DATE DUE •mm; i 8 1! 367 FEB 1 2 i 970 1 Apr 2 a 19 76 itt- -1972 1 GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S. A. OE-60003-58 Highlights Enrollment The 141,000 public and nonpublic schools in the United States reported a total enrollment of 42,400,000 persons at all educational levels (ele¬ mentary, secondary, and higher education) in 1957-58. Approximately one person in every four of the population was enrolled in school. High School Graduates Public and nonpublic high schools in the United States graduated more than 1,500,000 persons in 1957-58. The number of graduates was equal to 65 per 100 persons 17 years of age. Earned Degrees Conferred Approximately 440,000 earned degrees were conferred by institutions of higher education in this country during the academic year 1957-58. Of the total number of degrees conferred, 83 percent were bachelor’s and first-professional degrees, 15 percent were second-level degrees, and 2 percent were doctorates. Teachers Almost 1,700,000 persons were employed as teachers in 1957-58. Slightly over one-third of the teachers were men. Fifteen percent of the teachers were employed by institutions of higher education ; the remaining 85 percent were teaching at the elementary and secondary level. Average Salary The average annual salary per member of instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools was $4,702 in 1957-58. The average salary received by faculty members in institutions of higher education was $6,120. Receipts In 1957-58, receipts of both publicly and privately controlled institu¬ tions at all levels of education amounted to $22.8 billion. Receipts from governmental sources (Federal, State, and local) accounted for 92 percent of the income of publicly controlled schools, and for 8 percent of the receipts of private institutions. Expenditures Educational institutions at all levels, both publicly and privately con¬ trolled, expended $21.1 billion during the school year 1957-58. Four- fifths of the total was spent for current operating expenses and for interest payments; capital outlay and plant expansion accounted for one-fifth of all expenditures. OE -10003 -58 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES , . 1956-58, Chapter 1 , Statistical Summary Of Education: 1957-58 by Rose Marie Walker and W. Vance Grant, Educational Statisticians U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE _ Abraham Ribicoff, Secretary ' l Office of Education , . . Sterling Mi McMurrin, Commissioner Biennial Survey of Education in the United States 1956-58 Chapter 1. Statistical Summary of Education, 1957-58 Chapter 2. Statistics of State School Systems: Organisation, Staff, Pupils, and Finances, 1957-58 Chapter 3. Statistics of Local School Systems fNo statistics collected for the biennium.J Chapter 4. Statistics of Higher Education, 1957-58 Section I. Faculty, Students, and Degrees Section II. Receipts, Expenditures, and Property Chapter 5. Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58 Each chapter of the Biennial Survey is printed separately as soon as completed. O^Clt 26, jLf 73 7 L 111 . A323 1956-58 Biennial survey of education in the United States UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 35 cents Foreword THE “Statistical Summary of Education” constitutes Chapter 1 of the Biennial Survey of Edu¬ cation in the United States, which has supplied basic data on American education at 2-year intervals for the past 40 37ears. The primary function of this chapter is to provide an abstract of educational statistics which covers the entire field of education in this country from kindergarten through the graduate school. In order to perform this function, it utilizes materials from numer¬ ous sources, including the various chapters of the Biennial Survey, other statistical surveys of the Office of Education, and other appropriate sources, both governmental and nongovernmental. When necessary, it supplements actual data with estimates in order to provide a comprehensive picture of education in the United States. This chapter places major emphasis upon national totals for the school year 1957-58 and upon historical statistics. It endeavors to depict the growth of education in this country from 1869-70, the first year for which the Office of Education collected statistics, until the present time. In most instances it does not present detailed data by State. The original source of the statistics in each table, however, is carefully documented, and this facilitates reference to more detailed infor¬ mation for readers who wish to continue their research. This edition of the “Statistical Summary” contains a number of new tables which have not appeared in previous editions of the Biennial Survey. Included among the new tables are statis¬ tics on the following subjects : (a) the beginning teacher and teacher turnover in public elementary and secondary schools; (6) at the higher education level, junior-year enrollments in science and mathematics, average tuition and fees, room and board rates, average salary of faculty members, and endowment funds; and (c) enrollment in adult education activities. This publication is made possible by the cooperative efforts of a large number of people at the local, State, and national level. The Office of Education would like to take this opportunity to express its appreciation to the superintendents, principals, teachers, registrars, business officers, librarians, and all the others who have contributed, directly or indirectly, to the present edition of the “Statistical Summary of Education.” Special appreciation is due Dr. Louis H. Conger, Jr., Chief, Reference, Estimates, and Projections Section, under whose general direction this chapter was prepared. Ralph C. M. Flynt, Assistant Commissioner jor Research. Virgil Walker, Director, Educational Statistics Branch. m Contents TEXT Page Foreword. _ in Introduction _ 1 Organization of data _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 Education in Broad Range _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 Number of schools and administrative units _ 2 Enrollment _ 4 School retention rates _ 6 Teachers _ 7 Receipts _ 8 Expenditures _ 8 Educational attainment related to individual income _ 9 Federal funds for education _ 10 Elementary and Secondary Education _ 13 Historical summary _ 13 Number of schools and administrative units _ 15 Enrollment _ 16 High school graduates _ 18 Transportation of pupils at public expense _ 18 Finances of public schools _ 18 Fall survey of enrollment, teachers, and schoolhousing _ 21 . Beginning teachers and teacher turnover in public schools _ 22 Special education for exceptional children _ 23 Federally aided vocational education _ 24 Selected State data on public school systems _ 24 Current expenditures in city school systems _ 27 Higher Education _ 27 General trends _ 27 Students and degrees _ 28 Engineering enrollments and degrees _ 34 Junior-year science and mathematics students _ 35 Staff _ 36 Junior colleges _ 36 Organized occupational curriculums _ 37 Income _ 38 Expenditures _ 40 Property _ 41 Institutions attended predominantly by Negro students _ 42 Higher education in the outlying parts of the United States _ 45 Adult Education _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ — 46 Veterans’ Training Programs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . . . - 47 Public Libraries _ 48 International Educational Activities - - 48 TABLES 1. Number and type of statistical reports requested by the Office of Education - 1 2. Number of local basic administrative units (school districts), and number of schools of specified types, by State: 1957-58 _ 3 3. Enrollment in full-time day schools, by level of instruction, and by type of control: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 4 v VI CONTENTS Page 4. Enrollment in full-time day schools, by level of instruction, and by type of control: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1899-1900 to 1957-58 _ 5 5. Enrollment of the civilian noninstitutional population 5 to 34 years old, by age and by sex, in public and private schools and colleges: United States (48 States and D.C.), urban and rural, October 1957 _ 6 6. Estimated retention rates, fifth grade through college entrance, in public and nonpublic schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1923-31 to 1950-58 _ 7 7. Number of teachers in elementary and secondary schools, and instructional staff members in institutions of higher education: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 - 8 8. Receipts of educational institutions, by source, by type of control, and by level of instruction: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ - 9 9. Expenditures for education, including capital outlay, by level of instruction, and by type of control: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 10 10. National income related to total expenditures for education: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 10 11. Distribution of persons 14 years of age and over, by years of school completed, by total money income, and by sex: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1958 _ 11 12. Amount of Federal support for education, by agency and program: 1950-51 to 1957-58 - 12 13. Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 _ 14 14. Number of local basic administrative units (school districts), and number of public and nonpublic elementary and secondary schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 15 15. Enrollment by grade in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1946-47 to 1957-58 _ 16 16. Enrollment in grades 9-12 in public and nonpublic schools, and population 14-17 years of age: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1889-90 to 1957-58 _ 17 17. Retention rates, ninth grade through high school graduation, in public and nonpublic schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1927-31 to 1954-58 _ 17 18. Number of high school graduates compared with population 17 years of age: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 _ 18 19. Number and percent of public school pupils transported at public expense, and expenditures for trans¬ portation: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 18 20. Total revenue receipts of public elementary and secondary education, and percentage distribution, by source: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 19 21. Summary of expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by purpose: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 20 22. Average annual salary per member of instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools, and average annual earnings per full-time employee working for wages or salary in all industries, in unadjusted dollars and in stable dollars (1957-58 purchasing power) : United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 21 23. Comparative statistics on enrollment, teachers, and schoolhousing in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), fall 1954 to fall 1957 _ 22 24. Selected characteristics of beginning teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1956-57 _ 23 25. Number and percent of public elementary and secondary school teachers leaving the profession: United States (48 States and D.C.), fall 1957 through summer 1958 _ 23 26. Enrollment in special education programs for exceptional children in public elementary and secondary day schools, by area of exceptionality: United States (48 States and D.C.), February 1958 _ 24 27. Enrollment in special education programs in public and private residential schools for exceptional children, by area of exceptionality: United States (48 States and D.C.), February 1958 _ 24 28. Enrollment in federally aided vocational classes, by type of program: United States and outlying parts, 1917-18 to 1957-58 _ 25 29. Enrollment in federally aided vocational classes, by type of program and type of class: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 _ 25 CONTENTS VII Page 30. Expenditures of Federal, State, and local funds for vocational education: United States and outlying parts, 1917-18 to 1957-58 _ 25 31. Personal income, 1957, related to total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools, by State: 1957-58 _ 26 32. Expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance, and average annual salary of total instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools, by State: 1957-58 _ _ 26 33. Average annual current expenditure and range of expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in 483 urban school systems, by region and by size of city: 1957-58 _ 27 34. Historical summary of faculty, students, degrees, and finances, institutions of higher education: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 _ 28 35. Resident degree-credit enrollment in institutions of higher education related to total population and to age groups 18-21 and 18-24: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 _ 29 36. Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), first term 1957-58 and summer sessions of 1957 _ 30 37. Enrollment and degrees in institutions of higher education, by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), academic year 1957-58 _ 30 38. Earned degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 _ 31 39. Fall enrollment and earned degrees conferred in engineering, by level: United States and outlying parts, 1949-50 to 1957-58 _ 34 40. Fall enrollment of undergraduate engineering students, and first degrees conferred in engineering, by curriculum: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 _ 35 41. Resident junior-year students enrolled as majors in science and mathematics in institutions of higher education, by field of study, sex of student, and control of institution: United States and outlying parts, fall 1957 _ 36 42. Faculty in institutions of higher education, by type of position, and control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), first term 1957-58 and summer sessions of 1957 _ 37 43. Resident enrollment in junior colleges, by type of control: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1917-18 to 1957-58 _ 37 44. Enrollment in organized occupational curriculums in institutions of higher education, by type of cur¬ riculum: United States and outlying parts, fall 1957 _ 38 45. Number of graduates of organized occupational curriculums in institutions of higher education, by type of curriculum: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 _ 38 46. Income of institutions of higher education, by source, and by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 39 47. Percentage distribution of educational and general income of institutions of higher education, by source, and by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 39 48. Average resident tuition and required fees for full-time undergraduate students in institutions of higher education, by region, and by type and control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 40 49. Average charges for dormitory rooms and average board rates in institutions of higher education, by type and control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 - 40 50. Expenditures of institutions of higher education, by purpose, and by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 41 51. Percentage distribution of educational and general expenditures of institutions of higher education, by purpose, and by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 - 41 52. Average salary of full-time faculty members in institutions of higher education, by academic rank, and by type and control of institution: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 - 42 53. Value of physical plant, plant funds, and nonexpendable funds of institutions of higher education, by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 42 54. Institutions of higher education in the United States having endowment funds with market value of $10,000,000 or more: 1957-58 (end of fiscal year) _ 43 55. Faculty and students, first term 1957-58, and degrees conferred, 1957-58, institutions of higher edu¬ cation attended predominantly by Negro students: United States (48 States and D.C.) - 44 VIII CONTENTS Page 56. Finances of institutions of higher education attended predominantly by Negroes: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 45 57. Faculty, students, and degrees, institutions of higher education: outlying parts of the United States, 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 46 58. Number of participants in adult education activities, by type of activity and by type of institution or agency: United States (48 States and D.C.), October 1957 _ 47 59. Average number of veterans enrolled in various educational programs: October to March, 1945-46 to 1957-58 _ 47 60. Federal funds expended by the Veterans Administration for vocational rehabilitation and for education and training: 1943-44 to 1957-58 _ 48 61. Selected data for public library systems in cities with populations of 35,000 or more, and in county and regional library systems serving populations of 50,000 or more: fiscal year 1958 _ 49 62. Number of participants in educational exchange programs: 1951-52 to 1957-58 _ 50 63. Number of participants in educational exchange programs, by type: 1957-58 _ 50 64. Number of foreign students enrolled in American institutions of higher education: 1948-49 to 1957-58. 50 FIGURES 1. Revenue receipts of public elementary and secondary schools, by source: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 19 2. Expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by purpose : United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 _ 21 Statistical Summary of Education, 1957-58 Introduction THE Biennial Survey of Education in the United States is comprised of a series of statistical reports, organized as separate chapters, on education in the United States. These reports have covered each biennium since 1916-18. Each edition of the Biennial Survey has generally con¬ tained chapters on State school systems, city school systems, and institutions of higher educa¬ tion, as well as a summary chapter. At less frequent intervals have appeared chapters on a variety of educational subjects, including surveys of nonpublic elementary and secondary schools, education for exceptional children, offerings and enrollments in high school subjects, public and school libraries, and public secondary day schools. In addition to the surveys represented in the Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, the Office of Education conducts a number of annual and other periodic surveys. During the biennium 1956-58, more than 44,500 statistical re¬ ports were requested by the Educational Statistics Branch and other statistical units in the Office of Education; and since 1940-41, approximately 62,- 300 additional reports in other areas have been requested. Table 1 presents a summary of the kinds of surveys undertaken and the number of reports requested in 1956-58, together with com¬ parable data on the most recent studies completed in other fields since 1940-41. The 1956-58 reports were received from a variety of sources. Each State department of education and each of the outlying parts of the United States made a comprehensive biennial report concerning the organization, instructional staff, pupils, and finances of public elementary and secondary schools. They also supplied the Office of Education with annual fall reports on public school enrollment, teachers, and school¬ housing. Approximately 500 cities were asked to make annual reports on current expenditures per pupil in city school systems. Institutions of Table 1. — Number and type of statistical reports requested by the Office of Education A. REQUESTED BY SURVEYS IN THE BIENNIUM 1956-58 Subject School year 1956-57 1957-58 Total . _ 19, 352 25, 169 Statistics of elementary and secondary education _ 13,451 6,403 State school systems: Fall enrollment, teachers, and schoolhousing . . 56 56 Organization, staff, pupils, and finances . . 56 Current expenditures per pupil: Large cities _ 202 204 Small and medium-sized cities _ 300 298 Offerings and enrollments in science and mathematics... Special education for exceptional children: Public day schools _ 2, 375 3, 656 582 Public and private residential schools _ The hpginning teacher _ _ _ 16, 518 Teacher turnover in the public schools _ _ 1, 551 Statistics of higher education _ 5, 432 18, 28S Faculty and ether professional staff .... _ _ 1,940 1,890 1,940 1,890 1,380 1, 940 68 Opening (fall) enrollment _ 1,852 Resident extension, and other enrollments _ Academic-year enrollment _ Earned degrees conferred _ 1, 350 Receipts expenditures and property _ Land-grant colleges and universities _ 69 Engineering enrollments and degrees _ 221 226 Junior-year science and mathematics students _ 1, 108 1,934 1,852 1,917 200 Organized occupational curriculums _ 1,940 Planning and management data _ _ College and university facilities _ College and university endowment investments _ Public library statistics _ - _ _ 469 481 Library systems in cities of 100 ooo or more _ 111 111 Library systems in cities of 50, ooo to 99,999 _ 117 117 Library systems in cities of 35,000 to 49,999 _ 94 101 County and regional library systems serving populations nf 50 000 nr mnre _ _ _ 147 152 B. OTHER REPORTS REQUESTED IN PREVIOUS SURVEYS Subject School year Number for which of reports last col¬ lected Total . Nonpublic elementary schools . Nonpublic secondary schools... . . Offerings and enrollments in high school subjects. Residence and migration of college students. . Libraries in institutions of higher education . Public secondary day schools . . Public school libraries . Local school systems: City school systems . . Suburban city school systems . County-unit systems... . - . Rural county school systems . . . 62, 260 9, 730 3, 053 13, 749 1,859 1,837 23, 757 4, 098 1, 737 498 743 1, 199 1940-41 1947- 48 1948- 49 1949- 50 1951-52 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1955-56 1955-56 1955-56 NOTE— This table does not include reports required in connection with Federal grants for vocational education and for assistance to school districts in federally affected areas. 637831—62 - 2 1 2 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 higher education, numbering 1,940 in 1957-58, made several reports, including annual reports on enrollment and earned degrees conferred, and biennial reports on faculty and finances. The Office of Education made a number of significant additions to its statistical program during 1956-58 when it initiated several new studies in the field of higher education, including surveys of planning and management data, junior-year science and mathematics students, and college and university investments. Other noteworthy surveys con¬ ducted for the first time in 1956-58 were the studies of the beginning teacher and of teacher turnover in the public schools. This chapter of the Biennial Survey oj Education in the United States, entitled “Statistical Summary of Education, 1957-58,” provides a statistical conspectus of education, from the kindergarten through higher education, for both publicly and privately controlled schools. While emphasis is placed on statistics for the school years 1956-57 and 1957-58 (especially the latter), historical tables show educational trends over a number of years. In general, the data are taken from other chapters of the Biennial Survey , but additional information has been drawn from (a) other publi¬ cations of the Office of Education; ( b ) other governmental sources, such as the Bureau of the Census, the Office of Business Economics, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics; and (c) nongovern¬ mental sources, such as the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the Institute of International Education, and the National League for Nursing, Inc. The “Statistical Summary of Education” also contains a good deal of material which does not appear elsewhere in the Biennial Survey or in any other governmental source. Examples of data for which this chapter is the primary source are the materials on the retention rates of students from the elementary school through higher educa- | tion; the total number of high school graduates of both public and nonpublic schools; and the statis¬ tics summarizing enrollment, teachers, income, and expenditures for all levels of education combined. Organisation of Data This chapter presents, first, a statistical sum¬ mary of education in broad range from kinder¬ garten through the college and university level; second, a summary of data on elementary and secondary education; third, a summary of statis¬ tics of higher education; fourth, a brief treatment of adult education, veterans’ training programs, and statistics of public libraries; and, finally, a summary of statistics of international education and of the activities of the Office of Education in the field of international educational relations. Education in Broad Range Number of Schools and Administrative Units The distribution, by State, of approximately 47,600 local basic administrative units (school districts) and of almost 141,000 schools is shown in table 2. The schools are classified by level (elementary, secondary, and higher education) and by type of control (public and private). Data are also included on the number of schools of nursing which are not affiliated with institutions of higher education. The number of school districts in each State in 1957-58 ranged from 17 in Nevada to almost 4,700 in Nebraska. Nine States had fewer than 100 units, while 18 had more than 1,000 school districts. Each of the 12 Great Lakes and Plains States had more than 1,000 administrative units, and 5 of them had more than 3,000. This group as a whole, however, had 14 percent fewer units in 1957-58 than in 1955-56; and 5 States, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, and Wisconsin, showed decreases of more than 600 units each. The Great Lakes and Plains region is also the area in which there has been the strongest tendency for 1-teacher public elementary j schools to persist. Approximately two-thirds of the 25,300 1-teacher schools in the country in 1957-58 were in these States. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 3 Table 2. — Number of local basic administrative units (school districts), and number of schools of specified types, by State: 1957-58 Region and State Public school systems Nonpublic schools Institutions of higher education 1 Schools of nursing not affiliated with colleges and univer¬ sities 3 4 School districts Elementary schools Secondary schools 2 Elementary Secondary 2 Public Private Total One-teacher l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 UNITED STATES (48 States & D.C.) _ . 47, 594 95,466 25, 341 25, 507 13, 065 3,994 666 1, 264 902 NORTH ATLANTIC _ _ 5, 026 15, 837 1, 064 4, 292 4, 360 1, 532 122 422 354 Connecticut _ _ . __ _ 175 759 9 173 184 80 6 23 17 Delaware,,. 4 99 140 22 48 35 15 2 2 6 Maine _ _ 499 1,050 242 183 3 107 5 70 7 12 5 Maryland _ 24 801 27 252 364 84 11 23 18 Massachusetts. . _ 365 1,771 41 610 3 510 5 230 17 66 52 New Hampshire.. _ _ 229 408 49 93 82 48 5 5 11 New Jersey _ _ 580 1,665 3 311 5 479 5 134 10 29 36 New York _ 1,492 3, 847 97 1,429 5 1,287 487 40 117 92 Pennsylvania.. . ._ _ 1,261 4,424 400 998 i 1, 130 5 300 16 106 104 Rhode Island.. ... __ _ 39 280 5 73 88 28 2 8 5 Vermont... . _ _ . _ _ ... _ _ 262 565 169 83 35 24 4 10 4 District of Columbia.. _ ..... 1 127 0 39 59 32 2 21 4 GREAT LAKES AND PLAINS _ 31, 615 38, 655 17, 112 8,075 5, 309 1, 214 183 386 285 Illinois _ _ . ... ... 1,861 3, 794 435 925 1,029 180 18 83 66 Indiana. . .... ...... 6 1,028 2,107 88 746 329 60 6 35 18 Iowa _ _ _ _ . _ _ ... 3,303 3, 605 2, 067 859 356 128 19 31 22 Kansas _ .... _ _ _ 2,984 2,640 1,497 654 227 40 21 24 18 Michigan _ . ..... _. . 2, 500 4,356 1,258 832 696 224 23 35 21 Minnesota... ...... 3,084 3, 787 1,667 603 467 96 15 28 17 Missouri... _ . . _ 2,629 3 3, 000 1,126 593 5 450 5 110 15 44 23 Nebraska _ ... 4, 663 3, 902 2,812 483 242 49 10 12 10 North Dakota _ .. _ 1,968 2, 358 1,730 383 64 22 11 1 9 Ohio _ _ _ 1,092 3, 004 37 1,141 739 171 9 56 53 South Dakota _ _ _ 3,239 2,963 2, 383 261 80 29 7 9 8 Wisconsin _ 3,264 3, 139 2,012 595 5 630 5 105 34 28 20 SOUTHEAST _ ... 1, 852 23, 899 4,683 7,447 1,465 608 134 275 164 Alabama. . _ _ _ 112 2, 338 296 1,325 123 49 9 17 11 Arkansas... .... 422 1,429 151 679 62 27 9 10 6 Florida... _ _ ... 67 1,250 44 485 336 60 8 16 12 Georgia.. ... ... .. ... _ . ... 198 1,766 60 616 5 56 35 20 28 10 Kentucky _ ... _ _ 216 3, 272 1,523 465 257 87 8 31 11 Louisiana _ _ _ _ _ . 67 1,302 38 601 233 100 10 12 6 Mississippi. . _ _ _ 151 1,898 424 645 60 43 23 16 8 North Carolina _ _ _ _ 174 2,029 44 910 62 41 16 42 31 South Carolina _ _ 109 1,025 21 396 46 19 6 24 12 Tennessee _ ... ... 153 2,776 567 536 92 46 7 37 12 Virginia _ 128 2, 088 343 418 79 75 8 33 28 West Virginia _ 55 2, 726 1,172 371 59 26 10 9 17 WEST AND SOUTHWEST _ 9, 101 17, 075 2,482 5,693 1, 931 640 214 181 99 Arizona.. . .. .. ... _ _ . 309 489 45 85 166 47 5 2 3 California... .. . .. ._ ... 1,818 4,404 300 793 5 635 5 240 73 70 29 Colorado.. _ ... ..... . . 947 1,049 209 385 3 110 23 13 7 7 Idaho.. _ ... 155 462 70 189 46 10 4 3 3 Montana _ _ .... 1,166 1,241 723 187 61 20 8 3 4 Nevada.. 17 173 48 41 13 2 1 New Mexico. . . _ 97 522 75 173 102 32 7 2 1 Oklahoma.. 1,432 1,953 408 935 93 47 21 11 8 Oregon _ . 675 1,042 93 271 97 28 9 18 4 Texas _ ... 1,757 3, 767 163 1,930 5 410 5 120 48 50 27 Utah... . ... _ ... 40 392 19 148 5 15 5 15 5 3 3 Washington _ 447 1,131 48 427 164 50 15 12 10 Wyoming _ . . 241 450 281 129 19 6 5 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. 8 OUTLYING PARTS OF THE U.S.: Alaska. 28 131 46 32 18 7 1 American Samoa 1 44 4 7 7 Canal Zone. . 1 15 10 1 1 Guam _ 1 23 1 2 5 7 1 Hawaii. 1 168 12 57 87 25 1 2 2 Puerto Rico _ _ 1 1,754 727 423 100 86 1 3 9 Virgin Islands 1 25 7 3 13 6 1 Includes universities, liberal arts colleges, teachers colleges and other independent professional schools, and junior colleges. 2 Includes regular 4-year high schools, junior high schools, senior high schools, and junior-senior high schools. 3 Data as of October 1957, supplied by the National League for Nursing, Inc. 4 Includes 81 State Board Units which were considered as a single district in previous surveys. 5 Partly estimated. « Data for 1956-57. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58; and Chapter 4, Section I, Statistics of Higher Educa¬ tion: Faculty, Students, and Degrees, 1957-58; and the National League for Nursing. Inc., New York. 4 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Enrollment During the school year 1957-58, the total en¬ rollment at all educational levels (elementary, secondary, and higher education) in the United States numbered approximately 42.4 million, or about one-fourth of the total population. This was the largest number of persons who had ever attended school in this country in a single year. Privately controlled schools enrolled 6.7 million people, or almost 16 percent of the total (table 3). Fourteen percent of the pupils at the elementary level, 11 percent of those at the secondary level, and 43 percent of the resident students in institu¬ tions of higher education were enrolled in privately controlled schools. Historical data on enrollment in full-time day schools, by level of instruction and by type of control, are reported in table 4 for the decennial years 1899-1900 to 1949-50, and for 1955-56 and 1957-58. While enrollment in kindergarten and grades 1 through 8 almost doubled during this 58- year period, enrollments in grades 9-12 and in institutions of higher education in 1957-58 were approximately 13 and 14 times, respectively, those at the turn of the century. Table 3. — Enrollment in full-time day schools, by level of instruction and by type of control: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 [NA=not available] Level of instruction, by type of control All schools Publicly controlled schools Privately controlled schools Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All levels (elementary, secondary, higher) . 1 42, 368, 267 4 22, 018, 658 1 20, 349, 609 35, 588, 719 18, 442, 226 17, 146, 493 6, 690, 774 3, 575, 632 3,115, 142 Elementary and secondary . . 38, 995, 576 19, 845, 106 19, 150, 470 33, 711, 821 17, 202, 838 16, 508, 983 5, 283, 755 2, 642, 268 2, 641, 487 Kindergarten-grade 8--. ._ . . 30, 126, 990 15, 500, 243 14, 626, 747 25, 806, 252 13,313,518 12, 492, 734 4, 320, 738 2, 186, 725 2, 134, 013 Grades 9-12 and postgraduate _ _ 8, 868, 586 4, 344, 863 4, 523, 723 7, 905, 569 3, 889, 320 4, 016, 249 963, 017 455, 543 507, 474 Higher education . . 4 3,372, 691 1 2, 173, 552 4 1, 199, 139 1, 876, 898 1, 239, 388 637, 510 1, 407, 019 933, 364 473, 655 Kindergarten _ _ _ 2, 135, 917 1, 091, 587 1, 044, 330 1, 781, 251 907, 735 873, 516 354, 666 183, 852 170, 814 Regular 1 2 *_ _ _ 2, 124, 753 1, 085, 912 1, 038, 841 1,771,753 902, 912 868, 841 * 353, 000 » 183, 000 » 170, 000 Subcoliegiate departments of institutions of higher education . . . . . . 5, 801 2, 941 2, 860 4,135 2, 089 2,046 1,666 852 814 Federal schools for Indians 4 _ 3, 904 1,990 1,914 3,904 1,990 1,914 0 0 0 Federal schools on Federal installations 4 _ 1,459 744 715 1,459 744 715 0 0 0 Grades 1-8, inclusive. _ _ 27, 991, 073 14, 408, 656 13, 582, 417 24, 025, 001 12, 405, 783 11, 619, 218 3, 966, 072 2, 002, 873 1, 963, 199 Regular 2 _ 27, 840, 873 14, 326, 457 13,514,416 23, 897, 067 12, 336, 096 11,560, 971 3, 943, 806 1, 990, 361 1,953,445 Subcoliegiate departments of institutions of higher education _ . . . .. 50, 425 25, 370 25, 055 41,759 21,058 20, 701 8,666 4,312 4, 354 Residential schools for exceptional children 4 « _ 63, 300 38, 000 25, 300 49, 700 29, 800 19, 900 13,600 8, 200 5, 400 Federal schools for Indians 4 _ 20, 782 10, 728 10, 054 20, 782 10, 728 10, 054 0 0 0 Federal schools on Federal installations 4 _ _ 15, 693 8,101 7, 592 15, 693 8,101 7, 592 0 0 0 Grades 9-12 and postgraduate . . . 8, 868, 586 4, 344, 863 4, 523, 723 7, 905, 569 3, 889, 320 4, 016, 249 963, 017 455, 543 507, 474 Regular2 _ _ _ _ _ 8, 790, 379 4, 299, 053 4, 491, 326 7, 859, 771 3, 864, 485 3,995,286 930, 608 434, 568 496, 040 Subcoliegiate departments of institutions of higher education _ . . _ _ _ . . 42, 974 25, 694 17, 280 17, 765 9,119 8,646 25, 209 16, 575 8, 634 Residential schools for exceptional children 4 » _ 23, 200 14, 200 9, 000 16, 000 9,800 6, 200 7,200 4, 400 2, 800 Federal schools for Indians 4 _ ... _ 11,390 5, 600 5, 790 11,390 5, 600 5, 790 0 0 0 Federal schools on Federal installations 4. . . 643 316 327 643 316 327 0 0 0 Higher education. . . .. 4 3, 372, 691 l 2, 173, 552 4 1, 199, 139 1, 876, 898 1, 239, 388 637, 510 1, 407, 019 933, 364 473, 655 Resident college enrollment (regular session) . 3, 283,917 2, 172, 752 1,111,165 1, 876, 898 1, 239, 388 637, 510 1,407,019 933, 364 473, 655 Undergraduate _ 2, 939, 270 1, 930, 377 1, 008, 893 1,695, 633 1,117, 068 578, 5S5 1,243, 637 813, 309 430, 328 Graduate . . 344, 647 242, 375 102,272 181,265 122, 320 58, 945 163, 382 120, 055 43, 327 Schools of nursing not affiliated with institutions of higher education 4 _ _ 88, 774 800 87, 974 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1 Includes 88,774 students (800 men and 87,974 women) in schools of nursing not classified by type of control. 2 Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in nonpublic schools (church affiliated or nonsectarian). Does not include subcoliegiate departments of institutions of higher education, residential schools for exceptional children, or Federal schools. 2 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 80. 4 Distribution by sex estimated. 6 Preliminary data. Includes kindergarten enrollment. 8 Preliminary data. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics I of State School Systems, 1957-58; Chapter 4, Section I, Statistics of Higher Education: Faculty, Students, and Degrees, 1957-58; and Chapter 5, Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58; U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Statistics Concerning Indian Education, fiscal year 1958; and unpublished data available in the Office of Education. •; STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 5 Table 4. — Enrollment in full-time day schools, by level of instruction, and by type of control: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1899-1900 to 1957-58 Level of instruction, by type of school 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56 1957-58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 17, 198, 841 19, 999, 148 24, 061, 778 29, 652, 377 29, 751, 203 31, 319, 271 39, 103, 059 42, 279, 493 16, 961, 249 19, 643, 933 23, 463, 898 28, 551, 640 28, 257, 000 28, 660, 250 36, 107, 059 38, 995, 576 Kindergarten- grade 8. __ _ _ 16,261,846 699,403 18, 528, 535 1,115, 398 20, 963,722 2, 500, 176 23, 739, 840 4,811,800 21,127,021 7, 129, 979 22,207, 241 6,453, 009 28, 332, 084 7, 774, 975 30, 126, 990 8, 868, 586 Grades~9-12 and postgraduate _ 237, 592 355, 215 597, 880 1, 100, 737 1, 494, 203 2, 659, 021 2 2,996, 000 3,283,917 225, 394 346, 189 510, 949 781, 299 655, 132 1, 170, 853 1, 838, 202 2,135, 917 Puhlic 3 131,657 93, 737 (1 2 3 * * 6 *) («) * 293, 970 *52,219 («) <8 9) 481,266 29, 683 (8) <8) 723,443 54, 456 <8) 3,400 594,647 57, 341 (8) 3, 144 1, 034, 203 3 133, 000 (8) 3,650 1,564,396 « 263, 000 2 4, 869 4, 939 998 1,771,753 8 353, 000 5, 801 3,904 1,459 Nonpublic 8 _ Subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education. Federal schools for Indians _ . _ . Federal schools on Federal installations Grades 1-8, inclusive. 16, 036, 452 18, 182, 346 20, 452, 773 22, 958, 541 20, 471, 889 21, 036, 388 26, 493, 882 27, 991, 073 Public 3 _ 14, 852,202 1, 147, 188 («) 37,062 (8) 16, 604, 821 1,506,218 (•) 71,307 (») 18,897,661 1,455, 878 (8) ic 99, 234 (8) 20, 555, 150 2,255,430 (8) ii 129,317 18,644 18, 237,451 2,095,938 59, 547 61,731 17,222 18, 352,603 8 2, 574, 777 35,682 i* 53, 353 19,973 22, 725, 861 8 3, 623, 360 i 47, 532 « 61, 700 20,638 14, 791 23,897,067 8 3, 943, 806 50,425 13 63, 300 20, 782 15,693 Nonpublic3 _ _ Subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education. Residential schools for exceptional children 8 _ . . Federal schools for Indians _ Federal schools on Federal installations Grades 9—12 and postgraduate 699, 403 1, 115, 398 2, 500, 176 4, 811, 800 7, 129, 979 6, 453, 009 7, 774, 975 8, 868, 586 Public 3 _ _ _ _ _ 519,251 110, 797 65,855 3, 500 <6) 915,061 117,400 78, 932 4,005 (8) 2,200, 389 213, 920 81,367 io 4, 500 (8) 4, 399,422 341, 158 59, 287 ii 4, 388 7,545 6, 601,444 457,768 54, 070 9, 727 6, 970 5, 724,621 8 672, 362 38, 162 u 9, 784 8,080 6, 872, 586 8 823, 000 i 49, 457 8 18, 400 11,108 424 7,859, 771 * 930,608 42, 974 13 23,200 11,390 643 Nonpublic3 _ _ _ _ _ . _ ... Subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education. Residential schools for exceptional children _ Federal schools for Indians... . _ Federal schools on Federal installations _ _ Higher education 1 . . . . . . 237, 592 355, 215 597, 880 1, 100, 737 1, 494, 203 2, 659, 021 2 2, 996, 000 3, 283, 917 Publicly controlled _ _ _ _ 90,689 146, 903 166, 560 188,655 315, 382 282,498 532, 647 568,090 796, 531 697,672 1,354, 902 1,304,119 2 1,687,000 2 1,309,000 1,876,898 1,407,019 Privately controlled _ ... 1 Does not include schools of nursing not affiliated with institutions of higher educa¬ tion. 2 Estimated on the basis of fall enrollment 3 Does not include subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education, residential schools for exceptional children, or Federal schools. * Data for 1911-12. * U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, Nos. 45, 66, and 80. * Data not available. » Data for 1953-54. * Estimated. 9 Includes enrollment in kindergarten. 10 Data for 1917-18. 11 Data for 1926-27. 12 Data for 1945-46. is Preliminary data. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58; Chapter 4, Section I, Statistics of Higher Education: Faculty, Students, and Degrees, 1957-58; and Chapter 5, Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Statistics Concerning Indian Education, fiscal year 1958; and unpublished data available in the Office of Education. Table 3 includes students enrolled in schools of nursing which are not affiliated with institutions of higher education, but in order to maintain historical comparability these students have been omitted in table 4. The total enrollment in the former table is therefore slightly higher than that shown for 1957-58 in the latter table. Table 5 presents data collected by the Bureau of the Census on the number and percentage of persons in specified age groups enrolled in school in October 1957. The highest percentage of persons 5-34 years of age enrolled in schools, 59 percent, was found in the rural farm areas. This may be compared with 52 percent in urban areas and 54 percent in rural nonfarm areas. The higher percentage of enrollment in rural areas may be attributed, not to increased school attendance, but to the relatively large proportion of the population aged 5-17 in these areas. In urban areas 49 percent of the population 5-34 were between the ages of 5 and 17; in rural non¬ farm areas, 56 percent; and in rural farm areas, 62 percent. The effect of the compulsory school attendance laws is shown in the percentage of children in the following age groups enrolled in school: 7-13, 99.5 percent; 14-15, 97.1; and 16-17, 80.5. In most States children are re¬ quired to attend school at least until they reach the age of 16. * j 6 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 5. — Enrollment of the civilian noninstitutional population 5 to 34 years old, by age and by sex, in public and private schools and colleges: United States (48 States and D.C.), urban and rural, October 1957 United States Urban Rural nonfarm Rural farm Age and sex Enrolled in school Enrolled in school Enrolled in school Enrolled in school Total Total Total Total Number Per- Number Per¬ Number Per¬ Number Per¬ cent cent cent cent 1 2 3 4 5 i 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 Total. 5 to 34 years _ 76, 754, 000 41, 166, 000 53.6 45, 771, 000 23, 845, 000 52.1 20, 273, 000 11, 030, 000 54.4 10, 705, 000 6, 291, 000 58.8 5 to 29 years _ 64, 844, 000 40, 950, 000 63.2 38, 346, 000 23, 697, 000 61.8 17, 091,000 10, 967, 000 64.2 9, 407, 000 6, 286, 000 66.8 5 years _ _ _ .. 3, 748, 000 2, 256, 000 60.2 2, 122, 000 1, 567, 000 73.8 1, 094, 000 524, 000 47.9 532, 000 165, 000 31.0 6 years.- . . .. _ 3, 668, 000 3, 573, 000 97.4 1,935, 000 1,901,000 98.2 1,131,000 1, 094, 000 96.7 602, 000 578, 000 96.0 7 to 9 years _ 10, 606, 000 10, 553, 000 99.5 5, 914, 000 5, 895, 000 99.7 3, 065, 000 3, 052, 000 99.6 1,627, 000 1,606, 000 98.7 10 to 13 years _ _ 12, 209, 000 12, 152, 000 99.5 6, 788, 000 6, 766, 000 99.7 3, 366, 000 3, 353, 000 99.6 2, 055, 000 2, 033, 000 98.9 14 and 15 years _ 5,487, 000 5, 328, 000 97. 1 3, 038, 000 2, 982, 000 98.2 1,481,000 1, 422, 000 96.0 968, 000 924, 000 95.5 16 and 17 years _ 4, 647, 000 3, 739, 000 80.5 2, 609, 000 2, 152, 000 82.5 1, 158, 000 904, 000 78.1 880, 000 683, 000 77.6 18 and 19 years _ _ 4, 042, 000 1,409, 000 34.9 2, 446, 000 879, 000 35.9 967, 000 325, 000 33.6 629, 000 205, 000 32.6 20 to 24 years _ 9, 554, 000 1,336, 000 14.0 6, 403, 000 1,046, 000 16.3 2, 128, 000 219, 000 10.3 1, 023, 000 71,000 6.9 25 to 29 years _ 10, 883, 000 604, 000 5.5 7, 091,000 509, 000 7.2 2, 701, 000 74, 000 2.7 1,091,000 21,000 1.9 30 to 34 years _ 11,910, 000 216, 000 1.8 7, 425, 000 148, 000 2.0 3, 187, 000 63, 000 2.0 1,298, 000 5, 000 0.4 Male, 5 to 34 years _ 37, 420, 000 21, 509, 000 57.5 21, 961, 000 12, 357, 000 56.3 9, 957, 000 5,890, 000 59.2 5, 502, 000 3, 262, 000 59.3 5 to 29 years _ 31,734, 000 21,363, 000 67.3 18, 387, 000 12, 253, 000 66.6 8, 463, 000 5, 848, 000 69.1 4, 884, 000 3, 262, 000 66.8 5 years _ _ 1,915, 000 1, 148, 000 59.9 1, 059, 000 770, 000 72.7 542, 000 273, 000 50.4 314, 000 105, 000 33.4 6 years _ .. . . .. 1,871,000 1,815, 000 97.0 980, 000 957, 000 97.7 585, 000 562, 000 96. 1 306, 000 296, 000 96.7 7 to 9 years _ . ... 5,416, 000 5, 383, 000 99.4 3, 005, 000 2, 990, 000 99.5 1,589, 000 1, 585, 000 99.7 822, 000 808, 000 98.3 10 to 13 years _ 6, 226, 000 6, 201,000 99.6 3, 386, 000 3, 379, 000 99.8 1,795, 000 1, 790, 000 99.7 1, 045, 000 1, 032, 000 98.8 14 and 15 years. _ _ 2, 786, 000 2, 729, 000 98.0 1,512, 000 1, 496, 000 98.9 760, 000 744, 000 97.9 514, 000 489, 000 95.1 16 and 17 years. _ . 2,315, 000 1,917, 000 82.8 1, 240, 000 1, 076, 000 86.8 605, 000 486, 000 80.3 470, 000 355, 000 75.5 18 and 19 years _ ... _ 1,802,000 780, 000 42.3 985, 000 471,000 47.8 485, 000 192, 000 39.6 332, 000 117,000 35.2 20 to 24 years _ 4,215, 000 897, 000 21.3 2, 788, 000 701, 000 25. 1 894, 000 152, 000 17.0 533, 000 44, 000 8.3 25 to 29 years _ 5, 188, 000 493, 000 9.5 3, 432, 000 413, 000 12.0 1, 208, 000 64, 000 5.3 548, 000 16, 000 2.9 30 to 34 years _ 5, 686, 000 146, 000 2.6 3, 574, 000 104, 000 2.9 1, 494, 000 42, 000 2.8 618, 000 Female, 5 to 34 years _ 39, 334, 000 19, 657, 000 50.0 23, 810, 000 11, 488, 0G0 48.2 10, 321, 000 5, 140, 090 49.8 5, 203, 000 3, 029, 000 58.2 5 to 29 years... _ _ _ 33,110, 000 19, 587, 000 59.2 19, 959, 000 11,444, 000 57.3 8, 628, 000 5,119, 000 59.3 4, 523, 000 3, 024, 000 66.9 5 years _ _ 1,833, 000 1,108, 000 60.4 1,063, 000 797, 000 75.0 552, 000 251, 000 45.5 218, 000 60, 000 27.5 6 years _ _ 1, 797, 000 1,758, 000 97.8 955, 000 944, 000 98.8 546, 000 532, 000 97.4 296, 000 282, 000 95.3 7 to 9 years _ 5,190, 000 5, 170, 000 99.6 2, 909, 000 2, 905, 000 99.9 1, 476, 000 1,467,000 99.4 805, 000 798, 000 99.1 10 to 13 years _ 5, 983, 000 5, 951,000 99.5 3, 402, 000 3, 387, 000 99.6 1, 571, 000 1,563, 000 99.5 1, 010, 000 1, 001, 000 99.1 14 and 15 years _ _ _ 2, 701, 000 2, 599, 000 96.2 1,526,000 1, 486, 000 97.4 721,000 678, 000 94.0 454, 000 435, 000 95.8 16 and 17 years _ 2, 332, 000 1, 822, 000 78.1 1,369, 000 1, 076, 000 78.6 553, 000 418, 000 75.6 410, 000 328, 000 80.0 18 and 19 years.. _ ... 2, 240, 000 629, 000 28.1 1,461,000 408, 000 27.9 482, 000 133, 000 27.6 297, 000 88, 000 29.6 20 to 24 years _ 5, 339, 000 439, 000 8.2 3,615, 000 345, 000 9.5 1, 234, 000 67, 000 5.4 490, 000 27, 000 5.5 25 to 29 years _ 5, 695, 000 111,000 1.9 3, 659, 000 96, 000 2.6 1, 493, 000 10, 000 0.7 543, 000 5, 000 0.9 30 to 34 years _ 6, 224, 000 70, 000 1. 1 3, 851, 000 44, 000 1. 1 1, 693, 000 21,000 1.2 680, 000 5, 000 0.7 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 80. School Retention Rates The Office of Education bases school retention rates on the enrollment in the fifth grade rather than in the first. Because of the high rate of retardation in the first few grades, it is felt that the fifth-grade enrolhnent better represents the number in the entering first-grade cohort 4 years earlier than does the total first-grade enrolhnent itself. Compulsory attendance laws keep practi¬ cally all children in school at least until the fifth grade. Of 100 children in the fifth grade in 1950-51, an estimated 58 were graduated from high school in 1957-58 (table 6). This is the largest number of graduates to date, and may be compared with 48 graduating from high school 10 years earlier. The growth in retention rates has been steady with the exception of the war years, when many high school and college students left school to enter the military service or to secure employment in industry. Data are not available at the present time from which to calculate retention rates extending through college graduation. In former years it was assumed that high school graduates entered college during the school year immediately follow¬ ing their graduation, and rates were calculated on that basis. Since World War II, however, many college students have been former service¬ men and servicewomen, who have entered institu¬ tions of higher education several years after high school graduation and with varying amounts of advanced credit. The influx of these veterans has made unreliable the calculation of retention STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 7 Table 6. — Estimated retention rates,1 5th grade through college entrance, in public and nonpublic schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1923-31 to 1950-58 School year of entrance into 5th grade Retention per 100 pupils who entered 5th grade High school graduates Year of high school graduation First-time college students 5th grade2 6th grade 7th grade 8th grade 9th grade 10th grade 11th grade 12th grade l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1923-24 _ 100 89 78 72 58 44 35 31 27 1931 12 1924-25 _ 100 91 80 74 61 47 38 34 30 1932 12 1925-26 _ 100 91 82 74 64 51 42 37 32 1933 11 1926-27 _ 100 92 82 75 68 55 45 40 33 1934 13 1927-28 _ 100 93 83 78 71 59 48 42 36 1935 14 1928-29 _ 100 94 85 80 74 62 50 43 38 1936 14 1929-30 _ 100 95 86 82 76 65 51 45 40 1937 14 1930-31 _ 100 94 87 82 77 65 53 46 42 1938 15 1931-32 _ 100 93 88 82 78 65 55 48 43 1939 15 1932-33 _ 100 94 89 83 79 66 57 51 46 1940 16 1933-34 _ 100 94 90 84 79 69 59 49 46 1941 14 1934-35 _ 100 95 89 84 80 71 61 51 47 1942 13 1935-36 _ 100 95 89 84 81 72 59 47 44 1943 12 1936-37 _ 100 95 90 85 84 70 55 42 39 1944 12 1937-38 _ 100 95 90 85 81 68 52 43 40 1945 <3) 1938-39 _ 100 96 91 85 80 66 53 44 42 1946 <3) 1939-40 _ 100 96 92 85 78 67 55 48 45 1947 (3) 1940-41 _ 100 97 91 84 78 70 57 51 48 1948 (3) 1S41-42 _ 100 95 90 83 79 70 58 51 49 1949 (3) 1942-43 _ 100 95 91 85 81 71 60 54 50 1950 20 1943-44 _ 100 97 91 87 83 74 63 56 52 1951 22 1944-45 _ 100 95 93 86 85 75 65 55 52 1952 23 1945-46 _ 100 96 94 88 87 77 66 55 52 1953 27 1946-47 _ 100 95 94 92 87 78 64 58 55 1954 28 1947-48 _ 100 97 95 92 86 75 67 59 56 1955 29 1948-49 _ 100 98 96 93 86 80 71 62 58 1956 30 1949-50 _ 100 98 97 92 87 80 70 61 57 1957 30 1950-51 _ 100 98 97 92 89 81 71 63 58 1958 31 1 Rates for the 5th grade through high school graduation are based on enrollments in successive grades in successive years in public elementary and secondary schools, and are adjusted to include estimates for nonpublic schools. Rates for first-time college enrollment are based on data supplied to the Office of Education by institutions of higher education. 2 5th grade in 12-grade systems; 4th grade in 11-grade systems. 2 Lack of detailed information regarding veteran students makes the calculation of retention rates unreliable. rates through college graduation until the rela¬ tionship between high school and college attend¬ ance becomes normal again, or until a special study is made. For additional information on retention rates at the secondary school level, the reader is referred to two subsequent tables: Table 17 shows the retention of pupils from the ninth grade through high school graduation, and table 18 compares high school graduates with the population 17 years of age. Teachers Table 7 presents a historical summary of the number of teachers, by sex and by level of school, from 1929-30 to 1957-58. The term “teacher” may be defined as a person employed to instruct pupils or students. At the elementary and secondary levels it does not include supervisors and principals, or librarians and guidance and psychological personnel when separately reported ; at the higher education level it does not include administrative, research, or extension staff mem¬ bers. During the school year 1957-58, the total number of teachers employed was 1,677,000, an increase of more than 10 percent over 1955-56. Approximately 34 percent of the teachers in 1957-58 were men. There has been a steady increase in the percentage of male teachers since 1929-30, when only 21 percent of the teachers were men. In 1939-40, they represented 27 percent of the total; in 1949-50, 30 percent; and in 1955-56, 33 percent. The number of teachers at the elementary level increased 9 percent from 1955-56 to 1957-58, and the proportion of male teachers remained at 12 percent of the total during this period. At the secondary level the number of teachers rose 11 percent, while the proportion of men increased from 48 to almost 50 percent of the total. Insti¬ tutions of higher education reported a rise of 13 percent in the number of instructional staff members during the biennium, with the percentage of male teachers remaining at 80 percent of the 8 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF total. The number of teachers and instructional staff members employed at each educational level in 1957-58 was greater than at any previous time in our history. Receipts Total receipts of both publicly and privately controlled educational institutions at all levels from kindergarten through higher education amounted to $22.8 billion in 1957-58 (table 8). Publicly controlled institutions received $18.2 billion, or 80 percent of the total, while privately controlled schools received $4.6 billion, or 20 per¬ cent of all receipts. Receipts from governmental sources, Federal, State, and local, accounted for 92 percent of the income of publicly controlled schools, and for 8 percent of the income of private institutions. For the major portion of their EDUCATION, 1956-58 income, privately controlled schools must depend upon a variety of sources, including student fees, private gifts and grants, and, in the case of private institutions of higher education, endow¬ ment earnings. In 1957-58, approximately three-fourths of the receipts of all educational institutions went to schools at the elementary and secondary level ($16.8 billion), and the remaining quarter ($6.0 billion), to institutions of higher education. Expenditures In 1957-58, educational institutions at all levels, both publicly and privately controlled, expended $21.1 billion (table 9). This figure comprises current expenditures and interest amounting to $16.9 billion, or four-fifths of the total; and capital outlay (termed plant expansion Table 7. — Number of teachers 1 in elementary and secondary schools, and instructional staff mem^ bers 2 in institutions of higher education: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 Type of school, by level 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56 1957-58 Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All levels.. _ _ _ _ Total elementary and secondary schools _ Elementary schools (including kindergartens) 3„ Public . . . . . . Nonpublic . . 216, 275 818, 758 298, 331 799, 752 367, 496 868, 082 506, 838 1, 015, 030 571, 926 1, 105, 166 154, 933 795, 178 212, 034 769, 182 221, 635 823, 590 324, 621 969, 059 364, 564 1, 054, 344 68, 705 633, 819 70, 187 569, 860 58, 407 607, 258 96, 540 719, 970 105, 066 784, 421 67, 239 < 1, 466 573, 718 f 60, 101 67, 140 3, 047 508, 060 61, 800 52, 925 3 5, 482 536, 653 3 70, 605 92, 140 3 4. 400 630, 750 3 89, 220 99, 846 3 5, 220 678, 478 3 105, 943 Secondary schools (including junior, senior, junior-senior, and regular high schools) 3 - Public.. . . . . Nonpublic . . . - 82, 689 152, 405 138, 384 192, 023 158, 536 207, 741 223, 330 237, 603 253, 682 257, 916 74, 532 « 8, 157 138, 774 4 13, 631 126, 837 11,547 173, 440 18, 583 142, 043 3 16, 493 182, 050 3 25, 691 202, 030 3 21, 300 208,173 3 29, 430 231,817 3 21,865 227, 708 3 30, 208 Miscellaneous elementary and secondary schools: Subcollegiate departments of colleges _ Publicly controlled . . Privately controlled . . Residential schools for exceptional chil¬ dren . . . . Federal schools for Indians and Alaskans.. Higher education: resident instructional staff, including critic teachers 10 . . . Publicly controlled . . . Privately controlled . . . 1,564 1,251 1, 968 1,753 3, 031 2, 785 3 2, 831 3 4, 596 3,151 5, 336 339 1,225 246 1, 005 524 1,444 369 1, 384 1,447 1, 584 1,651 1, 134 « 1, 742 « 1, 089 « 3, 319 3 1, 277 2, 105 1,046 3, 870 1,466 2 1, 578 447 7 6, 571 1, 132 3 1, 107 438 8 4, 599 947 » 1, 148 8 513 • 4, 771 8 1, 035 3 1,350 8 570 3 5, 750 « 1, 140 3 1, 900 8 765 3 5, 600 « 1,071 61, 292 23, 580 86, 247 30, 570 145, 861 44, 492 ” 182, 217 ii 45, 971 12 207, 362 12 50, 822 25, 401 35, 891 12, 904 10, 676 35, 702 50, 545 14,311 16, 259 66, 462 79, 399 21, 245 23, 247 ii 89, 987 ii 92, 230 ii 23,114 ii 22, 857 12 105, 596 12 101, 766 12 25, 754 12 25, 068 > Teaching positions; includes librarians, guidance and psychological personnel when not separately reported; does not include supervisors or principals. 2 Does not include administrative staff or faculty members engaged in research, extension, etc. 3 Does not include subcollegiate departments of colleges, residential schools for exceptional children, or Federal schools. * Data for 1927-28. * Estimated. 3 Data for 1953-54. 7 Data for 1926-27. * Distribution by sex estimated. • Data for 1945-46. 10 Does not include schools of nursing not affiliated with colleges and universities. i> Data for November. 12 First term of academic year. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-68, Chapter 2, Statis¬ tics of State School Systems, 1957-58; and Chapter 4, Section I, Statistics of Higher Education: Faculty, Students, and Degrees, 1957-58; and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 19 57-58 9 Table 8. — Receipts of educational institutions, by source, by type of control, and by level of instruction: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Receipts, by source, and by type of control Grand total Elementary and secondary education 7 Higher education 2 Total Revenue Nonrevenue Total Educational and general Plant expansion 9 Nonexpend¬ able funds 3 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 22, 821, 409 16, 840, 008 14, 325, 332 2, 514, 676 4 5, 981, 401 3, 732, 512 1, 036, 710 303, 303 Publicly controlled _ _ _ _ 18, 191, 214 14, 761, 118 12, 246, 442 2, 514, 676 5 3, 430, 096 2, 145, 903 746, 446 58, 976 Total government _ _ _ 16, 816, 232 14, 724, 266 12, 209, 590 2, 514, 676 2, 091, 966 1, 623, 747 468, 212 7 Federal . . . . 988, 937 6, 307, 829 9, 519, 466 551,413 4,824,620 9, 348, 233 551,413 4, 824, 620 6, 833, 557 437, 524 1, 483, 209 171,233 387, 156 1,110,811 125, 780 50, 368 372, 391 45, 453 State 7 Local (including county) _ 2, 514, 676 Student fees _ 310, 742 124, 430 939, 810 « 23, 192 13, 661 « 23, 192 13, 661 287, 550 110, 769 s 939, 810 9 2, 551, 305 270, 686 68, 601 182, 868 1, 586, 609 16, 802 24, 151 237, 280 62 18,016 40, 891 Private gifts and grants _ All other sources _ Privately controlled. _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ 4, 630, 195 7 2, 078, 890 7 2, 078, 890 (8) 290, 265 244, 327 Total government _ 362, 497 362, 497 351, 079 11,418 Federal _ 330, 974 27, 979 3, 544 330, 974 27, 979 3, 544 319, 892 27, 643 3, 544 11,082 336 (10) State _ _ _ _ _ Local (including county) _ Student fees . . . . | 4, 267, 698 7 2, 078, 890 7 2, 078, 890 (8) ( 667, 831 \ 574, 166 [ 9 946, 811 663, 516 255, 825 316, 189 4, 289 132, 952 141,606 25 185, 389 58, 913 Private gifts and grants _ All other sources _ _ i Includes income of $55,886,000 for Federal schools for Indians and $9,043,000 for 3 Included in column 4. Federal schools on Federal installations. Excludes residential schools for exceptional children. 2 Includes subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education. Excludes schools of nursing not affiliated with colleges and universities. s Excludes transfers from current and other funds. * Includes certain income in addition to that reported in columns 7, 8, and 9. See footnotes 5 and 9. ° Includes the following income in addition to that reported in columns 7, 8, and 9: auxiliary enterprises, $446,790,000; and student-aid income, $31,980,000. « Tuition and transportation fees from patrons. 7 Estimated on basis of expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools. * Includes the following income in addition to that reported in columns 7, 8, and 9: auxiliary enterprises, $392,027,000; and student-aid income, $38,077,000. Income from this source amounted to less than $500. NOTE.— Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58; and Chapter 4, Section II, Statistics of Higher Education: Receipts, Expenditures, and Property, 1957-58; Administration of Public Laws 874 and 815, June 30, 1958; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs; and unpublished data available in the Office of Education. in institutions of higher education) of $4.2 billion, or one-fifth of the total. The expenditures of publicly controlled institutions amounted to $16.7 billion, or 79 percent of the total, and privately controlled schools expended $4.4 billion, or 21 percent of all expenditures. The data in tables 8 and 9 do not include the receipts and expenditures of residential schools for exceptional children. The Office of Education has not conducted a study of the finances of these institutions for a number of years. Table 10 shows the relationship between national income and expenditures for education in the United States from 1929-30 to 1957-58. The proportion of national income spent for education was relatively high during the depression years of the early 1930’s, and was lowest during World War II. In recent years, as school enrollments have expanded rapidly and as expenditure per 637831—62 - 3 pupil has also increased, the percentage of national income spent for education has tended to rise somewhat. Total expenditures for education amounted to almost 6 percent of national income in 1957-58. Educational Attainment Related to Individual Income The distribution of persons 14 years of age and over, by years of school completed and by total money income, is shown in table 11. The data in this table are based on a sample survey of the population conducted by the Bureau of the Cen¬ sus for the year 1958, and they provide strong evidence of the high correlation between income and educational attainment. The median in¬ come for men ranged from $1,905 for those who had completed fewer than 8 years of school to $6,926 for those who had completed 5 or more 10 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 9. — Expenditures for education, including capital outlay, by level of instruction, and by type of control: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Level of instruction, by type of school Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled l 2 3 4 All levels (elementary, secondary, higher) 1 . __ . . . _ 21, 119, 565 16, 748, 129 4, 371, 436 Current expenditures (including inter¬ est).. . . . 16, 916, 836 4, 202, 729 13, 299, 954 3, 448,175 3, 616, 882 754, 553 Capital outlay or plant expansion . . Elementary and secondary schools 2 _ Current expenditures (including interest) Capital outlay . . Kindergarten through grade 8 4.._ . . Grades 9-12 and postgraduate 4.. . Miscellaneous elementary and secondary schools: Federal schools for Indians... . . 15, 648, 053 13, 569, 163 2 2, 078, 890 12, 358, 323 3, 289, 730 10,716,416 2, 852, 747 3 1, 641,907 3 436, 983 10, 803, 619 9, 241, 957 1, 561, 662 4, 844, 434 4, 327, 206 517, 228 55, 886 9, 043 55, 886 9, 043 Federal schools on Federal installations.. Higher education (including subcollegi- ate departments) { . . . Current expenditures . Educational and general _ Auxiliary enterprises _ Student aid expenditures . . Expenditures from plant funds ® . 5, 406, 583 3, 114, 038 2,292, 546 4, 509, 666 2, 534, 690 1, 974, 975 3, 604, 414 775,316 129, 935 2, 077, 565 411,786 45, 339 1, 526, 849 363, 530 84, 595 896, 918 579, 348 317, 570 1 Excludes expenditures for residential schools for exceptional children and for schools of nursing not affiliated with colleges and universities. 2 Excludes expenditures for Federal schools for Indians, Federal schools on Federal installations, and residential schools for exceptional children. Expenditures for Federal schools are shown separately below. * Estimated on basis of expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools. * Distribution between grade-groups (kindergarten-grade 8 and grades 9-12 and postgraduate) estimated on basis of average teacher’s salary and pupil-teacher ratio at the elementary and secondary levels. Expenditure per pupil in grades 9-12 and postgraduate was calculated as 1.529 times expenditure per pupil in kindergarten- grade 8. 5 Excludes schools of nursing not affiliated with colleges and universities. * Excludes $134,327,000 expended directly from current funds ($87,091,000 by publicly controlled and $47,236,000 by privately controlled institutions). NOTE. — Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58; and Chapter 4, Section II, Statistics of Higher Education: Receipts, Expenditures, and Property, 1957 -58; Administration of Public Laws 871f and 815, June 30, 1958; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs; and unpublished data available in the Office of Education. years of college. The median income of women workers ranged from $711 for those with fewer than 8 years of schooling to $4,381 for women who had completed 5 years of college or more. Ap¬ proximately 23 percent of the male college gradu¬ ates had an income of $10,000 or more, as com¬ pared with only 4 percent of the high school graduates and 1 percent of the elementary school graduates. Table 10. — National income related to total ex¬ penditures 1 for education: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 National Expenditures for education Calendar year income (in millions) School year Total (in thousands) As a percent of national income l 2 3 4 5 1929 . . $87, 814 1929-30 $3, 233, 601 3.68 1931 . . 59, 708 1931-32 2, 966, 464 4. 97 1933 . . 40, 159 1933-34 2, 294, 896 5.71 1935. . . 57, 057 1935-36 2, 649, 914 4. 64 1937.... . 73, 618 1937-38 3, 014, 074 4. 09 1939 . . 72, 753 1939-40 3, 199, 593 4. 40 1941 . 104, 710 1941-42 3, 203, 548 3.06 1943. . . 170, 310 1943-44 3, 522, 007 2. 07 1945 . . 181, 248 1945-46 4, 167, 597 2. 30 1947 . 198, 177 1947-48 6, 574, 379 3. 32 1949 . 217, 690 1949-50 8, 795, 635 4.04 1951 . 279,313 1951-52 11,312, 446 4. 05 1953 . 305, 573 1953-54 13, 949, 876 4. 57 1955 . 330, 206 1955-56 16,811,651 5. 09 1957 . . 366, 943 1957-58 21,119, 565 5. 76 > Includes expenditures of public and nonpublic schools at all levels of education (elementary, secondary, and higher education). Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, chapters on Statistical Summary of Education; U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics, Survey of Current Business, July 1958 and July 1960a Federal Funds for Education The Federal Government provides funds for education through a wide variety of programs administered by numerous governmental agencies. The Office of Education, for the purpose of provid¬ ing a central and authoritative source of informa¬ tion on the educational programs which receive these funds, began in 1933-34 to collect data concerning them from the respective agencies. Bulletins which summarize these data have been issued biennially by the Office since that time. Table 12 presents data from recent editions of the bulletins on Federal Funds for Education. Federal I support for all programs listed declined from $2.5 billion in 1950-51 to $2.0 billion in 1957-58, a decrease of 20 percent. This decrease may be attributed to the smaller amounts of money which were expended by the Veterans Administration for the education and training and the vocational ' rehabilitation of veterans. Expenditures for these purposes decreased from $2.1 billion in 1950-51 to $731 million in 1957-58. During the same period expenditures for other educational pro¬ grams increased from $392 million to $1.3 billion. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 H Table 11. — Distribution of persons 14 years of age and over, by years of school completed, by total money income, and by sex: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1958 Elementary school High school College Median Total money income and sex Total i Less 1 to 3 1 to 3 4 years or more years fSol 1 2 school Total than 8 years * 8 years Total years 4 years Total years Total 4 years 5 years or more com¬ pleted 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 MALE Total, 14 Years and Over Nnmher nf persons .thousands.. 58, 378 21,352 11,530 9,822 26,079 12, 759 13,320 9, 966 4,901 5,065 4,982 2,971 2,094 2,039 10.7 Number of persons with income... .thousands.. 53, 543 18,950 10, 292 8,658 24, 075 10,997 13,078 9,639 4,657 2,943 11.0 Income Recipients Percent. _ _ __ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under S500 _ _ 9.5 12.6 14.7 10.2 9.0 15.7 3.3 3.9 6.0 1.9 2.5 0.9 9.1 $500 to $999 _ 7.4 11.7 15.2 7.5 4.9 5.9 3.9 4.8 7.0 2.6 2.6 2.8 8.5 $1,000 to $1,499 _ 6.7 10.3 12.4 7.8 4.9 5.4 4.5 3.9 4.6 3.2 3.4 2.8 8.7 $1,500 to $1,999 _ _ 5.6 8.3 9.5 6.8 4.3 4.9 3.8 3.1 3.6 2.6 2.4 3.0 8.8 $2^000 to $2)499 _ 6.0 8.3 9.0 7.4 5.1 5.2 5.1 3.5 4.2 2.8 2.8 2.8 9.0 $2,500 to $2,999 _ _ _ 5.2 6.9 7.0 6.7 4.9 4.9 5.0 2.4 3.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 9.2 $3i000 to $3’499 _ _ _ 6.5 7.8 7.3 8.4 6.4 6.7 6.1 3.8 4.3 3.2 3.4 2.9 9.8 $3,500 to $3,999 . . . __ . . 6.5 6.6 5.3 8.2 7.3 6.9 7.7 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.9 3.0 10.6 $4,000 tn $4,499 7.9 7.1 5.6 8.8 9.5 9.1 9.8 5.6 6.8 4.3 4.7 3.7 11.1 $4, 500 tn $4,999 6.6 5.3 4.3 6.5 7.9 7.3 8.4 6.0 7.2 4.8 5.4 3.8 11.6 $5,000 tn $5,999 12.1 7.9 5.3 10.9 15. 1 13.0 17.0 13.1 14.1 12.2 13.4 10.3 12. 1 $fi,000 tn $5,999 7.6 3.7 2.6 5.0 9.2 7.3 10.9 11.5 11.1 11.8 10.7 13.5 12.3 $7,000 to $9,999 _ 8.1 2.8 1.4 4.5 8.5 6.0 10.6 18.5 14.1 22.7 24.3 20.2 12.7 $10,000 tn $14,999 3.0 0.6 0.3 0.9 2.2 1.3 2.9 10.4 6.9 13.8 13.5 14.3 14.5 $15 000 tn $24,999 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.7 4.2 1.9 6.4 4. 1 10.0 W 16.2 $25,000 and over 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 1 1.7 0.6 2.7 1.5 4.6 Median income $3, 742 $2,428 $1,905 $3,214 $4, 168 $3, 594 $4, 548 $5, 702 $4, 924 $6, 627 $6, 374 $6, 926 25 Years and Over Number of persons.. ... _ thousands.. 46,315 45, 356 $4, 213 17,859 9,898 7,961 19, 055 8,278 10,777 10, 686 $4, 992 8, 523 3,774 4, 749 4,678 $6, 866 2, 726 2,023 1,972 $7, 103 10.8 Number of persons with income... Median income _ .thousands.. 17,279 $2,714 9,518 $2, 080 7, 761 $3, 508 18, 872 $4, 710 8, 186 $4, 367 8, 382 $6,228 3, 704 $5, 600 2,706 $6,710 10.8 FEMALE Nnmher nf persons thousands.. 62, 995 33,340 20, 662 10, 825 10,635 10,027 4, 945 33, 178 17,025 14,216 7,032 18,962 9,993 8,351 5, 059 5,128 2,991 3, 223 2,068 2,478 1,502 745 11.2 Number of persons with income... .thousands.. 5, 880 566 11.4 Income Recipients Percent .. .. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under S500 27.6 33.6 36.8 29.8 26.6 37.0 19.2 17.6 21.3 11.9 14.2 6.1 10.0 $500 to $999 .. 18.7 28.3 31.3 24.7 14.4 17.7 12.1 11.6 13.7 8.4 9.9 4.8 9.0 $1,000 tn $1,499 10.6 12.9 12.6 13.3 9.7 9.9 9.5 8.8 9.6 7.7 8.8 5.1 10.4 $1,500 tn $1,999 8.5 8.7 7.7 9.9 8.9 9.5 8.4 6.6 7.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 10.9 $2,000 tn $2,499 8.3 6.3 5.0 7.9 10.1 8.7 11.1 6.3 6.6 5.8 6.0 5.3 12.0 $2,500 tn $2 999 5.9 3.4 2.6 4.5 7.1 5.0 8.6 7.5 8.0 6.7 7.2 5.6 12.3 $3,000 tn $3,499 6.6 3.2 2.0 4.5 8.5 5.0 11.0 7.6 8.2 6.8 7.5 5.1 12.4 $3,500 to $3,999 _ _ _ _ 4.4 1.5 0.9 2.3 5.2 2.7 6.9 8.0 8.5 7.3 8.4 4.6 12.5 $4,000 tn $4,499 3.5 0.8 0.4 1.3 4.1 2.0 5.6 7.4 5.7 10.0 9.7 10.9 12.6 $4,500 tn $4,999 _ 1.9 0.5 0.2 0.8 2.0 0.9 2.8 4.6 3.1 6.9 6.1 9. 1 12.7 *5,000 tn $5,999 2.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 2.1 1.2 2.7 6.7 5.2 9.1 8.3 11.2 12.9 $6,000 tn $6,999 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.1 1.2 3.6 1.5 6.7 3.7 14.2 13.8 *7,000 tn $9,999 0.6 0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.6 2.4 0.3 5.7 3.9 10.2 16.2 ' $10,000 to $14,999 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 1.4 1.1 2.3 i $15,000 to $24,999 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 $25,000 and over 0. 1 0.2 Median incnme $1, 176 $790 $711 $909 $1,464 $867 $2,036 $2, 429 $1,865 $3,309 $2, 903 $4, 381 1 Includes persons not reporting years of school completed, not shown separately. 2 Includes persons reporting no years of school completed, not shown separately. NOTE.— Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports t Series P-60, No. 33i 12 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 12. — Amount of Federal support for education, by agency and program: 1950-51 to 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Department or agency and program 1950-51 1952-53 1954-55 1956-57 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 Total _ . . . . . . 2, 511, 829 1, 416, 893 1, 571, 535 1, 968, 246 2, 008, 052 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE . . 111, 370 310, 575 392, 240 457, 277 554, 611 Office of Education: 2, 879 5, 149 3, 506 45 0 5, 052 0 214, 507 30, 351 215 674 7,654 299 790 396 181 633 4, 871 58 941 5, 052 1,440 172, 835 37, 063 240 3, 162 3,686 1,999 2, 938 567 216 1,150 179 5,416 30, 836 357 596 183, 675 5, 472 0 5, 030 0 16, 727 26, 685 125 368 4, 262 0 5, 030 0 200, 084 25, 366 185 503 4, 047 2, 526 5, 052 4, 263 188, 029 38, 733 338 2,420 4,212 3, 600 4, 380 549 203 1,150 279 6, 434 38, 790 275 815 247, 091 Public library services for rural areas _ _ T _ _ _ ... Vocational education _ * _ _ _. _ Federally Aided Corporations: American Printing House for the Blind . ... . . - _ . . . . Gallaudet College” . _ _ . _ ... . .. _ _ _ _ Howard University _ . _ - _ _ _ Office of Vocational Rehabilitation: Research and demonstration projects... . . . ... ... .. ... Training and traineeship _ .* _ . .. . . . . . . Public Health Service: Communicable Disease Center .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 370 187 191 Indian health. _ .! . _ . _ Research fellowships. ... ... . . . . . .. .. ... _ 2,014 7,977 127 695 58, 841 2, 558 11,488 149 482 113, 260 Traineeships and training grants... _ _ _ .. ... 477 54, 626 Surplus Property Utilization Division Allocations For Education - - - - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . . . . 171, 154 195, 693 245, 071 398, 399 347, 818 Agricultural Extension Service.. ... _ _ . ... .. ... _ .. . _ ... 32, 141 8, 435 118, 082 12, 496 32,117 17,490 133, 540 12, 546 39, 800 16, 871 169,291 19, 109 50, 030 29, 080 290, 431 28, 858 50, 882 27, 572 239, 682 29, 682 Revenue from national forests and submarginal lands _ _ ... . School lunch and milk .... . . . . . . . . . . .. State agricultural experiment stations _ . _ _ _ _ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE . _ _ ... . 5, 292 4, 024 2,632 2, 884 3, 262 Census training for foreign technicians _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 71 3, 050 69 72 Maritime Administration schools _ _ _ _ _ _ 5, 292 4, 024 2, 593 39 2, 836 48 Meteorological education and training _ _ _ _ _ Training in the National Bureau of Standards. . . . . . . DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE _ _ _ 25, 507 40, 714 47, 955 69, 569 84, 452 Service academies _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 13, 648 6, 724 5, 135 15, 956 7, 089 8, 683 16,351 5, 699 9, 370 23,480 8, 800 10, 579 2,095 24, 375 34, 661 8, 756 10, 941 2, 038 27, 339 449 268 Education for military personnel at civilian institutions _ _ _ _ . Education for off-duty personnel _ _ _ _ _ _ Education for civilian employees. . . _ _ _ Education of dependent children overseas _ _ _ _ 8,911 16, 421 Operation of school buses _ .. . . . . . . . . Medical education for national defense _ _ _ _ _ 75 114 240 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. . . . . . . 45, 834 58, 834 80, 263 90, 794 111,131 Alaska public works program _ 101 780 14 26 290 27,118 17, 505 3, 397 837 20 34 300 30, 117 24, 129 3,250 850 27 35 250 37, 541 38,310 1,363 8S8 29 43 410 49, 433 38,618 2, 248 1,000 34 46 565 60, 646 46, 592 Bureau of Mines safety-training program _ _ ... Fducatinn fnr children nf National Park Service employees _ _ Fducatinn in Prihilnf Islands . ... . . Fdnratinn in the trust territory of the Pacific islands . _ . Education for Indians in the United States _ _ Revenue from sale of public lands _ DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE _ _ _ _ _ 389 422 461 530 829 Bureau of Prisons vocational training _ 389 422 461 530 593 9 227 FBI National Academy _ _ _ _ _ Police training schools _ _ _ DEPARTMENT OF LABOR . . . . 3,927 5, 188 5, 236 5,940 9, 673 Apprenticeship and training _ 3, 183 744 3, 324 1,864 3,160 2, 076 3, 399 2, 541 3, 746 2,907 3,020 Foreign visitors program Testing, counseling, and placement services... _ _ _ _ DEPARTMENT OF STATE.. . . . . . . _ _ _ 37,402 40,100 47, 751 55,383 Educational exchange programs _ 23, 360 14, 042 19, 768 20, 332 18, 605 29, 146 21,402 33, 981 Country missions _ DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY . . . . . _ 1, 800 2, 565 2, 506 3,350 4,781 IJ.S. Coast Guard Academy ... .... _____ 1,768 0 32 2,513 0 52 2,435 13 58 3, 265 23 62 3,820 28 56 877 Education of dependent children overseas _ _ _ _ . ... IJ.S. Coast Guard officer postgraduate and specialbed training Internal Revenue Service training for enforcement personnel _ STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 13 Table 12. — Amount of Federal support for education, by agency and program: 1950-51 to 1957-58 — Continued Department or agency and program 1950-51 1952-53 1954-55 1956-57 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION . . 18, 908 25, 221 24, 479 30, 717 45, 769 Contract research _ _ 13, 487 1,055 3, 682 684 17,352 696 6, 780 393 19, 431 229 4,410 409 21,284 413 4, 097 4, 923 32,005 620 4,178 8, 966 Fellowships... _ _ _ _ _ _ Expenditures for public schools _ _ _ Other training _ _ CANAL ZONE. . . 2, 300 2, 635 2, 910 3, 647 3,730 Public education _ _ _ 2, 300 2,635 2,910 3, 647 3,730 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA _ 2, 728 2, 310 5, 083 5, 077 6, 082 Public education. _ ... _ 2,695 33 2,277 33 5,016 47 5, 027 50 6,029 53 Capitol page school _ _ _ _ _ FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY . 101 348 266 461 831 Aviation training of foreign nationals _ . _ 100 1 345 3 244 2 20 432 9 20 793 10 28 Tuition payments for employees in nondepartmental institutions _ _ International Civil Aviation Organization fellows _ _ _ _ FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION . . 7 12 Employee education _ _ _ _ _ . . 7 12 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS _ 1, 000 1, 000 1, GOO 1,067 1, 206 Reading material for the blind _ 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,067 1,206 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION _ 710 618 675 580 500 Research at educational institutions. _ _ _ _ _ 710 618 675 580 500 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION _ 3, 220 10,109 34, 952 44, 737 Basic research _ 1,813 8,009 15, 268 5, 382 3, 354 10, 948 19, 443 6,026 5, 602 13,666 Research facilities _ Fellowships _ . _ ._ ._ _ 1,366 41 1,784 316 Institutes, course content improvement, and special projects _ _ OFFICE OF CIVIL AND DEFENSE MOBILIZATION.. . 707 1,446 Civil defense resident training schools _ 185 1,261 Training and education contributions to States _ _ 707 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY _ 593 557 485 582 589 Cooperative research tests and demonstrations.. _ _ 593 557 485 582 589 VETERANS ADMINISTRATION. _ _ _ _ _ 2, 120, 216 725, 572 710, 084 813, 955 731, 210 Vocational rehabilitation. 176,875 1,943,341 0 0 57, 769 667, 803 0 40, 770 664,514 0 4, 800 30, 598 773, 906 2,351 7,100 26, 095 693, 232 5,183 6, 700 Education and training _ _ _ War orphans educational assistance. _ _ _ _ Fees to educational institutions _ _ _ Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, bulletins on Federal Funds for Education. Elementary and Secondary Education Historical Summary Table 13 presents a historical summary of sta¬ tistics of public elementary and secondary educa¬ tion in the United States. It provides data on population, pupils, instructional staff, and finances, decennially for the school years from 1869-70 to 1949-50, and for 1955-56 and 1957-58. In order to make the financial data more meaningful, beginning with 1919-20 certain averages and per- pupil expenditures have been expressed both in terms of actual dollars and also in dollars adjusted to reflect 1957-58 purchasing power. Average salary per member of instructional staff has been expressed in this manner, and for comparative purposes data on personal income per member of the labor force have also been adjusted to reflect changes in the purchasing power of the dollar. The adjustment to constant dollars was made by means of the Consumer Price Index, which was obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. 14 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 13. — Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 Item 1869-70 1879-80 1889-90 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56 1957-58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Population, Pupils, and Instructional Staff Total populationi (thousands) . . 39, 818 50, 156 62, 948 75, 995 90, 492 104, 512 121, 770 130, 880 148, 665 164, 303 170, 295 Population aged 5-17 years inclusive! (thou- sands) . . 12, 055 30.3 15, 066 30.0 18, 543 29.5 21, 573 28.4 24, 009 26.5 27, 556 26.4 31,417 25.8 30, 150 23.0 30, 168 20.3 37, 262 22.7 40, 164 23.6 Percent of total population aged 5-17 . Total enrollment in elementary and secondary - ===== day schools (thousands) . _ . . 6, 872 9, 867 12, 723 15, 503 17,814 21, 578 25, 678 25, 434 25,111 31, 163 33, 529 Nursery, kindergarten, and grades 1-8 (thousands) _ 6, 792 1 3 80 9, 757 3 110 12, 520 3 203 14, 984 » 519 16. 899 3 915 19, 378 2, 200 21, 279 4, 399 18, 833 6, 601 19, 387 5, 725 24, 290 6, 873 25, 669 7, 860 Grades 9-12 and postgraduates (thousands). Percent of total population enrolled _ 17.3 19.7 20.2 20.4 19.7 20.6 21.1 19.4 16.9 19.0 19.7 Percent of population 5-17 years enrolled _ 57.0 65.5 68.6 71.9 74.2 78.3 81.7 84.4 83.2 83.6 83.5 Percent of total enrollment in high schools (grades 9-12 and postgraduates') _ 1.2 1.1 1.6 3.3 5.1 10.2 17.1 26.0 22.7 22.1 23.4 High school graduates (thousands).. . 3 22 3 62 3 111 3 231 » 592 1,143 22, 042 1,063 22, 284 1,252 27, 740 1,332 29, 722 Average daily attendance (thousands) . . . 4, 077 6,144 8, 154 10, 633 12, 827 16, 150 21,265 Total number of days attended by all pupils enrolled (thousands) . . 539, 053 800, 720 62.3 1, 098, 233 64.1 1, 534, 823 68.6 2, 011,477 72. 1 2,615, 161 74.8 3, 672, 765 82.8 3, 858, 012 86.7 3, 964, 354 88.7 4, 938, 161 89.0 5, 277, 840 88.6 Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily _ 59.3 Average length of school term (in days)* _ Average number of days attended by each pupil 132.2 130.3 134.7 144.3 157.5 161.9 172.7 175.0 177.9 178.0 177.6 enrolled _ _ _ _ _ 78. 4 81.1 86.3 99.0 113.0 121.2 143.0 151.7 157.9 158.5 157.4 Total instructional staff (thousands) . . 678 880 912 962 1,213 13 1,333 14 Supervisors (thousands) . . . 7 7 5 9 Principals (thousands) _ 14 31 32 39 51 59 Teachers, librarians, and other nonsuper- visory instructional staff (thousands) 4 _ 201 287 364 423 523 657 843 875 914 1, 149 1,261 Men (thousands) _ 1 _ 78 123 126 127 110 93 140 195 195 « 299 * 340 Women (thousands) . . . 123 164 238 296 413 565 703 681 719 3 850 «921 Percent men _ _ _ _ 38.7 42.8 34.5 29.9 21.1 14.1 16.6 22.2 21.3 *26.0 *27.0 Finance AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS (UNADJUSTED) Total revenue receipts 143, 195 26, 345 219, 766 37, 887 433,064 64,605 970, 120 134, 279 2,088, 557 329, 312 2,260, 527 658, 983 5, 437, 044 2, 122,763 9,686,677 3, 699, 721 12,181,513 4,610,718 From State taxes and appropriations _ _ From intermediate and local taxes and approoriations _ _ _ 97, 222 19,627 149,487 32, 392 312, 222 56, 238 758, 897 76, 945 1, 645, 688 113, 557 1,490,425 111,119 2, 900, 561 413,720 5,116, 788 870, 168 6,621,447 949,348 From all other sources _ Percent of revenue receipts derived from: State taxes and appropriations _ 18.4 17.2 14.9 13.8 15.8 29.2 39.0 38.2 37.9 Intermediate and local taxes and appro¬ priations _ 67.9 68.0 72.1 78.2 78.8 65.9 53.4 52.8 54.4 All other sources. _ _ _ _ 13.7 14.8 13.0 8.0 5.4 4.9 7.6 9.0 7.7 Total expenditures for all schools 63, 397 78, 095 140, 507 214, 965 426,250 1,036, 151 2, 316, 790 2, 344, 049 5,837, 643 10,955,047 13, 569, 163 Current expenditures for elementary and secondary day schools 114, 300 26,207 179,514 35,451 356, 272 69,978 861,120 153,543 18,212 3, 277 1,843, 552 370, 878 92, 536 9,825 1,941,799 257, 974 130, 909 13,367 4, 687, 274 1,014,176 100, 578 35,614 «8, 251,420 2,387,187 215, 699 100, 741 «10,251,843 2,852, 747 341, 922 122, 651 Capital outlay Interest on school debt _ Other expenditures 7 _ Percent of total expenditures devoted to: Current expenditures for elementary and secondary day schools 81.3 83.5 83.6 83.1 79.6 82.8 80.3 » 75. 3 *75.6 Capital outlay 18.7 16.5 16.4 14.8 16.0 11.0 17.4 21.8 21.0 Interest on school deht 1.8 4.0 5.6 1.7 2.0 2.5 Other expenditures 7 _ _ 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 DATA IN UNADJUSTED DOLLARS Average annual salary of total instructional staff s__ Personal income i per member of the labor force »_ Total expenditure for all schools per capita of 189 195 252 325 485 871 1,420 1,634 1,441 1,358 3,010 3,408 4.156 4,617 4, 702 4, 996 total population _ 1.59 1.56 2. 23 2. 83 4.71 9.91 19. 03 17.91 39. 27 66. 68 79. 68 National income 1 per capita of total population.. 667 587 1,526 208. 83 2, 041 294. 22 2,121 341. 14 Current expenditure 9 per pupil in A.D.A. i° ... ii 13. 99 ii 16. 67 ii 27. 85 53. 32 86.70 88. 09 Total expenditure 12 for day schools per pupil in A.D.A _ _ 15. 55 12.71 17. 23 20.21 33. 23 64. 16 108. 49 105. 74 258. 85 388. 06 448. 62 National income per pupil in A.D.A _ 3, 845 3, 502 10,312 12,275 12, 326 Current expenditure per day h per pupil in A.D.A. H.10 ii .12 H.18 .33 .50 .50 1.17 1.65 1.92 Total expenditure for day schools per day per pupil in A.D.A _ .12 .10 .13 .14 .21 .40 .63 .60 1.46 2. 18 2. 53 See footnotes at end of table. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 19 57-58 15 Table 13. — Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 — Continued Item 1869-70 1879-80 1889-90 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Finance— Continued DATA IN ADJUSTED DOLLARS— 1957-58 PURCHASING POWER 14 Average annual salary of total instructional staff. 1,306 2,371 2,728 31.77 2, 948 2, 778 36. 64 3,633 4,113 47. 39 4,418 4,908 70.89 4,702 4,996 79.68 Personal income per member of the labor force.. Total expenditure for all schools per capita of tnta| population 14. 86 National income per capita of total population... 1,113 144. 74 1,201 180. 20 1,842 252. 04 2,170 312. 79 2,121 341. 14 Current expenditure per pupil in A.D.A _ _ 79. 95 Total expenditure for day schools per pupil in A.D.A _ _ 96. 20 181. 11 216. 30 312.41 412. 55 448. 62 National income per pupil in A.D.A _ 6,419 .83 7,164 1.02 12,446 1.41 13,050 12, 326 Current expenditure per day per pupil in A.D.A.. Total expenditure for day schools per day per pupil in A D A .49 1. 75 1.92 .60 1.05 1.23 1.76 2. 32 2. 53 1 Data on population and labor force are from the Bureau of the Census, and data on personal income and national income from the Office of Business Economics, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2 Data for 1870-71. * From reports of public high schools. 4 Prior to 1919-20 data are for number of different persons employed rather than number of positions. * Estimated. 8 Because of a modification of the scope of “current expenditures for elementary and secondary day schools,” data for 1955—56 and 1957-58 are not entirely comparable with data for prior years. * Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1955-56, also includes community services, formerly classified with "current expendi¬ tures for elementary and secondary day schools." 8 Includes supervisors of instruction, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff. 8 Excludes current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs. i° “A.D.A.” means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary day schools. 11 Includes interest on school debt. 12 The expenditure figure used here is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt. is Per-day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term. 14 Adjustment of dollars to 1957-58 purchasing power is based on the Consumer Price Index, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957— 58.j Number of Schools and Administrative Units Table 14 presents data on the number of local basic administrative units and on the number of public and nonpublic elementary and secondary schools from 1929-30 to 1957-58. The total number of local basic administrative units in the United States has decreased significantly in recent years as more and more school districts have been reorganized and consolidated. At the end of World War II, there were still more than 100,000 school districts in this country, but the number had dropped to 48,000 by 1957-58. The decrease in the 2-year period from 1955-56 to 1957-58 alone amounted to 13 percent. The elimination of unnecessarily small administrative units is a recognized method of achieving more efficient financial administration of the public schools as well as a more desirable quality of education. There has been a consistent decrease in the number of public elementary schools throughout the 28-year period from 1929-30 to 1957-58, as smaller schools have been eliminated and have been replaced by larger schools. The decrease during this period from 238,000 to 95,000 public elementary schools represented a reduction of Table 14. — Number of local basic administrative units (school 'districts), and number of public and nonpublic elementary and secondary schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 (NA=not available) School year Public school systems Nonpublic schools 1 School districts 1 Elementary schools Secondary Elementary Secondary Total 1-teacher schools l 2 3 4 5 6 7 1929-30 . NA 238, 306 149, 282 23,930 9,275 3,258 1931-32 . 127, 531 232, 750 143, 391 26,409 9,734 3,289 1933-34 . NA 236, 236 139, 166 24,714 9,992 3, 327 1935-36 _ NA 232, 174 131,101 25, 652 9, 992 3, 327 1937-38 _ 119, 001 221,660 121, 178 25,467 9, 992 3, 327 1939-40 _ 117, 108 NA 113,600 NA 11,306 3, 568 1941-42 _ 115, 493 183,112 107, 692 25,123 10, 285 3,011 1943-44 _ 111,383 169, 905 96, 302 28, 973 10, 285 3,011 1945-46 _ 101,382 160,227 86, 563 24,314 9, 863 3,294 1947-48 _ 94,926 146, 760 75,096 25,484 10,071 3,292 1949-50 _ 83,718 128, 225 59,652 24, 542 10, 375 3,331 1951-52 . 71,094 123, 763 50, 742 23, 746 10,666 3, 322 1953-54 . 63,057 110, 875 42,865 25, 637 11,739 3,913 1955-56 _ 54,859 104,427 34, 964 26, 046 12,372 3, 887 1957-58 _ 47, 594 95,466 25,341 25, 507 13,065 3,994 1 Data for most years are partly estimated. The Office of Education conducted surveys of nonpublic elementary schools in 1930-31, 1932-33, and 1940-41; surveys of nonpublic secondary schools were conducted in 1929-30, 1932-33, 1940-41, and 1947-48. 2 Data for years prior to 1957-58 have been revised slightly because of a reclassifica¬ tion of school districts in one State. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, chapters on Statistical Summary of Education and Statistics of State School Systems. 16 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 60 percent in the number of these schools. Most of the decrease may be attributed to the decline in the number of 1-teacher schools, which dropped from 149,000 in 1929-30 to 25,000 in 1957-58. The number of public secondary schools has re¬ mained relatively stable through the years, but there have been significant increases in the number of nonpublic elementary and secondary schools. Enrollment In 1957-58, enrollment in regular full-time public elementary and secondary schools in the United States reached a new peak, 33,529,000 pupils. Of these, 25,669,000, or 77 percent, were enrolled in kindergarten through grade 8; and 7,860,000, or 23 percent, were enrolled in grades 9 through 12 and postgraduate work. Table 15 shows the number and percent of pupils enrolled in each grade in the public schools from 1946-47 through 1957-58. The over-all increase in en¬ rollment in 1957-58 over the preceding school year was approximately 4 percent. Increases were most pronounced at the fifth- and sixth- grade levels, where enrollment gains of 13 percent over the previous year were reported. Table 16 presents a comparison of enrollment in grades 9 through 12 in both public and non¬ public schools with population 14 through 17 years of age. Although some of the pupils in these grades are older than 17, and a few are younger than 14, this is the typical age group which one finds in grades 9-12. The number of pupils enrolled per 100 persons 14 to 17 years of age has increased from fewer than 7 in 1889-90 to an all-time peak of 87 in 1957-58. The increased holding power of American high schools is also demonstrated by the statistics in table 17. A quarter of a century ago only about one-half of the pupils who entered the ninth grade Table 15. — Enrollment by grade in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1946-47 to 1957-58 Item 1946-47 i 1947-48 1948-49 i 1949-50 1950-51 1 1951-52 1952-53 i 1953-54 1954-55 i 1955-56 1956-57 i 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 TotaO Enrollment _ 23, 659, 158 23, 944, 532 24, 476, 658 25, 111, 427 25, 706, 000 26, 562, 664 27, 506, 630 28, 836, 052 30, 045, 000 31, 162, 843 32, 334, 333 33, 528, 591 Kindergarten through grade 8 _ 17, 821,481 18, 291,227 18, 818, 254 19, 386, 806 19, 900, 000 20, 680, 867 21,624, 682 22, 545, 807 23,471,000 24, 290, 257 25, 015, 873 25, 668, 820 Grades 9 through 12 and postgrad¬ uates . . . . 5, 837, 677 5, 653, 305 5, 658, 404 5, 724, 621 5, 806, 000 5, 881,797 5, 881, 948 6, 290, 245 6, 574, 000 6, 872, 586 7,318,460 7, 859, 771 Number in each grade: Kindergarten _ .. ... _ 872, 835 988, 680 1,016,186 1,034,203 941, 138 1,272, 127 1, 399, 064 1, 474, 007 1,415, 000 1, 564, 396 1, 675, 373 1,771,753 1st grade.. _ _ 2 2, 895,451 2, 951, 300 3, 067, 375 3, 170, 343 3, 052, 806 2, 957, 485 3, 357, 598 3, 666, 466 3,518, 000 3, 494, 997 3,491,387 3, 586, 683 2d grade.. _ _ 2,319, 772 22, 363, 477 2, 502, 828 2, 644, 707 2, 739, 176 2,670, 162 2, 638, 816 2, 940, 285 3, 391,000 3, 242, 407 3, 240,771 3,213, 900 3d grade . . . .. 2,204, 573 2, 258, 858 22, 314, 645 2, 395, 904 2, 600, 440 2,717,947 2, 633, 457 2, 569, 243 2, 896, 000 3, 290, 740 3, 183, 406 3, 175, 704 4th grade _ _ _ _ 2,119, 377 2, 183, 171 2, 220, 554 2 2,254, 023 2, 357, 752 2, 559,115 2, 684,145 2, 565, 345 2, 535, 000 2, 847, 741 3, 237, 852 3, 127, 702 5th grade _ _ _ _ 2,012,212 2,055,115 2, 088, 826 2, 150, 678 2 2, 211, 306 2, 320, 132 2, 520, 163 2, 606, 983 2, 523, 000 2, 481,210 2, 808, 290 3, 180, 952 6th grade. . ... . _ _ 1,907,319 1, 939, 500 1, 994, 735 2,055, 741 2,117, 360 22,165, 741 2, 275, 680 2, 449, 174 2, 584, 000 2, 470,310 2, 442, 701 2, 758, 859 7th grade _ 1, 850, 394 1, 897, 740 1,919, 462 1,947,227 1,995,238 2, 082, 533 2 2, 143, 10S 2, 242,116 2, 432, 000 2, 541,719 2, 475,610 2, 457, 872 8th grade. . . . 1,638, 548 1, 653, 386 1, 693, 643 1,733, 975 1, 884, 784 1,935, 625 1, 972, 653 2 2, 032, 188 2, 177, 000 2, 356, 737 2, 460, 483 2, 395, 395 9th grade _ _ 1,761,020 1,672,920 1, 708, 838 1, 760, 740 1,780, 738 1,819, 732 1,861,411 1,944, 357 2 2, 028, 000 2, 142, 573 2, 367, 969 2,479, 588 13th grade . . . 1, 583, 245 1, 502, 743 1,499, 477 1,513, 086 1, 547, 895 1, 582, 142 1,579,177 1,716,758 1,765, 000 21, 848, 570 1, 973, 829 2, 193, 739 11th grade _ ...... 1,308, 592 1,271,645 1,267,483 1,275, 295 1,313, 207 1, 337, 930 1,306,615 1,411,722 1, 520, 000 1,542,646 21, 614, 593 1,736,180 12th grade _ _ _ 1,119, 968 1, 130, 805 1, 126, 022 1,133, 673 1,127, 527 1,110, 638 1,107,884 1, 190, 138 1, 246, 000 1,325, 726 1,349,315 21, 431, 302 Postgraduate _ 64, 852 75, 192 56, 584 41, 827 36, 633 31,355 26,861 27, 270 15, 000 13, 071 12,754 18, 962 Percent in each grade: Total _ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Kindergarten _ 3.7 4. 1 4.2 4.1 3.7 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.3 1st grade . . . 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.6 11.9 11.1 12.2 12.7 11.7 11.2 10.8 10.7 2d grade . . 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.7 10. 1 9.6 10.2 11.3 10.4 10.0 9.6 3d grade... . . . 9.3 9.5 9.5 9.5 10.1 10.2 9.6 8.9 9.6 10.6 9.8 9.5 4th grade _ _ _ _ 9.0 9.1 9. 1 9.0 9.2 9.6 9.8 8.9 8.4 9.1 10.0 9.3 5th grade . . 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 9.2 9.0 8.4 8.0 8.7 9.5 6th grade _ _ 8.1 8. 1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.5 " 8.6 7.9 7.6 8.2 7th grade . . . 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.1 8.2 7.7 7.3 8th grade . 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.0 7.2 7.6 7.6 7.1 9th grade _ _ 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.4 10th grade _ _ 6.7 6.3 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.5 11th grade . . 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.2 12th grade _ _ 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.1 4. 1 4.3 4.2 4.3 Postgraduate _ .3 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 (?) (») (*) .1 1 Total elementary and high school enrollments taken from special studies. Grade distribution is estimated. 2 Figures in bold type, shown in diagonal progression, indicate enrollments in suc¬ cessive grades of the pupils who entered the first grade in 1946-47, including retarded and accelerated pupils. Because of retardation, school retention rates should not be calculated directly from 1st grade enrollments. 3 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 19 57-58 17 Table 16. — Enrollment in grades 9-12 in public and nonpublic schools, and population 14-17 years of age: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1889-90 to 1957-58 School year Enrollment, grades 9-12 and postgraduate i Population, 14-17 years of age 2 Total number enrolled per 100 persons 14-17 years of age All schools Public schools Nonpublic schools 1 2 3 4 5 6 1889-90. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 359, 949 3 202, 963 3 94, 931 5, 354, 653 6.7 1899-1900 . . . . . . . . . . 699, 403 3 519, 251 3 110, 797 6, 152, 231 11.4 1909-10 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1,115, 398 3 915, 061 3 117, 400 7, 220, 298 15.4 1919-20 _ _ _ _ 2, 500, 176 3 2, 200, 389 3 213, 920 7, 735, 841 32.3 1929-30 _ _ _ _ _ _ 4, 804, 255 3 4, 399, 422 3 * 341, 158 9, 341, 221 51.4 1939-40 _ _ _ _ _ _ 7, 123, 009 6,635, 337 487, 672 9, 720,419 73.3 1941-42 _ _ _ 6, 933, 265 6, 420, 544 512, 721 3 9, 749, 000 71.1 1943-44 _ _ _ _ _ 6, 030,617 5, 584, 656 445, 961 3 9, 449, 000 63.8 1945-46 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6, 237, 133 5, 664, 528 572, 605 3 9, 056, 000 68.9 1947-48. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6, 305, 168 5, 675, 937 629, 231 3 8, 841, 000 71.3 1949-50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 453, 009 5, 757, 810 695, 199 8, 404, 768 76.8 1951-52 . . . . . . . . 6, 596, 351 5, 917, 384 678, 967 3 8, 525, 000 77.4 1953-54 . . . . . . . . . . 7, 108, 973 6, 330, 565 778, 408 3 8, 878, 000 80.1 7, 774, 975 6,917, 790 857, 185 3 9, 229, 000 84.2 1957-58 . . . . . . 8, 868, 586 7, 905, 569 963, 017 3 10, 164, 000 87.3 1 Unless otherwise indicated, includes enrollment in subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher education and in residential schools for exceptional children. Beginning in 1949-50. also includes Federal schools. 2 Includes all persons residing in continental United States, but excludes Armed Forces overseas. Data shown are actual figures from the decennial censuses of population unless otherwise indicated. 3 Excludes enrollment in subcollegiate departments of institutions of higher educa¬ tion and in residential schools for exceptional children. 4 Data for 1927-28. 3 Estimated by the Bureau of the Census as of July 1 preceding the opening of the school year. Table 17. — Retention rates,1 9th grade through high school graduation, in public and nonpublic schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1927-31 to 1954-58 Retention per 1,000 pupils who entered 9th grade Year of School year of entrance into 9th grade 9th grade 3 10th grade 11th grade 12th grade High school graduates high school graduation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1927-28 . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 758 596 533 465 1931 1928-29 . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 768 627 562 495 1932 1929-30 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 793 656 577 492 1933 1930-31 . . . . . . . . . . 815 669 591 492 1934 1931-32 . . . . . . 823 680 582 498 1935 1932-33 . . . . . . . . . . 848 677 586 513 1936 1933-34 . . . . . . . 852 674 597 531 1937 1934-35 . . . . . . . . 847 687 601 541 1938 1935-36 . . . . . . . . . . 835 700 617 554 1939 1936-37 . . . 845 725 649 579 1940 1937-38 . . . 868 751 618 583 1941 1938-39 . . . . . . . . 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 885 760 638 582 1942 1939-40... . . . . . . . 891 721 573 540 1943 1940-41 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 838 660 506 4S9 1944 1941-42 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 837 640 527 490 1945 1942-43 . . . . . . 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1, 000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1, 000 822 668 558 526 1946 1943-44 . . . . . . . 862 707 609 577 1947 1944-45 . . . . . . . 892 725 649 616 1948 1945-46 . . . . . . . 885 736 652 618 1949 1946-47... . . . . . 884 748 668 626 1950 1947-48 . . . . . . . . . 901 762 674 634 1951 1948-49 _ _ _ _ _ _ 882 766 648 616 1952 1949-50 _ _ _ _ _ 878 759 633 601 1953 1950-51 _ _ _ _ 889 735 669 634 1954 1951-52 . . . 872 781 692 652 1955 1952-53 . 921 818 717 673 1956 1953-54 . . 909 798 702 656 1957 1954-55 . . 913 800 713 657 1958 1 These retention rates are approximate only. They are based on enrollments in include estimates for nonpublic schools, successive grades in successive years in public secondary schools, and are adjusted to 2 9th grade in 12-grade systems; 8th grade in 11-grade systems. 637831—62 - 1 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 graduated from high school, but in 1957-58, the graduating class represented approximately two- thirds of those pupils who had entered the ninth grade 4 years earlier. Table 17 is consistent with table 6, which presents data on retention rates from the fifth grade through college entrance. High School Graduates Public and nonpublic high schools in the United States graduated 1,506,000 persons in 1957-58, a number equal to 65 per 100 persons 17 years of age in this country. This may be compared with 2 graduates per 100 persons 17 years of age in 1869-70; 6 in 1899-1900; 51 in 1939-40: and 62 in 1955-56 (table 18). While some students, of course, graduate from high school at an age other than 17, the ratio of graduates to population of this age provides a convenient historical index as to the proportion of the population completing high school. Transportation of Pupils at Public Expense The number and percentage of pupils trans¬ ported at public expense, and the expenditures for such transportation, have all increased steadily since 1929-30 (table 19). In 1929-30, 1,903,000 children, or 7 out of each 100 enrolled, were transported at public expense: but in 1957-58, Table 18. — Number of high school graduates 1 compared with population 17 years of age: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 School year Population 17 years old2 High Total school gradu Boys ates Girls Number graduated per 100 persons 17 years of age l 2 3 4 5 6 1869-70 . 815,000 16, 000 7,064 8, 936 2.0 1879-80 . . 946,026 23,634 10, 605 13, 029 2.5 1889-90 _ 1,259,177 43, 731 18, 549 25, 182 3.5 1899-1900 _ 1,489,146 94,883 38,075 56, 808 6.4 1909-10 . 1,786,240 156, 429 63, 676 92, 753 8.8 1919-20 . . 1,855,173 311,266 123,684 187, 582 16.8 1929-30 . . 2,295, 822 666, 904 300, 376 366, 528 29.0 1939-40 . . 2, 403,074 1,221,475 578, 718 642, 757 50.8 1941-42. . . 2,425, 574 1,242,375 576,717 665, 658 51.2 1943-44 _ 2,410, 389 1,019, 233 423, 971 595, 262 42.3 1945-46 _ 2, 254, 738 1,080,033 466, 926 613, 107 47.9 1947-48 . . 2, 202, 927 1,189, 909 562, 863 627,046 54.0 1949-50 . . 2, 034, 450 1,199,700 570, 700 629, 000 59.0 1951-52 _ _ 2,040, 800 1, 196, 500 569, 200 627, 300 58.6 1953-54 . . 2,128,600 1,276, 100 612, 500 663, 600 60.0 1955-56 _ 2, 270, 000 1,414,800 679, 500 735, 300 62.3 1957-58 . . 2, 324,000 1,505, 900 725, 500 780,400 64.8 * Includes graduates from public and nonpublic schoolsi 2 U.S. Bureau of the Census; Table 19. — Number and percent of public school pupils transported at public expense, and ex¬ penditures for transportation: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 School year Enroll Total Iment Pupils transported at public expense Percent of pupils trans¬ ported Expenditure of public funds for transporta¬ tion, excluding capital outlay (in thousands) Average cost per pupil transported l 2 3 4 5 6 1929-30 _ 25,678,015 1,902,826 7.4 $54,823 $28.81 1931-32 _ 26, 275,441 2,419,173 9.2 58,078 24.01 1933-34 _ 26,434,193 2,794, 724 10.6 53,908 19. 29 1935-36 . 26, 367,098 3, 250, 658 12.3 62,653 19. 27 1937-38 _ 25, 975, 108 3,769,242 14.5 75, 637 20.07 1339-40 _ 25,433, 542 4, 144, 161 16.3 83,283 20. 10 1941-42 _ 24, 562, 473 4, 503, 081 18.3 92,922 20. 64 1943-44 _ 23, 266, 616 4,512,412 19.4 107,754 23.88 1945-46 _ 23, 299,941 5,056,966 21.7 129,756 25.66 1947-48 _ 23, 944, 532 5,854,041 24.4 176,265 30.11 1949-50 _ 25,111,427 6, 947,384 27.7 214, 504 30. 88 1951-52 _ 26, 562, 664 7,697, 130 29.0 268, 827 34.93 1953-54.. . 125,643, 871 18,411,719 32.8 307,437 i 36. 55 1955-56... . 127, 740,149 > 9,695,819 35.0 353,972 136.51 1957-58 _ 129,722,275 110,861,689 36.5 416,491 i 38. 34 1 Pupils in average daily attendance. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, chapters on Statistics of State School Systems; almost 37 percent of the pupils in average daily attendance, or a total of 10,862,000, were provided this service. In addition, 104,000 nonpublic school pupils were transported at public expense. Expenditures for transportation, excluding capital outlay, were almost eight times as great in 1957-58 as in 1929-30. The increase in pupils trans¬ ported and in transportation costs is a natural result of the elimination of 1-teacher and other small schools as the consolidation of schools and of administrative units progresses. For data on the decrease in the number of school districts and of public elementary schools, the reader is referred to table 14 in this publication. Finances of Public Schools Revenue receipts of public elementary and secondary schools amounted to almost $12.2 billion in 1957-58 (table 20). The proportion received from each source was as follows: Federal Government, 4 percent; State governments, 40; , county and other intermediate sources, 2; and j local and all other sources, 54. Receipts from nongovernmental sources accounted for only 0.3 percent of total revenue receipts in 1957-58. The distribution of revenue receipts by source is presented graphically in figure 1. Receipts from STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 19 Total Receipts: $12,181,513,000 Figure 1. — Revenue receipts of public elementary and secondary schools, by source: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957-58 Note— Receipts from county and other intermediate sources (2 percent of total revenue receipts) have been combined with receipts from local sources (54 percent) in the above chart. county and other intermediate sources have been combined with local revenue in this chart. An analysis of the distribution of revenue receipts by source since 1929-30 reveals that the long-range trend has been toward a greater pro¬ portion of revenue from Federal and State govern¬ ments and a smaller proportion of receipts from county and local sources. In the past biennium, however, there was a slight reversal of this trend, with the Federal Government providing pro¬ portionally less and local sources more of the revenue receipts in 1957-58 than in 1955-56. Table 21 presents historical data since 1929-30 on the expenditures of public elementary and secondary schools. Expenditures have been classified by purpose as follows: (a) current expenditures for public day schools, comprising administration, instruction, operation of school plant, maintenance of school plant, fixed charges, and other school services; ( b ) capital outlay; (c) interest; and ( d ) current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs, comprising summer schools, adult education, community colleges, and community services. Total expenditures for public elemen¬ tary and secondary education reached a level of Table 20. — Total revenue receipts of public elementary and secondary education, and percentage distribution, by source: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 Revenue receipts School year Total amounts (thousands) Total percent Percentage from— Federal State Inter¬ mediate (county, etc.) Local and other i l 2 3 4 5 6 7 1929-30 _ _ $2, 088, 557 100.0 0.4 16.9 10.4 72.3 1931-32 . . 2,068, 029 100.0 .4 19.8 8.8 71.0 1933-34 . . 1,810,652 100.0 1.2 23.4 9.3 66.1 1935-36. _ _ _ 1,971,402 100.0 .5 29.3 7.1 63.1 1937-38 _ _ 2, 222, 885 100.0 1.2 29.5 6.5 62.8 1939-40 _ _ 2, 260, 527 100.0 1.7 30.3 6.7 61.3 1941-42 . . 2,416,580 100.0 1.4 31.5 6.2 60.9 1943-44.. _ _ 2, 604, 322 100.0 1.4 33.0 5.6 60.0 1945-46 _ _ 3, 059, 845 100.0 1.4 34.7 6.0 57.9 1947-48 _ 4,311,534 100.0 2.8 38.9 5.3 53.0 1949-50 _ _ 5, 437, 044 100.0 2.9 39.8 6.0 51.3 1951-52 . . 6,423,816 100.0 3.5 38.6 6.0 51.8 1953-54 _ 7,866,852 100.0 4.5 37.4 3.1 55.0 1955-56 _ 9, 686,677 100.0 4.6 39.5 * 2. 2 *53.8 1957-58 _ 12,181,513 100.0 4.0 39.6 2.1 54.3 i Other receipts which include gifts, and tuition and transportation fees from patrons, accounted for 0.3 of 1 percent of total revenue receipts in 1957-58, * Revised since originally published. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, chapters on Statistics of State School Systems. almost $13.6 billion in 1957-58, a figure more than three times as large as expenditures 10 years earlier. Expenditures for instruction have always con¬ stituted a major portion of total disbursements, but they are now somewhat lower in relation to other expenditures than they were a decade ago. In 1957-58, instructional expenditures were 51 percent of the total, as compared with 60 percent 10 years earlier. The proportional decline in this area has been more than offset by the increasing expenditures for capital outlay during the same period. Capital outlay accounted for 21 percent of total expenditures in 1957-58, as compared with less than 10 percent in 1947-48. School construc¬ tion in 1947-48 had not recovered from the low level to which it had shrunk during World War II. Expenditures for interest have tended to rise somewhat in recent years in relation to other educational expenditures, as school indebtedness has increased. Interest payments accounted for somewhat less than 3 percent of total expenditures in 1957-58. Combined expenditures for summer schools, adult education, community colleges operated by public school systems, and community 20 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 21. — Summary of expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by purpose: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 Purpose 1929-30 1939-40 1947-48 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total expenditures, all schools . . Total current expenditures, all schools . Total current expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools . Administration . Instruction . . . Plant operation . . . Plant maintenance . Fixed charges . . . . Other school services i . . Current expenditures for summer schools,. . . Current expenditures for adult education 2 . Current expenditures for community colleges . Current expenditures for community services . Capital outlay . . . Interest. . . . . . . . AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS 2, 316, 790 2, 344, 049 4, 311, 176 5, 837, 643 7, 344, 237 9, 092,449 10, 955, 047 13, 569, 163 1, 853, 377 1, 955, 166 3, 822, 378 4, 722, 888 5, 752, 595 6, 883, 387 8, 352, 162 10, 374, 494 1, 843, 552 1, 941, 799 3, 794, 702 4, 687, 274 5, 722, 162 6, 790, 923 8, 251, 420 10, 251, 843 78, 680 1,317, 727 216, 072 78, 810 50, 270 101, 993 91, 571 1, 403, 285 194, 365 73, 321 50, 116 129, 141 169, 999 2, 571,539 356, 628 169, 536 190,311 336, 688 220, 050 3,112, 340 427, 587 214, 164 261, 469 451, 663 265, 636 3, 781, 837 508, 575 248, 674 341,601 575, 839 310, 995 4, 552, 349 622, 671 284, 871 446, 252 573, 785 372, 956 5, 501, 921 752, 739 319, 560 531, 393 772, 851 443, 325 6, 900, 899 924, 342 378, 127 715, 033 890,118 ( 9, 825 (2 3) (9 13, 367 <2) (9 (2> 27, 676 <2) (9 (2) 35,614 8 (2) 30, 432 (2) (9 1,690 42, 033 23, 363 25, 378 2, 853 30, 554 31, 468 35, 868 4, 554 36, 749 40, 492 40, 855 370, 878 92, 536 257, 974 130, 909 412, 467 76, 331 1, 014, 176 100, 578 1, 477, 332 114,310 2, 055,178 153, 884 2, 387, 187 215, 699 2, 852, 747 341, 922 Total expenditures, all schools. . . Total current expenditures, all schools . . . . . Total current expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools . . . . Administration . . . Instruction . . Plant operation . Plant maintenance . . . Fixed charges . . Other school services 1 . Current expenditures for summer schools . . Current expenditures for adult education 2. . . Current expenditures for community colleges . . . Current expenditures for community services _ _ Capital outlay . . Interest . . PERCENT DISTRIBUTION 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 80.0 83.4 88.7 80.9 78.3 75.7 76.2 76.5 79.6 82.8 88.0 80.3 77.9 74.7 75.3 75.6 3.4 56.9 9.3 3.4 2.2 4.4 3.9 59.9 8.3 3.1 2.1 5.5 3.9 59.6 8.3 3.9 4.4 7.8 3.8 53.3 7.3 3.7 4.5 7.7 3.6 51.5 6.9 3.4 4.7 7.8 3.4 50.1 6.8 3.1 4.9 6.3 3.4 50.2 6.9 2.9 4.9 7.1 3.3 50.9 6.8 2.8 5.3 6.6 (2) .4 (2) (0 <2) .6 (2) (9 (2) .6 (9 (9 (2) .6 (2) <9 (2) .4 (2) (9 (1) .5 .3 .3 (1> .3 .3 .3 0> .3 .3 .3 16.0 4.0 11.0 5.6 9.6 1.8 17.4 1.7 20.1 1.6 22.6 1.7 21.8 2.0 21.0 2.5 1 Prior to 1953-54, items included under "other school services" were listed under "auxiliary services,” a more comprehensive classification which also included com¬ munity services. K Prior to 1953-54 data shown for adult education represent combined expenditures for adult education, summer schools, and community colleges. 3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58. services have amounted to about 1 percent of all expenditures in recent years. Figure 2 shows the distribution of expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by purpose of expenditure, in 1957-58. Table 22 presents data biennally from 1929-30 to 1957-58 on the average annual salary per mem¬ ber of instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools, and on average annual earnings per full-time employee working for wages or salary in fall industries. Data are presented in unad¬ justed or current dollars, and also in stable dollars which have been adjusted to reflect changes in the cost of living through the years. The adjusted dollars are reported in terms of 1957-58 purchasing power. Except for the 1940’s, when teachers’ salaries lagged behind the wages paid in other occupations, the average salary per member of instructional staff during the past 30 years has been somewhat higher than the average earnings per full-time employee in all industries. In 1957-58, the differ¬ ential was approximately 10 percent. Teachers and other instructional staff members earned ap¬ proximately $4,700, whereas the average full-time worker received somewhat less than $4,300. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 195 7-58 21 Total Expenditures: $13,569,163,000 Figure 2. — Expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by purpose: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1957— 58 Note.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Fall Survey of Enrollment, Teachers, and Schoolhousing In 1954, the Office of Education inaugurated a series of fall surveys of public schools. This sur¬ vey makes possible the collection and dissemina¬ tion of certain items of significant information about public education within a few months after the beginning of the school year. In addition to providing current data on the number of pupils and the number of teachers in public schools, this survey is the primary source for statistics on schoolhousing and on teachers with substandard certificates. Most of the data are secured by the States from their school districts, but in some cases the States make estimates in order to meet the time schedule. Table 23 presents summary data on enrollment, teachers, and schoolhousing from the fall surveys of 1954 through 1957. It should be noted that fall enrollment figures are somewhat smaller than enrollment figures for the entire school year, since the latter are cumulative and include pupils en¬ rolled at any time during the school year, while the former relate to those pupils who are enrolled Table 22. — Average annual salary per member of instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools, and average annual earn¬ ings per full-time employee working for wages or salary in all industries, in unadjusted dollars and in stable dollars (1957-58 pur¬ chasing power): United States (48 States and D.C.), 1929-30 to 1957-58 School year Unadjusted dollars Stable dollars (1957-58 purchasing power) > Salary per member of instructional staff Earnings per full-time em¬ ployee working for wages or salary 2 Salary per member of instructional staff Earnings per full-time em¬ ployee working for wages or salary i 2 3 A 5 1929-30 _ $1,420 $1,386 $2, 371 $2,315 1931-32.. . . 1,417 1,198 2, 808 2,374 1933-34 _ _ 1,227 1,070 2, 650 2,311 1935-36 _ 1,283 1,160 2, 669 2,413 1937-38 _ 1,374 1,244 2, 744 2, 484 1939-40 _ 1,441 1,282 2, 948 2,623 1941-42 _ _ 1,507 1,576 2, 764 2,890 1943-44 _ 1,728 2,030 2, 837 3, 333 1945-46 _ 1,995 2,272 3, 128 3, 562 1947-48 . . 2, 639 2, 692 3,235 3,300 1949-50 . . 3,010 2, 930 3, 633 3, 537 1951-52 . . 3, 450 3, 322 3, 750 3,611 1953-54. . . 3, 825 3,628 4, 064 3, 855 1955-56 _ _ 4,156 3, 942 4,418 4, 190 1957-58 _ _ 4, 702 4,276 4, 702 4,276 Adjusted by use of Consumer Price Index, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 Calendar-year data from the U.S. Department of Commerce have been converted to a school-year basis by averaging the two appropriate calendar years in each case. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, chapters on Statistics of State School Systems; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics. Survey of Current Business, July 1960, U. S. Income and Output, and National Income, 1954 edition. at a particular time during the year. Direct comparisons between fall enrollment and school- year enrollment, as reported in other parts of this chapter, should therefore be avoided. During the 3-year period from 1954 to 1957, the number of classroom teachers increased at a slightly faster rate than the number of pupils, with the result that the average number of pupils enrolled per teacher decreased from 27.6 to 26.2. The number of teachers with substandard cer¬ tificates rose from 75,000 in 1954 to 92,000 in 1957. There were 1,178,000 instruction rooms available at the beginning of the 1957-58 school year, but the States reported that an additional 142,000 classrooms were needed to eliminate the shortage. Nearly 72,000 instruction rooms were completed during the year. 22 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 23. — Comparative statistics on enrollment, teachers, and schoolhousing in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), fall 1954 to fall 1957 Total enrollment . Elementary schools . . Secondary schools . . Percent of total enrollment in elementary schools. Percent of total enrollment in secondary schools... Percent of population aged 5-17 enrolled in school Item Fall 1954 Fall 1955 Fall 1956 Fall 1957 1 5 Enrollment 29,410,118 <9 (') (0 (Vo 30, 532, 166 22, 059, 688 8, 472, 478 72.3 27.7 81.0 31, 566, 000 22,114, 000 9, 452, 000 70.1 29.9 80.7 32, 788, 000 22, 751, 000 10, 037, 000 69.4 30.6 80.7 Pupils in Excess of Normal Capacity Total number of pupils enrolled in excess of normal capacity of accessible publicly owned school plants in use... Elementary schools . Secondary schools _ _ _ Percent of total excess enrollment in elementary schools _ _ _ _ _ Percent of total excess enrollment in secondary schools _ _ _ _ _ Pupils in excess of normal capacity as percent of total enrollment. . . . . . Elementary schools . . . . . Secondary schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 336, 068 (0 (0 0) 0) 7.9 2, 262, 434 1, 706, 735 555, 699 75.4 24.6 7.4 7.7 6.6 2. 295, 000 1,685, 000 610, 000 73.4 26.6 7.3 7.6 6.5 1, 943, 000 1, 333, 000 610, 000 68.6 31.4 5.9 5.9 6.1 CSassroom Teachers Total teachers, full-time and part-time . . Elementary schools . . . Secondary schools . . . . . Percent of total teachers in elementary schools. _ _ Percent of total teachers in secondary schools . 1, 066, 853 690, 457 376, 396 64.7 35.3 1, 135, 930 729, 194 406, 736 64.2 35.8 1, 193, 000 748, 000 445, 000 62.7 37.3 1,253, 448 781,980 471,468 62.4 37.6 Pupil-teacher ratio, all schools. Elementary schools _ Secondary schools . Pupil-Teacher Ratio 27.6 26.9 30.3 20.8 26.5 29.6 21.2 26.2 29.1 21.3 Teachers with Substandard Certificates Total full-time teachers with substandard certificates _ _ Elementary schools. . . . . Secondary schools . . . . . . . . Percent of teachers with substandard certificates in elementary schools. . . Percent of teachers with substandard certificates in secondary schools _ Teachers with substandard certificates as percent of total teachers . . Elementary schools _ _ _ Secondary schools. . . . Instruction Rooms Number of publicly owned instruction rooms at beginning of school year _ Number of instruction rooms completed during school year. . . Number of rooms abandoned for instructional purposes during school year _ Total number of additional instruction rooms needed for housing pupils enrolled To accommodate pupils in excess of normal capacity _ _ To replace unsatisfactory facilities _ _ Percent of additional instruction rooms needed: To accommodate pupils in excess of normal capacity _ To replace unsatisfactory facilities . . . . 74, 815 60, 520 14, 295 80.9 19.1 7.0 8.8 3.8 1954-55 77, 554 59, 453 18,101 76.7 23.3 6.8 8.2 4.5 1955-56 1, 038, 000 62, 766 14, 000 (') CO (0 (0 (0 89, 388 66, 205 23, 183 74.1 25.9 7.5 8.9 5.2 1956-57 1, 100, 000 68,318 15, 691 159, 000 80. 000 79, 000 50.3 49.7 91,538 69, 935 21,603 76.4 23.6 7.3 8.9 4.6 1957-58 1, 178, 367 71.600 17, 300 142, 300 64, 700 77. 600 45.5 54.5 1 Data not available. circulars on Enrollment, Teachers, and Schoolhousing in Full-Time Public Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Elementary and Secondary Day Schools. Beginning Teachers and Teacher Turn¬ over in Public Schools The Office of Education’s surveys of the begin¬ ning teacher and of teacher turnover, which were initiated in 1956-57 and 1957-58, respectively, were designed to determine some of the salient characteristics of public school teachers, their attitudes toward the profession, and the rate at which they are leaving the classroom to engage in other activities. Some of the findings from the two studies are shown in tables 24 and 25. The statistics in table 24 are based on a nationwide sample of beginning teachers, whereas the data in table 25 were received from a representative sample of school districts throughout the country. The typical age of the beginning public school teacher in 1956-57 was almost 24 years, and the median salary for the first year of teaching was $3,500. Four-fifths of the elementary school teachers were women, while almost three-fifths of the secondary teachers were men. More than three-fifths of the men were married, as compared with slightly over two-fifths of the women. The typical beginning teacher has earned a bachelor’s degree but has not received a master’s or other graduate degree. A problem of great concern to educators and to the general public is the large number of teach¬ ers who are leaving the profession. During the school year 1957-58, 3 percent of the teachers in STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 19 57-58 23 Table 24. — Selected characteristics of beginning teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1956-57 Item All teachers Men Women 1 2 3 4 Median age (in years) _ 23.7 25.9 22.8 Median salary: ' Total . . _ . $3, 500 $3, 675 $3, 400 Elementary . . . 3, 450 3, 600 3, 400 Secondary . . . . . . 3, 600 3, 700 3, 450 Median number of hours of school work performed per week: Total . . . . . . . 47.4 Elementary _ _ 46. 1 Secondary. _ 49.3 PERCENT AGE DISTRI IBUTIONS Teaching level: Total . . . 100 36 64 Elementary . . . 100 20 80 Secondary . . 100 58 42 Total . . 100 100 100 Elementary . . . . . 57 31 72 Secondary . . . . 43 69 28 Marital status: Total . . . . 100 100 100 Single _ _ _ 48 37 55 Married . . . . 50 63 42 Other i . . 2 1 3 Type of institution attended: Total . . . . 100 100 100 4-year teachers college. . . . . 36 42 32 Teacher preparation unit of a university _ 24 22 25 Other unit of a university _ _ _ 10 11 9 Liberal arts college _ _ 25 22 27 2-year college . 6 4 7 Educational attainment: Total . . . . 100 100 100 2 years of college or less . . . . 7 3 9 More than 2 and up to 4 years of college, no bachelor’s . . . . 9 6 10 Bachelor’s degree only . . . . 58 50 63 1 year or less beyond a bachelor's degree, no master's _ _ _ 16 23 12 More than 1 year beyond a bachelor’s degree, no master’s. . . . . 6 10 3 Master’s degree or more . . . . 5 8 3 i Includes widowed, divorced, and legally separated teachers. NOTE— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education Circular No. 644, The Beginning Teacher. public schools resigned their positions, and an additional 8 percent left the field during the summer of 1958. Approximately 12 percent of the women left the teaching profession during this 12-month period, as compared with 8 percent of the men. Additional information on teachers in elemen¬ tary and secondary schools may be found in tables 7 and 23 and in the accompanying text. Tables 22 and 32 contain data on the average salary per member of instructional staff in public schools. Table 25. — Number and percent of public ele¬ mentary and secondary school teachers leav¬ ing the profession: United States (48 States and D.C.), fall 1957 through summer 1958 Item Total Men Women 1 2 3 4 Average number of teachers employed, 1957-58 (in thousands) _ _ _ . 1,261 351 910 Teachers leaving the profession, fall 1957 through summer 1958: Number (in thousands) . . 137 29 108 Percent _ .. ..... _ _ _ 10.9 8.3 11.9 Teachers leaving the profession, fall 1957 through spring 1958: Number (in thousands) _ _ 37 7 31 Percent _ _ _ _ _ 3.0 1.9 3.4 Teachers leaving the profession, summer 1958: Number (in thousands) _ 100 22 77 Percent _ _ _ 7.9 6.3 8.5 NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals; percentages were cal' culated from unrounded data. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Circular No. 608, Teacher Turnover in the Public Schools 1957-68. Special Education for Exceptional Children The term “exceptional children” is used to describe those children whose physical, mental, or emotional attributes differ significantly from those of the average or so-called “normal” child. Among the groups of children who are included in this broad category are unusually bright or gifted children; the mentally retarded; the crippled (including those with cerebral palsy); those with special health problems, such as cardiac involve¬ ments, epilepsy, and other debilitating conditions; the blind and partially seeing; the deaf and hard- of-hearing; those with speech defects; and the socially and emotionally maladjusted. The needs of these groups are not usually identical with those of the average child. Many handicapped children can best be served by institutional and residential school programs. This may be due to the absence of local facilities, to individual prob¬ lems of social adaptability, or to the severity of handicaps. For many others, however, the most desirable form of education is in special schools or classes within the public school system. Chapter 5 of the Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, “Statistics of Special Edu¬ cation for Exceptional Children, 1957-58,” pre¬ sents data pertaining to special instructional pro¬ grams at the elementary and secondary level for exceptional children both in public day schools and in public and private residential schools. More than 882,000 exceptional children were en- 24 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 rolled in special programs in public day schools in February 1958 (table 26). A preponderance of the pupils enrolled were suffering from impaired speech or from mental retardation: 55 percent of the children had a speech impairment, and 25 percent were mentally retarded. Intellectually gifted pupils in special programs as reported by this survey constituted only about 6 percent of the total. Almost 86,500 exceptional children were enrolled in public and private residential schools (table 27). More than two-fifths of the pupils in residential schools were socially and emotionally maladjusted, while an additional one- third of them were mentally retarded. The remainder of the children were either deaf or blind. Table 26. — Enrollment in special education pro¬ grams for exceptional children in public elementary and secondary day schools, by area of exceptionality : United States (48 States and D.C.), February 1958 [NA=not available] Elemen¬ Secondary Not dis¬ Area of exceptionality Total tary schools tributed schools > by level l 2 3 4 5 Total _ _ _ _ 882, 202 556, 912 96, 323 228, 967 Blind . . . . 2, 876 2,316 495 65 Partially seeing . . . 8, 598 6, 459 1,916 223 Deaf _ 6, 473 4,914 883 676 Hard of hearing . 13,113 10, 400 2, 470 243 Speech impaired . . . 486, 944 443, 652 38, 974 4,318 Crippled _ 29, 339 23, 908 4,358 1,073 Special health problems _ 23, 077 16, 253 6, 655 169 Socially and emotionally maladjusted. 28, 260 18,417 7, 580 2, 263 Gifted _ _ _ _ 52, 269 19, 963 32, 159 147 Mentally retarded (upper range) 2 _ 201,433 NA NA 201,433 Mentally retarded (middle ranged _ 16, 779 NA NA 16, 779 Other * - - - - 13, 041 10, 630 833 1,578 ‘Includes kindergarten and nursery schools. 2 Includes pupils with IQ of approximately 50 to 75. ‘ Includes pupils with IQ of approximately 25 to 50. ‘Includes the following pupils reported in combined categories of exceptionality: blind and partially seeing, 119; deaf and hard of hearing, 1,993; speech impaired and hard of hearing, 4,493; crippled and special health problems, 4,686; special health problems and socially maladjusted, 22; mentally retarded, upper and middle range, 1,403; and multihandicapped, 325. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-68, Chapter 5, Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58. Federally Aided Vocational Education Federal aid to vocational education is designed to prepare persons for useful employment in agriculture, home economics, trades and industry, distributive occupations, and practical nursing. Enrollments in vocational education and expendi¬ tures for these activities have expanded steadily since the program's inception in 1917. Enroll- Table 27. — Enrollment in special education pro¬ grams in public and private residential schools for exceptional children, by area of excep¬ tionality: United States (48 States and D.C.), February 1958 ]NA=not available] Area of exceptionality Total Elemen¬ tary schools 1 Secondary schools 2 Not dis¬ tributed by level 1 2 3 4 5 Total . _ _ 86, 488 33, 297 21, 688 31, 503 Blind... . . . 6, 897 3 14,416 36, 968 28,207 5,112 11,011 17, 174 NA 1,651 2, 921 17,116 NA 134 484 2, 678 28,207 Deaf . . . . ... Socially and emotionally maladjusted. Mentally retarded _ _ 1 Includes kindergarten and nursery schools. 2 Includes vocational programs. 2 Excludes an estimated 1,600 pupils in 12 schools for which data are not available. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, chapter 5, Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58. ments in federally aided vocational classes of less than college grade numbered 3.6 million pupils in 1957-58 (tables 28 and 29). Federal allotments for these classes, provided by the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917, the George-Barden Act of 1946, and supplementary legislation, amounted to almost $39 million; in addition, State and local funds totaled $171 million (table 30). The Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational Education for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1958 , which was prepared by the Division of Vocational Education of the Office of Educa¬ tion, contains detailed enrollment and financial data, by State and by type of program, for these vocational classes. Selected State Data on Public School Systems In general, this “Statistical Summary" presents ! data on a national basis rather than State by State. Selected State statistics of general interest are given in tables 31 and 32. They demonstrate the wide differences which exist among the States in personal income, expenditures for public ele¬ mentary and secondary schools, and average annual salaries of instructional staff. For a more extensive coverage of school finance statistics by State, the reader is referred to “Statistics of State School Systems," which constitutes chapter 2 of the Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 25 Table 28. — Enrollment in federally aided vocational classes, by type of program: United States and outlying parts, 1917-18 to 1957-58 School year Total Type of program Agriculture Home economics Trades and industry Distributive occupations l 2 3 4 5 6 1917-18 . . . _ . . . 164, 186 15,453 30,799 117, 934 0 1919-20 . . . . . . . . . . 265,058 31,301 48, 938 184,819 0 1921-22 . . . . . 475,828 60,236 118, 708 296, 884 0 1923-24 . . . . . . . . . . 652, 594 85, 984 156, 767 409, 843 0 1925-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . 753,418 109, 528 177,205 466, 685 0 1927-28 . . . . . . . . . . . 858,456 144, 901 175, 944 537,611 0 1929-30 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 981, 882 188,311 174, 967 618,604 0 1931-32 . . . . . . . . . 1,077, 844 252, 199 265,495 560, 150 0 1933-34 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1,051,000 286, 150 297, 851 466, 999 0 1935-36. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1,255, 861 343,809 374,901 537, 151 0 1937-38 . . . . . . . . . 1,810,082 460,876 627,394 685, 804 36,008 1939-40 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2, 290, 741 584, 133 818, 766 758,409 129,433 1941-42 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2, 624, 786 605, 099 954,041 850, 597 215,049 1943-44 _ _ _ _ 2, 001,153 469, 959 806,605 543,080 181, 509 1945-46 _ _ _ _ 2,227,663 510,331 911,816 630, 844 174,672 1947-48 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2,836,121 640,791 1,139,766 762,628 292,936 1949-50 _ _ _ _ 3,364,613 764,975 1,430, 366 804,602 364,670 1951-52 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3, 165,988 746, 402 1,391,389 793,213 234, 984 1953-54 _ _ _ _ _ 3, 164, 851 737, 502 1,380, 147 826, 583 220,619 1955-56 _ _ _ 3,413,159 785, 599 1,486,816 883, 719 257,025 1957-58 _ _ _ _ 1 3,629, 339 775,892 1,559,822 983,644 282,558 > Includes enrollment of 27,423 in practical nursing. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational Education , fiscal year ended June 30, 1959. Table 29. — Enrollment in federally aided voca¬ tional classes, by type of program and type of class: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 Type of program All Evening Part-time Day classes classes classes classes 1 2 3 4 5 Total _ _ 3,629,339 1, 577,178 387,752 11, 664,409 Agriculture _ 775, 892 265,437 48,677 1 461,778 Home economics. . . . 1,559,822 577, 451 67,472 914,899 Trades and industry _ 983,644 520, 182 191,453 272,009 Distributive occupations . . 282, 558 202, 408 80, 150 0 Practical nursing . . . 27, 423 11,700 0 15,723 1 Includes enrollment in day-unit classes. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational Education, fiscal year ended June 30, 1959. One means of determining the effort a State is making to support its public school system is to compare total personal income with expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools. In 1957-58, expenditures for public schools amounted to 3.89 percent of personal income in the country as a whole, but they ranged from 2.56 percent in Table 30. — Expenditures of Federal, State, and local funds for vocational education: United States and outlying parts, 1917-18 to 1957-58 (In thousands of dollars] School year Total Federal State Local 1 2 3 4 5 1917-18 _ 3,039 832 1,025 1,182 1919-20 . . 8, 535 2,477 2, 670 3,388 1921-22 . . 14,813 3,850 4, 524 6,439 1923-24 . . . 18, 845 4,833 5, 175 8,838 1925-26 _ _ 23, 182 6, 549 6, 149 10, 484 1927-28 . . . . 25,716 6,821 7,029 11,865 1929-30 _ _ 29, 909 7, 404 8,233 14, 272 1931-32.... . . . . 33,402 8,415 9,036 15, 951 1933-34 . . 28, 188 6, 951 7,093 14, 144 1935-36 . . 33,428 9,749 8,606 15,073 1937-38 . . . . 44,995 17, 737 9,447 17,811 1939-40 . . . 55,081 20,004 11,737 23, 340 1941-42 . . . 59,023 20, 758 14, 045 24, 220 1943-44. . . . . 64, 299 19, 958 15,016 29,325 1945-46 _ 72,807 20,628 18, 538 33,641 1947-48 . . . . 103,339 26, 200 25,834 51,305 1949-50. . . . 128,717 26,623 40, 534 61,561 1951-52 . . 146, 466 25, 863 47,818 72, 784 1953-54 _ _ 151,289 25,419 54, 550 71,320 1955-56 . . . . 175,886 33, 180 61,821 80, 884 1957-58 . . . . 209,748 38,733 72,305 98,710 NOTE.— Because of rounding detail may not add to totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Digest of Annual Reports of State Boards for Vocational Education, fiscal year ended June 30, 1959. 26 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 31. — Personal income, 1957, related to total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools, by State: 1957-58 Personal income Expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools Region and State Total (in millions) Per capita Per child of school age (5-17) Total * (in thousands) As a percent of per¬ sonal income l 2 3 4 5 6 United States (48 States and D.C.) . $348, 724 $2, 052 $8, 683 $13, 569, 163 3. 89 North Atlantic . 111, 379 2,388 11, 039 3, 824, 564 3.43 Connecticut _ _ _ 6, 464 2,814 13, 121 199, 016 3. 08 Delaware . . 1,215 2, 839 12, 398 48, 798 4. 02 Maine... . .. _ 1,590 1,665 7,130 47, 046 2. 96 Maryland-. _ _ 6, 381 2, 203 9, 288 240, 590 3. 77 Massachusetts . 11,346 2, 308 11,091 316, 961 2. 79 New Hampshire . 1,071 1,856 8, 238 35, 586 3. 32 New Jersey _ _ 14, 205 2, 534 11,749 500, 428 3. 52 New York _ _ 41,190 2, 552 12,255 1,642, 112 3. 99 Pennsylvania . . . 23, 525 2, 167 9, 602 680, 574 2. 89 Rhode Island.. . . 1,694 2,019 9, 359 43, 446 2. 56 Vermont _ _ 628 1,644 6, 978 26, 720 4. 25 District of Columbia . 2, 070 2, 767 14, 276 43, 287 2. 09 Great Lakes and Plains . 106, 568 2, 155 9, 129 3, 992, 337 3. 75 Illinois . . . 23,941 2, 540 11,219 751,944 3. 14 Indiana . . 9,212 2, 051 8, 577 324, 859 3. 53 Iowa. _ _ 5,110 1,860 7, 802 224, 159 4. 39 Kansas . . . 3, 838 1,819 7, 897 176, 053 4. 59 Michigan . . . 16, 923 2, 241 9, 093 728, 844 4.31 Minnesota . . 6,173 1,862 7,678 315, 694 5.11 Missouri . . . 8,310 1,937 8, 888 274, 428 3. 30 Nebraska _ _ _ 2, 638 1,882 7,970 94, 359 3. 58 North Dakota _ _ 939 1,465 5, 556 47, 302 5. 04 Ohio _ _ 20, 906 2, 321 9, 792 707, 623 3. 38 South Dakota . 1,091 1,568 6, 306 52,331 4. 80 Wisconsin . . 7, 487 1,982 8,174 294, 740 3. 94 Southeast . . 53, 790 1, 446 5, 512 2, 163, 756 4. 02 Alabama . . . . 4, 206 1,306 4, 851 157, 454 3. 74 Arkansas _ 2, 060 1,133 4, 337 89, 528 4. 35 Florida. _ _ _ 7, 763 1,872 8, 320 304, 394 3. 92 Georgia.. . . 5, 432 1,418 5, 362 223, 075 4. 11 Kentucky . . . . 4, 203 1,425 5, 247 126, 269 3. 00 Louisiana.. . . 4, 884 1,548 5, 956 265, 058 5. 43 Mississippi _ _ 2,116 981 3, 463 98, 273 4.64 North Carolina . . 5, 976 1,330 4, 988 265, 885 4. 45 South Carolina _ _ 2,818 1,211 4, 126 129, 673 4. 60 Tennessee. . . 4, 864 1,405 5, 508 174, 399 3. 59 Virginia _ _ 6, 386 1,705 6, 751 221,027 3. 46 West Virginia _ _ 3,082 1,633 5, 837 108, 721 3. 53 West and South¬ west _ .. . 76, 937 2, 101 8,908 3, 588, 506 4.66 Arizona _ _ _ 2,010 1,884 7, 128 112, 721 5.61 California _ _ _ 35, 582 2,469 11,526 1, 670, 835 4. 70 Colorado _ _ 3, 367 1,953 8,418 145,812 4. 33 Idaho _ 1,072 1,659 6,197 46, 238 4.31 Montana _ 1,280 1,936 7,619 57, 629 4. 50 Nevada _ _ 646 2,514 10, 949 26, 834 4. 15 New Mexico _ _ 1,401 1,664 6,013 78, 225 5. 58 Oklahoma . . 3, 730 1,630 6,819 162, 663 4.36 Oregon . . . . 3, 400 1,947 8, 232 159, 541 4.69 Texas . . . 16, 556 1,813 7,130 724, 054 4. 37 Utah _ 1,461 1,739 6,270 82, 792 5. 67 Washington _ _ 5, 833 2,154 9, 566 283, 656 4.86 Wyoming . . . 650 2, 000 8, 025 37, 505 5.77 Outlying parts of the United States Alaska _ _ _ 537 2, 408 12, 786 18, 899 3. 52 Hawaii _ _ _ _ 1,098 1,954 7,176 36, 128 3.29 1 Includes current expenditures, capital outlay, and interest. NOTE.— Detail will not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in theUnited States, 1966-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Business Economics, Survey of Current Business, August 1960. Table 32. — Expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance, and average annual salary of total instructional staff in public elemen¬ tary and secondary schools, by State: 1957-58 Expenditure per pupil Average annual Region and State Total Current i Capital outlay Interest salary of instruc¬ tional staff* 1 2 3 4 5 6 United States (48 States and D.C.) . $448.62 $341.14 * $95.98 $11.50 $4,702 North Atlantic Connecticut... . . 515. 39 393. 90 106. 87 14. 62 5, 382 Delaware _ _ 754. 48 446. 43 295. 50 12.55 5,602 Maine _ _ _ 277. 73 251.48 3 23. 58 2. 67 3,190 Maryland _ _ 497. 57 346. 70 133. 99 16. 88 4, 989 Massachusetts 428. 95 368. 05 60. 90 4, 782 3, 967 New Hampshire _ 404. 02 316.45 80. 20 7. 37 New Jersey _ 593. 02 443. 29 133. 03 16. 70 4 5, 119 New York _ 717.48 506. 78 187. 89 22.81 6, 071 Pennsylvania _ 402. 62 369. 07 3 18.34 *15.21 « 4, 840 Rhode Island 400. 73 375. 05 25. 68 4, 935 3, 691 Vermont _ 431. 57 333. 57 91. 12 6. 88 District of Columbia _ 441. 13 399. 95 41. 18 5, 992 * 5, 132 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois . . 530. 07 385. 52 128. 92 15. 63 Indiana _ _ 415. 36 339. 11 3 70. 43 « 5. 82 4, 836 Iowa. _ _ 441.05 340. 65 92. 82 7. 58 «3,482 Kansas _ _ 438. 00 330. 09 97.69 » 10. 22 4,145 Michigan . . 522. 74 373.43 136. 36 12.95 5,319 Minnesota _ 536. 27 374. 79 144. 43 17. 05 4,655 Missouri _ _ 416. 40 317. 48 89.31 9.61 4,129 Nebraska _ 383. 09 308. 92 64.22 9. 95 3,404 North Dakota . . 400. 29 323. 81 69. 82 6.66 3 3, 365 Ohio . . 444. 08 331.20 99. 36 13. 52 4,845 South Dakota . 405. 25 330. 99 68. 52 5. 74 3, 238 Wisconsin _ 481.24 361.41 3 112. 18 *7. 65 4,454 Southeast Alabama. 234. 78 202. 98 30. 32 1.48 3,489 Arkansas _ 246. 10 205. 24 34. 90 5. 96 3, 174 Florida . . . 406. 46 306. 54 90. 72 9. 20 4, 971 Georgia . . . . 285. 64 247. 00 s 28. 19 « 10.45 3, 692 Kentucky _ _ _ 230. 22 213.81 3 9. 20 5 7.21 * 3, 102 Louisiana _ 465. 00 357. 30 94.12 13. 58 4, 654 Mississippi _ 208. 61 174.21 33. 19 1.21 2, 698 North Carolina . . 278.01 218.61 53. 97 5. 43 3, 862 South Carolina _ 257. 68 211.38 38.94 7. 36 3, 209 Tennessee __ . 250. 03 210. 64 37.76 1.63 *3,471 Virginia.. _ 311.05 244. 47 61.35 5. 23 » 3, 829 West Virginia . . 258. 06 231. 56 24.17 2. 33 3, 634 West and Southwest Arizona . . . 517.11 370. 25 134. 08 12. 78 5,193 California . 558. 46 « 390. 92 150. 52 17.02 6,010 Colorado _ _ 473. 27 345. 68 112. 67 14. 92 4,457 Idaho.. 334. 30 269. 54 56.69 8. 07 4,021 Montana _ _ 463. 40 383. 29 74. 24 5. 87 «»3, 875 Nevada... . . 556. 08 390. 26 148. 56 17. 26 5, C80 New Mexico . . 433. 31 341. 90 86.08 5. 33 5, 039 Oklahoma... . . 352. 40 282. 01 65. 63 4. 76 4,196 Oregon . . . 506. 41 403. 67 93.08 9. 66 5, 028 Texas _ 426. 21 322. 72 91.08 12.41 4, 527 Utah _ 420. 71 291.40 123. 19 6. 12 4, 732 Washington _ _ _ 528. 17 381.33 136. 18 10. 66 5, 199 Wyoming . . . 586. 26 415. 92 160. 03 10.31 4, 302 Outlying parts of the United States Alaska _ 602. 54 524. 17 68. 44 9. 93 6, 546 Canal Zone _ 326. 75 293. 58 33. 17 5, 682 3, 788 4, 522 Guam _ 416.91 202. 35 214. 56 Hawaii. _ 295. 48 271. 53 17.82 6. 13 Puerto Rico ... 114. 52 109. 13 5. 39 2, 192 3,157 Virgin Islands _ _ . 408. 81 196. 55 212. 26 1 Excludes expenditures not allocable to pupil costs. 3 Includes supervisors, principals, teachers, and other instructional staff. FOOTNOTES CONTINUED ON PAGE 27 STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 27 one State to 5.77 percent in another (table 31). Some of the States which are making the greatest effort to improve their educational systems are States in which the personal income per capita is relatively low. The total expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in the United States in 1957-58 amounted to $449. This figure includes current expenditures, capital outlay, and interest pay¬ ments. Expenditure per pupil ranged from $209 in one State to $754 in another. Thus, expend¬ iture per pupil in the highest ranking State was more than three and one-half times as large as that in the lowest State. The average annual salary per member of instructional staff ranged from $2,698 to $6,071, a difference of 125 percent between the lowest and highest States (table 32). Current Expenditures in City School Systems Table 33 presents data from the 1957-58 cir¬ cular on Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Public School Systems, which contains statistics on per- pupil expenditures in certain cities with a popula¬ tion of 2,500 persons or more. It provides infor¬ mation on the high, low, and median expenditures in city school systems, by region and by size of city. Expenditures for public education vary greatly within city-size groups and within the same region. In general, however, it appears that expenditures per pupil are highest in the larger cities and in the North Atlantic region, and that they are lowest in the smaller cities and in the Southeast. Higher General Trends Table 34 presents in concise form a picture of the growth of institutions of higher education in the United States from 1869-70 to 1957-58. The number of faculty members increased from fewer than 6,000 in 1869-70 to almost 345,000 in the first term of the 1957-58 academic year; resident Table 33. — Average annual current expenditure and range of expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in 483 urban school systems, by region and by size of city: 1957-58 Region Expenditure by size of city North Atlantic 1 Great Lakes and Plains* * South¬ east 3 West and Southwest4 l 2 3 4 5 Group 1 cities (100,000 population or more) : 26 •15 21 Number of city school systems... » 29 Expenditure: High. . $495 $423 $402 $425 Median . . $390 $349 $275 $329 Low - - $285 $239 $193 $232 Group II cities (25,000 to 99,999 population): Number of city school systems... 25 42 19 23 Expenditure: High _ $565 $445 $313 $476 Median - - $382 $312 $214 $299 Low - $247 $259 $159 $198 Group III cities (10,000 to 24,999 population): 43 36 37 Number of city school systems.. . 48 Expenditure: High _ $536 $586 $359 $394 Median _ $339 $293 $183 $307 Low _ _ _ $236 $225 $133 $201 Group IV cities (2,500 to 9,999 population) : 31 37 21 30 Number of city school systems. .. Expenditure: High _ $479 $486 $372 $471 Median $339 $308 $196 $303 Low . . $247 $232 $136 $213 i Includes Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massa¬ chusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. 2 Includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. s includes Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. * Includes Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. » Includes the county-unit systems in Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties in Maryland. « Includes the county-unit systems in Dade, Duval, and Hillsborough Counties in Florida, and Arlington County in Virginia. NOTE.— All population data are based on United States Census of 1950. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Circular No. 595, Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Public School Systems: Urban School Systems, 1957-58. Education college enrollment grew from 52,000 to 3,284,000 in 1957-58; and the number of bachelor’s and first professional degrees conferred rose from 9,000 to 363,000 in 1957-58. There have also been vast increases in the income, expenditures, and value of property and endowment funds of insti¬ tutions of higher education since 1889-90, the TABLE 32-FOOTNOTES CONTINUED a Excludes expenditures by State and local schoolbuilding authorities and other nonschool agencies. * Includes clerks. * Partly estimated. « Includes instructional staff in other than regular elementary and secondary day schools 1 1ncludes administrators. > Estimated. # Includes attendance personnel. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1966-58, Chapter 2, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58. 28 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 34. — Historical summary of faculty, students, degrees, and finances, institutions of higher education: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 Item 1869-70 1879-80 1889-90 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Faculty 1 Total _ _ _ _ 2 5, 553 2 11, 522 2 15, 809 23, 868 36, 480 48, 615 82, 386 146, 929 246, 722 3 265,911 3 298, 910 * 344, 525 Men... . . . . 2 4, 887 2 7, 328 2 12, 704 19, 151 29, 132 35, 807 60,017 106, 328 186, 189 3 204, 871 3 230, 342 8 267, 482 Women . . 2 666 2 4, 194 2 3, 105 4,717 7, 348 12, 808 22, 369 40, 601 60, 533 3 61, 040 3 68, 568 8 77, 043 Resident college enrollment 5 Total . . 2 52, 286 2 115,817 156, 756 237, 592 355,213 597, 880 1, 100, 737 1, 494, 203 2, 659, 021 2, 514, 712 22, 996, 000 3, 283, 917 Men _ _ . 2 41,160 2 77, 972 2100, 453 152, 254 2 214, 648 314, 938 619, 935 893, 250 1, 853, 068 1, 613, 466 21,965, 000 2, 172, 752 Women . . 2 11, 126 2 37, 845 2 56,303 85, 338 2140, 565 282, 942 480, 802 600, 953 805, 953 901, 246 21,031,000 1,111,165 Earned degrees conferred 6 Bachelor’s and first professional: Total . . . 9, 371 12, 896 15, 539 27, 410 37, 199 48, 622 122, 484 186, 500 432, 058 290, 825 308, 812 362, 554 Men . . . . 7, 993 10,411 12, 857 22, 173 28, 762 31,980 73,615 109, 546 328, 841 186, 528 198, 233 240, 990 Women . 1,378 2, 485 2, 682 5, 237 8, 437 16, 642 48, 869 76, 954 103,217 104, 297 110, 579 121, 564 Second level (master's except first professional): Total . - 0 879 1, 015 1,583 2,113 4, 279 14, 969 26, 731 58, 183 56, 788 59, 258 65, 487 Men . . 0 868 821 1,280 1,555 2, 985 8, 925 16, 508 41,220 38, 122 39, 376 44, 151 Women . 0 11 194 303 558 1,294 6, 044 10, 223 16, 963 18, 666 19, 882 21, 336 Doctor's: Total . . 1 54 149 8 382 443 615 2, 299 3, 290 6, 633 8, 995 8, 903 8, 938 Men . . . 1 51 147 «359 399 522 1,946 2, 861 5, 990 8,180 8,018 7, 974 Women . 0 3 2 8 23 44 93 353 429 643 815 885 964 Finances (In thousands of dollars) Educational and general income _ C) (9 8$21, 464 s $35, 084 8 $76, 053 $172, 929 $483, 065 $571, 288 $1, 833, 845 $2, 338, 569 $2, 859, 269 $3, 732, 512 Educational and general expendi¬ tures _ _ C) (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 377, 903 521, 990 1, 706, 444 2, 271, 296 2, 766, 367 3, 604, 414 Value of physical property 9 . C) (9 95, 426 253, 599 460, 532 741, 333 1, 925, 095 2, 753, 780 5, 272, 590 7, 995, 295 9, 440, 780 12, 078, 427 Endowment and other nonexpend- ablefunds. . . . . . (9 (9 78, 788 194, 998 323, 661 569, 071 1, 512, 023 1, 764, 604 2, 644, 323 3, 310, 227 3, 835, 766 4, 808, 244 i Total number of different individuals (not reduced to full-time equivalent). * Estimated. * Data for November. * Data for first term of the 1957-58 academic year. 8 Regular session (academic year), September to June, excluding duplicates regis¬ tered as both graduate and undergraduate. 8 Data on degrees conferred by teacher-education institutions not collected prior to 1919-20. i Data not available. 8 Total current income. 9 Including unexpended plant funds. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, chapters on Statistics of Higher Education. earliest year for which financial statistics of higher education are available. Some indication of the magnitude of the increase in the proportion of college-age persons who are attending college at the present time as compared with earlier years may be obtained from table 35. This table compares enrollment in institutions of higher education with population aged 18-21 and 18-24 from 1869-70 to 1957-58. During this period enrollment per 100 persons 18 to 21 years of age increased from 2 to 37, and enrollment per 100 persons 18 to 24 years old grew from 1 to 21. While 18-21 is the usual or typical age when young people are enrolled in college, it is now generally recognized that many college students are outside this age group. This is especially true in the case of graduate students and of students who enter college after serving in the Armed Forces. The reader is cautioned, therefore, against the unwarranted assumption that all undergraduates are between the ages of 18 and 21, or that all college students are between the ages of 18 and 24. The figures in columns 8-11 of table 35 are ratios rather than percentages. Students and Degrees In 1957-58, the Office of Education obtained data on the number of students enrolled during the first term of the school year and also on total enrollment during the entire academic year. Academic-year enrollment is higher than first- term enrollment because it also includes students STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 19 57-58 29 Table 35. — Resident degree-credit enrollment in institutions of higher education related to total population and to age groups 18-21 and 18-24: United States (48 States and D.C.), 1869-70 to 1957-58 Academic year Population * Resident degree-credit enrollment Ratios Total J Ages 18-213 Ages 18-24 3 Total Undergrad- graduate Graduate Total resid< Total popu¬ lation ;nt degree-crei to 100 of— Population 18-21 Jit students Population 18-24 Undergrad¬ uate resident degree- credit students to 100 of popu¬ lation 18-21 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 1869-70 _ 39, 818, 449 3,116, 000 4, 574, 000 52, 286 0) (O 0. 13 1.68 1. 14 (0 1879-80 _ 50, 155, 783 4, 253, 000 7, 092, 000 115,817 0) 0) .23 2.72 1.63 (4) 1889-90 _ _ _ 62,947,714 5, 160, 000 8, 820, 000 156, 756 154, 374 2, 382 .25 3. 04 1.78 2. 99 1899-1900 _ _ _ _ _ 75, 994, 575 5, 931, 000 10, 357, 000 237, 592 231, 761 5, 831 .31 4.01 2.29 3.91 1909-10 _ _ _ 90, 492, 000 6, 934, 000 12, 300, 000 355,213 346, 060 9,153 .39 5. 12 2. 89 4. 99 1919-20 _ 104,512,000 7, 386, 000 12, 830, 000 597, 880 582, 268 15,612 .57 8. 09 4. 66 7.88 1929-30 _ _ _ 121,770, 000 8, 862, 000 15, 280, 000 1, 100, 737 1, 053, 482 47, 255 .90 12. 42 7. 20 11.89 1939-40 _ 131,028, 000 9, 582, 000 16, 458, 000 1, 494, 203 1, 388, 456 105, 748 1.14 15. 59 9. 08 14. 49 1941-42 _ _ 133, 402,000 9, 703, 000 16,715, 000 1,403, 990 s 1,318, 547 5 85, 443 1.05 14.47 8. 40 13. 59 1943-44 _ _ _ 136, 739, 000 9, 706, 000 16,914, 000 1,155, 272 5 1,096, 041 5 59,231 .84 11.90 6. 83 11.29 1945-46 _ _ _ 139, 928, 000 9, 557, 000 16, 790, 000 1,676, 851 1, 555, 599 121,252 1.20 17. 55 9. 99 16.28 1947-48 _ 144, 126, 000 9, 276, 000 16,419, 000 2,616, 262 2, 441, 830 174, 432 1.82 28.20 15. 93 26. 32 1949-50 _ _ 149, 188, 000 8, 990, 000 16, 120, 000 2, 659, 021 2, 421,813 237, 208 1.78 29. 58 16. 50 26. 94 1951-52 _ _ 154, 360, 000 8, 763, 000 15, 754,000 2, 301, 884 2, 068, 557 233, 327 1.49 26. 27 14.61 23.61 1953-54 . . . . 159, 636, 000 8, 487, 000 15,320, 000 2,514,712 2,237,713 276, 999 1.58 29. 63 16.41 26. 37 1955-56 _ _ _ 165, 270, 000 8, 577, 000 15,117, 000 « 2, 996, 000 5 2,712, 000 5 284, 000 1.81 34. 93 19. 82 31.62 1957-58 _ 171, 198, 000 8, 935, 000 15, 318, 000 3,283,917 2, 939, 270 344, 647 1.92 36. 75 21.44 32.90 i Population data exclude Armed Forces overseas for the years 1869-70 through 1929-30. Figures for 1939-40 and later years have been revised from those previously published to include Armed Forces overseas, and also to reflect recent population estimates by the Bureau of the Census. i Data are actual census counts as of June 1 from 1870 to 1900, inclusive; for later years they are estimates by the Bureau of the Census as of July 1 preceding the fall term of each school year. 3 Data for 1869-70 through 1939-40 are estimates by the Office of Education from figures for broad age-groups supplied by the Bureau of the Census. Data for later years are compiled from population^estimates by the Bureau of the Census for single years of age. * Data not available, s Distribution by level estimated, e Estimated on the basis of fall enrollment Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and^WelfareJOffice of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, Chapter 4, Section I, Statistics of Higher Education: Faculty, Students, and^Degrees, 1957-58J who enroll in institutions of higher education during the second semester or during the second and third quarters. In the first term of 1957-58, there were 2,900,000 resident degree-credit stu¬ dents enrolled in institutions of higher education, as compared with 3,284,000 during the entire academic year (tables 36 and 37). The term “degree-credit students” refers to those students whose current program in an institution of higher education consists wholly or principally of work which is creditable toward a bachelor’s or higher degree, either in the student’s own institution or by transfer to another institution. The Office of Education defines a resident student as “one who takes his college work on the main campus or on a branch campus, either in the day or evening, under the instructional staff of the institution. The student’s living quarters (whether on campus or off) and his legal domicile (whether in-State or out-of-State) are irrelevant.” Fifty-seven percent of the resident students in 1957-58 were enrolled in publicly controlled institutions, and 43 percent were in private colleges and universities. In addition to the data on resident students, tables 36 and 37 also contain statistics on the enrollment of extension students, veterans, and subcollegiate students, as well as students enrolled in corre¬ spondence courses, short courses, individual les¬ sons, and summer sessions. Institutions of higher education in the 48 States and the District of Columbia conferred 363,000 bachelor’s and first-professional degrees, 65,000 second-level degrees, and 9,000 doctorates during the academic year 1957-58. The total number of earned degrees conferred was approximately 16 percent higher than in 1955-56. Women received 34 percent of the bachelor’s degrees, 33 percent of the second-level degrees, and 11 percent of the doctorates in 1957-58. Privately controlled in¬ stitutions conferred 46 percent of the bachelor’s, 42 percent of the second-level, and 48 percent of the doctor’s degrees (table 37). The number of degrees conferred in the United States and its outlying parts in 1957-58 is shown 30 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF Table 36. — Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), first term 1957-58 and summer sessions of 1957 Item Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled l 2 3 4 First term 1957-58 Resident students _ _ _ 3, 189, 065 1,831,354 1,357,711 Degree-credit _ 2, 899, 565 1,621,400 1,278,165 Undergraduate4 _ . . . 2,621,919 1,482, 085 1,139,834 Full-time _ 2,010,358 611,561 1,164,218 317,867 846, 140 293, 694 Part-time . . . . . Graduate* . __ Nondegree-credit . 277,646 139,315 138, 331 289,500 209, 954 79, 546 Terminal occupational _ _ 146, 305 143, 195 105,417 104, 537 40,888 38,658 Adult education _ _ Special and unclassified * _ 190, 567 86,815 103, 752 Extension students... . . 372, 985 324, 264 48,721 Degree-credit _ 236, 762 136, 223 207, 249 117,015 29, 513 19, 208 Nondegree-credit _ Veterans enrolled under Public Law 550: < First-time students _ 72, 552 425,517 45,189 257, 584 27, 363 167, 933 Total enrollment _ Other enrollments: Courses by mail _ _ 191,685 107, 342 84, 343 Degree-credit . . 98,047 93, 638 90, 114 17, 228 7,933 76,410 Nondegree-credit . . Courses by TV or radio (degree-credit) Short courses... . 5,236 4,214 1,022 188,058 172, 634 15, 424 Individual lessons... . 25, 777 3,215 22, 562 Summer sessions 1957, degree-credit courses Main session _ 790, 033 438, 492 291,541 All sessions » . . 1,170,487 732, 808 437,679 1 Includes all resident degree-credit students (first-time, full- or part-time, regular or special and unclassified) who are taking work principally or wholly at the under¬ graduate level in liberal arts and sciences or are studying for the first professional degree. 2 Includes students taking work beyond the bachelor's degree in liberal arts and sciences or beyond the first professional degree. 3 Resident students taking degree-credit work, but not enrolled for a certificate, diploma, or degree. Included in resident degree-credit figures. 4 Veteran students, resident or extension, drawing benefits under Public Law 550 who are enrolled in degree-credit courses. Included in resident and extension degree- credit figures. 5 Includes some duplication, since some students were enrolled in more than one session. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Circular No. 593, Resident, Extension, and Other Enrollments in Institutions of Higher Education, FirstTerm, 1957-58 ; and unpublished data available in the Office of Education. in table 38, by level, by field of study, and by sex of recipient. More bachelor's and first-profes¬ sional degrees were conferred in education, busi¬ ness and commerce, and engineering than in any other field. The degrees conferred in these fields were 83,000, 51,000, and 35,000, respectively. The leading fields in terms of the number of EDUCATION, 1956-58 second-level degrees conferred were as follows: education, 31,000; engineering, 5,800; and busi¬ ness and commerce, 4,000. The fields in which the most doctoral degrees were conferred were: education, 1,600; chemistry, 900; and engineering, 600. In its survey of Earned Degrees Conferred by Higher Educational Institutions , the Office of Education excludes from the education category the degrees of those graduates who have prepared to teach academic subjects at the secondary school level. These degrees are included in the academic fields which the students have em¬ phasized; e.g., English, mathematics, and social sciences. Table 37. — Enrollment and degrees in institu¬ tions of higher education, by control of institution: United States (48 States and D.C.), academic year 1957-58 Item Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled l 2 3 4 Enrollment Resident degree-credit students . 3, 283, 917 1, 876, 898 1, 407, 019 Undergraduate _ 2, 939,270 1, 695, 633 1, 243, 637 Men . . . 1,930, 377 1, 008, 893 1, 117,068 578, 565 813, 309 430, 328 Women _ Graduate _ _ _ _ 344, 647 181,265 163, 382 Men _ _ _ 242, 375 102, 272 122, 320 58, 945 120, 055 43, 327 Women _ _ _ First-time students 1 _ 843, 142 512, 960 330, 182 Men _ ... . ... _. .. 523, 523 319,619 323, 340 189, 620 200, 183 129, 999 Women _ Extension students _ _ 522, 768 438, 217 84, 551 Degree-credit _ 333,414 189, 354 288, 344 149, 873 45, 070 39, 481 Nondegree-credit _ Subcollegiate students 2. _ _ 104, 962 66, 668 38, 294 Boys _ _ _ _ 56, 898 48, 064 33, 793 32, 875 23, 105 15, 189 Girls _ _ _ _ _ Earned degrees conferred Bachelor's and first professional _ .. 362, 554 196, 087 166, 467 Men... .... ... .. ... ._ _ 240, 990 121,564 128, 035 68, 052 112, 955 53,512 Women. _ _ _ Master’s and second professional. . _ .. 65, 437 37, 380 27, 607 Men _ _ 44, 151 21,336 25, 647 12, 233 18, 504 9, 103 Women... _ _ ... Doctor’s _ 8, 933 4, 610 4, 328 Men _ _ . _ ... .. 7, 974 964 4, 169 441 3, 805 523 Women _ _ . _ 1 Resident students enrolled for the first time in any college. Included in the number of resident undergraduate degree-credit students. 2 Enrollment in nursery, elementary, and secondary schools operated and controlled by institutions of higher education. Sources: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-68, Chapter 4, Section I, Statistics of Higher Education: Faculty, Students, and Degrees, 1957-58; and unpublished data available in the Office of Education. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 31 Table 38. — Earned degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 Bachelor's and first-professional degrees * Second-level degrees (master’s except first-professional)1 Doctorates * Field of study Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring degree Total Men Women Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring degree Total Men Women Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring degree Total Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All Helds . . . . . 1, 361 365, 748 242, 948 122, 800 569 65, 614 44, 252 21,362 175 8,942 7,978 964 AGRICULTURE . . . . . . . . 117 5, 525 5,434 91 56 949 937 12 27 309 303 6 Agronomy, field crops. ___ _ _ _ 59 624 621 3 45 219 217 2 19 77 77 0 Animal husbandry... 69 1,306 1,273 33 44 207 205 2 17 64 64 0 Dairy husbandry. 34 253 243 10 23 70 68 2 8 25 25 0 Dairy manufacturing, dairy technology _ 30 207 204 3 14 44 44 0 6 10 10 0 Farm management (excluding agricultural economics) _ 7 80 80 0 1 6 6 0 1 1 1 0 Food technology _ _ _ 11 92 90 2 9 22 22 0 5 18 17 1 Horticulture (fruit and vegetable production') _ . 49 312 304 8 33 109 105 4 14 36 34 2 Ornamental horticulture (floriculture, nursery manage- ment, landscape gardening) _ 25 181 171 10 4 11 10 1 0 0 0 0 Poultry husbandry _ _ _ 32 131 129 2 25 48 48 0 8 21 20 1 Soils (soil science, soil management, soil conservation)... 22 140 140 0 15 69 69 0 9 36 34 2 Agriculture, other specific major fields. . . 33 519 516 3 9 66 65 1 6 11 11 0 Agriculture, general _ _ _ 83 1,527 1,512 15 10 64 64 0 1 10 10 0 Agriculture— not further classified _ . 10 153 151 2 3 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 ARCHITECTURE (excluding architectual engineering) _ 65 1,612 1,536 76 28 231 216 15 5 5 5 0 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES * _ _ _ _ _ 875 14,408 11,226 3,182 190 1,852 1,448 404 99 1, 125 987 138 Premedical, predental, and preveterinary sciences 292 3, 962 3,728 234 7 25 18 7 1 2 2 0 Biology, general _ 740 6,812 4,759 2, 053 100 470 321 149 30 130 103 27 Botany, general _ _ _ 102 308 210 98 58 160 128 32 36 114 103 11 Zoology, general . . . . . 140 1,980 1,521 459 72 310 241 69 42 160 137 23 Anatomv and histology . 4 59 55 4 21 40 33 7 20 35 24 11 Bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology _ _ 75 515 262 253 74 249 184 65 47 160 137 23 Biochemistry _ _. . 18 150 127 23 53 156 115 41 46 149 132 17 Biophysics _ _ 5 9 9 0 7 10 10 0 9 15 14 1 Entomology _ 31 88 84 4 32 108 107 1 17 83 81 2 Genetics (including experimental plant and animal breeding) _ _ Optometry (preprofessional bachelor’s degree) . . 5 9 13 261 12 259 1 2 10 38 37 1 14 53 49 4 Pathology (except plant pathology). _ 0 0 0 0 10 18 17 1 7 16 14 2 Pharmacology (excluding pharmacy) _ _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 13 25 20 5 23 38 36 2 Physiology (except plant physiology)... . . 13 78 44 34 40 85 70 15 32 73 63 10 Plant pathology _ 9 17 15 2 26 67 64 3 14 45 42 3 Plant physiology _ 1 9 9 0 5 9 7 2 7 14 14 0 Biological sciences, all other _ _ _ 19 147 132 15 21 82 76 6 12 38 36 2 BUSINESS AND COMMERCF 684 51, 254 47, 286 3, S68 135 4, 041 3,896 145 23 109 104 5 Accounting _ 321 10, 848 10,411 437 56 474 452 22 5 17 16 1 Hotel and restaurant administration _ 13 375 355 20 3 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 Secretarial studies _ 226 1,283 47 1,236 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 0 Business and commerce, other specific major fields 249 19, 734 18, 669 1,065 75 1,928 1,863 65 10 46 44 2 Business and commerce, general 526 18,271 17, 139 1,132 64 1,342 1,296 46 10 36 35 1 Business and commerce— not further classified. _ 14 743 665 78 12 284 273 11 2 8 7 1 EDUCATION . 948 82, 892 25, 631 57, 261 404 31,112 16, 479 14, 633 94 1, 638 1,297 341 Specialized teaching fields _ _ 794 34, 154 18, 947 15, 207 231 6, 476 3, 926 2, 550 38 390 297 93 Physical education (separate curriculum; or com¬ bined curriculum with health education or recrea- „ ti°n) . 556 10, 607 7, 707 2, 900 127 1, 567 1, 196 371 17 88 59 29 Health education (separate curriculum) . 34 116 49 67 14 95 49 46 2 14 12 2 Recreation (separate curriculum) . 57 411 259 152 14 88 57 31 1 13 11 2 Education of exceptional children (all areas except education of mentally retarded and speech cor¬ rection). . . . . . . 28 203 46 157 31 300 85 215 2 5 2 3 Education of mentally retarded . . . 25 184 48 136 9 84 31 53 3 7 6 1 Speech correction _ _ _ 77 570 113 457 30 165 72 93 8 22 19 3 Agricultural education . . . 76 1,543 1, 542 1 48 376 373 3 6 13 13 0 Art education _ _ _ _ __ 245 1,645 571 1,074 46 286 142 144 3 5 4 1 Business education, commercial education 385 5, 154 1,945 3, 209 87 618 306 312 6 13 11 2 Distributive education (retail selling)... . . 16 85 60 25 8 58 48 10 1 1 1 0 Home economics education _ _ 274 3, 571 2 3, 569 63 358 6 352 7 14 1 13 Industrial arts education (nonvocational) . 172 3, 338 3, 299 39 59 484 480 4 5 20 19 1 Music education.. . . . . . 541 4, 753 2,200 2, 553 120 1,028 675 353 10 41 34 7 Trade and industrial education (vocational). __ _ 62 807 786 21 28 206 182 24 5 16 16 0 Specialized teaching fields, all other . 82 1,167 320 847 33 763 224 539 9 118 89 29 See footnotes at end of table. 32 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 38. — Earned degrees conferred by institutions of higher education, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: United States and outlying parts, 1957-58 — Continued Field of study Bachelor’s and first-professional degrees i Second-level degrees (master's except first-professional) 2 Doctorates * Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring degree Total Men Women Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring degree Total Men Women Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring degree Total Men Women l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 EDUCATION— Continued General teaching fields _ ... _ _ 800 47, 605 6, 320 41,285 241 9,164 3, 106 6, 058 30 177 118 59 Nursery and/or kindergarten education _ _ _ . 31 529 1 528 3 16 0 16 2 3 0 3 Early childhood education (through primary grades).. 101 2, 985 7 2, 978 18 274 1 273 1 7 0 7 Elementary education. ... _ 785 42, 303 5, 299 37, 004 207 5. 706 1,231 4, 475 21 65 42 23 Secondary education (including junior high school) 5._ 103 1,441 883 558 126 2,148 1,361 787 19 55 41 14 Combined elementary and secondary education. ... 35 336 126 210 17 366 191 175 1 10 8 2 Adult education _ _ 0 0 0 0 8 33 21 12 4 5 5 0 Other _ _ _ _ 5 11 4 7 15 621 301 320 7 32 22 10 Nonteaching fields _ _ _ _ 17 138 89 49 254 14, 276 8, 734 5, 542 77 950 786 164 Counseling and guidance, educational administra- tion and supervision, educational finance, cur- riculum, comparative education, etc. . . . . 17 123 76 47 171 7, 332 5, 014 2,318 46 458 389 69 Education, general (without specific concentra- tion) — Second-level or higher degrees only _ 131 6, 766 3, 629 3, 137 45 436 359 77 Other.' . . . . .“ _ “ _ _ 3 15 13 2 11 178 91 87 8 56 38 18 Education — preprofessional degrees only . . 19 120 38 82 Education— not further classified _ 1 _ 26 875 237 638 24 1,196 713 483 11 121 96 25 ENGINEERING # _ _ 220 35, 332 35, 223 109 127 5, 788 5/768~ 2(7 60 647 647 4 ENGLISH AND JOURNALISM _ 949 19, 235 8, 439 lo,796 77 ~2^02 17382 1, 150 67 337 287 53 English and literature (including comparative literature).. 944 16, 669 6,755 9,914 228 2,319 1,207 1,112 61 333 280 53 Journalism _ _ _ 166 2, 566 1,684 882 34 213 175 38 2 2 2 0 FINE AND APPLIED ARTS _ _ _ 723~ 1^252 5, 850 6, 402 182 2, 448 1,525 923 34 777 797 28 Art, general _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 356 2, 487 899 1,588 48 346 192 154 5 10 9 1 Music, including sacred music (excluding music educa¬ tion) . . . . . _ . . _ 461 2, 872 1,280 1,592 128 1,010 669 341 17 74 68 6 Speech, and dramatic arts (excluding speech correction). 452 3, 824 1,938 1,886 101 761 434 327 23 102 88 14 Fine and applied arts, other specific major fields _ .. 138 2, 995 1,710 1,285 45 304 211 93 8 31 24 7 Fine and applied arts— not further classified... _ 13 74 23 51 6 27 19 8 1 2 2 0 FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE.... . . 6i (9 (9 (176,265) (214,784) (268,827) (307,437) (353, 972) (416,491) Food services _ (5) (9 (9 (69,315) (139, 992) (177,294) (146, 571) (274,271) (305, 524) Health services _ _ (5) (9 (9 (24, 748) (30, 599) (31,791) (58, 269) (73, 435) (85, 574) Attendance services _ (5) (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (10, 044) (14, 857) (25, 352) Miscellaneous school services6 _ (5) (9 (9 (66, 361) (66, 289) (97, 928) (51,464) (56,316) (57, 177) Current expenditures for summer schools _ (7) <9 (9 (9 (9 (7) 1,690 2,853 4,554 Current expenditures for adult education _ 7 3, 277 7 9, 825 7 13, 367 7 27,676 7 35,614 7 30, 432 42,033 30, 554 36, 749 Current expenditures for community colleges _ (9 <9 (9 (9 (7) (7) 23, 363 31,468 40,492 Current expenditures for community services . (4) (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 25, 378 35, 868 40,855 Capital outlay _ 153, 543 370,878 257,974 412,467 1,014, 176 1,477,332 2,055,178 7^3877 18T ' 2, 852, 747 Interest on school debt _ 18,212 92, 536 130, 909 76,331 100, 578 114,310 153, 884 215, 699 341,922 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total expenditures, all schools _ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 Total current expenditures, all schools 83.4 80.0 83.4 88.7 80.9 78.3 75.7 76.2 76.5 Total current expenditures for public elementary and secondary day schools 2 _ 83. 1 79.6 82.8 88.0 80.3 77.9 74.7 75.3 75.6 Administration 2 _ 3.5 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.3 Instruction _ _ 61.0 56.9 59.9 59.6 53.3 51.5 50. 1 50.2 50.9 Salaries of instructional staff _ _ (57. 0) (54. 0) (56. 1) (55. 5) (49. 6) (47.6) (46. 2) (46. 6) (46. 9) Other expenditures for instruction _ (4.1) (2.9) (3. 8) (4.1) (3.7) (3. 9) (3.9) (3. 6) (3. 9) Plant operation _ _ _ 11.2 9.3 8.3 8.3 7.3 6.9 6.8 6.9 6.8 Plant maintenance _ _ 2.9 3.4 3. 1 3.9 3.7 3.4 3. 1 2.9 2.8 Fixed charges _ 0.9 2.2 2. 1 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.3 Other school services 4__. _ _ 3.5 4.4 5.5 7.8 7.7 7.8 6.3 7. 1 6.6 Pupil transportation _ _ _ <5) (9 (9 (4.1) (3.7) (3.7) (3.4) (3.2) (3.1) Food services _ (5) (9 (9 (1.6) (2.4) (2.4) (1.6) (2.5) (2.3) Health services _ _ _ (*) (9 (9 (0. 6) (0. 5) (0.4) (0. 6) (0. 7) (0. 6) Attendance services _ (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (• 1) (.1) (.2) Miscellaneous school services 6. _ _ (9 (9 (9 (1.5) (1.1) (1.3) (.6) (• 5) (.4) Current expenditures for summer schools . (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (7) C9 (y) T) Current expenditures for adult education _ 7 . 3 7 o 4 7 0 6 7.6 7.6 7.4 .5 .3 .3 Current expenditures for community colleges . (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (7) .3 .3 .3 Current expenditures for community services _ (9 (9 O) (9 (9 O) .3 .3 .3 Capital outlay _ 14.8 16.0 11.0 9.6 17.4 20. 1 22.6 8 21. 8 8 21. 0 Interest on school debt _ 1.8 4.0 5.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.5 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia. 2 Includes expenditures for summer schools and adult and community college programs of education in California. 2 Includes expenditures for State, intermediate, and local administration. 4 Before 1953-54, items included under “other school services” were listed under “auxiliary services," a more comprehensive classification which also included com¬ munity services. 5 Data not available. growth of spending for fixed charges and other school services. The proportion of expenditures for fixed charges (State, intermediate, and local payments to teacher retirement funds, insurance premiums, and rent) which was 2.2 percent in 1929-30 advanced to 4.4 percent in 1947-48, and rose to 5.3 percent in 1957-58. * Includes direct expenditures or deficits for extracurricular activities for pupils, if paid from school funds and any other services for public school pupils not included elsewhere. 7 Before 1953-54, data shown for adult education represent combined expenditures for adult education, summer schools, and community colleges. s Excludes capital outlay by nonschool agencies; see table 36. 6 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. The other school services account includes such items as health services, the school lunch pro¬ gram, and pupil transportation. These services have become more important as a result of ex¬ panding concepts of the role of the school. Other school services accounted for 6.6 percent of total expenditures in 1957-58 STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 13 Average Salaries of Instructional Staff Beginning with the year 1919-20, the Office of Education has collected data on salaries of the entire instructional staff (supervisors, principals, teachers, librarians, guidance and psychological personnel, etc.). Salary information for previous years is available for teachers only. Average annual salaries of instructional staff members have been obtained by dividing total expenditures for salaries by the number of such personnel. With the exception of several depression years in the middle 1930’s, average salaries of the instructional staff have increased steadily, along with the earnings of other workers. The average annual salary in unadjusted (cur¬ rent) dollars rose from $1,441 in 1939-40 to $4,702 in 1957-58, an increase of 226 percent. However, when an adjustment is made to reflect the rise in the Consumer Price Index (restating the figures in 1957-58 dollars), the increase was only 59 percent. The extent to which the economic status of the instructional staff improved in relation to the growth of the economy as a whole is indicated by the fact that the personal income per member of the labor force 4 (also expressed in 1957-58 dollars) increased 80 percent during the period from 1939-40 to 1957-58 (table 40). There are sizable State differences in salaries. The two “high” States (with one-sixth of the Nation's instructional staff) had an average salary of about $6,000 as contrasted with $2,700 for the “low” State (with 1.3 percent of the instructional staff). Between the two extremes, there were 10 States (with 19 percent of the staff) in the $5,000-$5,600 range; 18 States (with 40 percent of the staff) in the $4,000-$4,999 range; and 17 States (with 23.3 percent of the staff) in the $3,000 — $3,999 range. Current Expenditure Per Pupil in Average Daily Attendance Although overall figures on current expenditures indicate general trends, it is only when such expenditures are related to the school population that these costs are brought into sharp relief on a State-by-State basis. The annual current expend¬ iture per pupil in average daily attendance in full-time public elementary and secondary day 4 For definition of -personal income and labor force, sec page 78. schools (derived by dividing total current expend¬ itures allocable to pupil costs in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools by the number of pupils in average daily attendance) increased from $88.09 in 1939-40 to $341.14 in 1957-58 (table 43). The 1939-40 range in per- pupil expenditures, by State, was from $30.72 to $156.86 (or more than five times as great in the highest as in the lowest State). Eighteen years later the gap between the lowest and highest States, although still wide, had narrowed consider¬ ably. The highest State, with an average annual expenditure of $506.78, was nearly three times as great as the lowest State, which had an expenditure of $174.21. State averages, however, give little indication of the range of expenditures among school districts within States. Perhaps the prin¬ cipal value of per-pupil expenditure comparisons is to call attention to differences in order to invite further study. Expenditures for Pupil Transportation The transportation of pupils by public-school systems has become increasingly important with the consolidation and reorganization of small, widely scattered school districts. In 1957-58, 10.9 million public-school pupils were transported at public expense, or 36.5 percent of the pupils in average daily attendance (table 22). On a State- by-State basis, the proportion of the number of pupils in average daily attendance who were transported ranged from 10.5 percent in Nebraska to 58.7 percent in South Carolina. Total national expenditures for pupil transportation, which in¬ clude operation and maintenance but not pur¬ chase of new school buses, amounted to $416 million, or 4.1 percent of total current expendi¬ tures for elementary and secondary schools. In seven States, this item accounted for 7 or more percent of total current expenditures. The av¬ erage cost per public school pupil transported was $38.34 in 1957-58; the range in State costs was from $18 to $123. Further increases in the num¬ ber of pupils transported are inevitable as small schools, which still exist in large numbers, are replaced by centrally located schools. Capital Outlay Capital outlay (expenditures for sites, build¬ ings, and new equipment) generally fluctuates 14 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 much more widely than current expenditures. Following World War I there was a period of accelerated school construction activity which culminated in 1925-26 when expenditures for this purpose amounted to $411 million, or about one-fifth of total expenditures. Thereafter, cap¬ ital outlay expenditures declined until they reached a low of $59 million (3.4 percent of total expenditures) in the depression year 1933-34. An upturn in the second half of the decade was cut short by the outbreak of World War II; cap¬ ital outlay fell to a new low of $54 million in 1943- 44 (2.2 percent of total expenditures). Since the end of World War II, capital outlay expenditures have shown a steady increase, reaching a peak of $2.9 billion in 1957-58, or 21 percent of total ex¬ penditures (table H). The annual capital outlay expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance was $95.98 (table 42). For individual States the per-pupil expenditure varied from $9.20 to $295.50. A State-by-State comparison for any one year is not truly indicative of relative effort to provide school-plant facilities inasmuch as a capital out¬ lay program in any State may extend over several consecutive years. In addition to the capital outlay expenditures by school districts referred to above, $242 million were spent by State and local school building authorities. The upward trend in expenditures for school construction is expected to continue for a number of years in view of the need to provide for in¬ creased enrollments and for the replacement of unsafe and obsolete structures. Interest on School Debt Interest payments covering both long- and short-term public-school debt, declined from a total of $140 million in 1931-32 to $76 million in 1947-48. The drop in interest payments re¬ flected the low interest rates prevailing during that period, the low level of borrowing for capital expenditures, and the small amount of outstanding debt. Since 1947-48, interest payments have more than quadrupled, reaching a level of $342 million in 1957-58 (table 37). The average annual interest payment per pupil in average daily attendance was $11.50 (table 42). In view of the current and anticipated increase in school construction and in long-term financing, this item of expenditure is expected to constitute an in¬ creasing proportion of school expenditures for the next several years. School Property and Other Assets Only 34 States and the District of Columbia were able to report any information on the value of school property (table 39) and because the valuation was not always made on the same basis, care should be exercised in making State-by-State comparisons. The value of principal and accrued interest of permanent school funds amounted to $1.4 billion (table 38). The interest on these funds must be used for school purposes. States reported a total of 43 million acres of unsold school lands, some of which were leased to provide income for school purposes. School Indebtedness School bonded and nonbonded indebtedness has, in general, fluctuated with the amount of school construction activity over the years. Thus, reflecting a decline in capital outlay during the 1930’s and World War II, school indebtedness outstanding at the end of the year dropped from $3.1 billion in 1931-32 to $2.1 billion in 1945-46. With the upswing in school construction during the postwar period, school indebtedness rose to $2.6 billion in 1947-48 and to $3.3 billion in 1949-50. Between 1949-50 and 1957-58 in¬ debtedness almost quadrupled, reaching an es¬ timated total of $12.9 billion in the latter year (table 38). This total $12.9 billion indebtedness for the United States includes an estimate for the few States which were unable to report such data. In some States all or part of the debt created for school purposes is handled by cities or towns, rather than by separate school districts. This fact increases the difficulty in obtaining accurate and comparable data. Economic Indexes Related To Financing Public Schools Sizable differences exist among the States in their educational burden (number of school-age children to be supported by the productive adults in the labor force); fiscal capacity (amount of STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS money available for supporting public education) ; and effort (relation between expenditures and resources). Data in table 44 point up some of these differences. The educational burden is often measured by determining the ratio of school-age children to 1,000 adults, 21-64 years old. This ratio ranged from 656 children per 1,000 adults in New Mexico (high-burden State) to 367 children per 1,000 adults in New York (low-burden State). The fiscal capacity to support public schools, as measured by personal income per pupil in average 15 daily attendance, was almost four times higher in Delaware than in Mississippi. The effort of individual States to support public schools, as measured by the percentage that cur¬ rent expenditures for elementary and secondary schools is of personal income, ranged from 2.28 percent in Illinois to 4.41 percent in New Mexico. It should be pointed out that none of the eco¬ nomic indexes given in table 44 are presented as being conclusive, but only to show that economic differences among the States have a bearing on the types of educational programs they can afford. Enrollment and Instructional Staff in Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Schools The growing importance of nonpublic schools in American education is indicated by the fact that their enrollment has increased from 8 percent of the combined enrollment in full-time regular public and nonpublic elementary and secondary schools at the beginning of the present century to 13.5 percent in 1957-58. Nonpublic schools, while subject to certain regulatory controls of the State, are under the operational control of private individ¬ uals or church-affiliated or nonsectarian organiza¬ tions. Whether operated on a profit or nonprofit basis, nonpublic schools are generally supported by private funds as distinguished from public funds. Catholic school enrollment in recent years has accounted for about 90 percent of the total enrollment in nonpublic elementary and secondary schools. For 38 States, data on the number of pupils enrolled in nonpublic elementary and secondary day schools were either furnished by State depart¬ ments of education on the report forms or were obtained by reference to State education agency publications. In 3 of these 38 States, the distri¬ bution by level was estimated. For the remaining 10 States and the District of Columbia the data were either not available or were incomplete, and consequently estimates were made by the Office of Education. These esti¬ mates were generally prepared by applying the ratio of total nonpublic enrollment to Catholic enrollment prevailing some years ago (when a complete survey was last taken) to Catholic enrollment in the 1957-58 period. Recent en- Table I. — Estimated number of instructional staff an^ pupils in full-time nonpublic elementary and secondary day schools of the United States1, by level: 1931-32 to 1957-58 Year Instructional staff Pupils enrolled 2 Total Elemen¬ tary Second¬ ary Total Elemen¬ tary Second¬ ary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1931-32 _ 91, 323 66, 270 25,053 2, 723, 666 2, 320, 251 403,415 1933-34 _ 72, 192 51,475 20,717 2,691,033 2, 330, 941 360, 092 1935-36 _ 91,493 66, 254 25, 239 2,638,775 2,251,466 387, 309 1937-38.. . . 95, 103 67, 139 27,964 2, 687, 483 2, 240, 650 446, 833 1939-40 _ 94, 977 64, 847 30, 130 2,611,047 2,153,279 457, 768 1941-42 _ 97, 191 65, 512 31,679 2,616,529 2, 133, 334 483, 195 1943-44 _ (3) (3) (3> 2, 499, 920 2, 078, 959 420, 961 1945-46 _ 100,865 64, 495 36, 370 2, 824, 500 2, 259, 392 565, 108 1947-48 _ 108, 998 67, 430 41, 568 3, 053,914 2,451,430 602,484 1949-50 _ 118, 271 76, 087 42, 184 3, 380, 139 2,707,777 672, 362 1951-52 . 124, 055 82, 354 41,701 3, 809, 364 3,153,548 655,816 1953-54 _ 134, 074 84,951 49, 123 4, 339, 163 3, 591, 840 747,323 1955-56 _ 144,350 93, 620 50, 730 4, 709, 360 3, 886, 360 823, 000 1957-58 _ 163, 236 111,163 52, 073 5,227,414 4, 296, 806 930,608 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia. 2 Represents nonpublic enrollment in full-time regular day schools only. For enroll¬ ment in other types of nonpublic schools in 1957-58, see table A. 3 Data not available. rollment figures for Catholic schools were obtained from the National Catholic Welfare Conference and the 1958 Official Catholic Directory. Table 45 gives the number of regular nonpublic schools with their instructional staff. Table I gives historical data on instructional staff and en¬ rollments in regular nonpublic schools by grade group, from 1931-32 to 1957-58. Table 46 presents State data on both public school and nonpublic regular day school enroll¬ ments and the percentage of enrollments in all schools represented by each category. It will be noted that the proportion of children attending 16 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 nonpublic schools varies substantially from State to State. In 1957-58, the proportion that non¬ public school enrollments represented of total en¬ rollments in both public and nonpublic elementary and secondary schools ranged from 27.1 percent in Rhode Island to 1.1 percent in North Carolina. Regionally, the proportion of pupils in nonpublic schools ranged from 22 percent in the North At¬ lantic region to 4.9 percent in the Southeast region. For the first time, State data are included on the enrollments in model elementary and second¬ ary schools attached to publicly and privately controlled teachers colleges and universities (table 47). These data are based on unpublished mater¬ ial from the Biennial Survey oj Education in the United States, 1956-58 (Statistics of Higher Education) . Basic Tables 18 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 1. — Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics for the United States1: 1869-70 to 1957-58 Item 1869-70 1879-80 1889-90 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Population, Pupils, and Instructional Staff Total population 2 (thousands) _ 39,818 50, 156 62, 948 75, 995 90, 492 104,512 121,770 130, 880 148, 665 164, 303 170, 295 Population aged 5-17 years inclusive 2 (thou- sands) _ 12,055 15, 066 18, 543 21,573 24, 009 27, 556 31,417 30, 150 30, 168 37, 262 40, 164 Percent of total population aged 5-17 _ 30.3 30.0 29.5 28.4 26.5 26.4 25.8 23.0 20.3 22.7 23.6 Total enrollment in elementary and secondary day schools (thousands) _ 6, 872 9,867 12,723 15, 503 17,814 21,578 25, 678 25, 434 25,111 31,163 33, 529 Nursery, kindergarten, and grades 1-8 (thousands) _ 6,792 9,757 12,520 14,984 16, 899 19, 378 21,279 18, 833 19, 387 24, 290 25, 669 Grades 9-12 and postgraduates (thousands) 3 4 80 4 110 4 203 4 519 4 915 2,200 4,399 6, 601 5, 725 6, 873 7,860 Percent of total population enrolled 5 _ 17.3 19.7 20.2 20.4 19.7 20.6 21. 1 19.4 16.9 19.0 19.7 Percent of population 5-17 years enrolled 5 _ 57.0 65.5 68.6 71.9 74.2 78.3 81.7 84.4 83.2 83.6 83.5 Percent of total enrollment in high schools (grades 9-12 and postgraduates) _ 1.2 1. 1 1.6 3.3 5. 1 10.2 17.1 26.0 22.7 22. 1 23.4 High-school graduates (thousands) 4 22 <62 4 111 f231 4 592 1, 143 1,063 1,252 1,332 Average daily attendance (thousands) _ 4, 077 6, 144 8, 154 10, 633 12,827 16, 150 21,265 22, 042 22,284 27, 740 29, 722 Total number of days attended by all pupils enrolled (thousands) _ 539, 053 800, 720 1,098,233 1,534, 823 2,011,477 2,615, 161 3, 672,765 3, 858, 012 3, 964, 354 4, 938,161 5, 277, 840 Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily _ 59.3 62.3 64. 1 68.6 72. 1 74.8 82.8 86.7 88.7 89.0 88.6 Average length of school term (in days) _ 132.2 130.3 134.7 144.3 157.5 161.9 172.7 175.0 177.9 178.0 177.6 Average number of days attended by each pupil enrolled _ _ _ 78.4 81.1 86.3 99.0 113.0 121.2 143.0 151.7 157.9 158.5 157.4 Total instructional staff (thousands).. _ 678 880 912 962 1,213 1,333 Supervisors (thousands) . _ _ 7 7 5 9 13 14 Principals (thousands) .. _ 14 31 32 39 51 59 Teachers, librarians, and other nonsuper- visory instructional staff (thousands) 0 _ 201 287 364 423 523 657 843 875 914 1,149 1,261 Men (thousands) _ 78 123 126 127 110 93 140 195 195 7 299 7 340 Women (thousands) _ 123 164 238 296 413 565 703 681 719 7 850 7 921 Percent men _ 38.7 42.8 34.5 29.9 21. 1 14.1 16.6 22.2 21.3 7 26.0 7 27.0 AMOUNTS IN THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS (UNADJUSTED) Total revenue receipts _ From State taxes and appropriations. . From intermediate and local taxes appropriations _ From all other sources _ and Percent of revenue receipts derived from: State taxes and appropriations _ Intermediate and local taxes and appro¬ priations _ All other sources _ _ _ _ Total expenditures for all schools _ Current expenditures for elementary and secondary day schools _ Capital outlay _ Interest on school debt _ _ _ Other expenditures 8 _ 63, 39 1 Percent of total expenditures devoted to: Current expenditures for elementary and secondary day schools _ Capital outlay _ Interest on school debt _ Other expenditures 9 _ 78, 095 143, 195 219, 766 433, 064 970, 120 2, 088, 557 2, 260, 527 5, 437, 044 9,686,677 12,181,513 26, 345 37, 887 64, 605 134,279 329, 312 658, 983 2,122,763 3, 699,721 4,610,718 97, 222 149, 487 312,222 758,897 1,645,688 1,490, 425 2, 900, 561 5, 116,788 6, 621,447 19, 627 32, 392 56, 238 76,945 113, 557 111,119 413,720 870, 168 949, 348 18.4 17.2 14.9 13.8 15.8 29.2 39.0 38.2 37.9 67.9 68.0 72.1 78.2 78.8 65.9 53.4 52.8 54.4 13.7 14.8 13.0 8.0 5.4 4.9 7.6 9.0 7.7 140, 507 214,965 426, 250 1,036,151 2,316,790 2, 344, 049 5, 837,643 10, 955, 047 13, 569, 163 114,300 179,514 356,272 861,120 1,843,552 1,941,799 4,687,274 8 8, 251, 420 s 10,251,843 26, 207 35,451 69, 978 153, 543 370, 878 257,974 1,014, 176 2,387, 187 2,852,747 18,212 92, 536 130, 909 100, 578 215,699 341,922 3, 277 9, 825 13, 367 35,614 100, 741 122,651 81.3 83.5 83.6 83. 1 79.6 82.8 80.3 0 75.3 8 75.6 18.7 16.5 16.4 14.8 16.0 11.0 17.4 21.8 21.0 1.8 4. 0 5.6 1.7 2.0 2.5 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 DATA IN UNADJUSTED DOLLARS Average annual salary of total instructional staff i» _ Personal income2 per member of the labor force 2. Total expenditure for all schools per capita of total population _ National income 2 per capita of total population. Current expenditure 11 per pupil in A.D.A.12 _ Total expenditure ■« for day schools per pupil in A.D.A _ National income per pupil in A.D.A _ Current expenditure per day >5 per pupil in A.D.A _ Total expenditure for day schools per day per pupil in A.D.A _ _ _ 189 195 252 325 485 871 1,420 1,441 3,010 4, 156 4,702 1,634 1,358 3,408 4,617 4,996 1.59 1.56 2.23 2.83 4.71 9.91 19. 03 17.91 39.27 66. 68 79. 68 667 587 1,526 2,041 2,121 12 13. 99 13 16. 67 13 27. 85 53. 32 86. 70 88. 09 208. 83 294. 22 341. 14 15. 55 12.71 17.23 20.21 33.23 64. 16 108.49 105. 74 258. 85 388. 06 448. 62 3, 845 3, 502 10,312 12,275 12,326 13. 10 13. 12 >3. 18 .33 .50 . 50 1. 17 1.65 1.92 .12 .10 .13 . 14 .21 .40 .63 .60 1.46 2. 18 2.53 STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 19 Table 1. — Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics for the United States 1 : 1869-70 to 1957-58 — Continued Item 1869-70 1879-80 1889-90 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56 1957-58 1 2 3- 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 DATA IN ADJUSTED DOLLARS-1957-58 PURCHASING POWER 1 2 3 Average annual salary of total instructional staff. 1,306 2, 371 2, 948 3, 633 4,418 4,702 Personal income per member of the labor force. 2,728 2,778 4,113 4,908 4, 996 Total expenditure for all schools per capita of total population _ _ _ 14. 86 31.77 36. 64 47.39 70. 89 79. 68 National income per capita of total population... 1,113 1,201 1,842 2, 170 2, 121 Current expenditure per pupil in A.D.A _ 79. 95 144.74 180. 20 252. 04 312. 79 341. 14 Total expenditure for day schools per pupil in ADA 96. 20 181.11 216. 30 312.41 412. 55 448. 62 National income per pupil in A.D.A . 6,419 7, 164 12, 446 13, 050 12, 326 Current expenditure per day per pupil in A.D.A. .49 .83 1.02 1.41 1.75 1.92 Total expenditure for day schools per day per pupil in A.D.A _ .60 1.05 1.23 1 1.76 2. 32 2.53 | 1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 For definition and source of data, see page 76. 3 Data for 1870-71. 4 From reports of public high schools. 5 The percentages shown in this table will not necessarily agree with those shown for the sameitem in table 18 (which gives historical data by State), because the population figures used as a base are somewhat different in the two tables. 6 Before 1919-20 data are for number of different persons employed rather than number of positions. 2 Estimated. 5 Because of a modification of the scope of "current expenditures for elementary and secondary day schools”, data for 1955 56 and 1957-58 are not entirely comparable with data for prior years. » Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1955-56, also includes community services, formerly classified with "current expend¬ itures for elementary and secondary day schools”. 10 Includes supervisors of instruction, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff. 11 Excludes current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs. 12 “A.D.A” means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary day schools. is Includes interest on school debt. 14 5 6 The expenditure figure used here is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt. 15 Per-day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term. 20 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 2. — Board members and staff of State boards of education and staff of State departments of education, by State: 1957-58 Region and State 1 United States (48 States) North Atlantic _ Connecticut _ Delaware _ Maine _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ New Hampshire _ _ _ New Jersey . . . New York _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ Great Lakes and Plains.. Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan _ Minnesota _ _ Missouri _ Nebraska _ North Dakota _ Ohio _ _ _ South Dakota . . Wisconsin _ Southeast _ Alabama _ _ _ Arkansas _ _ . Florida _ _ _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ Mississippi _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ Tennessee... _ _ Virginia _ West Virginia _ West and Southwest. Arizona _ California _ Colorado _ Idaho _ _ Montana _ Nevada _ _ _ New Mexico _ Oklahoma _ Oregon _ Texas _ Utah _ Washington _ Wyoming _ Alaska Outlying Parts Board members and staff of State boards or commissions of education (including State boards for vocational education) Staff of State departments of education Total board menbers and staff Board members Profes¬ sional staff Secretarial and clerical assistants Operation and mainte¬ nance force Total staff Chief State school officer and adminis¬ trative staff Profes¬ sional staff on statewide basis Regional and district super¬ visory staff Secretarial and clerical assistants Operation and mainte¬ nance force 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1, 197 827 164 201 5 1 8, 540 605 2, 303 973 4, 413 246 198 195 3 2, 750 143 840 251 1,331 185 18 18 71 20 51 12 12 99 14 31 16 37 1 20 20 65 6 27 32 14 14 100 7 41 52 21 19 2 193 13 75 3 98 4 14 14 39 6 14 19 24 24 241 14 47 89 91 26 26 1,557 35 425 118 799 180 20 20 274 18 96 11 149 15 14 1 59 2 21 6 30 14 14 52 8 12 8 24 306 182 64 60 1, 734 173 487 189 885 60 11 27 22 189 39 24 37 89 24 24 77 12 14 2 49 18 18 110 14 21 13 62 43 14 14 15 57 9 5 14 29 12 10 1 1 136 19 54 63 14 14 122 14 50 58 18 16 2 212 21 26 74 91 12 12 91 5 33 53 18 10 4 4 34 14 20 29 28 1 542 17 193 45 287 15 14 1 50 2 23 4 21 43 11 18 14 114 7 44 63 310 210 36 60 4 2,292 102 593 336 1, 218 43 22 22 306 8 48 89 161 18 18 118 3 13 17 73 12 10 10 213 7 51 4 143 8 20 20 302 9 62 41 190 14 14 150 19 33 22 71 5 22 22 256 6 73 21 143 13 6 6 87 6 22 14 45 94 26 18 47 3 243 13 125 105 18 18 160 10 45 27 77 1 25 22 1 2 121 6 33 26 54 ? 14 14 288 11 74 72 131 47 18 17 11 1 48 4 14 3 25 2 383 240 64 78 1 1, 764 187 383 197 979 18 35 16 10 9 84 9 25 50 21 20 1 541 31 131 71 308 10 10 111 31 16 64 29 12 9 7 1 28 13 14 1 23 22 1 81 3 40 38 16 16 37 7 6 6 18 14 14 87 15 7 7 58 16 14 2 133 21 25 23 64 42 14 15 13 99 15 25 59 42 42 371 25 53 73 208 12 18 18 77 1 38 38 103 28 30 45 54 6 12 36 14 14 61 10 5 17 24 5 6 6 39 9 2 26 2 1 In addition, there were 107 administrative heads of programs for supplementary services (State library, State museum, teacher retirement, etc.) assisted by 1,410 aides. Table 3. — Intermediate administrative units: Number of units, board members, and staff, by State: 1957-58 STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 21 22 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 4. — Local basic administrative units (school districts): Number of units, board members, and staff, by State: 1957-58 Region and State Number of local school districts Total board members and staff Board members of— Administrative personnel Instructional staff (from table 10) Noninstructional staff (from tables 12 and 13) Local boards of education Subboards Superin¬ tendents Assistants to superin¬ tendents Full-time Part-time l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States (48 States and District of Columbia) _ 47, 594 1,963,867 194, 380 10, 226 11, 958 5, 151 1,333,332 360, 087 48,733 i North Atlantic _ _ 5, 026 448, 408 30, 043 1, 267 976 332, 641 60, 340 23,141 Connecticut.. . . _ _ 175 20,237 1.345 105 54 18, 226 57 450 i 99 5 181 410 41 12 3,233 1, 156 329 j. Maine . ... ... .. 499 12,798 1,563 2 12 8 7,856 952 2,407 Maryland 24 27,083 120 24 307 20,883 5, 289 460 ' 365 48 362 1,586 198 50 35,711 10, 025 792 1 New Hampshire _ _ _ 229 6,599 828 10 5 4,041 1, 108 607 ' 580 63! 683 4.478 296 3 319 4 41,874 12, 100 4,616 New York _ . ..... 1,492 124,992 5, 859 298 114,375 4,460 Pennsylvania ._ _ _ .. _ _ 3 1,261 121,969 6 12,810 190 163 73,715 22,683 12,408 Rhode Island _ _ _ .. 39 6,312 201 38 9 5, 301 574 189 : Vermont... ... _ _ . . ... 262 5,268 834 54 6 3, 181 429 764 t District of Columbia _ 1 5,924 9 1 43 4. 245 1,507 119 Great Lakes and Plains _ 31, 615 645,725 115, 372 5,051 1,738 392, 553 122, 220 8,791 Illinois.. _ _ ... _ . 1,861 109,224 11,003 793 980 66, 192 26,015 4,241 1 2 3 4 5 Indiana . .. . ... _ _ .. . 7 1,028 47,596 s 917 198 34,638 11,841 2 | 3,303 51,710 13,858 745 24 28,407 8,676 Kansas. _ _ _ . ... 2,984 31,205 9,600 353 123 21, 129 Michigan .. . . _ _ . 2,500 89,894 1 9,583 658 192 60, 205 19, 256 Minnesota _ _ . . _ 3 084 47,239 11. 140 457 57 27,272 7,993 320 Missouri . _ .... . . 2,629 53,911 1 10, 293 573 45 29,511 13,489 Nebraska . .. .. _. . _ 4,663 33,797 15,336 336 16 14,011 4,098 North Dakota _ . ... . 1,968 13,546 6,387 45 7, 114 Ohio . . . .... _ _ 1,092 100, 146 5,470 216 296 67,201 22,735 4,228 ; South Dakota ... _ _ 3,239 15,607 I 7,280 261 8,066 Wisconsin _ _ 3,264 51,850 14, 505 416 5 28,807 8, 117 _ ' Southeast _ . 1,852 447, 778 9, 916 10, 226 1,794 1,179 304,769 109, 696 10,198 Alabama . . _ _ 112 30,901 569 112 22 26, 390 3, 372 436 Arkansas.. . _ _ _ _ 422 26, 397 2, 204 379 20 14, 699 7,918 1,177 1 Florida . _ .... 67 49 821 337 67 333 33 029 13,834 2,221 } Georgia ... _ _ _ _ _ 198 51,491 1,000 198 76 31,813 18,404 Kentucky .. . _ _ _ _ 216 31 530 1 086 216 70 23, 689 5,854 615 Louisiana ... _ .... _ . .. 67 36,976 689 67 128 24, 117 11,564 411 Mississippi _ 151 37,974 755 9,815 151 34 17,506 9, 569 144 | North Carolina .. _ _ _ _ 174 52 482 976 174 30 37,788 11,864 1,650 1 South Carolina _ . . _ _ _ 109 26,315 365 411 107 83 21, 119 4,230 Tennessee _ _ . . _ 153 37,496 1,000 153 149 27,264 8,645 285 Virginia _ _ .... _ _ 128 41,805 i 660 115 79 30, 366 9, 305 1,280 | West Virginia _ _ ... 55 24,590 275 55 155 16,989 5,137 1,979 | West and Southwest _ _ 9,101 421,956 39, 049 3, 846 1,258 303, 369 67, 831 6, 603 Arizona _ ... _ 309 16,014 1 075 135 66 10 207 4,499 32 { California _ _ _ _ _ 1,818 119, 188 7,936 903 600 107,027 2,722 Colorado _ _ _ . ... .. 947 18,289 3,074 227 14 988 Idaho _ _ _ _ ... .. 155 8,771 688 104 5, 792 2, 187 Montana _ .. _ _ ...... 1, 166 12, 731 3,648 178 5 7,215 1,268 417 Nevada . . ..... 17 3,366 103 16 14 2,357 613 253 1 New Mexico _ _ _ _ 97 12,443 485 97 40 8,052 3, 280 489 Oklahoma... . . . _ .. .. 1,432 36,311 5, 185 590 14 20, 149 10, 194 179 l Oregon... ...... 675 26,019 j 3,500 9 130 15 742 6,647 Texas . . . . . . . _ _ . 1,757 124,850 10, 320 1,066 273 76, 770 32,445 3, 976 Utah _ 40 11,664 1 207 39 60 7,865 2, 247 1,246 Washington 447 25, 807 1,923 272 60 23, 552 Wyoming _ _ _ . _ 241 6,503 905 89 126 3, 653 1,729 1 Outlying Parts Alaska _ _ _ ... . _ 28 2, 187 140 28 3 1,548 348 120 American Samoa. . ... .. ... 1 255 6 1 4 233 11 Canal Zone... _ _ 1 564 1 5 378 180 Guam . . .... . _ _ 1 603 5 1 2 489 104 2 Hawaii _ _ 1 5,597 7 1 23 4,920 223 423 Puerto Rico . _ _ .. 1 21,596 1 174 13,458 947 7,016 Virgin Islands.. . .. _ _ _ 1 409 13 1 6 218 150 21 1 1 Includes 81 State board units considered as a single district in previous surveys. 2 Represents cities having independent school systems headed by superintendents. Other school systems are served by superintendents of intermediate administrative units (supervisory unions). See table 3. 3 In addition, there were 344 part-time secretaries to local boards of education. 4 In addition, there were 1,368 part-time elementary and secondary bedside teachers. 5 Represents number of administrative units in 1956-57 and includes 432 “joint school organizations,” each of which comprises 2 or more local school districts. 6 In addition, approximately 3,500 of these board members are also members of “joint" and county boards. 7 Includes 21 joint operations composed of 2 or more local school districts. * Excludes 775 township trustees who act as 1-man school boards of township school districts. 9 Source: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, 1958-69, December 1958. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 23 Table 5. — Number of local basic administrative units (school districts), by State: 1931-32 to 1957-58 Region and State 1931-32 1947-48 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 United States 48 States and District of Columbia).. 127, 531 94, 926 83, 718 71, 094 63, 057 54, 859 47, 594 North Atlantic _ 14, 342 9, 046 8, 717 7, 942 7, 378 5,636 5, 026 Connecticut _ . . ... ... .. _ . . 161 173 172 172 172 174 175 Delaware _ _ _ . . .. ... ___ _. _ _ 126 126 121 118 105 103 99 Maine _ 518 114 492 492 495 498 499 Maryland - 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 Massachusetts _ _ ... . 355 351 351 351 350 351 365 New Hampshire _ _ . .... . 244 240 240 238 235 229 229 New Jersey _ _ ... . . ... _ ... . 552 561 559 555 558 566 580 New York _ 9,467 4,609 3, 929 3,175 2, 648 1,981 1,492 Pennsylvania _ ..... .... 2,587 2, 540 2,524 2,514 2,490 > 1,410 i.M,261 Rhode Island _ ------- ... _ _ ... 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 Vermont... .. _ ... .... . _ _ 268 268 265 263 261 260 262 District of Columbia _ _ . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Great Lakes and Plains _ _ ... _ 73, 092 62, 126 53, 873 47, 124 42, 418 36, 950 31, 615 Illinois... _ _ _ . _ ... ... 12,070 9, 459 4, 880 3,413 2,480 2,212 1,861 Indiana. . .. . . . . 1,292 1,090 1,056 1,115 1,090 1,086 3 1,028 Iowa _ _ 4,870 4,711 4,652 4, 649 4,417 3,958 3,303 Kansas _ 8,748 5, 643 5, 257 3, 704 3,685 3,344 2,984 Michigan _ . . ........ _ ... 6,965 5,186 4,918 4,736 4,345 3, 491 2,500 Minnesota _ .... ... . ... ... __ 7,773 7,518 7, 116 6,018 4, 752 3,633 3,084 Missouri _ . . ........ ... _ 8,764 8,326 6,273 4,573 3,928 3, 431 2,629 Nebraska _ . .._.... ..... ... _ 7,244 6, 900 6, 769 6, 499 6,007 5, 340 4,663 North Dakota _ ._ . ..... ... _ 2,228 2,267 2,250 2,135 2,096 2,032 1,968 Ohio _ 2,043 1,579 1,509 1,429 1,340 1,254 1,092 South Dakota _ _ _ 3,433 3, 409 3, 401 3,390 3, 383 3, 295 3,239 Wisconsin _ 7,662 6,038 5, 792 5,463 4,895 3, 874 3, 264 Southeast _ .. _ _ ... __ _ 12,415 8, 568 6, 820 4,116 2, 681 2, 537 1, 852 Alabama _ . . . . . _ _ _ _ ... _ . 112 108 108 108 111 112 112 Arkansas _ _ _ ... ....... .. 3,193 1,589 421 425 423 423 422 Florida.. .. _ _ . ...... ... ... ... 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 Georgia . . ... . 272 189 186 204 204 200 198 Kentucky. . _ _ ... .. . . _ . . 384 246 237 231 227 224 216 Louisiana _ _ . . . . 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 Mississippi _ ... . _ . 5, 560 4,120 3, 673 1,989 971 827 151 North Carolina _ _ _ _ . . .... 200 172 172 172 174 174 174 South Carolina. _ _ _ ... . 1,792 1,680 1,559 521 103 107 109 Tennessee _ . . ........ ... 194 150 148 150 152 152 153 Virginia... _ _ _ _ ........... ... ... . 125 125 127 127 127 129 128 West Virginia _ ..... ... . 450 55 55 55 55 55 55 West and Southwest _ _ _ 27, 682 15, 186 14, 308 11, 912 10,580 9,736 9,101 Arizona _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 500 342 274 329 312 298 309 California _ _ ... . .. ... . 3, 589 2,411 2,381 2,044 1,973 1,880 1,818 Colorado _ _ ..... .. ... . 2,041 1,644 1,533 1,333 1,028 972 947 Idaho _ . . . ....... ....... 1,418 959 810 281 190 174 155 Montana _ _ _ _ _ . . . 2,439 1,522 1,381 1,386 1,187 1,180 1,166 Nevada _ 266 180 196 177 176 17 17 New Mexico _ _ ... ... 98 104 107 107 100 96 97 Oklahoma _ .... ..... ... ....... ... ... . 4,933 2,712 2, 176 2, 066 1,902 1,716 1,432 Oregon _ . ... . _ _ 2, 234 1,363 1, 179 995 794 716 675 Texas _ 7,932 2,925 3, 324 2,281 2, 045 1,889 1,757 Utah _ 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Washington ..... . ... _ 1,792 628 591 560 535 502 447 Wyoming _ . _ _ . _ .... _ _ _ 400 356 316 313 298 256 241 Outlying Parts Alaska 76 27 27 28 28 28 American Samoa _ ._ ....... . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 Canal Zone. .... . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 Guam. .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 Hawaii . 1 1 1 1 1 1 Puerto Rico. . ...... . . .... 70 1 1 1 1 1 Virgin Islands _ _ . . . _ .... 2 2 2 1 1 1 In those instances where two or more school districts have organized into jointures - Data for 1956-57; includes 432 "joint school organizations," each of which com- for purposes of operating schools, the larger operating unit (jointure) is the administra- prises 2 or more local school districts. tive unit counted here. 3 Includes 21 joint operations, each of which is composed of 2 or more local school districts. 24 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 6. — Number of local basic administrative units (school districts), by type of program operated and by State: 1957-58 Region and State Total number of school districts Non¬ operating districts Operating districts by type of program operated Number of operating districts which— Total operating districts Elementary only Secondary only Community college only Elementary and secondary Elemen¬ tary, sec¬ ondary and com¬ munity college Secondary and com¬ munity college without elementary Operate no schools other than a single 1 -teacher school Offer a program of public adult education l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 46 States and District of Columbia.. « 44, 678 5,182 39,496 25, 873 1, 210 74 12, 194 125 20 12, 621 3, 750 North Atlantic Connecticut. . __ _ _ 175 175 71 5 99 56 Delaware . . ... 99 99 60 3 36 21 17 Maine _ . ______ 499 35 464 294 4 166 49 35 Maryland.. _ _ ______ ______ 24 24 18 6 23 Massachusetts . ___ __ ___ __ 365 2 363 80 13 267 3 7 54 New Hampshire _ _ _ 229 11 218 139 79 13 New Jersey _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 580 35 545 332 23 189 1 115 New York _ _ _ _ 1,492 478 1 014 323 4 11 676 97 635 Pennsylvania ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 1' 261 33 1' 228 481 52 695 115 Rhode Island _ _ 39 39 16 23 22 Vermont.- _ _ _ _ 262 6 256 174 4 78 17 10 District of Columbia _ _ 1 1 1 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ _ _ _ 1,861 39 1 822 1,202 273 335 12 228 Indiana ________ 3 1027 79 948 281 1 1 665 Iowa. _ _ _ 3,303 1,240 2,063 1,314 733 16 765 256 Kansas. _ 2, 984 310 2’ 674 2,090 333 237 13 1 1,217 Michigan _ 2,500 45 2 455 1 872 1 567 15 900 220 Minnesota.. _ ____ ___ 3,084 866 2,218 1,766 443 9 1,496 127 Missouri. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 2,629 680 1,949 1,396 546 7 1,290 375 Nebraska. ______ __ _ 4, 663 981 3, 682 3, 240 25 413 4 2,812 90 Ohio _ _ _ 1 092 1 092 219 873 South Dakota _ _ _ _ 3, 239 3,239 2,978 261 2,811 Wisconsin _ _ _ ___ ___ __ 3, 264 42 3, 222 2,811 80 331 Southeast Alabama _ _ 112 112 1 111 Arkansas _ _ _ _ __ 422 1 421 17 404 1 Florida _ _ _ 67 67 62 5 Georgia _ 198 198 198 15 Kentucky... ... _ _ . __ _ 216 216 6 210 133 Louisiana. _ _ __ ._ __ _ 67 67 67 58 Mississippi _ _ . ___ 151 151 151 53 North Carolina _ _ 174 174 169 5 South Carolina _ _ _ _ _ __ 109 109 109 Tennessee.. _ __ _ . _ 153 153 22 131 Virginia. _. _ _ _ 128 128 128 115 West Virginia.. _ 55 55 55 West and Southwest Arizona. _ _ _ 309 309 238 69 1 1 45 California _ __ __ __ 1,818 24 1,794 1,439 215 26 85 12 17 235 290 Idaho 155 2 153 46 2 105 Montana. __ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 166 207 959 791 16 150 2 Nevada __ _ 17 17 1 16 12 New Mexico 97 97 6 2 89 Oklahoma. __ _ _ _ 1,432 1,432 824 602 6 341 721 Oregon.. _ _ ... ... 675 14 661 470 71 120 93 Texas. . _ _ 1,757 39 1,718 538 1 32 1, 147 81 168 Utah _ 40 40 40 32 Washington _ _ _ _ 447 10 437 180 3 244 9 1 48 Wyoming _ __ _ _ _ _ 241 3 238 155 13 70 54 3 Outlying Parts Alaska 28 28 10 18 6 American Samoa... _ _ _ __ _ 1 1 1 Canal Zone _ ... _ 1 1 1 1 Guam _ . 1 1 1 1 Hawaii 1 1 1 1 Puerto Rico... _ _ 1 1 1 1 Virgin Islands. _ 1 1 1 1 1 Distribution of school districts by type of program operated not available for Colorado and North Dakota. A complete count of all school districts is given in table 5. 2 Data for 1956-57; includes 432 ‘‘joint school organizations,” each of which com¬ prises 2 or more local school districts. 3 Includes 21 joint operations, each of which is composed of 2 or more local school districts. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 25 Table 7. — Local basic administrative units (school districts), by number of pupils in average daily attendance and by State : 1957-58 Total Non- Operating districts having specified number of pupils in average daily attendance Region and State number of school districts oper¬ ating districts Total oper¬ ating districts 1-24 pupils 25-49 pupils 50-99 pupils 100-199 pupils 200-299 pupils 300-499 pupils 500-999 pupils 1,000- 1,499 pupils 1,500- 4,999 pupils 5,000- 9,999 pupils 10,000- 49,999 pupils 50,000- 99,999 pupils 100,000 pupils or more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 43 States and District of Columbia... 1 42, 542 5, 141 37, 401 15, 332 3, 555 2, 710 3, 105 2, 075 2, 583 2,958 1,453 2, 706 583 297 35 9 North Atlantic Connecticut _ 175 175 4 17 17 26 31 22 38 12 8 Delaware 1 2 * _ . 99 99 12 14 15 10 8 5 14 7 13 1 Maine _ .. 499 35 464 48 34 83 92 62 48 61 19 16 1 Maryland _ _ 24 24 9 6 5 3 1 Massachusetts _ 365 2 363 7 11 22 23 25 55 60 40 89 21 9 1 New Hampshire _ 229 11 218 12 17 46 46 23 31 23 9 10 1 New Jersey _ 580 35 545 4 3 21 47 40 97 116 71 114 24 7 1 New York _ 2 1,481 478 1,003 88 55 46 59 46 108 208 113 235 28 15 1 1 Pennsylvania 4 _ 2 1,261 33 1,228 7 43 69 112 86 146 264 169 303 19 8 1 1 Rhode Island _ 39 39 1 2 5 4 6 16 3 2 Vermont _ 262 6 256 6 19 47 75 41 39 18 7 4 District of Columbia... 1 1 1 Great Lakes and Plains Indiana _ « 1, 027 79 948 6 10 76 189 145 217 163 63 57 14 7 1 3, 303 1,240 2,063 1,314 2 20 167 151 181 149 37 31 5 6 Kansas _ _ 2| 984 310 2i 674 1,357 408 371 258 91 76 61 16 30 2 4 Michigan _ 2, 500 45 2,455 870 565 193 167 86 93 206 112 125 26 11 1 Minnesota _ _ 3, 084 866 2,218 1,408 204 94 63 88 125 139 35 47 11 3 1 Missouri _ _ . 2,629 680 1,949 1, 126 166 112 199 114 106 75 22 23 2 2 2 Nebraska _ 4,663 981 3, 682 3, 007 203 128 168 67 55 28 10 14 2 Ohio 1,092 1,092 4 12 59 105 110 197 263 135 169 25 10 2 1 South Dakota _ 3, 239 3, 239 2,811 132 73 95 51 40 23 6 6 1 1 Wisconsin _ _ 3, 264 42 3, 222 1,574 710 303 183 113 116 133 39 35 13 2 1 Southeast Alabama _ 112 112 1 2 10 52 37 8 2 Arkansas . . 422 1 421 1 1 15 29 74 111 95 44 43 5 3 Florida _ 67 67 1 6 4 28 13 12 2 1 Georgia _ 198 198 1 3 14 32 121 18 8 1 Kentucky . _ 216 216 4 5 17 39 32 103 10 6 Louisiana _ 67 67 1 30 23 12 1 Mississippi _ 151 151 1 11 24 99 15 1 North Carolina 174 174 4 12 87 50 21 Tennessee _ 153 153 2 6 20 14 75 26 9 1 Virginia . _ 128 128 4 20 62 25 17 West Virginia _ 55 55 2 27 13 12 1 West and Southwest Arizona 309 309 59 38 34 41 28 34 30 9 26 7 3 California _ 1,818 24 1,794 227 179 209 194 144 183 201 113 238 60 40 4 2 Montana 1, 166 207 959 653 83 87 56 21 20 21 7 6 5 Nevada 17 17 2 1 1 4 3 4 2 New Mexico 97 97 1 6 9 22 15 16 12 5 1 Oklahoma 1,432 1,432 346 291 196 215 126 108 87 21 34 4 2 2 Oregon 675 14 661 110 104 120 102 58 53 51 21 37 2 2 1 Texas _ 1,757 39 1,718 121 187 191 298 181 196 235 101 147 33 23 4 1 Utah 40 40 1 1 3 5 6 13 6 5 Washington 447 10 437 57 39 48 50 39 44 67 18 57 12 5 1 Wyoming 241 3 238 97 25 24 32 21 13 8 5 11 1 1 Outlying Parts Alaska 28 28 4 8 3 1 3 5 3 1 American Samoa 1 1 1 Canal Zone 1 1 1 Guam 1 1 1 Hawaii 1 1 1 Puerto Rico 1 1 1 Virgin Islands 1 1 1 1 Distribution of school districts by number of pupils in average daily attendance not available for Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, North Dakota, and South Carolina. A complete count of all school districts is given in table 5. 2 Distribution is based on membership as of September 1957. 2 Excludes 11 separately organized community college districts. < Distribution based on average daily membership. s Data for 1956-57; includes 432 “joint school organizations,” each of which com¬ prises 2 or more local school districts. 6 Includes 21 joint operations, each of which is composed of 2 or more school districts. 582314 0—61 - 3 26 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 Table 8. — Number of public schools by type (including 1-teacher schools), by State: 1957-58 Region and State Elementary and secondary schools Com¬ munity colleges or junior colleges1 2 One-teacher schools Non- oper¬ ating elemen¬ tary and second¬ ary schools (incl. in col. 2) One- teacher schools as a percent of total elemen¬ tary schools Total elemen¬ tary and second¬ ary schools Ele¬ men¬ tary schools Secondary schools Total (incl. in col. 3) With 4 or fewer grades With 5 or more grades Total second¬ ary schools Junior high Senior high Junior- senior and undi¬ vided high Regular 4-year high Incom¬ plete regular high Voca¬ tional or trade high 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n 12 13 14 15 16 United States 48 States and District 120, 973 95, 466 25, 507 262 25, 341 3, 122 26.5 North Atlantic _ 20, 129 15, 837 4,292 22 1,064 478 6.7 Connecticut _ _ 932 759 173 54 17 40 43 5 14 9 9 1.2 Delaware _ ... . _ 188 140 48 14 3 28 2 1 22 7 15 15.7 Maine _ _ 1,233 1,050 183 11 7 54 109 2 242 23.0 Maryland _ ... 1,053 '801 252 67 30 146 9 7 27 10 17 3.4 Massachusetts.. ... . _ 2,381 1, 771 610 129 49 83 168 181 3 41 41 2.3 New Hampshire _ 501 408 93 12 9 18 53 1 49 30 19 12.0 New Jersey _ 1,976 1,665 311 91 34 26 150 5 5 1 3 3 .2 New York _ 5, 276 3, 847 1,429 11 97 478 2.5 Pennsylvania _ _ . . 5, 422 4,424 ' 998 237 123 512 109 11 6 400 2 400 9.0 Rhode Island _ 353 280 73 42 17 4 6 4 5 5 1.8 Vermont _ ... _ 648 565 83 3 1 37 40 1 1 169 169 29.9 District of Columbia. . . 166 127 39 23 11 5 46, 730 38, 655 8, 075 85 17, 112 2, 351 44. 3 Illinois3 . . . 4,719 3, 794 925 228 697 16 435 435 39 11.5 Indiana _ . 2,853 2, 107 746 66 678 2 1 88 88 4.2 Iowa _ 4, 464 3,605 859 80 34 64 679 1 1 16 2,067 57.3 Kansas 4 _ _ 3,294 2,640 654 44 40 50 520 14 1,497 1,497 310 56.7 Michigan _ 5, 188 4,356 832 239 238 355 530 52. 16 1,258 7 1,251 45 28.9 Minnesota _ 4,390 3, 787 603 110 80 345 56 4 8 9 1,667 18 1,649 872 44.0 Missouri _ _ 3, 593 5 3, 000 593 7 1, 126 1,126 37.5 Nebraska _ ... 4, 7 85 3, 902 483 27 20 32 395 9 4 2,812 39 72. 1 North Dakota _ 2,741 2,358 383 6 6 70 282 17 2 2 1,730 287 1,443 73.4 Ohio _ 4, 145 3, 004 1, 141 164 72 561 333 2 9 37 15 22 4 1.2 South Dakota _ 3,224 2,963 261 16 12 233 2,383 1,001 80.4 Wisconsin _ _ _ 3, 734 3,139 595 85 37 37 370 3 63 2,012 41 64. 1 Southeast _ 31, 346 23, 899 7,447 28 4, 683 19.6 Alabama _ ... ... . 3, 663 2,338 1,325 751 447 127 296 296 12.7 Arkansas _ ... ... _ 2, 108 1,429 679 148 87 « 443 (6) 1 151 23 128 10.6 Florida _ _ _ 1,735 1,250 485 156 45 251 7 33 (7) 7 44 12 32 3.5 Georgia _ _ _ 2,382 1,766 616 59 13 27 495 17 5 60 17 43 3.4 Kentucky _ _ _ _ 3, 737 3,272 465 1 523 1,523 46.5 Louisiana _ 1,903 1,302 601 100 63 27 411 38 38 2.9 Mississippi. . . . 2,543 1,898 645 16 424 424 22.3 North Carolina _ _ 2,939 2,029 910 54 33 823 5 44 2.2 South Carolina... _ _ 1,421 1,025 396 396 21 8 13 2.0 Tennessee _ 3,312 2,776 536 77 19 118 318 4 567 20.4 Virginia _ _ _ 2,506 2,088 418 31 387 343 89 254 16.4 West Virginia... _ ... .. 3, 097 2,726 371 119 28 178 46 1,172 1,172 43.0 West and Southwest _ 22, 768 17, 075 5, 693 127 2,482 293 14.5 Arizona _ 574 489 85 85 2 45 6 9.2 California _ 5, 197 4,404 793 261 121 41 370 62 300 24 6.8 Colorado _ _ 1,434 1,049 385 108 183 46 36 12 6 209 19.9 Idaho _ 651 462 189 2 70 2 15.2 Montana _ 1,428 1,241 187 16 12 159 2 723 314 409 203 58.3 Nevada _ 214 173 41 4 37 48 48 27.7 New Mexico... _ ._ 695 522 173 59 49 16 46 3 75 33 42 14.4 Oklahoma _ 2,888 1,953 935 278 260 8 389 6 408 408 19 20.9 Oregon _ ... 1,313 1,042 271 46 16 19 188 2 1 93 8.9 Texas _ _. 5, 697 3, 767 1,930 487 1,483 57 5 32 163 9 154 39 4.3 Utah _ . 540 392 148 71 31 39 7 19 2 17 4.8 Washington. .. 1, 558 1, 131 427 133 (8) s 291 3 10 48 4.2 Wyoming 579 450 129 48 ' 48 33 4 281 281 62.4 _ _ Outlying Parts Alaska _ 163 131 32 32 46 46 35.1 American Samoa _ 51 44 7 5 1 1 1 4 4 9.1 Canal Zone 25 15 10 6 2 2 1 Guam... _ 25 23 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4.3 Hawaii _ . 225 168 57 10 5 21 3 18 5 12 3 9 7.1 Puerto Rico 2 177 1,754 423 325 93 5 727 727 41.4 Virgin Islands.. 28 25 3 1 - 7 2 5 28.0 1 Includes only community colleges, junior colleges, or technical institutes, operated by a local school board ; excludes such colleges operated by a board for higher education. 2 Represents 1-teacher schools with 6 or more grades. 2 Data refer to the number of attendance centers. 4 Data for July 1, 1957. 5 Estimated. 6 Regular 4-year high schools included with junior-senior and undivided high schools. 7 Vocational or trade schools included with regular 4-year high schools, s Senior high schools included with regular 4-year high schools. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 27 Table 9. — Number of 1-teacher schools, by State: 1931-32 to 1957-58 Region and State 1931-32 1947-48 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 United States (48 States and District of Columbia).. 143, 391 75, 096 59, 652 50, 742 42, 865 34,984 25, 341 North Atlantic... . _. _ 19, 306 6, 237 4,978 4,056 3,004 1, 813 1,064 Connecticut - - . _. . ... 404 115 44 31 23 21 9 Delaware - - 150 48 45 39 27 25 22 Maine _ . - - - - 1,690 728 638 514 386 326 242 Maryland _ ... ... . .. - ... - 833 161 127 75 60 35 27 Massachusetts _ _ .. - ... ... . 498 128 102 69 63 66 41 New Hampshire _ _ _ _ _ _ 503 133 99 129 104 69 49 New Jersey _ _ _ --- .. . 271 89 58 20 12 i 10 3 New York _ . . . . .. . . 7,360 1,494 1, 121 775 537 280 97 Pennsylvania _ _ _ 6,511 2, 744 2,214 2 1,954 1,431 693 400 Rhode Island _ _ - .. . ... - .. . 75 25 24 20 9 2 5 Vermont _ ... - - ... - - 1,010 571 506 430 352 286 169 1 1 _ - _ _ Great Lakes and Plains. _ _ 74,153 43,813 34, 349 30, 815 27, 423 23, 099 17, 112 Illinois... _ _ _ ... ... _ . 10, 041 7, 126 2,370 1,526 772 922 435 Inoiana _ _ ... .. . . _ _ _ 1,830 375 3 375 300 150 141 88 Iowa.. ._ - - 9,279 5,631 4, 173 4,384 3, 594 2,932 2,067 Kansas. ... ...... _ . - - 6. 983 3, 090 2,696 2,275 1,934 1,631 1,497 Michigan. . _ . . _ _ 6, 141 2,952 2,707 2,538 2,538 i 1, 900 1,258 Minnesota. . _ .... _ 6, 888 4,418 3, 948 3, 482 2,831 2, 163 1,667 Missouri... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7,296 5, 125 3, 788 2,694 2,694 1,970 1. 126 Nebraska _ . _ _ _ _ 6, 136 4,434 4,289 4,018 3, 789 3,431 2,812 North Dakota _ _ . . ... . _ .... 4,754 2,677 2,641 2,601 2,447 2,221 1,730 Ohio _ 3,474 446 341 200 200 76 37 South Dakota . . .... ... _ .. 4,731 3,203 3, 065 2,926 2,775 2,638 2,383 Wisconsin _ ... ... - . ... 6, 600 4,336 3, 956 3, 871 3, 699 3,074 2,012 Southeast _ . . _ _ _ . . 32, 857 18, 221 15, 004 11, 653 8, 989 7, 023 4,683 Alabama. . . ........ ... _ _ . 2,800 1,088 814 654 503 393 296 Arkansas . ... . ... _ _ _ _ ... 2,707 1,450 682 414 335 ‘ 335 151 Florida . .. _ _ . . 702 420 275 164 119 63 44 Georgia _ 3,288 1,758 1,390 806 588 509 60 Kentucky.. . ......... .. _ _ . . . . 5,812 3. 462 3, 127 2,799 2,389 2,093 1,523 Louisiana _ ..... ..... 1,304 778 536 359 188 107 38 Mississippi _ .... . . . 2,830 1,850 1,778 1,326 1,088 657 424 North Carolina . . . _ _ _ _ _ 1,688 595 363 226 125 92 44 South Carolina _ ... . . . 1,637 1,019 917 678 309 68 21 Tennessee. _ ... .. . _ _ _ 3, 080 2,095 1,747 1,323 1,015 779 567 Virginia. . . _ ... - - 2,607 1, 178 985 798 571 424 343 West Virginia _ .. _ ... _ _ .... 4,402 2, 528 2,390 2, 106 1,759 1,503 1, 172 West and Southwest. _ _ _ . _ __ _ 17, 075 6, 825 5, 321 4,218 3, 449 3,049 2,482 Arizona _ ... ... .. . _ _ _ 159 87 94 79 63 5 53 45 California _ . _ _ . _ _ _ ... 1,538 840 6 618 495 410 338 300 Colorado _ . ... _ ... .... ... 1,800 872 634 460 332 259 209 Idaho _ ...... _ . .. „ .. . . . 839 270 191 151 113 81 70 Montana _ _ _ _ _ „ . ... 2,637 915 896 836 789 820 723 Nevada . . . . .. ..... . ... . 198 88 95 93 84 71 48 New Mexico _ _ ... _. ... _ _ ... 614 263 222 168 117 96 75 Oklahoma ... . . . . . .. ... 3, 106 1,323 1, 188 955 734 602 408 Oregon.. _ _ ... ... .. _ .. .... 1, 137 399 252 194 154 132 93 Texas . . . . _ .. .. ... ... . 3, 100 1,200 578 271 193 172 163 Utah _ 80 28 31 25 25 25 19 Washington ... _ ....... 899 155 121 115 88 69 48 Wyoming _ _ _ _ _ 968 385 401 376 347 331 281 Outlying Parts Alaska _ _ _ . _ 56 40 44 43 61 51 46 American Samoa 15 14 6 4 4 Canal Zone 1 1 1 1 Guam 1 1 Hawaii _ ... _ _ 18 12 12 14 14 12 .12 Puerto Rico ...... ..... 1, 184 969 950 883 871 824 727 Virgin Islands 6 9 9 7 7 1 Data for 1954-55. Source: A Statistical Survey of School District Organiza¬ tion in the U.S., 1954-65, prepared for the Committee for the White House Confer¬ ence on Education. 2 Data for 1950-51. 3 Data for 1947-48. < Data for 1953-54. 3 Represents only 1-teacher schools in districts operating no school other than a 1-teacher school. 6 Data for 1948-49. 28 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 Table 10. — Instructional staff in public elementary and secondary day Region and State Total instruc¬ tional staff Consultants or supervisors of instruction Principals (including assistant principals) Total con¬ sultants or supervisors, including undistrib¬ uted Serving both elementary and second¬ ary schools Elementary only Secondary only Total princi¬ pals, includ¬ ing undis¬ tributed Serving both elementary and second¬ ary schools Elementary only Secondary only 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States '48 States and District of Columbia) _ 1, 333, 332 14, 097 58, 687 North Atlantic _ _ 332, 641 5, 043 13, 343 Connecticut _ _ __ ... 18, 226 218 775 543 232 Delaware. . 3; 233 16 4 5 7 96 4 51 41 Maine _ ...... 7,856 177 94 83 Maryland _ _ . . _ _ . 2 20, 883 322 178 144 957 684 273 Massachusetts _ 35; 711 1, 161 29 619 513 1,426 922 504 New Hampshire. .. ... 4; 041 35 4 18 13 162 13 74 75 New Jersey . .... 2 41.874 505 38 258 209 1,493 14 1,080 399 New York _ 114,375 1,502 826 676 4,778 2,391 2,387 Pennsylvania _ < 73; 715 '993 177 461 355 2,949 638 1,258 1,053 Rhode Island _ . . _ .. _ _ s 5, 301 64 225 Vermont _ . . _ . . . 3,181 181 152 6 23 117 44 29 44 District of Columbia _ . . .... 4, 245 46 13 14 19 188 95 93 392, 553 2 978 15, 686 Illinois _ _ _ .. .. 66, 192 519 311 147 61 2,465 Indiana _ ........ ... 34; 638 523 1,717 538 946 233 Iowa . . 28i 407 286 95 122 69 1,027 148 384 495 Kansas.. ... .... 21, 129 1,266 853 413 Michigan.. ..... . .. 60, 205 467 353 114 2,300 1,531 769 Minnesota.. ...... ..... 27,272 147 50 80 17 910 13 403 494 Missouri ... ... 29,511 149 90 59 1 479 931 548 Nebraska ... ... . . .... 14,011 78 51 27 515 228 287 North Dakota _ . 7, 114 341 308 23 10 Ohio _ _ 67,201 498 28 350 120 2,898 376 1,503 1,019 South Dakota _ _ _ 8,066 156 156 Wisconsin _ _ _ _ _ . . 28, 807 311 612 Southeast. _ _ _ 304, 769 2, 296 15, 301 Alabama _ _ _ .. ... .. . 26, 390 146 55 65 26 923 317 606 Arkansas . . ...... 14,699 35 4 22 9 508 33 206 269 Florida _ _ 33, 029 231 159 40 32 1,305 282 717 306 Georgia _ _ .. .. .. . 31,813 258 258 887 Kentucky ... . _ 23, 689 158 134 24 940 466 474 Louisiana _ _ _ _ _ 24,117 184 145 24 15 1,287 444 754 89 Mississippi _ _ ... 17,506 74 39 35 950 467 329 154 North Carolina... ... _ _ .. 37,788 286 10 251 25 1,730 716 866 148 South Carolina.. . . . . . . 21, 119 61 61 533 284 249 Tennessee ... _. ... . . _ 27,264 221 167 38 16 2,633 290 2,089 254 Virginia _ . . . . .. . ... . .. . 30, 366 436 2,057 309 1,479 269 West Virginia . . 16,989 206 51 87 68 1,548 112 1,172 264 West and Southwest _ 303, 369 3,780 14, 357 Arizona _ _ .. ... ... . _ ... 10, 207 68 54 14 439 328 111 California _ _ . ... __ 107,027 2, 163 5,231 3, 667 1,564 Colorado _ .. . ... 14,988 242 571 333 238 Idaho. _ ... . ._ _ _ ... 5,792 39 11 28 304 189 115 Montana _ _ ... . 7,215 62 12 35 15 338 15 224 99 Nevada . .. _ _ _ .. 2,357 27 5 18 4 120 12 69 39 New Mexico _ _ 8,052 75 15 38 22 492 4 353 135 Oklahoma... .... 20, 149 43 9 14 20 624 271 138 215 Oregon 15 742 181 181 875 875 Texas _ ... 76. 770 530 226 197 107 3,717 2,358 1,359 Utah _ 7,865 79 18 41 20 447 21 284 142 Washington... _ _ _ ... . . 23, 552 211 1,067 700 367 Wyoming. _. . . _ 3,653 60 2 42 16 132 87 45 Outlying Parts Alaska _ _ _ 1,548 10 4 6 69 1 54 14 American Samoa. . 233 11 1 9 1 3 3 i Canal Zone _ . _ _ 378 6 3 2 1 14 3 5 6 1 Guam. _ .. 489 6 1 5 27 2 21 4 Hawaii _ _ _ 4,920 38 23 7 8 260 34 171 55 Puerto Rico. 13,458 368 306 62 516 159 174 183 Virgin Islands . 218 6 3 2 1 8 6 2 1 Includes audiovisual instructors, television instructors, and other nonsupervisory 3 Includes visiting teachers. In addition, there were 1,368 elementary and secondary instructional personnel. part-time bedside teachers who could not be distributed by organizational level. 2 Excludes home and hospital-teachers. « Includes personnel for extension education. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 29 schools, by type of position and level of instruction, and State: 1957-58 Classroom teachers and other nonsupervisory instructional personnel Classroom teachers (includes other staff not separately reported) Librarians (when separately reported) Guidance personnel (when separately reported) Psychologi¬ cal person¬ Other non¬ nel (when supervisory Serving both Serving Serving Serving Serving separately instructional Total Elementary Secondary Total elementary elementary secondary Total elementary secondary reported) personnel 1 and second- only only only only ary li 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1, 237, 849 778, 324 459, 525 12, 375 7, 735 2, 231 358 308,951 179, 096 129, 855 2,486 1, 551 1,095 172 16,815 10,836 5,979 115 154 154 149 3,048 1,705 1,343 29 8 5 16 37 1 36 6 1 7,631 5,352 2,279 48 2 19,604 10; 727 8,877 32, 548 19,085 13,463 291 291 200 4 196 35 50 3,814 2’ 355 1,459 12 12 18 1 17 39,741 26; 328 13; 413 135 106, 203 57,741 48,462 1,241 562 89 67.932 37, 886 30, 046 732 44 77 611 926 32 894 183 5 4,869 2,856 2,013 41 102 2,854 2,006 848 13 1 12 16 16 3,892 2,219 1,673 12 1 11 50 1 49 25 32 368, 085 242, 328 125, 757 2, 892 2, 330 402 180 62, 989 43,967 19,022 219 31,636 22, 049 9 587 762 12 750 26,626 17; 543 9, 083 184 263 146 117 21 19, 863 13,848 6,015 55, 794 34, 035 21,759 949 594 101 25, 604 14, 124 11,480 405 190 67 148 195 195 11 27, 883 19,913 7,970 13, 290 9,067 4,223 56 8 48 26 1 25 3 43 6,497 4,829 1,668 111 9 102 162 162 3 62, 764 39,313 23,451 425 22 82 321 371 51 320 108 137 7,910 5, 707 2,203 27, 229 17,933 9, 296 500 155 281, 853 179, 852 102, 001 3,974 850 489 6 25, 321 14, 288 11,033 13,918 7,901 6,017 180 57 57 1 30, 128 17,433 12,695 666 275 391 244 12 232 455 30, 668 20, 282 10, 386 21,906 14,851 7,055 589 54 67 468 8 85 1 8 84 5 6 22, 305 14,283 8,022 262 130 83 49 75 25 50 4 16,245 10, 429 5,816 213 213 24 24 35, 095 25 679 9,416 644 64 247 333 18 18 15 19,457 12,016 7’ 441 743 295 448 325 23, 856 16,118 7,738 523 154 84 285 22 3 19 9 27,873 17,439 10, 434 15,081 9,133 5, 948 154 9 2 143 278, 960 177, 048 101, 912 3, 023 3, 004 245 9, 437 7, 081 2 356 171 90 81 87 39 48 5 97,759 62,770 34, 989 723 960 191 14,010 8,382 5, 628 142 142 23 5,416 3,114 2, 302 33 33 6,518 4,600 1,918 87 31 14 42 7 210 2,152 1,489 663 26 6 20 29 29 3 7,398 4,519 2, 879 71 9 62 15 2 13 1 19, 342 11,263 8 079 57 13 14 30 77 77 6 14, 170 10, 197 3, 973 206 206 8 310 (8 9 10) 71,062 9 44, 040 27, 022 954 101 311 542 507 7,047 3, 983 3,064 160 5 58 97 122 6 116 10 21,264 13, 245 8,019 19 524 486 (i°) 3, 385 2, 365 1,020 44 13 31 26 10 16 6 1,441 1,119 322 18 8 5 5 10 4 6 218 169 49 1 1 350 208 142 4 4 2 2 2 453 359 94 2 2 1 1 4,319 2,649 1,670 101 17 60 24 33 7 26 169 12, 299 8, 119 4, 180 81 3 78 101 1 100 93 201 124 77 2 1 1 1 1 5 Includes visiting teachers. 6 Includes 37 serving part-time. 7 Includes administrators in smaller schools. 8 Psychological personnel included with guidance personnel. 9 Includes 1,089 teachers of ungraded, special education classes. 10 Audiovisual personnel included with librarians. 30 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 11. — Classroom teachers in public elementary and secondary day schools, by sex and level of instruction, and State: 1957-58 Region and State 1 United States (48 States and District of Columbia) _ North Atlantic. Connecticut _ _ Delaware _ Maine _ _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ New Hampshire _ _ New Jersey _ _ New York _ _ Pennsylvania . . . . Rhode Island _ _ Vermont _ District of Columbia _ Great Lakes and Plains _ _ Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan... . . Minnesota _ _ Missouri . - . Nebraska _ North Dakota 7 . . Ohio . . . - . South Dakota _ _ Wisconsin.. . . . Southeast.. . . Alabama _ Arkansas _ _ _ Florida . - . Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana - - - Mississippi . . North Carolina.. . . South Carolina _ _ _ Tennessee » _ Virginia _ _ West Virginia _ _ _ West and Southwest Arizona. . California. . Colorado _ _ Idaho - - Montana _ Nevada _ _ New Mexico _ _ Oklahoma _ Oregon _ Texas _ Utah _ Washington 7 _ Wyoming - - Outlying Parts Alaska _ _ American Samoa _ Canal Zone _ _ Guam _ Hawaii _ Puerto Rico _ Virgin Islands _ Total elementary and secondary teachers Elementary teachers Secondary teachers Women Total ele- Total Men Women mentary Men Kinder¬ Elementary Total Men Women (cols. garten (excluding secondary 6 and 7) Total (where kinder¬ separately garten) reported) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1, 237, 849 331, 663 906, 186 778, 324 1 99, 846 673, 478 13, 175 665, 303 459, 525 231, 817 227, 708 308, 951 86, 891 222, 060 179, 096 21,005 158,091 5, 134 152,957 129, 855~ 65^886^ 63, 969 16,815 4, 832 11,983 10, 836 1,719 9,117 740 8, 377 5, 979 3,113 2,866 3, 048 1,079 1,969 1,705 284 1,421 19 1,402 1,343 795 548 7, 631 1,911 5, 720 5, 352 652 4,700 4,700 2, 279 1,259 1,020 2 19, 604 5, 078 14,526 10, 727 947 9,780 345 9, 435 8, 877 4,131 4,746 32, 548 9, 555 22, 993 19, 085 2,295 16, 790 16, 790 13, 463 7,260 6,203 3,814 987 2,827 2,355 235 2,120 75 2,045 1,459 752 707 3 39, 741 11,210 28, 531 26, 328 4,119 22, 209 1,856 20, 353 13,413 7,091 6, 322 106, 203 31,268 74, 935 57,741 6, 335 51,406 51,406 48, 462 24, 933 23, 529 ‘ 67, 932 18,458 49,474 37, 886 3,435 34, 451 1,727 32, 724 30, 046 15, 023 15, 023 3 4, 869 1,280 3, 589 2,856 751 2,105 164 1,941 2,013 529 1,484 2,854 540 2,314 2,006 123 1,883 43 1,840 848 417 431 3, 892 693 3,199 2,219 110 2, 109 165 1,944 1,673 583 1,090 368, 085 103, 826 264, 259 242, 328 35, 051 207, 277 5, 315 201, 962 125, 757 68, 775 56, 982 62, 989 17, 398 45, 591 43, 967 7,359 36, 603 36, 608 19, 022 10, 039 8, 983 31,636 10, 246 21,390 22, 049 >4,612 17,437 687 16, 750 9, 587 5, 634 3, 953 26, 626 7,555 19, 071 17, 543 1,837 15, 706 15,706 9, 083 5,718 3, 365 « 19, 863 5, 368 14,495 13, 848 2, 017 11,831 597 11,234 6,015 3, 351 2,664 55, 794 16,410 39, 384 34, 035 6,705 27, 330 27, 330 21,759 9,705 12,054 25, 604 8, 049 17,555 14, 124 765 13, 359 903 12,456 11,480 7,284 4,196 27, 883 6, 497 21,386 19,913 2, 580 17, 333 704 16,629 7,970 3,917 4, 053 13, 290 2,669 10, 621 9, 067 414 8, 653 535 8,118 4, 223 2,255 1,968 6, 497 1,257 5, 240 4, 829 423 4, 406 24 4, 382 1,668 834 834 62, 764 18, 097 44, 667 39,313 1 4, 999 34,314 1,865 32, 449 23,451 13, 098 10, 353 7,910 1,928 5, 982 5, 707 483 5, 224 5,224 2,203 1,445 758 27,229 8, 352 18, 877 17, 933 2, 857 15, 076 15, 076 9, 296 5,495 3, 801 2S1, 853 55, 874 225, 979 179, 852 14, 542 165, 310 477 164, 833 102, 001 41, 332 60, 669 25, 321 4, 744 20, 577 14, 288 579 13, 709 13,709 11,033 4, 165 6, 868 13,918 3, 094 10, 824 7,901 523 7,378 7,378 6, 017 2,571 3, 446 30, 128 7,817 22,311 17,433 1,717 15,716 88 15, 628 12, 695 6, 100 6,595 30, 668 5, 682 24, 986 20, 282 1,319 18, 963 229 18, 734 10, 386 4, 363 6, 023 21,906 4, 601 17,305 14, 851 1,707 13, 144 59 13, 085 7,055 2,894 4, 161 22, 305 4, 746 17,559 14, 283 1,375 12,908 101 12, 807 8, 022 3, 371 4, 651 16, 245 3,166 13, 079 10, 429 739 9, 690 9, 690 5,816 2,427 3,389 35, 095 6, 224 28, 871 25, 679 2,446 23, 233 23, 233 9,416 3, 778 5, 638 19, 457 3, 241 16,216 12,016 744 11,272 11,272 7,441 2, 497 4,944 23, 856 4, 764 19, 092 16,118 1,692 14, 426 14, 426 7,738 3, 072 4,666 27,873 4, 400 23, 473 17,439 746 16, 693 16, 693 10, 434 3,654 6,780 15, 081 3, 395 11,686 9,133 955 8,178 8, 178 5, 948 2,440 3, 508 278, 960 85, 072 193, 888 177, 048 29, 248 147, 800 2,249 145, 551 101, 912 55, 824 46, 088 9, 437 3, 397 6, 040 7,081 7 1, 862 7 5, 219 5,219 2, 356 7 1, 535 7 821 97,759 34,815 62, 944 62, 770 12, 739 50, 031 50, 031 34, 989 22, 076 12,913 14,010 4, 244 9, 766 8, 382 1,189 7,193 411 6, 782 5, 628 3, 055 2, 573 5,416 1,618 3, 798 3,114 369 2, 745 2, 745 2, 302 1,249 1,053 6,518 1,949 4, 569 4, 600 684 3,916 68 3, 848 1,918 1,265 653 2,152 630 1,522 1,489 241 1,248 80 1,168 663 389 274 7,398 2,426 4, 972 4,519 773 3, 746 3, 746 2, 879 1,653 1,226 19, 342 5, 010 14, 332 11,263 1,295 9, 968 488 9, 480 8, 079 3,715 4, 364 14, 170 4,566 9, 604 10, 197 2,235 7,962 7,962 3, 973 2, 331 1,642 71, 062 17, 307 53, 755 8 44, 040 4, 942 39, 098 336 38, 762 27,022 12, 365 14,657 7,047 2,782 4,265 3, 983 738 3, 245 211 3, 034 3, 064 2, 044 1,020 21,264 5, 429 15, 835 13, 245 1,901 11,344 574 10, 770 8, 019 3, 528 4, 491 3, 385 899 2,486 2, 365 > 280 2,085 81 2,004 1,020 619 401 1,441 402 1,039 1,119 252 867 17 850 322 150 172 218 158 60 169 115 54 54 49 43 6 350 107 243 208 25 183 16 167 142 82 60 453 109 344 359 50 309 309 94 59 35 4,319 866 3, 453 2, 649 162 2, 487 401 2, 086 1,670 704 966 12,299 2,728 9, 571 8,119 1,213 6, 906 6, 906 4,180 1,515 2, 665 201 51 150 124 16 108 12 96 77 35 42 1 Includes 4 male kindergarten teachers in the following States: Indiana— 2, Ohio— 1 and Wyoming— 1. 2 Excludes home and hospital teachers. 3 Includes visiting teachers. In addition, there were 1,368 part-time bedside instruc¬ tors who could not be distributed by level or sex. ‘Includes personnel for extension education. 3 Includes visiting teachers. 3 Includes consultants or supervisors of instruction. 7 Distribution by sex estimated. 3 Distribution by level and by sex estimated. 8 Includes 1,089 teachers of ungraded, special education classes. NOTE.— Classroom teachers may include other nonsupervisory instructional person¬ nel when such personnel have not been separately reported. See table 10. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 31 Table 12. — Personnel engaged in health, food services, and recreational activities in local basic administrative units, for States reporting: 1957-58 Health personnel Region and State Physicians, includ¬ ing psychiatrists Dentists Nurses Dental hygienists Other professional and technical health personnel Food services personnel Recreational personnel Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total for States reporting _ 697 3, 221 192 1, 673 9, 743 2, 098 778 76 314 109 j 95, 384 12, 884 2,445 3, 211 North Atlantic Connecticut _ _ _ _ 1 190 205 55 Delaware... . .. _ 3 3 3 85 3 3 330 315 Maine.. . ....... 100 12 485 30 530 Maryland.. _ _ . . .. 29 38 9 Massachusetts _ _ _ _ _ . 127 362 4 3 488 153 3 4,413 574 New Hampshire _ . ... _ 63 3 30 149 2 3 126 1 New Jersey _ _ _ _ _ 71 759 27 270 754 270 1,719 1,129 64 150 New York _ _ ... ... ... 115 2, 189 1,406 64 556 Pennsylvania _ _ ... _ _ 176 1,198 70 75 1,170 51 158 4,639 2, 738 335 2,602 Rhode Island. . .. .. ... _ 7 1 17 502 Vermont _ . . ... _ 18 1 18 40 4 5 57 99 District of Columbia _ _ 41 186 119 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ 7 170 1 106 426 281 5, 892 1,445 Indiana.. . _ _ _ _ _ _ i 178 1 2 Iowa . . . .. 2 2 94 10 2,600 Michigan _ _ _. _ . .. 227 Minnesota. _ _ 1 24 1 2 200 21 13 3,015 5,079 1,225 5, 429 1,740 2,904 4, 735 7,264 1,863 273 Missouri _ ... ... _ Nebraska. _ _ _ _ 5 3 76 10 23 Ohio _ _ _ _ . .. ... . .. 80 95 18 34 477 221 29 7 23 S 1,612 37 92 Wisconsin _ _ 11 8 106 Southeast Arkansas _ _ 1 2 12 2 900 1 Florida _ ... _ ... 10 2 1 17 2 7 1 1,380 50 12 Georgia _ _ Kentucky _ _ _ .. 24 5 23 29 8 Louisiana. .. _ _ _ 2 40 2 5 95 1 65 5, 787 2,997 6,850 4, 230 3, 078 Mississippi _ _ _ 21 North Carolina _ 1 875 South Carolina _ _ _ Tennessee _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 12 1 32 2 285 Virginia... _ _ _ 4 23 8 110 9 22 3 West Virginia _ _ _ 2 5 1 1 67 10 6 3 2 198 76 7 13 West and Southwest Arizona _ _ _ 14 198 823 California _ _ _ W., <9 (9 1,622 3 29 <9 <9 1 (9 (9 6 Idaho 3 _ 381 Montana _ _ _ _ . _ _ 4 10 7 11 28 5 11 277 114 23 26 Nevada ...... ... _ 24 7 104 83 New Mexico _ _ _ _ _ 8 97 12 663 353 7 25 Oklahoma _ _ _ _ _ 8 11 2 6 60 12 4, 500 1,472 10, 352 937 Oregon _ _ _ ... 67 12 Texas _ ... . ... 39 681 260 Utah _ 1 16 1 24 57 2 424 7 Wyoming _ 34 402 Outlying Parts Alaska _ _ 2 20 2 16 17 Canal Zone _ 56 Guam... _ _ 1 6 2 Hawaii _ _ 3 1 40 10 164 420 Puerto Rico _ 266 5,801 1 Virgin Islands _ 76 9 5 1 Total of all health personnel. 2 See footnote 5, table 13. 3 All part-time personnel included with full-time personnel. * Dentists included with physicians. J Dental hygienists and "other health personnel" included with nurses. 32 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 13. — Personnel engaged in attendance, clerical, plant operation and maintenance, transporta¬ tion, and miscellaneous activities in local basic administrative units, for States reporting: 1957-58 Region and State Attendance personnel Secretarial and clerical personnel Plant operation personnel Plant maintenance personnel Full¬ time trans¬ porta¬ tion person¬ nel Other personnel Attendance officers Visiting teachers (home- school coun¬ selors) Assistants to ad¬ ministrative and other noninstruc¬ tional personnel Assistants to instructional personnel Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time Full¬ time Part- time l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total for States reporting _ 3,489 2, 305 1, 206 29, 642 2, 194 12, 364 1,346 ===== 100, 503 14,358 18,796 3,055 77,845 6,689 2, 203 North Atlantic 5 51 Delaware _ ... _ 2 i 206 1 6 (9 (9 485 20 22 492 100 425 800 385 24 127 422 926 3,077 431 666 116 241 4, 858 33 16 New Hampshire. . 8 83 31 1 44 10 385 169 1 32 New Jersey _ . _ _ 204 377 (1 2 *) i 2, 904 i 334 (9 <9 5, 097 1,079 736 36 277 247 212 1 600 _ Pennsylvania.. _ '252 456 211 1,290 115 2,870 326 7,645 3. 171 2,721 568 768 137 64 Rhode Island _ _ _ 8 43 (->) 66 96 123 241 399 8 5 13 26 139 171 910 12 22 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ _ _ .. . 3, 635 746 9, 726 1, 153 1,053 142 3,357 1,918 198 Inoiana.. . . . . i 2, 400 (9 (9 (9 2 3, 000 (9 6,263 Iowa . . _ 6 7 5,955 Michigan _ _ 201 > 4,217 (9 5,886 3, 945 4, 780 Minnesota _ _ 2,900 Missouri. _ _ _ 1 782 3,312 802 2. 514 Nebraska.. . ... . . . 11 3 250 147 1, 132 312 851 50 Ohio _ 114 299 89 737 69 2,330 327 6, 582 1,211 1,908 204 4, 765 117 48 Wisconsin _ i 1,405 (9 2 3, 354 (9 1, 493 Southeast Alabama _ _ 4 88 4 12 (4) i 843 4 8 (’) (9 2, 441 416 Arkansas _ _ _ 13 2 5 234 66 170 ^ 20 1, 513 171 85 13 2, 981 Florida 52 12 80 710 40 1,453 157 3, 022 393 1 043 222 2, 586 68 Georgia _ _ 46 172 996 2! 646 ’ 740 4! 994 1, 546 Kentucky _ _ _ 221 371 181 1, 912 320 300 212 2, 772 74 17 Louisiana _ _ 102 339 451 3 089 538 1 097 151 211 Mississippi _ _ _ _ _ 260 15 168 81 1,606 27 75 4’ 463 North Carolina _ _ 72 421 470 3, 538 775 508 4 Tennessee.. . . . . . .. 123 3 2, 817 (9 2, 570 Virginia _ _ 14 4 108 i 1, 327 1 306 (l) (9 2, 835 825 650 102 4’ 234 West Virginia . . . . 104 ’ 190 281 51 l’ 938 1,350 422 407 l[ 827 91 64 West and Southwest Arizona . . . . . . 32 i 783 i 32 (9 (9 3 1, 769 (9 354 526 California _ _ (9 5 1, 100 Idaho 6 _ _ _ _ _ i 189 (9 748 52 785 Montana _ 5 32 5 223 115 U 6 5 445 40 11 23 227 24 1 Nevada. . .. ... . . 4 2 35 4 92 26 252 100 55 27 31 16 14 New Mexico... _ _ _ _ 18 9 16 253 13 166 20 1, 095 37 107 12 858 Oklahoma _ _ _ _ _ . 50 150 10 2, 340 3,224 Oregon.. . ... i 1, 044 (9 2, 140 386 913 613 Texas . . . . .. . ... ... 49 22 218 1, 485 183 2 218 240 7’ 434 1 353 1 742 557 8, 227 1,361 Utah _ 21 2 120 19 ’220 83 ’ 679 ’504 ’ 157 131 86 2 Wyoming _ _ ..... 2 1 205 370 716 Outlying Parts Alaska _ _ _ _ . __ ... . 1 1 43 11 191 84 29 1 5 46 American Samoa... . .... 7 3 Canal Zone _ _ _ 14 77 33 Guam _ _ _ _ _ . 28 61 8 Hawaii _ .... _ 8 3 Puerto Rico _ _ ... _ 102 230 157 24 422 1, 191 Virgin Islands. . . . .... .. 2 14 2 5 2 26 3 5 4 11 5 1 Secretarial and clerical assistants to instructional personnel included with assistants to noninstructional personnel. 2 Visiting teachers included with classroom teachers (see tables 10 and 11). 2 Plant maintenance personnel included with plant operation personnel. 4 Visiting teachers included with attendance officers. s "Other employed personnel" includes attendance officers and all health personnel except nurses. 6 All part-time personnel included with full-time personnel. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 33 Percent decrease Percent increase -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20 n r 1 1 - Local school districts KM 1-teacher schools Total instructional staff +9.9 Enrollment: Grades K-8 +5.7 Grades 9-12 and +14.4 postgraduate High school graduates +6.4 Total revenue receipts HI +25-*MHI Total expenditures +23.9 Capital outlay | +19.5 H Average annual salary +13.1 of instructional staff Current expenditures per pupil in average +15.9 daily attendance _ 1 _ 1 _ 1 _ _ 1 _ 1 _ Figure 1. — Percent Change in Selected Data for Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, for 48 States and the District of Columbia: 1955-56 to 1957-58 +30 34 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 14. — Total population, school-age population, and enrollment for boys and girls in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands, except col. 4] Region and State Population,! July 1, 1957 Total enrollment 2 Kindergarten through grade 8 3 Grades 9 through 12 and postgraduate Total popula¬ tion, excluding armed forces overseas School- age popu¬ lation (5- 17 years, inclusive) School- age popu¬ lation as percent of total (col. 34-2) Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States (48 States and District of Columbia) _ 170,295 40, 164 23.6 33, 529 17, 103 16, 425 25,669 13, 239 12, 430 7, 860 3, 864 3,995 North Atlantic _ 46, 735 10, 090 21.6 7, 901 4, 024 3, 878 5,943 3, 099 2, 844 1,958 924 1,034 Connecticut _ _ _ 2,268 493 21.7 437 225 212 337 175 162 100 50 50 Delaware _ .... .... 434 98 22.6 <72 37 35 5 56 29 27 17 8 8 Maine _ .. . ... _ _ _ 939 223 23.7 184 95 89 143 74 69 41 21 20 Maryland 6_ . _ _ . 2,860 687 24.0 539 277 262 416 214 202 123 62 61 Massachusetts 6 _ ... _ 4, 828 1,023 21.2 <811 412 399 600 316 284 210 96 115 New Hampshire... .... ...... _ _ 573 130 22.7 97 50 47 74 38 36 23 12 12 New Jersey... _ _ 5, 604 1,209 21.6 959 493 467 731 379 352 229 114 115 New York 6 _ _ 16, 140 3, 361 20.8 2,659 1,356 1,303 2,002 1,045 957 657 311 346 Pennsyl.ania 6 _ .. _ 11,047 2,450 22.2 1,835 923 912 1,346 704 641 489 218 271 Rhode Island «. _ _ _ _ 857 181 21.1 125 64 61 95 51 44 30 13 18 Vermont 6 . . ... . .. _ _ 369 90 24.4 70 36 34 54 28 26 15 8 7 District of Columbia _ . _ 816 145 17.8 113 56 57 90 45 45 24 12 12 Great Lakes and Plains.. 50, 195 11, 673 23.3 9, 515 4,843 4, 671 7, 200 3, 689 3,511 2, 314 1,154 1,160 Illinois6 _ _ 9, 697 2,134 22.0 1,654 842 812 1,256 - — 639 616 399 203 196 Indiana 6... . . _ _ _ 4, 508 1,074 23.8 935 454 481 710 345 365 225 109 116 Iowa 6. .. _ .. _ _ 2,782 655 23.5 < 573 295 278 435 225 210 138 70 68 Kansas _ . . _ _ . .. _ ... 2,100 486 23.1 <457 235 222 348 179 169 109 56 53 Michigan 6 _ _ _ _ 7,690 1,861 24.2 < 1, 496 758 737 1,162 601 560 334 157 177 Minnesota 6 _ _ _ _ ... _ 3,317 804 24.2 638 326 311 467 241 227 170 86 85 Missouri 6 ... _ ._ ... _ _ _ _ 4, 236 935 22.1 779 400 378 591 305 286 187 95 92 Nebraska 6. _ _ _ _ 1,437 331 23.0 267 137 129 202 •105 98 64 33 32 North Dakota 6 .. _ _ 644 169 26.2 130 67 64 97 50 47 33 17 16 Ohio 6 _ 9, 230 2,135 23. 1 1,764 907 857 1,352 698 654 412 208 204 South Dakota 9 _ 693 173 25.0 144 73 70 109 57 52 35 17 19 Wisconsin _ _ 3, 861 916 23.7 <679 348 331 471 244 227 208 104 104 Southeast... . ... ... . _ _ . 37, 268 9,758 26.2 8,452 4,323 4,129 6, 620 3, 428 3,192 1, 832 895 937 Alabama.. . ...... _ 3,159 867 27.4 758 387 371 585 303 282 174 84 89 Arkansas _ _ . ... _ _ _ _ 1,774 475 26.8 420 216 204 321 166 155 99 50 49 Florida _ ... _ 4,226 933 22.1 874 449 425 681 353 329 193 97 97 Georgia 6_ . . _ _ 3, 767 1,013 26.9 914 467 447 733 379 354 181 89 93 Kentucky _ _ 3, 041 801 26.3 610 313 297 478 248 230 132 65 67 Louisiana _ _ _ _ 3, 071 820 26.7 649 331 318 509 264 245 140 67 73 Mississippi . _ _ _ 2,163 611 28.2 536 274 262 433 225 209 103 50 53 North Carolina 6 _ _ 4, 470 1, 198 26.8 1,060 541 520 815 421 394 245 119 126 South Carolina. _ _ _ _ _ _ 2,368 683 28.8 584 296 288 466 240 226 118 56 62 Tennessee _ . . . _ _ _ 3, 440 883 25.7 781 400 381 607 314 292 174 86 89 Virginia6... _ _ 3, 829 946 24.7 800 410 391 639 332 307 162 78 83 West Virginia _ 1,960 528 26.9 464 238 227 353 183 170 111 55 57 STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 35 Table 14. — Total population, school-age population, and enrollment for boys and girls in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1957-58 — Continued [In thousands, except col. 4] Population,! July 1, 1957 Total enrollment 2 Kindergarten through grade 8 2 Grades 9 through 12 and postgraduate Region and State Total popula¬ tion, excluding armed forces overseas School- age popu¬ lation (5- 17 years, inclusive) School- age popu¬ lation as percent of total (col. 3-^2) Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 West and Southwest 36, 094 8, 642 23.9 7, 661 3,914 3, 747 5, 906 3,023 2, 883 1, 755 891 864 Arizona _ ------ - - . . . 1,108 282 25.5 262 134 128 206 105 100 57 29 28 California. . _ __ _ ----- 13, 871 1,661 644 3, 087 400 22.3 « 2, 826 366 1,449 168 1,377 197 2, 192 285 1, 124 132 1,068 154 634 325 309 Colorado. _ _ - - 24. 1 80 36 44 Idaho - - _ ------- 173 26.9 154 79 75 114 58 56 40 21 20 Montana. . _ - _ - _ _______ 671 168 25.0 137 70 67 102 53 50 34 17 17 Nevada _ _ .. 262 59 22.5 58 30 28 46 24 22 12 6 6 New Mexico _ - _ - - - _ 827 233 28.2 210 108 102 164 84 79 46 23 23 Oklahoma _ _ . . - 2,255 1,742 9, 170 840 547 24.3 514 261 253 377 194 183 137 67 70 Oregon s. _ _ ... . __ 413 23.7 360 185 175 267 137 129 93 48 45 Texas . ------ ------- 2, 322 233 25.3 1,916 215 990 926 1,497 162 772 725 419 218 201 Utah 9 _ 27.7 110 104 84 78 53 26 27 Washington 9 _ _ _ 2, 726 317 644 23.6 569 291 278 437 226 211 132 65 67 Wyoming _ ... . ... 81 25.6 75 38 36 57 29 28 18 9 8 Outlying Parts Alaska. . . • ... . ... 211 42 19.9 36 18 18 31 16 15 5 3 3 American Samoa _ _ _ 7 20 7 7 7 35.0 5 3 2 5 2 2 1 Canal Zone . _ _ 57 (9) 18 (9) 32.7 12 6 6 10 5 5 3 Guam . . -. __ .. _ _ _ 55 13 7 6 11 6 5 2 1 1 Hawaii _ _ _ _ 612 153 25.0 * 130 67 63 101 52 49 30 15 14 Puerto Rico 2, 285 31 742 32.5 i 564 285 279 488 249 240 76 37 39 Virgin Islands _ _ _ . 10 32.3 6 4 3 5 3 3 1 <8) <8) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census. ‘‘Current Population Reports," Series P-25, Nos. 194 and 208; and unpublished estimates. 2 Enrollment figures for a given State include pupils who enrolled for the first time in the United States during the school year and pupils who were previously enrolled in another State. Since enrollment is a sumulative total (the number increases but never decreases), care should be exercised in relating pupils enrolled to the total school-age population (ages 5-17, inclusive), which represents an estimate as of one day during the year. Hence, it is possible that in those States having a large proportion of migrant families, the total enrollment may exceed the school-age population. 2 Includes enrollment in nursery schools. * Enrollment not cumulative but as of a specific date. * Includes an estimate for kindergarten. « Distribution by sex estimated. 7 As of September 1, 1956. 3 Fewer than 500 pupils. 9 Data not available. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Table 15. — Enrollment in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by grade and by State: 1957-58 36 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 Grades 9 through 12 and postgraduate A 3 * s a of * l®as*3 is is «| IIS sf =r i is r i : is 0 ! 1 ! ! ! jui ; II ** lljj: : | | | i | Twelfth grade 3 s 5 S S saSISlsIlSS 2 448,275 69, 196 42, 505 28, 871 21,481 60, 720 34,478 35, 390 13, 735 6,312 75, 084 7,254 52. 749 319, 251 sSsssssIHSgl It 3 3 S' 433, 038 21,237 3,580 8,863 26,276 46, 128 5, 137 48, 750 147, 325 110,239 6,771 3,406 5,326 IB js 85, 666 50, 486 32, 237 25, 049 73, 586 39, 168 42, 099 15, 254 7, 742 91,782 8,015 43.284 ; : isisSHsSssii 1 Tenth grade 3 S S' IN 8 S' SsISSSSfsil 31 634, 680 110, 878 61,874 37, 166 29, 602 93,911 46,815 50, 480 17, 550 8,734 116,530 9,463 51.677 ; ' 46,332 26,749 54, 645 49,685 36. 140 37, 838 28, 040 66, 108 32, 595 47, 046 45. 140 31, 082 Ninth grade 3 s s' cf 611,768 33,219 5,274 13, 554 40, 871 66, 747 7, 497 74,117 203, 068 146, 687 9, 118 4,762 6,854 700,631 122,877 70, 028 39,439 32, 458 105, 743 49, 541 59, 256 17, 790 9, 931 128, 377 10,481 54 710 : ISlSssilSISS I S'S'SSS'SS'SSSSES 1 3 7, 859, 771 1,958,100 99, 898 16, 542 40, 736 123, 001 210,358 23, 432 228, 682 657, 296 488, 977 30, 245 15, 369 23, 564 I a i|S 1 w* 398, 728 225, 257 137,715 108, 590 333, 960 170, 298 187, 225 64, 334 33,219 411,773 35,213 207 875 1,832,358 173, 540 99, 023 193, 039 181,485 131,944 139, 581 103, 135 245, 010 118,251 174,285 161,654 111,411 00 t f Eighth grade 3 £ S' of 548,698 IgSsSgglSgl 8| I |S 107, 085 66, 086 38, 292 31,652 96, 023 43, 480 55, 446 17,691 10, 541 119, 954 10, 442 47. 148 647,430 sssassssssssi It 3 S S' of 567,078 sSSISSSSSSg g J5f“fSf?G5rCJS§gof“i‘ ^ B S' lRggSSII§slS S'Sg'SS'SRRSSSS i ; Sg3§§aSS§B2§i|| ll Sixth grade 3 2,758,859 B § iSSSSSKssss § S"“'S‘SS“‘RS'S'S“>‘ 727, 163 123,881 74, 907 41,690 36, 169 111,397 48, 746 64, 144 19, 635 11,391 136, 991 11,665 46. 547 755,639 65, 954 38, 268 78, 291 83,281 57, 766 58, 352 46, 579 92, 286 52, 574 70, 053 70,751 41,484 Fifth grade 0> 8 S' s S' 40, 385 7,177 17,966 53, 260 74, 802 9,705 87,849 239, 502 169, 776 11,556 6,865 9, 558 858,101 salsallsllag ill 1 ^ SsssssSSSsss II Fourth grade 00 3,127,702 3 S' SllSisISSs! i 840, 775 143, 972 87, 784 49, 319 40,841 130,290 53,795 71,574 23,259 12,224 162,384 13, 129 52. 204 878, 808 gsliaSsIallsIl ssssssssssss Third grade r* 3,175,704 s S' 38,601 7,461 16. 880 51,955 71,423 9,185 83,093 230, 779 161,010 11,444 6,997 11,375 S S' 147, 603 89, 102 50, 760 41, 589 133, 585 55, 154 72, 893 23, 687 12,413 162,314 13, 646 53.814 881,721 SslSISISsslsIl Second grade to 1 3 38,938 7,549 16, 186 52, 704 72, 760 9, 203 82,652 234,410 160, 932 10, 979 6,923 12, 244 a * 151,641 90, 195 51, 396 42, 834 137, 337 55, 642 73, 205 23, 799 12,615 169, 578 14, 238 53. 623 118 S' sgsKssssIHs 1 sssssssssssss First grade ■ £ S of 775,791 s i 183, 408 100, 251 62, 697 46,610 155, 854 61,680 80, 157 25, 529 13, 574 188, 532 15,310 60. 979 IIS js SllaSSISSISsl S5SggfSS'=SSg'S Kinder¬ garten 1 * S S' | 577,666 llillilSiss g S" SPSS'S”- CSJ 1 3 s' 143, 820 44, 294 51,968 34, 983 167, 895 50,814 42,018 27, 245 1,223 125, 235 7, 165 60. 196 IIS 8 i SSSi i i i il i|| ■ ImemV J j j i <0 j I f*> B f a 1 S' uf 336,654 55, 894 143, 490 415, 789 600, 256 74, 046 730, 797 2, 001,573 1,345, 576 95, 056 54, 348 89, 619 IB f N 1,255,583 709, 691 435, 437 348, 220 1,161,769 467, 344 591, 282 202, 435 96, 954 1,352, 064 108, 588 470.981 IIS Is II “ 584, 674 320, 988 681,338 732, 946 477,604 509, 273 433, 282 815,177 466, 032 606, 648 638,810 352, 986 1 h- CM 8 S' s 7, 901, 198 1 436, 552 72,436 184,226 538, 790 810,614 97,478 959, 479 2,658,869 1,834,553 125, 301 69, 717 113, 183 8 S' of 1,654,311 934, 948 573, 152 456,810 1,495,729 637,642 778, 507 266, 769 130, 173 1, 763, 837 143,801 678. 856 IIS Tf 1 “ 758,214 420,011 874, 377 914, 431 609, 548 648,854 536,417 1, 060, 187 584, 283 780, 933 800, 464 464, 397 Region and State fH 3 i II 1 1 II 5 ! 1 North Atlantic _ Connecticut Delaware 2 . . . . . _ . Maryland _ Massachusetts 2 New Hampshire _ _ _ _ New Jersey _ _ New York _ _ _ Pennsylvania _ _ _ Rhode Island Vermont _ _ _ District of Columbia _ Great Lakes and Plains _ Illinois _ _ _ Iowa 2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Kansas 2.. _ _ _ _ _ _ Michigan 2 . . Minnesota _ Missouri _ _ _ _ _ Nebraska _ North Dakota _ Ohio _ South Dakota _ Wisconsin 2 - Alabama _ Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ _ _ _ Mississippi _ _ _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ _ _ Virginia _ _ _ West Virginia _ _ _ STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 37 3 09 ZI 8Zfr j j j is j j s SlsslilllSSsS 913 53 470 409 619 542 207 S w‘s£r^<£>*~0O‘j52S2*Sco* lO-j i SSIsssllSiSSI SS§§3|S 2 to to § gSiSSSg s’ sfrfa^rfrfa‘^ss‘iJf^ CSI s s!5§fsIII22ss ssSSsis s 5 IllsssSsSSSIs IssssSi 5 »gS5aa^gssssc: l« e*VTo>|fl s SSilSSliSlgSS 819 426 862 666 672 185 458 s’ sfafgfaw-fs'ag-fs^ s sicllSsS-SsIss SafiSSls s’ sftftfss^sgfjsss’s1** cs7 0*5 s sssIsSlsssissi isisSsi tf aas2!=''='sss's's“’' ~ -S3 g lsS§ISI§sllsl ssggssi s sssss^ss'sass''' ~ co — • to 5 lisSIssSllllSS IlSIlSs S sfgsfsfsf“faVs'as!!f,'‘ s SSISSssisIlsiS ssSIggl s' sssiss'^'ss'g'sfs^ _r s (ISKS3slslSSgS Issieis;: s' sgs's'^sssss- — ■* 0 8 Siisglsssslls S SS'S2='”5S'SS'?iS'” - --ssf 5 Sss gg—sgsgs 223 827 596 311 S «ng\r» ;cM*»*in2‘22Sco’'^’ or ; , 3 SsISlSllslIsi §SSSSS§ * ssssssssssssft cvT -* s saSSssSISssSs ssSSsil t sls'2isIS¥s3Ss' s'-asgs” N ~ i I I .E 1 2 s J2 '5. a o I i I 38 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 16. — Enrollment by grade in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, for the United States: 1946-47 to 1957-58 Item 1946-47 i 1947-48 1948-49 i 1949-50 1950-51 i 1951-52 1952-53 i 1953-54 1954-55 > 1955-56 1956-57 i 1957-58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total Enrollment _ 23, 659, 158 23, 944, 532 24,476, 658 25, 111,427 25, 706, OOO 26, 562,664 27, 506, 630 28, 836, 052 30, 045, 000 31,162, 843 32, 334, 333 33, 528, 591 Kindergarten through grade 8 _ Grades 9 through 12 and postgrad¬ uates _ 17, 821,481 5, 837, 677 18, 291,227 5, 653, 305 18,818,254 5, 658, 404 19, 386, 806 5, 724,621 19, 900, 000 5, 806, 000 20, 680, 867 5, 881,797 21, 624, 682 5, 881, 948 22, 545, 807 6, 290, 245 23,471,000 6, 574, 000 24, 290, 257 6, 872, 586 25, 015, 873 7,318,460 25, 668, 820 7, 859,771 Number in each grade: Kindergarten _ 872, 835 2 2, 896,451 2,319,772 2, 204, 573 2,119, 377 2,012,212 1,907,319 1,850, 394 1,638, 548 1,761,020 1,583,245 1, 308, 592 1,119, 968 64, 852 988, 680 2, 951,300 2 2, 363,477 2, 258, 858 2, 183, 171 2,055,115 1, 939, 500 1,897,740 1,653, 386 1,672,920 1, 502, 743 1,271,645 1, 130, 805 75, 192 1,016,186 3, 067, 375 2, 502, 828 2 2, 314,645 2, 220, 554 2, 088, 826 1, 994, 735 1,919, 462 1,693, 643 1, 708, 838 1,499,477 1,267,483 1, 126, 022 56, 584 1,034,203 3, 170, 343 2, 644, 707 2, 395, 904 2 2, 254, 028 2, 150, 678 2,055, 741 1,947,227 1,733, 975 1, 760, 740 1,513, 086 1,275, 295 1,133, 673 41,827 941,138 3, 052, 806 2, 739, 176 2, 600, 440 2, 357, 752 2 2, 211 306 1,272, 127 2,957,485 2,670,162 2,717,947 2,559,115 2, 320, 132 22,165,741 2, 082, 533 1,935, 625 1,819,732 1, 582, 142 1, 337, 930 1, 110, 638 31,355 1,399, 064 3, 357, 598 2,638,816 2,633,457 2,684,145 2, 520, 163 2,275, 680 2 2, 143, 106 1,972, 653 1,861,411 1,579,177 1,306,615 1,107,884 26, 861 1, 474, 007 3, 666, 466 2, 940, 285 2, 569, 243 2, 565, 345 2, 606, 983 2,449, 174 2,242,116 2 2, 032, 188 1,944,357 1,716,758 1,411,722 1, 190, 138 27,270 1,415, 000 3, 518, 000 3, 391, 000 2, 896, 000 2, 535, 000 2, 523, 000 2, 584, 000 2, 432, 000 2, 177, 000 2 2, 028, 000 1,765, 000 1, 520, 000 1,246, 000 15, 000 1,564,396 3, 494, 997 3, 242, 407 3, 290, 740 2,847,741 2,481,210 2,470,310 2,541,719 2, 356, 737 2,142,573 21, 848, 570 1,675, 373 3, 491,387 3, 240,771 3, 183, 406 3, 237,852 2, 808, 290 2,442,701 2,475,610 2, 460, 483 2, 367, 969 1,973, 829 21, 614,593 1,349,315 12,754 1,771,753 3, 586, 683 3,213, 900 3,175,704 3, 127, 702 3, 180, 952 2, 758, 859 2,457,872 2, 395, 395 2,479, 588 2,193,739 1, 736, 180 21,431,302 18, 962 First grade _ Second grade _ Third grade _ Fourth” grade _ _ Fifth grade ... - ... Sixth grade _ 2,117,360 1,995,238 1, 884, 784 1,780,738 1, 547, 895 1,313, 207 1, 127, 527 36, 633 Seventh grade _ Eighth grade _ First year high school _ Second year high school _ . Third year high school - Fourth year high school _ 1,542,646 1,325,726 13, 071 Postgraduate _ Percent In each grade: Total _ _ 109.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Kindergarten . . 3.7 4. 1 4.2 4. 1 3.7 4. 8 5. 1 5. 1 4.7 5 0 5.2 5.3 First grade _ . 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.6 11.9 11. 1 12.2 12.7 11 7 11 2 10.8 10.7 Second grade . . 9.8 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.7 10. 1 9.6 10.2 11.3 10.4 10. 0 9.6 Third grade . . . 9.3 9.5 9. 5 9.5 10. 1 10.2 9.6 8.9 9. 6 10 6 9.8 9.5 Fourth grade . . . 9.0 9. 1 9. 1 9.0 9.2 9.6 9. 8 8.9 8 4 9 1 10.0 9.3 Fifth grade . . . 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 9.2 9.0 8.4 8.0 8.7 9.5 Sixth grade _ 8. 1 8. 1 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.6 7.9 7.6 8.2 Seventh grade _ 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8 1 8.2 7.7 7.3 Eighth grade _ 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.0 7 2 7.6 7.6 7. 1 First year high school _ 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.4 Second year high school _ 6.7 6.3 6. 1 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.9 6. 1 6.5 Third year high school... . . 5.5 5.3 5.2 5. 1 5. 1 5.0 4.8 4.9 5. 1 5.0 5.0 5.2 Fourth year high school _ 4.7 4.7 4.6 4. 5 4.4 4.2 4.0 4. 1 4 1 4 3 4.2 4 3 Postgraduate . . . . .3 .3 .2 .2 . 1 .1 .1 .1 (1 2 3> (3) <3) .1 1 Total elementary and high school enrollments taken from special studies. Grade distribution is estimated. 2 Figures in bold type, shown in diagonal progression, indicate enrollments in suc¬ cessive grades of the pupils who entered the first grade in 1946-47, including retarded and accelerated pupils. Because of retardation, school retention rates should not be calculated directly from first-grade enrollments. 2 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 39 Table 17. — Total number of pupils enrolled in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1870-71 to 1957-58 Region and State 1870-71 > 1879-80 1889-90 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929—30 1939-40 1947-48 1949-50 1957-58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States (48 States and District of Colum- bia) _ _ 7, 561, 582 9, 867, 595 12, 722, 631 15, 503, 110 17, 813, 852 21, 578, 316 25, 678, 015 25, 433, 542 23, 944, 532 25, 111, 427 33, S28, 591 North Atlantic 2, 894, 242 3, 147, 128 3, 365, 213 3, 949, 736 4, 546, 996 5, 512, 700 6, 764, 028 6, 623, 364 5, 729, 840 5,993 454 7, 901, 198 Connecticut _ _ 113, 588 119,694 126, 505 155, 228 190, 353 261,463 319,453 281,032 257,767 273,015 436,552 Delaware _ _ _ _ _ _ 20,058 27,823 31,434 36, 895 35, 950 38,483 42, 360 44,046 43, 523 46,055 2 3 72,436 Maine _ 152,600 149,827 139,676 130,918 144,278 137,681 154,455 163,640 151,582 158, 247 184,226 Maryland . . . 115, 683 162,431 184,251 222, 373 238, 393 241,618 277,459 287,225 302,416 335,018 538, 790 Massachusetts.. 273,661 306, 777 371,492 474,891 535, 869 623, 586 759, 492 700, 305 590, 827 632, 285 2 810,614 New Hampshire _ _ 71,957 64,341 59,813 65, 688 63,972 64, 205 74, 240 75, 697 68, 143 71,733 97, 478 New Jersey . 169, 430 204,961 234,072 322, 575 429, 797 594, 780 792,012 716, 527 630, 950 674,915 959, 479 New York _ 1,028,110 1,031,593 1,042, 160 1, 209, 574 1,422,969 1,719,841 2,141,479 2, 227,870 1,922,084 1,998,129 2, 658, 869 Pennsylvania _ 834,614 937,310 1,020, 522 1,151,880 1,282,965 1,610, 459 1,937,433 1,851,780 1,514,672 1,550,286 1,834,553 Rhode Island _ _ 34, 000 40, 604 52,774 67,231 80, 061 93, 501 118,704 114,161 94,062 96, 305 125, 301 Vermont _ .. . _ 65, 384 75, 328 65, 608 65, 964 66,615 61,785 65, 976 64,911 56, 300 61,143 69,717 District of Columbia _ 15,157 26, 439 36, 906 46, 519 55, 774 65, 298 80, 965 96, 170 97, 514 96, 323 113,183 Great Lakes and Plains.. 3, 300, 660 4, 033, 828 5, 015, 267 5, 842, 569 5, 981, 989 6, 595, 968 7, 729, 278 7, 285, 692 6, 791,119 7, 021, 472 9, 514, 535 Illinois _ ... .. ... . . .. 672, 787 704,041 778,319 958,911 1,002,687 1, 127, 560 1,395, 907 1, 248, 827 1,137,268 1,153, 683 1,654,311 Indiana _ . .. . 450, 057 511,283 512,955 564, 807 531,459 566, 288 667, 379 671,364 658, 237 689, 808 934, 948 Iowa.. . _ ...... 341,938 426, 057 493, 267 566, 223 510, 661 514,521 554,655 503, 481 464, 499 477, 720 2 573, 152 Kansas _ 89,777 231,434 399, 322 389, 582 398, 746 406, 880 431, 166 376, 349 333,815 347, 626 2 456,810 Michigan _ . .... 292, 466 362, 556 427,032 504, 985 541,501 691,674 970, 582 970, 188 998, 045 1,069,435 2 1,495, 729 Minnesota _ . . 113,983 180, 248 280, 960 399, 207 440,083 503, 597 551,741 512, 224 480, 126 481,612 637, 642 Missouri _ ...... . 330, 070 482, 986 620,314 719,817 707,031 672,483 656, 073 700, 640 623, 757 644, 457 778, 507 Nebraska. ... .. ... 23, 265 92, 549 240, 300 288, 227 > 281,375 311,821 325,216 276, 188 225, 525 227, 879 266, 769 North Dakota _ 1,660 13,718 35, 543 77, 686 139, 802 168, 283 169,277 140, 126 112,629 114,661 130, 173 Ohio _ 719,372 729, 499 797, 489 829, 160 838, 080 1,020, 663 1,277,636 1,213,978 1,151,913 1,202,967 1,763,837 South Dakota _ .. ... 0) <<) 78, 043 98, 822 126,253 146,955 165,624 136,447 114,510 117,675 143,801 Wisconsin _ _ 265, 285 299, 457 351,723 445, 142 464,311 465, 243 564,022 535, 880 490, 795 493, 949 2 678, 856 Southeast... _ 1, 157, 056 2, 178, 093 3, 359, 602 4, 136, 237 4, 813, 228 5, 911, 863 6, 679, 774 6, 968, 499 6, 585, 290 6, 903, 777 8, 452, 116 Alabama _ _ 141,312 179, 490 301,615 376, 423 424,611 569, 940 622, 988 686, 767 646, 874 680, 066 758,214 Arkansas... _ 69, 927 81,972 223,071 314,662 395, 978 483, 172 456, 185 465, 339 403, 708 407, 084 420,011 Florida _ _ _ 14,000 39,315 92,472 108,874 148,089 225, 160 346, 434 369,214 407, 605 449, 836 874, 377 Georgia _ _ 49, 578 236, 533 381,297 482,673 555, 794 690,918 713,290 737, 979 699,464 718,037 914,431 Kentucky _ _ 178,457 i 276, 000 399, 660 500, 294 494, 863 535, 332 588, 354 604, 064 546,077 562, 883 609, 548 Louisiana _ _ 57,639 77, 642 120,253 196, 169 263,617 354, 079 434, 557 473, 020 442,411 483, 363 648,854 Mississippi _ 117, 000 236, 654 334, 158 386, 507 469, 137 i 412,670 595, 449 594, 799 519, 406 527,440 536,417 North Carolina _ _ 115, 000 252,612 322, 533 400, 452 520, 404 691, 249 866, 939 886, 484 848,271 884, 733 1,060, 187 South Carolina _ ... . 66, 056 134, 072 201,260 281,891 340,415 478,045 469, 370 481,750 458,810 494, 185 584, 283 Tennessee... . _ _ 140, 000 300,217 447, 950 485, 354 521,753 619,852 627, 747 648, 131 628, 439 659, 785 780, 933 Virginia _ _ 131,088 220, 736 342, 269 370, 595 402, 109 505; 190 562, 956 568, 131 560, 975 597, 867 800, 464 West Virginia _ 76. 999 142, 850 193, 064 232, 343 276, 458 346, 256 395, 505 452,821 423, 250 438, 498 464, 397 West and Southwest _ 209, 624 508, 546 982, 549 1, 574, 568 2, 471, 639 3, 557, 785 4, 504, 935 4, 555, 987 4, 838, 283 5, 192, 724 7, 660, 742 Arizona _ _ _ 4,212 7,989 16, 504 31,312 76, 505 103, 806 110, 205 124,413 139, 244 262, 220 California _ _ _ 91,332 158,765 221,756 269, 736 368, 391 696, 238 1,068, 683 1, 189, 106 1,561,366 1,757,424 2 2, 826, 339 Colorado _ _ 4,357 22,119 65, 490 117,555 168, 798 220, 232 240, 482 221,409 215, 355 229, 196 365,518 Idaho... . . _ _ . ... 906 5, 834 14,311 36, 669 76, 168 115,192 120, 947 120, 987 115,497 122,259 154,111 Montana _ 1,657 4,270 16, 980 39, 430 66, 141 126, 576 120, 337 107, 302 97,465 105,917 136, 832 Nevada . . _ ... . . 3, 106 9,045 7,387 6,676 i 10, 200 14,114 18,041 20, 746 25, 960 25, 144 58,218 New Mexico.. _ _ 1,320 4,755 18,215 36, 735 56, 304 81,399 102, 084 132, 589 136,097 148,978 209, 739 Oklahoma... _ _ 99, 602 422, 399 589, 282 682, 650 611,818 456,074 441,263 513,500 Oregon _ 21, 000 37, 533 63, 254 89, 405 118,412 151,028 202, 595 188, 876 232, 489 255, 032 359, 987 Texas _ _ _ 63, 504 i 220, 000 466, 872 659, 598 821,631 1, 035, 648 1,308,028 1,328, 822 1,279, 040 1,354, 167 1,915,612 Utah _ 16, 992 24, 326 37, 279 73,042 91,611 117,406 138, 046 136,519 143, 657 153, 648 214,812 Washington _ _ 5, 000 14, 780 55, 964 115, 104 215,688 291,053 344,731 331,409 396, 094 400, 867 569, 176 Wyoming _ . 450 2,907 7,052 14,512 24, 584 43,112 54, 505 56, 199 54, 776 59, 585 74, 678 Outlying Parts Alaska _ _. _ _ 3,360 3,436 6,312 10, 578 13,910 36,017 American Samoa _ _ 2, 864 3, 140 4,001 5,012 Canal Zone _ 3,486 7, 003 6, 688 8, 081 9, 523 12,118 Guam _ _ . _ . 3,683 4,691 7,594 8, 553 13, 397 Hawaii ... _ _ _ 4', 350 71,657 91,821 84, 923 89, 820 2 130, 158 Puerto Rico _ _ _ 180,458 221, 248 286,098 377, 296 409, 639 2 564,041 Virgin Islands _ _ _ 3, 061 3, 552 4, 548 4, 896 6, 392 1 Estimated. 2 Enrollment not cumulative, but as of a specific date. 3 Includes an estimate for kindergarten. * Included with North Dakota. 40 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 Table 18. — Percent of total population and percent of school-age population enrolled in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1870-71 to 1957-58 Percent of total population enrolled Percent of school-age population > enrolled Region and State 1870- 71 1879- 80 1889- gO 1899- 1900 1909- 10 1919- 20 1929- 30 1939- 40 1949- 50 1957- 58 1870- 71 1879- 80 1889- 90 1899- 1900 1909- 10 1919- 20 1929- 30 1939- 40 1949- 50 1957- 58 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 United States (48 States and Dis- trict of Colum- bia) 2 _ 19.1 19.7 20.3 20. 5 19.4 20.4 20.9 19.3 16.6 19.7 61.5 65.5 68.6 72.4 73.5 77.8 81.3 85.3 81.6 83.5 North Atlantic Connecticut _ 20.8 19.2 17.0 17.0 17.3 18.9 19.9 16.4 13.5 19.3 80.8 77.0 72.0 74.5 74.4 80.3 79.3 80.7 79. 1 88 6 Delaware _ 15.8 19.0 18.7 20.0 14.3 17.3 17.8 16.5 14.4 16.6 50.0 65.2 66.2 75.3 71.8 73.3 73.5 80.8 75.4 73. 5 Maine _ 24.3 23. 1 21. 1 18.9 19.5 17.9 19.4 19.3 17.2 19.6 87.4 89.8 85.9 81.4 84.9 76.3 78.9 82.3 82.3 82 5 Maryland. _ _ 14.6 17.4 17.7 18.7 18.4 16.7 17.0 15.7 14.2 18.8 46.7 58.1 60.4 67.0 70.1 66.9 68.9 72.8 72.0 78. 5 Massachusetts _ 18.3 17.2 16.6 16.9 15.9 16.2 17.9 16.2 13.4 16.8 72.3 71.8 72.6 76.2 71.3 71.3 76.0 78.6 75.1 79.3 New Hampshire _ 22.4 18.5 15.9 16.0 14.9 14.5 16.0 15.4 13.4 16.9 91.3 81.3 71.3 74.0 67.0 64.3 68.0 72.2 70.6 74.6 New Jersey _ 18.3 18. 1 16.2 17. 1 17.0 18.8 19.6 17.2 13.9 17.1 63.2 64.8 62.2 68.5 70.6 77.4 80.4 85.2 80.2 79.3 New York _ _ 23.2 20.3 17.4 16.6 15.6 16.6 17.0 16.5 13.4 16.5 83.0 77.1 70.7 69.6 68.7 72.8 76.7 86.0 75. 1 79. 1 Pennsylvania _ 23.2 21.9 19.4 18.3 16.7 18.5 20. 1 18.7 14.7 16.6 76.4 74.4 69.5 68.9 67.2 71.5 76.0 82.2 74.2 74.9 Rhode Island _ 15. 1 14.7 15.3 15.7 14.8 15.5 17.3 16.0 12.2 14.6 59.2 59.6 62.7 66.8 63.8 65.4 69.9 75.8 70.1 69. 1 Vermont _ 3 19.8 22.6 19.7 19.2 18.7 17.5 18.3 18. 1 16.0 19.0 — 87.2 — 82.2 80.4 73.4 75.3 79.2 77.2 77.8 District of Columbia - 11.2 14.9 16.0 16.7 16.9 14.9 16.6 14.4 12.1 13.8 41.6 55.4 63. 1 76.8 84.7 84.3 91.9 90.7 84.2 77.9 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ 26.0 22.9 20.3 19.9 17.8 17.4 18.3 15.8 13.2 17.1 81.0 74.6 72.0 72.7 72.3 72.1 78.9 80.4 73.7 77.5 Indiana _ 26.3 25.9 23.4 22.4 19.7 19.3 20.6 19.6 17.5 20.7 78.6 82.4 79.2 81.1 78.7 79.4 85.2 90.4 87.4 87 1 Iowa _ 28.2 26.2 25.8 25.4 23. 1 21.4 22.4 19.8 18. 1 20.6 84.4 83.5 85.5 89. 1 87.4 86. 1 90.2 91.0 89.7 87 5 Kansas _ 22.3 23.2 28.0 26.5 23.7 23.0 22.9 20.9 18. 1 21.8 74.2 73.2 88.6 89.2 89.2 87.9 90.5 93.7 91.3 94.0 Michigan _ 24.0 22.2 20.4 20.9 19.3 18.9 20.0 18.4 16.7 19.5 79.7 78.1 73.5 77. 1 78.3 79.3 81.2 83.0 80.4 80.4 Minnesota _ 24.5 23.1 21.6 22.8 21.2 21. 1 21.5 18.3 16.1 19.2 75.9 75.9 74.6 77.6 78.3 81.8 84.0 82.9 78.8 79.4 Missouri _ 18.7 22.3 23.2 23.2 21.5 19.8 18. 1 18.5 16.2 18.4 56.0 68.9 74.4 78.6 82.2 78.3 76.3 86.2 86.3 83. 3 Nebraska _ 16.6 20.5 22.7 27.0 23.7 24.1 23.6 21.0 17.0 18.6 58.8 68.5 75.4 89.5 87.0 90.5 90.9 91.4 85.4 80.7 North Dakota _ 9.3 10.2 19.5 24.3 24.2 26.0 24.9 21.9 18.4 20.2 39.3 41.7 71.3 81.3 86.1 84.6 83.0 83.6 78.2 76.9 Ohio _ 26.5 22.8 21.7 19.9 17.6 17.7 19.2 17.6 15. 1 19. 1 84.0 76.7 76.5 75.4 74.4 76.6 79.9 84.3 82.4 82.6 South Dakota _ (9 (9 23.7 24.6 21.6 23. 1 23.9 21.3 17.9 20.8 0) (4) 81.0 79.5 78. 1 82.9 84.7 86. 1 81.4 83.2 Wisconsin _ ' _ 24.6 22.8 20.9 21.5 19.9 17.7 19.2 17.1 14.3 17.6 72.9 73.8 69.8 72.5 72.5 68.2 75.8 76.4 71.1 74.1 Southeast Alabama 13.9 14.2 19.9 20.6 19.9 24.3 23.5 24.2 22.2 24.0 40.4 42.6 55.8 61.7 62 5 74 1 76 2 85 2 86 8 87 4 Arkansas _ 13.7 10.2 19.8 24.0 25.3 27.6 24.6 23.8 21.3 23.7 40.3 30.8 55.4 71.0 80.1 85.7 81.5 87.0 85. 1 88.' 4 Florida _ 7.2 15.6 23.6 20.6 19.7 23.2 23.6 19.3 16. 1 20.7 21.2 44.2 71. 1 66.6 68.5 82.6 91.5 86.6 81.5 93.7 Georgia _ _ 4. 1 15.3 20.8 21.8 21.3 23.9 24.5 23.6 20.8 24.3 11.9 46.2 58.5 65.3 66.7 74.0 79.7 88. 1 85.0 90.2 Kentucky _ 13.2 16.7 21.5 23.3 21.7 22.2 22.5 21.2 19.0 20. 1 65.6 75.3 73.5 76.2 78.1 79.5 78.1 76.2 Louisiana _ 7.7 8.3 10.8 14.2 16.0 19.7 20.7 20.0 18.0 21. 1 24.8 25.9 31.6 43.6 50.8 63.5 71.7 76.3 75.3 79. 1 Mississippi _ 13.7 20.9 25.9 24.9 26.1 5 23. 1 29.6 27.2 24. 1 24.8 40.6 61.3 70.6 73.3 80.2 69.8 97. 1 97.2 91.2 87.7 North Carolina _ 10.5 18. 1 19.9 21. 1 23.6 27.0 27.3 24.8 21.7 23.7 31.2 55.9 56.4 63.6 73.4 82.4 84. 1 86.3 84.9 88.5 South Carolina _ 9. 1 13.5 17.5 21.0 22.4 28.4 27.0 25.3 23.3 24.7 27.3 40.6 47. 1 60.7 67.3 83.9 86.2 85.7 85.9 85.5 Tennessee _ 10.9 19.5 25.3 24.0 24.0 26.5 24.0 22.2 20.0 22.7 32.0 58.2 74. 1 75.1 79.5 87.6 83.5 85.6 84.7 88.4 Virginia _ _ 10.5 14.6 20.7 20.0 19.6 21.9 23.2 21.2 18.0 20.9 32.3 45.0 60.5 63.2 64.2 73.3 78.6 82.2 79.7 84.6 West Virginia _ 16.9 23.1 25.3 24.2 22.8 23.7 22.9 23.8 21.8 23.7 49.5 69.2 75.3 78.6 78.2 79.8 76.0 86.3 87.2 87.9 West and Southwest Arizona 10.4 13.4 13.4 15.4 22.9 23.8 22.0 22.1 23.6 53.2 52.7 51 9 62 5 88 0 88 6 84 8 76 8 92 9 California _ 15.6 18.4 18.4 18.2 15.5 20.3 18.8 17. 1 17.7 20.4 63.6 73.4 77.4 79.6 79.7 6 102.5 93.8 95.9 93.8 91.5 Colorado _ 9.3 11.4 15.9 21.8 21.1 23.4 23.2 19.7 20. 1 22.0 42.3 60.8 72.2 88.2 90.3 95.0 92.2 87.5 83.3 91.5 Idaho _ 5.6 17.9 17.0 22.7 23.4 26.7 27.2 23.0 22.9 23.9 46.1 77.9 62.7 79.2 88.7 94.8 95. 1 93.7 86.5 89.0 Montana _ 7.5 10.9 12.9 16.2 17.6 23.1 22.4 19.2 19.2 20.4 70.2 63.8 71. 1 72.8 81.7 92.2 85.3 85.0 84. 1 81.5 Nevada 7.0 14.5 16. 1 15.8 11.1 18.2 19.8 18.7 22.6 22.1 54.0 79.7 73.8 74.1 75.9 91.5 94.9 6 100. 4 83.3 98.3 New Mexico _ 1.4 4.0 11.9 18.8 17.2 22.6 24.1 24.8 22.6 25.4 4.4 13.3 42.3 61.4 59.3 75.4 80.2 86.7 83.2 90. 1 Oklahoma 25.0 25.5 29. 1 28.5 26.2 19.8 22.8 79.8 83. 1 92.6 98.2 6101.2 86.5 94 0 Oregon _ _ 21.6 21.5 20.2 21.6 17.6 19.3 21.2 17.3 19.3 20.7 67.7 75.0 74.8 82.1 80.2 84. 1 94.6 90.8 86. 1 87.2 Texas _ 7.3 13.8 20.9 21.6 21. 1 22.2 22.5 20.7 17.5 20.9 21.0 42.4 59.5 64.7 67.3 73.4 80.4 82.8 82.4 82.5 Utah _ 18.6 16.9 17.9 26.4 24.6 26.1 27.2 28.4 24.4 25.6 53.4 50.6 55.3 81.0 84.5 87.2 89.8 91.7 89.5 92.3 Washington _ 18.6 19.7 16.0 22.2 19.0 21.5 22. 1 19.0 19.3 20.9 69.0 72.4 70.7 87.9 86.2 94. 1 96.6 98.4 88.5 88.4 Wyoming _ 4.6 14.0 11.6 15.7 16.9 22.2 24. 1 22.4 23.2 23.7 45.3 77.4 54.5 65.7 81.6 91.6 94.3 97. 1 95.2 92.6 Outlying Parts Alaska 6. 1 5.8 8.6 13.7 17. 1 26.8 38.4 60.9 85. 7 Canal Zone 15.3 18.0 12.8 21. 1 (7) 85.4 80.2 89.5 6 100. 0 (7) Guam 23.6 81.8 72.2 Hawaii 16 2 19.5 21.6 21.2 64.0 77.0 76. 9 85.0 Puerto Rico 13.9 14. 3 15.2 22.8 24.7 41.7 47.8 57. 1 76.0 Virgin Islands 13.9 14.2 19.4 56. 7 55.9 62.5 60.0 1 Number of children 5 to 17 years of age, inclusive. 2 See footnote 4, table 1. 3 Enrollment figures from report by the Bureau of the Census. 4 Included with North Dakota. 5 Pupils of legal school age. 6 See footnote 2, table 14. 2 Data not available. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 41 Table 19. — Enrollment, attendance, and membership in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1957-58 Region and State Enrollment Average daily attendance Aggregate days attendance (thousands) Average daily membership Aggregate days membership (thousands) Average length of term (in days) (col. 4-t- col. 3) Average number of days attended per pupil enrolled (col. 4-t- col. 2) Percent of pupils enrolled attending daily (col. 3-e-col. 2) Percent of average daily membership attending daily (col. 3-e-col. 5) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States 48 States and District of Columbia) _ 33, 528, 591 29, 722, 275 5, 277, 840 1 32, 157, 000 1 5,711,083 177.6 157.4 88.6 i 92.4 North Atlantic ___ _ 7, 901, 198 6,964,818 1, 243, 545 178. 5 157. 4 88. 1 Connecticut _ ... 436, 552 3 384, 254 3 69, 103 2 419, 455 3 75,431 179.8 158.3 88.0 91.6 Delaware... . _ . - ..- - 3 < 72, 436 * 64, 553 * 11,640 * 69, 525 4 12, 540 180.3 160.7 89. 1 92.8 Maine _ __ _ _ _ 184, 226 169. 060 30, 652 181,259 32, 862 181.3 166.4 91.8 93.3 Maryland _ . ... - - 538, 790 479,214 86, 225 527, 367 94, 887 179.9 160.0 88.9 90.9 Massachusetts . __ - -- - - 3 810,614 732,920 129,814 797,291 143, 013 177.1 160. 1 90.4 91.9 New Hampshire.. ... ... 97,478 86, 801 15, 303 93, 424 16,471 176.2 156.9 89.0 92.9 NewJersey... .... 959, 479 842, 048 151,737 925,771 166, 824 180.2 158. 1 87.8 91. 0 New York _ _ ... ___ _ ... 2, 658, 869 2,261, 589 398, 232 2, 569, 987 452, 536 176.1 149.8 85. 1 88.0 Pennsylvania.. - .. 1, 834, 553 1,678, 025 303, 580 1. 808, 766 327, 286 180.9 165.5 91.5 92.8 Rhode Island. . . . - .. 125,301 108, 092 19. 457 118,251 21,285 180.0 155.3 86.3 91.4 Vermont ... . . - 69, 717 61,849 10, 676 66, 599 11,494 172.6 153. 1 88.7 92.9 District of Columbia . _ . _. .. . _ 113, 183 96, 413 17, 126 106, 729 18, 973 177.6 151.3 85.2 90.3 9, 514, 535 8, 384, 771 1, 497, 622 178. 6 157. 4 88. 1 — - Illinois _ 1,654,311 1, 413, 537 254,417 1,510, 877 271,928 180.0 153.8 85.4 93.6 934, 948 781,249 137, 898 176.5 147. 5 83.6 3 573, 152 506, 463 90. 806 179.3 158.4 88 4 Kansas . . . . 3 456,810 398, 829 70, 980 178.0 155.4 87.3 Michigan.. ... _ . ... ... 3 1, 495, 729 1, 372, 836 247, 110 1,518, 121 273, 262 180.0 165.2 91.8 90.4 Minnesota _ . ... _ 637, 642 577,717 100,714 615, 546 107, 500 174.3 157.9 90.6 93.9 Missouri 778, 507 652,639 118, 826 182. 1 152.6 83.8 Nebraska ... .. _ . - 266, 769 243, 176 42, 894 259, 548 45. 450 176.4 160.8 91.2 93.7 North Dakota _ _ 130, 173 118, 169 21,027 125, 208 22. 280 177.9 161.5 90.8 94.4 Ohio. _ . ... ... - - 1, 763, 837 1,585,421 282, 099 1,710, 939 304, 480 177.9 159.9 89.9 92.7 South Dakota .... . . _ _ 143, 801 129, 131 ■ 23, 114 i 179.0 89.8 Wisconsin . ... 3 678, 856 605, 604 107, 737 177.9 158. 7 89. 2 Southeast . . . _ . 8, 452, 116 7, 368, 039 1, 306, 166 177. 3 154. 5 87. 2 Alabama ... . _ 758, 214 669, 541 117, 476 175. 5 154.9 88 3 Arkansas _ _ — ... ... _ 420.011 361, 446 62,892 391,417 68, 107 174.0 149.7 86. 1 92.3 Florida... . . .._ .. ... 874, 377 743, 265 133, 800 805, 628 145,013 180.0 153.0 85.0 92.3 Georgia . ... 914,431 770, 959 138, 773 859,412 154, 694 180.0 151.8 84.3 89.7 Kentucky _ ... 609, 548 543, 558 93, 837 595, 727 102,841 172.6 153.9 89.2 91.2 Louisiana _ . 648, 854 566, 838 101,775 622,715 111,822 179.5 156.9 87.4 91.0 Mississippi 536,417 444, 169 75, 509 170.0 140 8 82 8 North Carolina. _ 1, 060, 187 950,311 171,056 1,025, 789 184, 642 180.0 161.3 89.6 92.6 South Carolina _ . ... 584, 283 498, 467 89. 724 180.0 153.6 85.3 Tennessee ..... 780, 933 694, 627 122, 492 176.3 156.9 88.9 Virginia _ _ _ _ _ ... - 800, 464 706, 162 127, 109 766, 490 137, 968 180.0 158.8 88.2 92.1 West Virginia. . . 464, 397 418, 696 71,723 447, 395 76, 637 171.3 154.4 90.2 93.6 West and Southwest _ 7, 660, 742 7, 004, 647 1, 230, 507 175.7 160.6 91.4 Arizona ... _____ 262, 220 217, 984 37, 057 170.0 141.3 83. 1 California.. 3 2, 826, 339 3 2, 767. 341 491, 548 2, 826, 000 502, 000 177.6 173.9 3 97. 9 97.9 Colorado .... 365, 518 307, 352 54, 727 332, 125 59. 133 178.1 149.7 84. 1 92.5 Idaho 154 111 138,311 24, 066 174.0 156.2 89. 7 Montana ... _ _ . _ 136, 832 124, 051 21. 999 130, 333 23, 028 177.3 160.8 90.7 95.2 Nevada _ _ _ . .. _ _ 58,218 48, 090 8, 487 51,483 9, 149 176.5 145.8 82.6 93.4 New Mexico. . ... 209, 739 180, 147 32,417 191,061 34. 381 179.9 154.6 85.9 94.3 Oklahoma ... 513, 500 460, 934 79, 196 483, 072 82. 992 171.8 154.2 89.8 95.4 Oregon _ 359, 987 315, 039 56, 002 337, 893 60. 062 177.8 155.6 87.5 93.2 Texas... ... _ . _ _ 1,915,612 1, 659, 699 287, 891 1. 786. 546 313, 774 173.4 150.3 86.6 92.9 Utah _ 214,812 195, 088 34, 005 207, 705 36, 210 174.3 158.3 90.8 93.9 Washington 569 176 526 637 91 828 174.4 161.3 92. 5 Wyoming 74, 678 63! 974 11,284 176.4 151. 1 85.7 _ _ Outlying Parts Alaska. _ . _ ..... 36,017 31,365 5, 394 33, 570 5, 772 172.0 149.8 87. 1 93.4 American Samoa ... 5,012 180.0 Canal Zone 12,118 10, 354 1,838 10, 874 1,929 177.5 151.7 85.4 95.2 Guam.. _ _ ..... ... . _ 13, 397 11,636 2, 199 12,235 2,312 189.0 164.1 86.9 95. 1 Hawaii . 3 130, 158 121,838 21,714 129, 653 23, 106 178.2 166.8 93.6 94.0 Puerto Rico... . . 3 564, 041 491,075 94, 777 537, 756 103, 787 193.0 168.0 87. 1 91.3 Virgin Islands. __ 6, 392 5,830 1,056 6,285 1, 139 181. 1 165.2 91.2 92.8 1 Estimated. 2 Excludes vocational schools. 3 Enrollment not cumulative but as of a specific date. * Includes an estimate for kindergarten. 3 Because attendance in California includes excused absences and enrollment is not cumulative, the relationship between attendance and enrollment is not strictly com¬ parable with that in other States. 582314 0—61 - 4 42 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 Table 20.- — Average daily attendance in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools by State: 1870-71 to 1957-58 [In thousands] Region and State 1 United States (48 States and District of Columbia) North Atlantic Connecticut _ _ _ Delaware - - - Maine _ Maryland - - - - - - - Massachusetts _ New Hampshire . . . . . . New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ District of Columbia - Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa - - - Kansas. _ _ Michigan _ Minnesota _ _ _ _ _ Missouri _ Nebraska. _ _ North Dakota _ _ Ohio _ South Dakota _ Wisconsin _ Southeast Alabama _ Arkansas _ _ Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ Mississippi _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ _ _ _ Tennessee . . _ Virginia _ West Virginia _ _ _ Arizona _ California Colorado ... Idaho _ Montana _ Nevada _ New Mexico Oklahoma... Oregon _ Texas _ Utah _ Washington. Wyoming ... West and Southwest Alaska _ Canal Zone... Guam.. . Hawaii _ Puerto Rico. . Virgin Islands. Outlying Parts 1870-711 1879-80 1889—90 1899- 1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1947-48 1949-50 1957-58 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4, 54S 6,144 8, 154 10, 633 12, 827 16. 150 a, 265 22,042 20, 910 22, 284 29,722 63 74 84 112 2 147 205 274 256 231 245 384 13 17 20 25 23 27 36 39 38 41 3 65 100 103 98 98 107 116 138 149 140 145 169 56 86 102 134 146 175 236 257 266 299 479 202 233 274 366 444 520 676 630 521 560 733 48 49 42 47 50 53 66 67 62 66 87 87 115 133 208 324 476 663 635 554 583 842 494 573 643 857 1,123 1,362 1,866 1,920 1,628 1,700 2,262 567 602 683 855 1,001 1,266 1,661 1,668 1,361 1,408 1,678 22 27 34 47 61 73 103 100 81 84 108 44 49 46 47 52 50 58 56 53 56 62 10 21 28 35 45 53 68 83 85 84 96 342 432 538 738 779 956 1,207 1,093 989 1,032 1,414 295 322 342 430 421 457 596 590 553 589 781 212 260 306 373 360 406 465 437 402 418 506 53 138 243 262 291 310 365 331 276 301 399 193 i 240 ' 282 355 443 521 845 862 897 987 1,373 51 > 78 127 243 348 395 457 454 414 434 578 187 i 281 385 460 490 531 576 599 532 558 653 14 60 146 182 191 233 259 243 200 204 243 1 i 9 21 44 90 128 149 125 101 3 103 118 432 476 549 616 649 809 1,141 1,122 1,046 1, 110 1,585 (9 <9 48 ' 68 80 99 139 120 101 106 129 132 156 200 > 310 320 369 473 487 444 450 606 108 118 182 298 267 368 474 567 552 595 670 47 ' 55 i 149 195 255 326 331 373 344 355 361 11 27 65 75 104 166 267 327 370 415 743 31 145 241 298 346 467 538 584 582 620 771 121 178 226 310 315 3 343 433 493 455 484 544 40 > 55 88 146 183 256 350 398 381 421 567 90 157 208 225 261 3 260 436 474 456 472 444 73 170 203 207 331 474 673 790 751 798 950 45 > 91 148 201 244 331 348 385 375 414 498 89 209 324 339 364 458 482 537 548 583 695 77 128 198 216 259 351 453 494 497 537 706 51 92 122 151 190 256 350 412 380 399 419 3 5 10 20 46 76 88 112 127 218 64 101 147 197 287 481 909 1,057 1,441 1,624 2, 767 3 13 39 73 108 150 191 199 185 201 307 1 4 ' 10 22 51 85 98 106 103 111 138 1 ' 3 11 ' 26 41 92 105 98 87 94 124 2 5 5 5 > 7 11 15 18 23 25 48 1 3 13 22 37 59 76 106 108 121 180 64 279 356 470 485 400 394 461 15 27 43 64 104 137 155 166 206 229 315 41 i 132 292 439 545 746 1,074 1,116 1,075 1,157 1,660 13 17 21 51 69 98 121 124 133 142 195 3 11 37 75 156 211 279 275 324 357 527 o 2 • 5 1 10 17 33 48 47 48 49 64 3 3 5 8 11 31 3 6 6 7 8 10 4 4 12 38 69 88 79 85 122 145 193 255 338 369 491 3 5 6 1 Estimated. 2 High school attendance not reported. 3 Includes an estimate for kindergarten average daily attendance. * Included with North Dakota. 3 Data for 1918-19. 3 Includes excused absences. 7 Less than 500. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 43 Table 21. — High school graduates of full-time public secondary day schools, by sex and by State* 1957-58 [With related data on high school equivalency certificates] Region and State High school graduates Persons granted high school equivalency certificates Total Male Female Total Male Female l 2 3 4 5 6 7 United States (48 States and District of Columbia) _ 1, 332, 293 647, 651 684, 642 > 49,747 North Atlantic _ 321, 918 154,448 167, 470 18, 903 16,219 7, 333 8,886 768 2,755 1,273 1.482 Maine _ 6,783 3, 297 3.486 _ 852 807 45 18,379 8,890 9,489 1.800 Massachusetts _ _ . .. - - - - . 36,528 18, 089 18,439 400 377 23 New Hampshire - - 3,999 1,910 2.089 400 347 53 36,718 17,495 19,223 338 New York- _ 102.486 48,951 53. 535 11,654 86, 126 41,727 44,399 1.651 Rhodelsland _ 4,610 2,126 2,484 544 514 30 Vermont _ 3, 931 1,834 2,097 210 180 30 District of Columbia.. . . - - - - - - ... ... 3, 384 1,523 1,861 286 228 58 410, 811 202, 310 208, 501 4,456 66,473 32,451 34,022 1,000 Indiana. ... _ . _ _ _ _ 40,164 20,150 20,014 3 27, 193 13,572 13,621 (2) Kansas - - - 20. 354 10,460 9,894 ’ 726 635 91 59, 042 28,834 30,208 Minnesota _ ... _ 33,210 16,265 16,945 4ii 397 14 Missouri . _ . _ _ . _ ... 31,731 15,804 | 15,927 1,357 Nebraska . 12,953 6,477 6,476 88 88 North Dakota . ... 6,550 3,098 1 3,452 177 71,780 34, 989 36. 791 72 i 61 11 South Dakota.. ... _ _ _ _ ... .. _ 6,911 3 3.379 | 3 3, 532 351 Wisconsin _ . _ _ 34! 450 16,831 | 17,619 274 203 71 Southeast .. _ _ _ . _ _ 295, 270 139, 136 156, 134 14, 075 Alabama * . _ . _ _ _ . _ _ 27,800 13,100 | 14,700 1 Arkansas - - 17,422 8.535 ! 8,887 1,812 1,717 95 Florida _ _ _ _ _ _ - - . _ . 28,850 14,425 14 425 1. 784 Georgia _ _ -- - .. 27,590 12,607 14,983 2,212 Kentucky . . .. _. .. _ _ 21,856 | 10.448 11 408 Louisiana _ . ... - - - 22,701 10,445 12,256 3,472 2,771 701 Mississippi - - - 17,367 8, 109 9,258 653 589 64 North Carolina . _ _ .. _ _ ... . _ _ .. 39.988 18,422 21,566 South Carolina _ 18,403 8.491 9,912 654 302 352 Tennessee . . _ 28,469 3 13,694 3 14, 775 1,145 Virginia - - - - * _ _ . .... 25,450 3 11,732 3 13 718 West Virginia .. _ _ . .. ... _ _ 19,374 9,128 10, 246 2,343 ! West and Southwest _ . . 304, 294 151,757 152, 537 12, 313 Arizona _ _ _ _ _ .. . .. _ . . _ . . 8, 159 34.161 3 3, 998 California _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ . __ 114, 107 57,452 56.655 Colorado _ _ _ - -- - _ _ _ _ _ 13,493 6,782 I 6,711 1,547 Idaho _ 7,300 3,715 3,585 699 585 114 Montana... _ 6,382 3,174 3,208 429 373 56 Nevada _ _ _ .. .. _ _ . _ . . . 1.780 913 1 867 New Mexico _ ... - - 7,053 3,614 3,439 1,759 1,749 10 Oklahoma . _ _ _ _ . _ .. 24.628 3 11,772 3 12,856 Oregon _ _ .. _ 16,645 8,316 | 8,329 | 697 Texas . . _ _ 67,778 33,509 ; 34,269 7,037 Utah _ 9,483 4.801 4,682 47 Washington _ .. ... ... 24.293 3 11,952 3 12,341 Wyoming _ 3, 193 1,596 1,597 98 95 3 Out'ying Parts Alaska _ ... _ 738 395 343 | 60 52 8 American Samoa _ _. .. ... ..... _ _. _ _ 53 34 19 , 45 1 34 11 Canal Zone _ . .. _ _ _ 440 230 210 Guam . . _ . .... 324 1 157 167 Hawaii 5,434 1 2,751 : 2,683 Puerto Rico 10,206 | 4,395 i 5,811 514 Virgin Islands 182 90 92 2 2 1 1 1 Represents total for States reporting this information. 3 Distribution by sex estimated. 3 The figure for high school graduates includes persons granted high school equiva- < Estimated, lency certificates. Table 22. — Selected data on pupil transportation and school lunch programs, by State: 1957-58 44 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 School Lunch Program fin a s S 40. 36 31.00 39. 23 24. 34 31.97 45.96 30. 83 43.73 50. 02 27.20 39. 64 15. 85 161.03 S a 33. 83 17.69 21.50 21.42 24. 19 23.71 18. 36 28.35 23. 26 19.31 37. 52 43. 89 1A 11 19. 65 23. 57 20. 96 16.98 16.71 60. 38 23.31 14. 98 19. 63 24.39 20. 86 24. 79 Total number of school plants operating a program for 6 months or more s 5 s 9, 937 IsslSIsssiSS s ” ” co*cm‘ S s - - J. Average number of pupils served lunch per day 3 11. 006,124 1, 908, 170 105, 000 16, 979 58, 628 3 146,441 255,718 3 31,220 3 106, 664 723, 000 405,412 26,489 26,819 5, 800 2, 999, 552 SlliiSsSsSftS i er 341,313 179, 872 3 350, 380 3 408, 377 350, 000 438,685 215, 960 547,814 283, 757 342, 327 315, 221 170, 932 Pupil Transportation Transporta¬ tion expend¬ itures as percent of current ex¬ penditures for elemen¬ tary and secondary schools 3 in W ooocsjcDcsjinocMoo^tn cm CO «**•' CO tD CO CO* CO* CO* CD CO O Lf> ID *3- 05 UO e-H CO in CM <£ cotDcD^cotDaococDco^r’ir) ir ) CO CM O <-H IT> I". CO "3- CM CO oo co " iri r--' cm cb co r-~-' oo'^r uS cb iri 1 Average cost per pupil transported (public only) 3 3 5 42.55 37.49 39. 92 35. 86 37.61 45.18 51.42 45. 99 51. 16 34.99 29.94 50.73 * 348. 21 46. 71 59.45 45. 32 57.06 64. 73 40. 15 61.39 40. 49 90. 77 84. 52 27.38 116. 76 63. 79 26 21 24. 38 29. 53 27. 79 28.21 24.97 53. 20 25.99 17.98 18. 76 26. 16 21.23 24.09 Total annual mileage of regular school bus routes to and from school (thousands) S 12,539 3, 089 11, 128 15.935 5 52,417 35,901 39, 169 24,267 52,261 45, 129 41,331 7,783 65,109 7 20, 892 3,010 Total vehicles in use privately owned 56, 147 a s SS88SBSS8S3 j — T cococo s s 1 — *CO* CM* CM CM LO O- i §=3Is3s gS!F r -Tco* Publicly owned 00 1 3 a 191 22 467 580 101 87 618 5, 267 1,769 100 145 11 36, 602 iSslSSSf-sSS s CD CO rr cm* LT> cm* cm* r~-* ~ Q r ■O’* CM* CM* CO* CM* — •* ■O’* OO* «9rCM* CO* — ■* Number of pupil deaths resulting from school DUS accidents 3 • ) CM m - i CM CM i 1 ij D CM »— • CO — • CM Number of school bus accidents in which children were killed or fatally injured 3 , 1 ^ CM • i i CM CM * - s j COCM •— • i * -**-+•—* CO *-< CM Number of pupils for whom sub¬ sistence was paid in lieu of transpor¬ tation lO a a 16, 665 CM O OO CM | u SSSSSSS'SSiSSgi S > 05 «— • CM o m oo *3- CM ! SSSSSSSSSSSSS Number transported CM 10, 861, 689 2,396, 339 154, 033 29, 142 2 85, 196 203, 660 188, 236 34, 968 2 242, 936 2 714,125 675, 936 41,557 26,377 f 173 2, 802,469 305, 833 350,059 197,119 94, 236 429, 522 245, 248 282. 293 25,606 e 28, 635 650, 538 16,465 176,915 • sSssIsIIssSS : gsSilsSs's'ill f Region and State ** United States 48 States and District of Columbia) 1 Connecticut _ Delaware _ Maine _ Massachusetts - New Hampshire - New Jersey _ _ New York _ Pennsylvania _ Knoae isiana.. Vermont _ _ District of Columbia.. - - I 1 1 I Illinois _ Indiana _ iliill I 3 !, So 2S, South Dakota _ Wisconsin _ Alabama _ _ Arkansas _ .. _ Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ Tennessee _ _ Virginia _ _ West Virginia _ STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 45 I' P, SS552 ssssidssjassasa II s II 2 co ~”m ~ SssSlSIsliliS I S-|SjSR"'S'gS|-SS'Si - ssll *r rv^mimn^ocNj^aioooro to ^ Lnco^r n esi ro Is*’ n crl in in cvi w co a> uS •— «’ . ’ ‘ *— * 2S2f£S3fS£gSSSS I! ££ SSSSSSSSSSSS'S I £5 2£SJ?£ CD O IT) tD ^T^rafod^T 22ss§2|| 2 sss-ss §i2~~S2S3S~2S S8S338sS£s8SS " in — T co .-Tr-T cvi ;~§2 00* “S -OlON-'iOtNrtlOOOt ssasasGsssisSg:?? r & I f E. o IlSsiiliiissg sgsssag^sssss 888 rC^co* 46 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 23. — Students and employed personnel in public summer elementary and secondary schools, adult education programs, and community colleges under the jurisdiction of local boards of education, for States reporting: 1957-58 1 Region and State Public summer elementary and secondary schools Public adult education programs Public community college programs Enrollment Number of teachers Number of different students enrolled in all programs Employed personnel lumberof different students enrolled in all programs Employed personnel Total Elementary Secondary Total Elementary Seconda' Instruc¬ tional Non- instruc- tional Instruc¬ tional Non- instruc- tional l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 North Atlantic 47,452 4,541 147 Maine _ _ _ 4,099 333 Maryland _ 6,385 136 6,249 88 6 82 25, 388 1,068 2,296 205 7,013 268 70, 774 2,385 928 68 5 1, 148 48 New Jersey _ . ___ 17,404 6, 181 11,223 676 281 395 30,878 666 729 54 New York 85,415 85,415 2,076 772, 565 15,268 635 Pennsylvania _ _ _ __ 29, 961 29, 961 94,913 2,035 Rhode Island. - ... _ __ _ 11,504 262 Vermont _ 347 84 263 18 7 11 1,220 51 4 District of Columbia _ _ __ 5, 839 1,303 4,536 193 48 145 14, 309 323 4 Great Lakes and Plains 2 37,459 2 1,889 Indiana __ _ _ .. _ _ 14,114 14, 114 498 498 31, 5D0 273 2 774 2 29 Iowa 75, 761 1,282 11,273 301 Kansas 4,484 344 32 Michigan _ _ 265,002 4,472 19, 323 673 104 Minnesota . ... 53, 744 1,588 2,376 124 8 Missouri 55, 537 2,311 5,513 148 Nebraska _ 5,658 3, 743 1,915 131 90 41 17,894 512 21 2 1,343 285 Ohio . . 41,648 10, 762 30, 886 1,361 436 925 82,052 2, 145 Wisconsin - _ __ 84,941 1,870 2 4,195 2 394 Southeast Alabama . _ 44,967 1, 186 Arkansas 275 71 Florida 9, 241 1,833 7,408 358 99 259 77, 182 1,450 7,224 343 127 Georgia . _ _ . _ 18, 123 248 Kentucky 5,426 5,426 282 282 Louisiana 5, 999 95 5,904 223 5 218 18, 942 758 Mississippi 7,308 2,258 5, 050 3,076 96 10, 183 420 250 North Carolina. ... 1,308 South Carolina 9, 057 468 Tennessee 26, 392 Virginia _ .... . _ _ 18,273 2,458 15,815 738 110 628 59, 108 West and Southwest Arizona 2 6, 698 2 134 California 22, 234 9, 300 12,934 305,821 263, 116 4,230 Colorado 16, 457 6,478 181 Idaho 3, 300 95 Montana.. . .. . 2,849 73 8 621 40 7 NevadJ 7,250 235 New Mexico. 7,286 2, 872 4,414 226 138 88 Oklahoma 3,841 3,841 128 128 53, 249 1,250 1,491 38 18 Texas 42,217 13, 347 28,870 1, 255 302 953 59, 865 832 93 34, 759 1,913 Utah 19, 281 10, 176 9, 105 473 299 174 20, 423 477 61 Washington 67 11,011 431 Wyoming 2 3, 539 2 244 Outlying Parts American Samoa 105 90 15 4 3 1 14 1 Canal Zone .... 293 8 2 Guam.. 376 19 1 409 44 5 Hawaii 13, 930 876 18 Puerto Rico 4,501 4, 501 148 148 94, 730 3,677 285 Virgin Islands 66 5 1 Data for public summer schools, adult education, and community colleges in this table and in table 34 are incomplete. Some States have reported expenditure data for one or more of these programs without also reporting students and staff. Con¬ versely, other States have reported students and staff but not financial data. The data are nevertheless published in order to supplement, to the extent possible, information on the regular public elementary and secondary programs. 2 Source: American Association of Junior Colleges, Junior College Journal, Jan¬ uary 1959. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 47 Table 24. — Summary of revenue and nonrevenue receipts and beginning balances, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Region and State United States <48 States and District of Columbia) _ Total amount available (3+4+9) North Atlantic. Connecticut _ Delaware Maine _ Maryland _ Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ District of Columbia. Great Lakes and Plains Illinois Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan.. _ Minnesota Missouri _ Nebraska ... North Dakota. Ohio _ _ South Dakota Wisconsin _ Alabama _ _ Arkansas Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ Mississippi _ North Carolina. South Carolina. Tennessee Virginia _ West Virginia.. West and Southwest Arizona _ California... Colorado _ Idaho _ Montana _ Nevada _ New Mexico Oklahoma... Oregon ... Texas _ Utah _ Washington Wyoming Outlying Parts Alaska _ American Samoa _ Canal Zone _ Guam _ Hawaii _ Puerto Rico _ Virgin Islands _ 17,845, 220 Total revenue receipts 4, 773,052 204, 074 75. 662 54, 331 306, 854 268, 436 40, 676 642, 577 ,241,222 792, 784 56, 150 36, 967 53,319 5, 625, 375 1,027, 960 453, 222 324, 038 226, 733 1,043, 641 413. 530 420, 181 142,911 70, 572 961, 336 83. 153 458, 098 2, 640, 818 171,110 106, 983 421,493 252,240 164, 065 359, 750 117, 700 301,079 155. 968 199. 277 268, 456 122, 697 4,805, 975 140, 574 2, 304. 806 257, 850 60, 104 86.681 38. 067 110, 335 194,278 201,292 894.828 106. 155 370.614 40, 390 19. 938 * 307 3, 329 8. 087 37. 580 64, 751 1.322 3. 374, 283 152, 644 48,518 49, 828 198,512 268, 436 31,353 430, 964 1,376,515 698,315 44, 796 26, 220 48. 183 Nonrevenue receipts (local, unless otherwise noted) 3, 527, 982 622,644 321,641 193, 036 166, 602 636, 768 255, 324 242, 646 85. 110 42, 791 648, 238 50. 820 262, 360 2, 048, 757 144,616 85,470 297,819 205, 129 135, 729 237,828 92. 844 241.227 138. 105 158, 490 204, 670 106, 829 3,230,491 96, 948 1,488, 575 137,121 44. 564 54. 933 22, 578 73,911 155, 576 156.454 631,634 78, 465 262, 574 27, 158 19. 938 « 307 3, 329 6.071 37, 537 62, 822 1.322 Total non¬ revenue receipts Sale of bonds and other long-term loans Short¬ term loans Sale of school property and in¬ surance adjust¬ ments Other non¬ revenue receipts Total balances For current operation For capital outlay For serial bond interest and re¬ demption 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2, 514, 676 2, 055, 421 230,863 42, 344 186, 047 3, 149, 032 730, 712 51,431 13, 007 4, 503 66, 237 582,068 45, 566 12,891 4,503 65, 744 112, 187 2,587 5,657 3,278 10 30, 801 668,057 ■ — - — - 105 14. 138 662 12,241 1,235 493 42, 105 7, 953 33, 872 280 5, 102 71,817 467, 188 42, 734 4. 683 71,817 370, 804 2, 117 418 4,223 139, 795 397,519 51,735 11,353 2,054 5,135 1,215, 345 689 34, 629 64, 080 3, 534 105,166 333, 440 88, 470 17,424 1,390 6. 525 23, 193 9, 585 869 1, 768 1, 185 5,135 8, 694 3, 942 3, 706 485 560 882, 047 658, 113 70, 164 19, 066 134,704 ====== ==== = 245,618 43, 526 41,552 27, 785 141,571 87, 576 48, 922 9, 354 8,673 133, 760 9. 198 84. 512 160, 578 13, 050 27,610 27, 785 123, 869 68, 830 43,455 7,381 3, 683 111,521 6, 997 63, 354 5,256 1,035 79, 784 16,417 13, 936 159, 697 88, 056 89, 450 32, 345 265, 302 70, 630 128,613 48, 447 19. 108 179, 337 23, 136 111,226 68. 976 45.254 53. 046 27,296 44,642 90, 721 37,913 36, 403 5,050 157,292 13, 023 6 4,889 15, 059 11,563 2,643 595 ' 5. 467 311 63, 368 6, 589 (') 850 1,267 10. 759 1,948 3. 153 57,477 11,604 13, 126 27,230 16, 820 58. 377 32,460 4,478 127.970 4,669 12,758 4,382 1, 504 24. 139 1,647 812 3. 723 7,972 3, 508 252 18. 005 _ 278, 185 230, 672 21, 585 8,485 17, 443 313, 876 11,888 7,778 42,810 25, 686 28, 336 64, 230 9,614 24, 699 4, 185 3 23, 905 32, 356 2,699 10, 806 4,821 39, 879 14,976 17,441 62, 130 7, 129 24, 190 656 17,299 28, 925 2,421 424 1. 168 924 793 577 1,866 130 309 392 1, 175 448 278 659 1,752 1, 170 5, 753 2, 516 14. 605 13, 735 80, 864 21,426 37 836 4, 164 7,801 234 1,736 200 2,348 1,244 2,983 4,231 18, 997 6, 127 7, 522 45, 320 11,601 1,982 16, 547 3. 698 57, 692 15, 243 35, 153 13,678 16. 882 31,431 13, 168 11. 127 3. 482 5, 369 8, 786 46. 565 11,761 28,478 2, 727 618 1,306 2,165 789 4. 186 8,712 1,862 2,594 623,731 584, 569 26, 927 9,136 3, 100 951,752 12,650 348, 516 19,455 7, 522 7, 902 7, 784 10,254 21,731 16.042 134, 067 10, 007 20, 623 7, 180 12,650 3 346, 987 17,998 3. 507 7, 251 7, 720 9,259 21,360 15. 786 105,991 8,821 20,095 7, 144 30, 975 467,715 101,274 8,018 23, 847 7, 706 26. 170 16,971 28. 796 129, 128 17,683 87,416 6, 052 6, 730 189, 595 18,915 211,336 5,330 66, 784 1,529 679 2,971 631 147 1,044 651 1,707 4,617 1,694 64 1, 715 16, 170 8,971 11,015 31,871 667 7,317 5, 393 5,233 10, 000 5,000 14,672 77, 566 14,878 70, 823 758 995 371 255 1.844 859 528 35 3,000 3, 109 19, 691 2,138 9,276 660 26, 232 64 263 _ _ 2,016 42 1,929 2,016 42 655 1,274 Balances on hand, beginning of year 1 Column 8 included with column 7. : Includes $16,340,000 from intermediate sources. 3 Includes $85,224,000 loaned by the State to school districts and subject to repay¬ ment formulas. « Incomplete. Amount of local funds provided by the villages not available. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may nor add to totals. Table 25. — Revenue receipts from Federal, State, intermediate, local, and other sources, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] 48 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Other revenue sources 1 S 13, 661 3 S3 : ; : ;S : 1 to :S : | 8, 271 6,005 1 196 69 5 50 16 1,700 56 173 Tuition and trans¬ portation fees from patrons 2 23, 192 a w 8 ! 88§S8£ 5 § i 9, 235 972 445 2, 345 i is li • ■ CO 1 li Is 5 ~ li u>* 274 68 1,589 1,978 81 489 1,150 OAO 3 Total 2 2 s a V s SSsils ^ 5 ^ 13,923 972 445 2,345 : j3 « • • co « is s :<£>* ; 3 Local Others 2 203, 002 51,100 — 993 173 924 658 5,479 104 5,315 28,311 8, 529 334 279 42,951 i cvi r". S3 ’ cnj c-n is isis is to 'COr~r^tcM !-.* 41, 184 1,203 1,926 8,881 1,290 1,633 4,935 3,872 7,441 3,171 6, 107 t M | Taxation and appro¬ priations 2 3 £ «T li S I CM* 97,231 5,771 33, 261 119, 083 197, 553 27,131 309,212 790,219 358, 505 31,096 16,221 41,718 2, 263, 509 477,463 206, 066 156, 331 96, 364 331,651 134, 052 124,387 59, 581 17,237 433,816 34,613 191,947 s ssissiisisS? § SSSS35SSSSSSS 3 ' i Total 2 3 8 «.* Is £ 1 CM* 98. 224 5,943 34, 185 119, 742 203, 032 27,235 314,528 818. 530 367,034 31,430 16, 500 41,718 S * 1 CM* ISlISsssSiilj gs's'ss'g'B'ssfs's's' s salisIfsSssig! § SS'B'KSftSSSS'S'S o o i Intermediate (county, etc.) i 3 9, 108 2,415 i i 1 } is ! Taxation and appro¬ priations 3 5 3 1,119 : 1 is is i i i i 87, 532 sS5SSS&S8SS8 1| -XrCesiaf^oooo oo • ; i j 0> S (/) 1 i S s 3 VZI ‘S 19 285 367 151 2, 724 4 1 • CO 3 11, 006 = : 1 — <1 5£ss2S 9* - l-§ 59,242 517 3, 325 3, 077 269 12, 809 6, 863 3,129 29, 228 16 8 Perma¬ nent funds and endow¬ ments » a a a ** ir>oo 1,175 14 14, 546 6,308 199 2,677 2,456 247 1.675 215 S s Is 1 s' 5 R 3,638 180 926 8. 501 2,792 806 1,943 2,800 4,232 1,794 84 5,710 32, 315 S5S882883S88||i CO CM inco-CM*-.* -**CM*-* 1 | s i§Rga£gsgsg5 (M* ir> co r-T co co — co co cm* ; School lunch ' • i IA 1 228, 601 I 5 ISSsfslsall 1 CM -CM* CO ««0 8 s *> :'i ill1 37, 278 jil "■ i 339 ! 187 221 420 788 130 j 721 2.215 2.345 i 138 1 142 | 125 Si 1 3 I 1,433 842 i 884 ! 539 1,313 778 942 313 278 1,795 257 1.006 xi, 577 1.047 678 634 1,997 1. 199 748 722 1.408 1 694 1.068 948 A7C. ! Total I M | 1 i « 90, 167 6.477 802 2,359 11,791 9, 980 1.716 7,253 23,115 16,847 2,732 627 6,466 108, 278 cDa>ir>oorN*c£>CTf f Region and State United States 48 States and District of Columbia North Atlantic Connecticut _ . . . Delaware . Maine _ _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ New Hampshire _ New Jersey _ _ _ New York _ _ _ Pennsylvania _ . . _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ District of Columbia. . . I 1 1 ! Illinois _ ... _ ... Indiana _ Iowa _ _ _ Michigan _ _ .... Minnesota. Missouri _ _ . Nebraska _ _ norm uanoia _ Ohio _ South Dakota Wisconsin _ _ _ _ 8 i|if- Zi&l: rveruucKy _ Louisiana..., . Mississippi _ North Carolina. ... . South Carolina _ Virginia _ West Viroinia i b STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 49 II I .2 I o c 1 1 ! I I I Table 26. — Percentage distribution of revenue receipts from Federal, State, intermediate, local, and other sources, by State: 1957-58 50 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 51 Table 27. — Summary of expenditures for public schools, by purpose and by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] 52 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Interest on school debt a 8 S' 107 211 5.619 810 451 8,090 (9) 640 14, 064 51,598 w 25,515 (9) 425 98,472 IsSISsSssssl =- ~ 2 44, 827 993 2,156 6,841 >« 8, 053 103, 920 7.697 537 5, 161 3. 668 1, 131 3. 697 974 Capital outlay i sf 760, 034 isIslIsSccs al ctT co" ^ cd cn7 o c\T u-T co 910, 334 182,231 s 55, 024 47,011 38, 961 187, 196 83, 438 58, 287 15,616 8,251 157, 530 8,848 8 67,939 Is S' 20, 300 12,616 67,427 8 21, 730 ’ 5, 002 53, 352 14,740 51,292 19,410 26,226 43, 326 10, 119 Current Expenditures Com¬ munity colleges3 a 9 s' S | Mss is 1 ji ! j 11, 455 i j? /O 0 1,365 6,705 1,231 1,000 371 II a \mw hi Adult educa¬ tion7 a 5 h- J 13,456 527 25 73 779 1,560 51 753 8, 901 125 23 639 £ s 2,667 i issS* is is ; icj^r ^ 11, 489 SsSiilsissss Sum¬ mer schools a 7 4, 554 1,687 5 i1™ 2 3 * is 500 67 536 h ::::::: r :8 : ' : : i i : 1 : i i] Com¬ munity serv¬ ices * a 40,855 15,412 §—ssf si : : " 7, 048 l : 5S§2 :§ is ; cj-' - ; s ~ 1 : % : s Full-time elementary and secondary day schools Classified as to function 11 Si a 890,118 248, 569 11,263 2,401 4,693 14,052 28,420 3,283 27,214 101,002 49, 844 3,043 1,944 1,410 § S' 41,673 26,816 17,767 13,282 35,711 23, 622 19, 027 4,883 3,980 33, 151 4, 545 21,162 s 1 % 14, 565 9,756 14,685 21, 102 13.867 43, 193 11,942 18,084 11,671 | 17.992 ! 15.595 10.305 Fixed charges 1 a 1 s' 261,229 9,351 938 2,714 12,509 9,355 1,984 31,349 124,872 60, 724 2, 191 1,970 3,273 6 s'! 27,202 16,688 9,014 4,436 29, 292 11,420 11,258 4,066 1,664 40, 049 1,448 9,939 l! II 3 10,589 4,270 7,046 17,433 6.843 17.941 3. 590 12.956 7,378 8.636 6.406 7,381 Mainte- nance of plant s 2 S' 103,073 5, 070 968 1,490 6,408 10, 058 725 17,237 33, 635 23, 489 1,518 713 1,761 118, 991 20, 756 10, 855 6,358 4,864 18, 494 6, 560 10,457 2.959 1,205 23,915 1,687 10, 881 60, 583 3,723 1,675 7,908 7,410 3, 704 6,096 2.822 7.671 3. 909 3.765 7,556 4,345 r„- of plant * 924,342 271,103 14,732 2,746 4, 663 13,288 29, 159 2,689 35, 556 97,475 59, 995 4,358 2, 074 4, 367 320, 807 sSlssslISSs! 107, 839 IlSSsISssSlssi! ! to iri + — r-^oco r~." II Instruc¬ tion CO 1 s i « 1,925,640 105, 922 19,514 27,420 115,248 183,636 17,344 245, 532 750, 561 392, 704 28, 026 12,780 26, 952 a i 368, 703 178, 093 111,636 91,279 347, 578 141,201 137,120 51,698 25, 520 350. 141 28,277 143,947 s g *r igipsllaslll r— ‘ cr> u->’ r-’ r-T an — oJ o ro -T | cr> cvi r-» — < m ir> r~- o cm to 1 2 1 Admin¬ istra¬ tion 2 ^ ! s s' 115,781 5,017 2,275 1,536 4,638 9,122 1,442 16,383 38, 580 33,435 1,405 1. 150 797 125, 490 'issSSHSisIis I joisoVoooiV-ono s s‘ 3.257 4,217 8,480 6,113 6,679 7,014 3,225 5,473 4,040 4,941 5,781 3. 008 Classified as to pupil cost allocation Not allo¬ cated to pupil costs 1 • 1 8 erT S S ! j i : i i ; s ! ; ; 1 i i : 2,050 5 ; ; : 1 & £ : 1 : : : 1 Allocated to pupil costs in s *| ?! 2,924,484 151,356 28,818 42,516 166, 143 269,750 27,468 373,271 1, 146, 125 619, 304 40, 540 20, 631 38, 560 i 2,950, 527 544, 950 264,927 172,527 131,650 512,657 216, 524 207, 199 75, 123 38, 264 525,090 42,741 218, 873 1, 753, 501 135, 901 74, 182 227,837 190,430 116 216 202, 534 77,379 207, 750 105, 368 146,313 172,638 96. 953 Total current ex- penditures, elementary and secondary schools s1 Sf s 2,925,394 151,356 28, 842 42,516 166, 143 269, 750 27,468 373,271 1, 146, 125 620, 191 40, 540 20, 631 38, 560 2, 952, 576 544, 950 264,927 172,527 131,650 512,657 218,574 207, 199 75. 123 38, 264 525, 090 42,741 218, 873 3 i ir 135, 901 74, 182 227,837 190, 430 116,216 202,624 77,379 207, 750 105, 368 146, 365 172,638 96. 953 Total current ex¬ penditures, all schools (4+13+14 + 15+16) 1 e* 10,374,494 8 8 oT 152,331 28,913 42, 609 168, 290 272, 326 27,985 374, 346 1, 165, 593 624,281 40.670 20, 659 39,317 2, 983, 531 547,617 265, 289 173,310 133,015 523, 865 222, 403 209, 867 76, 323 38, 264 528, 664 42,741 222, 172 1, 773, 388 136, 162 74.757 230, 126 193, 292 117,347 204,010 82, 995 209, 431 106, 594 147,042 174,003 97,628 Total ex¬ penditures for all schools (3+17+18) " ! 2 SI a a a 199,016 48, 798 47, 046 240, 590 316,961 35, 586 500, 428 1,642, 112 680, 574 43, 446 26, 720 43, 287 S S' « 751,944 324,859 224, 159 176, 053 728,844 315,694 274,428 94, 359 47,302 707,623 52,331 294, 740 2, 163, 756 157,454 89. 528 304, 394 223, 075 126, 269 265, 058 98,273 265, 885 129, 673 174,399 221,027 108,721 Region and State H 3 a |l ji North Atlantic . Connecticut - - Delaware. . Maine.. _ _ Maryland _ Massachusetts - - New Hampshire _ New Jersey _ New York.. .... _ _ _ _ Pennsylvania _ — Rhode Island . _ Vermont _ District of Columbia - - I 1 1 I Illinois _ _ _ _ Indiana _ _ Iowa _ Kansas - - Michigan _ _ _ Minnesota _ Missouri _ Nebraska _ North Dakota _ Ohio _ ... - - South Dakota _ Wisconsin - I itlffisMits STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 53 54 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Tabic 28. — Percentage distribution of expenditures for public schools, by purpose and by State* 1957-58 1 Current expenditures for full-time elementary and secondary day schools Region and State Total expendi¬ tures, all schools Total current expendi¬ tures, ele¬ mentary and sec¬ ondary day schools Adminis¬ tration Instruc¬ tion Plant operation Plant mainte¬ nance Fixed charges Other school services Current expendi¬ tures, other programs Capital outlay Interest on school debt l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 United States 48 States and District of Columbia) 100.0 75.6 3.3 50.9 6.8 2.8 5.3 6.6 0.9 21.0 2.5 North Atlantic 100. 0 76.5 3.0 50. 3 7.1 2.7 6.8 6.5 .8 19.9 2.8 Connecticut _ _ 100.0 76. 1 2.5 53.2 7.4 2.5 4.7 5.7 .5 20.6 2.8 Delaware. _ _ 100.0 59. 1 4.7 40.0 5.6 2.0 1.9 4.9 .1 39. 1 1 7 Maine . ... _ _ 100.0 90.4 3.3 58.3 9.9 3.2 5.8 10.0 .2 8.5 1.0 Maryland 100.0 69. 1 1.9 47.9 5.5 2.7 5.2 5.8 .9 26.7 3.4 Massachusetts _ _ 100.0 85. 1 2.9 57.9 9.2 3.2 3.0 9.0 .8 14. 1 New Hampshire _ _ _ 100.0 77.2 4. 1 48. 7 7.6 2.0 5.6 9.2 1.5 19.6 1.8 New Jersey _ _ 100.0 74.6 3.3 49. 1 7.1 3.4 6.3 5.4 .2 22.4 2 8 New York _ _ ... 100.0 69 8 2.3 45.7 5.9 2.0 7.6 6.2 1.2 25.9 3. 1 Pennsylvania ... . _ 100.0 91. 1 4.9 57.7 8.8 3.5 8.9 7.3 .6 4.5 3. 7 Rhode Island . 100.0 93.3 3.2 64.5 10.0 3.5 5.0 7.0 .3 6.4 Vermont ... _ _ _ _ _ 100.0 77.2 4.3 47.8 7.8 2.7 7.4 7.3 . 1 21.1 1.6 District of Columbia . 100.0 89. 1 1.8 62.3 10.1 4. 1 7.6 3.3 1.7 9.2 Great Lakes and Plains 100. 0 74.0 3.1 49.5 8.0 3.0 4. 2 6.2 . 8 22.8 2.5 Illinois _ _ _ _ 100.0 72.5 3.2 49.0 8.3 2.8 3.6 5.5 .4 24.2 2.9 Indiana _ _ _ 100.0 81.6 1.8 54.8 8.2 3.3 5. 1 8.3 .1 16.9 1.4 Iowa _ _ 100.0 77.0 4.6 49.8 7.8 2.8 4.0 7.9 .3 21.0 1.7 Kansas .... _ _ 100.0 74.8 2.7 51.8 7.4 2.8 2.5 7.5 .8 22.1 2 3 Michigan _ _ _ .. 100.0 70.3 2.9 47.7 8.3 2.5 4.0 4.9 1.5 25.7 2.4 Minnesota . _ _ _ 100.0 69.2 3.3 44. 7 8.0 2.1 3.6 7.5 1.2 26.4 3.1 Missouri _ _ _ 100.0 75.5 3.6 50.0 7.1 3.8 4.1 6.9 1.0 21.2 2.3 Nebraska ... 100.0 79.6 4.5 54.8 7.7 3.1 4.3 5.2 1.3 16.5 2.6 North Dakota _ . . _ _ 100.0 80.9 3.7 54.0 8.8 2.5 3.5 8.4 17.4 1 7 Ohio 100.0 74.2 2.9 49.5 8. 1 3.4 5.7 4.7 .5 22.3 3.0 South Dakota 100.0 81. 7 5. 1 54.0 7.9 3.2 2.8 8. 7 16.9 1 4 Wisconsin _ _ 100.0 74.3 3.4 48.8 7.8 3.7 3.4 7.2 1. 1 23.1 1.6 Southeast 100.0 81.0 2.9 55.9 5.0 2.8 5.1 9.4 .9 16.0 2.1 Alabama . . 100.0 86.3 2. 1 62. 1 3.8 2.4 6.7. 9.3 .2 12.9 .6 Arkansas _ .. 100.0 82.9 4.7 54.7 5.9 1.9 4.8' 10.9 .6 14. 1 2.4 Florida _ 100.0 74.8 2.8 57.6 4.7 2.6 2.3 4.8 .8 22.2 2.2 Georgia - - ... 100.0 85.4 2.7 57. 1 4.9 3.3 7.8 9.5 1.3 9.7 3.6 Kentucky . . . 100.0 92.0 5.3 61.2 6.2 2.9 5.4 11.0 .9 4.0 3.1 Louisiana. _ 100.0 76.4 2.6 45.0 3.4 2.3 6.8 16.3 .5 20. 1 2.9 Mississippi - - - - 100.0 78.7 3.3 52.4 4.4 2.9 3.7 12.2 5.7 15.0 .5 North Carolina . .. . . . . 100.0 78.1 2.1 57.3 4.3 2.9 4.9 6.8 .6 19.3 1.9 South Carolina _ _ _ 100.0 81.3 3.1 54.9 5.5 3.0 5.7 9.0 .9 15.0 2.8 Tennessee _ _ 100.0 83.9 2.8 57.9 5.8 2.2 5.0 10.3 .4 15 0 .6 Virginia _ _ _ 100.0 78. 1 2.6 56.0 6. 1 3.4 2.9 7.1 .6 19.6 1.7 West Virginia . . ... . _ 100.0 89.2 2.8 58.9 7.2 4.0 6.8 9.5 .6 9.3 .9 West and Southwest 100.0 73. 0 3.9 49.9 6. 3 2.7 4.9 5.4 1.1 23.3 2.5 Arizona 100.0 71.6 3.5 51.8 6.5 2.8 1.9 5.2 25.9 2.5 California _ _ _ _ 100.0 71.3 4.0 48. 1 6.5 2.8 5.5 4.4 1.0 24.9 2.8 Colorado ... 100.0 72.9 3.1 50.0 6.6 2.9 5.4 4.8 .2 23.7 3.1 Idaho 100.0 80.6 3.5 54.8 8.4 2.2 2.9 8.9 17.0 2. 4 Montana . ... _ _ 100.0 82.5 5.0 53. 1 8.4 3.2 3.8 8.9 .2 16.0 1.3 Nevada _ _ _ _ 100.0 69.9 2.8 49.5 7.0 3.0 3. 1 4.6 .3 26.6 3. 1 New Mexico _ 100.0 78.7 3.3 54.7 7.4 .5 4.0 8.8 .2 19.8 1. 2 Oklahoma ... _ _ 100.0 79.9 4. 1 55.3 6.3 2.9 3.6 7.7 . 1 18.6 1.3 Oregon 100.0 79. 7 3.6 54. 1 8.0 3.0 4.6 6.4 18.4 1.9 Texas . _ _ 100.0 74.0 4.6 51.8 4.7 2.0 4.9 6.0 2.3 20.9 2.8 Utah .... _ 100.0 68.7 2.4 48 5 5.7 2.9 3.9 5.2 I .9 29.0 1. 4 Washington _ 100.0 70.8 2.9 47.3 6.8 3.4 5.3 5.1 1.9 25.3 2.0 Wyoming 100. 0 70.9 4.5 45.4 6.0 2.7 2.4 9.9 27.3 1.8 Outlying Parts Alaska 100.0 87.0 5.5 57.7 11.3 2.5 3.8 6.2 11.4 1.6 American Samoa 100 0 97 9 14.3 83.6 2. 1 Canal Zone 100.0 84.0 4. 1 67.4 5.4 2.4 3.2 1.5 6.5 9.5 Guam 100.0 47. 7 1.5 39.4 5.0 1.5 .3 1.7 50.6 Hawaii 100.0 91.6 1.8 67.6 5.0 5.2 5.3 6.7 .4 6.0 2.1 Puerto Rico 100.0 86.9 4. 4 51.7 3.9 .7 6.5 19.7 8.8 4.3 1 This table is to be used in conjunction with the preceding table, which presents fully annotated data on amounts of expenditures. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 55 Table 29. — Current expenditures for administration for State boards of education and State departments of education, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Region and State Total ex¬ penditures for State adminis¬ tration (col. 3+ col. 8) State boards of education (including vocational boards) State departments of education Total, State boards of education Expenditures for regular programs Expendi¬ tures for emergency programs Total, State depart¬ ments of education Expenditures for regular programs Expendi¬ tures for emergency programs Expenses of board members Salaries of staff Supplies, travel, and other expenses Adminis¬ trative and profes¬ sional staff Salaries Secretarial and clerical personnel Plant op¬ eration and mainte¬ nance per¬ sonnel Supplies, travel, and other expenses l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 United States <48 States) _ 57, 667 2, 376 164 1, 622 469 122 55, 291 26, 701 10, 095 1, 168 14, 950 2, 375 North Atlantic _ 17, 803 82 23 55 3 1 17, 721 9,573 2, 542 927 4, 368 311 1,427 3 2 (9 (9 1,425 1,318 107 737 3 1 3 734 332 147 5 250 404 2 2 402 195 96 111 825 40 2 37 785 407 173 197 7 Massachusetts. 1,453 11 1 9 1 1,442 1,035 346 62 New Hampshire 357 (9 (9 357 135 70 135 17 1,965 1,965 1,204 260 408 93 New York' 7, 804 13 13 7,791 2 3, 668 1,044 922 2, 158 2, 138 (i) (9 2, 138 935 578 506 118 Rhode Island. . 343 8 5 2 1 335 163 83 74 15 Vermont _ . . _ . 348 2 2 346 181 91 74 Great Lakes and Plains.. 9, 733 914 47 585 169 113 8, 819 5, 067 1, 531 5 1,967 250 Illinois 1,433 424 273 60 91 1,009 3 747 (9 262 Indiana 457 4 4 453 186 167 100 Iowa 578 7 7 571 3 386 (1 2 3) 94 91 Kansas ... . _ 573 219 4 134 60 22 353 167 92 95 Michigan . .... .. 916 2 1 2 914 503 234 112 64 Minnesota 880 8 2 6 872 379 199 208 87 Missouri 1,296 2 2 1,294 655 260 5 374 Nebraska 370 (9 (9 370 110 192 65 3 North Dakota.. _ 173 173 77 51 45 Ohio 1,954 42 24 11 8 1,912 1,403 72 437 South Dakota 256 2 2 254 130 51 68 5 Wisconsin 848 203 1 161 40 645 323 215 107 Southeast _ 16, 425 632 46 457 122 7 15, 793 6, 905 2,651 216 4, 486 1, 535 Alabama 867 1 1 865 * 602 (9 (9 227 36 Arkansas ...... 816 8 3 5 808 211 ' 200 29 259 109 Florida 1,485 1,485 497 391 21 439 136 Georgia 1,794 21 15 6 1,774 702 580 491 Kentucky 1,917 1 1 1,916 562 229 110 298 717 Louisiana _ 2,214 9 9 2,205 846 461 40 805 54 Mississippi _ 539 539 246 128 112 53 North Carolina 1,320 394 3 307 85 925 534 187 204 South Carolina 1,057 4 4 1,053 421 196 3 434 Tennessee _ .... 1,193 20 5 13 1 1, 174 383 202 7 296 286 Virginia _ 2,648 2 2 2,645 * 1,760 0) (9 798 87 West Virginia _ 574 172 3 126 36 7 402 142 76 6 122 56 West and Southwest . 13, 706 748 48 526 175 12, 957 5,157 3, 372 21 4, 129 280 Arizona 316 (9 (9 316 123 108 85 California 5,925 3 3 5, 922 2,033 1,284 2,498 107 Colorado 640 13 3 9 2 627 306 188 133 Idaho 166 11 6 4 1 156 78 46 31 Montana 466 122 7 83 32 344 147 127 70 Nevada 273 (9 (9 272 144 68 60 New Mexico 474 2 2 471 167 141 145 18 Oklahoma 746 11 5 4 3 735 382 192 161 Oregon 845 3 3 842 372 251 219 Texas 2, 132 9 9 2,123 863 649 21 478 112 Utah 441 4 4 (9 437 235 113 70 19 Washington . _ _ 955 567 3 426 137 388 187 129 72 Wyoming . . 326 1 1 325 120 74 108 23 Outlying Parts Alaska 313 (9 (9 313 103 125 17 67 1 Less than $500. 2 Includes $1,022,000 paid by the State to 119 superintendents of intermediate administrative units. 3 Salaries for secretarial and clerical personnel included with salaries for administra¬ tive and professional staff. * Amount reported in column 9 represents total salaries of all personnel. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. 56 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 Table 30. — Current expenditures for instruction in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Region and State Total ex¬ penditures for in¬ struction Total Super- Princi- visors pals 1 2 3 4 5 United States (48 States Salaries of instructional staff 1 Teachers and other nonsupervisory instructional staff Total Class- Libra- room rians teachers Guid¬ ance person¬ nel Psycho¬ logical person¬ nel Other Salaries of secre¬ tarial and cler¬ ical as¬ sistants to in¬ struc¬ tional person¬ nel Free text¬ books 2 School library books Supplies and other expend¬ itures 6 7 10 11 12 13 14 15 and District of Colum¬ bia) _ North Atlantic _ Connecticut _ Delaware _ _ Maine _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ New Hampshire _ New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ 6,900,899 6,368,177 1,925,640 1,779,477 127, 271 35, 222 101, 890 31,406 31, 525 6, 067 272, 037 73, 467 105, 922 19, 514 27, 420 115,248 183, 636 17, 344 245, 532 750, 561 392, 704 28, 026 12, 780 98, 098 18,111 25, 063 104, 183 170, 770 16, 029 3 232, 106 694, 387 3 357, 388 26, 160 11,742 2,051 (4) 550 2,603 6,311 3 814 1,352 7, 036 89, 736 17,297 23, 160 94, 545 87, 407 3 2, 329 <4) 22, 792 (4) 368 2,146 327 218 2,010 <4) 6, 772 380 573 20, 825 3 52,341 14, 110 1,451 211,281 642, 047 336, 506 24, 330 10, 391 209, 002 634, 702 23, 754 2,279 7,344 220 281 32 43 124 (4) 21,262 7,988 440 84 1,868 358 844 2,035 3, 420 379 4,662 8,915 7,866 509 248 467 104 79 638 395 3, 197 1,054 44 45 3, 343 614 1,216 6,382 9,051 812 8,763 22, 799 18, 408 873 660 District of Columbia _ Great Lakes and Plains. Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan _ Minnesota.. . Missouri _ Nebraska _ North Dakota _ Ohio _ South Dakota _ Wisconsin _ Southeast Alabama _ Arkansas . Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ Mississippi _ North Carolina... South Carolina _ Tennessee _ Virginia _ West Virginia _ 26, 952 1, 975, 192 368, 703 178, 093 111,636 91,279 347, 578 141,201 137, 120 51,698 25, 520 350, 141 28,277 143, 947 1. 209. 765 97, 768 49, 006 175,298 127, 367 77, 286 '2 119, 260 51,449 152, 230 71,254 100, 964 123, 804 64, 080 25, 437 1, 827, 943 e 348, 821 167, 501 ' 103, 365 87, 589 320, 239 126, 956 121,859 47,692 f 23, 939 325, 565 26,114 128, 303 1.140.645 92, 068 46, 655 164, 172 117, 440 73,652 112, 246 47, 238 145, 936 67, 775 12 95, 049 " 116,677 61,737 394 2,365 (4J 2, 963 1, 143 1,093 546 3, 269 707 164 1,979 1, 534 (4) 1,444 334 1,510 474 2,254 "2,383 821 1,642 10, 853 19, 326 6, 196 8, 404 2, 150 19, 604 4, 756 2, 524 8, 452 8, 604 2 6, 061 8, 595 4,097 10, 303 2,778 (4) 9, 724 7, 976 23, 401 154, 283 2 78, 703 297,951 119,618 112,362 44, 997 302, 692 22, 590 152, 971 116, 298 44, 661 300,' 232 43, 139 148, 026 105, 709 42, 083 131,368 63, 700 1,312 2,039 231 1,7 48 593 3 5,715 705 626 2,576 3 560 334 1,210 234 (4) 94 <4) 90 181 (4) (4) 90 222 105 '713' 794 623 24, 927 2,375 8, 128 2,658 2,000 363 6,910 2, 493 13, 345 263 350 4,214 1,317 673 962 486 839 775 850 2,386 495 302 27, 955 5, 461 148 3, 794 2,961 4, 000 1, 188 562 6, 705 799 2,338 19, 637 576 870 2,495 4, 185 1,024 12 2, 420 1,381 2,074 639 2,299 871 803 43 14, 925 3,043 3, 931 1,527 2,000 393 203 1,854 202 1,773 5, 394 271 (10) 233 1,054 577 >2 1, 109 478 1,079 525 (15) 70 546 79,442 11,378 8, 069 8 8, 271 s 3, 690 11,486 7, 098 7,261 2,062 816 9. 108 1, 163 9, 041 30,744 4, 853 »o 1, 132 4, 184 3,371 1,360 12 2, 523 1,867 2,302 1, 541 2, 765 3, 870 975 See footnotes at end of table. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 57 Table 30. — Current expenditures for instruction in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1957-58 — Continued (In thousands of dollars] Region and State Total ex¬ penditures for in¬ struction Total Super¬ visors S Princi¬ pals alaries of Teache Total instructs rs and otf Class¬ room teachers nal staff 1 ler nonsupervisory i Guid- Libra- ance rians person¬ nel nstruction Psycho¬ logical person¬ nel al staff Other Salaries of secre¬ tarial and cler¬ ical as¬ sistants to in¬ struc¬ tional person¬ nel Free text¬ books 2 School library books Supplies and other expend¬ itures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 , 10 11 12 13 14 15 West and Southwest 1, 790, 302 1,620,112 53,776 22, 891 5, 139 88, 383 — Arizona 58,371 1 53,010 562 2,912 49. 535 47.972 671 597 296 1,429 799 448 2, 685 California 16 803,891 ! 17 709,506 36 935 5 027 52| 424 Colorado 72,970 66.806 1,089 3,879 61.838 60.913 , 926 l’ 806 1. 162 (i°) 10 3] 197 Idaho 25,317 1 23. 291 143 1,506 21.643 192 n 199 (i°) >0 l’ 635 Montana . 30,628 ! if 28, 339 3 1631 i < 26 708 1 760 284 l] 245 Nevada 13,271 11,974 ( 199 761 | 11.014 10.716 ; 119 154 24 301 289 74 633 New Mexico 42,812 1 40, 573 493 3. 124 36.955 36. 500 363 86 6 391 1 049 399 400 Oklahoma _ 89,945 84. 550 237 3,244 81.070 80. 452 237 349 31 1, 519 1, 023 451 2, 401 Oregon 86. 342 79. 144 1. 193 5.809 | 72. 141 71.015 688 438 1. 566 1 581 152 3,’ 900 Texas 375.421 347. 540 4. 061 19.660 323.819 316.646 4.668 3 2. 505 O) 5 883 1 727 1 898 12’ 373 Utah ..... .... 40. 175 37,215 ! 504 2. 774 33. 937 32. 503 766 615 53 ’ 702 '673 153 1 432 Washington 134. 122 122,450 1.601 7.710 113. 140 105,653 2, 843 4.644 3. 052 2 257 1 172 5’ 189 Wyoming _ _ 17.035 15.715 ! (4) 3 1.010 14. 705 345 ’ 108 868 Outlying Parts ===== === Alaska 10 911 : 10 133 51 452 9. 629 152 267 360 American Samoa 21 240 211 7 : (4) | 204 3 203 1 4 (21) 25 Canal Zone 2.440 2. 148 58 104 1, 985 1.938 25 15 7 56 69 ^ 22 146 Guam 1.944 1,853 30 153 1.670 1.660 5 4 35 21 35 Hawaii 24.430 i 22. 249 277 1. 792 20. 181 18. 880 480 157 663 843 407 30 902 Puerto Rico _ 31,852 29. 504 1.392 1. 594 26.518 25. 707 215 262 334 92 1. 439 816 Virgin Islands. . _ 740 688 33 39 616 603 9 5 14 20 1 17 1 Salaries for individual categories of instructional staff are shown only to the degree that they are separately reported. - Includes expenditures for textbooks purchased by State and intermediate adminis¬ trative units for distribution to local basic administrative units. 3 Includes salaries for personnel in other column(s) identified by footnote 4. 4 See footnote 3. 5 Includes salaries paid personnel in adult education programs and recreation. 4 Includes salaries paid 1,773 administrative personnel. 7 Includes salaries paid 1,282 personnel in adult education programs. 'Includes all expenditures for instruction other than for salaries of instructional staff. ** Includes salaries of administrators, excluding full-time superintendents. Data for column 14 included in column 15. " Includes salaries paid 54 visiting teachers. 12 Includes free textbooks and other instructional supplies distributed to nonpublic schools. 13 Includes salaries paid 123 attendance officers. 14 Includes salaries paid 108 visiting teachers. 13 Included with capital outlay for school library books. 14 Includes expenditures for instruction for community colleges, summer schools, and adult education. 17 The estimated expenditure for salaries of elementary and secondary instructional personnel only is $643,214,000; this amount was used in computing the average salary shown in tables 40 and 41. '' Includes an unknown amount for transfers between school districts. 11 Includes salaries paid instructional personnel in adult education programs and attendance personnel. 20 Expenditures from Federal funds only. 21 Less than $500. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. 582314 O— Ol - 5 58 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 31. — Current expenditures for administration for intermediate and local basic administrative units, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Intermediate administrative units Region and State Total expend¬ itures for admin¬ istra¬ tion for inter¬ mediate admin¬ istra¬ tive units 2 Compensation and travel for board of education Superintendent's office Total expend¬ itures for admin¬ istra¬ tion for local basic admin¬ istra¬ tive units Com¬ pensa¬ tion of board mem¬ bers Salaries Travel, sup¬ plies, and other ex¬ penses Board mem¬ bers Occa¬ sional consul¬ tative person¬ nel Supt. and other admin¬ istra¬ tive staff Instruc¬ tional person¬ nel Attend¬ ance person¬ nel Health person¬ nel Secre¬ tarial and clerical person¬ nel Other em¬ ployed person¬ nel 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States 48 States and District of Columbia) 55, 362 656 176 31, 263 7, 742 2, 392 2, 148 4, 355 1, 356 5, 274 330, 296 North Atlantic _ 10, 982 12 2, 001 3, 643 1,429 1,431 954 77 1,435 86, 996 3, 590 (>) 1,537 1,132 3,813 4 7,669 4 1. 085 93 267 212 55 14,152 New York 7,602 334 3,290 1,279 1,254 285 77 1,084 23,174 5,426 2, 656 12 1,355 351 150 178 398 212 28,641 1,061 141 457 313 1 59 84 345 63 797 _ _ Great Lakes and Plains 16, 323 293 162 7, 369 2, 303 640 174 2,165 367 2, 852 99,434 1,709 1,342 244” 11 112 520,748 Indiana l’ 365 136 668 15 304 27 189 26 4,011 Iowa 2,300 49 1,143 430 21 22 87 549 7,407 Kansas 641 615 26 3,554 Michigan.. ... . .. _ . 2,026 51 21 564 226 143 15 421 204 380 18,025 1,125 Minnesota 558 360 170 29 9,079 1,016 Missouri 818 4 530 6 1 3 167 107 7, 754 Nebraska _ ... .. . . _ 693 4 326 9 18 2 119 3 212 3,151 355 North Dakota 480 237 106 106 32 1,104 623 Ohio 3, 237 32 870 1,001 170 423 742 15,503 183 South Dakota 754 49 o 288 48 63 306 1,634 Wisconsin 1,743 108 426 616 5 256 332 7,465 1,079 Southeast... - 765 15 ...t _ 412 22 17 195 104 45, 040 Alabama. _ . .... 2,390 65 Arkansas 571 5 346 17 129 74 2,830 Florida 6,995 421 Georgia . . .. ...... 4,318 141 Kentucky _ _ .. .. 4,762 121 Louisiana .. 4,800 367 Mississippi . . . ._ .... 194 10 65 22 65 31 2,492 124 North Carolina _ _. _ 4, 153 98 South Carolina _ ... _ 2,983 (') Tennessee . _ _ 3, 748 72 Virginia ... . _ 3, 133 170 West Virginia. _ . _ 2,435 89 _ _ _ _ West and Southwest __ 27, 292 335 14 21, 481 1,774 307 543 1, 042 913 883 98,826 Arizona. . 942" 160" 635 104 43 2,665 7A California. ...... 17,798 195 14 -17,589 (') (0 C) O) O) 0) 42, 729 Colorado. _ _ 215 215 3, 690 Idaho _ . . .. .. 33 21 7 5 1,405 163 Montana _ _ _ 386 272 49 8 57 2,009 Nevada _ 471 7 New Mexico. _ . . 2, 109 Oklahoma . ... _ .. 788 401 18 278 90 5,073 Oregon ... 784 42 284 114 10 3 139 9 181 4! 146 Texas 5, 206 95 2,150 1,025 278 539 207 661 251 25 657 Utah _ l’ 505 60 Washington... ... .. .. _ 951 4 284 202 235 227 6, 181 Wyoming _ _ . . _ 190 105 56 29 l! 184 85 _ Outlying Parts Alaska _ 726 American Samoa _ .. _ 41 Canal Zone _ _ 150 Guam. _ .. _ _ 76 Hawaii. 638 Puerto Rico _ . _ _ 2 731 Virgin Islands _ .. _ . 65 Local basic administrative units Salaries Super¬ intend¬ ents and admin¬ istra¬ tive person¬ nel 1 3, 182 859 2 1,022 3 1,315 459 210,678 4,590 22,331 480 71 196 2,531 3,132 8,105 4,314 4,011 1,875 139 8,879 2,954 2 1,975 1,860 962 2,402 2,811 1,847 1, 149 1,783 ' 2,469 908 1,473 975 1,426 2,978 721 867 225 1,075 3,876 1,417 14, 112 683 3,038 570 410 29 67 44 260 904 38 Secre¬ tarial and clerical assist¬ ants (9 485 (2) 1,221 ^ 315 <2) 6,813 4,207 294 55 571 6 1,480 M,275 5,428 2,237 2,000 432 2,070 1, 932 (2) 494 1,819 1,032 755 925 764 1,589 (') 855 967 812 973 231 82 172 728 750 1,380 4,983 409 2,270 386 135 9 43 31 261 1,075 21 Sup¬ plies and other ex¬ penses 194 110 1,277 218 3,473 6,345 2.102 147 155 30 3,368 1,512 1,742 489 342 4,372 1,499 350 476 3, 792 743 1,075 1,660 455 684 514 1,914 524 558 242 712 289 1,061 68 305 447 1,349 6,563 353 874 143 1 Data for columns 13 and 15 included in column 14. 2 Data for column 15 included in column 14. 2 Includes salaries for psychological personnel. 4 Includes expenditures for attendance services. s Excludes salaries of all administrative personnel, except business officers; in¬ cludes expenditures for compulsory attendance services. 6 Data for column 16 included in column 15. 7 Less than $500. 8 The figure in column 5 represents total expenditures for salaries, travel, and other expenses of the superintendent’s office. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 59 STATE $4,825,000,000 39.6% INTERMEDIATE $251,000,000 OTHER 2.1 % FEDERAL $486,000,000 4% $37,000,000 0.3% LOCAL $6,582,000,000 54% Figure 2. — Revenue Receipts From Federal, State, Intermediate, Local, and Other Sources, for 48 States and the District of Columbia: 1957-58 Table 32. — Current expenditures for plant operation, plant maintenance, and fixed charges, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] 60 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 Fixed charges Not allo¬ cated N vH 3, 286 23 887 2,050 i i ! ! i is i i i i i i i i i : : : : : : !!!!!! 3 mininii i i : i i i i i i h Allocated to pupil costs I 00 fH 87, 900 3,165 82 4 7 15 4 317 600 1,595 467 13 64 16,263 1 Is 1 !od §sg j* IS 1 S : : i S : ; is i S i S : i i i i i !*» i i ; i ;;;;;;; ; ; ; : S 1 US 1 1 IS IS 1 ! : : ; : : r i i ii ill : i i : : i i : i i i !::!:!!!!: i i i i i i i i i i !!!!!!!!!! i i 1 1 I I I ! CO 55 CM 287, 261 80,775 I“sss§SI5ks I sf a— ; 54,167 8, 200 11,905 16 935 21, 744 1,831 52 1,488 6 10 7,981 75, 528 ssssSS IlSssg iCcvrinV>V j mto'O-*'* 75 o - fH 543, 554 231,857 S-Ilsas-ISS § rC csTj-Tof^rr^^o-r-r erf 123,429 S3SS8SS88S Is as sf 90,331 slsssilsasSa ooW««-»«ocsT;=‘«o«o«o‘«» Total alio- cated to pupil costs | O fH 711, 747 260,318 9, 351 914 2,714 12, 509 9, 355 1,984 31, 349 124, 872 59, 837 2,191 1,970 3, 273 164,426 IssSgRgillll N<2Wo)«;;:V-oVo> 110, 327 SSIslilsRilS o*ri p»* r-‘ co* p--* eo‘ cj r-»* oo~ co* r-.* Total fixed charges ! O 715, 033 261,229 slSlsISaSSS a of eacHoff-f^f^oW^H cn — « CO CM CD 166,476 gisS|S3§iIf| 110, 469 |si3|s||s|IS Maintenance of plant (repairs and replacement) Supplies, expenses, and con¬ tractual service 00 | 3, 657 871 1,295 4,182 673" 673 1,705 j !! i : i i i 1 1 1 j j j ; IS Im is in I- 1^ i~ 12 r i i i 1, 506* 5,335" 2,196 3,994 2,822 4, 603 2,896 2,058 u CM* Salaries of car¬ penters, painters, etc. I 1,413 97 195 2,227 845 40 56 | III i ; i ! ! ! !!! 5 Is 1= |US ICO j j 1 i i ll iSSs iiS§ j j evT— TcnT Icrf-T- i i i ii I CM* II s o CO 378, 127 103,073 | 5, 070 968 1,490 6. 408 10, 058 725 17,237 33, 635 23, 489 1,518 713 1,761 118,991 slsIslssisSS o' o' CO* OO* lO O* CM* •->* CO* o* § s ssssssssisas co" t~? pC crT io csT r-" en cn p-T Operation of plant Supplies and other expenses IA ! ! ; 874 174 385 868 3~613 2,251 7, 841 4,931 273 206 126 I !' : is i : is wevT ! 1 Iss^ is 1 £ i- 1 ! Fuel, light, water, and - : 5, 289 804 2,054 4,758 3 717 10, 482 27, 000 18, 009 1,502 963 779 i i i jS ss j»*oo* r sIS Is "-gf jof • ; i ] i sIBSslissaSi erf cvT irT in* crT crT in co irfcrT Salaries of custo¬ dians, CO i oo-WrC i-Vjggfei co ! i 1 is |5 j m iisi Is ls= K-sf is 1 j J j i I l1 1 iSiSsaSSSSSi esfpJ'r~.‘Wi cof irf .-f’ irf r^. oo ££ :ss~ !— Too i— i*P :s iss ii i ScoSmSn assas" slSIsssisss ii S— co~vr ^viV“o%-f«o I ISIISSsSSSS in ! inWcsT^WinV^Vi^V*' SISaSs s aaslISssSsssi SISIS5 «*' r-: in c = e !!! ■E = = III a a s| Sills s ■£ Table 33. — Current expenditures for other public school services and community services, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] 62 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 I ! lit! 19 i i 12, 856 CD CO • O i l in cm oo i i i i ■ — CM I iino i • of co • i i 1 1 : i : : : i II! LZL _ 6ze‘i _ 61 _ l8S‘l _ Is '"262 691 _ Non¬ public _ -L,_ - |_ scnoois 18 1,569 i i cm 07 co i i oo co i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 107 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 i i i : M M M M ! 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! i i i i i i i : i ill!! i i ! i i i i is i i i | | | | | ill 1 1 1 Public libraries under local boards of education 17 988 i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 l 1 1 1 OO 1 i 1 OO 1 1 i 07 i i i i l 1 I i i i i i i i i i i i i j 1 ! 201 0) 868 254 26 1111 i : : 1 I | | | | 822 _ Total ex¬ pendi¬ tures for com¬ munity services CD 40, 855 15, 413 CO CO ' CM 07 CO o ^ CM CO n* CO CO CM CO ^ i CM O i l ^ 07 1 • mo i ' 07’ ! ! ,, 1 7. 048 iss!2 is : cm*—' • ! — | E 292 92 1 Nil iiii i is i i i S Miscel¬ laneous school services 3 15 57, 177 16, 481 O07^a>07^07OC0OC0 — cmn^cm— 'CMcocor^incoin m cm co — • o co o> — • 24, 890 4, 951 4, 009 8 850 4, 044 4,356 971 262 320 874 1,257 >o 2, 996 3,429 257 ""74" 1,879 i|2g3g I I 1 Food services 2 14 305, 524 77, 017 lo co cm ^ cm in oo 07 o lo ' co CO CM OO ir> CO CO CO CM in CM co ' CM CO CO r- 07 CO •— • O O *3- 07 1 co — r co ~ CO- | 1 72, 146 13, 076 5.891 4, 397 3,138 11, 126 6. 122 5, 873 1.891 1, 182 11,206 1,365 6, 880 95, 530 saislIliSlSS co'^-'rCco'io'co'^'oo'io'oo'co'^* Transportation services for public school pupils Other > 13 j 4. 973 1,068 1,822 6. 187 18, 465 763 990 1 i OO 1 oo is isSls ii is cm' oo' oo' co' i co* [ »"•" i . | i 426 628 1,067 nrf- Trans¬ porta¬ tion insur¬ ance 12 l i •— < CM ■ LO i i uo m in i i 2 i i iS i i i i | IsS 1 1 iss i.sss Supplies, mainte¬ nance, and £% & mainte¬ nance 11 1 1 n- co cm co i i co co in — « i i cm m i i i i i i ii — oo in II O CO 1 1 ^^CM — i i i i 578 Sjiis i 1 ii — ’ ^cm’ cm’ j j i 1 1 2,608 1,761 3,189 iSSS^slls j co’ m’ wCm’ cm’ — T Salaries 10 ^NfNin i i — « m co o i i in N* o> i i i i 6 5, 187 280 168 55 gSSli is is -oo'co'^ oo m oo ^■^■^inincoNooiM^rH — . — ’ co in oo o’ 15,009 5, 465 1,050 1 271 — 1,824 1,473 1,272 359 58 2,236 n’oU" Jr - £82 ii — CO 1C 1 j 891 _m _ 606 QC7 144 635 313 Attendance services till * | cr> cm co r**^ i i — in i i i i i i « "O' ' oo 1 OO 1 1 CM i l 1 i l i in 1 i 1 !§ ! 1 1 : : : i- : i i | ; ill iw”« |5 |s 1 ! ! 1 . ...... 33 Salaries o «rr co i i in CO CM CM i l CM 07 • 1 1 1 i i IN ' OO in i m i i i i i i in i CM i CM l 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i is3 i i i i i i i CO’ ill i i i i i i i ; j i5ss§£ is i si Total - 25, 352 10,450 CM OO 'CJ- CM CO •— » •— « r-»« r—t o CO CO CM OO in CO CM CO «— • co CNJ cm WW— ’ ^’cm’ 2,681 1 S is s Is k* is i ^ !-r : 1- : ill! 369 55 304 759 "233 763 239' 206 Total ex¬ pendi¬ tures for other school services N 890, 118 248, 569 co — oo cm o oo cm co o iooo7in(Moo^o^^^ ~ CM^riOO^CMCMOOOOOl — ’ cm’ oo’ co’ inT — oT co’ •— •’ •— T — — CM CMO^t 245. 620 41,673 26,816 17, 767 13, 282 35,711 23, 622 19. 027 4, 883 3. 980 33, 151 4, 545 21 162 202, 757 ssisgSsISIaS 2*o> 2 £ 2*3 2 2 2 2~ STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 63 64 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 Table 34. — Current expenditures for public summer elementary and secondary schools, adult education programs, and community colleges under the jurisdiction of local boards of education, for States reporting: 1957-58 1 [In thousands of dollars] Summer elementary and secondary day schools Adult education Community colleges Region and State Total sum¬ mer schools Salaries 2 Supplies and other expenses Total adult education Salaries 2 Supplies and other expenses Total com¬ munity colleges Salaries 2 Supplies and other expenses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4, 554 36, 749 40, 492 North Atlantic Connecticut. _ 145 133 12 527 502 25 Delaware _ ... _ _ . ... _ 25 23 2 Maine _ _ . . . . . 73 73 Maryland _ _ _ . ... ...... 136 132 4 779 668 111 969 714 254 Massachusetts . . 117 1,560 51 220 New Hampshire... _ _ . _ _ New Jersey _ ... ... 140 753 181 New York.' _ 1,025 5 1,025 5 8, 901 125 Rhode Island . 115 10 Vermont... . . _ _ ..... 5 23 22 1 District of Columbia _ _ _ _ 114 112 2 639 602 37 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ ... ... _ _ .. 2, 667 Indiana. ... _ _ _ _ 362 315 47 Iowa _ 783 581 202 Kansas _ _ . _ 1,365 6, 705 1,231 1,000 371 Michigan... . ... _ 2,157 1,017 275 2,035 122 5, 168 1,536 Minnesota... . . ... ....... 1,231 700 Missouri. .. _ _ ... .... 500 400 100 235 40 300 Nebraska _ _ .. .. _ ... 67 54 13 743 636 108 277 94 Ohio _ _ _ 536 494 42 1,557 2, 571 235 1,391 166 Wisconsin . _ _ _ Southeast Alabama... .. _ _ ... _ 235 Arkansas _ ... ... ....... . 575 426 149 Florida _ _ . _ _ _ ... 517 2 409 108 1,771 1,626 145 Georgia.. . _ _ ... ... 2,863 869 1,745 1,118 Kentucky _ ._ _ _ ._ Louisiana _ . ... ... .. . _. .. .. . 1,386 134 1,386 120 Mississippi. . .. ... _ 13 5, 483 3,108 2, 375 North Carolina _ 1,681 1,195 677 South Carolina _ 31 Tennessee _ _ 596 81 Virginia. . ... _ _ 293 293 1,073 284 1,073 West Virginia . _ _ _ West and Southwest Montana. . .. _ 66 78 64 14 Nevada. _ _ 1 1 89 82 7 New Mexico _ ... ... _ 150 100 50 Oklahoma. _ .. . no 73 37 121 112 10 Texas _ ..... 604 577 27 521 495 26 15, 166 11,147 4,019 Utah _ 213 201 12 143 127 16 Washington _ 5, 048 1,882 3,166 Outlying Parts American Samoa _ _ ._ . _ . (4) <9 (9 6 5 1 Canal Zone... _ _ 15 14 1 103 86 17 Guam... . . _ ... _ 16 15 1 66 61 4 Hawaii.. . _ _ . . 128 123 4 Puerto Rico _ _ 35 35 3, 464 (9 2,679 (9 785 Virgin Islands _ _ _ 1 Data in this table and in table 23 are incomplete. Some States have reported expenditure data for one or more of these programs without also reporting students and staff. Conversely, other States have reported students and staff, but not financial data. The data are nevertheless published in order to supplement to the extent possible, information on the regular elementary and secondary programs. 2 Includes salaries of both instructional and noninstructional personnel. 2 Does not include teachers paid under Minimum Foundation Program in adult education programs, as the salaries of these personnel are not reported separately. 4 Less than $500. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 65 Table 35. — Expenditures by school agencies 1 for capital outlay, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Capital outlay by local school districts Aid for school plant capital outlay pur¬ poses during the year Land and buildings 1 2 Equipment 2 Region and State Total capital outlay Total land and buildings Sites (when not included with buildings) New build¬ ings and additions to buildings Remodel¬ ing or improve¬ ment of buildings Total equip¬ ment School library books Furniture and equip¬ ment Publicly- owned vehicles and other trans¬ portation equip¬ ment State aid Federal aid 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States (48 States and District of Columbia) _ 4 2, 852, 747 327, 441 69, 103 North Atlantic. _. _ . _ __ 760, 034 100, 221 7, 372 Connecticut. _ . 41,066 19, 075 4 3, 986 64, 210 44, 635 6, 962 112,019 424, 921 4 30, 778 2,776 5, 636 3, 970 40, 903 e 18, 709 3, 074 60, 843 39, 589 6,050 102, 382 392, 608 3, 269 34, 510 « 3, 124 s 163 163 19, 034 14,711 22 1,097 30 Delaware 6 366 Maine.. .. .. ... _ 195 7 2, 879 55,116 O 1,680 912 559 353 59 Maryland. ... _ _ 4, 046 3, 368 5,046 912 O) 9 3, 224 144 9 28, 351 3, 569 512 Massachusetts 7, 509 577 342 7 5, 708 7 96, 518 337, 580 13, 159 2,110 4, 891 2, 900 O O 24, 556 4, 388 41 176 5, 864 30, 472 3, 532 126 9, 637 32, 313 9, 700 498 9, 093 27, 101 8, 426 445 544 8, 971 19, 239 396 New York . (10) 5,212 1,274 23 754 Pennsylvania 21,079 2,278 5,146 3, 708 137 Rhode Island . _ _ . . . 30 7 642 Vermont ... 164 91 490 1 378 110 1,802 District of Columbia.. ..... 468 341 262 (10) 262 Great Lakes and Plains _ _ 910, 334 20, 271 12, 194 Illinois _ ... _ _ 182, 231 4 55, 024 47,012 38, 961 187, 196 83. 438 58, 287 15,616 8,251 157, 530 8, 848 4 67, 939 164, 117 18, 114 529 Indiana _ _ ... _ _ 6, 554 673 Iowa 32, 651 14, 361 7 Kansas 1,927 6, 144 Michigan _ ... . 163, 665 73, 805 12, 383 2,928 144, 233 7 70, 877 7,049 O 23, 531 9, 633 18, 366 s 8, 158 5, 165 1,475 44 10, 148 445 Minnesota _ (8) 362 Missouri. ... _ _ _ _ 1,300 1,243 Nebraska 13, 830 6, 945 138, 993 7, 529 60, 696 1,014 118 12, 076 7 6, 827 107, 975 7 7, 298 53, 229 741 1,786 1,305 18, 538 1,319 7, 243 6 1, 349 430 231 North Dakota _ _ _ _ O 23, 323 (O 3,156 858 209 Ohio 7, 694 231 1, 578 11,010 5, 950 201 564 South Dakota 188 Wisconsin. _ _ _ 4,310 6, 201 1,043 44 766 117 Southeast _ . ..... . . 345, 541 98, 696 16, 260 Alabama . 20, 300 12,616 67, 427 4 21, 730 4 5, 002 53, 352 14, 740 51,292 19,410 26,226 43,326 17, 260 10, 069 58, 731 19, 309 2, 507 48, 966 15, 784 8, 790 49, 862 17,316 1,494 1,475 778 3, 040 2, 547 8, 696 2,421 2,495 4, 385 3,016 1,469 1,481 3, 597 4, 603 (8) 8 1, 783 1, 101 5,796 2, 265 1,257 1,445 1,786 155 1,995 2, 161 Arkansas 501 2,253 1, 141 Florida. . __ ... ... .. 7, 373 966 1,496 1, 027 442 1,114 26, 357 3, 461 Georgia 14, 266 2, 104 Kentucky _ _ _ _ 571 1,302 8 3, 753 899 1,192 633 8,942 94 Louisiana 3,415 43, 376 2,176 (8) 1, 178 Mississippi. . _ _ _ 11,725 49, 823 17, 929 22, 630 38, 724 7, 596 2,117 12,722 106 North Carolina _ _ 37, 577 17, 481 18, 533 33, 978 6, 972 12, 246 68 125 465 879 8, 090 1,367 South Carolina. . 381 945 535 12,715 1,042 Tennessee 1, 507 2,223 374 2,590 2, 522 250 2, 536 2, 899 1,061 8,000 308 Virginia ... _ _ _ ... 694 1,010 3,356 3, 291 West Virginia _ _ 10, 119 2, 523 324 1,063 1, 136 7 West and Southwest . _ . 836, 839 108, 253 33, 277 Arizona 29, 227 416,550 34, 628 7,841 9,210 7, 144 15, 507 30, 250 29, 325 151, 168 24, 032 71,719 10, 237 25, 895 373, 141 30, 851 6 492 3, 332 43, 409 3, 777 1,349 1.299 738 2,618 714 1,597 California 56,206 2, 249 361 7 316, 935 7 28, 602 5,445 (O °686 85, 224 13, 253 Colorado 3,150 8 881 627 2,039 Idaho (8) 468 911 Montana 7,911 6, 406 13, 621 27, 665 25, 158 133, 723 22, 150 481 Nevada 552 5, 592 12,330 24, 661 19, 740 118,062 262 11 650 77 596 New Mexico 810 481 1,886 2, 585 4, 167 17,445 1,882 229 1,473 1,116 184 5, 074 Oklahoma 357 2, 648 3, 738 7, 679 1,436 1, 469 1, 199 Oregon 1,680 7, 982 1, 894 408 3, 305 12, 653 1,537 455 393 Texas 862 3, 930 4,444 Utah 18, 820 69 276 689 860 Washington 22, 340 1,978 Wyoming... .. _ _ 9, 196 1,041 679 362 451 Outlying Parts Alaska 42 2, 147 343 2,497 2, 171 2,647 44 1, 237 1,799 257 39 1, 602 63 158 348 348 708 Canal Zone 194 87 87 Guam 2, 334 1,661 1,735 1,176 2, 236 1, 150 1,597 98 162 121 42 680 Hawaii 67 445 510 510 1,686 Puerto Rico 138 912 906 6 (13) Virgin Islands 62 1 For expenditures by nonschool agencies, see table 36. 2 Detail is shown to the extent reported ; some States reported a total amount to cover several categories of capital outlay expenditures. 2 Data have been supplemented by reference to records of the Division of School Assistance in Federally Affected Areas, U.S Office of Education. 4 Not included in this table are capital outlays by State and local schoolbuilding 7 Data for column 6 included in column 5. * Data for column 8 included in coiumn 9. 9 Includes State Grant, State Loan and Incentive Fund. 10 Included with current expenditures for instruction. » Estimated. i2 In addition, $4,536,000 were expended through the Alaska Public Works Program. authorities and other nonschool agencies (see table 36). s Part of the expenditures for equipment are included in expenditures for remodeling and improvement of buildings. 6 Equipment for new buildings included in column 3. is Less than $500. 14 Represents construction started in 1956 and completed in 1958; includes expendi¬ tures by the Federal Virgin Islands Public Works Program. NOTE— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. 66 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 Table 36. — Expenditures for school facilities by State and local school building authorities and other nonschool agencies, by State: 1950-51 to 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] State and type of nonschoo! agency 1950-51 1 1951-52 i 1952-53 i 1953-54 i 1954-55 i 1955-56 i 1956-57 i 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 21, 029 65, 859 218, 274 204, 095 129, 504 211, 360 333, 765 241, 949 6, 062 14, 967 64, 064 1, 795 163, 582 54, 692 161, 536 42, 559 87, 771 41, 733 160, 370 50, 989 216, 388 117, 377 166, 065 59, 436 16, 448 State school building authorities _ Other Georgia: State school building authority _ _ _ 3, 356 20,111 10,015 10,015 41,733 15, 246 15, 246 43, 267 19, 745 19, 745 32, 520 31,281 31,281 17, 361 23, 496 23, 496 Indiana, total 1,442 1,442 1,350 1,350 Local school building authorities State school building authority Kentucky: Local school building authorities _ 4, 620 12, 670 11,331 2, 630 200, 957 152,251 48, 706 20, 526 20, 178 10, 880 1,463 136, 004 129, 745 6,259 19, 887 15, 776 168 2 167, 700 125, 793 41, 907 1,000 16, 448 Maine: State school building authority Pennsylvania, total 14, 967 51,839 50, 044 1,795 153, 443 130, 995 22, 448 52, 347 52, 347' 248, 200 163, 343 84, 857 1,877 Local school building authorities _ State school building authority _ . _ 14, 967 Wisconsin: Local _ - Cities of fiscally dependent school systems _ _ 1 Source: Table 37 in Financing Public School Facilities (Misc. 82) by Clayton D. * Calendar year 1958. Hutchins and Elmer C. Deering. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. Office of Education. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959. 214 p. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 67 Table 37. — Expenditures for debt service from current funds and other funds, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands of dollars] Region and State Expenditures for debt service from current funds Expenditures for debt service from sinking funds Expenditures to school housing authority or similar agency Total expend¬ itures for interest (Cols. 5+6+ 12+15) Total Principal Interest 1 Total Principal Interest on bonds Redemp¬ tion of serial bonds Redemp¬ tion of non¬ bonded debt On bonds On short¬ term and long¬ term loans Pay¬ ments into sinking funds Other debt service Redemp¬ tion of bonds Pay¬ ments from issue of new bonds to re¬ tire old bonds Total Princi¬ pal Interest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 United States 48 States and District of Columbia). '1,216,670 609,415 229, 209 300, 308 7, 244 25, 977 44,517 45, 952 40, 009 1, 010 4,933 59, 762 30, 325 29, 437 341,922 410, 318 172, 237 128, 056 85, 883 4, 164 17,120 2, 859 14,452 14, 446 6 34,475 17,317 17,158 107, 211 Connecticut _ 24, 732 2,380 5, 036 2 21,275 18, 446 1,552 2,525 13, 148 5,619 810 45 621 18 26 5,619 810 451 8, 090 Delaware _ Maine _ 1,975 32 404 106 5 254 207 48 Maryland _ 8, 090 (2) Massachusetts 1 _ New Hampshire _ 2,674 38, 569 257,827 52, 399 1,908 24,490 104,831 4,366 640 14, 064 50, 110 6, 154 126 15 640 14, 064 51,598 25,515 New Jersey _ New York _ 100, 994 21, 131 1,488 2, 249 404 1,780 Pennsylvania. _ 16,719 14,434 14,434 34,221 3 17, 110 317, 110 Rhode' Island 1 _ Vermont _ 5, 427 971 3, 924 397 23 104 9 18 12 6 425 District of Columbia > _ Great Lakes and Plains. Illinois _ _ 365,126 215, 237 51, 784 94, 264 798 223 2, 820 2,663 1,271 790 602 6, 342 3, 535 2, 807 98, 472 61, 117 12, 302 12,349 19, 540 70, 782 34,481 17, 902 10,783 3, 301 73, 696 3, 941 44,931 38, 876 10,410 8, 175 15, 464 51,234 13, 895 11,628 4, 528 21,707 1,893 3, 837 3 4, 076 17, 783 9, 852 6,274 2, 247 389 145 22, 096 4, 546 3, 837 3 4, 076 17, 783 9, 852 6,274 2,420 787 21,428 742 4,630 Indiana _ 5,705 3 3, 052 3 2, 653 Iowa _ _ 338 Kansas. _ _ Michigan _ 1,765 124 Minnesota _ 10,610 Missouri _ Nebraska _ 3, 834 3, 172 9,778 1,598 22, 792 173 128 790 1,838 35 790 North Dakota _ 1,270 1 568 34 4 512 4 420 4 91 Ohio _ _ _ 42,275 1,602 17, 151 21,393 634 5 4, 567 78 172 South Dakota _ 108 (5) Wisconsin _ _ 421 125 63 63 Southeast. 128, 670 64, 868 21, 238 31, 732 1, 766 749 8, 317 9, 290 7,433 1, 857 18, 944 9, 472 9,472 44, 827 Alabama _ 2 3, 794 7,876 18, 115 6, 164 14,019 22, 537 1,665 13, 467 * 16,675 5,518 15,134 3,706 2,751 5, 601 9, 065 993 2, 149 6, 739 50 16 91 1,742 806 2,145 <2) 53 993 2, 156 6,841 8, 053 3, 920 7.697 537 5,161 s 3, 668 1,131 3. 697 974 Arkansas _ 104 2, 119 3, 938 7,007 1,748 1, 127 856 3,011 151 1,177 66 102 50 62 39 537 70 865 2 33 53 Florida _ Georgia _ 434 298 4,805 2, 974 1,831 i2, 345 6, 599 3 6, 173 3 3, 300 3 6, 173 3 3, 300 Kentucky _ _ 5, 287 HO, 947 559 7,658 Louisiana _ _ Mississippi _ 4,287 146 4,287 119 North Carolina _ 7,473 s 9, 996 4,236 6, 781 2,732 5, 065 8 2, 803 1, 128 3, 663 974 4 26 South Carolina _ Tennessee _ Virginia _ 13 3, 467 West Virginia _ West and Southwest . Arizona _ . 312, 557 157, 073 28, 132 88, 429 1 516 7, 885 30, 521 19, 547 16, 860 220 2, 468 91,413 7, 992 152,460 13, 588 25 2,335 2,006 7,334 12, 194 13, 798 79, 632 3,412 15, 059 2,722 5,194 77, 565 8, 653 13 2, 785 2 47, 113 4, 569 2,785 •47, 113 4, 585 1, 117 728 830 960 2, 194 3,044 20, 590 1, 194 5,612 660 California _ _ . . 27, 782 Colorado _ 350 16 25 Idaho _ 3, 571 4, 757 2,479 4, 537 1,091 Montana _ . . . 1,607 1, 172 728 830 220 Nevada _ 4 New Mexico... 7,334 7, 334 6, 373 960 Oklahoma. 10, 000 9,709 29, 107 2,558 9, 447 2,062 2, 194 3, 044 20, 249 655 5, 602 660 Oregon '6 1,045 1,670 19 Texas _ 27, 744 25 309 155 11 552 1,042 2, 844 1,011 2,459 31 385 Utah _ Washington _ .. Wyoming . . Outlying Parts Alaska _ — 774 1,521 461 ! 774 312 747 1 312 747 Hawaii _ ' for the most part, data in this table represent expenditures for debt service by school agencies (boards of education). In those States where some or all of the debt created for school purposes is authorized by nonschool agencies, reports of the trans¬ actions are often not included in the regular accounting of receipts and expenditures of school agencies. No debt service data are reported by school agencies in Massa¬ chusetts and Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia is on a pay-as-you-go basis for all expenditures. 2 Expenditures from sinking funds included in expenditures from current funds. 2 Estimated. 4 Represents payments to the State School Construction Fund. * Data for column 6 included in column 5. * Includes interest on current loans. r Excludes $152,000 paid by Monroe City Council. - Includes expenditures by the Ed¬ ucational Finance Commission. J Includes $10,776,000 paid by State. 10 Represents total expenditures for nonbonded debt. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. 68 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 Table 38. — Status of school bonds and other indebtedness, permanent school funds, and acres of school land, by State: 1957-58 [In thousands] Region and State Bonded indebtedness Bonds out¬ standing at beginning of year Bonds issued during year Total For new capital outlay For fund¬ ing current or floating indebted¬ ness For re¬ funding bonds Nonbonded indebted¬ ness at end of year Bonds retired during year Bonds out¬ standing at end of year 7 8 9 $683,600 $12, 508, 400 $387, 000 18, 446 259, 455 7, 983 1,552 38, 389 2, 525 4 32, 740 (4) 13,172 347, 048 (5) <5) 1,908 28, 298 24, 490 609,121 104, 831 1, 886, 905 58,919 18, 800 252,721 58, 000 3, 787 62, 956 5, 922 1,091 21,346 2, 630 38, 876 863, 602 103, 989 12,115 87, 574 8, 175 173,472 17, 553 187, 450 51,234 465, 055 5, 437 13, 895 365, 131 6, 723 11,628 259, 685 5,318 89, 123 694 1,270 19,150 4, 481 42, 275 808, 604 57. 021 1,602 24. 662 1,737 12, 464 226, 743 45, 294 2,582 34, 548 5,654 80, 677 95 9, 078 232, 853 2,476 2, 974 79, 721 5, 287 109, 013 569 11,099 292, 139 6,211 4, 287 89, 429 7, 473 186, 229 1,096 11, 171 161, 729 4, 236 0) (5) 6, 781 2, 732 39, 986 5,194 93, 520 77, 565 1,463, 796 8, 944 185, 194 2,479 41,828 1,231 6, 634 52, 000 1,165 31,634 8, 723 38, 416 10, 000 69, 880 9, 709 94, 370 5,313 35,514 956, 926 10, 586 5,617 46, 309 286 9, 447 209, 608 3,188 31,030 Total in¬ debtedness at end of year Total amount in school sinking funds at end of year for term bonds Value of principal and accrued interest of State per¬ manent school funds 1 Num¬ ber of acres of State school land United States (48 States) 2 3 _ _ North Atlantic $11, 056, 000 $2, 136, 000 $12,895,400 $66, 472 $1, 413, 898 Connecticut _ Delaware _ Maine . . Maryland _ Massachusetts. _ New Hampshire. New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania ®__ Rhode Island... Vermont _ 231, 747 27, 049 « 30, 751 295, 786 <5) 25, 523 561, 794 1,621,714 243, 521 51,833 18,316 46, 12, 4, 64, 0) 4, 71, 370, 28, 14, 4, 46,154 12, 891 4, 503 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ . . _ 739, 102 86. 933 154, 037 177,217 392, 420 310, 196 227, 966 86, 862 17, 594 741,637 19, 266 188, 093 Indiana® _ _ Iowa _ _ Kansas _ Michigan.. . .. _ Minnesota... _ . __ Missouri.. _ _ Nebraska _ _ ... North Dakota _ Ohio _ _ _ South Dakota _ Wisconsin ® _ . . Southeast Alabama _ _ ... _ 31,853 81,457 201, 165 67.719 Arkansas _ _ . Florida _ Georgia 6 _ Kentucky _ __ . 96, 860 240, 483 Louisiana _ _ _ ._ Mississippi. .... _ 79, 948 169, 984 159, 403 (9 <9 41,390 North Carolina. .. _ South Carolina 9 _ Tennessee _ _ Virginia.. .. ... . West Virginia _ West and Southwest Arizona . _ ... _ 86. 064 California >® _ 1,279, 598 160, 137 40 801 Colorado. . _ _ Idaho _ Montana _ 5l! 163 25, 039 37, 880 58, 519 88 292 Nevada. ... New Mexico. ... . Oklahoma. _ _ Oregon _ ... Texas _ . .. 838! 298 44, 600 195, 508 27, 766 Utah _ Washington _ .. .. Wyoming... . _ 163, 376 12, 756 27,610 27, 785 123, 869 68, 830 43, 347 7, 579 2,825 109, 241 6, 997 51, 114 4, 683 71,817 370, 022 2, 117 13, 386 4, 121 160, 001 12,756 27,610 27, 785 123, 869 7 25, 883 1,325 O 200 3, 375 6, 789 2,825 109, 241 790 51,114 5,277 4, 821 40, 766 14, 976 17, 441 53 12,650 261,763 34, 001 3, 507 7,470 7, 760 9, 259 21,360 15,786 154, 143 7,326 23, 547 6,452 13, 768 23,719 13, 497 17, 299 28, 925 1,328 12,650 261. 763 34, 001 3, 507 7,251 7, 760 9, 259 21,360 220 151, 168 6, 726 23, 547 6, 452 2,975 600 267, 438 38, 389 32, 740 347, 048 <5) 28, 298 609, 121 1, 945, 824 310, 721 68, 879 23. 976 967, 591 87, 574 173, 472 187,450 470, 492 371,854 259, 685 89,816 23, 630 865, 625 26, 399 272, 038 34, 548 80, 772 235, 329 79,721 109, 583 298, 350 89, 429 187,326 161,729 <*) 0) 39, 986 93, 520 1, 463, 796 185, 194 43, 059 52, 000 31,634 38,416 69, 880 99, 683 967, 512 46, 595 209, 608 31. 030 443 1,458 14, 000 1,952 337 145 3,190 3, 643 3, 732 10, 578 191 331 2,229 2,441 1,752 3 1, 037 3, 400 1,012 25, 851 763 2,513 44, 834 1,000 5, 509 23, 475 22,435 39, 154 33, 772 4, 632 113,654 75,274 14,428 377, 086 8, 274 75, 568 46, 500 249, 513 1,000 10, 036 3,159 17,669 1,629 1,656 47, 889 884 993 9,618 10 38, 231 1,714 19, 031 10 2,152 3 2, 000 3 4,510 5, 000 60 17, 854 3 9, 850 3 3, 841 403 1,505 3 949 3 34, 836 4, 930 12,205 387 <9) 152 8,312 2, 810 2,983 4,614 2 8, 565 389 817 874 2,500 1,750 3, 091 1 Includes permanent endowments existing as reserve funds or invested funds, and as perpetual State indebtedness. 2 Data in columns 2, 3, and 7 through 10 include an estimate for nonreporting States. 3 Represents total principal of State permanent endowment for schools as of June 30, 1957. Source: “Public School Finance Programs, 1957-58,” (Office of Education Miscellaneous Publication No. 33). 4 Data for nonbonded indebtedness included in bonded indebtedness. s Data not available. 6 Not included in this table is outstanding indebtedness of State and local school¬ building authorities in the following States: Pennnsylvania— approximately $875 million as of December 31, 1958; Wisconsin— $3.4 million; Georgia and Indiana— data not available. 7 Data for column 6 included in column 5. * Fewer than 500 acres. 6 Data in columns 2 through 10 include transactions of the Educational Finance Commission. i° Excluded from this table is State indebtedness on school bonds which amounted to $436.6 million at the beginning of the school year. NOTE.— Because of rounding, detail may not add to totals. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 69 Table 39. — Value 1 of public school property- owned by local basic administrative units, for States reporting: 1957-58 [Columns 2 through 5 in thousands] Region and State Total Sites (when not in¬ cluded with buildings) Buildings Equipment Value of property per pupil in average daily at¬ tendance l 2 3 4 5 6 North Atlantic Connecticut _ $396, 575 $359, 288 $37, 287 $1,032. 07 Maine _ 99, 487 91,244 8, 243 588. 47 468, 988 441,812 27, 176 978. 66 Massachusetts _ _ 760, 507 $34, 228 663, 355 62, 924 1, 037. 64 New Hampshire _ 95, 483 85, 935 9, 548 1, 100. 02 New York' _ _ 3, 843, 423 289, 522 3,229, 097 324, 804 1,699. 43 Rhode Island . . 121,499 114, 364 7,135 1, 124. 03 Vermont _ 56, 357 911.20 District of Columbia . 102, 228 11,442 81,849 8, 937 1, 060. 31 Great Lakes and Plains Illinois.. ... . _ 1, 923, 494 1,755, 155 168, 339 1,360.77 Iowa _ _ _ 492, 945 492, 945 973. 31 Michigan . . 1, 560, 053 119,219 1,309, 503 131,331 1, 136.37 Minnesota _ 748, 707 36, 939 629,813 81,956 1,295. 98 Missouri _ _ _ 975, 070 921,810 53, 260 1,494. 04 Nebraska . . . . 240, 982 199, 632 41,349 990. 98 North Dakota _ _ ... 120,711 1,021.51 Ohio _ 1, 594, 289 92, 101 1, 370, 635 131,553 1,005. 59 Southeast Arkansas _ . 199, 849 9, 062 173, 688 17, 099 552. 92 Florida .. . . _ 489, 054 657. 98 Georgia . . . 2 489, 998 20, 382 428, 437 241,178 635. 57 Louisiana _ _ 411,085 25,688 340, 788 44,610 725. 22 North Carolina _ 620, 414 28, 670 533, 488 58, 255 652. 85 South Carolina _ 333, 754 13, 877 292, 900 26, 977 669. 56 Tennessee _ 487,060 33, 395 419,210 34, 455 701.18 Virginia 3 603, 088 555, 704 3 47, 384 854. 04 West Virginia _ 267,311 18, 673 222, 821 25,817 638. 44 West and Southwest Colorado . 360, 000 1,171.30 Idaho 112, 428 96, 335 16, 092 812.86 Montana . . . 153, 882 133, 480 20, 403 1,240. 48 Nevada _ 52, 203 3, 901 43,616 4,687 1,085. 54 New Mexico . . . 143, 970 8,045 122, 894 13, 030 799. 18 Oklahoma 250, 000 542. 38 Oregon _ 403, 424 28,317 323, 093 52,014 1,280. 55 Texas _ 1,074,065 55,713 956, 262 62, 090 647. 14 Washington ------ . 649, 312 588, 640 60, 672 1, 232. 94 Outlying Parts Alaska. _ .. . 41,220 37, 982 3, 239 1,314. 22 Canal Zone.. . _ _ 6, 606 6,390 217 638. 04 Guam. _ _ _ . 2,455 2,334 121 210. 98 Virgin Islands 4, 893 4, 893 839. 20 1 While the principal basis for determining "value” is original cost plus cost of all additions and alterations, other bases used probably include insurance and replacement cost. 2 Excludes $10,099,000 for library books and other instructional material. 3 Excludes $10,560,000 for buses. 70 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 40. — Average annual salary of total instructional staff 1 2 3 4 in full-time public elementary and secondary day schools, by State: 1929-30 to 1957-58 Region and State 1 United States3 Personal income per member of labor force _ _ _ _ Average annual salary of total instructional staff _ _ North Atlantic Connecticut _ Delaware _ Maine _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ New Hampshire _ _ New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island. _ _ Vermont _ District of Columbia _ Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan _ Minnesota _ Missouri _ Nebraska _ North Dakota Ohio _ South Dakota. Wisconsin _ Southeast Alabama _ Arkansas _ Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ _ _ Mississippi _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ Tennessee _ Virginia _ West Virginia _ West and Southwest Arizona _ California... Colorado _ Idaho _ Montana _ Nevada _ New Mexico. Oklahoma... Oregon _ Texas . . Utah _ Washington. Wyoming... Outlying Parts Alaska _ Canal Zone _ Guam _ Hawaii _ Puerto Rico _ Virgin Islands _ Unadjusted dollars Adjusted dollars (1957-58 purchasing power) 2 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 1929-30 1939-40 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1,634 1,358 3, 408 3,981 4,276 4,617 4, 996 2,728 2, 778 4, 113 4, 328 4, 543 4, 908 4,996 1, 420 1, 441 3, 010 3,450 3, 825 4, 156 4, 702 2, 371 2, 948 3,633 3, 750 4, 064 4, 418 4, 702 1,812 1,861 3, 558 3, 937 4,274 4, 730 5, 382 3, 025 3, 807 4, 294 4,280 4, 541 5, 028 5, 382 1,570 1,684 3,273 3,919 4, 042 4, 561 5, 602 2, 621 3, 445 3, 950 4, 260 4,295 4, 849 5, 602 942 894 2,115 2,269 2, 427 2, 881 3,190 1,573 1,829 2, 553 2, 467 2, 579 3, 063 3, 190 1,518 1,642 3, 594 3, 903 4,148 4,513 4,989 2, 534 3, 359 4, 338 4, 243 4,407 4, 798 4,989 1,875 2, 037 3, 338 3, 553 4, 005 4, 337 4, 782 3,130 4,167 4,029 3, 862 4,256 4,611 4, 782 1,254 1,258 2,712 3, 031 3, 252 3,510 3,967 2, 093 2, 573 3, 273 3, 295 3,455 3,731 3, 967 2,113 2,093 3,511 3, 922 4,271 4, 747 4 5, 119 3, 527 4, 281 4, 237 4, 264 4, 538 5, 047 4 5, 119 2,493 2,604 3,706 4, 591 4,658 5,277 6, 071 4, 162 5, 327 4, 473 4,991 4, 949 5,610 6, 071 1,620 1,640 3, 006 3, 536 4. 074 3 4, 400 0 4, 840 2, 704 3,355 3, 628 3, 844 4, 329 5 4,678 0 4, 840 1,437 1,809 3, 294 3, 603 3, 881 4, 442 4,935 2,399 3, 700 3, 976 3,917 4, 124 4, 722 4, 935 963 981 2,348 2, 598 2, 820 3,105 3, 691 1,607 2, 007 2, 834 2,824 2,996 3, 301 3, 691 2,269 2, 350 3, 920 4, 467 4, 797 5, 394 5, 992 3, 788 4, 807 4, 731 4, 856 5, 097 5, 734 5, 992 1,630 1,700 3, 458 3, 903 7 4, 353 7 4, 757 7 5, 132 2, 721 3, 478 4,173 4, 243 7 4, 625 7 5, 057 7 5, 132 1,466 1,433 3, 401 3, 865 4, 086 4, 376 4, 836 2, 447 2, 931 4,105 4, 202 4, 341 4, 652 4, 836 1.094 1,017 2, 420 2,895 2, 897 3,181 0 3, 482 1,826 2, 080 2, 921 3, 147 3, 078 3, 382 0 3, 482 1, 159 1,014 2,628 2,963 3,258 3, 673 4,145 1,935 2, 074 3,172 3, 221 3, 462 3, 905 4, 145 1,534 1,576 3, 420 3, 862 3, 999 4,711 5,319 2, 561 3, 224 4, 128 4,198 4, 249 5, 008 5,319 1,251 1,276 3, 013 3, 327 3, 687 4, 121 4, 655 2, 088 2,610 3, 636 3,617 3,917 4, 381 4,655 1,235 1,159 2,581 2, 763 3,188 3, 520 4, 129 2, 062 2,371 3, 115 3, 004 3, 387 3, 742 4, 129 1,077 829 2,292 2,550 2,922 3,171 3, 404 1,798 1,696 2, 766 2,772 3,105 3, 371 3, 404 900 745 2,324 2,535 2, 659 7 2, 929 7 3, 365 1,502 1,524 2, 805 2,756 2, 825 7 3, 114 7 3, 365 1,665 1,587 3, 088 3, 537 4,012 4, 337 4, 845 2, 780 3, 246 3,727 3, 845 4, 263 4,611 4, 845 956 807 2,064 2, 351 2, 638 2, 943 3, 238 1,596 1,651 2, 491 2,556 2, 803 3,129 3, 238 1,399 1,379 3,007 3, 590 8 3, 840 4, 127 4, 454 2, 335 2, 821 3, 629 3, 903 8 4, 080 4, 387 4, 454 792 744 2,111 2, 537 2, 783 3, 386 3, 489 1,322 1,522 2, 548 2, 758 2, 957 3, 600 3, 489 673 584 1,801 1,884 2, 286 2, 378 3,174 1,124 1, 195 2,174 2,048 2, 429 2,528 3,174 876 1,012 2,958 3, 248 3, 785 9 4, 130 4, 971 1,462 2,070 3, 570 3, 531 4, 022 9 4, 391 4, 971 684 770 1,963 2, 586 2, 862 3,161 3, 692 1,142 1,575 2,369 2,811 3, 041 3, 360 3, 692 896 826 1,936 2, 393 2, 526 2,698 id 3, 102 1,496 1,690 2, 337 2,601 2,684 2,868 10 3, 102 941 1,006 2,983 3, 124 3, 504 3, 885 4,654 1,571 2,058 3, 600 3, 396 3, 723 4,130 4, 654 620 559 1,416 1,617 1,864 2,436 2,698 1,035 1,143 1,709 1,758 1,981 2,590 2,698 873 946 2,688 3, 282 3, 354 3, 400 3, 862 1,457 1,935 3, 244 3, 568 3, 564 3,615 3, 852 788 743 1,891 2, 400 2,815 3, 005 3, 209 1,315 1,520 2,282 2,609 2,991 3,195 3,209 902 862 2, 302 2, 462 2, 875 3,156 i0 3, 471 1,506 1,763 2,778 2,676 3, 055 3, 355 i®3,471 861 899 2, 328 2, 627 3, 082 3, 422 10 3, 829 1,437 1,839 2,810 2,856 3,275 3,638 10 3, 829 1,023 1,170 2, 425 2,967 3, 058 3,112 3,634 1,708 2, 393 2, 927 3, 225 3, 249 3, 303 3, 634 1,637 1,544 3, 556 4, 021 4, 401 4,472 5, 193 2, 733 3,158 4, 292 4, 371 4,676 4, 754 5, 193 2, 123 2,351 (») 12 4, 163 12 4, 787 5, 243 6,010 3, 544 4, 809 (“) 12 4, 526 12 5, 086 5, 574 6, 010 1,453 1,393 2,821 3, 244 3, 640 4,012 4,457 2, 426 2,850 3, 405 3, 527 3, 868 4,265 4, 457 1,200 1,057 2, 481 2,849 3, 350 3, 550 4, 021 2, 003 2, 162 2,994 3, 097 3, 559 3,774 4, 021 1,215 1,184 2, 962 3, 094 3, 530 3, 633 0i03,875 2, 028 2, 422 3, 575 3, 363 3, 751 3, 862 « 11 3,875 1,483 1,557 3, 209 3, 484 3, 786 4, 496 5, 080 2, 476 3,185 3, 873 3, 787 4, 023 4, 780 5, 080 1,113 1,144 3,215 3, 621 4, 127 4, 492 5, 039 1,858 2, 340 3, 880 3, 936 4, 385 4, 775 5, 039 1,070 1,014 2,736 3, 031 3,271 3, 703 4,196 1,786 2, 074 3, 302 3, 295 3, 475 3, 937 4,196 1,612 1,333 3, 323 3, 679 4,163 4, 423 5, 028 2,691 2, 727 4,011 3, 999 4, 423 4,702 5, 028 924 1,079 3, 122 3,213 3, 886 3, 983 4, 527 1,543 2, 207 3, 768 3, 493 4, 129 4,234 4, 527 1,330 1,394 3,103 3, 420 3, 746 3, 922 4, 732 2,220 2,852 3, 745 3,718 3, 980 4, 169 4, 732 1,556 1,706 3, 487 3,919 4, 334 4, 554 5,199 2, 598 3, 490 4,208 4, 260 4, 605 4, 841 5,199 1,239 1,169 2,798 3,157 3,512 3, 851 4, 302 2,068 2, 391 3, 377 3, 432 3, 732 4, 094 4, 302 1,728 (ii) (ii) (n) 5,016 5, 431 6, 546 1,541 (U) (ii) (ii) 4, 005 5, 288 5, 682 315 (ii) (ii) (11) 3, 379 3, 657 3, 788 1,812 (ii) (ii) (ii) 4, 172 4, 230 4, 522 848 (11) (U) (11) 1 922 1 883 2 192 572 (“) 2) Total Principals (sum of la, lb, and lc) . . . . . •••••••••••••••• 2. Supervisors of instruction or consultants (general or subject, including school library and audiovisual) a. Serving elementary only . . . (l£6) b. Serving secondary only . . . (157) c. Serving both elementary and secondary (not a total of 2a and 2b). . . (158) Total Supervisors or Consultants (sum of 2a, 2b, and 2c) . . 3. Librarians a. Seining elementary only . (166) b. Serving secondary only.. . . . . . . . (167) c. Serving both elementary and secondary (not a total of 3a and 3b) . (168) Total Librarians (sum of 3a» 3b, and 3c). . . . . . . lu Guidance and counseling personnel a. Serving elementary only . (172) b. Serving secondary only . . . . . . . . . . (173) Total Guidance Personnel (sum of Ua and lib). . . . . . . 5. Psychological personnel (psychologists and psychometrists).... ............... (176) 6. Other nonsupervisory instructional personnel (e.g* audiovisual instructors, television instructors, teacher aides, etc.) Type of position Organizational level GRAND TOTAL (sum of 1 thru 6) Number of positions [full-time equivalent) ********** Table 8.— CLASSROOM TEACHERS IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF SCHOOL SERVED (DO NOT INCLUDE OTHER INSTRUCTIONAL PERSONNEL) NOTEt Teaching positions may be prorated by sex on the basis of the sex distribution of the individuals employed during the year. Type of school served Number of full-time teaching positions^/ Number of part-time teaching positions Men Women Total Men Women Total 1. Serving elementary only a. Nursery . . . . (162) b. Kindergarten . . (163) c. Elementary, other than nursery and kindergarten. • (l61i) Total Elementary . 2. Serving secondary only. . (165) GRAND TOTAL (sum of 1 and 2) \/ Include full-time equivalence of part-time teachers, if a system of proration is use:!. 84 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-5 8 - 6 - Table 9.-- OTHER EMPLOYED PERSONNEL OF LOCAL BASIC ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS NOTE: See explanation of "full-time" and "part-time" under "Employed Personnel" on page 1*0 in Handbook I. Type of personnel Number of positions Full-time Part-time 1, Attendance personnel (177) (178) b. Visiting teachers (home-school counselors),..... . (180) xxxx 2. Health personnel a. Physicians, including psychiatrists . . (182) (183) b. Dentists (181*) (185) c. Nurses, (186) (187) d. Dental hygienists . . . (188) (189) e. Other professional and technical health personnel . . (190) (191) 3, Secretarial and clerical personnel a. Assistants to administrative and other nonins tructional personnel . . (192) (193) b. Assistants to instructional personnel, • .•..•••••••••«•••• ,, (19!*) (195) U. Plant operation personnel (custodians, engineers, etc,) . (196) (197) 5, Plant maintenance personnel (carpenters, painters, etc,) . . (198) (199) 6, Transportation personnel (employed by publicly owned systems), 7, Food services personnel (supervisors, cooks, etc.), . (200) XXXX (203) (201*) 6, Recreation personnel. . (205) (206) 9. Other employees •• •••• ,,, (207) (207)__ . TOTAL 1-9 . Table 10.--ENR0LIMIENT (ORIGINAL SJTRISS) IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS, BY ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL NOTE: See explanation on pages 36-37 in Handbook I. Organizational level Number of original entries El E2 Total El + E2 1. Nursery schools . 2. Kindergartens . 3. Elementary, excluding nursery schools and kindergartens.. . . . . «... Total Elementary (sum of 1, 2, and 3)., U. Secondary, including junior high schools and vocational or trade high schools . GRAND TOTAL ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY... (123) (121*) (125) (126) (127) (128) (129) (130) (131) (132) (133) (131*) STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 85 - 7 - Table 11.— ENROLLMENT (ORIGINAL ENTRIES) FOR THE STATE, BY GRADE, IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOL NOTE: For explanation of "original entry" see Glossary on page 9 and also pages 36 and 37 of Handbook I. If data are not available for number of original entries, please indicate the type of enrollment data reported; e.g., membership as of the close of the school year, enrollment as of a particular day, etc. If data by sex are not available for each grade but only for grade groups, such data may be entered as subtotals in items 1 and £ below. Grade Number of original entries (EL + E2) Grade Number of original entries (El + E2) Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total a. Nursery . m. 9th grade . (135) b. Kindergarten . n. 10th grad . (135) 0. 11th grade . (135) p. 12th grade . (135) c. 1st grade . (135) d. 2nd grade...... (135) e. 3rd grade . (135) f. Uth grade . (135) a q. Unclassified secondary ]/••• (137) r. High school nnsf.crrflHiiat.P _ _ _ _ g. ^th grade . (135) h. 6th grade . (135) i. 7th grade . (135) j. 8th grade . (135) s. Total Secondary (sum of a thru r). GRAND TOTAL (sum of 1 + £)., k. Ungraded and unclassified elementary l/.. (136) l. Total Elementary (sum of a thru k). 1 f If separate figures are not available for elementary and secondary unclassified enrollments, please indicate whether the total figure reported represents both groups. £/ The figure reported here should agree with the •KiRAND TOTAL" in Table 10 (if both represent E3+E2 enrollments). Table 12.— ATTENDANCE, MEMBERSHIP, AND AVERAGE LENGTH OF TERM IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS l/ NOTE: For definitions of terms see Glossary and also pages 38-39 in Handbook I. Item Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten Secondary, including junior high and vocational Total elementary and secondary 1. Aggregate days attendance 2/ . •••• 2. Average daily attendance 3/ . . 3. Aggregate days membership h/ . (iia) (1U2) (1 la) (11*2) (139) (11*0) U. Average daily membership 5/ . . (139) (11*0) 5. Average length of term in days 6/.... (116) (117) 1/ If overcrowded conditions make it necessary to hold two separate sessions with a different group of pupils in each session, pupils attending such sessions should be counted as full-time pupils. 2 / Sum of days present (actually attended) of all pupils when school was actually in session. Sum of average daily attendance reported by each school. U/ Sum of days absent and present of all pupils when school was actually in session. 5/ Sum of average daily membership reported by each school. 6/ Aggregate days attendance divided by average daily attendance. ********** Table 13.— PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND PERSONS GRANTED HIGH SCHOOL EQUIVALENCY CERTIFICATES Item Male Female Total 1. High school graduates (excluding persons granted high school equivalency certificates) . (ll*3) 2. Persons granted high school equivalency certificates (li*U) 86 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-5 8 - 8 - Public idult and Community College Programs of Education — Note: Tables lU and 15 apply only to those adult education and community college programs, operated by the school administrative unit, which are not under the jurisdiction of a board for higher education or U-year institution of higher education. Do not include vocational rehabilitation programs. See explanation on pages 50 and 52 in Handbook I, Table lU.— NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN ADULT AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE PROGRAMS OF EDUCATION Item Adult education, excluding community college Community college 1, Total number of different students enrolled in noncredit courses (nonterminal) . (212) (218) 2. Number of different students enrolled in high school credit courses. .«••• . . .,,,,««• (2lh) xxxx 3, Number of different students enrolled in terminal programs . . . . . . . . . . . •*.,, xxxx (220) U, Number of different students enrolled in college credit programs a. Full-time (12 or more credits) . . xxxx (221) b. Part-time (less than 12 credits) . . . :cxxx (222) 5, Total number of different students enrolled in all programs. (Not necessarily a total of l-li) . (215) (223) ********** Table 15.—' NUMBER OF EMPLOYED PERSONNEL IN ADULT AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE PROGRAMS OF EDUCATION Item Adult education, excluding community college (Full-time and part-time) Community college Full-time Part-time 1. Instructional personnel . 2. Noninstructional personnel... (216) (22U) (225) (217) (226) (227) ■if***** * * * * Table 16,— ENROLLMENT AND TEACHERS IN PUBLIC SUMER ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS, SUMMER 1957 Number of different pupils enrolled Number of teachers!./ Elementary (208) Secondary (209) Total Elementary (ao) Secondary (211) Total l/ If teachers employed for the regular elementary and secondary school year also teach in the summer session, they should be included in both places. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 87 - 9 - Table 17 . —TRANSPORTATION SERVICES PROVIDED BI REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS NOTE: "Number of pupils" in this table means average daily attendance. Item 1. Number of pupils transported to and from public schools at public expense l/. 2. Number of pupils transported to and from nonpublic schools at public expense..., 3. Number of pupils for idiom subsistence was paid in lieu of transportation . . U. Total annual mileage of regular school bus routes to and from school............ 5. Number of school bus accidents in which children were killed or fatally injured, 6. Number of pupil deaths resulting from school bus accidents... . . . . 009) (WiO) (UUl) (UU2) (UU3) (Will) 1/ Include pupils transported in buses or small vehicles whether transportation was carried out under contract or by publicly-owned vehicles. ********** Table 18. —VEHICLES IN USE AND PURCHASED FOR THE PUPIL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM NOTE: Vehicles used to transport nonpublic school pupils are also to be included here. Item Number of vehicles Publicly owned Privately owned 1. Number of vehicles in use: a. School buses . . . . . •••••• b. Small vehicles (rated seating capacity of less than 12). c. Service vehicles . . . . Total Vehicles in Use . . . Qa$) (U20) (U16) (U21) (U17) xxxx 2. Number of vehicles purchased diiring the year for the pupil transportation program: a. School buses . . . . b. Small vehicles, excluding service vehicles . Total Vehicles Purchased . (U18) (U22) y (Ul9) xxxx l/ Report here the number of school buses purchased during the year by private contractors for use in pupil transportation; this number is also included in item 1*20. ********** Table 19.— PUPILS SERVED AND SCHOOL PLANTS OPERATING SCHOOL-LUNCH PROGRAMS IN FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS NOTE: Include all public school-lunch programs which are operated from funds that are under the control of the school administrative unit, regardless of whether Federal school-lunch aid is received. Item Number 1. Average number of pupils served lunch per day from organized school programs!/. .... . (I4.37) 2. Total number of school plants in which an organized school-lunch program operated for 6 months or more . . . . . (U38) l/ Include all pupils served a lunch consisting of more than just milk or other beverage regardless of who pays’ for it. The average number of pupils should be determined by dividing the total number of pupils served by the number of days the lunch program was in operation. 88 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 - 10 - SECTION B - STATISTICS ON NONPUBLIC SCHOOLS (DENOMINATIONAL AND NONSECTARIAN) NOTE: See Chapter 9 in Handbook I. If complete reports are not available from all nonpublic schools, as is the case in many States, please include an estimate for the missing data. Table 20.— EMROLIMEMT (ORIGINAL ENTRIES) FOR THE STATE IN FULL-TIME NONPUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS. BY ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL Organisational level Number of original entries Ei E2 Total original entries (El ♦ E2) (U51) (1*52) (U53) (US U) 0*55) (U56) 3. Elementary, excluding nursery schools and kindergartens . Total Elementary (sum of 1, 2, and 3) . 0*57) (U58) (U59) (U60) (U6l) (U62) GRAND TOTAL ELEMQJTARY AND SECONDARY . ********** Table 21.— ENROLMENT (ORIGINAL ENTRIES) FOR THE STATE, BY GRADE, IN FULL-TIME NflNPUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS Grade Number of original entries (El + E2) Grade Number of original entries (El + E2) Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total a. Nursery schools . k. Ungraded and unclassi¬ fied elementary... (U6I*] l. Ninth grade . (1*63! m. Tenth grade . (1*63! n. Eleventh grade.... (1*63! o. Twelfth grade . (U63! p. Unclassified V Vi nHorcra c. First grade. . (1*63) d. Second grade . (1*63) e. Third grade . (U63) f. Fourth grade....... (1*63) g. Fifth grade . (1*63) h. Sixth grade . (1*63) i. Seventh grade . (1*63) q. High school post- graduate . . . . TOTAL a thru £ . . J. Eighth grade . (U63) Table 22.— ATTENDANCE, AVERAGE LENGTH OF TERM, HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES, AND NUMBER OF SCHOOLS FOR FULL-TIME NONPUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS Aggregate days attendance Average daily attendance Average length of terra in days High school graduates Number of schools Elementary (1*67) Secondary (1*68) Elementary (1*67) Secondary (1*68) Elementary (U82) Secondary (U83) Boys (1*69) Girls (1*69) Elementary (1*80) Secondary (U8l) ********** Table 23. —EMPLOYED PERSONNEL IN FULL-TIME NONPUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS Item Number of personnel Full-time Part-time 1. Instructional personnel (teachers, principals, librarians, etc.) a. Nursery schools . . . . (1*70) (1*71) b. Kindergartens.. . . . . . . . . (1*72) (1*73) c. Elementary, excluding nursery schools and kindergartens . (U7U) (1*75) Total Elementary (sum of la, lb, and lc) . . . d. Secondary, including Junior high schools . . . . (1*76) (1*77) TOTAL INSTRUCTIONAL PERSONNEL (sum of la, lb, lc, and Id) . 2. Noninstructicmal personnel (janitors, clerks, etc.) . . . (1*78) (1*79) STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 89 Budget Bureau No. 51-R020.7 App. Exp.: 9/30/60 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Washington 25, D. C. BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION STATE ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL STATISTICS, 1957-58 Form RSS-051(58) Part II For the year ending June 30 (or ), 1958 State (or Territory) Report prepared by _ _ (Name) (Title) PART I! - FINANCE INSTRUCTIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS This report-form is designed to collect basic financial data for public school systems for all levels of government (State, intermediate, and local) involved in educational activities. For the most part, the form for the 1957-58 school year is similar to the one employed in the preceding bi¬ ennial survey (1955-56 school year), and conforms to the items and definitions in Handbook I, The Common Core of State Educational Information, Office of Education Bulletin 1953, No. 8. Handbook I therefore serves as the basic manual of instructions for this report. It is essential that the defi¬ nitions and explanations in this Handbook be observed (unless otherwise noted) in order that the reports from the various States may be comparable. In a few instances, modifications in terminology were made to reflect the definitions in Handbook II, Financial Accounting for Local and State School Systems. Please note that each table contains numbers in parentheses, generally appearing next to lines or at the heads of columns. These numbers correspond to item numbers in Handbook I and in several cases to item numbers in Handbook II and have been inserted for ready reference to more complete definitions of items contained in these Handbooks. Headnotes have been provided in a number of tables calling attention to pages in Handbook I containing particularly pertinent dis¬ cussions of items in the tables in question. Attention is also called to the Glossary of Terms on pages 1-16 of Handbook I, which contains the definitions of general terms that are used in many different items. Every effort should be made to furnish figures for all pertinent items requested on the form. Aggregates may be entered in certain cases in the absence of detailed breakdowns, and estimates will sometimes serve if actual data are not available, provided estimates are labeled as such. It should be noted that the expenditure data on salaries required for various categories of personnel in Part II of the report correspond to equivalent personnel items in Part I, and that the standard definitions of such items in Handbook I apply to both types of data. Please explain abnormal increases or decreases from the amounts reported in previous years or major changes in organization or procedures which would substantially affect the data reported. 582314 O— 61/ - 7 90 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 - 2 - plumbers in parentheses ( ), generally appearing next to line items or at the heads of columns, refer to items in Handbook I which contain fuller explanations of terms used.^ Table 2h. —RECEIPTS FOE ADMINISTRATION BY THE STATE BOARD AND STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION INCLUDING THE VOCATIONAL BOARD AND DEPARTM-Sn'T EVEN WHEN ORGANIZED SEPARATELY NOTE: Do not include money received for distribution to intermediate or local units or for vocational teacher training and vocational rehabilitation. Source of receipts Amount 1. Receipts for regular programs a. From the Federal Government (l) Vocational education . . . . . •••• (16) $ (2) Other receipts (money for Indian education, money derived from Federal forest reserves, etc.) . (17) Total Federal (sum of a.(l) and (2)). . . . . . . . b. From the State (1) Appropriations . (18) (2) Other receipts . (19) c. Fee* collected by Sta-ce department of education fcr services. . . ttttttttll (20) $ Total State (sum of b and c) . . . . . ...•••••••• $ d. Philanthropic (money applied to State department functions) . (21) 8 2 j Receipts for emergency programs, by name of program (22): Source of receipts Name of program Federal State Other Total a. $ $ 8 8 b. Total Receipts for Administration (sum of 1 and 2) $ Table 25.— EXPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION BY THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION AND THE STATS BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION NOTE: See explanations on pages 22 and 2h in Handbook I. Amount Type of expenditure State board of education 1/ State board for vocational education 1. Expenditures for regular programs a. Expenses of board members (travel, per diem, or other compensation). (23) a (U3) * b. Compensation of persons hired for occasional consultative and advisory services. . . . . . . . (2U) (iili) c. Salaries (1) Educational services and other professional personnel . (25) (U5) (2) Secretarial and clerical personnel. . (26) (1*6) (3) Plant operation and maintenance personnel. . . . . (27) (1*7) d. Travel for members of the staff . . . (28) (1*8) e. Fixed charges (rent, insurance, etc.) . ....« (29) (19) f. Supplies, materials, printing, and other expenses.... . (30) (50) 2. Expenditures for emergency programs, by name of program: (31) (51) TOTAL EXPENDITURES (sum of 1 and 2) . * $ l/ If the State board of education and the State board for vocational education share the same staff joersonnel, the salaries and other expenses of these personnel should be included in this column. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 91 - 3 - Table 26.— EXPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION BY THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND MISCELLANEOUS STATE EXPENDITURES FOR EDUCATION NOTE* Exclude funds which were distributed by the State to local units, and funds expended by the State as a basic administrative unit for schools directly operated by the State. Type of expenditure Amount A. Expenditures for Adninistration by the State Department of Education 1. Expenditures for regular programs: a. Salaries (1) Chief State school officer . (32) $ (2) Departmental staff who administer department and/or provide educational services to schools on statewide basis . . . . (33) (3) Other personnel who help to provide both direct and indirect educa¬ tional services to schools on statewide basis. ...•• . . . . (3U) (U) Personnel who provide educational services to schools in specific regions or districts of the State . . . - . . (35) (5) Secretarial and clerical assistants to departmental management and service personnel . . . . . . . . (36) (6) Plant operation and maintenance personnel . . (37) (7) Personnel for supplementary services such as State library, museum, teacher retirement, teacher placement, etc. . . . . . . (38) TOTAL ^(sum of (1) through (7<]7****** . . . . $ b. Travel for members of the staff . . . . . . . . (39) c« Fixed charges (rent, insurance, etc.). . . . . . ••••••••• ( UO ) d. Supplies, meter ials, printing, and other expenses . . . . (Ul) 2. Expenditures for emergency programs, by name of program (U2)i 8# — — ______ _ ________ — _ — ______ b. _ Total Expenditures for Administration (sum of 1 and 2)............^. $ B. Miscellaneous State expenditures for education Include direct legislative appropriations which do not pass through the regular accounts of the various administrative units such as direct appro¬ priations to State teachers retirement systems, and miscellaneous education expenditures by the State department of education or other State agency such as interest on State bonds. 1. State (employer) contributions on behalf of public school employees to retire¬ ment systems, pension funds, or social security (exclude employee contribu¬ tions ) • $_ When retirement systems cover more than school employees, calculate and enter only the portion for public school employees. Also indi¬ cate whether the amount shown has been included as a receipt item in another table of this report. Yes _ No _ 2. Other (specify) r 92 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 - h - Table 27.— RECEIPTS, TRANSFERS, AND EXPENDITURES OF CCUNTY OR OTHER INTERMEDIATE ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS FOR USE IN AR1INISTRATION OF INTERMEDIATE UNIT NOTE: Report here only receipts and expenditures which will not be reported as part of the State department of education or of the local basic administrative units. In many cases these receipts and expenditures will be from general county funds for the county board of education and county superintendent's office. See also explanation on page 27 and pages 29-31 in Handbook I. Receipts, transfers, and expenditures, by type 1. Source of receipts for administration of intermediate unit a. From the State . . . . . . b. From local or county taxation and appropriations . c. Other sources (specify) TOTAL RECEIPTS (sum of a, b, and c) . 2. Transfers from other administrative units for services rendered. . . . 3. Current expense a. Compensation of board of education members (salaries, per diem, and travel)., b. Compensation for occasional consultative and advisory services,,... . c. Salaries (1) Superintendent and other administrative staff . . . (2) Instructional personnel (consultants, counselors, psychologists, etc,)... (3) Attendance personnel (including visiting teachers) . (ll) Health personnel . . . . . ....* (5) Secretarial and clerical personnel . (6) Other employed personnel . . . . . d. Travel for superintendent and his staff . e. Fixed charges (rent, insurance, etc.) . . . ••••• . f. Supplies, materials, printing, and other expenses . . . TOTAL CURRENT EXPENSE (sum of 3a through 3f) . >1. Intermediate unit (employer) contributions to retirement funds, social security, etc.l/ . . . 5. Transfers to other intermediate administrative units for services rendered . . Amount (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (8U) (85) (86) (87) (88) (89) (90) (91) (92) (9U) (95) (93) (96) $ 1/ In the case of retirement systems which cover other than education employees, only contributions (actual or estimated) for education employees should be Bhown. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 93 - 5 Table 28.— RECEIPTS, BALANCES, AND TRANSFERS OF LOCAL BASIC ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS FOR OPERATING PUBLIC ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY, ADULT, AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE PROGRAMS OF EDUCATION NOTE: For definitions of revenue and nonrevenue receipts see Glossary on page 11 and discussion on page 5U of Handbook I. Revenue receipts, by source Amount Nonrevenue receipts, by source, and balances and transfers 2. Nonrevenue receipts: a. State sources (for State- operated schools only) 1*/ (1) Sale of State bonds.. 7 (251) (2) Sale of State school property and in¬ surance adjustments •• (252) (3) Other State non- revenue receipts..... (253) Total State . (25U) b. Intermediate sources (for intermediate unit¬ operated schools only)l*/ (1) Sale of bonds and other long-term loans (255) (2) Short-term loans £/.. (256) (3) Sale of school pro¬ perty and insurance adjustments . . . (257) (l*) Other intermediate unit nonrevenue receipts . . (258) Total Intermediate (259) c. Local sources (1) Sale of bonds and other long-term loans . (260) (2) Short-term loans jj/.. (261) (3) Sale of school pro¬ perty and insurance adjustments . . (262) (1*) Other local non- revenue receipts. •••• (263) Total Local. . . (261*) d. TOTAL NONREVENUE RECEIPTS (265) 3. Balances from previous year: a. For current operation.. (266) b. For capital outlay . (267) c. For serial bond in¬ terest and redemption,. (268) Total Balances.... (269) 1*. TOTAL AMOUNT AVAILABLE FROM ALL SOURCES (sum of 1, 2, and 3) . (270) 5. Transfers from other ad¬ ministrative units: a. From administrative units in the State... (271) b. From administrative units in another State (272) Amount 1. Revenue receipts: a. Federal sources (1) Vocational education*. (228) (2) School lunch . (229) (3) Education of veterans (230) (1*) Other (specify): _ (23D Total Federal . (232) b. State sources (1) State taxation and appropriations....... (233) (2) State permanent funds and endowments.... ... (23U) (3) Other cash revenue receipts. . (235) (1*) Noncash revenue receipts . (236) Total State . (237) c. Intermediate sources (1) Taxation and appropriations . . (238) (2) Permanent funds and endowments. . (239) (3) Other cash revenue receipts. . (21*0) (1*) Noncash revenue receipts . (2U1) Total Intermediate (21*2) d. Local sources 2 / (1) Taxation and appropriations.. .... . (21*3) (2) Permanent funds and endowments . ••••• (21*1*) (3) Other revenue receipts from local sources 3 / (21*5) Total Local . . (21*6) e. Other revenue sources (1) Tuition and transpor¬ tation fees from parents. . (21*7) (2) Gifts . (21*8) Total Other Revenue.. . . (21*9) f. TOTAL REVENUE RECEIPTS (250) l/ Includes revenue from funds collected by intermediate administrative units, or a political subdivision be¬ tween local school districts and the State, and distributed to school districts in amounts different from those which were collected within such districts (See Account 20 in Handbook II). 2/ Including county units serving as local basic administrative units. 3/ not report gross receipts from cafeterias, school activities, etc. h/ Not lent or granted to intermediate or local administrative units. '%/ A short-term loan, as defined in Handbook II, is one that extends for a period of 5 years or less from the date the loan was obtained and is not paid back during the same fiscal year. 94 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 - 6 - Table 29.-— CURRENT EXPENSE FOR INSTRUCTION IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS NOTE* The categories of personnel in this table correspond to those used for reporting personnel in Part I of this report ("Administrative Units, Personnel, and Pupils")* In completing this report, it is essential that the categories of personnel in Parts I and II be identical* In reporting salari.es, show total amounts— BEFORE deductions for social security, retirement, etc* See also explanation on pages 61-66 of Handbook I* The Office of Education will calculate an average salary for the total instructional staff by- dividing total salaries paid (sum of l.a through l*c in this table) by the total number of instruc¬ tional staff (sun of GRAND TOTAL in table 7 plus GRAND TOTAL full-time teachers and 1/3 of GRAND TOTAL part-time teachers in table 8)* If this method leads to an average salary which is not valid for your State in comparison with other States, please explain* Type of expenditure Amount 1. Salaries of instructional staff a. Principals (including assistant principals and administrative deans) (278-280) _J_ b* Supervisors of instruction or consultants (general or subject, including school library and audiovisual) * * . ••• . * (281-283) _ c* Teachers and other nonsupervisory instructional staff (1) Classroom teachers (a) Serving elementary only (including nursery schools and kindergartens) . . . . . . . . (281*) _ (b) Serving secondary only . . . . . . . . (285) _ Total Teachers . * . . $ (2) School librarians* . . . . . •••••••*• (286-288) _ (3) Guidance and counseling personnel . * (289-290) _ (U) Psychological personnel (psychologists and psychometrists )•••••*.** (291) _ (5) Other nonsupervisory instructional personnel (e*g. audiovisual instructors, television instructors, teacher aides, etc*) Type of position TOTAL TEACHERS AND OTHER NONSUPERVISORY INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF (sum of c.(l) thru c*(5)) . Jj^ TOTAL INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF (sum of l*a thru l*c) . $ 2* Salaries of secretarial and clerical assistants to instructional personnel (292) 3* Textbooks, including those purchased by State and intermediate units for distribution to local administrative units . . (293) U* Regular or incidental purchases of school library books or periodicals**** (251*) 5* Teaching supplies (workbooks, paper, chalk, etc*) . . (295) 6. Other instructional supplies and expenses (including travel by instructional staff, graduation expenses, etc*)*. . . . . (296) TOTAL INSTRUCTIONAL EXPENSES (sum of 1 through 6) (297) * STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 95 - 7 - Table 30,— CURRENT EXPENSE FOR ADMINISTRATION (GENERAL CONTROL)!/ IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS NOTE: See explanation on pages 61-63 in Handbook I. Type of expenditure Amount 1, Compensation of board of education members of local basic administrative units... (273) $ 2. Salaries of administrative personnel (including business administrators) . (27!*) 3, Salaries of secretarial and clerical assistants to administrative personnel . (275) h. Supplies and other administration expenses . . . . . . (276) Total Administration, .,.••• . . . . ,,,, (277) $ l/ Administration expenditures include those for the central office staff for administration and all general control which is system-wide and not confined to one school, subject, or narrow phase of school services, ***•«■*****# Table 31. —CURRENT EXPENSE FOR OTHER SCHOOL SERVICES IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS Type of expenditure Amount 1, Attendance services a. Salaries of attendance officers and visiting teachers... . (298) b. Supplies and other expenses for attendance services...... . •••• . (299) Total Attendance Services. . . . . . . . $ * 2. Health services provided by the school administrative unit a. Salaries (including secretarial and clerical assistants) . . . ,,, (300) b. Supplies and other expenses for health services.,,.,.. . .,., . «..., (301) Total Health Services. •••.•••••• . . . . . $ 3# Transportation services for public school pupils a. Salaries of transportation employees . . . . . . . (303) b. Supplies, maintenance, and garage operation and maintenance... . . . •••• (30U) c. Transportation insurance . . . . . . ••••• (30£) d. Contracted services.. . . . . . . . . . (306) e. Fares furnished pupils for public buses and streetcars . . . . . . . (307) f* Payments in lieu of transportation . . . . . . . . . . (308) Total Transportation Services . . . ••••• $ U. Food services (Do not include gross expenditures but only the sum of Federal, State, and local funds expended to cover deficit of school lunch and milk programs.) . . . (309) Miscellaneous school services!/ . . . . . . . . . . (310) Total Current Expense for Other School Services (sum of 1, 2, 3, U, and 5) . (311) 6. Expenditures by public agencies other than the school administrative unit for health services to public schools . . . •••••••••••••• (302) i . 1/ Other school services to be included here are direct expenditures or deficits for extracurricular activities for pupils, if paid from school funds and any other services for public school pupils not included elsewhere. 96 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 - 8 • Table 32. — CURRINT EXPENSE FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PLANT IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEkEN'TAttr AND SECONDARY My SCHOOLS NOTE* See explanation under "Operation of Plant", page 68, and under "Maintenance of Plant", page 69, in Handbook I. Type of expenditure Amount 1. Operation of plant a. Salaries . (312) $ b. Fuel or heat . (313) c. Utilities, except fuel . . . . . •••••••• . (3lU) d. Supplies . (315) e. Other expenses for operation of plant....... . (316) Total Plant Operation. . ••••••••• . •••••••••••• . (317) 2. Maintenance of plant (repair of plant and repair and replacement of equipment) a. Salaries . . . ••••••••••• (318) b. Supplies, expenses, and contractual service . ........ (319) Total Plant Maintenance.. •••••••• . . . . ••••••••••••• (320) $ $ ********** Table 33. —CURRENT EXPENSE FOR FIXED CHARGES IN REGULAR FULL-TIME PUBLIC ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS Type of expenditure Amount 1. Fixed charges allocated to pupil costs a. School board (employer) contributions to retirement funds, social security, etc. (321) b. Insurance and judgments (premiums, injury compensation, etc.) . . . (322) c. Rent (eaolnde rental payments to schoolhousing authorities). . . . (323) $ d. Interest on current loans!/................ . •••• . . e. Other fixed charges allocated to pupil costs . ••••• (32U) Total Fixed Charges Allocated to Pupil Costs . . . •••••••• * 2. Fixed charges not allocated to pupil costs?/ . . (325) Total Fixed Charges (sum of 1 and 2)... . (326) $ 1/ Includes payments of interest on money borrowed and paid back during the same fiscal year and on registered warrants. (See item 8U0 in Handbook II.) 2/ Refunds of taxes, refunds of tuition, refunds of transportation charges, etc., should be treated as abatements on income for reporting purposes; but if they have to be accounted for separately, they should be included here. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS - 9 - Table 3U. --CURRENT EXPENSE FOR COMMUNITY SERVICES PROVIDED BY LOCAL BASIC ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS 97 Type of expenditure Amount 1, Public libraries operated by local basic administrative units a. Salaries . . . . . . . . (328) $ b. Supplies and other expenses . . . . . . (329) Total Public Libraries.. . . . . $ 2. Expenditures for nonpublic schools where authorized by State law b. School supplies... . * . . . (331) c. Transportation . . . . (332) d* Health services . . . . . (333) e. Other expenditures for services provided to nor.public schools.. . (33U) Total Nonoublic Schools . . . . . . $ . . . . 3. Other community services (community center, recreation, services to indigent pupils, etc.) . . (33S) Total Community Services (sum of 1, 2, and 3) . . . . (336) * # ft •* * * Table 3<.— CURRENT EXPENSE FOR PUBLIC SUMMER ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY DAY SCHOOLS Type of expenditure Amount 1. Salaries . . . . . . . . . . (337) 2. Supplies and other expenses . . . . . (333) Total Summer Schools..,.. . ..••••••••••••• . . . . . ..••••• (339) $ $ Table 36.— CURRENT EXPENSE FOR ADULT EDUCATION AND PUBLIC COMMUNITY COLLEGES!/ NOTE: Expenditures aoply to programs reported in tables lb and lf> of Part I. See explanation on pages 72-73 in Handbook I. Type of expenditure Amount Adult education Community colleges 1. Salaries a. Instructional personnel . •••• b. Nonins true tional personnel........ . ••••••• . . (3U0) $ (31*5) a (31a) (3U6) Total Sal* ri.es . . . •••••••• . •••••••• $ $ 2. Supplies and other expenses a. Instructional sutralies and expenses... . . b. Non instructional supplies and expenses . . (3U2) (3U7 ) (31*3) (31*8) Total Supplies and Other Expenses. ••«... . . . Total Current Expense (sum of 1 and 2) . $ $ (3 M $ (3U9) $ 1/ Include only those programs operated by local basic administrative units (not under the jurisdiction of a separate board for higher education or a U-year institution of higher education). 98 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 - 10 - Table 37.— CAPITAL OUTLAY FOR PUBLIC ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY, ATXJLT, AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE PROGRAMS OF EDUCATION NOTE: See explanation on pages 73-7? in Handbook I. Type of expenditure Expenditures by— Local school districts (from all funds) Other agencies^/ 1. Land and buildings (351) Z Z b. New buildings and additions to buildings..... . c. Remodeling or improvement of buildings. . . . 2. Equipment (initial or additional equipment rather than replacements) a. Library books (for new school library and large or b. Furniture and equipment (excluding transportation).... c. Publicly owned vehicles and other transportation (352) (353) (35U) (355) (35<>) Total Capital Outlay.. . . . •••• (357) $ %. - . 1/ Include capital outlay of State and local schoolhousing authorities? also expenditures by city, town, endother governmental units which build schools directly and whose financial transactions are therefore not recorded in school district accounts. ********** Table 38.— DEBT SERVICE FOR PUBLIC ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY, ADULT, AND COMMUNITY COLLEGE PROGRAMS OF EDUCATION NOTE* The numbers in brackets £" 1 refer to items in Handbook II, Financial Accounting for Local and State School Systems, Office of Education Bulletin 1957, No. 1*, which contains an explanation of the expenditure items. Expenditure Payments from current funds Payments from other funds 1. Redemption of school bonds a. Payments from current funds to retire serial bonds.. (358) b. Payments from sinking fundsi/ to retire bonds . (35?) z Z xxxx xxxx c. Payments from issue of new bonds to retire old bonds (360) 2. Redemption of short-term loans . . . . . ^X310-b7 3. Redemption of long-term (nonbonded) loans . . £LyiO-c/ U. Payments of warrants or bills of preceding fiscal year (363) 5. Interest on short-term loans . . . . [_ l320-tj7 6. Interest on long-term (nonbonded) loans... . •••••••• £[320 -cf xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 7. Interest on bonds a. Payments from current funds for interest on serial bonds. . . . . . . (365) xxxx b. Payments from sinking fundsi/ for interest on bonds (366) 8. Expenditures to schoolhousing authority or similar agency a. Principal . . /I3k0-a/ b. Interest . . . . . /l3hO-'o/ 9. Payments into sinking fundsi/ from current funds . (361) xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 10. Other debt service . . . . (367) Total. . . xxxx (368) (369) 1 / Definition of sinking fund — Money which has been set aside or invested for the definite purpose of meeting payments on debts at some future time. It is usually a fund set up for the purpose of accumulating money over a period of years in order to have money available for the redemption of long-term oblifations at the date of maturity. Payments from interest funds and bond funds should be reported as payments from current funds. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 99 - n - Table 39. —RECAPITULATION OF EXPENDITURES, BALANCES AT END OF YEAR, AND TRANSFERS TO OTHER LOCAL BASIC ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS 1. 2. 3. U. 5. 6. Type of expenditure Current expense a. For full-time elementary and secondary day schools (1) Administration (from table 30) . . (277) (2) Instruction (from table 29)... . . . ••••• (297) (3) Other school services (from table 31) . (311) (1*) Operation of plant (from table 32) . . . (317) (5) Maintenance of plant (from table 32)...., . (320) (6) Fixed charges (from table 33) . * . * . . (326) Total (1) thru (6) . . . b. For community services (from table 3U) . * . (336) c. For summer schools (from table 35) . . . . . (339) d. For adult education (from table 36). . . . ••......••••• . . (3U1;) e. For community colleges (from table 36) . •••• . . . •••••• (3l*9) TOTAL CURRENT EXPENSE FOR ALL SCHOOLS (sum of a, b, c, d, and e).... (350) Capital outlay by local school districts (from table 37) . . . (357) Debt service from current funds (from table 38) . . (368) TOTAL EXPENDITURES FOR ALL SCHOOLS (sum of 1, 2, and 3) . Balances at end of year a0 For current operation . . . . (370) b. For reserve for capital outlay including capital reserve funds . (371) Co For serial bond interest and redanption . . . (372) TOTAL BALANCES AT END OF YEAR . (373) GRAND TOTAL EXPENDITURES AND BALANCES . Transfers to other administrative units a* Transfers to other administrative units in the State. . . (37U) b. Transfers to administrative units in another State . ...«•• . * (375) TOTAL TRANSFERS TO OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS . Tuition to nonpublic schools . . . . . . (376) Amount ft A ft ... ft ft .a . .ft A Table 1*0.— STATUS OF PERMANENT SCHOOL FUNDS]/, AND ACRES OF SCHOOL LAND AT END OF YEAR Item State Local 2/ 1. Value of principal and accrued interest of permanent school funds (52) 2. Number of acres of school land . . . . . . . (53) ft 1/ See definition "Fund, permanent school" on page 6 of Handbook I. y Includes intermediate. Table 1*1.— COST OF SCHOOL PROPERTY OF LOCAL BASIC AMINISTRATIVE UNITS]/ Sites Buildings Equipment Total ft ft ft ft 1/ Report original cost plus cost of* all additions and alterations. If this total cost is not available, state basis of the values reported: insurance _ ; replacement ; other (specify) _ . Include original cost of all publicly owned buildings in use by public school system regardless of how paid for or legal ownership. The figure desired is the total amount of money that has been invested in the plant. 100 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 - 12 - Table U2.— STATUS OF SCHOOL BONOS AND OTHER INEEBTEDNESS OF LOCAL BASIC ATHINISTRATIVE UNITS Account Amount 1. Amo imt of bonds outstanding at beginning of year . . . . (377) _§ _ 2. Amount of bonds issued during year a. For new capital outlay. . . . . (378) b. For funding current or floating indebtedness . ■» . . . . (379) c. For refunding bonds . . . . . . (380) 3. Total bonds outstanding at beginning of year plus bonds issued during year (sum of 1, 2a, 2b, and 2c) . . . . . . (381) U. Total bonds retired during year . (382) 5. Bonds outstanding at end of year (3 minus h) . (383) 6. Nonbonded indebtedness at end of year . . . (38U) 7. Total indebtedness at end of year (sum of 5 and 6) . (385) 8. Total amount in school sinking funds at end of year for term bonds... .... •••• (386) Table U3.— STATE AND FEDERAL AID FOR SCHOOL PLANT CAPITAL OUTLAY Source of funds Amount 1. Total State aid for school plant capital outlay purposes during the yea r2/.. (388) 2. Total Federal aid for school plant capital outlay purposes during the year.. (389) $ 1/ Includes State loans to local school districts and State aid for capital outlay purposes incorporated in a foundation program. Table Ui.— CAPITAL OUTLAY 00ST OF PUBLICLY OWNED SCHOOL PLANTS COMPLETED AND MAEE AVAILABLE FOR USE DURING THE YEAR, BY ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL AND BY ACCOUNT^/ Capital outlay cost, by account Elementary Secondary Combined elementary and secondary Ccimunity college Total 1. New sites and additions to sites . (U09) 2. New buildings . (1*10) 3. Additions to buildings . (Ull) U. Remodeling buildings. . (U12) 5. Equipment and furniture . (Ul3) TOTAL CAPITAL OUTLAY COST... (Ulii) $ $ $ $ $ 1/ Regardless of when the money was expended. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961 O - 582314 United States Government Printing Office DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Washington 25, D.C. OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, *300 (GPO) If you do not desire to continue to receive this type of publication, please check here □; tear off this label and return it to the above address. Your name will then be removed promptly from the appropriate mailing list. BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION 1956-58 CHAPTER 3 VAS NEVER PUBLISHED OE 53017-58 :NNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1956-58 STATISTICS OF Higher Education 1957-58 FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE . Office of Education Highlights Institutions + Covered by the present report for 1957-58 are 1,940 institutions of higher education listed by the Office of Education, as compared with 1,858 institutions in 1955-56. *+ In number of resident degree-credit students enrolled, institutions ranged in size from 11 to almost 42,000. The median institution enrolled 578 resident degree-credit students. Faculty + There were more than 348,000 persons serving in faculty and other professional staff positions, including nearly 273,000 teaching resident degree-credit courses, almost 13,000 engaged in student personnel services, and more than 32,000 engaged in organized research. Only 22.5 percent of all faculty members were women. Students + A total of more than 4 million students were enrolled for college study. Of these, four-fifths — more than three and a quarter million — were enrolled in courses creditable toward bachelor’s or higher degrees."* + About 6 of every 10 students were enrolled at publicly controlled institutions. Degrees + Bachelor’s or higher degrees, conferred by a total of 1,365 institutions, are shown below: Number of degrees conferred Number of (in thousands) Level of degree institutions Total Men Women Bachelor’s and first-professional _ 1,361 366 243 123 Second level (master’s except first-professional) _ 569 66 44 21 Doctorates (Ph. D., Ed. D., etc.) _ 175 9 8 1 OE-53017-58 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES , . 1956r58 CHAPTER 4 Section I STATISTICS OF Higher Education 1957-58 FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES By Edith M. Huddleston Henry G. Badger and Bronson Price d U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE . . Anthony J. Celebrezze, Secretary Office of Education, . Sterling M. McMurrin, Commissioner Biennial Survey of Education in the United States 1956-58 Chapter 1. Statistical Summary of Education, 1957-58 Chapter 2. Statistics of State School Systems: Organisation, Staff, Pupils, and Finances, 1957-58 Chapter 3. Statistics of Local School Systems JNo statistics collected for the biennium.J Chapter 4. Statistics of Higher Education, 1957-58 Section I. Faculty, Students, and Degrees Section II. Receipts, Expenditures, and Property Chapter 5. Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58 Each chapter of the Biennial Survey is printed separately as soon as completed. 4 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1962 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. • Price $1.25 Foreword A S IN MOST ASPECTS of modern life, there is an ever-increasing demand for facts about higher education. To satisfy the growing needs, the Office of Education collects and disseminates basic information on enrollments, staff, degries, and finances of institutions of higher education. As the infor¬ mation becomes available, it is supplied to the users through a variety of media, such as news releases, advance summaries, articles in Higher Education (published by the Office of Education), analytic reports, and listings for indi¬ vidual institutions. For a list of supplementary publications, see “Previous Publication of Data” on page 144. The present publication places the data on faculty, students, and degrees in historical perspective and provides continuity with previous reports on higher education dating to 1869-70. While the data have been presented here pri¬ marily for historical reference, the text includes some types of analyses for 1957-58 which have not been presented in other publications for that year. Among these are extensive analyses by type, control, and size of institution, analyses relating enrollments to population, and analyses of types of enroll¬ ment and types of faculty positions. Edith M. Huddleston had primary responsibility for preparing this report. Others who contributed portions of the text are named as co-authors. Emery M. Foster and Justin C. Lewis, provided general direction for the conduct of the various surveys from which the basic data were obtained. Especial recognition and appreciation are due Mabel C. Rice, Head, Statistical Services Unit, and her staff in connection with collection of the data, verification of returns, and preparation of basic state tables. In particular, the Office of Education is indebted to presidents, registrars, and other college staff who have cooperated willingly and conscientiously in supplying the extensive quantitative data used in the analyses presented in this section. Ralph C. M. Flynt, Assistant Commissioner j or Research. Virgil R. Walker, Director , Educational Statistics Branch . in Contents Page Foreword _ ill Institutional Coverage _ 1 Overview of Faculty, Students, and Degrees _ 5 Background _ 5 Population and student enrollment _ 5 The biennium in review _ 8 Changing patterns in higher education _ 10 Increase in size of institutions _ 12 Persistence of small institutions _ 13 Institutions attended predominantly by Negro students _ 15 Faculty _ 18 Analysis by type of staff position _ 18 Introduction _ 18 Staff for administration and student -personnel services _ 18 Staff for resident degree-credit instruction _ 20 Other staff positions _ 20 Analysis of staff, by institutional group _ 22 Control of institution _ 22 Type of institution _ 23 Summer session staff _ 28 Staff in predominantly Negro institutions _ 29 Full-time and part-time senior staff _ 31 Historical data and biennial changes _ 33 Students _ 36 Survey trends and interrelationships _ 36 Biennial changes in enrollment _ 37 Enrollment analysis _ 39 Type and control of institution _ 39 Summer sessions _ 50 Level of study _ 50 Size of institution _ 51 First-time and undergraduate students _ 54 Veteran students _ 73 Geographic and population data. _ _ 74 Degrees _ 79 Historical and current trends _ 79 Analysis by level, field, and sex _ 81 Tabular Analyses of Faculty, Students, and Degrees, by Region and State _ 87 Previous Publication of Data _ 144 Survey Questionnaires _ 145 TABLES 1. Number of institutions, by type, control, region, and State: 1957-58 - 3 2. Faculty, students, and degrees: 1869-70 to 1957-58 - 6 3. Resident degree-credit enrollment in relation to total population and to age groups 18-21 and 18-24: Continental United States, 1869-70 to 1957-58 _ 7 4. Summary data on faculty, students, and degrees: Aggregate United States, 1957-58 and 1955-56 . . . . — _ _ _ - . 9 v VI CONTENTS Page 5. Resident degree-credit enrollment in junior colleges: Aggregate United States, 1917-18 to 1957-58_ _ _ _ _ _ 11 6. Number of institutions, by size of resident degree-credit student body, institutional control, and type of institution, showing size of median institution and of institutions at upper and lower quartiles and at extremes: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 12 7. Number and percentage distribution of resident degree-credit students, by institu¬ tional size-class, institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 14 8. Total and average resident degree-credit enrollment, institutions of higher education: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 15 9. Faculty, students, and degrees in institutions attended predominantly by Negro students: Aggregate United States, 1957-58 _ 16 10. Faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, sex, and type of institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 _ 21 11. Faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, and type and control of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 _ 24 12. Ratios of positions per 100 persons among faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, sex, and institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58- 26 13. Ratios of positions per 100 persons among faculty and other professional staff, by type of position and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 27 14. Number of institutions reporting at least 1 staff member in each of 9 selected types of positions, by type and control of institution, and by predominant race of students: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 29 15. Faculty and other professional staff (number of different persons), by sex and by type and control of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and summer sessions 1957 _ ^ _ 30 16. Senior instructional staff for resident degree-credit courses, showing full-time or part- time status and full-time equivalents, by sex and by type and control of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 31 17. Faculty and other professional staff, and instructional staff for resident degree-credit courses, with percent who were women: Aggregate United States, 1939-40 to first term 1957-58 _ 34 18. Opening fall enrollment of degree-credit students in relation to available data on first-term and academic-year enrollment of degree-credit students: 1939-40 to 1957-58 _ 37 19. Resident degree-credit enrollment in academic year and degree-credit enrollment in summer sessions: Aggregate United States, 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 38 20. Students, by type of enrollment, sex, and type of institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58, and percent change from November 1955 _ 40 21. Students, by type of enrollment and type and control of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58, and percent change from November 1955 _ 42 22. Enrollment analysis showing numbers of institutions and students, by enrollment category, institutional control, and type of institution, with percentage distributions for degree-credit enrollment and for total enrollment: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 46 23. Resident degree-credit enrollment, first term 1957-58, and degree-credit enrollment, summer 1957, by sex and by control and type of institution: Aggregate United States _ 49 CONTENTS yn Page 24. Number of institutions reporting summer degree-credit enrollment, by type of summer- term organization and type and control of institution: Aggregate United States, 1957 _ 51 25. Academic-year and first-term resident degree-credit enrollment, by sex, institutional control, and level of work: Aggregate United States, 1939-40 to 1957-58 _ 52 26. Number of students in various enrollment categories, showing number of institutions with students in each category, by size of resident degree-credit student body, institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 55 27. Summer 1957 degree-credit enrollment, showing number of institutions and degree- credit enrollment for fourth quarter and for each summer session, by size of resident degree-credit student body (in first term 1957-58) , institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States _ 67 28. Total, undergraduate, and first-time resident degree-credit enrollment: Aggregate United States, 1939-40 to first term 1957-58 _ 71 29. Full-time undergraduate resident degree-credit enrollment, by control and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 71 30. Undergraduate and first-time resident degree-credit enrollment, by sex, full-time and part-time attendance, and control of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 72 31. First-time resident degree-credit students compared with high school graduates in preceding school year: Continental United States, 1939-40 to first term 1957-58 _ 73 32. Resident and extension degree-credit enrollment in institutions of higher education, in relation to population, by region and State: First term 1957-58 _ 75 33. Earned degrees conferred, by level of degree and sex of recipient: Aggregate United States, 1869-70 to 1957-58 _ 79 34. Percentage analysis of earned degrees conferred, by level of degree and by sex of recip¬ ient: Aggregate United States, 1869-70 to 1957-58 _ 80 35. Earned degrees conferred 1957-58 and 1955-56, by broad area of study: Aggregate United States _ 81 36. Earned degrees conferred, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: Aggregate United States, 1957-58 _ 83 TABULAR ANALYSES OF FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES, BY REGION AND STATE I. Summary of faculty and students by region and State: 1957-58 - 88 II. Faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, region, and State: First term 1957-58. _ 94 III. Opening enrollment of degree-credit students (resident and extension), by region and State: Fall 1957 _ 100 IV. Degree-credit enrollment, by type of enrollment, sex of student, region, and State: First term 1957-58 _ 104 V. Resident degree-credit undergraduate and graduate enrollments, by level, sex, region, and State: First term 1957-58 _ 110 VI. Nondegree-credit enrollment and enrollments in short courses and individual lessons only, by sex of student, region, and State: First term 1957-58 - 113 VII. Instructional staff and enrollments in degree-credit courses, by region and State: Summer session (s) and fourth quarter 1957 - 116 VIII. Korean veterans enrolled in degree-credit courses (resident and extension), by region and State: First term 1957-58 - 119 IX. Earned degrees conferred, by level, sex of recipient, region, and State: 1957-58 and 1956-57 _ _ _ 120 VIII CONTENTS Page X. Resident and extension degree-credit students, by region and State: Academic year and first term, 1957-58 _ 126 XI. Undergraduate, graduate, and first-time resident degree-credit enrollment: Academic year and first term, 1957-58 _ 132 XII. Enrollment in nursery, elementary, and secondary schools operated and controlled by institutions of higher education, by region and State: Academic year 1957-58_ 138 FIGURES 1. Classification of institutions of higher education by type: Aggregate United States, 1957-58 _ 2 2. Types of positions held by faculty and other professional staff in institutions of higher education: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 19 3. Percentage distribution of higher education enrollments: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 _ 39 4. Resident degree-credit enrollment, first term 1957-58, per 10,000 of total population on July 1, 1957, by State _ 76 5. Median points of higher education enrollment: First term 1957-58 and academic year 1949-50. _ _ 78 Statistics of Higher Education, 1957-58 Faculty, Students, and Degrees Institutional Coverage THE ANALYSES in the present chapter cover 1,940 institutions of higher education in the United States which were surveyed for the period from the fall of 1957 to June 1958 (figure 1 and table l).1 The institutional list rep¬ resents those institutions eligible for inclusion in the Education Directory : Part 8, Higher Educa¬ tion. Four of the 1,940 institutions were in the territories of Alaska and Hawaii (admitted as States in 1959, subsequent to the period covered by this chapter), and six were in the other out¬ lying parts. The remaining 1,930 institutions were in the continental United States (the 48 contiguous States and the District of Columbia). The total of 1,940 represents an increase of 82, or 4.4 percent, over the 1,858 reported for 1955-56; it was the largest number of institutions reported to date for the United States. Of the 1,940 institutions in 1957-58, those un¬ der public control numbered 671, or 34.6 percent of the total. This slight decrease from the 35.3 percent reported for 1955-56 does not reflect any significant change in control of institutions, par¬ ticularly in view of the fact that the count is based on administrative organizations, not on campuses. A university, for example, is counted as one institution but may operate several branch campuses offering programs as varied as those which are available at the main campus. In the 1 In this compilation, statistical tables carrying Arabic numerals are na¬ tional or analytical tables and are interspersed throughout the textual dis¬ cussion; tables carrying Roman numerals are analyses by region and State and appear in a group following the text. case of privately controlled institutions, these branches may even be across State lines from their parent institutions. Thus, the count here given affords only a rough approximation of the availability of higher education facilities in the Nation, and is supplemented elsewhere in this chapter by analyses of enrollment by type, control, and size-class of institution. Regionally, there was a fairly even distribu¬ tion of institutions within the continental United States, ranging from approximately 30 percent of the total in the Great Lakes and Plains area to approximately 20 percent of the total in the West and Southwest. On the other hand, the number of institutions varied widely from one State to another. New York, California, Penn¬ sylvania, and Illinois reported 100 or more per State and Texas just under that number; Alaska, the Canal Zone, Guam, and Nevada reported 1 each. The average for the 54 geographical units in table 1 (48 States, the District of Columbia, and 5 outlying parts) was 36. For the 48 States and the District of Columbia (contiguous States) the average was 39. To aid in the analysis of enrollment trends in higher education, the institutions have been classi¬ fied according to type. The type classification is functional in nature, based on curricular and or¬ ganizational characteristics. Because of the di¬ versity among institutions of higher education, such a type classification necessarily oversimplifies in many respects: some differences are obscured 1 654235-62- -2 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Figure Jl. — Classification of institutions of higher education by type: Aggregate United States, 1957-58 TOTAL NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS = 1,940 / - 4-YEAR INSTITU¬ TIONS -<( (Total 1,3 97) J/ V J “D Includes continental United States and outlying parts except Philippines, inde¬ pendent since 1946; no junior colleges in outlying parts prior to 1937-38. * Academic year totals up to and including 1951-52; first-term enrollments from 1953-54 on. 4 Original data as published in the Biennial Survey for 1955-56, except that public 2-year normal schools (shown in a footnote in that publication) are now included in the junior college totals. 4 Data for November 1955 adjusted to conform to the major reclassification of insti¬ tutions by type, made for the 1957-58 comprehensive enrollment survey. This re¬ classification excludes from the “junior college” category those institutions (classified as technical institutes and semiprofessional schools) which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor’s degree. Thus the data on resident “degree-credit” students for 1957-58, as well as the adjusted data for 1955. exclude these types of institutions. 8 Includes only institutions having resident degree-credit enrollment; excludes 1 institution with extension enrollment only and 50 institutions classified as technical institutes and semiprofessional schools. See footnote 5 above. This average, by the way, was the same for both publicly and privately controlled junior colleges. As a rule, the enrollment in programs leading to bachelor’s or higher degrees was not the entire enrollment: there were students in other types of programs in varying numbers in most junior colleges (as well as in many institutions offering the bachelor’s or higher degree). In the first term of 1957-58, the number of junior colleges with degree-credit students was 493 as compared with 471 in November 1955. {Note: Excluded from these counts are the 2- and 3-year technical institutes and semiprofessional schools not offering degree-credit programs; see table 5.) Total resident degree-credit enrollment in the junior colleges was approximately 296,000 in the first term, 1957-58, an increase of approxi¬ mately 55,000, or 18.3 percent above the number in November 1955. Junior colleges accounted for 12.0 percent of all resident degree-credit enrollment in the first term, 1957-58, as compared with 11.3 percent in 1955. The average resident 12 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 degree-credit enrollment per junior college was 710 in 1957-58, an increase of 13.1 percent during the biennial period in contrast to an increase of 7.8 percent for 4-year institutions. Of the 22 junior colleges (offering degree-credit work) added in 1957-58, 7 were publicly con¬ trolled and 15 were privately controlled, but seven-eighths of the junior college increase during the biennium in resident degree-credit enrollment took place in publicly controlled junior colleges. Privately controlled junior colleges tend to be much smaller than those under public control. The average resident degree-credit enrollment per institution in the first term, 1957-58, was 1,046 for publicly controlled junior colleges, more than 4 times the average of 249 for privately con¬ trolled junior colleges. During the biennium, average resident degree-credit enrollment per institution increased by 16.1 percent in publicly controlled and by 5.5 percent in privately con¬ trolled junior colleges. For publicly and privately controlled institutions, respectively, these per¬ centage increases are greater than the increase^of 11.7 percent in average resident degree-credit enrollment in publicly controlled 4-year institu¬ tions, and 4.7 percent in privately controlled 4 -year institutions. Increase in Sise of Institutions The development of large, intricate institutions is a distinctive characteristic of higher education in this country. In some cases this type of institution represents a concentration of educa¬ tional activities on a single campus, but more often a group of two or more student bodies, sometimes at localities widely separated over a State or even in different States, is administered as a single organization. Table 6. — Number of institutions, by size of resident degree-credit student body, institutional control, and type of institution, showing size of median institution and of institutions at upper and lower quartiles and at extremes: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Number of institutions Resident degree-credit enrollment in median institution, in institutions at upper and Type of institution and institutional control In aggre¬ With resident degree-credit enrollment of— lower quartiles, and in largest and smallest institutions gate United States Fewer than 200 200 to 499 500 to 999 1,000 to 2,499 2,500 to 4,999 5,000 to 9,999 10,000 or more Largest Upper quartile Median Lower quartile Smallest • 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 All Institutions . . . . . 1.889 372 508 412 329 128 94 46 41, 884 1, 569 578 259 11 Public . . . 653 73 128 123 155 86 56 32 41,884 2,812 1,024 411 25 Private... . 1,236 299 380 289 174 42 38 14 31,311 929 452 208 11 Universities... . . . . . . . wT 0 0 0 2 37 61 41 41,884 14,471 7,582 4, 747 2,222 Public . . 82 0 0 0 1 21 33 27 41,884 17,676 7,879 4, 821 2, 222 Private . . . . 59 0 0 0 1 16 28 14 31,311 9, 866 7,232 4, 648 2,352 Liberal arts colleges 1 . . . 731 45 2H" 246 173 37 15 4 16,214 1,401 723" 386" 26 Public 1 _ _ _ 78 0 2 16 30 16 10 4 16,214 4,141 2,050 1,075 282 Private . . . 653 45 209 230 143 21 5 0 9,065 1,060 658 370 26 Teachers colleges . . 199 13 33~ 47 80 23 3 0 7, 974 2, 055 1, 122~ 540 12 Public . 170 4 19 43 78 23 3 0 7,974 2,183 1,365 727 99 Private . . . 29 9 14 4 2 0 0 0 1,594 473 318 161 12 Technological schools . . 45 2 8 7 16 6 6 0 7, 809 2,812 1,516 589 16 Public _ _ 24 1 6 7 4 5 1 0 5, 624 2, 500 857 450 192 Private . . . 21 1 2 0 12 1 5 0 7,809 4,375 1,937 1,281 16 Theo!og:cal and religious schools (all privately controlled) . . . . . . 148 84 49 12 3 0 0 0 2,005 365 176 88 11 Other professional schools . 132~ 46 44 25 11 5 1 0 5,212 680 336 143 19 Public _ 14 1 6 3 2 1 1 0 5,212 1,375 500 325 25 Private . . . . 118 45 38 22 9 4 0 0 2,978 625 311 131 19 Junior colleges 2 . . 493~ 182 163 75 44 20 8 1 21,784 665 319 135 19 Public 2... . 285 67 95 54 40 20 8 1 21,784 979 438 213 35 Private 2 . . . . . . . 208 115 68 21 4 0 0 0 1,833 381 181 90 19 1 Excludes one publicly controlled liberal arts college with extension enrollment only. 2 Excludes 50 institutions (17 publicly controlled and 33 privately controlled) classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor’s degree' HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 13 The result of these two more or less parallel movements has been the growth of the large, comprehensive, multicurricular, and usually mul¬ ticampus institution. In the fall of 1957 there were 46 institutions of this description, of which 41 were classified as universities, which reported resident degree-credit enrollments of at least 10,000 (table 6, column 9). The 10 largest institutions together enrolled approximately 268,000 resident degree-credit students in the fall of 1957, and the 19 largest enrolled approxi¬ mately 431,000. Thus one-half of 1 percent of the institutions accounted for about 9 percent of the resident degree-credit total, and 1 percent of the institutions accounted for about 15 percent. Table 6 shows the number of institutions, by type and control of institution, which fell in each of seven size-groups with respect to resident degree-credit enrollment (columns 3-9). These distributions, by size-group, are supplemented by the data in columns 10-14 showing medians, quartiles, and sizes of largest and smallest student bodies. The median (here rounded to the nearest whole number) is the point in the distribution which divides the upper 50 percent of the institu¬ tions from the lower 50 percent, and thus indicates the approximate size of the middle institution when all institutions are arranged in order of size from largest to smallest. The middle 50 percent of the institutions are between the upper and lower quartiles. The median institution in the fall of 1957 en¬ rolled 578 resident degree-credit students, with publicly controlled institutions as a rule much larger than those under private control. In 1957, the 82 publicly controlled universities as a group were the largest, with enrollments ranging from a little over 2,200 to more than 41,000, and a median of not far from 8,000. The 148 theological schools showed the opposite tendency: no school had as many as 2,100 students; the smallest had only 11; and the median was 176. The median institution in 1957 was larger than that in earlier years. In 1955 the median enroll¬ ment was 519; in 1951 it was only 409.6 Numbers and percentages of resident degree- credit students enrolled in institutions of various types and sizes are presented in table 7, which should be interpreted in conjunction with table 6. • Badger, Henry G. Student body size in institutions of higher education: 1951. Washington: Federal Security Agency, Office of Education, Circular No. 361, p. 9. The 46 institutions in the “10,000 or more” size- group (table 6, column 9) enrolled 784,444 resident degree-credit students, or 26.7 percent of all resi¬ dent degree-credit students in the Nation (table 7, columns 9 and 17). Approximately 50 percent of all resident degree-credit students were enrolled in institutions of 5,000 or more (table 7, columns 16 and 17), approximately 43 percent in institutions in size-groups between 500 and 5,000 (columns 13, 14, and 15), and approximately 7 percent in insti¬ tutions with fewer than 500 (columns 11 and 12). Thus, 50 percent of the students were enrolled in the 140 largest institutions, approximately 7% per¬ cent of the total number of institutions. Still another and perhaps a more popularly understood concept is that of average or mean enrollment (total enrollment divided by the num¬ ber of institutions). This average for all the 1,889 institutions in the fall of 1957 was 1,550 resident degree-credit students (table 8, column 8), with general tendencies as to variation by type and control similar to the variations exhibited in the other tabulations. The results of the different types of calculation in tables 6, 7, and 8 may be contrasted thus: I. If all the 1,889 institutions had been arrayed by number of resident degree-credit students en¬ rolled, from smallest to largest or from largest to smallest, the middle institution (the 945th) would have had approximately 578 students (table 6). II. There was a concentration of students in the larger institutions. Approximately 83 percent of the students were enrolled in institutions with 1,000 or more resident degree-credit students (table 7), and about 90 percent were enrolled in institutions larger than the median institution. It may be observed that while the median institu¬ tion had a resident degree-credit student body of 578, the median student (if institutional enroll¬ ments had been arrayed in order of size) was en¬ rolled in an institution of approximately 5,000 resident degree-credit students. III. If all the 2,927,914 students in the Nation had been distributed evenly and equally among the 1,889 institutions, each institution would have had 1,550 students (table 8). Persistence of Small Institutions Although there has been a general trend toward increases in institutional size, small col- Table 7. — Number and percentage distribution of resident degree-credit students, by institutional siz;e-class, institutional control and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 14 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Percentage distribution of resident degree-credit students, by institutiona 1 size-class 10,000 or more 26.7 33.2 18.6 54.6 59.7 46.8 to to 21.7 6.2 7.3 5,000 to 9,999 CD 23.2 24.7 21.4 34.6 30.5 41.0 13.5 30.7 6.0 7.2 7.5 39.0 14.6 55.6 7.4 34.4 17.2 20.2 2,500 to 4,999 u* 15.3 18.2 11.6 10.4 9.5 11.7 15.8 22.1 13.0 cd CM 29.5 CM CM 48.5 7.7 20.9 23.2 20.3 20.5 24.1 1,000 to 2,499 3 17.4 15.3 20.0 O com oo 32.0 20.4 37.1 46.9 OO OO cm 28.4 18.4 35.2 11.9 20.5 14.8 22.0 OO o CM 22.3 11.7 500 to 999 2 T'OT 5.4 16.0 22.0 4.8 29.6 12.7 12.3 23.1 5.5 13.5 21.5 23.7 12.9 26.7 14.9 12.7 27.6 200 to 499 w 5.9 cr> cm’ cr> CT> 0.3 13.3 CO 2.7 43.5 CM* LO LO 39.9 20.6 14.5 22.3 15.0 10.9 38.6 Fewer than 200 - 1.4 m m o csi 0.7 •° i SO CM CD O 00 0.2 m o' ^ 26.7 6.9 0.2 8.7 5.4 2.5 22. 1 Total ® 100.0 oo o o oo 0 001 100.0 100.0 O o' o OO oo oo 0 001 OO o' o o o 100.0 oo oo o o O o o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Number of resident degree-credit students In institutions with resident degree-credit enrollment of— 10,000 or more c* 784, 444 545, 869 238, 575 709, 460 470, 885 238, 575 53, 200 53, 200 0 o o o o oo o o OO 21,784 21,784 0 5,000 to 9,999 QO G80, 392 406, 750 273, 642 449,618 240,996 208, 622 o OO oo o 75, 356 33, 524 19, 460 19,460 0 37, 120 5, 624 31,496 1 o 5,212 5,212 0 60, 102 60, 102 0 2,500 to 4,999 ro o CO 299, 745 148, 328 134, 343 74,816 59, 527 127, 585 54, 274 73,311 76, 622 76,622 0 22, 988 18, 655 4, 333 o 14, 664 3, 507 11,157 71,871 71,871 0 1,000 to 2,499 CD 508, 753 252, 187 256, 566 4, 574 2,222 2, 352 259, 144 50, 017 209, 127 126, 620 123, 992 2,628 26, 992 7, 053 19, 939 4, 302 14, 373 2, 239 12, 134 72, 748 66, 664 6, 084 500 to 999 ID 294, 390 88, 769 205, 621 o OO CO OO 11,820 166, 363 34, 245 31,794 2,451 5,191 5, 191 0 608 7 16, 641 1,946 14,695 52, 321 38,018 14, 303 200 to 499 - 171, 347 44, 021 127, 326 o OO 75, 789 660 75, 129 169 ‘II 7,083 4,608 2,558 1,717 841 14,467 14,439 2,191 12, 248 52,403 32, 370 20, 033 Fewer than 200 e* 40, 515 8, 127 32, 388 o oo 5, 547 0 5, 547 1,425 CO CM in o 208 CM tD O-H 9, 671 4,818 25 4, 793 to OO 7, 397 11,449 In aggre¬ gate United States N 2, 927, 914 1, 645, 468 1,282, 446 1, 297, 995 788,919 509, 076 808, 328 245, 327 563, 001 270, 063 259,464 10,599 95, 057 38,432 56,625 36,249 70, 147 15, 120 55, 027 350, 075 298, 206 51,869 Type of institution and institutional control - All institutions . . . . . - . Public . . . . . - . - Private . . . . . . . Universities . . . . Public.... _ _ _ Private . . . . . - Liberal arts colleges > . - Public i _ _ _ _ — Private . . . . Teachers colleges - - - - Public . . . - . . Private - - - - - Technological schools . . . . . . Public . . . . . Private . . . . . - - - Theological and religious schools (all privately controlled). . Other professional schools... . . . . Public _ _ _ Private . . . . . . . . Junior colleges* - Public * . . . . . Private* . . . . . - i Excludes one publicly controlled liberal arts college with extension enrollment only. or semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward * Less than 0.05 percent. a bachelor’s degree. * Excludes 50 institutions (17 publicly controlled and 33 privately controlled) classified as technical institutes HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 15 Table 8. — Total and average resident degree-credit enrollment, institutions of higher education:1 Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Item Number of institutions Total enrollment Average enrollment All Public Private All Public Private All Public Private ■ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All institutions - - - - 1,889 G53 1, 236 2, 927, 914 1, 645,468 1, 282, 446 1,550 2, 520 1,038 Universities _ _ _ 141 82 59 1,297, 995 788, 919 509, 076 9, 206 9, 621 8, 628 Liberal arts colleges 2__ _ 731 78 653 808, 328 245, 327 563, 001 1,106 3, 145 862 Teachers colleges _ 199 170 29 270, 063 259, 464 10, 599 1,357 1,526 365 Technological schools.. . .. _ _ _ _ 45 24 21 95, 057 38, 432 56, 625 2,112 1,601 2,696 Theological and religious schools (all private) . . 148 148 36, 249 36. 249 245 245 Other professional schools . . . . 132 14 118 70, 147 15 120 55, 027 531 1,080 466 Junior colleges i _ _ _ _ _ _ 493 285 208 350, 075 298, 206 51,869 710 1,046 249 Institutions attended predominantly by white students - 1,791 616 1,175 2, 849, 075 1,598,492 1,250,583 1,591 2, 595 1, 064 Universities . . . . . . . . . 139 81 58 1,291,261 786,183 505, 078 9, 290 9, 706 8, 708 Liberal arts colleges 2 _ _ _ _ _ 664 58 606 749, 828 212, 501 537, 327 1,129 3, 664 887 Teachers colleges _ _ _ _ _ 187 158 29 260, 141 249, 542 10, 599 1,391 1,579 365 Technological schools . . . . . . . . 45 24 21 95, 057 38, 432 56,625 2,112 1,601 2, 696 Theological and rel'gious schools (all private) 146 146 35, 932 35, 932 246 246 Other professional schools _ ... . . .. _ _ 130 14 116 69, 586 15, 120 54, 466 535 1,080 470 Junior colleges ‘ . . . . . . . . 480 281 199 347, 270 296, 714 50, 556 723 1,056 254 Institutions attended predominantly by Negro students . . 98 37 61 78, 839 46, 976 31, 863 804 1, 270 522 Universities . . . . . . . 2 1 1 6, 734 2, 736 3, 998 3, 367 2,736 3, 998 Liberal arts colleges . . . . . . . ... . ... .. 67 20 47 58, 500 32, 826 25, 674 873 1,641 546 Teachers colleges . . . 12 12 0 9, 922 9, 922 0 827 827 Technological schools . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Theological and religious schools (all private) .. _ _ _ 2 2 317 317 159 159 Other professional schools . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 2 561 0 561 281 281 Junior colleges. . . . . . . . 13 4 9 2, 805 1,492 1,313 216 373 146 i Excludes 50 institutions (17 publicly controlled and 33 privately controlled) clas- 2 Excludes one publicly controlled liberal arts college with extension enrollment sified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs only, consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor’s degree. leges remain a significant part of the educational scene. In the fall of 1957, each of the 46 institu¬ tions enrolling 10,000 or more resident degree- credit students was matched by 4 institutions enrolling from 100 to 199 each. Data not pub¬ lished here in detail show that the 169 institutions enrolling fewer than 100 students were scattered over 37 States and the District of Columbia. The total resident degree-credit enrollment of these schools was 9,961: less than that of any one of the 46 very large institutions previously mentioned. The total enrollment of the 372 institutions en¬ rolling from 1 to 199 students was 40,515, less than that of the largest single institution in the country. Nine of the very small institutions enrolled fewer than 20 degree-credit students each and 18 others enrolled from 20 to 29 per school. These and 31 others enrolling from 30 to 49 each made a total of 59 institutions with enrollments under 50. Whereas many of these institutions were merely the higher education units of organizations in¬ cluding secondary or noncollegiate schools and thus were not really the small groups of students suggested by these data, several were actually individual organizations. This is true of the two smallest: one an independent theological school and the other a no less independent teachers college. Institutions Attended Predominantly by Negro Students At the time of the 1954 decision of the United States Supreme Court on school segregation, the number of higher education institutions attended predominantly by Negroes was 106. These insti¬ tutions enrolled more than 75,000 resident degree- credit students in the academic year 1953-54, of whom about 69,000 were in residence in the fall of 1953. At the time of the present survey (fall term, 1957-58) there were 98 institutions of this description and their total comparable enrollment was approximately 79,000. The average resident degree-credit enrollment in these institutions rose from 649 in the fall of 1953 to 804 in the fall of 1957. These changes in number and enrollment of institutions are due in part to increases in size of institutions (a factor already commented on), in part to closing of some institutions of this description, and in part to organizational changes. Whereas the resident degree-credit enrollment of institutions classed as attended predominantly 16 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 by Negroes came to 3.1 percent of the national total in the fall of 1953, the enrollment of insti¬ tutions so classed in the fall of 1957 was only 2.7 percent of the entire enrollment in higher educa¬ tion in the Nation (table 9). And this in spite of an actual increase of 10,000 in enrollment of resi¬ dent degree-credit students in such institutions in the period of approximately 4 years. Table 9 shows a comparison of faculty, student enrollments, and earned degrees in institutions attended predominantly by Negro students with the corresponding totals for all higher education (columns 11, 12, and 13). Significantly higher percentages are shown for women than for men among faculty, most categories of students, and recipients of degrees granted at the bachelor’s and master’s levels. It is nonetheless clear that the statistical data here presented do not tell the complete story. In addition to the factors already recited, it should be clearly understood that the data here presented, like those on this subject presented in previous years, do not include all Negroes attending insti¬ tutions of higher education. Many institutions over the country have for years made it a practice to admit qualified students without reference to their racial origin. Data on enrollment of Negroes at these institutions are not collected by the Office of Education. Finally, the data here given do not in them¬ selves show the exact number of Negroes at the institutions surveyed in this tabulation. In some instances, non-Negroes have been registered and graduated at institutions in this group. Although the number of such non-Negroes included in the present tabulation is believed to be small, its precise magnitude is not known. Table 9. — Faculty, students, and degrees in institutions attended predominantly by Negro students: Aggregate United States, 1957-58 Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges, Theological and re¬ Other profes¬ Junior colleges All Negro Education (col. 11) Faculty, students, degrees Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled all publicly controlled ligious schools, all privately controlled sional schools, all privately controlled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled TOTAL higher education as percent of all higher education (col. 12) i o 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Number of Institutions . . . i 1 20 47 12 2 2 4 9 98 1,940 5.1 FACULTY 1st term, 1957-58 Faculty, total number of different persons _ 264 599 3, 121 2, 621 838 32 262 157 187 8, 081 348, 509 2.3 Men . . . . . 150 461 1,895 1,541 438 26 206 80 100 4, 897 270, 013 1.8 Women . 114 138 1,226 1,080 400 6 56 77 87 3.184 78, 496 4.1 STUDENT ENROLLMENT 1st term, 1957-58 Total degree-credit enrollment _ 3, 192 4, 046 34, 925 26,259 10, 043 317 561 1,492 1,313 82, 148 3, 272, 597 2.5 Resident and extension degree-credit enrollment (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) _ 3. 192 4, 046 34, 843 26. 259 10, 043 317 561 1,492 1,313 82, 066 3, 169, 124 2.6 Resident degree-credit enrollment _ _ 2, 736 3, 998 32, 826 25, 674 9, 922 317 561 1,492 1,313 78, 839 2, 927, 914 2.7 Undergraduate and first-professional students. 2,404 3, 737 30, 793 24, 985 9, 826 314 561 1,492 1,313 75, 425 2, 649,311 2.8 Men, full-time . 1,210 2, 136 14, 183 10, 173 3, 201 219 392 416 542 32, 472 1. 344, 387 2.4 Women, full-time _ _ 1, 115 996 13, 638 12, 789 5, 652 79 122 430 606 35, 427 685, 274 5.2 Men, part-time _ 30 355 1,373 691 109 15 32 484 68 3. 157 392, 609 0.8 Women, part-time . 49 250 1,599 1,332 864 1 15 162 97 4, 369 227, 041 1.9 Graduate students and students beyond the first professional degree . . . 332 261 2, 033 689 96 3 0 0) (') 3,414 278, 603 1.2 Men . . . 112 163 728 299 22 3 0 (') (') 1,327 198, 349 0.7 Women . . 220 98 1,305 390 74 0 0 (0 (') 2, 087 80, 254 2.6 Extension degree-credit enrollment . . 456 48 2,017 585 121 0 0 0 0 3, 227 241,210 1.3 Men... . . . . . 61 10 387 194 30 0 0 0 0 682 114,754 0.6 Women . 395 38 1,630 391 91 0 0 0 0 2, 545 126, 456 2.0 Degree-credit courses by mail, radio, or TV _ 0 0 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 103, 473 0.1 See footnotes at end of table HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 17 Table 9. — Faculty, students, and degrees in institutions attended predominantly by Negro students: Aggregate United States, 1957-58 — Continued Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges, Theological and re¬ Other profes¬ Junior colleges All Negro education (col 11) as percent of all higher education (col. 12) Faculty, students, degrees Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled all publicly controlled ligious schools, all privately controlled sional schools, all privately controlled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled TOTAL higher education 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 STUDENT ENROLLMENT 1st term, 1957-58— Continued Total nondegree-credit enrollment _ 43 0 1, 115 16 158 0 0 104 10 1, 446 521, 117 0.3 Resident and extension nondegree-credit enroll- ment (excluding courses by mail) . . 43 0 1,115 16 158 0 0 104 10 1,446 427, 474 0.3 Terminal-occupational education . 43 0 880 16 141 0 0 67 10 1,157 176. 426 0.7 Men . . . . 34 0 766 16 59 0 0 16 9 900 132, 852 0.7 Women _ _ _ 9 0 114 0 82 0 0 51 1 257 43, 574 0.6 Adult education . 0 0 235 0 17 0~ 0 37 0 289 251,048 0.1 Men . . 0 0 134 0 9 0 0 30 0 173 134. 114 0.1 Women . . 0 0 101 0 8 0 0 7 0 116 116. 934 0.1 Nondegree-credit courses by mail . . o” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93, 643 Other enrollments: Short courses . . . . . . 3 0 307 0 0 0 0 0 0 310 188, 058 0.2 Individual lessons only . 0 99 0 32 0 0 0 3 0 134 25, 777 0.5 EXHIBIT ITEMS, enrollment: Total extension enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) . . . 456 48 2,019 585 194 0 0 0 0 3, 302 378, 445 0.9 Total resident enrollment, degree-credit and non¬ degree-credit . . . 2, 779 3, 998 33, 939 25, 690 10, 007 317 561 1, 596 1,323 80, 210 3, 218, 153 2.5 Special and unclassified students (included in "resident degree-credit” above) . . 75 125 524 492 88 23 8 171 38 1,544 192, 399 0.8 First-time resident degree-credit students . 738 654 10, 095 7, 260 3, 062 101 26 572 647~ ~23, 155 742, 875~ 3.1 Men, full-time _ 384 262 4, 800 3, 096 1,097 43 9 251 282 10, 224 364,111 2.8 Women, full-time _ _ _ _ 327 218 4, 709 3, 993 1,860 58 8 212 304 11,689 236. 559 4.9 Men, part-time _ _ 20 105 201 69 35 0 6 98 26 560 90, 388 0.6 Women, part-time . . 7 69 385 102 70 0 3 11 35 682 51,817 1.3 Veterans of Korean War, degree-credit only (under Public Laws 550 and 894) . 377 793 4,213 2, 774 1,036 26 169 470 195 10, 053 437, 927 2.3 DEGREES * July 1, 1957 to June 30, 1958 Bachelor’s and 1st professional . . 414 569 4, 303 4, 427 1,934 24 122 (>) (0 11, 793 365, 748 3.2 Men . . . . . . 182 401 1,908 1, 744 573 17 90 (') (') 4,915 242, 948 2.0 Women . . 232 168 2,395 2, 683 1,361 7 32 (') (') 6, 878 122, 800 5.6 Master’s, except lst-professional . . 132 52 791 273 83 0 0 (') (0 1,331 65,614 2.0 Men . 48 25 253 145 31 0 0 (') (O 502 44. 252 1.1 Women . . . 84 27 538 128 52 0 0 (■) (') 829 21,362 3.9 i Item inapplicable to junior colleges. Only 2 doctorates were reported; both were conferred on men by a privately controlled university. Faculty Analysis by Type of Staff Position Introduction. — In the 1957-58 biennial survey of faculty and other professional staff, each in¬ stitution was asked to report (a) a single figure representing the total number of different persons (i.e., “heads”) serving the institution at a profes¬ sional level; and ( b ) a detailed breakdown of the various positions held by those individuals. Since some staff members hold more than one position, the total number of positions is some¬ what larger than the total number of different persons. Thus, in 1957-58, the number of dif¬ ferent persons was approximately 348,500 while the number of positions was 13 percent larger, or approximately 393,400. The survey covered all professional staff mem¬ bers, whether engaged in instruction, administra¬ tion, auxiliary enterprises, or other activities, and regardless of their status or tenure. Staff members on sabbatical leave were reported as of their positions in regular service. The survey included staff rendering established service with¬ out cash remuneration (i.e., “contributed service” at religious, medical, or dental schools). Excluded , however, were staff on leave without pay and staff in emeritus or retired status. Since the survey did not encompass clerical or other nonprofessional personnel, the term “staff” is used here to refer exclusively to professional staff. Analysis of the types of positions held is best made in terms of ratios representing positions per 100 persons. Such ratios are shown at the right- hand side of the bar in figure 2. Each ratio was obtained by dividing the number of positions in the given category by the total number of dif¬ ferent persons, and multiplying the quotient by 100. For example, the ratio 5, which appears op¬ posite the topmost segment of the bar, was ob¬ tained by dividing the number of positions in “general administration” (i.e., 16,000) by the total number of different persons (348,500) and multiplying by 100. Similarly, the ratio 4, ap¬ pearing opposite “student personnel services,” was obtained as 12,900/348,500 x 100. Considered separately, each of the ratios may be regarded as the percent of staff members holding positions of the given type, either as their primary duty assignment or as an official secondary duty assignment. However, some individuals held more than one type of position, and each of those individuals has necessarily entered into the computation of more than one ratio. As a result, the values of the ratios tend to be slightly higher than they would be if each individual held only one position, and they add to more than 100. 7 Staff for administration and student personnel services. — In the 1957-58 biennial survey (as distinct from that for 1955-56), the report form permitted separation of data on staff positions in “general administration” and data on staff positions in “student personnel services.” The category “general administration” included staff whose functions extended across departmental or divisional lines and yet did not include student personnel services. Specifically excluded from general administration were heads of instructional units, such as heads of departments or of schools or colleges within universities; the respondents were asked to report these officers in appropriate categories for instructional staff. Positions in “student personnel services” were defined to include deans of students, physicians, registered nurses, counselors, and staff for student placement, loan services, housing, etc. Instruc¬ tions to respondents noted that the staff members who were reportable in this category were often paid from separately budgeted funds, and student personnel services were defined to exclude staff members whose participation in such activities was only incidental to other duties in instruction, research, or departmental administration. i There is no way of estimating the extent to which the ratio for any single category of positions has been raised by the occasional duplication of indi¬ viduals. However, in view of the fact that the sum of the ratios for all types of positions is no larger than 113, it seems clear that the majority of the ratios are only slightly higher than they would be if the institutions had reported only one position for every individual. 18 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 19 Figure 2. — Types of positions held by faculty and other professional staff in institutions of higher education: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Positions per 100 persons J/ Number of positions ^ GENERAL ADMINISTRATION STUDENT PERSONNEL SERVICES r ~~~r < INSTRUC¬ TION IN RESIDENT "DEGREE- CREDIT" COURSES, i . e . , in courses — ^ credit- ' able to¬ ward bachel¬ or's or higher degrees —WITH RANK OF INSTRUC- -<( TOR OR ABOVE (senior instruc¬ tional staff) Serving on full-time basis Serving on part-time basis (equivalent to 23,000 full-time positions) v RESIDENT NONDEGREE-CREDIT INSTRUCTION V _ . _ -a. — GIVING COURSES BY MAIL, ETC, 1/ EXTENSION WORK LIBRARY SERVICES ORGANIZED RESEARCH GIVING COURSES \ - — — OTHER EXTENSION ELEMENTARY OR SECONDARY INSTRUCTION 16,000 12,900 154,600 71,900 JUNIOR INSTRUCTIONAL 34,000 STAFF 12,100 9,600 15,500 15,800 9,100 32,500 9,300 44 21 10 4 3 4 5 3 Total number of positions held = 393,400 Sum of positions per 100 persons = 113 (Total number of different persons = 348,500) * These figures were computed by dividing the number of positions in each category by the total number of different persons (348,500) and multiplying the quotient by 100 e.g., 16,000/348,500 x 100 = 5). Although strictly speaking these figures are ratios rather than percents, each one may be regarded as the percent of total staff who held positions of the given type as at least part of their official duties (see text). * Includes some 340 positions reported as "other faculty,” as well as 9,260 positions for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons. 20 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Staff for resident degree-credit instruction. — The next category, shown in figure 2 as subdivided into staff serving full time and part time, accounts for much the largest group of staff members in higher educational institutions. It comprises staff mem¬ bers who have the rank of instructor or above and who are engaged in instructing resident “degree- credit” students, or resident students taking courses principally or wholly creditable toward bachelor’s or higher degrees. For brevity, this group is henceforth referred to as senior instruc¬ tional staff for resident degree-credit courses. For positions in this category, the respondents were asked to report the following: (a) the number of staff serving on a full-time basis; ( b ) the number of staff serving on a part-time basis; and (c) the full-time equivalence of the staff serving on a part- time basis. As shown in figure 2, the number of full-time staff was 154,600, and the number .of part- time staff was 71,900. The 71,900 part-time staff were reported as equivalent to 23,000 full-time staff; i.e., the part-time staff on the average were devoting between one-fourth and one-third time to this type of instruction. The data on full-time and part-time instructional positions are discussed in more detail later on. The breakdown of part- time and full-time staff was reported to the Office of Education only for the senior instructional staff for resident degree-credit courses. The 34,000 junior instructional staff members included assistant instructors, teaching fellows, laboratory assistants, graduate assistants, and other staff members with similar functions, pro¬ vided only that the duties of such junior staff included the instruction of resident degree-credit students or assistance in such instruction. The ratio of positions per 100 persons for full¬ time senior staff is 44, while that for part-time senior staff is 21, and that for the junior instruc¬ tional staff is 10. The fact that these ratios, added together, represent 75 positions per 100 persons means that three-quarters of all professional staff members at higher educational institutions were instructing resident degree-credit students in 1957- 58 as at least part of their official duties. The three groups of positions concerned here (full-time senior staff, part-time senior staff, and junior instructional staff) are mutually exclusive, in that a staff member might hold a position in any one of them but could not hold more than one such position. Other staff positions. — The remaining categories shown in figure 2 require relatively brief comment. The category designated as “resident nondegree- credit instruction” accounted for 12,100 staff positions. It concerns the instruction of resident students in adult education and terminal-occupa¬ tional programs; where adult education or ter¬ minal-occupational students were in extension divisions, the staff instructing such students were reported in the category shown as “extension work, giving courses.” A total of 15,500 were reported in the latter group. The category designated as “other extension” included two groups of positions which occur only in the land-grant institutions, consisting of (a) positions in agriculture and home economics extension, and (6) district and county extension agents for agriculture, home demonstration, and 4-H clubs. These two groups accounted for all but a small part of the 15,800 positions reported in “other extension.” Detailed data on the positions in extension work are included in tables 10 and 11. The positions in the category “library services” numbered 9, 100 . These included only professional library staff. The category designated as “organized research” was the largest nonteaching category. It included 32,500 staff members, some or all of whose duties were the conduct of organized research. Excluded were persons serving as consultants on an occa¬ sional basis. Included were staff positions in agri¬ cultural experiment stations at land-grant institu¬ tions. Although the tables in this report do not give separate data for staffs of the experiment stations at land-grant institutions, it may be stated that such staff accounted for approximately 28 percent of all positions reported in organized research in 1957-58. Information regarding the staffs of the individual experiment stations is available in a separate report.8 The category designated on the bar chart as “elementary or secondary instruction” included the following three groups of positions: (a) instructional staff in high school grades of a unified combination of high school and college — exclusive of staff reported to State departments of education 8 Statistics of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities, Year Ended June SO, 1958 by George Lind and Mabel C. Rice. Washington: U.S. Government Print¬ ing Office, 1960. (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Circular No. 612.) 141 p. (See pages 82-88.) The only major experiment stations not included in this report are those at Wooster, Ohio, and New Haven, Conn., neither of which is a branch of a higher educational institution. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 21 Table 10. — Faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, sex, and type of institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 Type of position Number of institutions reporting at leas! one staff member in given category, 1957-58 First term 1957-58 November 1955 4 Percent change, 1955 to 1957-58 Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A. PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total number of different persons . 1, 940 348, 509 270, 013 78,496 301,582 232,107 ! 69,475 | 15.6 16.3 13.0 Total number of positions . . . . . . 1, 940 393, 382 303, 283 90, 099 341, 977 261, 941 80, 036 15.0 15.8 12.6 Staff for general administration and student personnel services _ 1,940 28, 898 19,369 9, 529 22, 223 15. 275 6. 948 30.0 26.8 37.1 Staff for student personnel services (included in item above) _ 1,757 12,863 7,157 5. 706 (2) (2) (2) Faculty for resident instruction, total... . . i; 939 272, 582 218,133 54, 449 237, 940 189, 553 48. 387 14.6 15.1 12.5 Degree-credit courses, total _ _ _ _ 1,889 260, 486 208, 727 51, 759 227, 929 181,638 46,291 14.3 14.9 11.8 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number . . . . . 1,889 226, 536 180, 591 45, 945 197, 791 156. 860 40. 931 14.5 15.1 12.2 Full-time. . . . . . . 1,858 154, 602 121,262 33, 340 (*) (3) (3) Part-time . . . . 1,691 71,934 59, 329 12, 605 (») (3) (*) Full-time equivalent of total _ _ _ _ 1,889 177, 554 4 139, 605 4 38, 008 151,322 118,148 33, 174 17.3 18.2 14.6 Junior instructional staff (assistants, fellows, etc.) _ 659 33, 950 28, 136 5,814 30, 138 24, 778 5, 360 12.6 13.6 8.5 Nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal-occupa- tional education) . . . . . . . . 556 12, 096 9, 406 2, 690 10,011 7,915 2,096 20.8 18.8 28.3 Instructional staff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons.. . . . . 568 9, 264 6, 892 2, 372 10,211 7, 339 2, 872 -9.3 -6.1 -17.4 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit) _ 455 15, 547 12,617 2, 930 12, 396 9, 796 2, 600 25.4 28.8 12.7 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only). .. 56 3, 953 3, 187 766 3, 742 2,840 902 5.6 12.2 -15.1 County agents: agriculture, home demonstration, 4-H (land- grant institutions only) . . . . . . 57 11,280 6,955 4, 325 10, 660 6, 532 4,128 5.8 6.5 4.8 Others in extension service . . 66 598 486 112 504 427 77 18.7 13.8 <5) Professional library staff _ _ _ _ _ _ 1,840 9, 099 2,741 6, 358 8,515 2,576 5,939 6.9 6.4 7. 1 Professional staff for organized research... . . . 329 32, 531 29, 027 3, 504 27, 056 24, 037 3,019 20.2 20.8 16. 1 Instructional staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High-schnnl grades unified with junior college 54 631 421 210 1,038 655 383 -39.2 -35.7 -45.2 Laboratory, demonstration, training schools: Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten . 425 4, 423 901 3, 522 3, 861 733 3,128 14.6 22.9 12.6 Secondary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 247 4,238 2,280 1,958 3, 346 1,786 1,560 26.7 27.7 25.5 Other professional staff positions, not included above . . 16 338 274 64 485 392 93 -30.3 -30.1 O) B. PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total number of different persons. _ _ _ _ 671 189, 834 146, 853 42,981 161, 345 123,256 38. 089 17.7 19.1 12.8 Total number of positions . 671 217,656 168, 343 49, 313 184,922 141, 229 43, 693 17.7 19.2 12.9 Staff for general administration and student personnel services . 671 11,382 8,042 3, 340 8, 687 6. 239 2,448 31.0 28.9 36.4 Staff for student personnel services (included in item above) _ 602 5, 509 3. 196 2,313 (2) (2) (2) Faculty for resident instruction, total . . . . 670 141,387 112,948 28,439 119, 692 94. 740 24, 952 18.1 19.2 14.0 Degree-credit courses, total . . . . . . 653 133, 362 106,812 26, 550 113, 137 89, 735 23,402 17.9 19.0 13.5 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number . . . 653 114, 785 91.547 23, 238 97, 422 77. 134 20, 288 17.8 18.7 14.5 Full-time _ __ _ _ 643 85, 885 67, 936 17, 949 (*) (*) (*) Part-time . _ _ 547 28. 900 23,611 5, 289 (*) (*) (*) Full-time equivalent of total . 653 95, 423 4 75, 565 4 19, 876 77, 484 60, 689 16 795 23.2 24.5 18.3 Junior instructional staff (assistants, fellows, etc.).. . 214 18, 577 15,265 3,312 15,715 12, 601 3,114 18.2 21. 1 6.4 Nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal- occupational education) . . . . . 284 8, 025 6, 136 1,889 6, 555 5, 005 1,550 22.4 22.6 21.9 Instructional staff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons . . . 206 6, 006 4, 882 1, 124 5, 979 4, 583 1,396 .5 6.5 -19.5 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit). . 269 12,415 10,229 2, 186 9,232 7, 431 1,801 34.5 37.7 21.4 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only)... 56 3, 953 3, 187 766 3, 707 2,813 894 6.6 13.3 -14.3 County agents: agriculture, home demonstration, 4-H (land- grant institutions only) . . . 57 11,280 6, 955 4, 325 10, 576 6,477 4, 099 6.7 7.4 5. 5 Others in extension service . . . . 53 548 443 105 486 415 71 12.8 6.7 O) „ Professional library staff . . . . . 639 4, 524 1,414 3,110 4, 126 1,321 2, 805 9.6 7.0 10.9 Professional staff for organized research.. . . . . . 141 19, 669 17,830 1,839 16, 648 15, 039 1,609 18.1 18.6 14.3 Instructional staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High-school grades unified with junior college . . . 6 35 17 18 191 115 76 -81.7 -85.2 <5) Laboiatory, demonstration, training schools: Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten . 250 3, 240 626 2,614 2, 851 514 2,337 13.6 21.8 11.9 Secondary . 124 2, 897 1,509 1,388 2,339 1,217 1, 122 23.9 24.0 23.7 Other professional staff positions, not included above... . . 10 320 261 59 408 325 83 -22.0 -20.0 (') See footnotes at end of table. 22 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 Table 10. — Faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, sex, and type of institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 — Continued Type of position Number of institutions reporting at least one staff member in given category, 1957-58 First term 1957-58 November 1955 » Percent change, 1955 to 1957-58 Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 C. PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total number of different persons . . . 1,269 158, 675 123, 160 35,515 140, 237 108, 851 31, 386 13.1 13.1 13.2 Total number of positions - - - - - 1, 269 175, 726 134, 940 40, 786 157, 055 120, 712 36, 343 11.9 11.8 12.2 Staff for general administration and student personnel services - 1,269 17,516 11,327 6,189 13, 536 9, 036 4, 500 29.4 25.4 37.5 Staff for student personnel services (included in item above)- _ 1, 155 7, 354 3, 961 3, 393 (2) (2) (2) Faculty for resident instruction, total . . . . 1,269 131,195 105, 185 26, 010 118, 248 94,813 23, 435 10.9 10.9 11.0 Degree-credit courses, total . . . 1,236 127, 124 101,915 25, 209 114, 792 91,903 22, 889 10.7 10.9 10.1 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number . . . . . 1, 236 111,751 89, 044 22, 707 100, 369 79, 726 20, 643 11.3 11.7 10.0 Full-time _ . 1,215 68,717 53, 326 15, 391 (*) (3) (3) Part-time _ _ 1, 144 43, 034 35.718 7,316 (3) (*) (3) Full-time equivalent of total . . . . 1,236 82, 131 * 64. 040 8 18, 132 73, 838 57, 459 16, 379 11.2 11.5 10.7 Junior instructional staff (assistants, fellows, etc.) _ 445 15, 373 12, 871 2, 502 14,423 12, 177 2,246 6.6 5.7 11.4 Nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal- occupational education) . . . . 272 4, 071 3,270 801 3,456 2,910 546 17.8 12.4 46.7 Instructional staff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons . . . . 362 3, 258 2, 010 1,248 4, 232 2, 756 1,476 -23.0 -27.1 -15.4 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit) _ 186 3, 132 2, 388 744 3, 164 2, 365 799 -1.0 1.0 -6.9 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only)... 0 35 27 8 (') (8) (O County agents: agriculture, home demonstration, 4-H (land- grant institutions only) _ _ - 0 84 55 29 (5) 0) (5) Others in extension service _ _ _ _ _ 13 50 43 7 18 12 6 (») (6) (8) Professional library staff-. _ _ _ . 1,201 4, 575 1,327 3, 248 4, 389 1,255 3, 134 4 2 5.7 3 6 Professional staff for organized research _ _ _ . _ 188 12, 862 11, 197 1,665 10, 408 8, 998 1,410 23.6 24.4 18.1 Instructional staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High-school grades unified with junior college . . . . 48 596 404 192 847 540 307 -29.6 -25.2 -37.5 Laboratory, demonstration, training schools: Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten _ 175 1,183 275 908 1,010 219 791 17.1 25.6 14.8 Secondary _ _ _ _ 123 1,341 111 570 1,007 569 438 33.2 35.5 30.1 Other professional staff positions, not included above _ _ 6 18 13 5 77 67 10 (5) 0) (5) 1 Data for 1955 have been adjusted to fit the 1957-58 reclassification of institutions by type. 2 For the year 1955, data on staff for student personnel services were not collected separately but were included with data on staff for general administration. 2 Separate data for full-time and part-time faculty were not collected in 1955. 8 The figures shown for men and women do not necessarily add to the total for both through public school channels; (6) staff in practice-teaching schools or educational projects at the elementary level (including nursery and kindergarten work) ; and (c) staff in practice¬ teaching schools or educational projects at the secondary level. Groups ( b ) and (c) included not only staff positions in practice-teaching, but also staff supervising directed observation by students in psychology, social work, home economics, etc., insofar as such staff members were paid in some part from the institution’s funds. Group (c) included staff in secondary or preparatory divisions devoted to completing the preparation of students for college-level work, together with staff in schools which the institution operated as a convenience to the community. The numbers of positions reported in groups ( b ) and (c) were generally much larger than the number reported in group (a); detailed data are given in tables 10 and 11. sexes due to the method used foi rounding when full-time equivalents were reported to the first decimal place, and the figure for both sexes was not the sum of the figures for men and women. 8 Not given where base (1955) figure was less than 100 or when 1957-58 figur was zero. Analysis of Staff, By Institutional Group Control of institution. — Table 10 gives the num¬ ber of different persons and the number of posi¬ tions of each type, by sex, for the publicly and privately controlled institutions in November 1955 and in the first term 1957-58. Similar information, except that sex is not included, is given for each type of institution in table 11. Derived from these tables are the ratios of posi¬ tions per 100 persons shown in tables 12 and 13. For brevity, these ratios are henceforth termed “position/person” ratios. Table 12 shows that the position/person ratio was 115 in the publicly controlled institutions and 111 in the privately controlled institutions. In the publicly controlled group the ratio was 115 for both the men and women staff members. In HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 23 the privately controlled institutions, however, the ratio was 110 for men and 115 for women, indicat¬ ing that in these institutions the men received multiple assingments somewhat less often than the women. Computations from the data in table 10 show that the proportion of women among total staff members (i.e., among total different persons) is the same — 22 % percent — in both the publicly and privately controlled institutions. As regards specific types of positions, the ratios for the publicly and privately controlled institu¬ tions differ in a number of ways. For positions in both general administration and student personnel services, the ratios are somewhat higher in the privately than in the publicly controlled institu¬ tions. With respect to senior instructional staff for resident degree-credit courses the ratio is lower for the publicly controlled institutions (61) than for the privately controlled institutions (70). The relatively high ratio for the privately con¬ trolled institutions arises largely from the fact that they utilize relatively large numbers of part- time instructors. This follows from the fact that the publicly and privately controlled institutions differ comparatively little in respect to 1 ‘full- time equivalent of total,” the ratios for this category being 50 and 52, respectively, for the publicly and privately controlled groups. For several of the remaining types of positions in table 12, the ratios tend to be moderately higher for the publicly than for the privately controlled insti¬ tutions. This is true for the following categories: (a) instruction in resident nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal-occupational educa¬ tion) ; ( b ) instruction in courses by mail, radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons; (c) ex¬ tension activities; ( d ) organized research; and (< e ) elementary and secondary instruction. As to organized research, the difference between the two figures is perceptible (the ratios being 10 for the publicly controlled and 8 for the privately controlled institutions). However, the difference is not as great in relation to the absolute sizes of the ratios as it is for each of the other 4 categories listed above. The fact that the differences for the latter 4 are substantial in relation to the absolute sizes of the ratios is consistent with the relatively strong emphasis which the publicly controlled institutions place upon the activities concerned. With respect to positions in library services, however, the privately controlled institutions show a slightly higher ratio than the publicly controlled institutions. Type oj institution. — The data in table 13 show that, in relation to the position/person ratio 113 for all types of institutions taken together, the ratio was relatively low for the universities (110) and the technological schools (105), while it was relatively high for the teachers colleges (128), the theological and religious schools (122), and the junior colleges (117). For the other two groups of institutions, i.e., the liberal arts colleges and the “other professional schools,” the ratio was not far from 113. The figures in the body of table 13 reveal some marked variations in the ratios for individual posi¬ tions in different types of institutions. For each type of position discussed below, mention is made of the “overall” ratio, i.e., the ratio in column 2 for all types of institutions combined. 1. For positions in general administration and student personnel services (for which the overall ratio is 8), the universities show a relatively low ratio (4), while the liberal arts colleges and the theological and religious schools show high ratios (15 and 27, respec¬ tively). This does not necessarily mean that a smaller proportion of total staff time is given to administration in universities ; instead, it may well reflect a tendency for universities to concentrate administrative assignments in individuals who can spend all or most of their time in such work. 2. With respect to senior instructional staff for resident degree-credit courses (overall ratio 65), the ratios for the full-time and part- time staff vary in a complex manner. The data are perhaps best generalized in terms of the “full-time equivalent of total” (overall ratio 51). The high value of this ratio in the teachers colleges (overall ratio 70) reflects the concentration on degree-credit teaching in those institutions. The low value of the ratio in the “other professional schools” (39) largely reflects the fact that the medical schools and some other schools in the “other professional” group utilize large numbers of part-time staff on a contributed-service basis. 3. For junior instructional staff (overall ratio 10) the relatively high ratio which appears for universities (15) doubtless reflects 24 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 11. — Faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, and type and control of [Data for November 1955 have been adjusted to Type of position Universities Liberal arts colleges First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change 2 3 i 5 6 7 A. PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total number of different persons - - - - - - 191, 376 167, 530 14.2 72, 626 63, 026 15.2 Men . . . . . . . . . . . 158. 551 138, 382 14.6 48. 354 41.218 17.3 Women . . . . . . -- 32, 825 29, 148 12.6 24, 272 21. 808 11.3 Total number of positions - - — - - - - 211, 441 186, 990 13.1 82, 374 71, 326 15.5 Staff for genera! administration and student personnel services _ - - 8, 239 6, 228 32.3 11,027 8. 743 26.1 3, 854 (2) 4 850 (2) Faculty for resident instruction, total - - - 141,356 125,312 12.8 60. 806 52,915 14.9 Degree-credit courses, total - - - - --- - - - 139, 790 123, 374 13.3 58, 975 51,415 14.7 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number - - - - - - - - - - 111,594 99. 946 11.7 56,716 48, 883 16.0 73, 156 (i) 42, 759 (3) 38, 438 (») 13 957 (3) Full-time equivalent of total . . . . . 85, 062 72, 647 17.1 47. 692 41. 443 15.1 Junior instructional staff (assistants, fellows, etc. ) - - - - - - 28. 196 23, 428 20.4 2, 259 2, 532 -10.8 Nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal-occupational education) - 1,566 1,938 -19.2 1,831 1,500 22.1 Instructional staff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons - - 5, 226 5, 293 -1.3 1, 496 1,716 -12.8 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit)... - - - - 8, 406 6, 771 24.1 3, 001 2, 472 21.4 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only). . . - - - - 3,622 3. 443 5.2 75 38 0> County agents: agriculture, home demonstration, 4-H (land-grant institutions only) - 10, 789 10, 039 7.5 106 288 -63.2 Others in extension service _ _ 468 453 3.3 45 26 (4) Professional library staff . . . - - - 4,003 3,809 5.1 2, 709 2, 532 7.0 Professional staff for organized research _ _ _ _ _ _ 26, 747 23,015 16.2 940 727 29.3 Instructional staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High-schoo! grades unified with junior college - - - - 0 42 (4> 64 61 (4) Laboratory, demonstration, training schools: Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten - - - 858 968 -11.4 1,057 896 18.0 Secondary _ _ _ 1,416 1,214 16.6 1,035 835 24.0 Other professional staff positions, not included above - - - 311 403 -22.8 13 77 (4) B. PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total number of different persons . . . . . . . 120, 426 103, 357 16.5 18, 393 15,961 15.2 Men _ _ _ 97, 645 83, 166 17.4 12, 596 10. 529 19.6 Women _ _ _ _ _ _ 22, 781 20, 191 12.8 5, 797 5, 432 6.7 Total number of positions . . . . . . . . 135, 523 116, 864 16.0 21, 092 18, 055 16.8 Staff for general administration and student personnel services . - - . - - 4, 868 3, 698 31.6 1,652 1,294 27.7 Staff for student personnel services (included in item above) _ 2,406 <2) 850 (2) Faculty for resident instruction, total - - - 81,675 69. 957 16.8 15,518 13, 334 16.4 Degree credit courses, total . . . . . . . . 80, 946 68, 891 17.5 14,610 12, 728 14.8 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number.. . . . . . . . . 64, 159 55, 421 15.8 14,114 11,875 18.9 Full-time _ 47, 685 (*) 11,408 (3) Part-time . _ _ 16 474 (8) 2.706 (3) Full-time equivalent of total . . . . 53, 345 43,316 23.2 12,281 12, 281 19.8 Junior instructional staff (assistants, fellows, etc.) . . . . . 16, 787 13. 470 24.6 496 853 —41. 9 Nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal-occupation education) . . 729 1,066 -31.6 908 606 49 8 Instructional s*aff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons _ 4,417 4, 302 2.7 422 356 18.5 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit) . - . . 6, 870 5, 462 25.8 1, 762 1,140 54.6 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only) _ _ 3, 622 3, 408 6.3 75 38 <4) County agents: agriculture, home demonstration, 4-H (land-grant institutions only) . . . . 10, 789 9, 955 8.4 106 288 -63.2 Others in extension service . . . 440 452 -2.7 23 12 (4) Professional library staff . . . . . . 2, 521 2,260 11.5 625 612 2.1 Professional staff for organized research . . . . 18, 304 15, 504 18.1 187 171 9.4 Instructional Staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High-school grades unified with junior college _ 0 5 (O 7 0 <4) Laboratory, demonstration, training schools: Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten . 594 668 -11.1 381 386 -1.3 Secondary . . . . . . . . 1, 119 860 30.1 325 354 -8.2 Other professional staff positions, not included above . 304 333 -8.7 9 70 <4) See footnotes at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 25 institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 fit the 1957-58 reclassification of institutions by type] Teachers colleges Technological schools Theological and religious schools Other professional schools Junior colleges > First term November Percent First term November Percent First term November Percent First term November Percent First term November Percent 1957-58 1955 change 1957-58 1955 change 1957-58 1955 change 1957-58 1955 change 1957-58 1955 change 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 A. PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS— Continued 21, 017 17, 194 22.2 13,775 11, 272 22.2 4,128 3, 638 13.5 15, 593 14,783 5.5 29, 994 24, 139 24.3 12, 682 9. 877 28.4 13, 062 10,719 21.9 3. 422 3, 032 12.9 12, 770 12,434 2.7 21,172 15, 445 28.7 8, 335 7,317 13.9 713 553 28.9 706 606 16.5 2, 823 2. 349 20.2 8, 822 7,694 14.7 26, 829 22, 129 21.2 14, 484 12, 115 19.6 5, 050 4, 488 12.5 18,057 16, 577 9.1 35, 147 28, 372 23.9 2,356 1,978 19.1 1,028 721 42.6 1, 108 822 34.8 1,173 799 46.8 3, 967 2, 932 35.3 1 104 (2) 444 (2) 419 (2) 416 (2) 1 776 (2) 16! 474 13, 744 19.9 9,678 8, 345 16.0 3, 303 2, 965 11.4 13, 284 12, 380 7.3 27, 681 22, 279 24.2 16, 381 13, 667 19.9 9,192 7, 986 15.1 3,269 2,914 12.2 12, 845 12, 114 6.0 20, 034 16,459 21.7 15, 943 13,216 20.6 7, 887 6, 890 14.5 3, 071 2, 657 15.6 11,536 9, 964 15.8 19, 789 16. 235 21.9 14, 133 (3) 6, 177 (3) 2, 200 (3) 4, 327 (3) 11,850 (3) 1, 810 (3) 1,710 (3) 871 (3) 7, 209 (*) 7, 939 (3) 14, 746 12, 052 22.4 6, 837 5,931 15.3 2, 533 2,245 12.8 6,118 4,985 22.7 14, 566 12,019 21.2 438 451 -2.9 1,305 1,096 19. 1 198 257 -23.0 1, 309 2, 150 -39.1 245 224 9.4 93 77 (4) 486 359 35.4 34 51 (4) 439 266 65.0 7, 647 5, 820 31.4 1,019 1,030 -1.1 42 102 -58.8 113 155 -27.1 956 1, 333 -28.3 412 582 -29.2 2,189 1,611 35.9 154 311 -50.5 84 90 (4> 230 334 -31.1 1,483 807 83.8 256 261 -1.9 385 333 15.6 83 21 (4) 0 1 (4) 0 0 0 2 (4) 2 1 (4) 778 723 7 6 226 211 7.1 309 284 8.8 266 244 9.0 808 712 13.5 120 48 0 3, 355 2, 424 38.4 13 30 (4) 1,311 782 67.6 45 30 (4) 0 0 0 0 0 68 70 (4) 0 0 499 865 -42.3 2, 328 1,872 24.4 1 0 0 7 7 (4) 27 32 (4) 145 86 0 1,479 1, 099 34.6 0 0 42 65 (4> 169 57 (4) 97 76 (4) 3 3 O) 0 0 3 0 <4) 0 0 8 2 (4) B. PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS— Continued 19, 071 16, 071 23.2 4, 413 3, 775 16.9 0 (5) 0 4,618 4,435 4.1 22, 177 17, 746 25.0 12, 183 9, 405 29.5 4. 238 3,644 16.3 0 O) 0 3, 795 3,848 1.4 16,396 12,664 29.5 7,624 6, 666 14.4 175 131 33.6 0 0 0 823 587 40.2 5, 781 5, 082 13.8 25, 370 20, 762 22.2 4, 717 4, 195 12.4 O) 0 0 5, 318 4,800 10.8 25, 636 20, 246 26.6 2,130 1,770 20.3 478 293 63. 1 o 0 0 171 90 0 2,083 1,542 35.1 1,009 (2) 239 (2) <*) 0) 0 81 0 924 0 15,546 12,864 20.8 3.663 («) (5) (5) 3, 653 3.344 9.2 21.332 16, 999 25.5 15,472 12, 8C4 20.8 3,471 3,165 9.7 0 0 (0 3, 589 3, 277 9.5 15, 274 12,272 24.5 15, 060 12,389 21.6 3, 302 2. 947 12.0 0) 0 0 3, 043 2, 664 14.2 15. 107 12, 126 24.6 13, 556 (3) 3, 001 (3) (5) (3) 0 1,461 0 8,774 0 1,504 (s) 301 (3) (•') (5) 0 1,582 0 6,333 0 14, 074 11,394 23.5 3,127 2,653 17.9 (5) 0 0 1,729 1,052 64.4 10, 867 8,818 23.2 412 415 -.7 169 218 -22.5 O) (5) 0 546 613 -10.9 167 146 14.4 74 65 <4) 192 24 <4) 0 (O 0 64 67 0 6, 058 4, 727 28.2 959 987 -2.8 1 64 (4) 0 0 0 10 12 0 197 258 -23.6 2,175 1,579 37.7 154 308 -50.0 0 0 0 22 16 0 1,432 727 97.0 (5) 0 0 256 261 -1.9 (S) 0 0 385 333 15.6 83 21 (4) 0 1 (4) 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 , 727 673 8.0 115 90 (4) 0 0 0 56 64 0 480 427 12.4 97 39 (4) 305 250 22.0 0 0 0 765 680 12.5 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 0 28 186 -84.9 2,201 1,750 25.8 1 0 (4) 0 0 0 0 0 63 47 0 1,449 1,071 35.3 0 0 (5) 0 0 0 0 4 54 0 3 3 (4) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 654235-62- 3 26 BIENNIAL SURVEY OE EDUCATION, 1956-58 Tabic 11. — Faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, and type and control of insti- Type of position Universities Liberal arts colleges First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change ■ 2 5 4 3 6 7 C. PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total number of different persons . . . . . . .. . 70,950 64, 173 10.6 54, 233 47, 065 15.2 Men _ _ _ _ _ _ 60. 906 55,216 10.3 35,758 30, 689 16.5 Women _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10, 044 8, 957 12.1 18, 475 16, 376 12.8 Total number of positions _ _ _ _ . _ _ 75,918 70, 126 8.3 61, 282 53, 271 15.0 Staff for general administration and student personnel services . . . 3. 371 2, 530 33.2 9, 375 7,449 25 9 Staff for student personnel services (included in item above) . 1 448 (2) 4. 000 (2) Faculty for resident instruction, total . . . 59. 681 55, 355 7.8 45, 288 39, 581 14.4 Degree-credit courses, total _ 58, 844 54, 483 8.0 44, 365 38, 687 14.7 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number _ 47, 435 44. 525 6.5 42, 602 37. 008 15.1 Full-time _ 25 471 (3) 31,351 (3) Part-time _ 21 964 (8) 11,251 (3) Full-time equivalent of total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 31,717 29. 331 8.1 35,411 31,192 13.5 Junior instructional staff (assistants, fellows, etc.) _ _ _ _ _ 11,409 9, 958 14.6 1,763 1,679 5.0 Nondeeree-credit courses (adult education and terminal-occupational education). _ _ 837 872 -4.0 923 894 3.2 Instructional staff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons . . 809 991 -18.4 1, 074 1, 360 -21.0 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit) . . . . 1, 536 1,309 17.3 1,239 1, 332 -7.0 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only) _ 0 35 (4) County anents- agriculture, home demonstration, 4-H fland-grant institutions only) 0 84 (4) Others in extension service _ 28 1 (4) 22 14 (4) Professional library staff _ _ 1,482 1,549 —4 3 2, 084 1,920 8.5 Professional staff for organized research . . . . 8, 443 7,511 12.4 753 556 35.4 Instructional staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High-school grades unified with junior college . . 0 37 (4> 57 61 (4) Laboratory, demonstration, training schools: Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten . . . . . . . . 264 300 -12.0 676 510 32.5 Secondary _ _ _ _ _ 297 354 -16.1 710 481 47.6 Other professional staff positions, not included above. . 7 70 (4) 4 7 (4) , Ircludes 50 institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools * For the year 1955, data on staff for student personnel services were not collected which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a separately but were included with data on staff for general administration, bachelor's degree. Table 12. — Ratios of positions per 100 persons among faculty and other professional staff, by type of position, sex, and institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Type of position All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 8 9 10 Total positions _ . 112.9 112.3 114.8 114.7 114.6 114.7 110.7 109.6 114.8 Staff for general administration and student personnel services. . 8.3 7.2 12.1 6.0 5.5 7.8 11.0 9.2 17 ~4 Staff for student personnel services (included in item above) . . . 3.7 2.7 7.3 2.9 2.2 5.4 4.6 3.2 8.6 Faculty for resident instruction, total _ _ 78.2 80.8 69.4 74.5 76.9 66.2 82.7 85.4 73.2 Degree-credit courses, total... . . . 74.7 77.3 65.9 70.2 72.7 61.8 80.1 82.7 71.0 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number . . . . . 65.0 66.9 58.5 60.5 62.3 54.1 70.4 72.3 63.9 Full-time . . . . . . 44.4 44.9 42.5 45.2 46.3 41.8 43.3 43.3 43.3 Part-time . . . . . . . . . 20.6 22.0 16.1 15.2 16.1 12.3 27. 1 29 0 20.6 Full-time equivalent of total _ _ 50.9 51.7 48.4 50.3 51.5 46.2 51.8 52.0 51.1 Junior instructional st3ff (assistants, fellows, etc.) _ _ _ 9.7 10.4 7.4 9.8 10.4 7.7 9.7 10.5 7.0 Nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal-occupational education). . 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.2 4.2 4.4 2.6 2.7 2.3 Instructional staff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons. . . . . . 2.7 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.3 2.6 2.1 1.6 3.5 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit) _ _ _ 4.5 4.7 3.7 6.5 7.0 5.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only) . . . . . 1.1 1.2 1.0 2. 1 2.2 1.8 0 0 0 County agents: agriculture home demonstration, 4-H (land-grant institutions only) _ 3.2 2.6 5.5 5.9 4.7 10.1 0 0 0 Others in extension service _ _ _ .2 .2 .1 .3 .3 .2 (>) (0 0 Professional library staff. . 2.6 1.0 8.1 2.4 1.0 7.2 2.9 1.1 9.1 Professional staff tor organized research. . ... . _ 9.3 10.8 4.5 10.4 12.1 4.3 8.1 9.1 4.7 Instructional staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High-school grades unified with junior college. _ _ _ .2 .2 .3 (0 (0 (0 .4 .3 .5 Laboratory, demonstration, training schools: Elementarv. including nursery and kindergarten . . . 1.3 .3 4.5 1.7 .4 6.1 .7 .2 2.6 Secondary . . . . 1.2 .8 2.5 1.5 1.0 3.2 .8 . 6 1.6 Other professional staff positions, not included above . . . . . . .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 O) (0 O) J Less than .05 percent. A. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 27 tution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 — Con. Teachers colleges Technological schools Theological and religious schools Other professional schools Junior colleges i First term 1957 58 November 1955 Percent change First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 C. PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS— Continued 1, 210 1, 123 7.7 9,362 7,497 24.9 4,128 3,638 13.5 10, 975 10, 348 6.1 7, 817 6,393 22.3 499 472 5.7 8. 824 7, 075 24.7 3, 422 3, 032 12.9 8,975 8. 586 4.5 4. 776 3, 781 26.3 711 651 9.2 538 422 27.5 706 606 16.5 2. 000 1. 762 13.5 3, 041 2.612 16.4 1.459 1, 3S7 6.7 9, 767 7,920 23.3 5, 050 4,438 12.5 12, 739 11,757 8.4 9,511 8,126 17.0 226 208 8.7 550 428 28.5 1, 108 822 34.8 1,002 709 41.3 1,884 1,390 35.5 95 (3) 205 (2) 419 (?) 335 <9 852 (2) 928 875 6.1 6,015 5, 156 16.7 3, 303 2,965 11.4 9,631 9,036 6.6 6, 349 5, 280 20.2 909 863 5.3 5, 721 4, 821 18.7 3,269 2,914 12.2 9,256 8. 837 4.7 4, 760 4, 187 13.7 883 827 6.8 4, 585 3. 943 16.3 3. 071 2.657 15.6 8, 493 7. 300 16.3 4, 682 4, 109 13.9 577 (*) 3, 176 (») 2, 200 (3) (3) 2,866 (3) 3, 076 (3) 306 (3) 1,409 (3) 871 5,627 (3) 1,606 (3) 672 658 2.1 3,710 3,278 13.2 2, 533 2,245 12.8 4, 389 3, 933 11.6 3, 699 3,201 15.6 26 36 (9 1,136 878 29.4 198 257 -23.0 763 1, 537 -50.4 78 78 (9 19 12 (9 294 335 -12.2 34 51 <9 375 199 88.4 1, 589 1,093 45.4 60 43 (9 41 38 (4) 113 155 -27.1 946 1, 321 -28.4 215 324 -33.6 14 32 (4) 0 3 (4) 84 90 (9 208 318 -34.6 51 80 (9 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 (9 0 1 (9 51 50 (9 111 121 -8.3 309 284 8.8 210 180 16. 7 328 285 15.1 23 9 <9 3, 050 2,174 40.3 13 30 (9 546 102 435.3 34 26 (9 0 0 0 0 68 70 (9 0 0 471 679 —30.6 127 122 4.1 0 0 7 7 <9 27 32 (9 82 39 (9 30 28 (9 0 0 42 65 (9 169 57 (9 93 22 (9 0 0 0 0 3 0 (9 0 0 4 0 (9 • Separate data for full-time and part-time faculty were not collected in 1955. * All privately controlled. * Not given when base (1955) figure is less than 100 or when 1957-58 figure is zero. Table 13. — Ratios of positions per 100 persons among faculty and other professional staff, by type of position and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Type of position All insti¬ tutions Univer¬ sities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Techno¬ logical schools Theolo¬ gical and religious schools Other profes¬ sional schools Junior colleges > ■ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total positions _ - .... _ 112.9 110.5 113.4 127.7 105.1 122.3 115.8 117.2 Staff for general administration and student personnel services 8.3 4. 3 15.2 11.2 7 5 26.8 7.5 13 2 Staff for student personnel services (included in item above) _ 3.7 2.0 6. 7 5.3 3 2 10.2 2.7 5 9 Faculty for resident instruction, total . . . . 78.2 73.9 83.7 78 4 70.3 80.0 85 2 92.3 Degree-credit courses, total . . . 74.7 73.0 81.2 77.9 66.7 79.2 82.4 66.8 Department heads, professors, instructors: Total number . . . . . . 65.0 58 3 78. 1 75.9 57 3 74 4 74.0 66.0 Full-time _ _ _ _ _ _ 44 4 38.9 58 9 67 2 44 8 53.3 27.7 39.5 Part-time . . . 20 6 20. 1 19.2 8 6 12.4 21. 1 46.2 26 5 Full-time equivalent of total . . . . 50.9 44 4 65 7 70 2 49 6 61.4 39.2 48.6 Junior instructional staff (assistants, fellows, etc.) . 9.7 14.7 3. 1 2.1 9.5 4.8 8.4 .8 Nondegree-credit courses (adult education and terminal-occupational educa¬ tion) . . . 3.5 .8 2.5 .4 3.5 .8 2.8 25.5 Instructional staff for courses by mail, courses by radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.7 2.1 4.8 .3 2.7 6.1 1.4 Extension staff: Giving courses (both degree-credit and nondegree-credit) _ _ 4 5 4.4 4.1 10.4 1.1 2.0 1.5 4.9 Agriculture and home economics (land-grant institutions only)... . . 1.1 1.9 .1 0 0 0 1.6 0 County agents: agriculture, home demonstration, 4-H (land-grant institutions only) . . . . . . . . 3.2 5.6 .1 0 0 0 2.5 Others in extension service . _ _ _ _ _ .2 .2 .1 .4 0 0 0 (9 Professional library staff... . . . 2.6 2. 1 3.7 3.7 1.6 7.5 1.7 2.6 Professional staff for organized research _ _ _ 9.3 14.0 1.3 .6 24.4 .3 8.4 .2 Instructional staff for elementary or secondary instruction: High school grades unified with junior college _ _ .2 0 .1 0 0 1.6 0 1.7 Laboratory, demonstration, training schools: Elementary, including nursery and kindergarten _ 1.3 .4 1.5 11. 1 (9 .2 .2 .5 Secondary. . . . . . 1.2 .7 1.4 7.0 0 1.0 1.1 .3 Other professional staff positions, not included above .1 .2 (9 (9 0 .1 0 (9 1 Includes 50 institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools * Less than .05 percent, which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor's degree. 28 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 the fact that they are in a good position to employ graduate assistants. Contrastingly, the low ratios for liberal arts colleges and teachers colleges indicate that they are at a relative disadvantage in this regard. 4. As indicated earlier, positions for instruc¬ tion in resident nondegree-credit courses (overall ratio 4) are much more frequent in junior colleges than in institutions of any other type. This is not only because technical institutes and semiprofessional schools are included among the junior colleges, but is also because the curriculums of junior colleges frequently include nondegree-credit courses. 5. For instruction by mail , radio or TV, short courses, and individual lessons (overall ratio 3), the ratios are relatively large for teachers colleges (5) and “other professional” schools (6). 6. For extension staff giving courses (overall ratio 5) the ratio is relatively high for teachers colleges (10). It is low for technological schools (1), presumably because the equip¬ ment necessary for instruction in technological curriculums does not ordinarily lend itself to extension work. 7. For library services (overall ratio 3), the ratio is high for theological and religious schools (8), and is somewhat low (approxi¬ mately 2) for universities, technological schools, and “other professional” schools. 8. The ratios for organized research (overall ratio 9) indicate that this activity is largely concentrated in technological schools, uni¬ versities, and “other professional” schools, the respective ratios for these types of institu¬ tions being 24, 14, and 8. The ratio is approximately 1 for liberal arts colleges, and it is scarcely above zero for teachers colleges, theological and religious schools, and junior colleges. 9. As is to be expected, the ratios indicate that staff positions for elementary and sec¬ ondary instruction are much more frequent in teachers colleges than in other types of institutions. A further means of studying the variation in types of positions, by type of institution, is pro¬ vided by the data in table 14. For nine selected types of positions, table 14 shows the number of institutions which reported at least one staff member in each of the given positions in each type of institution. Data for types of positions not included in table 14 are given in column 2 of table 10. Al¬ though the data shown there do not extend to the various types of institutions, parts B and C of table 10 provide (in column 2) separate data on the publicly and privately controlled institutions for every tj^pe of position. In table 15, part A gives the percent distribu¬ tion of all 348,500 staff members (different per¬ sons), by sex and by type and control of institution. Some 55 percent of the staff were in the publicly controlled institutions. By type of institution, 55 percent were in the universities; next in order were liberal arts colleges with 21 percent, junior colleges with 9 percent, teachers colleges with 6 percent, “other professional schools” with 5 percent, technological schools with 4 percent, and theological and religious schools with 1 percent. Table II gives, for each State, total faculty and other professional staff (number of different per¬ sons), by sex, and the number of staff reported in each type of position in each State. Summer session staff. — Part B of table 15 pro¬ vides data on staff for degree-credit courses in all summer sessions of 1957. Institutions holding more than one summer session were asked to re¬ port the sum of the staffs in the separate sessions. Thus, individuals were counted as many times as they taught in different sessions. Only instruc¬ tional staff (senior and junior) for degree-credit courses were included. Visiting staff as well as regular staff were counted. The total number of summer-session staff positions, so counted, was approximately 81,400. Their percent distribution, by sex and by type and control of institution, is shown in the right- hand part of part B, table 15. The proportion of positions in the publicly controlled institutions was 60 percent, which was somewhat higher than the proportion of regular-session staff (55 percent) in the same institutions. With respect to the various types of institutions, the percent distri¬ bution of the summer-session positions resembles the distribution for the regular-session staff, except that the percent of summer-session staff in the teachers colleges was relatively high, namely 14 percent, as compared with only 6 percent for the regular-session staff. Each institution was also asked to report the number of different persons teaching degree-credit HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 29 Table 14. — Number of institutions reporting at least 1 staff member in each of 9 selected types of positions, by type and control of institution, and by predominant race of students: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Type of institution Attended pre¬ dominantly bv — All Type of position and control of institution institu¬ tions Univer¬ sities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Techno¬ logical schools Theolog¬ ical and religious schools 1 Other profes¬ sional schools Junior colleges 2 White students Negro students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total faculty. . . . . . 1, 940 141 732 199 45 148 132 543 1,842 98 671 82 79 170 24 14 302 634 37 Privately controlled institutions _ _ _ 1,269 59 653 29 21 148 118 241 1,208 61 STAFF FOR STUDENT PERSONNEL SERVICES—. . . . . . 1,757 141 709 190 43 115 103 456 1,664 93 602 82 78 165 22 13 242 566 36 Privately controlled institutions . . . . . 1, 155 59 631 25 21 115 90 214 1,098 57 JUNIOR INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF (IN DEGREE-CREDIT COURSES)... . . 659 134 290 59 27 37 55 57 639 20 Publicly controlled institutions . . . . . . . 214 81 34 50 10 8 31 208 6 Privately controlled institutions _ _ _ _ _ 445 53 256 9 17 37 47 26 431 14 FACULTY FOR RESIDENT NONDEGREE-CREDIT INSTRUCTION (ADULT EDU¬ CATION AND TERMINAL-OCCUPATIONAL EDUCATION) . . . 556 57 139 19 9 10 24 298 529 27 Publicly controlled institutions . . . . . . 284 30 27 17 4 4 202 265 19 Privately controlled institutions . . . . 272 27 112 2 5 10 20 96 264 8 INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF FOR COURSES BY MAIL, COURSES BY RADIO OR TV, SHORT COURSES, AND INDIVIDUAL LESSONS _ 568 93 236 82 4 33 28 92 555 13 Publicly controlled institutions . . . . 206 65 29 72 1 3 36 201 5 Privately controlled institutions... _ _ _ _ _ _ 362 28 207 10 3 33 25 56 354 8 EXTENSION STAFF (GIVING COURSES) . . . . . . . 455 89 166 130 3 11 18 38 430 25 Publicly controlled institutions _ _ _ _ 269 66 42 125 3 3 30 255 14 Privately controlled institutions . . . . . 186 23 124 5 0 11 15 8 175 11 PROFESSIONAL LIBRARY STAFF _ _ _ 1,840 141 721 196 42 141 109 490 1, 747 93 Publicly controlled institutions _ _ _ _ _ _ 639 82 77 169 21 13 277 604 35 Privately controlled institutions . . . . 1,201 59 644 27 21 141 96 213 1,143 58 PROFESSIONAL STAFF FOR ORGANIZED RESEARCH . . . 329 117 113 20 22 5 33 19 319 10 Publicly controlled institutions _ _ 141 76 21 16 8 10 10 136 5 Privately controlled institutions - - - 188 41 92 4 14 5 23 9 183 5 SECONDARY INSTRUCTION FACULTY IN UNIFIED HIGH SCHOOL AND JUNIOR COLLEGE _ _ _ 54 0 8 0 0 4 0 42 44 10 Publicly controlled institutions 6 o 1 0 0 0 5 4 2 Privately controlled institutions . . . . 48 0 7 0 0 4 0 37 40 8 FACULTY FOR LABORATORY, DEMONSTRATION, OR TRAINING SCHOOLS.... 477~ 62 187 151 1 8 11 57 429 48 Publicly controlled institutions _ _ _ _ _ 259 46 46 139 1 0 27 233 26 Privately controlled institutions _ 218 16 141 12 0 8 11 30 196 22 i All privately controlled. which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward * Includes 50 institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools a bachelor’s degree. courses in the main (or only) summer session. Staff counted on this basis totaled some 64,100. This figure is only 21 percent less than the 81,400 staff positions reported on the other basis (i.e., with staff numbers counted as often as they teach in separate sessions), as would be expected from tbe fact that a majority of the institutions concerned hold only one session (table 24). In table VII, columns 2 and 3 give the break¬ down, by State and by control of institution, of both the 64,100 staff members reported in the main summer session and the 81,400 staff positions reported in all summer sessions. Staff in predominantly Negro institutions. — In table 14, columns 10 and 11 give data on the number of institutions by predominant race of students. Among the 1,940 higher educational institutions, 98 (5 percent) of the institutions were attended predominantly by Negro students. In table 9, the data in column 11 show that the 98 institutions attended predominantly by Negro students were staffed by approximately 8,100 different persons. Relating this figure to the 348,500 different persons in all 1,940 institutions (see columns 11-13 of table 9), it is found that 2.3 percent of total staff were in the predominantly BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 30 Table 15. — Faculty and other professional staff (number of different persons), by sex and by tvpe and control of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and summer sessions 1957 Type of institution and sex Number of persons Percent All insti¬ tutions Publicly controlled Privately controlled All insti¬ tutions Publicly controlled Privately controlled 1 * 3 4 5 6 7 A. FIRST TERM 1957-58 All Institutions _ _ _ _ _ 348, 509 189, 834 158, 675 100.0 54.5 45.5 270.013 146,853 123,160 77.5 42. 1 35.3 Women . . . . . . . 78. 49S 42,981 35,515 22.5 12.3 10.2 Universities . . . - - - - 191,376 120, 426 7CL 950- 5479" 347 _ / CO ai ”o 1 Includes students enrolled for first professional degrees. 2 Of the 2.6 percent of students in this group, 2.5 percent were enrolled for work by mail in courses creditable toward bachelor's or higher degrees (i.e., in "degree-credit” courses), and .1 percent of students were enrolled in such courses by radio or TV. * Of the 4.4 percent who were terminal-occupational students, 3.7 pecent were in residence and .7 percent were extension students. * Of the 7.7 percent of students in this group, 2.3 were enrolled for nondegree-credit courses by mail, 4.7 percent were enrolled for short courses, and .6 percent were enrolled for individual lessons only. theological and religious school group. This range is much wider when institutions of the same type are grouped by control: it now extends from an increase of about 71 percent in the small group of 14 publicly controlled “other professional schools,” to a decrease of about 4 percent in the 118 privately controlled schools of this same group. No less clear is the fact that publicly con¬ trolled institutions of a given type averaged greater proportionate increases than did those of that same type under private control. In brief, the shift of students from privately to publicly controlled institutions was clearly observable in all types of institutions. This shift in the direction of publicly controlled institutions is observable in various phases of higher education enrollment. First-time resident degree-credit enrollment, for example, showed a larger proportionate increase in publicly controlled than in privately controlled institutions, type for type (universities, liberal arts colleges, etc.). Total enrolhnent of all resident students, regard¬ less of whether they were potential degree candi¬ dates or not, showed a greater proportionate in¬ crease in public than in private institutions in all groups except junior colleges. Total enrollment of all extension students, regardless of curriculum, in general showed biennial changes favoring pub¬ licly controlled institutions. In enrollment of graduate students the picture was not quite so clear. Among universities, liberal arts colleges, and the miscellaneous “other pro¬ fessional schools,” the biennial changes in graduate enrollment favored publicly controlled institu¬ tions, but percent increases were greater for privately controlled than for publicly controlled liberal arts colleges and technological schools. The net result of these various increases was that enrollments of graduate students at all publicly controlled institutions in the first term 1957-58 were a shade more numerous than in those under private control. Enrollment Analysis Type and control of institution. — The present-day institution of higher education, offering not only a wide variety of courses and curriculums but also admitting students of different levels of achieve¬ ment, at different times in the year, and for differ¬ ent portions of a schedule, represents a far cry from the traditional independent college of liberal arts, in which practically all the students took the same course, there were no part-time students, and comparatively few transferred from one institu¬ tion to another. The 4 million students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the first term 1957-58, as has been shown, were divided into many different classifications, by level, by portion of schedule for 40 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Tabic 20. — Students, by type of enrollment, sex, and type of institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58, and percent change from November 1955 Type of enrollment Number of institutions reporting enrollment in each category, 1957-58 First term, 1957-58 November 1955 i Percent change, 1955 to 1957-58 Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total degree-credit enrollment _ __ _ _ 1, 890 3, 272, 597 2, 098, 560 1, 174, 037 2, 918, 005 1, 865, 701 1, 052, 304 12.2 12.5 11.6 Resident and extension degree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) _ 1,890 3, 169, 124 2, 050, 099 1,119, 025 2,817, 388 1,815, 793 1,001,595 12.5 12.9 11.7 Resident degree-credit _ ... ... _ _ 1,889 2, 927,914 1, 935, 345 992, 569 2, 621,898 1,727,292 894, 606 11.7 12.0 11.0 Undergraduate and first-professional students _ ... 1,881 2,649,311 1, 736, 996 912,315 2, 370, 666 1, 549, 827 820, 839 11.8 12. 1 11.1 Full-time . . . . . ... .. 1,876 2,029,661 1, 344, 387 685, 274 1,852, 116 1,231,398 620,718 9.6 9.2 10.4 Part-time _ 1,483 619, 650 392, 609 227, 041 518, 550 318, 429 200, 121 19.5 23.3 13.5 Graduate students and students beyond the first-professional degree _ _ _ _ _ . ... - - 597 278, 603 198, 349 80, 254 251,232 177, 465 73, 767 10.9 11.8 8.8 Extension degree-credit _ _ _ .. . 385 241,210 114,754 126,456 195, 490 88, 501 106, 989 23.4 29.7 18.2 Degree-credit courses by mail, radio, or TV _ .. ... 140 103,473 48. 461 55,012 100,617 49, 908 50, 709 2.8 -2.9 8.5 Total nondegree-credit enrollment _ . _ . 450 521,117 340, 511 180, G06 373, 914 233,443 140, 471 39.4 45.9 28.6 Resident and extension nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail) . . . . . . . . 450 427,474 266, 966 160, 508 317, 661 196, 675 120, 986 34.6 35.7 32.7 Resident nondegrep-credit _ _ _ _ _ 393 290. 239 179,459 110, 780 237, 155 143,505 93, 650 22.4 25. 1 18.3 Terminal-occupational education _ _ _ 372 146,715 106, 722 39, 993 75,718 62, 343 13, 375 93.8 71.2 199.0 Technician and/or semiprofessional level.. _ _ 372 131,080 98, 387 32, 693 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (*) Craftsman-clerical level . . . ... 71 15, 635 8, 335 7,300 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Adult education _ _ _ _ 244 143, 524 72, 737 70, 787 161,437 81,162 80. 275 -11. 1 -10.4 -11.8 Extension nondegree-cred't _ _ _ . . _ _ 91 137, 235 87, 507 49, 728 80, 506 53, 170 27, 336 70.5 64.6 81.9 Terminal-occupational education _ _ _ _ . 31 29,711 26. 130 3, 581 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ 31 25, 021 22, 253 2,768 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) Craftsman-clerical level _ _ .. _ 13 4,690 3, 877 813 (O (4) (4> (4) (4) (4) Adult education _ _ _ _ 81 107, 524 61,377 46, 147 (<) (4) (4) (4> (4) (4) Nondegree-credit courses by mail 2 _ 51 93, 643 73. 545 20, 098 56, 253 36, 768 19, 485 (2) (2) (2) Other enrollments: Short courses _ _ _ _ _ 105 188, 058 97, 179 90, 879 58,419 40, 352 18, 067 5 221.9 5 140. 8 5 403. 0 Individual lessons only - - - - 239 25,777 9, 146 16,631 23, 791 8,314 15,477 8.3 10.0 7.5 Exhibit items: Total extension enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) _ _ _ 424 378, 445 202, 261 176, 184 275, 996 141,671 134, 325 37.1 42.8 31.2 Total resident enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit- .. 1,939 3,218,153 2,114, 804 1, 103, 349 2, 859, 053 1,870, 797 988, 256 12.6 13.0 11.6 Special and unclassified students (included in "resident degree- credit” above) _ _ _ _ _ .. 1,331 192, 399 115, 297 77, 102 151,183 86, 644 64, 539 27.3 33.1 19.5 First-time resident degree-credit students.. . . 1,759 742.875 454,499 288, 376 696, 790 431,569 265,221 6.6 5.3 8.7 Full-time _ _ _ _ _ 1,755 600, 670 364, 111 236, 559 572, 727 353, 662 219,065 4.9 3.0 8.0 Part-time . . . . . . . 1,006 142, 205 90, 388 51,817 124, 063 77, 907 46, 156 14.6 16.0 12.3 Veterans of Korean War, degree-credit only (under Public Laws 550 and 894) . . . 1,595 437, 927 (6) (») 407, 696 (6) (0) 7.4 <#) (6) PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total degree-credit enrollment _ 654 1, 951, 254 1, 231, 250 720, 004 1, 676, 779 1, 048, 032 628, 747 16.4 17.5 14.5 Resident and extension degree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) _ _ _ _ .. 654 1, 856, 736 1. 186, 535 670. 201 1, 596, 582 1,011,562 585, 020 16.3 17.3 14.6 Resident degree-credit _ _ _ 653 1,645, 468 1,084,187 561,281 1,440, 288 939, 992 500, 296 14.2 15.3 12.2 Undergraduate and first-professional students. . . . 652 1,505,211 988,414 516, 797 1,316, 850 856, 188 460, 662 14.3 15.4 12.2 Full-time _ . _ _ 651 1, 180, 563 788, 675 391,888 1, 057, 248 705, 081 352, 167 11.7 11.9 11.3 Part-time _ _ 538 324, 648 199, 739 124, 909 259, 602 151, 107 108, 495 25. 1 32.2 15.1 Graduate students and students beyond the first- professional degree . . . . . . . . . 246 140, 257 95, 773 44, 484 123,438 83, 804 39, 634 13.6 14.3 12.2 Extension degree-credit _ _ _ _ _ 237 211,268 102, 348 108, 920 156. 294 71,570 84, 724 35.2 43.0 28.6 Degree-credit courses by mail, radio, or TV . . . . 109 94,518 44,715 49, 803 80, 197 36, 470 43, 727 17.9 22.6 13.9 Total nondegree-credit enrollment _ _ 241 345, 520 214, 744 130, 776 262, 248 159, 748 102, 500 31.8 34.4 27.6 Resident and extension nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail) . . . . . . . . . 241 328, 287 204, 243 124, 044 243, 862 149,015 94, 847 34.6 37. 1 30.8 Resident nondegree-credit . . . . . . 215 210, 693 127,670 83, 023 176, 782 104, 705 72, 077 19.2 21.9 15.2 Terminal-occupational education _ _ 215 105, 827 75, 841 29, 986 58, 530 48,019 10.511 80.8 57.9 185.3 Technician and/or semiprofessional level... . . .. 215 93, 722 69, 361 24, 361 (3) (3) (») (3) (3) (3) Craftsman-clerical level . . . . . . . . 50 12, 105 6, 480 5, 625 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Adult education . . . . 134 104, 866 51,829 53. 037 118, 252 56, 686 61, 566 -11.3 -8.6 -13.9 Extension nondegree-credit. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 57 117,594 76, 573 41,021 67, 080 44,310 22, 770 75.3 72.8 80.2 Terminal-occupational education _ .... .. 24 27, 692 24,681 3,011 (O (4) (4) (4) (4) (4> Technician and/or semiprofessional level . . 24 24, 100 21,529 2, 571 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) Craftsman-clerical level _ _ 9 3, 592 3, 152 440 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4> Adult education _ _ _ 48 89. 902 51,892 38,010 (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) <4> Nondegree-credit courses by mail 2 . . . 28 17, 233 10, 501 6, 732 18, 386 10, 733 7,653 <2) (2) (2> Other enrollments: Short courses _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 66 172, 634 89, 168 83, 466 43, 332 30, 469 12, 863 e 298. 4 s 192. 7 5 548. 9 Individual lessons only . . . . 50 3,215 1,210 2, 005 3,486 1,220 2, 266 -7.8 -0.8 -11.5 Exhibit items: Total extension eniollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) _ 256 328, 862 178, 921 149, 941 223, 374 115, 880 107, 494 47.2 54.4 39.5 Total resident enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit... 670 1,856, 161 1,211,857 644, 304 1,617,070 1, 044, 697 572, 373 14.8 16.0 12.6 Special and unclassified students (included in "resident degree- credit” above) _ _ _ . ... 409 88, 338 51,677 36, 661 69, 325 39, 403 29, 922 27.4 31.1 22.5 First-time resident degree-credit students. . . . 647 442,486 274, 957 167, 529 406, 161 253, 959 152,202 8.9 8.3 10.1 Full-time . . . . . . . . .. 645 353, 148 222, 269 135, 879 336, 925 211,564 125, 361 6.3 5.1 8.4 Part-time _ _ _ 423 84, 338 52, 688 31,650 69, 236 42, 395 26, 841 21.8 24.3 17.9 Veterans of Korean War, degree-credit only (under Public Laws 550 and 894) . . . . 620 264, 650 (6) (6) 247, 772 (6> («) 6.8 (6) («) See footnotes at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 41 Table 20. — Students, by type of enrollment sex, and type of institutional control: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58, and percent change from November 1955 — Continued Type of enrollment Number of institutions reporting enrollment in each category, 1957-58 First term, 1957-58 November 1955 1 * Percent change, 1955 to 1957-58 Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women > 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total degree-credit enrollment _ 1,236 1, 321, 343 867, 310 454, 033 1, 241, 226 817, 669 423, 557 6.5 6.1 7.2 Resident and extension degree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV), _ _ _ _ 1,236 1,312,388 863. 564 448, 824 1,220,806 804, 231 416, 575 7.5 7.4 7.7 Resident degree-credit.. _ _ _ _ 1,236 1,282,446 851, 158 431,288 1,181,610 787,300 394,310 8.5 8.1 9.4 Undergraduate and first-professional students... . 1,229 1, 144. 100 748, 582 395,518 1,053,816 693,639 360, 177 8.6 7.9 9.8 Full-time _ _ _ 1,225 849, 098 555.712 293, 386 794,868 526,317 268,551 6.8 5.6 9.2 Part-time . . . . . . 945 295,002 192, 870 102, 132 258, 948 167, 322 91,626 13.9 15.3 11.5 Graduate students and students beyond the first-professional degree _ _ _ 351 138, 346 102, 576 35,770 127,794 93,661 34, 133 8.3 9.5 4.8 Extension degree-credit _ ... _ . _ 148 29, 942 12,406 17,536 39, 196 16.931 22, 265 -23.6 -26.7 -21.2 Degree-credit courses by mail, radio, or TV _ 31 8, 955 3, 746 5,209 20. 420 13,438 6, 982 -56.1 -72. 1 -25.4 Total nondegree-credit enrollment _ 209 175, 597 125, 767 49, 830 111, 666 73, 695 37,971 57.3 70.7 31.2 Resident and extension nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail) _ _ _ _ 209 99, 187 62, 723 36, 464 73, 799 47. 660 26, 139 34.4 31.6 39.5 Resident nondegree-credit _ _ 178 79, 546 51,789 27. 757 60, 373 38. 800 21,573 31.8 33.5 28.7 Terminal-occupational education _ _ _ _ 157 40, 888 30. 881 10,007 17, 188 14. 324 2, 864 137.9 115.6 249.4 Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ 157 37, 358 29. 026 8, 332 (3) (*) (3) (3) (3) (3) Craftsman-clerical level _ _ 21 3, 530 1,855 1,675 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Adult education . . . . . . . . 110 38, 658 20, 908 17,750 43, 185 24, 476 18, 709 -10.5 -14.6 -5.1 Extension nondegree-credit . . . . . . 34 19, 641 10, 934 8, 707 13,426 8,860 4,566 46.3 23.4 90.7 Terminal-occupational education _ _ 7 2,019 1,449 570 (O 0) O) O) 0) O) Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ _ 7 921 724 197 0) (<) O) 0) O) O) Craftsman-clerical level _ _ _ _ _ 4 1,098 725 373 O) 0) 0) 0) 0) O) Adult education _ _ _ 33 17,622 9, 485 8, 137 0) 0) O) (<> O) O) Nondegree-credit courses by mail J. _ _ _ 23 76,410 63, 044 13,366 37,867 26,035 11,832 O) (2) 0) Other enrollments: Short courses. _ _ _ _ 39 15,424 8,011 7.413 15,087 9,883 5, 204 2.2 -18.9 42.4 Individual lessons only. . . 189 22, 562 7, 936 14, 626 20, 305 7,094 13,211 11.1 11.9 10.7 Exhibit items: Total extension enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) _ _ _ 168 49, 583 23, 340 26, 243 52. 622 25, 791 26,831 -5.8 -9.5 -2.2 Total resident enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit _ 1,269 1,361,992 902, 947 459, 045 1,241,983 826, 100 415,883 9.7 9.3 10.4 Special and unclassified students (included in "resident degree- credit" above) . . . . . . 922 104,061 63.620 40. 441 81,858 47,241 34,617 27.1 34.7 16.8 First-time resident degree-credit students . . . 1,112 300, 389 179, 542 120,847 290, 629 177,610 113,019 3.4 1.1 6.9 Full-time . . . 1,110 242, 522 141,842 100, 680 235, 802 142,098 93, 704 2.8 -0.2 7.4 Part-time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 583 57,867 37, 700 20, 167 54,827 35,512 19, 315 5.5 6.2 4.4 Veterans of Korean War, degree-credit only (under Public Laws 550 and 894). . . . . . . . 975 173, 277 («) («) 159, 924 (O (0 8.3 (6) («) i Enrollment data for 1955 have been adjusted to fit the 1957-58 reclassification of institutions by type. 9 Reports of nondegree-credit courses by mail excluded radio and TV in 1957-58, but included radio and TV in 1955. Thus the 1957-58 data, are not directly comparable tot he 1955 data. 3 The 1955 report form did not provide for the breakdown, by level, of resident terminal-occupational education. 4 The 1955 report form did not provide for any breakdowns of nondegree-credit extension enrollment s These increases are probably materially affected by the fact that 1955 data are as of November, whereas the 1957-58 data cover the entire first term. « Sex distribution not available. which enrolled, and by place or other conditions of enrollment. Table 22 presents data for a dozen basic enrollment categories by type of insti¬ tution and institutional control.9 Percentage analyses show each enrollment item as a percent of total enrollment and as a percent of degree- credit enrollment. The total of 4 million as shown in table 22, column 3, was 18.8 percent more than the corresponding total of not quite 3.4 million in November 1955, which was itself 20 percent more than the figure for November 1953. Of interest is the tabulation of numbers of insti¬ tutions offering the various types of instruction, a feature introduced in the 1955-56 report. Of 9 This table does not include nearly 107,000 subcollegiate pupils, a count of whom was made at the end of the academic year 1957-58. A detailed analysis of these enrollments by sex of pupil and by level of school is carried in table XII. the 1,940 institutions reporting for 1957-58, 1,889 offered degree-credit work in residence and one offered it in extension only; 50 institutions offered nondegree-credit work only. Of the total of 1,890 institutions offering degree-credit work, 385 offered extension work of this level (including the 1 which offered no resident work). One hundred-and- thirty-seven offered correspondence work at this level. Courses at less than the degree-credit level were offered by varying numbers of institutions: terminal-occupational, 375; adult education, 321; and instruction by mail, 51. Of the 4 million students of all types, nearly 82 percent were enrolled for degree-credit work: a somewhat smaller proportion than the 86.5 per¬ cent reported 2 years earlier. Another 13 percent were enrolled in courses of a nondegree-credit type 42 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 21. — Students by type of enrollment and type and control of institution: Type of enrollment Universities Liberal arts colleges First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change from 1955 First term 1957-53 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total degree-credit enrollment _ _ _ Resident and extension degree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) - Resident degree-credit . . . - - - - - - Undergraduate and first-professional students - - - - - Fulltime - - - - - - - - Part-time _ _ _ Graduate students and students beyond the first-professional degree - - Extension degree-credit - - - Degree-credit courses by mail, radio, or TV - - - -- Total nondegree-credit enrollment - - - - . Resident and extension nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail) - Resident nondegree-credit - - - Terminal-occupational education - - - - - - - - - Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ Craftsman-clerical level _ _ Adult education - - - - - Extension nondegree-credit . . . . . . . . . Terminal-occupational education. - - - --- Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ Craftsman-clerical level - - - - - Adult education . . . . ... . . Nondegree-credit courses by mail * . Other enrollments: Short courses . . . Individual lessons only . . . Exhibit items: Total extension enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) - - - - - - Total resident enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit _ _ _ Special and unclassified students (included in "resident degree-credit" above) . . First-time resident degree-credit students . . . . . Full-time . . . . . . . . Part-time. _ _ _ _ Veterans of Korean War, degree-credit only (under Public Laws 550 and 834) . . Total degree-credit enrollment _ Resident and extension degree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) _ Resident degree-credit. . . . . Undergraduate and first-professional students . . . . Full-time . . . . . . . Part-time . . . . Graduate students and students beyond the first- professional degree . . . Extension degree-credit . . . . . . . Degree-credit courses by mail, radio, or TV _ _ Total nondegree-credit enrollment . . . . Resident and extension nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail) _ _ Resident nondegree-credit . Terminal-occupational education . . . . . Technician and/or semiprofessional level . . . . . . . Craftsman-clerical level . . . . . . . Adult education . . . . . . . Extension nondegree-credit. . . . Terminal-occupational education . . . . . Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ _ Craftsman-clerical level. _ _ _ _ _ _ Adult education . . . . . . Nondegree-credit courses by mail * . . . . . Other enrollments: Short courses. . . . . . Individual lessons only . . . . Exhibit items: Total extension enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit (excluding courses, by mail, radio, and TV) . . . . . . . . . Total resident enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit . . Special and unclassified students (included in "resident degree-credit” above) . First-time resident degree-credit students . Full-time . . . Part-time . . . . . . . . . . . Veterans of Korean War, degree-credit only (under Public Laws 550 and 894) _ 1, 525, 747 1, 386, 087 10.1 854, 945 748, 227 14.3 1. 450, 728 1,317, 595 10. 1 847,181 742,011 14.2 1,297, 995 1, 204, 647 7.7 808, 328 710,477 13.8 1, 099, 544 1, 026. 843 7.1 766. 004 671,857 14.0 865, 586 808,611 7.0 596, 781 541. 116 10.3 233, 958 218 232 7.2 169. 223 130. 741 29.4 198.451 177. 804 11.6 42, 324 38, 620 9.6 152, 733 112,948 35.2 38.853 31.534 23.2 75,019 68. 492 9.5 7, 764 6,216 24.9 133,813 109, 921 21. 7 49,615 35, 845 38.4 115, 771 91,636 26.3 49. 557 35, 839 38.3 32, 850 39, 887 -17.6 39. 787 30, 1 06 32.2 6, 533 2, 744 138. 1 14, 988 3. 720 302.9 5, 278 (5) (*> 14,714 (5) (5) 1,255 (5) (5) 274 (5) (5) 26,317 37, 143 -29.1 24. 799 26. 386 -6.0 82.921 51,749 60.2 9, 770 5, 733 70.4 12. 944 (6) O) 270 (6) (*) 9.494 (9) (9) 51 (c) (®) 3.450 (B) («) 219 <«) <«) 69.977 C) <«> 9, 500 (6) («) 18. 042 18,285 (4) 58 6 (<) 171,603 45.717 275.4 2,006 4. 009 -50.0 3, 648 4, 607 -20.8 5.272 7, 449 -29.2 235, 654 164, 697 43.1 48. 623 37. 267 30.5 1, 330. 845 1, 244. 534 6.9 848. 115 740. 583 14.5 99, 579 79. 091 25.9 50, 255 42. 008 19.6 246. 884 245. 904 0.4 214. 191 201.522 6.3 203, 886 204, 383 -0.2 183.852 174, 68! 5.3 42, 998 41, 521 3.6 30. 339 26. 841 13 0 212. 955 201,018 5.9 99. 641 91,758 8.6 PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS 998, 723 863, 584 15.6 277, 150 237, 343 16.8 927, 135 802, 185 15.6 270. 998 232,451 16.6 788,919 712,721 10. 7 245. 327 213,820 14.7 6S1.527 628. 580 10.0 223. 586 193,167 15.7 591,502 540. 595 9.4 164. 924 149. 061 10.6 100,025 87, 985 13 7 58. 662 44, 106 33.0 97.392 81. 141 15.7 21.741 20, 653 5.3 138.216 89. 464 54.5 25.671 18,631 37.8 71,588 61.399 16 6 6, 152 4,892 25.8 103, 842 88, 651 17.1 26, 231 16, 146 62.5 86. 743 70, 735 22.6 26.231 16.146 62.5 15. 389 23. 972 -35.8 20. 923 14, 704 42.3 3, 192 2,315 37.9 11.115 2, 399 363.3 1,937 <*) 0) 10,895 (;) <*) 1,255 O) (•*) 220 (') (5> 12. 197 21,657 -43.7 9,808 12,305 -20.3 71,354 46, 763 52.6 5, 308 1,442 268.1 11.949 (6) (6) 219 («) <’) 8,697 (®) («) («) («) 3.252 O’) e> 219 O’) O’) 59, 405 (*) O’) 5, 089 e>) C) 17,099 17,916 (O 0 0 161,095 35.473 354. 1 425 800 -46.9 959 1,560 -38 5 332 537 -38.2 209, 570 136, 111 53.8 30, 979 20, 073 54.3 804. 308 736. 693 9.2 266. 250 228, 524 16.5 41,766 33, 187 25.9 20,640 15. 175 36.0 162.624 159.304 2. 1 55,612 52. 169 6.6 143.567 142,285 0.9 47,301 44,436 6.4 19. 057 17.019 12.0 8.311 7, 733 7.5 139, 569 130, 964 6.6 35, 192 31,189 12.8 See footnotes at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 43 Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 Teachers colleges Technological schools Theological and religious schools Other professional schools Junior colleges 1 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 * First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 PUBLICLY AND PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS-Continued 324,919 276, 509 17.5 96,403 87, 532 10.1 36,480 37, 568 -2.9 71,921 68, 071 5.7 362, 182 314, 011 15.3 308.917 261.687 18.0 96. 403 87. 528 10 1 36. 343 35, 484 2.4 71.746 60, 927 17.8 357, 806 312, 156 14.6 270, 063 231,124 16.8 95. 057 85, 189 11.6 36. 249 35. 389 2.4 70, 147 59.089 18.7 350.075 295. 983 18.3 250, 808 213.954 17.2 83, 037 74.657 11 2 32. 588 31,169 4.6 67,255 56, 203 19.7 350. 075 295, 983 18.3 225, 953 191,953 17.7 66. 248 58, 856 12.6 29, 096 28,317 2.8 43,613 39.496 10.4 202, 384 183.767 10. 1 24,855 22, 001 13.0 16,789 15,801 6.3 3, 492 2,852 22.4 23. 642 16. 707 41.5 147,691 112,216 31.6 19! 255 17, 170 12.1 12. 020 10, 532 14 1 3, 661 4,220 -13.2 2. 892 2.886 0.2 0 0 38. 854 30. 563 27. 1 1,346 2. 339 -42.5 94 95 0 1,599 1,838 -13.0 7,731 16.173 -52.2 16, 002 14,822 8.0 0 4 0 137 2,084 -93.4 175 7. 144 -97.6 4.376 1,855 135.9 2, 074 2, 286 -9.3 8, 333 6,135 35.8 7, 248 5,504 31.7 15, 133 10, 782 40.4 304, 901 203,441 49.9 1,940 1,816 6.8 8, 333 6.135 35 8 2, 305 2, 742 -15.9 8.915 10, 782 -17.3 240, 653 168,711 42.6 1.682 1,644 2.3 7,971 5.543 43.8 548 1,341 -59.1 7,302 4,838 50.9 200. 099 153. 796 30.1 1.096 682 60.7 6,823 2,722 150.7 414 56 0 3,254 390 734.4 113,607 65,404 73.7 1,072 0 (O 6,823 0 0 408 0 0) 3,125 0 (5) 99, 660 (8) (8) 24 0 0 0 (5) o 6 0 0 129 0 0 13,947 0) O) 586 962 -39 1 1, 148 2.821 -59.3 134 1,285 -89.6 4,048 4,448 -9.0 86, 492 88, 392 -2.2 258 172 50.0 362 592 -39.0 1,757 1,401 25.4 1,613 5, 944 -72.9 40. 554 14,915 171.9 70 0 (8) 218 (8) (e) 300 (8) 0 601 (8) (8) 15, 308 (8) (8) 27 (8) (8) 218 (8) (8) 0 (8) (8) 1 (8) (8) 15, 230 (8) (8) 43 (8) (8) 0 (8) (8) 300 (fi) (8) 600 (fi) 0 78 (8) (8) 188 O) (8) 144 («) (8) 1,457 (8) C) 1.012 (8) (8) 25. 246 («) (8) 134 470 <0 0 0 4.943 2,762 (0 6,218 0 (3> 64, 248 34. 730 0 362 309 17.2 2,299 1,065 115.9 772 83 0 212 612 -65.4 10,804 6,624 63. 1 1,321 988 33.7 0 0 372 251 48.2 13,429 8,912 50.7 1.735 1,584 9.5 39,112 30, 735 27.3 1,708 2, 931 -41.7 1,851 1,496 23.7 3,212 7,782 -58.7 48.285 31,088 55.3 271,745 232, 768 16.7 103,028 90. 732 13 6 36. 797 36. 730 0.2 77,449 63, 927 21.2 550, 174 449. 779 22.3 5. 952 6, 303 -5.6 5, 245 1,334 293 2 1,442 1,235 16 8 7, 063 3.865 82.7 22,863 17,347 31 8 76.678 67,371 13.8 19. 748 19,958 -1 1 5,118 5, 242 -2.4 14, 759 12,774 15.5 165, 497 144,019 14.9 73, 207 64. 989 12.6 16.934 16, 113 5 1 4,498 4,670 -3.7 9,738 8,981 8.4 108. 555 98,910 9.8 3,471 2.382 45.7 2,814 3,845 -26.8 620 572 8.4 5,021 3,793 32.4 56. 942 45, 109 26.2 40, 048 36, 599 9.4 15, 447 13, 998 10.4 2,578 2,034 26.7 16, 045 12, 660 26.7 51,213 49, 629 3.2 PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS-Continued 313, 263 265, 580 18.0 39, 778 35,469 12.1 (') 0 <7) 15, 120 8, 853 70.8 307, 220 265,950 15.5 298, 100 251,681 18.4 39, 778 35, 455 12.2 o (7) (7) 15, 120 8. 853 70.8 305, 605 265, 947 14.9 259. 464 221, 502 17. 1 38, 432 33, 184 15.8 (7) o (7) 15. 120 8. 703 73.7 298, 206 250, 358 19. 1 241,328 205. 720 17.3 36. 609 31.362 16.7 (7) o o 13, 955 7, 663 82 1 298, 206 250. 358 19. 1 219. 264 185. 859 18.0 33, 985 28, 843 17.8 <7) O <7) 10.315 7,611 35.5 160, 573 145.279 10.5 22. 064 19. 861 11. 1 2, 624 2,519 4.2 (7) 0) o 3, 640 52 0 137, 633 105, 079 31.0 18, 136 15. 782 14.9 1,823 1.8Z2 0. 1 (7) 0 o 1, 165 1, 040 12.0 0 0 38. 636 30, 1 79 28.0 1,346 2, 281 -41.0 <7) 0) (7) 0 150 0 7. 399 15, 589 -52.5 15, 163 13. «99 9. 1 0 4 0 (7) (7) o 0 0 1,615 3 0 1, 761 1,766 -0. 3 2,986 872 242.4 (7) o o 1,114 5, 061 -78,0 209, S86 149, 752 40.0 1.62/ 1.296 25.5 2, 986 872 242.4 o <7) <7) 1,114 5, 061 -78.0 209, 586 149. 752 40.0 1 383 1, 124 23.0 2, 633 280 840.4 (7) <7) (7) 1,113 1,534 -27.4 169, 252 135, 168 25.2 1.044 635 64.4 1,988 0 (*) (7) (7) (7) 80 0 0 88, 408 53, 181 66.2 1, 0/0 0 0 1,988 0 (3> (7) (7) (7) 80 0 0 77. 802 0 0 24 O) (5) 0 0 (7) (T) (-) 0 0 10, 606 ( ) 0 339 ( 489 -30.7 645 280 130.4 (7) O o 1,033 1,534 -32.7 80, 844 81,987 -1.4 244 172 41.9 353 592 -40.4 (7) (7) o 1 3. 527 -100.0 40. 334 14, 584 176.6 56 0 0 209 0 0 (7) o o 1 0 0 15,258 0 0 13 (8) 0 209 0 0 (7) (7) (7) 1 0 0 15, 180 0 0 43 0 0 0 (6) 0 <7) o (7) 0 0 0 78 0 0 188 (8) (“) 144 0 0 (7) (7) (7) 0 0 0 25, 076 0 0 134 470 0 0 0 o (7) 0 0 0 0 0 362 303 17.2 228 716 -68.2 (7) (7) <7) 32 114 -71.9 10, 492 5, 920 77.2 1, 170 954 22.6 0 0 (7) (7) (7) 0 0 754 435 73.3 38, 880 30, 351 28. 1 1,699 2.873 -40.9 (7> <7> <7) 1 3, 677 -100.0 47, 733 30, 173 58.2 260, 847 222. 626 17.2 41,065 33, 464 22.7 (7) (7> o 16, 233 10,237 58.6 467,458 385, 526 21. 3 5, 189 5, 730 -9.4 306 176 73.9 <7) o o 987 46 0 19,450 15. 011 29.6 74,297 65, 179 14. 0 8. 827 8, 257 6.9 (7) <7) 0 3.084 1,806 70.8 138, 042 119.446 15.6 71, 137 63, 049 12.8 8,316 7, 787 6.8 (7) <7> o 2, 709 1,806 50.0 85. 118 77. 562 9.7 3, 160 2, 130 48.4 511 470 8. 7 (7) o o 375 0 (,) „ 52, 924 41,884 26. 4 39,410 35, 967 9.6 5,458 5. 149 6.0 o <7) (7) 3, 051 903 237.9 44, 970 43. 600 3. 1 44 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 21. — Students, by type of enrollment and type and control of institution: Aggregate Type of enrollment Universities Liberal arts colleges First term 1957-58 November 1955 Percent change from 1955 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Total degree-credit enrollment . . . . . . . . 527, 024 522, 503 0.9 577, 795 510,884 13.1 Resident and extension degree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) - 523, 593 515,410 1.6 576, 183 509, 560 13.1 Resident degree-credit . . . . . . . . . 509, 076 491,926 3.5 563,001 496,657 13.4 Undergraduate and first-professional students.. . . . . . 408,017 398, 263 2.4 542,418 478, 690 13.3 Full-time - - - - - - - 274, 084 268,016 2.3 431,857 392, 055 10.2 Part-time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. - 133, 933 130, 247 2.8 110,561 86.635 27.6 Graduate students and students beyond the first-professional degree - - 101,059 93, 663 7.9 20, 583 17,967 14.6 Extension degree-credit . . . 14,517 23, 484 -38.2 13. 182 12, 903 2.2 Degree-credit courses by mail, radio, or TV . . 3,431 7,093 -51.6 1,612 1,324 21.8 Total nondegree-credit enrollment - - - - - - - 29, 971 21, 270 40.9 23, 384 19, 699 18.7 Resident and extension nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail) - 29,028 20, 901 38.9 23, 326 19, 693 18.4 Resident nondegree-credit . . . . . . ... ... 17, 461 15,915 9.7 18, 864 15. 402 22.5 Terminal-occupational education - - 3, 341 429 678.8 3,873 1,321 193.2 Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ _ _ 3, 341 (0 (») 3,819 O) (») Craftsman-clerical level. - - 0 <*) Q) 54 O) (s> Adult education - - - - - 14, 120 15, 486 -8.8 14, 991 14, 081 6.5 Extension nondegree-credit . . . . . . . 11,567 4. 986 132.0 4,462 4,291 4.0 Terminal-occupational education - - - - - 995 00 00 51 00 (8) Technician and/or semiprofessional level _ _ _ 797 00 00 51 («) (6) Craftsman-clerical level - - - 198 <6> (•) 0 (8) 00 Adult education - - - - - - - 10, 572 h (•> 4,411 (8) 00 Nondegree-credit courses by mail * - - - 943 369 O) 58 6 (<) Other enrollments: Short courses . . . . . . . 10, 508 10. 244 2.6 1,581 3, 209 -50.7 Individual lessons only - - - - - - - - 2, 689 3,047 -11.8 4, 940 6,912 -28.5 Exhibit Items: Total extension enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit (excluding courses by mail, radio, and TV) . . . . 26,084 28, 470 -8.4 17,644 17, 194 2.6 Total resident enrollment, degree-credit and nondegree-credit . . . 526, 537 507,841 3.7 581,865 512, 059 13.6 Special and unclassified students (included in “resident degree credit” above) . 57,813 45, 904 25.9 29,615 26, 833 10.4 First-time resident degree-credit students . . . . 84. 260 86, 600 -2.7 158, 579 149, 353 6.2 Full-time . 60,319 62, 098 -2.9 136,551 130, 245 4.8 Part-time . . . . . . . . . 23,941 24, 502 -2.3 22, 028 19, 108 15.3 Veterans of Korean War, degree-credit only (under Public Laws 550 and 894) . 76,386 70, 054 9.0 64, 449 60, 569 6.4 i Includes 50 institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor’s degree. * Enrollment data for 1955 have been adjusted to fit the 1957-58 reclassification of institutions by type. * Not given when base (1955-56) figure is less than 100 or when 1957-58 figure is zero. * Reports of nondegree-credit courses by mail excluded radio and TV in 1957-58, but included radio and TV in 1955. Thus the 1957-58 data are not directly comparable to the 1955 data. in 1957-58. The other 5 percent were enrolled for short courses or for individual lessons only. Of the nearly 3.3 million degree-credit students, 81 percent were undergraduates in residence, this percent running much higher among privately controlled institutions (86.6) than it did among those under public control (77.1). Several interesting and perhaps significant facts may be deduced by comparing parts of table 22 with each other. A few illustrations: Of the 5,236 persons taking degree-credit courses by television or radio, 1,615 (more than 30 percent) were enrolled in publicly controlled junior col¬ leges. The theological school group enrolled nearly 5,000 students in nondegree-credit courses by mail. At the same time, more than half of the students enrolled only for individual lessons were in the privately controlled “other professional schools.” Other matters of interest may be studied in this table. Still other analyses, some of them probably of a far-reaching character, may be made by comparing this tabulation with its counterparts in earlier editions of this report. Detailed enrollment data by region and State are presented in the tables designated by Roman numerals. Of all resident degree-credit students in the first-term 1957-58, 56.2 percent (roughly four- sevenths) were enrolled in institutions under the control of the Federal Government, a State, or a HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 45 United States, first term 1957-58 and percent change from November 1955 — Continued Teachers colleges Technological schools Theological and religious schools Other professional schools Junior colleges, i First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 First term 1957-58 November 1955 2 Percent change from 1955 2 8 9 10 11 1? 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS— Continued 11, 656 10, 929 6.7 56, 625 52, 063 8.8 36, 480 37, 568 -2.9 56, 801 59, 218 -4.1 54, 962 48, 061 14.4 . 10,817 10. 006 8.1 56, 625 52, 063 8.8 36. 343 35, 484 2.4 56, 626 52, 074 8.7 52, 201 46, 209 13.0 10. 599 9. 622 10.2 56, 625 52, 005 8.9 36, 249 35, 389 2.4 55, 027 50, 386 9.2 51. 869 45, 625 13.7 9, 480 8. 234 15.1 46, 428 43, 295 7.2 32, 588 31,169 4.6 53, 300 48, 540 9.8 51, 869 45, 625 13.7 6. 689 6. 094 9.8 32. 263 30,013 7.5 29, 096 28,317 2.8 33. 298 31,885 4.4 41,811 38, 488 8.6 2, 791 2, 140 30.4 14, 165 13, 282 6.6 3,492 2, 852 22.4 20, 002 16, 655 20.1 10, 058 7, 137 40.9 1, 119 1,388 -19.4 10, 197 8,710 17.1 3, 661 4, 220 -13.2 1,727 1,846 -6.4 0 0 218 384 -43.2 0 58 (*) 94 95 (3) 1,599 1,688 -5.3 332 584 -43.2 839 923 -9.1 0 0 137 2, 084 -93.4 175 7,144 -97.6 2, 761 1,852 49.1 313 520 -39.8 5, 347 5, 263 1.6 7, 248 5,504 31.7 14, 019 5,721 145.0 95, 315 53, 689 77.5 313 520 -39.8 5, 347 5, 263 1.6 2, 305 2, 742 -15.9 7, 801 5, 721 36.4 31,067 18. 959 63.9 299 520 -42.5 5, 338 5, 263 1.4 548 1,341 -59.1 6,189 3, 304 87.3 30, 847 18, 628 65.6 52 47 (3) 4, 835 2, 722 77.6 414 56 (3) 3,174 390 713.8 25, 199 12, 223 106.2 52 (3) 600 (9) (6) 50 (8) (8) 14 0 (») 9 0 (3) 0 («) (8) (6) (3) 50 (8) (8) 0 0 0 0 300 (6) (8) 600 (8) (8) 0 (6) (6) 0 0 0 0 1,457 (6) (6) 1,012 (8) (6) 170 (8) (6) 0 0 0 0 4, 943 2, 762 <<) 6,218 0 (3) 64, 248 34, 730 0) 0 0 2, 071 349 493.4 772 83 (2) 180 498 -63.9 312 704 -55.7 151 34 (2) 0 0 372 251 48.2 13, 429 8,912 50.7 981 1, 149 -14.6 232 384 -39.6 9 58 (2) 1,851 1,496 23.7 3,211 4,105 -21.8 552 915 -39.7 10, 898 10, 142 7.5 61, 963 57, 268 8.2 36, 797 36, 730 0.2 61,216 53, 690 14.0 82,716 64, 253 28.7 763 573 33.2 4, 939 1,158 326.5 1,442 1,235 16.8 6, 076 3,819 59.1 3,413 2, 336 46.1 2, 381 2, 192 8.6 10, 921 11,701 -6.7 5, 118 5, 242 -2.4 11,675 10, 968 6.4 27, 455 24, 573 11.7 2, 070 1,940 6.7 8,618 8, 326 3.5 4, 498 4, 670 -3.7 7, 029 7,175 -2.0 23, 437 21,348 9.8 311 252 23.4 2, 303 3, 375 -31.8 620 572 8.4 4,646 3, 793 22.5 4,018 3, 225 24.6 638 632 0.9 9, 989 8, 849 12.9 2, 578 2, 034 26.7 12, 994 11,757 10.5 6, 243 6, 029 3.5 8 The 1955 report form did not provide for the breakdown, by level, of resident ter- 6 The 1955 report form did not provide for any breakdowns of nondegree-credit minal-occupational education. extension enrollment. 7 All privately controlled. political subdivision of a State (table 23, column 6). By comparison, 54.9 percent of all students were enrolled in publicly controlled institutions in November 1955 and 53.0 percent in November 1953. During the past several decades the per¬ centage of total resident degree-credit enrollments reported in publicly controlled institutions has moved irregularly but slowly upward. In 1935- 36 this percentage was 46.2; in 1943-44 it was 48.1; and in 1949-50, it stood at 51.2. Not directly shown in table 23 but deducible from the data carried in it is the fact that the percent of resident degree-credit students who were in publicly controlled institutions varied widely from type to type of institution. Publicly controlled institutions accounted for a majority of students in teachers colleges (96.1 percent), junior colleges (85.2 percent), and universities (60.8 percent), but only for a minority of students in technological schools (40.4 percent), liberal arts colleges (30.3 percent), and “other profes¬ sional schools” (2 1 .6 percent) . The independently organized theological schools are all privately controlled. Among all resident degree-credit students in both publicly and privately controlled institutions, 44.3 percent were enrolled in universities, 27.6 percent in separately organized colleges of liberal arts, and just 12 percent in junior colleges. Thus institutions which offered liberal arts as a basic 46 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Tabic 22. — Enrollment analysis showing numbers of institutions and students, by enrollment category, institutional control, and type of institution, with percentage distributions for degree-credit enrollment and for total enrollment: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Enrollment category All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 I. ALL INSTITUTIONS Grand total, all enrollments _ 1, 940 4, 007, 549 100.0 671 2, 472, 623 100.0 1, 269 1, 534, 926 100.0 Total degree-credit _ 1,890 3. 272. 597 100, 0 81.7 654 1,951,254 100.0 78.9 1,236 1, 321, 343 100.0 86.1 Resident degree-credit _ _ 1,889 2, 927,914 89.5 73.1 653 1,645, 468 84.3 S6. 5 1,236 1. 282, 446 97. 1 83.6 Undergraduate and first-professional. .. 1,881 2, 649,311 81.0 66. 1 652 1. 505. 211 77. 1 60.9 1,229 1, 144. 100 86.6 74.5 Full-time _ _ _ _ _ 1,876 2, 029, 661 62.0 50.6 651 1. 180, 563 60.5 47.7 1, 225 849, 098 64.3 55.3 Part-time _ _ ... .. 1,483 619.650 18.9 15.5 538 324, 648 16.6 13. 1 945 295, 002 22.3 19.2 Graduate _ _ _ _ _ 597 278, 603 8.5 7.0 246 140,257 7.2 5.7 351 138, 346 10.5 9.0 Extension dp?ree-credit .. . 385 241,210 7.4 6.0 237 211,268 10.8 8.5 148 29, 942 2.3 2.0 Degree-credit courses by mail _ _ 137 98, 237 3.0 2.5 106 90, 304 4.6 3.7 31 7. 933 .6 .5 Degree-credit courses by TV or radio . . 41 5, 236 .2 . 1 25 4,214 .2 .2 16 1,022 .1 .1 Total nondegree-credit- 521, 117 13. 0 345, 520 14. 0 175, 597 11.4 Terminal-occupational education 375 176,426 4.4 237 133.519 5.4 138 42, 907 2.8 Adult education ... _ _ 321 251,048 6.3 181 194, 768 7.9 140 56. 280 3.7 Nondegree-credit courses by mail . . 51 93, 643 2.3 28 17,233 .7 23 76,410 5.0 Other enrollments _ 213,835 5. 3 175, 849 7.1 37,986 2.5 Short courses. _ _ 105 188, 058 4.7 66 172,634 7.0 39 15,424 1.0 Individual lessons only. _ 239 25, 777 .6 50 3,215 . 1 189 22, 562 1. 5 II. UNIVERSITIES Grand total all enrollments _ 141 1, 834, 811 100.0 82 1, 264, 619 too. 0 59 570, 192 100.0 Total degree-credit. . . 141 1, 525, 747 | 100. 0 83.2 82 998, 723 100.0 79.0 59 527, 024 100.0 92.4 Resident deeree-credit _ _ . . 141 1,297, 995 85.1 70.7 82 783, 919 79.0 62.4 59 509, 076 96.6 89.3 Undergraduate and first-professional _ 141 1, 099, 544 72. 1 59.9 82 691,527 69.2 54.7 59 408, 017 77.4 71.6 Full-time _ _ _ _ 141 865, 536 56.7 47.2 82 591, 502 59.2 46.8 59 274.084 52.0 48.1 Part-time _ _ _ 132 233, 958 15.3 12.8 78 100, 025 10.0 7.9 54 133,933 25.4 23.5 Graduate _ _ . 141 198,451 13.0 10.8 82 97. 392 9.8 7.7 59 101,059 19.2 17.7 Extension degree-credit _ _ _ 86 152, 733 10.0 8 3 64 133,216 13.8 10.9 22 14,517 2.8 2.5 Degree-credit courses by mail _ 52 72, 476 4.8 4.0 46 69, 303 6.9 5.5 6 3,173 .6 .6 Degree-credit courses by TV or radio _ 15 2, 543 .2 .1 10 2,285 .2 .2 5 253 (') 0) Total nondegree-credit . 133, 813 7. 3 103, 842 8.2 29, 971 5.3 Terminal-occupational education . 45 19, 477 1. 1 33 15, 141 1.2 12 4, 336 .8 Adult education 63 96, 294 5.2 41 71,602 5.7 22 24, 692 4 3 Nondegree-credit courses by mail... _ _ 27 18, 042 1.0 25 17, 099 1.4 2 943 .2 Other enrollments _ 175,251 9.0 162, 054 12.8 13, 197 2.3 Short courses 51 171,603 9.4 38 161 095 12.7 13 10. 508 1.8 Individual lessons only _ 20 3, 648 .2 9 959 . 1 11 2, 689 .5 III. LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGES Grand total, all enrollments _ 732 911, 838 100.0 79 304, 138 100. 0 653 607, 700 100.0 Total degree-credit _ 732 854,845 100.0 93.8 79 277,150 100.0 91.1 653 577,795 100.0 95.1 Resident degree-credit _ _ _ 731 808, 328 94.5 88.6 78 245, 327 88.5 80.7 653 563, 001 97.4 92.6 Undergraduate and first-professional _ 728 766, 004 89.6 84.0 78 223. 586 80.7 73.5 650 542,418 93.9 89.3 Full-time _ _ _ _ 727 596, 781 69.8 65.4 77 164, 924 59.5 54.2 650 431.857 74.7 71.1 Part-time . 653 169, 223 19.8 18.6 75 58, 662 21.2 19.3 578 110,561 19. 1 18.2 Graduate... _ _ 193 42, 324 5.0 4.6 44 21.741 7.8 7.1 149 20, 583 3.6 3.4 Extension degree-credit . 139 38, 853 4.5 4.3 37 25, 671 9.3 8.4 102 13, 182 2.3 2.2 Degree-credit courses by mail _ _ 23 6, 848 .8 .8 11 6, 000 2.2 2.0 12 848 .1 .1 Degree-credit courses by TV or radio . . 16 916 .1 .1 5 152 .1 (0 11 764 .1 .1 Total nondegree-credit.. . 49, 615 5.4 26, 231 8.6 23, 384 3.8 Terminal-occupational education .. 37 15,258 1.7 22 11,334 3.7 15 3, 924 0.6 Adult education 83 34, 299 3.8 13 14,897 4.9 70 19, 402 3.2 Nondegree-credit courses by mail 3 58 (') 0 0 3 58 (') Other enrollments _ _ 7, 278 0.8 757 0.2 6, 521 1.1 Short courses. . . . . . . 18 2, 006 .2 4 425 .1 14 1,581 .3 Individual lessons only . . . . . 118 5, 272 .6 7 332 . 1 111 4,940 .8 See footnotes at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 47 Table 22. — Enrollment analysis showing numbers of institutions and students, by enrollment category, institutional control, and type of institution, with percentage distributions for degree-credit enrollment and for total enrollment: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 — Continued Enrollment category All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of — Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 IV. TEACHERS COLLEGES Grand total, all enrollments _ 139 328, 676 100.0 170 316, 556 100.0 29 12, 120 100.0 Total degree-credit . . . 199 324, 319 100.0 98.9 170 313, 263 100.0 99.0 29 11, 656 100.0 96.2 Resident degree-credit _ ... 199 270, 063 83.1 82.2 170 259. 464 82.8 82.0 29 10, 599 90.9 87 5 Undergraduate and first-professional _ 198 250, 808 77.2 76.3 170 241,328 77.0 76.2 28 9, 480 81.3 78.2 Full-time _ _ _ 197 225. 953 69 5 68.7 170 219,264 70.0 69.3 27 6.689 57.4 55.2 Part-time . . . 157 24, 855 7.6 7.6 135 22, 064 7.0 7.0 22 2,791 23.9 23.0 Graduate . . . . 105 19,255 5.9 5.9 98 18. 136 5.8 5.7 7 1,119 9.6 9.2 Extension degree-credit . . . 122 38. 854 12.0 11.8 117 38. 636 12.3 12.2 5 218 1.9 1.8 Degree-credit courses by mail . . . 52 15. 840 4.9 4.8 49 15, 001 4.8 4.7 3 839 7.2 6.9 Degree-credit courses by TV or radio _ 7 162 0) 0) 7 162 .1 .1 0 0 2, 074 0. 6 1, 761 0. 6 313 2.6 Terminal-occupational education _ 17 1,166 .4 15 1,100 .3 2 66 .5 10 '774 .2 9 527 .2 1 247 2.0 3 134 0) 3 134 (0 0 0 1,683 0.5 1, 532 0.5 151 1.2 4 362 . 1 4 362 . 1 0 0 Individual lessons only _ 22 1,321 .4 19 1,170 .4 3 151 1.2 1 V. TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOLS Grand total, all enrollments. . . 45 107, 035 _ 100.0 24 42, 932 100.0 21 64, 043 100.0 Total degree-credit . . 45 96, 403 100.0 90.1 24 39, 778 100.0 92.5 21 56,625 100.0 88.4 Resident degree-credit _ 45 95, 057 98.6 88.8 24 38, 432 96.6 89.4 21 56, 625 100.0 88.4 Undergraduate and first-professional . 44 83, 037 86. 1 77.6 24 36. 609 92 0 85.2 20 46, 428 82.0 72.5 Full-time _ _ _ 44 66, 248 68.7 61.9 24 33, 985 85.4 79.0 20 32, 263 57.0 50.4 Part-time . . 23 16,789 17.4 15.7 7 2, 624 6.6 6. 1 16 14, 165 25.0 22.1 Graduate.. _ _ _ _ 26 12, 020 12.5 11.2 12 1,823 4.6 4.2 14 10,197 18.0 15.9 Extension degree-credit 3 1,346 1.4 1. 3 3 1,346 3.4 3. 1 0 0 Degree-credit courses hy mail 0 0 0 0 0 0 Degree-credit courses by TV or radio _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total nondegree-credit 8,333 7.8 2,986 6.9 5, 347 8.3 Terminal-occupational education 8 7,041 6.6 2 2,197 5.1 6 4, 844 7.6 Adult education 4 1,292 1.2 3 789 1.8 1 503 .8 Nnndegree-rrertit courses hy mail o o 0 0 0 0 Other enrollments 2, 299 2. 1 228 0.5 2, 071 3.2 Short courses 3 2, 299 2. 1 2 228 .5 1 2, 071 3.2 Individual lessons only _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 VI. THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS (ALL PRIVATELY CONTROLLED) Grand total, all enrollments . 148 44, 872 100.0 148 44, 872 100.0 Total degree-credit . 148 36,480 100.0 81.3 148 36,480 100.0 81.3 Resident degree-credit 148 36, 249 99.4 80. 8 148 36, 249 99.4 80.8 Underoraduate aod first-professional 148 32, 588 89. 3 72. 6 148 32, 588 89.3 72.6 Full-time 148 29’ 096 79.’ 8 64. 8 148 29, 096 79.8 64.8 Part-time 90 3] 492 9.6 7. 8 90 3,492 9.6 7 8 Graduate 70 3’ 661 10. 0 8.2 70 3, 661 10.0 8.2 Extension degree-credit 6 94 .3 .2 6 94 .3 .2 Degree-credit courses hy mail 4 137 .4 .3 4 137 .4 .3 Degree-credit courses by TV or radio _ 0 0 0 0 Total nondegree-credit _ 7, 243 16.2 — 7,248 16.2 Terminal-occupational education 10 714 1 6 10 714 1.& Adult education 0 1, 591 3 5 6 1,591 3.5 Nondegree-credil courses by mail _ 8 4^ 943 11.0 8 4, 943 11.0 Other enrollments . . 1, 144 2.5 1,144 2.5 Short courses 4 772 1.7 4 772 1.7 Individual lessons only _ _ _ _ 15 372 .8 15 372 .8 See footnotes at end of table. 48 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 22. — Enrollment analysis showing numbers of institutions and students, by enrollment category, institutional control, and type of institution, with percentage distributions for degree-credit enrollment and for total enrollment: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 — Continued Enrollment category All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item Enroll¬ ment Percent of— Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment Degree- credit enroll¬ ment only Total enroll¬ ment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 VII. OTHER PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS Grand total, all enrollments . . 132 100, G95 100.0 14 16,266 100.0 118 84, 429 100.0 Total degree-credit . 132 71, 921 100.0 71.4 14 15, 120 100.0 93.0 118 56, 801 100.0 67.3 Resident degree-credit . __ .. . . 132 70, 147 97.5 69.7 14 15,120 100.0 93.0 118 55, 027 96.9 65.2 Undergraduate and first-professional _ 129 67,255 93.5 66.8 13 13, 955 92.3 85.8 116 53, 300 93.8 63.1 Full-time _ _ _ 126 43.613 60.6 43.3 13 10,315 68.2 63.4 113 33, 298 58.6 39.4 Part-time . . . 81 23, 642 32.9 23.5 5 3,640 24.1 22.4 76 20, 002 35.2 23.7 Graduate _ _ _ _ 62 2, 892 4.0 2.9 10 1,165 7.7 7.2 52 1,727 3.0 2.0 Extension degree-credit 9 1,599 2.2 1.6 0 0 9 1,599 2.8 1.9 1 175 .2 .2 0 0 1 175 .3 .2 0 0 0 0 0 0 15, 133 15. 0 1, 114 6.8 14, 019 16.6 17 3,855 3.8 3 81 .5 14 3,774 4.5 9 5,060 5.0 1 1,033 6.4 8 4,027 4.8 Nondegree-credit courses by mail _ 1 6’ 218 6.2 0 0 1 6,218 7.4 Other enrollments 13, 641 13.5 32 0. 2 13, 609 16.1 Short courses ... . 3 212 .2 1 32 .2 2 180 .2 Individual lessons only 19 13,429 13.3 0 0 19 13,429 15.9 VIII. JUNIOR COLLEGES Grand total, all enrollments . 493 572, 425 100.0 285 494, 187 100.0 208 78,238 100.0 Total degree-credit . . 493 362, 182 100.0 63.3 285 307, 220 100.0 62.2 208 54, 962 100.0 70.2 Resident degree-credit . . . 493 350,075 96.7 61.2 285 298, 206 97.1 60.3 208 51,869 94.4 66.3 Undergraduate and first-professional _ 493 350,075 96.7 61.2 285 298, 206 97.1 60.3 208 51,869 94.4 66.3 Full time . . . . . 493 202, 384 55.9 35.4 285 160, 573 52.3 32.5 208 41,811 76.1 53.4 Part-time . . . . 347 147, 691 40.8 25.8 238 137, 633 44.8 27.9 109 10,058 18.3 12.9 Graduate _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 Extension degree-credit _ 20 7,731 2.1 1.4 16 7, 399 2.4 1.5 4 332 .6 .4 Degree-credit courses by mail... _ 5 2, 761 .8 .5 0 0 5 2, 761 5.0 3.5 Degree-credit courses by TV or radio _ 3 1,615 .4 .3 3 1,615 .5 .3 0 0 Total nondegree-credit _ _ 197, 817 34.6 175, 721 35.6 22, 096 28.2 Terminal-occupational education _ 191 75,427 13.2 145 70, 401 14.2 46 5. 026 6.4 Adult education _ _ _ 137 108, 083 18.9 113 105, 320 21.3 24 2, 763 3.5 Nondegree-credit courses by mail _ 3 14, 307 2.5 0 0 3 14, 307 18.3 Other enrollments _ _ _ 12,426 2.2 11, 246 2.3 1, 180 1.5 Short courses . . . 21 10, 734 1.9 17 10, 492 2. 1 4 242 .3 Individual lessons only _ 43 1,692 .3 15 754 .2 28 938 1.2 IX. TECHNICAL INSTITUTES AND SEMIPROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS 2 Grand total, all enrollments 2 . 50 107, 197 100.0 17 33, 865 100.0 33 73, 332 100.0 Total nondegree-credit . . . 50 107, 084 99.9 17 33, 865 100.0 33 73, 219 99.8 Terminal-occupational education _ 50 53, 488 49.9 17 33, 265 98.2 33 20, 223 27.6 Adult education _ _ _ 9 3,655 3.4 1 600 1.8 8 3,055 4.2 Nondegree-credit courses by mail .. 6 49, 941 46.6 0 0 6 49, 941 68.1 Other enrollments . . . 113 .1 0 113 .2 Short courses _ 1 70 . 1 0 0 1 70 .1 Individual lessons only . . 2 43 (0 0 o 2 43 .1 ‘Less than 0.05 percent 2 Institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor's degree. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 49 Table 23. — Resident degree-credit enrollment, first term 1957-58, and degree-credit enrollment, summer 1957, by sex and by control and type of institution: Aggregate United States Type of institution and sex Enrollment Percent of total » All institutions Publicly controlled Privately controlled All institutions Publicly controlled Privately controlled 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 1st TERM 1957-58 Total resident degree-credit enrollment - - 2, 927, 914 1, 645, 468 1, 282, 446 100.0 56.2 43.8 Men _ _ 1, 935, 345 1, 084, 187 851, 158 66.1 37.0 29.1 Women _ _ _ _ _ _ 992, 569 561,281 431,288 33.9 19.2 14.7 Universities - - - . - - 1, 297, 995 788, 919 509, 076 44.3 Kf 17.4 Men _ 940, 842 568. 326 372, 516 32.1 19.4 12.7 Women - - ... - 357, 153 220, 593 136, 560 12.2 7.5 4.7 Liberal arts colleges..- _ _ _ - - 808, 328 245, 327 563, 001 27.6 8.4 19.2 Men . . - _ _ 457, 493 135, 180 322,313 15.6 4.6 11.0 Women _ _ _ _ 350, 835 110,147 240, 688 12.0 3.8 8.2 Teachers colleges _ 270, 063 259, 464 10, 599 oT 8.9 04 Men _ _ _ _ _ 136, 146 133. 505 2, 641 4.6 4.6 .1 Women _ _ _ _ 133,917 125. 959 7, 958 4.6 4.3 .3 Technological schools - - - - - - - ... - 95, 057 38, 432 56, 625 3.2 1.3 1.9 Men.. _ _ _ 89, 401 36,411 52, 990 3.1 1.2 1.8 Women . . . . . . . 5,656 2, 021 3, 635 .2 .1 .1 Theological and religious schools (all privately controlled) _ 36, 249 36, 249 1.2 1.2 Men . . . . . . . . _ 29, 509 29 509 1 0 1 0 Women _ - _ _ _ . . _ _ 6, 740 6, 740 .2 .2 Other professional schools _ --- .. - . . ------- 70, 147 15, 120 55, 027 2.4 .5 1.9 Men. - - - - 55. 527 11,668 43, 859 1.9 .4 1.5 Women . . ------------ .. _ _ 14, 620 3, 452 11,168 .5 .1 .4 Junior colleges1 2 _ _ _ _ . - 350, 075 298, 205 51,859 12.0 10.2 1.8 Men. . . . . - -. . _ _ _ _ _ . 226, 427 199, 097 27, 330 7.7 6.8 .9 Women - - 123, 648 99, 109 24, 539 4.2 3.4 .8 II. SUMMER SESSIONS. 1957 Total degree-credit enrollment _ 1, 190, 578 748, 907 441, 671 100.0 62.9 37.1 Men _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 660, 234 421, 608 238, 626 55.5 35.4 20.0 Women _ _ _ . _ _ .. . . . . _ 530, 344 327, 299 203, 045 44.5 27.5 17.1 Universities - - 539, 965 348, 076 191,889 45.4 29.2 16.1 Men _ _ _ . _ _ ... _ . 345, 490 228, 328 117, 162 29.0 19.2 9.8 Women . . „ _ _ ... . .. _ .. _ _ 194, 475 119, 748 74, 727 16.3 10.1 6.3 Liberal arts colleges . _ _ _ ... . . . . . „ 325, 490 131,671 193,819 27.3 11.1 16.3 Men _ _ ... _ _ ... _ . . ... _ 144, 545 59, 130 85,415 12.1 5.0 7.2 Women _ _ „ . ... . ... . _ _ _ 180, 945 72, 541 108. 404 15.2 6.1 9.1 Teachers colleges _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 193, 985 182, 542 11,443 16.3 15.3 1.0 Men.... _ _ _ _ 80, 559 77, 722 2, 837 6.8 6.5 .2 Women _ _ . . . . . . _ 113, 426 104, 820 8, 606 9.5 8.8 .7 Technological schools _ _ 25, 695 13, 673 12, 022 2.2 1.1 1.0 Men _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. 23, 807 12, 067 11,740 2.0 1.0 1.0 Women _ _ _ _ .. ............ ... __ . 1,888 1,606 282 .2 .1 .0 Theological and religious schools (all privately controlled) 5, 835 5, 835 .5 .5 Men _ _ 4, 883 4, 883 .4 .4 Women _ 952 952 .1 .1 Other professional schools _ _ _ _ _ 17, 596 3, 299 14, 297 1.5 .3 1.2 Men _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. . ... _ 12, 765 2, 440 10, 325 1.1 .2 .9 Women . . . . . . . . . ...... 4, 831 859 3, 972 .4 .1 .3 Junior colleges 2. . . . . . . . . . ... 82, 012 69, 646 12, 366 6.9 5.8 1.0 Men _ _ _ ... . . . .. .. _ __ 48, 185 41,921 6, 264 4.0 3.5 .5 Women _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ... . _ 33, 827 27, 725 6,102 2.8 2.3 .5 1 Detail does not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. 2 Excludes 50 institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor’s degree. 50 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 part of their curricula enrolled 83.9 percent of the resident degree-credit students in the Nation. The other 16.1 percent were scattered among institutions of the professional preparation type: teachers colleges, technological schools, and other professional schools. It should be recalled that these data are based on total enrollment of administrative organizations, that they do not reflect enrollment of students looking forward definitely to training for the professions or vocations indicated by the type of school in which they were enrolled. Many of the professional schools in this country are operated as parts of large, comprehensive universities; many students enrolled in colleges of liberal arts are looking forward to professions or vocations for which preparation is also available in a special-type professional school. In the first term, 1957-58, men outnumbered women two to one in resident degree-credit enrollment, this proportion running slightly higher in privately controlled than in publicly controlled institutions. In teachers colleges, men slightly outnumbered women in resident degree-credit enrollment, a situation which has not obtained heretofore; however, women outnumbered men in extension degree-credit enrollment in these insti¬ tutions, with the result that women constituted approximately 53 percent of the total resident and extension degree-credit enrollments. In other types of institutions, women were more definitely in the minority of resident degree- credit students. In liberal arts colleges they numbered 43.4 percent of the total enrollment, in junior colleges 35.3 percent, in universities 27.5 percent, in the ‘‘other professional schools” 20.8 percent, in theological and religious schools 18.6 percent, and in technological schools 6.0 percent. The large enrollment of women in theological and religious schools is of special interest, indicat¬ ing entrance of women into a type of work formerly thought of as open to men only. It should be pointed out that these schools are not confined to the training of priests and ministers, but that many of them offer courses leading to religious education as a profession, and also that some of the Protestant denominations are now less reluc¬ tant to ordain women than they were a generation ago. Summer sessions. — Enrollment of degree-credit students in summer sessions has followed much the same general pattern as has resident degree- ' credit enrollment (table 19, column 5), more than doubling in 12 years and tripling in 28 years. I There is some duplication in enrollments reported : for summer work, due to the fact that registrars I were asked to report these enrollments on a session basis rather than on a student basis, so that a student enrolled for two consecutive summer ! sessions at one institution in the same summer would presumably be counted as two enrollments rather than as one student. This situation may be understood somewhat more clearly when it is observed (table 24) that of the 1,302 institutions in the Nation which offered instruction in the summer of 1957, 28 maintained a fourth quarter and one or more summer sessions and 551 main¬ tained two or more summer sessions. Further¬ more, this latter-named group included 137 institutions which reported 3 or more summer sessions. This wide diversity in organization of summer sessions is set forth in some detail in table 24, ; which shows the number of institutions offering each of five major types of organization, with classification of each group by type and control | of institution and by predominant race of students in attendance. Degree-credit enrollments in the summer of 1957 are shown in table 23, by type and control of institution. Summer session work is con¬ centrated more heavily in publicly controlled institutions than is degree-credit work in the fall term. The summer sessions of 1957 found 62.9 percent of the degree-credit students in institutions under public control, as compared with 56.2 I percent of resident degree-credit enrollment in j the first term, 1957-58. Another comparison shows that women constituted a higher proportion of summer students in 1957 (44.5 percent) than they did of fust-term resident degree-credit enrollment (33.9 percent). Universities, liberal arts colleges, and junior colleges enrobed nearly 80 percent of the total number of degree-credit students in the summer of 1957; the various independently organized professional schools accounted for the other 20 percent. Summer session enrollments for individual States are presented in table VII. Level oj study. — The ratio of graduate to undergraduate students has changed somewhat since 1939-40. Graduate students, who numbered HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 51 Table 24. — Number of institutions reporting summer degree-credit enrollment, by type of summer- term organization and type and control of institution: Aggregate United States, 1957 All insti- Number of institutions, by type Number of institu¬ tions attended predominantly by — Type of summer-term organization, control of institution tutions Univer¬ sities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Techno¬ logical schools Theo¬ logical. religious Other profes¬ sional schools Junior colleges White Students Negro Students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total number of institutions reporting degree-credit work during school year 1957-58 _ _ _ 1, 890 141 732 199 45 ! 148 132 493 1, 792 98 Publicly controlled. . . . . . . 654 82 79 170 24 (*) 14 285 617 37 Privately controlled . . . . 1,236 59 653 29 21 148 118 208 1,175 61 Total number of Institutions reporting degree-credit work in summer of 1957 _ _ _ _ 1,302 139 583 180 32 55 83 245 1, 229 73 Publicly controlled . . 482 82 74 155 16 (') 6 149 450 32 Privately controlled _ _ _ 820 57 494 25 16 55 77 96 779 41 Number of institutions reporting degree-credit work in summer of 1957 in: Fourth Quarter: All institutions . . . 100 18 22 14 11 3 18 14 94 6 Publicly controlled _ _ _ 44 11 4 13 5 o 2 9 42 2 Privately controlled _ _ 56 7 18 1 6 3 16 5 52 4 One or More Summer Sessions: 2 All institutions . . . . 1,230 134 552 169 22 53 69 231 1,162 68 Publicly controlled.. _ _ 451 80 71 145 11 (') 4 140 421 30 Privately controlled . . . 779 54 481 24 11 53 65 SI 741 38 Fourth Quarter and One or More Summer Sessions: 1 1 All institutions . . . . 28 13 6 3 4 0 27 1 Publicly controlled.. . . 13 9 1 3 0 (') 0 0 13 0 Privately controlled . . . 15 4 5 0 1 1 4 0 14 1 Two or More Summer Sessions: 2 All institutions _ 551 83 252 93 10 27 14 72 516 35 Publicly controlled. . . . . 234 52 43 87 5 (') 1 46 218 16 Privately controlled . 317 31 209 6 5 27 13 26 298 19 Three or More Summer Sessions: * All institutions _ _ _ 137 32 45 38 2 5 3 12 132 5 Publicly controlled. _ _ _ _ 74 20 10 34 1 (0 0 9 69 5 Privately controlled . . . . 63 12 35 4 1 5 3 3 63 0 1 All independently organized theological and religious schools are privately controlled. 1 Count excludes fourth quarter; but note that some institutions have a fourth quarter as well as one or more summer sessions. a little over 7 percent of the total resident degree- credit enrollment in 1939^0, numbered more than 10 percent of that for the academic year 1957-58 and almost 10 percent for the first term, 1957-58 (table 25). It appears that the big increase came between 1939-40 (7.4 percent) and 1953-54 (11.1 percent) and that there was a slight decline thereafter. The shift of students from privately controlled institutions to those under public control, already remarked on, was also to be observed in registra¬ tions at the graduate level. Whereas these registrations in 1939-40 were divided 42.3 percent in publicly controlled and 57.7 percent in privately controlled institutions, in the 1957-58 academic year the division was 52.7 public and 47.3 private. Or, stating it in another way, the 1957-58 total enrollment of graduate students was three-and- one-fourth times that of 1939-40; the 1957-58 enrollment in publicly controlled schools was four times that of 1939-40; but in privately controlled institutions it was less than two-and- three-fourths times as large. Analyses of undergraduate and graduate en¬ rollments by region and State are presented in tables I, V, and XI in a later section of this report. Size of institution. — It has already been shown (table 6, column 12) that the median institution of higher education ranked by size in the first term 1957-58 had 578 resident degree-credit students, and that this median varied greatly by type and control of institution. It ranged from 7,879 in publicly controlled universities to 181 in privately controlled junior colleges and 176 in theological and religious schools. The 52 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 25. — Academic-year and first-term resident degree-credit enrollment by sex, institutional control, and level of work: Aggregate United States, 1939-40 to 1957-58 Year and type of data Enrollment Percent Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1939-40 All Institutions: Total _ _ _ _ ... 1. ACADEMIC-YEAR DATA 1, 502, 176 897, 047 605, 129 100.0 59.7 40.3 Graduate _ .... .. ... ... .. ... 106, 000 1,396.176 67. 528 829,519 38. 472 566, 657 7.1 92.9 4.5 55.2 2.6 37.7 Undergraduate and special... _ . . _ _ Publicly controlled institutions: Total _ _ ... . ... . . . . 804, 241 473, 657 330, 584 53.5 31.5 22.0 Graduate _ . _ _ _ ....... 44,814 759, 427 30, 150 443, 507 14, 664 315, 920 3.0 50.5 2.0 29.5 1.0 21.0 Undergraduate and special _ _ _ .. ... . . . . Privately controlled institutions: Total _ ..... _ _ _ ._ .. . 697, 935 423, 390 274, 545 46.5 28.2 18.3 Graduate . . . . . . _ 61, 186 636, 749 37, 378 386, 012 23, 808 250, 737 4.1 42.4 2.5 25.7 1.6 16.7 Undergraduate and special _ _ _ 1949-50 All Institutions: 2, 673, 758 1, 862, 349 811, 409 100.0 69.7 30.3 Graduate _ ... . . _ _ 237, 598 2,436,160 172, 322 1, 690, 027 65,276 746, 133 8.9 91.1 6.5 63.2 2.4 27.9 Undergraduate and special _ _ _ _ _ _ . Publicly controlled institutions: Total _ _ _ 1, 369, 091 941,026 428,065 51.2 35.2 16.0 Graduate _ .. _ _ 108, 322 1, 260, 769 77, 359 863, 667 30,963 397,102 4.1 47.1 2.9 32.3 1.2 14.8 Undergraduate and special _ _ _ _ .. ... Privately controlled institutions: Total _ _ _ _ 1, 304, 667 921, 323 383, 344 48.8 34.5 14.3 Graduate... _ _ _ 129,276 1, 175, 391 94,963 826, 360 34,313 349, 031 4.8 44.0 3.6 30.9 1.2 13.1 Undergraduate and special _ _ _ 1951-52 All institutions: Total . . . . 2, 319,496 1, 519, 514 799, 982 1Q0. 0 65.5 34.5 Graduate.. . _ _ _ 233, 778 2, 085,718 171,569 1,347, 945 62, 209 737, 773 10.1 89.9 7.4 58.1 2.7 31.8 Undergraduate and special _ _ Publicly controlled institutions: Total . . . 1, 172, 743 746,617 426, 126 50.6 32.2 18.4 Graduate _ 106,492 1,066,251 77, 372 669, 245 29, 120 397, 006 4.6 46.0 3.3 28.9 1.3 17.1 Undergraduate and special _ _ _ _ Privately controlled institutions: Total _ 1, 146, 753 772,897 373, 856 49.4 33.3 16.1 Graduate _ . _ 127, 286 1,019, 467 94, 197 678, 700 33, 089 340, 767 5.5 43.9 4. 1 29.2 1.4 14.7 Undergraduate and special _ 1953-54 i All institutions: Total.. . 2, 534, 709 1, 624, 220 910, 489 100.0 64.1 35.9 Graduate _ . 278, 261 2, 256, 448 194, 092 1,430, 128 84, 169 826, 320 11.1 88.9 7.8 5S.3 3.3 32.6 Undergraduate _ _ Publicly controlled institutions: Total _ _ _ 1,374,500 861,946 512, 554 54.2 34.0 20.2 Graduate _ .... 132, 969 1,241,531 89, 703 772, 243 43, 266 469, 288 5.3 48.9 3.6 30.4 1.7 18.5 Undergraduate _ Privately controlled institutions: Total _ _ 1, 160, 209 762, 274 397, 935 45.8 30.1 15.7 Graduate... _ 145, 292 1,014,917 104, 389 657, 885 40, 903 357, 032 5.8 40.0 4.2 25.9 1.6 14.1 Undergraduate _ _ . 1957-58 All institutions: Total. . . . . 3, 313, 617 2, 190, 517 1, 123, 100 100.0 66.1 33.9 Graduate _ _ _ _ 345, 624 2, 967, 993 242,816 1,947, 701 102, 808 1,020, 292 10.4 89.6 7.3 58.8 3.1 30.8 Undergraduate. _ _ _ _ ...... See footnote at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 53 Table 25. — Academic-year and first-term resident degree-credit enrollment by sex, institutional control, and level of work: Aggregate United States, 1939-40 to 1957-58 — Continued Year and type of data Enrollment Percent Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women * 2 3 4 5 6 7 1957-58 — Continued Publicly controlled institutions: Total . . . . .... _ _ _ . . . 1. ACADEMIC-YEAR DATA— Continued 1,902,299 1,254,710 647, 589 57.4 37.9 19.5 182. 227 1,720, 072 122, 746 1,131,964 59, 481 588, 108 5.5 51.9 3.7 34.2 1.8 17.7 Undergraduate _ ... .. .. . _ _ Privately controlled institutions: Total _ . 1,411,318 935, 807 475,511 42.6 28.2 14.4 Graduate . ... 163, 397 1.247.921 120, 070 815. 737 43, 327 432. 184 4.9 37 7 3.6 24 fi 1.3 n i Undergraduate.. . _ ... _ _ _ . . _ November 1953 All institutions: II. FIRST-TERM DATA 2, 218, 287 1, 422, 434 795, 853 100.0 64.2 35.8 Graduate _ _ _ _ _ _ 223, 832 1, 994, 455 161,040 1,261,394 62. 792 733, 061 10.1 89.9 7.3 56.9 2.8 33.0 Undergraduate _ _ _ ... _ Publicly controlled institutions: Total _ _ _ _ _ 1, 175. 736 737, 444 438,292 53.0 33.3 19.7 Graduate _ _ _ 103, 581 1, 072, 155 72,014 665, 430 31,567 406, 725 4.7 48.3 3.3 30.0 1.4 18.3 Undergraduate _ ... _ Privately controlled institutions: Total _ _ _ _ _ 1, 042, 551 684, 990 357, 561 47.0 30.9 16.1 Graduate _ _ _ 120, 251 922, 300 89. 026 595, 964 31,225 326, 336 5.4 41.6 4.0 26.9 1.4 14.7 Undergraduate _ _ _ November 1954 All institutions: Total _ _ 2, 428, 299 1, 578, 932 849, 367 100.0 65.0 35.0 Graduate _ _ 242, 530 2, 185, 769 169, 803 1, 409, 129 72, 727 776, 640 10.0 90.0 7.0 58.0 3.0 32.0 Undergraduate _ Publicly controlled institutions: Total . . . 1, 320, 720 847, 902 472, 818 54.4 34.9 19.5 Graduate _ _ 117, 900 1, 202, 820 79. 376 768, 526 38. 524 434, 294 4.9 49.5 3.3 31.6 1.6 17.9 Undergraduate _ _ Privately controlled institutions: Total _ _ _ _ 1, 107, 579 731, 030 376, 549 45.6 30.1 15.5 Graduate _ _ _ 124, 630 982, 949 90, 427 640, 603 34. 203 342, 346 5.1 40.5 3.7 26.4 1.4 14.1 Undergraduate _ _ _ _ _ _ November 1955 All institutions: Total . . . . . . . . . 2,621,898 1, 727, 292 894, 606 100.0 65.9 34.1 Graduate _ _ _ _ 251, 232 2, 370, 666 177, 465 1, 549, 827 73, 767 820, 839 9.6 90.4 6.8 59.1 2.8 31.3 Undergraduate _ _ _ Publicly controlled institutions: Total . . . . . . . 1, 440, 288 939, 992 500. 296 54.9 35.9 19.0 Graduate _ _ ... 123, 438 1,316, 850 83, 804 856, 188 39, 634 460, 662 4.7 50.2 3.2 32.7 1.5 17.5 Undergraduate . . . . . . Privately controlled institutions: Total. . . . . . . . . 1,181,610 787, 300 394, 310 45.1 30.1 15.0 Graduate . . . . . . 127, 794 1, 053, 816 93, 661 693, 639 34. 133 360, 177 4.9 40.2 3.6 26.5 1.3 13.7 Undergraduate _ _ _ .. First term 1957-58 All institutions: Total . . . . 2, 927, 914 1, 935, 345 992, 569 100.0 66.1 33.9 Graduate _ 278, 603 2, 649,311 198, 349 1, 736, 996 80, 254 912,315 9.5 90.5 6.8 59.3 2.7 31.2 Undergraduate . . . . . . Publicly controlled institutions: Total _ _ _ _ 1, 645, 468 1,084,187 561,281 56.2 37.0 19.2 Graduate _ _ . _ 140.257 1, 505,211 95, 773 988, 414 44, 484 516, 797 4.8 51.4 3.3 33.7 1.5 17.7 Undergraduate _ _ _ _ _ _ Privately controlled institutions: Total . . . . . . . . 1, 282, 446 851, 158 431,288 43.8 29.1 14.7 Graduate _ . _ -- 138. 346 1, 144, 100 102, 576 748, 582 35, 770 395. 518 4.7 39.1 3.5 25.6 1.2 13.5 Undergraduate. . . . . . . . . . 1 From 1953-54 on, special students are included with graduate or with undergraduate students, according to level of work done. 54 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 privately controlled independent liberal arts college, traditionally thought of as small, showed such a scattering by size that the median for it was 658 — more than the median of 578 for all institutions in the country. In table 26, data on enrollment of various types in the various groups of institutions are analyzed by size of institution. Here it is shown that of 1,889 institutions having resident degree- credit students, 372 (nearly 20 percent of the total number) had enrollments of fewer than 200. The total enrollment of these 372 institutions was 40,515, which was less than 1.4 percent of the national total. There were also 508 institutions which enrolled from 200 to 499 each; their total enrollment was 171 ,347. Putting these two groups together gives a total of 880 institutions (more than 46 percent of the total number) with a total enrollment of 211,862, which was just a little over 7 percent of the total enrollment for the Nation. Percentage analyses of this type reveal wide varia¬ tions by type and control of institution. There were no universities enrolling fewer than 1,000 students; in fact, the smallest (table 6, column 14) had an enrollment of 2,222. On the other hand, 14 percent of the enrollment in the private liberal arts colleges was in institutions reporting fewer than 500 students each; and more than 60 percent of the total enrollment in privately controlled junior colleges was in schools of that small size. In this latter group 22 percent of the enrollment was in schools whose enrollment did not exceed 200. At the other end of the scale, there were 46 institutions (2.4 percent of the total number) which reported resident degree-credit enrollment of 10,000 or more. These institutions had a total resident degree-credit enrollment of more than 780,000, which was nearly 27 percent of the national total. The percentage of student enroll¬ ment accounted for by these large institutions was higher among publicly controlled institutions (33.2) than among those under private control (18.6). Sixty percent of enrollment in publicly controlled universities was in universities with 10,000 or more resident degree-credit students. Schools of the highly specialized types were as a rule smaller, no teachers college, technological school, theological school, or other professional school reporting enrollment as high as 8,000 (table 6, column 10). Table 26 is arranged in several parts, tabulating enrollments of various types or characteristics, each based on the number of resident degree-credit students. That is, section II of this table shows that in the group of 372 institutions with resident degree-credit enrollment of fewer than 200 each (as per section I of the table) there were 364 which reported full-time resident undergraduate or first-professional enrollment, and that these institutions had a total enrollment of this descrip¬ tion amounting to 34,839; section III shows that in this same group of 372 institutions there were 205 which reported part-time resident under¬ graduate or first-professional enrollment totaling 4,225. Table 27 gives the same type of information on summer session enrollment, the institutions still being classified in terms of their first-term resident degree-credit enrollment. The classification thus does not reflect the number of summer sessions by their own enrollment categories. First-time and undergraduate students. — Of the 2,927,914 resident degree-credit students reported in the first term 1957-58 (continental United States and outlying parts) 2,649,311 were classified as undergraduates. Of these, 742,875, or 28.0 percent, were reported as registered for the first time in any college (table 28). Since 1931-32, when data for first-time students were first col¬ lected, the ratio of first-time resident degree - credit enrollment to total resident undergraduate enrollment has changed irregularly, with a slight tendency downward. In 1939-40, close to 32 percent of the total resident undergraduate stu¬ dents were in college for the first time (section IV of table 28). As would be expected, the propor¬ tion is highest in the junior colleges — 47.3 percent in the first term 1957-58. Of the 742,875 first-time students in school in the first term 1957-58, publicly controlled institu¬ tions enrolled 442,486, or 59.6 percent; the remain¬ ing 300,389 were in institutions under private control. In 1931-32 the percentage in publicly controlled institutions was 56.0; in 1943-44 it was 52.0; in 1951-52, 56.6; and in November 1955, 58.3. Universities enrolled 33.2 percent of all first¬ time students in the first term 1957-58, liberal arts colleges 28.8 percent, and junior colleges 22.3 percent. Thus, institutions whose primary em¬ phasis is traditionally on work leading to the Table 26. — Number of students in various enrollment categories, showing number of institutions with students in each category, by siz,e of resident degree-credit student body, institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 HIGHER EDUCATION- FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 55 Size-class: resident degree-credit enrollment in first term 1957-58 equal to— 10,000 or more Enroll¬ ment r* 1. TOTAL RESIDENT DEGREE-CREDIT ENROLLMENT 00 545, 869 238, 575 709,460 470, 885 238, 575 53,200 53,200 0 O O O O OO O I ° OO | 21, 784 21, 784 0 Institu¬ tions o a? • iH fe bO < K CO d ft •2 •2 £ P d 3 P 4-> • cH p CO P CO d d •pH <-w <+H 0 0 Cl) 5-i £1, Cl) ft P 8 d d TO d 6J0 „ d 'n •pH ►> u P £ P 0 d _ ft, 0 CO o n CO rt tJ d 'u 0 o bJD Cl) p d p p a o p CO p d d o •Q > 3 ‘p. 0.0. — TO -Q .> Q-OZ ■=: = *i= ® _Q > 3 *C 0.0. o CD £> *ro o 3 > 3 *- 0-0. 0.0. 0.0. £ o HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES in CO CM 21,315 0 o o o o OO o O o o 14, 023 14, 023 0 IV. RESIDENT GRADUATE ENROLLMENT (BEYOND BACHELOR’S OR FIRST PROFESSIONAL DEGREE) 138, 905 75, 054 63, 851 133, 503 69, 652 63, 851 5, 402 5, 402 0 O OO o O O O 1 ° OO o o oo o OO o o oo -HO 45 CO i CM — h o oo o OO o o OO co CO 19, 197 18, 447 2,066 2, 066 0 12, 823 0 12,823 o 3, 387 3, 387 0 40, 261 40, 261 0 74, 355 35. 046 39, 309 51, 847 22, 165 29, 682 13,507 10, 295 3,212 2,212 2,212 0 6,789 374 6,415 o o OO in o in co coo in o in o -HO OO OOO iH 00 47 34 CO 33 28 CM O CM co coo m o o OO 00 CO 9, 252 25, 166 oo 7, 748 0 2,656 oo oo CD oo cm" o 6, 562 0 6, 562 I 33, 994 33, 994 0 34, 312 19, 861 14, 451 | 12, 835 5, 454 7, 381 10, 296 4, 481 5,815 8,046 8, 046 0 2,314 1,105 1,209 o 821 in co CO 15 21 23 COO CM in o CO o co 20 OO CM 92 CD CO CO 21 16 25 CM CO 23 coo CM in *3*-H o CM o o Csf 7, 893 34, 807 11,015 | 10, 278 737 1, 140 °o 974 6, 398 0 6, 398 31,766 29,569 2,197 20,435 8, 778 11,657 266 121 145 9,183 1, 507 7, 676 7,695 6, 922 773 2,713 157 2, 556 247 331 -HO 1 — CO CM CO CDCM CM CO O OO CM CD OO ooo co OO ooo 5 40 4 161 -H O cd CM 8 15 75 LO 52 2 CD cm CM m CM CO 0O CO CM 965 22, 849 2,079 | 1,731 348 o oo o o oo 4, 076 1 4, 075 17,477 12,925 4,552 CO © 1,279 4, 794 O OO 2,864 56 2, 808 1, 166 OO OO 03 CM 35 in o 1, 286 722 O CM *3* OO cm CM CM into CM CO co 30 3 o oo CD CO — ll^ in CD 48 17 00 CD CM CM CO o oo CM 3 39 CD OO -H CM CM O CD CD coco o h«. CO oo 40 8, 630 1,813 239 1,574 170 | 156 14 1,014 2, 351 252 2, 099 8,313 6, 031 2, 282 3, 072 214 2, 858 o oo 835 o in co oo 124 CO CD 153 152 1 1,421 539 in in oo 00 CM CM 22 | O OJ | m CO CM 30 25 CO CM CM o*> ocn oo co 69 OO — H CD o oo — or^ m CM CO CO-h 27 CD coco CM CD CO O CM to CD CO esi og | o oo 704 OO CD OO ooo oo 1,857 830 1, 027 1, 451 25 1,426 o oo oo CM o 237 CM O CM CD O CD 707 479 25 454 1 32 1 O CM CO CO •HW | o oo In CO CM oco CM 8 *-« CD 09 1 59 o oo CO oco O-h O—i CM CO CM — h CM CO CNI CM of +-* cj d£ S JS G ’’d 2 G 4-> cS ta g bO bO < 05 d d o .2 $ +j d 3 .ti +$ 'M +3 52 W) d c rH •iH 3 w CL. Qa £ .2 0.2 .5 ojB -O > =3 ’w. 0.0. jQ > 3 *Z 0.0. 0-0. 3 0-0. o +-> — <55 CO w -Q > O O.*- 3 *Z n 0-0- -55 -O .g o 0.0. 7,110 ! HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 61 LO CD to o CO See footnotes at end of table. Table 26. — Number of students in various enrollment categories, showing number of institutions with students in each category, by size of resident degree-credit student body, institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 — Continued 62 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 26. — Number of students in various enrollment categories, showing number of institutions with students in each category, by size of resident degree-credit student body, institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 — Continued 64 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Size-class: resident degree-credit enrollment in first term 1957-58 equal to— 10,000 or more Enroll¬ ment XIII. NONDEGREE-CREDIT COURSES BY MAIL ro S3 2 13, 883 350 14, 233 13, 883 350 1 ° OO o OO I o 1 ° OO o OO o OO XIV. COURSES BY TV OR RADIO, DEGREE-CREDIT ONLY 2, 390 2, 186 204 | 2, 390 2, 186 204 Institu¬ tions CO 12 CM -4 O OO o OO o O OO o OO o OO « CO CM OO CO CM 5,000-9,999 Enroll¬ ment 2, 231 1,638 593 2,231 1,638 593 ° OO o OO o O OO o OO o OO 1,713 1,659 54 CD m CD m Institu¬ tions OO OO f". i o OO o OO o ° OO o OO o OO m o oo 1 O o o o oo O | i 0 oo o OO o oo o in OO m O OO 1,514 1,514 0 87, 814 80, 426 7, 388 80, 784 73, 581 7, 203 226 41 185 o oo 180 oo oo O J l 0 oo 6,624 | 6, 624 0 o oo CM CM O o OO •— < o 26 OO 0° 20 co CM " o oo •— < o O | l 0 oo co o o oo r^o 120 OO CM o OO 1,991 1,511 480 1,541 1,511 30 450 OO I in o oo o oo O J l 0 oo o oo o oo CM CM O *3* o o OO in cm co m—» O — | i o oo o oo O | l 0 oo o oo o oo 1 770 1 25 745 CM CMO o OO 5,471 3,011 2, 460 518 oo o un 500 143 357 CO cn CO O cn 2, 071 0 2, 071 o | 32 | CMO 2,254 | 2, 222 32 o oo o -H 00 co coo o OO 17 ^ cn •-* o m CSICO j v^O o^ O | ^ o 00 CO CM o oo o OO o OO 38 00 o co 1,938 1,373 565 o oo o oo cn 241 389 266 | coo cn CM CO 48 0 o o oo 994 818 176 o oo o OO o OO -HO 17 C7> CO o oo 00 oo coo *-*o o o oo in o oo o cn o OO co cn 63 0 00 00 h- COO cm cn CO CD o oo 200 0 200 o oo o oo 735 L 25 o tn CM oo CM 00 OOO CM OO o oo co o co o OO ^ o a *3*m o oo CM O CM o oo o oo CM o^ o o oo o OO o OO o OO 296 o co CM o oo O OO I o oo o oo co 155 o in co o oo o OO o OO o OO o in o oo o oo 1 o oo o oo CM o^ o^ O 1 916 1 CM *3- in co 162 CM o cn 1,615 1,615 0 188, 058 172,634 15, 424 171,603 161,095 10, 508 2, 006 in*-* CM OO ^tLD 362 CMO cn CO 2, 299 228 2, 071 ILL 212 1 CMO CO oo 10. 734 10, 492 242 o r*^ 0 70 CO P^O co coo £ 1 COO CO co in CO CO 00 *3*0 CO CM — • CO *-H CM CM Llbe ral arts colleges. . . Public . . - . - Private . . . . Teachers colleges. . . . . Public . . . Private _ _ _ Junior colleges * . . . . . . Public * . . Private * . . . . . All Institutions - - Public . Private . . . . Universities - - - - Public . Private . . . . . . Liberal arts colleges _ Public . . . . . Private - - - - - - Teachers colleges . . . Public . . . Private . . . . . Technological schools . . . . Public. . . . . . Private . . Theological and religious schools (all pri¬ vately controlled) . . . . . Other professional schools . . Public . . . Private . . . . . Junior colleges* . . . Public*.. . . . Private* . . . Technical institutes _ _ _ Public _ _ _ _ Private . . . . 65 See footnotes at end of table. Table 26. — Number of students in various enrollment categories, showing number of institutions with students in each category, by size of resident degree-credit student body, institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 — Continued 66 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Size-class: resident degree-credit enrollment in first term 1957-58 equal to— 10,000 or more Enroll¬ ment XVI. ENROLLMENT FOR INDIVIDUAL LESSONS ONLY 950 oo cm 0S6 OO CM r-- O OO o OO 1 ° o OO o OO o oo o oo Institu¬ tions CO OO con coin o oo o OO o o oo o oo o oo o oo 5,000-9,999 Enroll¬ ment 2, 592 605 1,987 2, 257 324 1,933 £! 18 54 263 COO CD CM o o oo o oo o oo o oo Institu¬ tions COLO OO CM «-h O o o oo o oo o oo o o o 2,500-4,999 Enroll¬ ment eo rH 1, 644 508 1,136 441 in oo r- 1 CM 852 O CM in oo n CO 351 0 o o oo o oo o oo o oo Institu¬ tions N 10 in in CM CM CO o oo co COO 1 o o oo o oo o oo o 1 oo 1,000-2,499 Enroll¬ ment 3 3 1,376 1,108 O OO 943 oo in cd r-. CM CO 525 on O CM 293 o oo CO r-. oo n O ' o oo o oo Institu¬ tions O 45 CM CM o oo CD CM in—i CM CM ii i o oo co n^-4 o oo o oo 500-999 Enroll¬ ment OS 3,500 184 3,316 o oo 2, 063 46 2,017 133 coo CO 1,146 0 1, 146 157 n cm n o oo o oo Institu¬ tions QO OS m cm o oo in 1 44 CO coo CM o CM OO con o oo o oo 200-499 Enroll¬ ment 6, 764 63 6, 701 o oo 1,317 0 1,317 o coco 1 CM CM 44 5,122 0 5, 122 232 40 192 o oo o oo Institu¬ tions CO 89 CD o oo 39 OO CO CO *-h CM CO CO o co CO OO o oo o oo Fewer than 200 Enroll¬ ment 7, 843 •— * CM OO r-T o oo 25 1 on CM o OO CO 7, 161 0 7, 161 580 1 579 o oo CO co o co co Institu¬ tions OO CO o oo CO o oo o oo O— « n O r-H O^H Total Enroll¬ ment 25, 777 3,215 22, 562 3, 648 959 2, 689 5, 272 332 4, 940 1,321 1,170 151 372 1 13,429 0 13, 429 1,692 ^OO n »- 1 oo CM CM CD CO n O OO CO n oo rHCM O •—» o •—* Type of institution and institutional control All institutions _ _ Public _ .. Private . _ Universities . .. Public. _ _ Private - - Liberal arts colleges . . . Public _ _ _ Private _ . _ _ leachers colleges. . . . Public _ _ _ _ Private . . . . rheological and religious schools (all pri¬ vately controlled) . . Dther professional schools.. . . Public. _ _ Private _ _ _ lunior colleges2.. . . ... ...... Public 2 _ _ _ Private2 _ _ _ rechnical institutes _ _ _ _ _ Public _ _ _ Private _ _ . . Jemiprofessional schools . . Public _ _ _ Private _ i Excludes one publicly controlled liberal arts college with extension enrollment only. semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a ’Excludes 50 institutions (17 publicly controlled and 33 privately controlled) classified as technical institutes or bachelor’s degree. Table 27. — Summer 1957 degree-credit enrollment, showing number of institutions and degree-credit enrollment for fourth quarter and for each summer session, by size of resident degree-credit student body (in first term, 1957-58), institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States HIGHER EDUCATION - FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 67 See footnote at end of table. Table 27. — Summer 1957 degree-credit enrollment, showing number of institutions and degree-credit enrollment for fourth quarter and for each summer session, by sizie of resident degree-credit student body (in first term, 1957-58), institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States — Continued 68 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Size-class: resident degree-credit enrollment in first term 1957-58 equal to— 10,000 or more Enroll¬ ment II. FOURTH QUARTER, SUMMER 1957 6, 226 oooo oo oo 6,226 5, 488 738 o OO o OO o OO o 1 ° OO 1 ° OO III. SESSION NO. 1, SUMMER 1957 224, 957 167, 438 57, 519 200,242 142, 723 57, 519 Institu¬ tions 2 CO-H CO — i o OO o oo o I OO o o o o 1 ° oo 46 CM ^3- co — • 1 27 14 5,000-9,999 Enroll¬ ment 5 cn fO* PO 17, 962 16,012 27,442 12, 874 14, 568 1, 183 160 1,023 o oo 2, 671 2,250 421 o 2, 678 2, 678 0 o oo 178,430 121,281 57, 149 114,774 69, 437 45, 337 Institu¬ tions r*- tH 10 7 CM C- U-> 1 ^ o oo CM o i-i O o oo 98 CM «**■ m co co in 31 25 2,500-4,999 Enroll¬ ment w CO 7,373 1,071 1,136 65 1,071 i 0 OO 6, 847 £° 1 oo CO 461 461 0 o o O o o oo 132, 152 95, 455 36, 697 38, 759 21,423 17, 336 Institu¬ tions N CD LO —< CM i 0 oo co coo — « o 1 o o oo 1 I ° oo in cd co 35 CM *— * 1,000-2,499 Enroll¬ ment 12, 111 5, 835 6,276 O OO 1,478 o oo 5, 099 5, 099 0 3, 443 0 3, 443 o 1,334 0 1,334 757 CD 1-H CO CM 143, 973 93, 868 50, 105 1,726 847 879 Institu¬ tions 2 19 coco o oo r o ^ in IT50 LO o in o 1 co o oo CM 273 CO coco CM "| 500-999 Enroll¬ ment o 7,734 4, 637 3, 097 o oo 2, 507 1,095 1,412 2, 659 2, 332 327 850 o o oo o 1,133 cmt ! CM O 1 m CO m co in CO CM in CM CO 00 25, 682 57, 943 O OO | Institu¬ tions GO CO « 1,006 2, 463 o oo OO o CM o oo CO CM 469 OO CO 299 cno CD CM o 772 O CM r>. s oo co CO CM cm 35, 475 6, 638 28, 837 o oo Institu¬ tions «0 o oo CM O CM o o o — < o oo l ^ o ^ o oo 131 o oo Total Enroll¬ ment co i n CD CM* h* 42,478 30,179 34, 804 18,427 16,377 6, 565 1,255 5,310 15, 074 14, 747 327 7,901 1 4, 037 3, 864 CM 6, 099 2, 707 3, 392 2,003 1,305 698 808, 305 513, 627 294, 678 355, 501 234,430 121,071 Institu¬ tions N 100 44 56 OO — CM CM ^■oo •3- CO 1 ■“* in co 00 OO CM CO — CD m 1, 228 450 778 134 o^* oo in Type of institution and institutional control - All Institutions _ Public _ _ Private _ _ Universities . . . . Public . . . . Private . . . . Liberal arts colleges . . . Public . . . . . . Private . . . . Teachers colleges _ _ Public . . . Private . . Technological schools . . Public . . Private . . . . . . Theological and religious schools (all pri¬ vately controlled) . . Other professional schools _ _ Public.. . . . . Private _ _ _ Junior colleges 1 _ _ _ _ Public 1 . . . Private 1 . . . All institutions . . . . Public . . . Private . . . Universities . . . _ Public . . . . Private _ _ HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 69 See footnote at end of table. Table 27. — Summer 1957 degree-credit enrollment, showing number of institutions and degree-credit enrollment for fourth quarter and for each summer session, by size of resident degree-credit student body (in first term, 1957-58), institutional control, and type of institution: Aggregate United States — Continued 70 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 i Excludes 50 institutions (17 publicly controlled and 33 privately controlled) classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bache¬ lor's degree. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 71 Table 28. — Total, undergraduate, and first-time resident degree-credit enrollment: Aggregate United States, 1939-40 to first term 1957-58 Year and type of institution All institu¬ tions Publicly con¬ trolled insti¬ tutions Privately controlled institutions 1 2 3 4 1939-40 academic year... . . . 1. TOTAL RESIDENT DEGREE-CREDIT ENROLLMENT 1, 502, 176 2, 673, 758 2, 319, 496 2, 218, 287 2, 428, 299 2, 621, 898 804, 241 1, 369, 091 1, 172, 743 1, 175, 736 1, 320, 720 1, 440, 288 697, 935 1, 304, 667 1, 146, 753 1, 042, 551 1, 107, 579 1,181,610 1949-50 academic year _ _ 1951-52 academic year . . . . November 1955 1 . . . . . First-term, 1957-58: Total 1 . Universities _ 2, 927, 914 1, 645, 468 1, 282, 446 1, 297, 995 808, 328 270, 063 95, 057 36, 249 70,147 350,075 788, 919 245, 327 259, 464 38, 432 509, 076 563, 001 10, 599 56. 625 36, 249 55, 027 51,869 Liberal arts colleges _ _ Teachers colleges _ Technological schools _ _ _ _ Theological and religious schools (all pri¬ vately controlled) _ Other professional schools.. _ _ 15, 120 298, 206 Junior colleges 1 _ _ _ 1939-40 academic year 2 _ _ II. UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENT 1,315, 745 2, 231, 294 1, 894, 963 1, 994, 455 2, 185, 769 2, 370, 666 733, 895 1,163,111 984, 444 1,072.155 1, 202, 820 1, 316, 850 581, 850 1,068, 183 910,519 922, 300 982, 949 1, 053, 816 1949-50 academic year2 _ _ _ 1951-52 academic year 2 . November 1953 _ November 1954 _ _ _ _ November 1955 1 _ _ First-term, 1957-58: Total 1 _ 2, 649, 311 1, 505, 211 1, 144, 100 Universities _ _ _ _ _ 1, 099, 544 766, 004 250, 808 83, 037 32, 588 67, 255 350, 075 691, 527 223, 586 241,328 36, 609 408, 017 542,418 9, 480 46, 428 32, 588 53, 300 51, 869 Liberal arts colleges _ Teachers colleges _ Technological schools.. . .. _ _ Theological and religious schools (all pri¬ vately controlled) _ Other professional schools _ 13, 955 298, 206 Junior colleges 1 _ . Year and type of institution All institu¬ tions Publicly con¬ trolled insti¬ tutions Privately controlled institutions 1 2 3 4 III. STUDENTS FIRST TIME IN ANY COLLEGE 1939-40 academic year... _ _ 419, 593 237, 916 181,677 1949-50 academic year . . . 597, 374 326, 699 270, 675 1951-52 academic year . . . 534, 244 303, 863 230, 381 November 1953 _ 580, 535 335, 863 244, 672 November 1954 _ 649, 858 380,614 269, 244 November 1955 • . . 696, 790 406, 161 290. 629 First-term, 1957-58: Total «... 742, 875 442, 486 300, 389 Universities... . . . . . 246, 884 162, 624 84, 260 Liberal arts colleges _ _ 214, 191 55,612 158, 579 Teachers colleges. . . . . 76, 678 74, 297 2. 381 Technological schools . . . . Theological and religious schools (all pri¬ 19, 748 8, 827 10, 921 vately controlled) . . 5,118 14, 759 5,118 11,675 Other professional schools . 3, 084 Junior colleges * . . . 165, 497 138, 042 27, 455 IV. PERCENTAGE OF FIRST-TIME STUDENTS TO UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENT 1939-40 academic year _ _ 31.9 32.4 31.2 1949-50 academic year _ 26.8 28. 1 25.3 1951-52 academic year . . . . 28.2 30.9 25.3 November 1953 _ _ _ _ _ 29.1 31.3 26.5 November 1954 _ _ 29.7 31.6 27.4 November 1955 1 . . . . 29.4 30.8 27.6 First-term, 1957-58: Total l _ 28.0 29.4 26.3 Universities.. _ _ _ 22.5 23.5 20.7 Liberal arts colleges _ 28.0 24.9 29.2 Teachers colleges _ 30.6 30.8 25.1 Technological schools... _ _ _ Theological and religious schools (all pri¬ 23.8 24.1 23.5 vately controlled) _ _ 15.7 15 7 Other professional schools . . . . 21.9 22.1 21.9 Junior colleges 1 . 47.3 46.3 52.9 • Excludes technical institutes and semiprofessional schools which do not offer pro¬ rams consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor's degree, nrollment data for 1955 have been adjusted to fit the 1957-58 reclassification of institutions by type. 2 The figure for undergraduates excludes "special” students, and includes all stu¬ dents reported as undergraduates during the year. In contrast, table 2 reports ‘‘un¬ dergraduate and special” together, and excludes undergraduates who changed to grad¬ uate-student status during the year. Table 29. — Full-time undergraduate resident degree-credit enrollment, by control and type of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Type of institution Enrollment Percentage distribution 2 All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total. . . . . . . . 2, 029, 661 1,180,563 849, 098 100.0 58.2 41.8 Universities . 865, 586 591,502 274,084 42.6 29.1 13.5 Liberal arts colleges _ _ _ _ 596, 781 164, 924 431,857 29.4 8.1 21.3 Teachers colleges.... _ _ _ _ _ _ 225, 953 219, 264 6, 689 11.1 10.8 .3 Technological schools _ _ _ 66, 248 33, 585 32, 263 3.3 1.7 1.6 Theological and religious schools (all privately controlled) ... ... 29, 096 29, 096 1.4 1.4 Other professional schools _ _ _ _ _ _ 43,613 10,315 33, 298 2.1 .5 1.6 Junior colleges 2 _ _ _ 202, 384 160, 573 41,811 10.0 8.0 2.1 1 Detail does not necessarily add to totals because of rounding. which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a 2 Excludes 50 institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools bachelor's degree 72 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 30. — Undergraduate and first-time resident degree-credit enrollment, by sex, full-time and part-time attendance, and control of institution: Aggregate United States, first term 1957-58 Institutional control and attendance status Number Percent All students Men Women All students Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All undergraduate: 2,649,311 1,736, 996 912,315 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full-time . . . . . . 2,029,661 1, 344, 387 392,609 685. 274 76.6 77.4 75.1 619,650 227,041 23.4 22.6 24.9 Publicly controlled institutions _ 1,505.211 988,414 516, 797 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full-time _ _ 1, 180, 563 788, 675 391,888 124,909 395, 518 78.4 79.8 75.8 Part-time _ _ _ _ 324, 648 199, 739 21.6 20.2 24.2 Privately controlled institotions _ _ _ _ 1,144,100 748, 582~ 100.0 100.0 mo Full-time _ _ 849, 098 555,712 293, 386 102, 132 74.2 74.2 74.2 Part-time _ 295,002 192,870 25.8 25.8 25.8 First time in any college: All institutions _ _ _ _ _ 742,875 454,499 288, 376 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full-time . . _ 600, 670 142, 205 364,111 90, 388 236, 559 51,817 80.9 80. 1 82.0 Part-time _ _ _ _ _ 19.1 19.9 18.0 Publicly controlled institutions . . . 442, 486 274, 957 167, 529 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full-time _ _ _ _ - . - . . 358, 148 84, 338 222,269 135,879 31,650 80.9 80.8 81.1 Part-time _ _ _ _ _ 52,688 19.1 19.2 18.9 Privately controlled institutions . . . . 300, 389 179, 542 120,847 100.0 100.0 100.0 Full-time _ _ _ - . - . 242, 522 141,842 100,680 20, 167 80.7 79.0 83.3 Part-time _ _ _ _ _ 57,867 37, 700 19.3 21.0 16.7 baccalaureate in arts enrolled practically five- sixths of the beginning students. Enrollment of undergraduate students in the fall term 1957-58 followed the same pattern as enrollment of first-time students: approximately five-sixths of the total in universities (41.5 per¬ cent), liberal arts colleges (28.9 percent), and junior colleges (13.2 percent). Institutions under public control enrolled the majority of these students (56.8 percent), privately controlled insti¬ tutions the remainder (43.2 percent). Of the 2,649,311 undergraduate students re- reported in the Nation, 2,029,661, or 76.6 percent, were registered for full-time work (table 29). The percentage distribution of these full-time students among the various types of institutions, as shown in columns 5, 6, and 7 of this table, is quite similar to that in the fall of 1955. A slight shift from privately controlled to publicly controlled insti¬ tutions is observable, this shift being especially noticeable in the teachers college group. In this group the total enrollment of 191,953 in the fall of 1955 constituted 10.4 percent of the total of 1,852,116 for that year; but the 1957 total of 225,953 constituted 11.1 percent of the total for that year.10 When undergraduate resident degree-credit stu¬ dents are further classified according to the amount of time spent on campus (full-time vs. part-time) and when this classification is set alongside a similar one of students in college for the first time (as is done in table 30), some interesting facts come to light. Roughly, one-fourth (23.4 percent) of all undergraduate resident degree-credit stu¬ dents in the first term 1957-58 were part-time students, this proportion running higher among women (24.9 percent) than among men (22.6 per¬ cent) and higher in the privately controlled insti¬ tutions (25.8 percent) than in the publicly con¬ trolled (21.6 percent). Not quite one-fifth (19.1 percent) of all resident degree-credit students coming to the campus for their first college work were on a part-time basis. Unlike the proportion for all undergraduates, this w The 1955 figures here used are those carried in table 21 of the present compilation, in which 1955 enrollment data have been adjusted to fit the 1957-58 reclassification of institutions by type. In this respect they differ from the figures carried in table XXVIII of the 1956-56 edition of this chapter. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 73 Table 31. — First-time resident degree-credit students compared with high school graduates in preceding school year: Continental United States, 1939-40 to first-term 1957-58 Year First-time students High school graduates during preceding school year, public and nonpublic (esti¬ mated) First-time students as percent of high school graduates (col. 2-i-col. 3) Year First-time students High school graduates during preceding school year, public and nonpublic (esti¬ mated) First-time students as percent of high school graduates (col. 2+ col. 3) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Academic year: 1939-40 . . 417, 539 594, 126 529, 950 663, 070 1, 170, 777 1, 194, 804 1, 181, 800 1, 198, 300 35.7 49.7 44.8 55.3 First-term: November 1953 _ 574, 863 643. 829 1 689, 351 734, 666 1, 198, 300 1. 276. 100 1, 344, 400 1. 439. 100 48.0 50.5 51.3 51.1 1949-50 . . November 1954 _ 1951-52 . November 1955 _ 1953-54 . . First-term 1957—58 . . i First-time enrollment data for 1955 have been adjusted to fit the 1957-58 reclassification of institutions by type. proportion ran higher among men (19.9 percent) than among women (18.0 percent). As between publicly and privately controlled institutions, the proportions of first-time students studying part time were in the same direction as for all under¬ graduates, but with smaller differences, i.e., the proportion was a little higher in the privately controlled institutions (19.3 percent) than in those under public control (19.1 percent). As a general rule, the percent of part-time stu¬ dents ran lower among first-time students than among all undergraduates taken as a group. This suggests a tendency for students to change from a full-time program to a part-time program after they have started their course. Just where in the college course this shift takes place is not deter¬ minable from the data at hand. The percent of part-time students in 1957-58 was a little higher (23.4) than it was in November 1955 (21.9, adjusted data). Data are not avail¬ able for earlier years. For some years prior to World War II, it was commonly said that about one-third of the high school graduates in a given year would go on to college immediately. More recently, the propor¬ tion has been estimated in the neighborhood of one-half. While data bearing on this subject have not been directly available, it has been possible to compare the numbers of first-time college students with the estimated numbers of high school graduates. Table 31 shows first-time students as a percent of high school graduates during the preceding school year for 1939-40 and for each biennium beginning with 1949-50. In this table, the percentages are calculated with academic- year data for first-time students in the earlier years and with first-term data in the later years; both calculations were made for the year 1953-54. In 1939-40, there were 35.7 students entering college for the first time for every 100 students who were graduated from high school in 1938-39. As of the first term 1957-58, the ratio had risen to 51.1 first- time students for every 100 students graduated from high school during the school year 1956-57. These ratios, although they provide a useful indication of college entrance rates, do not repre¬ sent exact relationships between high school and first-time college entrants. In the case of some high school students, for example, there is a break of one or more years between high school gradua¬ tion and college entrance. This means that the group of first-time students in a given year is not likely to be composed exclusively of high school graduates of the previous year. This is especially true of the case of part-time students (either beginning or advanced), many of whom are adults who have been out of high school 2 or more years. On the other hand, the figures on first-time students shown in table 31 cover only those entering college between September and June (academic-year data) or during the fall semester or quarter (first-term data); they do not include the persons who begin their college course in a summer session and are therefore not “in college for the first time” in the ensuing term. Veteran students. — The number of World War II veterans entitled to educational benefits under the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, Public Law 346, 78th Congress, and the vocational rehabilitation training program for disabled World War II veterans, Public Law 16, 78th Congress, 74 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 had become so small by the beginning of the 1957- 58 academic year that a report on their enrollment was not requested. However, by the beginning of the fall term of the 1957-58 academic year, approximately 5 K million Korean veterans had become eligible for educational benefits under the Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1952, Public Law 550, 82d Congress. A small part of this number was also eligible for educational benefits under the vocational rehabilitation train¬ ing program for disabled veterans, Public Law 894, 81st Congress. About 1.5 million Korean veterans were en¬ titled to enter a program of education at the beginning of the 1957-58 academic year. The remaining 4.0 million were no longer eligible because their termination date for entrance had already passed. It can be expected that many of those eligible for benefits will enroll in degree- credit courses in institutions of higher education before their entitlement to educational benefits expires. When one considers the actual and potential academic load represented by the 1.5 million who were eligible for educational benefits at the begin¬ ning of the 1957-58 academic year, and considers that approximately 1.0 million more Korean veterans will be separated from the Armed Forces with entitlement to educational benefits after the fall of 1957, the ultimate magnitude of the Korean veterans’ educational program is indicated. It is reasonable to expect that about one-fourth of all Korean veterans will enroll in institutions of higher education prior to the termination date for educational benefits on January 31, 1965. Enrollment under Public Laws 550 and 894 reached its peak in the fall term of the 1957-58 academic year. In that term there were 437,927 Korean veterans enrolled in degree-credit courses in institutions of higher education. Disabled Korean veterans enrolled under Public Law 894, accounted for 8,064, or 1.8 percent, of the total enrollment under the two laws. (See tables 20 and 21 for summary data, and table VIII for detail by region and State.) In the fall of 1957, Korean veterans’ enrollment in degree-credit courses (resident and extension) in institutions of higher education accounted for slightly less than one-seventh (13.8 percent) of the total enrollment in such courses. Nearly all of the Korean veteran students were men. Accord¬ ingly, a more homogeneous comparison would be a comparison of Korean veteran enrollment in degree-credit courses with the total number of men enrolled in degree-credit courses. On this basis more than one-fifth (21.4 percent) of all male students enrolled in degree-credit courses in institutions of higher education were Korean veterans. After the fall term of the 1957-58 academic year the proportion of Korean veterans enrolled in degree-credit courses in institutions of higher education will decrease. Indication of this fact may be found by analysis of first-time enrollments, i In the fall term of the 1957-58 academic year 73,635 Korean veterans were enrolled under Public Law 550 for the first time in degree-credit courses. This number represents only one-tenth (9.9 percent) of the total number of first-time students, and only one-sixth (16.2 percent) of the men enrolled for the first time in degree-credit courses. Geographic and Population Data In an earlier section of this report (see table 3) reference was made to population and student enrollment in higher education. It now becomes of interest to make a somewhat similar comparison, using the individual States as a basis of study, instead of taking the Nation as a whole. In the first term 1957-58, resident degree-credit students in higher education in the contiguous States (excluding students in the U.S. Service Schools) numbered 2,889,725. This number rep- , resented 169.7 students per 10,000 of the estimated ' population as of July 1, 1957 (table 32). This ratio is higher than it has been in any of the various years for which studies have been made on this point. In the fall of 1955 it was 159.6 per 10,000 (adjusted data); in 1953 it was 139.0. In the fall of 1947 (the first year of this series of calculations) it was 162.7. As might be expected, the 1957 figures by State showed wide variation. The District of Columbia showed a ratio of 489.7, that is, nearly 4.9 percent of the total estimated population was enrolled in higher education. A particularly large proportion of District of Columbia students were enrolled in graduate education or in part-time programs. Utah reported 327.3 students per 10,000 of total ! population: a little over 3 / percent. California showed 249.4 per 10,000 and Massachusetts 237.7. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 75 Table 32. — Resident and extension degree-credit enrollment in institutions of higher education,1 in relation to population, by region and State: First term, 1957-58 Region and State Population as of July 1,1957 in thou¬ sands * Number of degree- credit students * Degree-credit students per 10,000 of total population 1 Resident Resident and ex¬ tension * Resident Resident and ex¬ tension * ■ 2 3 3 4 6 Contiguous States . . 170, 295 2, 889, 725 3,128,487 169.7 183.6 North Atlantic . 48. 735 822, 293 861, 211 175.9 184.3 Connecticut. . 2,268 40,016 41,151 176.4 181.4 Delaware _ _ 434 4, 029 6,023 92.8 138.8 District of Columbia.. 816 39, 963 42,616 489.7 522.3 Maine _ 939 9, 597 11,376 102.2 121.2 Maryland _ 2, 860 45, 253 46, 568 158.2 162.8 Massachusetts . . 4, 828 114, 760 121,129 237.7 250.9 New Hampshire _ 573 9, 295 10, 877 162.2 189.8 New Jersey . . 5, 604 67,112 71,325 119.8 127.3 New York _ 16, 140 306, 698 314,376 190.0 194.8 Pennsylvania _ 11,047 164.660 171,581 149. 1 155.3 Rhode Island . . 857 13,417 16. 533 156.6 192.9 Vermont . 369 7,493 7,656 203.1 207.5 Great Lakes and Plains. 50,195 829, 350 894, 521 165.2 178.2 Illinois... . 9, 697 158, 368 163, 723 163.3 168.8 Indiana _ 4, 508 69, 643 81,376 154.5 180.5 Iowa _ 2, 782 48,453 50, 407 174.2 181.2 Kansas _ 2,100 44,601 47,528 212.4 226.3 Michigan . . 7,690 126, 307 138,751 164.2 180.4 Minnesota. . 3.317 55,677 67,687 167.9 204. 1 Missouri _ 4,236 71,792 74, 669 169.5 176.3 Nebraska _ 1,437 25, 945 29, 889 180.5 208.0 North Dakota . 644 11.027 12, 089 171.2 187.7 Ohio _ _ 9, 230 144,411 149, 935 156.5 162.4 South Dakota . . 693 13, 100 14, 426 189.0 208.2 Wisconsin _ 3,861 60, 026 64, 041 155.5 165.9 Southeast . 37, 258 469, 50S 511, 631 126.0 137.3 Alabama _ 3,159 35, 777 42, 023 113.3 133.0 Region and State Population as of July 1. 1957 in thou¬ sands 2 Number of degree- credit students i Degree-credit students per 10,000 of total population 1 Resident Resident and ex¬ tension 2 Resident Resident and ex¬ tension 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Southeast — continued Arkansas . . 1,774 21,603 23, 085 121.8 130.1 Florida . . 4, 226 52, 004 56, 291 123.1 133.2 Georgia _ 3, 767 43, 873 45, 995 116.5 122.1 Kentucky . . 3, 041 39, 033 40, 630 128.4 133.6 Louisiana.. . . 3,071 48, 289 49, 130 157.2 160.0 Mississippi _ 2, 163 27, 758 28, 787 128.3 133.1 North Carolina . . 4, 470 57, 108 59, 560 127.8 133.2 South Carolina _ 2, 368 26. 598 31,998 112.3 135.1 Tennessee _ 3,440 50. 501 55, 464 146.8 161.2 Virginia _ _ 3, 829 42. 133 51,990 110.0 135.8 West Virginia _ 1,960 24, 829 26, 678 126.7 136.1 West and Southwest _ 36, 094 768, 576 859, 124 212.9 238. C Arizona . . 1,108 23, 693 25, 528 213.8 230.4 California. . 13, 871 345, 975 400, 456 249.4 288.7 Colorado _ 1,661 34, 366 44,313 206.9 266.8 Idaho _ 644 9,855 10, 998 153.0 170.8 Montana _ 671 10, 291 10, 832 153.4 161.4 Nevada... . . 262 2,779 2,779 106.1 106.1 New Mexico _ 827 13,818 14, 942 167.1 180.7 Oklahoma _ 2, 255 49, 664 51,547 220.2 228.6 Oregon _ _ _ 1,742 29, 940 36,751 171.9 211.0 Texas . . 9,170 166, 740 170, 400 181.8 185.8 Utah _ _ 840 27, 490 30, 549 327.3 363.7 Washington _ 2, 726 48,419 53.887 177.6 197.7 Wyoming . . 317 5, 546 6, 142 175.0 193.8 Outlying Parts. . . 3, 190 28, 349 32, 797 88.9 102.8 Alaska _ 211 1,660 1,908 78.7 90.4 Canal Zone _ 444 167 303 38.0 68.9 Guam _ 38 359 359 94.5 94.5 Puerto Rico. ... _ 2, 285 18, 292 20, 938 80.1 91.6 Territory of Hawaii... 612 7,871 9, 289 128.6 151.8 • Data exclude enrollments in U.S. Service Schools, which are not tabulated by State. There were S.840 resident degree-credit students in the Service Schools during the first term, 1957-58 (no extension students). 2 Source (except for Canal Zone): Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports Population Estimates), series P-25, No. 208, December 7, 1959. Population figures include persons in the Armed Forces stationed in each area and exclude members of the Armed Forces abroad. Each population estimate has been independently rounded to the nearest thousand from figures computed to the last digit; hence, the sum of paits shown may differ slightly from the totals shown, s Data exclude students taking degree-credit courses at home by mail, radio, or TV * Estimate supplied by the Panama Canal Company. Oklahoma, Arizona, Kansas, Colorado, and Ver¬ mont each reported student enrollment running above 200 per 10,000. Delaware reported 92.8 per 10,000: the only State in the Union at that time to report less than 100. Nevada, flanked on all sides by States reporting 150 or more, reported 106.1 These data are shown graphically in figure 4. In appraising these data certain facts should be borne in mind: (1) They are based on reports of enrollment at the several institutions; figures based on actual residence of students in the institutions could and probably would yield a different pattern. It is well known that many students go great distances for their higher education, sometimes crossing the continent for this purpose. (2) On the other hand, numerous studies have shown that the bulk (probably close to 75 or 80 percent) of all students in higher education attend institutions in their own home States. It is quite conceivable that the expansion of the junior college — primarily a local institution — will increase this percentage. The data presented on resident and extension degree-credit enrollment in 1957 (columns 4 and 6 of table 32) present a somewhat different aspect of the situation. Comparison of the total enrollment data (column 4) with those on resident enrollment only (column 3) shows an extension enrollment of 236,762 degree-credit students in the continental United States, of whom nearly one-fourth were in the single State of California. These 236,762 extension students were the equivalent of 13.9 per 10,000 of total population and brought about a total resident and extension enrollment of 183.6 per 10,000 of total population of the continental United States who were enrolled for degree-credit work in higher education, exclusive of those doing work by correspondence, TV, or radio. Figure 4. — Resident degree-credit enrollment, first term 1957-58, per 10,000 of total population on July 1, 1957, by State 1 75 .0 and above HIGHER EDUCATION - FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 77 The median point of higher education may be thought of as a point so located that half the higher education enrollment of the Nation is to be found east and half west of its meridian, half north and half south of its parallel. It is thus something of an observational point, although a certain amount of calculation is necessarily involved. The median point for the first term 1957-58 is based on institutional data published in Circular No. 593 (see section on “Previous Publication of Data”), and utilizes data on resident degree-credit enrollments in the continental United States, excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and the other outlying parts. At that time, this median point was ascertained to be about 20 miles west by southwest of Indian¬ apolis, Ind., approximately halfway between the campuses of Butler University and DePauw Uni¬ versity. The median point for publicly controlled institutions was located approximately 20 miles east of Emporia, Kans. (the seat of a State Teach¬ ers College and of the College of Emporia). That for institutions under private control was ascertained to be about halfway between St. Clairsville, Ohio, and Wheeling, W. Va. (the seat of Wheeling College). In the academic year 1949-50, the median point of resident college enrollment was ascertained to be in eastern West Virginia, not far from Green¬ brier (the seat of two private junior colleges). No calculation was made for publicly controlled or privately controlled institutions as separate groups for that year. These statements of median points are subject to several limitations and reservations: (1) They are based on resident degree-credit enrollment only, no attention being paid to whether these students were enrolled for a full¬ time or a part-time schedule. Nonresident and nondegree-credit students were disregarded, as were summer session students. (2) They are based on the 48 contiguous States only; inclusion of the States admitted to the Union since June 30, 1958, would have the effect of moving these median lines somewhat to the west. The additional inclusion of the outlying parts which are not States would also be likely to make a considerable difference in the location of these median points, since median points are affected sharply by the location of the extreme boundaries of the area surveyed. (3) They are based on enrollments as reported by the institutions; they do not necessarily show where the students actually attend classes. This is an important point in the case of branch insti¬ tutions or branch campuses: students at these places are counted as at the campus of the parent institution involved. (4) These median points are therefore approxi¬ mations. They cannot be calculated with abso¬ lute precision without considerable refinement of the data; this is not now practicable. Neverthe¬ less, they have a degree of indicatory value, especially on a comparative basis. This compari¬ son may be in a time series (1949 to 1957, for example), or it may be on the basis of control (public vs. private in a given year); or other bases may be utilized. (5) The median point is not to be confused with the center of population or its counterpart in higher education enrollment. The procedure for calculating the center is much more involved than that used in calculating the median point, and the basic concepts are quite different one from the other. The center may be thought of as the point of absolute balance, the point about which the total enrollment of the Nation is considered to balance. It may be understood if the entire Na¬ tion is considered a plane surface, with all the units of higher education enrollment of equal weight; this plane to be poised on one point as a pedestal. The center is then the point on which the plane would be in absolute balance, no part of it either higher or lower than any other part. The median point, on the other hand, is simply the point of intersection of the north and south median line (the meridian) with the east and west median line (the parallel). Thus, in the case of resident degree-credit enrollment in the fall of 1957, the north and south line was approximately 23' west of the 86th meridian and the east and west line fell 18' south of the 40th parallel. The point of intersection of these lines was, as pre¬ viously shown, a little west and south of Indian¬ apolis, or to be more accurate, approximately 6 miles south and east of Danville, Ind. (the site of two defunct colleges). The “center of popu¬ lation” for higher education enrollment for the same period (the fall of 1957) has not been calcu¬ lated. The approximate locations of the median points for 1957 and 1949 are indicated on the accom¬ panying map (figure 5). 78 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Figure 5 — Median points of higher education enrollment : First term 1957-58 and academic year 1949-50 Degrees Historical and Current Trends In 1957-58, institutions of higher education awarded a total of more than 440,000 earned degrees at the baccalaureate or higher level (table 33). The figures given in this table are for the ag¬ gregate United States (continental United States and the outlying parts). Up to and including 1899-1900 such higher institutions as there were in the outlying parts apparently were not called on for reports to the Bureau (now Office) of Educa¬ tion. In 1909-10 no conferrals were reported by the few institutions in those areas. Data from 1919-20 on have been corrected to include the outlying parts of the Nation, with the exception of the Philippines, which became an independent nation in 1946. There are at present no degree- conferring institutions in either the Canal Zone or Guam. Table 33 shows a steady decade-to-decade increase from 1869-70 to 1949-50 in the number of degree conferrals at all levels, with some fluctuations in the years since 1950 due primarily to the impact of veterans’ education after World War II. Data for the earlier years, especially those prior to 1923-24, are undoubtedly somewhat under¬ reported. The amount of this under-reporting is not always easy to determine. In the earlier Table 33. — Earned degrees conferred, by level of degree and sex of recipient: Aggregate United States, 1869-70 to 1957-58 Year All degrees Bachelor’s and first-professional Second level (master’s ex¬ cept first- professional) (Ph. Doctorates D„ Ed. D., etc.) Both sexes Men Women Both sexes 1 Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1869-70.. _ _ _ _ 9, 372 7,994 1,378 9, 371 7,993 1,378 0 0 0 1 0 1 1879-80.. . . . . 13, 829 11,330 2, 499 12, 896 10,411 2,485 879 868 11 54 51 3 1889-90 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16, 703 13, 825 2, 878 15,539 12,857 2, 682 1,015 821 194 149 147 2 1899-1900... . . . . 29,375 23,812 5, 563 27,410 22, 173 5, 237 1,583 1,280 303 382 359 23 1909-10.. . . . . 39, 755 30,716 9, 039 37, 199 28,762 8, 437 2,113 1,555 558 443 399 44 1919-20.. . . . 53, 539 35, 506 18, 033 48, 644 31.999 16,645 4, 280 2, 985 1,295 615 522 S3 1929-30.. _ _ _ 140, 041 84, 643 55, 398 122, 749 73, 763 48, 986 14,993 8,934 6, 059 2,299 1,946 353 1939-40.. _ _ _ _ 217,454 129, 424 88, 030 187, 396 110, 027 77, 369 26, 768 16, 536 10, 232 3, 290 2, 861 429 1947-48 _ _ _ 318,749 208, 581 110, 168 272,311 176, 146 96, 165 42, 449 28,939 13,510 3, 989 3, 496 493 1948-49 . . . . 422,511 303, 974 118,537 366,698 264, 222 102,476 50, 763 35, 224 15, 539 5, 050 4, 528 522 1949-50 _ _ _ 498, 586 377, 046 121,540 433, 734 329,819 103,915 58,219 41,237 16, 982 6, 633 5,990 643 1950-51 _ _ 456, 822 332, 238 124,584 384, 352 279, 343 105, 009 65, 132 46,231 18, 901 7, 338 6,664 674 1951-52 _ _ _ 403, 194 277, 589 125, 605 331,924 227, 029 104, 895 63, 587 43, 591 19, 996 7, 683 6,969 714 1952-53 _ _ _ _ _ 374, 189 249,326 124, 863 304, 857 200,820 104, 037 61,023 40, 989 20,034 8, 309 7,517 792 1953-54.... _ _ _ _ 358,699 233, 828 124, 871 292, 880 187, 500 105, 380 56. 823 38, 147 18, 676 8, 996 8,181 815 1954-55 _ _ _ _ 354, 445 230, 356 124, 089 287,401 183, 602 103,799 58, 204 38, 740 19, 464 8, 840 8,014 826 1955-56. _ _ _ _ 379. 641 247,002 132,639 311,298 199, 571 111,727 59, 294 39, 397 19, 897 8,903 8,018 885 1956-57 _ _ _ _ 411,058 271,887 139, 171 340, 347 222, 738 117,609 61,955 41,332 20,623 8,756 7,817 939 1957-58: Total _ _ _ _ 440, 304 295, 178 145, 126 365, 748 242, 948 122, 800 65,614 44, 252 21, 362 8, 942 7, 978 964 By institutional control: Public. . . . 241,299 159, 453 81,846 198, 731 129, 585 69, 146 37, 954 25,695 12, 259 4,614 4,173 441 Private _ _ _ _ _ 199, 005 135, 725 63, 280 167,017 113,363 53, 654 27, 660 18, 557 9, 103 4, 328 3, 805 523 By predominant race of students: White _ _ 427, 178 289, 759 137,419 353, 955 238, 033 115, 922 64, 283 43, 750 20, 533 8, 940 7,976 964 Negro _ _ _ _ _ _ 13, 126 5,419 7, 707 11,793 4,915 6, 878 1,331 502 829 2 2 0 By type of institution: Universities. . . . 232,473 171,382 61,091 179,975 133, 068 46, 907 44, 504 31,171 13, 333 7, 994 7, 143 851 Liberal arts colleges _ 121,630 68, 169 53, 461 112,176 62. 868 49, 308 9,219 5, 147 4, 072 235 154 81 Teachers colleges . . . . . 54, 392 26, 667 27, 725 46, 208 22, 126 24, 082 8,116 4, 481 3,635 68 60 8 Technological schools . . . ... 15,319 14, 648 671 12,529 11,942 587 2, 395 2,317 78 395 389 6 Theological and religious schools . 6, 801 6, 036 765 6, 030 5, 330 700 652 590 62 119 116 3 Other professional schools _ _ 9. 689 8. 276 1,413 8. 830 7,614 1,216 728 546 182 131 116 15 79 80 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 reports of the Office of Education, it was the cus¬ tom simply to list nonrespondent institutions and make no attempt to furnish data for them. Later it became customary to insert data for the previous year for a nonrespondent institution if that in¬ stitution had reported the previous year. This custom has prevailed up to the present with some modifications and supplemented by (1) visits to nonrespondent institutions by a member of the office staff from 1923-24 to 1955-56, and (2) carefully prepared estimates for nonrespondent institutions since 1947-48. Thus, the data from 1947-48 on are on the basis of 100 percent cover¬ age of the field, whereas those for earlier years covered somewhat less than 100 percent. It should be noted also that the data here presented refer to numbers of conferrals and major fields; they do not refer to the exact numbers of persons taking degrees. In certain instances, a person may take two degrees of the same level but in different fields, or they may be two degrees of different levels. In other instances a person may take one degree with two or more majors. For the 1957-58 biennium, table 33 gives breakdowns by control and type of institution, and by predominant race of students, as well as by sex. Here it is seen that publicly controlled institutions conferred more degrees at each level than did privately controlled institutions. This was true for both men’s and women’s degrees at the first and second levels, but privately con¬ trolled institutions conferred more doctorates on women than did publicly controlled institutions. In general, men outnumbered women in taking degrees, in some instances by as much as 8 or 9 to 1. Notable exceptions, however, were majori¬ ties of women among recipients of first-level degrees in teachers colleges and among recipients of first- and second-level degrees in institutions attended predominantly by Negro students. Table 34. — Percentage analysis of earned degrees conferred, by level of degree and by sex of recipient: Aggregate United States, 1869-70 to 1957-58 Year 1 1869-70.. . 1879-80 _ 1889-90 _ 1899-1900 _ 1909-10 _ 1919-20 _ 1929-30 . 1939-40 . 1947- 48. . 1948- 49 . 1949 50 _ 1950- 51 _ 1951- 52 _ 1952- 53 . 1953- 54 _ 1954- 55 _ 1955- 56 _ 1956- 57 . 1957- 58* Total. By institutional control: Public . Private . By predominant race of students: White. . . Negro. . . . . By type of institution: Universities . . . . . Liberal arts colleges . . Teachers colleges _ Technological schools . . . . Theological and religious schools _ Other professional schools . . Percent, by level of degree i Percent, by sex of recipient* * Bachelor’s and first- Second level Doctorates (Ph. D., Ed. D., Bachelor’s Second level Doctorates professional (master’s except first- etc.) and first- (master’s (Ph. D., professional) professional except first- Ed. D., etc.) professional) Men Women Men Women Men Women 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100.0 <\.4 85.3 14.7 0) 94.4 93.3 6.4 80.7 19.3 98.7 1.3 93.0 6.1 .9 82.7 17.3 80.9 19.1 98.7 1.3 93.3 5.4 1.3 80.9 19.1 80.9 19.1 94.0 6.0 93.6 5.3 1.1 77.3 22.7 73.6 26.4 90.1 9.9 90.9 8.0 1.1 65.8 34.2 69.7 30.3 84.9 15.1 87.7 10.7 1.6 60.1 39.9 59.6 40.4 84.6 15.4 86.2 12.3 1.5 58.7 41.3 61.8 38.2 87.0 13.0 85.4 13.3 1.3 64.7 35.3 68.2 31.8 87.6 12.4 86.8 12.0 1.2 72.1 27.9 69.4 30.6 89.7 10.3 87.0 11.7 1.3 76.0 24.0 70.8 29.2 90.3 9.7 84.1 14.3 1.6 72.7 27.3 71.0 29.0 90.8 9.2 82.3 15.8 1.9 68.4 31.6 68.6 31.4 90.7 9.3 81.5 16.3 2.2 65.9 34.1 67.2 32.8 90.5 9.5 81.7 15.8 2.5 64.0 36.0 67.1 32.9 90.9 9.1 81.1 16.4 2.5 63.9 36.1 66.6 33.4 90.7 9.3 82.0 15.6 2.3 64.1 35.9 66.4 33.6 90.1 9.9 82.8 15.1 2.1 65.4 34.6 66.7 33.3 89.3 10.7 83.1 14.9 2.0 66.4 33.6 67.4 32.6 89.2 10.8 82.4 15.7 1.9 65.2 34.8 67.7 32.3 90.4 9.6 83.9 13.9 2.2 67.9 32.1 67.1 32.9 87.9 12.1 82.9 15.0 2.1 67.2 32.8 68.1 31.9 89.2 10.8 89.8 10.1 0) 41.7 58.3 37.7 62.3 0) 0) 77.4 19.1 3.4 73.9 26.1 70.0 30.0 89.4 10.6 92.2 7.6 .2 56.0 44.0 55.8 44.2 65.5 34.5 85.0 14.9 .1 47.9 52.1 55.2 44.8 88.2 11.8 81.8 15.6 2.6 95.3 4.7 96.7 3.3 98.5 1.5 88.7 9.6 1.7 88.4 11.6 90.5 9.5 97.5 2.5 91.1 7.5 1.4 86.2 13.8 75.0 25.0 88.5 11.5 i Based on data in table 33 on total number of degrees at each level. Percentages * Less than 0.05 percent, do not necessarily add to 100.0 because of rounding. * Not calculated; total number of doctor’s degrees less than 50. * Based on data in table 33 on sex distribution of degrees at each level. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 81 Table 34 provides percentage analyses for the data shown in table 33. Until 1919-20, first-level degrees constituted more than 90 percent of all degrees conferred; since that time the percentages have fluctuated with a general downward trend, but have never been as low as 80 percent. In 1957-58, first-level degrees constituted about 83 percent of the total, second-level degrees about 15 percent, and doctorates 2 percent. First-level degrees constituted the highest proportion of the total in liberal arts colleges and the lowest pro¬ portion in universities. Second-level degrees and doctorates showed the highest proportions of the totals in universities and in technological schools. Data for recent years (see table 34) show that of the total number of degrees at each level, the percent conferred upon men increases with the level of the degree. Thus, in 1957-58 men received 66.4 percent of the first-level degrees, 67.4 percent of the second-level degrees, and 89.2 percent of the doctorates. The number of degrees awarded to women was at an all-time high in 1957-58 at each of the three levels. However, the percentage of total degrees awarded to women was lower at each level than it had been at times in the past. Women earned about one-third of the first-level and second-level degrees in 1957-58, but in 1929-30 and 1939-40 they earned close to 40 percent of these degrees. Of the doctorates, women earned about 1 1 percent in 1957-58 as compared with about 15 percent in 1919-20 and 1929-30. Analysis by Level, Field, and Sex Table 35 provides summary information for 25 broad areas of study, comparing degrees con¬ ferred in 1957-58 with those conferred in 1955-56. Detailed data for classifications within fields are provided in table 36 for 1957-58; the 1955-56 detailed data were published in the 1955-56 edition of this chapter. At the baccalaureate and first-professional level, the total increase in conferrals (all fields) from 1955-56 to 1957-58 amounted to 17.5 percent (table 35). Few areas showed decreases. There was, however, wide variation in the proportionate Table 35. — Earned degrees conferred 1957-58 and 1955-56, by broad area of study: Aggregate United States Area of study Bachelor’s and first-professional degrees Second-level degrees (master’s except first-professional) Doctorates (Ph.D., Ed.D.. etc.) 1957-58 1955-56 Percent change 1957-58 1955-56 Percent change 1957-58 1955-56 Percent change * 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All fields. . . . 365, 743 311, 298 17.5 65, 614 59, 440 10.4 8, 942 8, 903 0.4 Agriculture. . . . . 5, 525 5,141 7.5 949 839 13.1 309 345 -10.4 Architecture . . . . . 1.612 1,443 11.7 231 199 16.1 5 2 (*) Biological sciences . . . . . 14,408 12, 566 14.7 1,852 1,759 5.3 1,125 1,025 9.8 Business and commerce . . . 51,254 42, 195 21.5 4, 041 3,106 30.1 109 121 -9.9 Education _ _ _ 82, 892 70,616 17.4 31,112 30, 138 3.2 1,638 1,583 3.5 Engineering . . . . 35, 332 26,312 34.3 5, 788 4, 724 22.5 647 610 6.1 English and journalism. . . 19, 235 16, 842 14.2 2, 532 2, 074 22.1 335 388 -13.7 Fine and applied arts . . . . . 12,252 11,214 9.3 2,448 2, 360 3.7 219 235 -6.8 Foreign languages and literature . 4, 503 3, 979 13.2 1,044 898 16.3 224 253 -11.5 Forestry . . . . . . 1,244 976 27.5 155 199 -22.1 31 34 (0 Geography . . . 849 651 30.4 184 161 14.3 56 46 (0 Health professions . . 23,923 22, 379 6.9 1,680 1,271 32.2 147 144 2.1 Home economics 2 . . . . . . 4,312 4, 708 -8.4 447 451 -0.9 23 33 0) Law . . . . . . . . 9, 433 8,285 13.9 458 427 7.3 32 27 <»> Library science . . . . 1,690 1,592 6.2 157 173 -9.2 19 15 (>) Mathematical subjects _ _ _ 6,924 4, 660 48.6 1, 234 898 37.4 247 235 5.1 Merchant marine — deck officer curriculum only... 156 172 -9.3 Military, naval, or air force science 1,952 1,577 23.8 6 0 (0 0 0 Philosophy . . . . . 2, 981 2,668 11.7 312 267 1 16. 9 102 82 24.4 Physical sciences.. . . . . 14, 352 11,672 23.0 3, 034 2,655 14.3 1,655 1,667 -0.7 Psychology... . . 6, 930 5, 665 22.3 1,235 973 26.9 572 634 -9.8 Religion. . . . . 8,830 8, 146 8.4 1,077 1,089 -1.1 290 217 33.6 Social sciences. . . . 48, 156 40, 313 19.5 5,159 4,408 17.0 1, 106 1,124 -1.6 Trade and industrial training (only at first level).. 1,463 978 49.6 Other broad general curriculums and miscellane¬ ous fields . . . . . . 5, 540 6, 548 -15.4 479 371 29.1 51 83 38.6 1 Not given when the base figure (1955-56) is smaller than 50. * Excludes "home economics education,” tabulated with the degrees in education. See table 36 for degrees in home economics education in 1957-58. In 1955-56 there were 3,083 first-level degrees, 370 second-level degrees, and 16 doctorates in home economics education. 82 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 increases in conferrals by area of study. Relative increases close to 50 percent occurred in Trade and Industrial Training and in Mathematical Subjects. Larger than average increases also occurred in: Engineering; Geography; Forestry; Military, Naval, or Air Force Science; Physical Sciences; Psychology; Business and Commerce; and Social Sciences. The area of Education, accounting for more than one-fifth of all first-level degrees in 1957-58, increased 17.4 percent, just under the average for all fields. At the second level, the increase for all conferrals as a group amounted to 10.4 percent, but there was again a considerable range — from a decrease of about 22 percent in Forestry to an increase of about 37 percent in Mathematical Subjects. Increases above 20 percent occurred in Mathe¬ matical Subjects, Health Professions, Business and Commerce, the group of broad curriculums and miscellaneous fields, Psychology, Engineering, and English and Journalism. At the doctoral level, the overall increase in the biennium was small, only four-tenths of 1 percent. Table 9 shows more decreases than increases among the various areas, and some of the totals were too small to justify computation of percent changes. In contrast, the percentage increase of 33.6 percent in Religion and that of 24.4 percent in Philosophy are outstanding. Earned degrees conferred in 1957-58 are pre¬ sented in detail in table 36, as classified into 160 separate groups by field of study. For each of the 160 classifications, table 36 shows the number of institutions conferring degrees at each level together with the number of conferrals by sex. The count of institutions conferring degrees in a given field is valuable as a good indication, though not an infallible index, of the number of institutions offering programs in that field ; it may well happen that an institution offers a program in a given field, but conferred no degrees in this field during the year under review. Also, the number of institutions or degree conferrals in a given field may differ from similar data published by a professional organization interested in the same field. The present tabulation includes all institutions carried in the Education Directory , Part 8, Higher Education which in 1957-58 con¬ ferred baccalaureate or higher degrees. On the other hand, a report issued by a professional asso¬ ciation may include only member institutions or institutions selected on some other basis. Another factor is that separate studies of degrees in par¬ ticular fields often yield higher numbers than those reported in the Office of Education survey. This is attributable to the fact that the studies of indi¬ vidual fields frequently also encompass closely related fields or components which are separately classified in Office of Education reports. Among degrees at the bachelor’s level, it may be seen that Elementary Education is the largest single field, with 42,303 degrees constituting 11.6 percent of all first-level degrees; women received 37,004 of these degrees, or 30.1 percent of all first- level degrees conferred on women. Particular interest has centered around bach¬ elor’s degrees in the sciences and mathematics. When data for mathematical subjects and the various sciences are combined, it is found that 19.9 percent of all bachelor’s degrees were earned in the biological and physical sciences, mathe¬ matical subjects, engineering, and “Sciences, general program,” as compared with 18.1 percent in 1955-56. The biennial percentage increase for this combination of fields was 29.2 as compared with 17.5 percent for the increase in total number of first-level degrees. At the second level, the six largest items, together comprising 45.8 percent of all degrees at this level, were: (1) Counseling and Guidance, Educational Administration and Supervision, Edu¬ cational Finance, Curriculum, Comparative Edu¬ cation, etc., 11.2 percent; (2) Education, general (without specific concentration), 10.3 percent; (3) Engineering, 8.8 percent; (4) Elementary Edu¬ cation, 8.7 percent; (5) English and Literature, 3.5 percent; and (6) Secondary Education, 3.3 percent. On the doctoral level, degrees were awarded in 132 different classifications. The four highest fields were scientific in nature, together accounting for 29.3 percent of all doctorates: Chemistry, 10.5 percent; Engineering, 7.2 percent; Psychology, 6.4 percent; and Physics, 5.2 percent. More doc¬ tor’s degrees were earned by men in Chemistry (890) than in any other field; Engineering (643) was in second place. Women, on the other hand, earned more doctorates in Psychology (84) than in any other field; “Education, general” (77) was in second place. HIGHER EDUCATION - FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 83 Table 36. — Earned degrees conferred, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: Aggregate United States,1 1957-58 Field of study Bachelor's and first-professional degrees 2 Second-level degrees (master’s except first-professional)2 Doctorates (Ph. D, Ed. D., etc.) Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women • 2 3 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All fields _ _ _ 1, 361 365, 74S 242, 948 122, 800 569 65, 614 44, 252 21, 362 175 8, 942 7, 978 964 AGRICULTURE _ _ _ 117 5, 525 5,434 91 56 949 937 12 27 309 303 6 Agronomy, Field Crops - - - - 59 624 621 3 45 219 217 2 19 77 77 0 Animal Husbandry . . . . 69 1,306 1,273 33 44 207 205 2 17 64 64 0 Dairy Husbandry _ ... . . . . 34 253 243 10 23 70 68 2 8 25 25 0 Dairy Manufacturing, Dairy Technology - 30 207 204 3 14 44 44 0 6 10 10 0 Farm Management (excluding Agricultural Economics)... 7 80 80 0 1 6 6 0 1 1 1 0 Food Technology. _ _ _ _ 11 92 90 2 9 22 22 0 5 18 17 1 Horticulture (fruit and vegetable production) _ 49 312 304 8 33 109 105 4 14 36 34 2 Ornamental Horticulture (Floriculture, Nursery Manage- ment, Landscape Gardening). . . . . 25 181 171 10 4 11 10 1 0 0 0 0 Poultry Husbandry _ _ _ ... 32 131 129 2 25 48 48 0 8 21 20 1 Soils (Soil Science, Soil Management, Soil Conservation). 22 140 140 0 15 69 69 0 9 36 34 2 Agriculture, other specific major fields . . . . 33 519 516 3 9 66 65 1 6 11 11 0 Agriculture, general (general agric. curriculum, without major specialization) . . 83 1,527 1,512 15 10 64 64 0 1 10 10 0 Agriculture— not further classified . . 10 153 151 2 3 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 ARCHITECTURE (excluding Architectural Engineer- ing) . . 65 1, 612 1, 536 76 28 231 216 15 5 5 5 O BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES * _ _ 875 14, 408 11, 226 3,182 190 1,852 1,448 404 99 1, 125 987 138 Pre-medical, pre-dental, and pre-veterinary sciences _ 292 3, 962 3, 728 234 7 25 18 7 1 2 2 0 Biology, general . . . . . . 740 6,812 4,759 2, 053 100 470 321 149 30 130 103 27 Botany, general _ _ _ _ _ 102 308 210 98 58 160 128 32 36 114 103 11 Zoology, general... . . . . 140 1,980 1,521 459 72 310 241 69 42 160 137 23 Anatomy and Histology . . . . . 4 59 55 4 21 40 33 7 20 35 24 11 Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Parasitology — . 75 515 262 253 74 249 184 65 47 160 137 23 Biochemistry . . . ... 18 150 127 23 53 156 115 41 46 149 132 17 Biophysics . . . . 5 9 9 0 7 10 10 0 9 15 14 1 Entomology... . . . 31 88 84 4 32 108 107 1 17 83 81 2 Genetics (including experimental plant and animal breed¬ ing) _ _ _ _ 5 13 12 1 10 38 37 1 14 53 49 4 Optometry (pre-professional bachelor’s degree) ... 9 261 259 2 • Pathology (except Plant Pathology) . . 0 0 0 0 10 18 17' 1 7 16 14 2 Pharmacology (excluding Pharmacy). . . 0 0 0 0 13 25 20 5 23 38 36 2 Physiology (except Plant Physiology) . . . 13 78 44 34 40 85 70 15 32 73 63 10 Plant Pathology . . . . . . 9 17 15 2 26 67 64 3 14 45 42 3 Plant Physiology _ _ _ 1 9 9 0 5 9 7 2 7 14 14 0 Biological Sciences, all other . . . . 19 147 132 15 21 82 76 6 12 38 36 2 BUSINESS AND COMMERCE _ _ 684 51, 254 47,286 3,968 135 4, 041 3,898 145 23 109 104 5 Accounting . . . . 321 10, 848 10,411 437 56 474 452 22 5 17 16 1 Hotel and Restaurant Administration . . . . 13 375 355 20 3 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 Secretarial Studies _ _ _ _ _ 226 1,283 47 1,236 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 0 Business and Commerce, other specific major fields _ 249 19, 734 18, 669 1,065 75 1,928 1,863 65 10 46 44 2 Business and Commerce, general (general curriculum without major specialization) _ 526 18, 271 17, 139 1,132 64 1,342 1,296 46 10 36 35 1 Business and Commerce— not further classified . 14 743 665 78 12 284 273 11 2 8 7 1 EDUCATION . . . . 948 82, 892 25, 631 57, 261 404 31, 112 16, 479 14, 633 94 1, 638 1, 297 341 Specialized Teaching Fields . . . . . 794 34, 154 18, 947 15, 207 231 6, 476 3, 926 2, 550 38 390 297 93 Physical Education (separate curriculum; or com¬ bined curriculum with Health Education or Recrea¬ tion)... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 556 10, 607 7, 707 2, 900 127 1,567 1,196 371 17 88 59 29 Health Education (separate curriculum) . 34 116 49 67 14 95 49 46 2 14 12 2 Recreation (separate curriculum) . . . . 57 411 259 152 14 88 57 31 1 13 11 2 Education of Exceptional Children (all areas ex¬ cept Education of Mentally Retarded and Speech Correction) _ _ _ 28 203 46 157 31 300 85 215 2 5 2 3 Education of Mentally Retarded _ _ 25 184 48 136 9 84 31 53 3 7 6 1 Speech Correction . . . . 77 570 113 457 30 165 72 93 8 22 19 3 Agricultural Education . . . . 75 1,543 1,542 1 48 376 373 3 6 13 13 0 Art Education . . . . . 245 1,645 571 1,074 46 286 142 144 3 5 4 1 Business Education, Commercial Education . . 385 5, 154 1,945 3, 209 87 618 306 312 6 13 11 2 Distributive Education (retail selling) - 16 85 60 25 8 58 48 10 1 1 1 0 Home Economics Education _ 274 3, 571 2 3, 569 63 358 6 352 7 14 1 13 Industrial Arts Education (Nonvocational) _ 172 3, 338 3, 299 39 59 484 480 4 5 20 19 1 Music Education _ _ _ _ _ 541 4, 753 2, 200 2, 553 120 1,028 675 353 10 41 34 7 Trade and Industrial Education (Vocational) - 62 807 786 21 28 206 182 24 5 16 16 0 Specialized Teaching Fields, all other . . 82 1, 167 320 847 33 763 224 539 9 118 89 29 See footnotes at end of table. 84 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table 36. — Earned degrees conferred, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: Aggregate United States,1 1957-58 — Continued Bachelor’s and first-professional Second-level degrees (master’s Doctorates (Ph. D„ Ed. D., etc.) degrees 2 except first-professional)2 Field of study Institu- Conferrals Institu¬ Conferrals Institu¬ Conferrals tions tions tions confer- confer¬ confer¬ ring de- Total Men Women ring de¬ Total Men Women ring de¬ Total Men Women gree gree gree 1 2 3 4 a 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 EDUCATION— Continued General Teaching Fields _ _ _ - 800 47. 605 6, 320 41,285 241 9, 164 3,106 6, 058 30 177 118 59 Nursery and/or Kindergarten Education _ . . 31 529 1 528 3 16 0 16 2 3 0 3 Early Childhood Education (through Primary Grades). 101 2, 985 7 2,978 18 274 1 273 1 7 0 7 Elementary Education _ _ 785 42. 303 5, 299 883 37, 004 558 207 5, 706 2,148 1, 231 4, 475 787 21 65 42 23 Secondary Education (including Junior High School) J_ 103 1,441 126 1,361 19 55 41 14 Combined Flementary and Secondary Education _ 35 336 126 210 17 366 191 175 1 10 8 2 Adult Education . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 8 33 21 12 4 5 5 0 Other _ _ _ _ _ 5 11 4 7 15 621 301 320 7 32 22 10 Non-Teaching Fields _ _ _ _ 17 138 89 49 254 14, 276 8, 734 5, 542 77 950 786 164 Counseling and Guidance, Educational Administra- tion and Supervision, Educational Finance, Cur- 17 123 76 47 171 7, 332 5,014 2,318 46 458 389 69 Education, general (without specific concentra- 131 6, 766 3, 629 91 3,137 87 45 436 359 77 Otherl _ _ .1 . .1 _ _ 3 15 13 2 11 178 8 56 38 18 19 120 38 82 26 875 237 638 24 1,196 713 483 11 121 96 25 ENGINEERING « _ 220 35,332 35, 223 109 127 5, 7S8 5, 768 20 60 647 643 4 ENGLISH AND JOURNALISM _ 949 19, 235 8,439 10, 796 231 2, 532 1, 382 1,150 61 335 282 53 English and Literature (including Comparative Litera- 944 16 669 6, 755 1,684 9,914 882 228 2,319 213 1,207 175 1,112 38 61 333 280 53 Journalism _ _ _ _ _ 166 2, 566 34 2 2 2 0 FINE AND APPLIED ARTS _ 723 12, 252 5,850 6,402 182 2, 448 1,525 923 34 219 191 28 Art, general (general curriculum without major special¬ ization) _ . 356 2, 487 899 1, 588 48 346 192 154 5 10 9 1 Music, including Sacred Music (excluding Music Edu- tion) _ . . _ _ _ _ 461 2,872 1,280 1,592 128 1,010 669 341 17 74 68 6 Speech and Dramatic Arts (excluding Speech Correc¬ tion) _ _ _ _ . 452 3, 824 2, 995 1,938 1,710 23 1,886 1,285 51 101 761 434 327 23 102 88 14 Fine and Applied Arts, other specific major fields _ 138 45 304 211 93 8 31 24 7 Fine and Applied Arts — not further classified _ 13 74 6 27 19 8 1 2 2 0 FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE _ 613 4, 503 1,814 2, 689 128 1,044 591 453 43 224 159 65 Linguistics (including Phonetics and Semantics) _ 10 20 8 12 13 73 45 28 11 30 22 8 Latin and/or Greek _ _ . _ . . 181 576 399 177 -*3 164 113 51 13 22 17 5 Modern Foreign Languages.. . _ 579 3, 790 5 1,353 a 2, 437 1 112 1 695 356 339 38 1 149 102 47 Chinese _ _ _ 5 1 1 0 1 1 0 French _ _ _ _ 423 1,549 488 435 1,114 215 64 252 102 150 19 37 23 14 German _ _ _ 199 273 40 83 57 26 18 34 27 7 Italian _ _ 25 60 16 44 4 8 7 1 1 5 5 4 1 Japanese . . ... . 3 5 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 0 Philology and Literature of Germanic Languages _ 1 5 4 1 3 10 6 4 4 8 4 4 Philology and Literature of Romance Languages _ 11 37 9 28 7 21 12 9 7 20 12 8 Russian or other Slavic Languages _ _ 31 80 58 22 8 23 17 6 3 4 3 1 Spanish _ _ _ _ 404 1,458 93 497 971 74 258 119 139 19 34 22 12 Modern Foreign Languages, all other. . _ 22 54 39 5 36 33 3 2 4 4 0 Foreign Languages and Literature, not classifiable above. 40 117 54 63 16 112 77 35 9 23 18 5 FORESTRY . . . . 37 1, 244 1,243 1 21 155 152 3 8 31 31 0 GEOGRAPHY . 145 849 730 119 48 184 156 28 21 56 47 9 HEALTH PROFESSIONS. . 402 23, 923 15, 154 8, 769 75 1,680 969 711 31 147 140 7 Chiropody or Podiatry _ _ _ _ 6 120 120 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dental Hygiene _ _ _ _ _ _ 18 187 0 187 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dentistry, D.D.S. and D.M.D. only 43 3, 065 177 3, 03) 145 34 Hospital Administration _ 11 32 0 o 0 0 1 2 2 0 Medical Technology _ _ _ 189 961 76 885 1 7 1 6 0 0 0 0 Medicine, M.D. only . . . ._ 76 6, 861 6. 510 351 Nursing (including Public Health Nursing; excluding Nursing Education) _ . 259 6 052 49 6, 003 395 33 479 5 474 0 0 0 0 Occupational Therapy _ .. 26 '407 12 2 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 Optometry (excluding pre-professional degree) . . 10 334 327 7 1 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 Osteopathy . . . _ .... 7 437 429 8 1 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 Pharmacy (excluding Pharmacology) . . . 74 3, 782 441 3, 391 89 391 29 122 109 13 12 59 59 0 Physical Therapy, Physiotherapy _ _ _ 32 352 4 32 17 15 0 0 0 0 Public Health... _ _ 12 211 7 126 5 85 2 17 602 436 166 8 29 25 4 Radiologic Technology (mainly X-Ray technic) . . 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Veterinary Medicine, D.V.M. only _ 17 845 820 25 Clinical dental sciences (advanced degrees only) . 25 169 153 16 2 5 4 1 Clinical medical sciences (advanced degrees only) . 25 224 213 11 12 40 38 2 Clinical veterinary medical sciences (advanced degrees only) . . . . . _ . 11 23 23 0 5 8 8 0 Health Professions, all other . . . . 7 36 24 12 3 4 3 1 3 4 4 0 See footnotes at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION - FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 85 Table 36. — Earned degrees conferred, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: Aggregate United States,1 1957-58 — Continued Field of study Bachelor's and first-professional degrees 2 Second-level degrees (master’s except first-professional)8 Doctorates (Ph. 1 D„ Ed. D„ etc.) Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 HOME ECONOMICS _ _ 367 4,312 36 4, 276 67 447 7 440 8 23 9 14 Home Economics, general curriculum _ 316 2, 353 2 2, 351 37 147 1 146 3 4 0 4 Child Development, Family Relations . — 34 333 2 331 19 57 3 54 4 11 8 3 Clothing and Textiles _ _ _ _ _ 59 433 3 430 20 73 0 73 1 1 0 1 Foods and Nutrition . _ .. - - - - 113 558 11 547 27 82 3 79 3 3 0 3 Institution Management, Institution Administration _ 30 170 6 164 5 12 0 12 0 0 0 0 Home Economics, other specific major fields . . 36 394 12 382 10 42 0 42 2 4 1 3 Home Economics— not further classified _ _ _ 5 71 0 71 5 34 0 34 0 0 0 0 LAW (LL.B., J.D., or higher degrees) - - - 132 9,433 9,153 280 28 458 439 19 11 32 32 0 LIBRARY SCIENCE _ _ 93 1,690 403 1, 287 17 157 31 126 5 19 13 6 MATHEMATICAL SUBJECTS _ 323 6, 924 4,953 1, 971 171 1, 234 994 240 60 247 232 15 Mathematics _ _ _ 826 6, 835 4, 880 1,955 168 1,097 869 228 57 210 196 14 Statistics (including Actuarial Science) _ 22 89 73 16 25 137 125 12 12 37 36 1 MERCHANT MARINE— DECK-OFFICER CURRICU- LUM ONLY . . . . 5 156 156 0 MILITARY, NAVAL, OR AIR FORCE SCIENCE _ 14 1,952 1, 948 4 1 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 PHILOSOPHY _ _ _ 393 2,931 2, 637 344 68 312 278 34 34 102 97 5 Philosophy (except Scholastic Philosophy)- . - 303 1,531 1,252 279 53 160 138 22 28 80 77 3 Scholastic Philosophy. . . . . . 91 1,450 1,385 65 16 152 140 12 6 22 20 2 PHYSICAL SCIENCES 7 . . . 861 14,352 12, 683 1,669 221 3, 034 2, 763 271 100 1, 655 1,589 66 Physical Sciences, general (without specific major). . 183 1,005 905 100 21 179 125 54 4 25 25 0 Astronomy . . . . 12 25 17 8 8 20 19 1 10 22 18 4 Chemistry (excluding Biochemistry). . . . 807 7,010 5, 705 1,305 187 1,125 958 167 96 939 890 49 Metallurgy (excluding Metallurgical Engineering) _ 6 40 40 0 9 33 33 0 5 10 10 0 Meteorology . . . . . 14 153 149 4 13 71 70 1 8 14 14 0 Physics . . . . . . 490 3,186 3,042 144 133 795 770 25 68 464 455 9 Earth Sciences - - - - - 204 2,891 2, 786 105 95 753 732 21 38 167 164 3 Geology . . . . . . 199 2, 788 2,684 104 89 700 679 21 34 136 133 3 Geophysics (including Seismology) - - 11 39 39 0 10 18 18 0 7 15 15 0 Oceanography.. - - - - - 1 3 3 0 3 7 7 0 3 13 13 0 Earth Sciences, all other... . . . 12 61 60 1 8 28 28 0 3 3 3 0 Physical Sciences, not classifiable above . 7 42 39 3 12 58 56 2 5 14 13 1 PSYCHOLOGY. . . . . . . . 492 6, 930 4, 063 2,867 162 1, 235 836 399 73 572 488 84 RELIGION . . . . 459 8,830 7, 460 1, 370 105 1, 077 915 162 39 290 276 14 Religious Education and Bible.. _ _ _ _ 258 3, 180 2, 141 1,039 34 361 256 105 11 38 33 5 Theology (curriculum leading specifically to first-profes¬ sional ministerial degree) . _ 166 4, 795 4, 732 63 Theology — master’s and doctor’s degrees only _ 67 597 566 31 27 170 165 5 Religion— liberal arts curriculum, nonsectarian . . 140 710 456 254 9 43 36 7 8 62 58 4 Religion, all other . . 13 145 131 14 7 76 57 19 3 20 20 0 SOCIAL SCIENCES? . . . . . 972 48,156 34, 374 13, 782 254 5,159 4, 091 1, 068 82 1, 106 1, 010 96 Basic 8 . . . . 969 43, 370 30, 979 12, 391 248 4, 292 3,325 967 79 994 904 90 Social Sciences, general (without specific major) _ 537 8, 700 6,016 2,684 81 687 500 187 4 12 10 2 American Civilization, American Culture . . 50 492 300 192 9 36 19 17 9 16 13 3 Anthropology... . . . . 60 359 204 155 23 118 78 40 16 51 42 9 Area Studies, Regional Studies.. . . 33 209 147 62 21 99 78 21 10 27 27 0 Economics (excluding Agricultural Economics) _ 484 7,514 6,909 605 103 669 599 70 44 239 234 5 History . . . . 805 12, 883 9,031 3, 852 187 1,397 1,037 360 59 297 265 32 International Relations.. . . . 41 334 258 76 20 198 157 41 6 23 20 3 Political Science or Government. . 417 6, 167 5, 031 1,136 113 665 585 80 44 170 164 6 Sociology . . . . 621 6,583 2, 977 3,606 115 397 258 139 44 150 122 28 Basic Social Sciences, all other . . . 12 129 106 23 2 26 14 12 1 9 7 2 Applied . . . . 158 4, 786 3, 395 1,391 73 867 766 101 27 112 106 6 Agricultural Economics. . . 50 628 626 2 44 264 258 6 17 71 71 0 Foreign Service Programs (consular and diplomatic service) . . . 8 232 196 36 2 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 Industrial Relations _ _ _ 43 1,176 1, 136 40 17 182 176 6 1 1 1 0 Public Administration _ _ _ 41 554 522 32 20 254 240 14 5 22 22 0 Social Work, Social Administration _ 79 1,994 724 1,270 7 124 61 63 7 18 12 6 Applied Social Sciences, all other... . 14 202 191 11 8 29 17 12 0 0 0 0 TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (only at first level) 74 1, 463 1,451 12 See footnotes at end of table. ! 86 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 36. — Earned degrees conferred, by level, sex of recipient, and field of study: Aggregate United States,1 1957-59 — Continued Field of study Bachelor's and first-professional degrees* Second-level degrees (master’s except first professional)® Doctorates (Ph. D., Ed. D., etc.) Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Institu¬ tions confer¬ ring de¬ gree Conferrals Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 MISCELLANEOUS Arts, general program (without major field/ _ _ 74 1,410 1,120 290 8 61 41 20 3 27 23 4 Sciences, general program (without major field) - 239 1,892 1,496 396 25 223 184 39 0 0 0 0 Arts and Sciences, general program.. . . 70 1, 580 907 673 8 67 41 26 0 0 0 0 Major fields of study not classifiable above - ... 39 368 286 82 16 107 95 12 8 24 20 4 Major field not identified . . . . . . 7 290 255 34 1 21 12 9 0 0 0 0 1 “Aggregate United States” includes continental United States (48 States and Dis¬ trict of Columbia) and the outlying parts of the United States. (Alaska and Hawaii, which became States in 1959. are classified as “outlying parts” in this report.) 2 Includes bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, and such first-professional degrees as M.D., LL. B., D.D.S., and B.D. Also includes certain master's degree when they constitute the first-professional degree in their respective fields (see footnote 3 below). 3 Includes degrees beyond the bachelor’s or first-professional level, but below the doctorate. This category does not include such degrees as Master of Library Science, Master of Social Work. Master of Business Administration, etc., when these constitute first-professional degrees. (See footnote 2 above.) 4 Does not include Psychology, which, because of its multicategory nature, has been listed independently. « Includes degrees based on secondary education as the major field of study Regis¬ trars were directed to classify degrees based on a teaching major in a particular subject- field— such as English, biology, physical sciences, business education, etc.— as degrees in English, biology, etc., and not as degrees in “Secondary Education.” « For data on degrees in the various branches of engineering, see Engineering Enroll¬ ments and Degrees, 1958 (Circular No. 555), by Justin C. Lewis and Henry H. Armsby. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959. 50 p. 7 Does not include Geography, which, because of its multicategory nature, has been listed independently. s Does not include Geography, Philosophy, or Psychology, which, because of their multicategory or comprehensive nature, have been listed independently— in alpha¬ betic order. Tabular Analyses of Faculty, Students, and Degrees, by Region and State 1 1 The tabular data presented here were prepared under the direction of Mabel C. Rice, Head, Statistical Services Unit, Educational Statistics Branch. 87 Table I. — Summary of faculty and students, by region and State: 1957-58 A. Publicly and privately controlled institutions 88 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 II si ss m r-4 c\T ss aJ9 sf -Tegu> 5S§§8gSssSs§||3 CO -“-CM* r-T CM* CO r-TrCcC in to 8*8S2»s§s583 egufoo ooVh*,-,- Ikk Ssaa i igs rE si s' s' ~‘in s -ill ss CO SSSSgS -gI§2C is sy inofoo csT §§ES§SSS3»S ^tin in co ~ is 35 sSIs si 2S2S SS gSSS53«SslSsS i ir> —<* oo cnT cr? cm* -a-* orT rC CM* CM* i £** i iss3 csTcn* 3c s' a ss sS lOUJ- CM* aS-8 o* RS ShSssISSSISI ■— <* r-Tc»>' cnTctTlo S§2S2K§2s|3~ O* 05* ~* IfT CM* s*§22gsr8Sg ~* —*-,* §SSS2 sf- Hi S£ KS uTw SSSKcmS S :s s ;s ;s r1 is sfsf Is Kg^KKisSsIsS r^irfcrTco -h*co ^po •-•'cm co Isss-S-slisI r^O) f— • CNJ »H iH CNJ 2o|o2SS -.-looo-r as SliSSssSsSSS —<*—«* cm*— *—<*ic iCco co IkssIssISsIs rf3-cJNaVrfAf«V i~~~IS§slssi co— *«»*cm*— * —*eM*in*«fo>«‘ ! Is a‘s SSsSIssislSS U5* 00* ^-*CO ISSsSISglSla oo'rCcoeM'io^rf-H* ~* U5CO lf> CO pc CO CO irT CM ID Ki^issi •— Too^f «-h *-T *— i s 1 pjllllj I Illllllllll ill HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 89 306 110 1,297 8 427 13 59, 372 27 12, 120 2,510 3,516 i !§ iftl : : j ir> i ! i r> 40 1,600 566 1,926 2,651 711 a * Iss 73 350 2,471 265 1,905 112 a S ! i i j ; 2,785 176 5,985 782 4,675 184 § s IS a i i is is i 3,643 2,317 5,962 4,021 2,909 273 s i is 1=1111 1 CSJ—« il5 jesf— T 3, 541 1,579 10,714 1,586 3, 280 372 a 8 ° ! l”S 46, 123 28, 361 156, 026 25, 904 45, 139 5,174 a of 27, 392 1,590 167 359 18,255 7. 021 49,664 29, 940 166, 740 27,490 48,419 5, 546 i «* 3 s 1,660 167 359 18, 292 7. 871 51,547 36,751 170,400 30, 549 53, 887 6, 142 i en 32, 797 1,908 303 359 20, 938 9, 289 51,205 36, 121 166,610 27, 900 51, 032 5, 527 i cT 31, 479 2,770 280 521 20,243 7,665 1 4, 880 4, 170 15, 092 2,430 5, 161 628 a § 276 25 17 2,815 851 Oklahoma . Oregon . - - - Texas... _ _ Utah. _ _ Washington _ Wyoming - - U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS _ : j 51 1 Uuam _ _ Puerto Rico _ _ _ Territory of Hawaii | 654235—62 - 7 ! o 1 15 I 90 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table I. — Summary of faculty and students, by region and State: 1957-58 — Continued B. Publicly controlled institutions Enrollment, first term 1957-58 Other Individual lessons 3,215 3,215 8 10 B W igls S : s : :ks$?s i i " p j i i Short courses s 172, 634 172, 634 s o> 38 3, 569 50 1,093 41 5, 034 E s i I i iasssSsSS i 1 1 -f tool CO to' I s isssssss lug of to of co-T-T j Nondegree-credit Courses by, mail 3 17, 233 17,223 3 Is I to" i in Is 1 I2 363 3,957 8 * I Is i isS2sSS i Adult education Extension 3 89, 902 89, 323 9,063 15 287 35 is in jef 18, 195 3, 769 4, 975 123 149 5, 278 225 2,054 607 1,015 2,490 763 450 5 jsagjg iss j 1 Resident 3 104, 8S6 104, 537 15,041 3 350 1,461 245 12, 371 3 s 1,999 15 3, 450 2,218 10, 891 4, 065 154 450 613 2, 135 12, 169 2,081 062 8SI 112 SI9 008 L Terminal-occupational Extension 3 27. 692 27. 692 12,584 417 63 § 5,111 6, 040 417 211 s of is j ss is is? icsT i ; i P j 9 of 8 j alii |R*S i : : ; ! -r : : : : : : : : : : : Resident 3 105,827 105,417 § s IP 352 506 321 1,911 21,969 19, 129 7, 649 82 9 354 7,827 557 438 115 667 320 1,111 5,169 29 54 197 852 110 111 1,535 885 253 940 203 Degree-credit Courses by TV or radio O 4,214 4,214 i of 2, 067 1,789 2 ItoEoS 1 IS IS? ! ! ~ 1 1 1 i : i 3 i j | is is ia Courses by mail - 90, 304 90, 114 2,500 SI is 35, 782 CM'to'coc»f-r rH a o 4-> 'U E * 07 8 « -SSS2 i cm* I | a 3 8 :■ 8 SgSSSSSSSSSfS s S | cIS « s8Sss“®S3i*S» R ^ ^rco^to CM oo— • 8 o? - -T ro 1 SS^fSS i *5 iSSIlSISIsISs csj'^r ~-vr.r>- -r 3 rl s *“s86 _r 8 a g m ! | 3,267 SggKSSSISSSgS a s °,-e>l3SJ S a ssSssg-lsSsssi «* csT 3 a rT a s iisslsSillSH -■Vc^ f-Tc'OCMr'T.-T'co 8 « E z £ ta £ u W5 eft G o o u & u ft) A ’a eft 3 o eft t K ft) 3 eft H Profes¬ sional library staff Ss -rfv i «OU3 18,074 ~gsaisss"sS!S *— 1 f-H *-H »-H CM CO « i s S&§gggg§g*38 ^r^-r — r ^-T-r Staff for general administiation Staff for student personnel services (included in col. 5) - 7,354 7,327 3,102 2 r-T 1,280 Total us 17, 516 17, 453 7,379 SaSgSaS§858S§ •— * CVJ»H 3 S38*S8sS2S-a ^-r i (N 8*8BKB§8*«» Total faculty and other profes¬ sional staff members i Women 35, 515 35, 353 15, 387 SSgSlsSSISlS csT ioco 9,635 ssSfSgss-sSg cm* -r -r 5,917 SsllISlIsslS 1 123,160 123, 008 64,009 £"SIIIII=lls " *• ~~ ~S?3 29,778 5SsSSslssIS5 ofesT-.* -T~*V in -T 13, 529 8888^8983888 IHIH *— 1 CM CVJ »—• l! w 158, 675 158, 361 79, 396 3,804 59 5, 040 495 3, 656 15, 696 654 3. 551 28,816 15,917 1,231 477 39,413 illsslll’ssl ^coV^c^-in rC csT S a 1,106 435 2, 390 2,128 1,315 2,219 589 3, 019 1,076 2, 950 1,783 436 : : : : : ! iSjWJjj i jj UiU, mm iiiisii : BJ 111 ! : i ; ; j j i : iii HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 99 100 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table III. — Opening enrollment of degree-credit students (resident and extension), by region and State: Fall 1957 A. Publicly and privately controlled institutions Region and State Total enrollment First-time students (first time in any college) Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Aggregate United States - - - - - - 3, 068, 417 2, 003, 424 1, 064,993 729, 725 445, 324 284, 401 Contiguous States _ _ _ _ 3, 036, 938 1,985, 088 1, 051, 850 721, 547 440, 613 280,934 North Atlantic . . . . 843, 364 562, 697 280, 667 169, 648 106, 472 63, 176 Connecticut. - - - - - 40, 594 28, 181 12,413 8, 646 5, 703 2, 943 Delaware... . . . . ... . . . ... 6,101 4,153 1.948 1,144 694 450 District of Columbia _ _ _ _ 38, 327 25,610 12,717 5, 806 3, 498 2,308 Maine. . . . . . . 10, 920 6, 808 4.112 3. 044 2,011 1,033 Maryland . . ... . . . .. _ 44, 200 30, 443 13, 757 9, 029 5, 605 3, 424 Massachusetts _ _ _ . _ _ _ 119, 548 80, 324 39, 224 30, 906 20, 091 10,815 New Hampshire - - - - - - - 10. 704 7, 225 3, 479 2,454 1,546 908 New Jersey . . . . . . . . .. 67, 852 46, 789 21, 063 14. 138 8,924 5,214 New York.. _ _ _ _ _ _ .. ... - - - - ... 313, 851 201,512 112, 339 50, 556 30, 234 20. 322 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . 167, 839 116, 979 50, 860 37,615 24, 292 13. 323 Rhode Island. . . .. _ 15, 584 9, 990 5, 594 3, 786 2, 500 1,286 Vermont . . . . . . 7, 844 4, 683 3,161 2. 524 1.374 1.150 Great Lakes and Plains _ _ _ _ _ _ 881, 832 567, 880 313, 952 206, 848 123, 641 83, 207 166, 240 107, 644 58, 596 36,119 22, 032 14, 087 Indiana - - - - - - - - 79, 613 53, 966 25, G47 19, 750 12,458 7, 292 49. 854 31,045 18, 809 13,018 7, 401 5,617 45, 093 29, 566 15, 527 12, 976 7, 995 4,981 Michigan _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 137, 504 88, 185 49,319 29, 284 17. 889 11,395 Minnesota . . . . 67, 696 41,878 25,818 14, 674 8,219 6,455 Missouri . . . . . . . . 73, 683 48, 367 25,316 17, 380 10, 007 7, 373 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . _ 27, 106 17, 078 10,028 7, 443 4, 378 3, 065 North Dakota . . . . . . . 11,156 7, 647 3, 509 3, 504 2, 066 1,438 147, 906 95, 725 52, 181 33, 749 20, 514 13, 235 South Dakota - - - - - - 13, 788 8, 862 4, 926 4, 078 2, 435 1,643 Wisconsin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 62, 193 37,917 24, 276 14, 873 8, 247 6, 626 Southeast _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 493, 145 309, 542 183, 603 126,683 74, 316 52, 367 Alabama _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 41, 534 26. 761 14, 773 10, 290 6, 384 3, 906 Arkansas _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21,257 13, 665 7, 592 6,176 3, 916 2, 260 53, 440 34, 321 19, 119 13. 403 8, 041 5. 362 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 645 30. 297 15, 348 10, 835 6,213 4, 622 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . 39, 472 23, 730 15. 742 9, 522 5, 491 4. 031 Louisiana. . . . . . . . . . . 48, 462 30, 197 18, 265 11,467 6, 782 4. 685 Mississippi _ _ _ _ _ _ 27, 971 17,308 10, 663 8. 663 4,991 3, 672 North Carolina . . . . . . . 58. 669 36, 827 21,842 16, 650 9,656 6. 994 South Carolina . . . . . . 27,915 17, 485 10, 430 7,113 4, 288 2, 825 Tennessee _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 54, 030 34, 472 19,558 14, 293 8,714 5, 579 Virginia . . . . . . . 48, 865 28, 269 20, 596 11,276 5.466 5,810 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . 25, 885 16,210 9, 675 6, 995 4. 374 2, 621 West and Southwest _ _ _ _ 808,688 535, 069 273, 619 216, 378 134, 194 82, 184 Arizona . . . . . . . 24, 844 16, 449 8, 395 7, 583 4, 977 2, 606 California . . . . . . . . 368, 326 238. 190 130, 136 102, 255 62, 887 39, 368 Colorado _ _ _ _ _ 39, 785 25, 671 14, 114 8, 885 5. 151 3,734 Idaho . . . . . . 10,197 6, 748 3, 449 3, 230 2, 073 1,157 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 354 6, 895 3, 459 2, 935 1,793 1,142 Nevada . . . . 2, 352 1, 545 807 749 468 281 New Mexico _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14, 435 10, 624 3,811 3, 230 2, 220 1,010 Oklahoma . . . . . . 51, 205 36, 253 14, 952 13, 907 9, 590 4,317 36, 121 22, 489 13, 632 9, 605 6,115 3, 490 Texas . . . . . . . 166,610 113, 292 53, 318 41,813 25,715 16. 098 Utah . . . - _ _ _ 27, 900 19, 343 8, 557 7, 374 4. 297 3, 077 Washington . . . . . 51, 032 33, 863 17, 169 13, 066 7, 853 5,213 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . 5, 527 3, 707 1,820 1,746 1,055 691 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS . . 9,909 9,900 9 1, 990 1, 990 Outlying parts . . . . . . 31, 479 18, 336 13, 143 8, 178 4, 711 3,467 Alaska . . . . . . . . 2, 770 1,700 1,070 653 333 320 Canal Zone . . . . . . . 280 144 136 146 72 74 521 282 239 286 155 131 Puerto Rico . . . . . . 20. 243 11,587 8, 656 5,414 3, 128 2, 286 Territory of Hawaii . . . . . . 7, 665 4, 623 3,042 1,679 1.023 656 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 101 Table III. — Opening enrollment of degree^credit students (resident and extension), by region and State: Fall 1957 — Continued B. Publicly controlled institutions Region and State Total enrollment First-time students (first time in any college) Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Aggregate United States - - - - - - 1, 780, 280 1, 149, 563 630, 717 438, 816 272, 991 165, 825 Continguous States _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 752, 669 1, 133,485 619, 184 431, 858 269, 010 162, 848 North Atlantic . . . . . . 251, 017 144, 270 106, 747 49, 711 27,755 21,956 Connecticut . - . - . 15,864 9, 190 6, 674 2, 970 1,658 1,312 Delaware . . . . - . - 5,431 3, 738 1,693 802 484 318 District of Columbia... . . . . . . . 4,242 1,946 2,296 496 231 265 6, 760 4, 189 2,571 1.711 1,216 495 Maryland . . . . 24, 504 16, 386 8,118 4,825 2,834 1,991 Massachusetts... . . . . . 15, 321 8, 426 6, 895 4,790 2,655 2,135 New Hampshire . . . . 5,819 3,473 2,346 1,095 616 479 New Jersey... . . . 31,209 18, 433 12, 776 5,685 3,293 2, 392 New York . . . 99. 690 52,647 47,043 16,493 8,347 8, 146 Pennsylvania . . 32,927 20, 332 12, 595 9,046 5,358 3,688 Rhode Island . . . . . . 5,647 3,270 2,377 799 484 315 Vermont . 3,603 2, 240 1,363 999 579 420 Great Lakes and Plains . . . — . 531, 086 346, 547 184, 539 125, 293 77, 857 47,436 72, 296 46, 982 25,314 19,050 11,960 7,090 Indiana . . . 45, 501 30, 206 15, 295 10,935 6, 782 4,153 26,656 18,489 8,167 6, 388 4, 006 2,382 36,427 25, 428 10, 999 9, 928 6, 532 3. 396 Michigan. . . . . . . . 107, 723 67, 583 40, 140 21,780 13,231 8, 549 Minnesota . . . . . . . 47,738 31,131 16,607 8,473 5,354 3,119 Missouri... ... . . . . . 32. 722 21,746 10,976 9,375 6,172 3, 203 Nebraska _ _ _ _ 19,079 12, 499 6, 580 5,120 3, 298 1,822 North Dakota . . . . 10. 644 7,379 3,265 3,322 1,980 1,342 81,097 52,610 28,487 17,920 10, 753 7,167 South Dakota . . . . 10, 393 7,339 3,054 2,850 1,937 913 Wisconsin . . . . . . . 40,810 25, 155 15,655 10, 152 5,852 4, 300 Southeast _ _ _ _ _ _ 322, 336 209, 590 112, 746 76, 408 48,255 28, 153 Alabama . . . . . . . 30, 449 20,316 10, 133 7, 106 4,614 2,492 Arkansas _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ 16,684 10, 972 5.712 4,472 2,965 1,507 30, 424 18, 848 11,576 6, 754 4,122 2, 632 31,736 23,094 8,642 6,902 4,582 2,320 Kentucky . . . . . 24, 908 15, 897 9,011 5,305 3,409 1,896 Louisiana . . . . . 33,476 20, 529 12,947 8,111 4,873 3.238 Mississippi. . . . . . . . 22, 339 14,874 7,465 7,028 4,305 2, 723 Nort'. Carolina _ _ _ 31.066 20,065 11,001 7,726 4. 744 2,982 Sorch Carolina. . . . . . 15,467 10, 921 4,546 3,434 2, 563 871 Tennessee... . . . . . . . 32,287 21,482 10,805 8,120 5,342 2,778 Virginia . . . . . . 33, 526 19, 854 13,672 6,449 3,473 2,976 West Virginia . . . . . 19,974 12, 738 7,236 5,001 3,263 1,738 West and Southwest . . . 638, 321 423,178 215, 143 178, 456 113, 153 65, 303 Arizona. . . . 24, 239 15,999 8, 240 7, 502 4,938 2,564 California . . . 303, 997 194, 005 109,992 91,713 57, 106 34,607 Colorado . . . . . 31,164 20, 255 10, 909 7,241 4,434 2,807 7,999 5, 490 2, 509 2,320 1,567 753 Montana . . . 8, 900 5, 997 2,903 2, 464 1,490 974 2,352 1,545 807 749 463 281 New Mexico... . 13, 568 9,914 3,654 2,927 1,972 955 Oklahoma . . . . . 38, 727 27, 292 11,435 10,219 7,068 3, 151 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . 27,810 17,527 10,283 6, 858 4, 579 2,279 Texas . . . . 118, 521 81,745 36, 776 30, 762 19, 526 11,236 Utah. . . . . . 17,931 13,636 4,295 4,446 2,882 1,564 Washington . . . 37, 586 26,066 11,520 9,509 6, 068 3,441 Wyoming. . . . 5, 527 3. 707 1,820 1,746 1,055 691 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS . 9,909 9,900 9 1,990 1,990 Outlying parts . . . 27, 611 16, 078 11, 533 6,958 3, 981 2,977 2,770 1,700 1,070 653 333 320 Canal Zone . 280 144 136 146 72 74 521 282 239 286 155 131 Puerto Rico . 16,753 9, 575 7,178 4,318 2,477 1.841 Territory of Hawaii . 7, 287 4, 377 2,910 1,555 944 611 102 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Table III. — Opening enrollment of degree-credit students (resident and extension), by region and State: Fall 1957 — Continued C. Privately controlled institutions Region and State Total enrollment First-time students (first time in any college) Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 i 5 6 7 Aggregate United States . . . . 1, 288, 137 853, 861 434, 276 290, 909 172, 333 118, 576 Contiguous States . . . 1, 284, 269 851, 603 432, 666 289, 689 171, 603 118, 086 North Atlantic . . . . 592, 347 418, 427 173, 920 119, 937 78, 717 41, 220 Connecticut . . . . . . . . ... 24, 730 18, 991 5, 739 5,676 4, 045 1,631 Delaware . .. . . . - . . 670 415 255 342 210 132 District of Columbia . . . . . . 34, 085 23,664 10,421 5,310 3, 267 2, 043 4,160 2.619 1,541 1,333 795 538 Maryland . . .. . - . . . - . - 19, 696 14. 057 5, 639 4,204 2. 771 1,433 Massachusetts . . . . .. . . . 104,227 71,898 32,329 26,116 17, 436 8, 680 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . 4,885 3, 752 1.133 1,359 930 429 New Jersey.. . - . . 36, 643 28, 356 8, 287 8, 453 5,631 2,822 New York . . . . - . 214,161 148, 865 65, 296 34,063 21.887 12, 176 Pennsylvania . . . 134,912 96, 647 38, 265 28, 569 18, 934 9,635 Rhode Island . . . . . . 9, 937 6, 720 3,217 2, 987 2,016 971 Vermont . . . . - . . . . 4, 241 2, 443 1,798 1,525 795 730 Great Lakes and Plains _ _ _ _ _ 350, 746 221, 333 129,413 81,555 45, 784 35, 771 93, 944 60,662 33,282 17.069 10,072 6, 997 Indiana . . . . . . 34,112 23, 760 10,352 8,815 5, 676 3, 139 Iowa . . . . . . 23, 193 12. 556 10, 642 6,630 3, 395 3, 235 Kansas. . . . . . - 8. 666 4,138 4, 528 3,048 1,463 1,585 Michigan . . . . 29, 781 20, 602 9,179 7,504 4,658 2,846 Minnesota.. - - - - - - - . 19, 958 10, 747 9,211 6,201 2,865 3, 336 Missouri . . . . . . 40. 961 26, 621 14,340 8, 005 3, 835 4,170 Nebraska. . . . . 8, 027 4,579 3, 448 2, 323 1,080 1,243 North Dakota . . . . . 512 268 244 182 86 96 66,809 43,115 23, 694 15, 829 9, 761 6, 068 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 395 1,523 1,872 1,228 498 730 Wisconsin . . . . . . 21,383 12, 762 8,621 4, 721 2, 395 2. 326 Southeast . . . . . 170, 809 99, 952 70, 857 50, 275 26, 061 24, 214 Alabama . . . . . . . 11,085 6, 445 4,640 3, 184 1,770 1,414 Arkansas - - - - - - 4, 573 2,693 1,880 1,704 951 753 23,016 15, 473 7, 543 6, 649 3,919 2,730 Georgia . . . . . . . . 13, 909 7, 203 6, 706 3, 933 1,631 2, 302 Kentucky . . . . 14, 564 7, 833 6, 731 4,217 2, 082 2, 135 Louisiana . . . 14, 986 9, 668 5,318 3,356 1,909 1,447 Mississippi. . . . 5,632 2,434 3,198 1,635 686 949 North Carolina. . . . . . . . . . 27, 603 16, 762 10, 841 8, 924 4,912 4,012 South Carolina . . . 12,448 6, 564 5, 884 3, 679 1,725 1,954 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . 21, 743 12, 990 8. 753 6,173 3, 372 2,801 Virginia . 15, 339 8,415 6, 924 4, 827 1,993 2,834 West Virginia. . . . . . . 5,911 3.472 2.439 1,994 1,111 883 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 103 Table III. — Opening Enrollment of degree-credit students (resident and extension), by region and State: Fall 1957 — Continued C. Privately controlled institutions Region and State Total enrollment First-time students (first time in any college) Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 West and Southwest . . . _ 170, 367 111, 891 58,476 37, 922 21, 041 16,881 Arizona _ _ _ 605 64, 329 8,621 2,198 1,454 450 44, 185 5,416 1,258 898 155 20, 144 3, 205 940 556 81 10,542 1, 644 910 471 39 5,781 717 506 303 42 4,761 927 404 168 California _ Colorado _ Idaho _ Montana _ _ _ Nevada _ New Mexico _ 867 12,478 8,311 48. 089 9, 969 13,446 710 8.961 4. 962 31.547 5, 707 7, 797 157 3,517 3,349 16. 542 4,262 5,649 303 3,688 2, 747 11,051 2, 928 3,557 248 2,522 1,536 6.189 1,415 1,785 55 1,166 1,211 4, 862 1,513 1,772 Oklahoma _ Oregon . _ Texas _ _ _ Utah . . . . Washington _ _ _ Wyoming _ _ _ _ _ U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS . . . . . Outlying parts _ _ _ _ _ _ 3,868 2,258 1, 610 1,220 730 490 Alaska _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Canal Zone _ Guam _ _ _ _ Puerto Rico _ 3,490 378 2,012 246 1,478 132 1,096 124 651 79 445 45 Territory of Hawaii _ Table IV. — Degree-credit enrollment, by type of enrollment, sex of student, region, and State: First term 1957-58 A. Publicly and privately controlled institutions BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 First-time degree-credit enrollment of resident students » Part-time Women 51,817 51,428 12, 919 1,155 OO 00 «— • CO ^3" f— 1 CO CO OO II f to *-* o CO o oo CO OO OO f lorspHo^ofo a •— f «-Ti nV-T t O V CM fH* Crf 3 mT Men 90,388 89,448 28, 695 2,165 r^r>»oor^cocoiDoo^3-co c o co to m o> m in i-H c co in CM M-CSJ^ff^ t *~T »— TtrT cm" cftcf lie f I islillSSisSRS rf ccf erf *-T trf -i s gsiSsSSfiSISa isf cm" Full-time Women S 236, 559 233,728 51, 521 w-4 oo m oo cm in co co co co *— • » 07 cm oo co co ^ co co co oo o < r-* co a> o oo oo in co m *-• a> c <\T *-T erf 00s erfr^"o"»-f « i llssIlaSlsal £ o“ U-T Ln *3-“ Oi 4*?^*i^cotoeiinutc4 Men W 364,111 360, 062 82, 955 4.111 641 1,968 2.112 3, 970 13, 575 1,520 6, 549 24, 097 20, 695 2, 340 1,377 » IslisslSlssS 1 o co^ezfrCtoVi-" oooo^t cm’VCcm’VC -4 a SlaSIsissRli r^or^^ro(r)CT> < CM co *-« cr> in 07 «— « CM CM oo CO ( tOOIsOOCOlOtOOllsOJW 1 o$*-+incoa>o*e£c*) — • CO O CM CO CM oo oo CO CO C7 < CnCMCM^M-COOOCOI^CMOOCJ) < Ol^OlOlCMrHCOCNlOO^Ts » •“Ti-^esrcvf^rcocNfcroo oSWcvf • •— « *H(T) CMO^ < •— 1 ( 284,102 54, 899 22, 043 17,618 15,100 41,805 20, 233 24, 273 9, 051 3, 407 49, 068 4,415 22, 190 1/3, 443 12, 879 7, 827 18, 056 15, 284 15,151 18. 487 11,077 21,214 9.413 18, 107 17, 184 8, 764 C 0> s* 1,935, 345 1, 918, 313 554, 726 ^O^-tOrHN^CMCMCOfOCn OCOOC0OtOCOOOt-4COOCO ' ocfcNTr^c£r*-rod'coco’‘ootrfocr*5f i cm cm cor- 545, 248 103, 469 47, 600 30, 835 29, 501 84, 502 35, 444 47, 519 16, 894 7, 620 95, 343 8 685 37, 836 1 g S 2 S S S S 2 2 Resident and extension Women cols. 5 & 7 «* 1,119, 025 1, 105, 443 290, 278 CO O nr OO CM CO CO —s 07 ^3* oo CM CO «— 1 id 07 07 S3- f— * a> ^3- CO oo 07 co cm ^ co co cm oo cvf^erf^^oerf^crfo^incsf II II 3 S3 CO 194, 952 15, 059 8, 839 20, 659 15, 830 16, 102 18, 972 11,415 22, 114 13, 525 20, 104 22, 183 10, 150 Men cols. 4 & 6 2,050,099 2,030,884 570,933 28, 328 4, 063 29, 002 7,118 31,776 80, 632 7,431 47, 709 200, 985 118, 332 10, 789 4, 768 1 8S3BSSS8883S s 3s'sss‘32a‘“s‘°>'s' S Z£ggg3gig8§s|| Region and State - 1 1 1 1 I! 1! North Atlantic Connecticut . District of Columbia::::::::::::::::::::::::: i i i 1 ! i : ; ; j i ! i ! i : :■ I New nampsmre . New Jersey . . . . . New York . — . . Pennsylvania . . . - . Knoae island . Vermont . . . — . 1 | j | | j j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 : :::::: : :::::: ui :::::: e 1 ! 1 ! 1 i * i ; : i : : : : : i : : I 1 1 1 1 ! 1 I I Nebraska . North Dakota.. . . . . . - Ohin _ ; ! : i : M : : : ill ; ; ; i ; i i\ «s-| II Alabama . Arkansas.. . Florida . Georgia . . . Kentucky. . Louisiana . . Mississippi - - - - - North Carolina . . . South Carolina . HIGHER EDUCATION- -FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 105 cn co co co ^ cm — • c oooor^cocMf^coc CO^COOOOr - co 05 co m oo > 05 «C35UD^rC5CO oo oo co co nr •— « »— « evjfNOOOPO CMrN**r-.r^cor--.05*3-cocoor''-*oo CN^oocDOcnrscomrH^ O5ooco— «05CMr^050oor^o^- CO CO CM CM CO UO CM CO U“5 OXOCOPOOOincJi-ifONNC co«— •mr^.ocsio^j’cvairjco' *3T'^05 05r^e0 05 O00cM00c « — • ^oom^cor^ CM O CM CO CO ^ CO CM 05 CO UO mor^co r^r-ico^-oocor^co x cm oo cm co r^oocr>cocM cococ7>cor^ « OOCVJ^LOO)*— 'CVJCO*— «CSJC roooow-xxtrxcoocM^-^r NomifliHCM inrHcorHiOf juo^rcococM^cNjuocoop^uo r^cocsir^* CM C 05 uo oc < coco* i co oo co uo ■NONNiON •cor^.— < *3*cmco crTcsTf-TcsT CM 05 UO CO — I CM *— » OO O O OO OO —X CM CO CM ^ CO CM CM t— x CO U"5 CM O CO CM Lf5 CO O •— « »— * CM ooocoo)cvjcnioioC)CncNjcocNj r^CMr^— xooococooocmcmoooo noV cr>eo*-*eo*fo>oootr^o< OJorocoiNxtcooxtmc OCOCOCOO)N«OOVC ■—» CO CM •— « CO CO^x^-C. . 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Publicly and privately controlled institutions Undergraduate and first-professional Region and State Total Men Women Full-time Part-time degree) Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women » 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Aggregate United States. 2, 649, 311 1, 736, 996 912, 315 2, 029, 661 1, 344, 387 685, 274 619, 650 392, G39 227, 041 278,603 198, 349 80, 254 Contiguous States.. _ 2, 621, 319 1, 720, 399 901, 520 2, 010, 358 1, 332, 520 677, 838 611, 561 387, 879 223, 682 277, 646 197, 914 79, 732 North Atlantic _ 700, 236 467, 724 232, 562 503,424 334,490 168,934 196, 862 133, 234 63, 628 122, 007 87, 002 35, 005 Connecticut - - 33,217 23, 803 9,414 24, 159 16, 984 7, 175 9, 058 6,819 2, 239 6, 799 4,214 2, 585 Delaware _ _ _ 3, 078 1,892 1,186 3, 032 1,871 1,161 46 21 25 951 716 235 District of Columbia... _ . 31,372 21,066 10, 306 16, 099 10, 549 5,550 15,273 10,517 4, 756 8, 591 5, 974 2,617 Maine.. . . . . ... . 9,458 6, 536 2, 922 9. 343 6, 461 2, 882 115 75 40 139 121 18 Maryland _ _ _ 40, 567 27, 469 13, 098 25, 404 16,413 8, 991 15, 163 11,056 4,107 4, 686 3, 542 1,144 Massachusetts . . . 101,434 68. 258 33, 176 £0, 424 52, 601 27, 823 21,010 15, 657 5,353 13, 326 10,315 3,010 New Hampshire _ ...... 8,952 6, 346 2, 606 8, 516 6,199 2,317 436 147 289 343 267 76 New Jersey _ _ 58, 059 40. 180 17, 879 34,171 23, 714 10, 457 23, 888 16,466 7, 422 9,053 6, 644 2,409 New York _ . 246, 823 157, 175 89, 648 166, 470 104, 757 51,713 80. 353 52,418 27, 935 59, 875 40, 945 18, 930 Pennsylvania _ _ 147, 160 101,936 45, 224 117,176 82, 298 34. 878 29, 984 19, 638 10, 346 17, 500 13, 701 3, 799 Rhode Island . . 12, 796 8, 460 4, 336 11,358 8, 059 3. 299 1,438 401 1,037 621 471 150 Vermont - - 7,370 4, 603 2, 767 7, 272 4, 584 2, 688 98 19 79 123 91 32 Great Lakes and Plains.. 755, 892 491, 192 264, 700 603, 048 398, 795 204, 253 152, 844 92, 397 60, 447 73,453 54, 056 19, 402 Illinois - - . 140,318 91, 108 49,210 96, 996 64, 321 32, 675 43, 322 26, 787 16. 535 18, 050 12, 361 5. 689 Indiana . . . . 62, 386 42, 021 20, 365 57, 274 39, 645 17, 629 5,112 2, 376 2, 736 7, 257 5, 579 1,678 Iowa.. - - - 44, 923 28, 182 16, 741 40, 528 26, 384 14, 144 4, 395 1,798 2, 597 3, 530 2, 653 877 Kansas . . . . . 41,626 27, 154 14, 472 35. 445 23, 590 11,855 6,181 3, 564 2,517 2. 975 2, 347 628 Michigan . . . 110, 832 73, 712 37, 120 86, 635 58, 324 28.311 24, 197 15, 388 8, 809 15,475 10, 790 4. 685 Minnesota . . . . . 51,638 32. 037 19, 601 47, 940 30, 420 17, 520 3, 698 1,617 2, 081 4,039 3, 407 632 Missouri . . . . 67, 244 44, 150 23, 034 51,052 33, 468 17, 584 16, 192 10, 682 5, 510 4, 543 3, 369 1,179 Nebraska _ _ _ _ 24, 524 15, 896 8, 628 20, 403 13, 698 6, 705 4,121 2,198 1,923 1,421 998 423 North Dakota _ _ 10, 681 7,314 3. 367 10, 242 7,171 3, 071 439 143 296 346 306 40 Ohio _ _ _ 133, 2G4 86, 775 46, 489 96, 423 63, 087 33, 335 36, 841 23, 688 13. 153 11,147 8, 568 2, 579 South Dakota _ _ 12, 701 8, 356 4, 335 11,834 8,128 3, 706 867 238 '629 399 319 80 Wisconsin . . 55, 755 34, 477 21.278 48, 276 30. 559 17,717 7, 479 3,918 3, 561 4, 271 3, 359 912 Southeast _ 445, 923 281,403 164, 520 382, 823 244, 083 138, 740 63, 100 37, 320 25, 780 23, 583 14, 660 8, 923 Alabama . . 34, 463 22,185 12. 278 31,585 20, 325 11,260 2, 878 1,860 1,018 1,314 713 601 Arkansas . . 20.418 13, 120 7,298 18, 179 12, 062 6,117 2, 239 1,058 1,181 1, 185 656 529 Florida . . . . 48, 764 32, 000 16, 764 38, 168 24, 702 13, 466 10, 596 7, 298 3, 293 3, 240 1,948 1,292 Georgia - - - 42, 103 27,515 14, 588 33, 223 21,214 12, 009 8, 880 6, 301 2, 579 1,770 1,074 696 Kentucky. _ _ _ 36, 649 22, 431 14.218 28, 560 18, 552 10, 008 8. 089 3, 879 4,210 2, 384 1,451 933 Louisiana. . . 45, 126 28, 101 17, 025 38, 100 24, 103 13. 997 7, 025 3, 998 3, 028 3,163 1,701 1,462 Mississippi _ _ _ . .. 26, 987 16, 168 10,819 24, 458 15, 295 9, 163 2, 529 873 1,656 771 513 258 North Carolina . . 54, 176 33, 953 20, 223 50, 824 31,837 18, 987 3, 352 2,116 1,236 2, 932 1,941 991 South Carolina _ 25, 589 16, 573 9,016 24, 307 15, 900 8, 407 1,282 673 609 1,099 612 397 Tennessee _ _ 47, 144 30, 100 17,044 41, 125 26. 696 14, 429 6,019 3, 404 2,615 3, 357 2, 294 1,063 Virginia. _ _ _ 40,610 23, 757 16, 853 34,713 20, 148 14, 565 5, 897 3, 609 2, 288 1,523 1,192 331 West Virginia _ 23, 894 15, 500 8. 394 19, 581 13, 249 6,332 4,313 2,251 2, 052 935 565 370 West and Southwest _ 710, 200 470, 471 239, 729 511, 445 345, 543 165, 902 198,755 124, 928 73, 827 58, 376 41, 974 16, 402 Arizona _ _ 21,414 14.518 6, 896 16, 161 11,215 4, 946 5, 253 3, 303 1, 950 2,279 1,474 805 California _ _ _ 316, 423 204, 265 112,158 190. 434 126, 376 64, 058 125. 989 77, 889 48, 100 29, 552 21,427 8,125 Colorado _ 31,472 20, 441 11,031 28, 262 18,612 9,650 3,210 1,829 1,381 2, 894 2, 190 704 Idaho... _ _ _ _ _ 9,476 6,410 3, 066 8, 652 6, 056 2, 596 824 354 470 379 253 126 Montana . . . . 9, 875 6, 648 3.227 9,024 6, 301 2, 723 851 347 504 416 323 93 Nevada _ _ _ _. 2, 681 1,668 1,013 1,838 1,254 584 843 414 429 98 75 23 New Mexico _ _ _ . . 12, 132 8, 886 3, 246 8, 934 6. 638 2, 296 3,198 2, 248 950 1,685 1,280 406 Oklahoma _ __ 46, 123 32, 625 13, 498 39, 234 28, 006 11,228 6, 889 4,619 2, 270 3, 541 2, 384 1,157 Oregon _ _ _ 28, 361 18, 785 9, 576 26, 201 17, 580 8, 621 2,160 1,205 955 1,579 1.262 317 Texas _ _ _ 156, 026 106, 165 49, 861 117, 823 80, 265 37, 558 38. 203 25, 900 12, 303 10,714 7, 285 3, 429 Utah _ _ _ 25, 904 16, 948 8, 956 22, 587 14. 893 7, 694 3,317 2, 055 1,262 1,586 1,321 265 Washington _ _ _ 45, 139 29, 694 15, 445 38, 425 25, 499 12, 926 6,714 4,195 2,519 3, 280 2, 394 886 Wyoming _ _ 5,174 3,418 1,756 3, 870 2, 848 1,022 1,304 570 734 372 305 66 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS _ 9, 618 9,609 9 9, 618 9, 609 9 222 222 _ Outlying Parts _ 27, 392 16, 597 10, 795 19, 303 11, 867 7,436 8, 089 4,730 3, 359 957 435 522 Alaska.. . . 1,590 963 627 193 57 136 1,397 S06 491 70 22 48 Canal Zone. . . . 167 81 86 140 72 68 27 9 18 Guam _ 359 194 165 91 49 42 268 145 123 Puerto Rico _ _ _ 18,255 10, 978 7,277 13, 757 8, 853 4, 904 4, 498 2, 125 2, 373 37 10 27 Territory of Hawaii _ . 7, 021 4, 381 2, 640 5, 122 2, 836 2, 286 1,899 1,545 354 850 403 447 Graduate (enrolled beyond the HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 111 Table V. — Resident degree-credit undergraduate and graduate enrollments by level, sex, region, and State: First term 1957-58 — Continued B. Publicly controlled institutions Region and State Undergraduate and first-professional Graduate (enrolled beyond the bachelor’s or first professional degree) Total Men Women Full-time Part-time Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Aggregate United States. 1, 505, 211 988,414 516, 797 1,180, 563 788, 675 391, 888 324, 648 199, 739 124, 909 140, 257 95, 773 44, 484 Contiguous States _ 1, 432, 085 974, 168 507, 917 1, 164, 218 778, 620 385, 598 317, 867 195, 548 122, 319 139, 315 95,353 43, 962 North Atlantic . . 210, 027 122, 599 87, 428 155, 714 89, 668 66, 046 54, 313 32,931 21, 382 28, 848 17,590 11,258 Connecticut... - - 12, 367 7, 447 4, 920 10, 626 6,410 4,216 1, 741 1,037 704 2, 692 1,569 1, 123 Delaware _ _ _ 2,429 1,478 951 2, 388 1, 458 930 41 20 21 951 716 235 District of Columbia _ 3, 208 1,688 1,520 698 205 492 2,510 1, 482 1, 028 2,165 1,220 945 Maine. _ _ _ 5, 505 3, 903 1,602 5, 471 3, 881 1, 590 34 22 12 139 121 18 Maryland _ _ _ _ 22, 856 15,011 7,845 16, 243 10. 609 5, 634 6,613 4,402 2,211 2, 550 1,917 643 Massachusetts . 13, 400 7, 265 6, 134 12. 962 7, 0S0 5, 872 438 176 262 762 504 258 New Hampshire _ _ 4, 232 2, 661 1, 571 4, 148 2,612 1,536 84 49 35 211 164 47 New Jersey _ 24, 150 14, 599 9, 551 14, 945 8, 635 6, 310 9. 205 5, 964 3, 241 6, 039 3, 996 2, 043 New York . _ 83,916 45. 338 38, 578 51,806 26, 039 25, 767 32,110 19, 299 12,811 11,264 5, 803 5, 451 Pennsylvania _ 31,169 18. 951 12,218 29, 750 18. 549 11,201 1,419 402 1,017 1,768 1,370 398 Rhode Island . . . 3. 272 2,076 1,196 3,173 2, 009 1,164 S9 67 32 197 137 60 Vermont _ _ _ 3, 523 2, 181 1,342 3, 504 2,170 1,334 19 11 8 100 73 27 Great Lakes and Plains.. 428, 103 285,838 142, 215 363, 289 246, 109 117, 180 64, 814 39, 779 25, 035 51, 221 37, 835 13, 386 Illinois . 57, 793 38, 090 19. 703 44. 751 30, 383 14, 368 13, 042 7, 707 5,335 7,036 4, 372 2, 644 Indiana _ ... .. 29, 533 19. 571 9, 952 28,811 19,213 3, 598 722 358 364 5,819 4, 445 1,374 Iowa . . . . . 23, 341 16. 023 7,318 22, 371 15. 703 6, 668 970 320 650 2,950 2,377 573 Kansas.. . . . . 32. 837 22, 992 9, 845 28. 057 19, 941 8, 116 4, 780 3. 051 1,729 2, 945 2,318 627 Michigan . . . . 82, 179 54, 089 28, 090 64, 957 43, 164 21, 793 17,222 10. 925 6. 297 14, 538 10, 093 4,425 Minnesota _ 32. 331 21,656 10. 675 30, 350 20, 756 9, 594 1,981 900 1,081 3, 709 3. 084 625 Missouri _ _ _ 29, 084 19, 636 9, 448 25,615 17,511 8,104 3. 469 2,125 1,344 1,594 1,199 395 Nebraska . . . 16, 630 11,402 5, 228 13. 676 9, 580 4, 096 2, 954 1,822 1,132 1, 235 873 362 North Dakota _ 10, 161 7, 038 3, 123 9,755 6. 911 2, 844 406 127 279 346 306 40 Ohio _ _ _ _ 63, 638 46, 309 23, 329 53, 838 35, 725 18,113 15, 800 10, 584 5,216 7,120 5,532 1,588 South Dakota _ 9, 371 6,834 2, 537 9, 068 6,716 2, 352 303 118 185 399 319 80 Wisconsin . . . . . 35, 205 22,248 12, 957 32, 040 20, 506 11,534 3,165 1,742 1, 423 3, 570 2,917 653 Southeast . . 279, 073 184, 210 94, 863 241, 678 161, 927 79, 751 37, 395 22, 283 15, 112 18, 161 11, 374 6,787 Alabama _ _ _ 23, 744 15. 865 7, 879 22, 697 15, 227 7,470 1,047 638 409 1,158 630 528 Arkansas _ _ 15, 884 10, 521 5,363 14, 205 9,776 4,429 1.679 745 934 1, 125 613 512 Florida.. . . . . 25, 558 16, 890 8, 668 20, 844 13. 603 7. 241 4,714 3, 287 1,427 2, 255 1,446 809 Georgia _ _ _ 29, 133 20, 837 8,296 21,345 15, 087 6,258 7, 788 5. 750 2, 038 1, 110 733 377 Kentucky _ 22, 279 14, 697 7, 582 17.249 11,821 5, 428 5, 030 2, 876 2,154 2,155 1, 293 862 Louisiana _ _ _ _ 31,261 39. 156 12, 105 28,451 17,830 10, 621 2,810 1,326 1,484 1,915 883 1, 032 Mississippi _ 21.430 13, 752 7, 678 19, 576 12,992 6, 584 1,854 760 1,094 688 481 207 North Carolina _ 26, 731 17, 323 9. 408 25, 561 16, 685 8,875 1,170 637 533 2,572 1,652 920 South Carolina _ 13, 154 10, 145 3. 009 12,551 9,818 2, 733 603 327 276 9C0 545 355 Tennessee _ _ 26, 590 17,818 8. 772 22, 834 15, 595 7, 239 3,756 2, 223 1,533 2,052 1,497 555 Virginia . . . . 25, 324 15, 323 10. 001 21,058 13, 000 8, 058 4, 266 2, 323 1,943 1,296 1, 036 260 West Virginia _ 17, 985 11,883 6, 102 15, 307 10, 492 4,815 2,678 1,391 1,287 935 565 370 West arsd Southwest _ 555, 264 371, 862 183, 402 393, 919 271, 307 122, 612 161, 345 100,555 60,790 40, 863 28, 332 12, 531 Arizona _ _ _ _ _ 20, 700 14,015 6, 685 15, 548 10, 768 4. 780 5,152 3, 247 1,905 2,279 1, 474 805 California... _ _ _ 262, 409 168, 895 93, 514 149, 272 99, 273 49, 999 113, 137 69, 622 43,515 18,217 12, 435 5,732 Colorado _ .. 23, 783 15,715 8, 0S3 22,317 14, 926 7, 391 1,466 789 677 1,919 1,468 451 Idaho... . . . . 7,318 5,165 2,153 6, 758 4,924 1,834 560 241 319 326 228 98 Montana _ 8,413 5, 740 2, 673 7, 854 5, 534 2,320 559 206 353 416 323 93 Nevada.. _ _ _ 2, 681 1,668 1,013 1,838 1,254 584 843 414 429 98 75 23 New Mexico _ _ 11.258 8,179 3, 079 8,483 6, 256 2, 227 2, 775 1, 923 852 1,686 1,280 406 Oklahoma _ _ _ 34, 638 24, 566 10, 072 31,326 22, 465 8, 861 3,312 2, 101 1,211 2, 930 1,832 1,048 Oregon _ _ 19, 766 13, 648 6, 118 18, 982 13, 199 5, 783 784 449 335 1,335 1,099 236 Texas . . . . . 110, 636 77, 229 33. 467 85, 748 60,471 25, 277 24, 948 16. 758 8,190 7, 389 4, 677 2,712 Utah _ _ _ 16, 366 11,585 4, 781 14, 100 10, 056 4,044 2, 266 1,529 737 1, 147 974 173 Washington _ 32, 062 22, 039 10, 023 27, 823 19, 333 8,490 4. 239 2, 706 1,533 2, 749 2.111 638 Wyoming . . . 5,174 3,418 1,756 3, 870 2, 848 1,022 1,304 570 734 372 306 66 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS .. 9,618 9,609 9 9, 618 9,609 9 222 222 Outlying parts . . 23, 126 14, 246 8, 880 16, 345 10, 055 6, 290 6, 781 4, 191 2, 590 942 420 522 Alaska _ _ _ _ 1,590 953 627 193 57 136 1,397 906 491 70 22 48 Canal Zone . . . . 167 81 86 140 72 68 27 g 18 Guam _ _ _ . 359 194 165 91 49 42 268 145 123 Puerto Rico _ _ _ 14, 499 8, 995 5, 504 11,118 7, 291 3, 827 3, 381 1,704 1,677 37 10 27 Territory cf Hawaii.. . 6,511 4,013 2, 498 4, 803 2, 586 2,217 1, 703 1,427 281 835 388 447 112 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table V. — Resident degree^credit undergraduate and graduate enrollments by level, sex, region, and State: First term 1957-58 — Continued C. Privately controlled institutions West and Southwest. Arizona _ California... Colorado.... Idaho . Montana _ Nevada _ New Mexico. Oklahoma... Oregon _ Texas . Utah... . Washington.. Wyoming.... Undergraduate and first-professional Region and State Total Men Women Full-time Part-time degree) Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Aggregate United States. 1, 144, 100 748, 582 395, 518 849, 098 555, 712 293, 386 295, 002 192, 870 102,132 138, 346 102,576 35, 770 Contiguous States . 1, 139, 834 746, 231 393,603 846, 140 553, 900 292, 240 293, 694 192, 331 101, 363 138, 331 102,561 35,770 North Atlantic . 490, 259 345,125 145, 134 347, 710 244, 822 102, 888 142, 549 100, 303 42, 246 93,159 69,412 23,747 Connecticut . . . 20, 850 16,356 4,494 13, 533 10, 574 2, 959 7,317 5,782 1,535 4, 107 2,645 1,462 Delaware . . . 649 414 235 644 413 231 5 1 4 District of Columbia . 28, 164 19, 378 8, 786 15,401 10,343 5,058 12, 763 9,035 3,728 6,426 4,754 1,672 Maine _ _ _ _ 3, 953 2,633 1,320 3. 872 2,580 1,292 81 53 28 Maryland _ _ _ 17,711 12,458 5,253 9, 161 5,804 3, 357 8, 550 6,654 1,896 2,126 1,625 501 Massachusetts.. . . . 88,034 60, 992 27,042 67, 462 45,511 21,951 20, 572 15,481 5, 091 12, 564 9,812 2, 752 New Hampshire. . . . 4, 720 3,685 1,035 4,368 3, 587 781 352 98 254 132 103 29 New Jersey . . 33,909 25, 581 8, 328 19, 226 15,079 4,147 14,683 10, 502 4,181 3,014 2,648 366 New York _ _ 162. 907 111,837 51,070 114, 664 78, 718 35, 946 48, 243 33,119 15, 124 48,611 35, 142 13,469 Pennsylvania. . . 115, 991 82, 985 33,006 87,426 63,749 23,677 28, 565 19,236 9,329 15, 732 12,331 3,401 Rhode Island... . . . . 9, 524 6, 384 3, 140 8,185 6,050 2, 135 1,339 334 1,005 424 334 90 Vermont . 3,847 2,422 1,425 3, 768 2,414 1,354 79 8 71 23 18 5 Great Lakes and Plains.. 327, 789 205, 304 122,485 239, 759 152, 686 87, 073 88, 030 52, 618 35,412 22, 237 16,221 6,016 Illinois. . . . 82, 525 53,018 29, 507 52, 245 33,938 18, 307 30,280 19,080 11,200 11,034 7,989 3,045 Indiana _ _ _ _ _ 32,853 22,450 10,403 28, 463 20, 432 8,031 4, 390 2,018 2,372 1,438 1,134 304 Iowa _ _ _ _ _ 21,582 12. 159 9,423 18, 157 10, 681 7,476 3,425 1,478 1,947 580 276 304 Kansas.. . . . . . 8,789 4, 162 4,627 7, 388 3, 649 3,739 1,401 513 888 30 29 1 Michigan _ 28,653 19,623 9,030 21,678 15, 160 6,518 6,975 4,463 2, 512 957 697 260 Minnesota.. . . 19, 307 10, 381 8,926 17,590 9,664 7, 926 1,717 717 1,000 330 323 7 Missouri . . 38,160 24,514 13,646 25,437 15, 957 9,480 12,723 8, 557 4,166 2, 954 2,170 784 Nebraska . . . 7, 894 4, 494 3,400 6, 727 4,118 2,609 1,167 376 791 186 125 61 North Dakota . . . 520 276 244 487 260 227 33 16 17 Ohio _ _ _ 63,626 40,466 23, 160 42, 585 27, 362 15,223 21,041 13, 104 7, 937 4,027 3,036 991 South Dakota . . 3,330 1,532 1,798 2. 766 1,412 1,354 564 120 444 Wisconsin . . . 20, 550 12, 229 8,321 16, 236 10,053 6, 183 4,314 2,176 2,138 701 442 259 Southeast . . 166, 850 97, 193 69, 657 141, 145 82, 156 58, 989 25,705 15, 037 10,668 5, 422 3,286 2, 136 Alabama _ _ _ 10,719 6, 320 4,399 8, 888 5,098 3, 790 1,831 1,222 609 156 83 73 Arkansas . 4,534 2,599 1,935 3, 974 2,286 1,688 560 313 247 60 43 17 Florida . . . 23,206 15,110 8,096 17, 324 11,099 6, 225 5, 882 4,011 1,871 985 502 483 Georgia _ _ 12,970 6,678 6, 292 11,878 6,127 5, 751 1,092 551 541 660 341 319 Kentucky. . 14, 370 7, 734 6, 636 11,311 6, 731 4,580 3,059 1,003 2,056 229 158 71 Louisiana _ _ _ _ 13, 865 8, 945 4,920 9, 649 6,273 3,376 4,216 2,672 1,544 1,248 818 430 Mississippi. . . . . 5, 557 2,416 3, 141 4,882 2, 303 2, 579 675 113 562 83 32 51 North Carolina _ _ 27, 445 16, 630 10,815 25,263 15,151 10,112 2,182 1,479 703 360 289 71 South Carolina. . 12, 435 6. 428 6,007 11,756 6,082 5,674 679 346 333 109 67 42 Tennessee... . . . . 20, 554 12, 282 8,272 18, 291 11,101 7,190 2.263 1,181 1.082 1,305 797 508 Virginia . . . 15, 286 8, 434 6, 852 13,655 7,148 6,507 1,631 1,286 345 227 156 71 West Virginia . 5, 909 3,617 2,292 4,274 2,757 1.517 1,635 860 775 154, 936 714 54,014 7,689 2,158 1,462 98,603 503 35, 370 4,726 1,245 908 56, 327 211 18,644 2,963 913 554 117, 526 613 41,162 5, 945 1,894 1,170 74, 236 447 27, 103 3,686 1,132 767 43, 290 166 14,059 2,259 762 403 37,410 101 12,852 1,744 264 292 24, 373 56 8, 267 1,040 113 141 45 585 704 151 151 Graduate (enrolled beyond the 11,335 975 53 13, 642 8, 992 722 25 2, 343 253 28 874 11,485 8, 595 45, 330 9, 538 13,077 707 8,059 5,137 28, 936 5, 363 7,655 167 3,426 3,458 16, 394 4,175 5,422 451 7,908 7.219 32, 075 8,487 10, 602 382 5, 541 4,381 19, 794 4,837 6,166 69 2, 367 2, 838 12, 281 3, 650 4, 436 423 3, 577 1,376 13,255 1,051 2,475 325 2,518 756 9,142 526 1,489 1,059 620 4,113 525 986 611 244 3, 325 439 531 502 163 347 283 109 717 92 248 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS Outlying Parts. 4, 266 Alaska . Canal Zone . . Guam . Puerto Rico _ Territory of Hawaii. 3,756 510 1,983 368 1,773 142 2,639 319 1,562 250 1,077 69 1,117 191 421 118 696 73 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 113 Table VI. — Nondegree^credit enrollment and enrollments in short courses and individual lessons only, by sex of student, region, and State: First term 1957-58 A. Publicly and privately controlled institutions Nondegree-credit enrollment Terminal-occupational education Adult education Resident Extension Resident Extension only Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Aggregate United States. . 106, 722 39,993 26,130 3, 581 72, 737 70, 787 61, 377 46, 147 73, 545 20,098 97, 179 90, 879 9, 146 16, 631 Contiguous States . . 106, 517 39,788 26,130 3, 581 72, 599 70, 596 60, 792 45, 720 73,542 20, 096 97, 179 90, 879 9,146 16, 631 North Atlantic . 35,607 11, 309 12, 627 811 13, 689 17, 932 15, 735 6, 224 29, 719 2, G96 10, 624 3,811 2, 607 4, 599 Connecticut _ _ . _ _ 558 225 362 55 987 225 7 8 1 10 502 635 297 432 62 1 195 92 District of Columbia _ 1,184 370 440 1,477 161 41 15, 000 214 1 103 229 43 218 2 14 9 47 165 114 977 667 426 462 2,962 607 840 1,705 2, 265 1,295 144 21 2,462 744 10 23 810 93 415 706 319 '219 314 11 62 2 2,215 303 354 299 5, 162 307 980 113 3 5 New York.. . . . 23; 825 5,898 4, 789 331 7,151 13,988 5,668 4, 056 11,253 6 1,038 1,632 542 909 Pennsylvania . . 3,754 1,331 5, 982 138 1,724 720 3, 073 458 3,466 2,090 4, 248 862 195 392 Rhode Island . . . . 170 7 813 204 143 3 1,388 1,190 206 379 344 161 50 7 18 Great Lakes and Plains _ 23, 946 7, 352 2, 502 397 29,546 22, 689 10,903 9,353 36,846 12, 703 16, 239 12, 198 4,389 8, 034 Illinois _ _ _ 7,467 2,790 14 2,531 2, 756 2, 320 1,682 30, 375 8,813 2,054 1,180 1,280 2, 204 Indiana . . . . . 798 7 2, 368 93 735 395 1,798 3, 285 93 49 15 26 72 203 Iowa _ _ _ _ _ 50 146 1,398 2,052 111 161 161 514 Kansas.. . . . 226 134 1,245 1,185 127 198 47 37 30 79 118 408 Michigan. . . . 7,572 1,580 39 148 8,918 4,558 3,099 2,179 308 276 773 24 508 753 Minnesota 254 504 1,569 2,892 125 114 302 243 980 324 710 720 Missouri . . . 1,079 611 34 5 2,041 920 2,361 838 2, 746 1,922 4,468 3, 336 821 1,760 Nebraska 29 115 175 275 372 235 2, 456 457 16 53 North Dakota . . . . 571 96 60 86 303 310 524 491 10 8 182 194 22 64 Ohio _ _ 4,245 784 51 3,420 916 1 37 1,796 3,460 568 996 South Dakota .. _ _ 10 111 13 65 133 196 167 264 254 52 111 Wisconsin. _ 1,645 474 i 7,211 6,417 2,769 1,188 3,221 2, 864 61 248 Southeast . . . S, 230 2,923 1,377 811 3, 912 3,956 2, 371 1, 412 994 903 29, 345 23, 014 915 1,895 Alabama. . 29 22 262 26 7 1,268 788 494 1,571 19 20 Arkansas . . 52 2 17 3 200 250 3,214 1,838 8 29 Florida . . . . . 138 265 1,175 1,212 24 5 14,199 14, 000 81 175 Georgia . . . . 961 187 234 31 39 36 134 10 180 35 172 Kentucky _ 117 66 348 539 79 65 22 132 Louisiana _ 133 124 490 436 116 53 82 4,415 4, 377 19 13 Mississippi _ _ _ _ 1,222 318 204 52 6 19 40 45 762 315 145 186 North Carolina 972 978 587 314 317 153 69 67 1,053 493 218 292 South Carolina _ _ 5 2 75 3 4 21 2 54 404 430 114 287 Tennessee . . . 81 424 98 854 1,218 398 226 225 75 124 322 Virginia . . . 1,399 453 806 653 187 125 283 115 6 48 90 182 37 166 West Virginia. _ . 121 82 45 23 4,634 98 93 101 West and Southwest . . 41,734 18, 204 9,624 1, 562 25,452 26, 019 31,783 28,731 5, 983 4, 394 40, 971 51,856 1, 235 2, 103 Arizona _ _ 171 78 14 7 8 18 California . . . . 30,437 13,084 9,135 1,510 21,253 21,575 17, 740 19,008 4,611 3,050 8,662 5, 472 202 278 Colorado . . . 511 500 32 13 1,508 1,471 1,787 2, 362 607 297 623 419 193 455 Idaho.. . . . . . . 337 56 254 13 139 215 2 15 88 82 77 17 9 21 Montana _ _ _ _ 121 36 12 122 30 70 12 3 Nevada . . . 4 4 New Mexico _ _ _ . 10 10 8.187 3,919 2 14 Oklahoma . . . . 2,250 535 35 38 22 18 22. 580 36, 792 196 110 Oregon . 155 21 220 130 1,100 500 27 26 84 Texas . . . . 4, 203 1,782 134 6 1,174 1,297 230 336 413 619 6, 086 6 034 461 836 Utah.. . . 503 279 55 13 94 171 886 1,040 753 l’ 757 3 5 Washington _ 2, 934 1,741 909 996 1,579 1,072 182 194 2,178 1,338 138 289 Wyoming _ 102 82 108 4 250 461 40 60 5 8 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS . Outlying Parts. . 205 205 138 191 585 427 3 2 Alaska . . . . 115 128 138 191 Canal Zone . . . . Guam . . . . . 90 77 Puerto Rico . . . 246 187 Territory of Hawaii. _ _ 339 240 3 2 1 Enrollments in- Short courses 114 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table VI. — Nondegree-credit enrollment and enrollments in short courses and individual lessons only, by sex of student, region, and State: First term 1957-58 — Continued B. Publicly controlled institutions Nondegree-credit enrollment Enrollments in — Terminal-occupational education Adult education Region and State Courses by mail Short courses Individual lessons Resident Extension Resident Extension only Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men 1 Women Men Women 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Aggregate United States. . 75, 841 29,986 24, 681 3, 011 51, 829 53, 037 51, 892 38, 010 10, 501 6,732 89,168 83, 466 1, 210 2,005 75, 636 29, 781 24, 681 3, 011 51, 691 52, 846 51, 553 37, 770 10, 498 6, 730 89,168 83, 466 1, 210 2, 005 North Atlantic . 19, 981 5, 421 11, 947 637 5, 991 9, 050 8, 343 720 3, 222 1, 921 8, 217 1, 619 4 7 254 38 362 55 529 85 7 8 1 10 12 5 62 1 195 92 District of Columbia _ _ _ Maine _ _ _ _ 38 200 152 186 164 2, 962 32 607 1 Massachusetts . . . . . 462 44 1,213 248 18 319 2 314 11 62 2 1,795 16, 939 116 245 5, 162 272 980 113 New York 5, 030 4, 780 5, 902 366 331 3,818 8, 553 28 13 138 2,917 346 3,222 1,921 4, 176 858 4 6 51 Vermont _ _ _ _ 34 161 50 _ 13, 575 5, 554 2, 502 332 20, 226 17, 933 10, 250 7, 945 3,700 1, 960 12, 629 9, 144 424 963 Illinois _ _ _ _ _ 4, 986 82 2, 663 817 1,187 2 2,199 1,766 70 1,570 3, 209 53 439 199 2, 368 93 13 72 43 71 192 Iowa... _ 9 1,398 2, 052 119 231 Kansas _ _ _ 224 130 1, 160 1,058 44 105 43 35 67 211 Michigan _ 6, 541 249 1,286 308 39 148 6,715 1,467 94 4,176 2, 598 60 3, 099 2,179 103 308 276 773 24 Minnesota _ 122 302 243 905 244 97 190 Missouri _ _ _ 97 341 34 5 2, 054 372 3,317 2,456 182 2,715 457 27 45 Nebraska ... _ 29 86 175 275 235 7 24 North Dakota . . . . 571 96 60 86 303 310 524 491 10 8 194 22 64 Ohio _ _ 159 161 1,631 504 1,118 264 2,254 254 South Dakota _ _ _ 196 167 14 6 Wisconsin 637 474 1 6, 458 5,711 2, 769 1,188 3, 175 2, 803 Southeast _ 3, 793 1, 376 1, 377 811 1, 098 983 1, 585 905 969 883 29, 102 22, 902 247 325 Alabama . . . . . 29 262 26 7 482 281 494 1,571 1,838 13, 989 Arkansas . _ _ .. 52 2 200 250 3,214 14, 015 180 5 12 Florida . . . . 53 144 356 444 24 5 Georgia _ 813 39 234 31 134 10 Kentucky _ _ 110 256 359 65 Louisiana _ .. . _ _ 31 80 116 53 82 4,370 762 4, 375 315 19 13 Mississippi 1,217 551 318 174 37 6 19 40 45 138 133 North Carolina _ _ _ 334 118 40 317 153 69 67 1,053 493 South Carolina _ _ _ 75 3 2 54 404 430 52 100 Tennessee _ _ _ _ _ 6 247 98 373 206 225 75 10 5 Virginia _ _ _ 810 130 806 653 187 103 283 115 6 48 90 148 14 34 West Virginia _ _ 121 82 45 23 4,634 98 9 28 West and Southwest _ 38, 287 17, 430 8,855 1, 231 24, 376 24, 880 31, 375 28, 200 2,607 1,966 39, 220 49, 801 535 710 Arizona _ _ _ 171 78 14 7 8 18 California . . 28, 270 491 12, 706 471 8, 471 32 1,192 13 21,218 872 21,427 17, 732 1,787 2 18, 958 2, 362 15 1,245 607 643 8,138 623 5, 387 419 Colorado _ 1,099 215 297 87 151 Idaho _ _ _ 337 56 204 13 139 88 82 77 17 7 15 Montana . . . . 101 36 12 122 30 70 1 Nevada .. . 4 4 New Mexico _ 10 10 8,187 3,919 Oklahoma _ 1,204 229 31 20 22, 580 36, 792 18 28 Oregon _ 21 1,100 230 500 Texas . . . . . . _ 4,164 503 1,721 279 134 6 993 826 335 403 598 5, 624 5, 848 358 432 Utah _ _ _ 94 171 590 596 3 Washington _ . . 2, 934 102 1,741 82 909 996 1,497 250 1,053 461 182 194 2, 178 1,338 60 72 Wyoming. . . 108 4 40 60 5 8 .. ... U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS Outlying Parts . 205 205 133 191 339 240 3 2 Alaska _ _ _ 115 128 138 191 Canal Zone _ _ Guam _ _ _ _ _ 90 77 Puerto Rico _ _ Territory of Hawaii _ _ _ 339 240 3 2 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 115 Table VI. — Nondegree-credit enrollment and enrollments in short courses and individual lessons only, by sex of student, region, and State: First term 1957-58 — Continued C. Privately controlled institutions Region and State Aggregate United States. Contiguous States _ North Atlantic. Connecticut . Delaware _ _ District of Columbia. Maine _ Maryland _ Massachusetts . New Hampshire _ New Jersey _ New York . Pennsylvania. . Rhode Island . . Vermont . .. Great Lakes and Plains. Illinois . Indiana. . Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan _ Minnesota... Missouri _ Nebraska _ North Dakota. Ohio. _ _ _ South Dakota. Wisconsin.... Nondegree-credit enrollment Terminal-occupational education Resident Men 30, 881 30, 881 15, 626 304 285 1, 184 43 777 1,803 420 6, 886 3, 754 170 10, 371 2, 481 716 50 2 1,031 5 S82 Women 10, 007 10, 007 5,888 187 427 370 218 515 1,251 217 187 868 1,331 7 310 1,798 127 7 137 4 294 196 270 29 Extension Men Women 1, 449 1, 449 144 570 570 153 Adult education Resident Men 20, 908 20,908 7, 698 458 440 2 240 1,249 109 3, 333 1,724 143 9, 320 1,719 722 85 2, 203 102 1,947 Women 17, 750 17, 750 140 1,477 14 298 496 299 5, 435 720 3 4, 756 1,569 393 Extension Men 9,485 9. 239 5. 658 156 1,388 Women 8, 137 7.950 23 35 4.056 112 1,190 11 838 Courses by mail Men 63,044 63, 044 15, 000 11,253 244 33, 146 Women 13, 366 13. 366 30, 375 21 2, 746 10, 743 8,813 6 1,922 Enrollments in- Short courses Men 8,011 8, 011 778 1,010 72 206 3, 610 1,615 15 75 1,151 Women 13 7, 413 7, 413 75 1,619 4 379 3, 054 79 621 Individual lessons only Men 7,936 7,936 502 103 3,965 1,280 Women 15 14, 626 14, 626 4, 592 635 229 1,704 706 5 909 386 7, 071 2, 204 11 283 197 753 530 1,715 29 Southeast. Alabama . . Arkansas _ Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana . . Mississippi _ North Carolina. South Carolina. Tennessee _ Virginia _ West Virginia... West and Southwest. Arizona _ California _ Colorado _ Idaho _ Montana _ Nevada _ New Mexico. Oklahoma _ Oregon _ Texas . Utah _ Washington.. Wyoming _ 4, 086 10 1,008 623 111 1,789 753 1,206 61 1,437 2,814 2, 973 20 22 85 148 7 102 5 421 5 75 589 644 2 177 323 786 507 3 768 36 180 436 15 274 21 1,218 22 184 25 20 34 7 218 62 114 23 3,376 2,428 1,751 2, 055 996 105 248 1,570 20 17 175 172 132 53 292 187 317 132 73 1, 393 2,167 20 378 29 20 318 35 636 148 372 50 3, 366 2, 407 524 202 1 OG 2 278 304 6 2 1, 046 155 39 306 61 220 181 22 55 296 82 444 19 462 753 27 18S 1,757 2 178 26 103 3 78 14 82 84 404 2 217 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. Outlying parts _ Alaska _ Canal Zone . Guam _ Puerto Rico . . Territory of Hawaii. 246 187 116 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table VII. — Instructional staff and enrollments in degree-credit courses, by region and State: Summer session(s) and fourth quarter 1957 A. Publicly and privately controlled institutions Instructional staff for degree-credit courses Enrollment in degree-credit courses Region and State In main In all Fourth quarter Summer session No. 1 Summer session No. 2 Summer session No. 3 summer summer sessions' session Both Men Women Both Men Women Both Men Women Both Men Women sexes sexes sexes sexes 1 2 3 4 5 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 2 3 4 S G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Aggregate United States.. 37,982 36, 988 48, 776 47, 755 42, 478 42, 478 26, 728 26, 728 15, 750 15, 750 513, 627 498,492 283, 295 276, 171 230, 332 222, 321 170, 253 169, 821 100, 010 99, 674 70, 243 70, 147 22, 549 22, 017 11, 575 11, 374 10, 974 10, 643 3, 899 4, 653 177 177 58,458 30, 965 27, 493 12, 703 6,858 5,845 5, 070 3, 005 2,065 326 59 20 123 244 148 107 511 1,499 695 110 57 354 71 20 123 244 188 111 511 1,518 1,331 110 72 4,313 910 385 1,858 6, 093 1,777 1,052 7, 123 26, 224 7,343 1,237 143 2, 004 471 118 637 3,811 877 483 3, 929 13,618 4,356 551 110 2, 309 439 267 1,221 2,282 900 569 3, 194 12,606 2,987 686 33 56 99 23 15 33 84 136 88 13 25 123 63 District of Columbia _ _ 177 177 620 42 407 20 213 22 106 43 106 New Hampshire . . ... 43 1,868 9, 399 706 5, 357 i, 162 4,042 462 4,113 166 2,649 296 1,464 Rhode Island _ _ Vermont. . . . . . 619 330 289 122 46 76 Great Lakes and Plains... Illinois _ 12, 069 14, 813 4,992 2,590 2,402 152, 027 83, 626 68,401 48, 046 28, 066 19,980 4,942 2,239 2,703 1,784 1,121 762 1,017 2,000 846 890 589 243 1,617 372 828 1,928 1,361 961 1,340 2, 305 1,388 958 699 243 2,211 444 975 280 210 70 19,425 9, 951 8, 890 11,089 31,445 14,015 11,783 6, 709 3, 301 18, 190 4,169 13, 060 11,075 6, 921 5, 808 5, 788 16, 951 7, 280 6, 421 2, 999 1,568 10, 732 1,994 6, 089 8, 350 3, 030 3, 082 5, 301 14,494 6, 735 5, 362 3,710 1,733 7,458 2,175 6,971 1,328 13,464 2, 086 2,381 4,311 9,313 1,002 1,848 664 7, 990 1,619 1,289 3,373 5, 338 421 672 664 5,474 467 1,092 938 3,975 581 1,176 81 1,018 264 56 1,357 34 578 69 27 474 47 440 195 29 883 Indiana . . .. .. Iowa _ Kansas _ _ 1,687 461 1,057 447 630 14 Michigan Minnesota Missouri _ 2,095 764 1,331 Nebraska _ 1,111 672 439 North Dakota 469 112 357 Ohio . . . . 8, 222 1,775 2,316 4,843 717 1,140 3, 379 1,058 1,176 818 170 67 316 5 64 502 165 3 South Dakota _ Wisconsin _ _ _ Southeast . 9,833 13, 322 23, 863 15, 822 8, 041 104,456 57, 509 46,947 43,532 25, 244 18,288 2, 096 1, 252 844 Alabama 970 487 995 890 696 1,157 647 675 441 1,590 723 562 1,501 895 1,178 1,267 844 1,157 932 1,061 515 2,068 954 950 4,575 3, 564 1,011 8,175 8,329 8, 867 5, 643 10, 292 16, 829 6, 572 13, 036 5,130 6,610 6,813 8,160 4,688 4,097 5, 696 2, 746 5, 076 9, 105 3, 309 7, 070 3, 357 4,005 3, 995 4,365 3,487 4,232 3,171 2,897 5,216 7,724 3, 263 5, 966 1,773 2,605 2,818 3, 795 4,732 5,964 1,315 3, 309 1,254 2,844 3, 151 553 1,874 508 1,888 2,813 762 1,435 746 Arkansas _ . Florida _ _ 433 246 192 Georgia 8, 287 351 6,068 351 2,219 Kentucky . . 907 686 221 Lousiana Mississippi . 3,257 1,124 29 6, 080 160 1,591 744 28 3, 322 154 1,666 380 1 2, 758 6 4,289 8,115 1,180 5, 408 3,224 4,742 2,342 5, 140 754 3,490 1,841 2, 747 1,947 2,975 426 1,918 1,383 1,995 40 50 104 22 39 41 18 11 63 North Carolina _ _ South Carolina... Tennessee Virginia . . . 557 218 339 West Virginia .. West and Southwest . Arizona.. _ _ _ _ _ 10, 916 14, 696 12, 297 6, 990 5,307 182, 791 103, 311 79,480 65, 540 39, 506 26, 034 9,909 4, 878 5, 031 319 3,451 683 163 293 57 316 1,078 576 2,736 326 762 156 560 4, 287 888 178 430 74 354 1,078 625 4, 732 370 855 265 6, 822 83, 078 7, 937 1,658 2, 115 1,016 4, 055 13, 006 7, 638 48, 194 83 5, 360 1.829 4,052 45,612 4,712 866 968 408 2,437 7,504 3, 592 29, 556 17 2, 641 946 2,770 37,466 3, 225 792 1,147 608 1,618 5, 502 4,046 18, 638 66 2,719 883 5, 078 11,743 6, 466 167 903 146 382 2,987 6, 997 3, 243 50 286 18 312 2,091 4,746 3, 223 117 617 128 70 127 3, 630 2,346 93 319 736 84 1,623 993 27 140 455 43 2, 007 1,353 66 179 281 California. . . . Colorado .. 35 11 24 Idaho _ _ Montana . 1,011 65 958 229 51 542 782 14 416 Nevada. _ New Mexico Oklahoma Oregon 207 205 4, 758 5, 058 36 156 2,881 3, 084 171 49 1,877 1,974 194 37, 987 30 1,249 1,195 29 24,477 3 441 663 165 13,510 27 808 532 Texas . . 2,497 1,522 975 Utah Washington . 161 34 127 Wyoming . U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS 271 271 1,149 1, 149 760 760 ' Outlying Parts _ 994 1, 021 15,135 7,124 8, 011 432 336 96 532 201 331 Alaska 16 6 11 843 118 35 6 11 843 126 131 161 280 9, 088 5,475 23 89 52 4.480 2.480 108 72 228 4,608 2, 995 212 193 19 97 50 47 Canal Zone Guam Puerto Rico Territory of Hawaii _ 220 143 77 435 151 284 See footnote at end of table. 118 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 Table VII. — Instructional staff and enrollments in degree-credit courses, by region and State: Summer session(s) and fourth quarter 1957 — Continued C. Privately controlled institutions Region and State Instructional staff for degree-credit courses Enrollment in degree-credit courses In main (or only) summer session In all summer sessions1 Fourth quarter Summer session No. 1 Summer session No. 2 Summer session No. 3 Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men Women Both sexes Men V/ omen Both sexes Men Women i 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Aggregate United States.. 26, 093 25, 909 32, 633 32,403 30, 179 30, 179 20, 515 20, 515 9, 664 9, 664 294, 678 291, 541 149, 788 148, 256 144, 890 143, 285 95, 629 94, 774 55, 216 54, 726 40, 413 40, 048 21, 185 21, 185 13, 107 13, 107 8, 078 8, 078 9, 451 11, 437 6,892 4, 741 2, 151 121, 150 70, 200 50, 950 32, 188 21, 801 10, 387 10, 751 7, 134 3,617 380 12 656 51 286 1,261 50 510 4, 170 1,876 59 140 422 12 749 51 316 1,599 53 627 5, 000 2,398 59 151 3, 595 394 12,207 526 2, 889 17, 973 606 3, 881 54, 786 22, 395 653 1,245 1,810 180 6, 792 124 1,589 11,929 20 2, 383 32,315 12,431 49 578 1,785 214 5,415 402 1,300 6, 044 586 1,498 22,471 9, 964 604 667 504 355 149 District of Columbia.. . . 166 262 161 21 98 234 147 21 68 28 14 1,910 1,211 699 828 548 280 Maryland . . . 958 6,199 123 1,601 11,039 9, 747 489 4,420 1 1,330 7, 834 6, 055 469 1,779 122 271 3, 205 3, 692 17 6, 162 4 4, 361 13 1,801 New Jersey.. . . ... . 3, 371 476 2, 435 1,671 388 2, 182 1,700 88 253 New York _ _ _ _ _ _ 850 2, 894 625 1,596 225 1,298 Vermont . . . 107 106 1 Great Lakes and Plains... Illinois . . . 8,439 9, 878 10, 361 8,305 2, 056 79, 676 32,180 47, 496 23, 508 10, 789 12, 719 7,653 4, 500 3,153 2,532 806 495 240 634 382 1,032 205 8 1,330 105 670 3, 039 766 615 353 679 414 1,306 244 8 1,653 89 712 4,753 2,950 300 3,471 2,718 101 1,282 232 199 19, 189 7,453 5,819 2.316 7, 796 3, 541 6, 987 2,475 73 15, 963 1,155 6, 909 9, 899 2,983 1,996 413 2,816 1,034 2, 935 868 27 7, 253 262 1,694 9,290 4,470 3, 823 1,903 4, 980 2, 507 4,052 1,607 46 8,710 893 5,215 6, 077 1,447 2,580 1,970 564 104 5, 846 454 3, 301 424 1,021 195 187 42 2, 990 68 2, 776 1,023 1,559 1,775 377 62 2, 856 386 4,657 95 104 467 46 2, 896 1,761 95 73 375 33 Indiana _ _ Iowa... ... _ _ 31 92 13 Kansas Michigan _ _ _ 313 239 74 Minnesota . _ Missouri 1,869 128 1,293 34 576 94 Nebraska _ _ _ North Dakota _ _ _ Ohio _ _ 1,337 1,068 269 4,254 77 135 2, 461 41 59 1,793 36 76 170 74 96 South Dakota _ Wisconsin _ 708 708. 117 67 50 Southeast _ 4, 099 5, 526 4, 879 2, 291 2, 588 47, 993 23, 551 24, 442 20, 757 11, 176 9, 581 731 324 407 Alabama _ 396 142 477 338 474 373 174 502 238 622 229 134 628 216 572 492 533 403 285 687 386 765 328 231 731 267 23 2,100 430 57 13 1,041 301 210 10 1,059 3, 671 818 7, 586 2, 638 5, 503 4, 387 2,531 6,390 4,183 5, 956 2,436 1,894 1,960 444 4,415 975 1,928 2,218 979 3, 726 1,744 2, 960 1,534 668 1,711 374 3,171 1,663 3, 575 2, 169 1,552 2, 664 2,439 2, 996 902 1,226 2, 044 486 2, 500 390 1,191 1,387 1,670 3,214 2,568 4, 221 163 923 1,025 285 1,735 72 680 904 767 2, 063 1,120 2, 005 92 428 1,019 201 765 318 511 483 903 1,151 1,448 2,216 71 495 Arkansas _ Florida . . 134 3 131 Georgia _ Kentucky . . . . . . 110 34 62 2 48 32 Louisiana.. _ Mississippi _ North Carolina . . . 254 626 878 105 238 407 149 388 471 South Carolina _ Tennessee.. _ _ 407 18 28 229 5 23 178 13 5 Virginia West Virginia _ _ _ West and Southwest . Arizona . . . 3,920 5, 559 8, 047 5, 178 2, 869 42, 722 22, 325 20, 397 18, 321 10, 960 7, 361 2,050 1, 149 901 11 1,534 347 65 27 11 2,152 366 87 27 132 14, 582 871 747 101 81 7,014 339 220 50 51 7, 568 532 527 51 California _ _ 4,216 3, 283 3,102 1,823 1,114 1,460 7, 293 241 126 4,355 187 36 2, 938 54 90 1,062 682 380 Colorado... _ _ Idaho _ Montana _ 327 47 280 Nevada... _ _ New Mexico . . . 51 230 181 930 147 397 51 262 196 1,670 240 497 316 3, 563 1,466 15, 729 1,521 3, 694 174 2, 441 553 8, 977 900 1,576 142 1,122 913 6, 752 621 2,118 Oklahoma _ _ _ 953 126 8,216 644 722 815 81 4,966 294 226 138 45 3,250 350 496 Oregon _ _ _ 5 360 345 278 3 210 199 55 2 150 146 223 Texas _ 221 206 15 Utah . . . Washington . . . . Wyoming _ _ _ U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS _ Outlying Parts . . 184 233 3, 137 1, 532 1, 605 855 490 365 Alaska . . . . Canal Zone _ Guam _ _ Puerto Rico _ _ 162 22 206 27 2,844 293 1,337 195 1 607 7?5 362 128 363 2 Territory of Hawaii.. . 98 130 . -1 . i Represents the sum of the instructional staffs in separate sessions. A person teaching in two sessions is thus counted twice. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 119 Table VIII. — Korean veterans enrolled in degree-credit courses (resident and extension), by region and State: First term 1957-58 Region and State 1 Aggregate United States. Contiguous States . . North Atlantic _ Connecticut _ _ Delaware . . . District of Columbia . Maine . — - - Maryland . . - . - . Massachusetts - New Hampshire . New Jersey. . . . New York _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ _ — . — Great Lakes and Plains. Illinois . . Indiana . . Iowa _ Kansas _ _ - . - Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri . . . Nebraska _ North Dakota . . . . Ohio _ South Dakota _ Wisconsin . . . . Southeast - Alabama . Arkansas . . . Florida. _ _ Georgia _ _ _ Kentucky _ Louisiana . . . Mississippi . . — North Carolina _ _ South Carolina _ _ Tennessee _ Virginia . — . West Virginia . . . West and Southwest. Arizona _ _ California . . Colorado . Idaho.. _ _ Montana _ Nevada . . New Mexico _ Oklahoma _ _ Oregon. . Texas . . . Utah. . . . . Washington _ _ _ Wyoming . . U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. Outlying Parts . . Alaska . . . . . Canal Zone... . . Guam _ _ _ Puerto Rico . . . Territory of Hawaii. . . All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Public Law 550 Public Law 550 Public Law 550 Public Law Public Law Public Law 894 (Dis- 894 (Dis¬ 894 (Dis¬ Total First-time abled) Total First-time abled) Total First-time abled) students 1 students ‘ students 1 2 3 i 5 6 7 8 9 10 429, 863 73,635 8, 064 260, 944 45,994 3, 706 168, 919 27, 641 4, 358 425, 517 72, 552 7,956 257, 584 45, 189 3, 642 167,933 27, 363 4, 314 115, 470 18, 137 2,855 30, 478 4, 268 393 84,992 13, 869 2,462 5, 987 1, 482 57 1,631 217 23 4,356 1,265 34 709 119 8 621 83 4 88 36 4 5, 595 575 53 92 6 5, 503 569 53 1,458 317 31 1,125 252 25 333 65 6 6,668 825 54 3,527 486 38 3,141 339 16 15, 876 3,808 611 2,154 576 61 13, 722 3,232 550 1,120 194 49 876 151 37 244 43 12 12,036 1,492 146 4,259 456 44 7,777 1,036 102 38, 999 4,832 1,302 10, 292 1,127 48 28, 707 3, 705 1,254 24,353 3, 806 465 4, 737 685 84 19,616 3,121 381 1,968 573 58 633 140 20 1,335 433 38 701 114 21 531 89 9 170 25 12 118, 865 19, 536 1,967 78, 292 13, 168 1, 190 40, 573 6,368 777 19, 650 2, 766 313 9, 501 1,529 54 10, 149 1,237 259 10.486 2, 003 132 6,211 1,337 55 4,275 666 77 6, 747 1,030 90 4,718 536 64 2, 029 494 26 6,528 1,148 89 6,057 1,043 85 471 105 4 18, 524 3,243 259 14, 377 2,557 214 4,147 686 45 8. 037 1,254 150 6, 797 1,055 122 1,240 199 28 11,168 1,858 110 5, 364 1,061 67 5, 804 797 43 4, 032 524 108 3,175 437 91 857 87 17 2,333 344 29 2, 291 339 29 42 5 19, 526 3.359 273 10, 927 1,724 123 8, 599 1,635 150 2, 570 533 53 2,241 440 50 329 93 3 9. 264 1,474 361 6,633 1,110 236 2,631 364 125 69, 487 11, 929 1,214 49, 673 7, 905 737 19, 803 4, 024 477 7,282 952 132 5, 723 631 82 1,559 321 50 3,063 637 58 2, 648 515 43 415 122 15 9, 030 1,393 247 4, 751 619 72 4, 279 774 175 5, 867 1,026 69 4, 801 841 52 1,066 185 17 5, 786 949 78 4,407 688 57 1,379 261 21 6,053 872 106 4, 497 498 55 1,556 374 51 4,251 783 63 3, 775 659 52 476 124 11 8, 582 1,725 153 5,369 1,046 108 3,213 679 45 3,734 653 53 2,295 393 40 1,439 260 13 7,005 1,175 96 4, 722 722 58 2, 283 453 38 4, 545 896 55 3, 194 614 38 1,351 282 17 4, 289 868 104 3,497 679 80 792 189 24 121, 695 22,950 1,920 99, 135 19, 848 1, 322 22, 560 3,102 598 3,224 477 169 3,039 471 165 185 6 4 53, 046 11,068 534 44, 923 10, 564 312 8,123 504 222 5,392 813 160 4,015 610 92 1,377 203 68 1,692 351 43 1,512 317 37 180 34 6 1, 998 283 40 1,813 232 35 185 51 5 443 62 5 443 62 5 2, 520 388 45 2,237 226 39 283 92 6 8, 247 1,538 125 5,758 981 90 2,489 557 35 5. 299 1,811 69 4,088 1,448 55 1,211 363 14 25, 630 3, 590 510 20,461 2, 868 342 5, 169 722 168 5. 267 855 36 3,654 623 16 1,613 232 20 8,033 1,578 155 6, 288 1,240 105 1,745 338 50 904 136 29 904 136 29 4, 346 1, 083 108 3, 360 805 64 986 278 44 35 15 1 35 15 1 18 12 18 12 3,346 946 92 2, 369 670 48 977 276 44 947 110 15 938 108 15 9 2 1 "First-time” students are students not previously enrolled as degree-credit students in any college. 120 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 HIGHER EDUCATION - FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 121 s -ss : : !! 2 10 8 33 1 9 § H i i * CM i CM s H 5 848 146 23SSSSS2 * 1 i i CM 1 V "*-* oj* a CM » |ojc° 1 ~S1=S“sS1IssI co oT a a § s' a s CO ! 3 a gggggsSSSsggg 00—* — -10 — 04 s wf ; 3 5 1,491 15,817 3, 197 721 913 156 888 4, 363 2,452 12, 058 2, 147 3,953 389 t wf 5 wf 3 i ill l— * 72,762 1 SSESgaSSSiSSS cf«HV '^oVrCcoco CM ^ g * a • s "SS lir> :S8P:3SS2 CM *— i * CO 1 1*®74 1 "82 ! m 2KSSSS2 ** CO § «* — — a "i i“*8 s s' SSS§s~gggSISs§ «r — 2 9 CO > 3K i a* ssllsailS5»gS I4> — - CO 8 2 i :3S | 25,915 1 S32sisss§9!S~~ or- — -«»-o4* a wf a iss 1 s' i§lsi§~§sssi~5 — VTco — ^‘oTmcCtj-* 8 * a wf m ' 519 3 s IssSsSfisSsSil oTjoio-- -Wrfrf® 1 a co " i j oT i i i Arizona . California... . . . Colorado . . . if nevaaa _ New Mexico _ Oklahoma _ _ _ Oregon _ _ _ _ Texas _ _ _ Utah . . . . . Washington _ Wyoming. . . . . 5 3 Outlying Parts _ _ Alaska _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Canal Zone _ buam. _ _ ... _ _ Puerto Rico _ _ _ Territory of Hawaii _ 654235—62 - 9 122 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 ’T) ft) a +-> G o *o C* G rt 00 s *o Os O 4-> ctf 4-> (Z) C d d o o hV o m CN kT wT 28 j co r^*. co cd oo co - co co m cm .r^ocoincvjoocN • oocor^cocsjo-r^co I CSl CO CO CD CO «CfCD— « OOOCD O OO O CM O CO co r>* m o cm cm — « lf> CM ^(O^Hrvcvjrv^csjcDcoo^ r^mcMcoinococDco — nn*3* O CM co r*** — « *T If) CM CM CO CO ^LOCMr^OCOOOOO-CDCDCD oo *'3> cm in co o- oo r*** — * i — r*-. — « cd*3-— 'OcocMr^oooocMinco —I — iCMCM HOin OOCDCOCOinCMLOCO cooorocsjinr^o^c mcvjcsioi»H«Hcoin Hfscooooajin^coo) oo to co o> r*^ co co to in NcowNrs*t^opo»HCNjrr MrsmoO-cfOCMNCMOCOO ^3* if) fH — • o CM — « CM •«trscoo(M»HPOPONinoio •Hcorspsonn^tcoiococMO CO OO CO 1*^ CD 00 — ICOCDCOOOO cooor^r^coootnco— «mcMCD — <— • co ^•LDCDCDOOCsJ^rOOCOOOr-^CO cMcninoor^^ootoininrs^- »3-cocoooorHinino) — • cm co uncDr^co^frcoocor^mcM j^-CDroocotDco^Ln^rH 5CO— ir'-COCDLOOCDOCMOO a>«trstocMiO(0 1 — O'HCOOorv co cm m CM CM CO — CO CM CM — « OO CO O CM 00 CM — « CO O OO inocMOOO)rN(OMCONO(0 COinOOCMU3inM-OCM* ^cnTco'co co^r cm ^ •CM CO CO CM bJD -p £ £ cj o •»-< J3 0 V o o V 'o 8 tt> ft) CQ X 4) Vl Vi .ft) ftH 2 o o S) ft) •T3 tJ ft) d Vi rt W 53 3S CO CD CO m oo >00*3*CMCM — cm oo tn oo mco jcocoocDoocMinor — in — CO LO — • CO UO O > ^ CM O O' VO ■ O0 CO CM CO OO CO QJ coocMO^cMNcmntnNr oco^-csiocMcomcocoor CM CM NOCSJinoOCON^C — T — ’ .-Tin co COCD^J-OOm— •-^■^■OCOCjDCO ininOOCDCOCO^OCMCMCO — ooo)N^-toinoooo^cM*H^ •COCMCONCOCV|i-»^C CO in CM CD CD o in in o co -cj- co OOO^S^HNOCOCO CM CM cooin CO — O) O — ' o c CDPNfN.00 0^0^' CM OO O) O CO CO c .inco^-cMinM-CM«-*HOCNjcorsCMininoo cocorsoorvfHcooooocoiN CM — CO CMCM— ^ CO — — COCM^J-CM^TCOCMCO— '^3-COCM co •— Q) O — C o CD ill u; rt) r- m oooSSSzzza.a:> O L--*Q IQ 00 5c | Js § ilJJiifeiilS .2 o ro £?5 55 -s; £ £ c OC'5w‘-3CMM -'03 o\=o o,a>~. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 123 s -52 ;«MOOOg3-a, | 1 i in : : : i i i i : i 8 H * CSI 1 r i i S H isssgsss ! * CM nr 8 sSa^~-Ssss~=s a ~ 1 ! ! s • |gsss”§l5sSls 3 - 5 - j E s' §s§S2gI§SSslS 3 *r - <•>• 5 ” r E s' ggSalsgsessss i rf-f •— Tr-i" cW « ! 3 - iss j 3 a sgSIsSliSlSsS s i— T ctT cm" co'<-«W*-« co «h !a i ' CT3 O !o>S | S s' gS~S3~=fI§ls§ E «joco -h“ ~r-»vr3*-.* *f 3 gi " ; iss j 2 £2 j j j«MC*»ooocoa> j j Ml 1 i j ! ! i i i i I H* "gs i1" isgp;ssg2 i . - | j 1! CO a ' rt -sss j» isiasgisssi i i ! i i i | CO a i « SSSaK<0252i“s^ ~ : 8 - 1 i j 8 i lss§§aasals52 § CM* ~ CO CO | i |S2 § i a laaSs^ssssass § CO — «* «M* - i i iss ! I i a 5*8a8a8SS8838 i «,'-.* ^V«‘co — * s « rf J j 8 1 sf ’ il«SSSsllsSS5 s --HCM COCM*00-.*<0* * 8 « ! rC | lls !«* j s ; s* « 5838^8388388 s njWoo «-f r-T LO* erf CM CM* «cr" rf 1 « |ss r 1 i I !!!! III! mi III i '■ ! : li iilMi min ill!!! iiliii !!!!!! ill ! i i ; ill ! i S S ! i ii i i i i ; ; ill ii ! ! ii j ! i i ; : * 124 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 n3 G 3 a a o 1 im *? in ns a 9° in \ in o\ G +J 4-> CO ns a rt fl .0 ‘5b G Wt 4-T a G O G <+* o X G to Doctorate (Ph. D.f Ed. D., etc.) Women OS 543 543 391 CM CM in CM in co icDin^s-in^H CO 1 CM CO l CM nt 00 nto 1 —4 1 1 P*. i 1 II 1 1 II 1 1 II I 1 II 1 1 II 1 1 II 1 CM i 16 i i ico nn ico im i • ii i i i i iii i i * i Men GO 3, 729 3, 729 2, 556 193 GO i CMOS i CO CD CD OO •— « 0° S ! o cn °° 1 527 1 >1 1 P-O 1 «— « 1 1 CD I in co i •— » i i cd i CO i ii 1 i ii i r>* in CD 190 iii i 1 1 1 *3* OS income i i i f— i — i i i cd III 1 III 1 III 1 III 1 III 1 Total 4, 272 4, 272 2, 947 215 ■«3- p- i cm co co cm oo r-« ioooo^-^ CD ii-tCMCO 1 611 i ii i — < O 1 CM 1 ICO 1 0*3* i^h i iOO i *3- i ii i i ii i i ii i i ii i • i i i L§? CD 206 III 1 i i ir^^*? i «c3- co o •"0- l i irHrHCM ICO OO III l III 1 III 1 III 1 III i 2d-level degrees (master’s, except lst-professional) Women CD 8, 911 8, 911 5478 O o CO CD CD CO COOCO^OCOCOCD CD CD »— • CM •— 4 «— « in r-* cm os CM 1,583 OONOinNOCOO) CD in CO CD CM CD co CM OO 781 ^COhsCMUSCDCO»HM-CO*H CD in CM CD m ^3- 1-4 CM oo CO Men ID 17, 883 17, 883 00 00 5 573 CM OO 255 2,407 9 720 4,564 2,027 42 70 2,793 OOOCM^J-OOincOCD CM O OS »—4 OS CO CD CM cm co CO OS 1, 039 *3-CMOSOOOOOOCM*3-*3-0*3* Total 3 26, 794 26, 794 16, 966 873 r-. CO oor^cM^-npomcD — 4 05 CM O ^ m CM co*h osmr^ *—• co rCcsT 4,376 ooincMCDinmcnin OO CD CM r-l CD in CM CD f-H co«— • •— i in CM o os CD oo o CM 00 rt* OOCMOOCO^HCOONCMCM4t ocoM*in coWcm 27,358 cococDr^r^ooincM^tincDCD Csl*-«^3*in*— iin^-CDCOOOCMOO CD OS 1 — incOCDOCD in CM CD cd co" ~ cm’^-Tco ^ 13, 797 iMO)coNino>0)4tr^mocM CN-3-OO^rxOCMOOCDOOO^ OOOOOO^— IC0 43-FHOSOOCMM- Total = 159, 317 158,987 71, 530 2, 803 coioooNOtmocvjrs coooocncDoncD^rcMco CSJCDOOCDCDOP^IOCOCD co »— Too in^cot-T —4 CM «-• 41, 871 CM^tONr-iCDincDOCNCMCD OCDCDr-»r^CDCOCMCDOOOOr— . m CM CD • CM OO CO O ^3- oo oo O in CM«-40OCM^*\-r rC CM 23, 349 inocoPOCMoocoorsoo^iD -icoooiH^cniooscorvrtCs K3-inr^«-40sososcoo»— »ocd CM CM i— m-h* COCMCO'CM Doctorate (Ph. D., Ed. D., etc.) Women 2 523 523 384 CM 82 • i i cm i i^tincD i OO • i04cj- i i i CM • i i i OS CO oo oo i i i » p* i OO ill l «— « i 1 I 1 1 1 CD 1 25 l l l l CD 1 OS r— « in l Men _ os 3, 805 3, 805 2, 624 179 OO i 1 CD OO CO CD CM co i cm oo co in irnoco 515 1 II 1 com i in i irx i in co i ii^i CM CD 00 202 III 1 i i iinooco i r — cd os cd i i r-rHcsj i in iii i Total GO 00 00 CM CM CO CO «**■ ^ 3,008 os CM «*s- CD 1 CD CM OO CM CM OO CD 1 CM CD oo CD ifHCMCO 1 1 T? 00 ID 1 II 1 coco i m i i i CD *3- i i I CD 1 1 II 1 OO CD CO 227 iii i i i i os oo cm icor^*3-co i i ifHfHCO i CD 00 iii i 2d-level degrees (master's, except lst-professional) Women - 9, 103 9,103 5, 628 303 CD OO (MOCMOSO^NCO COlDCSJ^OfvCMfv CD rnCDN CM 1,732 ooooscdospooo inOOCOr— «CM*— 1— «*3- p —4 cm OS CO CM s 742 oomincMOsooooinoo cd in os oo cm m •— 4 00 «— 4 00 Men CD 18, 557 18,504 11, 871 618 CD r-. ooocomooinoN r-tooNCM*-4inmcD CO CM CD CD »—• CM ^"cM 2, 796 inco*— i^oa)43-cD CD CO CD CM CO CM r-t CO CM CM o 1, 160 ocMCDcoinos^ooooino ooooooocMincMr^Kj-cMm Total 27, 660 27, 607 17,499 921 OO CM cMoom^s-oocDr^o r^^j-cDi — *— « cm p* co CM OO CD *— • co rCcsT 4, 528 m^HOOOS(DCM(D CMO»HCMOOin^lD ^ — 4 cm cd CM OO CD CO CD 1, 902 oor^^ooM-ososooooino •43-0OCDCM0O0O^3-CMCDincD — ‘ »-4 CM CM •— * r^» Bachelor’s and lst-professional degrees Women - 53,654 53, 512 20, 462 482 _ ^j-CMCO^S-COOOCDOOO NHOSOOOOOCOO os cm co in p^ *3- cm CO co in iH ’d-ascoPCMcoos^P^cMco CDCDCDCMCO^fOCDCOinOOCO NinOlDOCM^M OS *-h t— t COr-Tr-T f-T —T «-T CM — T 9, 795 cM*-«oooscooooscDnpoooooo OJrHCD^-OOrvCDOCVjrvpsCM (DCMOoorsiDinmocMOOoo Men CD 113, 363 112,955 52, 916 2,361 2, 694 474 1,387 10, 101 794 3.078 17,715 12, 873 1,006 433 29, 820 «rcncoO'3coooinoinin cm as co in oo co oo os cm oo pC^r-T CM^CO *-T 14, 424 ^iH^monn^rH^cMist^ oorvcorHCDr^ooincn^mcM 00000SCMCMCM4300O0SCVJM- Total W 167, 017 166, 467 73, 378 2,843 3, 668 686 2,090 14, 575 887 3, 766 25, 221 17, 573 1,436 633 45, 206 •HCON^t^Hrsin*etoo«Hino •HOM-COOOrx^cDOOCDCOOS CMOOOCMinON^ OO ^3- OS ^in co »-h co co «-T rC cm 24, 219 COCMN^incOOOOOOOJCSi inoocMcominocD— iCMoom ^■moocMODOoorHcgrHN — 4" CMCMCM^^HOOCMCOCM G CU jG Q ns G u ,G <4-1 fi O o 05 G G L bfl G ns ns G S rt W ^G 3 rt H a 3 § » .= a> o ii“ E 3> ■£ > -jjj ® So — c 3: -=! >- 5T §slssisg=ali CM*~*CM* «*--«■*-.* s s 2 114, 754 112, 571 B rf cm* esTcvi- ! a alsSsllISssS -fK* -Twin —* 3 rf ills ifgssiiii -T-Tcm'u-' — . C/J f & “8 241, 210 236,762 8 s' sasssassBiiss to—* "d-'r^'to'co s rf spsalsailass in*£*~csta*NCM‘cn*'-** uo-4V 3 s' ssa-Ssssfgal ®W cm—* -.cMin^oT- Academic year 1957-58 Women S 8a £5 § rf 1.310 1,415 1,796 1,985 694 6, 100 953 3, 336 7, 606 5.310 2,001 183 52, 131 IllsisassissSi inrCeM*CM'~*rCf of uf oj uf «• of»f a iisss-ssslssss &> 5 3~223 t rf o%f of co co 2 ai of ofco ~ a of of % llSiSSSIssIlS a 3 g~2i~ i S'; g Sw~ 2 £ 22 2 'Si ” of sf O-cf S IsssgSSlfglSs I a §2S2£ s S?g'Sfrf^‘efS5S*gSi^,rf of 8 oor*T i s a O «-H LO UO :s2 § of ^ CO *•* '**» 1 — ' *=C CO J2 « 2" CVI" a rCco 2 ssSssiisSSIsa 5 a 322SS 1 £ s'a 1 ■ ~‘2 s' Rig s' s'* s' a of 71** 2 §3~SS~£§2=SS£ 3 s suss S' a s' $ =' s ”2 s' s' s' s' s' KT • s' 8 of OO co $ siiilssssiiss o> a S3SS2 s oo co uf Vf' erf — " TJ-' in* of uf o co of a erf erf s IsIliSISSalll a a IS22S t 2'SS'“''-2'S'S'='2S"' of s ^f — ccf a IsSIsRaSSlsgS i 8 11111 1 S|'52‘S‘~2'BSS'S'S“' sf 2°i‘ 2 ssRcsiSsiSSsl a a S222S 1 =SS'''‘-’-',"'22sR'Si‘~' s of of a llslllsllssss S 1 S£22§ i 5SSr''“f~2'3'S'S'S'3''' s sf -r -Tco s ISR§g~gg§SiSS 5 a sssis s' S'|S'2~"2S'2S'2S'-' 8 sf csT 2- BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 128 *T3 c J 3 G C o 1 x ir> O \ u TJ a rt L rt (J X a *T3 rt O (0 .. C o .2 nJ +■> CO rt fl .0 ’si) u U X pQ o ’TS f* ■P m ,g « 1 -P fl 0 o >\ 3 3 « T* u u o \ CJ CJ fcb W H3 a 0 W> a o p> xi CJ *0 ti rt 4J d o H3 XI CJ 3 rt H Extension First term 1957-58 Women CS 108,920 10G, 872 a a 824 539 Saasaisis I: -d -d cded-d-d u 1 sI?2SIII§sr2 » eJV -doo'id-dcd cd cd 19, 519 slgSsISllssI idVdcsT cd-d^pd e CD 2 2 102, 348 100, 377 a o>* 311 1,455 ISSIalSgs : “ ! i 5* -do-fS 297, 234 IISsIrSIISII aRasasfasasssss Academic year 1957-58 Women © 647, 589 637, 510 1 i ssssSsSssssi i «o%dcd-doftoVWg2~ ~ \ s SiSssssISSss s' sa“dsa‘2“”?3~s ssIgaasISSIS ofcdoofof^ed-dcd-dord C <1) 2 © 1,254,710 1, 239, 388 159,003 assSISIesssa 1 SsSssiSSieslSS s a'Rgsgas'2'”S”s 218, 300 ilSISglSalli ”=aaRrf2gSE322 Both sexes ao 1,902,299 1, 876,898 267, 511 SSISillliSsS 5 £8*3 S‘3^352 SS§25? 331,395 a : 2 a S5S5S‘a s s SS a : s Resident and extension combined First term 1957-58 Women r» 670, 201 658,751 111, 836 g-UssssslSSs id-dcdcdodrdcNiddujTcdcsr-d s IS§§Sss2gss| pf ^‘jrjoo'-'^o—'oo'cdcgcdjg 121, 169 gESsaS8SiS88a o cd-d oo oT cd cd-d rd -d jdrd C O 2 CD 1,186, 535 1, 169, 898 149, 374 sllSSIsSsIia 347, 375 43, 862 30, 725 18, 466 27,019 67, 367 31,006 21,773 13, 166 7,817 52, 827 7,609 25, 738 214, 858 8SgE§8§E383E ^sa'gf^ssJsaatf Both sexes us 1,856,736 1,828,649 261, 210 *Ss§!8S88s£3Si! 2 « in rCjtf jo in £ of 3 cd cd 538,406 68, 826 46, 468 26, 836 38, 635 108, 560 47,712 33,215 21,800 11,569 81,282 10, 960 42, 543 336, 027 IsIlIsigssiS s'ssas'ssfssssss' Academic year 1957-58 Women - 797, 426 785, 299 128, 091 oocdcdcdo oocdidjdcdcd-d 223, 356 30, 659 20, 328 9,417 14, 143 49, 258 19, 061 13, 605 8,113 4,219 32, 284 3, 872 18,397 2 i 11,675 7,707 14, 885 9,732 11,742 14, 954 9,134 13, 186 7,313 14, 561 16,410 8,715 c a> e* 1, 397, 236 1, 379, 943 171, 353 KSsslilllsSS o,-rf,-oWa-s-a-^- 1 ISasilsaSSsS § iS'SSSSgSS‘=“S~S s i a : a a s si acsi asa: as Both sexes 2, 194, 662 2, 1S5, 242 299,444 ssilissSSiSI to «T idodo rdtd rd udo § £§§s§£§§iisK s s“sa‘!s“sa8fassa5? 385, 223 a^aaa'ssaas'a'aa" Region and State - Aggregate United States Contiguous States _ North Atlantic . Connecticut _ Delaware _ 1 yHJiij lilllllil! Great Lakes and Plains.. Illinois... . . Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan... Minnesota _ Missouri _ Nebraska _ North Dakota _ Ohio _ South Dakota _ Wisconsin . . i Alabama _ Arkansas _ Florida _ Georgia . . Kentucky _ Louisiana _ Mississippi _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ Virginia _ West Virginia _ HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 129 g s' i s' 902 23, 335 3,704 599 481 442 674 3,615 1,954 479 2,213 375 I 3‘rfI5!5 85^85^ 10, 445 29,420 2, 901 342 359 16, 753 9, 065 i I I Arizona - - - California _ _ _ Colorado _ _ — Idaho _ Montana _ _ _ Nevada - New Mexico . .. . . Oklahoma _ _ Oregon . . Texas _ _ _ _ Utah _ _ _ Washington _ Wyoming - - - U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS _ Outlying Parts.. . Alaska . . . Canal Zone . . . Guam. - - Puerto Rico _ _ Territory of Hawaii . . 130 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 T5 o J C o l l in ON l 'H rt Sh rt ft) >N o a (j •a o < ft) ■M CO *3 rt | 5b ft) rO a ft) ”0 3 'O ft) 14 V &) ft) *4 bfi ft) | 3 ft) 4-> X ft) Is as +-> a &) TJ I5 X ^ft) aS Extension First term 1957-58 Women es 17, 536 17, 319 9,561 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 -4NOooego^-cDO DOCOrH^t C*- to CM CO D —4 CM —4 —4 OO— 1— 4 co —Ted 3,981 CMNOWOOOOOOO i^tCOCO ^p rs** 10 co —4 —4 —4 1 co —1 co -HCMOO —» eg co . 1 — . —4 — • s 0 «H m 0 — ' 00 ^p ' in in cm cd kp 1 00 —4 in —4 cd 1 m co — 4 co m co eg —• ^3* * —4 eg cm co 1 1 Men GO 12,406 12, 194 7,022 1,962 15 152 900 7 1,959 1,956 71 2,108 1 CDOOin — 40CM— 4 1 CD CO *P ct> -cr in cm eg ■ cn eg — « — 'COW ■M* —• 1 CM —4 1 1 1,342 cd co —4 cd 1 cd iinmco^p in m ^p eg co 1 ^ • coco cm 00 CM CD 1 4 —1 1 1 Both sexes s 29, 942 29, 513 16, 583 1 1 1 1 1 1 rocMcgoocMr^com-* in cm co —4 eg 00 co to —4 0 —4 00 0 cm cm coin 680*9 OOND4t»HOOOO) iOIOPn co^or^ooco^t ioco-tf cocd^p in co co »o-hcm 1 3, 332 *3- co cm in i^pmr^^p^-^ ^3- ID CD CM iOC0 43*|xpsCg I m "c3- — 4 1 eg eg co«*p 1 Academic year 1957-58 Women CD 26,747 26, 444 13,106 i • tONOg-csjegcoino CDOOO— 4CDCMOO*PO> r^— 4cmco— •— 4CM^rcg — f ««p eg co | 6, 036 1 ocDoocDincor^-oo ioo*pm *3- eg 0 — 4 — 4 00 1^3-r^co m -M- eg eg in co io>— 4— 1 2,405 > 0 00 0 OO in CO OO CD CM LO 1 CM CD in i^ooincooooog1 ■ co — • eg 1 3, 928 CD OO CO P^ m OO OO CD CD CD — 4 co cd 00 ^p — 4 co 4=p in **3- p^ e- cd 00 ^p eg eg eg— Resident First term 1957-58 Women w 431, 288 429, 373 168, 881 lDinoOO«t«tst^O)NOO inroLocvjino^coo^coococo o>egnpeop^r^ocoin*3,cM«*p in 0— Tirfof- Too npcd of*-* — • CM CO co 128,501 MigtNOOOfOO-4 4trHOOO mocgcMCDcococD^j-incDoo mr^r^iDCMCD*3**3-eg— 'r^in eg 0 of 00" ^cd «

eg ^p — f oocD cd in cdcdcd ooedeg Men w H 851,158 848, 792 S in 3 ^^tcMcoro^tooocficoooo o^cnfooooootvjN^rH^- o^rHtDOoopswocor'.cf of ^peg^pocdodcdincdeg f-H eg — « eg««po> 221,525 r^^pin— 40^^-CDCDCMCM— 4 OOOCOCDCMOOO— ‘NOCON om*p — icoigcDtoegmintD — fcdeg^pcfocd^p erf— Teg incoo>ineg^eg^T^» cDioino>oomoooor^cocO'-*o^f uocMcncooocj)— ^r^oor^co^r cd cm— Tud—T— T of— T— fed— T —4 co r-* g- 140,246 oo^fcnoooocDOooin— 4p^ e-iococonreoocDinooego in co cn 00 —« co O) p"- eg 0 —4 00 co — fed 0 ofirfcd edegod co— 4— 1 —» —4 eg 77,703 egcgincDO— 4^pcMOcDinooeooo*pooegooo CD*pincDegoocD"4pinoooo^p 0 cdeginincdoegedcdeg eg eg —4 r^. co co 0 241, 222 CMDOO^P^rf-ttOO-HCM-t egegp^inco— 4CDcoo7^rr^o> CO —4 CD in OO CM CM o> CM 03 CO co rCirded^— T— Tof^p p-T— Ted cd eg —4 eg— icm **p — * 109,412 ^pin ^p co cd in co 00 00 — • 00 O co ^3" —4 cd —4 ^p —4 00 —• 1 — 4 0 0 co 00 tp co 0 — 4 m eg 00 rCcdr^Tr^Todcf eg oorC ^p*of cd Both sexes <30 1,411, 318 1, 407, 019 641, 475 cdoocd— 'coco^p— 4cdcdcdcd vcorNOcvicoooooioroocg uor^^o— «CT7lo— «cn r*f — T in 00 m co —4 co eg in co 0 in cd 00 eg 0 1 co — • co cd co — 4 0 eg 4

N4tCMlD4tP0t£)OO lOCO'cJ-CMCO— 4OCOOCOOCO 0)CMi-4^0 0>CNJCsTMf)COg- to — 4~— Tcoeg^oo edofed- ? —4 co coco 132,483 33,694 10, 984 10, 586 4, 697 9, 400 9,151 14, 748 3,469 244 24, 885 1,911 8,713 73,783 NCMOOrHOPsrHpHCDNO) m cd co cm 0 in cm cd — * 1 — eg r^OI^OOOCOCOCDCMOO^CD ^p" — 4 00 rC cd in cd cd cd od p*T eg Men CD 863, 564 860, 986 421, 559 e-i^t^tooing-oocDoocMOJO 0 —4 cn »it co O 00 co co p*** 00 Tf og-ococMi^r^cMcncMr^^- of cdcM^-fcdododefcdeg — • eg — • cm ^3- cn 223, 633 co*3*inco— '^cDOcDoomin OCMOOCDDCMOCMPstDinoO CM07 0)rHh.OOhsCDCMr^mN ^cdcgVdocoV cd— Teg cd eg —4 eg — • cm *«3- —4 101, 821 cm 00 co 00 co co o> 0 ^p co — « cd o> m CM co o> —4 CO —4 —4 0 cDcoegoojr^'pDin— inn cd eg cd r^T p>T of eg cd cd cd od cd Both sexes us 1,312, 388 1, 307, 678 600, 001 r^cDcoino>co*PO— <00030 cdcdcmocmcdcdocooo— 400 *p r^r^po^p^pefidocdcd cm co ego co — < co — 4 —4 CM 356,115 r^.oo-Hoo— 'in^rcDOcocDoo cdoi — CDCDr^.inoocgincD 0 co ^p co 0 — 4 co 0 0 — 4 co 00 eg — 4 -sp

co cd 00 4pCDCDOP''-40000r>CD00CO — T^p «d^p ^irfin e*Teg — Tin cd I —4 cm —4 —4 —4 eg —4 eg —4 | Academic year 1957-58 Women •*< 502, 258 500, 099 200, 800 •HOOCDNinNNDODOpH mr^e-icMrNO)coinrNina)4t uocMr^^-— 410COOOCO— 4io^- co *p — Tco co — Tofcd uded — f —4 co 146, 282 0 0 cm 00 co —* co 00 00 co m eg — 0 in inp(D(D-4CM430C043CDin 4p-ir>*{0(Df^incoino)4poo incsTofrCr-Tincd— 4*cdafrCeg j Men CD 954, 600 951,990 463, 172 21,061 460 31,843 2,696 15, 383 77, 065 3, 909 30,451 164, 840 106, 056 6,920 2,488 243, 659 — 400^3-COCMk1*CT>IOOOCOCOIO r^.LnCD— 4CMCMCMCOCD— 4CDO iniONN43incoo)CMcocom pCirfcd^eg— '“of^d oo*^cd cd eg —4 eg —4 eg — • 110, 935 —4 CO CO CO ^P CD ^P CO CD CM —4 OS O CD —• O CO —* CD «— OO OO —4 —4 inors^po)prsOrHin4pcD rCcdef pCodcf eg oor^T^p of cd Both sexes w 1,456,858 1, 452, 089 663, 972 csjoocncooocgcoooLOOcn — 4coineginco*p— •— •— 4— r-T cd*d— Tcdino od— Toed CM CM— 4 CO LO — 4 — * eg— * 389,941 105, 681 37, 347 26, 136 9, 801 32, 845 21,375 45, 622 8,703 556 75, 346 3, 991 22, 538 191, 043 12, 952 5,235 27, 505 15, 100 16, 548 16, 145 6, 307 29, 321 13, 724 24, 531 16, 901 6, 774 Region and State Aggregate United States.. Contiguous States . . North Atlantic _ Connecticut . Delaware _ .. District ot Columbia.. . Maine.. . Maryland . . . Massachuetts _ New Hampshire. . New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. . Vermont _ Great Lakes and Plains.. Illinois. . . Indiana _ Iowa . . . Kansas _ _ Michigan . Minnesota _ _ Missouri . . . Nebraska.. . North Dakota _ Ohio _ South Dakota . Wisconsin . _ . Southeast . Alabama . . Arkansas. . Florida. . . . Georgia... . Kentucky _ Louisiana.. . . Mississippi _ _ North Carolina . . . South Carolina.. . _ Tennessee... _ _ Virginia . . . West Virginia . . . . HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 131 t 25 183 8 218 i i iagga : : : | ; : i” 1 j ~ i : : : : s wt ss is j i 1 i is i^s i i i • •— « CSI i i i i ~ ; a is i i CM • § i i i»aa* : : : *r : : : s js s * i i i ; i « § is | 6 *§ j« j j j~ jss~ i i j j \ s is i s s S6“8 i isssss i i^h imo i °°“ s is i “•*” 1 Ssssis SissSsa cotnrC U C nS U d tj X O • tH B o eri O < H3 u o \ o O W) (J '-3 o w ti rt cd 3 h3 cd J-i bJD cd 3 no cd bfi i-< d> G X! jj 3 cd H First-time students 1 First term 1957-58 Women 05 288, 376 285, 156 64,440 coooPOOOooorNcvjooo) «=rcM*poocDP'Corpcop-'00«cp co^p^po>inino5comm^o> erf csT erf o' ■*3r cm"cm"— •" — < CM —4 85, 324 OOO^tOOP^O^PsCOCOCMCMin o^cMP^mo^inoooocMooooin eocvjcDNen^cDOinoico^ in" co" in" -*p" —4" co" pCcrf— 4" ^p" —4" co" 53, 368 OO in CJ5 P^ CO 05 00 00 <50 OO — 1 II co co 0 4«p in eo co cm co ^p in — 4 | co m 00 co *—4 0 00 p^ 00 co 05 in | co cm" in" *pr 4p" in" erf co" cm" in" in" cm" IVIen QO a © 05 lH *P m a? W mf 111, 650 co— «ir>o>oocNCOcvjc\joo^-o r^T3-r-^f— i— i— 4P'00>mo>05 cmcocm — unoomoco — ccf erf csT ltT ocT — T of *p"co" cm" — f — 1 oo CNJ 126, 258 mcocoM-POOMnco^psCMP* tnmcococMCMOincoino>in O^OiCOCM^POOI^OOCO^COCM cm" 0" rCrCpCoo"o"^r"cM"co esfoef CM— 4 —«—4 CM CD to cd" p- O P'* P^ CO O 05 CO O 05 CM —4 05 COOOC7505ine5005CMCOOOCMCO 4POOO — P05CM004PCOCOCM in" ^p of co" in" co" in" of ^p"oo" co" *p" Both sexes 742, 875 734, 666 176,090 cm o> co cr> n o p"'* o oo eo o CVJCD — O^lOOYrH^CvJCVJOOCO CCONOOCOlOtOOfsOfO of — f uf erf of of cm" erf to oo erf cvf CVJ — 4 lOCO 211, 582 lO —4 O CM O OO CM CM P-* 0> ^ CM 00 — • cm 00 cn 00 co — 4 co^coo«rvcro)oo-4 0Ps 00" pCco" —4" 00" 2" 00" pC co" 00 129,714 OOCMCOCOCOOO^POOP^OCMO COCMO^POCMCO^POCOP^in 0050500050— iineOOCMN of co" ^p"o" 0" cm" of co" p*f ^cm" co" Academic year 1957-58 Women cd 323, 311 319, 619 71, 613 co^-LOoocvjoi^cor^'crr^cvj cvi^j-r^r^oo — 00^-or^.cvjuo r^«pr^05r^.O0500CMC0in05 erf cnT erf— T irfcrfcrf— T — * CM— i 00 CO CM ^ in CO co CM 01 co m 1^ OO O CO OO — 4 CM p*. CM OO pC co in in" cm" co" of erf —4" co" — co" 57,791 in— 4C50COO>4=PP^05COCOCOP^ Tpoco*pin4=p^pin*p05CMin ooo^omino^QcMPN •5p"cm" co" in" *p" in" ^p pCcvf co" co" cm" Men 528,997 523,523 128,371 O^O—HCDOOCOCDO^-^— 'CD NO)0^rvO^O)IDOOOfOCDO 4— 4COO>— 4CMCJ5C005CMCMm*p r^T erfcvfcrfof— TcfcvTofcM*'— f —4 —4 *3- CM 143, 949 -40^0)nflDCOO)OCDPs4t oor^cvjcnoocooocj^cMLo^o co co cm e*o —4 co 00 m cm p^» in pC cm" co" pC 0" of cm" *3-" cm" erf cm" of CM— 4 CM —4 CM 1 m 1 CD to cd" 00 mNinCMCM054pNNCOCOOO 4-4CMinCOCOCMOCO— 4 0 cm cm in co 0 co e» cm cm cm co co in 00 cM-o«oom-4csj^co4p irf of ^ cvf erf co'—4"ocf ^Tcm" ^t"co" —4 —4 —4 CO r-H cm ^P —4 144,156 10, 260 7, 528 17,323 12, 478 11,221 13, 473 9, 951 17, 696 7, 563 15, 829 13, 239 7, 595 Graduate First term 1957-58 Women CO 80, 254 79, 732 35, 005 imnNOO'tococnoeDOCM ooen— 4— 4^f— ii^oroo^Loeo iocmcd — p»» — < cvf cm" —4" erf cM"oo"erf 19,402 a^oorvoomcMOcoooocM oorvr^cMOOcor^cM^pp^oo^ co co 00 co co co —4 4t3- in 01 in" —4" —4" cvf to 1 CM Cl OO" — 4CT5CMCOCOCMOO— 4p^cn— ^D CM 05 05 CO CO LO 05 05 CO CO P*' comcMcoo5^rcMC5coococo Men N 198, 349 197, 914 M © o pf 00 4,214 716 5, 974 121 3, 542 10,316 267 6, 644 40, 945 13, 701 471 91 54,056 — cntrpsOpNO^cocDooa^a^ cDrvin4to)OiDcno0^4io co m co co co o^ co lo 00 co cm" in" cm" cm'o* co’ erf 00" co" 14, 660 cocoeo^p— 4— ico— icM^pcMin —4104^1^100— 4*P— <05050 PC0050’PPin05lDCM-4in Both sexes 278, 603 277, 646 122, 007 0— 4— 405cocococomo^co OinCJCOOOCM4tinfvOCMCM p^o>m — icocoeoooomcD*- 4 ccf 00" co" ofofr^T —4 m — 1 73,458 0 p^» 0 in in 05 00 —4 co r*-* 05 —4 u5ineopvrvro4tCM4p4p05rv 0 cm in o> 4?p 0 m ^p co — 4 co cm 00“ p^" erf cm" in" ^p" ^p" —4" -h" ^p" 23, 583 ■4pinoo^pco— 4CM05P'er>in -HOO^rvooiDNenomcMco co— 4CMP.CO- i|V050COin05 —f co" —4" cm" erf cm" — erf — 4" Academic year 1957-58 Women O 102, 808 102, 272 43, 024 OJOO^P — 4LOCO— «P^ — 4-^CMCM 0 *p —4 cm 05 00 00 m <0 m 00 eo **P CM CO COCO CD CM <0 —4 co" erf — ferf cm" co" *p" o> 05 Cl * CM 1 05 m 0 05 in p'- 00 p*«* co ^p 00 — • ^p 0 co co in in *p co cm in co rvcoocoo05io^P co— 40 co"cm"— 4" co" —4" erf —4" 11, 426 mm— i^po>oocnooo5cooocv5 pcorsfOrH^rHCDnoocom 0)mm05CMm^-co4pKptpin Men o* 242, 816 242, 375 102,818 OC0C0CM00CMCM^P0505 — 4CM ^a-oocvico^roo— 4o> mr^co— 4— icococoo>o*p in p-' kp — « rCooco 66, 032 <0 CM m 05 CO co O OO CO CM 05 05 CJ5 00 co *p p- co 43- eo cm in ^ in CMNCMOioinv— 4ttmmv cxT 00 cvT *3-’ co o co" | 18, 947 mcsir^P'O— 40>co^P05co^p C005— 4 4pp>.00CMOC0C0mC0 CDCOCOCOP'05P-^POOOO'CPOO •— 4" cm"— 4"— 4"— 4" cvf cm"— 4" Both sexes oo S 5 1 CD CD ! in to to 145, 842 cn^rvcoeoiDeorHooco^ cococoiO'd'coocMOeoi^cvj OOeO— 4UOOCV5COCM — moOOOOOCM’PPsfMP'CMOO COCMOOCMOm— IP-.COCMCJ5CO cvf— fcrfcvfcvferf— 4"erT— 4"^p" — 4"— 1" Undergraduate and first-professional First term 1957-58 Women - 912, 315 901, 520 232, 562 ^pcococmoococd0500*pcdp^ -tooocsjoivors^cMcoeo *P — ICOOIO— 4eDCO(DCMCOrv of — 1" 0" cm" co" erf cm" p^" of m" *p" cm" ^ —4 co ~*oo*t 264, 700 0 m — 4 cm 0 — 4 ^p 00 p^ 05 m 00 — 4 CD 4«P P^ CM O 05 CM CO OO CO cm co tp —4 co 0 co co *p co cm of 0" co” *p" p^" of erf 00" erf co" *p“— 4~ TP CM —4 —4 CO —4 CM ^P CM 164, 520 oooo^fooooir>cnfoto«3-co*4- r~-cr>tooo— icsi— •csi~«^-incT5 cvjCNjr^irjCMOoocvjoooooo csTrCtfTT ^j'rCo'o'arrC'tfTod' Men CD 1, 736, 996 1, 720, 399 467, 724 cocMcocoo500coomcooco OOeoeoeom^-coNcoeDO cooootnM’CMfO— 1— io>m-. co p^ 1 —4 0 —• —4 p^ 0 —4 00 eo p*» eo — f cm" 00" p*f erf cvf ^p~in" p^" cd" oo" ^p" 05 ^p CM CM f*** CO ^P —4 OO CO 281,403 moom— 4— 40ococoono oocMO— 'coocomvomo M-HomprtPH05m-ivm cm" erf cm" pf cm" 00" co" erf co" 0" erf m" CM— 4COCVJCMCM— »CO— 4COCM— • Both sexes 2,649, 311 2, 621, 919 700, 286 psoocMOOrv^fMOcooeco — — * 1 — r — incDcomtncMcoop' CMOC0 4tin4tOOOO-4NCO erf erf —4" of 0" —4" 00" 00" co" pC cm" pC co co 0 lo — 4 —4 CM— 4 755, 892 00 co co co cm 00 *p ^p «-4 *p -h in -4 CO CM CM CO co ^P CM 00 CO O in co 00 05 co 00 co cm in co cm p^ 0" cm" *p" —4' o' —f rC - to 292, 508 —4 ^p —4 p*>. in 00 00 co cm 00 p"». CO in CM O ^P CM CM —4 CO 05 CO —4 co 05 co 05 co 0 in m cm 00 co" —f ocf urf cm" 0" in" erf co" — ^p" cm" in cm —4 —4 ^p cm cm in CM 179, 372 inC75COP*COCOCOOOnPOO^P05 enO00CMlD00 05 N 0500OO mcMOoeo— icomcocMiomcM co 00" 00" m" co" 00" —T ^-4" of of pf of Men to 1, 947, 701 1, 930, 377 996 ‘60S 25, 435 2, 051 24, 244 6, 706 31,027 72, 242 6,777 43, 534 173,110 111,562 8, 626 4, 652 © to CM pC in —4 in co 00 05 m 05 0 eo cm co co ocMMninrvcoinONfvco ^p np 05 co ^p cm m 05 co cm — 4 in" irf o"of —•" ^of r^Tp^r pf of ocf O CO CM 00 CO **P — 4 05 CO 308, 765 005CMm oo r>» — ■ » 3 * 8,209 701 102 108 5,312 1,986 B i §3!§2Sj§8g&§38 — ■ -s-'cnoocrTw' 3 431 64 49 2, 334 814 s i IlsslSSsSIlgS in to" m~ cnT csT esT o' toj ^ io~ o' — T 3 T* 5 w 699 62 59 3, 181 1,473 3 a islSSIlIsSIls ooV%3>VVf tnVooaTio-.- 3 rT 9,166 1,130 126 108 5,515 2,287 i a laSSaasS^Sgis 00* - cn 8 “ j l&S j j 41,974 | SSSgS-iSggsSS ^T-hcvT MW^rCrHcsT a a eofr 01 zz s i SSaSS«SS85S8S csTaTcvT — *co«o~“<*>“ a s 70 37 850 S a 1, 164 10, 639 1,071 129 131 51 565 1,308 472 4,802 1,106 1,296 89 3 62 27 447 i s gSlSSSSlSSsSs oicgW ^cvr-TofevToo § 3 28 . io~ 403 S £ s$§~§§~2s~s~l e^vr^eov- § S 90 37 850 s s' iSsl-ssisgiiE o R S 627 86 165 7, 277 2,640 s s' SsSSlilSsSils 2'|S“'“-“SjS'SSS‘rf 609 ‘6 B a oV a S' 3SS58SS3SSSS5 9,618 27,392 1, 590 167 359 18, 255 7, 021 I S' l2S?3Sl|gll§I oo'^Wenco^trf^o'g'o'oocvr a 11,399 1,010 98 165 7,218 2,908 1 S' S3S§3a52gigg|g s"g'a'’'‘r''-ss‘s‘g5fs” 9, 810 17,324 1,553 108 194 11,046 4,423 s s' 26, 151 383, 225 34, 807 10,610 11,176 3,054 14,418 51,895 31,668 179, 691 32, 434 52, 930 6, 367 9, 825 28,723 2, 563 206 359 18, 264 7,331 i 1 I i j i i ; ; j i j i j j i Hi U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS _ i ! Alaska . . . Canal Zone _ _ _ Guam _ Puerto Rico . . - . . Territory of Hawaii . 134 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table XI. — Undergraduate, graduate, and first-time resident degree-credit enrollment: Academic year and first term, 1957-58 — Continued B. Publicly controlled institutions ! i i First term 1957-58 1 2 187, 529 164, 907 23, 911 IsslIsllsSsI -7 cCcsT cMofco 47,472 ll3lSSSi§2ll|| i^7cocm'cooococo<-h-hoo Is 8 SslSIsSssSSsfl cm"— 7cocm— 7cocm"cm cmco*-? 1 2 ft 31,324 sslssllSIssl - pn*N*N* CO-fin 77,419 RsslISssSSls =-^-^-incM-««,-co-CM-cM---in- E 5 sllslilsiSiS co-co-^-^-co-icf^-^-CM-^-^-co- Both sexes r* vH 442, 486 435, 563 B * ISssSsSSsnsI c\T -7 124, 891 2ss32§S8§ll§ w-rCiD'oo-j-joo-ofio-co-ocM-or 78,128 IsslisIsslSsl inin-rCtffinedrCrCcoiCiCin Academic year 1957-58 ! S 192, 785 189, 620 27,544 IsilSlSSslll -7 cm cm cmnco 53, 224 sllssllSsliS cdco-cM-co of co-^--r-od-r^- 31,917 ssBEsssslisss; CM— 7c*f CM CM ^7 CM CM «o"»N I in o) co r** r*. rsi ^ m csi «— * *3- o ScMOOWOlNWtO — omootc csTrocsT cncsiW— Tc*> I 8 CM* r^. in C75 C55 CM co to oo co cm m co 9 a' rsp>i6rsfv(Nj^cpoor^o>inco 00005CM05csj^inr-.^;cDcsjCD in^^cp^^cnoocsiooooo w-T — T — T cd*ro cM~r"^— m csi 16 00 iH* ?H C5 ^0* ^ m cm csT — T i H Sioc*)00)NN^»- incT^fcsT^ csT oo *fco co oo" — T CO CM 16 r-l “* s M1* 05 CM 05 00 CM 05 co m r^- — • co ^ csJV^ N a M* a ^ — • r** cm cm — • o csj i^ 05 COMrvtOOOOlOPOOO^fCOOO) csoocnOr^oocor^cocoTfinr>. oo^jrCcocsT co r-i rC co in cm — «* 16 H 16 P- 00 is.* o co oo co m rO. — r ^ csT H 16 r^^r^co NcocDCMCNrNOOooa)r^r^»-to ^■^■^CCSJCO CM OO O CO CO »— t CO — «esj*-« CM CM CM CM O CM CM OOO — . oo co w CP 00 5 a>r-^CT>iniooocnomcT>r^cT>csj p*» — . — « csi — . 05 oo co oo oc ^ CM CM 05 CO *3* CO 05 OO OO — « P-* CO csToo— T p^cm'^V^cm* CM CM CM CM 3 o r- in coco 00 CP C5 05 CP* tj-cvjcvjrsrHrHincnino^cDcpoi co m co o co m co 05 — • co cm oo •hocp — . m— *001^0505 — T co 1 CP ro 16 CM CO CM *rj- r* CP 16 CP* M cm to —4 in oo oo oo oo oo co r- orsioinO'Htpcjj^'^inorH O 'td CO CM U5 — • 1 — CM ro C\i 16 hs CO CMtn^H ^TcX-fco^cJ o CM CP CP CM <0 CM OOO — • oo CO © 16 S co r*’** co cm 05 05 05 r*^ co co ^3* cm co m cm 05 in co co cm 05 cm co 05 oo o CMm*rco*d-.— *r-cD— 'incncMino^ ^oo in in in — Tod^crTrC— TcsTco ^ CD— • csj — • — CM o CP 05* CP a *t* co — * «d" in co CD 00 05 05 r-4 05 —.05 0 oo^r * CP CM 5 16 O ff> PO OO CO -h oo 00 to «D ID CSI <5T 1 o o oo — ■ — > oo in co to ct> O ID PvTin CSI CD CSI CO — — > — ■ CO CSI •— i 00 rH CP 05* ip CM ▼H P6* CM OP^ 05 05— l 05 CO in 05 —4 in — . co ^d- m — T ^dco 16 CP H* 8 rH^cMcsjisoirscocnocsjTf d- ^■OOOOlPCOCM^-M-OCJM-O) cm r>* a> co 05 — « co o — « m — « co oo co oo csT csi — T co pC oj in ^4 csT 16 iH C6 a 05* o oo in co — • 05 COO CO o Hins — T in csT | 443, 048 £s O CO CS| CSI ID — CO PO TP If) 00 PO £J r-> CD — 1 r~. csi — co ro oo — ■ csi r-- OOO— Is^fOHOOlPrpOOM'O) IS-* CO rC iff CD — * of OO inCT) Tt CDPO «o>-< CSI — ' 00 CSI o oo 05* CP CT5 00 s co oo ^j-inco mO05 05tr m — • — 4 05 o — T oo s i ?2 S 22 22 ^ 00 co co «3- r-. cm r-s ® ^ t; ° If) m O) OO PO P~ CD cm co^« o o co co if) in po cr> po ^ °o O) PO* PO O) csT oo* o“ oo co" CM CSI CM t—* CO CM CM CM PO CO ■— > 16 CM 00 05* 05 CO a CO CO 05 05 CM co o m 05 — * in cm oo ^d- oo cm" ^fco West and Southwest - Arizona . . . - . California . . . Colorado . . Idaho . . . . . Montana . Nevada . . . New Mexico . . Oklahoma . Oregon . . . . . . - Texas . . - Utah... . . . Washington . . . . Wyoming . . . . U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS _ Outlying Parts . . Alaska . . . i ; e : a: i = »C i i • i i i i i • i il \2 So br >» £2 i 05 w 1 3 05 JQ.H- C/J 135 136 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 co *? fc c* rt U a o X « n3 rt u ft) O *t3 CS 3 TJ eft fe> o fi hH X 2 eft H ^ p4 o 2 R.g “5 •'3 g c“ ft) 3 So ft) lH ft) a 00 <£ 1: eft eft *■3 eft &o ft> *2 as of oo* O coouo— •cocMrxo ^'HC^Nrv^H^oor-HLncvjo o— •— «,«3-*3-co*3'CMrxoo— ocmoo— «rxrxcM* CM— •— CO CO — • CO CO LO — « > O O r-H O CD CM CM CO CO — • U0 CM U0 — I — i Oh.ooc>juoco«H* co* CM CO — • CD CO fx CM cD*3-co COCOrxUOCOCMOOCOOOLO — « O OO CM CO LO CM LO CM O) UO CO CM CO O — « UO fx CM CM CM CDCOCDCDCOCM-^r— 'OrxLOCD OOCDOCMCOCD— - w o O zzza. QC> Q g Ef°^SS2220M$ «oo i2to S«5~oS(i,.h» <5 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 137 Table XII. — Enrollment in nursery, elementary, and secondary schools operated and controlled by institutions of higher education, by region and State : Academic year 1957-58 A. Publicly and privately controlled institutions 138 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 HIGHER EDUCATION— FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 139 140 ci o 2 Tj (J s 4 h3 ;=J ^ 2 § gl 17 Ti °0 u V ■M I ci U *n ej O^ O ^ o >* o-a » a >\ o H d Pi Pi d O s< 0 .. 8 w ni d d (X) u « $ c o c\. (J bJD d u h 0r£> pi H BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Graduates of 12th grade Girls OS 2, 388 2, 296 266 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 1 1 l l l CM i ill 1 ill 1 1, 115 — lOSOdOCOUSCDdLO OSLOCOCMCOdr^CM— *CO 8SI 497 97 OONOOOOOOS ddCOOSd CM CM 1 0 1 1 CD 1 Boys GO 2, 700 2, 610 s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ill i 1 l l CO CO CO , III 1 1,179 ocDcoouscD^cooom ocDCMCMininr^cM*— icd CO 487 73 o^NOsind— idco dooinr — ^co— 4— icm 1 1 1 CM ICO 1 1 1 Both sexes 5, 088 4, 906 355 ! t IcsjuoK ! 2, 294 ^incodmososcMCMO GSCMUSdOOOSdLOCOCO 4—I—IOO CM — 1 —4 co CO 984 0 NdOSiOdOidO osco— icor^— icom l CM 1 CM 1 1 1 1 1 Grades 9-12 inclusive Girls CO 9, 030 8,646 1, 581 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • CO iCOOdOO ICO 1 LO OS r-^ CM » i o co 1 1 3,152 dOOLOr^CMCMCOCOdCO dOOOCOOOdCDOOSCO LO CM CO — < LO CM CO — • CM § CM 2, 641 O CM —• CM CO CD O LfS CM OO coirsi-4psususosr^ooco *3- CM CM CO ^3* CM —4 l CM 1 1 LO ICM 1 Boys 9, 475 9,119 1 739 i d icomr^o i co i oosco l l CM co i i 3, 398 r^r-H^cooocM^^-oorv — tr^ocMooosr^cMOsos CD CM CO —4 CO CM CO — 1 CM co CM 2, 715 CMlN.^4 4tCV|(OOf0^tCD inirscM— '(ors.cM(Dis»LO ■*3- CM LO CO co CM — « 1 1 ICO 1 LO I CM Both sexes 14 18, 505 17, 765 1 2, 320 i i i i os in *— i oo ICO i CM os LO i nHcvirs i i 6, 550 rHOSCDOO'tNNCMCO CD LO O CD C-". CO CO CM OS OO — iLOCDCMCMUSr^CM— lUS CM 5, 356 N01CM(DI/)0>0 00(0>if '-'OCOOOOOC'4'— IOOITJCT> ai*H«ftsUOOU5rti-i{M 1 1 1 LO 1 0 1 LO 1 Grades 1-8 inclusive Girls e* 21, 124 20, 701 5, 665 1 1 LO l 1 O OS i i — < CVI i i — l l 331 438 174 2, 563 1,473 281 5, 943 — to^tcorsr- icm— uninco NCOOOSOSrHrHOiOUSDN r^. *3- ■— 1 cm cm <— 1 CSJ Boys N 21, 525 21, 058 5, 487 l i LO 1 ICO CM J iO 347 411 164 2, 275 1, 530 332 6, 321 cd— > Dj.ajSiS w a> (u a) oj: a; >oo222zzza.a:> =£°5Iiisz2oir JE'S _a <5 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 141 142 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 143 Previous Publication of Data Data on faculty, students, and degrees are regularly made public by means of several ongoing series of publications. These publications are issued as soon as possible after the statistics become available. Thus, much of the data pre¬ sented and discussed in this chapter has appeared in previous publications, which also contain data not included here. The reader is referred to the following publications pertaining to 1957-58, each of which contains textual analysis, summary tables, and listings for individual institutions: Faculty and Other Professional Staff in Institutions of Higher Education, First Term, 1957-58 (OE-53000, Circular No. 596), by Wayne E. Tolliver and Hazel C. Poole. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959. 68 p. Opening Enrollment in Higher Educational Institutions , Fall 1957 (Circular No. 518), by M. Clemens Johnson and Anne J. Fenton. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958. 48 p. Resident , Extension, and Other Enrollments in Institu¬ tions of Higher Education, First Term 1957-58 (OE-54000, Circular No. 593), by Hazel C. Poole. Washington: U.S. Government Priingnt Office, 1959. 73 p. Earned Degrees Conferred by Higher Educational Insti¬ tutions, 1957-58 (Circular No. 570), by Diane B. Gert’er. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959. 210 p. Engineering Enrollments and Degrees 1957 (Circular No. 516), by Sidney J. Armore and Henry H. Armsby. Washington: U.S. Government Print¬ ing Office, 1958. 52 p. Engineering Enrollments and Degrees, 1958 (Circular No. 555), by Justin C. Lewis and Henry H. Armsby. Washington: U.S. Government Print¬ ing Office, 1959. 50 p. Statistics of Land-Grant Colleges and Universities, Year Ended June 30, 1958 (OE-50002, Circular No. 612), by George Lind and Mabel C. Rice. Wash¬ ington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960. 141 p. Information on more recent editions of the fore¬ going Office of Education publications is available in current publication lists. 144 The Survey Questionnaires The data on which this Biennial Survey chapter is based were collected by means of the five questionnaires which are reproduced on the follow¬ ing pages. National totals (aggregate United States) are shown in the spaces designed for respondents’ use. The five questionnaires were: 1. Faculty and Other Professional Staff: 1st Semester or 1st Quarter, 1957-58 2. Survey of Opening (Fall) Enrollment: 1957 3. Comprehensive Report on Enrollment (Summer Session and Fall): 1957 4. Enrollment in Academic Year 1957-58 5. Survey of Earned Degrees Granted During Year 1957-58 146 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 N R C T X A LG Form RSH- 51(57) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE BUDGET BUREAU NO. 51-R224.2 Office of Education Approval expires 12/31/58 Washington 25, D. C. FACULTY AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL STAFF: 1st SEMESTER OR 1st QUARTER, 1957-58 The President Aggregate United States ^940 Institutions Thi6 report INCLUDES branches as follows: This report EXCLUDES branches as follows: TO THE PRESIDENT: This is the regular, biennial request for information on the staff of institutions of higher education. Information from the survey will be reported briefly in advance releases, and more fully in special publications and the Biennial Survey of Education. You will, of course, receive a copy of each publication. Because data on staff are most conveniently supplied in some institutions by the Office of the President, and in other institutions by the Comptroller or the Registrar, may we ask you kindly to refer this request to the proper source? Your cooperation will be deeply appreciated. Please return the completed form to the Office of Education as promptly as possible. Herbert S. Conrad, Director Research and Statistical Services Branch GENERAL DIRECTIONS SCHEDULE I on the next two pages provides for a count of staff members as of the first semester or first quarter of the 1957-58 academic year, classified according to type of duty . If a staff member is occupied in more than one official capacity, he should be classified in EACH type of duty in items 1 through 24. Thus, a person who serves both as Dean of the Faculty and as Professor of Zoology should be counted once as STAFF FOR GENERAL ADMINISTRATION and again as FACULTY FOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTION (items 1 and 3 in Schedule I). Similarly, a faculty member who is engaged both in resident instruction and extension instruction should be recorded both under FACULTY FOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTION and also under EXTENSION STAFF (items 3 and 10). Place staff who are on sabbatical leave in the same class (or classes) they would occupy if in regular service. INCLUDE: (1) Full time and part time salaried staff members; (2) staff members rendering established service without cash remuneration ("contributed services," occuring most commonly in church-related institutions) ; and (3) staff members on sabbatical leave. Do NOT include staff on leave without pay, nor staff in emeritus or retired status. If a particular section of Schedule I is not applicable to your institution, please write NONE in the section. SCHEDULE II (on last page of this form) provides for a count of the instructional staff in the summer session(s) of 1957. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 147 SCHEDULE I.— FACULTY AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL STAFF: 1st SEMESTER OR QUARTER, 1957-58 PLEASE READ THE "GENERAL DIRECTIONS" at the bottom of the preceding page. If a staff member serves in more than one official capacity, be sure to count him once in EACH item which applies. Item Men Women Total 1. STAFF FOR GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AND STUDENT PERSONNEL SERVICES l/ . 2. Staff for student personnel services (included in item 1 above) 2/..... 3. FACULTY FOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTION IN DEGREE-CREDIT COURSES. 2/ Include faculty for evening and Saturday degree-credit courses, unless such courses are classified by your institution as extension. Do NOT include persons whose functions are restricted solely to extension courses, short courses, or individual lessons (as in music, art, speech, etc.). Report such persons in items 9 and 10 on the succeeding page. 4. Faculty members with the rank of instinct or or above 4/, including department heads and deans of instructional divisions (such as Dean of School of Education, Dean of Engineering, etc.): 5. Serving on a full-time basis . 19,369 9,529 28,898 7,157 5.706 12,863 if w// 7/M// Jj 121.262 33,340 154,602 6. Serving on a part-time basis . 59,329 12,605 71,934 6a. Full-time equivalent 5 / of faculty in item 6 . 18,343 4,668 22,952 7* Junior instructional staff (such as assistant instructors, teaching fellows, teaching assistants, and laboratory assistants) 6/ . 28,136 5,814 33,950 8. FACULTY FOR RESIDENT INSTRUCTION IN OTHER THAN DEGREE- CREDIT COURSES. Jj Include resident instructional staff for adult education and terminal - occupational education, (if classified by your institution as ^extension," ret>ort under itea 10, not here) . 9,406 2,690 12,096 SCHEDULE I CONTINUED OH NEXT PAGE \J Include Chancellor, President, Assistant to the President, Vice-President, Provost, Dean of Administration, Dean of Summer Session, Dean of Students, Director of Public Relations, Comptroller, Registrar, Business Manager, Chief Accountant, etc. — i.e., all whose administrative functions extend across departmental or divisional lines. Include also professional staff for student personnel services (as defined in footnote 2 below). Do NOT include the head of an instructional unit, such as the head of the English Department, the Dean of the School of Education, the Dean of the law School, etc.; such persons, not engaged primarily in general administration, should be counted in 3, "Faculty for Resident Instruction..." Do NOT include clerical or non-professional staff in the office of the President, the office of the Business Manager, the placement office, the infirmary, or elsewhere. 2 / Include Dean of Students, Director of Student Affairs, etc.; university physicians and registered nurses; professional staff for student counseling; and professional staffs in placement services, student loan services, student housing services, etc. Funds for these staff are often separately budgeted. Do NOT include professors, department heads, or others engaged primarily in instruction, research, or departmental administration, with only incidental or unbudgeted participation in student personnel work. 3/ A "degree-credit course" is one that normally carries credit toward a bachelor's or higher degree or equivalent recognition (either in your own institution or by transfer to another institution)" 4/ Include lecturers if their equivalent rank is that of instructor or above. Include professional library staff members who also teach in the institution, if they held the rank of instructor or above. (Such persons are also counted in itaa 15 •) In institutions providing training for elementary or secondary school teaching, include supervisory, demonstration, or "critic" teachers who are paid by your institution. 5 / Report "full-time equivalent" according to the practice of your own institution. Information on the "full¬ time equivalent" of faculty members can be obtained from various sources. Sometimes payroll records indicate whether the person's salary is at (say) one-fourth or one-half the regular full-time scale for the function per¬ formed. (Payroll records require supplementation if any faculty members serve without financial remuneration, i.e., provide "contributed services.") Budget records often indicate whether the individual is supposed to devote (say) one-fourth, one -half, or full time to his duties. In any event, department heads can generally supply this information regarding members of their staff. In seme cases (e.g., instructional staff in medical schools), it may be necessary to adopt an arbitrary or rather approximate method of arriving at "full-time equivalent." In any case where it is not feasible to compile exact information on "full-time equivalent," please make a reasonable estimate rather than leaving item 6a blank. 6 / Include laboratory assistants and graduate assistants only if their function includes instruction of students. Exclude nonteaching assistants to the instructional staff, such as clerks or student help. 148 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 SCHEDULE I (Continued) PLEASE BE SURE to supply the information requested in ITEM NO. 25 If a section below is not applicable to your institution, please write NONE in the section Item Men Women Total 9. INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF FOR COURSES BY MAIL, COURSES BY RADIO OR TV, SHORT COURSES, AND INDIVIDUAL LESSONS (as in music, art, speech, etc.) . 6,892 2,372 9,264 10. EXTENSION STAFF: 11. Giving courses (holding classes), (include both degree-credit and nondegree- credit courses in extension. ) . 12,617 2,930 15,547 12. (Land-grant institutions only) Agric. and home- economics extension staff operating at, or from, land- grant college . 3,187 766 3,953 13* (Land-grant institutions only) District and county extension agents for agriculture, home demonstration, and 4-H clubs . 6,955 4,325 11,280 14. Other professional staff in extension service (please indicate nature of duties) . 486 112 598 15. PROFESSIONAL LIBRARY STAFF (including head librarian, assistant librarian, and all other professional library staff) . 2,741 6,358 9,099 16. PROFESSIONAL STAFF FOR ORGANIZED RESEARCH (usually budgeted separately ) : 7 / 17* Total professional staff for organized research, (include profes- sional research staff of agricultural experiment stations.) . 29,027 3,504 32,531 18. (Land-grant institutions only) Professional research staff of agricultural experiment stations (included in item 17 above) . 8,479 635 9,114 19. INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF FOR ELEliENTARY OR SECONDARY INSTRUCTION: 20. In high-school grades of a unified combination of high school and junior college. (See footnote 8.) . 421 210 631 21. In laboratory, demonstration, or training schools 9/ and others 30/ : 22. Nursery, kindergarten , and elementary schools . 901 3,522 4,423 23. Secondary schools . 2,280 1,958 4,238 24. OTHER FACULTY (please specify duties) . 274 64 338 25. NUMBER OF DIFFERENT PERSONS in items 1-24 (EACH PERSON COUNTED ONCE, AND ONLY ONCE 11/ . . . . . . . 270,013 78,496 348,509 7/ Include faculty and other professional staff engaged specifically for research work (part time or full time) and those who have been relieved from some or all other duties in order to carry out systematic, organized research (usually separately budgeted). Do NOT include persons who serve as research consultants on an occasional basis. 8/ Public high school- junior college combinations should report instructional staff for the high-school grades (i.e., grade 12 and below) on this line, ONLY if this staff is not already reported through regular public school channels to the State Department of Education. 9 / Refers to schools or educational projects maintained or utilized by the institution in order to facilitate practice-teaching and/or directed observation by students of education, psychology, social work, home economics, etc. Report staff only if paid wholly or partly from funds administered by the institution (as distinguished from public school or other outside funds). 10/ Includes secondary or preparatory department of a college, devoted primarily to completing the preparation of students for admission to the college, and schools that are staffed and operated by the institution as a convenience to the community. 11/ In many institutions, the information called for in item 25 is most readily obtained from payroll or income tax records. To this group, however, must be added those who are rendering service as faculty members without cash remuneration ("contributed services"). PLEASE TURN THE PAGE HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 149 SCHEDULE II.— INSTRUCTIONAL STAFF FOR DEGREE-CREDIT COURSES IN SUMMER SESSION: 1957 (if not applicable, please write NONE. ) Item Men Women Total 26. Number of persons on instructional staff for degree-credit courses 12/ (include those from regular staff as well as visiting staff who taught in the summer session): 13/ 27. In main (or only) summer session of 1957 . m p? miiiiii 48,415 15,660 64,075 28. In »n summer sessions of 1957 14/ . 62,116 19,293 81,409 State number of summer sessions in 1957 here 12/ The term "degree-credit courses" is defined in footnote 3 on the second page of this booklet. 13/ Include department heads of instructional units, and professors, associate professors, etc. Include also junior instructional staff, such as teaching fellows and teaching assistants. Do NOT include nonteaching assistants. Do NOT include administrative or library staff, unless engaged also in instruction. 14/ Report simply the sum of the instructional staff in the separate sessions. (A person serving in two sessions will thus be counted twice. ) INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Name) (Title) (Date) PLEASE CHECK to make sure you have supplied information requested on first page regarding BRANCH INSTITUTIONS. •DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE 150 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 SURVEY or OPENING (FALL) ENROLLMENT: 1957 1. Please report data as of the earliest date on which the enrollment becomes stabilized; normally this is within 2 weeks after the opening of the term. 2. Report all "degree-credit” students, i. e., all students whose current program in your institution consists wholly or principally of work which is normally creditable toward a bachelor’s or higher degree — either in your own institution, or by transfer (as from a junior college to a 4-year institution).* Include "special and unclassified ” students who are taking such work — because the classi¬ fication of students in this survey rests on the nature of the work taken, not on formal eligibility for a degree or on students’ intentions regarding a degree. "Degree-credit” students may be undergraduate, graduate, special, unclassified, extension, etc. They may be studying full time or part time, during day or evening, on the campus, at a branch campus, at an extension center, etc. See paragraph 3 below. 3. DO NOT INCLUDE IN THE PRESENT REPORT any students belonging in the following categories, even though some students in certain of these categories may in your institution be "degree-credit students” (as defined above) : (1) Correspondence students (taking courses at home by mail, radio, or TV) ; (2) students enrolled for individual lessons only (as in art, music, speech, etc.) ; (3) students enrolled only for "short courses” ; (4) auditors; and (5) pupils in nursery, elementary, and secondary grades of a training, laboratory, or preparatory school of your institution. ALSO EXCLUDE FROM THE PRESENT REPORT students in "technical institutes” and in " terminal-occupational programs” or "organized occupational curriculums.” (Note. — A subsequent comprehensive survey will collect data on each of the groups mentioned in this paragraph.) 4. A first-time degree-credit student is one who has not previously been a degree-credit student in ANY institution of higher education. 5. Please complete the form below promptly, detach, and mail. No postage is required. The reverse side of this card is for your files. *lnclude students pursuing' a professional curriculum at theological institutions of higher education, even if such students receive ecclesiastical recogni¬ tion (such as ordination) rather than a degree. SURVEY OF OPENING (FALL) ENROLLMENT: 1957 NUMBER OF STUDENTS TAKING WORK NORMALLY CREDITABLE TOWARD A BACHELOR’S OR HIGHER DEGREE INCLUDE all appropriate groups of students ( see paragraph 2 above). For groups NOT to be included in the present report, see paragraph 3. If, for any reason, exact data are lacking for a group of students that should be included (for example, extension students taking degree- credit courses), please include your best estimate for the group. If you are not able to make an estimate at this time, check here □, and name the group (s) omitted: Type of Student Men Women Total Total "degree-credit” students (taking work normally creditable toward a bachelor’s or higher degree — see paragraphs 2 and 3 above . 2,003,424 1,064,993 3,068,417 Number of students reported above who are first-time students (not pre¬ viously enrolled in ANY college — see paragraph 4 above . 445,324 284,401 729,725 Aggregate United States If your institution has NO branches, please check here □ This report includes branches located at: 1,890 institutions Information supplied by WO 43785C-h (Name) This report excludes branches located at: (Title) (Date) Bureau of the Budget No. 51-R162.9. Approval expires 12-15-67. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 151 tc £ £ SURVEY OF OPENING (FALL) ENROLLMENT: 1957 NUMBER OF STUDENTS TAKING WORK NORMALLY CREDITABLE TOWARD A BACHELOR’S OR HIGHER DEGREE INCLUDE all appropriate groups of students ( see paragraph 2 on the other side). For groups NOT to be included in the present report, see paragraph 3. If, for any reason, exact data are lacking for a group of students that should be included (for example, extension students taking degree-credit courses), please include your best estimate for the group. If you are not able to make an estimate at this time, check here □, and name the group(s) omitted: . . . Type of Student Men Women Total Total "degree-credit” students (taking work normally creditable toward a bachelor’s or higher degree — see paragraphs 2 and 3 on the other side)... Number of students reported above who are first-time students (not pre¬ viously enrolled in ANY college — see paragraph 4 on the other side)... THIS IS YOUR FILE COPY MAIL LOWER HALF OF THIS FORM Information supplied by CPO 437950- h (Name) If your institution has NO branches, please check here □ This report includes branches located at: This report excludes branches located at: (Title) (Date) DEPARTMENT OP Health, Education, and Welfare OFFICE OF EDUCATION Washington 25, D. C. OFFICIAL BUSINESS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Research and Statistical Services Room 4263 Bureau of the Budget No. 51-R162.9. Approval expires 12-16-57. 152 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 j N_ j R_ J c_ Jt_ jx |a |l Porm R3H 50-57 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Washington 25, D. C. Budget Bureau No. 51-R149.7 Expires I2-3I-58 COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON ENROLLMENT (SUMMER SESSION AND FALL): 1957 If your institution has NO branches, check here [ This report INCLUDES branches as follows: The Registrar Aggregate United States 1,940 Institutions This report EXCLUDES branches as follows:. TO THE REGISTRAR: This COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON ENROLLMENT is the b&sle national report on enrollment in institutions of higher education in the United States. Data from this report will be issued in at least two publications: one giving the principal figures for each individual college or university; and another providing a statis¬ tical analysis of the data. As in previous surveys by the Office of Education, the fundamental distinction between deg:' e ©-credit and non-degrse-eredlt enrollment is maintained in the present questionnaire. Somewhat mere information is requested regarding enrollment in teralnal-occupational education; much less information is requested re¬ garding veteran students (only 3 figures, instead of the former I3). In completing the form, please refer to the accompanying sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS ,n Observance of these definitions will facilitate correct completion of the report, and add greatly to the value of the data by improving comparability of returns from different institutions. Information on college enrollment is essential for sound public understanding and enlightened educa¬ tional statesmanship. Tour prompt oooperatlon in completing this report will be deeply appreciated. HERBERT S. CONRAD, Director Research and Statistical Services SCHEDULE I.— ENROLLMENT IN SUMMER SESSION (S) AND/OR FOURTH QUARTER: 1957 a. If NO. summer session or fourth quarter, CHECK HERE □, and proceed to Schedule II on next page. b. Do not include any session of less than 2 weeks. Please indicate, in the blanks below, the number of weeks in each summer session and/or the fourth quarter. 0. Include only "DEGREE- CREDIT" studsnts (see definition No. 1 on sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS"). Number Enrolled Session or Quarter Men Women Total 47,243 25,414 72,657 1. rourtn quarter, . . . O O . . . “w— \ ^-y m ri A n P 1 NT /N 1 "K 11 1 PP 1/ C 433,083 375,222 808,305 4. summer session ino. i, . . . 155,226 110,656 265,882 3. Summer session in o. . . . 4. Summer session No. 3,* . weeks . 24,682 19,052 43,734 * In schools with more than one summer session, the first may be considered “No. 1”; the second, “No. 2”; etc. In the case of (say) an 8-week session which may be attended either as a whole, or during the first 4 weeks as a unit, or during the second 4 weeks as a unit, the full 8-week session may be considered “No. 1”; the first 4-week session, “No. 2”; and the second 4-week session, No. 0. Students enrolled for both Session 2 and Session 3 as separate units should be reported in each of these sessions (not in the full 8-week session) . (OVER) HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 153 SCHEDULE II.— SPECIAL AND UNCLASSIFIED STUDENTS: 1st SEMESTER OR 1st QUARTER, 1957-58 (Resident students taking degree-credit work, but NOT enrolled for a certificate, diploma, or degree- see definition No. 3 en sheet entitled “SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS”) Group Men Women Total 5. Enrollment of speoial and unclassified students . 115,297 77,102 192,399 (These students, reported here as a whole, are also to be included in items 6-9 below.) i SCHEDULE III.— RESIDENT DEGREE-CREDIT STUDENTS: 1st SEMESTER OR 1st QUARTER, 1957-58 NOTE.- -DO NOT INCLUDE adult-education students, nor 3tudsnt3 in terminal-occupational programs requiring less than 4 years of full-time attendance for oorapletion. (Report such students in Schedule IV or V.) Also DO NOT INCLUDE any enrollments in extension, in courses by nail, radio, or TV, in short courses, or in Individual lessons only. (Report suoh enrollments in Schedule V.) Group Men Women Total RESIDENT 1/ DECREE-CREDIT g/ STUDENTS 6, Fi rgt-_t im e_ students (not previously enrolled as degree-credit students in any college. Include both ^ freTh^rTTirstEtime'ahd "special or unclassified" first-time students): a. Full-time (if exact count not available, make estimate) . . . . . . . . 364,111 236,559 600,670 b. Part-time (if exact oount not available, make estimate).. . . . 90,388 51,817 142,205 c. Total (item a + item b) . . . . . . 454.499 288,378 742,875 7. Total_ undergraduate and .first professional students . Inolude all students listed under item 6, plus all other resident degree-oredlTstudervts (whether day or evening, regular or "special and unclassified," %/ eto.) who are taking work prinolcally or wholly at the undergraduate or first professional level. Include all undergraduates in liberal arts and sciences, and also all students studying for the first a. Full-time (if exaot count not available, make estimate),.,,*,.... . . . . 1,344,387 685,274 2,029,661 Is. Part-time j/ (if exaot count not available, make estimate) . . . . 392,609 227,041 619,650 0. Total (item a + item b) . 1,736,996 912,315 2,649,311 8. Graduate students in liberal arts and sciences, and ~ students beyond the first professional degree 4/77 T. ...... . 198,349 80,254 278,603 Do not inolude students studying for the M.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., LL.B., B.I degrees; report these in item 7. Inolude "special and unclassified students' or wholly at graduate or advanced professional level. or other first professional ’ 2/ taking work principally 9. TOTAL /Item 7 (0) * item . . . . . . 1,935,345 992,569 2,927,914 1/ A "resident student" (in present context) is usually defined as one who takes his college work on the main campu3 or a branch campus, either in the day or evening. "Resident students" are usually contrasted with "extension students." 2 / A "degree-credit" student is one whose current ac&deaio program consists wholly or principally of work vhioh is normally creditable toward a bachelor's or higher degree, either in your own institution or upon transfer to another institution. (See definition No. 1 of "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS.") 2/ For definition of this phrase or term, see sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS." 4/ The first professional degree is the first degree signifying completion of the academic requirements for practice of a profession. Thus, the LL.B, B.S. in Eng'g, B.D. (Baohelor of Divinity), M.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., eto. are all first professional degrees. In most institutions, the M.L.S. (Master of Library Sclenoe) and the M.S.W. (Master of Soolal Work) arc also first professional degrees; and in some institutions, the M.B.A. (Master of Business Administration) is likewise the first professional degree in the field of business. Include all students studying for their "first professional degree" in the oount for item 7# and exolude them from item 3. 654235-62- 11 154 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 SCHEDULE IV. — RESIDENT NONDEGHEE- CREDIT STUDENTS l/: 1st SEMESTER OR 1st QTR., 1957-i>8 (Students on campus op on branch campus In (1) terminal-occupational education, op In (2) adult education) GROUP MEN WOMEN TOTAL Do not inolude here any enrollment classified In your instltut Sohedule V only, not hare. Report also in Sohedule V the onrollmen and in individual lessons only. 10. Resident enrollment in TERMINAL-OCCUPATIONAL eduoatlon 2/i a. Technician and/or s emiprof essional level . .' . ion as "extcnsic ,t in oourses by 98.387 in." Report suci call or TV, in * 32,693 1 enrollment in ihort courses, 131,080 b. Other terminal-occupational odue. (crafts man- oleri cal level) 11. Resident enrollment in ADULT EDUC. 3/ (Do not inolude here en- roTUT repor^aSle" In item l2e (extension) or in items 13-16.)., 8,335 7,300 15,635 72,737 70,787 143,524 1/ Rosidont students talcing courses which ape NOT normally creditable toward a bachelor’s op higher degree. 2/ Report in Item 10a or 10b only, not in Item 6 or 7 of Sohedule III. (See def. No. 6 of ’’SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS.^" 2/ Soe definition No. 8 on sheet entitlod ’’SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS." SCHEDULE V.— ENROLLMENT IN EXTENSION, IN COURSES BY MAIL OR TV, IN SHORT COURSES, AND IN INDIVIDUAL LESSONS: 1st SEMESTER OR Is t QUARTER, 19i>7-58 1. Do not Include enrollment at any oenter outside the United States, its territories, or possessions. 2. In eaoh data-line below, report enrollment rather than registration. Thus, in line 12o, a single indi¬ vidual registered for 2 or more courses in Adult Education is to be oounted as one enrollee. If necessary, please estimate the unduplicated enrollment. 3. Do not inolude students enrolled in a s eoondary or preparatory department of a oollege or university (i.e., a department devoted primarily to completing the preparation of students for admission). CROUP MEN WOMEN TOTAL 12. EXTENSION COURSES H/i a. Enrollment in DECREE-CREDIT oourses . [ 114 .754 126,456 241,210 b. Enrollment in TERMINAL-OCCUPATIONAL^ eduoatlon 2/: (1) Technician and/or semi prof essional level . 22,253 2,768 25,021 (2) Other terminal-occupational educ. ( oraftsman-olerioal le- vei) 3,877 813 4,690 c. Enrollment in ADULT EDUCATION 6/ . 61,377 46,147 107,524 d. TOTAL of items above . 202,261 176,184 378,445 I3. Coursos by MAIL 2/: a, DEGREE-CREDIT enrollment . 45,825 52,412 98,237 b. NONDEGREE-CREDIT enrollment . 73,545 20,098 93,643 14. Courses by TV or RA DI 0 - - DEGREE - CRE DIT only— ~~ taken al~ FiomeT^oFflceT^etc. fa way from college or university).. 2,636 2,600 5,236 15. Enro llmervt in JajgORT^ COURS ES (conventional or face-to-face ' LwTructi^rT^InotTVor^radi 0 ) 8/. . . . 97,179 90,879 188 ,058 16. Students, enrolled for J N DI VI QUA L^ESSONSONLY (as in music, ~~ art, speech, etcT)-- both adu rts^^n^oTilTdrerfi . 9,146 16,631 25,777 4/ See definition No. 7 and paragraph numbered I3 on sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS.” 2/ See definition No. 6 on sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS." 6/ See definition No. 8 on sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS." 2/ See paragraph numbered 14 on sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS." 8/ See definition No. 3 on sheet entitled "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS." «> PLEASE TURN TO THE NEXT PAGE 4- HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 155 EXHIBIT A.— DEGREE-CREDIT VETERAN STUDENTS: 1st SEMESTER OR 1st QUARTER, 1957-58 This exhibit identifies and enuner&tes certain groups already included in previous sohedules. PLEASE INCLUDE only veteran students drawing benefits under Publlo Laws 8^4 and 550 who are degree-credit students (resident or extension). DO NOT INCLUDE veterans who are enrolled in (a) termlnal-oooupational pro grans requiring less than 4 academic years of full-time attendance for completion, (b) adult oduoatlon, (o) nondegree- eredlt courses by nail, radio, or TV, (d) "short oourses," or (o) individual lesoons only. 17* 18. GROUP Veterans under Public Law 89U (disabled "Korean veterans” ENROLLMENT 8,064 Veterans under, Public Law 550 ("Korean veterans," other than those un3er^PublI^135r^9liTs (a) First-time students under P.L. 550 (not previously enrolled as degree-credit students in any college)........ . •••• 73,635 (b) Total enrollment under P.L. 550 (including those in (a) above other undergraduates, and graduate students) . . .7. •••••• y 429,863 TUITION AND REQUIRED FEES 19. What is the APPROXIMATE typical charge in tuition and required fees for the current academic year? Answer this question on the basis of charges to the typical undergraduate , nonveteran, in-State, full-time student. Do NOT include charges for board and room, nor voluntary fees for student activities, intercollegiate activities, etc. APPROXIMATE TYPICAL CHARGE (academic year) . $ INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY (Name) (Title) (Date) PLEASE CHECK to make sure you hove supplied information requested on first page regarding BRANCH INSTITUTIONS. 156 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 L FORM RSH-S3(58) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Washington 25, D. C. BUDGET BUREAU NO. S WR234. 1 EXPIRES 12/31/66 ENROLLMENT IN ACADEMIC YEAR 1957-58 If your institution has NO branches, check here This report INCLUDES branches as follows: □ The Registrar Aggregate United States 1,890 Institutions This report EXCLUDES branches as follows: (Submit separate reports for these) August 30, 1958 TO THE REGISTRAR: Once in four years the Office of Education collects data on enrollment for the academic year. There is considerable demand for this information, because no other- data on enrollment portray the full enrollment -load carried by the colleges and universities. Normally this request is made a few weeks after the close of the school year, and we apologize for the lateness of the request this year, but let us assure you that the data are urgently needed. Schedule A of the form on the reverse side requests ac ademic -year enrollment data for resident degree -credit students. Schedule B requests data on academic - year enrollment in extension. The figures to be entered in these two schedules should not be smaller than the corresponding enrollment recorded by your institu¬ tion on the form, “COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON ENROLLMENT (SUMMER SESSION AND FALL): 1957,” since these two schedules include students who entered subsequently to the first semester or quarter. Many schools will have only six basic figures to report (first -time students, total undergraduate, and graduate students, by sex). Only a few institutions will have anything to report in Schedule C . which pertains to certain types of sub- collegiate enrollment. In completing the form, please refer to the accompanying sheet entitled, "SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS." We earnestly solicit your prompt attention to this request, of our appreciation of your continued cooperation. Sincerely yours, Please be assured Herbert S. Conrad, Director Research and Statistical Services Branch OVER HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 157 SCHEDULE A _ RESIDENT' DEGREE 'CREDIT2 STUDENTS; ACADEMIC YEAR 1957-58 NOTE: Include enrollment In first semester or quarter plus students not enrolled in first semester or quarter who entered in second semester (or in second or third quarter, if on ‘quarter* system). Include late registrations. Do NOT include summer sessions or summer quarter. DO NOT INCLUDE adult-education students, nor students in terminal-occupational programs. Also DO NOT INCLUDE enrollments in extension, in courses by mall or TV. in short courses, or in individual lessons only. Group Men Women Total 1. First-time3 students. (Not previously enrolled as degree-credit students in anv colleae) . 528,997 323,311 852,308 Include both freshman first-time and 'special or unclassified*3 first-time students. If any first-time students entered during the second semester (or during the second or third quarter), the number to be reported here should exceed that given in your previous report on Form RSH-50-57, 'Comprehensive Report on Enrollment (Summer Session and Fall): 1957.* 2. Total undergraduate and first professional students . 1,947,701 1,020,292 2,967,993 Include all students listed under item 1, plus all other resident degree-credit students (whether full-time or part-time, day or evening, regular or 'special and unclassified,*3 etc.) who are taking work principally or wholly at the undergraduate or first professional level. Include all undergraduates in liberal arts and sciences and also all students studying for the first professional degree4 in their field. 3. Graduate students in liberal arts and sciences, and students beyond the first professional degree4 . 242,816 102,808 345,624 Include 'special and unclassified students*3 taking work principally or wholly beyond the bachelor's or first profes¬ sional degree. Do NOT include students studying for the M.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., LL.B., B.D., or other first professional degrees; report these in item 2. 4. TOTAL (item 2 + item 3) . 2,190,517 1,123,100 | 3,313,617 1 A ‘resident student* (in present context) is usually defined as one who tabes his college work on the main canyus or a branch campus, either in the day or evening. ‘Resident students* are usually contrasted with ‘extension students.* 2 A 'degree-credit* student is one whose current academic program consists wholly or principally of work which is normally creditable toward a bachelor's or higher degree, either in your own Institution or upon transfer to another institution. (See definition No. 1 of 'SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS.*) 3 For definition of this phrase or term, see sheet entitled *SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS.* 4 The first professional degree is the first degree signifying completion of the academic requirements for practice of a profession. Thus, the LL.B, B.S. in Eng'g., B.D. (Bachelor of Divinity), M.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., etc., are all first professional degrees. In most institutions, the M.L.S. (Master of Library Science) and the M.S.W. (Master of Social Work) are also first professional degrees; and in some institutions, the M.B.A. (Master of Business Administration) is likewise the first professional degree in the field of business. Include all students studying for their *flrst professional degree* in the count for item 2, and exclude them from item 3. SCHEDULE B— ENROLLMENT IN EXTENSION:5 ACADEMIC YEAR 1957*58 NOTE: Do NOT Include summer sessions or summer quarter. Do NOT Include students taking courses by mail, radio, or TV or students in short courses, or in individual lessons only-fas in music, art, speech, etc.) Group Men Women Total 5. Enrollment in extension courses: a. Enrollment6 in degree-credit courses in extension . b. Enrollment6 in nondegree-credit courses in extension (terminal-occupational and adult education) . c. Total (sum of a and b) . 161 1 319 176.584 337,903 118,114 74,338 192,452 279,433 250,922 530,355 SSee definition No. 7 of *SOkC BASIC DEFINITIONS.* ® A person registered for two or more degree-credit courses in extension during the academic year should be counted as only one student on line 5a. Similarly, a person registered for two or more nondegree- credit courses should be counted as only one student on line Jb. If nec¬ essary, please estimate the unduplicated enrollment for each line. A person who was registered for both degree and nondegree work in exten¬ sion should be counted once on each line. (See item No. 13 of 'SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS.*) SCHEDULE C.— ENROLLMENT IN NURSERY, ELEMENTARY, AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS OPERATED AND CONTROLLED BY YOUR INSTITUTION: 1957*58 NOTE: Include enrollment in (a) schools or educational projects maintained by the institutions in order to facilitate practice¬ teaching and/or directed observation by students of education, psychology, social work, home economics, etc.; (b) a sec¬ ondary or preparatory department maintained by the institution, and devoted primarily to completing the preparation of stu¬ dents for admission to the college; and (c) schools maintained by the institution as a part of a religious community. Do not include pupils in schools which are part of the public school system. If this schedule is not applicable to your institution, please enter 'NONE.* Group Boys Girls Total 6. Enrollment in nursery school . 2,932 2,907 5,839 7. Enrollment in kindergarten . 8. Enrollment in grades 1-8, inclusive . 9. Enrollment in grades 9-12, inclusive . 2.985 2.903 5,888 2 5 , 837 25.478 51,315 26.050 17,664 43,714 10. Number of students completing 12th grade (or equivalent) during the academic year 1957-58 . 5,971 4,619 10,590 158 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Fora RSH-2(58) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE ***£•* Bureau no. 5l-l59.il Office of Education Approval expires 10/15/58 Washington 25, D.C. SURVEY OF EARNED DEGREES GRANTED DURING YEAR 1957-58 if The Registrar Aggregate United States 1,365 Institutions your Institution has NO branohes, oheek here □ Tnis report INCLUDES degrees awarded to students at branches as follows: This report EXCLUDES degrees awarded to students at branohes as follows: PLEASE REFER TO DIRECTIONS ON SEPARATE SHEET MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY NUMBER OF DEGREES CONFERRED 1st -level degree in given field of study ( lnol. 1st prof, degree) 2d-level degree in given field of study Dootorato (do not include 1st pro¬ fessional degrees) Msn Women Men Women Man Wes isn (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7 ) zxx AGRICULTURE: lull ill If ill iMf m DO NOT INCLUDE Hone Soonoalos (report In lteas 107-113) or Forestry (report in ltea 086). Also DO NOT INCLUDE— jkgrleultnr&l goon sales (item 149) Agricultural Education (item 044) Agricultural Engineering (ite» 065) Bo tiny (item 017) Entomology (item 023) Genetics, Inol. sxp'tal breeding (item 024) Hone Seonomlos Education (item 048) Landscape Architecture (item 0l4) 1/ Plant Pathology (ltem029) Plant Physiology (itom 030) 001 Agronomy, Field Crops . 002 Anlfeal Husbandry . 003 Dairy Husbandry . 621 3 217 2 77 0 1,273 33 205 2 64 0 243 10 “ 52 2 25 0 004 Dairy Manufacturing, Dairy Technology . 204 3 44 0 10 0 005 Farm Kgt. (distinguish froa Agrlc. Egon., item 149).... 80 0 6 0 1 0 90 2 22 0 17 1 ■ 007 Kortlculturs (fruit and vegetable production) . 008 Ornamental Horticulture (Florlculturo, Nursery Mimageasnt, Landscape Gardening 1/) . 304 8 105 4 34 2 171 10 10 1 0 0 009 Poultry Husbandry . 129 2 48 0 20 1 010 Soils (Soil Soi., Soil Hgt., Soil Conservation) . 140 0 69 0 34 2 . Oil AGRIOJLTURE, other speoifio major fields 2/) . . 516 3 65 1 11 0 012 AGRICULTURE, general. (General agrio. curriculum, without major specialization) . . 1,512 15 64 0 10 0 013 AGRICULTURE— NOT FURTHER CLASSIFIED y . 151 2 14 0 0 0 1/ Distinguish Landscape Gardening froa Landscape Architecture; the latter Is to be included in item 0l4, as part of "Architecture." 2/ Include degrees in specialized fields not listed above, suoh as irrigation, viticultva’ e, eto. 2/ Use this category only when there is no inforaatlon on the nature ef the ourrloulum pursued within Agriculture. 014 Architecture. (Distinguish froa Architectural Engineer- ing, which should be included as part of "Engineering," in ltea 065.) . . . 1,536 76 216 15 5 0 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES MAJOR FIELD OF STOUT NUMBER OP DEGREES CONFERRED 1st -level dug ree la given field of study (inoL let prof, degree Kea Woaoa 2d-level degree ia given field of study Voaea Doctorate (do not include 1st pro¬ fessional degrees) Mot Women (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: 015 Pre-aedisal, pre-dental, and pre-veterinary soienoes 4/ 016 Biology, gqneral^/. . 017 Botany, general . . . . . 018 Zoology, general. . . 3,728 234 18 4,759 2,053 321 149 103 210 98 128 32 103 1*521 J£2 2k I JL2L 27 11 22. 019 Anat tssj end Histology . 020 Baoteriology, Virology, Ifyoelegy, Parasitology . 021 Biochemistry..... . . 022 Biophysios . . . . . . 023 Entomology . . . 024 Genetics (inol. exp'tal plant A aniaal breeding) . ... Microbiology: report in item 020 . 025 Optoaetry (pre-prgfesslenal baoheler'o degree) %/ . 026 Patholegy (exoept Pleat Paths legy, item 02?) . 027 Pharaaeelsgy (fer Phanaaey, see itea 0?8) . 028 Physiolegy (except Plant Physiol., item 030) . . 023 Plant Pathology . . . . . 030 Plant Physiology . . . 031 BIO LX I GAL SCIENCES, aU ether 6/ . 55 22 2L >62 251 184 65 UL 2ZL 22. 212 21 222. 10 14 107 81 20 36 44 34 70 15 63 15 64 42 14 132 15 76 36 11 21 JLZ. 10 4/ pistlnguleh "Pre-eedieal, pra-dsntal, end pre-Tsterinary scicaees" frsa "Blolo®r, general" (ltca 016). The fores*, in general, includes eurrleulusn in whioh the prs-aadleal soi cooes prodoaisate, without specialization in any one specific subject. The last year or tv*> of such a curriculum is frequently toksn in a ■Pdloal, dental, or veterinary sohool. "Bielogr, general" typically inoludes currioulnns oriented toward preparation for the teaching of biclogr in high sohool •r 00 1 lege, or toward further specialised study in such fields as Bierobiolosr, entomology, genetiss, etc. Wfcero the distinction between iteas 015 and 016 is diffleult to sake, classify in ths broader category, itea 016. NOTE: Students Intending after graduation to enter schools of Gsdioine, dentistry, cr veterinary Bedioine are net necessarily scrolled in pra-eedleal, pre-dental, or pre-vetcrlnary pregraas (ltas 015); sobs of them ehooso to take core specialized progress, in whioh ease their degrees should be reported in 019 ’■inatosrr and Histolcsy," 021 "Biocfceaistry," etc* J/ The ucual prefeoaienal degree in Optoaetry, awarded upon oespletien ef a eirrieulua qualifying the student te prac¬ tise cptaaetry, is te be reparted in item 0j6, under the "HEALffi PROFESSIONS." y Inolud* degrees ia specialised er adraaeed fields net listed abere, such as cytology, eabryology, morphology, marine biology, ecology, eto. DO NOT INCLUDE degrees fer work beyond the H.D., D.D.S., er D.V.M. in such olinioal sciences as cardiology, ophthalossie^, radiology, 'erthedonties, etc. (ose itoao 103-105). X33 BUSINESS AND CCI3SRS2: 032 Accounting . 10,411 437 452 22 16 1 033 Hotel 4 Restaurant Administration . 034 Secretarial Studies . 355 20 10 0 0 0 47 1 236 2 1 2 0 ... Bus. Educ., Co32ereial Eduo.: report in item C46 . T . i ' ... Eoononios: report in itea 143 . . ... Foreign Service Prograas (consular and diplo- satio): report in itea 150 . " _ ... Industrial Relations: report in itea 151 . . ■ 1 035 BUSINESS 4 COMMERCE, other speoiflo s»Jor fields 7/,#* 18,669 1,065 1,863 65 44 2 036 BUSINESS 4 C0?2ffiRCI, gaasmi. (General curriculum lx Bus. 4 Coa., without major epeoializatica) 8/ . 037 BUSINESS 4 COMMERCE — NOT FURTHER CLASSIFIED y . 17,139 1,132 1,296 46 35 1 665 78 273 11 7 1 1/ Include degrees in apoel&lised fields not Hated aboTs, euoh as Insurance, Marketing, Real Estate, ete. 8/ Inolude here etudaata teio majored ia "Business and Eeoooiaiea." Include also "pre-law" students awarded a bache¬ lor' e degree after 3 years of an unspeolallzed eurriouluz ia Businass 4 Cow&sree plus 1 yso? cf Law. 2/ Use this oategory only when there Is no lnforaatlca on the nature of the eurrleulua pursued within Euuineso 4 Commerce. 160 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 3. MAJOR FIELD 0? STUDT (1) HUMBER OF DEGRESS CONFERRED lot-level degree is given field of study (inol. let prof, degree) 2d-level degree 1 la given field of study Men Women M*a Women (2) (3) (4) (5) inolude 1st pro- fesslonal degrees) (6) Women (7) EDUCATION: (Do not classify any E da oat Ion degree In mors than one Eduoatlon category) 10/ ... Specialized Teaching Fields: 038 Piysioal Educ. (separate ourrioulum; or oomblned curriculum with Health Educ. or Recreation) . (separate curriculum, not part of 040 Recreation (eeparata ourrioulum) ... . . . 039 Health Edue item 038). 7,707 J& 259 ML 152 .42 57 371 ^6 31 59 12 11 29 04l Eduoatlon of Exceptional Children (all areas czeept 042 and 043 below) . 042 Education of Mentally Retarded . 46 157 85 215 48 136 -21 043 Speech Correction . . . H3 457 72 93 19 044 Agricultural Eduoatlon . 045 Art Education . . . 046 Business Eduoatlon, Csmssrolal Eduoatlon . 047 Distributive Education (retail selling)..... . 048 Home Economics Eduoatlon . 049 Industrial Arts Education (Non-vooational) . For Trade & Ind, Eduo, (Vocational), see 051 050 Musio Education . . . . . ... Religious Education: report In item 134 . 051 Trade 4 Industrial Eduo. ( Vocational) . ....... ......... For Trad# & Industrial Training, see Item 155 052 SpeaiallzGd Teaching Fields, all other 11/ . General Teaching Fields: 053 Nursery and/or Kindergarten Education..... . 054 Early Childhood Eduo. (thru Primary Gradec) . . 055 Elea sailary Education . . 056 Scosndary Ed. (inol. Jr. High Sohool)— see footnote 12 057 Combined Elea, and Second. Ed. (unified curriculum)... 058 Adult Education . O59 Other (specify) _ ... ... Sohool Llbrarl&nship, Sohool Library Soi.: report in 115 060 Counseling 4 Guid. 1 3/, Eduo. Admin. 4 Superv., 1,342 373 571 1,074 1.945 3,209 60 25. 3,369 3,299 39 2,200 786 320 3,299 883 126 Educ. Finance, Curriculum, Compar. Eduo. 06l Eduoatlon, general (without speolflo concentra¬ tion)— 2nd- level or"T3gh*r cfcgreos only 14/.T. . 062 Other (specify) _ _ _ _ ■ , O63 EDUCATION — Pr« -professional bachelor's degree only l*te/ . . . *064 EDUCATION— NOT FURTHER CLASSIFIED . 76 13 38 237 2,55 2L 847 528 2.978 142 144 306 312 4£ 2£l 252 480 675 182 224 37,004 558 210 47 82 638 1,231 L2 61 353 24 539 16 273 4,475 j£L 21 301 5,014 3q-629, 91 713 7S7 J25. 12 320 2,318 3.137 87 13 11 19 34 16 89 42 ML 22 389 359 38 483 96 11 23L 23 LL 10 69 77 18 25 10/ If a student's major falls about equally within 2 educational fields— e.g., Elementary Eduo. and Musio Eduo.— the degree should be classified In the more specialized or restricted of the 2 fields (in this 0949, Music Eduo.). 11/ laclude degrees In specialized teaching fields not listed above, such as Arts 4 Crafts Education, Nursing Educa¬ tion, Science Education, Conservation Eduoatlon, eto. 12/ Sae paragraph^ of the "DIRECTIONS." (Veig important 1 ) 13/ Inolude degrees in curricula for vocational rehabilitation counseling and for col logo student personnel wrrk. 14/ Item 06l is Intended for degrees based on unspsclallzsd work In Edusatioo, usually accompanied by see® work la another field such as Biology, English, History, eto. P«* inclusion la item 06l, the work In S&i cation mint predominate (i.e., comprise more than half the student's work for the degree). 14^/ Bachelor’s dsgreo In Eduoatlon, not fulfilling requirements for a teaching credential, but port of a regular 5-year credential program. JL§/ Use this category only when there Is no Information on the nature of the eirrloulua pursued. HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 161 4. NUMBER OF DEGREES CONFERRED MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY lst-level degree in given field of stu2. 24/ Inolude degrees beyond the D.D.S. or D.M.D. for work in suoh olinio&l soienoes as Orthodontios, Pedodontology, Perlodontology, and Prosthodontia. 25/ Include degrees beyond th« M.D. for work in such ollnioal soienoes as Cardiology, Ophthalmology, Radiology, Neurology, Surgery, eto. (For degrees in ths "Biologloal Soienoes”— including suoh fields as Physiology, Anatomy and Histology, Phartnaoology, Baoterlology, and Patholosr — see Items 015-031.) xxx HOKE ECONOMICS: U/ 107 Hobs Eoonomlos, general curriculum . 108 Child Development, Family Relations . 109 Clothing and Textiles . 110 Foods and Nutrition . 111 Institution Management, Institution Acfalnls tratlon. 112 HOME ECONOMICS, other speolflo major fields 22/.... 113 HOME ECONOMICS— NOT FURTHER CLASSIFIED 20/ . 26/ DO NOT INCLUDE: Home Eoonoaios Eduoatlon (report in item 048); Hotel and Restaurant Administration (report in item 033) ; cr Food Technologr (report in item 006), 27/ Inolude degrees in specialized fields not listed above, suoh as Family Eoonomlos and Management, Hone Furnish¬ ings, Housing and Equipment, eto. 28/ Use this category only when thers is no Information On ths nature of ths ourrloulum pursued in Home Economics. 2 2,351 1 146 0 4 . 2 331 3 54 8 3 3 430 0 73 0 1 11 547 3 79 0 3 6 I64 0 12 0 0 12 382 0 42 1 3 0 71 0 34 0 0 HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 163 6. MAJOR FIELD OF STUDY NUMBER OF DEGREES CONFERRED lst-level degree in given field of stu■ HIGHER EDUCATION — FACULTY, STUDENTS, AND DEGREES 165 4 2/ Inolude degrees, based on at least 4 years of college work. In such fields as light building construction, heat¬ ing and ventilating, airplane mechanics, automotive maintenance, printing, tanning, teohnology below the level of engineer¬ ing, Industrial supervision, eto. (Distinguish from Trade and Industrial Education , item 051, whioh Is designed for the training of teachers. ) BROAD GENERAL CURRICULUMS AND MISCELLANEOUS FIELDS 156 Arts, General Program (without major field) 44/ . | 1,120 290 41 20 23 1 4 44/ Include degrees based on a variety of courses drawn mainly from the fields of literature, foreign languages, soolal sciences, philosophy, psychology, fine arts, eto. 157 Solences, General Program (without major field) 45/ . 1,496 396 | 1 134 39 0 0 45/ Include degrees based on a variety of courses drawn mainly from the fields of the physical soienoes, the blologloal soienoes, and mathematics. 673 4L rr 907 158 Arts & Soienoes, General Program 46/ . 46/ Inolude degrees based cn a broad variety of oourses drawn mainly from the fields of the humanities ■' Including literature, philosophy, etc,), solence, and social science. 159 MAJOR FIELDS OF STUDY NOT CLASSIFIABLE ABOVE— speoify below: 47/ 286 82 95 12 20 4 47/ Inolude suoh fields as: Archaeology; Paleontology ; Demography (Population Statlstios) ; History of Solenoe; Medloal Art; Medloal Records Llbrarlanshlp; Records Management (when a major field, ooverlng more than applications to Business and Commerce alone); Conservation (if a varied ourrioulum, not classifiable under, sey, "Agriculture, other speoiflo major fields," "Biological Scionoes, all other," or "Forestry"); Child Development (if a ourrioulum different from that under Home Eoonomlcs, Item 108, and If not classifiable In Psychology, item 133); Mass Communications (enoom- passlng segments of Soolal Psychology, Education, Advertising, Journalism, and Radlo-TV); etc. THE FOLLOWING CATEGORY (item 160) should not be used exoept In unusual cases where Information is missing: 160 Major field not Identified..... . . . 256 34 12 9 0 0 000 GRAND TOTAL, ALL DEGREES, July 1, I957 - June 30, 1958.,, 242,943 122,800 44,252 21,362 7,978 964 The U. S. Offloe of Education deeply appreciates your cooperation in completing this report., INFORMATION SUPPLIED BY _ _ (Name) (Title) (Date) PLEASE CHECK to make sure you have eupplled Information requested on first pago regarding BRANCH INSTITUTIONS. GPO 9 42 69 8 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1962 DEPARTMENT OF IEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELF/U, JAN2 11963 LIBRARY . i PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300 (GPO) DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Washington 25, D.C. United States Government Printing Office OFFICIAL BUSINESS If you do not desire to continue to receive Office of Education publications, please check here □; tear off this label and return it to the above address. Your name will then be removed promptly from the appropriate mailing list. OE 50023-58 REF L 111 . A32 L SURVEY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1956-58 1956/58 chap. 4 sec. 2 STATISTICS OF Higher Education 1957-58 RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY U S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE . . . Office of Education Highlights Receipts + The total current income of all higher education institutions in 1957-58 amounted to more than $4.6 billion, nearly twice the amount reported 8 years earlier in 1949-50. + Universities, colleges, and professional schools received more than $775 million from the Federal Government; this was the equivalent of al¬ most $4.50 for every person in the Nation. More than two-thirds of this amount was for the support of research projects. + Gifts from philanthropic organizations and individuals totaled nearly $748 million, or $4.31 per capita of total population. More than a quarter of this amount went into permanent endowment funds. Expenditures + Current expenditures of all higher education institutions in the Nation totaled more than $4.5 billion. This amount was 1.27 percent of the total of all personal income reported for 1957, the highest to date. + More than $131 million was awarded in the form of fellowships, scholar¬ ships, and other types of student aid. + The total payroll of higher education institutions (not including student aid) was wTell over $2.6 billion. In addition to this, staff benefits (often called fringe benefits) amounted to $111 million. Property + The total assets of higher education (buildings, grounds, endowment, etc.) amounted to nearly $17 billion. Ten percent of this amount was held by five large institutions. + Buildings, grounds, and equipment were valued at $11.2 billion. Nearly 10 percent were less than a year old. + The total of all endowment funds was slightly over $4.6 billion. Nearly one-fourth was held by 6 large institutions, and the remaining three- fourths was divided among 1,200 institutions. Of the more than 725 institutions without any endowment funds, 74 were private liberal arts colleges. OE-50023-58 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES . . 1956-58 CHAPTER 4 Section Hr ' fc) STATISTICS OF Higher Education 1957-58 RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY #5* / By Henry G. Badger, Program Specialist DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFA 2 1 1962 LIBRARY US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE . . Abraham Ribicoff, Secretary <7 'Office of Education . Sterling M. McMurrin, Commissioner Biennial Survey of Education in the United States 1956-58 Chapter 1. Statistical Summary of Education, 1957-58 Chapter 2. Statistics of State School Systems : Organization, Staff, Pupils, and Finances, 1957-58 Chapter 3. Statistics of Local School Systems {No statistics collected for the biennium.} Chapter 4. Statistics of Higher Education, 1957-58 Section I. Faculty, Students, and Degrees Section II. Receipts, Expenditures, and Property Chapter 5. Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58 Each chapter of the Biennial Survey is printed separately as soon as completed. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1961 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. ' Price $1.00 Foreword In COMPLIANCE with an act of the Congress approved March 2, 1867, the U.S. Office of Education has collected and published data on the finances of higher education since 1869-70. The reports were annual until 1915-16; since 1917-18 they have been biennial. The present report is the 21st in the biennial series and the 68th in the entire series. A 3-page summary of much of the present compilation was made available as advance data in September 1960; before its publication photocopies of certain basic tables were made available as special needs for data arose. Among items included in 1957-58 for the first time in the biennial series are (1) payroll and staff benefits, (2) gifts and grants of plant assets, and (3) a more detailed analysis than previously of private gifts and grants for non- current purposes. The analytical work which forms a large part of this report has been en¬ larged in three ways: (1) The classification of institutions has been extended and made more realistic by the separation of technical institutes and semi- professional schools from the general junior college group. (2) So far as possible, the historical data have been adjusted from a continental United States basis (which had not included Alaska, Canal Zone, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii) to include all under the designation “aggregate United States. ” (3) Historical data on income and property have been extended back to 1909-10. The revised questionnaire was prepared under the direction of Herbert S. Conrad, former Director of the Educational Statistics Branch, and J. Harvey Cain, who served as chief consultant during this phase of the study. General direction of the study was under Justin C. Lewis, Head, Higher Education Statistics Unit, and Emery M. Foster, Chief, Research Studies and Surveys Section. The thanks of the Office are extended to the many persons over the Na¬ tion whose cooperation made this study possible : the treasurers, comptrollers, business officers, and other officials of institutions who provided assistance in the development of the survey instrument and supplied the basic data. Ralph C. M. Flynt, Assistant Commissioner j or Research. Virgil R. Walker Director, Educational Statistics Branch. Contents Page Foreword - ill Source and Limitations of the Data - 1 General Trends - 3 Higher education as a whole _ 4 Historical background _ 4 The 1957-58 situation _ 6 Growth of large institutions _ 6 Institutions attended predominantly by Negro students _ 7 Institutions in outlying parts of the United States _ 11 Income (Receipts) - 11 Income from the Federal Government _ 12 Private gifts and grants _ 13 Current Income - 16 Educational and general income _ 17 Per capita income _ 17 Percentage analysis of current income _ 19 Student fees _ 21 Public sources _ 21 Research funds _ 26 Endowment earnings _ 28 Private gifts and grants _ 29 Contributed service _ 29 Related activities _ 29 Sales and services of educational departments _ _ 29 Other educational income _ 32 Total educational and general income _ 32 Chronological shifts _ 32 Internal sources _ 32 Philanthropy _ 33 Public sources _ 34 Auxiliary enterprises income _ 34 Student-aid income _ 34 Plant fund receipts _ 37 Loans to plant funds _ 39 Receipts for endowment and other nonexpendable funds _ 39 Current Expenditures - 40 Current expenditures and personal income _ 40 Percentage analysis of current expenditures _ 42 General administration and general expense _ 42 Instruction and departmental research _ 42 Libraries _ 43 Plant operation and maintenance _ 43 Related activities _ 43 Total educational and general expenditures, except organized research and extension. _ 48 Organized research _ 48 Extension and public services _ 48 Total educational and general expenditures _ 48 Chronological shifts _ 60 Auxiliary enterprises expenditures _ 61 v VI CONTENTS Page Institutional payroll _ 51 In general _ 51 In relation to current expenditures _ 51 Staff benefits _ 52 Student-aid expenditures _ 54 Total current expenditures _ 54 Expenditures for plant expansion _ 54 Property - 56 Plant and unexpended plant funds _ 56 Endowment and other nonexpendable funds _ 57 Endowment funds per student _ 58 Student loan funds _ 60 Appendix - 119 Types of institutions _ 119 Questionnaire _ 120 TEXT TABLES 1. Number of institutions, by type, control, region, and State: 1957-58 _ 2 2. Historical summary of higher education finance statistics: 1909-10 to 1957-58 _ 5 3. Income, expenditure, and property, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 _ 8 4. Finances of institutions attended predominantly by Negroes: 1957-58 _ 10 5. Income from Federal Government, by type and control of institution and by fund: 1957-58 _ 13 6. Private gifts and grants to higher education, per capita of total population, by fund: 1957-58 _ 14 7. Private gifts and grants to institutions of higher education, by type and control of institution and by purpose and source of gift: 1957-58 _ 14 8. Educational and general income from public sources per capita of total population in institutions of higher education, by region and State: 1957-58 _ 18 9. Private gifts and grants for current purposes per capita of total population and per stu¬ dent, in institutions of higher education, by control of institution, by purpose of gift, and by region and State: 1957-58 _ 20 10. Percentage analysis and amount of current income, by control and type of institution and by source of income: 1957-58 _ 22 11. Institutions utilizing fees from students for plant expansion or debt retirement, by con¬ trol and type of institution: 1957-58 _ 25 12. Educational and general income from public sources: 1949-50 to 1957-58 _ 25 13. Federal grants for research, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 _ 26 14. Income and expenditures for organized research, by source of funds, by type and con¬ trol of institution, and by predominant race of students: 1957-58 _ 27 15. Percentage analysis and amount of income for educational and general purposes (except research) for selected types of institutions, by control: 1957-58 _ 30 16. Estimated value of contributed service, by control and type of institution: 1949-50 to 1957-58 _ 32 17. Educational and general income, by type of source: 1909-10 to 1957-58 _ 33 18. Auxiliary enterprises fund operations, by purpose and by type and control of institution: 1957-58 _ 35 19. Student-aid fund operations, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 _ 36 20. Plant-fund receipts of institutions of higher education, by source: 1939-40, 1949-50, 1955-56 and 1957-58 _ 37 21. Loans to plant funds, by type and control of institution and by type of loan: 1957-58- 38 22. Receipts for endowment and other nonexpendable funds, by type and control of insti¬ tution: 1957-58 _ 39 CONTENTS VII Page 23. Percent of personal income devoted to higher education, by region and State: 1957-58 _ 41 24. Percentage analysis and amount of current expenditures, by control and type of insti¬ tution and by function: 1957-58 _ 44 25. Educational and generaEexpenditures in institutions of higher education, 1957-58, per resident degree-credit student, fall 1957 _ _ _ _ 49 26. Educational and general expenditures, by purpose: 1929-30 to 1957-58 _ 50 27. Institutional payroll in relation to selected current expenditures, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 _ 53 28. Staff benefits in relation to total payroll expenditures, by control and type of institu¬ tion: 1957-58 _ 54 29. Gross additions to plant value, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 _ 55 30. Current funds expended for plant additions in relation to gross additions to plant value and to total plant value at end of year, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 _ 55 31. Gross additions to plant value per student, by type and control of institution: 1957-58- 56 32. Value of physical plant, by control and type of institution: 1958 _ 57 33. Value of physical plant per student, by control and type of institution: 1958 _ 57 34. Endowment funds per student in institutions of higher education, by control and type of institution: 1958, 1956, and 1954 _ 59 35. Student loan funds, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 _ 60 STATE TABLES I. Current income of institutions of higher education, by purpose, source, and State: 1957-58 A. All institutions _ 62 B. Publicly controlled institutions _ 64 C. Privately controlled institutions _ 66 D. Four-year institutions _ 68 E. Junior colleges _ 70 II. Current expenditures of institutions of higher education, by purpose and State: 1957-58 A. All institutions _ 72 B. Publicly controlled institutions _ 74 C. Privately controlled institutions _ 76 D. Four-year institutions _ 78 E. Junior colleges _ 80 .ant fund receipts of institutions of higher education, by source and State: 1957-58 A. All institutions _ 82 B. Publicly controlled institutions _ 84 C. Privately controlled institutions _ 86 D. Four-year institutions _ 88 E. Junior colleges _ 90 IV. Plant fund expenditures of institutions of higher education, by purpose and State: 1957-58 A. All institutions _ 92 B. Publicly controlled institutions _ 93 C. Privately controlled institutions _ 94 D. Four-year institutions _ 95 E. Junior colleges _ 96 VIII CONTENTS V. Investment in plant of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58 Page A. All institutions _ 98 B. Publicly controlled institutions _ 100 C. Privately controlled institutions _ 102 D. Four-year institutions _ 104 E. Junior colleges _ 106 VI. Endowment, student loan, and annuity and living trust funds of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58 A. All institutions _ 108 B. Publicly controlled institutions _ 110 C. Privately controlled institutions _ 112 D. Four-year institutions _ 114 E. Junior colleges _ 116 Statistics of Higher Education, 1957-58 Receipts, Expenditures, and Property Source and Limitations of the Data DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ending in 1958 there were 1,940 institutions of higher education in the United States (including both the contiguous States and the outlying parts — see table l).1 Most of these institutions were small ones, offering liberal arts or professional training in a relatively simple organization; others were large, complex universities operating huge unified campuses or branches, some of them at sites far removed from that of the parent institution. The count of institutions in this section II of chapter IV of the Biennial Survey is the same as that in section I. This count is the number of ad¬ ministrative organizations reported by registrars and recorders — it is not a measure of the actual number of campuses. To illustrate: A university reported by its recording officer as a single institution is so carried in this compilation on finances even though it has branches scattered over several States.2 On the other hand, if reports from an institution indicate a multiple organization, each part actu¬ ally or virtually independent of the others, then the Office of Education carries this institution on the same basis in both sections of chapter 4 of the Biennial Survey. This reporting procedure on the part of the Office facilitates direct comparison of data on 1 Throughout this compilation tables having arabic numbers are nationwide summaries or derivative tables, and those having Roman numerals are State summaries. The former appear at various places in the text; the latter follow the text. 2 Branch campuses and extension centers of U.S. higher education institu¬ tions in foreign countries are not included. personnel with those on finance. It reflects the extremely flexible organization of higher educa¬ tion in the United States, something usually determined more by local needs, convenience, or purpose than by any broad State or national policy. The procedure unavoidably results in certain classifications and combinations, some arbitrary and some perhaps not obviously logical, but these classifications and combinations are necessary in order to make possible even the most rudimentary analysis. The basic data for this compilation were collected by means of a questionnaire, copies of which were sent to each of the 1,940 institutions of higher education in the United States, including outlying parts. This questionnaire is reproduced in ap¬ pendix II with aggregate United States totals entered on appropriate lines. Usable replies were received from 1,815 insti¬ tutions, which constituted 93.6 percent of the total number and which enrolled 97.7 percent of the degree-credit students in the fall of 1957. Extensive review was made of each question¬ naire. When data appeared inconsistent with data previously reported for an institution or were omitted altogether, queries were sent to the insti¬ tution concerned. Where necessary, the Office of Education or the institution made estimates. In this way it was possible to effect comparability of data among institutions. For the nonrespond¬ ing institutions, data were estimated on the basis of their previous financial reports or from related data on file in the Office of Education. l 2 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 1. — Number of institutions, by type, control, region, and State: 1957-58 Region and State Total all institu¬ tions Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technological schools Theo¬ logical schools privately con¬ trolled Other professional schools Junior colleges > Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Aggregate United States. _ 1, 940 82 59 79 653 170 29 24 21 148 14 118 302 241 Contiguous States _ 1,930 80 59 78 649 170 29 24 21 148 14 118 300 240 North Atlantic . „ 544 11 29 7 187 62 13 6 10 47 6 52 30 84 Connecticut... ... _ ... 29 1 1 12 4 3 2 1 5 Delaware... 4 1 1 2 District of Columbia . _ ... 23 4 1 4 1 1 6 6 Maine.. _ _ 19 1 8 4 1 2 1 2 Maryland.. _ ... 34 1 1 1 11 5 5 4 4 2 Massachusetts _ ... _ 83 1 5 27 10 3 2 2 4 2 10 2 15 New Hampshire .. 10 1 1 3 2 2 1 New Jersey _ _ 39 1 2 12 6 2 1 1 3 2 2 7 New York.’ _ _ 157 1 9 4 47 12 5 2 6 14 4 11 17 25 Pennsylvania _ _ _ 121 1 6 53 14 1 1 16 13 1 15 Rhode' Island . _ _ 11 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 Vermont _ 14 1 7 3 1 2 Great Lakes and Plains. 574 25 15 11 209 45 9 2 7 49 1 45 104 52 Illinois _ ... _ 101 1 5 2 31 4 3 1 15 16 11 12 Indiana _ ... _ 41 2 2 23 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 Iowa _ ... . 50 2 1 20 1 2 1 16 7 Kansas _ .. . _. .. ... 45 3 2 17 2 3 14 4 Michigan _ 58 3 1 1 18 4 1 1 6 6 14 3 Minnesota _ _ _ 43 1 16 5 7 4 9 1 Missouri ... . __ 59 1 3 1 16 6 8 6 7 11 Nebraska.. 22 1 1 1 8 4 1 1 4 1 North Dakota _ _ ... 12 2 1 5 4 Ohio _ _ _ 65 6 1 3 37 1 1 3 9 4 South Dakota . 16 2 6 4 1 3 Wisconsin.. .... ... _ _ 62 1 1 1 16 8 3 1 2 1 2 23 3 Southeast _ _ 409 20 6 35 159 37 3 3 1 21 4 5 35 80 Alabama _ _ _ _ 26 2 2 12 5 1 4 Arkansas .... 19 1 6 8 2 2 Florida _ .. _ _ 24 3 1 7 1 5 7 Georgia ... . ..... 48 1 1 5 16 2 1 2 2 1 9 8 Kentucky _ _ _ _ 39 2 1 14 4 1 5 1 11 Louisiana . __ _ 22 1 2 6 6 2 1 3 1 Mississippi __ . _ 39 2 2 8 4 15 8 North Carolina _ _ 58 2 1 4 22 6 2 4 17 South Carolina .. _ 30 2 2 17 1 2 1 5 Tennessee _ 44 1 1 2 26 4 1 2 2 5 Virginia. . . _ _ _ _ 41 2 2 16 2 1 1 4 1 1 11 West Virginia ._ . _ 19 1 3 7 6 2 West and Southwest 395 24 9 25 94 26 4 6 3 31 2 16 131 24 Arizona _ _ . ... 7 1 1 2 1 2 California _ _ _ _ ... 128 1 3 9 32 2 1 1 12 60 7 Colorado ... 33 2 1 3 3 1 15 7 1 Idaho _ _ 9 1 1 2 2 2 1 Montana. _ . . ... 11 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 Nevada . _ 1 1 New Mexico. _ ... _ _ 9 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 Oklahoma.. _ _ _ 32 2 1 4 5 5 10 5 Oregon. __ 27 2 2 9 3 1 5 1 1 1 2 Texas ... ........ 98 5 3 7 28 6 1 2 7 2 29 8 Utah _ 8 2 1 2 3 Washington ... _ _ _ 27 2 9 3 1 2 10 Wyoming _ 5 1 4 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS _ 8 7 1 Outlying Parts 10 2 1 4 2 1 Alaska _ _ _ _ 1 1 Canal Zone.. _ 1 1 Guam _ . _ 1 1 Hawaii _ _ _ .... .. 3 1 1 1 Puerto Rico _ _ _ _ 4 1 3 1 Includes 50 institutions classified as technical institutes or semiprofessional schools which do not offer programs consisting wholly or principally of work creditable toward a bachelor’s degree. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 3 It should be emphasized that the data in this publication relate only to moneys passing through the hands of college and university business offi¬ cers; funds utilized by students in defraying their personal expenses are not included except insofar as these funds were awarded to students through student-aid or scholarship programs or were paid by the students into college offices for tuition, board, room, etc. An example of this omission is found in the data on moneys paid by the Federal Government for veterans’ tuition and fees: this item does not include allowances paid directly to them by the Government for living expenses while in school. Again, salaries and expenses of military per¬ sonnel conducting ROTC programs are ordinarily omitted from the reports of all institutions except U.S. service academies. In the other institutions, these officers and training officials are paid directly from Federal appropriations, and the individual institutions as a rule have no data as to the amounts of money involved. The questionnaire used in the present study likewise did not attempt to obtain data on scholar¬ ships, fellowships, and other student-aid awards made directly to students by religious sects, boards, or congregations; or by educational associations, fraternal or social groups, corporations, and philan- thropically minded individuals. As compared with their number and value some years ago, these awards today undoubtedly have increased. General Trends Higher education finance participated in the general upward tendency in economic conditions which prevailed throughout the United States during the period under review. In almost every phase of activity measured by the data summa¬ rized in the present publication, the 1957-58 reports show increases over their 1955-56 counterparts (table 2). The total current income of the institutions increased nearly 29 percent, and private gifts and grants for current use (included in this total of current income) a little more than 32 percent. Federal contributions to institutions for veterans’ tuition and fees decreased nearly 68 percent: from nearly $16 million in 1955-56 to just over $5 million in 1957—58. This decrease resulted from the almost complete discontinuance of the World War II veterans’ education program and a change in Government procedure whereby the tuition of veterans of other armed conflicts was paid directly to the veterans instead of to the institutions. Another decrease, amounting to not quite 11 percent, was calculated in the “other sources” item. This decrease could conceivably be at¬ tributed to improvements in accounting practice and classification of data as much as to an actual diminution of income from the sources classified as “other” in 1955-56. A decrease of approximately 12 percent in gifts to annuity and living trust-fund principal completes the list of decreases in income. All the other items of income, all items of expenditure, and all items relating to value of property and funds held at the end of the year increased from 1955-56 to 1957-58. The increase was up to 45 percent expenditures for research, more than 63 percent in those for plant expansion, and 64 percent in funds available but not yet spent for that purpose. Private donations to the various forms of higher education activity totaled nearly three- quarters of a billion dollars. These donations included cash gifts amounting to more than $681 million, contributed services estimated at upward of $37 million, and plant assets (some of which may have come from nonprivate sources) amount¬ ing to $29 million. Approximately $358 million was intended for current use (including $32 million for student aid), $186 million for plant expansion, and $204 million for increase of per¬ manent or quasi-permanent funds. The total of $747,773,192 is the equivalent of $4.31 for every individual in the civilian popula¬ tion, estimated as of July 1, 1957, for continental United States and such of its outlying parts as maintained higher education facilities during the year under review. Disregarding the item of $29 million in plant assets donated, the net 4 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 of $718 million is the equivalent of $4.14 per person. Comparable averages for earlier years were $3.63 for 1955-56 and $2.59 for 1953-54. Higher Education as a Whole In 1958 the total permanent and quasi-perma¬ nent investment of the United States in buildings, grounds, equipment, and funds for higher educa¬ tion purposes amounted to a little more than $16.9 billion, not including working balances of current funds nor agency funds held by the various institutions in a fiduciary capacity as an accom¬ modation to students, faculty members, or gen¬ eral employees. This large figure was the equiva¬ lent of a little more than $5,788 for each of the 2,921,914 resident degree-credit students, full¬ time and part-time, registered in the fall of 1957. Of the total, approximately $11.2 billion (over $3,818 per student) was in the form of plant assets: land, buildings, improvements other than buildings, furniture, scientific equipment, live¬ stock, library books, etc. Funds set aside but not yet spent for plant expansion amounted to $956 million ($327 per student). Endowment funds totaled $4.6 billion, or $1,586 per student. Stu¬ dent loan funds amounted to $71 million ($24 per student) and funds held subject to annuity agree¬ ments (not pension funds) amounted to $91 million ($31 per student). Each of these figures represents an increase over its 1955-56 counter¬ part, both in total amount and in amount per student. The per-student figures apply only to the grand total of higher education. Although in 1958 all institutions had some plant assets, not all had funds of the three types listed here. For example, as will be shown later in table 34, 727 institutions (37.5 percent of the total of 1, 940) had no en¬ dowment funds of any type in 1958. These institutions enrolled approximately 23 percent of the total number of resident degree-credit students in the fall of 1957. The endowment of the remaining 1,213 endowed schools was $2,058 per student enrolled. The current expenditure budget of the 1,940 institutions in 1957-58 wras just over $4.5 billion, an increase of not quite 29 percent over the budget of $3.5 billion reported by 1,858 institu¬ tions for 1955-56. Historical background. — Until comparatively re¬ cent years, the profession of higher education finance and business management developed so slowly that it may be spoken of as a new profes- • sion. Records kept by early “college treasurers” (as they were frequently called) were usually sketchy and simple, and comparisons of data from one institution to another were hampered by | lack of uniformity in classification and definition of terms. The literature of higher education finance was limited in amount, more or less exploratory in type, and fragmentary in scope. Finance reports were apparently published by only a few insti¬ tutions; these reports, often containing only those details demanded by individual nonprofessional controlling bodies, exhibited the greatest variety in both form and content. For this and other reasons, although some data are available for many years back, the historical summary in this publication has been carried back only to 1910 (table 2). In that year the total current income of all institutions of higher education supplying reports (approximately 1,025 out of approximately 1,100 in existence at the time) was $82 million, of which $73 million was available for what are now de¬ scribed as educational and general purposes. Of this latter amount, 26 percent came from tuition and fees paid by students and 36 percent from public sources (Federal, State, and local govern¬ ments). Endowment earnings amounted to 17 percent of the total, and private gifts and grants (sometimes referred to as private benefactions), 5 percent. The remaining 16 percent came from miscellaneous sources (sales of byproducts of instructional departments, library fines, rent of institutional property for noninstitutional pur¬ poses, etc.).3 Charges for boarding and rooming facilities, gate receipts at athletic contests, ad¬ mission charges at lectures and concerts, and other receipts of activities not directly eductional in nature are excluded from this analysis, except where the data are so general as to make exclusion impossible. They are included, however, in the $82 million total current income already referred to. That same year (1910) the total permanent investment in physical assets of higher education, as reported to the Bureau (now Office) of Educa¬ tion, was a little more than $784 million. Of this amount, something over $460 million (approxi¬ mately 60 percent) was invested in physical plant 3 Table 16 itemizes these data in more detail. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY Table 2. — Historical summary1 of higher education finance statistics: 1909-10 to 1957-58 [Amounts in thousands of dollars] 5 Item 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1947-48 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 INCOME $82, 007 $200, 136 $556, 845 $720, 095 $2, 037, 770 $2, 390, 079 $2, 579, 364 $2, 966, 264 $3, 628, 773 $4, 675, 513 Educational and general _ 73, 041 173, 143 485, 348 575, 796 1, 546, 814 1, 846, 825 2, 035, 401 2, 356, 506 2, 881,759 3, 762, 532 Student fees 2 _ _ 19, 426 42,263 144, 624 201,831 305, 632 365, 136 43, 173 95, 270 24, 468 357, 900 47, 521 86, 708 91, 568 93, 024 395, 855 308, 432 48, 245 (4) 170, 356 500, 289 61,378 96, 370 118, 705 112,437 448, 395 147,513 49, 376 221, 105 35,418 620, 588 72,013 112, 927 149, 925 137, 010 554, 179 44, 368 50, 552 282, 379 42, 244 751, 556 88, 198 127, 533 191,258 165,477 725, 926 15, 637 72,616 355, 576 50, 056 891,600 106, 899 145, 040 245, 539 192,406 939,111 5, 056 83, 937 534. 389 89, 049 1, 156, 537 129. 389 181, 638 324, 970 199, 303 47, 448 71,705 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 2... Land-grant institutions 3 _ 2, 998 4, 709 16, 389 31, 889 Research 3 _ . _ Other purposes 1,815 « 21, 203 (6) 12, 681 2 3, 551 8, 074 6 61,864 <6) 26, 485 7, 585 4,269 6 152, 335 (6) 68, 620 26, 203 7, 648 153, 690 24, 392 71,364 40, 576 32, 894 State governments 5 _ _ Local governments . Endowment earnings... . . . Private gifts and grants . . Related activities . ... Sales and services of educational departments _ ..... Other educational and general _ Auxiliary enterprises ...... 11,367 22, 163 72, 908 11,512 36,414 34, 758 41,131 58, 762 80, 464 8, 966 0) <4) 26, 993 (0 (4) 60, 470 (4) 11,027 144, 299 0) <4) 466, 667 (4) 24, 289 513, 096 16,288 13,870 511,248 21,058 11,657 576, 840 32,918 693, 975 53, 039 841, 539 71,442 Student aid income 8 Other current income . . Receipts for plant expansion _ Federal Government . . .. 7 19, 855 19,219 82, 831 66, 306 365, 869 530, 435 356, 297 470, 340 826, 000 1,227,199 <9) 9 11,476 (9) 7 8, 379 (») 9 11,319 (9) 7, 900 (9) 9 31, 374 (9) 51,457 22, 987 18, 486 2,154 22, 679 (10) (10) (10) 53, 604 12, 362 285, 234 19,373 72, 629 140, 837 12, 660 144, 362 16, 075 71,616 111,584 8, 380 132, 897 13, 956 103, 900 211,207 13, 267 222, 751 17, 295 143, 177 429,510 63,011 376, 331 45, 454 157, 172 585, 231 State governments __ . . . Local governments . . . ... Private gifts and grants _ Miscellaneous receipts _ _ Private gifts and grants for fund increases _ _ _ 7 11, 156 $1, 514 63, 514 36, 377 75, 889 66, 939 96, 210 106, 538 197, 148 203,788 Endowment funds n . . . 7 11,156 (4) 0) 51,514 (4) <4) 63, 514 0) <4) 33, 629 2, 131 617 71,888 2, 729 1,272 62, 916 2, 472 1,551 92, 007 2, 863 1,340 100, 114 4, 562 1,862 186, 239 8, 935 1,974 192,714 7, 825 3, 249 Annuity funds . . Student loan funds _ _ EXPENDITURES >2 Current expenditures _ Educational and general _ General administration and general expenses _ Instruction and departmental re¬ search _ Extension and public services... .. Libraries _ _ .. Plant operation and maintenance... Organized research _ Related activities _ Sales and services expenditures _ Auxiliary enterprises _ Student-aid expenditures _ Other current expenditures 508, 471 678, 560 1, 894, 464 2, 259, 941 2, 486, 229 2, 902, 466 3, 524, 744 4, 543, 562 379, 055 525, 539 1, 400, 574 1,717,913 1, 933, 645 2, 288, 351 2, 788, 799 3, 634, 142 43, 030 222, 067 24, 982 9, 654 61,205 18,117 (10) (10) 63, 105 281,677 35,913 19,575 69, 851 28, 121 27,297 (10) 172, 883 661,437 72, 458 44, 538 202, 908 160, 823 85, 527 (!0) 214,477 785, 420 88, 389 56, 484 226, 246 227, 344 119, 553 (10) 235, 426 827, 737 99, 287 60, 948 241, 564 320, 362 148, 321 (10) 290, 533 966, 769 114,680 73, 438 280, 047 374, 922 187, 962 (10) 358, 380 1,148,510 141,074 86, 133 326, 260 506, 097 222, 345 (10) 478, 166 1,477, 350 178, 928 110,510 408, 938 733, 887 238, 924 7, 439 (10) (10) 129, 416 124, 466 (10) 28, 555 440, 531 (!0) 53, 359 477, 983 (10) 64, 045 479, 333 39, 795 33, 456 539, 326 74, 789 639, 721 96, 224 778, 034 131, 386 Gross additions to plant value 125, 357 83, 848 308, 916 418, 528 405, 665 533, 128 685, 550 1,121, 674 PROPERTY Property values at end of year. 784, 193 1,317, 203 3,442, 223 4, 534, 343 6, 516, 636 7, 943, 303 9, 777, 708 11, 345, 265 13, 322, 289 16, 947, 123 Physical plant and plant funds _ _ 460, 532 748, 121 2, 069, 764 2, 768, 279 4,016,228 5, 296, 030 6, 784, 854 8, 032, 700 9, 485, 060 12, 136, 585 Physical plant _ 460, 532 748, 121 2, 069, 764 2, 768, 279 3, 709, 427 4, 820, 981 6, 400, 935 7, 559, 556 8, 901,825 11, 180, 156 Unexpended plant funds _ (4) <4) (4) (10) 306, 801 475, 049 383, 919 473, 144 583, 235 956, 429 Endowment and other nonexpendable funds _ 323, 661 569, 082 1, 372, 459 1, 766, 064 2, 500, 408 2, 647, 273 2, 992, 854 3, 312, 565 3, 837, 229 4, 810, 538 Endowment funds ” _ 323, 661 569, 082 1, 372, 459 1,687,610 2, 387,115 i3 2, 604, 098 2,871,345 3, 196, 120 3, 703, 473 4, 647, 828 Annuity funds _ <4) (4) (4) 49, 593 69, 050 (.3) 74,641 67, 253 75,275 91,473 Student loan funds _ (4) <4) <4> 28, 861 44, 243 43, 175 46, 868 49, 192 58, 481 71,237 1 Includes entire United States: Contiguous and outlying parts. 2 Tuition and fees received from veterans under Public Law 550 are reported under Student Fees and not under Income from the Federal Government. 7 Does not include separately organized professional schools, for which data were not collected. 8 Specifically designated or earmarked funds. 2 Income from the Federal Government for research at agricultural experiment sta¬ tions administered by land-grant institutions was reported under Land-grant institutions and not under Research. 9 Receipts from Federal, State, and local governments tabulated under State. i° Not tabulated separately. » Includes funds functioning as endowment. 4 Data not collected. 5 Includes Federal aid received through State channels and regional compacts. 6 Income from State and local governments tabulated under State. i* Data on expenditures not collected on nationwide basis prior to 1929-30. i* Annuity funds included with endowment funds. 6 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 and equipment; and close to $324 million (approxi¬ mately 40 percent) was in the form of permanent endowment and other nonexpendable or quasi¬ permanent funds. These data should not be related to student enrollment in even as general a fashion as is done in the present publication for 1957-58. There are at least two reasons for this caution: (1) The percentage of response to finance inquiries in 1909-10 was much lower than to inquiries on faculty and students — and far lower than the percentage of either for 1957-58; and (2) the ratio of degree-credit students to total enroll¬ ment in 1909-19 was probably quite different from the ratio obtaining in 1957-58. It is also possible, although not demonstrable from objective data here in the Office of Education, that the ratio of part-time to full-time students has changed since 1910. The National Committee on Standard Reports for Institutions of Higher Education was organ¬ ized in 1930. This committee, a voluntary group of higher education business and finance officers representing the various organizations in that field, carefully avoided even the appearance of official pronouncements. Its recommenda¬ tions were accepted and adopted, however, by col¬ lege and university business officers and associations throughout the country. The committee con¬ tinued for about 5 years, during that time issuing several bulletins. These bulletins were combined and expanded into a single volume of recommen¬ dations in 1935, when the committee disbanded. Since then its work has been carried on, first by the Financial Advisory Service of the American Council on Education and later by similar organi¬ zations. In consequence, financial terminology and procedures have approached much nearer to a common acceptance and a common understand¬ ing than previously. By coincidence, the first nationwide summary of current and plant expenditures of all higher education in the United States also covered the fiscal year 1929-30. At that time current ex¬ penditures totaled a little more than $508 million, of which more than $379 million was for educa¬ tional and general purposes.4 Expenditures for the organized activities related to the instruc¬ tional departments were not reported separately for that year; data at hand do not show whether they were included among the other items or ignored altogether. 4 Table 25 itemizes these data in some detail. In addition to the expenditures for educational and general purposes just mentioned, approxi¬ mately $129 million was expended for auxiliary enterprises (residence and dining hall, athletic programs, etc.) and another $125 million for expansion of the physical plant. The 1957-58 situation. — The total investment of nearly $17 billion in the physical and financial property of higher educational institutions in 1958, already referred to, was well over 21 times the $784 million reported for this combination of items for 1910. The 1958 figure is equivalent to nearly $98 for each person in the 1957 civilian population of continental United States and such outlying parts as at that time maintained higher education facilities. Approximately 54 percent of this 1958 invest¬ ment and 59 percent of the current expenditure budget for 1957-58 was administered by the 141 universities 5, of which 82 were publicly controlled and 59 were under private control (table 3). The entire group of 141 universities reported more than 44 percent of the total degree-credit enroll¬ ment in all higher education in the fall of 1957. Growth of Large Institutions Previous editions of this report have made reference to what might be thought of as a mass movement in higher education, illustrated not only by an increase in average size of institutions, but more specifically by an increase in the number of very large institutions. Thus the average enrollment per institution has gone from less than 250 in 1899-1900 to more than 600 in 1945-46 and more than 1,500 in 1957-58, with a concur¬ rent increase in average value of noncurrent assets per institution from less than $460,000 in 1900 to more than $8.7 million in 1958. Furthermore, in 1958 there were six institutions which had endowment funds amounting to $100 million or more per institution. The total amount of endowment held by these six institutions was well over $1.1 billion, nearly 24 percent of the national total. Thus, roughly one-third of 1 percent of the institutions had close to 24 percent of the total endowment. Of the six institutions just referred to, five had total assets (plant, funds, etc.) amounting to 9.7 percent of the national total. In other words, 5 For comments on classification of institutions by type, see appendix, Types of Institutions. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 7 approximately one-third of 1 percent of the institutions had nearly 10 percent of the total value devoted to higher education in the Nation. Other illustrations could be given — these merely demonstrate the point, established in previous editions of this report, that the tendency of higher education students and finances to congregate in large administrative units is still noticeable. It is impracticable, perhaps impossible, to list all the factors contributing to this concentration of students in large institutions. A few may be suggested, however: (1) an actual increase in registration of resident degree-credit students in all institutions, small as well as large, thus pushing the average up; (2) an increase in extension enrollments, leading to an organizational transi¬ tion from extension class to extension center to branch campus, or even to coordinate campus; (3) the creation of entirely new branch campuses; (4) the absorption of one or more comparatively small institutions by a larger one; and (5) the merging of several existing institutions, not neces¬ sarily all small or all large, into one large chain, with perhaps no one parent institution, but with one centralized control system. No matter which of the factors mentioned above are present, financial expansion naturally results from expansion in student registration. Financial expansion can also be caused by development of highly specialized courses or curricula involving either small enrollments per instructor or elaborate and expensive equipment, or both. Or, taking on some cultural or scientific activity (for example, research in archaeology, nuclear physics, ocea¬ nography, biochemistry, etc.) may increase the budget without necessarily increasing the enroll¬ ment. The result of these movements has been a con¬ tinuation of the clustering of higher education persons and finances in large centers or large units. This clustering during the period under review, however, differed more in degree than in fact from the clustering mentioned in previous editions of this report. Institutions Attended Predominantly by Negro Students Higher educational institutions attended pre¬ dominantly or entirely by N egroes have been on the national scene since shortly after the Civil War. By 1899-1900, there were 99 institutions of this description, most of them in the South. Of this number, 58 had degree-credit students, and 41 limited their offering to subcollegiate or college- preparatory work. The total investment of these 99 institutions in physical property was $7.9 million, or 3.1 percent of the total amount held by all institutions of higher education in the Nation. The endowment of the 99 institutions amounted to $2.8 million, or 1.4 percent of the national total for 1899-1900. Since the turn of the century the number of institutions attended predominantly by Negroes has fluctuated somewhat; it has been as high as 137 but has remained around 100 to 110 most of the time. In 1957-58, as in 1955-56, there were 98 insti¬ tutions of this description (table 4). They consti¬ tuted 5.1 percent of the total 1,940 institutions in the aggregate United States. They enrolled 2.7 percent of the total number of resident degree- credit students in the fall of 1957. They held 2.5 percent of the total amount of physical property and permanent or quasi-permanent funds devoted to higher education. Their physical property, not including moneys designated but not yet spent for plant expansion, amounted to more than $309 million and constituted 2.8 percent of the national total. Their endowment and other non¬ expendable funds, totaling more than $90 million, was slightly less than 2 percent of the nationwide total of $4.8 billion. Their operating budget was just under 2 percent of the total national budget for higher education. The data appearing in table 4 are naturally susceptible of several different analyses, either among themselves as shown in column 4 of the table, or in conjunction with data from other sources. One type of analysis not presented in the table is that of comparing institutions attended predominantly or entirely by Negroes (column 3 of table 4) with all other institutions (column 3 minus column 2) on the basis of resident degree- credit enrollment (full-time and part-time). These enrollments (not reduced to a full-time equivalency basis) are Negro, 78, 839; other, 2,849, 075. When these enrollment figures are divided into the finance figures presented in or deducible from table 4, certain comparisons may be made. Thus, the total current income per resident degree- credit student was $1,171 in institutions attended predominantly or entirely by Negroes, and $1,609 Table 3. — Income, expenditures, and property, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Because of rounding, detail may not add to total.] 8 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 EXPENDITURES HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, s s' 099 ‘H 4,085 8,499 237 146 1,647 46 SB 1,810 PROPERTY 37, 852 30, 624 30,665 41 7,228 7, 131 97 — 1 s' 13,884 2,237 8,494 501 242 2, 010 ’"'466' 1,997 27 6,322 54, 856 O OO in 45, 708 9, 099 c y> 1 1 1 O l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s * 37,382 9, 647 17, 966 156 1,296 7, 731 366 220 17, 834 1,150 13,208 236, 830 204,197 195,906 8, 291 32,633 in 0 00 CJ> 0 00 o*-T CO 149, 458 | 129,373 | 18, 835 83, 654 1,973 3,315 20, 142 63 1,391 19,670 415 40, 342 474, 074 464,315 430, 627 33,688 9, 759 9, 241 508 10 080 ‘88 81,035 12,452 28, 945 1,041 1,257 7,789 7, 086 22,465 5, 972 1,073 14,163 312, 727 161,003 142, 740 18, 263 151,724 150,034 925 765 I s' 45,124 4, 330 18, 625 701 876 4,642 4, 783 11,091 76 3,210 1,120 13, 818 115, 827 81,935 73, 949 7,986 33,892 32,529 489 874 47, 747 34,656 8,686 16, 194 858 2,230 6,451 103 134 11,342 1,749 12, 814 390,185 249, 383 236,413 12, 970 CM O OO 0" 135, 706 1,373 3, 723 188, 251 170,301 18,433 33,834 539 1,557 10,858 104, 664 416 13,086 4, 864 28,456 600, 115 248, 229 234,478 13, 751 351,886 345, 261 4,851 1,774 s §' 90,092 14, 166 46,013 1,333 2, 660 21,684 2,908 1,328 19,151 11,521 57, 212 488, 547 482, 307 464, 350 17, 957 6, 240 5,810 430 11, 742 9,160 I838&S3 ! 2,291 291 4,324 53,180 42,284 41,361 923 10, 896 10, 684 189 23 1 3‘ | 185,569 27, 393 109, 798 3,111 8,163 32,816 597 3, 691 57, 035 2,296 83, 979 999,110 989, 761 900,466 89, 295 9, 349 4,119 1,905 3, 325 647,130 1 IS8 ‘LZV 107, 282 213, 085 2,234 19, 027 70, 139 8,575 7,509 185. 740 33, 539 188, 337 3, 321, 619 2,140,878 2,035,212 105, 666 1,180, 741 1,124,846 14, 742 41,153 217, 207 172,582 25, 770 102, 057 3,082 7,276 26, 174 3,583 4, 531 109 42, 259 2,366 89, 750 765, 518 749, 552 641,413 108, 139 996 ‘SI 14,466 1,371 129 922, 771 753, 567 97,618 275, 569 6,866 23, 622 67,821 219,160 62, 746 165 127,276 41,928 147, 947 3, 945, 348 1,925,672 1,801,248 124,424 2,019,676 1,965,872 19, 554 34, 250 1 s' H 1,468,906 125.373 510. 373 156, 175 38,462 127, 747 381,432 122,255 7, 089 270, 704 28, 995 419, 192 5, 154, 603 4,311,637 3, 905,619 406,018 842, 966 811,631 23, 503 7,832 4,543, 562 3,634,142 478, 166 1,477, 350 178, 928 110,510 408, 938 733, 887 238, 924 7,439 778, 034 131,386 1,121,674 16, 947, 123 12, 136, 585 11,180,156 956, 429 4,810, 538 4, 647, 828 71,237 91,473 EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 9 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 10 Table 4. — Finances of institutions attended predominantly by Negroes: 1957-58 Item All higher education Institutions attended pre¬ dominantly by Negroes Number or amount Percent of all higher education 1 2 3 4 Number of institutions _ 1, 940 98 5. 05 Resident degree-credit en- rollment, fall 1957 _ 2, 927, 914 78, 839 2. 69 INCOME Current income _ $4, 675, 512, 866 $92, 324, 095 1. 97 Educational and general - 3, 762, 531,962 68, 422, 431 1.82 Student fees 1 _ 939,110, 754 15, 445, 767 1.64 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees ‘.. 5, 056,154 81,222 1.61 Land-grant institutions 2 - 83, 936, 887 480, 518 .57 Research 2 _ 534, 388,710 708, 313 . 13 Other purposes _ 89, 049, 053 4, 299, 108 4. 83 State governments 3 _ - 1, 156, 537, 356 32, 727, 193 2.83 Local governments _ 129, 388, 742 687, 546 .53 Endowment earnings... . - 181,638,294 4, 078,275 2.24 Private gifts and grants _ 324, 970, 567 7, 229, 751 2.22 Related activities _ 199, 302, 751 1, 995, 736 1.00 Sales and services of educational departments _ 47, 447, 584 139,710 .29 Other educational and general _ 71,705, 110 549, 292 .77 Auxiliary enterprises _ 841,539,124 23, 034, 290 2. 74 Student aid income 4 _ 71,441,780 867, 374 1.21 Receipts for plant expansion . 1, 227, 199, 009 12, 886, 086 1. 05 Federal Government _ 63,011,519 2, 053,515 3.25 State governments _ 376, 331,002 5, 499, 643 1.46 Local governments _ 45, 453, 635 32, 893 .07 Private gifts and grants _ 157,171,885 705, 085 .45 Miscellaneous receipts _ 585, 230, 968 4, 594, 950 .78 Private gifts and grants for fund increases _ 203, 787, 904 1, 994, 975 .98 Endowment funds 5 _ _ _ 192,714, 243 1, 976, 965 L 02 Annuity funds _ . _ ... . 7, 824, 674 200 .00 Student loan funds.. _ 3, 248, 987 17,810 .55 EXPENDITURES Current expenditures _ 4, 543, 562, 514 90, 282, 666 1. 99 Educational and general _ 3, 634, 142, 405 65, 958, 846 1.81 General administration and gen¬ eral expense _ 478,166,313 11,603, 745 2. 43 Instruction and departmental research _ 1, 477, 349, 954 34, 201, 706 2.31 Extension and public services _ 178, 928, 361 1, 108, 083 .62 Libraries _ 110, 509, 805 2, 826, 302 2.56 Plant operation and maintenance.. 408, 938, 467 12,293, 637 3.01 Organized research _ 733, 886, 904 1,078, 992 . 15 Related activities _ 238, 923, 473 2, 736, 906 1. 14 Sales and services expenditures.. 7, 439, 128 109,475 1.47 Auxiliary enterprises _ 778, 033, 893 21,862, 492 2.81 Student aid expenditures _ 131,386,216 2,461,328 1.87 Expenditures for plant expansion _ 1,121,673, 947 17,154, 250 1.53 PROPERTY Property values at end of year _ 16, 947,122, 789 422, 966, 336 2. 50 Physical plant and plant funds _ 12, 136, 584, 442 332, 532, 074 2. 74 Physical plant _ .. . 11, 180, 155, 883 308, 643, 491 2. 76 Unexpended plant funds _ 956, 428, 559 23, 888, 583 2. 50 Endowment and other nonexpendable funds _ . 4, 810, 538, 347 90, 434, 262 1.88 Endowment funds 5 _ _ ... 4, 647, 827, 877 88, 985, 052 1.91 Annuity funds _ 91,473,151 816, 344 .89 Student loan funds _ 71,237,319 632, 866 .89 1 Tuition and fees received from veterans under Public Law 550 are reported under Student fees and not under Income from the Federal Government. 2 Income from the Federal Government for research at agricultural experiment stations administered by Land-grant institutions was reported under Land-grant insti¬ tutions and not under Research. 3 Includes Federal aid received through State channels and regional compacts. 4 Specifically designated or earmarked funds. 3 Including funds functioning as endowment. in the other institutions as a group. Tuition and fees per student were Negro, $196; other, $324. State appropriations per student for current purposes were higher in the institutions attended predominantly or entirely by Negroes ($415) than in the other group ($394), but private gifts and grants for current purposes averaged Negro, $92; other, $112. Per-student expenditures for administration amounted to $147 in the Negro group and $164 in the other group. Expenditures for instruction were Negro, $434; other, $507. For extension and public services the per-student expenditure was $14 in the Negro group and $62 in the other group. Organized research entailed a per-student expenditure of $14 in insitutions attended pre¬ dominantly or entirely by Negroes, and $257 in the other groups. Physical plant values per student were Negro, $3,915; other, $3,816. Endowment-fund holdings varied the other way: Negro $1,129 average; other, $1,600. The most probable single explanation of these differences is not easily deducible from the data at hand. A few possibilities may be suggested: 1. Comparative size of student body may play a part. Institutions attended predominantly or entirely by Negroes are as a rule smaller than others. 2. Curricular composition of the student bodies may also be a factor. Although objective data have not been assembled to establish the thesis, there is reason to believe that institutions attended predominantly or entirely by Negroes tend to be of the liberal arts (or not of the professional school type), whereas the other group includes institutions offering more diversi¬ fied curricula. 3. Differences in the proportion of full-time and part-time students enrolled are another possibility. 4. Regional differences in per capita income may be another factor. Most of the institutions in the group attended predominantly or entirely by Negroes are located in one section of the country. 5. Sociological, political, or economic considerations not easily isolable from the data at hand may also be involved. It should be remembered that the data in this publication relate only to institutions which by law, custom, or tradition are attended pre¬ dominantly by members of one race or another. The data do not provide a measure of all facilities planned for the higher education of one race; HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 11 many institutions attended predominantly by members of one race regularly enroll students of other races. Institutions in Outlying Parts of the United States At least one institution of higher education now exists in each of the outlying parts of the United States with a population of 50,000 or more. In 1957-58, there were four such institu¬ tions in Puerto Rico, three in Hawaii,6 and one each in Alaska,6 the Canal Zone, and Guam. • Not admitted as a State until after the last date covered in this report. The institutions in the Canal Zone and Guam were junior colleges; the others were degree¬ granting institutions. The 10 institutions in these outlying parts reported plant values amounting to nearly $56 million and endowment and other nonexpendable funds totaling more than $2 million. They held no funds subject to annuity or living trust agree¬ ments. Their total current income was reported as $34 million; their current expenditures came to almost exactly the same amount. Data on the finances of these institutions are included in the analytical tables occurring in the textual discussion and in the State summary tables following the text. Income (Receipts) Moneys collected at the business office of an institution of higher education are customarily classified into six groups, according to the use intended. These groups are known technically as: (1) current funds, (2) endowment and other nonexpendable funds, (3) loan funds, (4) annuity and living trust funds, (5) plant funds, and (6) agency funds. Other funds of various types have been established at individual institutions as called for by local or temporary circumstances, but the six fund groups just named have been found sufficient for the majority of institutions. 1 . Current funds are those which are available for the regular day-to-day needs of an institu¬ tion. The current-fund group is usually divided into three parts: educational and general funds, auxiliary-enterprises funds (formerly known as auxiliary enterprises and activities funds), and student aid funds. The educational and general group includes those current funds which are available for such of the regular or customary activities of an institution as are part of, contributory to, and/or necessary to its instructional or research program. These include salaries and expenses of faculty and administrative or other employees; purchase of supplies or materials for current use in classrooms, libraries, laboratories, or offices; and operation and maintenance of the educational plant. Auxiliary enterprises funds are those available for student residence or dining halls, college bookstores, intercollegiate athletic programs, and other activities important to the program of an institution but not indispensable to that program; these activities are often quasi-com¬ mercial in nature. Student-aid funds are those current funds having to do with scholarships, fellowships, prizes, awards — in short, student financial aid of any type not involving employment by or repayment to the institution. Aid involving employment by the institution is accounted for under the function discharged by the individual student employed; aid involving repayment to the institution comes under the head of sudent loan funds, described in item 3, below. 2. Endowment and other nonexpendable funds are funds the principal of which is to be invested and only the income used for the current purposes of the institution. Endowment funds may be restricted (earnings usable only for a certain specified purpose or group of purposes), or they may be unrestricted (earnings usable for any legitimate activity of the institution). Under normal conditions, the principal of an endowment fund or group does not decrease from year to year. If, however, funds are merely temporarily placed in the endowment-fund group, the right to withdraw being reserved by the donor or by the governing body of the institution concerned, these funds are known as “funds functioning as 12 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 endowment” and are not subject to the principle of “once endowment, always endowment.” In the present report, as in the accounts of many institutions, funds functioning as endowment are carried as part of the “endowment and other nonexpendable funds” group. 8. Student loan funds are current funds which may be loaned to students to help them defray their personal expenses while attending school. (Funds set up for loan to faculty members or other employees of an institution are not con¬ sidered in the present report.) If the principal of a student loan fund is to be invested and only the interest used for loan purposes, the fund is properly classified as a restricted endowment fund and should not be included in the loan fund group. 4- Annuity funds are those funds acquired subject to the condition that the recipient in¬ stitution pay a stipulated sum of money 7 annually or at other regular intervals to a designated per¬ sonal beneficiary or beneficiaries, not necessarily the same person as the donor. These payments continue until the death of the beneficiary (the last beneficiary, if more than one), at which time the principal or remainder of the fund be¬ comes the property of the institution, to be used or invested according to the terms of the grant. Since most annuity funds have in the past been eventually transferred to endowment, many in¬ stitutions carry them as part of the endowment- fund group. A more recent practice, however, is to carry them in a separate fund group. 5. Plant funds are funds which (1) have been or are to be invested in buildings, grounds, furni¬ ture, scientific or other instructional equipment, or other permanent physical property of the institution, or (2) are to be used in retiring in¬ debtedness against the plant. Real estate held for direct educational or auxiliary use by the institution is thus part of the plant-fund group; real estate held for investment purposes is carried as part of the endowment-fund group. 6. Agency funds are moneys left in the custody of the institution by individuals or organizations, but are not expendable by the institution except on written authority from the person or organiza¬ tion involved. Strictly speaking, they are funds on deposit with the institution; they are not 7 If the sum is not stipulated as to amount but is to be dependent on the earnings of the fund involved, this fund is known as a living trust fund. institutional property. They are not included in the present compilation. Income from the Federal Government A total of more than three-quarters of a billion dollars was contributed to higher education institutions by the Federal Government in 1957- 58, the exact figure being $775,442,323 (table 5). Of this amount $63,011,519 (8.1 percent) was for plant expansion and $712,430,804 (91.9 percent) for current purposes. Tuition paid for military veterans amounted to a little more than $5 million (not quite 0.7 of 1 percent of the grand total).8 The regular land-grant college appropriation came to 10.8 percent, and Federal grants or contractual amounts for research totaled 68.9 percent of this grand total. The remaining 11.5 percent went for other purposes, including Federal payments for maintenance of records on students under Public Law 550, tuition and other costs paid by the Federal Government for training programs under the Department of Defense, and other miscel¬ laneous items. The total direct Federal contribution of more than $775 million amounted to $3.74 for every person in the 1957 civilian population of conti¬ nental United States and the five outlying parts which maintained higher education facilities. For 1955-56, the corresponding total of not quite $507 million amounted to $3.03 per capita of total population. The 1957-58 total ($775 million) came to $264.84 per resident degree-credit student registered in the fall of 1957; this shows an in¬ crease of $74.29 (39 percent) over the correspond¬ ing average of $190.55 for 1955-56. Of the 1957-58 grand total, institutions under public control received 57.3 percent and those under private control 42.7 percent. Correspond¬ ing percentages in 1955-56 were public, 54.1 percent; private 45.9 percent. In 1953-54 they were public, 52.2 percent; private, 47.8 percent. Universities received 68.9 percent of the grand total in 1957-58; liberal arts colleges received 2.5 percent. Separately organized teachers colleges reported 0.6 of 1 percent and technological schools 26.4 percent. Theological schools received less than 0.01 of 1 percent, their total amount of only a little more than $52,000 being almost entirely fees — 8 Payments made directly to military veterans under Public Law 550 and j Federal subventions transmitted to State officers and by them to higher education institutions are omitted from these figures. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 13 Table 5. — Income from Federal Government, by type and control of institution and by fund *: 1957-58 Control, fund All institutions Four-year institutions Two-year institutions Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technological schools Theo¬ logical schools Other pro¬ fessional schools Junior colleges Technical institutes Semi- profes¬ sional schools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All institutions Veterans' tuition and fees 2 _ Land-grant appropriations 3 _ _ _ . $5, 056, 154 83, 936, 887 534, 388,710 89,049, 053 $2,825,410 82, 359, 290 410, 638, 078 21,903,441 $992, 391 810, 562 7,921,506 2, 059, 459 $257, 868 $218, 147 16, 667 105, 745, 067 62, 589, 987 $39, 376 $266, 387 750, 368 8, 848, 749 1, 193, 162 $194, 641 $238, 291 $23, 643 Grants’and contracts for research 3 _ Other educational and general income. . . Total educational and general _ Additions to plant funds _ .. _ Total i _ Publicly controlled institutions Veterans’ tuition and fees 2 _ Land-grant appropriations 3 747,431 607, 986 12, 766 458,854 642,918 3, 564 28, 409 25,461 10, 925 712, 430, 804 63,011,519 517, 726, 219 16,371,639 11,783,918 7, 609, 041 1,613, 285 2,821,017 168, 569, 868 35, 963, 990 52, 142 11,058, 666 130, 303 1,296,413 115, 529 270,264 60,029 775, 442, 323 534, 097, 858 19, 392, 959 4, 434, 302 204, 533, 858 52, 142 11, 188, 969 1,411, 942 270, 264 60, 029 $1,336,376 82, 295, 103 232,775,317 76,114, 071 $767, 312 80, 734,173 226,710, 847 11,468,831 $166,467 810, 562 1,384,119 989, 960 $195, 535 $40,426 $12,019 750, 368 2,640,074 914, 657 $139, 957 $9, 366 $5,294 Grants and contracts for research 3 _ Other educational and general income _ Total educational and general... Additions to plant funds _ Total 1 _ Privately controlled institutions Veterans' tuition and fees 2 _ _ _ Land-grant appropriations 3 341,862 431,505 1, 668, 846 61,674,496 544 605, 518 3, 564 21,279 25, 461 7,825 392, 520, 867 51,929,889 319, 681,163 9, 869, 303 3, 351,108 3,512, 526 968, 902 2, 821,017 63, 383, 768 35, 578, 960 4,317,118 32, 554 746, 019 115, 529 34,209 38, 580 444,450, 756 329, 550, 466 6, 863, 634 3, 789, 919 98, 962, 728 4, 349, 672 861, 548 34, 209 38, 580 $3, 719, 778 1,641,784 301,613,393 12, 934, 982 $2, 058, 098 1,625,117 183, 927,231 10, 434,610 $825, 924 $62, 333 $177, 721 16,667 104, 076, 221 915, 491 $39,376 $254, 368 $54,684 $228, 925 $18, 349 Grants and contracts for research 3 . . Other educational and general income _ Total educational and general _ Additions to plant funds 6, 537, 387 1,069, 499 405, 569 176,481 12, 766 6, 208, 675 278, 505 458,310 37, 400 7,130 3, 100 319, 909, 937 11,081,630 198,045, 056 6, 502, 336 8,432,810 4, 096, 515 644, 383 105, 186, 100 385, 030 52, 142 6, 741, 548 97, 749 550, 394 236,055 21,449 Total 1 _ _ _ 330, 991, 567 204, 547, 392 12, 529, 325 644, 383 105, 571,130 52, 142 6, 839, 297 550, 394 236, 055 21,449 1 Excludes funds intended to increase student-aid or student loan funds and also ex¬ cludes Federal aid received through State channels and regional compact. 3 Tuition and fees received from veterans under Public Law 550 are reported under Student Fees and not under Income from the Federal Government. 3 Income from the Federal Government for research at agricultural experiment sta¬ tions administered by land-grant institutions was reported under Land-grant institu¬ tions and not under Research. in connection with the tuition of former military personnel. Other professional schools (art, law, medicine, music, speech, etc.) all together re¬ ceived 1.4 percent of the total. The remaining 0.2 of 1 percent went to junior colleges and other nondegree institutions of the undergraduate type. Private Gifts and Grants Voluntary contributions from philanthropically minded individuals and organizations came to a total of nearly $748 million in 1957-58 (table 6). This figure is 3.6 percent less than the more than $775 million total of Federal contributions to high¬ er education for the same year. It is, however, 22.9 percent more than the approximately $608 million in private gifts and grants reported for 1955-56. The 1957-58 figure includes $29 million in the form of plant assets donated in kind, not specified as to source, but presumably largely from private sources (table 7). Disregarding this item, which was not included in the 1955-56 tabulation, the 1957-58 figure of definitely identifiable gifts of $719 million is 18.1 percent more than its 1955- 56 counterpart of $608 million. The 1957-58 total amounted to an average of $4.31 for every person in the total estimated popu¬ lation of the Nation as at July 1, 1957. Corre¬ sponding averages were $3.63 for 1955-56 and $2.59 for 1953-54. Nearly half (47.9 percent) of the grand total for 1957-58 was intended for current expenses. Gifts to plant (including cash, contributed services, and donations of plant assets) amounted to nearly one-fourth (24.9 percent); the remaining 27.2 per¬ cent was intended to increase the permanent or quasi-permanent funds of the institutions involved. Gifts to privately controlled institutions totaled $611 million; they exceeded those to publicly con¬ trolled institutions ($136 million) by nearly 4 to 1. BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 14 Table 6. — Private gifts and grants to higher education, per capita of total population, by fund: 1957-58 Fund Amount Percent of total Actual Per capita i 1 2 3 4 Current: Educational and general _ _ Student aid ... __ _ __ _ $324, 970, 567 32, 799, 259 $1.87 . 19 43.5 4.4 Total current Plant2 _ 357, 769, 826 186,215, 462 192, 714, 243 3, 248, 987 7, 824,674 2. 06 1.07 1. 11 .02 .05 47.9 24.9 25.8 .4 1.0 Endowment 3 _ _ Student loan fund _ Annuity or living trust _ . _ Total, all funds ... _ . 747, 773, 192 4. 31 100.0 1 Based on total estimated population of 173,482,000 as of July 1, 1957. 2 Includes plant assets donated, a small part of which may have come from non¬ private sources. 3 Includes funds functioning as endownment. Percentagewise, gifts to the privately controlled groups constituted 81.8 percent of the total gifts, in contrast to the 42.7 percent of total Federal funds received by these institutions. Universities received 53.2 percent of the total of all gifts, and liberal arts colleges 30.2 percent (29.7 percent by privately controlled colleges and 0.5 of 1 percent by publicly controlled). Teachers colleges reported 1 percent of the total of all private gifts and grants; technological schools, 5.5 percent; and schools of theology, 4.4 percent. The miscellaneous group of “other pro¬ fessional schools” (degree-granting) reported 3 percent; and the remaining 2.7 percent was re¬ ported by junior colleges, technical institutes, and semiprofessional schools (institutions operating be¬ low the level of the baccalaureate). Publicly controlled institutions reported con¬ tributions from churches amounting to nearly $376,000 for current educational and general pur¬ poses, $50,000 for increase of endowment funds, and $1,000 for increase of student loan funds. The total of $427,000 for these items was more than 12 times the $35,000 reported for 1955-56, reemphasizing the rapidly blurring line between control and support of higher education, first noted by this Office in 1940, 9 with publicly con¬ trolled institutions receiving an ever-increasing share of private gifts and grants, and privately controlled institutions a constantly increasing share of public funds. 9 Badger, Henry G., and Fred J. Kelly. College Income and Expenditures* 1939-40 (Circular No. 188), p. 7. Federal Security Agency, Office of Educa¬ tion. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940. Table 7. — Private gifts and grants to institutions of higher education, by type and control of institution and by purpose and source of gift or grant : 1957-58 Control, purpose, and source Total (all types) 4-year institutions 2-year institutions Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technologi¬ cal schools Theological schools Other pro¬ fessional schools Junior colleges Techni¬ cal in¬ stitutes and semi- profes¬ sional schools l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Grand total, private gifts and grants _ Educational and general, total _ Alumni _ Contributed services. . . Churches _ Corporations, business concerns Foundations Other, including unitemized sources.. Student-aid income, unitemized _ _ Plant funds, total. . . Alumni... _ ... Churches _ _ _ Corporations, business concerns. Foundations.. Plant assets donated ■ _ Other, including unitemized sources ALL INSTITUTIONS $747, 773, 192 $398, 088, 731 $225, 847, 627 $7, 802, 788 $40, 772, 702 $33,197, 464 $22, 400, 335 $19, 034, 894 $628, 651 324, 970, 567 166, 264, 997 95, 695, 861 3, 616, 759 16,258,115 18, 595, 183 13, 588, 587 10, 417, 523 533, 542 23, 149, 949 37, 403, 125 48, 639, 591 55, 837, 943 49,810,711 110, 129, 248 12, 827, 725 6, 035, 606 7, 695, 291 31,523,451 32, 508, 284 75, 674, 640 8, 137, 555 26, 208, 238 22, 495, 341 9, 129, 377 10, 691,260 19, 034, 090 55, 555 1, 257, 678 1, 506, 245 94, 159 209, 139 493, 983 468, 820 9, 602,711 2, 570, 805 3,615,779 353,215 1, 525, 428 11,217,279 130, 570 831,710 4, 536, 981 822, 037 210, 250 1, 076, 321 4, 594, 483 2, 398, 506 4, 486, 990 484, 492 2, 164, 725 4, 649, 114 280, 134 576, 821 2, 262, 237 550 1,200 483, 058 24, 186 24, 548 32, 799, 259 20,311,572 7, 736, 885 682, 131 2, 543, 301 655, 584 416, 021 448, 186 5, 579 186,215, 462 84, 946, 087 66, 729, 856 3, 206, 243 11,012,486 7, 880, 571 5, 834, 353 6, 535, 718 70, 148 16, 969, 682 26, 686, 947 12, 508,315 32, 685, 341 29, 043, 577 68, 321, 600 6, 165, 505 7, 225, 264 4, 603, 001 20, 751, 770 12, 863, 509 33, 337, 038 8, 645, 591 11,238, 158 4, 696, 740 7, 639, 370 10, 354, 952 24, 155, 045 19, 273 447, 933 58, 946 12,277 2,611,462 56, 352 948, 248 1, 980, 071 2, 268, 734 1, 740, 665 4, 074, 768 296, 542 5, 367, 496 48, 152 363, 051 190, 264 1,615, 066 566, 802 270, 067 845, 005 1, 233, 866 107,656 2, 810, 957 327, 721 2, 138, 029 276, 400 414, 789 1, 140, 641 2, 238, 138 1,484 34, 428 34, 236 See footnotes at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 15 Table 7- — Private gifts and grants to institutions of higher education, by type and control of institution and by purpose and source of gift or grant: 1957-58 — Continued Control, purpose, and source Total (all types) 4-year institutions 2-year institutions Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technologi¬ cal schools Theological schools Other pro¬ fessional schools Junior colleges Techni¬ cal in¬ stitutes and semi- profes¬ sional schools l 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 Endowment funds,2 total _ _ ALL INSTITUTIONS — Continued 192, 714, 243 121,581, 197 50, 980, 179 243, 997 10, 716, 205 5, 367, 259 2, 307, 369 1, 509, 097 8, 940 Alumni. _ _ _ _ 34, 885, 402 2, 445, 339 7, 589, 991 39, 465, 124 108, 328, 387 20, 435,917 104, 543 3, 946, 723 23, 876, 898 73,217, 116 11, 102, 798 1, 427, 627 2, 490, 755 12, 741,953 23,217, 046 38, 484 1, 871, 283 341, 135 811,616 6, 591 376, 869 3, 831, 048 1, 032, 898 62, 887 101, 553 29, 675 19, 202 1, 295, 780 Churches _ _ Corporations, business concerns _ _ 1,064,381 2, 029, 387 5, 751, 154 51, 866 299,315 923, 290 Foundations ... _ _ 121, 500 84,013 Other, including unitemized sources _ 8, 940 Student loan funds, total _ .... _ 3, 248, 987 1, 976, 504 834, 633 53, 658 107, 129 122, 529 55, 196 88, 896 10, 442 Alumni _ _ _ _ _ _ 864, 554 34, 085 159, 582 349, 278 1, 841, 488 525, 330 250 21, 247 271,212 1, 158, 465 208, 338 31, 768 84, 163 54, 309 456, 055 11,300 50 4, 470 10, 834 27, 004 54, 618 30, 099 64 1,000 1,042 90, 324 18, 743 15, 776 1,953 7, 751 3,466 59, 950 350 Churches _ _ _ _ Corporations, business concerns. . __ . _ 18, 393 3,770 30, 348 15, 000 4, 645 16, 808 7, 558 Foundations _ _ Other, including unitemized sources __ . 2, 534 Annuity and living trust funds, total.. _ 7, 824, 674 3, 008, 374 3, 870, 213 135, 466 576, 338 198, 809 35, 474 Alumni _ _ __ __ 1, 885, 468 15, 622 51, 505 51, 523 5, 820, 556 567, 587 1,071,012 13, 100 51, 505 29, 627 14, 300 2, 522 198, 809 4, 133 Churches... _ _ Corporations, business concerns _ Foundations _ _ 51, 523 2, 389, 264 Other, including unitemized sources _ 2, 734, 596 105, 839 559, 516 31,341 Grand total, private gifts and grants Educational and general, total.. . PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS 136, 383, 536 122, 787, 043 3, 479, 082 2, 328, 851 923,985 5, 378, 139 1,413, 929 72, 507 68, 773, 597 64, 194, 326 1,040,911 269, 362 179, 371 2, 597,177 478, 184 14, 266 Alumni. . . ... ... ..... 3, 701, 668 1,197,841 375, 693 19, 682,416 19,854,933 23,961,046 3, 287, 785 1,182,198 375, 293 18, 907, 967 18, 702, 059 21,739, 024 36, 685 21,080 74, 927 238, 547 10, 000 42, 644 5, 643 250 11,364 382, 522 35, 761 Contributed services ... _ ... Churches _ _ _ _ 150 43, 136 95,251 109, 745 Corporations, business concerns _ 178, 308 290, 576 535, 342 55, 067 42,156 7, 221 486, 574 328, 103 1, 533, 953 Foundations.. . _ _ 14,266 Other, including unitemized sources Student-aid income, unitemized ... 13, 381,455 10, 927,170 819, 190 622, 243 509, 790 274, 268 224, 716 4, 078 Plant funds, 2 total _ _ ... 35, 834, 422 31,971,428 617,698 1,341,773 83, 480 1,238, 009 538, 313 43, 721 Alumni _ _ _ .. 1, 759, 474 1,269.964 8, 760, 925 11,683, 201 12, 360, 858 1,507, 424 1, 145, 169 7, 742, 959 9, 809, 582 11,766, 294 53, 873 8, 507 15, 000 83, 692 456, 626 350 7, 042 2,750 73, 278 60 177, 466 50, 000 998,315 12,228 20, 361 300 417 395, 523 121,712 Corporations, business concerns.. . . 58, 946 Foundations . 1,484 34, 428 7,809 Plant assets donated 1 .. 1,274,470 8,357 Other, including unitemized sources Endowment funds,2 total . . 16, 600, 046 14,316, 540 921,926 42, 420 140, 550 1,056,214 122, 396 Alumni _ _ ... 1, 779, 829 50, 000 1,395, 072 1,513, 871 11,861,274 907, 006 49, 102 50, 000 4,577 68, 860 749, 387 29, 884 8 792, 820 1,009 Churches... _ Corporations, business concerns 1,385,095 1,338, 642 10,685, 797 1,500 57,887 81,155 3, 900 100 117,387 Foundations.. . .... 1,000 11,536 47, 382 216,012 Other, including unitemized sources Student loan funds, total _ . . 1,195,754 984, 129 73, 354 53, 053 10, 794 13, 662 50, 320 10, 442 Alumni. . . 131,571 1,075 50, 323 241,034 771, 751 96, 585 19,461 1,000 2,600 14, 120 36, 173 10, 800 50 4,470 10, 834 26,899 4,371 4 25 7, 751 2,600 39, 940 350 Churches. _ _ ... Corporations, business concerns 21,137 208, 075 658, 332 6, 807 2, 760 1,227 7,558 Foundations.. .. ._ 2.645 6. 646 Other, including unitemized sources 2,534 Annuity and living trust funds,4 total.. . . . . 598, 262 393, 450 6, 003 198, 809 Alumni _ . _ 221,899 1,450 374,913 22, 500 590 1,450 3, 963 198, 809 Corporations, business concerns . Other, including unitemized sources 370, 950 See footnotes at end of table. 16 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 7. — Private gifts and grants to institutions of higher education, by type and control of institution and by purpose and source of gift or grant: 1957-58-—Continued 4-year institutions 2-year institutions Control, purpose, and source Total (all types) Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technologi¬ cal schools Theological schools Other pro¬ fessional schools Junior colleges Techni¬ cal in¬ stitutes and semi- profes¬ sional schools l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Grand total, private gifts and grants _ Educational and general, total _ _ Alumni _ _ Contributed services _ Churches _ Corporations, business concerns _ Foundations _ Other, including unitemized sources _ Student-aid income, unitemized _ Plant funds, total _ Alumni _ Churches _ _ Corporations, business concerns _ Foundations _ Plant assets donated 1 _ Other, including unitemized sources _ Endowment funds,2 total _ Alumni _ _ _ Churches _ Corporations, business concerns _ Foundations _ Other, including unitemized sources _ Student loan funds, total _ _ Alumni _ _ Churches _ Corporations, business concerns _ Foundations _ Other, including unitemized sources _ Annuity and living trust funds, total _ Alumni _ _ Churches _ Corporations, business concerns. . . Foundations _ Other, including unitemized sources _ 611, 389, 656 275, 301, 688 222, 368, 545 256, 196, 970 19, 448, 281 36, 205, 284 48, 263, 898 36, 155, 527 29, 955, 778 86, 168, 202 19, 417, 804 150, 381, 040 15, 210, 208 26, 686, 947 11,238, 351 23, 924, 416 17, 360, 376 55, 960, 742 176, 114, 197 33, 105, 573 2, 395, 339 6, 194, 919 37, 951,253 96, 467,113 2, 053, 233 732, 983 33, 010 109, 259 108, 244 1, 069, 737 7, 226, 412 1, 663, 569 15, 622 50, 055 51, 523 5, 445, 643 102, 070, 671 9, 539, 940 4, 853, 408 7, 319, 998 12,615, 484 13, 806, 225 53. 935,616 9, 384, 402 52, 974, 659 4, 658, 081 7, 225, 264 3, 457, 832 13, 008,811 3, 053, 927 21, 570, 744 107, 264, 657 19, 528,911 104, 543 2, 561,628 22, 538, 256 62,531,319 992, 375 428, 745 250 110 63, 137 500, 133 2, 614, 924 545, 087 94, 654, 950 8, 100, 870 26, 208, 238 22,495,341 8, 951, 069 10, 400, 684 18, 498, 748 6, 917, 695 66, 112, 158 8, 591,718 11,238,158 4, 688, 233 7, 624, 370 10,271,260 23, 698, 419 50, 058, 253 11,053, 696 1,377, 627 2, 486, 178 12, 673, 093 22, 467, 659 761,279 188, 877 30, 768 81, 563 40, 189 419, 882 3, 864, 210 1, 070, 422 13, 100 50, 055 2, 730, 633 5, 473, 937 3, 347, 397 34, 475 1,257, 678 1, 506, 095 51, 023 113, 888 384, 238 59, 888 1,864, 470 19, 273 447, 933 12,277 1, 336, 992 47, 995 201, 577 8, 600 120, 500 72, 477 605 500 105 39, 848, 717 16, 078, 744 393, 893 9, 547, 644 2, 528, 649 3, 608, 558 2, 033, 511 10, 929, 006 947, 898 1, 973, 029 2, 265, 984 1, 667, 387 4, 074, 708 10, 575, 655 1,871,275 1,062,881 1,971,500 5, 669, 999 96, 335 54, 618 11,586 1,010 29, 121 135, 466 29, 627 33,197, 464 18, 595, 183 353, 215 1, 525, 428 11,217,279 130, 570 831,710 4, 536, 981 655, 584 7, 880, 571 296, 542 5, 367, 496 48, 152 363, 051 190, 264 1, 615, 066 5, 367, 259 341, 135 811,616 6, 591 376, 869 3, 831, 048 122, 529 30, 099 64 1,000 1,042 90, 324 576, 338 14, 300 2, 522 105, 839 559, 516 17, 022, 196 10,991,410 583, 490 200, 250 1, 076, 321 4, 107, 909 2, 070, 403 2, 953, 037 141, 753 4, 596, 344 389, 336 270, 067 795, 005 235, 551 95, 428 2, 810, 957 1,251, 155 240, 078 51,866 251, 933 707, 278 41,534 14, 372 15,000 2,000 10, 162 17,620, 965 9, 939, 339 441, 848 2,159, 082 4, 648, 864 268, 770 194, 299 2, 226, 476 223, 470 5, 997, 405 307, 360 2, 138, 029 276, 100 414, 372 745, 118 2,116, 426 1, 386, 701 61,878 101,553 25,775 19, 102 1, 178, 393 38, 576 15, 772 1,928 556,144 519, 276 550 1,200 483, 058 9, 920 24, 548 1,501 26, 427 26, 427 8, 940 866 20, 010 35, 474 4, 133 31, 341 1 May include a small amount of gifts from public sources. 2 Including funds functioning as endowment. * No plant fund income from churches reported by publicly controlled institutions. Current In 1957-58, the total current income of all institutions of higher education in the United States, including outlying parts, was nearly $4.7 billion (table 2). This figure exceeded the 1955- 56 total of $3.6 billion by 28.8 percent. The 1957-58 figure amounted to $12,809,624 for each day in the fiscal year 1957-58. Of the grand total of nearly $4.7 billion, 56.8 percent was received by institutions under the « No annuity or living trust fund income from churches or foundations reported by publicly controlled institutions. control of National, State, or local government agencies; and 43.2 percent by those under private or nongovernmental control. In 1955-56, these percents were public, 56.0; private, 44.0; in 1953-54, 55.7 and 44.3, respectively. The 56.8 percent of total current income received by publicly controlled institutions in 1957-58 may be compared with their faculty ) employment of 54.5 percent of the total, and Income HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 17 their total degree-credit enrollment of 58.6 per¬ cent of the total in the first term 1957-58, as calculated from returns to the Office of Education questionnaires. Educational and General Income The total educational and general current income of institutions of higher education, amounted to nearly $3.8 billion in 1957-58. Of this amount, 57.8 percent was reported by publicly controlled institutions and 42.2 percent by privately controlled. Deducting the $62 million educational and general income of the eight U.S. service academies, these percents become public, 57.1; private, 42.9. Per Capita Income Some notion of the comparative ability of people in the various parts of the country to support higher education may be obtained by calculating per capita receipts, either all current receipts or certain selected items of receipt only. In the selection of data for an inquiry of this nature, the measures to be used must be chosen somewhat arbitrarily, and the results will naturally depend to a considerable degree on the criteria chosen. Thus, per capita may be measured in terms of total population, total student en¬ rollment, or any other reasonably intelligible unit. Each criterion has its merits and its limitations. Perhaps the one great limitation of any study involving comparison of private philanthropy for higher education on a geo¬ graphic basis is the fact that higher education is not in itself a local activity and, that, like faculty and students, philanthropy for higher education often crosses State or regional lines. Since this limitation does not apply to State and local government appropriations to higher education, it would appear that educational and general income for 1957-58 from these sources may be measured against total population10 as estimated by the Bureau of the Census as of July 1, 1957, for each State or other jurisdiction which maintained higher education facilities (table 8). Private gifts and grants for educational and general or other current purposes may be 10 Including armed forces within the several jurisdictions, but excluding armed forces overseas. measured against this total population, but with less confidence in the validity of the findings; they may be measured against resident degree- credit enrollments in the fall of 1957 with a little more confidence in the general result (table 9). Even these findings should be regarded as indicatory and not final, for three reasons: (1) The data on degree-credit enrollments have not been adjusted to a full-time equivalency basis, nor can they be so adjusted from the data at hand. (2) The widest possible variation occurs from State to State in the proportion of resident students to total enrollment (resident, extension, correspondence, etc.) and in the proportion of degree-credit students to the total of degree- credit and non-degree-credit students. (3) Many institutions engage in research or other activities of an educational, scientific, or cultural nature which are not susceptible of measurement in terms of student enrollment. In 1957-58 the total contribution of all types of government (Federal, State, local) to institu¬ tions of higher education (except the U.S. service academies) amounted to $11.16 for each member of the total population, as described above (table 8). This exceeds its 1955-56 counterpart by $2.45, or 28.1 percent. The 1957-58 total of $11.16 (entire United States) includes $3.74 from the Federal Govern¬ ment, $6.67 from State governments, and 75 cents from local governmental authorities. If the outlying parts of the United States are omitted from the calculations and only continental United States considered, these figures become the follow¬ ing: Federal Government, $3.79; State govern¬ ments, $6.68; and local governments, 76 cents. In 1947-48, when payments by the Federal Government for veterans’ tuition and fees were near their peak, the corresponding payments were Federal Government, $3.54; State govern¬ ments, $2.46; and local governments, 33 cents. Total public contributions in 1957-58 per capita of 1957 total population (as described above) ranged from more than $28 in California to less than $2 in the Canal Zone. The lowest in continental United States was $4.85. In general, the total of all government contributions to higher education reached a higher point in the West and Southwest (more than $18 per capita), where 7 of the 13 States reported more than $15 each. It ran lowest in the North Atlantic 18 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 8. — Educational and general income from public sources, per capita of total population, in institutions of higher education, by region and State: 1957-58 Region and State Total Federal, State, and local (columns 3, 9, and 10)i Total Federal (columns 4 and 5) For research 1 2 Federal G Total Federal except research (columns 6, 7, and 8) overnment For veterans’ tuition and fees 3 For land- grant institu¬ tions 2 For other purposes State govern¬ ments 4 Local govern¬ ments l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Aggregate United States _ $11. 16 $3. 74 $3. 08 $0. 66 $0. 03 $0. 48 $0.15 $6. 67 $0. 75 Contiguous States _ - 11.23 3. 79. 3.13 .66 .03 .48 .15 6. 68 .76 North Atlantic _ _ _ . _ 8. 83 4. 48 3. 96 .52 .04 .24 .24 3. 66 .69 Connecticut _ .. _ _ _ _ __ .. . __ 7.05 1.77 1.50 .27 .02 .24 .01 5. 16 .12 Delaware _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ___ 8.99 1.64 . 46 1. 18 .01 1.07 . 10 7.35 16. 42 14. 17 8. 88 5.29 .05 5.24 2.25 Maine _ _ __ _ _ _ 4. 85 .95 (5) .95 .01 .87 .07 3. 83 .07 Maryland. . _ _ .. _ 17.77 10. 32 9.79 .53 .01 .36 .16 7. 25 .20 Massachusetts _ _ _ _ . _ ... _ 19. 16 16. 80 16.10 .70 .08 .19 .43 2.30 .06 New Hampshire _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. 38 2.40 1.08 1.32 .03 .93 .36 5. 76 .22 New Jersey _ ___ _ ... _ _ _ _ _ ... - ... 5.70 2.43 2.19 .24 .02 . 16 .06 3.16 .11 New York _ _ 7. 70 2.62 2.31 .31 .06 .15 .10 3. 34 1.74 Pennsylvania.. . ... ... 5.49 1.93 1.48 .45 .04 .26 .15 3.55 .01 Rhode Island. ... ... . __ ... .... 6. 84 2. 55 1.91 .64 .03 .53 .08 4. 29 Vermont. . 11.20 2.79 .65 2. 14 .04 1.56 .54 8. 09 .32 Great Lakes and Plains. . _ _ _ . 11. 17 2. 95 2. 35 .60 .02 .46 .12 7. 76 .46 Illinois _ .... . . .. . 14.77 6.94 6.48 .46 .01 .26 .19 7. 56 .27 Indiana ... __ _ _ _ ... _ _ _ _ 10.04 1.50 .87 .63 .02 .49 .12 8. 40 . 14 Iowa _ . _ _ ... ... ._ _ 14. 12 3. 29 2.30 .99 .02 .83 . 14 10.71 .12 Kansas _ . . .. ... ..... . ... _ _ _ 13. 66 2.01 1.09 .92 .05 .78 .09 10. 26 1.39 Michigan.. _ . ._ ..... .. .... 14.44 2.95 2.61 .34 .01 .32 .01 10. 66 .83 Minnesota.. . . _ _ 12.78 2.69 1.64 1.05 .01 .62 .42 9. 83 .26 Missouri _ . _ ....... . _ _ 6.84 1.85 1.15 .70 .09 .58 .03 4.67 .32 Nebraska _ _ _ . ... .. ... _ 11.78 1.93 .79 1.14 .03 .97 .14 8. 92 .93 North Dakota _ _ _ 15.99 1.92 .30 1.62 .01 1.58 .03 13. 86 .21 Ohio _ _ . _ 5.29 .92 .61 .31 .01 .21 .09 3. 76 .61 South Dakota. ..... . ..... 13.09 1.59 .05 1.54 .01 1.48 .05 11.49 .01 Wisconsin. ... ... ... .. .. ... ... _ . 9.27 1.94 1.27 .67 .02 .56 .09 7.17 . 16 Southeast _ _ _ 7. 58 1.54 .65 .89 .02 .77 .10 5. 84 .20 Alabama. ... _ . _ _ . ... __ 6. 52 1.32 .35 .97 .02 .85 .10 5.02 .18 Arkansas... .... ... ..... 10. 04 1.99 .53 1.46 .01 1.26 . 19 8. 05 (5) Florida... _ _ . . _ _ . 8. 38 1.33 .96 .37 .04 .27 .06 6.94 .11 Georgia ... . _ ....... 6. 39 1.86 1.01 .85 .01 .78 .06 4.12 .41 Kentucky _ . . _ ... .... 5. 29 1. 18 .24 .94 .01 .89 .04 3.68 .43 Louisiana _ _ ... _ ... ... ... ... ... 12.80 1.47 .81 .66 .01 .63 .02 11.24 .09 Mississippi _. . _ ............. . . _ .. _ 7. 50 1.67 .27 1.40 .01 1.31 .08 4.68 1.15 North Carolina.. . _ _ _ _ _ ... 7. 56 2.15 1.04 1.11 .02 .82 .27 5.34 .07 South Carolina _ _ ... _ 6.34 1.03 . 12 .91 .01 .85 .05 5.22 .09 Tennessee _ . . _ . _ .. . . _ _ _ 6.30 1.75 .78 .97 .01 .80 . 16 4.48 .07 Virginia ... ... .. .. _ ... .. 6.43 1.34 .67 .67 .01 .60 .06 5. 08 .01 West Virginia 9. 09 .99 . 10 .89 .01 .82 .06 8. 10 W<*t and Southwest _ 18. 21 6. 37 5. 71 .66 .03 .48 .15 9. 98 1. 86 Arizona _ _ ... ... ... 11.33 1.84 1.07 .77 .05 .66 .06 8.84 .65 California... ....... _ . . ... 28. 02 13. 29 13.00 .29 .03 . 16 .10 10. 77 3. 96 Colorado . ... _ _. _ 12.32 2.48 1.56 .92 .09 .65 . 18 9. 20 .64 Idaho _ .... _ .. . ... .. _ 12.69 1.59 .09 1.50 .02 1.25 .23 10.26 .84 Montana . . 16.55 1.90 .61 1.29 .01 1.26 .02 14. 59 .06 Nevada 12 63 2. 58 .66 1.92 .01 1.91 (5) 10. 05 New Mexico ... ... 15.49 4.65 3. 44 1.21 .01 1.01 19 10. 24 .60 Oklahoma.. . _ ... _ .. 11.27 1.48 . 16 1.32 .02 .88 .42 9. 76 .03 Oregon _ . ._ ...... 15.43 2.07 1. 16 .91 .02 .66 .23 13.09 .27 Texas _ ... ______ .... 9. 00 1.44 .81 .63 .03 .47 .13 6. 76 .80 Utah _ 17. 59 5. 10 3. 84 1.26 .02 .90 .34 12.36 .13 Washington _ . _ _ 16.24 2.64 1.96 .68 .02 .52 . 14 13.33 .27 Wyoming _ ..... . ... _ . _ . ... 19.51 3. 56 .59 2.97 .02 2.09 .86 14.55 1.40 Outlying Parts. _ _ 7. 38 1. 69 .48 1. 21 .01 .97 .23 5. 67 .02 Alaska. .... ._ ... ... 15. 06 6. 90 3. 04 3.86 <5) 1.80 2.06 7.86 .30 Canal Zone 1 93 1. 93 1.93 1.93 Guam.. .... 2. 54 2.54 Hawaii. . . 8 45 1.70 .40 1.30 .01 .97 .32 6.75 Puerto Rico... .... .... 6. 57 1.23 .28 .95 .01 .94 (5) 5.34 (5> 1 Excludes U.S. service academies. 2 Income from the Federal Government for research at agricultural experiment sta¬ tions administered by land-grant institutions is reported under Land-grant institu¬ tions and not under Research. 2 Excludes tuition paid by veterans under Public Law 550. 4 Includes Federal aid received through State channels and regional compacts. 5 Less than one-half of 1 cent. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 19 region (less than $9 per capita), with three of the jurisdictions reporting less than $6 each, and three others more than $16 each. Federal contributions designated for research averaged $3.08 per capita of total population (as described above) ; the}r constituted 82.4 percent of all Federal funds going to higher education institutions and 27.6 percent of all public contri¬ butions to these institutions. These Federal contributions for research ranged from $16 per capita in Massachusetts and $13 in/ California to nothing in two jurisdictions, neither of which has an institution above the junior college level. Two States reported less than 10 cents per capita each. Deducting these Federal contributions for research and considering only those pertaining to the other educational and general activities of the higher education program, an entirely different, although a less spectacular picture, is obtained (column 5 of table 8). The total Federal contribution per capita now becomes 66 cents, with a range from nothing in Guam (only one institution in the jurisdiction) and less than 25 cents in one State to more than $5 in the District of Columbia, nearly $4 in Alaska (not a State in 1957-58), and close to $3 in Wyoming. In 34 of the 54 jurisdictions having higher education facilities, the average ranged from 50 cents to just under $1.50 per capita of total population. The nationwide average of only 3 cents Federal contribution per capita for the education of military veterans in 1957-58 is of interest, especially when it is recalled that this average was $2.54 in 1947^8, when military veterans comprised nearly half the student enrollment. Private gifts and grants per capita ranged from $7.53 in Utah to nothing in the Canal Zone, with a national average of $1.87. This average, the same for both continental and aggregate United States, was more than twice the 1949-50 average of 80 cents (table 11). The criterion of number of resident degree- credit students in the fall term has been referred to. For every student of this type in the fall of 1957 (including the two Federally maintained junior colleges in the Canal Zone and Guam, but excluding the U.S. service academies), private gifts and grants for current educational and general purposes, amounted to $111.36, and gifts for student aid amounted to $11.24. The aver¬ ages for continental United States were educa¬ tional and general, $112.27; student aid, $11.28; total, $123.55. This total has fluctuated greatly the last few years. In 1939-40 it stood at $27.17. It then rose irregularly to $44.74 in 1949-50, $65.34 in 1951-52, $76.15 in 1953-54, and $101.74 in 1955-56. The 1957-58 figure exceeds that for 1955-56 by a little over 21 percent. Private gifts and grants per student for educa¬ tional and general purposes ran highest in the North Atlantic region, with Massachusetts re¬ porting more than $234. The lowest per student figure, however, was also reported from this region. Gifts for student aid also ran highest per student in the North Atlantic region, but the highest individual State average was in Nevada ($53.63). No gifts for this purpose were reported from either the Canal Zone or Guam. Private gifts and grants for educational and general purposes at privately controlled institu¬ tions averaged almost exactly $200 per student (table 9). This figure was nearly five times the average of approximately $42 at institutions under public control. Private gifts and grants for student aid at privately controlled institutions averaged $15.14, nearly twice the average of $8.18 at institutions under public contol. Percentage Analysis of Current Income When the 1957-58 current income of all insti¬ tutions in the Nation (including the U.S. service academies and institutions in the outlying parts of the country) is tabulated by control of institution (table 10), and when these tabulations are ana¬ lyzed percentagewise alongside those on faculty, students, and degrees, certain facts become apparent: 1. Although only 34.6 percent of these institutions were under public control in 1957-58, they em¬ ployed 54.5 percent of the faculty, enrolled 58.6 percent of the resident and extension students doing degree-credit work, conferred 54.8 percent of the earned degrees (54.3 percent of the bach¬ elor’s or first professional degrees), and received 57.8 percent of the educational and general income. 2. More than two-fifths (41.9 percent) of the educa¬ tional and general income of privately con¬ trolled institutions was collected as student fees for matriculation, tuition, and other instruc¬ tional fees. Slightly more than one-eighth (42.6 percent) of the corresponding income of publicly controlled institutions was from this source. 20 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 9. — Private gifts and grants for current purposes, per capita of total population and per student, in institutions of higher education, by control of institution, by purpose of gift, and by region and State: 1957-58 Per capita of total popula- Per resident degree-credit student, fall 1957 Region and State tion, all institutions 1 All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions For educa¬ tional and general purposes For student aid For educa¬ tional and general purposes For student aid For educa¬ tional and general purposes For student aid For educa¬ tional and general purposes For student aid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 $1. 87 $0.19 $111. 36 $11. 24 $42. 05 $8. 18 $199. 77 $15. 14 1. 87 0. 19 112. 27 11. 28 42. 57 8. 18 200. 15 15.18 North Atlantic _ _ .. ... 1. 91 .19 145. 32 13. 37 33. 52 7. 31 191. 10 15. 86 Connecticut _ 2.96 .45 167. 97 25. 37 15. 14 14. 11 260. 19 32. 17 Delaware _ .18 .19 19. 78 20.06 11. 18 20.41 64. 59 18. 25 District of Columbia _ _ .. 4.45 .40 90. 80 8. 24 .25 .20 104. 87 9. 49 1.11 . 13 108. 82 12.33 67. 13 8. 79 168. 35 17. 40 2.36 .26 149. 12 16.51 23.41 8. 23 310. 68 27. 11 Massachusetts _ 5. 57 .53 234. 37 22.15 18. 88 6.93 264. 71 24. 29 New Hampshire _ .. 2. 90 .26 85. 99 16.31 22. 78 13. 45 321. 10 18. 93 New Jersey _ _ . .. 1.49 . 19 124.61 16.00 66. 54 19. 79 172. 08 12. 91 New York. _ 2. 56 . 15 134. 70 8. 02 19. 40 2. 50 186. 58 10.51 Pennsylvania _ _ _ .. 1.87 . 19 125. 22 12. 64 62.51 5. 16 140. 90 14. 50 Rhode Island _ 2. 24 .28 142. 98 17. 76 90. 14 7. 75 161.40 21.25 Vermont _ . _ _ 1.37 .43 67. 32 21.33 46.66 4.17 86. 66 37.39 2. 13 .18 128. 75 10. 60 65. 77 9. 34 214. 98 12. 33 Illinois _ _ _ .. 2.71 . 17 165. 71 10.15 67.47 8. 38 233. 77 11.38 Indiana... _ _ _ 2.01 .24 130. 13 15.51 88. 39 14.01 173. 17 17.06 Iowa _ _ _ _ . 1.96 .17 112. 28 10. 00 60. 68 11.49 173. 50 8. 23 Kansas _ _ 2. 13 .29 100. 27 13. 82 28. 46 13. 66 334. 92 14.50 Michigan _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2.09 . 11 127.01 6. 40 93. 94 7.06 235. 02 4. 28 Minnesota _ _ _ _ . . ... _ . _ 2.46 'i 31 146. 48 18. 56 103. 00 23. 00 226. 29 10. 86 Missouri _ 1.94 .12 114. 63 7.19 9. 36 6. 35 193. 17 7. 82 Nebraska _ 1.75 . 18 96. 85 9. 99 27.98 12. 75 249. 12 3. 87 North Dakota .38 .08 22.09 4.39 15 29 4.61 159. 55 Ohio _ _ _ _ _ ... 1.76 .17 112. 53 10. 59 40. 57 3. 63 194. 19 18. 49 South Dakota _ .98 . 16 52.05 8. 25 6. 99 204. 77 11.94 Wisconsin _ _ _ _ . _ ... ... .. 2. 45 . 18 157.28 11.66 104. 69 8. 49 253. 23 17. 44 Southeast . . _ 1. 21 .13 96. 05 10. 68 40. 78 8.42 191. 40 14. 56 Alabama... _ _ _ _ ... 1.06 .01 93. 27 .92 46. 66 . 16 200. 01 2. 67 Arkansas _ . .. .. . . _ _ _ .90 . 12 73. 78 9. 80 21.95 7.85 265. 64 17. 01 Florida _ _ . . _ ... .62 . 16 50. 33 12. 66 38. 20 12.35 64.28 13.02 Georgia 1.04 . 18 89. 26 15. 09 36.98 10. 45 205. 25 25. 39 Kentucky _ 1.36 .07 106. 01 5. 12 28. 76 3. 80 235. 29 7. 32 Louisiana _ _ . _ _ _ 1.36 .09 86. 74 5. 84 12.06 2.99 250. 66 12.10 Mississippi _ . . . .. . _ . .69 .04 53. 63 3.48 14. 52 2.99 207. 03 5. 43 North Carolina _ 1.85 .29 145. 14 22. 69 95. 33 14. 53 197. 63 31.30 South Carolina _ . 1.02 .06 90. 85 5. 39 36. 60 7.64 151.67 2.86 Tennessee _ _ _ 2. 03 . 12 138. 11 8. 16 66. 29 3.61 232. 22 14.11 Virginia _ _ _ _ 1.35 .22 122. 40 20. 18 57.20 24. 95 234. 27 11.98 West Virginia _ .50 .09 39. 43 6. 74 13. 34 7.84 122. 99 3. 19 West and Southwest. _ _ 1.47 .22 69.04 10.12 28. 43 7. 47 209. 42 19. 30 Arizona ... _ _ _ _ .79 .26 36. 80 12. 15 29.21 10. 22 281. 14 4. 43 California _ 1.33 .21 53. 50 8. 60 16. 66 2.97 211.68 32. 74 Colorado _ _ 2. 20 .51 106. 13 24.47 61.06 26. 65 239. 83 21.09 Idaho _ _ ... 1.06 . 16 69. 27 10. 57 18.01 11.03 246. 48 8. 97 Montana _ _ _ _ . .59 .07 38. 79 4.62 27. 07 4. 58 109. 56 4. 88 Nevada _ .26 .57 24. 36 53. 63 24. 36 53. 63 New Mexico _ ... ... . ... _ _ _ .60 .05 36. 19 2. 96 21.59 2.90 252. 50 3. 85 Oklahoma _ .75 . 11 34.11 5. 15 11.93 3. 78 102. 99 9.41 Oregon... _ _ _ . _ __ 1.39 .44 81.04 25.56 44. 97 30. 54 167. 17 13. 68 Texas _ ... ... 1.62 . 16 89. 04 8. 86 37. 73 7.59 295. 77 11.95 Utah _ 7.53 .21 229. 97 6. 53 105. 52 6. 20 448. 43 7.11 Washington _ _ 1. 10 .22 61.71 12. 23 43. 10 14. 56 109. 33 6. 27 Wyoming _ .33 .21 19.04 12. 00 19. 04 12.00 Outlying Parts _ _ . .17 .07 19.21 7.55 7. 16 8. 23 86. 91 3.77 Alaska .16 . 08 20. 42 10. 48 20. 42 10. 48 Canal Zone Guam _ _ . _ . _. .03 2.92 2. 92 Hawaii _ ... .. .25 . 19 19. 37 14.66 9. 73 15. 60 154.25 1.45 Puerto Rico _ _ . . . 16 .04 19. 52 4. 45 4. 45 4. 54 77. 50 4.09 1 Excludes U.S. service academies. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 21 3. For every dollar paid by students at publicly con¬ trolled institutions, $2.43 was paid at privately controlled institutions. The corresponding ratio in 1955-56 was 1 to 2.58. 4. Every dollar of endowment earnings received at publicly controlled institutions was matched by $10.44 at those under private control. The ratio in 1955-56 was 1 to 7.91. 5. The quantitative importance of contributions of the Federal Government to institutions of higher education has long been a matter of general knowledge. These contributions, amounting to a little more than $527 million in 1949-50 for the entire United States (including outlying parts), dropped to about $452 million in 1951-52, and to a little less than $420 in 1953-54. Two years later they rose to nearly $494 million. In 1957-58 they totaled well over $712 million, with Federal moneys for research alone amount¬ ing to more than the total of all Federal contri¬ butions for whatever purpose in 1949-50. Of the grand total of $712 million for 1957-58’ institutions under public control received 55.1 percent; those under private control 44.9 percent. Of this same grand total, $534 million (75 percent) was designated for research. Among the privately controlled institutions 94.3 percent of the Fed¬ eral contribution was for research, but among the publicly controlled only 59.3 percent. A comparison of institutions by level or type brings out other differences in sources of income. Public sources accounted for more than half (53.1 percent, to be exact) of the educational and general income of all institutions of higher education in 1957-58. These sources reached their highest percentage among teachers colleges (75.6 percent). Technological schools (degree¬ granting) received 70.9 percent of their income from public sources, junior colleges 69.2 percent, and universities of complex organization 58.1 percent. In contrast, not quite 25 percent of the educational and general income of the sep¬ arately organized liberal arts colleges came from public sources. Local governments supplied 41.1 percent of the educational and general income of junior colleges (not including technical institutes and semi- professional schools), but only 3.5 percent of that of all higher education as a whole. There is reason to believe that other elements (for example, size of student body, geographic region, internal organization of institution, avail¬ ability of research personnel or materials, etc.) may bear some relation to distribution of income by source. In certain localities, publicly con¬ trolled junior colleges charge moderate fees or no fees at all; in other localities, privately con¬ trolled institutions of almost any type are legally eligible to receive some public funds. Thus, of the 285 publicly controlled junior colleges, only 253 reported income from student fees, leaving 32 which apparently admitted students without charging them fees. In like manner, of the 1,261 privately controlled institutions of all types, 113 reported receiving some State funds and 32 some funds from local sources. Student Fees Income from students for fees (matriculation, laboratory, library, health, and other fees, but not charges for rooms or meals) amounted to just over $939 million dollars in 1957-58. This represents an increase of 29.4 percent over the $726 million reported for this item for 1955-56. These figures include only tuition and fees reg¬ ularly paid by students themselves or for them by their relatives or philanthropic groups of one sort or another; payments on account of tuition and fees by the Federal Government, or by State or local government agencies, are omitted. Not included in the $939 million in student fees is an item of $21 million collected from students, but diverted to plant expansion or debt retirement purposes (table 11). Nearly 80 percent of this w*as collected at 121 publicly controlled institutions; the remaining 20 percent at 56 institutions under private control. More than half of the grand total was collected at 41 universities under public control. The data presented in table 11 should not be compared wdth those on this general subject car¬ ried in the 1953-54 and 1955-56 editions of this report. The present data (1957-58) include all student fees utilized for plant expansion or debt retirement, regardless of their original purpose; those for earlier years include only those funds collected for this purpose from students, included in the fees charged, and then transferred to debt retirement or plant expansion funds. Public Sources In 1957-58, the total amount of contributions by Federal, State, and local governments toward the current educational and general expenses of 22 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 7-58 Table 10. — Percentage analysis and amount of current income, by control and type of institution and by source of income: 1957-58 Type of institution, source of income All institutions, by control Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. ALL INSTITUTIONS Educational and general: Student fees 3 _ . _ 1,879 939, 111 25.0 20.1 637 274, 181 12.6 10.3 1,242 664, 929 41.9 32.9 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3 _ _ 963 5, 056 .1 .1 429 1,336 . 1 <4) 534 3, 720 .2 .2 Land-grant institutions 5. _ 68 83, 937 2.2 1.8 66 82, 295 3.8 3.1 2 1,642 .1 .1 Research 5__ 291 534, 389 14.2 11.4 129 232, 775 10.7 8.8 162 301,613 19.0 15.0 Other purposes-. . 750 89, 049 2.4 1.9 364 76,114 3.4 2.9 386 12, 935 .8 .6 State governments . _ ___ ___ 729 1, 156, 537 30.7 24.7 616 1, 128, 895 52.0 42.5 113 27, 643 1.8 1.4 Local governments _ _ 403 129, 389 3.5 2.8 371 125, 843 5.8 4.7 32 3, 546 .2 .2 Endowment earnings. . . _ . 974 181,638 4.8 3.9 123 15, 881 .7 .6 851 165, 758 10.5 8.2 Private gifts and grants.. 1,376 324, 970 8.6 7.0 207 68, 774 3.2 2.6 1,169 256, 197 16.1 12.7 Related activities _ ___ __ __ . 581 199, 303 5.3 4.3 267 108, 400 5.0 4.1 314 90, 902 5.7 4.5 Sales and services. . . _ _ 317 47, 448 1.3 1.0 179 30, 864 1.4 1.2 138 16, 584 1.0 .8 Other educational and general. 1,231 71,705 1.9 1.5 366 28,716 1.3 1.1 865 42, 989 2.7 2.1 Total. . . _ 1,940 3, 762, 532 100.0 80.5 671 2, 174, 074 100.0 81.9 1,269 1, 588, 458 100.0 78.7 Auxiliary enterprises 1, 771 841.539 18.0 589 448, 989 16.9 1, 182 392, 550 19.4 818 71,442 1.5 409 33, 338 1.2 409 38, 104 1.9 Total current income _ 1,940 4, 875, 513 100.0 $71 2, 656, 401 100.0 1,269 2, 019, 112 100.0 II. UNIVERSITIES Educational and general: Student fees 3. . . ... .. . 141 453, 640 19.8 16.5 82 176, 696 11.7 9.7 59 276, 943 35.1 29.6 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3_ . . 135 2, 825 .1 .1 82 767 <4) (4> 53 2, 058 .3 .2 Land-grant institutions 5 51 82, 359 3.6 3.0 50 80, 734 5.4 4.5 1 1,625 .2 .2 Research 5. _ 126 410, 638 17.9 14.9 75 226,711 15.0 12.5 51 183, 927 23.3 19.6 Other purposes.. . . . 119 21, 903 1.0 .8 74 11,469 .8 .6 45 10, 435 1.3 1.1 State governments 6_. .... 103 783, 672 34.1 28.5 81 760, 934 50.5 41.9 22 22, 737 2.9 2.4 Local governments 41 31,251 1.4 1.1 33 29, 121 1.9 1.6 8 2,130 .3 .2 Endowment earnings ______ 129 99, 590 4.3 3.6 71 13, 254 .9 .7 58 86, 336 10.9 9.2 Private gifts and grants... 138 166, 265 7.2 6.0 79 64, 194 4.3 3.6 59 102, 071 12.9 10.9 Related activities _ _ _ 110 150, 533 6.5 5.5 70 90,617 6.0 5.0 40 59,916 7.6 6.4 Sales and services . . _ 92 44, 134 1.9 1.6 69 29, 155 1.9 1.6 23 14, 979 1.9 1.6 Other educational and general. 128 49, 378 2.2 1.8 72 23, 462 1.6 1.3 56 25,917 3.3 2.8 Total .. _ _ ... 141 2, 296, 188 100.0 83.4 82 1,507,114 100.0 83.0 59 789, 074 100.0 84.2 Auxiliary enterprises. 141 421,206 15.3 82 291,468 16.0 59 129, 738 13.8 Student-aid income 7_ _ _ 138 36, 429 1.3 80 17, 736 1.0 58 18, 693 2.0 Total current income _ 141 2, 753, 823 100.0 82 1, 816, 318 100.0 59 937, 505 100.0 III. LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGES Educational and general: Student fees 3_. ... _ 731 305, 792 48.7 34.2 79 28, 658 16.0 12.7 652 277, 134 61.7 41.5 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3 _ . 370 992 .2 .1 63 166 . 1 (4) 307 826 .2 .1 Land-grant institutions 5 _ 15 811 . 1 .9 15 811 .5 .4 Research5.. . _ _ 100 7,922 1.3 . 1 21 1,384 .8 .6 79 6, 537 1.5 1.0 Other purposes 264 2,059 .3 .2 50 990 .6 .4 214 1,069 .2 .1 State governments ».. 125 125, 462 20.0 14.0 75 124, 141 69.5 54.9 50 1,320 .3 .1 Local governments 32 17, 996 2.9 2.0 23 16, 975 9.5 7.5 9 1,021 .2 .1 Endowment earnings. _ 544 49, 882 7.9 5.6 16 517 .3 .2 528 49, 365 11.0 7.4 Private gifts and grants.. 688 95, 696 15.2 10.7 38 1,041 .6 .5 650 94, 655 21.1 14.2 Related activities _ _ _ 236 9, 395 1.5 1. 1 50 2,230 1.2 1.0 186 7,165 1.6 1.1 Sales and services . . . ... ... 98 1,595 .3 .2 25 609 .3 .3 73 986 .2 .1 Other educational and general. . ._ 561 10, 296 1.6 1.2 55 1, 106 .6 .5 506 9, 191 2.0 1.4 Total _ .. _ 732 627, 898 100.0 70.3 79 178, 628 100.0 79.0 653 449, 269 100.0 67.1 Auxiliary enterprises . 727 249, 602 28.0 78 46, 008 20.3 649 203, 594 30.5 Student-aid income 7 107 15, 620 1.7 65 1,603 .7 42 14,017 2.4 Total current income 732 893, 120 100.0 79 226, 239 100.0 653 666, 880 100.0 See footnotes at end of table. HIGHER EDUCATION - RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 23 Table 10— Percentage analysis and amount of current income, by control and type of institution and by source of income : 1957-58 — Continued Type of institution, source of income All institutions, by control Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 IV. TEACHERS COLLEGES Educational and general: Student fees 3 _ 197 40, 794 20. 1 14.9 169 36, 562 18.9 14.0 28 4, 232 43.4 34.0 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3 _ 144 258 . 1 . 1 137 196 . 1 . 1 7 62 0.6 0. 5 Land-grant institutions 3 _ 0 0 0 Research 3 _ _ . 15 747 .4 .3 13 342 .2 . 1 2 406 4.2 3.3 Other purposes _ 98 608 .3 .2 92 431 .2 .2 6 176 2.0 1. 4 State governments 6___ ________ 172 148, 197 72.9 54. 1 169 148, 186 76.6 56.7 3 10 . 1 1 Local governments 57 3,775 1.9 1.4 56 3,774 2.0 1.4 1 1 (4) (4) Endowment earnings _ 20 687 .3 .3 12 143 .1 . 1 8 545 5.6 4.4 Private gifts and grants.. _ _ _ _ _ 59 3,617 1.8 1.3 34 269 .1 . 1 25 3, 347 34.4 26.9 Related activities _ 79 2, 602 1.3 1.0 71 1,992 1.0 .8 8 610 6.2 4. 9 Sales and services _ 35 453 .2 . 1 31 418 .2 . 1 4 35 .3 3 Other educational and general. 111 1,481 .7 .5 95 1,174 .6 .4 16 307 3.2 2.4 Total _ _ _ 199 203,219 100.0 74.2 170 193,487 100.0 74.0 29 9, 731 100.0 78.2 Auxiliary enterprises _ 185 69, 149 25.3 164 66 602 25. 5 21 2 547 20 5 Student-aid income 7 _ 140 i; 471 .5 117 1,315 . 5 23 ' 157 L 3 Total current income 199 273, 839 100.0 170 261, 404 100.0 29 12,435 100.0 V. TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOLS Educational and general: Student fees 3 _ _ 45 39,487 14.8 12.6 24 6, 695 7.1 5.4 21 32, 792 18.9 17.3 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3 _ 28 218 . 1 . 1 11 40 (4) (4) 17 178 .1 . 1 Land-grant institutions 3 _ _ 1 17 0) (4) 0 1 17 (4) (4) Research 3 _ _ 19 105, 745 39 5 33 6 7 1,669 1.8 1.3 12 104, 076 60. 1 54.8 Other purpose __ 37 62, 590 23.4 19.9 20 61,675 65.5 49.5 17 915 .5 .5 State government 6 _ 18 20, 830 7.8 6.6 17 20, 825 22.1 16.7 1 5 (4) (4) Local governments _ _______ 2 171 . 1 . 1 2 171 2 1 0 Endowment earnings. _ _ _ 23 14, 182 5.3 4.5 7 235 .3 .2 16 13, 947 8.1 7.4 Private gifts and grants.. 24 16, 258 6. 1 5.2 4 179 .2 .2 20 16,079 9.3 8.5 Related activities.. 9 1,742 .6 .5 5 1,364 1.4 1.1 4 378 .2 .2 Sales and services _ _ _ 12 545 .2 .2 5 274 .3 .2 7 271 .2 . 1 Other educational and general.. 29 5, 621 2.1 1.8 10 1,060 1.1 .9 19 4, 561 2.6 2.4 Total _ _ __ 45 267, 406 100.0 85. 1 24 94, 187 100.0 75.6 21 173,219 100.0 91.3 Auxiliary enterprises _ 43 32, 409 10.3 23 18, 999 15.2 20 13,410 7. 1 Student-aid income 7_ . 19 14, 565 4.6 18 11,528 9.2 1 3, 037 1.6 Total current income 45 314, 380 100.0 24 124, 714 100.0 21 189,666 100.0 VI. THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS Educational and general: Student fees 3__ ___ _ 146 9,015 26. 1 18.5 146 9,015 26. 1 18.5 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3 35 39 . 1 . 1 35 39 . 1 . 1 Land-grant institutions 3 _ 0 0 Research 3 _ _ _ 0 0 Other purposes _ _ _ 26 13 (4) (4) 26 13 (4) (4) State governments 6_. . ______ 3 3 <4> (4) 3 3 (4) <4) Local governments. _ _ 0 0 Endowment earnings 93 5, 207 15. 1 10. 7 93 5, 207 15. 1 10.7 Private gifts and grants.. _ 147 18, 595 53. 9 38 2 147 18, 595 53.9 38.2 Related activities... _____ 15 81 .2 .2 15 81 .2 .2 Sales and services 10 108 .3 .2 10 108 .3 .2 Other educational and general 87 1,480 4.3 3. 1 87 1,480 4. 3 3.1 Total _ 148 34, 541 100.0 71.0 148 34, 541 100.0 71.0 Auxiliary enterprises _ 135 12, 691 26. 1 135 12,691 26. 1 Student-aid income 7 88 1,435 2.9 88 1,435 2.9 Total current income 148 48,667 100. 0 148 48,667 100. 0 See footnotes at end of table. 24 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 10. — Percentage analysis and amount of current income, by control and type of institution and by source of income : 1957-58 — Continued Type of institution, source of income All institutions, by control Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Num¬ ber of insti¬ tutions report¬ ing item Amount reported 1 Percent 2 Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income Of edu¬ cational and general income Of total current income 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 VII. OTHER PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS Educational and general: Student fees 3 _ _ . 129 34, 969 27.2 25.1 14 5, 782 12.5 11.5 115 29, 188 35.5 32.7 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3 _ 76 266 .2 .2 10 12 O) O) 66 254 .3 .3 Land-grant institutions 3 _ _ _ 1 750 .6 .5 1 750 1 6 1.5 0 Research 3 _ _ 23 8,849 6.9 6.3 6 2,640 5.7 5.3 17 6, 209 7.5 7.0 Other purposes _ _ 53 1,193 .9 .9 10 915 2.0 1.8 43 278 .3 .3 State governments .. 33 23, 843 18.6 17.1 12 20, 495 44.4 40.8 21 3,348 4. 1 3.8 Local governments 11 248 .2 .2 4 172 .3 .3 7 76 .1 . 1 Endowment earnings _ 52 9,834 7.6 7.1 7 1,216 2.7 2.4 45 8,618 10.5 9.7 Private gifts and grants.. 91 13, 589 10.6 9.7 11 2,597 5.6 5.2 80 10, 991 13.3 12.3 Related activities _ . . . _ 41 33, 485 26.0 24.0 8 10,912 23.6 21.7 33 22, 573 27.4 25.3 Sales and services _ _ 10 203 .2 .1 4 198 .4 .4 6 5 O) 0) Other educational and general. . . 85 1,329 1.0 1.0 11 527 1.2 1.0 74 802 1.0 .9 Total _ 132 128, 558 100.0 92.2 14 46,216 100.0 91.9 118 82, 342 100.0 92.4 Auxiliary enterprises ...... 97 9, 654 6.9 12 3, 226 6.4 85 6, 428 7.2 Student-aid income 7 75 1,224 .9 10 844 1. 7 65 380 .4 Total current income 132 139,436 100. 0 14 50, 286 100.0 118 89,150 100. 0 VIII. JUNIOR COLLEGES Educational and general: Student fees 3 _ _ 451 38, 320 218 17.4 253 16, 256 11.6 10.1 198 22, 064 62.3 37.2 Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 3__ 149 195 .1 .1 116 140 .1 .1 33 55 .2 .1 Land-grant institutions 3-. -- 0 0 0 Research 3 _ _ _ _ 2 459 .3 .2 1 1 O) (*) 1 458 1.3 .8 Other purposes.. 133 643 .4 .3 103 606 .4 .4 30 37 . 1 . 1 State governments 8.. ..... 254 47, 886 27.3 21.8 245 47, 702 34.1 29.7 9 184 .5 .3 Local governments. ... .... 252 71.999 41.1 32.7 245 71,680 51.3 44.7 7 319 .9 .5 Endowment earnings. . . 106 1,860 1.1 .9 10 516 .4 .3 96 1,344 3.8 2.3 Private gifts and grants _ _ . 214 10,417 5.9 4.7 34 478 .3 .3 180 9, 939 28.0 16.7 Related activities _ _ . . _ _ 78 993 .6 .5 50 814 .6 .5 28 180 .5 .3 Sales and services. . . 45 375 .2 .2 32 208 .2 .1 13 167 .5 .3 Other educational and general. . _ 203 2, 038 1.2 .9 109 1,363 1.0 .9 94 675 1.9 1.1 Total _ _ . 493 175, 185 100.0 79.7 285 139, 764 100.0 87 1 208 35, 422 100.0 59.7 Auxiliary enterprises. ... . . 406 44, 025 20.0 214 20, 454 12. / 192 23, 570 39.7 Student-aid income 7. _ 229 663 .3 106 292 .2 123 372 .6 Total current income. _ __ 493 219, 873 100.0 285 160, 510 100.0 208 59, 364 100.0 IX. TECHNICAL INSTITUTES AND SEMIPROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS Educational and general: Student fees 3 . . Federal Government: Veterans' tuition and fees 3 Land-grant institutions3 _ Research _ Other purposes _ State governments 8 _ Local governments _ Endowment earnings _ Private gifts and grants _ Related activities _ Sales and services _ Other educational and general.. Total _ Auxliliary enterprises _ Student-aid income 7 _ Total current income _ 48 17, 095 57.9 52.8 16 3, 533 24. 1 20.9 32 13, 563 91.2 87.8 26 262 .9 .8 10 14 .1 .1 16 247 1.7 1.6 0 0 0 6 29 . 1 . 1 6 30 .2 .2 0 20 39 .1 . 1 15 29 .2 .2 5 10 .1 . 1 21 6, 646 22.5 20.5 17 6,610 45.0 39.0 4 36 .2 .2 8 3, 949 397 13.4 12.2 8 3, 949 26.9 23.3 0 7 1.3 1.2 0 7 398 2.7 2.6 15 533 1.8 1.7 7 14 .1 .1 8 519 3.5 3.3 13 472 1.6 1.5 13 472 3.2 2.8 0 15 34 . 1 . 1 13 2 0) (4) 2 32 .2 .2 27 81 .3 .2 14 25 .2 .1 13 56 .4 .4 50 29, 537 100.0 91.2 17 14, 678 100.0 86.7 33 14, 861 100.0 96.2 37 2,804 33 8.7 16 2, 232 20 13.2 21 572 3.7 22 .1 13 . 1 9 13 .1 50 32, 374 100.0 17 16, 930 100.0 33 15, 446 100.0 1 In thousands of dollars. 2 Based on unrounded figures. 3 Tuition and fees received from veterans under Public Law 550 are reported under Student fees and not under Income from the Federal Government. * Less than 0.05 of 1 percent. 3 Income from the Federal Government for research at agricultural experiment stations administered by land-grant institutions was reported under Land-grant in¬ stitutions and not under Research. 6 Includes Federal aid received through State channels and regional compacts. 7 Specifically designated or earmarked funds. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 25 Table 11. — Institutions utilising fees from students for plant expansion or debt retirement, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 Type of institution All institutions Publicly controlled Privately controlled Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total - - - -- _ - _ _ - _ 177 $21, 091, 523 121 $16, 802, 439 56 $4, 289, 084 4-year institutions: Universities -- _ _ __ _ _ - _ ... . _ _ 54 13, 709, 738 2,615, 820 3, 853, 133 549, 391 18, 607 41 11,000,563 1, 176, 069 3, 829, 991 521, 056 13 30 1 1 2, 709, 175 1,439,751 23, 142 28, 335 18, 607 47,516 22, 558 Liberal arts colleges - _ - _ - . _ - _ - 53 23 Teachers colleges - . _ _ _ _ _ - 40 39 Technological schools . _ _ _ _ _ _ - , _ - _ 6 5 Theological schools _ _ , - ------- _ _ _ _ _ _ 4 0 4 Other professional schools - . _ -. _ 4 110, 422 234,412 2 62, 906 211,854 2 2-year institutions: Junior colleges _ 16 11 5 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ _ _ 0 0 0 Table 12. — Educational and general income from public sources: 1949-50 to 1957-58 Source and purpose 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 1 2 3 4 5 6 AMOUNT Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 1 $308, 432, 430 48, 244, 909 (3) 170, 356,119 $147, 512, 828 49, 376, 038 221, 104, 544 35, 418, 293 $44, 367, 760 50, 551, 637 282, 379, 078 42, 244, 218 $15, 637,185 72, 616, 307 355, 575, 563 50, 056, 477 $5, 056, 154 83, 936, 887 Land-grant institutions 2 Research 2 . - __ _ _ _ __ _ 534, 388, 710 89, 049, 053 Other purposes Total, Federal Government 527, 033, 458 500, 288, 950 61,377, 854 453, 411, 703 419, 542, 693 493, 885, 532 712, 430, 804 1, 156, 537, 356 129, 388, 742 State governments 4 620, 588, 105 72. 012, 986 751,556,015 88, 198, 094 891, 599, 599 106, 899, 351 Local governments Grand total - - 1, 088, 700, 262 1, 146, 012, 794 1, 259, 296, 802 1, 492, 384, 482 1, 998, 356, 902 PERCENT Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 28.3 12.9 3.5 1.0 0.2 Land-grant institutions 2 -- _ _ _ _ _ 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.9 4.2 Research 2__ __ _ _ _ _ _ . (3) 15.7 19.3 22.4 23.8 26.7 Other purposes 4 3.1 3.4 3.4 4.5 Total, Federal Government _ 48.4 39.6 33.3 33.1 35.6 State governments _ ____ _ _ _ _ 46.0 54.1 59.7 59.7 57.9 Local governments. 5.6 6.3 7.0 7.2 6.5 Grand total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 Excludes tuition paid by veterans under Public Law 550. 3 Data were not collected from non-land-grant institutions. 3 Income from the Federal Government for research at agricultural experiment 4 Includes Federal aid received through State channels and regional compacts, stations administered by land-grant institutions is reported under Land-grant in¬ stitutions and not under Research. higher education came to slightly less than $2 billion. This figure included data reported by all institutions: U.S. service academies, institutions in the outlying parts of the United States, as well as those in what is often referred to as contiguous United States (table 12). It represented an in¬ crease of nearly 34 percent over the slightly less than $1.5 billion reported for this item for 1955-56. Of the 1957-58 total, one-third (35.6 percent) came from Federal funds, and nearly three-fifths (57.9 percent) from State funds. The remaining 6.5 per¬ cent came from local sources. Corresponding percents for 1955-56 were Federal, 33.1; State, 59.7; and local, 7.2. 605644 O— 42 - 3 From 1955-56 to 1957-58, direct contributions of the Federal Government increased proportion¬ ately more rapidly (44.3 percent) than those of State governments (29.7 percent) or those of local governments (21.0 percent). The increase of $218 million in Federal contri¬ butions is largely accounted for by the increase in grants or appropriations for research, which amounted to nearly $179 million. The other increases ($11 million for land-grant institutions and $39 million for miscellaneous purposes) were partially offset by a decrease of somewhat more than $10 million in payments of tuition and fees for military veterans by the Veterans ^dminis- 26 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 tration. This type of expenditure amounted to only a little over $5 million in 19*57-58. Research Funds More than $534 million was contributed by the Federal Government directly to institutions of higher education in the form of grants or contract awards in support of research projects (table 13) This money was distributed among 291 institutions, scattered among all the States and outlying parts except the Canal Zone and Guam (table I, part A). The total contribution for 1957-58 represents an increase of 50.3 percent over the 1955-56 total of a little under $356 million. The 1957-58 grants went to all types of insti¬ tutions except privately controlled technical insti¬ tutes (nondegree-granting) and theological schools. Nearly 97 percent of the total went to 145 uni¬ versities and technological schools (degree-grant¬ ing). The other 146 institutions reporting re¬ search receipts from the Federal Government received smaller amounts, one institution reporting a grant of less than $600. The $534 million just mentioned does not in¬ clude nearly $29 million carried in the Federal land-grant institution appropriation of $84 million, but designated for agricultural experiment sta¬ tion research in these institutions (column 4 of table 14). Adding this amount to the $534 mil¬ lion designated for research in non-land-grant institutions produces a total of $563 contributed by the Federal Government for organized research projects in institutions of higher education. Large as this sum is, it still is not the total of all higher education funds made available for research. Private gifts and grants specifically designated for this purpose amounted to $77 \ million and general institutional funds totaling almost $100 million more were diverted to research (columns 5 and 6 of table 14). The result is a total of just over $740 million made available for research. Detailed analysis of this total, in¬ cluding percentage analyses by control, type, I and race, is presented in table 14, along with some details on expenditures of these funds. Of interest at this juncture is a survey of research activity in higher education recently carried on by the Office of Education for the National Science Foundation.11 This survey brought to light an expenditure of $735.8 million for research ! at institutions of higher education, a figure close to that of $733.9 million reported to the Office of Education (column 7 of table 14). Since the National Science Foundation survey covered a few more institutions than those reporting to the Office of Education and since the Foundation definition of research was somewhat broader than that used in the Office survey, it seems especially noteworthy that the two surveys came so near to covering the same amount of expenditure. The | Foundation survey brought out the following facts: (1) By type of research, 48 percent of the | expenditure was for basic research and 52 percent for applied research and development. (2) By field of science covered, 36 percent was in the physical sciences, 34 percent in the life sciences, 25 percent in the engineering sciences, and 5 percent in the social sciences. Expenditures ii National Science Foundation. Funds for Research and Development in Colleges and Universities, Fiscal Year 1958. In Reviews of Data on Research and Development, No. 19 (April 1960). Washington: National Science j Foundation. Table 13. — Federal grants for research, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 All institutions Publicly controlled Privately controlled Type of institution Number of institu¬ tions re¬ porting Amount Number of institu¬ tions re¬ porting Amount Number of institu¬ tions re¬ porting Amount l 2 3 4 5 6 7 All institutions 1 _ _ . . . _ 291 $534, 388, 710 129 $232, 775, 317 162 $301,613, 393 Universities _ . . . 126 410, 638, 078 7,921,506 747,431 105, 745, 067 8, 848, 749 458, 854 29, 025 75 226,710, 847 1,384, 119 341,862 1, 668, 846 2, 640, 074 544 51 183, 927, 231 Liberal arts colleges _ 100 21 79 6, 537, 387 Teachers colleges _ 15 13 2 405, 569 Technological schools _ _ 19 7 12 104, 076, 221 Other professional schools 2.-- __ 23 6 17 6, 208, 675 Junior colleges _ 2 1 1 458, 310 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools 6 6 29, 025 0 ‘Amounts reported do not include (a) Federal grants for research which were 2 Institutions classified as theological and religious did not report any Federal grants received through State channels and regional compacts; (6) Federal grants for research for research, at agricultural experiment stations administered by land-grant institutions. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 27 Table 14. — Income and expenditures for organised research, by source of funds, by type and control of institution, and by predominant race of students: 1957-58 Item Income Expenditures Total Federal Government Private gifts and grants General institutional funds Total Under outside contracts or grants All other organized research Grants or contracts Through land-grant institutions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AMOUNT $740, 172, 340 $534, 388, 710 $28, 818, 993 $77, 178, 202 $99, 786, 435 $733, 886, 904 $604, 777, 408 $129, 109, 496 393, 395, 185 346, 777, 155 232, 775, 317 301, 613, 393 28, 818, 993 35, 036, 985 42, 141, 217 96, 763, 890 3, 022, 545 393, 366, 160 340, 520, 744 284, 759, 047 320, 018, 361 108, 607, 113 20, 502, 383 600, 592, 519 410, 638, 078 27, 756, 359 65, 718, 635 96, 479, 447 600, 592, 519 478, 429,614 122, 162, 905 Publicly controlled _ 381,432, 392 219, 160, 127 226, 710, 847 183, 927, 231 27, 756, 359 33, 267, 800 32, 450, 835 93, 697, 386 2, 782, 061 381,432, 392 219, 160, 127 275,271,585 203, 158, 029 106, 160, 807 16, 002, 098 12, 730, 813 7, 921,506 207, 338 3, 016, 087 1, 585, 882 12, 157, 650 9, 946, 999 2, 210, 651 Publicly controlled _ _ _ _ 3, 582, 632 9, 148, 181 1,384,119 6, 537, 387 207, 338 405, 293 2,610, 794 1, 585, 882 3, 582, 632 8, 575, 018 2,082, 081 7, 864, 918 1,500, 551 710, 100 1,118, 495 747, 431 135, 662 235, 402 1,118, 495 939,610 178, 885 Publicly controlled. _ _ _ _ _ _ 596, 570 521, 925 341,862 405, 564 135, 662 119, 046 116, 356 596, 570 521, 925 417, 685 521,925 178, 885 112, 722,212 105, 745, 067 5, 763, 833 1,213,312 107, 572, 175 103, 884, 156 3, 688, 019 Publicly controlled 2, 907, 979 109,814, 233 1, 668, 846 104, 076, 221 25, 821 5, 738, 012 1,213,312 2, 907, 979 104, 664, 196 2, 593, 008 101,291, 148 314, 971 3, 378, 048 Privately controlled Theological schools (all privately controlled). Other professional schools 102, 726 24, 000 78, 726 102, 726 67, 326 35,400 12, 309,913 8, 848, 749 855, 296 2, 516, 085 89, 783 11,869, 223 11, 141,839 727, 384 Publicl controlled. _ _ 4, 783, 662 7, 526, 251 2, 640, 074 6, 208, 675 855, 296 1, 198, 509 1, 317, 576 89, 783 4, 783, 662 7, 085, 561 4, 392,113 6, 749, 726 391,549 335, 835 Privately controlled _ Junior colleges 521, 235 458, 854 3, 900 58, 481 428,714 367, 864 60, 850 Publicly controlled _ .. ... ... 62, 925 458, 310 544 458, 310 3, 900 58, 481 62, 925 365, 789 2, 575 365, 289 60, 350 500 Privately controlled _ Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools ... 74, 427 29, 025 45, 402 45, 402 45, 402 Publicly controlled 29, 025 45, 402 29, 025 Privately controlled 45, 402 45, 402 45, 402 By predominant race of students: White _ 739, 093, 348 1, 078, 992 533, 680, 397 708, 313 28, 818, 993 76, 897, 426 280, 776 99, 696, 532 89, 903 732, 807, 912 1, 078, 992 603, 789, 569 987, 839 129, 018, 343 91,153 Negro All institutions PERCENT 100.0 72.2 3.9 10.4 13.5 I 99.1 81.7 17.4 Publicly controlled _ 100,0 100.0 59.2 87.0 7.3 8.9 12.1 24.6 .9 100.0 98.2 72.4 92.3 27.6 5.9 Privately controlled _ Universities _ _ ... . 100.0 68.4 4T 10J i6TT 100.0 79.7 20.3 Publicly controlled _ Privately controlled _ 100.0 100.0 59.4 83.9 7.3 8.7 14.8 24.6 1.3 100.0 100.0 72.2 92.7 27.8 7.3 Liberal arts colleges _ Publicly controlled _ . 100.0 62.2 1.6 23.7 12.5 95.5 78.1 17.4 100.0 100.0 38.6 71.5 5.8 11.3 28.5 44.3 100.0 93.7 58. 1 86.0 41.9 7.7 Privately controlled... _ Teachers colleges _ 100.0 66.8 12.1 21.1 100.0 84.0 16.0 Publicly controlled 100.0 100.0 57.3 77.7 22.7 20.0 22.3 100.0 100.0 70.0 100.0 30.0 Privately controlled _ Technological schools _ 100.0 93.8 5.1 1.1 95.4 92.1 3.3 Publicly controlled 100.0 100.0 57.4 94.8 .9 5.2 41.7 100.0 95.3 89.2 92.2 10.8 3.1 Privately controlled _ Theological schools (all privately controlled). Other professional schools _ 100.0 23.4 76.6 100.0 65.5 34.5 100.0 71.9 7.0 20.4 .7 96.4 90.5 5.9 Publicly controlled _ _ . 100.0 100.0 55.2 82.5 17.9 25.1 17.5 1.8 100.0 94. 1 91.8 89.7 8.2 4.4 Privately controlled _ ... 28 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 57-58 Table 14. — Income and expenditures for organised research, by source of funds, by type and control of institution, and by predominant race of students: 1957-58 — Continued Item Income Expenditures Total Federal Government Private gifts and grants General institutional funds Total Under outside contracts or grants All other organized research Grants or contracts Through land-grant institutions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Junior colleges PERCENT 100.0 88.0 .8 11.2 82.2 70.5 11.7 Publicly controlled 100.0 100.0 .9 100.0 6.2 92.9 100.0 79.8 4.1 79.7 95.9 .1 Privately controlled Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools 100.0 39.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 Publicly controlled 100.0 100.0 100.0 Privately controlled 100.0 100.0 100.0 By predominant race of students: White _ 100.0 100.0 72.2 65.7 3.9 10.4 26.0 13.5 8.3 99.1 100.0 81.7 91.6 17.4 8.4 Negro _ _ were not reported in the Office of Education survey in such a way as to permit an analysis of either of these types. The general question of the impact of research on higher education income may well be consid¬ ered at this point. To approach this problem, it is necessary to separate those items of income specifically designated for research from those not so designated, a procedure not entirely possible from data available to the Office of Education. Only contributions of the Federal Government and private gifts and grants can be identified and separated with any degree of reliability. Since the questionnaire used by the Office did not provide for special designation of State or local government funds or endowment earnings by research or nonresearch support, these cannot be completely isolated. Thus it is clear that the amount of higher education specifically designated for research in 1957-58 is understated. When the items specifically designated for research are subtracted from the total of educa¬ tional and general income of all higher education, the result is a new total of $3.1 billion of non¬ research income; this income may be analyzed by source, as in table 15, columns 6, 11, and 16. Another separation of items may also be made: income of related activities, sales and services of educational departments, and unclassifiable items (other educational and general) may also be eliminated, as in columns 5, 10, and 15 of the table. This cuts to only a little over $2.8 billion the income of higher education which is compa¬ rable to educational and general expenditures except research, as given in table 26. The results of these tabulations may prove surprising to some. Instead of the 20.1 percent of educational and general income as shown in table 10, it now appears (table 15) that student fees came to 30.1 percent of the amounts actually devoted to the traditional activities of higher education. This percent runs higher, of course, in private liberal arts colleges (63.0) and techno¬ logical schools (51.7), and lower in public uni¬ versities (14.5). It now remains to point out that the data in table 15, in addition to under-excluding research items, as already noted, do not refer to all types of institutions. They do, however, carry the types having the highest concentration of research activities (universities and technological schools) as well as those where the liberal arts tradition is strongest (private liberal arts colleges). Endowment Earnings Earnings of endowment funds in 1957-58 amounted to $182 million for the entire United States (contiguous and outlying parts). This exceeded the 1955-56 total of $145 million by approximately 25 percent. The 1957-58 figure amounted to $62.04 for each resident degree- HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 29 credit student in the United States in the fall of 1957; the corresponding average for 1955-56 was $54.95. In 1929-30, it was $74. 08. 12 This total of endowment earnings has experi¬ enced what would appear to be a phenomenal increase in recent years. In 1929-30, for example, it was reported at $69 million. The 1957-58 figure thus represents an increase of 164.7 percent over that for 1929-30. During the same period, the per capita income of the Nation rose from $703 in 1929 (the first year this figure was calculated) to $2,052 in 1957 : an increase of $1,349, or 191.9 percent. Thus it appears that although endowment earnings have increased markedly during this period, their rate of increase has not kept pace with that in the per capita income of the Nation. Private Gifts and Grants The nearly three-quarters of a billion dollars in private gifts and grants to institutions of higher education in 1957-58 has already been referred to (table 7). This total includes nearly $325 mil¬ lion for educational and general purposes (as shown in table 10), reported by nearly 1,400 institutions. Gifts for these purposes from alumni, reported by 735 institutions, amounted to more than $23 million. Gifts from churches (including individual congregations as well as larger denominational or sectarian organizations) totaled nearly $49 million, according to reports from 670 institutions, all except 7 of them under private or nongovernment control. Corporation grants, reported by 667 institutions, totaled nearly $56 million. Educa¬ tional and philanthropic foundations made grants or gifts to 707 institutions, the total of these contributions coming to almost $50 million. About $110 million (more than one-third of the total of $325 million) was reported by institutions as from “other sources,’ 7 thus pointing up the difficulty of making a clearcut, nonoverlapping classification of these gifts by primary source. Contributed Service Included in the nearly $325 million of private gifts and grants for educational and general pur¬ poses just mentioned is a noncash item of some- 12 These calculations are based on totals for all institutions reporting for the years shown. Since some institutions had no endowment and therefore no endowment earnings, a correction for this factor would increase each average to some extent. thing more than $37 million in contributed or nonsalaried service, reported by 335 institutions (table 16). This amounted to 11.5 percent of the total of all private gifts and grants for educational and general purposes. As might be expected, nearly 97 percent of the total amount of this service, as evaluated by the several institutions, was at schools under religious or other nongovernment control. Seventy percent of it was reported by 202 liberal arts colleges, all of them under private control. A little over $1.5 million was reported by 26 theological institutions. Related Activities The incidental income of instructional depart¬ ments and of organized activities related to them is frequently referred to briefly as “related activ¬ ities.” The term includes all these incidental earnings, such as tuition and other income of a laboratory school, a demonstration school, or a museum; fees for care at a medical or dental clinic; and other income of this nature derived from services directly connected with the instruc¬ tional program of the institution. The total of 1957-58 income from these related activities, as reported by 581 institutions, came to $199 million; this was 5.3 percent of the total educational and general income of the entire group of 1,940 institutions included in the present compilation. Publicly controlled institutions re¬ ported $108 million, or 5.0 percent of their educa¬ tional and general total; privately controlled, $91 million, or 5.7 percent. Medical and dental hospitals and clinics received a little over $152 million (76 percent of the total of income from this source) and schools of agriculture a little less than $19 million (not quite 10 percent). The remaining $28 million (14 percent) was reported for other facilities as listed above. Sales and Services of Educational De¬ partments The figures quoted in the preceding discussion do not include a little over $47 million (1.3 percent of the educational and general total) received lor sales of livestock or dairy products of agricultural schools, sales of publications of educational or in¬ structional departments, and the like, as reported by 317 institutions. institutions, by control: 1957-58 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 LIBERAL ARTS I HIGHER EDUCATION- RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 63.0 .2 . ~2 .3 .2 11.2 20.9 96.0 1.7 .2 2.1 100.0 TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOLS 51.7 .3 (•) im 1 1 1 22.0 16.3 OO CO CM CT> 0 00T 65.5 .2 T .3 .2 11.7 21.8 100.0 1 j 56.3 .3 (6) Ps |; o OO CM •— < 0 001 277, 134 826 1, 069 1,320 1,021 49, 365 92, 044 422, 779 7, 165 986 9,191 440, 121 32, 792 178 17 1 1 iinin n i CD i 1 13,947 10, 341 58, 195 378 271 4,561 63,405 | ! Icn 1 1 i !“l i : : i« : i S S i i | 3 | 9, 148 i ! s i i i i llC i i i r i i i c i i i i ii* 1 lie 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i O i i i l i i D i • i i • i D i 1 i — • i 1 i 1 i OO i co i in i 109,814 277, 134 826 6, 537 1,069 1,320 1,021 49, 365 94, 655 431,927 7,165 986 9, 191 449, 269 32, 792 178 17 104, 076 915 5 13,947 16,079 168, 009 378 271 4,561 173, 219 CM r-« oo i CD CO CD CO *3" 2 O 100.0 CM l i i r-v. in cm co c\j HinfOH o o o 1 CD CM 1 CD CM l i CD 16.6 .1 .3 .6 71.9 9.8 .3 .4 100.0 ! 1 ! T ! i r-* CM CM CO CM i ooco 1 CD CM 1 1 1 100.0 1 28, 658 166 604 "990' 124, 141 16,975 517 636 172,687 2,230 609 1,106 176, 632 6, 695 40 61,675 20, 825 171 235 153 89, 794 1,364 274 1,060 92, 492 207" 1,384 i is i r ! ! 966 ‘l i ; 1 l 1 l i iC 1 lie i lie i i i 1 i l D i i i O i • i O 1 ' i 1 I CD i CM 1 1,695 1 1 1 1 28, 658 166 811 1,384 990 124, 141 16,975 517 1,041 174,683 2,230 609 1,106 178,628 6, 695 40 1, 003 61,675 20,825 171 235 179 91,489 1,364 274 1,060 94, 187 49.6 .2 .1 ... 20.3 2.9 8.1 15.0 96.5 1.5 .3 1.7 100.0 25.3 . 1 <6) 40.2 13.4 . 1 9.1 6.8 95.0 1. 1 .3 3.6 100.0 51.4 .2 . 1 ~~.T 21.0 3.0 8.4 15.6 0 001 j 26.7 .1 (0) 42.3 14.1 . 1 9.6 7.1 100.0 305, 792 992 604 2,059 125, 462 17, 996 49, 882 92, 680 595,467 9,395 1,595 10, 296 616, 753 39, 487 218 17 62, 590 20, 830 171 14, 182 10, 494 147,989 1,742 545 5, 621 155, 897 "''207" 7, 922 !co |5 i 11,145 i l l 1 III. l II* 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 L i llC i l l f i i i 1 i 1 O l i l ^ 1 i 1 ** 1 1 l n i • i 2 1 ! 1 i l CD i r-* i in i 111,509 1 305, 792 992 811 7, 922 2,059 125,462 17, 996 49, 882 95, 696 606,612 9, 395 1,595 10, 296 1 § 3d, 487 218 17 105, 745 62, 590 20,830 171 14, 182 16, 258 259, 498 1,742 545 5,621 CO e *t N CO CM J Federal government: Veterans’ tuition and fees . . Land-grant institutions _ Research _ Other purposes _ _ . . _ _ _ State governments » _ Local governments _ _ _ _ Endowment earnings _ Private gifts and grants _ _ Subtotal _ Related activities _ Sales and services _ Other educational and general _ Total educational and general Student fees 1 _ Federal government: Veterans' tuition and fees * _ Land-grant institutions _ Research _ Other purposes . . . . State governments 5 _ _ Local governments _ Endowment earnings. .. _ _ Private gifts and grants. . _ Subtotal _ Related activities _ Sales and services _ Other educational and general _ ! i i i i“ 31 32 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 16. — Estimated value of contributed service, by control and type of institution: 1949-50 to 1957-58. Year and type of institution All institutions Publicly controlled institutions Privately controlled institutions Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1949-50 _ 264 $17, 782, 365 7 $564, 668 257 $17, 217, 697 1951-52 _ 268 20, 385, 661 8 633,168 260 19, 752, 493 1953-54 _ 269 24, 993, 383 9 2, 076, 773 260 22, 916, 610 1955-56 _ 281 32, 614, 352 7 1, 933, 635 274 30, 680, 717 1957-58 1 _ 335 37,403,125 17 1, 197, 841 318 36, 205, 284 Universities _ _ 21 6, 035, 606 5 1, 182, 198 16 4, 853, 408 Liberal arts colleges _ _ . 202 26, 208, 238 0 202 26, 208, 238 Teachers colleges _ _ _ _ .. _ _ _ 15 1,257,678 0 15 1,257, 678 Other professional schools _ _ 7 210,250 1 10, 000 6 200, 250 Theological schools - - _ _ _ - 26 1,525, 428 0 26 1, 525, 428 Junior colleges _ 63 2, 164, 725 11 5, 643 52 2, 159, 082 Technical institutes _ _ - - - - _ - - - - - - _ _ 1 1,200 0 1 1,200 i No service of this type reported by either technological schools (4-year institutions) or by semiprofessional schools (2-year institutions). Other Educational Income The “other income” account of an institution of higher education includes that income which is either so incidental in its nature, so irregular in its frequency, or so minor in its amount as to make its classification difficult or impractical. The most common types of “other income” are probably (1) interest on current funds (not interest on funds which are regularly or usually invested); (2) rent of institutional property for noninstitutional purposes (for example, part or all of a college plant for a conference on religious, social, or other matters not specifically part of or concerned with the institution’s commonly accepted program); (3) transcript fees of students; and (4) library fines. This miscellaneous income from other sources amounted to $72 million, or 1.9 percent of the educational and general total for 1957-58. Whether the decrease from a little over $80 million reported for this item for 1955-56 is due to more careful accounting, or is actually a dimi¬ nution of revenues of this miscellaneous charac¬ ter, can not be determined from the data at hand. Total Educational and General Income The $3.8 billion income for educational and general purposes amounted to 80.5 percent of the total of all current income reported for higher education in 1957-58. This is a little higher percent than the 79.4 reported for both 1955-56 and 1953-54. For the publicly controlled insti¬ tutions in 1957-58, this percent was 87.9; for the privately controlled, 78.7 percent. Chronological Shifts When data on the educational and general income of higher education for 1957-58 are ana¬ lyzed in comparison with those for previous years, certain facts become apparent and certain con¬ clusions appear to be warranted (table 17). Thus, in the period of nearly half a century since 1909- 10 (the earliest year for which finance data have been compiled on a basis comparable to those of more recent years), the following can be noted: a slow, irregular trend upward in public support, a somewhat comparable trend away from private philanthropy, a discontinuance of dependence on institutional earnings, and little change in the proportion of the cost of education actually paid by students. Internal sources. — Student fees in 1957-58 (those charged for tuition, laboratory or library fees, and other fees directly connected with the educa¬ tional or instructional program, but not including charges for food, lodging, extracurricular activi¬ ties, etc.) increased to more than 48 times the fees in 1909-10. Proportionately, however, they de¬ creased a bit: from more than 26 percent of the total in 1909-10 to not quite 25 percent of that in 1957-58. Over the years, their movement has been irregular, ranging from a high of more than 35 percent in 1939-40 to a low of less than 20 percent in 1949-50. Internal earnings of institutions (sales and services of educational departments and related activities, collections for transcripts of credits, rent of buildings and/or grounds for noninstitu¬ tional purposes, etc.) decreased in importance from 15.6 percent of the 1909-10 total to 8.5 percent HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY Table 17. — Educational and general income, by type of source: 1909-10 to 1957-58 33 Item Internal Sources Student fees 2 _ Related activities _ Sales and services of educational departments . Other sources _ Total internal sources _ Philanthropic Sources Private gifts and grants, Endowment earnings,,.. Total philanthropic sources, Public Sources Federal Government: Veterans' tuition and fees 2_._ Land-grant institutions 3 _ Research 3 _ Other purposes _ State governments 4 _ Local governments 4 _ Total public sources. Grand total _ 1909-10 1919-20 1929-30 1939-40 1947-48 1949-50 1951-52 1953-54 1955-56 1957-58 AMOUNT i $19, 426 11,367 30, 793 3, 551 12,681 16, 232 1,815 \2 1,203 26, 016 Internal Sources Student fees _ Related activities _ Sales and services of educational departments, Other sources _ Total internal sources _ Philanthropic Sources Private gifts and grants. Endowment earnings _ Total philanthropic sources. Public Sources Federal Government: Veterans’ tuition and fees 2-,, Land-grant institutions 3 _ Research 3 _ Other purposes _ State governments 4 _ Local governments 4 _ Total public sources. Grand total _ 73, 041 $42, 263 22, 163 64, 426 7, 585 26, 485 34, 070 4,709 8, 074 61,864 74, 647 $144, 624 72, 908 217, 532 26, 203 68, 623 94, 826 16, 389 4, 269 152, 332 172, 990 $201, 831 32, 894 11,512 246, 237 40, 576 71,364 111,940 31,889 7, 648 / 153,690 l 24,392 217,619 $305, 632 93, 024 36,414 435, 070 91,568 86, 708 178, 276 365, 136 43, 173 95, 270 24, 468 357, 900 47, 521 933, 468 $395, 855 112,437 34, 758 543, 050 118,705 96, 370 215, 075 308, 432 48, 249 170, 352 500, 289 61,378 1, 088, 700 $448, 395 137, 010 41,131 626, 536 149, 925 112,927 262, 852 147,513 49, 376 221, 105 35,418 620, 588 72,013 1, 146, 013 173,143 485,348 575,796 1,546,814 1,846,825 ; 2,035,401 2,356,506 2,881,759 3,762,532 $554, 179 165, 477 58, 762 778,418 191,258 127, 533 318, 791 44, 368 50, 552 282, 379 42, 244 751,556 1,259, 297 $725, 926 192, 406 80, 464 998, 796 245, 539 145, 040 390, 579 15, 637 72,616 355, 576 50, 056 891,600 106, 899 $939, 111 199, 303 47,448 71,705 1,257,567 324,970 181,638 506, 608 5, 056 83, 937 534, 389 89, 049 1, 156, 537 129, 389 1,492,384 1,998,357 PERCENT 3 26.6 15.6 42.2 4.9 17.3 22.2 4. 1 2.5 29.0 35.6 24.4 37.2 4.4 15.3 19.7 2.7 4.7 35.7 43. 1 100.0 15.0 44.8 5.4 14. 1 19.5 3.4 .9 31.4 35. 1 5.7 2.0 42.8 7.0 12.4 19.4 5.6 1.3 26.7 4.2 35.7 37.8 100.0 19.8 6.0 2.3 28. 1 5.9 5.6 21.5 6. 1 1.9 29.5 6. 4 5.2 11.6 23.6 2.8 6.2 1.6 23. 1 3. 1 60. 16.7 2.6 9.2 27.1 3.3 58.9 100.0 22.0 2.0 30. 7.4 5.5 12.9 7.3 2.4 10.9 1.7 30.5 3.5 56.3 100.0 23.5 7.0 2.5 33.0 8. 1 5.4 13.5 1.9 2.2 12.0 1.8 31.9 3.7 53.5 25.2 6.7 2.8 34.7 8.5 5.0 13.5 .6 2.5 12.3 1.7 31.0 3.7 51.8 24.9 5.3 1.3 1.9 33. 8.7 4.8 13.5 . 1 2.2 14.2 2.4 30.8 3.4 53. 1 100.0 1 In thousands of dollars. 2 Tuition and fees received from veterans under Public Law 550 are reported under Student Fees and not under Income from the Federal Government. 3 Income from the Federal Government for research at agricultural experiment stations administered by land-grant institutions is reported under Land-grant institu¬ tions and not under Research. of that for 1957-58. It should be borne in mind, however, that some of this decrease may be the result of changes in accounting and reporting practices. Some lack of comparability of the data is probable. The total proportion of the costs borne by all internal sources has thus fluctuated from a high of nearly 45 percent to a low of less than 30 percent, with the last three reporting periods showing a fairly stable percentage of 33 to 35. 4 Income from State and local governments tabulated under State prior to 1939-40 . Includes Federal aid received through State channels and regional compacts, s Based on rounded amounts. Philanthropy.— The data analyzed in the pres¬ ent publication show that not only did private gifts and grants for immediate current use in¬ crease in volume to a 1957-58 total more than 90 times that for 1909-10, but that these gifts also increased percentage-wise. In 1909-10, they amounted to a little less than one-twentieth of the total; in 1957-58, they were about one- eleventh of the total. Earnings of endowment funds of various types increased in amount to 34 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 a 1957-58 figure more than 14 times that for 1909-10, but their proportionate importance de¬ creased from more than 17 percent of the earlier total to less than 5 percent of the later one. The net result of combining these two factors is that private philanthropy carried more than 22 percent of the educational and general load in 1909-10, but less than 14 percent of it in 1957-58. Public sources. — The increase in public funds for the support of higher education during this period has been mentioned. This is undoubtedly due to several factors, among them the entrance of the Federal Government into the field (first, student aid for military veterans; later, research) and the entrance of local governments into the field of higher education, particularly at the junior college and normal school levels. Laying aside the two newer elements of Federal contribution just referred to, there remain the regular, time- honored appropriations for land-grant institutions and those for “other purposes.” From 1909-10 to 1957-58 the proportion of higher education support carried by each of these funds decreased. The two contributed 6.6 percent of the total for 1909-10, but only 4.6 percent of that for 1957-58. It only remains to point out that these data, like all others not otherwise identified, refer to the aggregate United States : the 48 contiguous States as of 1958 and such of the outlying parts as maintained higher education facilities. Auxiliary Enterprise Income An authoritative volume defines auxiliary enter¬ prises as “enterprises operated primarily for service to students and staff and . . . intended to be self-supporting.”13 In many instances the serv¬ ices of these enterprises are made available to the noncollege public of the community, when this can be done without impairing their usefulness to the college community and without competing with local business interests. Examples of auxiliary enterprises include student dormitories, dining halls, cafeterias, student social centers (unions), bookstores, faculty housing, intercollegiate athletic programs (if not operated as part of the instruction program), lectures, concerts, industrial plants operated on a student self-help basis, university presses, and the like. 13 College and University Business Administration. Washington: Ameri¬ can Council on Education, 1952. Vol. I, p. 137. Income of these auxiliary enterprises was reported by 1,771 institutions, of which 589 were publicly controlled and 1,182 privately controlled (table 18). The total income of these activities for all institutions reporting in 1957-58 was $842 million (table 18), which was 18 percent of the total current income of all higher education (table 10). The proportion of auxiliary enterprises to total current income ran higher in institutions under private control (19.4 percent) than in those under public control (16.9 percent). Of the total, nearly $493 million was collected at or for student dormitories, dining halls, and cafeterias. The remaining $349 million represented the income of other auxiliary enterprises as described above. As might be expected, just over half (50.1 percent) of the total income of these enterprises was reported by universities, with other groups ranging down to theological schools, 1.5 percent of the total of $842 million; the miscellaneous group of “other professional schools”, 1.1 percent; and nondegree-granting technical institutes and semiprofessional schools, 0.3 of 1 percent. Student Aid Funds In 1957-58, funds received for awarding fellow¬ ships, scholarships, prizes, and other forms of student aid not involving the rendering of service to the institution or repayment of the award were reported at 1,422 institutions, of which 412 were publicly controlled and 1,010 privately controlled (table 19). The total amount available was close to $136 million, which included earnings of endowed fellowships, scholarships, prize funds, and the like (nearly $19 million); grants or gifts from philanthropically minded individuals, foun¬ dations, and corporations in the form of funds for immediate use ($33 million) ; and direct appro¬ priations from Federal, State, or local governing bodies for immediate use ($20 million). All these figures represent increases over their 1955—56 counterparts, that of public appropriations going from approximately $14 million in 1955-56 to a little more than $20 million in 1957-58. This source accounted for only about $3 million in 1953-54. The other $64 million represents the use ol general funds for student aid purposes at institu¬ tions where need for this form ol aid was recog¬ nized as in excess of income specifically designated for it. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 35 Table 18. — Auxiliary enterprises fund operations, by purpose and by type and control of institution: 1957-58 Item Receipts Expenditures Total Cafeterias and dining halls Student residence halls Other auxiliary enterprises Total Cafeterias and dining halls Student residence halls Other auxiliary enterprises l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 All institutions $841, 539, 124 $305, 751, 886 $186, 949, 281 $348,837,957 $778, 033, 893 $277, 189, 759 $159, 653, 794 $341, 190, 340 Publicly controlled __ . 448,989,472 392, 549, 652 140, 119, 475 165, 632, 411 92, 865, 321 94, 083,960 216, 004, 676 132, 833, 281 414, 024, 856 364, 009, 037 131, 311, 033 145, 878, 726 77, 665, 829 81, 987,965 205, 047, 994 136, 142, 346 Universities _ 421, 206, 190 112, 736, 389 90, 812, 105 217, 657, 696 397, 979, 596 105, 143, 381 81,712, 986 211,123, 229 Publicly controlled _ _ Privately controlled.. 291, 468, 091 129, 738, 099 70, 890, 146 41, 846, 243 63,312, 831 27, 499, 274 157, 265, 114 60, 392, 582 270, 703, 715 127, 275, 881 66, 637, 178 38, 506, 203 54, 845, 417 26. 867, 569 149, 221, 120 61, 902, 109 Liberal arts colleges. 249, 602, 395 116, 041,439 60, 129, 227 73, 431, 729 227, 999, 084 102, 509, 761 50, 127, 839 75, 361, 484 Publicly controlled _ 46, 008, 366 203, 594, 029 20, 222, 278 95, 819, 161 7, 779, 175 52, 350, 052 18, 006, 913 55, 424, 816 42, 258, 866 185,740,218 18, 572, 202 83, 937, 559 6, 502, 190 43, 625, 649 17, 184, 474 58,177,010 Privately controlled.. _ _ Teachers colleges. . . 69, 148, 654 30, 370, 710 17, 802, 905 20, 975, 039 59, 326, 766 26, 784, 330 13, 062, 757 19, 479, 679 Publicly controlled . 66, 601, 572 2, 547, 082 29, 189, 635 1,181,075 17, 078,125 724, 780 20, 333, 812 641, 227 57, 035, 592 2, 291, 174 25, 734, 556 1, 049, 774 12, 417, 081 645, 676 18, 883, 955 595, 724 Privately controlled _ Technological schools.. 32, 408, 757 14, 962, 964 6, 173, 002 11,272, 791 32, 236, 577 15, 724, 928 5, 383, 704 11, 127, 945 Publicly controlled 18, 999, 004 13, 409, 753 10, 445, 357 4, 517, 607 2, 625, 914 3, 547, 088 5, 927, 733 5, 345, 058 19, 150, 940 13, 085, 637 11,314, 295 4, 410, 633 2, 001, 952 3, 381, 752 5, 834, 693 5, 293, 252 Privately controlled _ ... Theological schools (all privately controlled).. Other professional schools _ . _ _ 12, 690, 469 5, 950, 292 3,417, 771 3, 322, 406 11,342,126 5, 663, 258 2, 526, 793 3,152,075 9, 653, 739 3, 113, 250 1, 779, 368 4, 761,121 9, 182, 024 3, 014, 430 1, 738, 882 4, 428, 712 Publicly controlled _ 3, 225, 850 6, 427, 889 993, 705 2,119, 545 722, 678 1, 056, 690 1, 509, 467 3, 251, 654 3, 209, 638 5, 972, 386 998, 444 2, 015, 986 688, 512 1, 050, 370 1, 522, 682 2, 906, 030 Privately controlled _ Junior colleges 44, 024. 605 21, 807, 752 6, 584, 446 15, 632, 407 37, 503, 855 17, 645, 453 4, 928, 135 14, 930, 267 Publicly controlled _ 20, 454, 360 23, 570, 245 7, 830, 788 13, 976, 964 1,159,812 5, 424, 634 11,463, 760 4, 168, 647 19, 669, 948 17, 833, 907 7, 553, 766 10, 091, 687 1, 092, 602 3, 835, 533 11,023, 580 3, 906, 687 Privately controlled _ Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ ... 2, 804, 315 769, 090 250, 457 1, 784, 768 2, 463, 865 704, 218 172, 698 1, 586, 949 Publicly controlled _ . . 2, 232, 229 572, 086 547, 566 221, 524 186, 786 63, 671 1, 497, 877 286, 891 1,996,157 467, 708 500, 592 203, 626 118, 075 54, 623 1, 377, 490 209, 459 Privately controlled A review of the reports received from the 1,940 institutions indicates that 1,095, or 56.4 percent, made transfers of this sort. Of the 671 publicly controlled institutions, 258 (38.4 percent) made this transfer, more than $15 million being involved. Of the 1,269 privately controlled in¬ stitutions, 837 (66 percent) transferred nearly $49 million from general funds to student aid funds. The data indicate that more than $64 million of current funds were diverted to student aid (fellowships, scholarships, and prizes), but that apparently several million dollars of money desig¬ nated for student aid went unused. This situa¬ tion is, however, more logical than may appear at first glance. When data for institutions were consolidated in the Office of Education by type or control, it became clear that there was no uniformity in the use of funds by institutions within a given group. Thus, one institution might have used all its student aid funds and then drawn on other current funds for student aid purposes, for truly compel¬ ling reasons; another institution in the same type and control group might have found it inadvis¬ able or unnecessary to use all of its student aid funds. The result of combining reports from these two institutions in one type-control summary is thus both a balance and a transfer of funds to clear a deficit. Again, certain institutions have scholarship or other student aid funds which are so circumscribed that they are not utilized every year. For example, one institution has a fund the proceeds of which are usable only by a student residing within 10 miles of the main campus and another fund available only to a person residing in a specified county in a distant State. Still another fund is available only to persons bearing the surname of the donor of the fund. One institu¬ tion attended predominantly by white persons has one scholarship open only to a Negro. A well-known university has a scholarship fund 36 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 19. — Student-aid fund operations, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 Item Total Type of institution Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technologi¬ cal schools Theological schools Other pro¬ fessional schools Junior colleges Technical institutes and semi- professional schools l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1. Income or Receipts Institutions reporting: Number... . . Enrollment *. _ .. _ Income or receipts: Endowment earnings _ Private gifts and grants. Public sources. _ _ Total income _ _ _ . Transfers from other funds. Total income and receipts _ . II. Expenditures Institutions reporting: Number _ _ ... Enrollment >. _ _ Total expenditures. . . .. . . ... 1. Income or Receipts Institutions reporting: Number... .... Enrollment1. _ . . . ... Income or receipts: Endowment earnings _ Private gifts and grants . ... Public sources _ _ _ Total income _ ... Transfers from other funds.. . . . Total income and receipts . ... . II. Expenditures Institutions reporting: Number ... _ Enrollment 1 _ _ _ _ . Total expenditures... _ _ 1. Income or Receipts Institutions reporting: Number _ .... . Enrollment 1 _ _ _ Income or receipts: Endowment earnings _ Private gifts and grants _ _ Public sources. . .... Total Income _ . _ Transfers from other funds. ... _ .. Total income and receipts . . II. Expenditures Institutions reporting: Number ... ... Enrollment 1 _ Total expenditures. . . _ ALL INSTITUTIONS 1,422 2, 555, 979 139 1, 290, 365 677 767, 427 140 198,618 37 89, 889 97 26, 570 75 43, 935 231 139, 175 26 (2) $18, 606, 871 32, 799, 259 20, 035, 650 $9, 704, 860 20,311, 572 6,413,116 $6, 492, 668 7, 736, 885 1, 389, 891 $125, 109 682, 131 664, 189 $980, 887 2, 543, 301 11,041,285 $751, 040 655, 584 28, 797 $385, 624 416, 021 422, 670 $155, 169 448, 186 60, 054 $11,514 5, 579 15, 648 71,441,780 64, 296, 407 36, 429, 548 36, 357, 963 15, 619, 444 21, 733, 641 1,471,429 1, 505, 606 14, 565, 473 1, 958, 736 1, 435, 421 493, 754 1,224,315 1,118, 225 663, 409 1, 074, 449 32, 741 54, 033 135, 738, 187 72, 787,511 37, 353, 085 2, 977, 035 16, 524, 209 1,929, 175 2, 342, 540 1, 737, 858 86, 774 1,365 2, 513, 452 $131,386,216 139 1, 290, 365 $70, 923, 709 662 752, 408 $35, 904, 834 131 189, 948 $2,586,611 36 89, 485 $16, 384, 491 93 24,918 $1, 749, 564 75 43, 935 $2, 192, 306 204 122, 393 $1, 565, 408 25 (2) $79, 293 PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS 412 1, 340, 372 80 781, 289 65 223, 358 116 188, 989 17 33, 280 10 8, 776 107 104, 680 17 (2) $2, 701,013 13, 381,455 17, 255, 250 $2, 182, 514 10, 927, 170 4, 626, 809 $116,276 819, 190 667, 263 $105, 969 622, 243 586, 706 $61,417 509, 790 10, 956, 948 $208, 368 274, 268 361,449 $26, 469 224, 716 40, 427 $4, 078 15, 648 33, 337, 718 15, 363, 577 17, 736, 493 12, 399, 147 1, 602, 729 968, 823 1,314,918 1, 365, 258 11,528,155 110, 459 844, 085 287, 533 291.612 219.613 19, 726 12, 744 48, 701, 295 30, 135, 640 2, 571, 552 2, 680,176 11,638,614 1, 131,618 511,225 32, 470 381 1, 315, 207 $46, 739, 122 80 781, 289 $28, 995, 028 64 221, 398 $2, 365, 903 110 180, 887 $2, 295, 613 17 33, 280 $11,520, 742 10 8, 776 $1, 119, 578 83 89, 577 $415, 472 17 (2) $26, 786 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS 1,010 1, 215, 607 59 509, 076 612 544, 069 24 9, 629 20 56, 609 97 26, 570 65 35, 159 124 34, 495 9 <2) $15, 905, 858 19,417, 804 2, 780, 400 $7, 522, 346 9, 384, 402 1, 786, 307 $6,376,392 6,917, 695 722, 628 $19, 140 59, 888 77, 483 $919, 470 2,033,511 84, 337 $751, 040 655, 584 28, 797 $177, 256 141, 753 61,221 $128, 700 223, 470 19, 627 $11,514 1,501 38, 104, 062 48, 932, 830 18, 693, 055 23, 958, 816 14,016,715 20, 764, 818 156, 511 140, 348 3, 037, 318 1, 848, 277 1,435, 421 493, 754 380, 230 830, 692 371, 797 854, 836 13, 015 41,289 87, 036, 892 42,651,871 34, 781, 533 296, 859 4, 885. 595 1, 929, 175 1, 210, 922 1, 226, 633 54, 304 984 1. 198, 245 $84,647,094 59 509, 076 $41, 928, 681 598 531,010 $33, 538, 931 21 9,061 $290, 998 19 56, 205 $4. 863, 749 93 24,918 $1, 749, 564 65 35, 159 $1,072, 728 121 32, 816 $1, 149, 936 8 <2) $52, 507 1 Resident degree-credit enrollment, fall 1957. * No resident degree-credit students enrolled at these institutions. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 37 Table 20. — Plant fund receipts of institutions of higher education, by source: 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56, and 1957-58 Federal Government _ State governments _ Local governments _ Alumni _ Churches _ Corporations _ Foundations _ Other private gifts and grants . Other income _ Total income. Loans: Noninstitutional-. Interfund _ Transfers, interfund __ Total receipts Source 1939-40 1949-50 1955-56 1957-58 Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled l 2 3 4 5 6 7 AMOUNT $22,987,061 18, 486, 322 2, 154, 087 (') 645,617 (1 2 3) 3 6, 162, 461 s 15, 870, 020 66,305,568 66,305,568 $12,362,046 285, 233, 933 19, 372, 958 (') 8, 087, 961 (2) 3 22, 750, 267 3 41, 790, 781 79, 923, 358 469, 521, 304 60, 914. 162 530,435,466 $13, 267,280 222, 750, 765 17, 294, 653 (>) 28, 325,613 <2) 3 49, 487, 207 3 65, 364, 209 40, 584, 443 437, 074,170 167, 404, 722 23, 474, 499 198, 046, 576 $53,011,519 376, 331, 002 45, 453, 635 16, 969. 682 26, 686, 947 12, 508,315 32. 685, 341 68. 321, 600 54, 809, 792 696, 777, 833 314, 206, 343 31, 545, 436 184, 669, 397 1, 227, 199, 009 $51, 929, 889 375, 994, 789 45, 453, 450 1,759,474 1, 269, 964 8, 760, 925 12, 360, 858 36, 244, 200 533,773, 549 212,447, 451 5, 932, 755 98, 162, 944 $11,081,630 336, 213 185 15,210, 208 26, 686, 947 11,238,351 23, 924,416 55, 960, 742 18, 565, 592 163,004,284 101, 758, 892 25,612, 681 86, 506, 453 376, 882,310 PERCENT Federal Government.. . ...... State governments _ _ . . . Local governments _ Alumni _ _ . ........ ... Churches _ . . ... 34.7 27.9 3.2 (') 1.0 (2) 3 9. 3 323.9 2.3 53.8 3.6 0) 1.5 (2) 34.3 5 7.9 15.1 1.6 27.0 2.1 (9 3.4 (2> , „ 3 6.0 s 7.9 4.9 5.1 30.7 3.7 1.4 2.2 1.0 2.6 5.6 4.5 6.1 44.2 5.3 .2 2.9 .1 <4) 4.0 7.1 3.0 6.3 14.9 4.9 Corporations _ _ . . . . _ . _ Foundations _ . _ ........... Other private gifts and grants . _ _ . _ Other income _ .2 1.0 1.5 4.3 Total income ... 100.0 88.5 52.9 56.8 62.8 43.2 Loans: Noninstitutional . . _ . 20.3 25 6 25.0 27.0 Interfund _ . . 2 8 2 6 7 6.8 Transfers, interfund 11.5 24.0 15.0 11.5 23.0 Total receipts _ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 Included with other private gifts and grants. 2 Included with foundations. 3 Includes corporations. limited to descendants of former students of a carefully specified liberal arts college (now defunct) in another State. Another university has two scholarships, each of which is limited to a member of a specified college social group. Finally, many institutions specifically reserve the right to refuse to award any scholarship listed if in the judgment of the institution no proper or worthy candidate appears. Obviously, this policy can immobilize certain funds and thereby permit an erroneous interpretation of the actions of a college administration; a less obvious but no less important positive result is the protection of the intellectual standards of the institution involved. Plant Fund Receipts A total of more than $1.2 billion was made available in 1957-58 to institutions of higher 4 Less than .05 of 1 percent. 5 Includes alumni and other individuals. education in the United States (including outlying parts) for the purchase of new sites, construction or major remodeling of buildings, purchase of equipment, retirement of indebtedness, and other items tending to increase the pnysical holdings of the institution (table 20). This amount is nearly 1.5 times the corresponding total of receipts for 1955-56, and more than 2.3 times that for 1949-50. It is more than 18 times that for 1939- 40. Of the grand total of $1,227,199,009 for this item in 1957-58, 39.5 percent came from public appropriations and 17.3 percent from various nonpublic sources. The other 43.2 percent in¬ cluded borrowings from nonius titutional sources (bond issues, mortgages, notes, bank loans, Fed¬ eral Housing and Home Finance Agency, etc., amounting to 25.6 percent) and interfund bor¬ rowings within the institutions concerned, 38 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 21. — Loans to plant funds, by type and control of institution and by type of loan: 1957-58 Type of institution Item Total Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technologi¬ cal schools Theological schools Other professional schoo Is Junior colleges Technical institutes and semi- professional schools l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ALL INSTITUTIONS All Loans Outstanding, beginning of year _ $1,169,294,639 $625, 023, 837 $318, 214, 380 $100, 770, 104 $30, 937, 280 $9,111,284 $13, 761, 969 $65, 593, 794 $5, 881,991 Additions (money borrowed) _ _ 345, 751, 779 200, 639, 927 89,684,410 28, 307, 095 11,500,107 1, 765, 525 2, 286, 354 11,548, 361 20, 000 Deductions (repayments) _ 69, 760, 547 31, 906, 336 21, 125, 337 5, 038, 574 2, 696, 140 863, 427 422, 833 7, 464, 699 243, 201 Outstanding, end of year _ 1,445, 285, 871 793, 757, 428 386, 773, 453 124, 038, 625 39, 741, 247 10, 013, 382 15, 625, 490 69, 677, 456 5, 658, 790 Noninstitutional Loans Outstanding, beginning of year _ 1,019,813, 505 556, 145, 040 251,027, 652 100, 644, 220 27, 932, 964 7,711,200 7, 645, 173 62, 825,265 5, 881,991 Additions (money borrowed) _ _ 314,206,343 183, 780, 081 79, 967, 506 27, 365, 295 8, 501,883 1, 142, 018 1,891,323 11,538, 237 20, 000 Deductions (repayments) _ 58,218,177 24, 372,471 17,294, 207 5, 018, 026 2, 680, 886 859, 668 323, 874 7, 425, 844 243, 201 Outstanding, end of year _ _ _ 1,275, 801,671 715, 552, 650 313, 700, 951 122, 991, 489 33, 753, 961 7, 993, 550 9, 212, 622 66, 937, 658 5, 658, 790 Institutional Loans Outstanding, beginning of year _ 149, 481,134 31,545, 436 11,542,370 169, 484, 200 68, 878, 797 16, 859, 846 7, 533, 865 78, 204, 778 67, 186, 728 9, 716, 904 3, 831,130 73, 072, 502 125, 884 941,800 20, 548 1, 047, 136 3, 004, 316 2, 998, 224 15,254 5, 987, 286 1,400, 084 623, 507 3,759 2, 019, 832 6,116, 796 395, 031 98, 959 2, 768, 529 10, 124 38, 855 2, 739, 798 Additions (money borrowed) _ Deductions (repayments)... . _ _ Outstanding, end of year _ 6,412, 868 All Loans Outstanding, beginning of year. Additions (money borrowed)... Deductions (repayments) _ Outstanding, end of year _ 700, 097, 178 218, 380, 206 39,108,414 879, 368, 970 453, 463, 462 155, 372, 099 21,883, 684 586, 951, 877 Noninstitutional Loans Outstanding, beginning of year. Additions (money borrowed)... Deductions (repayments) _ Outstanding, end of year _ 687, 067, 656 212,447,451 37, 748, 749 861, 766, 358 443, 549, 365 150, 043, 990 20, 550, 368 573, 042, 987 Institutional Loans Outstanding, beginning of year. Additions (money borrowed)... Deductions (repayments) _ Outstanding, end of year _ 13, 029, 522 5, 932, 755 1, 359, 665 17,602,612 9, 914, 097 5, 328, 109 1,333,316 13, 908, 890 PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS 70, 901, 028 20, 547, 312 3, 033, 354 88, 414, 986 70, 056, 652 20, 207, 936 3, 018, 553 87, 246, 035 844. 376 339. 376 14, 801 1,168, 951 97, 853, 742 26, 224, 595 4, 682, 781 119, 395, 556 97, 801,090 26,212,795 4, 671,233 119, 342, 652 52, 652 11,800 11,548 52, 904 13, 868, 451 6,431,883 2, 532, 300 17, 768, 034 13, 636, 993 6, 431,883 2, 532, 300 17, 536, 576 231,458 231, 458 6, 337, 898 253, 470 171,000 6, 420, 368 53, 616, 883 9, 550, 847 6,610, 844 56, 556, 886 4, 055, 714 194, 451 3, 861, 263 4, 427, 718 53, 540, 124 9, 550, 847 6,610, 844 56, 480, 127 4, 055, 714 171, 000 4,256,718 1,910,180 253,470 194, 451 3, 861,263 76, 759 2, 163, 650 76, 759 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS All Loans Outstanding, beginning of year _ 469,197,461 171, 560, 375 247, 313, 352 2, 916, 362 17, 068, 829 9,111,284 7, 424, 071 11,976,911 1,826,277 ! Additions (money borrowed) _ 127, 371,573 45, 267, 828 69, 137, 098 2, 082, 500 5, 068, 224 1, 765, 525 2, 032, 884 1,997,514 20, 000 Deductions (repayments) _ _ 30, 652, 133 10, 022, 652 18, 091,983 355, 793 163, 840 863, 427 251,833 853, 855 48, 750 Outstanding, end of year _ _ 565,916, 901 206, 805, 551 298, 358, 467 4, 643, 069 21,973,213 10, 013, 382 9, 205, 122 13, 120, 570 1, 797, 527 Noninstitutional Loans Outstanding, beginning of year _ 332, 745, 849 112,595, 675 180, 971, 000 2, 843, 130 14, 295, 971 7,711,200 3,217, 455 9,285, 141 1,826,277 1 Additions (money borrowed) _ .. 101, 758, 892 33, 736, 091 59, 759, 570 1, 152, 500 2, 070, 000 1, 142,018 1,891,323 1, 987, 390 20, 000 Deductions (repayments) _ 20, 469, 428 3, 822,103 14, 275, 654 346, 793 148, 586 859, 668 152,874 815, 000 48, 750 Outstanding, end of year _ 414, 035, 313 142, 509, 663 226, 454, 916 3, 648, 837 16,217, 385 7, 993, 550 4, 955, 904 10, 457, 531 1,797, 527 Institutional Loans Outstanding, beginning of year 136,451,612 25,612, 681 10, 182, 705 151,881,588 58, 964, 700 11,531,737 6, 200, 549 64, 295, 888 66, 342, 352 9, 377, 528 3, 816, 329 71,903, 551 73, 232 930, 000 9, 000 994, 232 2, 772, 858 2, 998, 224 15, 254 5, 755, 828 1, 400, 084 623, 507 3, 759 2,019, 832 4, 206, 616 141,561 98, 959 4, 249,218 2, 691,770 10, 124 38, 855 2, 663, 039 Additions (money borrowed) Deductions (repayments) _ Outstanding, end of year _ amounting to 2.6 percent. Transfers from current and other funds to plant funds (not borrowings) amounting to just 15 percent complete the total of receipts for this purpose. Of this same grand total (more than $1.2 billion), publicly controlled institutions received a little less than 70 percent and privately controlled almost 31 percent. Analysis by type of insti¬ tution shows that universities (public and private) received 50.6 percent, liberal arts colleges 25.5 percent, and junior colleges and other 2-year institutions 5.7 percent. Teachers colleges received 8.2 percent. The remaining 10 percent was reported by technological schools (7.6 HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 39 j percent), theological schools (1 percent), and other professional schools (1.4 percent). Mention has been made (table 11) of the fact that more than $21 million of the plant fund receipts came in the form of student fees specif¬ ically restricted to plant expansion or debt re- I tirement. This type of receipts is usually a i direct charge against all students, frequently but | not necessarily the result of a vote of the student body concerned. Nearly 80 percent of these receipts was at i institutions under public control, where the tuition rate is traditionally lower than at institutions under private or sectarian control. Only four ; theological institutions reported receipts of this i nature. Data have not been assembled to establish the point beyond question, but there is reason to suppose that most of the $21 million mentioned I above was for the purpose of funding obligations . on student-union buildings and other facilities of j a recreational type. It is not believed likely that ! the $21 million includes collections for the retire¬ ment of indebtedness on dormitories to any great extent, since these collections are more likely to I be managed through the room rentals in these ! buildings. Since data of this exact type have not been collected in previous years, no conclusions as to trends may be drawn. Loans to Plant Funds The borrowing of more than $314 million from nonins titutional sources and the diverting of more than $31 million to plant funds from other insti¬ tutional funds in 1957-58 resulted in a total | borrowing of nearly $346 million (table 21). A total of $70 million was repaid during the year. The amount of institutional indebtedness w~as thus increased by $276 million (from less than $1.2 billion at the beginning of the fiscal year to $1.4 billion at its end). This increase amounted to 23.6 percent; in 1955-56 it was 16.8 percent. Noninstitutional obligations (those to agencies outside the reporting institutions) increased by slightly more than 25 percent in 1957-58; in the same period, interfund obligations (those within the reporting institutions) increased by a little over 13 percent. Pubhcly controlled institutions increased then- total indebtedness from a little over $700 million in 1957 to more than $879 million in 1958, and privately controlled institutions increased theirs during the same period from a little over $469 million to nearly $566 million. Receipts for Endowment and Other Nonexpendable Funds More than $330 million was received for increase of the permanent or semipermanent funds of the 1,940 institutions of higher education in 1957-58 (table 22). This included $312 million (94.5 percent) for endowment and funds so functioning, $8 million (2.4 percent) for student loan funds, and $10 million (3.1 percent) for funds subject to annuity or living trust agreements. Of this grand total, approximately 80 percent was reported by institutions under private con- Table 22.— -Receipts for endowment and other nonexpendable funds, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 Type of institution All institutions Publicly con¬ trolled Privately con¬ trolled l 2 3 4 Total _ Universities . - - Liberal arts colleges _ Teachers colleges... - _ Technological schools _ _ Theological schools ENDOWMENT FUNDS $312, 367, 760 $61, 397, 690 $250, 970, 070 200, 873, 875 70, 163, 096 377, 285 25, 968, 698 7, 887, 196 4,418, 946 2, 500, 919 177, 745 58, 445, 890 1,038,245 77, 680 242, 918 142, 427, 985 69, 124,851 299, 605 25, 725, 780 7, 887, 196 2, 954, 332 2, 372, 576 177, 745 Other professional schools - Junior colleges - - - Technical institutes and semipro- fpssional schools 1,464,614 128, 343 Total _ Universities _ _ Liberal arts colleges - - Teachers colleges _ _ Technological schools - . - .- Theological schools STUDENT LOAN FUNDS 7, 780, 179 3, 001,660 4,778,519 5, 025, 726 1, 529, 741 261, 097 531,391 163, 401 131, 203 123,636 13, 984 2, 462, 225 133, 995 255, 379 22, 028 2, 563, 501 1,395,746 5,718 509, 363 163,401 73,861 64, 763 2, 166 Other professional schools - Junior colleges . . . . Technical institutes and semipro¬ fessional schools _ _ Total _ 57, 342 58, 873 11,818 ANNUITY FUNDS 10,276, 658 888, 205 9, 388, 453 Universities _ Liberal arts colleges - - Teachers colleges. _ .. - .- Technological schools 4, 048, 817 5, 089,214 296 210, 894 606, 782 267, 394 53, 261 643,616 12, 732 296 3, 405, 201 5, 076, 482 210, 894 606, 782 36, 133 52, 961 Thpnlnoiral <»rhnnk 1 IICUIUglLcll OtllUUId - Other professional schools _ Junior colleges - - Technical institutes and semipro- 231,261 300 40 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 trol and not quite 20 percent by those under public control. These were substantially the same proportions as in 1955-56. More than five-eighths (63.5 percent) of the 1957-58 total was reported by universities and not quite one-fourth (23.2 percent) by liberal arts colleges. The remaining 13.3 percent was scattered among the other groups, which ranged from technological schools (8.1 percent) to teachers colleges (0.2 of 1 percent) and to technical institutes and semiprofessional schools as a group (0.1 of 1 percent). The grand total of $330 million as given above for 1957-58 represents a decrease of 5.9 percent from the total of $351 million for 1955-56. Of interest, also, is the shift in purpose of additions. Those intended for increase of endowment, either general or restricted, decreased 7.1 percent: from $336 million in 1956 to $312 million in 1957-58. Those subject to annuity or living trust agree¬ ments decreased 8.5 percent: from $11.2 million to $10.3 million. Additions to student loan funds, however, more than doubled in amount: the $7.8 million reported in 1957-58 was 214.4 percent of the $3.6 million reported 2 years earlier. Current Expenditures A total of more than $4.5 billion was spent for current purposes by the 1,940 institutions of higher education during 1957-58. Adding to this amount the $1.0 billion expended for additions to the physical plant brings the total amount of money paid out by college and university business officers during the year to more than $5.5 billion. This represents an increase of $1.3 billion, or 32.0 percent, over the corresponding total of $4.2 billion reported for 1955-56. Of the grand total for 1957-58, publicly con¬ trolled institutions used 57.9 percent, and pri¬ vately controlled institutions 42.1 percent. In 1955-56, these percents were public, 56.4; pri¬ vate, 43.6. Of the current expenditures of more than $4.5 billion in 1957-58, institutions under public con¬ trol spent nearly $2.6 billion, or 56.5 percent; the remaining approximately $2 billion (43.5 per¬ cent) was spent by those under private control. Corresponding percents for 1955-56 were public, 55.6; private, 44.4. These percents have not changed materially during the last several years, although perhaps there is a slight tendency for publicly controlled institutions to increase their lead over privately controlled in this respect. Current Expenditures and Personal Income Among the various criteria by which interest in higher education may be measured, one of the simplest is the relation of either educational and general or total current expenditures for higher education to total individual income on a State-by-State basis. This procedure is admit¬ tedly open to some question, but on the whole it provides an approach to the general problem. In table 23 the total individual income of each State 14 for 1957 has been taken as a base figure. To this as a base, figures on (1) total current expenditures for higher education for 1957-58 and (2) educational and general expenditures for 1957- 58 have been reduced to percents, for each State and outlying part 15 for which data on personal income were available. For the United States as a whole, it appears that in 1957-58, 1.27 percent of the total income of the Nation (before payment of personal income taxes) was devoted to current expenditures for higher education. This percent applies to both contiguous and aggregate United States, so far as data are available. Corresponding percents for 1949-50, 1951-52, 1953-54, and 1955-56 (con¬ tiguous United States only) were 1.08, 0.91, 1.01, and 1.14, respectively. The 1957-58 percent of 1.27 is thus the highest calculated so far. The 1957-58 percent varied widely from State to State. In New Jersey it was less than 0.60 of 1 percent; it was more than 2 percent in Puerto Rico, more than 2.25 percent in Massachusetts and Utah, and more than 2.5 percent in Vermont and the District of Columbia. 14 Data on this point are available for Alaska for the first time. is Alaska and Hawaii were not admitted as States until after the period covered by this review. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 41 Table 23. — Personal income as percent of higher education expenditures, by region and State: 1957-58 Region and State Personal income 1957, 1 (millions of dollars) Total current expenditures for higher education,2 1957-58 Educational and general expenditures for higher education,2 1957-58 Amount (thousands of dollars) Percent of personal income Amount (thousands of dollars) Percent of personal income l 2 3 4 5 6 $350, 615 $4, 462, 885 1. 27 S3 574 874 i no Contiguous States.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 347, 911 4, 429, 245 1. 27 3,545,402 l. Uz 1. 02 North Atlantic _ _ _ ... . ... . . . ..... . 111, 266 1, 323, 954 1.19 1, 069, 267 .96 Connecticut _ _ _ _ 6,478 66, 936 1.03 51,238 .79 Delaware _ _ .. _ _ _ _ 1,216 7,539 .62 6,260 .51 District of Columbia _ 2, 080 52,250 2.51 44, 443 2. 14 Maine . .. _ _ ..... . ... _ _ ..... ... 1,573 16, 908 1 07 12 094 77 Maryland _ _ _ _ _ 6,323 91,242 1.44 78[ 359 l! 24 Massachusetts _ ... _. .. _ _ _ 11,322 256,673 2. 27 208, 372 1.84 New Hampshire _ 1,066 21,029 1.97 13, 974 1.31 New Jersey _ _ 14, 220 84, 557 .59 68, 723 .48 New York _ 41,078 440, 693 1.07 364, 291 .89 Pennsylvania _ _ ... _ 23, 580 247, 454 1.05 195, 104 .83 Rhode Island _ ... _ 1,696 22, 750 1.34 15, 634 .92 Vermont _ _ _ 634 15, 923 2.51 10, 875 1.72 Great Lakes and Plains _ . ...... ..... . . . . . . . 106, 437 1, 320, 842 1. 24 1, 029, 901 .97 Illinois 23, 856 292, 207 1.22 247, 356 1 04 Indiana _ 9, 231 130, 601 1.41 93, 220 1.01 Iowa _ _ _ _ _ . . _ 5, 116 87, 466 1.71 66 739 1 30 Kansas _ 3,843 58, 459 1.52 46, 554 1.21 Michigan. _ _ . . 16,893 224, 967 1.33 169, 426 1.00 Minnesota _ _ 6,158 98, 646 1.60 74, 224 1.21 Missouri _ _ 8,364 88, 666 1.06 72, 009 .86 Nebraska _ _ . _ _ _ _ 2,635 35, 540 1.35 28, 293 1.07 North Dakota _ 940 15, 042 1.60 11,729 1.25 Ohio _ _ 20,819 184, 004 .88 135,117 .65 South Dakota _ _ 1,098 16,819 1.51 73, 592 1.24 Wisconsin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7,484 88, 425 1.18 71,642 .96 Southeast... .. _ . _ . _ . . S3, 632 693, 675 1. 29 536, 819 1.00 Alabama _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . 4,201 52, 625 1.25 41,071 .98 Arkansas _ _ _ _ . _ _ .... ... 2,064 30, 601 1.48 23, 585 1.14 Florida _ 7,733 69, 906 .90 55, 271 .71 Georgia _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ 5,441 71,917 1.32 58, 302 1.07 Kentucky _ _ ... 4,177 45, 233 1.08 33, 733 .81 Louisiana. _ _ 4,854 71,259 1.47 55, 554 1. 14 Mississippi _ _ _ 2, 121 35, 025 1.65 24, 898 1.17 North Carolina _ _ 5, 954 103,415 1.74 77, 602 1.30 South Carolina _ _ 2,813 37, 525 1.33 25,416 .90 Tennessee _ .... . . _ .. _ 4,841 67, 937 1.40 54, 954 1.14 Virginia _ 6,342 78, 741 1.24 63, 048 .99 West Virginia _ 3, 091 29, 491 .95 23, 385 .76 West and Southwest _ .. .. _ _ ... _ _ .. _ _ _ 76, 576 1, 090, 774 1. 42 909, 415 1. 19 Arizona _ _ 2,019 23, 364 1.16 17, 307 .86 California _ _ _ _ 35, 290 544, 690 1.54 490, 783 1.39 Colorado _ _ _ 3,357 56,891 1.69 42,510 1.27 Idaho _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. 1,068 13,516 1.27 10,815 1.01 Montana _ _ _ _ 1,274 16, 866 1.32 13, 193 1.04 Nevada _ _ _ . _ 647 4, 105 .63 3, 704 .57 New Mexico _ _ 1,398 21,602 1.55 16, 363 1.17 Oklahoma _ . 3, 734 56,019 1.50 39, 790 1.07 Oregon _ _ _ _ 3,430 50, 742 1.48 39, 463 1. 15 Texas _ .. ... ............ _ .... . . . 16, 436 188, 503 1.15 144, 459 .88 Utah _ 1,462 33,837 2.31 26, 623 1.82 Washington _ ... _ 5,815 72, 101 1.24 57, 357 .99 Wyoming _ 646 8,588 1.33 6,868 1.06 Outlying Parts _ .... .. .... _ ... .. . . - . 2, 704 33, 640 1.24 29,472 1. 09 3 537 3, 984 .74 3,561 .66 Hawaii _ _ _ _ _ .... _ . _ 1,098 8,172 .74 7, 126 .65 Puerto Rico _ _ . * 1, 069 21,484 2.01 18, 785 1.76 1 Source (except for Alaska and Puerto Rico): Robert E. Graham, Jr. Regional Markets in 1958. Survey of Current Business 39: 15, August 1959. 2 Not including U.S. service academies, Canal Zone, or Guam. 2 Source: Robert E. Graham, Jr. Income in Alaska. Supplements Survey of Current Business, 40: 14, June 1960. 4 This figure for 1956-57 supplied by the office of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, Washington 25, D.C. 605644 0-62- 4 42 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Educational and general expenditures amounted to 1.02 percent of the total individual income for the Nation at large, both inclusive and exclusive of the outlying parts. They ranged from less than 0.50 of 1 percent in New Jersey to nearly 1.75 percent in Vermont, more than 1.75 percent in Utah and Massachusetts, and more than 2 percent in the District of Columbia. The validity of these data is, of course, condi¬ tioned by the fact that individual income may be earned in one State or corresponding jurisdiction and utilized for higher education purposes in another. Percentage Analysis of Current Ex¬ penditures Table 24 presents percentage analyses of current expenditures in higher education for 1957-58. These analyses appear in three forms : educational and general expenditures exclusive of research and extension, total educational and general expendi¬ tures, and all current expenditures. The data are classified by control of institution — a well- established classification based on the legalities involved. They are further classified into eight main types of institution by level and curricular offering: universities, liberal arts colleges, teachers colleges, technological schools, other professional schools of a degree-granting type, junior colleges, and a new group consisting of technical institutes and other nondegree-granting institutions of an undergraduate type. Table 24 also presents data on the number of institutions reporting the various items of ex¬ penditure. Thus, although it might be supposed that all institutions would have need for admin¬ istration, instruction, libraries, and physical plant operation and maintenance, the count of items shows that only 1,928 of the 1,940 institutions reported library expenditures, and only 1,933 reported expenditures for plant operation and maintenance. These omissions and the numbers of institutions reporting other expenditures will be discussed briefly in connection with the various functions below. General Administration and General Expense Administrative expenses as reported by the 1,940 institutions amounted to more than $478 million in 1957-58. They constituted 13.2 percent of the total educational and general expenditures and 10.5 percent of the total of all current expenditures. In general, these percent- If ages ran somewhat higher among the privately controlled institutions than among the publicly ! controlled. This more than $478 million included nearly $89 million for services to students, as reported by 1,273 institutions (65.6 percent of the total ! number). These expenditures included the sala¬ ries and expenses of deans of students and their staffs, guidance and counseling officers, student I employment officers, placement bureaus, student health service (unless operated as an auxiliary, self-supporting enterprise), as well as student ac- ] tivities financed from institutional funds, and the registrar’s office where it is regarded as primarily a service to students. Since these data on services to students come from only about two-thirds of the institutions, calculation of percentage relation to any figures involving the entire field of higher education would lead to erroneous conclusions. Instruction and Departmental Research The regular instruction, laboratory work, and nonbudgeted research program in higher educa¬ tion, on campus and in extension classes or cen¬ ters, as reported by all the 1,940 institutions for 1957-58, involved an expenditure of nearly $1.5 billion. This was 32.5 percent of all current ex¬ penditures for the year: a little lower than the 32.6 percent for 1955-56 and the 33.3 percent for 1953-54. The 1957-58 percents ran somewhat higher among publicly controlled institutions than among privately controlled, a situation that has prevailed for a number of years. There were again wide variations according to type of insti¬ tution. The 493 junior colleges, for example (not including technical institutes and semiprofessional schools) spent a larger percent (49.4) of their funds on instruction than did the 732 colleges of liberal arts (36.5 percent), or the 141 universities (29.2). The distinction between departmental or non- || budgeted research (a part of the instruction account) and organized research (a major ac¬ count, to be discussed later) should be carefully HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 43 noted. This distinction has nothing to do with the quality of the research work done ; it is strictly a matter of accounting, based to some extent on the magnitude of the project or projects involved, but more realistically on the conditions governing the funds supporting these projects. Thus, a research project is properly classified as organized research if it (1) is the result of a gift, grant, or appropriation so set up that it involves special or separate accounting or (2) is large enough or complex enough so that the institutional officers consider special accounting necessary. Any other research work done by a faculty member, or by an advanced student under faculty direction, is properly classified as part of the instruction account. Libraries Maintenance of libraries, including the salaries of library staff members; the purchase of books, periodicals, and supplies; and similar items (not including the operation and maintenance of li¬ brary rooms or buildings) were reported by 1,928 of the 1,940 institutions. These activities in¬ volved the expenditure of, roughly, $111 million. This was 2.4 percent of the total of all current expenditures for the year, the same as for 1955-56. The 12 institutions not reporting any expendi¬ tures for libraries included 1 publicly controlled teachers college, 1 publicly controlled technologi¬ cal school, and 6 privately controlled schools of music, art, speech, and other subjects not neces¬ sarily associated with library work. The remain¬ ing four institutions were junior colleges — two public and two private. Plant Operation and Maintenance Wages of janitors and other caretakers, cost of fuel, light, trucking of materials about the campuses, repairs to buildings, upkeep of grounds, and other costs connected with keeping the physi¬ cal plant in order and usable condition were reported by 1,933 of the 1,940 institutions in 1957-58. Of the seven institutions not reporting expenditures for this function, one was a liberal arts college under public control, one was a publicly controlled school of technology, and four were junior colleges (one public and three private). The other institution was a highly specialized school of a professional type, operating under private control, and with a financial accounting system which did not provide for segregation of expenditures for this function. Expenditures for this function, as reported for 1957-58, totaled $409 million, which was 9 percent of the total current expenditure budget. In 1955-56, the corresponding percent was 9.3; in 1953-54, 9.7. The 1957-58 figure was 9.2 percent (total current budget) for the publicly controlled institutions and 8.8 for the privately controlled. Related Activities Laboratory or demonstration schools, medical school hospitals, dental clinics, home economics cafeterias, agricultural college creameries, college- operated industrial plants, and other activities closely connected with the instructional program but not actually integral parts of it, are often spoken of as “organized activities related to in¬ structional departments/’ or more briefly as “re¬ lated activities.” Activities of this type were reported by 613 institutions (about one-third of the 1,940). They entailed an expenditure of nearly $239 million, which amounted to 5.3 percent of the total current expenditure budget for all institutions, to 5.6 percent for the publicly con¬ trolled group, and to 4.8 percent for the privately controlled. These figures do not include more than $7.4 million accounted for by 26 institutions (all except 1 of them under public control) as “expend¬ itures directly related to sales and services of educational departments.” This item was re¬ stricted in scope to institutions on the land-grant basis. In terms of relation to the current expend¬ iture budget, it stood at 0.2 of 1 percent for all institutions and 0.3 of 1 percent for those under public control. It was less than 0.05 of 1 percent for the single privately controlled land-grant insti¬ tution reporting this item. Up to and including 1955-56, this item was included as part of the “related activities” account. Table 24. — Percentage analysis and amount of current expenditures, by control and type of institution and by function: 1957-58 44 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 III. LIBERAL ARTS COLLEGES CD O O OO CM 1 CO CM CO O — i —•CO — « 64.5 | coco HIGHE — * II r^CM cd ooin CO II CM 100. 0 & IV. TEACHERS COLLEGES « n CATION — OO CM CM O CO in cd co’ — < cd* F IEC in CM r— :eip: rs, o oo ex: in in CD CM* PEN o o o vH V. TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOLS 2 H URES, AN OO O 00 OO CM cd* oo* * in n D I CD CO 55.6 S3 .3 O Hr! 'EE in o’ CD lTY 1 CD CD CD* CM* 0*001 25.1 49.8 4.4 16.4 1.8 97.5 o in CM 0 001 1 20.3 46.3 4.2 14.1 8. 1 93.0 r^co m*-4* o o* o 1 i OO CD CD *3- CM O CD CD 38.2 61.5 .3 100.0 | 1 1 1 r^— icdoooo ! . i m — • co — ' cm m — • 0 001 21.8 49.9 4.5 15.1 8.7 0*001 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 OO CM CM CD cm in — • 100.0 1 1 1 1 1 1 107, 282 213, 085 19,027 70, 139 7,509 417, 042 8, 575 2, 234 IS8‘Z3fr 185, 740 33, 539 647, 130 oo in — • r*"* co m^ooooTj- OO CM co CM — r ** 8,514 CM CM CM in — « 9, 160 2, 291 291 11, 742 co oo CD co oo in in — « Tf-WIOWM- oocrf— To" 65, 098 104, 664 539 170,301 | 13, 086 4,864 188,251 CO CO CO CO— i © in m m in o CO CO CO CO CM 653 OO CD CO — < 653 co CD cd in 653 0 0)0000 CM CM CM CM —4 o> CM CM CO 29 CM CM CM CM^CM CM ^" ° CM in in CM 20 20 21 OOCOOh— i •h co* cm* cm 76.4 1.7 1.4 79.5 | 19.5 1.0 0*001 11.2 44.8 3.4 13.4 1.5 74.3 | CM OO 75.8 | 23.3 .9 100.0 11.7 38.1 2.2 18.0 1.1 71.1 2.4 1.1 74.6 15.9 9.5 100.0 14.9 59.1 4.2 15.2 2.6 -1 96.1 2.1 1.8 0 001 14.8 59.1 4.4 17.7 2.0 98.0 .3 1.7 o o’ o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15.7 51.1 3.0 24.0 1.5 95.3 cm in CO r^* O o* o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15.5 61.5 4.4 15.8 2.7 .1 0 001 — « in o o m* o’ oo* cm’ CD ^ o o’ o l l 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 in cd — • co m cd oo co in ^ — i in cm o o* o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 25, 770 102, 057 7,276 26, 174 4, 531 109 165, 917 3, 583 3, 082 172,582 42, 259 2, 366 8 a 27, 393 109, 798 8, 163 32, 816 3, 691 181,861 597 3, 111 185,569 | 57, 035 2, 296 244, 900 14, 166 46, 013 2,660 21, 684 1,328 85, 851 2, 908 1,333 90,092 19, 151 11, 521 120, 764 0 0*0 OO^frCM r^*. r-» in 79 co ^ o> 1 — cd £ OOOO^O NNCONN 170 CD CM CO CD | 170 CO OO CD O 170 r}-TfCOCOCDO CM CM CM CM CM cd in 23 17 24 ^■inOiHrf in cd co* — «* — <* ^ co — • ^ , 67.4 1 -Cf CD 69.5 | 26.4 4.1 100.0 ^tmcocoN — « co* co* -h* 74.2 | ^ CO 75.9 | 23.1 1.0 100.0 10.6 25.8 1.4 10.5 .6 48.9 34.8 .6 84.3 10.4 5.3 100.0 22.2 52.5 4.4 16.0 2.0 (3) 97.1 ©CD CM 0*001 15.0 58.6 4.4 17.5 2.3 97.8 .5 1.7 o o* o 1 1 1 1 1 1 mi — cd m r**. CM o CM 58.0 COfN o o* o 1 1 1 22.8 54.1 4.5 16.5 2.1 (3) 0 001 ^toiinojco inoTtNCM —•in — « 100.0 | 1 1 l i l 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 21.6 52.9 2.7 21.6 1.2 100.0 l l l l l l l I I l 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l l l 1 133, 052 315, 142 26, 303 96, 314 12, 040 109 582, 960 12, 158 5,315 600,433 | 227, 999 35, 905 864, 337 29, 250 114, 042 8, 544 34, 103 4, 435 190,374 | 1,119 3, 235 194,728 | 59, 327 2,587 256, 642 32, 600 79, 847 4,217 32, 541 1,744 150,949 107,572 1,872 260, 393 32, 237 16, 384 309, 014 CM CM CM in CM co co co co in r^. r^. r*». cm 732 m o cd 732 o — CM CD cd 732 O) O’) OO CD o O) O) O O) oo 199 | oo in OO CD 199 | CD OO CM 199 m m ^ ^ o ° in 24 10 45 43 37 45 Educational and general: General administration and general expense - Instruction and departmental research - Libraries _ _ Plant operation and maintenance - Related activities - - - - Sales and services expenditures - Subtotal _ _ Organized research - Extension and public services - Total educational and general - Q c a c a 2 0 > < 2 c i-c l a 3 C : o 3 Z to Total current expenditures. Educational and general: General administration and general expense... . Instruction and departmental research - Libraries _ .. - Plant operation and maintenance - - Related activities - - - Subtotal.. .. _ - - - Organized research. .. - Extension and public services _ _ Total educational and general _ _ _ a C a c > .2 < 0. ! c >-c i 2 s'j? i c : a : t: i = :c/i Total current expenditures _ Educational and general: General administration and general expense - Instruction and departmental research . . Libraries _ _ _ Plant operation and maintenance _ Related activities... . _ Subtotal _ Organized research... .. _ Extension and public services.. _ Total educational and general. . . . OJ a ju c 0) X => < a: 3 ; *a ! c a; - c *«5 c -a a 35 Total current expenditures 45 See footnotes at end of table. Table 24. — Percentage analysis and amount of current expenditures, by control and type of institution and by function : 1957-58 — Continued 46 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Privately controlled institutions Percent 2 Total current expendi¬ tures VI. THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS 18.2 33.9 4.7 13.5 .3 70.6 11 CMOC 72.6 r^r» ST 100.0 VII. OTHER PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS 14.1 32.9 1.4 8.9 25.5 09 O 0 O CM i 92.0 OO CM ! ! i j j Amount • reported 2 8,686 16, 194 2,230 6,451 134 33, 695 34, 656 S! 47,747 12, 452 28, 945 1,257 7, 789 22, 465 99 nno 3UO M)86~ 1,041 81. 035 5, 972 1,073 88, 080 Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item 33332° 3 ; 3 SjS ! 118 118 112 117 31 0 1 1 O 2 £2 00 252 a Publicy controlled institutions Percent 2 Total current expendi¬ tures - 8.7 37.7 1.8 9.4 22.4 .2 on o i 52 91.2 m co CO CM 100.0 Educational and general expenditures Total o 9.6 41.3 1.9 10.3 24.5 .2 09 O 0 U34D 5 0 001 Except re¬ search and extension CT> j 10.9 47.0 2.2 11.7 28.0 •2 inn n d ! ! i ! ! Amount 1 reported « i : 4,330 18, 625 876 4,642 11,091 76 90 CAf\ i i 45, 124 3,210 1,120 49,454 Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item ! 14 14 14 14 8 1 1 A t ON 12 10 3 All institutions by control Percent 2 Total current expendi¬ tures to 18.2 33.9 4.7 13.5 .3 70.6 CMOC 72.6 23.7 3 7 0 *001 12.2 34.6 1.5 9.0 24.4 .1 Ol O o toco H 00 *-4 0 91.7 P^tD to •— « 100.0 Educational and general expenditures Total m 25.1 46.7 6.4 18.6 .4 97.2 com •csi 0 001 I 13.3 37.7 1.7 9.8 26.6 . 1 QQ 9 j i\\ 100.0 Except re¬ search and extension - 25.8 48.1 6.6 19.1 .4 0 001 ! ! 14.9 42.3 1.9 11.0 29.8 .1 inn n il \ i Amount i reported co 8, 686 16, 194 2,230 6,451 134 33, 695 103 858 34, 656 11,342 1 749 47, 747 16, 782 47, 570 2, 133 12,431 33, 556 76 119 ZAV \ IS J- 126, 159 9,182 2, 192 137, 533 Number of insti¬ tutions reporting item CSJ 33332° 3 r^m CM 3 2S ; s 2222^ z 5 cnS 2 §2 2 Type of institution, purpose (function) of expenditure - j j if P Instruction and departmental research _ 1 ihrarioc i I 1 1 Related activities _ I 1 ! : ! 1 Organized research _ _ Extension and public services _ Total educational and general _ Auxiliary enterprises _ Student-aid expenditures !l ! I ►- Educational and general: General administration and general expense . Instruction and departmental research 1 j 1 1 I S i : i | !. 1 1 I1 Organized research . . . Extension and public services _ Total educational and general _ Auxiliary enterprises _ Student-aid expenditures - Total current expenditures VIII. JUNIOR COLLEGES HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 17.1 31.9 2.3 13.7 .4 65.4 to CO 66.3 31.6 2.1 100.0 IX. TECHNICAL INSTITUTES AND SEMIPROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS 26.9 56.0 1.0 10.8 94.7 CO to 9 96 3.1 .3 100.0 25.8 48.0 3.5 20.7 .6 98.6 1.0 .4 0 001 | i i OOOCM i i r-* oo —«■ ! ! cm in i . i i 00 o oo to 0 001 26.2 48.7 3.5 21.0 .6 0 001 i i : ■ ■ 28.4 59.1 1.0 11.5 0 001 1 1 i i 9,647 17, 966 1,296 7, 731 220 36, 860 ** 37, 382 17,834 1,150 S S 4, 085 8, 499 146 1,647 <4) 14, 377 to r-« co CM 14, 660 r*. co tom 15, 180 208 2 17 208 s CO CO CO CO o CO CO CO CO CO CO *“H CO CO to 00 fO 12.6 56.0 2.2 13.5 .9 85.2 CO w 86.5 CM CO 2 ‘ 100.0 in to m CO* r-I CM CM hi n »-h 00 • • CM i CO 87.3 12.5 .2 o*oox 14.5 64.7 2.5 15.6 1.1 5 .1 1.5 0 001 j | ^csjr>.inoi CM ^H CO ^H 96.4 ' to ! co 0 001 14.8 65.7 2.6 15.8 1.1 0 001 i i M^OOOO to CO ^H LO CO -H to 0 001 18, 835 83,654 3,315 20, 142 1,391 127, 337 63 1,973 129, 373 19, 670 415 149, 458 2,237 8, 494 242 2,010 400 13, 383 I0S 13, 884 1,997 27 15, 908 285 6 67 285 211 83 a Nrs^rstoo O to toco H 13.8 49.4 2.2 13.6 .8 79.8 CM O * 0 *18 CM OO OO * 0-00X co cm oo co 89.3 'cm 91.8 CD CO 100.0 17. 1 60.9 2.8 16.7 1.0 98.5 .2 1.3 100.0 22.2 59.5 1.4 12.8 1.4 97.3 .1 2.6 0 001 coooooo «— < cm «— * i 0 001 22.8 61.2 1.4 13.2 1.4 0 001 1 28, 482 101,620 4.611 27, 873 1.612 164, 198 429 2, 128 166, 755 37, 504 1.565 205, 824 CO CO OO OO o CMOlOOlfiO coo coto^- to to CO 27, 762 in r" ^rco 28, 544 2, 464 79 31,087 ss§§-° 493 ||-a 493 §1 1 o o oo o in m m in 50 •HCC CM » O i in CM -h CO CM Educational and general: General administration and general expense - Instruction and departmental research - Libraries _ Plant operation and maintenance - Related activities - r^cocNjooo>coLnto ^a*8*5*a'a*a‘a*a* Amount M H $1, 005, 045, 327 508, 789, 095 290, 238, 614 4,886,915 100, 204, 871 21,164, 241 50, 510, 035 22,904, 271 4,061,735 2, 285, 550 459, 347, 750 224, 430, 135 155, 224, 033 2, 631,073 27, 791,634 11, 184, 377 22, 245, 162 11,697,870 2, 634, 465 1, 509, 001 88,201,916 35, 612, 094 41,060, 073 457, 976 3, 172, 174 2,610,108 1,489,996 3,715, 960 19, 109 64, 426 Total expendi¬ tures tH $1,839,110,055 878, 080, 670 580 586 208 10,’ 655; 629 183, 386, 922 42, 879, 423 83, 754, 024 47, 568, 380 8, 047, 891 4, 150, 908 570,198,028 268, 248, 026 200, 797, 240 3, 799, 345 33, 833, 735 14, 634,611 27, 306, 988 14, 643, 427 4, 936, 655 1, 998, 001 355,683,318 124, 905, 453 180,812, 823 2, 255, 085 13, 085, 637 10, 960, 523 5, 750,464 17, 486, 704 153, 407 273, 222 Number reporting * O 1,158 OOCSI^^O^-OOCMP^ 1,136 iLo^fo^cvir-. LDr^CMCMCOOm— < 1,010 Publicly controlled institutions Payroll Percent of total 65.4 64.9 67.2 65.3 69.0 63.2 67.1 67.4 66.2 85.2 lo 00 co LO 00’ o*>" OO OO OO LO CM* OO* CO* O* 00000000 34.5 37.6 27.0 28.4 42.0 43.1 19.2 13.3 13.5 Amount 00 $1, 604, 294, 591 1, 129, 057, 644 142, 795, 865 158,019, 801 42, 556, 842 29, 179, 124 92, 093, 322 4, 542, 215 6, 049, 778 732, 463, 924 436,173, 779 89, 234, 824 96, 237, 994 21,252, 681 14, 199, 134 67, 963, 649 3, 062, 294 4, 339, 569 140,498,139 101, 77S, 760 11,297, 781 16, 140, 866 6,252,643 |2|S?S P ~ Total expendi¬ tures $2,454,902,707 1,739,610, 397 212,411,226 241,851,432 61, 707, 236 46, 136, 531 137, 305, 037 6, 742, 627 9, 138, 221 859, 827, 793 510, 373, 062 100, 501, 854 107, 791, 455 38, 832, 571 17, 297, 896 76, 606, 163 3, 555, 343 4, 869, 449 407, 141, 735 270, 703, 715 41, 768, 247 56, 744, 720 14, 891, 143 3, 039, 523 17, 998, 230 749, 396 1, 246, 761 Number reporting1 614 Sor2S2 co C7> oo «— 1 co CM 613 CM OO CO OO oor^co^H CO O OO OO CM a 82 77 161 17 ’""16" 156 8 8 All institutions by control Payroll Percent of total w 60.8 1 co id in cm *3- cm cnj cm ^ 00 r-! cvi 00’ cm* coLOcDLO^rcocOknco PO M OO 84.8 81. 1 88.6 67.5 76.4 81.7 87.3 67.1 85.2 30.0 r^ir>^r^ooU„ _ |„ 1 ecnnoiogica i scnoois _ Theological schools - Other professional schools _ _ _ Junior colleges 2 _ Technical institutes _ Semiprofessional schools _ All institutions, by type _ Universities _ _ _ _ _ Liberal arts colleges _ Teachers colleges _ _ Technological schools _ Theological schools Other professional schools . . Junior colleges2 _ Technical insitutes _ Semiprofessional schools _ Universities _ Liberal arts colleges _ _ Teachers colleges _ Technological schools _ _ Theological schools Other professional schools... . . Junior colleges2 _ _ _ Technical institutes _ Semiprofessional schools _ 1 Does not include (1) privately controlled institutions relying heavily on contributed service, or (2) institutions 2 Includes community colleges and county teachers colleges (normal schools) offering at least 2 but less than 4 not reporting payroll for item concerned. years of college-level work immediately beyond high school. 54 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table 28. — Staff benefits in relation to total payroll expenditures, by control and type of institution : 1957-58 Type of institution Number of institutions Total payroll expenditures Staff benefits In nation Reporting 1 Amount Percent of total payroll1 1 2 3 4 5 • ALL INSTITUTIONS All institutions _ _ 1, 940 1, 249 $2, 278, 098, 784 $110, 669, 454 4.9 141 125 1,518, 859, 597 366, 505. 853 65, 846, 571 23, 105, 150 4.3 Liberal arts colleges_. _ _ . . ... ...... _ _ _ 732 569 6.3 Teachers colleges .. ....... _ _ 199 110 95,650,408 123,862,485 14, 237,472 66, 101,926 85,913,811 6. 967,232 3, 799, 419 4.0 Technological schools . _ _ ... _ _ 45 31 6,787,663 1,270,073 5.5 Theological schools.. ..... . . __ .. . 148 95 8.9 Other professional schools .. -_... . _ _ . ..... _ 132 73 4,682, 253 7.1 Junior colleges _ ._ ..... _ _ ._ 493 226 4,711,598 466, 727 5.5 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ _ . ... .. .. ._ _ _ 50 20 6.7 PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS All Institutions . ._ _ _ _ _ 671 375 51, 379, 191, 321 $55, 492, 545 4.0 Universities _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ ._ 82 71 1,058,419, 254 39, 038, 819 3.7 Liberal arts colleges . .... 79 60 110,456,467 91,358, 853 6,839, 445 6.2 Teachers colleges . . . .. 170 93 3, 506, 571 3.8 Technological schools _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24 12 24, 449, 746 831,344 3.4 Other professional schools _ _ _ 14 7 23, 445, 563 68,779, 988 1,415,828 6.0 Junior colleges . .... _ _ _ _ .... _ _ _ 285 131 3,677,333 5.3 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools . _ _ _ _ _ 17 1 2,281,450 183, 205 8.0 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS All Institutions . .... . _ _ 1, 269 874 $898, 907, 463 $55,176, 909 6.1 Universities _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ 59 54 460, 440, 343 26,807,752 5.8 Liberal arts colleges . .... .... _-.... _ ... 653 509 256, 049, 386 16, 265, 705 6.4 Teachers colleges _ _ .. _ _ . _ _ _ 29 17 4, 291,555 292, 848 6.8 Technological schools _ _ _ .... _ _ _ _ _ _ ... 21 19 99,412,739 5,956,319 6.0 Theological schools . .... _ _ _ .. . .. 148 95 14, 237, 472 1,270,073 8.9 Other professional schools _ . _. _ _ _ _ 118 66 42, 656, 363 3, 266, 425 7.7 lunior colleges _ ..... . _ .. .. .. ... _ _ _ 208 95 17,133, 823 1, 034, 265 6.0 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ .. ... ._ _ _ .. 33 19 4,685, 782 283. 522 6. 1 i Number of institutions reporting both total payroll expenditures and amount of 2 Percent staff benefits to total payroll expenditures, staff benefits. Student-Aid Expenditures Reports from 375 publicly controlled institu¬ tions and 983 under private control show that more than $131 million was paid out for fellow¬ ships, scholarships, prizes, and other forms of student aid in 1957-58 (table 24). Universities utilized more than half of the total (almost $71 million) and liberal arts colleges more than one- fourth. The other one-fourth was spent by insti¬ tutions in the other groups, which also had roughly one-fourth of the resident degree-credit enrollment in the fall of 1957. Total Current Expenditures The total of all current expenditures for higher education in the United States (including outlying parts) in 1957-58, as reported by 1,940 institutions, was $4,543,562,514. This is the equivalent of $12,448,116 per day for the fiscal year. Expenditures for Plant Expansion More than $1.1 billion was expended on in¬ creasing the physical properties at 1,760 of the 1,940 institutions in the Nation (table 29). This amount included the purchase of additional ground for educational or auxiliary purposes (not for investment purposes) ; also the purchase, construc¬ tion, or extensive remodeling of buildings; the purchase of new equipment; and other items of this nature. The $1.1 billion is more than 60 percent above the peak figure for this item reported for 1955-56. Of the grand total for 1957-58, institutions under public control utilized 63.4 percent and those under private control, 36.6 percent. In HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 55 Table 29. — Gross additions to plant value, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 Amount Percent Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All institutions. _ . . . _ 51, 121, 873, 947 $710, 615, 185 $411, 058, 762 100.0 63.4 36.6 Universities _ _ - - . _ 567, 139, 744 419,192,474 147,947,270 50.6 37.4 13.2 Liberal arts colleges _ ... _ 278,086,176 89, 749, 651 188,336,525 24.8 8.0 16.8 Teachers colleges. _ . . _ _ _ . 88, 303, 160 83, 979,111 4, 324, 049 7.9 7.5 .4 Technological schools. _ _ _ _ 85, 668, 627 57,212,296 28, 456, 331 7.6 5.1 2.5 Theological schools. ... _ _ _ 12,814,036 12,814,036 1. 1 1 1 Other professional schools _ . . _ 27, 980, 822 13,818,178 14, 162,644 2.5 1.2 1.3 Junior colleges 1 _ . ... _ . . 53, 549, 247 40, 341,683 13, 207, 564 4.8 3.6 1.2 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ __ _ _ 8, 132, 135 6, 321, 792 1,810,343 .7 .6 .1 1 Includes community colleges and county teachers colleges (normal schools) offering at least 2 but fewer than 4 years of college-level work immediately beyond high school. ; 1955-56, these percents were : public, 60.7 ; private, 39.3. Universities in 1957-58 utilized 50.6 percent ' of the total and liberal arts colleges, 24.8 percent. I Lesser amounts were reported by the other groups, ranging down to theological schools (1.1 percent) and the technical and semiprofessional group (0.7 I of 1 percent). Of the $1.1 billion utilized for plant expansion, $171 million, or 15.3 percent, was drawn from current funds (table 30). This latter amount included $117 million for furniture and equipment and $54 million for land, buildings, and improve¬ ments other than buildings. These amounts and their relation to the total amounts spent for this activity varied considerably from type to type of institution. The $171 million expended from current funds amounted to 1.5 percent of the total valuation Table 30. — Current funds expended for plant additions in relation to gross additions to plant value and to total plant value at end of year, by control and type of institution: 1957-58 Control and type of institution Total addition to plant Total plant value end of year Total current f Amount unds expende< Percei Total plant additions J for plant it of— Plant value end of year Plant additions as a percent of plant value at end of year l 2 3 4 5 6 7 All institutions _ $1, 121, 673, 947 $11, 180, 155, 883 $171, 188, 818 15.3 1.5 10.0 Universities _ ... 567, 139, 744 5, 706, 867, 349 104, 990, 133 18.5 1.8 9.9 Liberal arts colleges _ 278, 086, 176 2, 676, 624, 482 30, 266, 948 10.9 1. 1 10.4 Teachers colleges _ _ _ 88, 303, 160 941,827,337 10, 779, 518 12.2 1.1 9.4 Technological schools _ 85, 668, 627 698, 828, 648 5, 035, 070 5.9 0.7 12.3 Theological schools _ 12,814,036 236,412, 825 2, 298, 506 17.9 1.0 5.4 Other professional schools _ _ _ _ 27, 980, 822 216, 689, 338 6, 794, 573 24.3 3. 1 12.9 Junior colleges '. . _ _ .. . ... _ _. ... 53, 549, 247 626, 532, 809 10, 115, 182 18.9 1. 6 8. 5 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ 8, 132, 135 76, 373, 085 908, 888 11.2 1.2 10. 6 Publicly controlled institutions _ 710, 615, 185 6, 462, 133, 024 109, 627, 826 15.4 1.7 11.0 Universities _ .......... ... 419, 192, 474 3, 905, 619, 002 78, 310, 930 18.7 2.0 10.7 Liberal arts colleges _ 89, 749, 651 641,412,936 8, 145, 864 9. 1 1.3 14. 0 Teachers colleges _ _ ... _ 83, 979,111 900, 466, 277 10, 300, 283 12.3 1. 1 9.3 Technological schools _ 57,212,296 464, 350, 179 1,441,374 2.5 0.3 12.3 Other professional schools _ 13,818,178 73, 949, 114 2, 902, 804 21.0 3.9 18. 7 Junior colleges 1 _ _ _ . ... _ 40, 341,683 430, 627, 272 8, 076, 894 20.0 1.9 9. 4 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ 6, 321,792 45, 708, 244 449, 677 7. 1 1.0 13. 8 Privately controlled institutions _ 411, 058, 762 4, 718, 022, 859 61, 560, 992 15.0 1.3 8.7 Universities _ 147,947,270 1, 801, 248, 347 26, 679, 203 18.0 1.5 8.2 Liberal arts colleges _ _ _ _ _ 188, 336, 525 2,035,211,546 22, 121,084 11.7 1. 1 9.3 Teachers colleges _ _ _ _ _ 4, 324, 049 41,361,060 479, 235 11. 1 1.2 10. 5 Technological schools _ 28, 456, 331 234, 478, 469 3, 593, 696 12.6 1. 5 12. 1 Theological schools _ _ _ _ 12, 814, 036 236,412,835 2, 298, 506 17.9 1. 0 5. 4 Other professional schools _ _ . ... _ 14, 162,644 142,740, 224 3, 891,769 27.5 2.7 9. 9 Junior colleges 1 _ .. . . ... . _ 13, 207, 564 195, 905, 537 2, 038, 288 15. 4 1. 0 6. 7 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ 1,810, 343 30,664,841 459,211 25.4 1. 5 5. 9 1 Includes community colleges and county teachers colleges (normal schools) offering at least 2 but less than 4 years of college-level work immediately beyond high school. 56 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 placed on the educational plant at the end of the year, which was more than $11.2 billion. In 1955- 56, this percent was 1.4; in 1953-54, it was 1.2. Since no data were compiled on this point for earlier years, no conclusions can be drawn as to longtime trends in this respect. Just 10.5 percent of the higher education plant at the end of the year 1957-58 had been acquired during that year. In 1955-56 the corresponding percent was 7.7; in 1953-54, 7.1. Adding the actual figures on which these percentages are based, and making allowance for construction carried on in the nonreported years (1954-55 and 1956- 57), it would be easy to estimate that at least 25 percent and possibly a greater proportion of the educational plant in the inventories at the end of the fiscal year 1957-58 was less than 6 years old. The total expenditure of more than $1.1 billion for plant expansion in 1957-58 was equivalent to approximately $392 for each of the 2,861,247 resi¬ dent degree-credit students in the fall of 1957 at the 1,760 institutions reporting this item (table 31). This average was higher among the 605 publicly controlled institutions ($441) than among the 1,155 privately controlled ($329), although in certain types of institutions the average for the latter exceeded that for the former. Table 31. — Gross additions to plant value per student, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 Control and type of institution Institutions Plant additions Number i Resident degree-credit enrollment 1 fall 1957 Total Per student l 2 3 4 5 All institutions _ 1, 760 2, 861, 247 SI, 121, 673, 947 $392 Universities _ 141 1, 297, 995 567, 139, 744 437 Liberal arts colleges _ 696 790, 069 278, 086, 176 352 Teachers colleges _ .. 182 259, 161 88, 303, 160 341 Technological schools _ 45 95, 057 85, 668, 627 901 Theological schools _ 134 33, 134 12,814,036 387 Other professional schools _ 114 65, 382 27, 980, 822 428 Junior colleges _ . 407 320, 449 53, 549, 247 167 Technical institutes and semi- professional schools 41 8, 132, 135 Publicly controlled institutions _ 605 1, 611, 732 710, 615, 185 441 Universities _ _ 82 788, 919 419, 192,474 531 Liberal arts colleges _ 78 244, 949 89, 749, 651 366 Teachers colleges _ 158 249, 073 83, 979,111 337 Technological schools _ 24 38, 432 57,212,296 1,489 Other professional schools _ 14 15, 120 13,818,178 914 Junior colleges _ 234 275, 239 40, 341, 683 147 Technical institutes and semi- professional schools 15 6, 321,792 Privately controlled institutions _ 1, 155 1, 249, 515 411, 058, 762 329 Universities _ _ 59 509, 076 147, 947, 270 291 Liberal arts colleges _ 618 545, 120 188, 336, 525 346 Teachers colleges _ _ _ 24 10, 088 4, 324, 049 429 Technological schools _ 21 56, 625 28, 456, 331 503 Theological schools _ 134 33, 134 12, 814, 036 387 Other professional schools _ 100 50, 262 14, 162,644 282 Junior colleges _ 173 45,210 13,207,564 292 Technical institutes and semi- profetsinnal srhnnk 26 1, 810, 343 1 Number and enrollment of institutions reporting plant additions. Property Plant and Unexpended Plant Funds In 1958, the total value of physical property and plant funds as reported by the 1,940 institu¬ tions of higher education in the United States (including outlying parts) was a little over $12 billion. Of this sum 92.1 percent was actually invested in land, buildings (including those under construction as well as those in actual use), im¬ provements other than buildings, furniture, and equipment of various types (table 32). The other 7.9 percent included various liquid assets, such as (1) funds available but not yet spent for plant expansion, (2) funds for retirement of indebted¬ ness, and (3) funded reserves for depreciation of auxiliary property, and similar items. No analy¬ sis of these funds by purpose is available. Of the $11.2 billion actually invested in plant in 1958, the publicly controlled institutions held 57.8 percent (a slightly larger percent than in 1956) and the privately controlled 42.2 percent. The 1958 total represents an increase of $2.3 billion, or 25.6 percent, over the corresponding 1956 total of $8.9 billion. How much of this in¬ crease represents an actual increase in facilities j and how much is the result of increased building J costs may be inferred from the fact that the index i of building costs 20 rose 8.4 percent: from 467.5 in July 1955 to 506.6 in July 1957, using 1913 as the base or 100.0 year. When data on physical properties are compared | with data on student enrollment, certain facts develop. The $11.2 billion investment in physical j facilities is, of course, a composite of reports cover¬ ing all the 1,940 higher education institutions in the Nation. These 1,940 institutions had a total of 2,927,914 resident students taking degree-credit work in the fall of 1957 (table 33). This gives an average of a $3,818 investment in plant per stu¬ dent. This average was higher in all publicly 20 Engineering News-Record, 162:70, Mar. 19, 1959. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 57 Table 32. — Value of physical plant, by control and type of institution: 1958 Type of institution Amount 1 Percent Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled Total Publicly controlled Privately controlled l 2 3 4 5 6 7 All institutions. ... _ ._ $11,180,155, 883 $6,462, 133, 024 $4, 718, 022, 859 100.0 57.8 42.2 Universities _ _ ... - . ... . 5, 706, 867, 349 3, 905, 619, 002 1,801,248, 347 51.0 34.9 16.1 Liberal arts colleges... - - - 2,676,624,482 641,412,936 2,035,211,546 23.9 5.7 18.2 Teachers colleges _ .... - 941,827,337 900, 466, 277 41,361,060 8.5 8. 1 .4 Technological schools _ . _ . 698, 828, 648 464,350,179 234,478,469 6.3 4.2 2.1 Theological schools . .. _ _ 236,412,835 236,412,835 2. 1 2. 1 Other professional schools _ .. - - 216,689,338 73,949,114 142,740, 224 1.9 .7 1.2 Junior colleges _ ... .. _ .. . .. - 626. 532, 809 430. 627, 272 195, 905, 537 5.6 3.8 1.8 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools _ .. 76,373,085 45, 708, 244 30. 664, 841 .7 .4 .3 i Not including unexpended plant funds. Table 33. — Value of physical plant per student, by control and type of institution: 1958 Institutions Value of physical plant Institutions by control and type Number Enrollment 1 Total Per student l 2 3 4 5 All institutions _ 1, 940 2, 927, 914 $11, 180, 155, 883 $3, 818 Universities _ _ 141 1, 297, 995 5, 706, 867, 349 4, 397 Liberal arts colleges _ 732 808, 328 2, 676, 624, 482 3,311 Teachers colleges _ 199 270, 063 941,827,337 3, 487 Technological schools _ _ 45 95, 057 698, 828, 648 7,352 Theological schools _ 148 36, 249 236,412,835 6, 522 Other professional schools _ 132 70, 147 216, 689, 338 3, 089 Junior colleges 2 _ 493 350, 075 626, 532, 809 1,790 Technical institutes and semi- professional schools. _ 50 <3) 76, 373, 085 Publicly controlled in¬ stitutions. _ _ .. 671 1, 645, 468 6, 462, 133, 024 3,927 Universities _ 82 788, 919 3, 905, 619, 002 4,951 Liberal arts colleges _ 79 245, 327 641,412,936 2,615 Teachers colleges _ 170 259, 464 900, 466, 277 3,470 Technological schools _ 24 38, 432 464, 350, 179 12,082 Other professional schools _ 14 15, 120 73, 949, 114 4, 891 Junior colleges 2 _ 285 298, 206 430, 627,272 1,444 Technical institutes and semi- professional schools _ 17 <3) 45, 708, 244 Privately controlled in¬ stitutions. _ _ _ _ 1,269 1, 282, 446 4, 718, 022, 859 3,679 Universities _ 59 509, 076 1,801,248, 347 3, 538 Liberal arts colleges _ 653 563, 001 2,035,211,546 3,615 Teachers colleges _ _ 29 10, 599 41,361,060 3, 902 Technological schools... _ 21 56, 625 234, 478, 469 4, 141 Theological schools _ ... 148 36, 249 236,412,835 6, 522 Other professional schools _ 118 55, 027 142,740,224 2,594 Junior colleges 2 _ 208 51, 869 195, 905, 537 3, 777 Technical institutes and semi- professional schools _ 33 (3) 30, 664, 841 Institutions enrolling resident degree-cred¬ it students, by con¬ trol _ . . _ 1, 890 2, 927, 914 11, 103, 782, 798 3,792 Public _ ... 654 1, 645, 468 6,416, 424, 780 3, 899 Private. _ . 1,236 1,282,446 4,687,358,018 3,655 1 Resident degree-credit enrollment, full-time and part-time, first term 1957. 2 Includes community colleges and county teachers colleges (normal schools) offer¬ ing at least 2 but fewer than 4 years of college-level work immediately beyond high school. 3 No resident degree-credit students reported by these institutions. controlled institutions ($3,927) than in the pri¬ vately controlled ($3,674), both the highest (technological schools) and the lowest (junior colleges) being in the publicly controlled group. 605644 O— .62 - 5 Of interest is the fact that plant value was re¬ ported by or for all the 1,940 institutions in 1958. When one recalls that many junior colleges and some institutions of other types share their plant with other organizations (public high schools, YMCA’s, private hospitals, motherhouses, etc.) it would appear that the problem of allocation of equities in physical facilities in these plant-sharing institutions is well under control. When the 50 technical institutes and semipro¬ fessional schools are eliminated from the calcula¬ tions because of having no resident degree-credit enrollments in the fall of 1957, the total plant value is reduced by $76 million and the averages per student are reduced accordingly. The average for all degree-credit institutions comes to $3,792 per student, for publicly controlled institutions to $3,899, and for privately controlled institutions to $3,655. This being the first year for which plant value data on degree-credit institutions only have been compiled, no comparison with previous years is available. Endowment and Other Nonexpendable Funds Endowment and other nonexpendable funds, including true endowment funds and funds so functioning, student loan funds, and annuity and living trust funds, totaled more than $4.8 billion in 1958 (table 2). This figure, which represents the entire United States including outlying parts, was 25.3 percent larger than its 1956 counterpart of a little over $3.8 billion. The 1958 figure included well over $4.6 billion in endowment and funds so functioning, $71 million in student loan funds, and $91 million in annuity and living trust funds. 58 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Endowment is used here to include (1) funds received by an institution with the definite under¬ standing that the principal of the funds received will be kept intact and that only the earnings will be expended (endowment funds) and (2) funds voted into the endowment-fund group by the governing body of the institution concerned, im¬ plying if not providing explicitly for the right of that governing body to withdraw these funds and divert them to another purpose if necessary (funds functioning as endowment). Endowment (includ¬ ing funds so functioning) may be restricted (earn¬ ings available for only such purposes as are set forth in the agreement whereby the institution accepts the endowment grant), or unrestricted (earnings available for any legitimate purpose of the institution). Student loan funds are funds the principal of which is loanable to students, presumably to assist them in maintaining themselves while attending school. Under certain circumstances, frequently agreed on between the donor of an individual fund and the recipient institution, such funds may be decreased or entirely abolished by cancelling the indebtedness of the student to the fund, or by using some other legitimate means. For this reason, although these funds are often carried in the endowment and other nonexpendable fund group as a matter of convenience, they are not properly part of this group. These funds are not as a rule loanable to faculty members or other employees of an institution; no data are available on what might be called faculty or employee loan funds. Annuity and living trust funds are those funds which have come into the custody and under the management of an institution, subject to regular payments,21 presumably out of the earnings of these funds, by the recipient institution to a bene¬ ficiary or beneficiaries. At the death of the bene¬ ficiary (last beneficiary if more than one) the principal of the fund, or its residuum if it has been partially expended, accrues to the institution for such use as may have been preagreed by the insti¬ tution and the donor. Thus it is clear that annu¬ ity and living trust funds, like student loan funds, are not in every instance nonexpendable; their inclusion in this general group is more a matter of convenience than of accuracy. 21 If these payments are fixed as to amount, the principal of the fund is known as an annuity fund; if they are variable and dependent on the earnings of the fund, the principal Is properly spoken of as a living trust fund. The distinction between an annuity fund and a pension or retirement fund is important and should not be ignored. A pension or retirement fund is one from which an allowance or a payment is made to a retired employee or to a dependent heir of such an employee, in recognition of service to an institution or organization. It may be paid from a current fund, which is subject to depletion and reappropriation; or it may be paid from the earnings of an endowed fund, the principal of which is properly accounted for in the restricted endowment fund group. An annuity or living trust fund, on the other hand, is not based on recognition of service to an institution, but is set up by a philanthropically minded person or group of persons desiring to make what might be thought of as a deferred donation, the real value of which does not accrue to the recipient institution until after the death of the beneficiary or beneficiaries. Endowment Funds per Student When enrollment in institutions of higher edu¬ cation is compared with endowment, as in table 34, certain facts concerning relative wealth come to light. In this table the total amount of endow¬ ment funds (including funds so functioning, but not including student loan funds or funds subject to annuity or living trust agreements) is used as the dividend and resident degree-credit enrollment, fall of 1957 (without regard to whether this enroll¬ ment was for a full or a partial schedule) is used as the divisor. Institutions without endowment funds are not included in the calculation. There were 1,213 institutions which at the end of the fiscal year 1958 had some endowment. The total resident degree-credit enrollment of these institutions was 2,258,314, and their total endow¬ ment was $4.6 billion, or $2,058 per student. This average was naturally much higher among the privately controlled institutions ($3,146) than among the publicly controlled ($828). Another fact shown in table 34 is that in the fall of 1957 there were 669,600 degree-credit students (not quite 23 percent of the total of 2,927,914) in institutions with no endowment funds. These students were enrolled in 727 institutions, of which 465 were under public control and 262 under pri¬ vate control.22 The 262 privately controlled insti- 22 The number of un endowed institutions in 1956 was 764 : 470 public and 294 private. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 59 Table 34. — Endowment funds per student, in institutions of higher education, by control and type of institution: 1958, 1956, and 1954 Institutions by control and type Unendowed institutions 1958 Endowed institutions 1956 Endowment per student 2 1954 Endowment per student 2 Number Enrollment 1 Number Enrollment 1 Endowment funds 2 Tota Per student 2- * 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 All institutions _ 727 669, 600 1, 213 2, 258, 314 S4, 647, 827, 877 52, 058 51, 854 SI, 921 Universities _ _ 1 6,213 140 1,291,782 2, 777,503,188 2,150 1,869 1,923 Liberal arts colleges.. ... _ ... _ _ - 118 168,815 614 639, 513 1,139,312,368 1,782 1,765 1,867 Teachers colleges ___ _ __ _ _. _ 142 165,319 57 104, 744 14,803,395 141 148 270 Technological schools _ _ _ _ 14 13,899 31 81,158 351,071,458 4, 326 4,215 3,072 Theological schools.... ..... . . . .. 40 8,213 108 28, 036 135, 706, 334 4,840 4,313 4,016 Other professional schools. . . _ _ _ _ 59 22, 066 73 48.081 182, 563, 736 3, 797 1,488 1,717 Junior colleges ... _ .... 336 285, 075 157 65, 000 39,735,959 611 5 827 5 1,011 Technical institutes .. _ _ _ ..... 9 0 16 6, 078, 939 (5) (5) Semiprofessional schools ._ _ ... .. ... . 8 0 17 1, 052, 500 (5) (») Publicly controlled institutions... 465 585, 417 206 1, 060, 051 877, 797. 921 828 802 815 Universities.. .. _ _ . _ _ 1 6,213 81 782, 706 811,631,200 1,037 991 970 Liberal arts colleges.. . _ . _ ... . 44 132,010 35 113,317 14,466,505 128 146 414 Teachers colleges _ ... _ . 128 161,420 42 98, 044 4,119,410 42 44 111 Technological schools. .. . _ . . ... 13 13,883 11 24, 549 5,810, 308 237 288 226 Other professional schools _ . _ 5 2,328 9 12,792 32, 529, 476 2, 543 759 516 Junior colleges _ _ . _ .. .. 257 269, 563 28 28,643 9, 241,022 323 J536 J335 Technical institutes 9 (5) (S) Semiprofessional schools _ _ _ _ . 8 O) (5) Privately controlled institutions 262 84,183 1, 007 1, 198, 263 3, 770, 029, 956 3,146 2, 733 2, 797 Universities 0 59 509, 076 1,965,871,988 3, 862 3, 120 3,148 Liberal arts colleges.. _ . _ _ 74 36, 805 579 526, 196 1,124,845,863 2, 138 2, 107 2, 149 Teachers colleges ... _ 14 3,899 15 6, 700 10, 683, 985 1,595 2, 021 2, 044 Technological schools _ .... 1 16 20 56, 609 345,261,150 6, 099 5, 582 5, 036 Theological schools _ ... _ _ 40 8,213 108 28, 036 135, 706, 334 4,840 4,313 4,016 Other professional schools .... 54 19, 738 64 35, 289 150, 034, 260 4,252 1,647 2,354 Junior colleges _ . _ _ 79 15,512 129 36, 357 30, 494, 937 839 5 941 5 1,321 Technical institutes 0 16 6, 078, 939 (5) (5) Semiprofessional schools 0 17 1, 052, 500 (*) (*) 1 Resident degree-credit enrollment, full-time and part-time, November 1953 and 1955, fall 1957. 2 Including funds functioning as endowment. 2 Endowed institutions only. < Averages for institutions with resident degree-credit enrollments (omitting technical institutes and semiprofessional schools): All institutions, $2,055; privately controlled institutions, $3,140; publicly controlled institutions, same as in body of table. 5 Technical institutes and semiprofessional schools tabulated with junior colleges 1956 and 1954. tutions included 74 colleges of liberal arts which enrolled just under 37,000 students, an average of not quite 500 per institution. In general, the endowed institutions enrolled more students per institution in the fall of 1957 than did the institutions without endowment. The average enrollment for all endowed institu¬ tions at that time was 1,862; for all unendowed institutions, 921. This variation persisted through almost all types of institutions, although not to the same degree. For example, endowed teachers colleges showed an average enrollment of 1,838 (only a little more than the 1,862 for all institu¬ tions combined), but the unendowed teachers col¬ leges had an average enrollment of 1,165. In the junior college group, unendowed schools were as a rule considerably larger than those with some endowment. In appraising these data, one should bear in mind that some institutions carried in the endowed group had very limited endowment funds. Ten, with a total enrollment of 11,452, had less than $1,000 per school (not per student). There were 46 other institutions which had less than $10,000 each. Endowment per student (all institutions as a group) declined from $1,921 in 1954 to $1,854 in 1956, but increased to $2,058 in 1958. This last figure (see footnote 4 on table 34) is reduced to $2,055 when technical institutes and semiprofes¬ sional schools are omitted and only those institu¬ tions counted which had resident degree-credit enrollments. Data are not available with which to make corresponding adjustments in the 1954 and 1956 figures; nor are any available with which to correct for varying proportions of part-time students by type of institution. BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 60 Student Loan Funds A total of 1,118 institutions reported on the operation of student loan funds in 1957-58 (table 35). That these institutions were as a rule the larger ones over the country is suggested by the fact that although they numbered less than 58 percent of the total of the 1,940 institutions, their enrollment was nearly 82 percent of the nationwide total of 2,927,914. The 1,118 institutions reported a total of $71 million in their loan funds at the end of the year. This was equivalent to $29.80 per resident degree- credit student enrolled in the fall of 1957, without regard to whether he was on a full-time or only a part-time schedule. The total represents an in¬ crease of 21.8 percent over the total of not quite $58.5 million reported by 1,026 institutions for 1955-56; the average also increased from $24.77 in 1956 to $29.80 in 1958, this latter figure being Table 35. — Student loan funds, by type and control of institution: 1957-58 Item Total (all types) Type of institution Universities Liberal arts colleges Teachers colleges Technological schools Theological schools Other professional schools Junior colleges Technical institutes and semi- professional schools l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ALL INSTITUTIONS Number reporting student loan funds _ 1,118 136 508 134 30 81 53 158 18 Resident degree-credit enrollment, fall 1957__ 2, 390, 469 1,267,872 623,019 215,717 79, 348 23,008 38,226 143, 339 Statement of Principal Private gifts and grants added to principal _ . $3, 248, 987 $1, 976, 504 $834, 633 $53, 658 $107, 129 $122,529 $55, 196 $88, 896 $10,442 Total additions to principal _ . 7, 780, 179 5, 025, 726 1, 529, 741 261,097 531,391 163, 401 131, 203 123, 636 13, 984 Principal at end of year: Total _ . _ _ ... . 71,237,319 43, 056, 343 16,113, 251 2,094,237 5,331,810 1,372,812 1,413, 930 1, 708, 626 146, 310 Per resident degree-credit student _ i $29. 80 $33. 96 $25. 86 $9.71 $67. 20 $59. 67 $36. 99 $11.92 Operation Statement Loans granted during year _ . . $34, 283, 502 $26,179, 090 $4, 620, 888 $1,041,183 $1,359, 261 $290, 228 $398, 169 $333, 496 $61, 187 Loans repaid during year _ _ 28,479,254 22,507,331 3, 505, 505 854, 992 784, 152 252, 528 296, 732 234, 844 43, 170 Loans outstanding, end of year _ _ __ 35, 389, 690 23, 096, 237 6, 831,241 841,049 3, 123, 798 394, 799 630, 958 414,715 56, 893 Unloaned funds, end of year _ 36, 164, 490 20, 031,571 9, 454, 246 1,277,819 2,211,762 987, 652 798, 603 1, 305, 016 97,821 PUBLICLY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Number reporting student loan funds 376 81 61 123 11 10 76 14 Resident degree-credit enrollment, fall 1957 _ 1,343, 355 786, 097 196, 842 210,219 24, 549 9, 207 115, 841 Statement of Principal Private gifts and grants added to principal _ $1,195, 754 $984, 129 $73, 354 $53, 053 $10, 794 $13, 662 $50, 320 $10, 442 Total additions to principal _ . _ 3, 001,660 2, 462, 225 133, 995 255, 379 22, 028 57, 342 58, 873 11,818 Principal at end of year: Total 28, 305, 562 23, 502, 637 1,371,087 1,905, 467 480, 357 488, 694 508, 393 48, 927 Per resident degree-credit student _ i $21.07 $29. 90 $6. 97 $9. 06 $19. 57 $53. 08 $4. 38 Operation Statement Loans granted during year _ _ . 11,509,007 9, 128, 782 668, 549 1,001,913 331,701 167, 242 165, 430 45, 390 Loans repaid during year 8,871,807 6, 863, 864 608, 852 831, 116 286, 933 111,933 140, 351 28, 758 Loans outstanding, end of year . . 12,206,742 10, 279, 539 511,213 766, 593 223, 006 301, 104 99, 767 25, 520 Unloaned funds, end of year _ _ 16,218, 334 13,292,112 870, 023 1,163,246 261, 101 187, 590 412,451 31,811 PRIVATELY CONTROLLED INSTITUTIONS Number reporting student loan funds _ 742 55 447 11 19 81 43 82 4 Resident degree-credit enrollment, fall 1957__ 1,047,114 481, 115 426, 177 5,498 54, 799 23, 008 29,019 27,498 Statement of Principal Private gifts and grants added to principal,.. $2,053,233 $992, 375 $761,279 $605 $96, 335 $122, 529 $41, 534 $38, 576 Total additions to principal _ . 4,778,519 2, 563, 501 1,395, 746 5,718 509, 363 163, 401 73, 861 64, 763 2, 166 Principal at end of year: Total _ _ _ 42,931,757 19, 553, 706 14,742, 164 188, 770 4,851,453 1,372,812 925, 236 1, 200, 233 97, 383 Per resident degree-credit student _ 1 $41.00 $40. 64 $34. 59 $34. 33 $88. 53 $59. 67 $31.88 $43. 65 Operation Statement Loans granted during year. . __ 22, 774, 495 17,050, 308 3, 952, 339 39, 270 1,027,560 290, 228 230, 927 168, 066 15, 797 Loans repaid during year 19, 607,447 15, 643,467 2, 896, 653 23, 876 497,219 252, 528 184, 799 94, 493 14,412 Loans outstanding, end of year... 23, 182,948 12,816,698 6, 320, 028 74,456 2, 900, 792 394, 799 329, 854 314, 948 31, 373 Unloaned funds, end of year _ _ .. 19, 946, 156 6,739,459 8, 584, 223 114, 573 1,950,661 987,652 611,013 892. 565 66,010 Averages omitting technical institutes and semiprofessional schools for all institutions, $29.74; publicly controlled institutions, $21.03; privately controlled institutions, $40.91. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 61 only slightly larger than the $29.56 reported for 1954. As might be expected, the bulk of these loan funds was to be found in institutions under private control. These institutions reported nearly $43 million, approximately 60 percent, of the $71 million of funds, although they enrolled fewer than 44 percent of the students in schools reporting funds of this character. Total additions to student loan funds during the year under review amounted to nearly $8 million, of which 39 percent was reported by institutions under public control and 61 percent by those under private or denominational control. Of the exact figure of $7,780,179 for all institu¬ tions, $3,248,987 (41.8 percent) came in the form of private gifts and grants. Net gains on invest¬ ments, interest or net earnings added to principal of the fund, interfund transfers, and similar items accounted for the remaining 58.2 percent. The fact that, of the $71 million principal, approximately $36 million was not out on loan at the end of the year may be attributed to at least two factors: (1) In many cases, loan funds at individual institutions are so restricted as to characteristics of prospective borrowers or as to conditions of repayment that activity of these funds is seriously limited. (2) Many funds oper¬ ate on a short-term basis, the loan to be repaid before the end of the term or semester in which it is borrowed. In spite of these and other possible restrictions, the data on operations of funds in table 35 show that more than $34 million was borrowed and more than $28 million repaid during the year, also that well over $35 million was still out¬ standing at the end of the fiscal year. These data relate exclusively to funds passing through the hands of higher education finance officers. Funds administered by denominational boards, parent-teacher associations, fraternal or¬ ders, or other persons or groups are not included here unless they utilize the services of the institu¬ tions whose students they aid. 62 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table I. — Current income of institutions of higher A. ALL [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does Educational and general Region and State Total cur¬ rent income (columns 3 and 17-21) Total edu¬ cational and general (columns 4-16) Student fees 1 Veterans’ tuition and fees 1 Federal Goveri Land-grant institu¬ tions2 nment, for— Research 2 Other purposes State gov¬ ernments3 * Local gov¬ ernments Endowment earnings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Aggregate United States _ 4, 675, 513 3, 762, 532 939,111 5,056 83, 937 534, 389 89,049 1,156,537 129, 389 181,638 Contiguous States _ 4, 641, 387 3, 732, 512 934, 203 5,024 80, 826 532, 870 88, 328 1,138, 454 129, 324 181, 585 North Atlantic _ 1, 359, 851 1, 118, 783 398, 668 2,168 11, 469 184, 967 11, 019 170,984 32,142 95, 520 Connecticut _ _ _ 68, 689 53, 434 16, 352 46 550 3, 392 27 11,711 261 11,987 Delaware. ... __ _ _ 7 652 6, 406 1, 534 2 465 200 45 3, 188 177 District of Columbia _ _ 52’ 954 45' 572 17) 250 45 7 245 4,272 1,838 896 Maine _ ... 17; 287 12; 181 4) 935 11 821 3 63 3,596 62 1,042 Maryland. _ ... _ ... . 92, 866 80, 847 13, 507 16 1,037 28, 010 464 20, 722 577 3,118 Massachusetts. . ..... 265, 245 218, 501 69, 583 377 927 77,713 2, 078 11, 114 293 22, 600 New Hampshire _ 21,060 15,098 6, 056 18 530 619 207 3, 301 130 1,452 New Jersey _ ... 89, 196 73, 694 26,019 132 891 12, 289 320 17,678 620 5,943 New York.. _ . _ 451,819 381, 772 145, 051 1,004 2,375 37, 338 1,612 53, 809 28, 091 34, 950 Pennsylvania _ 252, 766 202, 767 85,217 472 2, 845 16,279 1,666 39, 203 152 11,608 Rhode Island _ 23 918 17 204 7 462 29 451 1,639 67 3, 675 1,360 Vermont _ 16; 400 li; 307 5) 704 15 576 240 198 2,986 118 387 Great Lakes and Plains _ 1,360,995 1, 066, 466 264,167 1,195 23, 225 117,743 6,074 389,435 22, 869 35, 695 Illinois _ _ .... 299, 500 256, 977 52, 869 138 2, 507 62, 828 1,875 73, 297 2, 603 12, 776 Indiana _ _ _ 135, 050 95, 644 27, 400 81 2, 236 3, 908 556 37, 857 634 2, 003 Iowa _ ... 91,277 69,416 16, 173 52 2, 307 6, 390 400 29, 805 334 1,289 Kansas _ . .... 60, 701 48, 559 9, 238 100 1,627 2, 296 197 21, 559 2,916 940 Michigan _ . ... 231, 864 176, 023 37, 682 111 2, 456 20, 008 110 81,984 6, 380 2,616 Minnesota _ . __ _ 103, 056 76, 432 16, 643 44 2, 051 5,456 1,389 32, 606 848 1,645 Missouri.. ... _ 91,953 74, 177 23, 666 403 2, 541 4, 978 128 20, 241 1,387 3, 685 Nebraska. 37, 077 29, 967 7,095 47 1,399 1, 134 200 12,816 1,338 541 North Dakota _ _ _ 16, 830 13, 263 1,768 7 1,015 191 19 8, 926 139 238 Ohio _ _ _ _ _ 186, 985 139, 000 50, 287 122 1,903 5, 608 805 34, 703 5, 666 8, 572 South Dakota _ . . 17, 792 14, 433 3, 335 8 1,027 33 37 7, 959 6 383 Wisconsin... ... _ 88,911 72, 575 18,012 81 2, 157 4,912 360 27, 681 617 1,007 Southeast _ . .. 710, 264 546, 386 127,121 577 28, 787 24, 071 3, 731 217, 802 7,434 27,189 Alabama.. ... _ . 53, 784 42, 332 9,199 58 2,682 1,113 330 15, 847 574 1,249 Arkansas .. 33, 174 25, 705 4, 185 27 2,227 936 337 14,281 2 527 Florida... 71,385 56, 732 16, 345 159 1,147 4,042 262 29,313 489 533 Georgia. . _ 73, 195 59, 045 13, 453 33 2,936 3,825 229 15,510 1,530 4, 247 Kentucky.. .... 46,111 34, 446 8,637 31 2,713 720 109 11,191 1,309 2, 108 Louisiana.. 72,115 56,517 7,905 29 1,921 2, 502 48 34. 522 272 2, 761 Mississippi.. _ _ 35, 602 25, 139 5, 678 24 2,832 581 164 10, 127 2,498 391 North Carolina _ _ 107,297 78,911 20,487 81 3,682 4,632 1,221 23, 889 308 6, 922 South Carolina _ . . _ 37, 959 25,713 6, 208 36 2,023 276 107 12, 368 200 691 Tennessee. 69, 582 55, 897 14, 290 42 2,735 2,694 557 15, 394 233 4, 127 Virginia _ _ ... _ 80, 937 63, 122 17,456 33 2,280 2,555 247 19, 484 20 3,349 West Virginia... 29, 121 22,827 3,279 24 1,608 194 120 15, 875 284 West and Southwest. .. ... 1, 128, 113 938, 875 144, 246 1, 084 17, 346 206, 088 5, 505 360, 234 66, 879 23, 182 Arizona.. . _ _ 25,010 18,614 4, 223 58 735 1,179 64 9, 800 717 160 California. _ _ _ 556, 891 501,400 54,018 464 2,272 180, 307 1,308 149,465 54, 871 11,044 Colorado _ _ _ 58, 872 43, 298 11,301 156 1,072 2, 583 305 15, 287 1,063 425 Idaho. _ 14, 171 11,232 1,420 12 806 55 150 6,609 542 483 Montana _ 18,018 13, 967 1,765 8 845 411 10 9, 792 36 156 Nevada. 4 587 4 074 538 3 500 173 (6) 2,633 5 New Mexico. 22; 176 17)332 2,590 6 836 2,846 154 8,471 493 365 Oklahoma _ _ _ 57, 785 40, 361 9, 239 38 1,978 369 951 22, 005 75 331 Oregon ... ... 51,449 40, 196 8,474 27 1,158 2,019 397 22,813 471 539 Texas _ _ _ 198, 593 152, 169 34, 178 236 4,323 7,385 1,220 62, 032 7,322 8, 372 Utah _ 35, 190 27,865 5,334 12 752 3, 227 289 10, 382 111 121 Wishington. _ _ 76,051 60,619 10, 177 58 1,406 5,345 385 36, 332 734 960 Wyoming. _ ... 9,319 7,748 989 7 661 188 271 4,612 444 219 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS 82, 164 62, 001 1 62, 001 Outlying Parts _ _ 34, 126 30, 020 4,908 32 3,111 1, 519 721 18, 083 65 53 Alaska _ _ _ 4,111 3, 684 163 (*) 379 642 435 1,658 63 24 Canal Zone 112 112 28 85 Guam .. .. . 148 148 7 260 50 97 Hawaii 8 383 1 676 7 591 246 197 4,128 Puerto Rico _ 2l’, 371 18)815 2, 992 25 2,140 631 4 12, 200 2 29 1 Student fees paid by Public Law 550 veterans are included under student fees and not under veterans' tuition and fees. 2 Income received for research at agricultural experiment stations administered by land-grant institutions is included under land-grant (regular appropriations) and not under research. 2 Includes Federal aid received through State governments and regional compacts. 4 Excludes transfers from other income accounts or funds and remission of fees for scholarships, fellowships, and prizes, s Less than $500. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 63 education, by purpose, source, and State: 1957-58 INSTITUTIONS not necessarily add to total, because of rounding.] Educational and general— Continued Auxiliary enterprises Student-aid income Region and State Private gifts and grants Organized activities related to educational departments Sales and services of educational departments Other sources Cafeterias and dining halls Student residence halls Other auxiliary enterprises From public sources From other sources Designated for research Other pri¬ vate gifts and grants 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 77, 178 247, 792 199, 303 47, 448 71, 705 305, 752 186, 949 348,838 20, 036 51, 406 Aggregate United States. 77, 133 247, 293 198,955 47, 302 71, 214 304,637 186, 646 347, 534 18, 903 51,155 Contiguous States. 31, 129 88, 366 63,966 5, 042 23, 344 90,129 54, 843 70, 929 3,405 21,762 North Atlantic. 2, 073 4. 648 617 62 1,710 6, 703 2, 923 3, 280 24 2, 324 Connecticut. 80 159 2 555 572 232 357 84 Delaware. 1,106 2, 523 9, 721 85 590 2, 535 1,949 2, 050 329 519 District of Columbia. 110 934 246 168 189 2,619 1,092 938 42 417 Maine. 3, 768 2, 980 5, 267 12 1,368 4, 697 2, 005 4, 147 136 1,034 Maryland. 9, 224 17,672 725 1,259 4, 935 17, 018 12,874 10, 670 377 5, 804 Massachusetts. 97 1,562 393 129 604 2, 115 1,343 2, 006 498 New Hampshire. 1,868 6, 495 288 9 1,142 5, 288 2, 853 5, 035 164 2, 162 New Jersey. 7, 999 33,313 26, 695 986 8, 549 23, 497 14, 700 25, 165 2, 114 4, 572 New York. 4, 459 16, 160 19, 392 2, 144 3,171 20,318 11,510 14, 407 113 3, 652 Pennsylvania. 375 1,544 179 126 298 2,512 2,045 1,744 25 389 Rhode Island. 49 455 284 62 232 2,255 1,319 1,130 81 308 Vermont. 25, 798 80, 977 48,756 25, 176 25, 357 88,700 66, 847 124, 972 1, 328 12, 682 Great Lakes and Plains. 4, 387 21,857 3, 045 13, 342 5, 454 10, 223 11,401 17,530 541 2, 827 Illinois. 2, 609 6,453 5, 966 3,818 2, 122 17, 971 5, 823 13, 738 386 1,488 Indiana. 1,154 4,287 5, 594 311 1,321 8, 107 4, 885 8, 023 129 717 Iowa. 120 4, 352 3, 767 1,257 189 2, 780 2,610 6, 065 3 684 Kasnas. 5, 403 10, 639 5, 086 1,069 2, 478 11,886 15,251 27, 664 96 944 Michigan. 2, 227 5, 929 4, 128 1, 109 2,357 6,415 4, 680 14, 262 14 1,252 Minnesota. 631 7, 599 4, 821 1,043 3, 056 6,316 3, 979 6, 499 89 894 Missouri. 488 2, 025 852 1,368 665 2, 035 1,986 2, 798 3 289 Nebraska. 88 155 440 51 226 1,238 786 1,426 16 100 North Dakota. 4, 261 11,991 8, 127 1,199 5, 759 14, 535 11,267 19, 877 10 2, 297 Ohio. 682 603 210 150 1,219 496 1,493 10 141 South Dakota. 4, 431 5, 009 6, 328 398 1,582 5, 976 3,681 5, 598 31 1,050 Wisconsin. 8, 589 36, 507 47, 956 6,705 9,919 62, 131 30, 375 62, 993 1, 533 6,846 Southeast. 262 3,075 5,013 822 2, 108 4, 330 2,545 4,518 16 42 Alabama. 328 1,266 511 720 359 2,922 1,094 3,219 2 232 Arkansas. 577 2,040 955 262 607 3,526 3, 395 6,294 762 677 Florida. 1,011 2, 905 10, 692 1,151 1,524 6,039 3,434 3,807 30 840 Georgia. 253 3, 884 1,355 1,606 530 3, 473 2, 074 5, 839 2 277 Kentucky. 1,263 2, 925 590 566 1,212 6,013 2,744 6,136 348 357 Louisiana. 124 1,364 1,168 40 148 4,556 1,221 4,486 64 136 Mississippi. 2,431 5, 858 7, 872 241 1,288 9, 572 4,250 12,717 157 1,691 North Carolina. 220 2, 197 514 567 306 5,996 1,377 4,682 8 183 South Carolina. 1,243 5, 732 8, 201 31 616 5, 281 2,996 4, 683 79 646 Tennessee. 784 4, 373 10, 872 509 1,159 8, 203 3, 699 4,274 65 1,575 Virginia. 92 888 212 189 62 2,219 1,546 2,338 1 190 West Virginia. 11, 617 41, 442 38, 277 10, 380 12, 595 57, 239 33, 761 86, 977 1, 396 9, 865 West and Southwest. 438 433 215 372 218 1,189 1,361 3, 535 312 Arizona. 3,064 15,444 21,007 944 7,191 16,786 8, 096 25, 460 948 4, 201 California. 1,529 2,118 6,708 260 490 4,029 4, 686 5, 809 126 923 Colorado. 77 606 45 392 36 940 426 1,437 28 107 Idaho. 113 286 17 509 18 1,218 1,596 1, 172 7 58 Montana. 26 42 1 134 19 168 66 130 149 Nevada. 155 345 654 236 178 1,834 795 2,057 65 93 New Mexico. 40 1,654 1,644 1,734 301 5,645 2,178 9,298 30 274 Oklahoma. 732 1,694 1,022 584 265 3,735 1,759 4,918 16 826 Oregon. 2, 849 11,997 5, 937 3, 566 2,753 15, 547 8,357 20, 544 67 1,910 Texas. 1,033 5, 289 386 286 643 1,472 1,323 4,324 11 194 Utah. 1,486 1,502 520 1,270 442 4, 476 2, 872 7,268 96 719 Washington. 74 32 119 92 40 203 245 1,024 <5) 100 Wyoming. 6,438 820 1,663 11,241 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. 45 499 347 145 491 1,115 303 1,304 1, 133 251 Outlying Parts. 34 7 105 174 296 91 40 Alaska. Canal 7one. 1 Guam. 20 133 162 22 78 362 90 507 34 130 Hawaii. 25 332 178 17 239 456 213 706 1,099 82 Puerto Rico 64 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table I. — Current income of institutions of higher B. Publicly [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does Educational and general Region and State Total cur¬ rent income (columns 3 and 17-21) Total edu¬ cational and general (columns 4-16) Student fees 1 Veterans’ tuition and fees 1 Federal Gover Land-grant institu¬ tions 2 nment, for— Research 2 Other purposes State gov¬ ernments 3 * Local gov¬ ernments Endowment earnings l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Aggregate United States _ 2, 656,401 2, 174, 074 274, 181 1,336 82, 295 232, 775 76, 114 1, 128, 895 125, 843 15, 881 Contiguous States _ 2, 624, 674 2, 145, 903 270, 686 1,317 79,184 231, 256 75, 399 1, 110, 811 125, 780 15, 857 North Atlantic _ 324, 852 269, 885 48, 681 142 9, 827 10, 759 1,348 145, 472 29, 540 2, 179 Connecticut.. . _ . ... ... 19,012 15, 002 1,218 8 550 331 15 11,685 261 6 Delaware _ . 6 894 5 809 984 1 465 200 45 3, 188 172 District of Columbia.. _ _ l’ 396 l’ 378 266 11 1,093 Maine. ... . _ 9,695 7, 358 1,907 7 821 3 61 3, 596 52 37 Maryland _ ... 40,016 35,217 4,629 7 1,037 2, 281 411 20, 170 551 186 Massachusetts.. 18, 385 15,005 2,006 8 910 279 155 10, 930 270 23 New Hampshire _ _ 8,404 6,664 1,691 14 530 223 55 3, 301 130 84 New Jersey.. . _ _ 36, 889 30, 463 7,333 26 891 1,173 39 17, 678 560 393 New York _ 109, 112 93,878 15, 660 28 750 1,514 318 43, 808 26, 475 1,108 Pennsylvania.. .... 60, 749 47,005 10, 336 31 2,845 4,448 42 24, 655 30 26 Rhode Island. _ ... 6 809 5 579 833 6 451 67 4 3,589 2 Vermont ... . . 7| 491 6; 526 1,817 5 576 240 193 2,872 118 142 Great Lakes and Plains 875, 765 697, 394 98, 676 412 23, 225 53, 418 4,798 389, 371 22, 835 5, 624 Illinois _ 117, 728 103, 572 7,968 29 2, 507 7,063 1,731 73, 296 2,602 136 Indiana.. _ .... 87,773 66, 562 8,856 21 2,236 2,911 293 37,853 614 176 Iowa. . 66, 763 52, 574 5,656 22 2,307 6,325 290 29, 804 334 69 Kansas . _ 51,375 42, 164 6,373 91 1,627 2,296 187 21,557 2,916 504 Michigan _ ... .. ... 202, 238 154,417 24, 838 79 2,456 19, 961 52 81,982 6,380 1,670 Minnesota . . .... 78,414 61,113 7,605 26 2,051 5, 392 1,372 32, 587 848 567 Missouri _ . _ .... 38, 387 31,879 3, 980 34 2,541 1,068 81 20,218 1,387 73 Nebraska. .... 28, 119 23, 684 3,814 26 1,399 1,043 76 12, 807 1,325 48 North Dakota _ 16, 185 12, 909 1,563 7 1,015 191 19 8, 926 139 202 Ohio _ _ . _ 110,851 81,628 17,635 45 1,903 2,846 563 34, 703 5,666 1,837 South Dakota... 14,753 12,188 1,985 7 1,027 33 36 7, 959 6 209 Wisconsin.. ... 63. 179 54, 703 8,402 23 2,157 4, 289 100 27. 680 617 133 Southeast _ 477, 786 380, 352 53, 719 262 28, 787 14, 582 2, 573 216, 689 7, 066 2, 146 Alabama.. ..... 42, 111 34, 670 5, 520 30 2, 682 1,060 296 15, 445 574 230 Arkansas _ 28, 180 22, 578 2,780 22 2, 227 936 330 14, 281 2 94 Florida _ . .. 46, 785 38, 623 3,115 9 1,147 2, 325 243 29,313 379 42 Georgia 44, 426 35, 909 7,206 26 2,936 1,705 206 15, 340 1,530 82 Kentucky _ . ... 29, 648 24,781 4,968 24 2,713 703 89 11,183 1,309 243 Louisiana _ ... . . 52, 934 41,361 1,584 8 1,921 1,011 43 34,455 272 15 Mississippi _ 30, 748 21,976 4,133 20 2,832 581 147 10, 127 2,433 86 North Carolina _ . 61,698 45, 967 8,290 47 3, 682 2, 105 672 23,876 308 289 South Carolina _ _ _ 25, 490 18,049 1,446 25 2,023 276 103 12, 368 18 15 Tennessee 33, 279 29, 057 4,875 14 2,735 1,149 90 14, 945 221 18 Virginia.. _ . . 58, 088 47,782 8, 683 21 2,280 2, 536 236 19,484 20 1,029 West Virginia.. 24, 399 19, 600 1,120 16 1,608 194 117 15,874 4 West and Southwest . 864, 107 736, 271 69, 610 501 17, 346 152,496 4, 678 359, 279 66,339 5, 908 Arizona.. ... 24, 185 18, 067 3,883 55 735 1,179 62 9, 800 717 160 California 405, 162 375, 242 18, 386 165 2,272 130, 163 769 148, 694 54, 444 1,955 Colorado.. 46,591 34, 032 6,483 70 1,072 1,008 208 15, 287 1,063 39 Idaho _ _ 12, 221 9,889 712 10 806 55 150 6, 609 542 414 Montana. _ _ 16,921 13, 250 1,253 5 845 411 8 9, 791 36 122 Nevada ... .... 4 587 4 074 538 3 500 173 (*) 2,633 5 New Mexico.. __ __ 21,’ 421 16,’ 716 2,213 4 836 2,846 151 8,471 493 365 Oklahoma 49 733 34 640 5 270 16 1 978 369 929 22, 003 75 Oregon _ . 42| 288 33’ 878 4! 393 11 li 158 1,933 382 22, 805 471 74 Texas _ _ ... 143,871 114,810 17,335 119 4,323 5,755 1, 101 61,860 7,209 1,867 Utah _ 24, 554 20, 975 3,546 7 752 3,082 275 10, 382 111 73 Washington _ 63, 255 52,951 4,609 30 1,406 5, 334 371 36, 331 734 612 Wyoming _ . 9,319 7, 748 989 7 661 188 271 4,612 444 219 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS 82, 164 62, 001 r 627ooT Outlying Parts 31, 727 28, 171 3,495 19 3,111 1, 519 715 18,083 63 24 Alaska _ .... 4, 111 3,684 163 <5) 379 642 435 1,658 63 24 Canal Zone... . . 112 112 28 85 Guam _ . . 148 148 50 97 Hawaii _ 8 120 7 007 1 507 6 591 246 196 4, 128 Puerto Rico _ 19; 236 17,’ 219 l’ 748 13 2, 140 631 12,200 1 Student fees paid by Public Law 550 veterans are included under student fees and not under veterans’ tuition and fees. 2 Income received for research at agricultural experiment stations administered by land-grant institutions is included under land-grant (regular appropriations) and not under research. 2 Includes Federal aid received through State governments and regional compacts. 4 Excludes transfers from otner income accounts or funds and remission of fees for scholarships, fellowships, and prizes. 5 Less than $500. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 65 education, by purpose, source, and State: 1957-58 — Continued Controlled Institutions not necessarily add to total because of rounding.] Educational and general— Continued Auxiliary enterprises Student-aid income Region and State Private gifts and grants Organized activities related to educational departments Sales and services of educational departments Other sources Cafeterias and dining halls Student residence halls Other auxiliary enterprises From public sources From other sources 4 Designated for research Other pri¬ vate gifts and grants 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 35,637 33, 737 108, 400 30, 864 28, 716 140, 119 92, 865 216, 005 17, 255 16, 082 Aggregate United States. 34, 992 33,609 108, 054 30, 725 28, 232 139, 201 92, 634 214, 955 16,133 15, 848 Contiguous States. 4,679 3,327 9,982 2, 032 1,917 21, 862 10, 478 19, 097 1, 236 2, 294 North Atlantic. 122 106 614 59 29 1,462 819 1,475 16 236 Connecticut. 38 159 2 555 497 198 319 70 Delaware. 1 (5) 6 16 1 District of Columbia. 105 274 * 1 211 168 116 1,140 515 531 42 109 Maine. 568 27 5,218 131 2,129 547 1,902 1 221 Maryland. 267 48 20 87 955 1,086 1,194 31 115 Massachusetts. 12 89 347 129 59 621 512 516 91 New Hampshire. 866 1,143 267 (’) 96 2, 039 1,202 2,369 149 666 New Jersey. 826 1,021 1,813 235 320 5,614 1,832 6, 395 962 430 New York. 1,960 98 888 1,248 397 6,690 3, 333 3,516 206 Pennsylvania. 180 133 170 122 20 500 206 498 27 Rhode Island. 41 129 245 50 100 216 228 366 35 121 Vermont. 17, 399 14, 128 40, 917 12,768 13,823 41, 612 42, 495 87, 869 1, 145 5, 249 Great Lakes and Plains. 2,157 2,216 1,630 1,841 396 1,276 5, 457 6, 231 541 651 Illinois. 2,554 571 5,596 3,807 1,076 9, 941 2,542 7,793 378 557 Indiana. 1,081 514 4,815 284 1,072 4; 261 2,931 6, 521 114 361 Iowa. 117 1,401 3, 747 1,250 98 1,233 1,972 5, 484 522 Kansas. 5, 359 3, 724 4,854 1,063 2,000 8, 692 13,878 24, 465 92 694 Michigan. 2, 157 1,555 3, 947 977 2, 029 2, 244 2,553 11,551 953 Minnesota. 287 1, 163 753 294 1,795 1,601 2,880 232 Missouri. 446 54 677 1,337 631 645 1,408 2, 136 3 244 Nebraska. 88 72 440 39 207 1,112 705 1,388 16 56 North Dakota. 231 2,883 7,712 828 4,779 6, 603 7, 373 14, 879 O) 367 Ohio. 603 198 125 856 291 1,341 2 75 South Dakota. 3, 209 850 5, 734 392 1,116 2, 954 1,784 3, 201 538 Wisconsin. 5, 907 6, 215 29, 842 6, 524 6, 041 33, 553 17, 533 41, 971 1, 244 3, 134 Southeast. 252 910 4, 900 822 1,949 2, 976 1,674 2, 779 5 7 Alabama. 328 46 510 720 303 2,118 793 2,546 2 144 Arkansas. 557 505 545 227 215 1,733 1,520 3, 805 760 344 Florida. 779 340 3,547 1,125 1,087 3, 221 2,171 2,751 374 Georgia. 235 468 1,056 1,575 216 1,764 1,012 1,970 2 119 Kentucky. 299 101 475 566 611 4,539 2,221 4, 421 292 100 Louisiana. 122 199 1,131 40 124 3, 528 953 4, 160 60 72 Mississippi. 1,436 1,357 3, 265 192 448 3,712 1,992 9, 492 68 468 North Carolina. 218 296 487 567 207 2, 867 771 3, 695 108 South Carolina. 824 1,075 3, 009 10 92 1,589 1,169 1,333 131 Tennessee. 776 746 10,719 493 757 4, 147 2,013 2, 978 55 1,114 Virginia. 81 171 196 187 31 1,359 1,243 2, 041 1 155 West Virginia. 7, 007 9,939 27, 313 9,402 6, 452 35, 737 21, 309 64, 355 1, 266 5, 170 West and Southwest. 438 233 214 372 217 1,020 1,303 3, 488 309 Arizona. 124 4,551 11,067 213 2,437 7,778 2,862 17, 186 881 1,213 California. 796 773 6,619 260 356 3,153 3, 883 4,748 103 671 Colorado. 73 65 37 392 25 643 316 1, 257 28 87 Idaho. 113 126 17 502 18 953 1,575 1,095 7 41 Montana. 26 42 1 134 19 168 66 130 149 Nevada. 155 124 646 236 174 1,752 778 2,021 65 89 New Mexico. 37 412 1,636 1,726 190 4,893 1,810 8,217 30 144 Oklahoma. 721 228 968 584 150 2,190 1,134 4,405 7 673 Oregon. 1,944 2,512 5,363 3,418 2,002 9,708 4, 931 13, 347 43 1,032 Texas. 1,032 815 148 208 543 721 665 2,069 11 112 Utah. 1,475 25 478 1,265 281 2,554 1,742 5, 368 89 551 Washington. 74 32 119 92 40 203 245 1,024 <5) 100 Wyoming. 6,438 820 1,663 11,241 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. 45 127 346 138 484 918 231 1, 050 1, 123 235 Outlying Parts 34 7 105 174 296 91 40 Alaska. Canal Zone. 1 Guam. 20 52 162 22 77 362 85 502 34 129 Hawaii. 25 41 176 11 233 260 146 456 1,089 66 Puerto Rico. 66 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table I. — Current income of institutions of higher C. Privately Con- [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does Region and State Total cur¬ rent income (columns 3 and 17-21) Educational and general Total edu¬ cational and general (columns 4-16) Student fees 1 Federal Government, for- Veterans’ tution and fees 1 Land-grant institu¬ tions2 Research 2 Other purposes State gov¬ ernments 3 Local gov¬ ernments Endowment earnings Aggregate United States Contiguous States North Atlantic Connecticut _ Delaware _ District of Columbia. Maine _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ New Hampshire _ New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan _ Minnesota _ Missouri _ Nebraska _ North Dakota. Ohio _ South Dakota. Wisconsin _ Alabama _ Arkansas _ Florida _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ Mississippi ... North Carolina. South Carolina. Tennessee _ Virginia _ West Virginia.. West and Southwest Arizona _ California _ Colorado _ Idaho _ Montana _ Nevada _ New Mexico.. Oklahoma _ Oregon _ Texas _ Utah _ Washington.. Wyoming _ 2, 019, 112 2, 016, 713 1, 588, 458 1, 586, 609 664, 929 663, 516 3, 720 3, 707 1, 642 1, 642 301, 613 301, 613 12, 935 12, 930 27, 643 27, 643 1, 035, 000 848, 899 349, 988 2, 026 1, 642 174, 208 9, 670 25, 512 49,677 758 51,558 7,592 52, 849 246, 859 12,655 52, 308 342, 708 192,017 17, 109 8,909 38, 432 597 44, 193 4, 823 45, 630 203, 497 8, 434 43,231 287, 894 155, 763 11,625 4,781 15, 134 549 16, 984 3, 029 8, 878 67, 577 4, 364 18,686 129, 391 74, 880 6,628 3,888 38 1 45 4 9 369 4 107 976 441 22 10 3, 061 13 26 7,245 1,625 25, 729 77, 434 396 11,116 35, 824 11,831 1,572 4, 262 2 53 1,923 152 281 1,293 1,624 62 6 1 10, 001 14, 548 85 114 485, 230 369, 072 165, 491 64, 325 1, 276 63 181,772 47,276 24,515 9, 326 29, 626 24,641 53, 566 8, 958 645 76, 134 3, 038 25, 732 153, 405 29, 082 16, 843 6, 395 21,606 15,319 42, 298 6,283 354 57, 372 2,244 17,872 44, 901 18, 544 10,517 2,865 12, 844 9, 038 19, 686 3, 281 205 32, 652 1,349 9, 609 109 60 30 9 32 18 369 21 55, 765 997 65 (5) 48 64 3,910 91 144 263 110 10 58 17 47 123 2, 762 623 242 1 260 232, 477 166, 034 73,402 9,489 1,158 1,113 11,672 4,994 24,601 28, 769 16,463 19, 181 4,854 45,600 12,469 36, 303 22, 849 4,722 7,663 3, 127 18, 109 23, 136 9,665 15,156 3,163 32, 945 7,663 26, 840 15, 340 3,227 3, 679 1,404 13,230 6,246 3,669 6,321 1,545 12, 198 4,763 9,415 8,773 2,158 53 1,716 2,120 17 1,491 2,527 1,545 19 35 7 19 23 20 5 17 548 4 467 11 3 402 O) 264, 006 202, 604 74, 636 53, 592 825 151,729 12,281 1,950 1,098 547 126, 158 9,266 1,343 718 340 35, 632 708 512 2 299 87 2 2 50, 145 1,575 1 539 97 1 1 771 3, 546 3, 544 60 1,615 122 110 64 427 165, 758 165, 728 93, 340 11,981 5 896 1,005 2,932 22, 577 1,368 5, 551 33, 842 11,582 1,358 244 30, 071 12,640 1,827 1,220 437 946 1,078 3,612 492 35 6,735 174 874 25, 043 1,018 433 491 4, 165 1,865 2, 747 306 6,633 676 4,110 2,320 280 17, 274 ,089 387 68 34 755 8,052 9, 161 54, 723 10, 635 12,797 616 5,721 6,318 37,359 6,889 7,668 377 3, 968 4,081 16,843 1,788 5,568 2 23 17 117 5 28 1,630 145 12 112 331 465 ,505 48 348 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS Outlying Parts Alaska _ Canal Zone. Guam _ Hawaii _ Puerto Rico. 1,849 263 2, 136 253 1,596 169 1,244 29 1 Student fees paid by Public Law 550 veterans are included under student fees and not under veterans’ tuition and fees. 2 Income received for research at agricultural experiment stations administered by land-grant institutions is included under land-grant (regular appropriations) and not under research. 3 Includes Federal aid received through State governments and regional compacts- 4 Excludes transfers from other income accounts or funds and remission of fees for scholarships, fellowships, and prizes. 5 Less than $500. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 67 education, by purpose, source, and State: 1957-58 — Continued trolled Institutions not necessarily add to total because of rounding.] Educational and general— Continued Auxiliary enterprises Student-aid income Private gifts and grants Organized activities Sales and Cafeterias Student Other From From Region and State related to services of Other and dining residence auxiliary public other Designated Other pri- educational educational sources halls halls enterprises sources sources 4 for research vate gifts and grants departments departments 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 42, 141 214, 056 90, 902 16, 584 42, 989 165, 632 94, 084 132, 833 2, 780 35, 324 Aggregate United States. 42, 141 213, 684 90, 901 16, 577 42, 982 165,436 94, 012 132, 579 2, 770 35, 307 Contiguous States. 26, 449 85, 039 53,984 3, 010 21, 427 68, 267 44, 365 51, 832 2, 169 19, 468 North Atlantic. 1,952 4, 542 2 3 1,680 5, 241 2, 105 1,805 7 2, 088 Connecticut. 42 75 34 38 14 Delaware. 1. 106 2,521 9, 721 85 584 2,535 1,949 2,034 329 518 District of Columbia. 5 660 34 73 1,479 2,569 576 407 308 Maine. 3, 200 2,953 49 12 1,236 1,458 2,245 136 812 Maryland. 9, 224 17,405 676 1,239 4, 847 16, 064 11,788 9, 475 346 5, 689 Massachusetts. 86 1,472 5, 352 47 546 1,494 3, 248 831 1,490 2,666 407 New Hampshire. New Jersey. 1,002 21 9 1,046 1,651 15 1,496 7, 174 32, 292 24, 882 751 8,229 17,883 12, 867 18, 769 1,152 4, 142 New York. 2,499 16, 061 18, 504 896 2, 774 13, 627 8,177 10, 892 113 3, 446 Pennsylvania. 195 1,411 9 4 278 2,013 1,839 1,246 25 362 Rhode Island. 9 327 39 12 133 2,039 1,091 765 46 187 Vermont. 8,400 66, 849 7,838 12, 408 11, 535 47, 088 24, 352 37, 103 182 7, 433 Great Lakes and Plains. 2, 230 55 19, 641 5, 883 1,415 370 11,501 12 5, 058 1,047 8, 947 8, 030 5, 945 3, 280 11,298 5, 945 2,176 932 Illinois. 8 Indiana. 73 3,772 779 27 249 3, 846 1,954 1,502 16 356 Iowa. 3 2,950 20 7 91 1,547 638 582 3 162 Kansas. 44 6,915 232 6 478 3,193 1,374 3,199 4 250 Michigan. 69 4,374 180 132 328 4,171 2, 127 2,712 14 299 Minnesota. 631 7,311 3, 657 291 2,761 4, 521 2,378 3,619 89 662 Missouri. 43 1,970 83 175 31 34 1,390 127 579 662 45 Nebraska. 12 19 81 38 44 North Dakota. 4, 029 9,108 415 371 980 7, 932 3, 894 4,998 10 1,929 Ohio. 682 12 26 363 205 152 8 66 South Dakota. 1,222 4,159 595 6 466 3,023 1,898 2,398 30 511 Wisconsin. 2, 682 30, 292 18, 114 181 3, 878 28, 578 12, 842 21, 022 289 3, 712 Southeast. 11 2, 165 114 159 1,355 805 1,793 871 1,738 673 11 35 Alabama. 1,220 1,535 1 57 301 88 Arkansas. 20 410 35 393 1,874 2,489 2 333 Florida. 232 2,565 7,144 26 437 2,819 1,263 1,056 30 465 Georgia. 19 3,417 2,824 1,165 4, 501 298 115 30 313 601 1,709 1,474 1,028 5, 860 1,063 523 3, 869 1,715 327 158 Kentucky. 964 55 257 Louisiana. 2 37 24 268 4 65 Mississippi. 994 4,607 49 840 2,258 3, 225 89 1,223 North Carolina. 2 1,901 27 99 3, 129 3, 692 606 987 8 75 South Carolina. 419 4,657 5, 192 22 523 1,827 3, 350 79 515 Tennessee. 8 3, 626 153 16 402 4, 056 1,686 1,296 11 461 Virginia. 11 716 16 3 31 860 303 297 35 West Virginia. 4, 610 31, 504 10, 964 978 6, 143 21, 503 12, 453 22, 622 130 4, 695 West and Southwest. 201 1 1 4,754 169 9, 007 58 5, 234 47 3 Arizona. 2,940 10, 893 9, 940 731 8,274 67 2,988 California. 733 1,344 541 89 134 876 803 1,061 181 23 252 Colorado. 4 8 11 297 110 20 Idaho. 160 7 (5) 265 22 77 16 Montana. Nevada. 221 8 4 82 17 37 3 New Mexico. 4 1,242 1,466 8 9 lli 115 752 1,544 5, 839 369 625 1,081 512 130 Oklahoma. 11 54 9 153 Oregon. 905 9, 486 574 148 751 3,426 7, 197 24 878 Texas. 4, 474 1,476 239 43 78 5 100 161 750 1,921 659 1,131 2,255 1,900 82 Utah. 11 8 169 Washington. Wyoming. U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. 372 1 7 7 196 72 255 11 17 Outlying Parts. m * Alaska. Canal Zone. i ■■ . Guam. 81 l 5 5 1 Hawaii. 291 1 7 g 196 67 250 11 16 Puerto Rico. 68 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table I. — Current income of institutions of higher D. Four-Year [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does Educational and general Region and State Total cur¬ rent income (columns 3 and 17-21) Total edu¬ cational and general (columns 4-16) Student fees 1 Federal Government, for— State gov¬ ernments2 Local gov¬ ernments Endowment earnings Veterans’ tuition and fees 1 * Land-grant institu¬ tions2 Research 2 Other purposes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Aggregate United States _ 4, 423, 265 3, 557, 809 883, 696 4, 600 83, 937 533, 901 88, 367 1, 102, 005 53, 441 179, 381 Contiguous States _ _ 4, 389, 520 3, 528, 160 878, 907 4,568 80, 826 532, 382 87, 731 1, 084, 019 53, 376 179, 328 North Atlantic _ 1,312 835 1, 082, 862 377, 313 1,950 11, 469 184, 480 10, 963 164, 156 29, 213 94, 927 Connecticut _ 67, 667 52, 605 15, 675 44 550 3, 392 25 11,598 261 11,987 Delaware _ . .... 6,894 5,809 984 1 465 200 45 3,188 172 District of Columbia _ 49' 012 42; 593 14, 408 33 7,245 4, 272 1,838 887 Maine _ .. 16; 632 111 810 4; 753 11 821 3 63 3, 499 55 1,040 Maryland _ _ 91,428 79, 594 12,921 15 1,037 28,010 460 20, 368 368 3,118 Massachusetts _ 256,889 213,201 65, 294 334 927 77, 255 2,072 11, 108 282 22, 305 New Hampshire _ _ 19, 741 14, 223 5, 430 15 530 619 206 3,113 130 1,437 New Jersey _ 86, 947 72,272 25, 266 131 891 12,289 320 17,678 303 5, 937 New York _ 430, 623 364, 059 138, 059 971 2,375 37, 309 1,575 47,739 25, 705 34, 740 Pennsylvania _ 248,119 198, 942 82, 059 350 2,845 16,279 1,661 39, 203 152 11,564 Rhode Island 23, 788 17, 088 7 349 29 451 1 639 65 3, 675 1,360 Vermont _ 15; 095 10, 667 5; 115 15 576 240 198 2, 986 118 380 Great Lakes and Plains _ 1, 320, 105 1, 033, 345 250, 452 1,136 23, 225 117, 743 6, 036 382, 603 14, 698 35, 085 Illinois _ 288, 324 247,218 49, 247 115 2, 507 62, 828 1,863 71,177 1 12, 649 Indiana.. _ 134, 184 94, 942 26, 942 77 2,236 3, 908 556 37, 795 549 1,989 Iowa _ 88, 062 66, 976 15, 015 52 2, 307 6, 390 393 29,486 14 1,231 Kansas _ 58, 394 46, 590 8, 887 99 1,627 2,296 196 21,551 1,656 933 Michigan _ 223, 840 168,632 35, 195 105 2,456 20, 008 102 79, 120 4,987 2,314 Minnesota _ 101,366 74, 972 16, 382 44 2,051 5,456 1,389 32, 292 132 1,645 Missouri _ 83,015 68, 670 19, 582 384 2,541 4, 978 127 20, 220 545 3, 662 Nebraska _ 36, 450 29, 448 6, 903 47 1,399 1,134 199 12,815 1,061 537 North Dakota _ 15,517 12,250 1,590 6 1,015 191 16 8,263 54 238 Ohio _ 186, 100 138, 204 49, 604 122 1,903 5, 608 799 34,703 5, 666 8, 500 South Dakota _ 17,475 14, 205 3, 243 8 1,027 33 37 7,959 6 380 Wisconsin _ _ 87, 379 71,238 17,862 77 2, 157 4,912 360 27, 221 28 1,007 Southeast _ _ 678, 509 525, 503 118, 301 552 28, 787 24, 071 3,681 213,710 4,923 26, 524 Alabama.. 53, 152 41,944 8, 955 58 2, 682 1,113 330 15, 847 574 1,237 Arkansas. ... 32, 908 25,510 4, 051 26 2, 227 936 330 14,281 2 527 Florida _ 67, 126 53, 279 14,915 158 1, 147 4, 042 249 28, 009 118 440 Georgia _ _ _ 68, 950 56, 552 12, 447 32 2, 936 3, 825 212 14, 704 1,406 4, 166 Kentucky. .. _ _ _ 44, 114 32, 980 8, 075 31 2,713 720 109 11, 191 1,277 1,964 Louisiana. . . _ ______ 71,575 56, 039 7,875 29 1,921 2, 502 48 34,117 250 2, 761 Mississippi.. _ _ 29, 068 20, 741 4, 920 17 2,832 581 153 8, 680 877 343 North Carolina ... _ 100, 665 75, 002 18, 248 72 3, 682 4, 632 1,221 23, 761 6 6, 764 South Carolina _ 37, 056 25, 106 5, 884 36 2, 023 276 107 12, 368 170 682 Tennessee ... _ 68, 188 55, 065 13, 828 42 2,735 2, 694 557 15, 394 223 4, 097 Virginia _ ? _ _ 76, 950 60, 705 16, 059 31 2,280 2, 555 246 19, 484 20 3, 257 West Virginia _ _ _ 28, 756 22, 581 3, 044 21 1,608 194 120 15, 875 284 West and Southwest _ _ 995,908 824,448 132, 841 930 17, 346 206, 088 5,051 323, 549 4,543 22,792 Arizona.. _ _ _ . ... 23, 437 17, 396 3,911 49 735 1,179 64 9, 521 98 160 California _ _ _ ... _ _ 463,413 418, 005 49, 950 367 2,272 180, 307 947 126, 111 644 10, 863 Colorado ..... 55, 285 40, 694 10, 673 155 1, 072 2, 583 297 14, 473 423 Idaho 12 655 9, 969 1 134 10 ’ 806 55 144 6,517 483 Montana 17, 955 13, 904 l’ 751 8 845 411 10 9, 779 156 Nevada 4 587 4’ 074 ’ 538 3 500 173 («) 2,633 5 New Mexico _ _ _ _ ... 20’, 683 16| 623 2, 378 6 836 2,846 154 8, 331 364 199 Oklahoma _ _ _ _ . . _ 53, 787 37, 769 8, 547 34 1,978 369 936 20, 531 70 317 Oregon .... _ 49, 373 38, 569 8, 063 20 1, 158 2,019 392 21,714 471 539 Texas _ _ _ . 181,071 137,451 30, 539 212 4, 323 7, 385 1, 184 56, 397 2, 785 8, 346 Utah _ 33, 296 26, 237 5, 040 12 752 3, 227 272 9, 169 75 121 Washington. _ _ _ 71,761 56, 658 9, 461 49 1,406 5, 345 380 33, 830 36 960 Wyoming _ _ . . _ . . 8, 604 7, 099 856 6 661 188 271 4, 542 219 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS 82, 164 62, 001 1 62, 001 Outlying Parts _ 33, 745 29, 650 4,790 32 3, 111 1, 519 636 17, 987 65 53 Alaska _ ... _ 4, 111 3, 684 163 (5) 379 642 435 1,658 63 24 Canal Zone Guam Hawaii 8 263 7 150 1 635 7 591 246 197 4, 128 Puerto Rico ... _ _ _ 2i; 371 18! 815 2, 992 25 2, 140 631 4 12, 200 2 29 1 Student fees paid by Public Law 550 veterans are included under student fees and not under veterans’ tuition and fees. 2 Income received for research at agricultural experiment stations administered by land-grant institutions is included under land-grant (regular appropriations) and not under research. 3 Includes Federal aid received through State governments and regional compacts. 4 Excludes transfers from other income accounts or funds and remission of fees for scholarships, fellowships, and prizes. 6 Less than $500. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 69 education, by purpose, source, and State: 1957-58 — Continued Institutions not necessarily add to total because of rounding.] Educational and general— Continued Auxiliary enterprises Student-aid income Region and State Private gift Designated for research and grants Other pri¬ vate gifts and grants Organized activities related to educational departments Sales and services of educational departments Other sources Cafeterias and dining halls Student residence halls Other auxiliary enterprises From public sources From other sources4 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 77, 174 236, 845 197, 838 47, 038 69, 586 283, 175 180, 114 331, 421 19, 960 50, 786 Aggregate United States. 77,129 236, 416 197, 491 46, 893 69, 095 282, 061 179, 816 330, 121 18, 827 50, 535 Contiguous States. 31,129 85, 769 63,430 4, 997 23, 068 84, 318 52, 266 68, 333 3,385 21, 671 North Atlantic. 2, 073 4,625 617 62 1,697 6, 592 2,899 3, 224 24 2,324 Connecticut. 38 159 2 555 497 198 319 70 Delaware. 1,106 2,413 9,719 85 586 2, 198 1,502 1,873 329 516 District of Columbia. 110 856 245 168 187 2,402 1,090 872 42 415 Maine. 3,768 2,886 5, 267 12 1,364 4,594 2,005 4, 070 136 1,029 Maryland. 9, 224 17,564 719 1,259 4,859 15, 165 11,979 10, 368 377 5. 798 Massachusetts. 97 1,562 351 129 604 1,896 1,149 1,980 492 New Hampshire. 1,868 6, 167 288 9 1,124 4,633 2,778 4,944 164 2, 157 New Jersey. 7,999 31,979 26,213 965 8, 428 22, 186 14, 123 23,621 2,094 4,540 New York. 4,459 15,717 19, 389 2,119 3, 144 19,816 11,355 14, 252 113 3, 643 Pennsylvania. 375 1,541 179 126 298 2,512 2,045 1,730 25 389 Rhode Island. 49 422 284 62 221 1,828 1,143 1,080 81 297 Vermont. 25, 798 77, 842 48, 504 25,060 25, 163 84, 630 65, 269 122,983 1, 310 12, 569 Great Lakes and Plains. 4,387 20,814 2,919 13,286 5, 424 9, 524 11,155 17, 068 541 2,818 Illinois. 2,609 6,425 5, 943 3,817 2,096 17, 934 5, 808 13, 639 376 1,484 Indiana. 1,154 3, 773 5, 588 287 1,289 7,669 4, 699 7,891 129 698 Iowa. 120 4, 020 3, 767 1,255 182 2,618 2,559 5,948 3 676 Kansas. 5, 403 10,312 5,085 1,069 2,476 11,619 15, 234 27, 353 91 909 Michigan. 2,227 5, 765 4, 128 1,108 2, 352 6,312 4,653 14, 170 14 1,246 Minnesota. 631 7,168 4, 809 1,035 2, 990 4,283 3,075 6,017 89 880 Missouri. 488 1,982 852 1,368 663 1,993 1,968 2, 751 289 Nebraska. 88 151 362 51 224 1,106 740 1,306 15 100 North Dakota. 4, 261 11,964 8, 127 1,199 5, 749 14, 535 11,267 19, 800 10 2, 285 Ohio. 567 603 198 145 1,167 477 1,474 10 141 South Dakota. 4,431 4,902 6, 320 388 1,574 5, 870 3, 634 5, 564 30 1,042 Wisconsin. 8, 589 32,433 47, 753 6,631 9, 550 55, 690 28, 780 60, 410 1, 504 6,622 Southeast. 262 2, 942 5,013 822 2,108 4, 162 2,495 4, 492 16 42 Alabama. 328 1,214 511 720 359 2, 906 1,067 3, 194 2 230 Arkansas. 577 1,831 955 262 576 3, 195 3, 323 5,919 752 657 Florida. 1,011 2, 660 10, 673 1,151 1,329 5, 066 3,128 3, 422 30 7ci Georgia. 253 3,182 1,351 1,604 510 3, 131 1,987 5, 750 2 265 Kentucky. 1,263 2, 925 585 566 1, 196 5, 983 2, 744 6, 104 348 357 Louisiana. 124 1,045 1,039 11 117 3, 220 1,135 3, 773 63 136 Mississippi. 2,431 4, 895 7, 850 197 1,243 7, 891 3, 833 12, 136 157 1, bn/ North Carolina. 220 1,960 514 567 299 5, 808 1,331 4, 644 1 167 South Carolina. 1,243 5,412 8, 201 31 607 4, 996 2,892 4, 546 79 610 Tennessee. 784 3, 487 10, 849 509 1, 143 7, 192 3, 333 4, 095 55 1,570 Virginia. 92 880 212 189 62 2,138 1,511 2, 335 1 190 West Virginia. 11, 613 40,373 37, 804 10, 205 11, 314 50, 986 32, 682 76, 732 1, 387 9, 673 West and Southwest. 438 433 215 372 218 1,087 1,354 3, 302 298 Arizona. 3, 064 15, 342 20, 912 906 6,318 13, 564 7, 949 18,811 947 4, 138 California. 1,529 2, 090 6, 694 236 468 3, 590 4,454 5, 505 126 916 Colorado. 77 272 45 392 34 845 371 1,353 28 89 Idaho. 113 286 17 509 18 1,218 1,596 1, 172 7 58 Montana. 26 42 1 134 19 168 66 130 149 Nevada. 155 336 633 236 148 1,502 735 1,665 65 93 New Mexico. 40 1,426 1,555 1,700 266 5, 029 1,937 8, 748 30 273 Oklahoma. 732 1,635 982 584 261 3, 547 1,655 4, 770 16 817 Oregon. 2, 846 11,688 5, 739 3,511 2, 495 14, 380 8, 147 19, 162 63 1,867 Texas. 1,033 5, 288 372 286 590 1,467 1,307 4, 094 8 184 Utah. 1,486 1,502 519 1,245 439 4, 405 2, 869 7, 023 96 710 Washington. 74 32 119 92 39 184 242 996 82 Wyoming. 6, 438 820 1,663 11, 241 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. 45 429 347 145 491 1,115 298 1,300 1,133 251 Outlying Parts. 34 7 105 174 296 91 40 Alaska. Canal Zone. Guam. 20 63 162 22 78 362 85 502 34 129 Hawaii. 25 332 178 17 239 456 213 706 1,099 82 Puerto Rico. 70 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table I. — Current income of institutions of higher E. Junior [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does Educational and general Region and State Total cur¬ rent income (columns 3 and 17-21) Total edu¬ cational and general (columns 4-16) Student fees1 2 Federal Government, for- State gov¬ ernments3 Local gov¬ ernments Endowment earnings Veterans’ tution and fees 2 Land-grant institu¬ tions Research Other purposes l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Aggregate United States.. . . 252, 248 204, 723 55, 414 457 488 682 54, 532 75, 948 2, 257 Contiguous States _ 251, 867 204, 353 55, 296 457 488 598 54, 436 75, 948 2, 257 North Atlantic _ 47, 016 35, 921 21, 355 219 487 56 6, 828 2, 929 593 Connecticut _ 1,022 829 676 2 2 113 Delaware _ _ 758 597 549 1 5 District of Columbia _ 3, 942 2,978 2,842 12 9 Maine _ _ '655 370 183 (5) 97 7 2 Maryland _ 1,438 1 253 586 1 4 354 209 1 Massachusetts _ _ 8, 356 5' 301 4, 289 44 458 6 6 11 295 New Hampshire _ i; 319 875 626 3 1 188 15 New Jersey _ 2' 249 1 422 753 1 317 6 New York... _ 21’ 196 17 713 6, 991 33 29 36 6, 070 2, 385 210 Pennsylvania _ 4^ 647 3, 826 3, 158 122 5 43 Rhode Island _ 130 ’ 116 ' 113 1 Vermont _ _ 1,305 641 589 7 Great Lakes and Plains 40, 891 33, 122 13, 715 59 38 6, 831 8, 171 610 Illinois _ . __ 11 176 9 760 3 62? 23 12 2, 120 2,602 126 Indiana.. _ . _ 866 ’ 703 ’ 458 5 62 85 14 Iowa _ 3,216 2,440 1, 158 (5) 7 319 321 59 Kansas _ 2,308 1,969 351 1 1 8 1,261 7 Michigan _ 8, 024 7, 391 2,487 6 8 2,864 1,393 302 Minnesota _ ... _ 1,689 1,460 261 (5) (5) 314 715 Missouri _ ... 8, 938 5, 507 4, 084 19 W 1 21 842 23 Nebraska _ 628 518 192 (5) (5) 1 277 4 North Dakota _ 1,313 1, 013 178 1 3 663 85 Ohio _ .. 885 796 683 6 72 South Dakota _ 317 228 92 3 Wisconsin _ 1,532 1,337 149 4 460 590 Southeast _ 31, 755 20, 883 8, 820 26 49 4, 091 2, 511 665 Alabama.. 632 389 244 1 12 Arkansas _ 266 195 134 1 7 (5) Florida... 4,260 3,453 1,430 1 13 1,303 371 93 Georgia . _ . 4,245 2,493 1 005 2 16 807 124 81 Kentucky .. ... 1,997 1,466 562 (6) (9 32 144 Louisiana. 540 478 30 (5) 405 22 Mississippi.. ..... 6,534 4, 398 758 7 11 1,447 1,620 48 North Carolina _ 6,633 3,910 2,239 9 129 302 158 South Carolina _ _ 903 607 325 31 8 Tennessee.. _ .... 1,393 832 462 1 (5) 10 30 Virginia... 3, 987 2,416 1,397 1 1 92 West Virginia... 364 245 234 3 West and Southwest. 132, 205 114, 426 11. 405 153 1 454 36, 685 62, 336 390 Arizona.. . 1,573 1,218 312 8 280 619 California. ._ 93, 477 83 395 4,068 97 1 361 23, 354 54, 226 181 Colorado.. 3,587 2,603 628 2 8 813 1,063 3 Idaho _ _ . . 1,517 1,264 285 2 7 92 542 Montana. 64 64 14 13 36 Nevada New Mexico 1,493 708 212 141 129 166 Oklahoma _ . .. 3 999 2 591 692 4 15 1 474 5 14 Oregon.. . 2’ 075 l’ 627 411 7 5 1, 100 Texas... 17, 523 14,718 3,639 24 35 5,635 4, 537 26 Utah _ 1,894 1 628 294 (5) 17 1,213 36 <9 Washington _ 4, 290 3, 961 717 9 6 2,502 699 Wyoming _ _ .. 714 648 133 <5) <9 70 444 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS Outlying Parts 380 370 119 85 97 Alaska _ _ Canal Zone _ 112 112 28 85 Guam _ 148 148 50 97 Hawaii 120 110 41 Puerto Rico . . 1 Includes community colleges, technical institutes, and county teachers colleges (normal schools) offering at least 2 but less than 4 years of work immediately beyond high school. 2 Student fees paid by Public Law 550 veterans are included under student fees and not under veterans’ tuition and fees. 2 Includes Federal aid received through State governments and regional compacts. * Excludes transfers from other income accounts or funds and remission of fees for scholarships, fellowships, and prizes. 6 Less than $500. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 71 education, by purpose, source, and State: 1957-58 — Continued Colleges 1 not necessarily add to total because of rounding.] Educational and general— Continued Auxiliary enterprises Student-aid income Region and State Private gifts Designated for research and grants Other pri¬ vate gifts and grants Organized activities related to educational departments Sales and services of educational departments Other sources Cafeterias and dining halls Student residence halls Other auxiliary enterprises From public sources From other sources 4 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 4 10, 947 1, 465 410 2, 119 22, 577 6, 835 17, 417 76 620 Aggregate United States. 4 10, 877 1,465 410 2, 119 22, 577 6, 830 17, 413 76 620 Contiguous States. 2, 597 536 45 276 5, 811 2, 577 2, 596 20 91 North Atlantic. 23 12 111 25 56 Connecticut. 42 75 34 38 14 Delaware. 110 2 4 337 446 177 3 District of Columbia. 79 1 2 217 1 65 2 Maine. 95 3 103 76 1 5 Maryland. 108 6 76 1,853 895 301 6 Massachusetts. 42 '219 193 26 6 New Hampshire. 327 18 655 76 92 4 New Jersey. 1,334 482 21 121 1,312 577 1,544 19 33 New York. 443 3 24 27 502 155 156 8 Pennsylvania. 2 14 Rhode Island. 33 11 427 176 51 11 Vermont. 3, 136 252 115 194 4, 070 1, 578 1, 990 18 113 Great Lakes and Plains. 1,042 126 56 30 699 246 462 (5) 9 Illinois. 29 23 1 26 37 15 98 10 4 Indiana. 514 6 24 32 438 186 132 1 19 Iowa. 332 2 7 162 52 117 8 Kansas. 328 1 2 267 18 311 4 34 Michigan. 164 (6) 5 103 27 92 6 Minnesota. 431 12 8 66 2, 033 903 481 14 Missouri. 43 2 42 18 46 3 Nebraska. 4 77 2 132 47 120 0) (5) North Dakota. 27 10 (5) 77 12 Ohio. 115 12 5 52 ’ 19 19 South Dakota. 107 9 10 8 106 47 35 (5) 7 Wisconsin. 4, 074 203 74 369 6, 441 1, 595 2,583 29 223 Southeast. 133 168 50 25 Alabama. 52 17 27 25 2 Arkansas. 209 1 31 331 72 375 10 19 Florida. 245 19 194 973 305 385 88 Georgia. 702 4 1 20 342 88 89 12 Kentucky. 5 16 30 32 Louisiana. 319 129 29 31 1,335 86 714 1 Mississippi. 963 22 44 44 1 681 416 582 44 North Carolina. 236 7 189 46 38 7 16 South Carolina. 320 9 284 104 137 36 Tennessee. 886 24 16 1,011 366 179 11 5 Virginia. 8 81 35 3 West Virginia. 4 1, 070 473 175 1, 281 6, 254 1,079 10. 244 9 192 West and Southwest. 102 7 232 13 Arizona. 102 95 38 873 3,222 147 6,649 1 63 California. 27 14 24 22 439 232 304 8 Colorado. 334 2 95 55 84 18 Idaho. Montana. Nevada. 9 21 30 332 60 392 New Mexico. 228 89 34 36 616 241 550 1 1 Oklahoma. 60 40 4 188 105 147 9 Oregon. 4 309 198 54 257 1,166 210 1,382 3 43 Texas. 1 14 53 5 16 231 3 11 Utah. 1 25 3 71 4 245 10 Washington. 1 19 2 28 28 U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS Outlying Parts. Alaska _ Canal Zone. Guam _ Hawaii _ Puerto Rico. 1,587 3,960 1,998 15,919 1,783 4,173 657 723 2.558 1.558 13, 133 1,532 3,842 597 141 444 307 ,273 232 405 76 295 1,504 878 7,753 960 2, 677 420 (<) 30 112 21 70 21 490 45 109 35 177 434 314 2, 075 266 632 66 89 71 39 430 29 1 112 144 120 112 144 107 59 105 41 1 Includes community colleges, technical institutes, and county teachers colleges (normal schools) offering at least 2 but less than 4 years of work immediately beyond high school. 2 Only land-grant institutions are requested to report this item separately. 2 Included in total current expenditures, column 2. 4 Less than $500. HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 81 education, by purpose and State: 1957-58 — Continued Colleges 1 not necessarily add to total because of rounding.] Auxiliary enterprises Student aid expendi¬ tures Exhibit data on expenditures ; i Region and State Cafeterias and dining halls Student residence halls Other auxiliary enterprises Plant expendi¬ tures from current funds Payroll expenditures Total value of staff benefits (not payroll) Total institutional payroll (columns 18-20) Instruction and depart¬ mental research Auxiliary enterprises Other staff of institution 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 18, 350 5, 101 16, 517 1, 645 11, 024 131, 937 91, 207 7, 516 33, 214 5, 421 Aggregate United States. 18, 350 5, 095 16, 512 1, 643 10, 992 131, 695 91, 037 7, 516 33, 143 5, 413 Contiguous States. 3, 903 1, 781 2, 326 364 1, 903 23, 183 13, 818 1,952 7, 413 577 North Atlantic. 91 23 53 7 23 558 317 23 218 14 Connecticut. 75 33 40 15 75 209 199 10 19 Delaware. 261 347 172 28 85 1,602 762 193 648 94 District of Columbia. 127 4 56 1 10 293 143 44 106 45 Maine. 106 46 4 69 957 640 49 268 6 Maryland. 929 502 272 83 144 4,157 2,285 458 1,414 204 Massachusetts. 207 184 12 21 78 715 379 175 160 New Hampshire. 298 27 80 7 193 1,010 544 96 369 44 New Jersey. 1,229 427 1,404 126 647 10, 961 6, 994 606 3, 360 94 New York. 386 144 139 44 364 2, 127 1,282 198 646 35 Pennsylvania. 12 (0 0) 79 48 2 30 3 Rhode Island. 194 89 41 ’ 28 ^ 214 517 226 108 183 19 Vermont. 3, 314 1, 225 1, 815 298 1,329 17, 490 12, 265 839 4, 386 565 Great Lakes and Plains. 510 250 460 56 284 6, 147 4,279 350 1,518 196 Illinois. 36 16 89 16 23 415 229 23 164 3 Indiana. 349 134 118 40 138 1,328 953 87 288 30 Iowa. 146 38 128 24 22 1,006 786 34 186 38 Kansas. 249 13 297 38 445 3, 907 2,998 38 870 47 Michigan. 105 19 96 4 19 894 645 19 230 24 Minnesota. 1,602 624 354 92 158 1,561 811 220 530 77 Missouri. 45 10 44 8 7 285 255 5 24 2 Nebraska. 126 58 122 3 98 607 429 5 172 25 North Dakota. 1 60 10 21 459 291 7 162 15 Ohio. 41 15 17 4 16 65 24 9 32 1 South Dakota. 106 48 32 2 98 817 564 41 212 109 Wisconsin. 5, 259 1, 203 2, 550 568 1, 354 13,457 7, 995 1, 559 3, 903 473 Southeast. 108 31 18 26 4 168 108 19 42 Alabama. 18 3 17 9 2 160 104 7 49 5 Arkansas. 334 44 377 31 182 2, 146 1,441 125 581 29 Florida. 881 276 340 102 175 1,980 1,078 306 597 80 Georgia. 301 75 87 53 108 787 453 96 239 37 Kentucky. 30 28 5 70 327 218 13 96 35 Louisiana. 1,165 87 765 25 304 2, 281 1,521 235 525 134 Mississippi. 1,252 318 568 155 329 2,873 1,571 389 913 79 North Carolina. 168 42 39 52 15 416 248 39 129 8 South Carolina. 271 68 133 49 43 535 261 103 171 14 Tennessee. 680 239 169 58 112 1,704 943 226 535 47 Virginia. 50 20 10 3 10 79 49 2 27 6 West Virginia. 5, 874 886 9, 820 412 6, 407 77, 565 56,959 3,166 17, 440 3, 798 West and Southwest. 91 7 222 17 70 179 124 2 53 32 Arizona. 3, 100 140 6,251 57 4,650 57, 992 43, 846 1,665 12,481 2,884 California. 312 123 306 22 113 1,940 1,202 229 510 95 Colorado. 77 34 58 41 81 980 654 43 283 37 Idaho. 19 13 6 Montana. Nevada. 371 36 405 52 55 676 267 139 271 50 New Mexico. 612 221 549 21 349 2,050 1,305 258 487 20 Oklahoma. 156 146 128 9 269 1,166 699 122 344 56 Oregon. 1,059 162 1,427 138 620 8, 503 5,712 635 2, 157 506 Texas. 4 10 210 27 74 1,203 846 21 336 59 Utah. 74 4 234 20 104 2,377 1,914 41 422 51 Washington. 18 3 31 8 21 480 376 13 91 9 Wyoming. U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS. 6 5 2 32 241 170 71 8 Outlying Parts. Alaska. 2 97 55 42 6 Canal Zone. 8 117 94 23 Guam. 6 5 2 22 27 21 _ 6 _ 2 Hawaii. Puerto Rico. 82 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 oo rl IT) CK (J ■M 4-1 V) a a Ci o 0 Itl >1 S3 *T3 CJ • ^ 4-> 2 < • vH 4-> I <+* o & in -a ti .S3 H ~ c CM 3S a §i§sssigsgg§ 3 SssgSgSSSSSg a ISISs=S~S|ss »■§ 11 year (columns and 14 3 fi riri i i §8S22^S2^S^ i sassasssaas^ Total addi¬ tions to S3 s SSSSSSiSESSSS ocnmM-o^^rvoo«ttc7)incvj s saslIislsSIsI s aasSIssiaSIl fund: (colum 9-13 3 3§ iHrf S s' ^ s' a ”2 a $ i ss"‘2sss~~s'''a 3 P'“2^2S"S*-’'22V Institutional sources SS a -lilSI§lss= i 8 KSs~§s! js§ |3 s ! i”-»lI3aSS2 from— 3 as s ltt «nt nVn* ; rC csf j _r | of i i I i 1 _i_# sS i § issaslslsSs s SSsSSSIISSSr s 533§g§SS8gs§ .3 ill a as a in i ^HCom-^'crTfo'icr^-r | CNJ-H ; 3 uf o"of ufirf of io *tcoio s r-fr-ftcf c*fcM*'co-in'-r E tf 3 i 1 »• ~ i sS -CM* | 3 n :§ |3 ! 8a ! ! Is II! ; ! alii 3 s sslss isislls : eg to eg* jNVn*gVo ; ! ! 8 ! ; Nl§ ; j 8 a a§3 | " ! S i il°5S Is** ; ; a is? ! S a IIaaISISlgEls .oVT-.*-? pg-V ~* ! j e 2 IS i ; 8 § s~si§§si§s§£s^ E 8 s § U>* 88 Current funds S 58, 629 58, 576 s a 1,287 1, 180 117 411 4,170 207 2,962 12, 603 4,416 610 364 14,413 5, 643 1,495 649 74 621 288 2,660 198 1, 898 34 852 7, 783 258 247 793 113 551 467 116 2,741 353 1,297 774 73 Income from— Total income (columns 3-8) 163, 004 162, 917 75,318 1 i i ssSSalSIsS «o-h«"HOO -cgjo-r 37, 431 lll§sS183lsa oo^cit-H co'f-TcrT— T oo csi 22, 094 asSSlSllSIll -h co-h oj crT^ csT — All other sources 2 00 53 S3 6,477 s I 25 28 392 436 (3) 470 2,730 1,889 67 4 S M 1,192 966 40 4 87 112 195 55 648 151 8 n* Private gifts and grants 133,021 132,952 59, 196 13, 780 2, 009 1,237 975 6,912 379 1,491 18, 966 12,118 821 509 31, 769 7,321 3,287 2,345 471 3, 165 1,688 3.215 1.216 62 6,889 147 1.963 18,569 SggSSSSISSls r-X csTi-TcsT co-cnT Student fees VO ss 1 -X to co —X oo 2 "jr -X llaSSSIgsgSR to of co -r-Too csT 31, 839 SsSIspsipa -r^csT-r rCcsTuf*^ 1 1 1 iH Contiguous States _ North Atlantic _ Connecticut Delaware _ District of Columbia _ Maine _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ New Hampshire _ _ _ _ _ New Jersey _ New York Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ Great Lakes and Plains _ Illinois _ _ _ Indiana Kansas _ _ _ Michigan _ IVMlIllcdUld. _ _ ______ _ _ Missouri,, _ . _ Nebraska _ North Dakota _ UIIIO... _ _ _ _ _ _ South Dakota.. _ ... _ . Wisconsin - Alabama _ _ _ _ MrKansas _ _ _ _ _ Florida _ _ _ Georgia. _ rxeiuuuKy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Louisiana _ MiSSiSSiDDi North Carolina... _ South Carolina _ _ Virginia _ West Virginia _ HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 87 8 s' 74 44, 296 4,644 1,600 3 33 4,843 2,905 24, 869 10, 445 7,127 s : : :s s HI" s 2 33 4, 228 2,060 13, 302 8, 934 5, 963 i i ! ! j s II ! ! i |sl 8 * SS j i ! IS2S Is i i " r; : : i i i i 1 ; i i ! : : i i 22,335 I I | »N ”ii IlissS i log-VJWco ! i | i s i i is i i : : : : i i : i * \&t : ! ! ” h is r i : ! I | i ; I llll 1 ill:! 1 08 r 1 ; i m ! : ! i i S I | Isa 1 2 S3 °§2I ! i SSS15 j r : ! ! i ! : i ! s II !! :2£ ! 1 rf l8* | ! r n I i ” i ; a i i !! ir 3 a i of | | : i IsSSi ! | —T ^“in-T : | | S 1 I !2S !!! § ; i®*0 I j | j i ! ! i ~s»s i i ! i i ! 1 ! | ii ! ! i s j :!:!!! II!!! INIINI 1 !!!!!! ! i i i i ! ! : i j i ; 1 II i : i i i i ! ! ! ; : : i i : i ! i 2 is* i ! i ! ! : i m !!!:!:! ::::::: i i i i i i i i : ! ! i i i 1 : ! HI! j 8 IS i 1 : : : i S i I I Is 1 1 I : ! i i : ; : : : : : i i i i i i S r i 5 ; : : : ; : ! ! ! i : i : i : ; : : : : : i i i 3 8 "ii- ! 1 ! I isssas 1 i tfloommM i i *"l i ; i i 8 1 : i II i s r i 1 | i ; | | i. 1 <. California _ Colorado - - - Montana - - Novarla New IVlexicoIIIZZIZIZrimiIIIIIIIIII . Oklahoma _ Washington _ Wyoming _ U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS i 1 : ! : ! ; : 1 i i i I i I i 1 i : : ; III i i !i ! i i ! : : ! i : : ! : I! ! ! i i : ; Mi III I i ! jj il If S! n u it = s 11 II 88 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 tj 3 fl £2 0 IN. IT) 0\ 2 cc 8 CJ U CJ .3 a 0 s \ k S 0 Ck d 1 TJ c 3 0 k *S 8 1 *c3 2 1 rz C u 0 c •3 1 (S s =5 -§ "S Total avail¬ able during year (columns 2 and 14) iH 1, 861, 970 1, 854, 272 LLl ‘80S SSSSsSSSSSSSIl! s 8SS8883S8SSs 270, 925 10, 980 12, 805 35, 886 24, 525 21,268 36,911 9 SIS 34,615 20, 834 21,499 35, 257 6,529 Total addi¬ tions to funds (columns 9-13) lH 1,158,442 1, 151, 881 268,673 jsF o-T in r-T oo csT eg oo" csT 1 j a BllaislSSss B 2 slsalSlIilfts II r» oodtoV csT in in •— l CNJ «-H •— i CsJ MMiHPd Loans from— Institutional sources PO rH 31, 535 31, 196 14, 910 1 i vrT csT cC-r-r j i g 8g»SBS8 ! n csT Is "1 | 3 M j js*SSSiSSSs | Noninsti- tutional sources CN 302, 648 302,424 63, 551 5,710 IS83S838S3S i i ^cvfin«-TcvTgfto«-r 1 113, 583 6,277 20, 887 3,755 6,047 36,511 7,645 6,213 1,400 142 14,719 3,715 6, 272 53,815 S333SSI883S8 -n'r-Tin rococo in to -H-crTevT Transfers from— Other in¬ stitutional funds fH iH 57, 492 57, 459 17, 873 1,208 1,554 250 6 1,225 28 372 5, 187 6,412 1,423 209 15, 368 800 4,192 795 49 3, 977 178 314 422 icS3 !- CM* i j 6,138 343 88 41 519 868 2’138 745 isS1" ! i Current funds © 117, 108 116, 399 a sf 1,332 398 1,118 271 3,268 3,956 269 3,457 14,573 4,411 965 315 35,996 8,161 2,348 1,318 699 7,483 2,099 5,231 1,041 518 5,601 97 1,400 18, 896 ISSSSSSSSSSlI _Tcvr m~_r.-r.-r s Income from— Total income (columns 3-8) o> 649, 659 644, 403 138, 007 sSs8SSSr8882 i to — T to in r-T 2 orf ctT ctT i B ssSlIlllills 87, 488 sssilSigilSs All other sources 2 00 32, 769 32, 748 8,761 SSKSSS-gSSSS tCcrT 5 as«8858»rs 7,932 — SSS3S8SSS2 in Private gifts and grants 151, 741 151, 672 60, 832 s-lsai-ilsSs 2 -ON 44, 196 7,287 3,629 2,218 951 12, 361 2,328 2,806 2,771 162 7,078 147 2,458 18, 431 1,144 1,179 1,745 1,116 2,788 482 640 3,211 1,292 3,056 934 844 Student fees CO 20, 857 20, 857 I * I ! | 1 1 i i 599 818 17 20 153 2,074 103 6, 830 330 1,321 503 3,659 84 61 293 135 375 25 73 5, 254 306 134 1,051 3 263 104 ““"54" 1,949 23 176 1,190 Local govern¬ ments 16, 379 16, 379 11,705 i i i : i : : : i i : : ""166' 11,605 4, 204 524' 3,042 «!! N 8 i iss i : M S i S ise i i ni State govern¬ ments 365, 017 361,413 44,455 11,135 1,210 4, 330 4, 563 5,712 916 1,509 6,617 319 8, 144 g ssasissnsas h." r-T---' ^r* rC csT i-T in 48, 990 S issssss CM* IrC-w^VT-f j 5, 009 8, 565 473 Federal Govern¬ ment M 62, 896 61, 334 1 CO is SI j Sill ! I ! s SSgISlS iss IS § <0 415 10 1,240 905 2, 223 1,365 152 62 61 14 178 Balance at begin¬ ning of year Includes community colleges, technical institutes, and county teachers colleges [ (normal schools) offering at least 2 but fewer than 4 years of work immediately beyond ' high school. 2 Table 3, column 15 less table 4, column 10. 3 Less than $500. * Negative of less than $500; does not round to a negative 1 thousand. Table V. — Investment in plant of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58 98 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 *3 1 i i ■z. $ in plant, end of year (column 13 less column 14) 3 9, 734, 870 9,679,887 2,813,049 ssSISsSsSISI 2,748,669 SssilsiSIllI laSSlSg-'-ft'-S 1,753,512 slsSSSssssss 2sgs'assf|sg'gs 111 -S’S Hi 3 is Si rfrH 349,220 486, 494 64,416 94,918 20, 949 14,713 128, 180 21,018 24, 760 8,468 4,852 74,856 5,717 23, 646 231,866 12, 768 22, 403 34,619 24,271 23, 235 31,005 4,336 13, 957 32, 352 13, 596 13,412 5,910 1 o I I 1 Total plant value (columns 9-12) 3 11,180,156 11,124,489 3,162,269 sSSIISsslsss 3,235,163 563, 975 365,315 179, 587 164, 794 609, 179 233,981 254,825 97, 938 49, 854 451,505 41,121 223, 090 1,985,378 126, 765 86,479 194,499 181,005 162,527 185, 738 97,358 319,272 137, 507 193, 632 195, 959 104, 636 Equipment a 1,864,847 1,850,878 473,630 sssssl-ssS-s 5 ' *8 ' ' * 5SI S 3 3 " 1 i 331,268 IsssalllSSSs sis'asa'sssssaa tffl a 336,150 333, 847 36,712 erf — f irf i-'-T irfr->T 78,583 2§2KS2ii§g2§ ooerfo'erf-HirfiCesf o' csf 52,931 csf erf of uf —f erf csf erf csf csf erf Buildings s RS it 00 00 2,383,010 166,649 18, 223 101,121 32,513 135, 480 431,883 32,989 175, 168 733, 302 477,218 48,713 29, 751 2,413,831 sSssisssisSSI sgsassa's'isssg s s' rt SsssaftSsIScS g'SggRSRgSS'SS c J3 Oi 737, 361 733,182 268,917 irf ~ of erf ofrf-n « o' csf <-T 190,750 5^52 a 1 5-2 109,152 i£~l~2ss~s£§ o' erf, csf — f of erf erf uf oo" ~ oo erf Net addition to plant value (column 6 less column 7) 00 1, 054, 053 1, 046, 272 s S' lisplIsssSs oo •nr -h csf ^ to rr urf gf uf of erf 315, 056 alRlISsillss 3532S2S“i-5'rfSJ 169,117 sssISsssillS ofe»W«2a*"l53,S'200'' Deductions from plant value - 67, 621 67, 231 16,074 -T — T uf erf 22, 225 iss§sssa2°~2 ^csf^-Tcrf^-T- -T-fcsf 10,291 iassilSIlsIS Additions during year Total additions (columns 3-5) to 1,121,674 1,113,533 S S' §l§sSg|3gl|| 2'r3m'S8''SgS‘0,‘"i 337,282 SSl^SSSSSg 5 : 51 Sfcfi K: a SQ 1 Ce>r5 ’ 179,408 SlssisSlSlsss -‘^a'sa'^aatfa- Other sources to 84, 071 82, 258 1 a 1,243 15 32 699 1,240 M86 628 7,183 6,123 278 1,175 26,923 i§ sfcsf esfesf-f-r-r j«f s a 50 1,412 1, 100 2,869 103 2, 003 405 1,053 74 2,810 2,784 157 Current funds 135,490 134, 327 33,122 S5SSS88iSaSS erf -h" csf erf ufooetf 36,884 l3sSSsS5§Ssfi i~~f rj-‘ erf csf erf — f — f esf erf 30,286 ISSSSsSsSSSi — f -h" ■sf" csf esf erf — T csf — T csf csfuf Plant funds - 902, 113 896, 918 g S' 2 ^ 2 ~ 2 g ^ S' g g °° ™ 273, 474 222S323£3g22 csjoorH^inocofOcop^ooin S55S: ”2 134,302 g3§§!S352B§3 r^ufooofcfoo^-'ofiocrf Plant value beginning of year CN 10,126,103 10, 078, 217 2,912,711 sssISssSISI! isssssssasgss 2, 920, 107 519, 678 317,709 167,392 148,604 536, 692 214,240 230, 544 91,956 47,950 407, 422 37,682 200, 239 1,816,261 117, 707 77,737 171,537 167, 802 149,372 163,322 92, 035 301,399 125, 705 177,242 175, 996 96, 407 Region and State - North Atlantic _ Connecticut _ Delaware _ _ District of Columbia _ Maine _ _ Maryland _ Massachusetts _ _ New Hampshire _ New Jersey _ New York _ _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ Great Lakes and Plains Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ _ . _ Michigan _ Minnesota _ Missouri _ Nebraska _ . North Dakota.. ... __ Ohio _ South Dakota. ... _. Wisconsin _ Alabama _ _ Arkansas _ _ ...... . . . Florida _ Georgia _ _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ Mississippi _ North Carolina _ _ _ South Carolina _ Tennessee . . . . . . Virginia _ West Virginia _ HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 99 2,040,121 slll^sls-lsss lifgsfsfss SVSi gsg: 8* 324, 536 § S 8,019 317 231 17, 302 29,114 g B" IsISl iSsallls ssfsf“>‘:s“ bWsfs8“" : ! ! : i 5 i i ! 5 § 2 3 rf 3815lsSlsls2§ B S' § af sssSS « e?r“ s s ISlslSIllssIs s a E a 8*a18 -r ^-00 s i Issss illSSlsS j ^8”"°*“ 1 s' 8 * -T s 8 S i iss ! ! " ! s f sis5§gisiesi8 j^"co «r to" -h* m in 2* jjf 2' 0 —* 2 8 5 00- §T~is eg — <"*3r B s -?«*> eg ! eg\o a 3 ri pi i s 8 sssss IsIsSlss •“•V*-* j — T eg rC eg" 8 8 H jes,oo-s j s 3 gsSSSggggsSsS °°2‘3,tV-'v20»g22 3 8 8 w* S ! !a§> cvT j U~ ; j s S' * oo'irT r>T r»* r~T Other sources * 38, 083 36, 354 6,312 611 15 226 1,103 495' 225 3, 549 89 i i 11, 475 2,115 1,262 28 100 2, 421 1,011 483 860 18 3,177 5,148 10 1,289 350 242 18 124 374 64’ 2,606 70 Current funds 88,128 87, 091 -r --csT 27, 217 asssisssissi WrfNWrfN — <* CO 24, 884 sSlSIssSsIis rt-^*PO*-^‘cM'-.‘cM -T-Tlrt Plant funds - 584, 404 579, 348 63, 995 triV 1 rC cm~— Toftr)* ! 208,236 s $ pSSsSisISiS tj-* tj-* irfof cm'co" to'trf itTcm**-*' Plant value, beginning of year CM 5,790,433 5,748,062 729,577 s2"Eaas‘s‘ss'23 1, 906, 835 233, 786 207, 820 107, 082 116, 962 461,502 145, 372 119, 258 71,402 46, 200 241,094 29, 078 127,280 a S' rf slasalls3R2l sssgsssgssss Region and State - Contiguous States _ North Atlantic _ Connecticut _ Delaware _ District of Columbia _ Maine _ Maryland _ _ _ Massachusetts _ _ New Hampshire _ _ _ New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania _ _ _ _ Rhode Island _ Vermont _ Great Lakes and Plains _ Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Michigan _ _ _ Minnesota _ Missouri _ Nebraska... _ _ _ North Dakota. _ . Ohio _ South Dakota _ Wisconsin _ Alabama _ Arkansas _ _ _ _ Florida _ _ _ UCUIgld _ _ Kentucky _ Louisiana _ _ _ Mississippi _ _ _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ Virginia _ West Virginia _ HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 101 a '8 3 sSSIs s wt SgRfSSSSSg ; S|?: g g 8“ s' CO rf-f 3 8 is | ii s' a s? a “*52 j iiii iiii j ill! s gSilSsillSSSs 8 2 s~ss£ s' gggSSSSSS&ESS S' 5 ~ “fgf 8 IslSlISSsSISs £ § §°~IS s' oi=g^oo^~g3as2a,n‘ a s' •— T crTr-* s s~is§ igSSsSSg i 8 I 11 5 s i : | s M* j | S SlslssSisISss s s sssss i ri gsKSs^gsggsss s' a m* ofio* s SsssiSllSssISg 1 i s !~gg s' pgn» o* rrcxf « in csT oo* » jr>* — T s N csT -r«“ a SSS§s=lsSisis s a s i iss a VO cnT i i ; ; i ! £ IllSSsiSSIsil 3 a 8““§S S' --goV-o-rfjja.Wa- a rC csT -cn 2 §ssss i~SalSSS 5 S i : i i i 3 cnT ! —Tin * Hr S slssl ilSalSis S 8 r is 55 i i- i i s SsiS§gSsssS§S s 8 8 i Iss S oogToocv,V*-«o«j^^2 s' u>* ~ i :-'-■ : j 8 §Sils«llslali 3 a S' s§sss“s'g'sasgsi S' s' irT «—* CM •f 102 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Table V. — Investment in plant of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58 — Continued C. Privately Controlled Institutions [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does not necessarily add to total because of rounding.] Net investment in plant, end of year (column 13 less column 14) 3 4,152,106 4,146,738 2,116,403 156, 331 1,437 118, 597 21,309 76, 059 440, 600 15, 748 127, 076 678, 576 427, 068 36, 320 17, 280 954,916 IIBsiSgSigla s3ss!"ss§a'-s'''s S SllftSIsssSSs Plant fund liabilities, end of year 3 565,917 565,433 242,430 4, 860 13,251 3,251 9, 860 35,916 2, 532 6, 549 83, 033 69, 038 9, 151 4, 989 141,566 ssSSisfl iiaS oo ocT oo erf erf ^ —T r-f ! ^ of CO —t r—t r-4 1 CM 1 ; S Sis 1 !al 11 31 s £■* mc>r^r«r>^c0^of<0of<:ro' Plant value, end of year Total plant value (columns 9-12) 3 4,718,023 4, 712,170 2,358, 833 161, 191 1,437 131,848 24, 560 85, 920 476,516 18, 280 133, 625 761,609 496, 107 45, 472 22, 269 1,096,482 302, 798 120, 683 64, 887 36, 073 79, 821 73, 366 120, 267 22, 563 1,816 185,819 8, 867 79, 524 s ilsssSlSSIss 3 tfSSSSSSg'SSSE Equipment 3 674, 622 673, 373 322,135 S aeJ‘2S“'-r25‘sS“0»w 151,716 32, 707 17,611 9, 161 4,672 12, 985 11,295 20, 379 2, 724 227 25, 475 1,020 13, 460 S iliSIlseSSsS of uf CvT r-T CD o cvf csf oo" o' o' Improve¬ ments other than buildings 3 55,850 55,790 17, 124 £ isisi ; i «-T irf i ! ! 987 5, 177 2,673 78 224 13,077 ssSisiss il“l co~ ~ \ |l Net addition to plant value (column 6 less column 7) 00 997, 023 989,274 238, 020 18,013 4,779 10,916 2, 952 14,901 25, 926 4,373 15, 124 83, 850 45,216 9, 473 2,496 ! 311, 185 IsslasIsslSS 160, 787 9,054 8,679 19, 197 12,428 12, 939 22,346 4, 289 16, 527 11,558 16,247 19,310 8,214 Deductions from plant value II 23 15, 245 SSSSagsgggsg -r -H- -Ti «vr I a 3,677 2,049 1,748 1,188 3, 493 1,460 1,813 1,251 156 1.170 1,224 2.170 a a? HSSpIsilSss Additions during year Total additions (columns 3-5) ID 1,059,993 1,051,854 253, 265 ow V7 cn to 29,168 -h* — co cvT csi" co csT -^esTcsT in Plant funds 856, 388 851, 214 3 I RESlsSSsssli 2^*Or^evrof^o^'jooo''esr 3 s 36,832 42,781 9,835 12, 337 68,010 16,019 23,273 4,251 1,208 37, 776 3,816 15, 224 | 127, 124 835S8S58S883 NVrfrf-jooVnoViorf Plant value beginning of year o> co m CO CO Kj* cDincsj o *t incrf ^CO^O-HfO •ID CO CMC . _ > CD O CO C . CO CM CM O •— « CD C 00 Oi CM P"* 00 CM r - CM OO •— « CM 05 CO * co cm cd fof^" of oo of erf CD O 00 co o in oo in co oo oo co jpHoin^oooocoooo jNi-tinrsOiCMOrNO) »inf-«ooco •— T cm" cm" in co" —f ^ cm" *-fcocoinV-T CO CM CM CD CM O m-HincocMcoMnpscoo)Mn CMKtoo^^rvoocDinooocM C»rsCDin. co ■ o> •— « —4^ 00 CM CO ^(ocomrx^co CO O CD — < OO CD CO ■ 00 CO CD CM CM OO CD CD O CO )COCM^-CMCDOinuOCMCMCDCD - . co o> co *-h uo CD COO CM CM r I 00 CD CM 2; CMOOCO^tCDCMM-CMOtOhsinpv OOM-CDCOWincD^CDO^CsJO OCDCO^COCM— «CDOCSJ^ j . ! fl\ i i 31,761 1 g§£l5 a- jsssigs* \ * 2 i i&$ i “ ir ! ii I 2 tf §§l®§ CM IslilsR2 j cvT oo co s i~°°s i i i ! ! i i I * i : : : ; ; i^SSSSS00 1 1 ! i ll-ll i nil i Hi: s s' §5§S| a isslsss- i j o>T oo oo j | 2 i~°°s : i ! : ! ! i i 1 H is u j N ! ! ! | iss is is i i 1 1 1 ill i i i i i i : : : : : : : i : : : : : i : : i i a » R8®= | ^ i i i o jc^oo i i | | | i s' to issSsss ill 1 : ~ j i a i i is 1 1 ! i i i i i i s 1 i-sls Isi^ssss i ! oo'^VCimo oo ~ i a issS (s* | _r i i i : : ; i I i i ; ; i j i | j i 1 II : : : : : : : i ; ; j j ! i : i ! ! lit i i i i i i i i i !!!!!!!! i !!!!!!!! ! : j 1 1 N § Ill ! i i : i i i mi i I ill . 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I/I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 i : : : CL g III: f m IiiS; i ! I | | | i i I l i ! Table VI. — Endowment, student-loan, and annuity and living trust funds of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58 108 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Student-loan funds i end of fiscal year CO 71, 237 71, 063 24, 601 o>ooo>oor^coc\jrvcsjcor^o COCO^COOOLT>r^CT>OOLOCOCNJ CO *3* CM CM OO CSJ m CSJ CM C\J IT) csT oo*-JV-fincn 17, 455 csjofscococococo^^tcnrv — ICOCO«CJ-CO— 'OOCDCOCSJCDin omcDCDr^^-cDTrcsioo— 40 Co"«-T csf»— ft-H* csj" —f 13, 611 -r — TcsT esT-r^ST Deduc¬ tions in i 1,265 1, 261 363 co «— i oo in ^ csj oo *-< csj co rs.oors 416 co^^^coo»H 00 co 00 co *3- in 1 co co co ^3-r^co^csjincoco nn^oo ^3- co ^3- -h 1 co 1 1 1 1 1,188 3 605' 1 490 “T 22 10 26 26 5 Balance, beginning of fiscal year - 86, 569 86, 569 26, 580 2, 332 1 inrsooo i cd cd cd in csi co in cd oo i co r^. cd ^3- co •-H m co o i co in cd csi co rC i o"csf i CO Ifl csj co o o csj m CSJ LO CO •— < OO O CSJ O P"* CO ^3* CO r^oor^ir>r^oo*-40ocsjr».co^3- o" r>T oo rC o" to —T of co co" oo" 1 ^ CSJ CSI CD O CO Csj O CD CO I csj co ^ csj 891,539 CSJCSJCDCOCOOOOOCDOCOOO*— « CSJOO(J)OCJ)incnCSJNlD^N cooo*o^r>. in^oinoo^-cD^Hinoooco 05 CSJ 0 co 00 CO CO —4 CO 0 cfTcsTt-T •— «" oi e Ol o < o : i : : : : : : : i : : i : : : : i ; : i ! ! : : ;£ iii iJJi! HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, I .2 } EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 109 Table VI. — Endowment, student-loan, and annuity and living trust funds of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58- 110 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 111 10, 532 irT — T 3 S ; i | !SS i j s 1 20 2 1 8 % 5 18 1 4 5 ** i iw 1! s -S3 s j to I r" ! j 3 21 210 14 8 4 32 4 27 11 12 6 36 1 | H - i | i Is i | S m S8j2!S§gJg§S22g| Hr irT -r ! : 3 si 1 H P i i INI N 1 1 II i ! | l I i ; | i § § j i : i i !!! i ! 1 i i ; i i ! : i i s is i i i i i i 1 1 ! ! ! ! i ! i i i M ; ; | j i i ! i s a i i ! ! ; : 1 1 II : i i III i ; i j | | iil 5 H 1,486 i i i i : i is 1 i | i i i ! : i ! : i i : ! i i : i i ! 1 i M 1 ! i i i ; j | : ! ; 1 s' 8Sssgsi8SSI§Sg§ ; 1,413 1,003 101 608 i N* 3 36 13 1 11 268 6 121 288 i ; a i i ; ; S j ps g s SSS«S'S8BJ"38 ^ “S ~ | 3 siN N i 3 u? - Cg‘ i s _ l z\ _ 998 s s' SlSsSssasSssi CO i | 1,033 8| | 289' 121 i 1 i ! | California . . - . - Colorado _ _ - . Idaho - - - Montana _ New Mexico”. _ _ _ S ! i : ! ! II Utah _ Washington _ Wvnmine _ U.S. SERVICE SCHOOLS i ! Alaska _ Canal Zone . Guam. .. - - Hawaii - Puerto Rico 1 I I ! BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 112 Table VI. — Endowment, student-loan, and annuity and living trust funds of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58 — Continued C. Privately Controlled Institutions [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does not necessarily add to total because of rounding. J Student-loan funds Balance, end of fiscal year a 42, 932 42,908 22, 158 2,518 oo -r-a-vr 9,492 «n -f ~ S iS 100 237 489 950 543 147 117 1,209 980 922 515 185 : ii a ss a 26 1 6 65 isSS'" 9 57 61 1 3 8 8 20 2 (2) 42 9 1 a CM or^ 882-8 J Q. Other sources s 2,725 2,725 B h* 8 2— S8828S- 9 ggN-O.m-MNWN.J s -^88- aassa^l £ £ o Qi Od Private gifts and grants a is tf M* s in CO I 8 8 - 40 8 2 S 10 £~ s —22532 288^8 | £~ Balance, ft* 3 38, 963 38, 941 19, 763 2, 132 rC ~*VcsT 8,710 cl - - s 46 1 80 18 Receipts Other sources ss ef«f § CO r is 5 277 93 2 1 2 S2S2 282 is b S ii s £ - is si ill £ ;££ ! i i 1 Private gifts and grants 00 7, 226 7, 226 § ri 8 9frfr K 9 *r ^8828858 828 1.185 605 1 490 i 22 10 26 26 5 Balance, beginning of fiscal year r* 78, 396 78, 396 25, 545 2,332 165 557 693 7,980 alias ofcvj- 23, 633 10, 669 2,150 1.453 504 340 693 1,747 312 11 5. 453 70 231 7,171 Endowment funds * Balance, fiscal year 3,770, 030 3, 769, 323 S s «N s sssssfcggsa 708,140 283, 550 57,296 30, 036 10, 059 23, 805 27, 159 80, 586 11,283 1,706 155,497 3,831 23, 331 s S' 23,319 12,811 14,916 79,047 41,513 43,675 6,476 117,565 15,171 92, 223 56, 050 6. 933 if in 41, 899 41, 899 25,859 1,303 2,537 126 111 9, 342 1,569 436 4,779 4,113 1,455 23 1 1 \ H ij IS North Atlantic _ Connecticut... _ _ Delaware _ District of Columbia _ _ Maine _ _ _ Maryland _ _ _ New Hampshire _ _ _ New Jersey _ New York _ Pennsylvania . . . . Rhode Island _ Vermont _ _ Great Lakes and Plains _ Illinois _ Indiana _ _ _ Iowa _ Kansas _ _ _ Michigan _ Minnesota _ Missouri _ _ Nebraska _ _ _ North Dakota _ Ohio _ South Dakota _ _ _ .. Wisconsin _ _ _ _ Southeast _ . . Alabama _ . Arkansas _ _ _ tioriaa _ Georgia _ Kentucky _ _ _ Louisiana - Mississippi _ North Carolina _ South Carolina _ _ Virginia _ _ West Virginia _ _ HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY 113 27 2,242 191 36 53 169 394 '•H 221 a i i • ' • • i ' i ' ;s 13 (2) 2 3 1 29 <2) £ £ 1 175 2 1 5 7 73 2 8 £ £ : 151 (2) . 23 4 69 3 12 H 27 1,930 188 36 53 144 383 1,326 88 201 a isf 17. 699 188 240 — 245 10 ug 37 1,425 i j 2.595 8 i i i i io> irs i i in * •— < LZ I 19 ; j 65 9SZ‘l 18,401 190 182 215 1,682 22 1,356 184, 055 10, 834 878 1,669 9. 305 10, 278 150, 596 1,999 8,951 % l on ne‘i 10 9 343 17 132 6, 746 146 1 66 447 154 3, 923 3 67 s is 1 6. 331 1,143 123 13 1,019 1,193 6, 067 660 494 CO [ 172,293 9, 655 754 1,590 lilies jrCoog-co s | 1 1 ■ i l i l 1 l 1 iiii '•ii •ill I ; ; ; i : | : .a eJ ; O'''1' o ' 1 1 1 C •— o i ! Zone _ j j ii mm \ i i ! Table VI. — Endowment, student-loan, and annuity and living trust funds of institutions of higher education, by State: 1957-58 — Continued D. Four-Year Institutions [Amounts in thousands of dollars. Detail does not necessarily add to total because of rounding.] 114 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1957-58 Student-loan funds 1 end of ’ fiscal year CO 69, 382 69, 209 24,433 rvooooof^rvin^csjcotoo) coco^rcooooocx>cncsj^fooo in ^-csjcsjr^csjincsjcsjcsjin csf oo" — * — T m" co" 16, 978 2, 937 1,559 749 934 2, 758 1,406 1,922 443 245 2, 776 197 1,051 12,855 SISISSSs-ISr -r oT*h%h%4 Deduc¬ tions m 1,236 1,232 358 — 1 ico*-*ooinnrnrcoooi-^f— i i csj co r — i 410 co^t^-^-coomcO'Hinooo co is^hco — « 8 u, mgoco e 1 Receipts Other sources 2 4,493 4,488 2,001 ocooococsjcooocsjct^’*^-— cd « oo in cd in csj in OO CSJ co CSJ 00 nt H cocdco^j-csjcocooo*— «mcsjco co*3-csiin«-HCOr«^o csi r- cd co co o> co 00 nr r-H"co"«— •" r-T in" 11,675 rn cnT -r -r Deduc¬ tions o “ 5,361 5,361 987 l 1 i 989 6 I in co oo co in CO 1 csj ^ 1,215 in co co 00 1 r-H co in 1 1 co 00 > X X! G a co ^ O s g 2 SD S be co QQ G G ^ 'w 42 •<^ (4 ^ 2 £ " ?>■ r Xi ^ V 1= s 3 a e c jz 02 42 > CO Si T3 ^ ^ G "g co G O -P *g 3 “ “Sc X> i W O o K ^ ^ g w G O O „ G G 4) O W) ■S « G - G W T3 Q c *- l-S +-> Jh cd o •2 G G M G be 5 o u u iii X u ».£ 4>X * £ G^ 5, ^ O- -i « M dJ CO CO «■§ s M « £ cd >. . T3 o 02 -G CO CO _ 02 3 CO CO C 4) tuO O 3 c G*~ | CO X ^ 02 . . g>£ §H 02 G G c ^ ° O V w ^3§ c g a o ^ x . S «5 jn >»'a c Six X! 1S« X c G "!■§ a 3 § IS •£ co oT G r; vi £ G S2£ co G > 02 Tl o £ gO G c~ £ X I 02 c *c 02 co , 0) X5 a c | CO 3 I 4H X5 02 o o »£ c c a 5 4) y 3 « s CO £ a-<-> c XX ^ CO G X w G co cO 'G 3 G 42 X3 flj OG-h w o 2 £~ = &1 O co O 42 5-1 G s'E OVG GX3 G u O G Six g gj: £ I -S 4) So X '*f, co X c D 0 aS £ 3 ox G 02 Vhx •23- 3 £ -M 42 X'SX .2 5 to X *- ^c§ >i 0) c •ex: xx S 2o£ -xtt g.’S- g|c £ "S 3 o O O at C -3 tt 02 -•2= -■ CO CO ^ 02 % -g G 3*12 4i ax W^J c S 4f~ ^33 co O T3 “O U G G K^. ■ 4) Z co X S' o J=> a Eg w H 02 « ^ u o g«s Ph GTJ ^ G 3 ■' H S O a £2 02 -G -M be 2 c Sfl G 02 £ 42 ^3 42 CO £ G O y g a g — G G o 42 -o‘G 42 CO r 3 , g+j be % * g 3 'G G^X S,.2 „ g a is £>“ l-S-S:- P 02 G 0)G o x . a oo CO a co 3 5-tT a^ 42 c X" si&- G G .2 X 02^ 3 G S3 e c o t— ( G r- • •2 « - G 3 t— l « g. 3 G 02 O 5 <5 £ «|s be«^H B-O g °§-s c _ G ^ G ^ 3 !i £•- O -G 42 a' 02 g 3 S' CO ' — 'C gt3 OX -G 0 MX C ■ «■ • m s T3 01 _ _ 42G G G +J g CG £ §M t3g ci 02 C O<0) c 02 > - OXg O O G 0)*H X! S 02 ~ G C1' to § £ ^?6l G £ g « G ■ 33 g 3 01.5 Ph to c« 1] APPENDIX 121 o ® ai c 5 ® § S 03 ^ -O © 3 M 5 .2 3 cO W X3 4-> ?s< 3 _ 3 be Ox . O n, -*-» g 03 •qTJ«D -M -*“* -tJ 3 5 SH 3 »CS C 03 > 03_o-b M ^ Ci _ CL 0«£ 03 ffl c c ■*“ ^.2^ "5 e C e o 03 a O 03 cO Ci^-b D. 3 bt- -*-’ 3 w.-b£ o K * £ e S £ .2 C W c o -t-> 03 CO 4-< TJ •- ± V q3 3 cx .5 • a c i- vO, CM, _q o; r^N c — : CM •> •> r— ; OO; CQ m( cc: r^> IXN n MD n n t» vO; O; i— I 'LfN CM; CQ « — ?;. iH; rH n 1 «e- ee- “'a C a; csj'-i'O'a T3T3 a £t3 5 5) C -H £ = g.s*t5 «3 ~ c-S gr^ g,s o ^ a-- 05 C . . ■ ■TJ 03 s c _e <» M co£2b>>§£ta2 I o I B M 0) M C . : | g g ; S S ^ : SfS-S'Si : ■8°-SSjg : S c3-2'® s, C C M £03 CO. ► ’O. £*»'!“! 3 (ii 03 05 • • - o,S o c o® 03 c'M O.bX 03 S| « s| * o a g'g^^io ^ r n# c3 <-• r-~ u « §5^ 3 5> 3 03 '5.2 9 fac 03 C t- * «> c s*S^ .3 43 ^ ®"1 +2 ^ -2 te -3 H 3 «*-t s ►> >>~ M^'o £ ^i-gS^igss C S P 03 . M 03«»'^Cot, Cl _ ° al ht * S) 03 Oj _2 -*-» .£ _ CX £ 3 „ _ SEYM’S Sw §•§ ,|l 03 " ££ c C 05 £ o be O X H 0 53 O ft C C T3 03 2 CX F 3 c ^ § z £•£-“ g*" «tj — '73 l. C C ^ T3 "ti ftj ^ S 3'3,0 O " g C' 3 g| 8-0~5 .2 C X 0) P 03 C-^F *2 -*-> >-3 2 c 3 c+-,cs9?h2 2 . «s § » §it x c ^ C0 ft C ^ p *-r} 5 ^ be >> x be** 5 C £ 03 CrQ 0) CU • tq C’£ © ■_,.b r; ^ C _£ c £ bxb^ g .£»§ ® b c g 03 M x " £*’■5x2 S 5 ^ £ s^.ss“5sSs O S-g s §5 g 1J rT3 O > r*H »rH g » --o 5®- “c S S S g Si'S >>■?■- c So g.s 03 X ^ w § o u +* 03 3+J X ° _o 03^ O ■S 03^ C3-- ° 2 T3 £ C o 33 >— ^ C • «-H Q CO o ^ "~1 cO cO l ^•h'O <3 o aC3 o^cs 03 o E 03 w^S 'rt > ° ^ o3 e c o OJ-O » 5+J 3- -M C C X °W0 03 S T3 ,2 ^ O C 03 X°t-H-m£^03 3X3 CO w h b o .2 c I o o-lo C-oo° 8*5 2-2 s-S § g § a g-^ 2^° 03^-1 oj.2 o*‘cl v N ^ -b C -M rtn rj ^ E^rSciM Sg-Sn^gtsl^js ■b -g*” £-§ -M'S 5 0'2tS 1 05 <2 g S « £ be 03 g * 2 c.s ^.£ > 25 3 O 2 2 ^ c Ww g TJ C ft-^T3 ^ w ^ C 2 x e c 3 03 O c 111 be 03 ^ 03 03 3h O -t-> .b 605644 O — 62- 122 HIGHER EDUCATION — RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY \0: 1-0,' O; M 0\ -G? C\J; n UN •> CM; O: rn •> On C : •«> »-H ^ X g c | 2 S £ S £ Sx-StJ CO • 0> 0) ^ 10 4IJ CO P C -G X o o 7 3+j-g 0) 3 wx'c >> CO 3 3 3 3 O ’E 1 gfi:? £ g|»§r _o o , 3 g «TX v o«v.3 a> 3 3 2 ~G x-g §-2 X « g3~3 3 C/3 72 e 0) G a) 3 | 3 § £ g G ~ 3 — g o“~x 2 5S§aj: Vi y'HT) § P v> G x >* !■= §“-2- 0 ?a. . 42 o o >>le ^ - c ',_>'g P tt> w.S wo^x ^J>|* o 3 .2 +-> 5 .>T>xx 3 g E e-o g-p 3 a. i— i 3 3 £x 3 . « . G to o -GT o #■ O ex CM UN CM 3 -Gt • 7— m, o ^>» 3 3 X . > - 1 O P b£ w a> 3 ‘c 2 £ -G 3 a 3 3 ^ O 1-0. •> ON CO NO •\ oo -gt •G e 2 O. n CC; •» un UN o! OO; CK -Gt _o 3 O ft V o U CO -Gfc CM * O CM cH O CM; O CM; •> OO >» JO G 3 So _, g7£ 3 G to § £ | ’So *- a,X 3 <» 3 .2 > s G 3 It ° a> to X g -G O Si G 3 si- — x c’S «2 S’S.Sg'glj , a3~ w « £ 2 X 'v 3 .£ 51 OiO) h (D = -S5 +J Q£ 3 ctsffi 2 7^ to co -- G ^ -*-> G C *GI • c3 r* <- OJ ' ' v slinks v Z ft w t~ X CM CM -=r NO* UN NO •> CO CM; O; co; Cs~i O; •> CM; UN se- -C X 1" ,g-S s-g a-o ^ — H g £ 3 g 3 ^ i| » 8 Is C+j-p 1) 3 G ' — ' o» a c ■ ^j.2oo EH11 cw-^S i 3 x £ w ed iX 3 0 O G S.a'«x ■S5 o ®‘15 * | ■5 5 m5 M-g | § s| i-s ii i|1^|aw |£-oS«$ ^ CTS ©xivr “ g C'yiS ° oZ h » 2 ag J, 3 di bo ^x . x & G ta .5 £ G o •= ■£ 4)0 - 73 ‘Big'S © g ^ o I £ g-5 :> g u O X G » o o .2 -*-> Vi c o cn w O % • G •” C • G v> aT‘43 ' P 3 X 3 ' v— i O 2 G . X CO -g • G £ gj 'sS Is G O 3 3 «w X - O >> N §x P O G G ctJ CO ► CO x O O x .2 _ G O 3 o be 3 o X X g £ x l§ ft£ ’S 13 : 3^ • :^3 : CM CM •i co; no; u\: •i oo; cm; G o ° • e w.2 : c a> ' -tj x o . 3 ‘to .2 • : : 3 3 to ' ' oxg3 3^0.- 3 2 ^ O x-gGr « ° ^ s P.2 CO a; a> x 3 § co o 43 ^ = .S 8 g Gv-slis O t> -G> "v • to 3 P q 3 X v O.1^, w ft p o X v> a) g v> ^ X 3 g ^ 3 i lll X o 2 3 0 “ o bew ^ o p c w w'g § o 0.5 co •— be-G g p.3 3 O « S N X Cl CO ■"- c .5 x to 2 .5 ‘S3 be to v ci e •— o x C P 2x I aS s £ § =i O 3 3 G he be ft^-1 G , «G .3 O D G g g.2 8.2 Sales and services of educational departments. Include incidental income of educational departments from sales and services. The income from such transactions is, in most instances, irregular, or small as compared to total educational and general income. Do not include here amounts already reported in item 11 above. ( Manual , p. 67-E.) APPENDIX 123 -31 O, NO -3T 0 NO GO 1 — I! On CM CO CO UN 1 — f : •s rH •1 * •i 1 — i •1 • CM rs- U\ ON O rH rH O: UN ON UN IH r—: •v UN IH •» •s •i CM • • UN rH NO 1— 1 rH r— -3| in-: [>- -3T O- NO 1 »v 00 • j ; ON nr 69- 69- ■a 69- 03- 69- ON Ul O: N ■ — ? ** on cm co: ui vO: •> ch cr H: cm 69- 11 ta -- C ^ 4 be S* O) <4-1 o .2 § ^ 2 £ a 4) JO'S c w 2 * £ c -e o ® o T ^ h g be 4 * g f i . w ° o-S CO 4 ~ 4-; g •c «*2 £ rrt 2 be^3 a 0) 33 15 c _o -t-> 03 4 3 33 0) 3 4 -3 O -Q "O ^ c 434 a> C3 U1 c/2 a; CO ^2-^oi : 0 3X3 <0^ £ a3 >>,c -s +> 5 Co 33 V. 4^ 4 — ® HP O .£ C _ „ rr ?h ^ o « 5 ft—* 2 §* « '2'ae4_ g^ 3 4 G 3^ a - be 3 °'G £2 G S^Gjg c ° c c. I-G 2 *13 £ ^-S “ g °£e-g a=l -m ^ 33 4 G'g cs-l-^5 C ca cd 3 ©i5-~ c Gn X’g 4 4 os 2 G G !d «(D O T3h 3 .'" i oM ^ o o 3 ^ ^ 3$ «4H "S " C - .£ =3 O -PX! 3 _ u •- 3 oS 0 M’S -4J to a ,„ 4 2 r- Q) . _ C ^ b c 3 -M ••— ♦ 3 cc co £ £ c -M 5 4 4 « 4 3 4 3 ?_, 1 — ~-j-> > g a 37 3 m 3 £ 3'~ G^_J C • hX J1 JJ O •— 1 •X^t!-2 W ^ £ G O _. 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Include salaries, wages, supplies, other expense, and equipment for operation and maintenance of the institutional plant. Expenditures appropriately chargeable directly to Auxiliary Enterprises (items 33-34) or to Organized Activities Relating to Educational Departments (item 30) should not be reported here, but should be included with the , p O0p \ expenditures of the appropriate activity. ( Manual , p. 73-H.) . $ _ gQQ*9Jo#.'-1Q7 APPENDIX 125 r P T3 '^'-C x £ o> p p l«-g s« §>«-£■ « foil "p be 2 ™ 13 +-> , o ® M r ^ Q o w « c •- g £.2 “ 2 * «•?, g-o O X +> 0) M C T3 o 3-g: m O S ^ ’p£ 'Ex gg^S*? 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CM VO in. •t cn -XT in 2 p £ x 0) 03 £ e* 0) (/> be ui p ^ P t§ Z° Ui £ P g X Z 0.2 Z 03 a. | z.£ ui CC TJ dc q O P y S-i ■J P < o. ►: t! o q H o 126 HIGHER EDUCATION - RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND PROPERTY e« O-- ^ 3 o „ m ii c* M ^ <» o OJ 3^ O %- 5 O’1' s 3 O >’o. m | *3 5 ^2’S2 P ° (OTi« ~ . aj-t-1 a) c w G C ft 3 -3 > d r* a> G w -s £ jC T3 _ % -o T3 2 00 G c ^ G £3 *3 C C rrt • x 3 3 c C £x o> S a» o " w _ g C .-S 0 3 *£ g’C g~-M 3^ ^ nl C-o « <4-1 7^ 0> 03 &Snil£ h >* w tV»‘ § of X « U . • — 6 3 ■*"* c o "ti ^ C.® w S m C (V ~ <“ £ w G~'x . ^ Op c 3 O V) — 5= — P G £ £ 2 • P.5? g u. 0 © « 3 2 3 “ p ?;£ P_g 5-° ®1 a«-s | it CO ID<« c u. I o 5t: X 0 C/2 0) 3 K. O OI m - C»>.— , — . 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C on C CL 3 Ll v+- -a E-O c L> O 2 IS) >1 *. -a j3 > >+ rt "O 0 S -n Li (-1 w g .2*0 «^-5 3ts c cd _o Ll -O 3 a. & c rt ^ Ll 'C, -c c 3 bp 0 c Ll '2 Qj ll 0 2 0 — ^ U4 O 0 ^ *3 £ .9*^ «JS g. 3 O « 2 3 04 V+H C3 JJ 3 -o * C 2 -o t: < C 3 g -o is) C 2 3 2 2 3 M-i g f J.S II t; y (-M ?S 2 w LI O a j= on tn 131 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1962 O -605644 Information supplied by . - . - - - - 7n'„rv . (Name) (Title) (Date) PLEASE CHECK to make sure you have supplied information requested on first page regarding BRANCH INSTITUTIONS. United States Government Printing Office PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, 5300 (GPO) DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Washington 25, D.C. OFFICIAL BUSINESS If yoir do not desire to continue to receive Office of Education publications, please check here □ ; tear off this label and return it to the above address. Your name will then be removed promptly from the appropriate mailing list. BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1956-58 OE-35048-58 STATISTICS OF Special Education for Exceptional Children and Youth 1957-58 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE . . . Office of Education Exceptional Children and Youth in this report are those enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools in the areas of the — • Blind • Partially Seeing • Deaf • Hard of Hearing • Speech Impaired • Crippled • Special Health Problems • Socially and Emotionally Maladjusted • Gifted • Mentally Retarded D "iRTIViEN l OF HEALTii, EDUCATION AND WELI JAN i 5 1964 OE-35048-58 ?,E LIBRARY Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58 Chapter 5 STATISTICS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 (Final Report) By ROMAINE P. MACKIE, Chief Exceptional Children and Youth HAROLD M. WILLIAMS, Specialist Education of Exceptional Children and Youth PATRICIA P. HUNTER, Specialist Education of Exceptional Children and Youth U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Anthony J. Celebrezze, Secretary Office of Education Francis Keppel, Commissioner Biennial Survey of Education in the United States 1956-58 Chapter 1. Statistical Summary of Education, 1957-58 Chapter 2. Statistics of State School Systems: Organization, Staff, Pupils, and Finances, 1957-58 Chapter 3. Statistics of Local School Systems [No statistics collected for the biennium] Chapter 4. Statistics of Higher Education, 1957-58 Section I. Faculty, Students, and Degrees Section II. Receipts, Expenditures, and Property Chapter 5. Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children, 1957-58 Chapter 6. Statistics of Libraries in Institutions of Higher Education, 1956-57 Each chapter of the Biennial Survey is printed separately as soon as completed. Superintendent of Documents Catalog No. FS 5.235:35048-58 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1963 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price 75 cents Foreword THIS CHAPTER of the Biennial Survey of Education presents statistics of special education of exceptional children as of February 1958, and is one of a series dealing with statistics of public education in the United States between 1956 and 1958. Included in this final report are the survey findings from both local public school systems and from public and private residential schools. Two reports of local public school programs, based on preliminary data, were issued earlier: one an article in School Life, November 1960, entitled “Exceptional Children in Local Public Schools,” the other a publication entitled Exceptional Children and Youth: A Chart Book of Special Education Enrollments in Public Day Schools of the United States. A preprint of table B of this publication has also been issued in advance, under the title Special Education Enrollments in Local Public Schools: A Directory. A project such as this would have been impossible without the coopera¬ tion of more than 4,000 school administrators who took time to complete the questionnaires. The U.S. Office of Education is also indebted to the national organizations and agencies that supplied directories for use in compiling mailing lists of residential schools. Among these were the American Foundation for the Blind, the Conference of Executives of American Schools for the Deaf, the American Association on Mental Deficiency, and the National Catholic Education Association. Apprecia¬ tion is also due the staff members of State education agencies who checked the mailing lists for their respective States and made additions where necessary. The authors wish to express special appreciation to the staff members of the Division of Educational Statistics of the Office of Education, particularly Virgil Walker, director, Herbert C. Conrad, former director, and Mabel C. Rice, for their valuable assistance in the planning and execution of this survey. Eric R. Baber, Assistant Com- Ralph C. M. Flynt, missioner Associate Commissioner for Educa- Division of Elementary and tional Research and Development Secondary Education Rational ( United States ) Totals National totals are based on a summation of the data for the 48 States constituting the United States at the time the data were collected and for the District of Columbia. Thus Alaska and Hawaii are not included, nor are territories and possessions of the United States. Explanation of Symbols: Less than 0.5 percent * Data not available NA Inapplicable IN Quantity is zero in number column _ Quantity is zero in percent column O In tables showing percent distribution, detail may not add to 100 percent because of rounding. Contents Page Foreword _ III Introduction _ 1 Overview of Findings _ 2 Enrollment by Area of Exceptionality _ 2 /Number of Administrative Units Reporting Programs _ 3 Number of States _ 4 A Decade of Growth and Change: 1948-58 _ 5 Enrollment Increases by Area of Exceptionality _ 5 Changes in Distribution of Enrollments Between Local Public and Residential Schools _ 7 Geographic Expansion of Special Education _ 7 Enrollment by Instructional Level _ 9 Nursery and Kindergarten _ 9 Elementary and Secondary _ 10 Mentally Retarded Children and Youth _ 12 Types of Program Organisation in Local Public School Systems _ 13 Some Implications for Special Education _ 16 Growth _ 16 New Findings _ 16 Apparent Gaps _ 17 Appendixes A: Survey Method _ 103 B: Survey Questionnaires _ 107 C: Estimates of Prevalence _ 119 TEXT TABLES 1. Summary statistics of special education programs, by area of exceptionality: United States, 1957-58 _ 3 2. Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs in local public school systems and in public and private residential schools, and numerical and percent increase, by area of exceptionality: United States, 1947-48 and 1957-58 - 5 3. Number of local public school systems and public and private residential schools re¬ porting special education enrollments, and numerical and percent change, by area of exceptionality: United States, 1947-48 and 1957-58 _ 8 v VI CONTENTS Page 4. Number of States in which local public school systems and public and private residential schools reported special education enrollments, and numerical and percent change, by area of exceptionality: United States, 1947-48 and 1957-58 _ 8 5. Number and percent of pupils in nine areas of exceptionality enrolled in local public school special education programs at the nursery and kindergarten, elementary, and secondary levels : United States, 1957-58 _ 9 6. Number and percent of pupils in three areas of exceptionality enrolled in public and private residential school special education programs at the nursery and kindergarten, elementary, and secondary levels: United States, 1957-58 _ 10 7. Number of children enrolled in nursery and kindergarten special education programs in local public school systems, by area of exceptionality: United States, 1957-58 _ 10 8. Number and percent of mentally retarded children in local public school special educa¬ tion programs housed in elementary, secondary, and special school buildings, by degree of retardation: United States, 1957-58 _ 13 9. Number and percent of pupils in 10 areas of exceptionality enrolled in local public school systems for full- or part-time special education, home or hospital instruction: United States, 1957-58 _ 14 BASIC TABLES A. Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality: 1957-58 _ 21 B. Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality: 1957-58 _ _ _ 27 C. Number of pupils enrolled in nursery and kindergarten special education programs of local public school systems, by State, administrative unit, and area of exceptionality: 1957-58 _ 83 D. Selected data for 51 public and private residential schools for blind children and youth: 1957-58 _ 85 E. Selected data for 66 public and private residential schools for deaf children and youth: 1957-58 _ 87 F. Selected data for 283 public and private residential schools for socially and emotionally maladjusted children and youth: 1957-58 _ 90 G. Selected data for 197 public and private residential schools for mentally retarded children and youth: 1957-58 _ 96 H. Estimated number of schoolage children and youth in need of special education, by area of exceptionality: United States, 1957-58 _ 119 FIGURES 1. Percent of 3,641 local public school systems reporting special education enrollments, by area of exceptionality: 1957-58 _ 4 2. Percent of 582 residential schools reporting special education enrollments, by area of exceptionality: 1957-58 _ 4 3. Percent increase in special education enrollments, by area of exceptionality, and in total public school enrollment: 1947-48 to 1957-58 _ 6 4. Percent of special education enrollments in local public school systems and in resi¬ dential schools for four areas of exceptionality: 1939-40, 1947-48, and 1957-58 _ 7 5. Number of local public school systems reporting special education enrollments, by area of exceptionality: 1947-48 and 1957-58 _ 8 CONTENTS 6. Percent increase in elementary and secondary enrollments for pupils in nine areas of special education in local public school systems: 1947-48 to 1957-58 _ 7. Percent change in elementary enrollments for pupils in eight areas of special education in local public school systems: 1947-48 to 1952-53 and 1952-53 to 1957-58 _ 8. Percent change in secondary enrollments for pupils in eight areas of special education in local public school systems: 1947-48 to 1952-53 and 1952-53 to 1957-58 _ 9. Percent increase in elementary and secondary enrollments of residential schools in three areas of special education: 1947-48 to 1957-58 _ 10. Percent of pupils enrolled full or part time in special education programs of local public school systems: 1957-58 _ Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children and Youth, 1957-58 Introduction THE U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION, since its earliest days, has periodically published statistics of special education for exceptional children and youth. These were at first included as part of the annual report of the Commissioner of Education, along with statistics on other seg¬ ments of American education. Beginning with the school year 1917-18, the Office initiated the Biennial Survey of Education in the United States. Statistics on special education have been included in most, but not all, of the Biennial Surveys since that date. In the approximately 90 years that have elapsed since the first report in 1870, extensive changes have taken place in special education in this country. Some of these are reflected in the changes which have been made from time to time in this series of statistical surveys. Char- teristic of the earlier studies, for example, was the broad range of information collected. Today, special education has become so widespread and complex that it is feasible in a statistical survey of this nature to collect information solely on enrollments of pupils and number of teachers. Separate, specialized studies are now conducted on other topics previously included in the Biennial Surveys, such as organization, finance, and curriculum. Each of the statistical surveys was designed to reflect current practices while preserving sufficient continuity to allow for reasonable comparisons with previous data. In line with this, two innovations were made in the 1957-58 study: (1) the enumeration of nursery and kinder¬ garten pupils, and (2) the collection of separate statistics on those enrolled full-time in a special program and those enrolled part-time in special education and part-time in regular classes in the public day schools. This publication is the last of the statistical reports on the 1957-58 data and is the only one of the four reports to include the residential school data. Neither the chartbook, Exceptional Children and Youth: Special Education Enrollments in Public Day Schools published in 1961, nor the Directory oj Special Education Enrollments in Local Public Schools contained statistics on residential schools. The same was true of the November 1960 preliminary report which appeared in School Life. This last publication may, therefore, be thought of as an historical compila¬ tion of all the statistical data on education of exceptional children for 1957-58 together with some implications for special education. This publication follows the pattern of previous reports in giving information separately for each area of exceptionality. It also continues the pat¬ tern of presenting data for the Nation as a whole (tables 1 to 9), for each State (table A), for each local public school system (tables B and C), and for each residential school (tables D, E, F, and G). Included are enrollments reported under the categories blind, partially seeing, deaf, hard oj hearing, speech impaired , crippled, special health problems, socially and emotionally maladjusted, mentally retarded, and mentally gifted. These l 2 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 category titles differ somewhat from earlier surveys, in accordance with changing practice. A new development in the present publication is the organization of local public school system enrollments into tabular form suitable for use as a directory. For each of 3,641 school systems (listed alphabetically by State) table B1 gives the number of children in each category of ex¬ ceptionality who were enrolled in elementary and secondary special education programs, and table C gives enrollments in nursery and kinder¬ garten programs. For the first time since the 1939-40 report there is also included a list of those public and private residential schools for the blind (table D), deaj (table E), socially and emotionally maladjusted (table F), and mentally retarded (table G) that reported enrollments in an education program. All statistics in the 1957-58 survey were collected as of February 15, 1958. They repre¬ sent, therefore, the number enrolled at a given time rather than over a period of the entire academic year. 1 This table has also been published separately under the title: Special Education Enrollments in Local Public Schools: A Directory. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961. 58 p. 40 cents. The historical tables and graphs in this report feature the decade 1948-58. Earlier historical summaries and comparisons may be found in previous issues of this series.2 The data, as has been the custom, were gathered directly from individual local public school sys¬ tems and from public and private residential schools by means of questionnaires.3 In the case of local schools, all cities listed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census as having 2,500 or more population were included in the mailing list for the local public schools. (See appendix A.) In addition, State education agencies were requested to check the lists for their State and to add all other local school systems and residential institutions known by them to maintain a special education program. From the 5,040 questionnaires sent, to local public school systems, the return was 97 percent. From the 795 forms sent to residential schools, the return was 92 percent.4 2 See particularly the report of the 1920-22 and the 1946-48 Biennial Surveys. Appendix A, page 105, contains a list of selected Biennial Survey publications in the series on special education of exceptional children and youth. 2 The five questionnaires used to collect data are reproduced in appendix B. « Procedures and results are discussed further in appendix A. Overview of Findings Nearly 976,000 exceptional children and youth were reported to be enrolled in special education in February 1958: about 889,600 in local public schools and about 86,400 in public and private residential schools (table 1). These data, covering the then 48 States and the District of Columbia, were reported by 3,641 local public school systems and 582 residential schools. If the children en¬ rolled in special education programs in private day schools were added, the total would probably be about one and a quarter million. Although a program involving so many children is very encouraging, a comparison of these findings with rough prevalence estimates5 in the various areas of exceptionality indicates that the program as a whole is probably far short of its objective of providing special education for every child who needs it. However in some areas of excep¬ tionality, the need is more adequately met than s See appendix C, page 119. in others. In all it is estimated that, in 1957-58, there were approximately 5 million exceptional children (ages 5 to 17) in need of special education. Enrollment by Area of Exceptionality The statistics presented in table 1 show that the total number of children enrolled in special education varied greatly from one area of excep¬ tionality to another. This, no doubt, reflects pri¬ marily the great variation in the prevalence of the different conditions in children which call for special educational provisions. But there are other factors in the total picture, such as the length of time that the programs have been estab¬ lished and the varying degrees of public recogni¬ tion and acceptance of the different exceptional needs of children. Reports from the local public school systems indicated that the largest group of children and youth receiving special education in February EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 3 Table 1— Summary statistics of special education programs, by area of exceptionality : United States 1957-58 1 Area of exceptionality Num aerof pupils enrolled Number of administrative units reporting enrollments Number of States with administrative units reporting enrollments Total Local public school systems Public and private residential schools Local public school systems Public and private residential schools Local public schoolsystems Public and private residential * schools Total _ 975, 972 889, 560 86, 412 3 3, 641 3 582 » 49 s 49 * 9, 795 2, 898 * 6, 897 340 51 39 40 Partially seeing - - 8, 643 8, 643 NA 498 NA 46 NA « 20, 843 6, 473 s 14, 370 335 5 66 40 5 45 Hard of hearing - 13, 150 13, 150 NA 607 NA 47 NA Speech impaired _ 489, 644 489, 644 NA 1,618 NA 49 NA Crippled - 29, 339 29, 339 NA 1,408 NA 48 NA Special health problems _ 23, 077 23, 077 NA 1, 190 NA 48 NA Socially and emotionally maladjusted - 65, 620 28, 622 36, 998 478 283 47 49 Gifted _ 52, 269 52, 269 NA 240 NA 38 NA Mentally retarded _ 251, 594 223, 447 28, 147 3, 005 197 49 46 Not reported separately « - 11,998 11, 998 NA V) NA o NA 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia; 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. 2 Total reporting special education programs in one or more areas of exceptionality, not the sum of the figures reported in the column. 3 Total number of States in which one or more administrative units reported a program, notthe sum of the figures in the column. * Includes 74 deaf-blind children and an unknown number of partially seeing children. * Includes 3 deaf-blind children and an unknown number of hard-of-hearing children. Addition of data for residential schools inadvertently omitted from the survey brings the total enrollment to 22,459, the enrollment in residential schools to 15,986, the number of schools to 83, and the number of States to 47. * Includes the following enrollments given in a combined report for two areas of exceptionality: Blind and partially seeing, 119; deaf and hard of hearing, 1,993; speech impaired and hard of hearing, 4,493; crippled and special health problems, 4,792; and special health problems and socially maladjusted, 22. Also includes 579 pupils for whom no major category of exceptionality was designated. i Distributed throughout other categories. 1958 were the speech impaired, with nearly half a million enrolled. The second largest group served were the mentally retarded with about 223,000 receiving specialized instruction in the local public schools and another 28,000 in residential schools. Next in rank order by number enrolled in special education were the socially and emotionally mal¬ adjusted with over 28,000 reported in local school programs and nearly 37,000 in education programs of residential schools. This is an area where the potential need far outstrips the services rendered. Total special education enrollments of blind children were nearly 10,000; of deaf children, over 20,000. Roughly one- third of each group were receiving special education in the local public school systems; the remainder were in public or private residential schools. Enrollments of the partially seeing (over 8,000) and hard oj hearing (about 13,000) were lower than the blind and the deaj, respectively, and were far lower than would be expected from available prevalence estimates. In three other areas of exceptionality — crippled, special health problems, and gifted — the total en¬ rollments were also below the number thought to be in need of special education. The reason for these disparities between estimated prevalence and enrollment is not known. It may be that for some areas of exceptionality the prevalence figures need adjusting or it may be that there is an actual lag in service. Although separate reports of pupils in each area of exceptionality were requested, it was apparently not possible for some local school systems to supply data in this manner. Instead, they reported com¬ bined enrollment figures for two related areas. On the average, this type of reporting represented only about 1 percent of the total. However, combined enrollments of children who were deaj or hard oj hearing and of children who were crippled or had special health problems made up close to 10 percent of the total reported for those areas. Number of Administrative Units Reporting Programs The number of local public and residential school administrative units enrolling pupils in each area of exceptionality is shown in table 1 . Al¬ though a total of 3,641 public school systems reported enrollments in the present survey, the number having programs for each of the various types of exceptionality varied widely. (The term program in this publication is used to mean any provision for the special instruction of one or more exceptional children.) By far the largest proportion of the 3,641 school systems had special education facilities for the mentally retarded (figure 1). This was fol- BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Figure 1. — Percent of 3,641 local public school systems reporting special education enroll¬ ments, by area of exceptionality : 1957-58 Figure 2. — Percent of 582 residential schools reporting special education enrollments, by area of exceptionality : 1957-58 Blind - - — ) 25 1 I9 50 1 75 1 100 1 C Blind — . . ) 25 I ' 9 50 75 100 Partially Seeing - Deaf - Social ly and II 49 9 Emotionally Maladjusted Hard of Hearing - F Mentally Retarded - 34 Speech Impaired. Crippled Special Health Problems Socially and Emotionally Maladjusted Gifted Mentally Retarded 39 33 13 83 lowed, in order, by programs in the areas of the speech impaired , the crippled, and special health problems. Only a small proportion had programs for children who are blind, deaf, or gifted. One way of obtaining a picture of the distribu¬ tion of programs for the various types of excep¬ tional children is to examine the directory found in table B, page 27. This is not a precise picture, however, since it is known that in many cases there are cooperative arrangements whereby one school system is enrolling pupils from a number of other school systems not represented in this re¬ port. A more complete study of this practice is planned for the 1962-63 survey. About one-half of the 582 residential schools reporting enrollments in an education program were for children and youth who are socially and emotionally maladjusted .6 About one-third were for the mentally retarded (table 1 and figure 2). Number of States Some form . of special education was found in each of the 48 States and the District of Columbia in February 1958. Table 1 shows the number of States in which enrollments were reported by local public school systems and by public and private residential schools for each area of exceptionality.7 The only local school programs found in all 48 States and the District of Columbia were for children and youth with speech impairments or mental retardation. Programs for children who are partially seeing, hard of hearing, crippled, or who have special health problems were reported in most of the States. School systems in only about four-fifths of the States reported special education provisions in the public day schools for those who are gifted, blind, or deaf. Only residential schools for socially and emotionally maladjusted children were reported in all 48 States and the District of Columbia. Thus, the more than 4,200 administrative units which reported special education enrollments in the present survey, either as local public school systems or as public or private residential schools, were distributed widely but not evenly throughout the 48 States. 6 Eleven of the 582 schools served both blind and deaf children, and four served both the mentally retarded and the socially and emotionally maladjusted. 7 Enrollment figures, by State and by area of exceptionality, are given in table A, page 21. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 5 A Decade of Growth and Change: 1948-58 Steady growth in the total number of exceptional • children enrolled in special education programs has been reported in previous publications of this series. Special interest attaches, however, to the decade 1948-58, a period of rapid but uneven expansion, and also the most recent period for which data are available for both local public school systems and residential schools.8 Over this 10-year span there was an increase in special education enrollment of about 536,000 exceptional children and youth — a numerical gain greater than the total number reported in the 1947-48 report (table 2). This 122 percent Table 2. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs in local public school sys¬ tems and in public and private residential schools, and numerical and percent increase, by area of exceptionality : United States,1 1947-48 and 1957-58 Area of exceptionality Number of pupils enrolled Numerical increase Percent increase 1947-48 2 1957-53 3 Grand total _ 439, 656 975, 972 536, 316 122 Local public school systems _ 377, 615 889, 560 511, 945 136 Blind _ _ 529 2, 898 2, 369 448 Partially seeing _ _ 7, 464 8, 643 1,179 16 Deaf _ 3,514 6,473 2, 959 84 Hard of hearing _ _ 9,914 13, 150 3, 236 33 Speech impaired . . 181,856 489, 644 307, 788 169 Crippled _ _ 21,115 29, 339 8,224 39 Special health problems . . Socially and emotionally mal¬ 19, 124 23, 077 3, 953 21 adjusted _ _ 15, 340 28, 622 13, 282 87 Gifted _ _ 20, 712 52, 269 31,557 152 Mentally retarded . . 86, 980 223, 447 136, 467 157 Not reported separately _ 4 11, 067 3 11,998 931 8 Residential schools _ 62, 041 86, 412 24, 371 39 Blind _ _ 5,150 6, 897 1,747 34 Deaf _ _ _ Socially and emotionally mal¬ 12, 971 « 14. 370 8 1, 399 8 11 adjusted _ 22, 460 36, 998 14, 538 65 Mentally retarded . . 21,460 28, 147 6, 687 31 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia. 2 Based on data collected during the 1946-48 Biennial Survey and adjusted for com¬ parability with the 1957-58 survey (see appendix A, page 103). Reports from local public school systems were for the school year 1947-48. Earlier publications gave the school year for public and private residential school reports as 1946-47, but records in the Office of Education indicate that these data were for the close of the school year 1945-46. 3 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. 4 Includes the following enrollments given in a combined report for two areas of exceptionality: Blind and partially seeing, 223; deaf and hard of hearing, 549; speech and deaf and/or hard of hearing, 488; crippled and special health problems, 6,988; socially maladjusted amd mentally retarded, 87. Also includes 2,732 pupils for whom no category of exceptionality was designated. 3 See footnote 6 of table 1. 8 Addition of enrollments for schools inadvertently omitted from the survey brings the total to 15,986, an increase of 3,015 or 23 percent (see appendix A, page 103). 8 See footnote 2 of table 2 and appendix A, page 103. increase was more than three times that of the Nation’s schoolage population rise and the rise in total public elementary and secondary school enrollment (both about 40 percent) during this same period.9 It appears to represent a significant advance in closing the gap between the number who need special education and the number enrolled. Another aspect of growth is the geographic spread of special education during this period. About two and one-half times as many local public school systems reported enrollments in special education in the 1957-58 survey as in the 1947-48 survey — 3,641 compared with 1,459. Enrollment Increases by Area of Ex¬ ceptionality General statements on total enrollment changes do not adequately describe the changes which have taken place in specific areas of exceptionality. As a whole, the 1948-58 gain of 136 percent (table 2) by the local public school systems exceeded ex¬ pectations on the basis of comparable gains in the schoolage population. On this basis, residential school enrollments increased at an “expected” rate of about 40 percent.. It is evident from figure 3 that, within these two broad groupings of special education enrollments, wide differences appeared in rate of growth from one area of exceptionality to another. Percentagewise, there was spectacular growth in enrollment of blind children in local public school programs. This gain did not result from a loss of enrollments in residential schools, for these en¬ rollments also increased during this period by about 1,750 children (table 2). The high percentage gain in local school pro¬ grams for children with speech impairments is a continuation of a steady enrollment growth since 1931-32, the first school year in which comparable data were collected for this area of exceptionality.10 8 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Population Estimates, Series P-25, Nos. 41 and 187; and Samuel Schloss, and Carol Joy Hobson, Statistics of State School Systems, 1957-58, Chapter 2, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1956-58, OE 20020-58, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 100 p. 10 Appendix A, page 105, contains a list of selected Biennial Survey publi¬ cations in the series on special education of exceptional children. 6 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Figure 3. — Percent iricrease in special education enrollments, by area of exceptionality, and in total public school enrollment: 1947-48 to 1957-58 Local school special education programs for mentally gifted and mentally retarded children both increased percentagewise at a high rate (figure 3), but the numerical gains were far higher for the mentally retarded (table 2). In the case of the gifted this was a continuation of a major growth trend since 1937-38 when only about 2,800 such children were reported in special schools or classes. In the case of the mentally retarded, however, it is a reversal of a downward trend noted during the decade 1938-48. Between 1948 and 1958, substantial percentage gains were made in local school programs for the deaj. The gain in residential school enrollments is known to be higher than appears in table 2 and figure 3. Addition of data for schools which were inadvertently omitted from this survey brings the residential school increase to 23 percent (see appendix A). Programs for children who are partially sighted, hard of hearing, or who have special health problems did not expand as rapidly as might have been predicted from the total public day school enroll¬ ment increases during the decade (figure 3). Interpretation of the apparent growth in special education enrollment between 1948 and 1958 in the area of the socially and emotionally maladjusted is difficult because of changing terminology used in the surveys, which in turn reflects changing educational and social concepts in the field. In the 1957-58 survey the broad term 1 ‘socially and emotionally maladjusted” was used. In the 1947-48 survey the terminology used in the ques¬ tionnaire to local school systems was not identical to that used in the questionnaire to residential schools. In the case of the local school systems the term “behavior problems” was used and the respondents were instructed to report only chil¬ dren assigned to special schools or classes as “truants” or “disciplinary cases.” In the case of the residential schools the somewhat broader term “socially maladjusted or delinquent” was used. By 1958 more attention was being paid to a group of children for whom the term “emotionally disturbed” was being used, a trend which appears to be continuing. For this reason the question¬ naires to both local public and residential schools used the more encompassing terminology “socially and emotionally maladjusted.” It is therefore not clear how much of the sub¬ stantial increase in enrollments of the socially and emotionally maladjusted between 1948 and 1958 (table 2) is a function of the broader concepts used in the 1957-58 survey and how much is a real increase in educational programs for these children. Some light may be thrown on this by a breakdown of the enrollments in residential schools. Analysis of public training schools sepa¬ rately shows that enrollments increased at more nearly the rate of the schoolage population (about 40 percent). Enrollments in private residential schools increased more than 150 percent in the decade and the number of these schools rose from 27 to 123. (See table F, page 90, for a school-by- school report of enrollments and information on public or private auspices of each school.) EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 7 Changes in Distribution of Enrollments Between Local Public and Residential Schools In this study, there were four areas of excep¬ tionality in which special education enrollments were reported by both local public school systems i and public and private residential schools: the blind, the deaf, the socially and emotionally maladjusted, and the mentally retarded. Changes in the dis- i tribution of enrollments between local public and residential schools can be observed when the 1957-58 data are compared with the data from the 1939-40 and the 1947-48 surveys (figure 4). 11 i Between 1940 and 1958, an increasingly large proportion of special education enrollments in the areas of the blind, deaf, and socially and emotionally I maladjusted has been reported by local public school systems. In the case of the blind, the change was from 5 to 30 percent ; for the socially and emotionally maladjusted, it was from 29 to 44 « percent. A high proportion — from 80 to 89 per¬ cent — of special education for mentally retarded children has been provided by local public school systems since 1940. These changes do not indicate a lessening in the need for any type of program. Rather, they tend to indicate that more and more a variety of school i Figure 4. — Percent of special education enroll¬ ments in local public school systems and in residential schools for four areas of exception¬ ality: 1939-40, 1947-48, and 1957-58 0 20 40 60 80 100 11 See appendix A for references and brief discussion of comparability of the data. settings is becoming available for more selective placement of individual children according to their special needs. Geographic Expansion of Special Educa¬ tion Historically, the administrative units reporting data in this statistical series have been the individual local public school systems and the individual residential schools. Any increase in the number of administrative units reporting enrollments (over and above those that are attrib¬ utable to differences in survey response rates or methods) is an indication of increasing accessibility of programs to children and their parents. Simi¬ larly, the number of States in which the reporting units are located give some indication of the geo¬ graphic distribution of special education oppor¬ tunities across the Nation. Comparison of the 1957-58 with the 1947-48 survey findings showed a 150 percent increase in the number of local public school systems report¬ ing enrollments of at least one type of exceptional child (table 3). Undoubtedly a great deal of this expansion reflects a continued outward spread of the program from the larger centers of popula¬ tion where it began, to include more village, rural, and sparsely populated areas. As in enrollment growth, gains in number of local school programs were not uniform for the various types of exceptional children and youth (figure 5). 12 Approximately 2,300 school systems initiated special education programs for mentally retarded children and about 1,200 for speech im¬ paired children in the years between 1948 and 1958 (table 3). These were the only 2 areas in which each of the 48 States and the District of Columbia were represented by the enrollment re¬ ports of the local school systems. This was an increase of nine States in the area of speech im¬ pairment and three in mental retardation (table 4). Programs for blind and gifted children showed the greatest geographic percentage growth. Each expanded from a relatively few school systems in a small number of States to a substantial w To some extent the area differences may be due to the increase in pro¬ grams operated by more than one school system, particularly in areas such as the blind, where few children of similar age or exceptionality would be found in any one moderate-sized community. No attempt was made in either the 1947-48 or the 1957-58 survey to determine the extent of this prac¬ tice, but a special study of this will be included in the 1962-63 survey. BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 8 Table 3. — Number of local public school systems and public and private residential schools reporting special education enrollments, and numerical and percent change, by area of exceptionality : United States,1 1947-48 and 1957-58 Area of exceptionality Number reporting Numerical Percent 1947-48 2 1957-582 3 change change Local public school systems . 4 1, 459 4 3, 641 2, 182 +150 Blind _ 39 340 +301 +772 Partially seeing _ 240 498 +258 +108 Deaf . . . 122 335 +213 +175 Hard of hearing _ 261 607 +346 +133 Speech impaired... . . 455 1,618 +1. 163 +256 Crippled _ 959 1,408 +449 +47 Special health problems _ 8 549 1,190 +641 +117 Socially and emotionally mal¬ adjusted _ _ _ 90 478 +388 +431 Gifted _ 15 240 +225 +1, 500 Mentally retarded _ 729 3, 005 +2, 276 +312 Residential schools - - 4 422 4 582 160 +38 Blind.... . . . . 54 51 -3 -6 Deaf _ 79 «66 0) <») Socially and emotionally mal¬ adjusted _ .. 163 283 +120 +74 Mentally retarded _ _ _ 139 197 +58 +42 : Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia. 2 See footnote 2 of table 2. 3 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. 4 Total reporting special education programs, not the sum of the figures in the column. 3 In table 2, enrollments in the 2 categories "delicate" and "epileptic” used in the 1947-48 survey were added together to compare with the "special health problems" category used in the 1957-58 survey. Data are not available, however, to obtain a nonduplicated count of school systems for the two groups in 1947-48. Therefore only the school systems reporting "delicate" children in 1947-48 are included in this table. « Addition of data for residential schools inadvertently omitted from the survey brings the total to 83, an increase of 4 schools or five percent (see appendix A, page 104). Table 4. — Number of States in which local public school systems and public and private residential schools reported special education enrollments, and numerical and percent change, by area of exceptionality : United States,1 1947-48 and 1957-58 Area of exceptionality Number of States Numerical Percent 1947-48 2 1957-58 3 change change Local public school systems Blind _ 13 39 +26 +200 Partially seeing _ _ _ 33 46 +13 +39 Deaf _ 31 40 +9 +29 Hard of hearing _ . . .. 35 47 +12 +34 Speech impaired. _ _ 40 49 +9 +23 Crippled _ 47 48 +1 +2 Special health problems _ 42 48 +6 +14 Socially and emotionally maladjusted. 25 47 +22 +88 Gifted _ _ 10 38 +28 +280 Mentally retarded _ 46 49 +3 +7 Residential schools Blind _ 41 40 -1 -2 Deaf _ 45 4 45 (4) <4) Socially and emotionally maladjusted. Mentally retarded _ 49 46 49 46 0 0 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia. 2 See footnote 2 of table 2. 3 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. 4 Addition of the States with schools inadvertently omitted from the survey brings the total to 47, an increase of two States or 4 percent. Figure 5. — Number of local public school systems reporting special education enrollments, by area of exceptionality : 1947-48 and 1957-58 [Total 1947-48, 1,459: total 1957-58, 3,641] o 500 1,000 1,500 3,000 number in nearly 40 States (table 4). Some of the geographic expansion in other areas also appears to have been in terms of pioneering efforts in States that hitherto did not have such programs. Reports of local school programs for the socially and emotionally maladjusted , for example, increased from about 100 local school systems to nearly 500, with the States represented increasing from 25 to 47 (tables 3 and 4). Overall, the number of residential schools reporting enrollments increased about 40 percent between 1947 and 1948, (table 3). Changes noted in the area of the socially and emotionally maladjusted and the mentally retarded seem to be EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 9 large enough to be actual increases and not . differences attributable to response rates in the two surveys. Unfortunately it is not known how many of these were new programs and how many were inadvertently omitted from the earlier study. Other difficulties of interpreting increases in the area of the socially and emotionally mal- ; adjusted have already been discussed. Practically no change occurred in the number of States in which there were residential schools reporting programs mainly because by 1948 most States already had residential school facilities. Where the more sparsely populated States do not maintain residential institutions for the blind or the deaj, provision is made to send these children to schools in a neighboring State. Enrollment by Instructional Level One of the aspects of special education which, since 1937-38, has been reported regularly in this statistical series is the distribution of enrollment according to elementary and secondary classifica¬ tions. Several changes were made in the 1957-58 survey which make it possible to elaborate some¬ what on these two categories: (1) Nursery and Table 5. — Number and percent of pupils in nine areas of exceptionality enrolled in local public school special education programs at the nursery and kindergarten, elementary, and secondary levels: United States, 1957-581 Area of exceptionality Total Nursery and kinder¬ garten Elemen¬ tary Secon¬ dary Not re¬ ported by level of instruc¬ tion 2 NUMBER iotal _ 666, 113 4, 230 554, 123 97, 412 10, 348 Blind _ . 2, 898 289 2, 043 501 65 Partially seeing _ 8, 643 18 6, 477 1,925 223 Deaf _ _ 6,473 979 3, 935 883 676 Hard of hearing _ 13, 150 7 10, 423 2, 477 243 Speech impaired _ 489, 644 1,514 444, 138 39, 674 4,318 Crippled _ 29, 339 1,216 22, 692 4,358 1,073 Special health problems . 23,077 12 16. 241 6,655 169 Socially and emotionally mal¬ adjusted _ 28, 622 2 18, 519 7, 838 2, 263 Gifted . 52, 269 155 19, 808 32, 159 147 Not reported separately 3 _ 11,998 38 9, 847 942 1,171 PERCENT Total _ 100 1 83 15 2 Blind _ 100 10 70 17 2 Partially seeing _ . 100 * 75 22 3 Deaf _ 100 15 61 14 10 Hard of hearing _ 100 * 79 19 2 Speech impaired _ 100 * 91 8 1 Crippled _ 100 4 77 15 4 Special health problems... 100 * 70 29 1 Socially and emotionally mal¬ adjusted _ 100 * 65 27 8 Gifted _ . 100 * 38 62 * Not reported separately _ 100 * 82 8 10 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia; 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. 2 Includes 1,996 enrollments given in a combined elementary and secondary report, 892 in an instructional program unclassified by level, 187 "12 years of age and older,” 95 "3 to 18 years of age,” 84 “intermediate” and 7,094 for whom no information was given on level of instruction. 3 See footnote 7 of table 1. 693-360 0—63 - kindergarten enrollments were collected from local school systems for the first time, (2) enroll¬ ment of mentally retarded pupils was collected from local school systems according to the type of school building in which the special class was housed, and (3) space was provided to record enrollments of pupils not classified according to one of the instructional levels specified. In February 1958, a little over 80 percent of all exceptional pupils (not including the mentally retarded) in local public school programs of special education were enrolled at the elementary level (table 5). The remainder were enrolled in secondary programs (15 percent), nursery-kinder¬ garten programs (1 percent), or were not reported by level of instruction. In the residential schools, the distribution of total enrollments (again not including the mentally retarded) was quite different, with 53 percent in elementary, 38 percent in secondary or vocational programs, 4 percent at the nursery and kindergarten level, and the remainder not reported by level (table 6). Nursery and Kindergarten Nursery and kindergarten programs for excep¬ tional children are a comparatively recent devel¬ opment in local public school practices. In Feb¬ ruary 1958 they were found in about 170 school systems in 29 States (see table C, page 83). The total number of children reported was a little over 5,000 (table 7). The separate kindergarten pro¬ gram was the largest numerically, with 57 percent of the total enrollment, followed by the combined nursery -kindergarten program (27 percent) and the separate nursery school programs (15 percent). Although all types of exceptional children were reported in these programs, the blind, deaj, speech impaired, crippled, and mentally retarded tended to 2 10 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 6. — Number and percent of pupils in three areas of exceptionality enrolled in public and private residential school special education programs at the nursery and kindergarten, elementary, and secondary levels: United States, 1957-58 1 Area of exceptionality Total Nursery and kinder¬ garten Elemen¬ tary Second¬ ary Not re¬ ported by instruc¬ tional level NUMBER Total _ _ 58,265 2, 508 30, 828 21, 912 3, 017 Blind _ _ 6, 897 860 4, 252 1,651 2 134 Deaf _ 14, 370 1,547 9, 433 32,916 4 474 Socially and emotionally mal¬ adjusted _ 36, 998 101 17, 143 517, 345 « 2, 409 PERCENT Total.. _ _ 100 4 53 38 5 Blind _ 100 12 62 24 2 Deaf _ _ 100 11 66 20 3 Socially and emotionally mal¬ adjusted _ ICO * 46 47 7 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia; 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. 2 Includes 61 unclassified by grade, 22 in a special room or class, 14 reported as autistic, 7 slow starters, 4 out-of-course pupils, and 26 for whom no information was given. 3 Includes 41 pupils reported in vocational programs. * Includes 12 ungraded, 27 non-learners, 18 slow-learners, 4 aphasic, 9 in hard-of- hearing clinic class, 232 in combined elementary and secondary report, and 172 for whom no information was given. : Includes 1,223 reported in vocational programs. « Includes 92 ungraded pupils, 1,052 receiving remedial or special education, 15 in a special class for mentally retarded, 16 in a combined vocational and pre-primary report, 374 in a combined secondary and vocational report, 90 reported in spare time study, 16 reported as emotionally disturbed and/or below elementary level, and 754 for whom no information was given. Table 7. — Number of children enrolled in nurs¬ ery and kindergarten special education pro¬ grams in local public school systems, by area of exceptionality : United States, 1957-581 Area of exceptionality Total Separate nursery program Separate kinder¬ garten program Combined nursery and kinder¬ garten program Total . . . . 5,226 808 2, 584 1,434 Blind _ Partially seeing _ 289 18 979 7 1,514 37 1,216 12 2 155 996 1 58 98 1 164 7 1,281 133 17 608 Deaf.. _ _ _ 207 Hard of hearing . Speech impaired 109 37 306 124 Hard of hearing and speech impaired not reported separately _ Crippled _ _ _ _ 511 2 2 130 787 1 399 10 Special health problems _ Socially and emotionally maladjusted. Gifted _ _ _ 25 66 Mentally retarded . . 143 Not reported by major category of exceptionality _ _ i Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia; 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. predominate. In terms of the proportion of chil¬ dren receiving special education in any one area, the deaf (15 percent) and blind (10 percent) ranked highest in the nursery and kindergarten aspect of the program (table 5). As shown in table 6, nursery and kindergarten enrollments comprised a substantial proportion of the total number of children in education pro¬ grams in residential schools for the blind (12 per¬ cent) and the deaf (11 percent). No separate category was provided on the questionnaire to residential schools for the socially and emotionally maladjusted, but about 100 nursery and kinder¬ garten pupils were identified by write-ins. Elementary and Secondary Elementary and secondary school enrollments are shown in table 5 for the local school systems and in table 6 for the residential schools. There was some variation among the different areas of exceptionality in the proportion of pupils enrolled at each of these instructional levels. In the local schools, the area of special education with the smallest percentage enrolled at the sec¬ ondary level was speech impaired (8 percent) ; the area with the highest was the gifted (62 percent). Data gathered in a comparable way for the total elementary and secondary public school population in the fall of 1957 yielded a figure of 31 percent enrolled in secondary schools.13 With the excep¬ tion of the gifted, all areas of exceptionality fell below this figure, and the average for all areas combined was only 15 percent. It is difficult to interpret these findings without first ascertaining what proportion of exceptional children would be expected to be enrolled in special education at the secondary level. For example, some exceptional children, if provided with effective special educa¬ tion at the elementary level, can be educated in the regular classroom in secondary schools. Between 1948 and 1958, special education enroll¬ ments in elementary level programs increased 126 percent, while secondary enrollments increased 151 percent. This compares with a rise of about 40 percent in both elementary and secondary 13 Samuel Schloss and Carol Joy Hobson, Fall 1967, Enrollment, Teachers and Schoolhousing in Full-time Public FJlementary and Day Schools. Circular Number 513 Revised. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958, 13 p. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 11 Figure 6. — Percent increase in elementary and secondary enrollments for pupils in nine areas of special education in local public school systems: 1947—48 to 1957— 58 ] Elementary Secondary enrollments in the general public school program.14 The higher rate of growth of special education at the secondary level was found in every area of exceptionality but the blind and gifted (figure 6). Programs for blind children and youth grew rapidly at both levels. In the case of the gifted, however, the program seems to have begun primarily as a secondary school effort, and only since 1948 was there a substantial expansion of programs in the elementary schools. 14 Based on kindergarten through 8th grade as "elementary” and grades 9 to 12 as "secondary.” Exact comparisons with recent special education surveys are not possible because school systems have reported, since 1948, according to their own use of the terms elementary and secondary. This means that 7th- and 8th- grade enrollments were reported by some school systems as elementary and by others as secondary. However, if 7th- and 8th- grade enrollments in the general public school program are included with secondary instead of elementary totals, it makes only 1 percent of difference in the relative rate of growth of elementary or secondary schools between 1948 Data from the 1952-53 report give some insight into how these changes were distributed during the 10-year period, 1948-58. Comparable data are available in all areas shown in figure 6 except socially and emotionally maladjusted and for all public school programs except home and hospital instruction. By using these data to divide the decade into 5-year periods, and deleting data not comparable from the 1947-48 and 1957-58 surveys, one gains some additional insight into the growth rate (figures 7 and 8). In elementary programs major percentage accel¬ erations in growth were found in the areas of the blind and gifted during the second half of the decade (figure 7). The drop in enrollments in the area of special health problems, which began in the first hah, accelerated during the second half. In Figure 7. — Percent change in elementary en¬ rollments for pupils in eight areas of special education in local public school systems : 1947- 48 to 1952-53 and 1952-53 to 1957-58 Gifted - Decrease Increase 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 I I I Blind - Partially Seeing — Deaf - Hard of Hearing — Speech Impaired-- Crippled - Special Health Problems b- 1948-53 1953-58 Note: Does not include home and hospital instruction, as comparable data are not available for 1953. 12 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 Figure 8. — Percent change in secondary enroll¬ ments for pupils in eight areas of special education in local public school systems : 1947- 48 to 1952-53 and 1952-53 to 1957-58 Figure 9. — Percent increase in elementary and secondary enrollments of residential schools in three areas of special education: 1947-48 to 1957-58 Blind Partially Seeing Deaf Hard of Hearing' Speech Impaired Crippled Special Health Problems - Gifted I I 1948-53 Decrease Increase 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 I Note: Does not include home and hospital instruction, as comparable data are not available for 1953. most other areas the change was rather evenly distributed between the two halves of the period. In comparison the total public elementary school program showed a gain of slightly less than 20 percent during each of these two 5-year periods. In secondary programs, the speech impaired made an outstanding percentage gain in the first half of the decade, followed by a loss in the second half (figure 8). The crippled and special health problems areas also gained in the first and lost in the second half. The area of the blind showed an accelerating gain over the entire 10-year period. In the residential schools for exceptional children (not including those for the mentally retarded) the proportion of elementary and secondary pupils enrolled is, again, somewhat different from that of the general local public school program (table 6). For the blind and deaf, one major difference from the normal school population was the relatively high proportion enrolled in nursery and kinder¬ garten programs. As in the local school special education programs, the somewhat lower pro¬ portion of blind and deaf pupils in secondary school may be due, at least in part, to the fact that some transfer from special education into a regular high school program. Even so, between 1948 and 1958, secondary enrollment in the area of the deaf grew at a much higher rate than in the area of the blind (figure 9). The relatively high proportion of socially and emotionally maladjusted pupils enrolled at the secondary level is undoubtedly due to the fact that institutions for delinquents are largely made up of secondary schoolage youth. This probably also accounts for the fact that most of the increase in enrollments between 1948 and 1958 was at the secondary level (figure 9). Mentally Retarded Children and Youth In the present survey, enrollments of mentally retarded children in local public school systems were collected on the basis of the building in which they were housed. Sixty-six percent of the upper range (educable) retarded were housed in elemen¬ tary school buildings, 25 percent in secondary school buildings, and the remainder in other facilities (table 8). Local school systems made more extensive use of EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 13 Table 8.— Number and percent of mentally retarded children in local public school special education programs housed in elementary, secondary, and special school buildings, by degree of retarda¬ tion: United States, 1957-58 1 Degree of retardation Total Schoolhousing Other type of program or not reported by school¬ housing Elementary school building Secondary school building Special school building Other type of building Total _ NUMBER 223, 447 147, 005 51, 104 18, 880 2 2, 617 3,841 Upper range (approximately 50 to 75 IQ) . - . . 205, 245 16, 799 1,403 135, 937 10,718 350 50, 765 324 15 14,346 4, 534 1,524 1,058 35 »2,673 4 165 « 1, 003 Middle range (approximately 25 to 50 IQ). _ _ _ Upper and middle range not separately reported _ _ Total _ _ PERCENT 100 66 23 8 1 2 Upper range (approximately 50 to 75 IQ) 100 100 100 66 64 25 25 2 1 7 27 0 1 6 2 1 1 71 Middle range (approximately 25 to 50 IQ) _ __ Upper and middle range not separately reported. . 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia; 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. This table does not include 996 nursery and kindergarten pupils. 2 Includes 270 in combined elementary and secondary buildings and 392 in othe types of school buildings, such as vocation education; 292 in community buildings, such as churches and lodge halls; 368 in other nonschool buildings, rented, or tem¬ porary facilities; 447 day pupils in residential institutions; 20 in hospitals; and 828 for whom no information was given on type of schoolhousing. 2 Includes 1,853 part-time in regular class, 723 on home instruction, 31 in a full-time special class, 21 spending half-day or less in school, 7 on hospital instruction , 4 sent to private day school with tuition paid by local school system, and 34 for whom no infor¬ mation was given about type of program. 4 Includes 129 on home instruction, 12 spending half-day or less in school, 1 part-time in regular class, and 23 for whom no information was given about type of program. 5 Includes 996 pupils enrolled in nursery and kindergarten programs, and 7 forwhom no information was given on type of program. special school buildings (27 percent) and other community buildings (6 percent) for the middle range (trainable) retarded than for the upper range (educable) retarded (table 8). In 1937-38, similar data were collected but not according to degree of retardation. At that time 15 percent of all mentally retarded children enrolled for special education were in special school buildings, as com¬ pared with 8 percent for the upper and middle range combined in the 1957-58 survey. Types of Program Organisation in Local Public School Systems One aspect of the persistent efforts of special educators to meet more precisely the needs of all exceptional children is found in the increasing diversity of organization of special programs in local public school systems. Some exceptional children, because of the nature or degree of their handicapping condition, may require only a part- time special program, while others must spend their entire school day in a special class. New patterns of organization of special education pro¬ grams have been emerging in recent years, and some research and study are now being directed toward evaluating their effectiveness. In order to obtain more information on practice, several broad organizational categories were used in this survey to collect enrollment data from the local school systems.15 They were : (1) Full-time special 15 Data on nursery and kindergarten programs were not collected according to school organization patterns. school or class, (2) part-time in special class (including instruction by a special, itinerant, or resource teacher) and part-time in regular class, (3) home instruction, and (4) instruction in a hospital or convalescent home. In the question¬ naire provision was also made for reporting pupils receiving special education in some other type ol organization. The results, by area of exception¬ ality and organization category, are given in table 9 and figure 10. In all areas except speech impaired, enrollments were reported in both full-time special schools and classes and in part-time special education com¬ bined with regular school placement (figure 10). Once again, however, a great deal of variation was found from one area of exceptionality to another. Instruction of blind, partially seeing, and socially and emotionally maladjusted children was about equally divided between full-time and part-time 14 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table 9. — Number and percent of pupils in 10 areas of exceptionality enrolled in local public school systems for full- or part-time special education, home or hospital instruction: United States 1957-58 1 Area of exceptionality Total Full-time in special class or in special day school Part-time in special program and part-time in regular class 2 Home In¬ struction Instruction in a hospital, sanatorium, or conva¬ lescent home Other type of program or not reported by type of program NUMBER Total _ 884, 334 285, 472 582, 134 21, 851 10, 047 4, 830 Blind _ 2, 609 1,050 1,299 190 43 27 Partially seeing - - - - 8,625 3,861 4,512 182 6 64 Deaf _ 5,494 4,105 1,260 21 83 25 Hard of hearing - - - 13, 143 3, 224 9,321 34 14 550 Speech impaired . . . . . . 488, 130 487,811 194 83 42 Crippled _ _ _ _ - - - 28, 123 15, 749 1,576 6, 522 3, 987 289 Special health _ _ _ _ _ 23, 065 3, 913 1,066 12, 739 5,196 151 Socially and emotionally maladjusted _ _ _ 28,620 12,215 14, 390 444 423 1,148 Gifted _ _ - _ _ _ 52.114 35, 168 16, 569 102 275 Mentally retarded (upper range) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 205, 245 184, 184 18, 388 723 1,950 Mentally retarded (middle range) . . . . . . 16, 799 15,918 716 129 36 Not reported separately 3 - - - - — 12, 367 6, 085 5, 226 571 212 273 PERCENT Total _ 100 32 64 2 1 1 Blind _ _ _ _ _ 100 40 50 7 2 1 Partially seeing - _ - - - - 100 45 52 2 * 1 Deaf _ 100 75 23 * 2 1 Hard of hearing - - - - - - - 100 25 71 * * 4 Speech impaired _ 100 0 100 * * * Crippled _ _ _ _ _ _ - . - - - 100 56 6 23 14 1 Special health - - - 100 17 5 55 23 1 Socially and emotionally maladjusted _ _ _ 100 43 50 2 1 4 Gifted _ _ — . 100 68 32 • 0 1 Mentally retarded (upper range) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 100 90 9 * 0 1 Mentally retarded (middle range) _ _ _ 100 95 4 1 0 * Not reported separately 3 _ 100 49 42 5 2 2 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia; 1957-58 data were collected as of February 1958. This table does not include 5,226 nursery and kindergarten pupils. 2 Includes instruction in a regularly scheduled specialclass or by a special, itinerant, or resource teacher. 2 Includes the following enrollments given in a combined report for two areas of exceptionality: blind and partially seeing, 119; deaf and hard of hearing, 1,993; speech impaired and hard of hearijig, 4,456; crippled and special health problems, 4,792; special health problems and socially maladjusted, 22; and mentally retarded (upper and middle range), 407. Also includes 578 exceptional pupils for whom no "major" category of exceptionality was designated. special education. Most of the mentally retarded children were in full-time special schools or classes, along with a high proportion of both the deaj and the gifted. In contrast, special education for hard-oj -hearing children was predominantly on a part-time basis. Because the 1957-58 survey was the first to collect enrollments in full-time special schools and classes separately from enrollments in part-time special education programs, no trends can be reported at this time. However, it is planned to continue the use of these organizational categories in the 1962-63 survey of special educa¬ tion. When those findings become available, some trends in practice may become apparent. Over the years several types of school programs have been provided to meet the needs of crippled children and children with special health problems. Some of these children are so handicapped, at least for a part of their lives, that education must be brought to them either in a hospital or in their homes. Others can attend special day schools or classes where adaptations are made not only in curriculum and methods of teaching, but also in transportation, housing, and other facilities. Still others, with specialized supervision and necessary program modification, can spend all or part of their day in regular day school classes. In the 1957-58 survey it was found that about one-half of the crippled children enrolled for special educa¬ tion and about one-fifth of those with special health problems were spending full time in a special school or class. Only a very small percent were enrolled part time in special education and part time in regular classes. Most of the others were receiving instruction in their own home or in a hospital (table 9 and fig. 10). A comparison of these data with earlier surveys shows that a marked change took place between 1938 and 1958 in the proportion of children with special health problems enrolled in special day EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 15 Figure 10. — Percent of pupils enrolled full or part time in special education programs of local public school systems: 1957-58 I 0 20 40 60 80 100 Blind Partially Seeing Deaf - Hard of Hearing- Speech impaired Crippled - Special Health Problems - Socially and Emotionally Maladjusted Gifted - - Mentally Retarded (upper range) Mentally Retarded (middle range) ■H Full-time special school or class Part -time special program, part-time regular class L I Home, hospital, and other instructional programs, such as detention homes schools or classes compared with those in home or hospital instruction. Percent Percent in special in home or schools hospital or classes instruction 1937-38 16 _ _ 89 11 1947-48 16 _ _ 60 40 1957-58 _ 22 78 The total number reported was only slightly higher in 1957-58 than in 1937-38. The change in pro¬ portion was apparently due to a sharp drop in enrollments in special schools and classes coupled with an equally sharp rise in both home and hos¬ pital instruction for this group of exceptional children. As can be noted in the tabulation above, the shift was accelerated during the second half of the 20-year period. 16 Adjusted for comparison with data from 1957-58 survey. See appendix A, page 103, for references and discussion of comparability of the data. At the same time, there appears to have been a steady reduction of the proportion of crippled children enrolled in home or hospital instruction as compared with enrollments in special day schools or classes : Percent Percent in special in home or schools hospital or classes instruction 1937-38 18 _ _ 54 46 1947-48 18 _ _ 57 43 1957-58 _ _ 62 38 The actual number of crippled children reported in home or hospital programs has dropped only slightly since 1938. Most of the shift can be accounted for by the increased number of such children reported in special day schools or classes. It is possible that the increasing proportion of cerebral palsied children, due at least in part to a drop in other types of crippling conditions, has been a factor in changing this ratio. While in the past 20 years there has not been a great deal of change in total enrollments, the number of school systems reporting special educa¬ tion programs for crippled children multiplied five times between 1940 17 and 1958, while those re¬ porting programs for children with special health problems multiplied seven times. The interpreta¬ tion of these findings is difficult, but it appears that a large number of the school systems reporting special education for the first time in these areas may have had home instruction programs only. Of the approximately 1,400 local public school systems reporting programs for crippled children in February 1958, approximately one-half reported home instruction only for this group of children; and of the 1,190 reporting programs for children with special health problems , about two-thirds were home instruction programs only. In 1957-58, as in former years, small numbers of other types of exceptional children were re¬ ported in home or hospital instruction (table 9). In all, the total home instruction program grew from an enrollment of about 9,000 to nearly 22,000 between 1940 and 1958. In the same period hos¬ pital instruction provided by local public school systems increased from 8,000 to 10,000 pupils. The actual program growth, in terms of enroll¬ ment, was probably even greater because the 1957-58 data are based on “at-date” reporting, 17 An 18- rather than a 20-year period is used because data on number of school systems providing home and hospital instruction were not available for 1937-38. 16 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 while the earlier figures are cumulative totals of the number in home or hospital instruction during the entire school year. These findings tempt one to repeat the question raised in the 1947-48 survey — Could some of those now being instructed at home attend school, and thereby benefit from group experiences, if transportation and other suitable facilities were provided? Some Implications for Special Education The expansion of special education in the United States, both numerically and geographically, has been reflected in the Office of Education statistical reports for nearly a century. During the decade 1948-58, enrollment growth was especially pro¬ nounced in the local public school programs, but growth also took place in the residential school programs. At the same time, special education has been changing and some of the change has been reflected in these statistical reports. Too, gaps in educational opportunity have sometimes been identified more specifically as a result of these statistics. All of these findings — the growth, the changes, the gaps — have implications for special education as it moves forward. Some of these will be discussed below. In addition, the reader will undoubtedly see many others which apply to his own interest or role in the broad effort to bring special education of high quality to all exceptional children. Growth The numerical expansion of special education, both in programs and enrollment, has implications for many aspects of the education of exceptional children. One of the most important is the grow¬ ing demand for qualified supervisors and teachers. In a rapidly expanding program, it is always pos¬ sible that teachers not fully qualified in the special area will be employed. Competition for those who are both qualified and experienced becomes keener. More opportunities become available for advancement into supervisory positions, which in turn creates a need for professional preparation of more depth and breadth than required for a special area teacher. It would seem that there will be a demand for all types of qualified special educators for years to come. The geographic expansion in terms of increasing number of local public school systems which offer programs means that special education is now becoming more and more conveniently accessible to exceptional children and their families. It also has implications for supervision, since the popula¬ tion of a moderate-sized community may be sufficient for several classes of mentally retarded children, for example, but not sufficient to justify the employment of a supervisor. Similarly, special teachers in these smaller school systems will probably look to the State department for opportunities for inservice education and profes¬ sional growth. Residential schools with small enrollments may also be creating problems of supervision and inservice professional develop¬ ment of teachers. Geographic expansion into more and more sparsely populated areas may require increased planning in order to provide feasible administra¬ tive units for the conduct of special education programs. By 1958 geographic growth in terms of number of States had been such that some programs of special education were found in most of the States for most types of exceptional children. In two areas of exceptionality — speech impairment and mental retardation — local public school programs of special education were found in every State. Expansion in the future will necessarily lie in filling in the gaps in individual States. Further, it would seem that statewide pioneering efforts will still be needed to open up new programs, such as those for the emotionally disturbed and the multihandicapped. New Findings The large number of nursery and kindergarten programs and the further expansion of the second¬ ary school program in many areas of exceptionality appear to call for serious consideration of many substantive aspects of special education. For example, should there be a differentiation in teacher certification? Has the curriculum at the two extremes of the age distribution been inte- EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 17 grated with that of the elementary program? Are colleges and universities offering courses and experiences which will prepare teachers for working with the very young exceptional child and the older youth? Considerable differentiation in the organizational patterns of special education programs within local public school systems is reflected in these statistics. The array of patterns now includes full-time attendance in a special class, part-time attendance in a special class, instruction part-time by an itinerant or resource room teacher, instruction in the pupil’s home, and instruction in a hospital, sanatorium, or convalescent home. To the extent that these are available within any one school system (or geographically convenient area) this represents opportunity for flexible placement of children according to their special educational needs. The large number of exceptional children spending part of their schoolday with a special teacher and part with a regular teacher implies, among other things, the need for careful coordina¬ tion of the child’s educational program and orienta¬ tion of the regular teacher in education of excep¬ tional children. When residential facilities are added to this picture, a wide range of possible programs is now available to meet the varying needs of exceptional children and youth. Trends which appear in statistical findings often point the way to further substantive studies. One such trend, noted in the present survey, was the increased number of all types of exceptional children and youth enrolled for home instruction. This suggests a need for an evaluative study of the adequacy of such programs for meeting various types of special educational needs. For children confined to their homes by illness or injury, a teacher to bring the school program to the home is, in most cases, a necessity if these children are to continue their education. It would seem important to find out whether there are others for whom it would be more beneficial to develop other types of programs, on a multicommunity basis if necessary, to meet their special educational needs. Apparent Gaps A number of serious gaps in the development of sufficient special education opportunities have appeared in the course of comparing these statistics with estimated current national needs and with surveys of earlier years. One of these is the discrepancy between the number of exceptional children now enrolled in special education programs and the estimated number who need it. Programs for some types of exceptional children and youth are much further along than others towards the goal of closing this gap. The uneven growth from area to area may indicate that more nationwide effort has been put into providing adequate and appropriate education for some types of excep¬ tional children than for others. In order to estimate the size of the problem more accurately, it will be necessary to secure more reliable prev¬ alence estimates in the various areas of excep¬ tionality. This will require carefully planned and executed studies on a nationwide basis, since none are currently available. Another gap shows up in the uneven nationwide distribution of special education programs for the various types of exceptional children. This indi¬ cates that the problem may be one of not only encouraging more and more school systems to initiate programs, but also of finding practical ways to provide adequately for those types of exceptionality which do not occur in large enough numbers to warrant a special local program. The overall expansion of special education brings to the fore the question of a failure to grow in some areas of exceptionality. Has this come about because of a decreased need or because of a failure to make sufficient provisions? One ex¬ ample is the decreasing use of special classes for children with special health problems. Another is the decrease in enrollments in programs for the speech impaired at the secondary level. Still another is the failure of some areas of exception¬ ality, such as partially seeing and hard of hearing, to keep up with the increases in total schoolage population— a relative rather than an absolute decrease. Studies of a substantive nature may be called for to ascertain the reasons for these and other trends noted in this survey. Some of the implications for further study have already been translated by the Office of Education into plans for the 1962-63 statistical survey of special education. For the first time, space will be provided on the local public school questionnaire to write in new categories of exceptionality in reporting enrollments. Also for the first time, information will be gathered on the cooperative 18 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 arrangements among school systems for providing special education programs for each type of excep¬ tional child. Two innovations of the 1957-58 survey will be continued, thus providing trend data: enrollments in nursery and kindergarten programs and enrollments in part-time special education and part-time regular education programs. A problem for further study is the terminology used for the various categories of exceptionality. New terms continue to appear; concepts underly¬ ing long-used terms continue to change. Rather long-term shifts in terminology have been re¬ flected in the changing categories u$ed to collect statistics from local school systems and residential schools. In the absence of any nationally ac¬ cepted definitions, however, these categories are interpreted by the respondents according to local practices. Accurate reporting implies the need for precise and generally applicable definitions of terms. As automatic data processing develops it will have the general effect of accentuating this need. The implication, then, is that special educators must soon reach some general agree¬ ments on terminology if reliable nationwide statistics are to be obtained in this field of education. In summary, the 1957-58 statistical findings show clearly that education of exceptional children has become a large movement within American education. Special education is no longer con¬ fined to large city school systems and residential institutions, but has penetrated into more than 3,600 local public school systems and nearly 600 residential schools of all sizes. It reaches at least some children and youth in every State of the Union. Opportunity for special education ap¬ pears to be available to only about one in every four exceptional children who need it. Never¬ theless, the findings suggest that there is increas¬ ingly widespread public acceptance — perhaps even demand — for the program. Basic Tables EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-5 8 21 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58 All areas of exceptionality Number of pupils enrolled Number reporting enrollments State Total Local public school systems Public and private resi¬ dential schools Local public school systems Public and private resi¬ dential schools United States (48 States and District of Columbia) _ _ 975, 972 889, 560 86, 412 3, 641 582 Alabama _ _ 5, 181 3, 679 1,502 68 10 Arizona. - - 4,008 2, 973 1,035 17 8 Arkansas _ 2, 579 1,770 809 32 6 California _ _ _ 135, 699 130, 109 5, 590 236 39 Colorado _ 6, 942 5, 542 1,400 28 8 Connecticut _ . 10, 258 8, 102 2,156 62 15 Delaware _ 2,353 1,831 522 21 7 Florida _ 29, 942 27, 673 2. 269 48 12 Georgia _ 7,403 6,298 1, 105 44 8 Idaho _ _ 2, 074 1,539 535 16 3 Illinois - - 65, 100 61,812 3,288 185 28 Indiana _ _ 21,128 19, 034 2, 094 72 8 Iowa _ 7, 472 6, 307 1,165 68 6 Kansas _ 6,175 5,115 1,060 41 11 Kentucky _ 5, 298 4,210 1,088 49 7 Louisiana _ 13, 727 11,306 2, 421 50 15 Maine _ 1,854 1,094 760 46 6 Maryland _ 19, 757 18, 128 1,629 18 12 Massachusetts _ _ 27. 995 24, 378 3,617 140 25 Michigan _ _ 65, 863 62, 532 3, 331 151 19 Minnesota _ _ 11,713 9, 721 1,992 69 16 Mississippi _ _ 2,110 1,124 986 28 6 Missouri _ 31,669 . 30, 171 1,498 205 15 Montana _ 853 442 411 11 4 Nebraska _ 4, 642 2, 806 1,836 48 8 Nevada _ 398 387 11 5 1 New Hampshire.. _ _ 1,244 996 248 12 5 New Jersey _ 22, 242 20, 274 1,968 209 13 New Mexico _ _ 2, 907 2,115 792 31 6 New York _ _ 156, 064 147, 206 8, 858 256 55 North Carolina _ _ 15, 197 12, 524 2,673 75 11 North Dakota _ _ 2,529 2, 042 487 31 4 Ohio _ _ 36, 355 33, 459 2. 896 125 20 Oklahoma _ _ 11, 595 10,819 776 50 11 Oregon _ 6,829 5,594 1,235 39 6 Pennsylvania _ 107, 146 100, 805 6,341 416 35 Rhode Island _ 3,143 2, 733 410 22 5 South Carolina _ _ 4. 260 2, 786 1,474 57 8 South Dakota _ _ 1,554 1,142 412 11 4 Tennessee _ 9, 212 7, 524 1,688 40 10 Texas _ 33, 905 30, 666 3, 239 211 15 Utah _ 2, 923 2, 327 596 15 3 Vermont _ . 579 104 475 7 14 Virginia. _ _ 10,928 8, 955 1,973 81 14 Washington _ 19, 723 18,213 1,510 48 12 West Virginia. _ _ 4, 362 3, 500 862 33 4 Wisconsin _ _ . 21,790 19, 941 1,849 109 12 Wyoming _ _ _ 588 394 194 4 3 District of Columbia . . 8, 704 7,358 1,346 1 9 Table A.— Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58 — Continued BUND State Number of pupils enrolled Number reporting enrollments Total Local public school systems Public and private resi¬ dential schools Local public school systems Public and private resi¬ dential schools Total 9, 795 2, 898 ' 6, 897 340 51 Alabama _ 163 1 162 1 1 Arizona 98 11 87 4 1 1 Arkansas 168 1 167 1 2 California _ 779 602 177 53 2 Colorado _ 116 32 84 5 1 Connecticut _ 204 58 146 15 1 Delaware _ 18 18 1 Florida _ .. 313 110 203 8 1 Georgia _ _ 241 28 1 213 1 1 Idaho _ - 39 38 1 1 Illinois _ 426 210 216 14 1 Indiana _ 136 10 126 6 1 Iowa ... _ 158 158 1 Kansas . . _ 112 1 111 1 1 Kentucky . _ -- 145 18 127 1 1 Louisiana _ . .. 263 42 221 6 2 Maine _ . .. _ 3 3 3 Maryland _ _ 233 38 195 4 1 Massachusetts _ _ _ 306 37 269 12 1 Michigan _ _ 612 335 277 21 1 Minnesota . . . 198 93 105 6 1 Mississippi 289 289 2 Missouri _ 198 11 187 2 1 Montana 36 36 1 Nebraska _ 70 70 1 Nevada 5 5 2 New Hampshire New Jersey 98 98 25 New Mexico _ - 110 1 109 1 1 New York _ _ 1,018 432 586 48 3 North Carolina _ . . 367 26 341 4 2 North Dakota . . . 25 1 24 1 1 Ohio _ -- 415 215 200 14 1 Oklahoma -- -- _ 86 4 82 1 1 Oregon _ _ _ _ 121 39 82 6 1 Pennsylvania . . 632 91 541 35 3 Qnnth f arnlina 124 124 1 Qmith Da Unfa 58 58 1 Tennessee _ - _ _ 262 13 249 3 2 Texas _ - _ 283 98 185 12 1 Utah . . . 42 42 . 1 Vermont - _ 1 1 244 1 2 Virginia _ 246 2 2 Washington _ _ 229 126 103 11 1 West Virginia . . 122 14 108 1 1 Wisconsin .. _ 205 50 155 6 1 District of Columbia 22 22 1 See footnotes at end of table. 22 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58 — Continued PARTIALLY SEEING State Number of pupils enrolled Number of local public school systems reporting enroll¬ ments Total 8, 643 498 Alabama _ _ 19 6 Arizona _ _ _ 15 4 15 4 California _ _ ... 793 50 33 2 Connecticut _ 79 7 Delaware ........ ........ 1 1 Florida _ _ 213 16 Georgia _ ... .. 65 1 Idaho _ ... 15 3 Illinois _ _ _ _ _ 1, 143 38 Indiana _ _ _ 146 12 Iowa _ _ .. 24 3 Kansas .. _ ... . . . . . . . . 20 4 Kentucky _ 114 7 Louisiana _ 114 8 Maine _ 14 6 Maryland _ . 97 3 Massachusetts _ ......... 365 22 Michigan _ _ _ _ .. _ 563 22 Minnesota.. . .. . _ ... _ ... . . 109 9 Mississippi. _ _ 7 3 Missouri _ . _ _ . _ _ _ 109 6 Montana _ _ Nebraska _ 5 3 Nevada _ _ . New Hampshire... _ _ 15 1 New Jersey _ _ 162 14 New Mexico _ _ _ ... 13 7 New York _ 1,474 54 North Carolina _ ... _ _ ... 91 9 North Dakota _ . 7 6 Ohio _ 852 27 Oklahoma _ . 70 6 Oregon _ . . 165 13 Pennsylvania _ _ 901 45 Rhode Island _ _ . 26 3 South Carolina _ . . 2 1 South Dakota _ . 1 1 Tennessee _ _ . . 125 6 Texas _ 215 21 Utah _ 2 1 Vermont _ 1 1 Virginia _ . 139 10 Washington _ 101 18 West Virginia. _ _ 17 3 Wisconsin _ 141 10 Wyoming. _ District of Columbia _ 45 1 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58— Continued DEAF State Number of pupils enrolled Number reporting enrollments Total Local public school system Public and pivate resi¬ dential schools Local public school systems Public and private resi¬ dential schools Total _ 20, 843 6,473 2 14, 370 335 3 66 Alabama _ _ 401 11 390 2 2 Arizona _ _ 154 9 145 3 1 Arkansas _ _ _ 416 3 413 3 2 California _ 2, 643 1,720 923 53 2 Colorado _ 109 6 103 4 1 Connecticut _ _ 481 6 475 2 2 Delaware.. _ _ _ 24 24 2 Florida _ _ 586 176 410 5 1 Georgia _ _ 470 74 396 4 2 Idaho _ _ _ 69 2 67 2 1 Illinois _ _ _ 652 248 404 23 1 Indiana. . 485 49 436 5 1 Iowa . . . . . 75 75 g Kansas _ _ 268 268 2 1 Kentucky _ _ 402 52 350 2 Louisiana _ _ _ _ 581 50 531 5 3 Maine _ 137 12 125 8 1 Maryland . . . . . 230 69 161 2 1 Massachusetts.. . . 648 207 441 16 3 Michigan... . . 1,011 570 441 22 1 Minnesota... _ _ _ 342 99 243 3 1 Mississippi. _ _ 232 232 1 Missouri . 399 99 30.0 5 1 Montana . . . 77 77 1 Nebraska . . . 157 1 156 1 1 Nevada . . . . New Hampshire.. . . .' 26 1 25 1 1 New Jersey...- . . . 538 183 355 7 1 NewMexico.. . . 139 139 1 New York . . . . 2, 145 777 1,368 26 7 North Carolina . . . 585 3 582 2 2 North Dakota . . 84 1 83 1 1 Ohio _ _ _ 1,154 884 270 22 1 Oklahoma . . 238 54 184 3 2 Oregon.. . . . . 299 64 235 7 1 Pennsylvania... _ _ 1,177 201 976 32 3 Rhode Island . . . 133 133 1 South Carolina... . . 199 199 1 South Dakota . . . . . 96 96 1 Tennessee.. _ 399 1 398 1 1 Texas . . . . 826 324 502 24 1 Utah... . . . . . 132 1 131 1 1 Vermont . . . 66 1 65 1 1 Virginia _ 455 16 439 4 2 Washington.. _ _ 396 148 248 13 1 West Virginia _ 239 16 223 2 1 Wisconsin _ 392 229 163 9 1 Wyoming.. . 7 7 1 District of Columbia _ 69 69 1 See footnotes at end of table. 23 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58— Continued State HARD OF HEARING SPEECH IMPAIRED Number of pupils enrolled Number of local public school systems re¬ porting en¬ rollments Number of pupils enrolled Number of local public school systems re¬ porting en¬ rollments Total _ 13,150 607 489, 644 1,618 Alabama _ 54 3 434 8 Arizona _ 17 4 747 6 Arkansas _ 22 5 477 8 California _ 3,624 76 77,120 148 Colorado _ _ _ - 15 5 3,828 16 Connecticut... . . . . . 118 13 4,094 35 Delaware _ _ 17 1 585 6 Florida - - 712 11 13,403 29 Georgia - - 8 1 2,705 15 Idaho _ 375 4 599 5 Illinois _ 264 33 34, 938 139 Indiana _ 803 29 10,023 43 Iowa _ 219 6 2,421 14 Kansas _ 60 5 3,374 26 Kentucky... - - - - - 28 4 2,252 10 Louisiana - - 184 9 7,628 23 Maine _ _ _ 136 4 353 7 Maryland _ 222 5 6,442 13 Massachusetts . . . 795 27 11,428 41 Michigan. _ _ _ 461 32 40, 958 134 Minnesota _ 97 4 4,136 33 Mississippi - - - 8 2 600 9 Missouri _ _ 130 12 15, 902 73 Montana _ _ _ 1 1 193 4 Nebraska _ _ 21 4 1,166 11 Nevada _ _ ... _ 134 2 New Hampshire.. _ _ 118 3 322 3 New Jersey _ _ _ _ 130 23 8, 700 31 New Mexico _ _ _ _ 6 4 268 11 New York _ _ _ _ 763 58 92,514 112 North Carolina . . . 127 10 7,868 48 North Dakota. . . . 40 4 1,542 17 Ohio.. _ _ 323 22 12,614 56 Oklahoma. . . . . .. ... 70 4 4,915 23 Oregon _ _ .. . .. 54 21 2,884 35 Pennsylvania _ _ ... . 1,015 58 56, 126 168 Rhode Island _ _ _ _ 54 5 1, 165 7 South Carolina _ _ _ _ 99 4 540 9 South Dakota... _ _ 7 2 703 3 Tennessee _ 192 9 2,739 17 Texas _ 384 25 19, 524 100 Utah _ 54 4 1,414 10 Vermont _ _ 4 1 Virginia _ _ _ 142 7 5, 052 13 Washington _ _ _ 700 25 7,010 40 West Virginia.. _ _ 18 3 2,573 5 Wisconsin _ 412 14 12, 342 49 Wyoming.. . 14 1 185 1 District of Columbia.. . 37 1 2,700 1 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58— Continued State Total _ Alabama _ Arizona _ Arkansas _ California _ Colorado _ Connecticut _ Delaware _ Florida _ Georgia _ Idaho _ Illinois _ Indiana _ Iowa _ Kansas _ Kentucky _ _ Louisiana - Maine _ Maryland . . Massachusetts _ Michigan - Minnesota _ Mississippi _ Missouri _ Montana _ Nebraska... . Nevada _ New Hampshire _ New Jersey _ New Mexico _ New York _ North Carolina . North Dakota - Ohio _ Oklahoma _ Oregon. - - Pennsylvania - Rhode Island _ South Carolina _ South Dakota - Tennessee . — Texas _ Utah _ Vermont _ Virginia _ Washington - West Virginia - Wisconsin _ Wyoming - District of Columbia CRIPPLED SPECIAL HEALTH PROBLEMS Number of Number of local Number of local public Number of public pupils school pupils school enrolled systems reporting enroll¬ ments enrolled systems reporting enroll¬ ments 29,339 1, 408 23, 077 1, 190 480 26 31 6 118 10 148 13 133 21 92 9 3, 430 85 4, 829 130 134 13 45 11 347 30 684 35 6 4 31 5 2,038 21 602 13 175 10 349 7 124 7 223 5 2,810 81 724 75 840 38 462 31 200 17 331 13 77 12 114 8 503 33 159 14 537 36 431 14 84 29 53 14 650 11 415 12 413 49 1,058 53 2, 255 60 1,924 43 579 30 553 20 14 3 1,150 47 125 22 35 2 42 4 195 21 58 8 20 2 35 3 8 4 27 6 811 78 1,227 86 220 24 205 18 1,361 90 926 93 190 17 43 7 12 3 79 8 1,782 51 649 38 286 20 366 17 368 23 876 24 1,907 137 1,209 110 57 8 161 9 237 18 180 19 17 2 50 2 545 20 728 18 1,546 75 526 32 100 7 113 8 9 4 17 3 366 43 583 47 919 31 744 28 277 26 183 18 974 28 1 646 21 28 2 1 See footnotes at end of table. 24 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58 — Continued SOCIALLY AND EMOTIONALLY MALADJUSTED State Number of pupils enrolled Number reporting enrollments Total Local public school systems Public and private residen¬ tial schools Local public school systems Public and private residen¬ tial schools Total _ 65, 620 28, 622 36, 998 478 283 Alabama . . . 828 107 721 5 4 Arizona _ _ 319 6 313 2 2 Arkansas _ _ _ 347 118 229 3 3 California... . . 4, 961 2,192 2,769 40 16 Colorado _ 410 5 405 3 3 Connecticut. . . 638 67 571 14 7 Delaware. _ .. 305 4 301 3 6 Florida _ _ 3, 332 2,184 1,148 19 5 Georgia _ _ _ 412 96 316 3 4 Idaho . . . . . 261 29 232 4 1 Illinois - - 10,012 8, 830 1,182 50 13 Indiana . . . . 971 126 845 5 4 Iowa.. - - 383 132 251 6 2 Kansas... - - 408 39 369 6 6 Kentucky _ .. . . . 377 30 347 3 3 Louisiana _ 1,188 167 1,021 6 5 Maine.. - - - - - 333 20 313 3 3 Maryland _ 1,217 282 935 9 8 Massachusetts _ _ _ 1,210 191 1,019 20 12 Michigan _ 5,118 3, 907 1,211 32 8 Minnesota _ _ 789 59 730 4 6 Mississippi _ 447 6 441 3 2 Missouri _ .. . . 1,085 347 738 9 10 Montana _ . . 154 154 2 Nebraska . . . .. 1,323 21 1,302 4 4 Nevada _ _ _ 66 55 11 3 1 New Hampshire _ _ 154 62 92 3 2 New Jersey _ _ 1,062 314 748 28 6 New Mexico... . . 1,289 819 470 15 3 New York _ _ _ 6,176 2,229 3,947 36 29 North Carolina. .. _ 1,061 41 1,020 3 5 North Dakota _ 248 88 160 2 1 Ohio.. . . . . 2, 572 867 1,705 10 16 Oklahoma _ 396 33 363 6 5 Oregon _ _ _ 691 173 518 21 3 Pennsylvania... . . . 3, 522 888 2,634 23 19 Rhode Island _ 235 30 205 3 3 South Carolina.. _ 752 12 740 3 5 South Dakota _ 129 4 125 2 1 Tennessee... . . 1,007 30 977 1 6 Texas . . . . 1,606 82 1,524 6 7 Utah _ _ 213 63 150 5 1 Vermont... . 153 2 151 2 2 Virginia _ 923 3Q6 617 11 5 Washington _ _ 3,755 3,147 608 29 8 West Virginia _ _ _ 533 2 531 2 3 Wisconsin . . . .. 640 48 592 7 5 Wyoming 119 119 2 District of Columbia _ 3 1,490 362 3 1,128 1 6 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58 — Continued State GIF' Number of pupils enrolled rED Number of local public school systems reporting enroll¬ ments Total _ 52, 269 91A Alabama _ _ ... ..... 117 } Arizona _ _ _ . ... . 1 293 2 Arkansas _ . ... ’ 25 1 California _ . 5 152 45 Colorado . . . . 225 3 Connecticut.. _ . ... . _ 180 Delaware _ . . 270 5 Florida _ .... ......... 745 in Georgia _ _ . 1, 173 lw A Idaho . . ........ 2 1 Illinois _ _ 2, 565 14 Indiana. _ _ _ ........... 721 2 Iowa _ . . 315 5 Kansas _ _ . ... . . _ 57 2 Kentucky _ _ . . 69 1 Louisiana _ _ . . _ . . _ 365 4 Maine _ _ . Maryland. .. .. .. 2, 084 2 Massachusetts _ _ . 1,267 11 Michigan _ _ _ ... 1,077 g Minnesota 152 3 Mississippi _ Missouri _ . 1,913 g Montana _ Nebraska _ _ 589 3 Nevada _ 27 1 New Hampshire . . . 163 2 New Jersey _ .. 528 4 New Mexico _ _ New York _ _ . 19, 241 24 North Carolina . . . 358 5 North Dakota _ _ .... _ Ohio _ _ . . . ......... 4, 072 10 Oklahoma . . . . _ 648 2 Oregon. _ ....... _ 213 6 Pennsylvania _ . 5, 003 22 Rhode Island _ ... . . . _ ... _ 204 1 South Carolina _ .. ..... _ 105 3 South Dakota _ _ 42 2 Tennessee _ .......... _ Texas _ . ... _ 293 5 Utah _ _ Vermont... _ ... _ _ 20 1 Virginia Washington _ ... ...... 896 10 West Virginia Wisconsin _ _ . ... _ 100 3 Wyoming.. ..... . _ District of Columbia See footnotes at end of table. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting 1 enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58— Continued MENTALLY RETARDED State Total number enrolled Number public : Upper range enrolled i school sys Middle range n local terns Not sepa¬ rately classified Number enrolled in public and pri¬ vate res¬ idential schools Total _ 251, 594 205, 245 IS, 799 1,403 28,147 2,654 2,326 99 229 1,099 597 12 490 884 858 26 California _ _ 32, 178 28, 543 1,902 12 1,721 Colorado _ _ 1,708 876 21 3 808 3, 433 2,068 401 964 1,096 740 135 221 Florida _ _ 6; 791 5,658 600 25 508 Georgia .. _ _ _ _ 1,805 1,571 54 180 '367 130 39 198 Illinois . 10, 850 8, 894 428 42 1,486 Indiana _ 4,069 3, 099 268 15 687 Iowa _ _ _ 3, 327 2,400 158 13 756 Kansas . . . . 1,640 1,243 85 312 Kentucky . . . . 1,238 893 56 25 264 Louisiana 2,346 1,335 363 648 Maine 741 380 39 322 Maryland . . . 8, 092 7, 093 661 338 Massachusetts . . . 10, 373 7,594 883 8 1,888 Michigan _ _ 11,495 9, 709 381 3 1,402 Minnesota . . . . . 4, 643 3,472 238 19 914 Mississippi . . 513 378 71 40 24 Missouri . . . . 10, 564 9, 595 509 187 273 Montana 315 171 144 Nebraska _ 1,058 745 4 1 308 Nevada 111 92 19 New Hampshire . . . 411 278 2 131 New Jersey . . . 8, 986 6,812 1,200 109 865 Mew Mexico . 657 517 66 74 New York . . 26, 723 21,658 1,393 715 2,957 North Carolina . . . . 4, 507 3, 337 415 25 730 North Dakota. . . 492 257 15 220 Ohio . . 11,741 10, 494 526 721 Oklahoma 4,520 4, 162 211 147 Oregon . . 1, 158 720 38 400 Pennsylvania . . 35, 027 30, 242 2,582 13 2,190 Rhode Island 853 621 160 72 South Carolina . 2, 022 1,591 20 411 South Dakota _ 451 296 22 133 Tennessee . 2,694 2,324 306 64 Texas . . 8,542 7, 080 434 1,028 Utah . 831 521 37 273 Vermont . 308 49 259 Virginia. . 2, 977 1,843 421 40 673 Washington . . 4, 836 3, 300 889 96 551 West Virginia 400 277 123 Wisconsin . 5, 845 4, 440 466 939 Wyoming.. 242 154 13 75 District of Columbia 3, 981 3,812 20 149 1 Includes 74 deaf-blind children and an unknown numberof partially seeing children. 1 Includes 3 deaf-blind children and an unknown number of hard-of-hearing children. See appendix A, page 104, for information about the schools inadvertently omitted from the survey. • Includes 453 pupils in Federal training schools. For details, see table F, page 90. 25 Table A. — Number of pupils enrolled and number of administrative units reporting enrollments in special education programs of local public school systems and public and private residential schools, by State and area of exceptionality : 1957-58— Continued State Total _ Alabama _ Arizona _ Arkansas . . California _ Colorado _ Connecticut . Delaware . . Florida.. . . Georgia _ Idaho . . Illinois _ _ Indiana _ Iowa. . . Kansas . . Kentucky. . . Louisiana . . Maine . . Maryland . . Massachusetts _ Michigan . . Minnesota _ Mississippi - Missouri _ Montana _ Nebraska . . Nevada _ New Hampshire _ New Jersey . . New Mexico _ New York _ North Carolina . North Dakota - Ohio - - Oklahoma _ Oregon _ _ Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island _ South Carolina . South Dakota _ Tennessee. . . Texas _ Utah . . Vermont _ Virginia - Washington . West Virginia - Wisconsin _ Wyoming. . . District of Columbia. MENTALLY RETARDED (continued) Enroll¬ ments not reported separately by area of exception¬ ality Number reporting enrollments Local public school systems Public and private res¬ idential schools Upper range Middle range 2,869 999 197 4 11, 998 54 6 3 11 1 5 18 5 218 60 19 190 17 3 4 319 45 27 5 18 7 2 38 20 6 1,207 36 3 1 12 6 1 99 28 13 716 40 19 2 2,472 62 18 3 19 30 11 2 45 16 6 2 11 35 25 5 90 27 5 2 16 14 2 75 134 77 9 132 90 16 9 389 50 17 8 115 24 8 1 185 49 3 94 9 1 33 5 2 5 4 8 2 2 165 98 6 21 13 1 249 51 16 3, 723 60 30 3 20 2 1 106 18 2 181 27 13 3 15 5 1 372 145 11 627 17 10 1 255 48 3 2 10 4 1 28 17 2 521 188 37 7 160 13 3 1 22 5 11 33 28 6 45 41 28 2 137 14 10 102 40 5 93 4 1 1 1 1 2 360 Includes the following enrollments given in a combined report for two areas of eptionality: Blind and partially seeing. 119; deaf and hard of heanng 1 993, speech )a j red and hard of hearing, 4,493; crippled and special health problems 4,792, I special health problems and socially maladjusted, 22 Also includes 579 pupils whom no major category of exceptionality was designated. 693-360 O — 63 - 3 26 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 TABLE B was published earlier under the title, Special Education Enrollments in Local Public Schools: A Directory. The following excerpts from the introduction to the directory may be helpful to readers of this publication : The listing in this directory is confined to special education programs in local public schools. It is arranged alphabetically by State and by local school system within each State. In general, it can be expected that the geographic areas covered by the schools listed may be somewhat larger than indicated by the place name alone, because many have cooperative arrangements with other school systems or accept tuition pupils. To bring the directory down to convenient size for over 3,600 school systems has meant reducing the data for any locality to the bare minimum that was thought might be helpful to the majority of users. These data include the number of children enrolled in elementary and secondary programs by area of excep¬ tionality. The total enrollments for the mentally retarded are reported by upper (educable) and middle (trainable) range. Some 5,000 nursery school and kindergarten children, also reported, are not included here. When the name of the school system is different from the post office address, the post office is given also, for example, when the operating district is a county. When the name of the post office is the same as the school, the post office is omitted. In some instances, the operating district may have a number or title, especially if it is reorganized or consolidated. In others, it may be a high school district or an elementary district. The following key is provided to the abbreviations used in the listing: Co. — County U. — Union or unified H.S. — High school Cons. — Consolidated Elem. — Elementary Twp. — Township The possible uses of the directory are numerous. It will be possible to derive an impression of the scope and distribution of the programs nationally, and the scope and distribution of programs in any particular area of exceptionality. The material also forms a basic list on such matters as elemen¬ tary and secondary programs, by area of exceptionality. 28 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued Mentally retarded . Middle range • cm « • ; ; IIII IIII IIII : M::M 1 l 1 l 1 l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 03 G Upper range S O 'CO ■© (N |CM«C> — OOO CM — V> "OOOU con — — v> — — ; — — - III 1 1 III II ) i i i'Och 1 .III ' O' CN 1 I 1 • 1 I iii i ^ i iii ii ill i i iii ii iii i i iii ii 1 1 >0 CO W0 f 'wo 1 CO WO 1 WO CN •- CN CO n 1 — W0 CO : — - :«■ — Mentally gifted Second¬ ary c n IIII IIII till 11,1 . . i i c i i i i i i i i i i i i i i } i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i . . ii i i i i i i . 1 1 1 1 • l 1 l i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 i 1 i 1 l 1 i i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Elemen¬ tary oo IIII 006 ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i it . ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i i i . . . i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Socially and emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary 8= i i i i i i i i 1/ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ) 1 l l 1 l l 1 l i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i . . i i 1 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii iiii IQ . . 1 1 ■ 1 I/O 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 mO ' 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III IIII l 1 1 l I l l I l l 1 III IIII l ,111111111 III IIII Elemen¬ tary CO ; co ; ; •”!!!!!!! i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 I 1 1 1 I l l 1 I l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l i i i i i i i i i i i • CN i ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Special health problems Second¬ ary IT) iiii iiit iiii iiii iiii ill’-!,1;! i i ii ii i i i i i i i CN 1 •N’ 1 1 0 1 i iiiiii i i ii ii iiiiii i i ii ii iiiiii i i ii ii iiiiii i i ii ii iiiiii i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii iii iiiiiiiiiiii^i^_ii(^iii i i i i i i t i i i i i #«0 i ii iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii iii ii . . i i i i i ii iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii iii Elemen¬ tary |ts • ' IIII IIII IIII 1 ; ; »0 — CM CM O ' 00 <1 00 CM O CO CM 1 ' 1 ' ii i i i i i i i i i i i iii i iq i i i i i i i i/o i i i i cn 1 1 1 i i i i i i i i i cn 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 ' ii i i i i i i i iiii iii ii i i i i i i i iiii iii ii i i i i i i i iiii iii Crippled Second¬ ary CO IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII • 1 1 1 III 1 II IIII Jlll(^l^ll 1 1 1 III 1 II IIII III 1 II IIII III 1 II IIII iiii ii iii i ii iii iiii ii iii i ii iii IIII II III 1 II III IIII II III 1 II III IIII II III 1 II III Elemen¬ tary s SI Bill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 CO 1 ' ' *— CO 1 N III 1 | | | CO — |OC0^ CN«- | 1 1 1 1 1 III II Ok ' o 1 1 *— 1 *— 1 O' ^ WO #— 1 1 1 *— »— 1 1 cn 1^.11 1 1 r_ £N 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 III II 1 1 1 1 1 III II 1 1 1 1 1 III II Speech impaired Second¬ ary - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III IIII 1 1 IQ 1 1 1 1 fS • 1 1 1 1 1 1 fT i i i i i i i i iiiiii i i i i i i i i iiiiii i i i i i i i i iiiiii i i i i i i i i iiiiii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 OOiiiiiiiiiifk^iil^liiil i i i i i i ■ i i i mO i i 1 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii i i 1 l 1 . iiii iii i i i i i Elemen¬ tary •co • ' ;cn j ; III 1 1 • ' ' w> 1 *— O ' : ! : « : i i i i i ii iii ii ■ 1 > 1 1 O' 1 1 1 1 1 O' 1 1 . WO 1 1 1 1 1 Q 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 II III II 1 1 1 1 1 II III II i i i i i i i i i iiii iii q i i i i i i i ics 'GO 1 1 1 1 xt 1 1 ■*— Q 1 l 1 1 1 1 *1 1 K. 1 Q I l I l ill W|lllllll,^l^llll III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII III l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII III 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 IIII III Hard of hearing Second¬ ary O) iiii iiii iiii iiii iiii III . IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ ■ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ”» 1 Elemen¬ tary OO i i i i i i i i i i i ^ i ^ II 1 III III II II 1 III III II II 1 III III II II 1 III III II II 1 III III II II 1 III III II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iiiiiiiiifN^O1 111 1,111 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii . . i i i i i i i i i Deaf Second¬ ary - iiii iiii iiii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Elemen¬ tary CO iiii iiii iiii iiii IIII 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 IIIIII IIII 1 1 IIIIII IIII 1 1 IIIIII IIII 1 1 IIIIII IIII 1 1 IIIIII IIII 1 1 IIIIII i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Partially seeing Second¬ ary m i i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 . IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I/O i i * i * * i * ■ i i i i . . . i i i i i i i i i , i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i Elemen¬ tary - ; ; 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 i i cm ■ ' ' 'O' II III 1 III II I 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII II III 1 III II II III 1 III II II III 1 III II II III 1 III II II III 1 III II i i i i i i i i i i i iii iiii 11111111111^^.111^.1111 i i i i i i i i i i i >ii iiii . . i i i i iii iiii i i i i i i i i i i i iii iiii ■0 c Second¬ ary CO iiii iiii iiii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii . . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . . . i i i i i i i i S Elemen¬ tary CM 1 1 l 1 1 1 ; ; ;cm < II 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII II 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII II 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII II 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII II 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII II 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIII i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii . iiiiii . . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i State and administrative unit i ALABAMA— Continued Talladega Co., Talladega. . Tallapoosa Co., Dadeville _ Tallassee _ Troy. _ _ Tuscaloosa Co., Tuscaloosa _ Walker Co., Jasper _ Winfield _ Winston Co., Double Springs ... ARIZONA Amphitheater, Tucson _ Bisbee _ Madison, Phoenix _ _ Mesa _ Morenci _ Murphy, Phoenix.. Osborn, Phoenix.. Phoenix School District 1 . Phoenix U. H. S _ . Prescott _ Roosevelt, Phoenix. . Scottsdale, Phoenix _ Sunnyside, Tucson _ Tempe _ Tucson School District 1 _ Washington, Phoenix . Yuma. .. ARKANSAS Bay-Brown, Bay . Berryville _ Cash . . Crossett _ Cutter— Morning Star, Morning Star _ Danville _ DeQueen _ tl Dorado. _ _ _ Fayetteville _ Fort Smith _ Fouke _ Hamburg. . Heber Springs. . . Helena— West Helena, Helena Hermitage _ Hope. _ Hot Springs _ Jonesboro _ . Little Rock _ Maynolia _ Malvern _ Marianna _ Norman. _ North Little Rock . Perryville _ Prescott _ _ Rogers - - - Russellville _ EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 29 See footnotes at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 30 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 >x-0 = e o -o 2 £ 3 - ■O^NCO'OrtTtO>'00>^'Oi0^niOiO’Oin — oo>>o«oionn coo — — oocn- nis- n — co — — cn-o - — iso^oo — n-^ CO CN CN — — — cO •32 « a E g O co oo is cn O is — co o NOO.P- -*>OOCO 00 if) -q- CN Is CN CO CO ~— O — CN IS — — ^.O CN — 0.000 co — O CO O — O O CN cs o t e£ « o E| E3 .» OOO: It l o o X X 3D>co o> o>= ® 44>?=» 22 « £ a o o E E E U c “ “ill ° E g\5 ^ J! ^OTJ CCJ -c _ o S E S.-S II_e£ o o 6 o « juu ® ® c c E E °>u E> £* ® 4) LLI .E UJ • a 4, ,_ £ « o ® 4) vi -R >>’» ® O °_£:S “ m n 0 5 0-56 CL t; TD c -£>11 0 0 0 4) 3 E< ■e.2 Oi^ 2 O) O) c c < < O 0-0 o ® ° Oz §. Vt M C o o L C v ; §-■ »= 0 I O tz I E 4) c : E S3 • * ; g !iS = " rE = i .-g=«Sfi J 0 . J . gu ■ 3d :t®=g,r °u :>■§ S g - * «-|52o: 4> 4) t t xCl£ci:b:_TJccc33DD O O u 4; 4) 4>T= OOOOOOOO <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< 0000000 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH 1957-58 31 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 32 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 >*“D 1 1 o £ £ 2 "2 j- -o o> It I ” I I -0 Sir -O -O CS ^ CN CN CO 00 ^ * — • — « — co — c = ® ° o -s C 3 T> O £ S ° is .So 3 a a o c o C 4) 0 o C S5 ° 3 ° I oc 3 -O 5 . O — z b!0 3 6 5-° CO o -C Z -D E-Q 6 £ °U to. .“3 E oU0 4, “iJlS D O t) 41 O 0 o > • — 1 Ji ' * LU W OONO co «n cn o* — co — 2 c pa*o log C> w T3 0> L- c to 00^.PD3004)4) tOtOtOtOtOcOV- ►—)—>— *- . O = z ; ju 3 o>> c _q 5 ; 6 o 3 o j o i| = |ji o^-oooowz— oc- OCNOI\COCO^K^CN CO O CO O' CO »— O' -o O — N — — * U o p O 2 E P £ 0) to Jou o « c >• o o O o ~ r H'^oOiooSl << ° 5 JIB Qluil o> o .Eu ijl o ifc „ 50®° iS> I to > EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 33 See footnotes at end of table. 34 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 u d C 0 o (J m c d >, U d ■M «-o = v O T3 5 - 5 s 'fOOl'lMONt-O CNC0-O — 0~ — O ~ CN — CNK o>ocnN‘Ocn'OOK»ooooo^cn'0 CN CO K 00 — 0> 00 CO CN — OOCOCN £ « 2 s bX) £ 0 * r! ^ ^ CJ c * •2 -ti •M 2 Ctf a O 2 3 *> n3 > CJ -U .3 2 u +■* (j in M1 .£ c £ h3 d 0 ^ ^ s Ch (J *> > CO CJ "SL 3 £ i « CJ 3 aJ h C = 0) ° o ^ C D III 8 E l CO O L S ° "O § 2r « ° CO It «) o o C * ° ' ' ' • io O 1 ' ( i i i O CN ' 1 ' i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i O ' 1 ' ' ' i i i i i i ^ jO 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .- CN -O CO cn co k >o CN co •— ^ I * ’ ^ ? c ? a i*o o o-C^ti -. . V I- J? ~ T3 c . : 5 «U 4«°»ssi|c 5 Z O DC QC CO I— >> > >L>- S cU-£ I-Sgo osi-i 6**S VJ • a- O *T3 |“c5° S|*8 — o o ^ < CO CO CD O CO ^CO O CL.CO — * £ *u I ?' >-■- u o E O >■ 4> ►- o> . oooo 00 o o 00 — CN — O CO 00 K CO O 00 CO CN CO n-ocoN- COKN — K O CN C, CN p— i '.£ o : 'u o I cu r o U'6Ur: ou :o o. r .5 > o - oc i cU 5 ° 5 = . C -JJ o c — o . E E ■ OQiijOOii: ,0^; 4) O : »- O . co o Ld°J lu 6 i ,u( .5 c = g o z~° o E o. o-o £ ^ O o >• t «i c> i ' -X rS J °i 5 Si rO “n ° ot/>>£ 6^^ d -«-» u r a- r -U r r. i 6U.9-g of5 orc3u )3 oU Su ru„^ S o • 2 UsO^JJ^OcC.^OC-^-Trc ?2-°^ = uo^oS]g EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 35 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 36 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Mentally retarded Middle range CM 20 CO o 120 o 10 10 21 O Upper range o CNI o o cn CO O r- 22 CO — t'* 15 102 CN CO CN ST wo* CNN 00 O (NO-N CN OOIOIOCOCO— OCOCNOOO CO«-^->Or-\fD — ^(O'O o ! Mentally gifted ^ Second¬ ary 34 160 1,385 Elemen¬ tary - CO CO 23 o 00 20 Socially and emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary S: >o 06 O' 56 — 143 236 CN O — >o Elemen¬ tary CO wo 228 wo 250 _ 2,577 197 _ - 78 99 (i) O' CN 991 655 27 200 Special health problems Second¬ ary s CN — — WO CO wo CO — o — CN »— r— CO W0 Elemen¬ tary — CN CN CO 12 21 1 cn — CO CN CO - ^ ^ CN wo CO K — CO C0 K CN •— Crippled Elemen- Second- tary ary CO CM — -o CO — — o CN CO — O' CO wo CN — CN CN CN K 00 00 IO •— 'O O CN CN CN — O' -T WD CN CN 00 CO CN oo >o .o “O £ *5 a .6 -C u © © 1 £ 1 Second¬ ary - •o wo wo o WO 61 1 CO o o 23 — o CN CN 00 co wo Elemen¬ tary CD O-^rt-OuiO tS O' CD CO -O O' — — 226 O O' lO O' n o 0- O' oo 00 o CN 00 wo CO WOK^O CN rC 00CSC0OCNW0W0W0O NCOOCN CNCNKCNWO »— CO — 00 CN CN 250 113 100 CO CN WO CN WO K wo — o 00 •O'O O O CO V) oo co K 106 243 160 I ! 1 Partially seeing Deaf Hard of hearing 1. ___ _ i Second- 1 ary | o> CO GO CN - CO — c _c O CO o CN CN — O' ! Second¬ ary - CO WO £ - j| CO 00 - CN - - Elemen- Second- tary ary >o ■o o wo 691 1 24 CN O' ^ O CN wo CO CO CO »— Blind Second¬ ary CO — CO CN Elemen¬ tary CM >o wo o >o CN State and administrative unit - 1 , .5 « 1 1 o t a ^ 1 1 =i <> “ c ( < t i r i i i ) l « *= : ) : j 5 1 3 GC ) t : < : c ) j \ 1 i a J « N 3 ac 4 > = !j : c > a 3 CC ) i c M 3 « 3 CC C : T 3 1 3 CC c _C > c J c i £ : C 3 J i a X c *4 I C c c c 1c a I > c ! £ ) c ) _c i cc b i ► 0 i« >C > (/ : I LT : j i] i cc C cr > • : I] : J 3 T : c 3 _C 3 fl ) : 3 S > > J ) 5 EC j * - £ J - > c > _ E C ! c > c M- £ j 4 4 - c li i c \ ) j 4 3 = 1! i c j • u. h i c IS X E £ 2 3 J h- 1 i 5 c £ 4 L* : c ! 1 : i il ) 1 ;.l ■ a . \ E* : a 4 ? -C _c tut- Chicago City . . . - f hirnhrt H^inhtc » b > l :i > c n C 3 t ! 'Z i s. »L j L > c ■ i : c iC c 5.1 it- c c J c -C if is it M- h ! c »3 J s i c M- ) ) ; r 4 ) = ) > 1 c ) ir ) C £ _4 1 ! "c ! f i E IU ! c [ rl 1 c i > 1 t : c i 4 1C £ i T il ! c ; 1 i-c : c ) ) 4 1 o 4 C 1 j *- • 4 |C ) i ■ c ■ C I "c I c E _4 4 C c il 1C j ) ! 1 KJ * c ) ‘c : = ;9 i a c c < is . < \< 1 M • c 1 UJ 1 Ij r « is i c 1 UJ i e > _« i uj ! .5 ij i »/ 1 0 1 UJ > 4 £ ic i-C ! 1 ) -c 1 .W . QC > 0 t o ~c c : -c > L i ^ . c | c c : □ > CN c CN 1 £ j£ : C ! c if 1 a i 3 1 h- : c ’ £ c 1 c > 1 UJ 1 > 1 I ) > L 0 : a- ' c : J i o i c > 1 UJ I c ■)-* ■ C 1 0 1 1 c : a : 4 l 4 a i _G ri i o O > c 4 5 s 0 Geneva i ' l 1 0 c uu c 4 c i/i X d "S • o r_o • c 4 iO JX c ^ c ij i c |2 : X ; h- "c ; £ i -a : c 4 10 ) ) i i I L i i 4 C u c > 4 »0 E _4 c 1 •— 1 u] : c • 4 »0 Glenview . . . EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957—58 37 end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 38 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION,. 1956-58 Mentally retarded Middle range '00 ' K CN ' ' ' ; ; co ; cn ; ; ; i t t i • » i i i |l'^'Ol|,l'CN'' i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i ii i i • i i ii i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i ii . . i i i i i i i i • i i i i ^ 1 .... 1 . i . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 Im . 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l Upper range til it 1 1 10 0*0 "O ' ; ; ; — K«o ; ; ii i i i i i i i i • lo 'xfOO ' CN • 1 ' O »0 CO — 1 ' CO O ' — 1 CO CO CO ' — ' — ... ' CN ii i i i i i . i i ii iiii i i i i ii iiii iiii COCO 'O' (TO "»T *U-> ' 1 1 0 CN -O V)W)0' ' 1 1 10 10 i""'- : :^x : Mentally gifted ! Elemen- Second- tary ary i i i i i i i . i . i . . i . i i . . . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i . • . . i i i i i i . . i . . i i i i i i i . i ii.iiiiii.ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . i i i .. i i . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll.il! . . . i . . . i .ii i i • i i i i • i . i . i . . . . i i . i CN 1 i * i i i i i . i . . i i . i i i i i i i i i iii iiiiiiiiii.il . i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i i.i i i i i . i i i i i i i i - 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I II i i i i i i . i • 1 1 1 1 I I I I |Q 1 1 1 1 1 . I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III . 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II .. i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . . i i i . i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i . i i i . i i i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i * i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i * i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . i . i Socially and emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary - i i : : i : i . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 K. > 1 1 I • 1 • i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 I l 1 l 1 I l 1 l l I I i l I I i i l i i i i I I I I . i i i i i 1 1 1 I 1 l l 1 l l l I l l I I i i i i i i i i i i i i iii i i « • i i i i iiii! • • . . • i « . <0 ■ 1 ■ i i . . . i . ^ . i • . cn . . . . i.i i i i i i i i i i i i cn i i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i iiii . i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i iiii iii . iii i i i i i i i iiii Elemen¬ tary CO • i i i i to i i i i i i i i i i i II I I i I l I ill . ii . . . co ' ' ii . i . . . i . . CO ' 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 . . 1 . II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II iii i iiii i i i i i i i i i i i i ii.^— CO 'O’ 11 '00 iiii. ii. iiii 111111..1..1 III 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 IIII . IIII III 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Special health problems Second¬ ary m i i i i o ts 1 ' ' III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 i . ' fo ' 1 1 *— ' . ' i i ^ . III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ill 1 III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 IIII IIII ............ i i . i 1 CN 1 1 1 'f— i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii iiii . . . . . i . . . i . i i iiii iiii i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii iiii . i i . . i i i i i i i i iiii iiii . i i i .. i i i i i i i iiii iiii Elemen¬ tary *14 12 — ' O 'CN ' — lO 1 1 CN CO CO xr 1 CO ' CO . * 1 ' 11 11 ' ii-i ill ill i i li ii ' 1 'CO ' ' 'CN 1 ' 'N — U“> CN '**■ ' UO ' 1 CN ' 'xf iii iii iii i t ii ii iii iii tii i i ii ii iii iii iii i i ii ii .ii iii iii i i ii ii iii iii iii i i ii ii 1 Elemen- Second- tary ary CO InKm III 1 1 1 1 1 II IIII IIII 111^.111). i 1 04 iiii iiii iii i i i i i ii iiii iiii iii i i i i i ii iiii iiii III 1 1 1 1 1 II IIII IIII iii i i i i i ii i i i . . i i i i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i i CN ' 1 1 ' 1 1 ' iii i i i i i i i i i i i cn . . iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i i - — ' 'IK O''' j ; ; ; j ii iiii i ii iii i ^ . i r— iii. 1 (V) . I^B . 1 i . w— ii iiii i ii ii. i ii iiii i ii iii | . i i i i i i i < i . . cn xf iiii CN 1 1 hv ■ i i ■ i i i i i i i i i i . . i co i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i iiii ii Hard of hearing j Speech impaired Second¬ ary - • * • • • CO 1 ' ' ii iii i i i i i i i i i i ^ i • O 1 ' ' CN 1 C0(N,I,I,,,' N ' "N • . t 1 t ' 00 III . . I 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 ........ I II III I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II III 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. 1 1 II III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . i . i i i i i i iii iii iii IT) N 'O ' . . 11 'CO ' 1 1 ^ ... CO . CN 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 ' iii i . . o i i i ___ . iii . iii i i i ^ i . i m i i i i i i i i i iii iii iii i i i i i i i i i iii iii iii C If _t> a IU 155 133 30 620 437 100 n oookcO'OON 'cn ■ 1 o- ■ v> 1 'coo M N V) N OK too- 'CO ' 'K CO 1 00 O' O' - : : ;x ii i iii ii ii i oo-oocncduvo ' 'O ' 1 1 '*o * 1 v> 1 '*a 1 cn coo-^K^o-^o ; ;in ; ; ; ;£ ; ; ;os ~o ii i ill ii ii . ii i til ii ii i Elemen- Second- tary ary o> 1111.. . . i i i i . . . 11.. ... CO * 111111..1.11 i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i .iii... i iii . iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i ■ . i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 i l i l 1 l l ill ill i i i l l i. i i i l i i i i i ill i l i ^ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i iii iii i i i i i i i e* ' i i i i i i i i iii iii i i . i i i i . iii iii iii i i i i i i i iii iii i ii i i i i i . ii . i i IT) i > i CN 1 i • f. . i i i . . 00 1 1 iii iii i ii i i i i i i ii iii iii i ii i i i i i i ii iii ii i . i i i iii i i i i i i i i i i 1 1/) i i i > i i . i ir) . O' ... . . .iii. 11.^11111^—1 _ __ III I. (III. II. 1 1 1 1 1 1 (N III I 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 III II 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 Deaf Elemen- Second- tary ary CO i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . i i i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . • i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i I . I * I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Zl CL 9 1 I . 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r i i i i i i I i i i i i i i i i i i . . i . I I i . 1 I l I l l l I l I l l i l I 1 I 1 l 1 f a. Second¬ ary in : : i :N : i i i l . i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 i > fO 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 V) • iii . ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i I l I i I I l I l I l I I I 1 I I l l l l 1 1 1 l I I I i i I I I i i i i i i i i i I l I l l 1 ill . till i i i i i i l I i i i l 1 1 I I l l 1 1 1 1 l l l l 1 1 l l l 1 l l l i I I i I I • * I i I . I . . I l l l l Elemen¬ tary - i i i i o* CN 1 1 1 i . i O ' ' ' ' ' ii ^ i «— i . i . co 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 IIII II III 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 IIII II III 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 IIII II l l I l i I 1 l I I I I i i i I I I . l 1 Ot * 1 1 1 < ' 1 ' * iiiiiiii.ii 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII . la* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I Elemen- Second- tary ary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 II . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11*11111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 .. I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 Ol i i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i State and administrative unit - ILLINOIS — Continued Ridgeland, Oak Lawn _ River Forest . -- River Grove . - Rock Falls Elem . . . Rockford _ - Rock Island . _ . . . St. Charles . - Salem H. S._._ . . Savanna _ _ Silvis _ _ _ South Lockport-Fairmont, Lockport - South Stickney _ Springfield . . . . Sterling Elem _ _ Streator Elem . . Summit, Argo . . Sycamore . . . Taylorville. . . . . Thornton Fractional Twp. H. S., Calu¬ met City _ Tuscola _ _ Urbana . . . . Vandalia _ _ Villa Park Elem-.. . . . Virden _ _ Wabash, Mt. Carmel . . Washington H. S . Waterloo... . . . Waukegan City . . Waukegan Twp. H. S . West Aurora, Aurora . West Chicago Elem- . . . . . West Frankfort School District 68 _ West Frankfort S. D. 108 _ Westmont Elem _ Wheaton Elem _ Wilmette _ Wilmington- Lorenzo, Wilmington _ Winnetka _ _ _ Wood River Elem _ Woodstock H. S _ _ _ Woodstock Elem _ Zeigler _ Zion Elem . . . . INDIANA Alexandria _ Anderson _ _ _ Bedford _ Bloomington _ BlufFton. . _ _ _ Calumet Twp., Gary _ Charlestown Twp . . . . Columbus . . . . Connersville Town and Twp. Cons _ Crawfordsville _ _ Crown Point _ _ _ East Chicago- . . East Gary - - EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 39 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 40 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Mentally retarded Middle range CM CN KO o CN ' 00 1 CO | k < IO ; O ; Upper range c=> CM 0'^oocr>'0'^'0.— cnk>— •— -'tK — Kv>0'0>nis.'0>oino>cocoio.— vico^-c- — N — — — — — — — — O C-). — < — *— CO ■'T 124 >o Elemen¬ tary CO 120 wo £0 — CO — CN CN CN — Crippled Second¬ ary CO o CN — CN CN — Elemen¬ tary CM 00 — — CN i 77 o CN *0 »— O. — r- CO lO Speech impaired Second¬ ary W0 o o C 6 £ j> 2 >OK *0 WO — ^ OK oo wo CN •O K W0 CO CN Deaf Hard of hearing “6 S Jr S ° t/> - 00 CN c E £ v 2 CO •“ 00 O — CO -6 §Jr S ° - Elemen¬ tary o- o CN o Partially seeing Second¬ ary CO Elemen¬ tary - CO Blind Second¬ ary - Elemen¬ tary - State and administrative unit -a a G O i o < <3 < i i if c c i it £ < <- > £ £ C 3 -j 3 : : i ) L j 5 3 ) 3 c 3 ( l C JC 3 l z 1 T C C Ct C T <] L »j ) c i L ; i l * > i a D - y>\ ) £ 3 < > L > * i c - c 3 c : o j r > c )C c ; i < L t : c ; < ► ; J i 1C i t u s! 3 C i c i\ ) .! J c J c 1 C 5 c 5 \ « 2 ; : c 1) o 1C 3 j t : i r c i i 1 c U 3 j ^ 1 c a c i ic ; < 1 c C _c s c 5 c 3 c ) s li 5) t ) c ) ) 3 > L c ) > 3 = <5 o -C J t 3 : 3 3 7 3 ^ i c j a a (j 3 C . LL C 3 l ) y - t 5t j c t X i-X 5 : : i 2 ;C U J-5 \i _a C 7= 5 > C >< 3 C 3 C c ( L l c : fl si i j > » c r 3 Ji ^ c : -c. > £ jJ ) -2 :C ? c V c j c c C J 1 5 r.s ' 'i 5 ^ i ) . 5 • J r“c : > i *j • c 3 y \i r j * < . c ) c > > 3 « : c n E3 C c N IJ c C 7 o 5 <1 n Si : 2 j > i) j j S' ■ « : j : c c n 3 t )C j h >«s 5 '1 id fl 1 if d ) T 3 0 : a ! a 3 — : > 5.? : oc “C "c ! c : a 11 : a c c ’c i C i\ t-L 3 _ : c , t 3 3 3 C : «/ 3 3 13 1 s y 3 2 > i/ a c ii : C > is, S ■v c ?v! ; ? I> c iif; 3 : > ) .t c >t » a > c >1/ : i Jj t 3 ir< , a , . c Ji ) c |d . c : c ) c ') > c • a : C > ) c ; j » — i c $ a c c \c i a c j < » c 1 0l ’ a KANSAS Augusta . . 1 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 41 CO ' O • U-) O CN O O CO CN N O 1 O 'CO 43 4> cl a 0.0 c z: z: z C C _Q o> o O 4> 0 . ■g* Jr s 0.2 tfc -O > « o o > c c o o o»o'2 >- C ~ © O’ o _s-i £0 u or c ■.S'S'i : x 6 6 U -u « °uu *C 6 5 o< 6 icUO^ “£isn<3°c = ,£d‘-> c> £ >*>*•*-*- *oo°oo0oo0,*00 (03fl3UUQQu.lLU.0lI I! C C «• o C _ O irf ^ i|- § ou,° 2 :u-£ j j j j. c 2: « c S S O e o ~ 00- 111 lio 693-360 0 — 63 - 4 See footnotes ot end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 42 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 u ctf T3 2 o u V (0 >»-o fl 1! • e 5 ? i§ o o ■O O 22 1 25 OK O 91 o wo <© — o o CN o o — ;1 t\« Upper range s 40 O 33 O 00 CN *0 n n»nr)»oK — O •* — K K — N-N CN "N CN <5 wo 00 O — CN CN CN •- K CN ro •o 16 1 1 >oow ■OC1M — «)N- o CN •O «o K fit's r> — (l) r CN CN W0 IO N - CO wo -o OK-'-'0‘0 1 Speech impaired Second - ory - -o *n CN 25 o GO O ro ; -N «/> N O Elemen¬ tary CD «o o ^ O ^ *o — K 1 400 CO o W"> 43 316 10 347 60 113 3,889 145 200 o 00 r . c *C o • -C O ~o a X T> St S 0 t/> c if _e o CN • CN oo GO CO W0 GO CO £ • ° ! Elemen- Second- j tary ary r— CO K — •O CN CO CN Partially seeing Second¬ ary CO W0 Elemen¬ tary - CN GO - ■ - WO CN — CN 1 Blind Second¬ ary - - Elemen¬ tary CM 0 20 — State and administrative unit 1 1 a> a c 5 J £ 1 § ! h— cC Z UJ f * t* :• C l ) j ) > i ) ’x ' c II \ ! *c 1 c . a J. > a CL C i * J ! a c c c a ;> 13 ) c r a > z f c > c !l . a i ■ * . c w > c > 7 ! c ;U p — i 4 j S : a 1 i i — _> \ “a > V i a : oc 5 c c ; § : cr c c 1 3 1 • c c r c is c a 4 >G i.I 1 1 ) !u iS i c $ i e )i » E ; c :i i c >U > ’ — i x 5 r> ! ! c 1 c : 0 : e c r'o i 1 > c > ^ : "c 5 _4 ’□ Is id IT 1 c 1 X is $ LOUISIANA l i .E ► T ■c : _c i .2 • 0 i a i c 1 _4 : < _4 > c i c : a i JC .2 ► c - a : c 1 *z . 0 E j = ! < i ; _4 > > i ■ c 5 ! _c » 'C . c : °- > ^ : C j : < a 1 -o ; 7: 1 jO > c ■ CL ' -V ; o i l - 3 I c : <2 1 1 l : o :i - c ! < I X 1 c i e. 1* — !j 1 CC i i i i i ; 2 : a : o •S i co c c a > « -C -c c i a • C : -c i B iU JL 0 : -c iU 10 1 -C 1 0 : a 1 =. • 4 » ‘IS 1 0 1 H 1 0 >u 1 Q 1 15 . E 3 1 0 [U > -C 1 6 a 1 IE a U 4 — i 2 ii i , H_c : c i a ■ _□ c _c 1 E i 0 u ii 1 c ' X i X 1 c ■ Q. ! 1 i c ’ c i-o i_S 'U Concordia Parish. Vidalia East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge- East Feliciana Parish. Clinton .E 1 S '■£ • ^ OJ Z -c 1 O a o :! 0> c E 0 £ 0 c n ■ s c 0 _c ’C 0 c 0 □ Jefferson Davis Parish. Jenninas » i > a - c t e io , -C o a c 0 4) It 4 Lafayette Parish, Lafayette. . Lafourche Parish. Thibodoux _ Lake Charles. _ LaSalle Parish. Jena _ C 0 LT 3 a -C O a _c o c C 0 o c ;> JZ o a c o a c *> , a • 2 0 CO . -C o a 3 0 >■£ o 5 5 -C 0 .!£ o Z JZ , ‘u o a < -c o a 4 “O Q o a Red River Parish, Coushatta > c o -n a a 4) C 15 o CO 4 4 E o -c -U . o a “O o c 4 CO <75 2 3 -O c 4 C O z o a o c J? 4 X <75 St. James Parish, Lutcher _ s o 4 a O -C a a > ~o c o <75 St. Martin Parish. St. Martinsville. #c c p .a -C O a o £ <75 St. Tommanv Parish. Covinaton i > 4 1 < X 0 a ' 0 c X 0 a ‘5 c 0 Terrebonne Parish, Houma . EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-5 8 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 44 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Mentally retarded Middle range CM o — o- r-aooo^oo •— CO CM *— — 00 O 0 O. CO IN. CN — O CO O — 00 CO CN NT 00 «— c*>— cn-— ^-n^^^con — cnn»- innscN-o- •— —co.-co co Mentally gifted Second¬ ary o> 168 210 Elemen¬ tary CM 'O o CM CO CN CO NO CN — Socially and emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary S Elemen¬ tary CD — CO 1 — ^ — — - 00 06 Special health problems Second¬ ary ir> — CM O CM CO 00 — u"> — — CN CM Elemen¬ tary 't CM N ^ CM *o — 00 CM O CO - — CM 00 — CN o •o — 2 CN CO Crippled Second¬ ary ss CM — CN — Elemen¬ tary s •“ — — •” 00 CM r- 00 - — — — CO -O MD irt'O — CN — -O Speech impaired Second¬ ary = o K CO « 20 CN 70 00 o K j c E £ _t> o 2 5 331 00 ^ 0-0 CO CO 00 O CO CN CO >o CO CN o CM CO o CN CM CO CO o o CM 72 CO o CM CN CN CN 1 Deaf Hard of hearing 1 1 Elemen- Second-! fary ary oo N- — o CO CO — CO — CM o -o — W"> O CN NT 42 CO CN •O O- Elemen- Second- j tary ary - CO CD — 00 K £ — CM | Partially seeing Elemen- Second- tary ary lO o CN CO o — o - - — K CN — Blind Second¬ ary CO CM Elemen¬ tary «NI «o CO - - — itate and administrative unit - MASSACHUSETTS I > t ■ c c t !< ’ 4 \* > 1 : E c > i ? IS CN d > c ’> 1 a 3 -oO i 1 1 ; c c ; s ! I c c c c a > I ft !3 1 0 CN >d 1 c ' 2 :j! 1 ► ! ! L > c > '2 > ft i ft « C J i ! c ft .s C c ft ; C » “C CO d c ft > 0 ■> 2 i co 1 1 --a d > c > ft s 1 L » ft ft d c > s- ft a 3 c A 0 3 -Q 1 > “C jC 3 c E a a -c a c c/3 .£ 3 c » !S > c c a ' E * c “C a ft 1 E l a c c 0 i 0 1 LU | j: 1 ’Z CN d c E -C 3 : o 3 E o >-c o \c : ft ft M C 0 0 c : a > CO i ) : T3 -o d > 0 un *> ft a ■ JO E 0 0 n J® c J 0 ft c ft ft c c o < < o 0 «-c-o£ oE E c" <<<< o c <<< - £ E J S o o « < co co co < O c *So2 o >- i- ili ^4>4).y0ccc^.-aaxt;-£-£ o_c.c_c_:=oooei_30oo UUUUUUUQQQQQnjaiiiJi IS'e-S'S g s l> a o , xx: EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 45 - o i • i lo CO |£0.o^;ocoKcocooo^<:,sc*OKLn~co^owno> Z ^ 0 ! 00 °° — ^ — CN- — 'OCN --^COCO — CNU~> C — £ -Q o c > — 0) c £-0 C 0 0 3 3 2 3 *D . i o.-o-o _2> 0= O o _o -Q -SL c *£: - - “ >*-o C O O O O O 0 irs s s s s 3 o o 00 = " 5® i ® !; 5 r 2-c-oto-o o _q o o o 2 2 o c S: a"o ■ E T1 >. c c 0 ® ^ 5 < ■ xm ^ o -o -O -C -C . o * * r r 0 O 0 O O zzzzz: •SJ5 >- > * ° * _o ~ lOOOOtf :zzzzni a o c o "o ■- I > C -0 T3 1 o 5 c 0 cl cl Oa a SO ■Eco tl 'Z 8 0 t •— E 2, o o j liJ1 0 0 -c -c . E E 3 3 OOOO 110 co w *■0 ■ -go E ~!C O i g-s III */>«/> 3 0 0 2 i i co 5-8 - : _* c E g-gt 0?*E .Eu' -c ,' E o £ n 9 3 c O — -j .« 2 0 q -g e •fcSotS^gltl •£ JC C _* XT ~ £. >«J3 = ' S'S'Sw'Sw'S >'~J3l= = 3**00000000®®®®®®®-^"“-- See footnotes at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 46 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 XT) = 4) O TJ £ z = = ® ° o -K c 3 O : 111 o E o Y m c E £ ® P T> S >• MOoooO'OioooinioN'n^oooMN rtOOKtNOMMOeNCN^OJOOjOaiOO ■ooo'O'Oior-n'OOwNoO'O'oO'no O O — OO'O'OM'O — ^O^OOO-STOO — oo »— *— CN (N >0 U0 co - O-' r-' oooouo.— u->o. CO CO >o O — CO — o. . — co — o ® P o t It ® o >. D C O O ®-S = jO O C -5 115 .too c ~ c o o o £ £i2: <<< -eSuO. : < < x ®< i g S.CT3 t t : JE — c o O o ; < < < CO CD CO ( : l n cqU c 1 ffi , _ ® c c OP 5 > O o o -ou ‘5.-0 o"D a ® 2i--Q u, - Q O e a c 0 n » o » — x o p u;c-j- 5§|2ooi^^!;nE « o®^Joo~oS®®6o58So®^=i5-?:?----- (JUUUUUUUQOQQiijuujuililil ® o ■f-D-D-D c 2 c c c ® v 0 0 O ® ifutOOOOOOOO £ u N 000 XXX c — -a o o c IE^.2 S= o XXX EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 47 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 49 CM CO CM WO £ N- WO xt i 32 15 oo . wo r-'OCN WO i-OO'ONOO wo >0 CO x* CM CO x* K S “lOiN- (O'OO^ «— "O ■>* o *o o — X — CM CM CN o 1 109 00 ■“ CN - o CM CM CO CN wo wo W0 r*- 25 129 WO ''t s 306 CO CN 600 30 76 S K M0 UO wo O K 3 S2 CN O WO o* K wo o CN o* CO CO £ £ wo CO £ £ £ £ WO res at end of table. 50 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 51 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secon< level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 52 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 1 11 Middle range 1 1 ' 1 CO ■— ' CN 1 'KN.O> ' 1 . . . i i i i i 1 ' 11 i i i i i i i i i i i — till 1 II*" II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 till 1 II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 'CN*— 1 ■ CN CN CO CN 1 ii* i i i i i i i i i • i i i i i i ii ■ ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii ■ ii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ' ' ' . i i i i i i i i ii ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ii 1! Upper range 10*0 lOCOCOO‘NOCO'OnO‘OCOOOO^'OiOiO'OCOOCO^^CO _ CN CN 1 CN CO — K CO CN CN CN CN CN x* CN 00 ^ K ^ W"> CO — O' CN CO ^ •— 3 ; - - nn "lOOIONO i CO ' -O — K fN — 1 CO <0 O- -O -M- uo O- V) US CO CN •— CN ' — CO 1 CN CN •— CN CN ' CN — ■»* CO CN ■— • lO V) Nt CN •— e— • ■ CN . -o WO 1 1 l 1 1 I i I I i i I 1 l i i I II I i i i i i I i i I I I i l I i I i l I l l II i I I I i I I I I i i I i i i I I I I I i i ii I l l I I I i i i i ii i ii i i i i i i i iii ii i 1 "O ' ■K-'t' 'CO 'O. — -«■ . O ' ' 'O ' 'K 1 2 ^ ^ ^ : 1 1 1 I^_ 1 1 1 IQ i '00 1 ' 0“ 1 'hvO* ‘ ' 1 1 i ' 00 ' 1 1 CO 1 ' -«-f 'Op i (y) i i i/N i i i i i I 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 II II 1 1 1 1 1 II III II II II II II 1 1 1 1 1 Deaf Hard of hearing Elemen- Second- tary ary i ■ i * i ■ i i i * i i i i i i . . . n i i i i i . . i i i i i i i . . iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i (>4 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l i l i l i i i i i i i CQ i i i i i i l i * i i i i ^ Q i l 1 1 1 1 1. i 1 l l 1 l l 1 1 i l l i i i l i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 i l . . . 1 1 1 l 1 l l 1 1 l l 1 I l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elemen- Second- tary ary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iii . . i i i i i i i i i i cO i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | Partially seeing Second¬ ary 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J* ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J Second¬ ary 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T3 i l l 1 l 1 i 1 i i i i 1 i i i i l 1 1 1 1 1 l l 1 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 l i l 1 i l l 1 l l l 1 1 1 i 1 1 l i i 1 i 1 l l 1 1 . . . i i 1 1 1 1 l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . Ill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 tary i i 1 l l 1 1 l 1 1 i I 1 ■ i 1 l l i i . . i 1 l 1 l 1 1 I ■ 1 l i 1 I . . . 1 l l l 1 l 1 rvj . iii . . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ ii . . i i i i i i . . . i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 State and administrative unit l MISSOURI -Continued Piedmont - - Plattsburg - - - Pleasant Hill _ Pleasant Hope - Poplar Bluff _ Portageville _ Purdy _ _ _ _ Raytown _ _ Republic - Richland _ Richmond _ _ -- Risco . . _ _ Ritenour Overland _ Riverview Gardens, St. Louis - Rolla _ St. Charles _ St. Clair _ Ste. Genevieve - St. James _ St. Joseph _ St. Louis _ Salisbury _ Savannah _ Scudder, Robertson - - - Sedalia _ _ _ _ Seneca - Seymour . . . . . Sikeston _ _ _ Smithton . . Smithville . . _ . . Southwest City _ _ _ _ Springfield. . _ _ Stanberry - Stockton _ Stover _ Strafford _ _ Thayer _ Trenton. .... _ _ _ Troy _ _ _ Union _ Unionville _ University City _ Versailles _ Walnut Grove _ . Warrensbury _ Warrenton - Washington _ Waynesville _ _ Webb City _ Weldon Spring _ Wellston, St. Louis _ Wellsville _ West Plains _ Willard _ Willow Springs _ Windsor, Imperial _ Windsor _ _ MONTANA EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 53 CM K CN -O N- IOOOO -- CO ^ cm go — ^ — (N — WO GO O' — -o — O' — wo CM WO 0"0 CM CO GO CO CO O N CN — o CN CM — o CO CO K •— - 00 00 ^00-^ wo (MCOO»-r- CO CM CM •— mT O' — *0 CO O GO WO 27 " GO 'O WO xt CO — o CM O' -- fs O' >0 _ - CN CM K — CO *- 4 1 21 - ;o CM — CM CM 24 — CM CM — CM - j « J j t a ? : : i a 3 < i : 1 6 * ?1 J i )C 1)1 ► u n )C 5 I ( II )3 n 5 7 3 : £ _c I* ( N 1 n NEBRASKA U C a J 1 > c i C D 4 3 CC J h ) a j 1 3 CC \ I j : 3 CC : fl c I < * c < N 3 a r 5 ; j _ n : c 3 C > 2 )rz \ i ) L > i> < 3 ”5 5l c c Q. i 5 c c c .5 5 E 5C i > > ) ?§ : « 1 - :i i * ;C 3 _w i 1 . LL : c 3 — -* ? c : c : C ! E J 1 ’ LL : c ii :c l \ 1 j: ! ( >C T - c ;i > £ !l )C | j !i > « ji 4 C Pi ;3 ! C : i ’i z C D ; *. j c : x » 3 ij : C 3 : : * * • s i c 3 4 : * ■■ c 1 c ) C i j > 7) C : 1 : > E ! c : c : 4 II c C -51 i [ L_C 1 4 2 c i i c j c f-g i E J c :2 ! 3 | 3 3 : j 1 ) C :z 4 J : a > X > C :z c c “5 Z ! c 3^ • 1 : -x i = :z ) | 3 3 ■ C . X : C : e :c 1 T ii ■ « )C > U 0 c u c c 1 ~c » C ; -c 1 ! c Q 3 ' G : ^ 1 ^ 3 1 i! ! c : cT 1 3 i 1 l ' □ ; ! >i • 2 ! $ c c > G 3 2 E c u i r a £ ic •u i c c 0 5 ‘ 0 l X □ E ;Q ,3 * 1 c Wilber NEVADA Mineral Co.. Hawthorne U | i 0 u : d >u ! = 6 ; o C 4. ac U . 4. C -c a White Pine Co.. East Elv NEW HAMPSHIRE Claremont |X s •n k OCNON CN — | 09 CN 00 • CN CO | 00 O' ; COOK • CN * • O' ; O CN N • CN 1 22 Upper range CNCO O 00 CO •— CN CN O UO K O CN ^ >0 CO r- O CO N CO CN 00 -O'* W0 W0 O' CN 64 1 1 n 318 CN W0 «— K CO — — — WO OOxtOWOCN^tWO^t CN»— CNCN — e-r-K WO O' co N ^ rs 22 42 10 wo O CN — Mentally gifted l Second¬ ary i o 45 Elemen¬ tary » 35 73 Socially and emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary - W3 O' o- Elemen¬ tary O' r- 00 CO 29 00 — 00 Special health problems Second¬ ary CN CO CN CN o CN 00 K Elemen¬ tary - 00 CN CN — CO CO CN *— NT- CN CN — CN — WO O' — 00 — 1 Hard of hearing Speech impaired Crippled L Second- : ary - * — — CN Second- Elemen- ary tary CM - CN o wo O' — 00 W0 CO — WO CN X ^ CN "7 Second- Elemen- 1 ary tary CD Tt CN W0 00 fs 00 O' O o CN O' C 1) ^ Jo =o 00 o — O' wo i ! Blind Partially seeing Deaf Elemen- Second- tary ary cx> — Elemen- Second- Elemen- Second- tary ary tary ary ir> CN WO O CN CO - —— — — — C O D> c E .5 2 c u . < C “C ? £ 5>“5 s D P T> 3 3 3 t c < »- : ^ 5 c E 1 { 3 j 2 « t 3 - c - c c c c Ot c 3 c 5] Boro-Buena Vista Twp., Vineland j a 3 1 L 3 i ) : J 5 ) l 5 £ a ! c c c : 7 c i“ c 5 ) i c < 3 5 3 t T £ ( t b ! r C 5 j c n s-* J i j > i : c ; 3 j < E ) c <1 c T T c -3 1 £ ) D J > ) t - a : c M J ii Windsor Twp., Hightstown _ • c » 0 _c 2 3 »- c 5 3 a b c c "C c C i > !j L c i -c ‘ c p 3 j 3 i : > 3 7 T C : C c _c £ 0 J c > ) h ■ c ) c I : h w T5 o (J ^ 53 U CJ i-C a £ PQ H Q. 0) C £ S Jo * it X ^ O c °-£ u o — o SSESZ, < < m mcDco O "D o E > o>-* c 0) 0) 0) S_e_o ■ ■ W •— w J S o * w 3 3 3 . 5 ° ° o 8U So § § ^UUUUUUUUUQQQQQ O O O o Tl "O &L= X X £ J U)X . £ clo' EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 55 56 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 U d d 0 o 0) «5 d L rt 4-> d o a jj ° tj o o CM CM O CO Os K — — «o - Elemen¬ tary Socially and emotionally maladjusted Elemen- Second- tary ary CO - — K wo — GO CM Jo - — r_ — o 1 1 35 1 1 6 ON- CO — CO — — CM CO Crippled Second¬ ary - — — — CM CM Elemen¬ tary — CO 21 3 1 8 1 23 CM CM — — CO — — WO Speech impaired Second¬ ary - 'O »o CM i Elemen¬ tary <=> CO >o CO o o ON «o »o CO — CM >o CM CO Os co >o K CO o> .c o 4) JZ Elemen- Second- tary ary oo o X a X CO ‘O — CM o 0) a Elemen- Second- tary ary CO - K i Partially seeing Second¬ ary 1 Elemen¬ tary - - O — 1 Blind Second¬ ary - Elemen¬ tary - o — — CM — — iate and administrative unit j NEW JERSEY— Continued nrl 5 : c C c E c c C $ c 3 1 ) \ i L a -it c CL l i ! F ) ^ 3 C J T a c T ir cr i $ ii J J J i j j ) ) C » r C i c i c 3 C <£ C * H | > »- 1 i ?§ • h- ij : a Grove-Upper Penns Neck Twp., Cirnvn nnock Twp., Pompton Plains _ ^mhnv 0 3 c [j c 3 c ! D i J ! c ! c IS !! ’ <1 >c > — i | j 1 l r 3 1 X J I > . c c ! c : c : * : J l — ) c ■ r ) i c * : c l C L \ > a > c c c * JZ 0 ;1 ) C [l i* '■ c . 3 L i L » L C n X : a; -it c a ' X ! .5 | ! S L 1 4 l-S l a c c */ c (J u 3 OC b S H- > 1 t 1 l t 1 L : a; • X s 1 "0 ! 1 -it a CL X L c on a -it c c cc ! _a Plains _ c S 0 vr • 3 1 C *0 1 CL ’ ji c c > c a u l C 3 cn E C i c co > a 1 1c .oc : to X Plainfield River _ X .5 o o -a -it ci o O I 8 u n3 cl d a 0 +-> +-> a a o d d > O • iH l— H 4-> CIS L o ■M a W) CL 05 d d a n3 h3 rt 3 *1 'o X »H (J o > 05 -2’ ® S' 5«^^>oo atae.oc.ocaca:ac.aci i ^ _c _c _c t c E ■£"0 — >-o« E E o o o o o •;: E 8 ? 3000u4)0000000-Q-33> Q£l/)t/)cOt/)COcOCOl/>(/3U5(/)0 :cn^ K CM >0 <0 1 -O CO N CM CM •— — o"o> • s\£ i § O' 4) — 4) OCOOOQ.c4' o 2 '£ "c "c a 4> .£ .¥ « = u> o) - 2 c •=«- jco ffooSzO~> j o 5=c-Stl-5i'5i‘5ltl'o'51o o"5 00004)4)4>4>4)4>4)_c0>" 1 -O .2 . — 3 > ; o°o lUUU -O £•£ o « 5 UQiu H c o> ® •| -C Ex u s ° •c = u ?3so5“£ 1 •- X o -C JC Wl E E E E :<<<<<<< C C O c o J O 3 CDJQ -O 2 C 3 O O < < co m e o'? 2 S >-io = 2£ >• o a o o 693-360 O — 6J -5 See footnotes at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 58 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 >»-D 1-s Middle range R O K O K o CN K CO . — ; 1 Ss 5 £ Upper range s ONCOnONiOO^^OiOiOO O- •— Nt 24 O CO 'O CN CM — CN — — CO 2 — ao cn O cn ao ^ CN ^ »0 — — CM — Kococoocn^oocnocnko — OO^'OCO^'OCOCNCOO'IO •O — CO — — — — — CO — — CO “O © £ *5> Second¬ ary a> 1,348 "o i * Elemen¬ tary 2 16 I*! 0 0 -R >• § .2. Second¬ ary 00 '^r 93 = .2-0 .So0 in Elemen¬ tary CD '(TO CO CN — CM — CN CO !— € i j Second¬ ary S — 46 CM CN CM ' •Se • a a t/> Elemen¬ tary 00 CN 8 126 — — CO — CM CN — wo — CM T3 _© Second¬ ary CO "" CN a •c u Elemen¬ tary CM •co 1 r— • 1 00 *0 CN ^ CO CN Elemen¬ tary O j-e ■ cc i loo ; '"co 'em? » O' c c c u = 2 £• o - t: NC - O *3 — — — ^ ^ coo o-Q Q-l t; t t k c _ c o©-c-c^oooooooo©©.5C33 UUUUUUUUUUUUQQOQQQQ ^ c © -* • ^-S-Ss .5 £■ c c 2 1 s ; a>u : 3 o >. ' ; S ^ 5 = a a aS £ = = 2 e if J cd'E O = t: o>a.“7 o = .£_ o 2-| E o-o 5 a oj2 o U- LL. U- LL. U- >- u T= 3 X c > -Q O C f; * O O iSilOCM EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH 1957-58 59 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 60 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 >*TI 1-S 0'9‘'oruO'0nN'oK't-0'0'YY'0'0CN'0on!N'>>->f'0YOOn(Nn->tK'0CN -oeocii-cN — N'Ocn'Ococn— — >oco — o. — .— cncn — cn — — coioc$ — — cjcn — o* •— o» ■«* — EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 61 K'OnoO'^OO'OO'O'OO'NO'O' •o cocn — d'Oo’i — •— K *— cn CM CO © CM ^ - o o O' w> K O O CM CM 00 — . — — CMCOi. »o O O — — CM 3 i z. 6 u , ® i 2 i|il|i a x >» a o «/> h-P- • E a S .E S a-* a « o -* P ■D ^T 3i ll o r > o 8 ;°u i ® )33> o § oo ooo o o ® ® ® £££££££££££££££ z zzzzzzzzzzzzzz* iii?§ii!i!i 0-ccx-g = 00£Cf <'"oo‘ow2c'5 2 iiooooooo Henderion . S«® footnotes at ®nd of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 62 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 O -o II z £ — KOO ' 'f-iom . c 3 III III t 0 If C o O C K 0 •c e c a If • o If o o § 2r o If « O ~0 o Jr « O 00 o CO lo '♦OKtK - cn rs o o oo 0—0 — — C,CN — O — O 00 o CN CN lO O O 00 — — CN I* If • ° B Jr i ^ **■ a) « O » i u = t c c o §2 ^2 "2 * S'e - rUc= >.'®c3 8 ot ®ii s t-2 no St 0 £3t; w <3d- ■>,0 JlOiCC. >- ^ 10 ®s §•! -J*<3 c 8.0-2 < a.~ c o ^<0 *5 0 -3 aoj^-gc 5 S c -E ® -£ -c 5-ft . E'J'tjo Z -£ £ E *c o "0 o 2 -2 8° ° ° ° ° = -- s?zooc2c2«ScSc2(£c2(rtc8(^())i^crt»S^5^^^^^^ O c t: o a> ® o 2> c o „ c c «. w .on £ ao Ji-gc = U 0±u . = • o o J o_oua>a> 0 «) ‘ C T3 £ 3 L- 0 0 i E £ "c o .*• o o co co co U Jbx O T3 QOun EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 63 CO 'CNOCN'O CN >0 CN O •— K O CN r- O CO O TT OO CN U") £ © © C ■52 O cO 2 I £ 0 o -Q © E -o I! j* «/> c ®u 5 2: ° c g OBI¬ 'S o .E .E o ^ u " ob 55 * - O Q. ^ „ o>-or?^z oUUuo c ■o ® >-o ^ -K -S ® ® 55= o S = = ^ £;t££££ r J3 -I oci J -1 a-gl t „ - Jlllsjj-S £Si=2 £1 _* ^ O O 03 0) 0) ©O <<<<<<<<< O o o> °- o o c C = c * » g ? v ® o = £: *- .t! * S TJ-D E ■ o o o UUU< > ° ° -0 « v v *> £ o “ » «7i n o o >. >■ 3 3 uu ill! O O *© © O S OOOOOuj £2 * . _ _ o © .? o ^ ’Z ^ ^ t u tj o JM> 5 o o .£ 5jjc^ J2 5-ccE^5*e “>ooe0.t^o fiiioooi Sea footnote* at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957— 58. — Continued 64 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 65 N'0 0‘>-K <0 • >ls0 O IO totonNOM CN *— O •— O V - _ w St; 3 J -j 5-q o o r ° E £“= c • U O v _ *n 2u=^|I^ _ = E 5 5.5 5 ill S O O JZZZ-— o o ££££££££ O E O -o ■nij: c a t: <<<<<< JJ o t -£ O V o ! i t « !> o. • £\£ iuu« o , Z o> >. = o o . o i iUiS ! 5 "5 .2 15 ?-o 1 S >-^ix o : c CL >» o 3-c — J2 innn»--.nn-. !?° I J *1{ o © o ® ? > -Q 0 4 6^ • “ 5 o-f 3 £ o i r 5 o * o o o i- t> mUUUUm See footnotes at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secon level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 66 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 67 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957—58 69 NOCNOOCOOiOioiOO CNOiOiOCNW-).— COCOOO — — — CN 1 1 — -Q w 0) >*.Q *1° 3 *3 £ 2 v o • i- * 2 0-?> c c c c c c c ■ := °-E « Si £ = 2 °2£ > > o o m *- o o E c _o _q c= 9>. c 5 O --2 S o.?-5 2 o O) | o 3 0 4) ■?) C < ■5^ :« « O «■ c "*5*0 c'*; o ? _ * t/i O t n oooooooo 4) 4) 4) O C C E ttt t ^ r« '-•-‘-‘-OOOOOOOOO '{^>•0)0 !^9=o ;-«Ji |! O 4) c 4) 4) c ±. E otfctfc c n d) 01 0) >--C 0 *•- c i- C -C flj c o U-^> o o o • o o o *£ c *E 3 C O" o O 8 * . £ « 0) o Zu c * oz1 o “ J i c j; * O 0 O -O X c 4) » £ r © < o — J . u r o i *: o o. TJ T> o> c EiS “o r o * S ill! c r > c © «> o ^ a <2 E OU3 .c JC u X E c — „ t > < ■- , w o>c°u . tT_ a o i w c = 5 0°-*“- * ® .S « _ c oto £ ck-c J'-S “ E £ El o o-c 3 * « 0-.?0-- €)jf ® ® 4) 4)OC C = < O * * -D4)jcE)i~uJ>MMUOOOuuuo 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) 4) .t: _0 _0 _0 _3 _3 2“$ 5 J J J M ® u < * 2 Mechanicsburg Area Joint . See footnotes at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 70 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 1 Mentally gifted Mentally retarded Middle range ^ 1 o CN CN ; IOTJ- . O 1 CO | CO | 1 co — '(CN^ CN i 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gl 31 Upper range O CN CN O ^ cn •— *0 CO CN O K CO 1 -o — *o cn — ; O' CN cs co co »o CO 00 ^•—CNO*— CO»— •— NOOaJcNNoooio •o^'o^nioco'o- «— CO ^OKWCNOOtOKN'ON'OlOi-COnO'^KCNOO'O co co •— ^ ^ ^ ^ — o. CN 41 250 O O CN 1 — — O' 00 1 O' CO CO U-) ; >o 1 CN • • • • co 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elemen¬ tary - — ; CO CN GO o j CN i J i 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII I Blind | Partially seeing Deaf Second- Elemen- Second¬ ary tary ary i — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CN — o 7 ; : : : : : IIII III IIII till III IIII IIII III IIII — ; — ; ; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIII . Ill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elemen¬ tary - K | ^ : ! CO CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1^"* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I I l I l ; i I i li Second¬ ary i i l l i l i l l l i i i l l 1 l i i l i l l l l l i i i i i i i l i i i i i i i l i i i i l l i i i i l l i i i i i 1 l l i i i i i i i i i i . . i i i i i l i 1 l i i i i Elemen- tary - — — o iiii iii iiii i i i i CN 1 1 1 i i i i w— iiii ii i^r* iiii IIII III IIII IIII III IIII State and administrative unit - PENNSYLVANIA— Continued C c < < 3 < 3 l 0 < e: i 5 r c 53 V \ J L - »■ u < S3 : t > ! ’ -i j - i?. E 3 ii V J 5 1 3 T u i i t 0 | 5 1 3 1 li c C T C c t i c 3 L 5.5 5 5 E 3 > j>.5 jii l c 3 j1" >i : J E 3 j> J i t U la Milton Area Joint _ _ -5 0 > s ii S3 _c c _c \[ 5 < : c ) ( Monroe Co., Stroudsburg _ Montgomery Co., Norristown - 5 i > > # : < ) < E3 c 1 c c 2 \ 7 < c L c < > 1 3 < E2 J) h n E a 5 1 1) 3 N - c > ‘l : *: 3 < E 2 3 ) i Ii e - u - 1 : c 3 : 3 < E 3 -C c 2 a c = 3 3H C ii - C ;j : c 3 : 3 C E 3 T> ) i ■* L f c * 7 !i n : c > : ) c : 3 Ii : c > 3 3 O ES Muhlenberg Twp., Laureldale - AAimru lolnf 5 J 1 c ». L : C E 2 New Castle _ New Cumberland . . . New Kensington . . . Newport Joint . . . . Mcrrl.Mum c 0 iS - JC : t: 3 0 :z Northampton Co., Jim Thorpe . . hlrsrth Rrnrlrlnrl North Clarion, Leeper _ - North cast clem. Joint.. _ Northern Area, Russell _ _ _ Northern Butler, Parker _ Northern Joint, Wellsville _ _ Northern Lehigh Joint, Slatington _ Northern Potter Joint, Ulysses _ North Hills Joint, Pittsburgh _ Northhumberland Area Joint _ _ North Union Twp., Hopwood . Oakmont _ _ . _ Octorara Area Joint, Parkesburg _ Oil City Area _ _ Oswayo Valley Joint, Shinglehouse _ Oxford Area Joint _ _ Palisades Joint, Kintersville . - Palmyra Area _ _ _ Paoli, Berwin _ _ Parkland U., Orefield _ _ Patton Joint.. Penn Hills, Pittsburgh . . . Pennridge Joint, Perkasie. . . . Pennsbury Joint, Fallington _ Penns Manor Joint, Clymer . . Pequea Valley Joint, Kinzers _ Perry Co., Middleburg _ 71 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 72 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 195 6-58 U rt S3 0 o cj W> Mentally retarded Middle range K o- oy coon*o — — — CN 44 1 3 «o CO — »o W0 GO < •— CO 1 00 CN ' 65 5 O' Upper range CM OOCOO-OOOO'^'ON'^KO' -o--v-on-ao.---- CO CO CN O O'tN O'OK^'O-rCOO-'^ — Cl — 00 O' <0 CN "O CN CN — 00 — CN 0 0‘0'0 0‘‘0c0'0'0'0 ^CO — COr-^-COCO»OcO 371 126 5 29 14 11 22 1 Mentally gifted Second¬ ary a> 25 uo 57 204 Elemen¬ tary oo O 09 Socially and emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary s: CO >o 27 O' Elemen¬ tary to K CO o CN — CN Special health problems Second¬ ary 2 K i CN CO *o — Elemen¬ tary O — — — — — CO — CO «o CO — CO •O - Crippled Second¬ ary — CN CN — CO | Elemen¬ tary CO CM — «o >o - #c o © «c o “D O X -6 8 Jr © * to - o CN CN Elemen¬ tary «o CN — o CO — - U0 »o o © a Second¬ ary - Elemen¬ tary O' CN Partially seeing Second¬ ary lO o 00 CO Elemen¬ tary - — K — CO ts Blind Second¬ ary Elemen¬ tary - CN CO e and administrative unit - NNSYLVANI A Continued c 1 > c I : -J > C c ') z ■ £ 1 V ■ 5 s E > * D > \ ') -Chad Ford Joint, Unionville- b | _a _a G CC c £ £ c 1 \ i> i ! c > * * H i-£ _a £ "3 X c c l‘c • c s 1c > | c > *3 ; t£ b l c : c ' £ is L| : 5 © 111 • * -S ■ O C S 1 d.1 Lj* “ !|J ) n »- D i 1 > 1 > j c c c LL c \i is c 4 ij 1 ! c > i £ ! c _c -c "c o J r c 3* : c c > O C ! o [ j Li L C :<7 1 c 9 4. i-S is i< r c ! c o o -Q ”© C [o ) c ‘ o !| : a 5 n zz C a c J c c > c a 1 i I L I ) t : a o t JX c ‘ I s -C c ) S- 1 c : a t c ) c i K ' c :i ; a c c 1 ) i= fi ! c c : C • T ' c i i ;i ! > c il » c •i 1 ► 1 i > i f| r; : a !t t-Upper Yoder Joint, Johns- c C □ il c > c £ > a ■)_ : j c J c a > c 4 nCC 1 ■ : c i4 > > c ;> > ♦. I c h ;< S J* ) ‘ C r c : c ) .E 1 E c c c : T • c c LI 1 c O 1 ► r » ) !*a ; cc M L C : i ■ t- > \ ) t L -f c c C 1 c i > £ L JX c >■ RHODE ISLAND _a □ X ) i ■*"c i b C _4 “o > “C c enwich _ _ UU-! c c c o o o ‘c 'c 'c =500 i is i£ i£ = E t> -C c _l l_l ^ c 4)£ja>a)a>a>a)a>-oofc iifiittijii***************** ******** O O O © © 0) 0) _ _ O C 0 to to >- £ -C 0) o .t: . E c c o § £ © a> EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 73 “cS III III IgSlSS ujZZZZ -I £ E o' J gz. > o £ i 0 ° « o i: u E> > > o. a. co oo > > > c a ® J £ r g-2>£ c J-S Ei al C o O « © << CO 03 CO CO O ' u2 5 ®.fi « C *; t) t • -o -2 oi g E o « « ® o .c .c .e oUUUU c ° S Ills' ! o o a lUUQi 5^ ;E ;i° : s-’ ; : : ;u jo : ;■= ijo;;;; :jj li %4 Ir g §i;£x.2 £-5 g S Sfr § £8 8 2 s.« §-*2,o _ Egu - 2 > < 0>“7 W CD •- . £ = J? e ? g !| au O O O ■£ 693-360 0-63—6 See footnotes at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 74 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 >--o l-g 3 £ _ V “O o> 5 O I? $2 CN ' 'O' ' 'K — O u-> O CN CN — CN ■Si'S ° o t: 111 J!n § & s I io ® Q. a to § Jr « O N — ooo lO O CO >o —EL ~ CM s Jr S? o 2 >•£ « «- o _ * o-D-o-5- = 2 o •- _ — O rU o > u 6 = cu; Q _ ■ c 13 ® s So o . <-> 6 _®U _ _ „ O 4) o 5= ^ y o o o = „ cUWuf c O c c E c « i ? O • « £0.0 >>.| o.£|| >fe * i-Si££§-5*?° = *-2'S§§S e65 :6ooox-S-£iZ *.2.3.2.23:533:53 ; jQ -Q • I © © I _c -c : to to c ■?! 0 0 — "u XI » << EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 '-“o g 5 : „ c 'C » » o> c c zlSillMll C<<<<<<<<< footnot** at and of tabU. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 76 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 Mentally retarded Middle range o CO 00 o CM 31 00 99 00 00 Upper range s O-'ON^COCN'OO' — CM *0 CN CO — UO — 'O — o> — oocnco — cn — 0>0'0>0 — 'troocNcncoooO'OO' — CM CO •— 00 00 O 00 CM CM CM — CM — ocoy •— »o •— O' O K CO CM «0 — CM 1 Mentally gifted Second¬ ary - >o Elemen¬ tary o CO ...” O' CO »o Socially and emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary r— CO Elemen¬ tary 52 Special health problems _ Second¬ ary 2 >o o 00 o o >o CM CM 00 O U0 o o o CM WO Elemen¬ tary 0-0 00 0 — -O CN IN — IN CO CO CO — CM •— o CM CO o IN 86 ^ o CO 00 CO — »o o O CO K lO >o K ‘O O — CM O o CN 'O V) O' in m oo o KO>m«o CN CN 00 - >o *o «o CM CM CM K O CN Hard of hearing Second¬ ary - CM CN CO In 1 Elemen¬ tary - CO O - 00 09 'O 1 o Second¬ ary - o CO CM Elemen¬ tary N CM CO 00 — - CO Partially seeing . __ Second¬ ary o CM — Elemen¬ tary - •O CM — CO oe tN - Blind Second¬ ary CO - — Elemen¬ tary CM CM O CM IN state and administrative unit - TEXAS— Continued 0 X c X « E -E £ c u 1 X 1 c 4 [ \ ! •jc 1 1 : c >> X J c c u : c ) c c 1 l i \ JX 1 0 > a- is i c ' c 1 lx » c _4 ’> s c c 1 , c ) 1 \ !>i ! C c 1 > □ 00 a a >0 0 j 1 1 i ► i 2 i r a ^a. i » n 1 . i J. ) ^ 1 4 LI c *£ c c < c c t/1 > 4 : a \1 1 i !! ► 3 = 4 X ? c i c ! c 4 > c \c f i ) • » J . o JC ’> r c C » c c ■ c j > r? > e J *5 > Jt c 4 0 c < c c t r. 1 :> > i i : c ii • s : e > a 0 i | > ! a : s ) > r ; S c [ G ! j i » 1 c c c 5 ; c 1 1 r » 4 ) t c 3 i.« : > )X • a k G JX c X c 1- c 1 > i r o i \ U o c c 4 E X £ c c )0000.z00i_t.t-t-0000 — oo :OOOOOOO0OOOxxxxxxxxx I u S-l > a a C O O 0 © -i; r -X O) © -Q VJ C CT) C i. n < X ^ 7?Euc>_q;£coooou®~ EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 77 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 78 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 11 1! Middle range CM CN 1 0 J 1 1 1 1 1 1 If) 1 1 till ill 1 ' till : ; : :<* \ \ ill iii i i i i i i i ii iii i i ii i ii| ! , III l 1 I l I 1 I ii III 1 l ii l ||« _ • • • i i i i i i i ii iii i i ii i iii, Upper range CM CN 'O ^ CN 1111111' * i r— r— 1 1 1 -rj- i i i i fv | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II II) III II 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II ^ II* III II <1 ^ | Mentally gifted Second¬ ary c n ; ! i ^ Elemen- tary CO • o i i i i * i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . . . i i i i i i i i i i * 1 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | ' Socially and nmntln.. nlLf emotionally maladjusted Second¬ ary s= «£* : i : ! : III llllf^lllllllllll-^ . 1 1 1 Q 1 1 1 1 1 | | | iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i to llllllll*. Elemen¬ tary to II III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | | | | | | | | | p— 1 1 *_lll^llllllllll,_lllllllll>OIIII!ll| I 1 to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 II III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 It problems Second¬ ary ■ 'co 'O 1 | H” Hi I I i , _ 1 fV) j _ 1 i o r— w— 1 1 r— 1 , _ I ' I I i IQ, i I I I 1 1 II II 1 1 II II 1 III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 it II 1 1 II II 1 III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.1 ii i i ii ii i iii iii i i i i i i i r Elemen¬ tary - ^ 'CN |«0 '«0 ■ — o 1 ^ • — 1 i i Mt ' — O' CO 1 CO *0 1 U-> 00 •— 1 ^ U-) 1 CO — CN 1 — CO — CO — N 1 1 CN 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 r~m ^11 III III Crippled -6 _ Is cO - •— o 0 | | 1 1 1 'O • II II 1 II 1 1 II 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Second¬ ary - CN ' O O O ' 1 io ; cn — ^ ; ; III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iii o 1 1 ' O 1 ' 1 ' i i i * i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III III till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j Elemen¬ tary 46 7 100 52 20 49 110 1 1 1 Q 1 1 III II II till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i Qt io 1 1 O' 1 ' 1 1 CO i ■ i i i i < i ^>4 i i i t i Qm cn 1 1 * ' ' * * ii G0^'4O'1111 . . ' ' ' ' ' S iiiiiii II II till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IIIIIII Hard of hearing Elemen- Second- tary ary - III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 i III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ao i i i i i 00 1 ' 1 ' 1 O 1 1 1 1 1 i i i <0 i i iii III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 iii foiiiQiiiiiiii*iiiiiiiiii0tiiiiiii i III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll lll^— II . . III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll i i Blind 1 Partially seeing Deaf i Second¬ ary III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Second- Elemen- Second- Elemen- ary tary ary tary CO !!!!!! !— ! III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll III l 1 l l l l l 1 l 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 Qt 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 III III . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll III III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 till iii i i i i i i i i i i i i i ■ i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i il III till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 III till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 II II 1 llllllll till 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llj - II III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 llllllll ^_ll (tf)lllf^llllllllll^lllllllll llllllll III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! Ill 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . Ill llllllll . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . llllllll Elemen¬ tary 2 II IIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II IIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II IIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 > 1 II IIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II IIIIIII 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 State and administrative unit - UTAH-Continued Davis Co., Farmington - Granite, Salt Lake City . . . Jordon Sandy - - - Juab Co., Nephi _ Logan - . — _ Murray _ _ _ Nebo, Spanish Fork - North Sanpete, Mt. Pleasant _ Ogden - Provo _ _ Salt Lake City _ _ _ _ Tooele Co., Tooele - Weber Co., Ogden _ VERMONT Bennington - Chittenden, Essex Junction - Montpelier - Rutland City _ _ St. Albans-Fairfield, St. Albans _ Windsor Southeast, Windsor _ VIRGINIA Alexandria _ _ _ Alleghany Co., Covington . . Amherst Co., Amherst _ Appomattox Co., Appomatox - Arlington Co., Arlington _ Augusta Co., Staunton _ Bedford Co.,3 _ Botetourt Co., Fincastle _ Bristol _ Buchanan Co., Grundy _ Buckingham Co., Buckingham _ Buena Vista _ Caroline Co., Bowling Green _ _ Carroll Co., Hillsville _ Charles City Co., Providence Forge _ Charlottesville _ Chesterfield Co., Chesterfield _ Clifton Forge _ _ Covington _ _ Culpepper Co., Culpepper - _ Danville _ Dickenson Co., Clintwood _ Dinwiddie Co., Dinwiddie _ Essex Co., Tappahannock _ Fairfax Co., Fairfax _ Falls Church _ Fredericksburg _ _ Greensville Co., Emporia _ Halifax Co., Halifax _ Hampton _ _ Hanover Co., Ashland _ Harrisonburg _ . . Henrico Co., Richmond _ Henry Co., Martinsville _ EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 79 Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and secondary level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality: 1957-58. — Continued 80 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 i i I I •— CN o M <2 O O* 1 1 — I I I I I I — w-> CN o o •OTf M00-0 (ON K CO lO — CK ■ aj ^ -Q = -Q £ _ J 1 j u .5 • o.a.Q.a.Q.a'Q'Q' o -d ti O c 8 0) _c CL D O x o •I1*” § 2 o ° mioUU JS * • . «> oZ i. »■ o j> u -V -2) “D *C O £ Y I Grt I « r E t S I -5 1 3 1 ° co lo a o - ^ r “oni^Z o -2 o : * ^ u « y> ® o 5 ; « ^ o 0 2 = £ z ° 5.9 ° S o\cY t s* fqo| •' O c ; * £ o 4> . ;2ofi-5ui s-Sg.sVsis-o EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 81 Racine Co., Union Grove - See footnotes at end of table. Table B. — Number of pupils enrolled in special education programs of local public school systems at the elementary and level, by administrative unit and area of exceptionality : 1957-58. — Continued 82 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 u rt 0 u (J «3 >«-o 1-s 5 £ 13 0> II CN 00 • • W) Second¬ ary 19 Elemen¬ tary 11 1*1 ° 0 ■£ 8 §1 ^ • E o t* if ® ° 2 a c II It a t if • o if © 5 a £■ § t X o if ® ° hs K*— w> 'toco ■ ' 1 o ao !.§ .§3 ot a; oc U a O 0 , ° c c U o o 3 0 0 c c o o o> o>-* >. >» o 0 0-* -0-0 = c -s |i . 6 6 u u c £2 0 3 trt(/>«/5j5 -• O JIXXXX '6o>oc’-‘!io3o °<-° £ 'Sa i* • f-g-g ?§-3 It; I aooooooooooot>.£. • c i- c .r o 4) 4) c T3 g. >* § ~ £ 4> Z. 4) 0-0 u o 4) O t « S si 13 •£ 4) s ° 11 s ° * o *. = E .2 4) •5 .S >--C * 8 ° o ~ O -F u ^ Q. * - * ® Ml- S E g ^ 5 £ 4) -O 4) u J o C 13 X * 5 0 C = * O X= £ o a 4) 3. * O o 4) 13 ^ EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 83 Table C. — Number of pupils enrolled in nursery and kindergarten special education programs of local public school systems, by State, administrative unit, and area of exception¬ ality: 1957-58 State and administrative unit Total Blind Deaf i Speech I mpaired Crippled! Other areas California - 1,735 32 191 1, 213 282 17 5 25 296 8 7 12 3 8 150 3 22 3 396 12 24 15 3 4 39 52 12 8 41 87 23 10 124 4 27 23 1 14 60 10 8 80 13 1 24 2 6 20 8 36 6 5 10 Arden— Carmichael U. Elem - 3 296 12 8 7 12 3 8 148 2 F Whittier Flem 3 22 3 396 12 Imperial Co., El Centro . — 5 3 15 15 1 3 4 37 52 2 12 8 12 69 29 18 23 Mount Diablo U Concord Orici II Flpm 4 6 124 Palo Alto 11 Redlands 4 RppHIpv Inint Flpm 27 accuicjf juimi li vii i - Richmond 6 17 Qinmn Wollpw || Qonfa 1 3 7 rimcon Valley U.,oanid r\uoa - Sacramento U 6 22 10 5 31 Qon Dipcrn II Can Incp II Can 1 nrpri7n Flpm 8 Odll LU 1 Cl 1 Z.U , Uieili - - - San Marion U 80 Can Mafpn f n Rpfiwnnfl CitV 13 Oall IflalCU v/U., Itcuivuuu viijr - 1 Santa Paula 24 Chacta Pn RpriHinCf 2 4 6 ondSld V/U., rVcUUIMg - Spring Valley Elem., La Mesa - Stockton U _ - - Temple U _ Vineland Elem., Bakersfield . Wasco U. Elem - - 1 8 2 13 1 35 6 Colorado 11 == = 8 3 3 Rmilrior Qrhnnl 3 3 8 DUUIUel OLIIUUI UloU ILL J - Denver City— County, Denver - Connecticut - 8 1 == 1 1 Putnam _ 1 1 Delaware _ 1 1 Fairfax School, Wilmington - 1 1 Florida _ 153 20 30 77 26 Dade Co., Miami.. _ n.n/al Pn 1 ar U con w i 1 1 p 83 12 25 7 26 20 18 20 12 13 7 25 25 UU Vdl U. , JaK, AoUH vine... 12 Orange Co., Orlando - Sarasota Co., Sarasota - Volusia Co., Deland _ 1 Georgia _ 9 6 2 1 Atlanta _ 9 6 2 1 Table C. — Number of pupils enrolled in nursery and kindergarten special education programs of local public school systems, by State, administrative unit, and area of exception¬ ality : 1957-58 — Continued State and administrative unit ! Total Blind Deaf | Speech i impaired Crippled1 Other areas Illinois. __ _ Arlington Heights School District 25 _ _ 390 37 | _ 124 119 j 110 68 15 223 11 4 1 7 6 5 1 49 68 Champaign School District 4 _ 5 20 2 10 102 3 Chicago _ ioi 6 Evanston Cons. School District 65. . Highland Park Elem. School Dis¬ trict 108 _ 4 J. Sterling Morton, Cicero _ .. l LaGrange School District 102 7 1 2 Rockford School District 205 _ Springfield School District 186 _ Urbana School District 116 6 3 "2 W. Aurora School District 129, Aurora. 47 Indiana 34 19 15 Indianapolis 15 8 11 15 Muncie 8 11 South Bend _ Iowa 50 — 10 - = 1 39 Ames 25 11 13 1 25 ‘ i3 1 Des Moines . _ 10 i Mason City W. Des Moines School District 5. Louisiana 49 8 33 8 East Baton Rouge Parish, Baton Rouge 40 9 8 — 24 9 8 Lake Charles _ Maryland 42 15 27 Baltimore _ _ — 42 15 27 Massachusetts 133 — 30 103 Boston 15 100 14 4 12 3 100 Rrnn U 1 i n p Waltham 14 4 Worcester _ _ _ _ Michigan _ Battle Creek 500 90 134 56 206 14 21 16 17 109 12 16 60 17 6 31 13 16 23 30 14 26 5 3 5 16 16 8 28 2 17 16 13 16 10 16 20 '3' 2 15 1 8 4 9 RptUIpv Dearborn _ 2 32 6 49 10 16 . Detroit - - Ecorse _ 56 Ferndale _ -- _ Fitzgerald School, Van Dyke - Flint Garden City . . Grand Rapids - - - Grosse Pointe _ _ 6 7 8 Huntington Wood School - Jackson U . . . Kalamazoo School District 1 Lakeview School District 1. - 1 anoint* _ _ _ 2 6 \l 14 6 Livonia - M 1 ic L ppnn _ - - - 5 Pnntiar . 1 ** 22 L_!L 2 4 9 River Rouge - Royal Oak - - Saint Clair River Area - Saginaw _ Ypsilanti... 10 8 4 3 .1=; 84 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table C. — Number of pupils enrolled in nursery and kindergarten special education programs of local public school systems, by State, administrative unit, and area of exception¬ ality: 1957-58 — Continued State and administrative unit Total Blind Deaf Speech impaired Crippled Other areas 97 10 25 9 34 19 Duluth Special School District _ Minneapolis Special School Dis¬ trict 19 69 9 19 10 25 34 Morrison, Little Falls _ _ 9 41 41 Gulfport 15 26 15 26 Meridian _ _ 65 7 43 15 Clayton __ . _ 25 18 22 25 18 Desloge _ 7 15 - — 10 10 Billings _ . _ 1!_ 10 Nebraska.. . . . _ 10 8 2 Emerson _ 2 8 2 Lincoln _ 8 Nevada _ 4 4 Washoe Co., Reno _ 4 4 New Jersey . . . _ 103 5 16 25 57 Camden _ _ 57 15 31 57 Jersey _ 15 10 Newark 5 16 New York 962 29 79 28 78 748 Binghamton _ 12 1 3 30 1 844 2 3 10 28 27 1 12 Hempstead U., Valley Stream _ 1 1 Islip U _ 1 1 Kingston _ _ 30 Malverne U _ 1 20 2 New York, Brooklyn _ 77 47 700 Peekskill _ _ _ _ ... Plainview U _ ._ _ _ _ 3 Roosevelt U _ _ _ 10 Schuylerville Central.. _ _ 28 Syracuse _ _ __ __ 3 1 1 20 3 Uniondale _ _ _ _ _ ... North Carolina _ 11 11 Gaston Co., Gastonia _ _ 11 11 Ohio 180 4 138 38 Akron _ 14 14 Table C. — Number of pupils enrolled in nursery and kindergarten special education programs of local public school systems, by State, administrative unit, and area of exception¬ ality: 1957-58 — Continued State and administrative unit Total Blind Deaf Speech impaired Crippled Other areas Ohio — Continued Canton _ _ _ .. 10 10 Cincinnati. . . . . 45 3 20 22 Columbus _ _ . . _ _ 29 29 Dayton _ ... . .. _ 28 20 8 Freemont _ ... 3 3 Mansfield... . _ . 19 1 10 8 Springfield ... . . _ 2 2 Toledo 13 13 Youngstown. _ 11 11 Zanesville . .. .. . . 6 6 Oregon. . 44 6 12 11 15 Portland. . _ .. .. ... 44 6 12 11 15 Pennsylvania _ __ .. 130 5 31 81 13 Butler Co., Butler . . 12 12 Carbon Co., Jim Thorpe ... .. . 5 5 Columbia Boro, Columbia. . 13 13 Lancaster Co., Lancaster 24 12 12 Leet Twp., Leetsdale 22 22 Pittsburgh 15 15 Philadelphia _ . .. _ 39 19 20 Texas 29 4 25 Houston 16 4 12 Pasadena 13 13 Virginia 35 15 20 Richmond 35 15 20 Washington _ 282 29 52 5 63 133 Bremerton School District 100— C_ _ 3 3 Hoquiam School District 28 5 5 Kpnt School District 415 24 24 Lake Washington School District 414 Kirkland 20 20 Mount Vernon Cons. School Dis¬ trict 320 2 2 Olympia School District 1 18 18 Rirhland Srhnnl Dktrirt 400 37 37 Seattle School District 1 77 7 20 50 Spnkanp Srhnnl Dktrirt 81 32 7 13 12 Tarnma Srhnnl Dktrirt 10 64 15 19 30 Wisconsin 115 39 76 Kenosha 22 22 Madison 9 6 3 Milwaukee 61 26 35 Rarine 16 16 Wausau 7 7 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 85 Table D. — Selected data for 51 public and private residential schools for blind children and youth: 1957-58 Administrative control of school Numberenrolled in education program Name and location of school Public agency Not State education agency orboard Other State depart¬ ment Other State- appointed board Private agency Total Nursery Kinder¬ garten Ele- menta ry Secondary reported by instruc¬ tional level Total i _ _ _ 21 4 20 28 3 6,897 175 685 4,252 1,651 134 Alabama X 162 122 40 Arizona X 87 72 15 Arkansas X 135 6 70 59 X 32 14 18 California X 149 11 102 36 Nursery School for Visually Handicapped Children, Los X (8) 28 28 Colorado Colorado School for the Deaf and the Blind, Colorado X 84 13 54 17 Connecticut Oak Hill School (A Division of Connecticut Institute for the Rlinrh Hartford _ X (138) 146 7 24 70 36 9 Florida O/xkrxrJ f r tho Hoof onH thp RlinH AllPIKtinfi X 203 9 142 33 19 Honda ocnooi tot ine ueai dnu uie dmmu, oi. nu^u^unc — Georgia x 213 153 60 Georgia Academy for the Blind, Macon - Idaho Idaho State School for the Deaf and the Blind, Gooding. _ _ X 38 6 21 11 Illinois X . Alabama School for the Deaf, Talladega - Alabama School for the Negro Deaf, Talladega. Arizona Arizona State School for the Deaf and the Blind, Tucson. Arkansas Administrative control of school Public agency State education agency or board Other State depart¬ ment Arkansas School for the Deaf, Little Rock - Arkansas School for the Negro Blind and Deaf, Little Rock. California School for the Deaf, Berkeley. California School for the Deaf, Riverside. Colorado Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind, Colorado Springs. Connecticut American School for the Deaf, West Hartford. The Mystic Oral School for the Deaf, Mystic.. Florida Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, St. Augustine. Georgia Georgia School for the Deaf, Cave Spring . Georgia School for the Deaf (Negro Division), Cave Spring.. Idaho Idaho State School for the Deaf and the Blind, Gooding.... Illinois Illinois School for the Deaf, Jacksonville — Indiana Indiana State School for the Deaf, Indianapolis - Kansas Institute of Logopedics. Wichita - Kansas School for the Deaf, Olathe. Kentucky Kentucky School for the Deaf, Danville. Louisiana Chinchuba Institute for the Deaf, Marrero - Louisiana State School for the Deaf, Baton Rouge. State School for Deaf Negroes, Baton Rouge - Maine Governor Baxter State School for the Deaf, Portland. Maryland Maryland School for the Deaf, Frederick - Massachusetts Beverly School for the Deaf, Beverly - The Boston School for the Deaf, Randolph - The Clarke School for the Deaf, Northampton . Michigan Michigan School for the Deaf, Flint - »X ‘X 5X Other State- appointed board Private agency Number enrolled in private schools at public expense 3,074 327 IN Number enrolled in education program Total 14, 370 IN , IN 267 123 145 431 492 103 410 257 139 67 | 404 436 350 IN 125 IN 161 . 97 97 Not re¬ Kinder- E Elemen¬ Second- | ported by Nursery garten tary ary instruc¬ tional level 418 1,129 9,433 2, 916 474 164 103 2 115 6 18 77 50 6 16 48 273 30 40 46 256 129 225 267 14 76 13 34 19 218 65 15 25 99 ,3 378 20 206 51 139 8 34 25 18 307 79 78 267 91 8 7 17 72 164 . | | 50 300 27 ! 41 62 179 30 21 36 125 4 125 ' . i . 8 92 43 11 1 10 16 71 3 15 16 145 28 136 ' 1 1 7 1 19 l 212 1 194 See footnotes at end of table. 88 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-5 8 Table E. — Selected data for 66 public and private residential schools for deaf children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued Name and location of school Minnesota Minnesota School for the Deaf, Faribault _ Mississippi Mississippi School for the Deaf, Fondren Station _ Missouri Missouri School for the Deaf, Fulton _ _ _ Montana Montana School for the Deaf and Blind, Great Falls. Nebraska Nebraska School for the Deaf, Omaha _ New Hampshire Crotched Mountain School for the Deaf, Greenfield., New Jersey New Jersey School for the Deaf, West Trenton _ New Mexico New Mexico School for the Deaf, Santa Fe _ New York Lexington School for the Deaf, New York City _ Mill Neck Manor Lutheran School for the Deaf, Mill Neck. New York School for the Deaf, White Plains _ _ Rochester School for the Deaf, Rochester _ St. Joseph’s School for the Deaf, New York City _ St. Mary's School for the Deaf, Buffalo _ _ The Central New York School for the Deaf, Rome _ North Carolina North Carolina School for the Blind and the Deaf, Raleigh. North Carolina School for the Deaf, Morganton _ North Dakota North Dakota School for the Deaf, Devils Lake. Ohio The Ohio School for the Deaf, Columbus _ Oklahoma Deaf, Blind, and Orphans Institute, Taft. Oklahoma School for the Deaf, Sulphur.. Oregon Oregon State School for the Deaf, Salem. Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State Oral School for the Deaf, Scranton. The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, Philadelphia _ Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, Pittsburgh. Rhode Island Rhode Island School for the Deaf, Providence. South Carolina South Carolina School for the Deaf and the Blind, Spar¬ tanburg _ _ South Dakota Administrative control of school Public agency State education agency or board Other State depart¬ ment 3X Other State- appointed board Private agency Number enrolled in private schools at public expense IN 244 72 192 219 154 305 127 IN 455 424 Number enrolled in education program Total Nursery Kinder¬ garten Elemen¬ tary Second¬ ary Not re¬ ported by in¬ struction- ■ al level 243 87 69 87 232 232 300 207 93 77 6 43 28 156 119 37 25 7 7 11 355 26 118 139 72 139 20 109 10 245 34 15 150 s 46 80 21 7 52 192 35 157 219 16 17 182 4 154 40 114 351 24 13 264 50 127 16 19 75 17 127 28 81 18 455 43 286 126 83 9 56 18 270 130 140 15 1 11 3 169 83 86 235 21 27 174 13 77 12 9 56 475 20 445 10 424 44 110 150 52 68 133 22 15 85 11 1 199 169 30 ■ 96 8 72 16 South Dakota School for the Deaf, Sioux Falls. See footnotes at end of table. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 89 Table E. — Selected data for 66 public and private residential schools for deaf children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued Administrative control of school Number enrolled in education program Name and location of school Public agency Number enrolled in private Not re¬ State education agency or board Other State depart¬ ment Other State- appointed board Private agency schools at public expense Total Nursey Kinder¬ garten Elemen¬ tary Secon¬ dary ported by in¬ struction¬ al level Tennessee X IN 398 373 25 Texas C) 0) O IN 502 22 462 18 Utah ii4jlL frsr tho Hoof anrl thp RlinH OtfHpn x IN 131 75 56 Utah School TO* ine ueai diiu me diiiiu, ugucn - Vermont tl . A uAlino Crhnn 1 in r tho Rr?lttlphnrn X 65 65 10 55 Virginia The Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, Staunton.. x IN 321 18 31 230 10 32 x IN 118 92 14 12 Washington ® X IN 248 14 203 31 Washington State School for the Deaf, Vancouver - West Virginia The West Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind, X IN 223 30 183 10 Wisconsin x IN 163 16 93 54 The Wisconsin School for the Deaf, Delavan - District of Columbia X 69 69 7 45 i 17 The Kendall School of Gallaudet College, Washington - 1 1 i Column totals for administrative control add to more than 66 schools because some reported 2 sources of administrative control. . . .... a Includes pupils reported in the following categories: deaf, 14,270, deaf-blind, 3, and "other, ,r 97. Of this latter group 84 were identified as hard of hearing, 5 as acoustically handicapped and cerebral palsied, 2 as aphasic, and 1 as autistic. ‘Department of Public Welfare. 4 Department of Health, s Department of Institutional Service, e Includes 41 pupils reported in vocational programs. 7 Reported as public school, but no information was given on source of administrative C°[)epartment of Institutions, Division of Children and Youth Services. 693-360 0-63— 90 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table F. — Selected data for 283 public and private residential schools for socially and emotionally I ' maladjusted children and youth: 1957-58 School for— Administrative control of school Pupils enrolled Number enrolled in education program Name and location of school Both boys Public agency Private in private schools atpublic expense Nursery and Elemen¬ Second¬ Voca¬ Not re¬ ported by in¬ struction¬ al level Boys Girls and girls State City or county agency Total kinder- ga rten tary ary tional Total L . . . 100 110 73 136 25 123 4,908 36, 998 2 101 17, 143 16,122 1, 223 2,409 Alabama Alabama Boys' Industrial School, Birmingham _ X X IN 195 165 30 Alabama Industrial School for Negro Children, Mount Meigs . _ _ - . . X X IN 426 393 33 24 Alabama Vocational School for Girls, Birmingham _ X X IN 24 State Training School for Girls, Birmingham _ _ X X IN 76 26 50 Arizona Arizona State Industrial School, Wilcox . . X X IN 180 20 120 105 40 Good Shepherd School for Girls, Phoenix _ X X 133 133 28 Arkansas Arkansas Boys' Industrial School, Pine Bluff.. _ X X IN 140 60 80 Arkansas State Training School for Girls, Alexander... X X IN 44 28 16 Fargo Training School, Brinkley _ _ X X IN 45 12 33 California California School for Child Training, Inglewood _. _ X X 40 40 Clear Water Ranch Children's Home, Inc., Philo _ X X 4 13 13 Convent of the Good Shepherd of Los Angeles, Los X X 165 182 14 168 X X 152 60 61 31 Fred C. Nelles School for Boys, Whittier X X IN 289 176 113 Fricot Ranch School for Boys, San Andreas _ X X IN 180 160 20 Northern Reception Center-Clinic, Sacramento _ ... X X IN 140 75 65 Paso Robles School for Boys, Paso Robles . _ X X IN 350 350 Preston School of Industry, lone _ _ _ X X IN 620 222 398 Scudder-Oaks Country School, Claremont _ _ X X 24 12 12 Southern Reception Center-Clinic, Norwalk X X IN 230 230 The Archbishop Hanna Center for Boys, Sonoma.. _ X X 120 146 81 25 40 Tujunga Highland School, Tujunga X X 4 15 11 4 University Mound School, Sisters of the Good Shep¬ herd, San Francisco X X 125 125 125 Ventura School for Girls, Ventura X X IN 175 25 150 William Tell Aggiler High School (Rancho San Antonio Institution) Chatsworth x X NA 88 88 Colorado Good Shepherd Home Denver X X 48 63 63 State Industrial School, Golden x X IN 229 26 203 State Training School for Girls Morrison X X IN 113 64 49 Connecticut Children’s Services of Connecticut, Children’s Village, Hartford X X NA 12 12 Connecticut Child Study and Treatment Home, Cam¬ den x X IN 15 15 Connecticut Junior Republic Association, Inc., Litch¬ field X X 35 88 88 Connecticut Schnnl fnr Rnys Meriden x X IN 186 134 52 Grove School, Madison X X 1 20 2 18 House of Good Shepherd Hartford X X 66 66 66 Long Lane School Middletown X X IN 184 60 100 24 Delaware Itetentinn Home fnr luveniles Wilmington x X IN 18 8 10 Ferris Schnnl fnr Rnys Wilmingtnn x x IN 56 56 Governor Bacon Health Center Delaware City x X IN 133 105 20 8 The Kruse Schnnl Wilmingtnn X X IN 41 41 Van Hook Schools |nc New (pestle x X NA 16 16 Wnfids Haven School fnr Girls Claymont x 3 X NA 37 37 Florida Brewster Hall Bradenton X X NA 25 5 18 2 Bougainvillea Public School (Dade County Children’s Home) Miami X X IN 105 46 59 Florida School for Roys at Marianna Marianna x x IN 778 586 192 Florida Schnnl fnr fiirls Forest Hill x X IN 120 32 56 32 Florida School for Girls, Ocala.. . . . X X IN 120 42 51 27 See footnotes at end of table. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 91 Table F— Selected data for 283 public and private residential schools for socially and emotionally maladjusted children and youth: 1957-58— Continued Name and location of school Georgia Georgia Training School for Boys, Mil ledgevil le _ Georgia Training School for Boys, Colored Division, Augusta _ Georgia Training School for Girls, Atlanta _ Georgia Training School for Girls, Colored Division, Macon _ _ _ Idaho Idaho Industrial Training School, St. Anthony. Illinois Chicago Home for Girls (Branch of Montefiore), Chicago _ Chicago Parental School, Chicago _ Chicago Parental School, Chicago. _ Evanston Children's Home, Evanston__ - Grace Abbott Children’s CenterSchool, Peoria . . Illinois Industrial Schoolfor Boys, Sheridan - - Illinois State Training Schoolfor Boys, St. Charles... . Illinois State Training School for Girls, Geneva _ Namequa Lodge, East Moline _ Ridge Farm, Lake Forest _ St. Joseph’s Home for the Friendless, Chicago _ The Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School (University of Chicago), Chicago.. - The William Healy School, Chicago - - Indiana Father Gibault School for Boys, Terre Haute _ Indiana Boys’ School, Plainfield _ . - Marydale Genera I Vocational High School, Indianapolis. The Indiana Girls School, Indianapolis _ Iowa Iowa Training Schoolfor Boys, Eldora _ — I owa T raining SchoolforGirls, Mitchellville. Kansas Kansas Children's Receiving Home, Atchison _ Kansas State Girls’ Industrial School, Beloit - - Kansas Treatment Centerfor Children, Topeka - State Industrial Schoolfor Boys, Topeka - - The Southard School, Topeka. _ - Topeka State Hospital (Children’s Unit School), Topeka - - Kentucky Louisville and Jefferson County Children’s Home, Anchorage _ Maryhurst School, Louisville _ Our Lady ofthe HighlandsSchool, Fort Thomas - Louisiana Convent ofthe Good Shepherd, New Orleans - Louisiana Training Institute, Monroe _ Milne Municipal Boys Home, New Orleans - State Industrial School for Colored Youth, Baton Rouge. State Industrial School for Girls, Alexandria - Maine Maine State School for Girls, Hallowell. State School for Boys, South Portland. Sweetser Children’s Home, Saco _ Maryland Barrett School for Girls, Glen Burnie - - Boys’ Village of Maryland, Cheltenham - Child Study Center of Maryland, Inc., Baltimore - House ofthe Good Shepherd for Colored Girls, Baltimore. Linwood Children’s Center, Inc., Ellicott City - Maryland Training School for Boys, Baltimore - Montrose School for Girls, Reisterstown - - The Children’s Guild, Inc., Baltimore - School for — Boys Girls Both boys and girls Administrative control of school Public agency State City or county Private agency Pupils enrolled in private schools at public expense NA IN Number enrolled in education program Total 213 (9 232 7 199 30 11 21 152 405 187 20 3 95 37 15 170 162 72 113 107 248 100 466 100 87 219 7 42 224 11 63 7 450 122 16 Nursery and kinder¬ garten Elemen¬ tary Second¬ ary Voca¬ tional Not re¬ ported by in¬ struction¬ al level 141 29 43 38 35 30 103 89 40 2 5 199 30 11 1 20 80 50 22 260 145 47 70 70 8 12 3 26 69 10 20 7 15 81 44 73 347 12 42 98 136 12 60 110 22 55 4 40 13 51 8 27 34 62 79 20 13 22 72 90 13 46 13 75 38 75 32 176 72 100 321 145 24 46 30 40 47 145 33 41 7 19 8 9 6 194 30 11 53 10 7 181 269 65 57 16 See footnotes at end of table. 92 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table F. — Selected data for 283 public and private residential schools for socially and emotionally maladjusted children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued School fo Administrative control of school Pupils enrolled Number enrolled in education program Name and location of school Both boys Public agency Private in private schools at public expense Nursery and Elemen¬ Second¬ Voca¬ Not re¬ ported by in- |. struction- al level j Boys Girls and girls State City or county agency Total kinder¬ garten tary ary tional Massachusetts 1 Catholic Boys Guidance Centre, Boston _ X X NA 50 12 38 Essex County Training School, Lawrence _ X X IN 62 48 14 Hampden County Training School, Feeding Hills _ X X IN 45 15 30 Industrial School for Boys, Shirley. _ _ _ X X IN 146 136 10 36 8 Industrial School for Girls, Lancaster _ X X IN 87 30 21 institute for Juvenile Guidance, Bridgewater X X IN 60 20 20 12 Lyman School for Boys, Westborough _ _ X X IN 199 66 133 Mary Immaculate Elementary and High School, Boston. X X 90 139 53 86 Middlesex County Training School, Lowell . . X X IN 120 120 Reception-Detention Facilities for Girls, Boston . . X X IN 30 20 10 X X IN 71 71 The Parents' School for Atypical Children, Inc., Chat- X X 2 10 10 Michlgan X X 16 65 65 X X 12 140 25 115 X X IN 379 90 289 Children's Readjustment Center, Ann Arbor X X 10 10 X X 195 85 110 X X 89 160 74 86 X X 96 96 96 Vista Maria School, House of the Good Shepherd, Inc., X X 131 166 15 151 Minnesota Hennepin County Home School for Boys, Glen Lake... Home of the Good Shepherd, St. Paul X X IN 111 10 93 8 X X 45 76 5 71 Home School for Boys St Paul X X IN 58 16 42 Home School for Girls and Youth, Conservation Com¬ mission Reception Center Sauk Centre X X IN 199 34 125 40 Minnesota Children’s Center $t Paul X X IN 7 7 Minnesota State Training School for Boys and Youth, Conservation Commission Reception Center, Red Wing X X IN 279 87 192 Mississippi Columbia Training School Columbia X X IN 200 125 75 Oakley Training School Raymond X X IN 241 232 9 Missouri Hilltop School tor Girls IndepenHpnre X X IN 6 3 3 House of the Good Shepherd, Marygrove High School, Kansas City X X 27 27 27 Hyde School (State Training School for Girls), Chilli- cothe X X IN 136 59 77 Jackson County’s McCune Home for Boys, Inde¬ pendence X X IN 54 54 Jackson County Parental Homes (School serves Hiram Young HomeforGirlsand Industrial Home for Boys), Independence X X IN 52 23 29 Meramec Hills Manchastar X X IN 39 31 7 1 Missouri Hills Florissant X X IN 143 101 27 15 Missouri Training School for Roys Roonvill£ X X IN 180 140 40 Mount Euphrasia School, (Convent of the Good Shep- hprrl'l 1 nnic X X 26 84 12 58 14 ^nnffnrH Hnmp ^rhnnl Kan^a^ Pitv X .. X 5 17 17 Montana Good Shaphard Homo Halana X X 30 94 15 79 Qfofp of Montana X/ooational ^rhool for Hirl^ Hplpna X X IN 60 25 35 OlulC Ul IviUlllcHIcl VUUcIMUMcII OV/IIUUI IUI VJIIIO, IlCICiia — Nebraska Boys' Training School Kearney X X IN 180 70 110 Fathpr Flanaoan'c Rn\/Qr Hnmp Rov^ Town x X 880 346 534 r cuiici r laiiogd ii o dujo humic, dujto i vwii - Girls' Training School Ganava X X IN 82 22 60 Hnmp of thp ftooH ^hpnhprrl Omaha X X 51 160 36 124 Nevada Nevada School for Industry, Elko . . . X X IN 11 11 See footnotes at end of table. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 93 Table F. — Selected data for 283 public and private residential schools for socially and emotionally maladjusted children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued Name and location of school New Hampshire New Hampshire State Industrial School, Manchester.. North Riding, Inc. (Hampshire Country School), East Ridge. - - - - New Jersey Arthur Brisbane Child Treatment Center, Farmingdale. Bonnie Brae Farm for Boys, Millington - Collier School for Care and Training of Girls, Wicka- tunk _ State Home for Boys, Jamesburg - - State Home for Girls, Trenton - Our Lady of Grace School, Morristown - New Mexico Girls’ Welfare Home, Albuquerque - Home of the Good Shepherd, Mesilla Park. New Mexico Boy’s School, Springer - New York Annex of State Training School for Boys, New Hamp¬ ton _ Astor Home for Children, Rhinebeck - Berman School, Inc., Freeport (L.l.) - - Berkshire Industrial Farm, Canaan - Child Development Center, New York - - George Junior Republic Association, Inc., Freeville — Guardian Angel School, Troy - - - Hawthorne Cedar Knolls School, Hawthorne - Henry Ittleson Center for Child Research (Jewish Board of Guardians), New York - --------- Holy Angels Home of the Sisters of our Lady of Charity of Refuge, Rochester - --------- House of the Good Shepherd, Villa Loretto, Peekskill. Lincoln Hall, Lincolndale - — Linden Hill School of the Jewish Board of Guardians, Hawthorne _ Little Flower House of Providence, Wading River (L.l.).. New York State Training School for Boys, Warwick. . New York State Training School for Girls, Hudson... Otisville Training School for Boys, Otisville - Our Lady of Charity School, Buffalo - Saint Anne Institute, Albany - St. Christofer’s School, Dobbs Ferry - St. Germaines Home (P. S. 619 M), Peekskill - St.Johns Home, Rockaway Park (L.l.) - - St. Mary’s-in-the-Field, Valhalla - St. Philomena Training School, Brooklyn - State Agricultural and Industrial School, Industry — The Children's Village, Dobbs Ferry - ----- The Institute for Special Education, Inc., Arverne (L.l.) The Wiltwyck School for Boys, Inc., New York . .. Waterford Country Boarding School Farm and Camp, Brooklyn _ North Carolina Eastern Carolina Training School, Rocky Mount... Morrison Training School, Hoffman - - - State Home and Industrial School for Girls, Eagle Springs _ State Training School for Girls, Kinston - Stonewall Jackson Manual and Industrial Training School, Concord - North Dakota State Training School (Marmot High School), Mandan Ohio Bellefaire, Cleveland _ _ _ Blossom Hill School, Brecksville — Boys' Industrial School, Lancaster.. Child Guidance Home, Cincinnati — Cleveland Boys’ School, Hudson. Columbus Receiving Hospital for Children, Columbus Girls’ Industrial School, Delaware - - Glenview-Hillcrest Schools, Glendale - School for— Boys Girls Both boys and girls «X Administrative control of school Public agency State City or county Private agency Pupils enrolled in private schools at public expense 145 156 Majority NA 35 150 240 21 228 IN IN IN 94 176 11 NA Majority 31 NA IN 300 2 100 Number enrolled in education program Nursery Not re¬ and Elemen¬ Second¬ Voca¬ ported Total kinder¬ tary ary tional by in¬ garten struction¬ al level 70 50 20 22 10 12 90 90 20 8 12 68 26 42 348 171 38 139 156 66 26 64 66 17 49 173 75 98 70 70 227 110 117 60 60 38 38 25 25 145 33 112 25 25 172 1 171 150 36 114 175 30 145 21 21 35 27 8 150 30 120 240 95 145 / 26 18 8 228 228 423 332 91 306 83 223 299 92 141 66 105 25 46 34 176 176 12 9 3 142 142 120 120 48 10 38 121 56 65 221 131 90 300 cc 80 220 11 45 JO 101 101 7 27 15 5 135 92 43 283 199 74 11 135 68 L\JO 89 48 37 310 258 52 icn 60 100 10U 73 7: 67 28 34 495 55 372 6 3 o 09 64 28 90 20 ZU ocn 113 137 ZDU ll 104 38 63 See footnotes at end of table. 94 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table F. — Selected data for 283 public and private residential schools for socially and emotionally maladjusted children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued School for Administrative control of school Pupils enrolled Number enrolled in education program Name and location of school Both boys Public agency Private in private schools at public Nursery and Elemen¬ Second¬ Voca¬ Not re¬ ported by in¬ struction¬ al level Boys Girls and girls State City or county agency expense Total kinder¬ garten tary ary tional Juvenile Diagnostic Center, Columbus. ® X X IN 89 16 57 16 Marybrook School, Inc., Maumee _ X X NA 90 10 80 Marycrest School for Girls, Cleveland X X 100 100 Mt. Alverno School, Cincinnati _ _ . X X 110 110 110 Mt. St. Mary’s Convent of the Good Shepherd, Cincin¬ nati X X 25 50 14 36 Provincial Convent of Good Shepherd, Our Lady of the Woods, Cincinnati X X NA 68 29 39 X X NA 70 6 64 The Children's Aid Society of Cleveland, Cleveland X X NA 19 19 Oklahoma Girls Town, Tecumseh X X IN 136 56 80 St. John Vianney Training School, Bixby . X X 42 55 15 40 X X IN 81 30 41 10 State Training School for Negro Girls, Taft X X IN 53 53 X X IN 38 19 19 Oregon Hillcrest School of Oregon, Salem X X IN 163 25 120 18 MacLaren School for Boys, Woodburn X X IN 260 75 185 Villa St. Rose, Portland..... _ X X NA 95 14 81 Pennsylvania Allentown State Hospital, Allentown X X IN 70 46 8 16 Children’s Residential Treatment Service, Western Psychiatric Institute, Pittsburgh X X 9 9 Devereaux Foundation, Devon X X 284 217 67 Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute, Children’s Unit, Philadelphia X X IN 13 13 Gumbert Schools for Girls, Pittsburgh X X IN 50 25 25 Harborcreek School for Boys Harborcreek X X 63 70 70 House of the Good Shepherd Philadelphia X X 40 40 40 House of the Good Shepherd in the City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia X X Majority 75 80 80 Lourdesmount School Clarks Summit X X 85 10 65 10 Luzerne County Industry School for Boys, Kis— Lyn__ Oakbourne Hospital, West Chester X X IN 235 45 190 X X 20 20 20 Our Lady of Charity School Pittsburgh X X 85 30 55 Pennsylvania Industrial Schnnl Camp Hill X X IN 430 160 180 90 Philadelphia Protectory for Boys, Phoenixville P.0 X X 260 260 260 Rosehill School Chester Heights X X 25 10 9 6 Sleightnn Farm Schnnl fnr Girls Darling X X 176 176 162 14 The Glen Mills School, Glen Mills X X 260 260 200 60 Thorn Hill Schnnl nf Allegheny County Warrendale X X IN 322 283 39 Toner Institute Pittsburgh X X 40 120 120 Rhode Island Frrm Pendletnn Bradley Hospital Rjvprsjde X X 30 50 50 Rhode Island Training Schnnl fnr Rnvs Howard X X IN 125 75 15 35 Rhode Island Training School for Girls Howard X X IN 30 30 South Carolina lohn G Richards Industrial Schnnl Cnlumhia X X IN 234 197 37 South Carolina Industrial School for Boys, Florence... South Carolina Industrial School for Negro Girls, Columbia X X IN 274 232 42 X X IN 51 51 South Carolina Industrial School for White Girls, Columbia X X IN 130 78 52 St. Euphrasia TrainingSchnnl fnr Girls Rateshurg X X NA 51 20 31 South Dakota State Training School, Plankinton X X IN 125 50 65 10 Tennessee Convent of the Good Shepherd Memphis X X 116 116 49 67 State Vocational Training School for Colored Boys, Pikesville X X IN 248 162 86 State Vocational Training School for White Boys, Nashville X X IN 293 223 70 Tennessee Vocational Schnnl fnr Girls Nashville X X IN 122 51 10 61 Tennessee Vocational Schnnl fnr Girls Tullahnma X X IN 162 113 32 17 The Kings Daughters Hospital School, Columbia _ X X 9 36 36 See footnotes at end of table. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 95 Table F. — Selected data for 283 public and private residential schools for socially and emotionally maladjusted children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued Name and location of school Crockett State School, Crockett - - Dallas City— County Boys’ Industrial School, Hutchins Gainesville State School for Girls, Gainesville - Gatesville State School for Boys, Gatesville - Harris County Boys’ School, Webster - St. Euphrasia Academy, Houston - The Brown School, Austin - School for— Boys Utah Utah State Industrial School, Ogden. Vermont Intramural School of the Children’s Home, Inc., Bur¬ lington — Weeks School, Vergennes - Virginia Beaumont School for Boys, Beaumont - Bon Air School for Girls, Bon Air - Hanover School for Boys, Hanover - Janie Porter Barrett School for Girls, Peaks. Memorial Foundation, Richmond - Washington Green Hill School, Chehalis - Home of the Good Shepherd, Seattle - Little Flower School, Spokane - Luther Burbank School, Mercer Island - Maple Lane School (Washington State Training School for Girls), Centralia _ Martha Washington School, Seattle - Ruth School for Girls, Burien - Ryther Child Center, Seattle - West Virginia Our Lady of the Valley School, Wheeling - West Virginia Industrial School for Boys, Grafton — Johnson School (West Virginia Industrial Home for Girls), Industrial _ _ - Wisconsin House of the Good Shepherd, Milwaukee - Our Lady of Charity Training School for Girls, Green Bay _ Saint Charles Boys' Home, Milwaukee - Wisconsin School for Boys, Waukesha - Wisconsin School for Girls, Oregon - Wyoming Wyoming Girls’ School, Sheridan - Wyoming Industrial Institute, Worland. District of Columbia Cedar Knoll, Laurel, Maryland - Maple Glen School for Boys, Laurel, Maryland St. Euphrasia School, House of Good Shepherd, Wash¬ ington _ _ _ Washington City Orphan Asylum, Hillcrest Residence, Washington _ Federal Government Natural Bridge Forestry Camp, Greenlee, Virginia. National Training School, Washington, D.C - Girls Both boys and girls Administrative control of school Public agency State Federal Federal City or county Private agency Pupils enrolled in private schools at public expense IN 40 Majority IN IN IN 6 16 Number enrolled in education program Total Nursery and kinder¬ garten Elemen¬ tary Second¬ ary Voca¬ tional Not re¬ ported by in¬ struction¬ al level 114 114 72 64 8 235 85 90 60 787 654 133 61 25 36 40 16 24 215 75 40 100 150 25 125 16 16 135 85 50 190 165 25 109 82 27 193 138 55 119 41 61 17 6 6 117 38 79 118 25 93 53 8 45 84 62 22 140 10 106 24 60 25 35 20 20 16 10 6 135 60 75 180 91 89 216 96 120 81 70 11 59 16 35 8 40 32 8 256 72 184 156 156 58 18 40 61 21 40 410 175 195 40 226 15 17 5 12 l / 1 7 48 18 30 405 86 319 ‘ Column totals for administrative control add to more than 283 schools because ie reported two sources of administrative control. . i ic 2 Based on data reported in “other category, see questionnaire, page no. * Reported to be in transition from private to State ownership. 4 Four teachers were reported, but no enrollment data were given. ! Reported ^ separate schools for boys and girls but did not give separate enrollment figures. 96 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table G. — Selected data for 197 public and private residential schools for mentally retarded children and youth: 1957-58 Total 1. Administrative control of school Name and location of school Public agency State County education authority agency or board Other State department Other State-appointed board Private agency Number enrolled in education program Number enrolled Total in private number schools at pub¬ lic ex¬ pense Alabama 17 56 17 117 2 28, 147 1,144 Lee McBride White Foundation, Inc., Birmingham _ ... Partlow State School, Tuscaloosa . . . . . . . Pineview Clinic for Handicapped Children, Inc., Montgomery _ Arizona Arizona Children’s Colony, Randolph _ Arizona Society for Brain Injured, Phoenix _ ... Hobby Horse Ranch School, Cortaro _ Skull Valley Ranch School, Skull Valley _ Valley of the Sun School for Handicapped Children, Phoenix _ California Adams School, Los Angeles _ _ _ Ballard School for Girls, Pasadena _ Blake Hammond Manor, Ben Lomond _ Devereux Schools in California, Santa Barbara _ Exceptional Children's Opportunity School, Los Angeles _ Good Shepherd Lutheran Home of the West, Terra Bella _ Hergl School for Retarded Children, San Francisco _ Houghton School for Exceptional Children, Ojai _ Kendall Manor, Colton _ _ _ _ Lucinda Weeks School, Inc., San Francisco _ Mrs. Smith’s School for Retarded Children, Pacoima _ National Society for Brain Injured, Inc., Los Angeles _ Pacific State Hospital School, Pomona _ ... Porterville State Hospital, Porterville _ Seeman School, El Monte _ ... Sonoma State Hospital, Eldridge _ ... St. Vincent’s Institution, Santa Barbara _ ... Stagg Manor, Danville _ ... The Cedars Development School, Ross _ ... Colorado Laradon Hall School for Exceptional Children, Denver _ State Home and Training School, Grand Junction _ X State Home and .Training School, Wheat Ridge _ X The Wallace School, Denver _ Connecticut Deanwood School of Darien, Inc., Darien _ Laurel School Inc., Norfolk _ ... Mansfield State Training School and Hospital, Mansfield - .... Depot. Southbury Training School, Southbury _ _ The Kolburne School, Norwalk _ _ _ Delaware Hospital for Mentally Retarded at Stockley, Georgetown _ X Van Hook Schools, Inc., New Castle _ _ Florida Maysland School, Miami _ _ Pine Castle School, Jacksonville _ Sunland Training Center, Gainesville _ X Sunny Life Farm, Inc., Palatka _ The Haven School, Inc., Miami _ Van Hook School of Florida, Deland _ Georgia Georgia TrainingSchool for Mental Defectives, Gracewood _ _ Idaho Nampa State School, Nampa _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Board of Managers. X X Public Welfare. X X X X Mental Hygiene Mental Hygiene Mental Hygiene X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Board of Trustees X X Board of Trustees X X X X X X X Public Welfare. I Health _ NA 213 IN 16 204 IN 128 90 8 12 138 93 41 8 NA 23 2 74 10 2 26 8 12 18 3 73 4 6 37 37 411 IN 241 IN 56 8 400 IN 163 35 22 6 92 2 72 5 290 IN 388 IN 58 8 24 8 3 404 IN 489 IN 39 209 IN 12 10 65 (3) 355 IN 13 NA 53 30 12 180 IN 198 * IN See footnotes at end of table. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 97 Table G. — Selected data for 197 public and private residential schools for mentally retarded children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued Administrative control of school Name and location of school Public agency Private agency County authority State education agency or board Other State department Other State-appointed board Illinois Aid tn Retarded Children, Inc.. Springfield _ ------ X Public Welfare . . Public Welfare _ : Lt. Joseph P. Kennedy School for Exceptional Children, Palos Park. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: X X i X X X X X North Central Illinois Association for the Aid of Retarded Children, Dixon. Suburban Southwest Association for Mentally Retarded Children, Evergreen Park. . . . William Frederick School of North West Suburban Aid for the Retarded, Park Ridge. Indiana Mental Health... . . Mental Health _ _ _ . — Iowa State Board of Control _ _ - X State Board of Control . Kansas Social Welfare _ _ _ Social Welfare _ Winfield State Hospital and Training Center, Winfield - Kentucky . X X X Louisiana St. Marys Training Sclmol for Retarded Children, Clarks - X X X Maine Pineland Hospital and Training Center, Pownal - Institutional Services - ! The Pride Training School, South Portland - Maryland _ X x . IF” S The School of the Chimes, Inc., Baltimore - Massachusetts Avalon School and Camp, Great Barrington - Belchertown State School, Belchertown - Lakeville State Sanitorium, Middleboro - Myles Standish State School, Taunton - Perkins School, Lancaster - - - ! Pollock School, Inc., Brookline _ Riverbrook School for Retarded Children, Stockbridge - — :::::::::: Mental Health _ Public Health - Mental Health - Mental Health - :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Michigan Children’s Retreat, Grand Rapids _ _ Coldwater State Home and Training School, Coldwater - Harris Brigham School, Kalamazoo _ Lapeer State Home and Training School, Lapeer - MontStowell Manor, Hudson - - Tanglewood School, Charlotte _ _ _ ------ The Battle Creek School for Exceptional Children, Battle Creek. . :::::::::: Mental Health - Mental Health - - I::::::;::::::::::::: X .... hr x X X Wayne County Training School, Northville . . . ■ . - . Number enrolled in education program Total Number enrolled in private schools at pub¬ lic ex¬ pense 27 . 363 IN 249 IN 179 . 40 - 18 . 48 6 250 NA 33 . 26 NA 220 25 366 IN 321 IN 510 IN 34 2 212 IN 226 IN 86 ,N 184 IN 80 66 2 83 17 355 IN 103 55 41 4 261 IN 61 37 266 IN 72 70 32 225 ' IN 19 IN 350 IN 55 19 2 8 680 IN 500 IN 175 136 IN 11 431 IN 14 NA 6 37 . 24 IN 568 See footnotes at end of table. 98 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table G. — Selected data for 197 public and private residential schools for mentally retarded children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued Name and location of school Administrative control of school Number enrolled in education program Public agency Private agency Total number Number enrolled in private schools at pub¬ lic ex¬ pense County authority State education agency or board Other State department Other State-appointed board Minnesota Cambridge State School, Cambridge. _ _ Public Welfare _ .. 246 IN Faribaulf State School and Hospital, Faribault _ _ Public Welfare. . . . 190 IN Hammer School, Wayzata _ _ X 14 7 Lake Park-Wild Rice Children’s Home, Fergus Falls _ X 16 NA Laura Baker School, Northfield. . _ T _ _ - X 54 5 Owatonna State School, Owatonna . ... Public Welfare . 360 IN St. Cloud Children’s Home, St. Cloud _ _ _ _ X 24 8 Vasa Lutheran Home for Children, Red Wing . . x 10 (3) Mississippi Ellisville State School, Ellisville . Board of Trustees of Mental Insti¬ 24 IN tutions. Missouri Missouri State School, Marshall _ Mental Health _ 182 IN Mental Health 62 IN Trowbridge Training School, Inc., Kansas City X 29 Montana Montana State Training School and Hospital, Boulder . . X 144 IN Nebraska Beatrice State Home, Beatrice _ _ _ Board of Control. . . 229 IN Martin Luther Home Society, Inc., Beatrice... . . X 79 1 New Hampshire Brown School, Canaan X NA Laconia State School, Laconia Board of Trustees . 131 IN New Jersey Bayside Training School, Inc., Ocean City . . . X 10 10 Dorothy Hall School, Belmar _ ... X NA Edward R. Johnstone Training and Research Center, Borden- Institutions and Agencies. 183 IN town. State Colony at Woodbine, Woodbine . Institutions and Agencies. 233 IN The Training School, Vineland X 204 50 Vineland State School, Vineland Institutions and Agencies. 235 IN New Mexico Los Lunas Hospital and Training School, Los Lunas X 74 IN New York Algonquin School, Saranac Lake X 20 Bailey Hall, Katonah X 17 Craig Colony, Jeanette R. Hawkins School, Sonyea Mental Hygiene 105 IN Debbiroy, Inc. (Avery Training School), Hawthorne . X 30 12 Fairview School, Inc., Fish kill . X 6 NA Letchworth Village, Thiells Mental Hygiene 490 IN Lochland School, Inc., Geneva X 21 Manbeth Hall Churchville X 14 Newark State School, Newark Mental Hygiene 345 IN Otsego School for Backward Children, Edmeston X 42 NA Rhinebeck Country School, Rhinebeck X 36 1 Rome State School, Rome Mental Hygiene 399 IN Syracuse State School, Syracuse Mental Hygiene 347 IN Wassaic State School, Wassaic Mental Hygiene 331 IN Wharton Memorial Institute, Long Island X 114 NA Willowbrook State School Staten Island Mental Hygiene 640 IN North Carolina Caswell Training School, Kinston State Hospitals Board of Control _ 567 IN Goldsboro Training School, Goldsboro State Hospitals Board of Control _ 145 IN Pinecrest School and Home Walnut Cove X ‘ 18 North Dakota Grafton State School, Grafton Board of Administration _ 220 IN Ohio Columbus State School, Columbus Mental Hygiene . . 709 IN Neil Training School, Delaware _ _ X 12 5 See footnotes at end of table. EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 99 Table G.— Selected data for 197 public and private residential schools for mentally retarded children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued The Francis A. Hicks School, Brattleboro _ See footnotes at end of table. Name and location of school Administrative control of school Public agency Private agency County authority State education agency or board Other State department Other State-appointed board Oklahoma Bess Fitts School, Tulsa _ X Enid State School, Enid _ Mental Health _ Pauls Valley State School, Pauls Valley _ _ Mental Health. Oregon Oregon Fairview Home, Salem _ State Board of Control Pennsylvania Downingtown Special School, Downingtown _ _ X X Elwyn Training School, Elwyn _ _ Laurelton State Village, Laurelton _ Public Welfare _ Martha Lloyd SchooMnc., Troy _ . . _ . X Pennhurst State School, Spring City _ . _ _ - Public Welfare. . _ Polk State School Polk Public Welfare St. Anthony's School, Oakmont. ___ _ . X X X x X The Brett School, Dirigmans Ferry _ The Woods Schools, Langhorne _ Tipahato, Blue Ridge Summit _ Rhode Island Pine Harbor, Pascoag ... _ South Carolina Pineland A State Training School Columbia Mental Health Commis¬ sion. Board of Trustees _ Whitten Village Clinton South Dakota Redfield State Hospital and School Redfield State Board of Charities and Cor¬ rections. Tennessee Clover Bottom Home Nsshville Mental Health _ The King's D3ughter*s Hospitdl School, Columbis _ X Texas Abilene State School Abilene Board of State Hospitals and Spe¬ cial Schools. X x Mexia State School Mexia _ Board of State Hospitals and Spe¬ cial Schools. X The Austin State School Austin _ Board of State Hospitals and Spe¬ cial Schools. x Utah Vermont X X Bennington Friends of Retarded Children, Inc., Bennington... X X x X X X X X Franklin County Association for Retarded Children, Inc. (Maplewood School), St. Albans. St. Johnsbury Community School, Inc., St. Johnsbury - _ . . . . Number enrolled in education program Total number Number enrolled in private schools at pub¬ lic ex¬ pense 7 . 125 IN 15 IN 400 IN 8 442 331 289 IN 73 51 221 IN 345 IN 92 17 287 409 . . 7 72 69 IN 342 IN 133 IN 50 14 — 108 IN 9 25 7 149 IN 56 NA 431 IN 250 273 IN 15 15 30 NA 59 IN 15 15 8 - .... 15 NA 30 NA 30 12 NA 15 NA 11 30 30 100 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Table G. — Selected data for 197 public and private residential schools for mentally retarded children and youth: 1957-58 — Continued Administrative control of school Number enrolled in education program Name and location of school Public agency Number enrolled County authority State education agency or board OtherState department OtherState-appointed board Private agency Total number in private schools at pub¬ lic ex¬ pense Virginia Bellevue School, Hollins _ _ _ _ _ X 12 Lynchburg Training School and Hospital, Lynchburg.. . Mental Hygiene and Hospitals. Mental Hygiene and Hospitals. 353 IN Petersburg Training School and Hospital, Petersburg _ 264 IN Stoutamyre School of Special Education, Bridgewater _ X 19 3 The Partridge Schools, Gainesville. _ _ _ X NA 25 1 Thompson Homestead, Albemarle . X 25 Washington Lakeland Village, Medical Lake _ Institutions _ _ 439 IN Ranier School, Buckley . . . . X institutions . 112 IN Wisconsin Bethesada Lutheran Home, Wagertown _ X 91 Northern Wisconsin Colony and Training Schools, Chippewa Falls. St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children, Jefferson _ Public Welfare . . 290 IN X 256 14 Southern Wisconsin Colony and Training School, Union Grove. The Pines, Oelavan . . . . Public Welfare _ 280 IN X 22 2 Wyoming Wyoming State Training School, Lander State Board of Charities and Re¬ 75 IN District of Columbia forms. District Training School, Laurel _ Public Welfare 103 IN St. Johns Development Service for Children, Washington _ X 46 16 1 Column totals for administrative control add to more than 197 schools because one reported two sources of administrative control. 2 An attempt was made to collect enrollment of mentally retarded children in 3 categories: (1) Classes of pupils in the upper range only (approximately 50-75 IQ); (2) classes of pupils in the middle range only (approximately 25-50 IQ); (3) classes of pupils in both ranges (see appendix B). Unfortunately these categories were not clear for a large number of respondents used the third category as a total of the first 2. The forms were edited carefully, but there may still be some error in the reporting of individual school systems, and thus of the total enrolled. 3 Received public funds but did not report number of pupils. Appendixes Appendix A. Survey Method Sources of Data This survey included the 48 States in 1958 and the District of Columbia. The new States of Hawaii and Alaska were not included, but both are known to have special education programs. The basic mailing list of local public schools consisted of all independent school systems in places of 2,500 or more population and places of 2,500 or more population which were parts of county systems or superintendency unions. The four mailing lists of public and private residential facilities for excep¬ tional children included those for the blind, deaf, socially and emotionally maladjusted, and mentally retarded. These lists were derived from the following sources: Directory of Catholic Facilities for Exceptional Children in the United States. Washington: National Catholic Educational Association, 1955, 248 p. U.S. Department of 'Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Washington: Educa¬ tion Directory 1956—57 , Part 2, Counties and Cities. Haynes, E. Nelson, ed., Directory for Exceptional Children , 2d ed. Boston: Porter Sargent Publisher, 1956, 237 p. Lende, Helga, comp. Directory of Activities for the Blind in the United States and Canada , 10th edition. New York: American Foundation for the Blind, Inc., 1954. Doctor, Powrie Vaux, ed., American Annals of the Deaf, Vol. 102, No. 1, January 1957. p. 82-85. Blackburn, Donald G., comp., Directory of Public Training Schools for Delinquent Children, Washington: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Children’s Bureau. February 1958. 72 p. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Children’s Bureau, Residential Treat¬ ment Centers for Emotionally Disturbed Children, A Listing. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1953, 79 p. Dayton, Neil A., comp., Directory of the American Association on Mental Deficiency, 1958, Appendix A., Listings of State and Private Training Schools and Homes for the Retarded. Willimantic, Conn.: The Association, 151 p. Mailing list included only those reporting at least one teacher in the description of their institution. These lists, subdivided according to State, were then sent to the respective State education agencies for additions of school systems (such as intermediate administrative units or school systems in places of less than 2,500 popula¬ tion) or residential facilities known to be maintaining a program of special education. Excluded from the study were private and parochial day schools for exceptional children, laboratory schools in colleges and universities, Federal schools on Indian or military reservations, private day care centers, speech and hearing clinics, and residential facilities for cerebral palsied, epileptic, or crippled children. Adequate mailing lists did not appear to be available for these at the time the study was conducted. Response to the Survey Questionnaire Questionnaires were mailed to 5,040 local public school systems, but 58 of these were later dropped from the study because of school district reorganization, duplications, and so forth. The following tabulation summarizes the results of the survey: Number Percent Total - 4, 982 100 Reporting special education program. _ 3,641 73 Reporting no special education pro¬ gram _ 1, 182 24 Questionnaire not returned _ 157 3 Questionnaire returned but not useable. 2 (*) The 157 which did not respond to the survey question¬ naire contained only 11 school systems with a total public school enrollment of over 10,000; 19 fell in the enrollment group 5,000 to 9,999; the remainder were all in places with enrollment of less than 5,000. Questionnaires were mailed to 780 public and private residential schools for exceptional children, but 86 of these were later dropped from the study because of duplications or because they were not within the scope of the study. Some were day camps or schools; others were for normal children only. In still other cases two schools within one institution made a combined report. The following tabulation summarizes the results of the survey for the four types of residential institutions for exceptional children: Total included in survey Reporting education pro¬ gram _ Reporting no education program - Questionnaire not returned. Questionnaire returned but not useable - Socially and Blind Deaf emotionally Mentally maladjusted retarded 53 67 353 236 51 66 283 197 41 8 2 1 24 29 5 2 At-Date Reporting The present statistics were collected as of a particular date (February 1958) rather than as a cumulative enroll- 103 104 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 ment for the entire year. This would make compara¬ tively little difference where the children remain in one class throughout the year; it might make a considerable difference in programs where turnover of children is rapid. Any such differences would be on the conservative side, however, in at-date reporting, since the enrollment in a unit at a given time usually tends to be less than enroll¬ ment in that unit over the entire year. While reporting over an entire year gives a somewhat more complete picture of the entire number of children served over a period of time, it entails considerably greater labor on the part of local authorities. Reporting at a given date gives a more accurate picture of the capacity of the program for sustained service, and gives a cross section of the program at that time. It should also be noted that the basis for reporting is enrollment, not average daily attendance or average daily membership. Categories of Exceptionality If one wishes to count children in terms of type of exceptionality, he immediately encounters the problem of definitions. For example, What is a blind child and what is a partially seeing child? In the absence of any nationally accepted definitions, the solution has been to accept the classification as made by the local school system or the residential institution. While this may lack scientific rigor, especially with regard to uniformity of classification, it should reflect reasonably accurately the educational program as it is being administered. Many exceptional children have more than one disability. This also creates a dilemma regarding how they should be classified. Many of them, furthermore, receive more than one kind of special education service, for example, speech correction and special teaching for the hard of hearing or cerebral palsied. The solution which has been used is to request that each child be counted once only ac¬ cording to his major disability. Teacher Data An accurate count of the number of teachers proved, in actual practice, to be extremely difficult to make. There are several reasons for this. In the first place, many teachers are employed on a part-time basis. In other instances, a teacher may function in more than one area of special education, such as blind and partially seeing, speech impaired and hard of hearing, or crippled and special health problems. Other teachers function part time as classroom teachers and part time as guidance counselors (in secondary school programs, particularly). In other instances a teacher who has a self-contained classroom may function as a resource room teacher for some children who come into the room for part of the day only. In addition, especially at the older ages, there is a considerable amount of departmentalized teaching. In this survey, a question was included to collect teacher data in terms of fractions (tenths) of time devoted to specialized areas. It appears that this was too detailed a question. In only 40 percent of the questionnaires from local public school systems did the respondent fill in teacher data in every case that he reported pupil data. It was decided that it would not be valid to estimate the total number of teachers from only 40 percent of the forms. A question was also included on the total number of full¬ time and part-time special education teachers. So many school systems did not respond to this question that it was decided not to tabulate the results. Similar difficulties were encountered in the reports on teachers in nursery and kindergarten programs and in residential schools. (See reprint of questionnaires in app. B.) Omission of 17 Residential Schools for Deaf Children Through an oversight, 2 public and 14 private residen¬ tial schools for the deaf were omitted from the survey. In addition, one public residential school for the deaf did not return the questionnaire. The following tabulation shows the distribution, by State, of these 17 schools, and the number of pupils enrolled on October 31, 1958, as reported in the American Annals of the Deaf, Vol. 104, No. 1, (table A, p. 116, and table C, p. 149). State Number of schools omitted Previous Surveys Number of pupils enrolled Total _ 17 1, 616 Florida _ 1 18 Illinois- 1 20 Iowa__ 1 310 Massachusetts. 1 27 Michigan.. 1 104 Minnesota _ 1 21 Missouri 2 299 New York. 1 5 Ohio 1 128 Oklahoma. 1 61 Pennsvlvania . 2 333 Texas. 2 165 Wisconsin. _ 1 102 Wyoming _ _ __ ______ 1 23 Comparison of 1957-58 Data With This publication has featured the decade 1948-58 in reporting trends. Comparisons with other years have also been made in order to show trends over a longer period or in order to break the 1948-58 decade into two 5-year periods. Where sufficient information was available, adjustments have been made in the earlier data to make them as comparable as possible to that collected in 1957-58. The following summarizes some of the differences in the surveys and the type of adjustment made: Geographic coverage in many of the previous surveys included territories and outlying parts. Such data were subtracted from the total before comparison was made with 1958 statistics. Until 1952-53, coverage of local public school systems was limited to those in urban places of 2,500 or more population. In 1952-53 and again in 1957- EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 105 58, county school systems and school systems in smaller rural areas were included when identified by the State education agency as having a program of special education for one or more types of exceptional child. No adjustment has been made to compare with 1957-58 data, but it is thought that the numbers would be relatively small prior to 1950. Enrollment in home and hospital instruction , prior to 1957-58, was collected on a cumulative basis for an entire year, rather than for a single date. No adjustment was made for this, so the reader should bear in mind that the increases reported in the 1957-58 survey are necessarily conservative. In 1947-48, some of the area totals included children in other areas of exceptionality. For example, visually handicapped children not reported separately as blind or partially seeing were totaled in with the blind pupils. All of these combined figures were subtracted before making comparisons with 1957-58 data. The following are references to the previous statistical reports referred to in this publication : Hill, Arthur S., and Rice, Mabel C. Statistics of Special Education for Exceptional Children , 1952-53, Chapter 5, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1952-54. Washington: U.S. Govern¬ ment Printing Office, 1954. Martens, Elise H.; Harris, Catherine; and Story, Robert C., Statistics of Special Schools and Classes for Exceptional Children, 1947-48, Chapter 5, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1946-48. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950. - and Foster, Emery M., Statistics of Special Schools and Classes for Exceptional Children, Chapter V, Biennial SurVey of Education in the United States, 1939-40. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1942. Statistics of Special Schools and Classes f or Exceptional Children, 1937-38 , Chapter 3, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1936-38. Washing¬ ton: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940. Foster, Emery M., et al., The Education of Excep¬ tional Children, Chapter 6, Biennial Survey of Educa¬ tion in the United States: 1930-1932. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933. Office of Education. Biennial Survey of Education, 1920-22, Vol. I, Chapter 4 , 5, 6 , and 7; Bulletin 1924, No. 14, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1925. 693-360 0-63—8 Appendix B. Survey Questionnaires Form RSX-1 (58) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Budget Bureau No. 51-R163.2 r\tf 1 cj Approval expires 2/15/59 Office of Education Washington 25, D. C. STATISTICS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Section I: Public School Systems Information supplied by: - - - (Name ) ■ - - - - - (Title) _ _ (Date ) PLEASE RETURN ONLY THE ADDRESSED COPY TO THE OFFICE OF EDUCATION. RETAIN OTHER COPY FOR YOUR FILES. If NO special class or other special instruction is provided for exceptional children in your school system, please check here, and return the form at once to the Office of Education . . . □ Dear Superintendent: Widespread interest exists in the growth of programs of special education for exceptional children. The last study by the Office of Education on special schools aqd classes for exceptional children was for the school year 1952-53. In order to continue our established series of publications in this field, we are requesting you to let us have the information called for in these pages. May we ask that you or one of your assistants fill out the form promptly? This will enable us to publish the find¬ ings at an early date. An envelope, requiring no postage, is enclosed for your convenience in returning the report to us. Your cooperation will be deeply appreciated. Sincerely yours, y Herbert S. Conrad, Director Research and Statistical Services Branch ( PLEASE TURN THE PA(,E) 108 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1*957-58 PART 2: NUMBER OF PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN NURSERY AND KINDERGARTEN PROGRAMS 1. Does your school system maintain — a. nursery schools for exceptional children? . Yes _ No b. kindergarten programs for exceptional children? . Yes, _ No c. combination nursery-kindergarten programs for exceptional children? . Yes _ No 2. If your answer is “YES” to any part of Question 1, please give, in the table below, the number of pupils and teachers according to the category of exceptionality. Use the same definitions of exceptionality as used in Part 1. A1 EA OF EXCEPTIONALITY NURSERY SCHOOL KINDERGARTEN NURSERY-KINDERGARTEN BLIND Pupils Teachers DEAF Pupils Teachers CRIPPLED (including cerebral palsied) Pupils Teachers OTHER (please specify) Pupils Teachers Pupils Teachers PART 3: TOTAL NUMBER OF TEACHERS, BY AREA OF EXCEPTIONALITY 1. Give the total number of special education teachers in your ichool system according to the area of exceptionality in which each teacher spends the major portion of his time. Count each teacher only once. Use the same definitions of exceptionality as used in Part 1. Full time in special education Part time in special education Full time in special education Part time in special education TOTAL _ _ Crippled Special health Blind _ _ problems Socially and emotionally Partially seeing _ _ _ maladjusted 9eaf _ _ Mentally gifted - - Mentally retarded Hard of hearing _ _ (upper range ) Mentally retarded Speech impaired - - . - — (middle range) PART 4: NUMBER OF DIRECTORS AND SUPERVISORS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION (Include only persons working out of a board of education office. Do not include such persons as principals of spe- cial schools, psychologists, therapists, or social workers. Do not include teachers.) 1. Give the total number of directors, coordinators, supervisors, and consultants spending full timg in the administration or supervision of education programs for exceptional children in your school system . 2. Give the total number of directors, coordinators, supervisors, and consultants spending half-time or more, but not full time, in the administration or supervision of educational programs for exceptional children in your school system . 109 110 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 19 56-58 FORM RSX-1 (58) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C. Budget Bureau No. 51-R163.2 Approval expires 2/15/59 STATISTICS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Section II: Residential Schools Part 1— Residential Schools for Blind Children Information supplied by: - (Name) _ (T itle ) _ (Date ) PLEASE RETURN ONLY THE ADDRESSED COPY TO THE OFFICE OF EDUCATION RETAIN OTHER COPY FOR YOUR FILES If NO educational program is provided in your school (institution), please check here, and return the form at once to the Office of Education . □ Dear Superintendent: Widespread interest exists in the growth of programs of special education for exceptional children. The last study by the Office of Education on residential schools for exceptional children was for the school year 1946-47. In order to continue our established series of publications in this field, we are reguesting you to let us have the information called for on the reverse side of this page. May we ask that you or one of your assistants fill out the form promptly? This will enable us to pub¬ lish the findings at an early date. An envelope, requiring no postage, is enclosed for your convenience in returning the report to us. Your cooperation will be deeply appreciated. Sincerely yours, Herbert S. Conrad, Director Research and Statistical Services Branch (PLEASE TURN THE PAGE) EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 19 57-58 Part 1-Residential Schools for Blind Children 111 1. Corporate name of school 2. Address 3. Name and title of executive officer of school 4. Name and title of person in charge of education program 5. Authority or authorities by which the school is controlled in its general administrative policies (Check as many as apply): Private agency _ ; County authority _ ; State department of public instruction or State board of education _ ; Other State department or State appointed board (Please specify) _ _ _ : Any other administration (Please specify) _ _ _ 6. If the school is privately controlled how many pupils are received, in whole or in part, at public expense? . . 7. Are any teachers in your school provided by the local public school system? Yes - No - If “yes” how many? _ 8. In the table below report the number of pupils and teachers in your school? a. In reporting blind children, use the definition that is legal for your State. b. Count only children actually enrolled in and attending your school. c. Count each child only once. If a child is assigned to more than one program, classify him in the program where he spends the major amount of his school time. d. If a teacher works in more than one of the programs listed below, give approximate fractional amount of time (in tenths) for which he is assigned to a given program. e. Please report the number enrolled in school on February 15, 1958 (or as close to this date as convenient). GRADE LEVEL BLIND BLIND -DEAF OTH IER 1 PUPILS TEACHERS PUPILS TEACHERS PUPILS TEACHERS Nursery Kindergarten Elementary Secondary Other (Specify) 1 Please specify (for example, partially seeing): GPO 0 3869 6 112 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 FORM RSX-K58) DEPARTMENT OF Budget Bureau No. 5 1 -R 163.2 HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Approval expires 2/15/59 OFFICE OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C. STATISTICS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Section II: Residential Schools Part 2— Residential Schools for Deaf Children Information supplied by: - - — (N ame ) _ _ (T itle ) _ _ (Date) PLEASE RETURN ONLY THE ADDRESSED COPY TO THE OFFICE OF EDUCATION RETAIN OTHER COPY FOR YOUR FILES If NO educational program is provided in your school (institution), please check here, and return the form at once to the Office of Education . □ Dear Superintendent: Widespread interest exists in the growth of programs of special education for exceptional children. The last study by the Office of Education on residential schools for exceptional children was for the school year 1946-47. In order to continue our established series of publications in this field, we are requesting you to let us have the information called for on the reverse side of this page. May we ask that you or one of your assistants fill out the form promptly? This will enable us to pub¬ lish the findings at an early date. An envelope, requiring no postage, is enclosed for your convenience in returning the report to us. Your cooperation will be deeply appreciated. Sincerely yours, Herbert S. Conrad, Director Research and Statistical Services Branch (PLEASE TURN THE PAGE ) EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 195 7-58 113 Part 2--Residential Schools for Deaf Children 1. Corporate name of school - — - 2. Address - - — - - - — - 3. Name and title of executive officer of school - - 4. Name and title of person in charge of education program - - - 5 Authority or authorities by which the school is controlled in its general administrative policies (Check as many as apply): Private agency _ ; County authority - ; State department of public instruction or State board of education _ ; Other State department or State appointed board (Please specify) - _ _ : Any other administration (Please specify) - - - - 6. If the school is privately controlled how many pupils are received, in whole or in part, at public expense? . 7. Are any teachers in your school provided by the local public school system? Yes - No_ how many?_^ _ • 8. In the table below report the number of pupils and teachers in your school. d. Count only children actually_enrolled in and attending your school. . Count each child only once. If a child is assigned to more than one program, classify him in the program where he spends the major amount of his school time. If a teacher works in more than one of the programs listed below, give approbate fract.onal amount time (in tenths) for which he is assigned to a given program. rnnven- Please report the number enrolled in school on February 15, 1958 (or as c ose o i DEAF DEAF-BLIND OTH ER1 GRADE LEVEL PUPILS TEACHERS PUPILS TEACHERS PUPILS TEACHERS Nursery Kindergarten Elementary Secondary Other (Specify) - — 1 Please specify: 114 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 FORM RSX-1(58) Budget Bureau No. 51-R163.2 DEPARTMENT OF Approval expires 2/15/59 HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C. STATISTICS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Section II: Residential Schools Part 3— Residential Schools for Emotionally and Socially Maladjusted Children (including Delinquents) Information supplied by: — - — - - (Name) - - - - - (Title. ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Date) PLEASE RETURN ONLY THE ADDRESSED COPY TO THE OFFICE OF EDUCATION RETAIN OTHER COPY FOR YOUR FILES If NO educational program is provided in your school (institution), at once to the Office of Education . please check here, and return the form Dear Superintendent: Widespread interest exists in the growth of programs of special education for exceptional children. The last study by the Office of Education on residential schools for exceptional children was for the school year 1946-47. In order to continue our established series of publications in this field, we are requesting you to let us have the information called for on the reverse side of this page. May we ask that you or one of your assistants fill out the form promptly? This will enable us to pub¬ lish the findings at an early date. An envelope, requiring no postage, is enclosed for your convenience in returning the report to us. Your cooperation will be deeply appreciated. Sincerely yours, Herbert S. Conrad, Director Research and Statistical Services Branch (PLEASE TURN THE PAGE ) EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 115 Pari 3--Residential Schools for Emotionally and Socially Maladjusted Children (including Delinquents) 1. Corporate name of school _ 2. Address _ 3. Name and title of executive officer of school 4. Name and title of person in charge of education program 5. Authority or authorities by which the school is controlled in its general administrative policies (Check as many as apply): Private agency _ ; County authority _ ; State department of public instruction or State board of education _ ; Other State department or State appointed board (Please specify) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ; Any other administration (Please specify). _ _ _ _ _ 6. If the school is privately controlled, how many pupils are received, in whole or in part, at public expense? . . * 7. Are any teachers in your school provided by the local public school system? Yes - No - . If “yes” how many? _ . 8. School is for (check): Boys - Girls - Both - . 9. In the table below report the number of pupils and teachers in your school. a. Count only children actually enrolled in and attending your school. b. Count each child only once. If a child is assigned to more than one program, classify him in the program where he spends the major amount of his school time. c. If a teacher works in more than one of the programs listed below, give approximate fractional amount of time (in tenths) for which he is assigned to a given program. d. Please report the number enrolled in school on February 15, 1958 (or as close to this date as convenient). GRADE LEVEL PUPILS TEACHERS Elementary Secondary Other (specify) 116 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 FORM RSX-U58) Budget Bureau No. 51-R 163.2 DEPARTMENT OF Approval expires 2/15/59 HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION WASHINGTON 25, D. C. STATISTICS OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN Section II: Residential Schools Part 4— Residential Schools for Mentally Retarded Children Information supplied by: _ _ (Name) _ (Title) _ _ (Date) PLEASE RETURN ONLY THE ADDRESSED COPY TO THE OFFICE OF EDUCATION RETAIN OTHER COPY FOR YOUR FILES If NO educational program is provided in your school (institution), please check here, and return the form at once to the Office of Education . □ Dear Superintendent: Widespread interest exists in the growth of programs of special education for exceptional children. The last study by the Office of Education on residential schools for exceptional children was for the school year 1946-47. In order to continue our established series of publications in this field, we are requesting you to let us have the information called for on the reverse side of this page. May we ask that you or one of your assistants fill out the form promptly? This will enable us to pub¬ lish the findings at an early date. An envelope, requiring no postage, is enclosed for your convenience in returning the report to us. Your cooperation will be deeply appreciated. Sincerely yours, Herbert S. Conrad, Director Research and Statistical Services Branch (PLEASE TURN THE PAGE ) EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN AND YOUTH, 1957-58 Part 4**Residential Schools for Mentally Retarded Children 117 1. Corporate name of school _ _ 2. Address _ 3. Name and title of executive officer of school 4. Name and title of person in charge of educational program 5. Authority or authorities by which the school is controlled in its general administrative policies (Check as many as apply): Private agency _ ; County authority _ ; State department of public instruction or State board of education _ ; Other State department or State appointed board (Please specify) _ _ ; Any other administration (Please specify) _ _ 6. If the school is privately controlled, how many pupils are received, in whole or in part, at public expense? . . . . . 7. Are any teachers in your school provided by the local public school system? Yes _ No _ . If “yes" how many? _ . 8. In the table below report the number of pupils and teachers in your school. a. Count only children and youth actually enrolled in and attending your school. Count each child only once. b. If a teacher’s time is divided among classes of a different type with respect to range of pupils taught, give the approximate fractional amount of time (in tenths) for each type of class. Thus, if a teacher spends three-fifths of his time with upper range classes, one-fifth with middle range classes, and one- fifth with combined classes, he should be reported as .6 in the first row, .2 in the second row, and .2 in the third row. c. Teachers employed part-time by the school should be reported only for the fractional amount of full-time which they work, divided, of course, among the different categories of the table below. d. Please report the number of pupils enrolled and number of teachers employed on February 15, 1958 (or as close to that date as convenient). TYPE OF CLASS PUPILS TEACHERS Classes of pupils in the upper range (approximately 50 - 75 I.Q.) only Classes of pupils in the middle range (approxi¬ mately 25 - 50 I.Q.) only Classes of pupils in both ranges: a. upper range b. middle range Appendix C. Estimates of Prevalence No study of sufficient scope has been conducted that would form the basis for a completely reliable estimate of ! the number of exceptional children and youth in need of special education. The estimates that have been made vary widely according to the categories and definitions of exceptionality used and the purpose for which they were I made. In order to ascertain the progress that is being made in l providing special education for all exceptional children, it j has been necessary to arrive at some estimate of the num¬ ber of such children in the Nation. An effort has been made to be as conservative as possible. A variety of sources have been used, including information from State education agencies, national organizations, other govern¬ ment agencies, and individual studies. Some examples of the sources are described below. Blind. Registration of the American Printing House for the Blind, January 1960, plus conservative estimates of numbers of legally blind children enrolled in private and parochial schools. Partially seeing. Estimates of the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness and Winifred Hathaway’s, Education and Health of the Partially Seeing Child , page 16, fourth edition, 1959, published by the Society, that 0.2 percent of the school and preschool population have serious visual losses but that, according to interviews and replies to letters of inquiry about such children, about one-third of these are visually handicapped to the extent that they need frequent instruction (at least one hour per week) from a specially qualified teacher of partially seeing children. The estimated number of “legally blind” being educated as readers of print have been removed from this estimate. Deaf. Frampton and Gall, Special Education for the Exceptional, vol. II, 1955, p. 149, and information supplied by Gallaudet College, Washington, D.C. Hard of hearing and speech impaired. “The Report of the Commissioner of Education in Response to the Request of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Rep¬ resentatives for an Office of Education Plan in the Field of Speech and Hearing,” February 11, 1958, table 1, page 8. Wendell, Johnson, Children With Speech and Hearing Im¬ pairment: Preparing To Work With Them in the Schools, U.S. Office of Education Bulletin 1959, No. 5, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 20 cents, j Crippled. Crippled Children’s Program Statistical High¬ lights, 1958, Statistical Series No. 56, United States Children’s Bureau, 1960, p. IV. Mayer A. Perlstein, “What Teachers Should Know About the Child With Cerebral Palsy,” Special Education for the Exceptional, vol. Ill, 1956, p. 101. Elise N. Martens, “Needs of Ex¬ ceptional Children,” p. 4, Leaflet No. 74, U.S. Office of Education, 1944. Special health problems. This category includes a variety of physical limitations, such as epilepsy, cardiac conditions, or chronic illnesses. The estimate of one percent is based on a compilation of estimates from such sources as the National Epilepsy League and “Children and Youth, Selected Health Characteristics, United States, July 1957-June 1958,” Health Statistics Series C— 1 ; U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Washington, 1959. Seriously socially maladjusted or emotionally disturbed. The Prevalence of Exceptional Children in Illinois in 1958, Circular — Census 1A, State of Illinois, Springfield, 1959. The recent report of the California State Department of Education to the California State Legislature, The Emo¬ tionally Handicapped Child and the School, December 24, 1959, includes prevalence estimates ranging from 4 to 12 percent. The National Association for Mental Health estimates 1 in 10 children in public schools have emotional problems requiring psychiatric help. Facts About Mental Illness, National Association for Mental Health, Leaflet, 1960. Table H. — Estimated number of schoolage children and youth in need of special education, by area of excep¬ tionality: United States,1 1957-58 Area of exceptionality Estimates of preva¬ lence 2 Estimated number of schoolagr exceptional children 3 Total Blind _ Partially seeing - Deaf _ Hard of hearing - Speech impaired - Crippled _ Special health problems - Emotionally disturbed or Soci¬ ally maladjusted - Gifted _ Mentally retarded - 12. 468 1 5, 209, 400 . 033 13, 800 . 06 25, 100 . 075 31, 300 . 5 208, 900 3. 5 1, 462, 400 1. 0 117. 800 1. 0 417, 800 2. 0 835, 600 2. 0 835, 600 2. 3 961, 000 1 Includes 48 States and the District of Columbia. 2 Estimates are for the major or primary type of exceptionality in each child, although it is known that some children require social education for two or more exceptional conditions, such as mental retardation and a speech impairment. 3 Based on an estimated 41,782,000 children 5 to 17 years of age on July 1, 1958. Illustrative Projections of the Population of the United States, hy Age and Sei, 1960 to 1980. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Series P-2.5, No. 187, November 1958. Detail does not add to total because of rounding. 119 120 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1956-58 Mentally retarded. The 2.3 percent prevalence figure for the mentally retarded includes children with an IQ of approximately 68 or below. (It is, of course recognized that some other important factors besides the IQ are considered in defining mentally retarded children who need special education. The IQ, however, is the most generally used single measure.) Sources: Allen L. Ed¬ wards, Experimental Design in Psychological Research , 1950, p. 396; and Lionel S. Penrose, The Biology of Mental Defect , New York: Grune and Stratton, 1949. This figure of 2.3 percent needing special education is a very conservative one. A discussion of this estimate of prev¬ alence may be found in the testimony of the U.S. Commis¬ sioner of Education on S. 395 and S. 1092, published on pages 47-49 of “Mentally Retarded Children — Hearing Before the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate, Eighty-Fifth Congress, First | Session, on S. 395 and S. 1092,” April 4, 1957. Gifted. The 2.0 prevalence figure for the gifted includes children with an IQ of approximately 132 or above. I (It is, of course, recognized that some other important factors besides the IQ such as special talents or leadership qualities are considered in defining gifted children who need special education. The IQ, however, is the most i; generally used single measure.) Source: Allen L. Edwards f Experimental Design in Psychological Research , 1950, p. 396. j| The estimated prevalence rates are given in table H for each area of exceptionality. These have been applied to the estimated schoolage population for July 1, 1958, in order to provide a basis for comparison with the findings of the 1957-58 statistical survey of special education. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 0-693-360 PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOID PAYMENT OF POSTAGE, *300 United States Government Printing Office DIVISION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS Washington, D.C. 20402 OFFICIAL BUSINESS BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION 1956-58 CHAPTER 6 WAS NEVER PUBLISHED