numbers of the various specimens, while those on the left are the numbers of the various vertebrae from the skull. A blank is left in some places where the ver- tebra is badly injured. The grooves are represented by 1-1 when there are two well developed, 1-0 when only one is pres- ent. When there is one well developed and another slightly so, they are expressed by 1-1 — or 1-0+ , 1-1 — expressing a slightly greater development than 1-0+ . Stbwart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 287 No. 1 9 s 4 86 No. 1 88 1 0-0 0-0 00 0 0 1?± 10+ 1 0 10+ 00 1 0 i X 0-0 0-0 10+ 1 1 0-0 0-0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1- 1 1- 1 1 1 0 11 1-0 1 1 00 1 1— 1 1- 1 1- 1 1— 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0- 1 1- 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 1 1- 1 1- 1 1 1 0 10+ 0-0 0-0 1 1— 10+ 10+ 10+ 10+ 1 1- 1 1 1 1— 1 1- 10+ 1 1 00 1 0+ 1 1 00 1 1 1 1- 1 1 ] 1 1 1- 1 1— 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 10+ 1 1 10+ 1 1 10+ 0^ 0-0 0 0 1-0 40 1 1 10+ 1 1 1 0 10+ 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10+ }?+ 1 1 1 1- 10+ 10+ 1 1 10+ 10+ 1 1— 1-0 1 1- 10+ 10+ 1 1 2 41 3 42 4 43 5 44 6 45 7 46 8 47 9 48 10 49 11 50 12 51 13 52 U 53 15 54 16 55 17 56 18 57 19 58 20 59 21 60 22 61 23 62 24 63 25 64 26 65 27 66 28 67 29 68 30 69 31 70 1-0 32 71 1 0 33 72 0 0 34 73 0 0 35 74 oooo- ooooj 0 0 36..... 75 37 1 0 76 38 77 39 The ribs are not joined directly to the vertebra, but articulate with small masses of bone set in deep pits on the side of the centrum. Each of these has a concavity for the head of the rib. According to Professor Cope, there are six vertebrsB in the terminal caudal series," none of which, I am inclined to think, bore lateral grooves. They all, with the exception of the last, have broad surfaces below for the attachment of the haema- pophyses, which are modified into two surfaces, one behind the other, in next to the last vertebra. The last is a small tubercle 52. Crat. Vert. West, p. 198. 288 University Geological Survey of Kansas. of bone with a quadrilateral face in front and a small spine pro- jecting upward and backward behind. On the internal side there is a large, slightly concave facet, which has the appear- ance of haying been united with a similar bone on the opposite side. All of these vertebrae are curved slightly upward. Four of the ha3mal spines from this region are present in one specimen. The two anterior of these are very similar, being broad, flat, and in contact with each other throughout. At the upper extremity of each there are two large, roughened, sutural surfaces for uniting the spine to the centrum. Between these two surfaces runs the small haemal canal. The one following these two is not so flat but slightly thicker, and has the upper end expanded into a knob-like mass of bone. The articular surfaces have become conjoined and form a saddle-shaped ar- ticulation with the centra, the hsemal canal having become somewhat depressed. The spines following this have become modified into somewhat fan-shaped hypural bones. The upper extremities of these present convex condyles, which are proba- bly received into pits on the last two vertebnp mentioned above. There is one hsemal spine from somewhere in front of the caudal region which is of a different form from those described above. It is a Y-shaped bone with elongated and roughened articular surfaces on each of the arms for uniting it to the cen- trum. The haemal canal is very large and below it the bone is rather thin. The caudal fin-rays are represented by a mass of spines, only one of which is complete. The anterior of these are rod-like, but those following become expanded at the upper end, where they are longitudinally striated. These are followed by rays which are broader and probably shorter, on which the striir just mentioned are more pronounced. The neural spines are represented, in good condition, by only three or four from just back of the skull, some of which I have been able to fit to the vertebrae to which they belong. They all have knob-like expansions at the lower end which are received in the pits on the top of the centra. The two halves are in con- tact w^ith each other above the neural canal and nearly or quite Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 289 so below. Extending backward from above the neural canal there is a somewhat expanded mass of bone which has an artic- ular surface on the front of the arch following. These have a superficial resemblance to the zygapophyses of the higher verte- brates. Just opposite to this on the external side there are two more processes which extend outward and backward. These are what Professor Hay calls epineurals.*^ They are largest at the head and become much smaller at the fourth or fifth vertebra, and probably become insignificant or entirely disappear further back. The neural spines of these are directed upward and ob- liquely backward. As we have no well-preserved neural arches farther back than those described above, I will quote Professor Hay's excellent description of the structure of these in the caudal region. Copies of his figures are given on plate XLII.** The neural arches here, as elsewhere in this fish, are connected with the centra by suture, and have usually fallen out before burial, leaving long grooves where their bases were inserted. This was the case with the third vertebra behind the right-hand one shown in fig. 1. When we come to examine the arches more closely, we discover that each lateral half is not a single piece, but consists of two pieces, a basal piece (a, n, a) and the arch proper (71, a). That the proper arch is a distinct piece is shown not only by the existence of a suture, but likewise by the fact that in the vertebra on the left hand of the figure the arch has fallen out of its place before fossilization. The basal or accessory piece is inserted by a shallow gomphosis into the centrum for nearly the whole length of the latter. It rises high in front, and projects so far forward as to come in contact with the basal piece of the next vertebra in front. Behind, the basal piece is directed upward and backward in a rather slender process, which abuts against the anterior edge of the basal piece of the next vertebra behind. It is thus seen that these basal pieces provide the anterior and posterior zygapophyses. They remind us of the articulating processes of certain other 63. Zool. Ball., vol. II, No. 1. p. 51. 54. See, also, Zool. Ball., vol. II, No. 1, pp. 47-51. 290 University Geological Survey of Kansas, fishes {Mugily etc.) Between the anterior and posterior processes the basal pieces are excavated to receive the bases of the neural arch, as shown in the figure. The two basal pieces of each vertebra are distinct. Together they seem to form a saddle in which the neural arch rides. I find this same structure of the neural arches in some of the vertebra) belonging to specimens in the United States Na- tional Museum ; but in one section of connected vertebrae an arch like those above is succeeded in the next vertebra by an arch in which every trace of a suture between the arch and the apparent basal piece is lost. This vertebra is shown in fig. 2. The form of the base of the arch is not greatly different from that of the arch with accessory piece in fig. 11," and we may even convince ourselves that we can trace a part of the bound- ary line between the two portions. There is evidently at this point of the vertebral column a sudden change from neural arches furnished with basal accessory pieces to arches without these, or consolidated with them. Further backward the form of the arches becomes modified somewhat, so that they resemble the one shown in fig. 3. A section fourteen inches long and containing seven vertebrse having arches of this kind is before me. This condition shows us that the neural arches which are provided with basal pieces are confined to the anterior or middle portion of the tail region, while the hinder portion contains no such vertebral structures. We are reminded that in Amia the middle portion of the caudal vertebral column is composed of two for each muscular segment, while the anterior and poste- rior portions have the vertebral centra of the ordinary kind. It seems as if the tail portion of the vertebral column of the amioid fishes and of the Isospondyli retained primitive condi- tions longer than the abdominal portion. It is difficult to determine what explanation is to be given of the presence of these basal pieces. The so-called zygapophyses of fishes are regarded as being outgrowths of the neural arches — exogenous and not autogenous processes. It might be said, r "155. Fig. 11. in Professor Hay's article, refers to the pelvio aotinosta, and seems to have no oonneotion with the sabject. Stbwabt.J Cretaceous Fishes. 291 possibly, that the basal pieces are the proper arches, while the pieces which are borne on them are the spinous processes. I hold that there are two objections to this view. The first is, that what are sometimes called spinous processes are always un- paired pieces. The second is, that when the lateral halves of the arches remain distinct from each other and are prolonged into spines, as they are in various fishes — Amia and Salmon for instance — the spinous portion is never, so far as we know, de- veloped in the embryo as pieces separate from the base of the arcula. This is true in the case of Amia, which I have investi- gated. We must, therefore, seek some other explanation. The key to the understanding of the problem is, it seems to me, to be found in the vertebral column of that primitive fish, Amia. We may call this fish to our assistance, since the Isospondyli are believed to have ancestors not far removed from Amia, In the middle region of the tail of Amia there are, for each muscular segment, two vertebral rings, the one bearing the arches, upper and lower, the other archless. If a transverse section be taken through the arch-bearing ring, there will be found an X of cartilage, the upper arms of which are continu- ous with the cartilage of the neural arch. In like manner, the lower arms will seem to be continuous with the cartilage of the haemal arch. If a section is made similarly through the arch- less disk, a similar X of cartilage will be found, but the arms project beyond the outer surface of the disk but a short distance. These archless disks are developed in Amia from ossifications arising in the intercalated cartilages, upper and lower, and the arms of the X are the unossified portions of these cartilages. There appears to be no reason why these intercalated cartilages should not sometimes take on a hypertrophied growth. In the sharks they often become considerably larger than the neural arches themselves. In case these intercalated cartilages should become thus en- larged and arch-like, each might develop a bony investment that would simulate the bony neural half-arch, and thus would rest on the top its proper epicentrum.^* 56. For flflrores illastratioff the architeotare of the Tertebral oolamn of AmiOt see the May namber of the American Natoralist, 1898. 292 Univeraity Geological Survey of Kansas. Coming now to the anterior region of the vertebral column of Amia, we find that each vertebra is formed through the suppression of certain of the elements which, in the tail region, constitute the vertebral rings or disks, and the union of the re- maining elements of each muscular segment into a single mass. The lower intercalated cartilages are suppressed. The upper intercalated cartilages hypertrophy, and their ossifications unite with the bones developed in the bases of the lower arch, thus giving origin to the centrum. The ossification that we might expect to find developing in the base of the cartilaginous neural arch, the epicentrum, is absorbed, while the ossification of the enlarged intercalated cartilage, the pleurocentrum, pushes itself into the place of the epicentrum, and thereafter supports the neural arch. Now, we have the choice of two suppositions, neither of which , however, may be the true one. We may hold that a distinct bone was developed in the somewhat elongated and projecting intercalated cartilage, and this, of course, rested on top of the pleurocentrum ; when the latter was pushed forward beneath the neural arch to take the place of the aborted epicentrum, this newly developed bone was carried along, and thus brought between the pleurocentrum and the base of the neural arch. Or, we may hold that the bone which I have found in Xiphac- tinus supporting the neural arch is simply the epicentrum itself, aborted, indeed, in Amia, nevertheless persisting in Xiphactinus, but crowded upward out of its original seat on the notocord. Neither of the above suppositions presupposes that the upper half of the vertebral centrum takes its origin from the pleuro- centrum. Professor Cope held that the vertebrae of fishes are **intercentra" — that is, have originated in the suppression of all the other elements through the excessive development of the hypocentra. But the very existence, in many genera, of a cartilaginous X in a transverse section of the centrum is proof that its upper portion was derived from either the bases of the upper arches or the pleurocentra. The deep gashes in the ver- tebral centra of Xiphactinus, where the arches have fallen out, furnish evidence that this cartilaginous X was present. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 293 Xiphactinus lowU. Plate XLVIII, fig. 2. Portheus lowii Stewart., Kane. UdIv. Quart., vol. vii-a, p. 24. This species is based on the dentary bones of a single indi- vidual found at Fairbury, Neb., in the same horizon of the Fort Benton Cretaceous with Desmatochelys lowii, and was sent to the museum by Mr. M. A. Low, of Topeka, in whose honor the species is named. While this specimen has not been reported from Kansas up to the present time, yet it no doubt occurs here, as the same horizon from which it was obtained is found just across the line in this state. Special interest is attached to this specimen, as it is the first of this genus to be reported from so low a horizon as the Fort Benton. The dentary is short, with a more oblique symphysis than in any other specimen of Xiphactinus that I have examined. It is also not so roughly marked at this point for the attachment of ligaments as in A", audax. The alveolar border is short, and does not have the prominent swelling just back of the symphy- sis which is found in the species just mentioned. The posterior extremity is projected upward into a short coronoid process, which is bent outward but slightly. The teeth are slightly oval in cros^-section, acutely pointed, directed slightly back- ward at the extremities, and non-striate even under the micro- scope. Their arrangement is as follows : One large, two small, one large, ten or eleven medium and small. The number and arrangement will no doubt vary with the individual. LeDgth of alveolar border 177.0 mm. Length of symphysis 79.5 ** Depth of bone just back of symphysis 65.0 ** Depth of dentary at middle 64 .5 " Xiphactinns brachygnathus. Plate XLV, figs. 3, 4. Xiphactinus brachygnathus Stewart, Kans. Univ. Quart., vol. viii. In addition to the forms described above, there is one speci- men that I am unable to locate as X. lestrio or X. mudgei, described by Professor Cope. As has been shown above, Cope based most of the specific differences on very inconstant char- acters in his description of X. molossus and X. thaumas, and as he has used much the same characters in his description of the 294 University Geological Survey of Kansas. two species mentioned above, I am inclined to think that tl:iose will have but little specific value until the type specimen s^ ^^ each are redescribed and figured in a way to render them t9<^o0^ nizable. The specimen, No. 155, consisting of the upper and la^^^^^ jaws almost complete, fragments of the skull, and numero^^ vertebrae, was collected by Prof. B. F. Mudge from the Niobra^^ Cretaceous, four miles north of Gorham, Kan. The premaxilla is somewhat oval in outline, and the anteric^^ portion is thickened instead of the central, as is usually the cas in A", audax. The posterior border is thin, and is peculiar i: having the internal side of the bone beveled off to meet it, some ^ what similar to that found in Ichthyodectes and Sanrodon. Thi^ alveolar border is quite elongate, and supports three teeth on one side and an empty alveolus for a fourth, all of which are small, with the exception of one. The maxilla is especially characterized by the manner in which it unites with the premaxilla, for instead of having the abrupt change to the laminar portion in front of the posterior condyle, the bone is gradually beveled off to a sharp anterior edge, similar to the condition found in Ichthyodectes. Both of the superior condyles seem to be small, and the anterior one is directed inward to a considerable extent. The two are well separated from each other. The bone is quite deep at the pos- terior condyle, and the superior border, back of it, presents a conspicuous groove for the attachment of the jugal. There are nineteen or twenty teeth on one side, the most of which are small or medium in size. Premaxilla : Length of alveolar border 62.0 mm. Greatest depth of bone 90.0 " Maxilla : Length of alveolar border 220.0 *' Depth of condyle 83.5 •• The dentary bones are short and deep, thus giving them ^^ very robust appearance. The bones are much thickened at th& symphysis, and slope backward nearly as much as in X. lowii^ The alveolar border is short and is remarkable for the small number and large size of the teeth toward the anterior extremity - Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 295 The arrangement is three large, two small, one large, and the twelve or thirteen medium and small. Many of the alveoli are empty, so the size of these teeth has to be estimated ; the num- ber of these, however, no doubt varies with the individual. The coronoid process is but poorly developed. The dermar- ticular invades the dentary but little externally, and the cotyloid process of this bone is not so well developed as in -Y. audax. Length of alveolar border 215 mm. Depth of coronoid process 118 ** Length of symphysis 105 ** Depth of bone just back of symphysis 100 '* Length of bone from cotylus 270 " There are fragments of several other bones, among which are the ethmoid, a prefrontal and palatine, and several verte- brae. The ethmoid is acutely pointed anteriorly, and the pos- terior suture is very dentate. The prefrontals are small, as are also the malleolar portions of the palatines. The external tuberosities of the latter are not so prominent as in .V. audax. The vertebrae do not seem to differ materially from the species mentioned. I0HTHYODE0TE8. Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, p. 586. This genus is so closely related to Xiphactinus that it does not need to be characterized, beyond pointing out some of the prin- cipal differences between the two forms. The teeth are more regular in size and never reach the enormous development of those in Xiphactinus. They are cylindrical in cross-section and are usually directed slightly inward at the apices. As indicated by the size and dentition, this genus was much less ferocious than the form mentioned above, which no doubt preyed upon them to a great extent. The known American species, all from the Niobrara Cretaceous, Kansas, are : Ichthyodectes anaidea Cope. Ichihyodectes goodeanua Cope. Ichthyodectes ctenodon Cope. IchthyodecteH acanthicus Cope. Ichthyodectea kamatua Cope. Ichthyodeotea pernlcoaua Cope. Ichthyodectea prognathua Cope. Ichthyodectea cruentua Hay. Ichthyodectea multidentatua Cope. During the past summer, while collecting in the Fort Pierre group, at Lisbon, Logan county, Kansas, I discovered a string 296 University Geological Survey of Kansas. of five vertebraB which I am iDclined to think belong to this genus. They are about the same size as those of /. anaides, but, as there is nothing about them that would characterize them specifically, nothing more can be done with them until more complete specimens are found. Ichthyodectes anaides. Plate XLIX, figa. 1-3. lohthyodectes anaides Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. 8oc. 1871, pp. 338, 340. This species is represented by the remains of several indi- viduals, including the jaws, portions of the vertebral column, and one skull without the jaws, which probably belongs to this form . * The maxilla is represented in one specimen in a compressed and somewhat fragmentary condition, the posterior extremity being absent. The bone, as a whole, is about the same size as the maxilla of /. cruentuSy but is much thinner in cross-section than in this form. The bone is moderately deep at the posterior condyle, which is slightly convex. Back of the condyle the su- perior border presents a sharp ridge which continues for some distance. Just back of the premaxillary surface the alveolar border is slightly concave and then slightly convex. The teeth are small, about 4.5 occurring to the centimeter. Maxilla : Depth at posterior condyle 33 mm. Thickness back of condyle 10 " 1 am inclined to think that the dentary bone figured by Pro- fessor Hay" as that of J. cruentus belongs to this species. The bones are short and deep, with moderately sloping symphyses. There are also two convexities in the alveolar border, the pos- terior of which is not shown in Hay's specimen owing to this extremity of the border being absent. The coronoid process is not prominent, and the border seems to be very steep below and back of it. The teeth are large, directed slightly inward at the apices, and without strise. The lower border is thin and has a number of large foramina just above it. Dentary : Length of alveolar border 99 mm. Depth of symphysis 41 " Depth at coronoid process (estimated ) 59 " Number of teeth in one centimeter 3 57. Amer. Jour. Sci., VI, p. 227. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 297 The quadrate is thin and fan-shaped, and has the condyle bent forward to a considerable extent. The skull that I regard as belonging to this species is much crushed, so that many of the sutures on the top cannot be made out. The otic region, however, is well shown. The ethmoid seems to have been rather blunt. The frontals are narrow, and each has a broad and prominent ridge which extends outward and forward from just in front of the supraoccipital and ends just above the prefrontals. They seem to have had supraorbital bones attached along the border. The prefontal condyles are large, and the postfrontals are prominent and offer a consider- able support for the hyomandibular. The pterotics are crushed beyond recognition above, but laterally the groove for the hyo- mandibular is very prominent. I am unable to make out the parietals in this specimen, but in another and much smaller skull I find no suture separating it from the pterotic, as figured by Crook, ^ and am inclined to think that the expanded por- tion of the supraoccipital represents the coalesced parietals, as has been suggested by Professor Hay." The supraoccipital crest extends upward and backward at quite an angle, but the extremity is broken away. The epiotics are prominent and do not extend far forward. The prootics and opisthotics are very similar to those of Xiphactinus. The basioccipital is deeply concave and expanded in front of the condyle. The parasphe- noid is bifurcated posteriorly, triangular in section, with rather small transverse processes in front of the brain-case. So far as can be determined the vertebrse are all two-grooved, but near the posterior end of the column they become rather faintly marked. The neural spines are long and longitudinally expanded at their proximal ends. The caudal fin was much expanded and composed of large rays, which become flattened and longitudinally split toward the distal ends. The scales are large, with small grooves radiating outward from near the cen- ter on one of the sides. 58. Paleontofotiphica, p. 92, pi. XV. 59. L c, p. 230. 20-vi 298 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Ichthyodectes liamatns. Plate XLVII, fig. 2; plate L, figs. 1-7. IcMhyodectes hamatus Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 3i0. This species is represented by a fragmentary skull and ante- rior vertebrae of one individual and a portion of a dentary and a hyoniandibular of another. The maxilla is a long, slender bone,* which is thickened along the superior border and rather thin along the inferior. The alveolar border is remarkable for the way in w^hich it is directed downward anteriorly just back of the premaxilla. This border is concave from before backward, and supports alveoli for nearly fifty teeth, about half of which are functional at once. The surface for the premaxilla is directed inward and is coarsely striated. It is similar in many respects to J. cruentus, and the premaxilla was no doubt directed downward as in this species. The posterior superior condyle is irregular in outline, and has its internal portion continued downward on the inner side. The anterior condyle is rather small^ directed inward, and sepa- rated from the posterior condyle by a long, smooth space. In front of this the anterior border descends almost vertically. The posterior extremity is expanded and directed slightly upward. The external surface is finely striated above, and covered with small pits just above the alveolar border. Un- fortunately the premaxilla is not present. Maxilla : Length of alveolar border 117 mm. Depth of posterior condyle 30 ** Distance between superior condyles 20 " Number of alveolse in one centimeter 4 The condyle of the quadrate is elliptical in outline, and is not projected forward as much as in /. ctenodon. The groove for the symplectic is broad, and reaches downward to within 22 mm. of the condyle, below and back of which the bone is much thickened. Only the upper portion of the dentary is preserved, which shows this part to be thicker in cross-section than in /. anaides. The anterior extremity of the alveolar border is produced up- ward into a hook-like process, from which character the species probably derives its name. This portion bears two teeth and is Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 299 directed slightly inward. The symphysis is much thickened and was about the same slope as that of /. anaides. Just back of the hook-like process mentioned above the alveolar border is somewhat excavated, and back of this slightly convex for a distance of 55 mm., when it is directed slightly upward. The teeth are closely set with elliptical crowns, the long axis of which is placed obliquely to the tooth line. Dentary : Length of alveolar border (estimated) 125.0 mm. Length of long axis of oross-section of tooth 4.5 '* Length of short axis of cross-section of tooth 8.0 ** Number of teeth in one centimeter 3 The hyomandibular shows the anterior and posterior portions of the superior condyle to be more robust and the central por- tion to be more concave than in Xiphdctmus. The condyle for the operculum is also proportionally longer and not projected backward so far as in the above. The groove for the preoper- culum is deep. Hyomandibular : Length of superior condyle 35 mm. Length of condyle for the operculum 30 *' Total length of bone (estimated) 115 ** Length of groove for the preoperculum (est. ) . 03 ** The preoperculars are preserved in part. They are rather thick on the anterior border and are probably projected forward to the angle of the mandible below. Superiorly, there is a long, slender process of bone extending upward, which is much more prominent than in the corresponding portion of Xiphactinus. This portion is somewhat roughly striated externally. The re- maining portion of the external surface is nearly smooth, ex- cepting along the superior border, where there are numerous strise leading out to the border. The malleolar portion of the palatine is rather thin in a ver- tical direction, resembling /. anaides somewhat in this respect. The inferior articular surfadb has the same general outline as the posterior condyle of the maxilla. Anterior to this, the bone is beveled off antero-superiorly, causing the prefrontal articular surface to be produced forward beyond the inferior. This sur- face is nearly fiat. On the external side of the bone there is a prominent tuberosity. 300 University Geological Survey of Kansas. The ethmoid is rather broad posteriorly and pointed anteri- orly. The prefrontals are heavy masses of bone with large facets for the superior condyles of the palatines. The frontals are broad, and each has a prominent ridge extending from near the median line posteriorly, and curving outward to a point over the prefrontals. The parasphenoid is triangular, the base of which is below. The transverse processes are long and not very slender. The orbit is surrounded by quite a heavy ring of scle- rotic«bones. The centra of several vertebrae are preserved. They are deeply concave and without lateral grooves in the anterior re- gion. The more posterior vertebrae are grooved, and have the ribs attached to small processes of bone which fit into pits on the sides of the centrae. Ichthyodectes cmentus. Plate L, figs. 8a, 8b, 9, 10a, 10b. Ichthyodectes cruentus Hay, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. vi, 1898, pp. 225-228. This species of Ichthyodectes has been recently established by Professor Hay from a fragmentary maxilla and a portion of a mandible supposed to belong with it, from the Butte creek re- gion of western Kansas. Through the kindness of Professor Hay, I have been allowed to examine his type and compare it with a specimen of the same species in our collection, which fortunately is somewhat more complete than his. The premaxilla is especially remarkable for its great depth and for the length of the alveolar border. The outer portion of the bone is very convex from before backward, especially so just above the alveolar border, where the bone is covered with minute canals, which give it a somewhat rugose appearance. The inferior third of the bone receives no support from the maxilla, thus causing it to be projected downward to a consid- erable extent. The bone becomes contracted in width supe- riorly, and bears an articular facet above, probably for the ethmoid. The lower portion of the anterior border is much roughened, probably for ligamentous union with its fellow on the opposite side. Alveoli for nine teeth are found, all of which are broken away. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 301 The maxilla of this species is very similar in general form to that of /. hamatus, with the exception of being less slender and more robust. So far as can be seen, the superior border is nearly straight and much thickened, with a groove along the external side for the reception of the jugal. This border rounds ofiF regularly into the internal. The condyle for the palatine is similar in form to that of /. haviatus^ beneath which the bone is very thick. The anterior condyle is oval in outline and situ- ated quite a distance from the last. The surface for the pre- maxilla is bent inward and is much roughened. The anterior border is very sharp and the lower is separated from the alveolar border by a prominent notch. This last border is very concave in the anterior portion and has a prominent hook-like projection extending downward in front, which is broken away in Professor Hay's specimen. The teeth are rounded in cross-section and non-striate under the microscope. Both the external and inter- nal surfaces of the bone are finely striated. Premazilla : Greatest depth 50 mm. Length of alveolar border 32 " Maxilla : Depth at posterior condyle 31 *' Distance between superior condyles 21 '* Number of alyeoli in one centimeter 3 Fragments of the dentaries show these parts to be remarkably thickened at the symphysis. At this point the alveolar border is directed slightly upward, forming a slight hook-like pro- jection, below which the symphysis descends almost vertically. Dentary : Greatest lateral width at symphysis 11 mm. Number of teeth in one centimeter 3 This specimen, No. 180, was obtained from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Gove county by Mr. E. P. West some years ago. Ichthyodectes acanthicas 7. Plate LI, figs. 1-11. Ichthyodectes acanfhicua Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1878, p. 177. This species, as described by Professor Cope, is the smallest member of the genus, but the description, as a whole, is so very meager that the species cannot be identified with any degree of certainty. There are two specimens in our collection which are much smaller than any of the other species described by Cope, 302 University Geological Survey of Kansas. but I am far from certain that these belong to /. acanthicus. If they prove not to be this, I would propose the name of lehthyo- dectes parvus for them. The maxilla is long and slender, with the superior border moderately curved back of the posterior condyle. This condyle is slightly convex, and is invaded by a notch from behind. The surface for the premaxilla is bent inward to a considerable ex* tent, and has a small tubercular condyle above and in front. The alveolar border is somewhat concave anteriorly, thin, and bears a row of teeth which do not seem to decrease much in size toward the posterior extremity. The teeth are cylindrical in cross-section, acutely pointed, and directed slightly inward at the apices. The premaxilla is thin and plate-like, with seven teeth on the alveolar border. Premaxilla : LeDgth of alveolar border 18 mm. Maxilla : Depth at posterior condyle 19 *^ LeDgth of alveolar border ( estimated) 77 *' Number of teeth in one centimeter 8 Besides being smaller in size, the alveolar border does not have the two convexities found in /. anaides, but is convex in front and slightly concave in the middle and posterior portions. The symphyses are but slightly sloping and not much thick- ened. The coronoid process is poorly developed and the border back of it slopes gradually to the cotylus. The teeth are cyl- indrical in cross-section and directed slightly inward. The derm- articular extends well forward in a long, sword-shaped process which is very robust below. The antarticular is wedge-shaped and similar in general form to that of Xiphactinus. Dentary : Length of alveolar border 75 mm. Depth of symphysis 26 ** Depth at coronoid process 33 ** Number of teeth in one centimeter 4.5 Only the anterior portions of the palatines are preserved, which show the malleolar portions to be projected outward in a manner similar to that found in /. hamatus, but differs from this form in having them proportionally broader and not so deep. The articular facet for the prefrontal is the smaller of the two and is nearly flat, while the one for the posterior con- Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 303 dyle of the maxilla is slightly concave and much broader than the condyle articulating with it, thus forming a rather loose union. There are numerous vertebrae present which show them to be two-grooved, and, with the exception of the difference in size, very similar to those of J. anaides. The pectoral fin is represented in a somewhat fragmentary condition, but enough of the rays are present to show that the upper ones are sword- like and but slightly less curved than in Xiphactinus. The pelvic actinosts are very similar in many respects to those of the genus just mentioned. The two halves are strongly sutured together in the median line, where the bones are massive for the support of the pelvic fin. The facets are obliquely set and are four in number on each side. The upper and lower of these are large and flat, while the two median ones are round and somewhat tubercular. Extending forward, both above and be- low, there are ridges of bone which are not so prominent as in Xiphactinus, which may have formed bars of bone on each side. External to these there are wing-like processes. Ichtliyodectes ctenodon. Plate XLIX, figs. 5-7 ; plate LI, figs. 12, 13. IchthyodertcH ctenodon Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, p. 536. There is one specimen, consisting of the mandibles, a portion of a maxilla, and other bones, which do not seem to differ ma- terially from those of the specimen described and figured by Professor Cope. It evidently does not belong to any of the other American species, and for the present at least I will leave it here. The dentary is about the same size as that of J. anaidcs, de- scribed above, but differs from this in the absence of the pos- terior convexity of the alveolar border. This border unites with the symphysis at an angle of about 75 deg., which is 10 deg. more than Cope describes of his specimen. There seems to be some discrepancy between Cope's description and figure, for in the latter the angle seems to be about the same as in our specimen, which evidently shows that Cope was wrong in one of the two. The teeth are large anteriorly but somewhat smaller posteriorly, round in section, non-striate, and directed inward. 304 University Geological Survey of Kansas. Cope describes his specimen with the posterior teeth slightly larger than the anterior, which seems rather remarkable for this family. The posterior extremity of the maxilla shows this portion to be upturned, as Cope has indicated in his figure. "^ The quadrate has its condyle twisted forward until the face is almost in line with the anterior border. The upper border is straight and the groove for the symplectic narrow. The cerato- hyal is concave posteriorly, convex and contracted in width an- teriorly. Dentary : Len^h of alveolar border 101 mm. Length of symphysis 43 ** Length of crown, anterior 7 " Number of teeth in one centimeter 3 This specimen was obtained from the Niobrara Cretaceous, five miles northeast of Russell Springs, Logan county, Kansas, by the geological expedition of the summer of 1898. GILLIGUB. Hay, Amer. Jour. Soi., vol. VI (1888), p. 320. The genus GiUicus has recently been proposed by Professor Hay, to include Ichthyodcctes arcuatus Cope and /. polymicrodus Crook, which differ materially from the other species of Ichthyo- dedeSy especially in the form of the teeth and tooth-bearing elements. Before entering into the description of this interest- ing form, it will be well to give a short resume of the discus- sion which has taken place over these two species, as is also done at some length by Professor Hay." In 1875 Professor Cope first described his Portheus arcuatus from some very imperfect remains from the yellow chalk of the Solomon river, Kansas. It is diflBcult to say just why Professor Cope first referred this to Xiphactinus (Portheus) , as the dental and other characters are entirely different from that genus. Cope evidently discovered his mistake soon afterward, as he refers it to Ichthyodcctes in 1877.** Nothing more was done with this species until 1892, when Doctor Crook published his paper entitled ** Uber einige fossile Knochenfische aus der mitteleren flO. Cret Vert. West, pi. XLVI, fig. 1. 82. Proc. Am. Phil. Soo., XVII, p. 177. 61. 1. c, pp. 228, 229. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 305 • Kreide von Kansas/' in which he described his Ichthyodectes polymicrodus . Shortly after this Professor Cope reviewed this paper in the American Xaturalist,^ and claimed that Crook's species is the same as the one already described by him as J. arcuatus. He further states that if it had not been for certain conditions, figures of this species would have been published, a statement which I think means that more characteristic parts would have been figured and described. Cope was evidently in doubt about the specimen figured as Ichthyodectes {Portheus) arcuatus y as on plate XLVII of the ** Cretaceous Vertebrata," he refers to it as f Portheus arcuatus, while on the opposite page, in the explanation of the plate, it is Portheus ? arcuatus. Furthermore, on page 220 B of the same work, he refers to these figures of an unknown species of saurodont. Altogether I am inclined to think that Professor Cope's description and figures are for entirely different speci- mens, but the description, so far as it goes, does not seem to differ from the description and figures of 7. polymicrodus of Crook. When we take into consideration the fact that Professor Cope was able to recognize his species in Crook's description, and also that this form is so abundant in the chalk of western Kan- sas that it could hardly be missed by a party collecting fossil fishes for any length of time in that locality, I do not think we should hesitate to regard Gillicus (Ichthyodectes) polymicrodus Crook as a synonym of Gillicus arcuatus Cope. The characters in which Gillicus Hay differs from Ichthyodectes Cope are enumerated as follows by Professor Hay :** ** While these forms can by no means belong to Cope's Portheus (Xiphactinus of Leidy) , they can hardly belong to the genus Ichthyodectes. In the latter genus the maxilla is long, nearly equal to the distance from the tip of the vomer to the occipital condyle. The gape of the mouth must therefore have been large. In Doctor Crook's species and related forms the maxilla is short, between one-half and two-thirds the distance referred to above ; hence the gape of 83. XXVI, p. 942. 64. Amer. Jour. Sei., toI. YI, p. 229. 306 University Geological Survey of Kansas. the mouth must have been rather small. The maxillse of typ- ical species of Ichthyodectes are nearly straight along the tooth line, or sinuous, or, in /. hamatjis, strongly concave. In /. polymicrodiis the tooth line is strongly convex, except just be- hind the palatine condyle. The teeth of 7. polymicrodus are numerous and feeble ; in the other species, strong and in small number." Gillicas arcnatus. Plates LII, LIII, and LIV. Portheus arcuatus Cope, Cret. Vert. West., pp. 204, 274, pi. xlvii, figs.T-S.** Ichthyodectes arcuatus Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1878, p. 177; Amer. Nat., Yol. XVII, p. 942. Ichthyodectes polymicrodus Crook, Paleonto., 1892, p. 112, pi. xvi. Ichthyodectes nrcuafus Cope, aod Ichthyodectes polymicrodus Crook and Hay, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. vi, p. 228. This species is represented in the museum by the remains of three individuals with the skull in good condition, and frag- ments of several more. The maxilla is a broad and thin bone, with the greater part of the alveolar border very convex. Just back of the surface for the premaxilla this border is directed sharply upward, form- ing a rather deep concavity near the anterior end, back of which it is gently curved. This border gives support to a single row of minute teeth, which are bent slightly inward at the apices. Doctor Crook says that twenty-four of these occur to the centi- meter, in which I am inclined to think that he is mistaken, unless he intended it to apply to the posterior end, where the number will probably reach that many, but at the anterior extremity I have been unable to make out more than from seventeen to eighteen. The surface for the premaxilla is bent inward to a considerable extent and is separated from the alveolar border by a slight notch inferiorly. The condyle for the palatine is el- liptical in outline, slightly convex, and elevated slightly above the rest of the bone. Professor Hay was able to distinguish some differences in the form of these condyles, as he says :" ** In looking over my specimens it seems to me that I can observe characters that indicate two species. In one maxilla I find that 65. It is doabtfal if these flfiures refer to this species. 66. Amer. Joar. Sci., VI, p. 2*29. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 307 the posterior or palatine condyle is comparatively short, and has, in its hinder border, a distinct notch ; in other maxillse the condyle is longer and, apparently, without the posterior notch. The distance between the condyles appears to be greater in some cases than in others." I have been unable to discover any such difference in any of our specimens, but, if this difference does occur, I think that it could not be called a specific character, as there is likely to be almost as much individual variation in Gillicus and Ichthyodectes as in Xipli^ctinuSj in which the variation is remarkably great. The superior border of the bone, back of the condyle, is slightly concave and presents a slight shelf, which probably accommo- dates the jugal. Unfortunately the premaxilla is preserved with none of the specimens, nor has it been found with any of the specimens described by other authors. It was, no doubt, a very small and light bone, thus easily washed away when the soft parts disintegrated. Maxilla : Length of alveolar border (estimated) 97 mm. Depth at posterior condyle 24 '* The dentaries are remarkable for their short length and great depth. The symphysis is very deep, almost vertically directed, and smooth. Just back of it on the internal side there is a broad, shallow and somewhat elliptical-shaped pit, similar to the one found in Saurodon and Saurocephalus. The alveolar border presents a slight convexity near the anterior end, back of which it is slightly concave. The teeth are all very small and form a fringe on the edge of the jaw. The coronoid process is not developed at all, and the lower border is very sharp. Pos- teriorly the bone descends very abruptly to the symphysis. Dentary : Depth at symphysis 45 mm. Length of alveolar border 55 *' Length of mandible from coty lus 81 ** The ceratohyal is preserved in one specimen. It is very thin, much contracted at the center, and expanded at the ends, the posterior of which is concave and the anterior convex. The palato-quadrate arch is represented by the palatine, mesopterygoid, pterygoid, and quadrate. The palatine consists 308 University Geological Survey of Kansas. of a broad, thin posterior plate and the malleolar portion. This latter is somewhat deeper than in Ichthyodectes acanthicuSy and does not have a tuberosity on the external side. The two portions of the bone are separated by a constricted neck. Nothing more can be said of the mesopterygoid than that it is a very thin bone. The quadrate is very deep, as might be expected from the corresponding depth of the mandible. The upper portion is very thin and has a slight groove on the internal side for the symplectic. The condyle is very convex and directed well for- ward. The upper border seems to be nearly straight and prob- ably unites with the metapterygoid in a manner similar to that found in Xiphactinus, The preoperculum is very thin, broad below, and narrow above. The ethmoid is very similar to this bone in Xiphactinus and Ichthyodectes, being formed into a beak anteriorly, and thin, and united with the frontals by a dentate suture posteriorly. The frontals are separated by a well-marked non-dentate suture, which is shown throughout its length in one of the specimens. Over the orbital cavities the bones are somewhat thickened, and evidently gave attachment to a chain of supraorbital bones, as in Xiphactinus, Posteriorly they unite with the postfrontals, parietals, and probably the pterotics. As there has been some doubt as to the exact position of the parietals and pterotics, I quote the following paragraph from Professor Hay,®^ which seems to me to be the correct explana- tion of these parts : *' Crook has interpreted the bones of the posterior upper re- gion of the skull of his /. polymicrodus as he has those of Por- theus (Xiphactinus) ; but, as in the case of the latter, I am compelled to differ with him. However, many of the sutures are very difficult to demonstrate. According to Crook, the su- praoccipital is greatly expanded in front, while the parietals lie laterad to the epiotics. It seems to me that the supposed ex- panded portion of the supraoccipital is really the area belong- ing to the parietals. There is a very distinct fold running along 67. Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. VI, p. 230. Stkwakt.] Cretaceous Fishes. 309 the hinder herder of the expansion, and this, continuing up to the midline, has the appearance of a suture. In the crushed specimen before me there is, along the middle line of the ex- pansion, a break in the bone, but whether due to a fracture or to the parting of the bones along a suture I cannot determine. Possibly the parietals were coossified along the midline." As to Crook's parietal, I cannot convince myself that there is any suture cutting off the area assigned to it from that as- signed to the pterotic. I regard as pterotic the whole area ex- tending from the posterior external angle of the skull to the lateral expansion considered by Crook as supraoccipital.^ In one of the specimens before me the portion under consid- eration above is so well marked that there can be no more doubt that the expanded portion called supraoccipital by Crook is a separate and distinct bone, which is not separated by suture in the middle line. The portion called parietal by the same author often has numerous cracks running through it, which will easily lead one to believe that they are sutures. The prefrontals are small, triangular-shaped bones which lie below the frontals and give attachment to the palatine, as in Xiphactiuus, The postfrontals form prominent processes, and are somewhat irregular in form. They form the posterior boundaries of the orbits, and present grooves externally which support about one-fourth of the upper faces of the hyomandibu- lars. The parasphenoid is completely preserved in three specimens. It is more slender than in either Xiphactinus or Ichthijodectes, and is quadrilateral in cross-section, instead of triangular, as in the forms mentioned. The transverse processes seem to be well developed, just back of which there are very thin lateral proc- esses which extend upward to the prootics, just beneath which the bone is strongly bent at an angle of about 55 deg., thus giv- ing a strong upward direction to the anterior portion of the skull. The sclerotic ring is unusually large for the size of the speci- men, the distance across the orbit being 37 mm., a distance - 68. See Crook's fig. 5, pi. XVI, Sq. and Pa, 310 University Geological Survey of Kansas, which is even greater than in Xiphadinus. The bones are very thin. One specimen has fifty-seven vertebrae preserved, and there are probably several more missing. So far as can be deter- mined, this specimen was at least four feet in length, and, judging from the skull, it does not seem to be larger than the other specimens. SAUBODONTIDJE. The characters that separate this family from the Ichthyodec- tidm are found in the presence of a predentary in the mandible and in the form and manner of succession of the teeth. In other respects the skull is very similar to that of the Ichthyo- dectidse, except that it is likely that Saurodon possesses a tooth- bearing element not found in this family. The predentary is a long, triangular element, pointed at the extremity, and was used as a weapon of oflFense. Contrary to what would be expected, this bone is not paired, and is also edentulous in both genera of this family, Saurodon and Saurocephalus. Doctor Crook*" has removed one of these genera, Sawocephalus, to the family Pachy- cormidR!, the reasons for which are : "Das Dentale hat andere Proportionen als dasjenige von Ichthyo- dectes und Portheus \^Xiphactinua^ indem es viel niedriger und gegen die zahntragende Oberflache dicker wird. Die maxilla ist mehr dick als tief , die Prsemaxilla dreieckig und lang, die l&ngste Seite als zahn- trflgender Rand ausgebildet. Sie ist so gftnzlich verschieden von denjenigen der anderen Glieder dieser Familie, dass dies Merkmal allein genilgt, urn Saurocephalus einer anderen Grappe zuzuweisen. Diese Annahme wird noch mehr bestatigt durch den Cbarakter der Maxilla und des Dentale, die Foramina und die Art und Weise der Aufeinanderfolge der Zahn. Auf Grund der Gleichartigkeit der Zahnea und der auserordentlichen ^hnlichkeit der PrsDmaxilla roit derjenigen von Protosphyrmna ddrfen wir Saurocephalus bis auf welters in die Familie von ProtosphyrcenidcB einreihen." Concerning the above, I would say that I have been unable to recognize the great similarity between the premaxillae of the 09. Paleontoffraphioa, 1892, p. 120. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 311 two genera from the specimens in the museum. Furthermore, if Saurocephalus were removed to another family, Saurodon would have to follow, as the two genera are too closely allied to be far separated from each other, and the absence of the long rostrum, paired and toothed predentary, and the presence of more than one row of teeth on the maxillse and mandibles would preclude any close relationship with the family to which he re- fers it. I think the two genera should be placed in a distinct family, as has been done above. Revised synopsis of the Saurodoniidse : Foramina below the alveolar border internally. Teeth with short compressed crowns Saurocephalus, Deep notches below the alveolar border internally. Teeth with subcylindric crowns Saurodon. SAURODON. Hays. Trans. Am. Phil. Boc., 1830, p. 476. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1873, p. 339. In the year 1830, Doctor Hays'^ described the genus Saurodon from a portion of a skull and jaws from the Marl of New Jersey. He also examined the type specimen of Saurocephalus, described by Doctor Harlan^^ six years before, and decided that the two genera were synonymous, and, as Doctor Harlan's genus was founded upon erroneous characters, the name Saurodon should take precedence over it. In 1856 Doctor Leidy ^^ rede- scribed both of the above specimens and decided that the name Saurodon should be abandoned and Saurocephalus used instead. Nothing further was done with either of these forms until 1873, when Professor Cope added the genus Daptimis, which he later recognized as a synonym of Saurodon. The exact date of Professor Cope's retraction I have been un- able to exactly determine, but it was probably not until after 1878, as during this year Mr. E. T. Newton^' described a fish from the Lower Chalk of Dover and provisionally placed it in Daptinus. A little later in the same year, Mr. Newton pub- lished another paper ^* in which he carefully goes over the 70. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.. vol. Ill, p. 471. 73. Trans. Am. Phil. SoCm toL XI, p. 91. 71. Joar. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., yol. Ill, p. 831. 74. 1. c, No. 136, p. 786. 72. Qaart. Joar. Qeol. Soc.. 1S78, No. 135, p. 489. 312 University Geological Survey of Kansas. ground, and finally concluded, as Doctor Leidy had already done, that the name Saurodon should be no longer used. It has since been shown that there are two distinct genera, the differences being found mainly in the more slender mandi- ble and the occurrence of deep notches instead of foramina at the bases of the crowns of the teeth in Saurodon, There is also some difference in the shape of the teeth in the two forms. Below is given a list of the known American species : Saurodon leanua Hays, Marl, New Jersey. Saurodon phlebotomus Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Saurodon hroadheadi Stewart, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Saurodon xiphiroatris Stewart, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Saurodon ferox Stewart, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Saurodon phlebotomus. Plate LVII, figs. 4 and 5. DapiinuH phlebotomus Cope, Cret. Vert. West, p. 213. Saurocephalus phlebotomus Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1870, p. 530; Hayden's Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1871, p. 416. There are remains of several specimens of this species, in- cluding the jaws, vertebrae, and portion of one skull, in the mu- seum. The maxilla is more slender than in S, hroadheadi^ and the surface for the premaxilla is bent inward very strongly, al- though this may be due to distortion. The alveolar border is nearly straight, and has alveoli for twenty-nine subcylindric teeth, which have the characteristic notches for nutrient ves- sels at the base of each. The posterior extremity of the border is edentulous, curved slightly upward. The condyle for the palatine is not elevated as in Xiphactinus, and is flatter than in Saurocephaliis. The internal side of this condyle is invaded by a slight notch, which is absent in S. hroadheadi and S, ferox. The anterior condyle is broken away, but it seems to have been elevated upon a slight pedestal, and was probably very small. The upper portion of the bone is striated ; the lower portion, just above the alveolar border, is covered with numerous punctations. The dentary is slender, and the symphysis is not so straight as in SaurQcephalus dentatus, but is slightly convex in front, with- out the prominent bony tubercles which are so pronounced on Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 313 the internal side of the symphysis of the form just mentioned. Back of the symphysis there is a slight concavity in the alveolar border, just over the large shallow pit at this point. This pit, which is probably for the Mento-Meckelian ossicle, is much smaller than in Saurocephahts and the swelling above it is less pronounced. The alveolar border supports thirty-six teeth, the anterior ones of which are very small and the posterior ones about twice the size of those on the maxilla. The crowns are subcylindric, knife-like, and extend nearly to the coronoid proc- ess, which is rather weak, and not curved upward and outward as in Xiphactinus. The lower border of the bone is very thin, with numerous fine striae extending obliquely upward and for- ward on both the external and internal sides. The articular portion is divided into the dermarticular and antarticular portions. Owing to the crushed condition of the specimens these portions cannot be made out with certainty, but seem to be very similar to the same parts of S. ferox, de- scribed below. The predentary is not preserved in any of the specimens. i4 (I (( it Maxilla : Length of 96.0 mm. Depth at center 25.0 ** Length of palatine condyle 11.5 *' Number of teeth in one centimeter, 5. Length of crown 4.0 mm. Breadth of crown .^ 2.3 " Depth of bone at palatine condyle 30.0 '* Mandible : Length of bone from cotylus 116.0 Depth of symphysis 26.0 Depth at coronoid angle 41.0 Length of alveolar border 92.0 Number of teeth in one centimeter, 4. Sanrodon broadheadi. Daptinus broadheadi Stewart, Kans. Univ. Quart., vol. vii, pp. 24, 25. This species was established upon the left maxilla and one of predentaries found in Wallace county, Kansas, collected by Mr. Geo. W. Cooper. The catalogue number of the specimen is 212. The maxilla is less elongate and ends more abruptly than in Sau- rocephalus. The anterior border slopes forward more obliquely than in Xiphactimis. The premaxillary surface is continuous 21— vi 314 University Geological Survey of Kansas, with the outer surface of the maxilla and is provided with numer- ous small protuberances, which probably fit into corresponding depressions in the premaxilla. It is seen from the above that the premaxil]a is not so immovably fixed as in Xiphactiniis, where this bone fits into a deep depression on the maxilla and has a thin lamina of bone extending forward nearly to the anterior extremity, which gives it additional support. The ramus is thin above and thickens but slightly at the alveolar border. The bone does not materially thicken below the palatine condyle as in Xiphactiaus, and the anterior condyle is situated much nearer to it than in this form. The palatine condyle is elon- gated, elliptical, nearly fiat, and does not have the internal notch found in S, phlebotomvs. The teeth are closely set, with compressed, knife-like crowns and smooth enamel surface, ap- pearing very slightly striated under the microscope. Alveoli for thirty-one are found, below each of which there is a deep notch, characteristic of this genus. A predentary was found on the same slab with the above which has the form of the predentary of Saurocephahis. It is short and triangular, the posterior surface of which is very rough for cartilage, binding it to the symphysis. The upper bor- der is edentulous, the lower thin and sharp, and the two meet at quite an acute angle in front. Maxilla: Length (estimated) 122.0 mm. Depth at center 37.0 ♦* Depth at palatine condyle 44 .0 ** Number of teeth in one centimeter, 3.5. Predentary : Length ( estimated ) 30.0 mm. Depth at symphysis 28.5 ** Saurodon xiphirostris. Plate LV. Saurodon xiphiroHtriH Stewart, Kans. Univ. Quart., vol. vii, p. 178. This specimen consists of a skull crushed obliquely, the centra of several vertebrae, and also a portion of a shoulder girdle in a very bad state of preservation. The specimen is of nearly the same size as that of the type of Saurodon (Daptinns) broadheadi'^ described by myself. 75. Kans. Univ. Qaart.. yol. VII, pp. 21-29. Stewart] Cretaceous Fishes. 315 The maxilla is short and deep, the depth not being as great as in S. broadheadi. The alveolar border is nearly straight and has alveoli for about thirty-one teeth, which are about the size of those described in the above species. The posterior extrem- ity cannot be examined, as there is a suborbital bone covering this portion on each side of the skull, but it is probably very similar to that of the figures of Saurodon ferox described below. The superior border is sharp, and gives attachment to some bone, probably a suborbital or jugal. The palatine condyle seems to be very similar to that of S, broadheadi already de- scribed. The bone, just above the alveolar border, presents a somewhat shagreened appearance. Farther than this, there seem to be no characteristic markings upon the external sur- face. As the maxilla is firmly attached to' the skull, the inter- nal surface cannot be examined. The premaxilla is plate-like, and nearly twice as deep as broad. The superior border is irregular and presents no con- dyle at this point. The external markings are very similar to those found in Saurocephalus dentatus, and the bone is directed more obliquely backward than in that form. The anterior bor- der is directed sharply inward, giving the external surface of the bone a very convex 'appearance. This border is very rugose, probably for ligamentous union with its fellow of the opposite side. The alveolar border is very convex, and has alveoli for twelve teeth, which are of about the same size as those on the maxilla. Maxillary: Length of alveolar border (estimated) 82 mm. Depth at palatine condyle 33 '* Number of teeth in one centimeter, 4. Premaxillary : Greatest depth 50 mm. Greatest length 30 Length of anterior border 30 In the mandible is found one of the chief characters that separate this genus from Saurocephalus ; instead of the upper and lower jaws terminating at about the same vertical plane as in the other member of the Saurodontidie, the mandible projects fully an inch beyond this point. The dentary is long and slender throughout; in Saurocephalus it is short and deep. 316 University Geological Survey of Kansas. This difference is well illustrated by comparing the types of Saurocephalus dentatus and Saxirodon ferox; the maxilla of the first is considerably longer than that of the second, but with the dentaries the reverse is the case. Only a small portion of the dentary can be seen, as most of the external and superior portions are hidden by the overlying maxilla*. The bones are irregular and shallow at the symphysis and seem to have given strong attachment for the predentary. The lower border is thin and sharp. Only twenty-seven millimeters of the alveolar border can be seen in the specimen, upon which the teeth are small and twelve in number. At the base of each tooth is found the deep notch for the nutrient vessels, so characteristic of this genus. As the articular portion does not seem to differ materi- ally from that of S, ferox ^ its description may be deferred. Contrary to anticipations, there is but one predentary, as is proven by the discovery of all of the parts in place. It is long and slender, triangular in outline, with a broad, elliptical articu- lar surface at the posterior extremity. When this element was first made known"' in this genus, I was under the impression that it was paired, which is not the case. This slender pro- jection was no doubt used as a weapon of ofi*ense, analogous to the rostrum of Protosphyrmna. In connection with the descrip- tion of Saurodon hroadheadi'"^ I figured a predentary of an en- tirely different form from the above, which was found on the same slab with the maxilla described ; the form is the same as that found in Saurocephalus. Whether the two bones belonged to the same individual or not only future discoveries can deter- mine. After carefully comparing the type of S. dentatus with that of the species under consideration and S. ferox, I am con- vinced that there is but one predentary in the mandible of this form, as one would expect from the great similarity of 'the two genera. Mandible : Length from cotyloid cavity 155 mm. Depth at symphysis 23 ** Number of teeth in one centimeter, 4.5. Predentary : Length ( estimated) 73 mm. Depth of symphyseal surface 23 *' Width of symphyseal surface 12 ** 76. Kans. Uniy. Quart., vol. VII, p. 24. 77. 1. c, pi. II. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 317 The ethmoid is broad and flat posteriorly, becoming thickened and pointed at the anterior extremity. The lower surface can* not be seen, but it probably is not materially difl^erent from that of Ichthyodectes. In Prof. E. T. Newton's description of S, in- terinedius'^ he says, concerning this part: * 'Anterior to the f rentals, upon the upper surface of the skull, there are two bones (fig. 2) separated by a median longitudinal suture; towards the front of these an osseous band passes across at right angles, obliterating the suture.'' In our skull I am un- able to detect any indication of a suture at this point such as is shown in the figure referred to above. I have also examined all of the specimens of Xiphactinus and Ichthyodectes in the museum, and find no trace of such a suture in any of them. It seems probable to me that the skull described by Mr. Newton was of a younger individual than are any of ours. The frontals are broad, flat bones extending from the ethmoid, with which they are united by a squamose suture, back to the parietals. Laterally, they form the superior borders of the orbits. In the median line they are separated by a suture. The bones are probably in contact with the supraoccipital, but^ owing to the crushed condition of this region, this point cannot be definitely determined. The parietals (?) are small elements in contact with the pter- otics and epiotics posteriorly. They are probably very similar to this portion of Xiphactiniis and Ichthodectes, although this re- gion of the skull is so crushed as to render the determination of this portion somewhat difficult. There seems to be a faint su- ture between the pterotic and sphenotic. The epiotic does not seem to be produced as far backward in this species as in S*. in- termedius, figured and described by Mr. Newton.^' They are heavy projections of bone, and form the inner lateral processes of the skull as in other members of the Satirodontidw and Ichthyo- dectidse. Mr. Newton*^ seems somewhat in doubt about the bones in this region and is unwilling to accept the bone called parietal by Professor Cope, stating, for his reason, that the lines 78. Quart. Jouni. Geol. Soc., toI. XXXIV. No. 135, p. 444, pi. XIX. 79. 1. o., p. 444, pi. XXXIV. 80. 1. c, pp. 444. 445. 318 University Oeological Survey of Kansas. indicative of the direction of growth were from the extreme pos- terior angle of the skull, instead of from the anterior portion, as we would expect if this bone were the parietal. In skulls of XiphactinuSt Ichthyodectes, and GilUcus^ before me, I find the same condition, which seems to confirm Mr. Newton's idea. Recently Professor Hay'** has shown wherein Professor Cope was wrong in his identification of this part of Xiphactinus and Ich- thyodectes, and, as the top of the skull as a whole seems to be very similar to that of the two genera mentioned, I have no doubt but that the same explanation will apply to Saurodon. The pterotics are large bones and seem to be very dense in structure. The supraoccipital is very much crushed and partially broken away, but enough remains to show that the bone was raised into quite a prominent crest. It extends backward beyond the points of the epiotics, a condition different from that described by Newton.** It probably does not join the frontals in front, the parietals intervening. The orbit is sotnewhat smaller than in Ichthyodectes and is surrounded by a thin ring of sclerotic bones similar to that found in the genus just mentioned. Just in front of the orbit there is a small triangular bone attached to the frontal above, which I take to be a preorbital. The same bone is figured by Newton** but not named or described by the author. Just in front of this there is a long slender bar of bone, which seems to articulate somewhere in the palatine region. On one side the anterior end is crushed down to near the posterior condyle of the maxillary, but on the other side it fits in just back of the superior condyle of the palatine, and as a palatine of another specimen shows a sutural surface at this point, I think it not unlikely that this is the correct position of the bone. This may be the bone that Newton** figured as a *' nasal bone," (?) although it is of an entirely different shape from that shown in the cut of his specimen. The bone Newton calls " jugal" (?) I am inclined to think is one of the suborbital bones, as found 81. Zool. Ball., vol. II. p. 28. 88. 1. c, p. 444. 82. 1. c, p. 444. 84. 1. c, pi. XXXIV. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fisluis. 819 in Xipkactiniis, especially as there seems to be a suture indi- cated between this and a bone just above which articulates with the jugal ( probably a suborbital ) above. Owing to the crushed condition, the prefrontals are almost entirely covered by the ethmoid and frontal. The description of the palatine will be given with the next species. Parts of the operculum and preoperculum are present. The first is a broad flat plate of bone which articulates with the hyomandibu- lar in a manner similar to that found in Xiphactimis and Ich- thyodectes. The anterior border of the preoperculum is deeply concave, the anterior inferior extremity reaching forward to the angle of the mandible. The hyomandibular of this species is not visible. The vertebra* are deeply concave, with deep grooves closely situated above for the neural arches. The ribs articulate with small ossicles set into pits on the side of the centrum. Just above these ossicles there is a deep pit on each side. A part of the shoulder girdle, including a fragmentary fin, is present. The fin seems rather small. The skull as a whole is especially remarkable for the extreme length of the mandible, and also the long predentary in front. This portion probably had a dermal covering similar to that covering the sword-fishes' sword, and was no doubt used as a weapon of ofi*ense. In an animal with such a weapon as this we might expect to find powerful fins, but this is not the case with this species. In other respects the skull does not mate- rially differ, excepting in details, from the skull of other mem- bers of the Saurodontidie and Ichihyodectidvc. The type of this species was found in Gove county, Kansas, by Mr. H. M. McDowell, who presented the specimen to the museum. Sanrodon ferox. Plates LVI and LVII. Saurodon ferox Stewart, Kans. Univ. Quart., vol. vii, p. 18.3. This species is represented by the jaws, including the pre- dentary, and other disarticulated bones and vertebrae. The maxillary is larger than the one just described. The 320 University Geological Survey of Kansas. posterior condyles above are somewhat elliptical in outline and but slightly convex from before backwards. Just anterior to this there is a large protuberance, which may support a condyle above, and on the external side of this there is a small facet, which probably gives articulation with the ethmoid. The sur- face for the premaxillary is very irregular and is directed in- ward, becoming thinner toward the anterior border, which is sharp. The superior border is strongly concave and sharp, and presents a sutural surface on the external side, probably for a jugal. The alveolar border is convex and has alveoli for forty or forty-one teeth, which are non-striate and knife-like. Each tooth has the characteristic notch at the base. The posterior extremity at the bone is very shallow and turned slightly up- ward. Aside from the shagreened surface of the bone above the alveolar border the external surface has no characteristic markings. The premaxillary is very similar to that of the species de- scribed above, except that there are ten instead of twelve teeth. On the internal side, the bone is beveled off toward the pos- terior border in order to fit the surface for its reception on the maxillary. Maxillary : LeDgth of alveolar border 115 mm. Depth at condyle for palatine 45 ** Greatest length of bone 128 *' Number of toeth in one centimeter, 3.5. Premaxillary : Depth 60 mm. Length 32 " The dentary is elongate and slender. The alveolar border is slightly incurved at the symphysis and supports forty-six teeth, similar in form but about twice as large as those upon the max- illa. Just back of the last tooth there is a slight coronoid process, somewhat similar to that found in Xiphactinxis. The symphysis is very similar to that found in the last species de- scribed, and has a long, slender pit just back of it on the internal side. It is more elliptical than the corresponding pit in Sauro- cephalus. The lower border of the bone is sharp. The dermarticular supports only a small portion of the cotylus,. in the lower portion of the cavity. It sends a long, sword-shaped Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 321 process forward internally, but does not encroach much upon the dentary externally. Posteriorly it sends a lamina of bone backward, which I think would be well named the cotyloid process, as in most of the genera of this family it is the only portion of this bone which articulates directly with the quad- rate. Just beneath the cotyloid process there is a prominent angle. The antarticular is a small element not extending forward be- yond the sixth posterior tooth, and is fitted into a groove in the dermarticular. It supports nearly the whole of the cotylus, which is somewhat elliptical and concave from above downward. The predentary is not so elongated, but is slightly deeper than in the species described above. Mandible : Length of alveolar border 149 mm. Length from cotyloid cavity 174 Depth at symphysis 27 Depth at coronoid 46 Number of teeth in one centimeter, 3. Predentary : Length 55 mm. Length of symphyseal surface 24 n The quadrate is a broad, fan-shaped expansion. The condyle is elliptical in outline and convex. Extending upward from the condyle on the external side there is a ridge, which ends above in a deep notch, which accommodates a portion of the symplectic. This groove continues downward on the internal side for more than one-half the depth of the bone. The poste- rior border has a very slight groove, and extends upward the whole extent of the symplectic. The superior border probably articulates with the pterygoid and metapterygoid, as in Xiphac- tinus. The anterior border is sharp. Both the external and in- ternal surfaces are covered with minute strise radiating upward from the condyle. The symplectic is a long, slender element. The upper end presents an articular surface similar to that found on the superior border of the quadrate. The whole of the palatine is preserved. It is an irregular- shaped bone, presenting a ragged sutural surface above and be- low for the pterygoid and mesopterygoid. The bone is especially remarkable for the great depth of the malleolar portion, being S22 University Geological Survey of Kansas. nearly half as deep as the corresponding part in Xiplia^iinus^ The superior articular surface is small and oval in outline, while the lower is larger and more elliptical. The depth of the malleolar portion is 20 mm. The hyomandibular is very similar to that found in Ichthyo- dectes. The superior condyle is elongated , and depressed in the central portion. In the skull of S. intermediuSy figured by Newton,** this condyle is shown to be regularly rounded from before backward. As all the figures and descriptions of the hyomandibular of this family and the Ichthyodectidpc show the depression described above, I am inclined to think that this portion may h(ive been distorted in the specimen figured by Mr. Newton. Extending downward from the anterior and posterior angles there are two slight ridges, which converge toward the center and form a much larger one, which extends downward to nearly the lower extremity of the bone. It forms the outer border of the groove for the preoperculum. There is also another ridge on the internal side, just in front of the condyle for the operculum, but it is not so prominent as the one just mentioned. The condyle for the operculum is elongated, as in Ichthyodectes , The lower extremity of the bone presents an articular surface similar in size and character to that found at the upper end of the symplectic. I think it is very likely that these two bones articulate at this point. A small portion of a scapula is preserved. It shows only two distinct articular condyles, one large and one small, instead of three, as in Xiphactinus, Portions of several spines are pre- served, of which one complete and a portion of another are shown in the figure and need no further consideration. The first anterior vertebra has the posterior end deeply con^ cave, but the anterior end is not so deep, and has a slight pro- tuberance projecting forward above. On the superior surface there are two deep, rounded pits for the neurapophyses ; aside from this there are no other grooves displayed upon the centra. A small toothed element was found on the internal side of one 86. 1. c. pi. XXXIV. f Stbwart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 323 * of the maxillae at about the point where the pterygoid should lie, but it is too large to be a portion of this bpne. There are nine teeth upon it, which are about the size of those on the anterior portion of the maxilla. The type of the above was found in Gove county, Kansas, by Mr. W. O. Bourn, of Scott, Kan., who loaned it to the Univer- sity for study. SAUBOGEPHALUS. Harlan, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., vol. Ill, p. 3S7. Saurocephalus is similar in many respects to the genus just de- scribed. Unfortunately the skull has never been found in either this country or England, but from the great similarity of the jaws to those of Saurodon a close relationship in general struc- ture to this form can be expected. In Saurocephalus the mandi- bles are not so slender as in Saurodon ^ and do not project forward as in this form. There are distinct foramina instead of deep notches below the alveolar border internally, and the teeth have very short and compressed crowns instead of the subcylindric, knife-like crowns of Saurodon, Thus far four species have been described from America, as follows : Saurocephalus lanci/ormfs Harlan, Cretaceous, Missouri river. Saurocephalus arapahoviua Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Saurocephalus dentatus Stewart, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Saurocephalus pamphagus Haj, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Thus it is seen that only three species have thus far been dis- covered in this state, of which one, S. arapalwvius, was founded upon only a small portion of a maxilla which presents but few characters that can be called specific. It is very hard to refer specimens to this species with any degree of certainty, and I am inclined to think that it may prove to be a synonym of S. lanciformis. fiaaroeephalnB dentatas. Plate LVIII, 3a and b, 4a and b. Saurocephalus dentatus Stewart, Kans. Univ. Quart, rol. vii, pp. 25-27. This species differs from &*. arapahovius in having the teeth slightly striated and never overlapping on the maxilla. It is also a slightly larger form. It was established upon the left 324 University Geological Survey of Kaiisas, maxilla, premaxilla and mandible of one individual and the left mandible of another, and was collected from the Niobrara Cretaceous of Wallace county, Kansas, by Mr. E. P. West. The catalogue number of the specimen is 82. The maxilla is much larger and more elongated than in S. hroadheadiy and the superior border is very thin and more ele- vated just back of the condyle for the palatine than in this form. This condyle is very convex ; anterior to it there are two more condyles, which are probably for the ethmoid and vomer. The most posterior of these is broken away, but from the base it appears to have been elevated, as in Saurodon. The anterior condyle is large and triangular in outline, and is bounded in front by a shallow pit not found in the form mentioned above. There are alveoli for thirty-eight teeth, which decrease in size toward the posterior extremity, where they rise but slightly above the alveolar border. The premaxilla is more or less plate-like ; externally it is con- vex from before backward and the anterior border is quite ob- lique. There is probably no close connection with its fellow on the opposite side, and the upper portion of the bone is covered with fine lines radiating upward and backward from the ante- rior inferior angle. The teeth seem to be somewhat smaller than those on the maxilla ; alveoli for nine are found. The ramus of the mandible decreases more in depth toward the symphysis than in Saurodon. The lower border is very thin, but becomes thicker toward the alveolar border, though it never attains the robustness seen in Xiphactinus. Just back of the symphysis and below the alveolar border there is a prominent swelling, below which there is an elongated ovoid pit, near the position of the Mento-Meckelian ossicle in Amia. The predental surface descends in almost a straight line from the alveolar bor- der, and has numerous bony tubercles internally, probably for ligaments attaching the two jaws. Just beneath the dentary there is a long thin element which seems to be united to it by suture and forms the lower border of the jaw. If this be true, it may represent a new element in the mandible, although more Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes, 325 material will have to be examined before this can be accurately determined. The teeth are compressed and appear minutely striated under the microscope. From the center to the anterior extremity of the dentary the teeth decrease in size, while those on the posterior portion are nearly twice the size of those on the maxilla. Spaces for about forty-two are present, but quite a number of the teeth seem to have been shed and never replaced, as the alveoli seem to be entirely closed in some instances. The dermarticular sends a long, dagger-like process forward internally nearly to the ovoid pit mentioned above ; externally it is soon covered by the dentary. The cotylus is somewhat vertically directed, narrow laterally, and slightly convex from above downward. The predentary is a triangular element joined to the dentary by a very irregular surface, broader above than below. The superior border is finely rugose a^d edentulous, and the tip is acute. This bone is unpaired, as in Saurodon. Length of maxilla and premaxilla 161.5 mm. Depth of bone posterior to condyle for the palatine 44.5 '* Height of condyle for palatine above the alveolar border 48.5 '* Length of premaxilla, inferiorly 31.5 ** Average height of crown 3.9 ** Average anterior posterior length of crown 3.3 ** Number of teeth in one inch, 9. Mandible : Length from cotylus 161 .0 mm. Length of alveolar border 140.0 ** Depth of predental surface (estimated) 33.0 ** Average height of crown, posterior 6.0 ** Average length of crown, posterior 4.4 '^ Predentary : Length 29.5 Depth 34.0 it 326 University Oeological Survey of Kansas. STBATODONTIDiE. The family Stratodoniidn , as accepted by Professor Cope ia his *' Cretaceous Vertebrata," embraced certain genera of physosto- mous fishes which bear a general relationship to Esox, and in- cluded the genera Stratodus, Empo, PachyrhizoduSf Enchodus, TetheoduSy and Anogmixis, for which the following synopsis was given : I. Premaxillary with several rows of teeth : Palatine teeth numerous, large; all with pulp cavity, Stratodun, II. Premaxillary with two rows of teeth: Maxillary bone short; dentary with equal large inner teeth and outer rows en broase Emjjo, Maxillary bone very long; one row of equal dentaries, PachyrhizoduH, III. Premaxillary with one or no row of teeth: A large premaxillary fang; anterior maxillary and dentary teeth enlarged; cutting edges not oppo- site ; unsymmetrical Enchodun. Premaxillary toothless; anterior maxillary and den- tary enlarged Tethcodus, The characters of these genera are so varied that I have thought it best, in the present work, to divide the old family of the Sfratodovtidir into four separate families, and to use this name for Stratodus, Ewpo, and Cimolichthys, which may seem remarkable when the great difference in the form of the teeth and tooth-bearing elements of the genera are taken into con- sideration. In Stratodus the teeth are all small and present a great similarity throughout the whole dental series, while in Empo they are of a diCFerent size and form on the several parts^ and all are different from those in Stratodus. There are also marked differences in other parts, as the form of the palatine and the different lengths of the premaxillae. Notwithstanding all these differences, when we examine the top of the skull of each, a remarkable similarity between the two is seen, from which resemblance of the two forms we must conclude that there is a close relationship between the two^ notwithstanding the differences of habits indicated by the dentition. Stbwart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 327 The top of the skull is very flat in both genera, and made up for the most part of the elongate, triangular-shaped frontal s, which are united in the median line by means of a long, straight suture. These bones are covered on the superior sur- face by small ridges or striae, which radiate from a point inter- nal to the postorbitals and are most strongly marked in Emjw. The supraoccipitals are small and invade the top of the skull but little. It is raised into a slight crest in Empo^ and prob- ably so in Stratodus, Below is given a revised synopsis of the family : I. Premaxilla short, with several rows of teeth : Palatine and mandibular teeth numerous, in several rows Stratodus, II. Premaxilla elongate, with one row of small teeth: Mandibular teeth in two series, of which the outer are small and in several rows, while the inner are very large. Palatine teeth large and in two rows Empo, III. Premaxilla and maxilla elongate, with very small teeth : Palatines and ectoptery golds provided with powerful teeth, some of which are semibarbed in shape Chnoh'rhthys. STRATODUS. This genus, as characterized by Cope, is remarkable for the small size, great number and peculiar form of the teeth. Un- fortunately the material from which the descriptions have been made was very fragmentary, from which no adequate conception of the cranial characters could be obtained. The jaws as well as most of the bones are very fragile, and it is probably owing to this fact that no perfect specimens have been collected. The geological expedition of 1898 to western Kansas obtained a specimen belonging to this genus from near Twin Buttes, Wal- lace county, that shows some points not known before. The specimen is far from perfect, but it is much better than any specimen heretofore described. The premaxilla is small and has three or four rows of teeth on the lower side, of which those on the inner are the largest. The dentaries are very slender and are covered with numerous rows of small conical teeth on the internal side which are all 328 University Geological Survey of Kansas. provided with a large pulp cavity. The teeth are largest on the external row, but toward the symphysis they are all reduced to nearly the same size. The symphysis is very shallow. The palatines ( ?) are long and slender plates of bone, which are cov- ered with teeth probably similar in form and size to those found on the dentary. Fortunately the top of the skull is preserved, showing it to be slender, flat, with the different elements arranged very much as in Empo. The vertebrae are very similar to those of this genus.^ ** Their centra in both abdominal and caudal regions are elongate and contracted medially. There is a shal- low longitudinal groove at the bases of the neural and haemal arches, which are divided vertically by a median rib-like but- tress. The median lateral portion is smooth or nearly so.'' The known American species are : StraioduH opicalis Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Siratodus oxi/pogort Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Stratodus apicalis. Plate LX; plate LXI, fig. 1. Siratodua apicalis Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 348; Cret. Vert. West, p. 227. This species is represented by portions of the skull and tooth- beariDg elements as mentioned above. The dentary is elongate and covered with several rows of teeth above and on the internal side. These teeth are largest in the outer row, where they are seven millimeters or more in height, but become very small toward the inner and lower row. The teeth are round in section, acutely pointed, and with slightly recurved crowns. They are entirely without striae even under the microscope. Toward the symphysis the number of rows diminish until only two remain at the extremity, with the exception of three or four small teeth situated external to the outer row. The symphysis is very shallow, in fact, there is only a small articular facet at this point, which shows that the jaws were very loosely united here. Throughout its whole length the dentary is very shallow and covered with coarse longitudinal striae on the external side. Unfortunately the articular portion is not preserved. 86. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1878. p. 181. Stewart ] Cretaceous FMes. 329 There is a bone which I think represents the premaxilla. The teeth are arranged in three or four rows, the largest being in- ternal. The external face of the bone is non-striate, and ex- tends upward and backward, while the internal side is grooved for the maxilla. In the description of this part, as given by Cope,®^ he says that the premaxillary teeth are in two series. What he means by this statement I am unable to say, as four rows of teeth are shown in the figure of his specimen, and there does not seem to be any abrupt change in size transversely. The palatine (?) is a long, slender plate of bone, contracted at both extremities, and covered with teeth on the lower side. The number of rows decrease toward both ends and -the size of the teeth also becomes less toward one of them. The up- per surface is divided longitudinally by a ridge and the three grooves mentioned by Cope,** but they are not so strongly marked as to attract particular attention. Dentaiy : Greatest width of dental band 10 mm. LeDgth of dental band (estimated) 137 ** Premaxilla : Length of dental band 28 *' Greatest width of dental band 9 *' Palatine: Length 121 ** Greatest width 17 " The top of the skull is preserved completely, or nearly so. The bones represented are the frontals, parietals, exoccipitals, and probably the epiotics and pterotics. The frontals are very long bones, broad behind, and probably tapering to a point in front where the extremities are covered with matrix and other bones. On the upper surface the bones are beautifully sculptured with long, coarse strise extending forward from near the center of each bone, while the back por- tion presents only an occasional stria. These bones are espe- cially remarkable for their great length and fragility. The suture between the parietals and the epiotics cannot be made out, although this portion is entirely free from matrix. For this reason I am inclined to think that these two bones are co- st. Cret. Vert. West, p. 228, pi. XLIX. 88. Cret. Vert. West, p. 227. 22--Ti 330 University Geological Survey of Kansas. ossified iu the specimen. They are somewhat triangular in out- line and meet each other in the median line, thus separating the suprabccipitals from the frontals. They do not seem to possess any very characteristic markings. The pterotics (?) are prominent processes of bone that project outward from the parietals and join the exoccipitals below. The supraoccipitals . do not seem to be present in this specimen, but are probably not raised into a crest. The exoccipitals are rather large bones projecting upward and outward from the basioccipital and form a large portion of the back part of the skull. Each sends a fan- like process of bone backward. There is still another long, flat bone not connected with the rest of the skull that may repre- sent a portion of the hyomandibular or an opercular. It is somewhat irregular in outline and presents a sharp longitudinal ridge near one of the borders. Measurements of skull are : Distance from supraoccipital to anterior extremity of frontals, *16G mm. Transverse distance across pterotics 65 ** Greatest transverse distance across frontals 60 ** • Just back of the skull there is a bone that is no doubt con- nected in some way with the vertebral column. It somewhat resembles a terminal caudal vertebra or urostyle. It is con- tracted and convex at one extremity and expanded and deeply concave at the other. Near the center of the convex end there is a foramina leading inward which probably continues through to the other side. EMPO Cope. This genus is represented in the museum by the remains of several individuals, more or less perfect, from the Niobrara Cretaceous and a portion of one specimen from the Fort Pierre of Kansas. It is probable that they include four species. The palatines are much elongated and bear two rows of teeth on the anterior portion, of which the external are large and the internal somewhat smaller. The ethmoid is contracted into a rather sharp beak anteriorly and bears a number of small teeth on the median line below, which are either arranged in one or two rows or form a small cluster near the anterior extremity. 'Estimated. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 331 The dentaries bear several rows of teeth, of which those on the external side are minute and somewhat thickly placed, while those on the internal side are large, set upon expanded bases, and are well separated from each other. The outer surface of the dentary is covered with numerous well-marked sulci. The cotylus is bifurcated in the center, each half appearing as a. small hemispherical pit. There are several othfer tooth-bearing elements, among which is a long, slender bone with a single row of small conical teeth on the lower side, which probably represents a prem axilla. The top of the skull is elongated and somewhat triangular in outline. It is especially remarkable for the great extent and delicate markings of the frontals, as well as of the other bones of this region. The supraoccipital is small and enters slightly into the formation of the top of the skull. The parietals are small and do not extend farther forward than the anterior ex- tremity of the supraoccipital. Throughout the whole extent of the top of the skull there i& ^ a close resemblance to the corresponding portion of StratoduSy the principal difference being found in the larger size of the parietals and their meeting along the median line. There is one specimen at hand that has the vertebral column preserved completely, and another one nearly so, from which we see that there were altogether about fifty-three vertebrae. Those in the cervical and dorsal regions are finely striated, while those near the end of the tail are deeply grooved on the sides, the grooves commencing on the eighth or ninth vertebra from the end of the series. The neural canal is bounded by a lamina of bone on each side, outside of which the neuropophyses rise and form a vertical ridge on the side. The haemal canal is bounded by laminae similar to those described above. The haemal arches are located outside of these, so that in a detached vertebra it is often difficult to determine the two sides. In Cope's description of the vertebral column of E. nepseolica^ he says that up to the fourteenth vertebra the neural canals are not bounded by vertical laminae ; in this I cannot agree with 89. Cret. Vert. West, p. 230. 332 University Geological Survey of Kansas. him. I have been able to examine some of the detached ver- tebrae from near the head, and so far as I can judge the sides of the neural arches do not differ materially from those farther back in the column. The abdominal cavity is short, with well-developed ribs. The caudal fin is not well preserved in any of the specimens, only the bases of the' rays being present. On one of the slabs there are a number of small rays and other fragments just back of the abdominal cavity, which is probably a portion of the pelvic fin. The rays are small and have no great length. The pec- toral rays are also rather delicate and curved near the proximal extremity, while near the middle portion and distal end they are cross-segmented. Along the back there are numerous dermal plates, the most of which have no characteristic markings. The known American species are : Empo neiyceolica Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Empo semianceps Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Empo contracta Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Empo tnerrilli Cope, Niobrara Cretaceous, western Kansas. Empo liibonenais Stewart, Fort Pierre Cretaceous, western Kansas. Bmpo nepsBolica. Plate LIX. Empo nepoiolica Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1872, p. 347; Cret, Vert. West, p. 230. Empo sulcata Cope, Hayden's Bull. U. S. Greol. Surv. No. 2, p. 46. CimolichthyB suleatus Cope, 1. c, p. 351. This species is represented in our collection by the remains of several individuals, among which is a skull almost complete, from which a fair idea of the anatomy of this portion can be gained. The bone described and figured by Cope as a premaxilla has since been shown to be a palatine by specimens in the British Museum which have the maxillae and premaxillse in place. The bone is elongate and curved longitudinally, and at the an- terior extremity there is a rostrum-shaped apex of dense bone which projects forward beyond the last tooth. On the superior border there is a slight crest of bone, which probably serves to loosely connect this portion to the skull. The teeth are arranged in two series. At the anterior extremity there are several large Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes. 333 teeth extending backward for three or four centimeters from the extremity, which are followed by a series of much smaller ones occupying the inner side of the bone and extending backward to near the posterior extremity, where there are usually one or more teeth much larger than any of the others. Near this point those on the internal side become very small. The bone called maxilla by Cope is probably a pterygoid. It is short, bar-like, and bears a single row of teeth, which decrease in size poste- riorly. The posterior extremity is edentulous and somewhat expanded. Palatine : Length to large posterior tooth 86 mm. Greatest height 25 ** Transverse distance across alveolar border near cen- ter 11 ** Pterygoid (?): Length (estimated) 67 •* The dentaries are very much elongated and contracted regu- larly toward the symphysis, where the bones are very shallow. The symphysis is not very deep, consisting, for the most part, of a small flat facet on the internal side which meets its fellow on the opposite side, and to which it is probably united in a manner somewhat similar to that found in Pachyrhizodus . Cope"^ describes this part as presenting a marked fossa which I am unable to find in any of our specimens, and I think it not at all unlikely that this was an individual peculiarity of his specimen. The alveolar border supports two series of teeth, of which the internal are the larger of the two. There are usually about ten teeth present in this series, and room for probably as many more, which are often represented by the tooth scars of the shed teeth. These teeth are set upon hemispheres of bone firmly anchylosed to the jaw. The teeth are compressed, finely striated, and directed inward. The external series consists of several rows of teeth of which those on the internal row are the larger. They are all directed inward and seem to have both anterior and posterior cutting edges. Toward the posterior extremity both series fade out, leaving a considerable space between the last tooth and the end of the bone. The external surface of the dentary is covered with deep longitudinal sulci, 90. Cret. Vert. West, p. 231. 334 University Geological Survey of Kansas. while the internal is nearly smooth and deeply grooved. The articular portion sends a long, sword-shaped process forward, but how far cannot be determined, as the anterior portion is covered by the overlying ceratohyal. The cotylus is very broad transversely but has no great vertical extent. It is composed of two concave facets separated from each other by a well- marked ridge. The external of these facets seems to be slightly the larger of the two. Premaxilla : Length 117 mm. Maxilla : Length (estimated ) 114 Dentary : Length of alveolar border to last tooth 182 Length of mandible from cotylus 252 Transvere diameter of cotylus 14 Length of articular from cotylus ( estimated ) 133 it (( ti i( t( The quadrate is compressed and fan-shaped ; extending down its posterior border there is a deep groove, which probably accommodates the preoperculum. Just in front of this groove, on the internal side, there is still another groove which extends over half way down to the condyle, in which the symplectic probably fits. Cope'* was unable to discover a sym- plectic in the specimen of E. semianceps which he described, and I am inclined to think he was of the impression that this genus did not possess this bone, but from the presence of this groove we can assume that it was proportionately broader than in the Saurodontidie , The anterior border is very thin and is .projected upward, with a small portion of the superior border, into quite a prominent process of bone. The condyle is bifur- cate in the center and has a superficial resemblance to the distal end of the mammalian femur. The external side cannot be seen. The preoperculum is long and very slendor in the superior portion. Near the lower extremity the bone bends suddenly forward and broadens out into a thin plate below. The upper portion is only slightly curved and very roughly and irregularly marked. A portion of one operculum is present, showing the internal side. It is a broad, thin plate of bone, with a small condyle for the hyomandibular. The condyle is not situated so 91. Cret. Vert. West, p. 229. Stewart.] Cretaceous Fishes, 335 near the superior border as in the Ichthyodectid^r, and has a strong ridge extending backward from it on the internal side. The hyomandibular presents two articulating surfaces above for union with the skull. These are slightly grooved longi- tudinally and are separated from each other by a deep notch. The anterior of these is projected well forward. The condyle for the operculum is situated probably more than one-half the distance down the side of the bone, and is elliptical in outline and very irregular. Just in front of the condyle there is a prominent ridge which extends downward, but not to the lower extremity of the bone. The inferior portion is rather narrow ; the anterior very thin. The cerato- and epihyals are preserved in one specimen, while the urohyal is shown in another. The epihyal is very thin and has the anterior extremity slightly convex for the ceratohyal. Near the postero-superior end there is a deep notch, probably for the accommodation of the interhyal. Both the external and internal sides are covered with fine stritc. The ceratohyal is an elongate, slender bone, expanded at the extremities and con- tracted slightly at the center. Both sides are covered with striae, which are especially noticeable toward the extremities, which are nearly flat. The urohyal is a small, triangular ele- ment, badly crushed, with a small facet on the anterior end for its fellow on the opposite side. There is a long, thin plate of bone that I am inclined to think represents the palatine. It is contracted to a blunt point at both extremities, and covered with fine strise on one side which radiate from a point near the superior border and about one-third the distance back from the anterior end. The central portion of the lower border is covered with a single row of small conical teeth, each of which seems to be firmly anchy- losed to the bone, with the apex directed forward. The ex- tremities of this border are edentulous. The ethmoid is a symmetrical tongue-shaped bone covered with teeth below. Professor Cope ^ says this bone is sometimes symmetrical and sometimes unsymmetrical, and he was in- 92. Cret. Vert. West. p. 228. 336 University Geological Survey of Kansas. clined to think that it represented a superior or inferior phar- yngeal. In all of the specimens that I have examined it seems to be entirely symmetrical, and in one specimen it is in place at the anterior extremity of the skull, so there can be no doubt of its being an ethmoid. I am inclined to think that the asymmetry of Cope's specimen was due to distortion. The an- terior end is extended forward into a beak of dense bone, which is directed slightly downward. Just back of the beak, on the lower side, there are a number of small teeth, which are ele- vated considerably above the rest of the bone when it is re- versed. There seems to be a great deal of irregularity in the arrangement of these teeth. In some specimens they are grouped together, with the largest near the center, while in others there are a number of large teeth anteriorly, with a single row of smaller ones extending back from them. The upper surface of the bone is covered with numerous stri