ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 1935 ggfc; -r 1 \ W:.- ’ p • ? Jfg|lEfv •; 1 K- V ' . - yl . x ■ ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR £ FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30 1935 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF EDUCATION JUN n I99R U S DEPT OF EDUCATION UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1935 by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 30 CCL£& \OlpQ to8*o£> L 111 . A322 1935 United States. Dept, of the Interior . Annual report of the Secretary of the Interior CONTENTS Page Letter of transmittal _ v Preface to the Report of the Secretary of Interior to the President _ vn The Solicitor _ 1 Division of Investigations - 7 Division of Grazing _ 11 Division of Geographic Names _ 21 Division of Territories and Island Possessions _ 23 The Report of the Adviser on Negro Affairs _ 25 War Minerals Relief _ _ — . . 27 Petroleum Administrative Board - 29 Bureau of Reclamation _ 43 General Land Office _ 93 Office of Indian Affairs _ 113 Indian population and tables _ 156 National Park Service _ 179 Geological Survey _ 233 Office of Education _ 275 Federal Board for Vocational Education _ 310 General Education Board _ 337 Bureau of Mines _ 341 St. Elizabeths Hospital _ _ 381 Howard University _ 403 Freedmen’s Hospital _ 429 Columbia Institution for the Deaf _ 433 The Alaska Railroad _ 435 The Perry’s Victory Memorial Commission _ 439 HI . . . . LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL The Secretary of the Interior. Washington , November 30 , 1935. Sir: I have the honor to transmit my annual report for the De¬ partment of the Interior for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935. Very respectfully, Harold L. Ickes, Secretary. The President, The White House . ' THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO THE PRESIDENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1935 As in my two preceding reports, I shall not attempt here to inter¬ pret or give a resume of the detailed reports of the various divisions, offices, and bureaus of the Department of the Interior which follow. Since my last annual report there have been two important changes in the organization of this Department. The Soil Erosion Service, originally set up by this Department, was transferred by Executive order to the Department of Agriculture. Also, the Divi¬ sion of Subsistence Homesteads, likewise set up in this Department, was transferred by Executive order to the Rural Resettlement Administration. Although the petroleum code no longer exists, certain legislation was enacted by Congress, designed to control petroleum production. The Petroleum Administrative Board has continued to function and, therefore, its annual report is included herein. As heretofore, in the interests of economy, every effort has been made to cut down the volume in this report without sacrificing any initial information. Fuller particulars of the activities of any part of the Department are available in its files. VII THE SOLICITOR (Nathan R. Mabgold) At the close of the fiscal year, as well as at its beginning, the legal staff of the Department consisted of 67 attorneys serving in Wash¬ ington and in the field under the jurisdiction of the Solicitor. Dur¬ ing the year three attorneys were added to the immediate staff in the central office of the Solicitor. However, the aggregate membership of the legal sections attached to various bureaus in the Department was decreased by the same number. Thus, the personnel remained nearly constant during the year. Yet, the business of the Solicitor increased greatly over the same period. In the year 1933-34, 84 formal opinions were rendered by the Solic¬ itor. During the year ended June 30, 1935, the number of opinions rendered was 237, an increase of almost 300 percent. About one- third of these opinions concerned accident claims, which have been very numerous in connection with emergency conservation work and other operations in areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. Some 50 title opinions have been required, the majority of them in connection with the land-purchase program of the National Park Service. Less numerous, but individually more important, have been those opinions rendered in response to particular legal inquiries concerning the interpretation and administration of the Indian Re¬ organization Act, the Taylor grazing law and the general with¬ drawal of the public domain under the Executive orders of Novem¬ ber 26, 1934, and February 5, 1935. Other matters involved in important opinions have been so miscellaneous as these : Applicability of State sales and license taxes to operations of con¬ cessionaires within national parks ; Duration of power of the President to reorganize the Executive branch of the Government and application of that power to the gov¬ ernment of the District of Columbia ; Right of certain Wisconsin Indians to enrollment with the Chippe- was of Minnesota ; Resettlement of rural groups under subsistence homestead legisla¬ tion ; Establishment of national monuments under the act for preservation of American antiquities ; Right of St. Elizabeths Hospital to hold soldiers and sailors in custody after their discharge from the service ; and 1 2 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Wages and hours of Park Service employees engaged in trades. Appeals and related motions in public-land cases have increased about 100 percent. Land cases received this year numbered 1,018, as contrasted with 520 similar cases received during the preceding year. However, this increase has not been allowed to cause an accumulation of pending cases. A year ago 407 cases were pending after 549 had been disposed of during the preceding 12 months. But on June 30 of this year, despite the doubling of the number of appeals filed, only 315 land cases were pending. This result has been accomplished by the disposition of 1,110 land cases during a single year, a tremendous undertaking under any circumstances and particularly in view of the unusual amount of other legal work which the business of the Depart¬ ment has involved. One of these appeals, United States v. California et al. (A-17366), is perhaps the most important single case considered by the legal offi¬ cers of the Department in recent years. This decision, commonly called the “ Section 36 Case ”, asserts the validity of the title of the United States to lands within the Elk Hills oil field in California, one of the most valuable oil-producing areas in the United States. Preparation of the opinion required the examination of some 10,000 pages of testimony and hundreds of exhibits in order that findings might be made upon controverted issues of fact concerning the mineral character of the area as it appeared 30 years ago. During the fiscal year consent decrees have been entered in 18 war minerals relief cases. Seventeen cases of this type were dismissed by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia either after hearing upon petition and answer or upon motion of the Secretary of the Interior. The Secretary of the Interior has been defendant in several suits for mandamus or for injunction which have been in process of litigation in the courts of the District of Columbia during the year. In all of these cases the Solicitor has represented the Secretary. The Solicitor has also assisted special counsel for the people of Puerto Rico in the representation of the interests of Puerto Rico in cases before the Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit on appeal from the courts in Puerto Rico. In addition, attorneys at¬ tached to the several bureaus of the Department, particularly the Indian Office and the Reclamation Service, have assisted the Depart¬ ment of Justice in the conduct of litigation involving interests of this Department. During the first session of the Seventy-fourth Congress the legis¬ lative section of the office of the Solicitor has prepared or assisted in the preparation of approximately 115 bills, has prepared or reviewed approximately 1,140 reports and letters dealing with legislation, and has represented the Department before congressional committees on THE SOLICITOR 3 some 7 0 occasions. However, much of the basic work of preparing a departmental legislative program must be done when Congress is not in session. As a condition precedent to the preparation of any impor¬ tant legislative measure and to the exposition of such a bill to con¬ gressional committees a thorough exploration of all pertinent factual and legal aspects of the proposal must be conducted. This requires investigation and study in Washington and not infrequently in the field. In anticipation of questions which may be raised, potential constitutional issues must be examined in many cases and opinions must be written for reference as occasion may arise. Among the bills sponsored by the Department and enacted during the first session of the Seventy-fourth Congress, two are mentioned particularly. Public, No. 292 is an act authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to acquire, restore, and preserve historic sites and prop¬ erties. No longer will it be necessary to rely upon public-spirited and wealth}' individuals to preserve and restore historical landmarks of the United States. Public, No. 297y2 is an act abolishing the present unsatisfactory permit system of mining upon the public domain and substituting a more equitable system of leasing, under which the United States, the States, and the reclamation fund will receive the royalty benefits which have heretofore accrued in large measure to middlemen who contributed little or nothing toward the development of the oil resources of the Nation. It is noteworthy that the legal business of the General Land Office has increased rather than decreased since the general public land with¬ drawals effected by the Executive orders of November 26, 1934, and February 5, 1935. In fact, the promulgation of those orders has had the effect of stimulation of recourse by claimants to every equity or alleged equity and to every legal right of appeal possible in order to make their claims relate back to some time prior to the withdrawals. The Solicitor has supplied requisite legal services to aid Indian tribes in drafting constitutions, bylaws and charters authorized by the Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934. At the same time members of the immediate staff of the Solicitor and attorneys in the Indian Office have devoted much time to a comprehensive revision of the complicated and uncoordinated departmental regulations govern¬ ing the conduct of Indians. New rules of May 31, 1935, represent a thorough revision of the entire body of regulations concerning Indian probate matters. A similar revision of Indian law and order regula¬ tions has been completed. Work continues on grazing, leasing, and other regulations. In addition, Indian liquor laws and regulations are being accorded particular study with a view to recommending legislative and administrative action for the more effective control of liquor traffic upon Indian reservations. 4 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 In the initiation, organization, construction, and management of some 40 reclamation projects the condemnation and purchase of land and rights-of-way, the organization of irrigation districts and water users’ associations, the negotiation, execution, and performance of repayment contracts and the prosecution of litigation for the adjudi¬ cation of water rights continue to require extensive, varied, and im¬ portant legal services. As was pointed out a year ago in the annual report of the Solicitor, the current program of the Bureau of Reclama¬ tion, financed principally by emergency public-works allotments, is almost as extensive as the aggregate of operations heretofore under¬ taken by the Bureau during the first 30 years of its existence. This increase in reclamation work has caused the legal business of the Bureau to increase 5 or 6 fold during the last 2 years. Yet, the legal staff attached to the Bureau has not been increased at all. The pres¬ ent staff is carrying a burden greatly in excess of reasonable assignment. The following statistical summary of major features of the work of the Solicitor, exclusive of the business dispatched by legal sections attached to particular bureaus, has been compiled for convenient reference : Land decisions Opinions of Solicitor 1 Indian matters Miscel¬ laneous matters Pending July 1, 1934... . . 407 1,018 170 5,699 1,077 10, 535 Received during year .... _ .. Total . . . 1,425 1,110 5, 869 5,663 11,612 11,373 Disposed of during year . Pending June 30, 1935 . 237 315 77 206 239 1 Prior to this year opinions of the Solicitor have been included in “Miscellaneous matters.” Miscellaneous matters include the following: Reports on legislation - 1160 Contracts for the erection of buildings, road construction and repairs, supplies, etc _ 2833 Cases prepared for submission to the Board of Equitable Adjudication — 937 Oil and gas matters: Leases _ 50 Prospecting permits : Granted _ 1523 Reinstated _ 8 Assignments - 269 Extensions of time _ 2384 Canceled _ 271 THE SOLICITOR 5 Coal matters : Prospecting permits - 73 Licenses _ 35 Leases - 28 Potash matters: Prospecting permits extended - 8 Permits canceled - 4 Sodium matters : Prospecting permits - 14 Leases _ 1 Sulphur matters: Prospecting permits - 4 DIVISION OF INVESTIGATIONS Louis R. G la vis, Director The regular annual appropriation for this Division to conduct investigations for the Interior Department for the fiscal year 1935 was $362,560. The average number of active field investigators, exclusive of special agents in charge, was 75; average number of clerks employed in divisional offices, 20; total force employed, including special agents in charge, and the Washington office, 100. Due to the activities of field investigators, $30,638.65 was collected and turned into the Treasury and 224,214.59 acres were restored to the public domain, representing fraudulent entries, etc., canceled on proceedings based on their reports. INVESTIGATIONS On July 1, 1934, there were pending field investigation 8,476 cases. During the year 8V237 additional cases were received ; 8,546 cases investigated, reported, and closed, leaving 8,167 cases pending investigation. Of the reports submitted, 2,512 were adverse and 6,034 favorable. On the recommendation of this Department 27 civil suits were brought by the Department of Justice. Twenty-one cases were tried, of which 18 were won and 3 lost. As a result of the suits, $12,808.35 was recovered and 1,480 acres restored to the public do¬ main. The criminal cases handled in the Division consisted of: Conspiracy, 21; criminal, 11; intimidation, 2; and unlawful en¬ closure, 18. Of the criminal cases tried 3 resulted in conviction and prison sentence was imposed in each case. The cases investigated by the Division for the various bureaus of the Department, other than the General Land Office, were as follows: Office of Indian Affairs, 126; National Park Service, 25; Bureau of Beclamation, 7 ; miscellaneous, 7 ; Geological Survey, 4. FEDERAL EMERGENCY ADMINISTRATION OF PUBLIC WORKS The Director of Investigations conducts all investigations for the Public Works Administration. His staff personnel on June 30, 1935. 7 8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 including the national office at Washington, consisted of 10 special agents in charge, 185 special agents, and 125 other employees. Cases investigated by the Division of Investigations relate to ex¬ penditure of Public Works’ funds, collusion and fraudulent bidding where contractors and subcontractors are involved, wages and dis¬ putes arising from rates of pay, irregularities in the employment of labor and use of materials, code violations, underpayment of em¬ ployees, repayment to contractors of wages of employees, contracts relating to housing projects, governmental personnel, and misconduct of officers and employees of the Public Works Administration, activi¬ ties of the National Reemployment Service and other governmental agencies, to which Public Works’ funds are allotted. These investigations, having to do with the allotment and expendi¬ ture of large sums of money, enabled the administrative officers to uncover numerous frauds and irregularities and prevent substantial losses to the Government. It is notable that a saving of $64,449,- 927.74 was effected by the Public Works Administration through activities of the Division of Investigations since inception of the administration in 1933. The administrative expense of the Division of Investigations from the beginning to June 30, 1935, amounted to $1,337,350.90, or a fraction slightly more than 2 percent of the total amount saved. This saving was accomplished by and through investigations cov¬ ering such items as cancelation or rescission of contract bids and awards where fraud or collusion was found to exist, rescission of allotments for loans and/or grants due to irregularities or fraudu¬ lent representation; lack of economic soundness in projects investi¬ gated, inadequate financial ability of the borrower or his inability to liquidate loans, and the use of insufficient or inferior material in construction work. There also was included penalties imposed on contracts for vio¬ lation of the 8-hour law on Federal projects, reduction in allotments where it was found that the borrower had included excessive amounts in estimates covering overhead and engineering fees, re¬ duction of allotments due to fictitious estimates and excessive ap¬ praisals covering the purchase of lands for projects sites and savings effected by requiring a change in the method of construc¬ tion from force account to a contract basis. The Division of Investigations also effected other savings not shown in this total. One of the more important of these was reim¬ bursement of wages to labor where such pay was wrongfully with¬ held by contractors through what has been designated as the “ kick- back racket.” It is estimated that this saving to labor by such reimbursements amounted to $258,331.14. DIVISION OF INVESTIGATIONS 9 Thirteen thousand seven hundred and twenty -two cases were in¬ vestigated and reported by special agents of the Division of Investi¬ gations; 10,520 cases were reported favorably and 3,202 cases were reported adversely. Included in the foregoing were 85 criminal prosecutions, resulting in 14 cases receiving court action, 16 cases resulting in indictments, and prison sentences were imposed in six cases. The Director of Investigations conducted 10T investigations for the National Reemployment Service, Department of Labor, and 400 investigations were made for the Director of the Contract Division of the National Industrial Recovery Administration, involving code violations on P. W. A. projects. OIL ENFORCEMENT The Director of Investigations performed all investigations, under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior in his capacity of administrator for the petroleum industry, in the enforcement of the provisions under the regulations pursuant to section 9c of the National Industrial Recovery Act, relating to the transportation in inter¬ state commerce of oil produced in violation of State regulations, until the United States Supreme Court in the case of the Panama Refining Co., et al., dated January 7, 1935, held these regulations to be unconstitutional, and in the enforcement of the provisions of the Code of Fair Competition for the Petroleum Industry, until the decision in the case of A. L. Schecter Poultry Corporation and others, dated May 27, 1935, declared the code unconstitutional. OIL CODE The personnel until June 15, 1935, the date the code work ceased, consisted of 13 special agents in charge, 2 acting special agents in charge, 78 special agents, and 85 employees, inclusive of the personnel in the Washington office. The total number of cases investigated was 8,885, of which 3,065 were reported on and closed. Of the total number of cases investi¬ gated, 420 were recommended for prosecution and in 341 cases prose¬ cution was begun. INVESTIGATIONS UNDER SECTION 9C The investigations were carried on by the Director of Investi¬ gations by a personnel of 1 agent in charge, 23 special agents, and 14 clerks. The total number of cases investigated was 1,223, resulting in 25 cases prosecuted. Under section 35 of the Criminal Code, as amended, 11 prosecutions. Civil cases, resulting in court action, 2. *0481—35 - 2 10 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 CONNALLY OIL ACT The Director of Investigations conducted investigations in all States other than Texas of violation of the Connally Act of February 22, 1935 (Public, No. 14), relating to interstate and foreign commerce in petroleum and its products by prohibiting the shipment in such commerce of petroleum and its products produced in violation of State law. The existing personnel of the Division of Investigations engaged in this work comprises an office force in Washington and a field force of 74 employees. The total number of cases investigated was 18, resulting in 4 recommended for prosecution and a permanent injunc¬ tion secured in 1 case. MARINE UNIT The investigations of cases arising under the regulations under section 9c and the Connally Oil Act were made in conjunction with a marine section of 1 special agent in charge, 2 special agents, and 15 employees, operating a number of patrol boats, to inspect tanker cargoes of petroleum and petroleum products. Reports are made by the masters of all vessels transporting petroleum or petro¬ leum products thereof, in the loading and discharging of cargoes, amounting to a total of 284,054,468 barrels, moved in interstate com¬ merce from the State of Texas. The reports, approximating 125 per day, constitute the first attempt in the history of coastwise commerce for a governmental agency to secure an accurate record of coastwise and intercoastal movements of these products. The information is valuable to the Federal Government in the collection of taxes due on petroleum products. CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION Investigations of irregularities in expenditures of funds allotted to the Federal Relief Administrator for civil relief, by the Public Works Administration, were conducted by the Director of Investi¬ gations until February 14, 1934. While there were no investigations of new cases during the past fiscal year, there were 23 cases pending with the United States attorneys for prosecution; 6 indictments secured; 5 cases resulted in court action; 4 cases involved prison sentences; 8 dismissed; and 9 are till pending action of the United States attorneys and the Department of Justice. DIVISION OF GRAZING (F. R. Carpenter, Director) The act of June 28, 1934 (48 Stat. 1269), commonly known as the “ Taylor Grazing Act ”, is a new development in the national policy for conservation of natural resources in accord with the traditions of the Department of the Interior. The purposes of the new law as set forth in its title are “ To stop injury to the public grazing lands by preventing overgrazing and soil deterioration; to provide for their orderly use, improvement, and development ; to stabilize the livestock industry dependent upon the public range ; and for other purposes.” The first step in the administration of this law was taken July 9, 1934, when Secretary Ickes designated representatives of the Depart¬ ment of the Interior to hold a series of preliminary conferences in the West. The delegation named was headed by Assistant Secretary Oscar L. Chapman and included Fred W. Johnson, Commissioner of the General Land Office; Eufus G. Poole, Assistant Solicitor; Hugh H. Bennett, Director Soil Studies ; T. C. Havell, General Land Office ; J. H. Favorite, Division of Investigations; John F. Deeds, Geological Survey; and Dr. Wendell Lund, acting in a secretarial capacity. These representatives held public hearings as follows: July 23, Salt Lake City, Utah; July 26, Boise, Idaho; July 31, Billings, Mont. ; August 2, Casper, Wyo. ; August 6, Glenwood Springs, Colo. ; September 14, Albuquerque, N. Mex. ; September 19, Prescott, Ariz. ; September 24, San Francisco, Calif.; September 26, Reno, Nev. ; and September 28, Klamath Falls, Oreg. In his report on these conferences Assistant Secretary Chapman states that ranchmen throughout the West realize that the vast public ranges which are being overgrazed and depleted must be protected and restored or they will soon be replaced by acres of desert land. They realize that it is to their own interest, as well as to the interests of their States and the Nation, that these lands be protected by a sane uniform policy. Meanwhile, in order to handle the multitude of inquiries and other details incident to the administration of this law, the Secretary, on July 17, named Mr. N. F. Waddell, special agent, Division of Inves¬ tigations, Acting Director in Charge of Grazing, pending the ap¬ pointment of a director to handle the grazing program. The Gen¬ eral Land Office and Geological Survey were directed to cooperate 11 12 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 with him. On September 7, 1934, the Secretary appointed Mr. F. R. Carpenter, of Hayden, Colo., Director of Grazing. The new Director of Grazing was authorized, with the concurrence of the agencies concerned and the approval of the Secretary, to select such assistants as were required for the administration of the Taylor Grazing Act from the staffs of the Geological Survey, the General Land Office, and the Division of Investigations. At the close of the year a total personnel of 35 people were thus assigned to the Division — 21 from the Geological Survey, 8 from the Division of Investigations, and 6 from the General Land Office. The salaries and expenses of the Director and detailed employees up to June 30, 1935, amounted to approximately $110,000. The salaries and expenses included in this figure cover only the period of detail, which for the most part was less than half of the fiscal year. It is estimated that an additional expense of not less than $100,000 was incurred by the cooperating agencies. DENVER CONFERENCE On December 13, 1934, the Secretary announced that a series of conferences would be held in Denver, Colo., February 11 to< 16, to discuss questions of national policy in the exchange and use of public lands as they may be affected by the grazing regu¬ lations. Officials from the States of Arizona, California, Colo¬ rado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming were asked to attend these conferences. The first two days were devoted to State lands, the second two days to fish and game prob¬ lems, and the last two days to grants in aid of railways and highways. On February 12, 1935, Secretary Ickes spoke before a general assembly of all persons attending the conference. The Secretary dis¬ cussed the abuses inherent in unrestricted grazing on the open public domain and the benefits to be obtained from prudent use of the land under the terms of the Taylor Grazing Act. He besought the intelli¬ gent and whole-hearted support of western stockmen to the end that depleted ranges might be restored to normalcy. The State land representatives adopted a series of resolutions con¬ cerning the administration of the public domain with particular ref¬ erence to grants in aid of the public schools and for other purposes. One of the primary requests from the State land agents concerned facilitation of exchanges. To accomplish this purpose the President signed the Executive order of May 20, 1935, modifying Executive order of November 26. 1934. DIVISION OF GRAZING 13 OBJECTIVES OF THE TAYLOR GRAZING ACT The primary task in the administration of the public domain under the Taylor Grazing Act contemplates establishment of grazing dis¬ tricts where the area of public land is adequate to warrant such action for (1) conservation of natural resources, and (2) stabilization of the livestock industry dependent upon the range. Over a long period of years grazing use in excess of carrying capacity has caused a progres¬ sive deterioration of that land through displacement of the more pal¬ atable forage plants by species of low palatability or of no worth for grazing. In this transition natural erosion processes have been accel¬ erated, causing loss of soil fertility- , and in places even actual removal of soil cover, thus rendering the land incapable of producing a density of any vegetative growth equivalent to natural conditions. This -deterioration has been in progress over a period of 35 to 40 years. Conservation of natural resources under these conditions requires not only prevention of further waste but restoration of the land resources. By the halting of all land-use activities nature could ac¬ complish this restoration unaided, but such drastic action would create an intolerable economic disturbance throughout the West. Accordingly the Department is planning to accomplish restoration of the land by other means to the utmost practicable limit. A wide variety of range restoration projects will be undertaken as part of the Emergency Conservation Work Program of the Divi¬ sion now being performed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. These projects will include an extensive program of water develop¬ ment to permit a more even distribution of the livestock on the public range. Eradication of rodents will be undertaken to reduce their consumption of the feed resources. Drift fences will be con¬ structed to permit more effective range management, and in some localities trails will be constructed to make present inaccessible feed supplies available for use. Small sample plots will be enclosed with rodent-proof fences to furnish definite indication of the rate of restoration obtainable by natural processes and the character of the natural vegetation. Erosion control will be included in the program where necessary, as well as the eradication of poison plants. Such activities, with a limitation of the livestock population to accord with the feed resources actually available, as well as to proper sea¬ sons of use will comprise the initial activities toward restoration of normal range conditions. SPECIAL EXECUTIVE ORDERS On November 26, 1934, the President signed an Executive order withdrawing for classification all public lands in the States of Ari¬ zona, California., Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. The 14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 order was limited to these States because they contained the only areas which were then regarded as properly subject to inclusion in grazing districts. The withdrawal was made in furtherance of the organization of such districts, the exchange of State-owned and privately owned lands, the sale or lease of isolated disconnected tracts, as well as the other purposes of the Taylor Grazing Act. The order declares that classification of the lands involved is neces¬ sary for the effective accomplishment of its purposes and that the lands are being reserved pending completion of such classification work, unless sooner revoked by the President or the Congress. By Executive order of February 5, 1935, the public lands in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan,.. Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Washington, and Wis¬ consin were withdrawn for classification and pending determination of the most useful purpose to which said lands may be put in fur¬ therance of the land program of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and for the conservation and development of natural resources. Where that program is involved or can be aided by the organization of grazing districts it is anticipated that such districts will be organized under the Taylor Grazing Act. By Executive order of May 20, 1935, the President so amended Executive order of November 26, 1934, as to make it applicable to all lands within the States involved therein “ upon the cancelation or release of prior entries, selections, or claims, or upon the revoca¬ tion of prior withdrawals, unless expressly otherwise provided in the order of revocation.” In the same order the Secretary of the Interior is authorized in his discretion and in harmony with the purposes of the Taylor Grazing Act of June 28, 1934, to accept title to base lands in exchange for other lands subject to exchange under the terms of that act. ORGANIZATION OF GRAZING DISTRICTS Pursuant to the requirements in the Taylor Act for a public hear¬ ing prior to the organization of a grazing district public notices were issued for such hearings as follows : Sept. 17 _ . . Grand Junction, Colo. Jan. 9 Mountain Home, Idaho. Oct. 1 _ . Bakersfield, Calif. Jan. 99 Monticello, Utah. Oct. 5 _ _ Alturas, Calif. Jan. 25 __ . Moab, Utah. Oct. 11 . . . Klamath Falls. Oreg. Jan. 29 _ . Castle Dale, Utah. Oct. 16 _ . . Burns, Oreg. Feb. 4 Roswell, N. Mex. Oct. 22 _ . . Salt Lake City, Utah. Feb. 8 _ Deming, N. Mex. Oct. 31 - _ Alamogordo, N. Mex. Feb. 11 __ . Santa Fe. N. Mex. Nov. 2 _ . . Vernal, Utah. Feb. 14 _ . Durango, Colo. Dec. 4 . . Malta, Mont. Feb. 19 _ Montrose, Colo. Dec. 11 . . Ekalaka, Mont. Feb. 26 _ Grand Junction, Colo. Dec. 18- . . Milford, Utah. DIVISION OF GRAZING 15 The above-listed hearings involved relatively small grazing units sponsored by local interests with but little reference to broad re¬ gional plans. Conflicts in areas requested for inclusion in adjoining districts were inevitable as well as a multiplicity of hearings in which the problems, and often even the people involved, were sub¬ stantially identical. Accordingly, under date of December 1, a public notice was issued for a series of State-wide hearings to be held as follows : Dec. 4 _ Malta, Mont. Dec. 7 - Billings, Mont. Dec. 10 - Casper, Wyo. Dec. 15 _ _ _ Vale, Oreg. Dec. 17 _ Boise, Idaho Dec. 19 _ Salt Lake City, Utah Dec. 29 - Montrose, Colo. Jan. 3 - Bismarck, N. Dak. Jan. 8 _ Rapid City, S. Dak. Jan. 14 _ Albuquerque, N.Mex. Jan. 17 - Bakersfield, Calif. Jan. 24 _ Reno, Nev. Jan. 28 _ Phoenix, Ariz. Notice of the December 4 hearing at Malta, Mont., included in the foregoing list, is a duplication of a notice previously published. At the State-wide hearings, after an explanation of the terms of the Taylor Grazing Act as applicable to the conditions in each locality, the need for subdividing the State into grazing districts comprising public-domain areas convenient and proper for admin¬ istration, was given special emphasis. At these meetings State com¬ mittees, composed of representative stockmen, were elected to recom¬ mend boundaries for such grazing districts. Following the series of State- wide hearings the committees elected at such hearings considered the range problems of their respective States and recommended the establishment of 50 districts involving an aggregate area of approximately 142,000,000 acres of vacant, un¬ reserved, unappropriated public land. The action of these commit¬ tees was taken without reference to the provision in the existing law limiting the creation of such districts to 80,000,000 acres of vacant, unappropriated, unreserved public land. Accordingly, in the ab¬ sence of further authority from the Congress, only 32 of the dis¬ tricts proposed could be established. The districts selected for estab¬ lishment included areas in which range administration was most urgently needed and the lands were conveniently located for administration. REGULATIONS FOR GRAZING DISTRICTS Division of Grazing, circular no. 1, entitled “ Rules providing for special elections for district advisors to assist in the management of grazing districts ”, was approved by the Secretary, April 23, 1935. Circular no. 2, entitled “ Rules for the guidance of district advisors in recommending the issuance of grazing licenses ”, was approved 16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 by the Secretary, May 31, 1935. These circulars contain the general regulations issued during the year for the administration of grazing districts. Under circular no. 1, the services of local persons familiar with the range problems will be secured by a special election of district ad¬ visors from among the local stockmen to serve until plans are com¬ pleted which contemplate a regular annual election. By this means the practical local viewpoint will be available at all times in the administration of the law. These advisors will receive no regular salary but will be paid $5 a day for subsistence and necessary travel expenses. They will take the regular oath of office of a Federal official and will be the local governing agency as to all matters of a range regulatory nature concerning their particular district. The Interior Department will exercise necessary supervision and provide basic technical criteria for conservation of natural resources. Circular no. 2 contains preliminary rules for allocating public range privileges and general rules governing the use of the land. This circular provides that until such time as land classification studies can be completed and the commensurate value of properties dependent upon the public range determined, only temporary revoca¬ ble licenses will be issued. Furthermore, during this temporary period, established stockmen will be recognized upon the basis of their operations prior to the time the administration of the public range is inaugurated. In the preparation of these regulations an effort has been made to take immediate steps for range regulation in a manner that would permit needed readjustments to be made gradually and on the basis of thorough investigations. Furthermore, some time must be allowed to permit all interested persons to file applications for grazing permits and for the examination and rating of such appli¬ cations under the terms of the Taylor Act. EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK The enactment of the Taylor grazing law released the Interior Department from a ban on the use of Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees for range-improvement activities. This ban was placed by the Secretary because range improvement to facilitate grazing with¬ out regulation probably would increase the burden of overgrazing and the resultant waste of natural resources. In addition, therefore, to the organizing of grazing districts it has been necessary to inaugu¬ rate a program of range improvement. The Division has been allotted the services of 60 camps with 12,000 enrollees for a comprehensive program of range work. The activities of these enrollees will be directed by persons competent to direct DIVISION OF GEAZIXG 17 such work projects as well drilling, construction of dams, trails, fences, etc., and other activities that may be needed in any locality. During the fiscal year these activities were largely limited to selecting camp sites, purchasing equipment, and developing work plans. A total of $905,392.43 was expended. The 60 camp sites selected are distributed by States, as follows: Arizona, 8; California, 3; Colorado, 5; Idaho, 6; Nevada, 11; New Mexico, 8 ; Oregon, 6 ; Utah, 10 ; Wyoming, 3. The plans for the foregoing camps contemplate some changes in locations where climatic conditions preclude work during winter months. In order to keep such changes at a minimum, especially because only 7 camps were available at the beginning of the present summer season, very little work is being performed in the northern public-domain areas. It is anticipated that during the 1936 season a large number of camps will be moved to these northern areas. CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS On March 21, 1935, Acting Secretary Walters approved an order to establish in the administration of the Taylor Grazing Act a tech¬ nical organization qualified to determine the surface utility of areas subject to the provisions of this law by transferring to the new organization the former Agricultural Division of the Conservation Branch, Geological Survey. The functions and responsibility for the duties formerly vested in the Agricultural Division were also trans¬ ferred to the Division of Grazing. The transferred functions are assigned to the agricultural section of the Division of Grazing. Dur¬ ing the period April 1, 1935, to June 30, 1935, these functions were restricted largely to office phases necessary to appropriate action on applications for agricultural classification and for designations under the stock-raising and enlarged homestead laws. Action was com¬ pleted on 469 cases; 282 new cases were received, resulting in a re¬ duction of 105 pending cases during this period. Office activities not otherwise indicated comprised the designation of 160 acres in 1 State as subject to the enlarged homestead act, and to the in¬ clusion of 1,640 acres in 7 States in public water reserves; the exclusion of 160 acres in 1 State from such reserves, and net in¬ crease of the gross public water-reserve areas in 7 States to 508,228 acres. Recommendations for designations of lands under the enlarged and stock-raising homestead acts and the Nevada ground- water act were substantially terminated by the Executive orders of November 26, 1934, and February 5, 1935, withdrawing public lands for classification. Such designations are now being made only where necessary for the purpose of permitting the adjudication of home¬ stead entries having valid claims established prior to the withdrawal. 18 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 On June 30, 1935, the outstanding designated area under the en¬ larged homestead act included 268,467,745 acres; the stock-raising homestead act, 102,429,247 acres; and the Nevada ground-water act, 1,732,095 acres. Status of grazing districts, July 80, 1935 State No. Established Total acres Publipland acres 1 Arizona . . . . . . . 1 (2) 3, 450, 000 1, 505, 200 1. Apr. 8, 1935 3, 472, 000 1, 294, 846 2 _ do - 3, 980, 000 577, 308 Colorado . . . . . . 1 (2) 3, 818, 000 2, 099, 331 2 Apr. 8, 1935 2, 668, 000 438, 673 3 _ do . . 3,980,000 1, 416, 870 4 _ do _ 3, 060, 000 1, 096, 194 6 (2) 2, 461, 000 1, 408, 252 Idaho . . . . . 1 Apr. 8, 1935 9, 150, 000 4, 181, 445 Montana . . . . . . 1 (2) 8, 418, 000 1, 624, 235 2 (2) 13, 570, 000 1, 436, 536 3 Apr. 8, 1935 7, 590, 000 686, 523 4 Apr. 9, 1935 667, 000 144, 887 Nevada . . . . . 1 Apr. 8, 1935 10, 672, 000 7,984, 977 2 (2) 13, 202, 000 9, 539, 271 New Mexico _ _ _ _ 3 (2) 7, 590, 000 2, 692, 940 4 Apr. 8, 1935 5, 900, 000 2, 437, 649 5 _ do . 1, 890, 000 1, 110, 926 6 _ do . 12, 440, 000 2, 533, 933 Oregon . . . . . . . 1 _ do _ 171,000 96, 814 2 (2) 9, 131, 000 4, 960, 676 3 Apr. 8, 1935 4, 654, 000 2, 785, 957 4 Apr. 3, 1935 2, 903, 000 1, 717, 962 Utah . . . . . . . . 1 Apr. 8, 1935 4, 714, 000 1, 186, 806 2 . do.. . . 6, 256,000 2, 868,422 3 _ do _ 6, 532, 000 3, 424, 472 4 . do - 4, 186, 000 2, 065, 080 5 May 7,1935 4, 255, 000 3, 774, 186 6 June 22, 1935 6, 912, 000 3, 541, 069 7 May 7,1935 4, 600, 000 2, 584, 360 8 June 22, 1935 945,000 600, 719 Wyoming . . . . . 1 Mar. 23, 1935 4, 370, 000 1, 246, 181 Total . . 177, 607, 000 75, 062, 700 1 Includes vacant, unreserved, unappropriated public land only; figures subject to revision. 2 Establishment delayed pending adjustment of conflicts with other uses. General summary of cases, record for fiscal year, 1984-35 Class of case Pend¬ ing July 1, 1934 Re¬ ceived July 1, 1934 to Apr. 1, 1935 Re¬ ceived Apr. 1, to June 30, 1935 Total1 Acted on July 1, 1934 to Apr. 1, 1935 Acted on Apr. 1, to June 30, 1935 Total acted on Pend¬ ing June 30,1935 Record since re¬ ceipt of first case Re¬ ceived 2 Acted 5 Agriculture classifica¬ tion _ 41 94 186 1 7 88 321 1 130 3, 339 3 1 83 21 104 217 1 73 1, 521 1, 764 1 58,003 144,005 988 1 1, 547 Miscellaneous classi¬ fication.. . . Enlarged . . 67 1, 809 2 56 1, 442 1 53 1,374 3 4 444 57 1, 818 3 57, 930 142, 484 988 Stock raising _ Ground water Taylor Grazing Act: Sec. 7— . . 1 1 Sec. 8 . .. Sec. 14 .. 1 1 1 1 Sec. 15 . 1 Includes cases transferred from Geological Survey. 2 Includes all cases received in Geological Survey prior to Apr. 1, 1935. 8 Includes all cases acted on in Geological Survey prior to Apr. 1, 1935. DIVISION OF GRAZING 19 Public-water reserves ■{Includes areas withdrawn under the act of June 25, 1910 (41 Stat. 1063), as amended by the act of Aug. 24, 1912 (37 Stat. 497), and reserved for public use of springs or water holes in accordance with the provisions of sec. 10 of the act of Dec. 29, 1916 (39 Stat. 862), or for watershed protection, drainage reservoirs, or other similar miscellaneous public purposes involving water conservation) State Reserved prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Eliminated prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Reserves outstanding prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Reserved during fiscal year * Elimi¬ nated during fiscal year 1 Reserves outstanding June 30, 1935 Alaska . . _ _ _ _ Acres 17 27, 807 233, 452 16, 030 19, 312 15, 129 20, 476 14, 841 40, 189 240 52, 076 1,240 115, 997 Acres Acres 17 24, 305 222, 422 14, 850 18, 822 13. 337 16, 861 11, 176 38, 621 240 44, 320 1,240 100, 537 Acres Acres Acres 17 24, 305 222, 542 14, 850 18, 822 13, 817 17, 021 11, 296 38, 741 240 44,360 1,240 100, 977 Arizona . .. _ . 3, 502 11,030 1, 180 490 1,792 3, 615 3, 665 1,568 California _ 120 Colorado. . Idaho _ . _ _ _ Montana _ . _ _ 480 160 120 120 Nevada . . . . . . . New Mexico. . _ _ _ Oregon.. ; South Dakota.... Utah . 7, 756 40 Washington . . . . Wyoming . . . 15, 460 600 160 Total . . . 556, 806 50, 058 506,748 1, 640 160 508, 228 i April, May, and June, inclusive. Summary of enlarged homestead designations Areas classified as arid and nonirrigable, residence by entrymen required : Act of Feb. 19, 1909 (35 Stat. 639), applicable to Arizona, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Act of June 17, 1910 (36 Stat. 531), applicable to Idaho. Act of June 13, 1912 (37 Stat. 132), applicable to California, North Dakota. Act of Mar. 3, 1915 (38 Stat. 953), applicable to Kansas. Act of Mar. 4, 1915 (38 Stat. 1163), applicable to South Dakota. Areas class'fied as arid, nonirrigable, and lacking domestic water supply, residence by entrymen not required : Act of Feb. 19, 1909 (35 Stat. 639), applicable to Utah. Act of June 17, 1910 (36 Stat. 531), applicable to Idaho. State Arizona . California _ ■ Colorado _ Idaho: Total . Nonresidence. Kansas . Montana . . Nevada _ _ New Mexico . North Dakota.... Oregon . South Dakota. Utah: Total . Nonresidence. ’Washington . Wyoming . Total . Designa¬ tions prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Cancela¬ tions prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Designa¬ tions out¬ standing prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Acres Acres Acres 31, 536, 528 13, 420, 889 18, 115, 639 13, 388, 348 2, 258, 403 11, 129, 945 33, 985, 695 4, 773, 180 29, 212, 515 13, 764, 286 7, 807, 295 5, 956, 991 575, 507 4, 233 571, 274 653, 960 653, 960 53, 524, 401 246, 088 53, 278, 313 50, 219, 551 3, 581, 037 46, 638, 514 43, 865, 711 8, 990, 698 34, 875, 013 12, 284, 253 3, 848 12, 280, 405 21, 288, 362 11, 542, 577 9, 745, 785 16, 344, 433 348, 170 15, 996, 263 11, 760,057 5, 360, 117 6, 399, 940 1, 659, 458 510, 463 1, 148, 995 6, 661, 972 251, 842 6, 410, 130 29, 799, 169 12, 024, 997 17, 774, 172 339, 076, 726 70, 609, 141 268, 467, 585 Designa¬ tions during fiscal year 1 Cancela¬ tions during fiscal year 1 Acres 160 Acres 160 Designa¬ tions out¬ standing June 30, 1935 Acres 18,115, 799 11, 129,945 29, 212, 515 5, 956, 991 571, 274 653, 960 53, 278, 313 46, 638, 514 34, 875, 013 12, 280, 405 9, 745, 785 15, 996, 263 6, 399, 940 1, 148, 995 6, 410, 130 17, 774, 172 268, 467, 745 1 April, May, and June, inclusive. 20 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Summary of stock-raising homestead designations Areas classified as nonirrigable, nontimbered, chiefly valuable for grazing and raising forage crops, and of such character that 640 acres are reasonably required for the support of a family. Act of Dec. 29, 1916 (39 Stat. 862) State Designa¬ tions prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Cancela¬ tions prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Designa¬ tions out¬ standing prior to Apr. 1, 1935 Designa¬ tions during fiscal year 1 Cancela¬ tions during fiscal year 1 Designa¬ tions out¬ standing June 30, 1935 Arizona.. . . . Acres 14, 395, 025 1,280 8, 312, 631 9, 692, 518 480 5, 853, 059 117, 639 3, 571 80 200 16, 252, 916 219, 476 693, 273 32, 335, 015 426, 371 93, 608 6, 594, 875 6, 568, 069 2, 368, 419 726, 856 21, 669, 339 Acres 1, 040, 814 Acres 13, 354, 211 1,280 8, 280, 231 6, 870, 011 Acres Acres Acres 13, 354,211 1.280 8, 280, 231 6,870,011 Arkansas _ California _ _ _ 32, 400 2, 822, 507 480 2, 824, 498 Colorado. _ Florida _ Idaho _ _ 3, 028, 561 117, 639 3, 571 80 200 16, 200, 595 219, 476 690, 153 28, 271, 479 426, 371 93, 608 3, 181, 127 6, 565, 519 1, 516, 524 725, 562 12, 883, 049 3, 028, 561 117, 639 3. 571 80 200 16, 200, 595 219, 476 690, 153 28, 271, 479 426, 371 93, 608 3, 181, 127 6, 565. 519 1, 516, 524 725, 562 12, 883, 049 Kansas _ _ _ Michigan _ _ Minnesota _ _ _ _ Mississippi . Montana _ 52, 321 Nebraska _ _ _ Nevada _ _ _ _ 3, 120 4, 063, 536 New Mexico _ _ North Dakota _ _ . Oklahoma _ Oregon . . . 3, 413, 748 550 851, 895 1,294 8, 786, 290 South Dakota _ _ Utah . . . . Washington _ _ _ Wyoming _ Total . . . 126, 322, 700 23,893,453 102,429, 247 102, 429,247 1 April, May, and June, inclusive. DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHIC NAMES (George C. Martin, Executive Secretary ) The Division of Geographic Names was in process of organization on July 1, 1934. The Division was established by the Secretary of the Interior on June 16, 1934, in consequence of Executive Order 6680, April 17, 1934, whereby the United States Geographic Board was abolished and it was — further ordered that all of the functions of said Board, together with its chairman, secretary, and clerk-stenographer, records, supplies, equipment, and property of every kind, and unexpended balances of appropriations, be, and they are hereby, transferred to the Department of the Interior to be admin¬ istered under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. From August 1, 1934, following the retirement, on July 31, 1934, of Mr. Frank Bond, who had been chairman of the former board, until an advisory committee was appointed on September 30, 1934, the work of the Division was in charge of Mr. John J. Cameron, who had been secretary of the former board, and who was appointed assistant to the executive officer, Division of Geographic Names, on June 16, 1934. On September 30, 1934, an advisory committee on geographic names was appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, who directed that the advisory committee “ will function relatively in the same capacity as the old United States Geographic Board ” ; that an executive committee, appointed October 17, 1934, and consisting of three members of the advisory committee, “ will be charged with the duty of keeping the machinery running in an efficient manner ” ; and that “ Mr. John J. Cameron will serve as acting executive secretary.*’ Under the foregoing arrangement, the work of the Division, in its broader aspects, was directed by the executive committee, while Mr. Cameron was responsible for the administrative routine and investigative activities of the office of the Division. Decisions on geographic names, up to their final approval by the Secretary of the Interior, were made by the executive committee. The advisory committee, as a whole, delegated most of the matters involving de¬ cision on individual geographic names to the executive committee, 21 22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 and reserved for its own activity chiefly the broader problems of procedure and nomenclature. The organization outlined above continued until June 24, 1935r when George C. Martin was appointed as executive secretary of the Division of Geographic Names, and when Mr. Cameron resumed his former duties as assistant to the executive officer. The advisory committee held three meetings during the year, in which there was formulation of organization and general policy, discussion and adoption of general rules and procedure in nomen¬ clature, and approval of special rules concerning the spelling of foreign names, especially of Russian names in Alaska. The use of the possessive form in geographic names was also considered. The executive committee held 21 meetings during the year at which 214 names were approved. In addition to the names that were auto¬ matically rejected by the approval of the above, 15 other new names were rejected as unsuitable for one reason or another, with a request that unobjectionable names be submitted as substitutes. Six of the rejected names were disapproved because they were proposed in honor of living persons. In the case of all new names, evidence was required as to the fact that the persons after whom the features were to be named were no longer living. In addition to the above, there was consideration, without final action, of 58 names, some of which were approved in subsequent meetings. There was submitted for publication at the close of the fiscal year the manuscript of a report containing all decisions rendered between July 1, 1934, and June 30, 1935, and entitled “ Decisions of the Advisory Committee on Geographic Names, No. 1.” This report includes the 214 decisions noted above and also 53 decisions that were rendered but not published by the former board, and that were reaffirmed by the advisory committee, making 267 names in all that were approved. The successful accomplishment of the work of the Division of Geographic Names is dependent on close and cordial cooperation with all the map-making and map-using departments of the Federal Government, with the State geographic boards and with other State and municipal officers and organizations, and with a large number of private investigators of local geography, local history, and other subjects that concern geographic names. Cordial cooperation has been maintained with all of these sources of help, and is gratefully acknowledged. DIVISION OF TERRITORIES AND ISLAND POSSESSIONS (Ernest Gruening, Director) The Division of Territories and Island Possessions was created by Executive Order No. 6726, issued by the President on May 29, 1934, and effective 60 days thereafter. This order provided for the trans¬ fer of all functions pertaining to Puerto Rico previously vested in the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, to the Division of Territories and Island Possessions to be administered under the su¬ pervision of the Secretary of the Interior. In accordance with the intention of the order to centralize and coordinate territorial affairs, the activities pertaining to Alaska, Hawaii, and the Virgin Islands, already under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior, were transferred to the new Division. These activities included not only the general supervision of the respective governors’ offices, but also The Alaska Railroad, The Alaska Road Commission, Alaska rein¬ deer, Alaska insane, the Virgin Islands Co., the Government-owned Bluebeard Castle Hotel at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico Hurricane Loan Relief Section, and the Hawaiian Homes Com¬ mission. During the year the Division functioned effectively in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in establishing a farming community at Palmer, Alaska. This is generally referred to as the Matanuska Valley colonization project. Two hundred fami¬ lies on relief rolls, including approximately 1,000 people, were selected from the States of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, and colonized in Alaska. A fire in the early fall of 1934 practically wiped out the city of Nome, Alaska. Through the efforts of the Division of Territories and Island Possessions, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration made $50,000 available for emergency-relief purposes ; funds and the services of the American Red Cross were also promptly secured ; and a representative of the Public Works Administration was sent from Washington by airplane to Nome, Alaska, to work out a reconstruc¬ tion program for the stricken city. An interdepartmental committee on Alaska under the chairman¬ ship of the director of the Division of Territories and Island Pos- 23 24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 sessions was created by' the President to work out a plan for the co¬ ordination of Federal activities in the Territory. This committee held several meetings dealing with the colonization project, road building, air-field construction, geological service, fisheries, etc., and it is believed that a constructive long-range program for colonization and development of Alaska’s vast natural resources will result. The Division has been active in supervising the administration of the Government of the Virgin Islands and in formulating a program for the economic and social rehabilitation of the people living in the islands. This program, which was well under way, embraces subsist¬ ence homesteads, restoration of the sugar and rum industries to the position of importance which they occupied in previous years ; estab¬ lishment of a number of small industries; road building, etc. The Government-owned Bluebeard Castle Hotel was completed during the year and opened to the public on January 1, 1935. The first 6 months of its operation were encouraging, and a comprehensive pro¬ gram for tourist development is planned for the future. The economic and social problems of Puerto Iiico are extremely formidable. The island is overpopulated and the masses of the people are prostrated. The Division is giving close attention to the situation, and it is believed that a long-range program, financed by the Federal Government, for the economic and social rehabilitation of the people is the only practical solution. Such a program is being formulated and it is hoped that it will be made effective in the near future. Hawaii is a well-organized and comparatively prosperous Terri¬ tory, and while it has many problems, the local government is func¬ tioning very effectively in their solution. During the year the Divi¬ sion’s activities in relation to Hawaii have been generally routine in character. THE ADVISER ON NEGRO AFFAIRS (Robert C. Weaver, Adviser) The activities of the office of the Adviser on Negro Affairs may be divided into two groups: Those matters which concern the De¬ partment of the Interior and the Public Works Administration; and those things which are outside the direct province of the De¬ partment of the Interior and the Public Works Administration. Prior to the transfer of the Division of Subsistence Homesteads to the Rural Resettlement Administration, this office concerned it¬ self with the participation of Negroes in the plans of the Subsistence Homesteads Division. Much time was spent by this office in keep¬ ing itself apprized of developments and directing to the attention of the Secretary the inactivity of the Subsistence Homesteads Di¬ vision as it affected Negroes. This office has called to the attention of the Administration of Public Works the discrimination against Negro labor which has occurred in the Public Works Administration. It has attempted to devise plans for the prevention of such discrimination and has suc¬ ceeded in preparing a formula of prima facie evidence which has been accepted by the Administrator of Public Works. The Adviser on Negro Affairs has consulted constantly with the Housing Division in the planning of housing projects in Negro slum areas. He has supplied the Housing Division with pertinent data from Census reports for the Negro population in some 30 cities, and has offered any other information which he has deemed useful. He also has made some suggestions as to policy insofar as it affected Negro participation in the program of the Housing Division. The Adviser on Negro Affairs and his assistant have visited pro¬ posed sites for housing developments, have negotiated agreements for the employment of Negro workers on the projects, and have nurtured favorable opinion among colored people toward proposed housing developments. In order to facilitate the latter, this office not only has explained the program to the local residents, but it also has insisted upon integration of Negroes into the program. This has been accomplished through Negro representation on local sponsoring committees and the employment of colored architects on the projects. 20481—35 - 3 25 26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 The office of the Adviser on Negro Affairs has resubmitted the survey of Negro white-collar and skilled workers to the Works Progress Administration. The project has been revised several times and is now being reviewed by the statistical coordinator of the Works Progress Administration. The Adviser’s office has been told that the proposed survey is receiving favorable consideration. The office of the Adviser on Negro Affairs has concerned itself with relations between the Negro employees and the Department of the Interior and the Public Works Administration. This office has been particularly interested in the classification of Negro employees and the promotion of competent colored workers from the status of messengers to clerical positions. The Adviser on Negro Affairs has published several articles and delivered speeches concerning the work of the Public Works Admin¬ istration and the Department of the Interior as it affects Negroes. These articles and speeches have been intended to give colored citizens a true statement of what is being done in their behalf by the Public Works Administration and the Department of the Interior. The Adviser on Negro Affairs has offered suggestions to other administrations concerning their relation with Negroes. Memoranda have been prepared and conferences have been held with the follow¬ ing agencies: (1) The Labor Department in relation to the proposed Security Act; (2) the Rural Resettlement Administration in relation to its general policy and its labor relation; (3) the Youth Adminis¬ tration in relation to its general policy and labor relations. This office also has furnished information to other agencies, including the N. R. A. and the F. E. R. A. As a result of the precedent established by the Housing Division in the Public Works Administration, we believe that the Rural Reset¬ tlement Administration is going to take steps to set up standards which will do much to assure equitable distribution of employment between white and Negro workers. WAR MINERALS RELIEF COMMISSION (Roscoe Fertich, Commissioner) Acting under the War Minerals Relief Act (40 Stat. 1272) as amended February 13. 1929 (40 Stat. 1166), the Secretary of the In¬ terior made 13 awards and 3 disallowances during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1935. Three awards, totaling $49,649.71, carried over from the previous fiscal year, and six awards, totaling $15,428.96, were paid through the Treasury deficiency appropriations bill (Public, No. 21, 74th Cong., 1st sess.) in the total amount of $65,078.67. Seven awards, totaling $10,455.88, were certified to the General Accounting Office to be paid through a future Treasury deficiency appropriation. Record of cases filed under the act as amended Feb. 18, 1929 Total cases filed - 34S Total cases dismissed by court (hearing, abatement, or failure to prosecute _ 83 Decisions by the Secretary of the Interior : Awards Denials To June 30, 1934 _ 126 10 July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935 _ _ 13 3 139 13 - — 152 Cases pending : In Supreme Court of the District of Columbia _ 118 Decrees by Supreme Court of the District of Columbia pending in the War Minerals Relief Commission, June 30, 1935 _ 45 - 348 ACTION IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Eight cases were heard and dismissed by the court, which held: (1) Ore buying, independent milling operations, and manufacture of ferro-alloys were not admissible items of loss within the meaning of the War Minerals Relief Act; (2) claims were not assignable by operation of law, and death of claimant and dissolution of corporation relieved the Government of liability under the act. Nine cases were abated through failure to substitute Ickes for Wilbur as Secretary of the Interior. 27 28 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 One case was dismissed by court for failure of plaintiff to prosecute the case. During the fiscal year 19 decrees were certified to the Secretary of the Interior. IN THE CONGRESS Three bills to further amend the War Minerals Relief Act were filed in the Seventy-fourth Congress. One bill, to permit claimants who did not file petitions under the 1929 amendment to submit claims for reconsideration by the Secretary of the Interior without recourse to the courts, and to permit claims to pass by opera¬ tion of law to a legal successor ; and two bills, to direct reimbursement for interest paid or accrued on borrowed money from March 2, 1919, to date. These bills were not enacted within this fiscal year. PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD (Charles Fahy, Chairman ) The Secretary of the Interior was appointed Administrator of the Petroleum Industry under the National Industrial Recovery Act by Executive order dated August 28, 1933. The Petroleum Administra¬ tive Board functions under an administrative order of the Adminis¬ trator. During the life of the Code of Fair Competition for the Petroleum Industry (Aug. 19, 1933, to May 27, 1935, on which last- named date all codes approved under the National Industrial Recovery Act were invalidated by the Supreme Court of the United States) the Board assisted and advised the Administrator in the administration and enforcement of the code. The Board also assisted and advised the Secretary of the Interior in the administration and enforcement of section 9 (c) of the National Industrial Recovery Act, under which the President by Executive order of July 11, 1933, prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of petroleum or the products thereof produced in excess of the amount permitted by State law. By Execu¬ tive order of July 14, 1933, the President had delegated the adminis¬ tration and enforcement of this provision to the Secretary of the Interior. Said section 9 (c) was invalidated by the Supreme Court of the United States on January 7, 1935. On February 22, 1935, Con¬ gress reenacted the principles of section 9 (c) by prohibiting ship¬ ments in interstate or foreign commerce of petroleum produced in excess of the amount permitted by State law, and the products of such petroleum. Under authority granted by the act the President again by Executive order, dated February 28, 1935, delegated to the Secretary of the Interior the administration of this act with the excep¬ tion of its provision permitting the suspension under certain condi¬ tions of the prohibition of shipments. The Board has assisted the Secretary in his duties under this act. After the invalidation of the codes Congress on June 14, 1935, amended and extended the National Industrial Recovery Act, which now expires April 1, 1936. By Executive order of June 15, 1935, the President extended existing agencies under the act, including the Administrator for the Petroleum Industry; and the Board in addition to its functions under the Connally Act is engaged in advising and assisting the Administrator in those functions author¬ ized £>y the amended act which relate to the petroleum industry. 29 30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 At the end of the fiscal year the Board consisted of Charles Fahy, chairman; Norman L. Meyers, E. B. Swanson, and John W. Frey, members. Mr. Nathan R. Margold had retired as chairman Novem¬ ber 22, 1934, to devote his full time to the duties of Solicitor of the Interior Department, and Mr. J. Howard Marshall had resigned as a member of the Board on June 21, 1935. The labor provisions of the code were administered under the Administrator by the Petroleum Labor Policy Board with such assistance on the part of the Petroleum Administrative Board as the Administrator and the Labor Board desired. In October 1934 a Federal Tender Board was created in east Texas to aid in the administration of section 9 (c) of the National Indus¬ trial Recovery Act, composed of Norman L. Meyers (chairman), J. Howard Marshall, and Ralph Horween, members. Mr. McCorquo- dale was the attorney for the Tender Board in east Texas. This Board ceased operations when the section was invalidated January 7, 1935. Under the terms of the act of February 22, 1935, above referred to, Federal Tender Board No. 1 was created in east Texas on March 1, 1935, to administer the act in that area. This Board was composed of Norman L. Meyers (chairman), M. S. McCorquodale, and John F. Davis, members. Mr. McCorquodale resigned at the close of the fiscal year. Under the same act Federal Petroleum Agency No. 1, with Mr. George W. Van Fleet as Director, was established on April 25, 1935, to perform the investigational work incident to the operations of Federal Tender Board No. 1. The Petroleum Administrative Board, the Petroleum Labor Policy Board, the original Tender Board, Federal Tender Board No. 1, and Federal Petroleum Agency No. 1 expended during the fiscal year approximately $560,000 out of a total of $739,345 available for expenditure. With the invalidation of the code as a result of the Supreme j Court decision of May 27, 1935, the activities of the Petroleum Ad¬ ministrative Board and of the Petroleum Labor Policy Board under the National Industrial Recovery Act, though not of the Petroleum Administrative Board under the Connally Act, have been restricted to a series of studies and to research work hereinafter referred to. The Code of Fair Competition for the Petroleum Industry was in effect during the entire fiscal year except the last 33 days thereof. Under the code, in conjunction with the success achieved beginning in October 1934 by the Federal Tender Board in sharply restricting movements in interstate commerce of illegal crude and gasoline, and particularly under the successful operations of the production and refinery provisions of the code, the petroleum industry as a whole achieved a balance between the production of crude oil and the manu- PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD 31 facture of gasoline on the one hand and the requirements of the Nation for crude oil and gasoline on the other. This was the purpose of the production and refining provisions of the code. The theory of these provisions of the code, particularly the production provi¬ sions, and the amendments to the refinery provisions of April 24, 1934, was the balancing of supply with demand in the interest of con¬ servation and of stability within the industry. As a necessary con¬ comitant were the provisions of the code designed to regulate the development of new fields through the approval of plans designed to permit greatest ultimate recovery and economical and scientific development. Under the production provisions of the code the estimates of re¬ quired production were prepared currently by the Bureau of Mines and the Petroleum Administrative Board upon the basis of statistical data received and tabulated by the Bureau of Mines and were recom¬ mended to the Petroleum Administrator by the Petroleum Adminis¬ trative Board. They were certified by the Petroleum Administra¬ tor to the regulatory commissions of States having such agencies, to industrial proration committees in States without regulatory commissions, and to the Governors of oil producing States which were without either regulatory commissions or industrial proration committees. The method employed in making the estimates was based primarily upon calculation of gasoline production necessary to meet the demand therefor, with additions to or subtractions from storage, and the quantity of crude oil necessary to manufacture the required gasoline, together with such crude oil as was required for export and use directly in the field for fuel purposes. Allowances also were made for crude-oil imports and withdrawals from or additions to crude oil storage. During the fiscal year the production of crude petroleum in the United States exceeded by slightly less than 4 percent the amount determined by the Federal agency to be sufficient to provide for consumer demand for petroleum products after due account had been taken for probable withdrawals from storage and of anticipated imports. Production in excess of the allowables was less during the latter portion of the fiscal year than in the earlier months, as shown by the table accompanying the complete report of which this is a summary. The balancing of crude-oil production with consumer demand for petroleum products as provided for in the code did not necessitate the restriction of output during the past fiscal year below that of the preceding year. One of the objectives of the industry in con¬ nection with crude-oil production has been to establish as nearly a uniform rate of production throughout the year as possible, as 32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 such uniformity leads to efficiency in operation, stability of employ¬ ment, and assists the State regulatory commissions and others in the control of production from the various wells and fields within a State. During the calendar year 1933 crude-oil production varied from 2,102,000 barrels in January to 2,813,000 in June, or a range of 711,000 barrels between the lowest and highest daily rates of pro¬ duction. During the calendar year 1934 crude-oil production ranged from a low of 2,323,000 barrels in January to a high of 2,655,000 barrels in June, or a difference of 332,000 barrels between the lowest and highest daily rates of production. This range was identical with that recorded during the 1935 fiscal year when crude-oil pro¬ duction ranged from a low of 2,413,000 barrels daily in November and December 1934 to a high of 2,745,000 barrels daily during June 1935. This comparison indicates a definite tendency toward the attainment of the industry’s objective of as nearly a uniform monthly rate of production as possible. During the period of operations under the Petroleum Code, the smaller oil producing States produced a larger share of the na¬ tional crude-oil output than they did immediately prior to the period of the Petroleum Code. This change did not result through trans¬ fer by the Federal agency (Department of the Interior) of produc¬ tion allowables from one State to another, but undoubtedly came about through the coordination of Federal and State activity whereby there was eliminated the localized excess production which characterized the petroleum industry immediately prior to the period of the code. According to section 1, article III, of the Petroleum Code, im¬ ports of crude petroleum and petroleum products for domestic con¬ sumption were to be limited to volumes bearing such ratio to the estimated volume of domestic production as would effectuate the purposes of the Petroleum Code and the National Industrial Re¬ covery Act. In the Administrator’s order of September 2, 1933, such imports were directed to be limited to an amount not exceeding the average daily imports of petroleum and petroleum products during the last 6 months of 1932. During that semester total im¬ ports of crude and refined products averaged 108,000 barrels daily, of which 10,000 barrels daily were bonded imports and 98,000 barrels were imports for domestic consumption. During the 1935 fiscal year total receipts of crude petroleum and refined products from foreign countries aggregated 52,354,000 barrels, or a daily average of 143,435 barrels. Receipts for domestic consumption totaled 34,578,000 bar¬ rels, a daily average of 94,734 barrels, or somewhat under the daily average of 98,000 barrels of imports for domestic consumption during the last 6 months of 1932. Imports in bond, consisted of PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD 33 supplies for vessels and oil imported for refining and export, amounted to 17,776,000 barrels, or a daily average of 48,701 barrels. Experience under the Petroleum Code demonstrated that the bal¬ ancing of crude oil supply with the consumer demand for petroleum products necessitated the control of withdrawals of crude oil from storage as well as the regulation of current production and imports. The general objective of the administration was to permit at all times such withdrawals of crude oil from storage as were necessary to prevent discrimination against refining plants which did not have an ample supply from sources of current production; to permit, during periods of high seasonal demand, such withdrawals as were consistent with the reduction of inventories toward economic levels without unreasonable limitation of current production ; and, during periods of low seasonal demand, to avoid net withdrawals so that the crude oil required for refining and exporting would be supplied from current production. It was felt that such procedure aided the State authori¬ ties and industry committees in the enforcement of production orders, contributed to the prevention of physical waste by lowering the amount of oil held above ground in storage, and avoided discrimina¬ tion between operators. In line with this procedure, crude-oil inventories were reduced during the period of high seasonal demand from 357,239,000 barrels on June 30, 1934, to 337,085,000 barrels on December 31, 1934. The continuation of a high rate of demand during December 1934 and the demonstrated necessity to increase gasoline inventories brought about such a high level of refining operations, with concurrent large with¬ drawals from crude-oil storage, that production allowables were raised during the month to conform with the increased demand for crude oil. Beginning with a revised inventory figure of 337,254,000 barrels on January 1, 1935, the amount of crude oil in storage was not reduced further during the period of low seasonal demand, but increased to 338,559,000 on May 31, 1935. During June 1935, with the beginning of the period of high seasonal demand and with the code invalidated, crude-oil inventories were reduced 3,802,000 barrels, to a level of 334,757,000 barrels on June 30, 1935. The provision in the Petroleum Code whereby no petroleum produced from a newly discovered source of crude petroleum could be shipped in or affecting interstate commerce unless a plan for the development of the new pool had been approved by the Administrator is regarded quite generally as a particular accomplishment under the Petroleum Code leading to the conservation of petroleum resources and the prevention of waste. Regulations designed to provide for the submission of plans for the systematic and orderly development of new pools were approved by the Administrator on December 23, 34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 1933. Each new plan as submitted by operators in the new pool was reviewed by the technical staff of the Petroleum Administrative Board and the United States Geological Survey before submission to the Administrator. Where divided views existed concerning the provisions contained in the plan as submitted, hearings either in Washington or in the field were held concerning the merits of respective development programs. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935, the Petroleum Adminis¬ trator approved 122 plans for the orderly development of new oil pools. The refining article of the Petroleum Code provided for a joint governmental and industrial organization in which the Federal agency determined the total production of gasoline necessary to meet the current demand therefor and the proper total inventories of gasoline, and the planning and coordination committee divided the national total of production and inventory changes into district totals, and district allocators or allocating agencies divided the totals among plants within the district. Provision also was made for the hearing of appeals from plant and district allocations, with the re¬ sult that the original determinations were in several instances amended as the needs for additional gasoline production became evident. Gasoline production in the United States exceeded the total determined as necessary by but approximately 1 percent, as shown by table accompanying the full report. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935, the accounting division was engaged with various and sundry investigations ordered by the Administrator or requested by members of the Board, all of which had a direct bearing upon code enforcement. A resume of its activities is as follows : Preliminary figures on the study of the economic cost of recovery of crude petroleum ordered by the Administrator on December 20, 1933, were released September 19, 1934. The survey covered 3 calendar years, 1931, 1932, and 1933. One thousand and nine schedules covering cost data on 1,133 companies were included in the tabulations. A substantial percentage of the total production — 75.72 for 1931, 76.71 for 1932, and 72.22 for 1933 — uniformly spread over the various producing areas was covered. The average per-barrel cost for the country as a whole, includ¬ ing interest on invested capital, was found to have been as follows: 1931, $0,894; 1932, $0,808; and 1933, $0,717. In order that the ef¬ fect of the code upon costs might be ascertained, the year 1933 was segregated into two periods. The first was from January 1 to September 30, which included but 1 month (September) of code en¬ forcement, and the second from October 1 to December 31, during which time the code was in full effect. For the former period costs PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD 35 for the country as a whole declined to the lowest on record to $0,669 per barrel, rising during the latter period to $0,772 per barrel. Costs were also shown by States and for the more important pools and fields within the States. In addition to the financial and in¬ vestment data, information was gathered also on wells, proven acreage, and potential reserves. A continuation of this study to cover the year 1934 was ordered by the Administrator on December 14, 1934. At the close of the fiscal year considerable progress had been made in completing that study. In all 891 schedules covering the operation of 1,021 com¬ panies and 55.5 percent of the 1934 production had reported. These schedules have been carefully analyzed, audited, and tabulated. The issuance of the results of this study await the outcome of a re¬ cent request made upon the larger companies, furnishing informa¬ tion for the previous study who by reason of the invalidation of the code have not reported, to submit their schedules for the 1934 period. Through the summer and fall of 1934 there was a gradual in¬ crease in the amount of overproduction of crude oil, particularly in east Texas, where the State enforcement proved unequal to the task of obtaining compliance with State allocations which were within the Federal allocations. The pressure of this overproduction on the market very nearly brought on the collapse of the price struc¬ ture of crude and of the efforts to balance supply with demand. The decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Fifth Dis¬ trict in the Panama and Amazon cases reversing the lower court and upholding the power of the Federal Government to require reports in the enforcement of section 9 (c) of the National Indus¬ trial Kecovery Act, and upholding the validity of the section itself, permitted the reestablishment of Federal enforcement in east Texas. In July 1934 and again in August regulations requiring reports and affidavits were revised. However, by filing fraudulent affidavits of the legality of oil shipped and by failing to make reports, hot-oil producers continued to operate in violation of the law and a new means of enforcement of the section was sought resulting in October of 1934 in the creation of the Federal Tender Board under the au¬ thority of section 9 (c) and the authority to make rules and regu¬ lations to carry out the provisions of the section. In lieu of the affidavits of legality required with shipments, certificates of clear¬ ance, issued by the Federal Tender Board, were required as a con¬ dition precedent to the movement of petroleum and petroleum prod¬ ucts in interstate commerce out of east Texas. Conditions had be¬ come so serious that prices had begun to break the day the Tender Board was created. The immediately successful operations of this Board stemmed the flow of hot oil into interstate commerce and averted a collapse. 36 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 The Federal Tender Board set up a staff of examiners to check applications for tenders, to examine the books and records of refiners and pipe lines, and to make physical checks of the petroleum and petroleum products leaving the field. It set up an accounting staff, which maintained an effective accounting check on all operations in the field. Certificates of clearance, or tenders, were approved by the Federal Tender Board when the petroleum or petroleum products were shown on the basis of the applicant’s reports, the accounting record, and the specific examination of examiners to have been pro¬ duced in accordance with the quotas established by the Kailroad Commission of Texas. The Federal Tender Board functioned effectively until January T, 1935, when the Supreme Court overruled the Circuit Court of Appeals in the Panama and Amazon cases and declared section 9 (c) invalid on the grounds of improper delegation of legislative power. The Board ceased functioning, and the litigation pending against it was dismissed. Movements of hot oil increased immediately. Additional State legislation authorizing the State to require certificates of clear¬ ance for petroleum products as well as for crude petroleum moving in intrastate and interstate commerce, had been passed. However, State authority law alone still failed adequately to meet the situation and commerce in hot oil steadily increased. On February 22, 1935, the Connally law was passed by the Congress, eliminating the defects found by the Court in section 9 (c) by specifically prohibiting inter¬ state or foreign commerce in hot oil. Federal Tender Board No. 1 was established under this law on March 1, 1935, and shortly there¬ after Federal Petroleum Agency No. 1 was set up under the same law to perform the administrative and investigative functions in connec¬ tion with the applications for approved tenders filed with Federal Tender Board No. 1. The Federal tender system has functioned effectively since that time and has prevented any substantial move¬ ment in interstate commerce of hot oil or gasoline out of east Texas. This activity not only tended to check overproduction of crude pe¬ troleum but assisted in stabilizing the interstate refinery markets at a time when the intrastate Texas markets were thoroughly demoralized. Several attempts to enjoin the activities of the Board have been attempted without success. During the summer and fall of 1934 wholesale prices for petroleum products were below parity with the current prices for crude petroleum, which presented a particularly serious problem to the non- integrated refiner. Several plans were projected by the industry to solve the difficulty, which was aggravated considerably by the exces¬ sive amount of hot oil and interstate movements of hot gasoline in interstate commerce. The planning and coordination committee pro- PETROLEUM ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD 37 posed a form of contract designed to remove distress stocks in east Texas from the market. The form of contract was approved on June 23, 1934, and during the months of July and August gasoline in east Texas was purchased under this form of contract, to which the Ad¬ ministrator was a party and which provided that the sellers would not process “ hot oil.” This program proved insufficient, and a new form of contract for the purchase of current output was approved. But the production of gasoline from “ hot oil ” continued, stocks of gasoline mounted, wholesale prices for gasoline remained below par¬ ity with crude-oil prices, and in the early fall of 1934 the industry approached a serious collapse of the wholesale market. The plan¬ ning and coordination committee appointed a program committee, which proposed a broad plan for the purchase of surplus gasoline with the purpose of also preventing illegal production of crude oil and providing a method of orderly marketing. The excessive amount of overproduction in Texas made the initiation of this pro¬ gram futile, and it was never put into operation. In October the Federal Tender Board was created in east Texas to enforce section 9 (c). Conditions immediately improved as a result, and from then forward the improvement continued, except for the period between the invalidation of section 9 (c) on January 7, 1935, and the enact¬ ment into new legislation of the principle of the Tender Board in the Connally Act on February 22, 1935. The operations of the Ten¬ der Board, of the production provisions of the code and refinery amendment, and of the stabilization committee of the planning and coordination committee with the cooperation of the Petroleum Ad¬ ministrative Board, brought the desired parity between the whole¬ sale price of gasoline and crude oil in the spring of 1935. The work of the stabilization committee contributed very largely to the elimi¬ nation of excessive marketing abuses which tended to keep the retail markets in an unsettled and unstable condition. One of the difficult marketing problems of the year revolved around the question of price differentials as between different types of marketers. The stabilization committee, authorized by the Administrator in July 1934, was successful in resolving many local¬ ized conflicts and in compromising issues which had brought on drastic price wars to the injury of many marketers caught in between the warring factions. Before the end of the winter markets gener¬ ally throughout the midcontinent and eastern areas were fairly stable, and at the time of the invalidation of the code at the beginning of the high-consuming season, the industry as a whole had reached stability in markets, an even balance between production and demand in the case of both crude and gasoline, had achieved the best statis¬ tical position in many years, and entered upon a prosperous summer 38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 which has, in fact, proved to be the highest-consuming season in the history of the oil industry. Production was under control through¬ out the Nation with some minor exceptions, the wholesale price of gasoline was in parity with the current price of crude, the refinery amendment had brought a balance between the manufacture of gaso¬ line and the needs of the Nation therefor, the Connally Act had succeeded, as the original Tender Board had previously succeeded, in protecting interstate commerce from “ hot oil ” or gasoline, and markets were generally stable. One of the important marketing decisions made by the Adminis¬ trator under the code was that of March 4, 1935, under rule 19 of article V, known as the “lease and agency decision.” The Adminis¬ trator in this decision permitted the cancelation of all lease and agency agreements on 30 days’ notice and prohibited exclusive condi¬ tions in the sale of lubricating oil. The question of whether or not exclusive dealing contracts violated the antitrust laws was referred to the Federal Trade Commission for determination. To obtain compliance with the Petroleum Code and to guarantee the independent refiner a crude supply and market for his products and to prevent the dumping of gasoline and price cutting on the Pacific coast, the Pacific coast petroleum agency and refiners’ agree¬ ments were executed and approved by the Administrator on June 23, 1934, and subsequently were filed with the Federal court under a consent decree in California with the consent of the Department of Justice. The agency agreement, to which all major companies and their subsidiaries and two smaller companies were parties, provided for a guaranteed supply of crude to independent refiners, parties to the refiners’ agreement, and a market for such products as the refiners were unable to sell in the retail market. The refiners agreed to limit runs to stills to a definite proportion of the business of the area as determined by their past sales records. However, no limitation was placed upon sales. All refiners agreed to resale price maintenance to prevent price cutting by subsidiary or dealer accounts. There was no agreement as to prices, each refiner setting any price he desired. Every refiner agreed not to handle oil produced in excess of the allowables established under the Petroleum Code. In addition there were several provisions relating to marketing practices established at the request of independent refiners and provisions for general com¬ pliance with the terms of the Petroleum Code. The Administrator reserved the right to cancel the agreement at any time and appointed a representative on the board of governors of the agency established under the agency agreement to make definitive interpretations, to check the administration of the agreements, and to report to the Administrator on any monopolistic trends or inequities in the opera - l£2 sll§S 1 i s! ! 3 w.£o gg|j& O T3 3 3 © ; ca O. S5S H © ® 3 ^ X3 a « a o 3 ® 2 0X5 CO L» ^CO^OIOCCHNOOOOI ©Q»OhoOM^OO»C< ^ cs < • 00 I > O I CO ^ MNM'l'NOOlNNOOOOOiM'^ONNrt ci‘cT(Nt^'e4‘cJ'ioojr-^<"T)<'oo«>03ooT*r>o ■■HCpOOCS OCOOOOOMNMOO 03 "O' 00 S'S — p-3 03 O 3“ _gMowm^ <5 < >.g 2 © fco v,> °* nt3 a ’u 3 Q O S3 > 3jg-8-d 1 rf-d ® ™ * S t»'.3 ► C'"' bfi‘3 t2 ? "S i2 ^ 3 0 ® © 5 e3 2*” fl ^ 2- Q ^ ^ u o c3^h ^3 <— ] t-t 3 O ® C3 ••-« 2^-i © ^ c3 |o&fQM§WSrahl!?Otf PMPQO>h amounts repayable — Continued 80 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 £ e Total repayable To June 30, 1935 as es s :ss ii ii § iss si m $ iss gfc$ o jco* 747. 641. 05 33, 754. 26 3, 172. 77 1, 871, 604. 83 5, 631, 306. 45 7, 740, 889. 18 4, 169, 608. 05 20,976,618.14 595, 794. 46 3,513,715.82 28, 293. 13 1, 107, 672. 79 13, 227, 370. 50 Fiscal year 1935 $70, 317. 09 3, 821. 65 4, 066. 17 133, 401. 31 2 42, 219. 15 2 1,490, 389. 98 2 3, 754. 41 177, 561. 53 30, 000. 00 33, 754. 26 3, 172. 77 2, 729, 79 34, 475. 91 168, 842. 93 8, 399. 38 2, 919. 42 595, 794. 46 6, 039.11 28, 293. 13 2 33. 43 91, 382. 89 Abandoned works, non¬ reimbursa¬ ble cost, and authorized charge-offs $812, 374. 64 1, 260, 791. 93 82, 393. 84 1, 987, 854. 04 2, 288. 15 — - - g : 5 i i 1 j 62, 049. 83 1,735,969.31 89, 214. 47 382, 254. 00 34,437, 820.00 374, 883. 58 371, 787. 66 334, 900. 97 221, 423. 69 416. 908. 33 Construction reve¬ nues, contributed funds, and nonre¬ imbursable appro¬ priation, contra To June 30, 1935. $202, 032. 09 28,' 414! 77 269, 692. 83 24, 261. 62 548, 540.11 28, 187. 27 2,024, 881. 59 2 : I i -H ! © 1 1 1 1 j 18, 371.91 74, 305. 81 47, 550. 89 53, 532. 47 572, 993. 24 4. 00 52, 347. 5 29, 108. 08 656. 03 1, 416, 881. 64 1, 967. 62 100. 556. 76 Fiscal year 1935 s : :s a Si i« 3 1 I i 3 ; So ! 1 1 i :gg :g g : ! c4 «d ^ ! :§g : i is i 1 1 lO 1 30.87 g ig 1 ii OO p Operation and main¬ tenance deficits and arrearages and penalties To June 30, 1935 $174, 798. 49 8, 952. 13 8, 315. 61 204, 293. 83 929, 594. 39 110, 122.51 606, 384. 42 390, 723. 74 102, 395. 21 103, 594. 28 924, 718. 10 1, 520, 715. 3 s rH s s 64, 766. 35 80, 822. 92 Fiscal year 1935 $70, 040. 09 3,821.65 4, 066. 17 18, 096. 30 2, 297. 17 :s : ill Is | 2, 729. 79 1, 333. 18 2 259. 17 8, 975. 20 3, 284. 24 i to 2 2. 56 8 : 1 i 3 j Operation and main¬ tenance before pub¬ lic notice, net To June 30, 1935 $378, 038. 73 2 11,432.99 138, 621. 28 311, 103. 02 422, 283. 48 !S :: ii ii is i: 1 CO 1 01 '898 ‘ZQ 2 1, 000. 16 437, 139. 77 133, 069. 82 2 4, 756. 72 743, 294. 42 s : ess KS i sis 51 i ' Fiscal year 1935 lO i II 1 Tf< 1 II 1 ' ' ' ' 1 II 1 :3 : is i S3 : is* E i i„" 1 1 1 gg £3 SSggSSg S3 SS2 $5gg gg si ii iiili item si i§i iss Si m m mms &«m m &* m is oTc* iO«5 «5W»“ H(ON* CO® «> ~ JO BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 81 i Tt< co ^ i co co oo »o i o> cd 40 ooocd ct> »-h co h co oo cs < io *-< co c 10 0>(0 00(NH’ Tt< CO «-h 03 co d 8 ^00‘ W N C O rH CO CO lOOO^ONOOCO CONOCONNCO 40 co^doo »oo^coo< rHGOrHCO^I 05 CS ^ f-H < !§8I CO 05 00 40 JO 00 00 CO o co co I 05 O 05 §s 00 n OOwP a a® 1*3. qOP5( a a Ss 82 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Reclamation Table 5. — Accounts receivable, construction water-right charges State and project Arizona: Salt River _ _ Yuma auxiliary . Arizona- California: Yuma California: Orland . Colorado: Grand Valley _ Uncompahgre _ Idaho: Boise . . King Hill . Minidoka 3 . - . Montana: Huntley . Milk River . Sun River.. . Montana-North Dakota: Lower Yellowstone _ Nebraska-Wyoming: North Platte - Nevada: Newlands . New Mexico: Carlsbad _ New Mexico-Texas: Rio Grande . . Oregon: Baker . Umatilla - - - Vale _ _ Oregon-California: Kla¬ math.. . . . . Oregon-Idaho: Owyhee... South Dakota: Belle Four- che . . . . Utah: Salt Lake Basin . Strawberry Valley. . .. Washington: Okanogan . — Yakima— . Wyoming: Shoshone _ Total . . Paid in advance of due dates . . . Refunds . Total collections - Contributed funds apply¬ ing to construction cost, not included in above table. . . Due Fiscal year 1935 $152, 490. 32 1, 274. 57 3 88, 679. 02 15, 668. 84 3 201, 710. 21 3 180, 568. 43 15, 139. 17 3 90, 825. 66 3 710, 865. 35 436. 43 18, 440. 00 9, 631. 32 1, 660. 82 99, 908. 37 29, 258. 74 3 7, 256. 78 3 370,925.00 3 5, 000. 00 1, 432. 50 3 5, 000. 00 29, 421. 62 3 4, 354. 61 3 5,180.82 >43,742.77 86,315. 20 3 37,845. 29 77, 906.88 154, 475. 91 31,058,493. 35 To June 30, 1935 $6, 658, 595, 814, 819, 159, 744. 41 220. 08 253. 74 243.96 183. 29 112. 77 016, 041. 72 664*607.86 559, 76, 218, 136. 18 762. 76 910. 46 292,157.95 258.65 020. 66 3, 092, 524. 45 540,573.88 , 144, 452. 14 624, 129. 09 222.50 745. 50 649.92 512. 96 310. 42 46, 380, 470. 34 Collected Cash Fiscal year 1935 $152, 490. 2, 148. 3 104, 483. 491. 3 210, 500. 00 15, 139. 3 8, 025. 3 835, 145. 3 567. >9. 1,305. 3 28,408. 22, 916. 3 7, 183. 3 370, 178. 36 3 5, 000. 1, 208. 3 5, 000. 20, 563. 3 4,354. 3 5, 180. 82 3 43, 742. 60, 619. 425. 3 14, 529. 3 1, 471. *1, 366,470.65 .59 40 3 166, 350. 335. 31,532, 485.84 To June 30, 1935 $6, 658, 744. 41 523.01 001. 98 815. 10 , 729. 94 247. 72 3, 275, 773, 427, 3, 988, 848. 43 7* 221,' 209* 15 467, 3, 206, 291, 490. 50 , 422. 90 ,002.76 , 223. 64 2, 780, 1,115, 885, 919. 81 983. 44 613. 74 599. 45 2,781 ‘'399*676.' 19 L 133,133.34 545,855.04 1, 1, 338, 134, 6, 590, 819, 222. 50 297.09 649. 92 023. 59 896. 47 42, 511, 124. 12 978, 261. 12 98, 926. 60 43, 588,311.84 1, 781, 257. 31 Other credits to June 30, 1935 $1, 625. 26 535, 780. 18 78, 453. 35 62, 865. 05 27, 193. 29 761, 472. 64 91, 713. 28 12,590.81 667. 45 1, 139, 200. 84 67, 745. 94 81.25 310, 925. 00 5, 190. 89 2, 696. 67 78, 274.05 ”6,' 752.~75 36, 363. 75 162, 219. 54 <3, 384, 811.99 3 230, 857. 04 3, 212. 84 Uncol¬ lected June 30 1935 $3, 071. 81 3, 471. 58 45,428.86 21,926.07 73, 760. 00 96.01 67, 138. 00 1, 291. 28 135,712.80 8, 622. 13 25, 695.66 108, 125. 62 194. 41 484, 534. 23 i Contributed funds amounting to $1,733,013.08 excluded from this table in this report. 3 Contra. 3 Minidoka-Gooding combined with Minidoka in this report. 4 Other credits for fiscal year, $450,292.07. 8 Increase for fiscal year, $24,088.18. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 83 Reclamation Table 6. — Accounts receivable , operation, and maintenance charges ( after public notice) State and project Fiscal year 1935 Due Collected Cash To June 30, 1935 Fiscal year 1935 To June 30, 1935 Other credits to June 30, 1935 Arizona: Yuma auxiliary.. Arizona-California: Yuma. California: Orland _ Colorado: $15, 138. 93 105, 880. 87 34, 036. 06 $468,392.93 3, 772, 443. 71 635, 143. 38 $20, 954. 93 113, 717. 25 31, 280. 84 $445,415. 57 3, 568, 208. 29 576,002.43 $12,441. 81 177, 292. 01 24,065.84 Grand Valley . Uncompahgre . . Idaho: Boise . . . . . . King Hill . . Minidoka 1 . Montana: Huntley . . . Milk River.. . . Sun River . . Montana-North Dakota: Lower Yellowstone. . Nebraska-Wyoming: North Platte . . . Nevada: Newlands . . New Mexico: Carlsbad.. . New Mexico-Texas: Rio Grande. North Dakota: B uford-Trenton . . Williston . Oregon: Umatilla . Vale.. . Oregon-California: Klamath _ Oregon-Idaho: Owyhee . South Dakota: Belle Fourche... Utah: Strawberry Valley. . Washington: Okanogan . . . Yakima . Wyoming: Shoshone . 49,843. 39 11, 346. 14 48, 542. 59 33,997.49 2, 400. 00 .02 18, 737. 60 35, 918. 93 263,981.06 3, 106. 33; 2,286.59 50, 769. 47 1 250. 00 67, 500. 00 216, 965. 32 2, 428. 45 358, 516. 24 1,008, 683. 69 2, 171, 237. 74 60, 711. 27 2, 071, 253. 71 554, 787. 34 331, 461. 07 168,718.50 340, 484. 01 1,911,130. 22 1, 174, 581. 57 933, 405. 25 4,049, 570. 40 2, 317. 41 34, 042. 75 385, 601. 65 10, 786. 59 1, 290, 526. 59 250. 00 1, 132, 309. 36 376, 880. 88 371,441. 72' 5, 379, 384. 34 554,072. 96 Total.. . . Paid in advance of due dates. Penalties and interest _ Refunds . . 963, 129. 24 29, 548, 135. 28 Total collections. 40,958.69 8, 346. 14 40,903. 33 38, 301. 28 2, 400. 00 .02 16, 594 25 35,966. 93 280, 212. 58 3, 106. 33 6, 536. 59 50, 377. 11 250. 00 67, 500. 00 219, 298. 41 2, 371. 17 337, 516. 24 977, 809. 79 2, 115, 588. 02 59, 192. 22 1,948,404. 33 543, 594. 31 309, 784. 64 164, 366. 28 340, 479. 38 1, 838, 806. 93 1,135,901.55 916, 532. 54 3, 804, 797. 41 2,317.41 34, 042. 75 378, 347. 69 10, 786. 59 1, 255, 686. 56 250. 00 1, 122, 933. 37 365, 022. 21 368,788.67 5, 196, 637. 53 529, 328. 73 21,000.00 30, 873. 90 52, 649. 72 1, 519. 05 122, 753. 31 11,193.03 1, 662. 25 4, 352. 22 4 63 64, 587. 83 38,680.02 16, 872. 71 227, 923. 61 7, 253. 96 30, 536. 22 9, 375. 99 11, 858. 67 2, 653.05 64, 148. 75 23, 705. 43 979, 075. 85 69, 285. 43 7, 343. 84 1, 055, 705. 12 28, 346, 541. 44 138,907. 32 512, 858. 94 38, 228. 87 29,036, 536.57 2 957,404. 01 a 22. 26 4 20, 480. 00 156.09 Uncol¬ lected June 30, 1935 $10, 535. 55 26, 943. 41 35, 075. 11 3,000.00 ’”’96.’ 07 20,014. 18 7, 735. 46 16, 849. 38 4, 303.81 118, 598. 06 1,038.80 244, 189. 83 1 Minidoka-Gooding combined with Minidoka in this report. 5 Other credits for fiscal year, $23,585.19. 2 Increase for fiscal year, $5.73. 4 Decrease for fiscal year, $400. 84 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Reclamation Table 7. — Accounts receivable, rental of irrigation water Due Collected State and project Arizona: Salt River _ Yuma auxiliary _ Arizona-California: Yuma _ California: Orland . Colorado: Grand Valley . Uncompahgre . . Idaho: Boise. . . . . . Minidoka >_ . - . . Montana: Huntley . Milk River . . Sun River.. . . . Montana-North Dakota: Lower Yellowstone. _ Nebraska-Wyoming: North Platte _ _ _ _ Nevada: Newlands _ _ New Mexico: Carlsbad . . Hondo _ _ _ NewMexico-Texas: Rio Grande- North Dakota: Buford Trenton _ Williston. . . Oregon: Umatilla . . . Vale. . . . Oregon-California: Klamath... Oregon-Idaho: Owyhee. . South Dakota: Belle Fourche.. Utah: Strawberry Valley _ Washington: Okanogan . Yakima . Wyoming: Riverton _ Shoshone . Total. Fiscal year 1935 $980. 06 9, 482. 21 10, 913. 88 1, 636. 21 8,050.00 61, 369. 49 608. 58 2 287. 85 575. 82 838. 60 291.76 19, 215. 30 121.00 2 108. 16 45, 369. 28 4, 649. 40 494. 02 2, 856. 74 16. 843. 42 8, 695. 67 192, 603. 71 To June 3935 Cash Fiscal year 1935 $2, 246, 726. 01 12, 428. 45 547. 644. 09 121, 450. 85 511, 930. 56 1, 224, 769. 76 797, 988. 57 682, 941. 93 11, 851. 42 237, 735. 72 132, 251. 49 136, 049. 00 344, 943. 64 28, 291. 16 40, 116. 59 9, 129. 70 1, 478, 840. 78 31.75 2, 117. 28 96, 277. 52 22, 125. 85 354, 845. 22 4, 649. 40 9, 917. 40 17, 596. 13 110, 645. 28 183, 928. 12 40, 796. 33 85, 217. 57 9, 493, 237. 57 $1,225. 06 9, 727. 32 15, 362. 68 668. 32 8,050.00 61, 419. 49 608. 58 2 287. 85 113. 81 318. 60 838.60 291. 76 13, 900. 24 121.00 1, 577. 98 47, 758. 13 4, 614. 40 265. 72 2, 882. 54 15, 736. 33 8, 705. 31 193, 898. 02 To June : 1935 $2, 246, 726. 01 12, 428. 45 534, 418. 02 121,450. 85 503, 195. 86 1, 219, 042. 88 793, 268. 07 679, 553. 92 11,851.42 227, 388. 94 129, 649. 48 135, 663. 98 344, 908. 39 22,114.31 40, 099. 34 9, 129. 70 1, 463, 793. 72 31.75 2, 117. 28 69,500. 72 21, 073. 95 350,616.01 4, 614. 40 9, 671. 30 17, 596. 13 108,061.09 174, 374. 42 36, 837. 02 83, 863. 49 9, 373, 040. 90 Other credits to June 30, 1935 $12, 654. 19 6, 500. 67 4, 720. 50 3, 383.01 1, 208. 14 1, 366. 62 10.00 6, 176. 85 25.00 17.80 2, 584. 19 3, 959. 31 386. 76 3 42,993.04 Uncol¬ lected, June 30, 1935 $571.88 2, 234.03 5, 726. 88 5.00 9, 138. 64 1, 235. 39 385. 02 25. 25 17. 25 15,647.06 26, 776. 80 1,051.90 4, 204. 21 35.00 228.30 9, 553. 70 967. 32 77, 203. 63 1 Minidoka-Gooding combined with Minidoka in this report. * Contra. * Other credits for fiscal year, $1,221.60. Reclamation Table 8. — Financial statement, Boulder Canyon project, June SO, 1985 Assets and Other Debits 1. investments 102. Fixed capital under construction . . . . . . $83, 086, 076. 55 103. Other physical properties _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 276, 027. 14 104. Investigations— Colorado River Basin _ _ _ 217, 659. 14 104. Investigations— Parker-Gila project _ _ _ 52, 191. 18 105. Other capital expenditures: Interest during construction _ _ 6, 434, 504. 93 Total investments (schedule 2) $91, 066, 458. 94 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 85 Reclamation Table 8. — Financial statement, Boulder Canyon project, June SO, 1935 — Continued Assets and Other Debits— Continued n. CURRENT AND ACCRUED ASSETS 121. Treasury cash: For advances to Colorado River Dam fund _ $14, 301,916. 60 Colorado River Dam fund _ _ . . 83, 487. 94 N. I. R. A.— Parker-Gila project _ 40,000.00 Collections in transit _ _ _ _ 12, 913. 40 Total Treasury cash (schedule 1) _ _ . 14, 438, 317. 94 122. Special fiscal agents’ cash (schedule 1) _ 277, 033. 26 1 23. Special deposits . . . . _ _ 8, 450. 78 124. Accounts receivable _ 67,455.37 Total current and accrued assets _ _ ... $14, 791, 257. 35 VI. DEFERRED AND UNADJUSTED DEBITS 141. Clearing and apportionment accounts _ _ _ *60,217.27 143. Field cost adjustments _ 100,217.66 1 45. Jobbing accounts . . - _ _ 1 , 824. 53 146. Prepayments _ _ ... 6,996.31 171. Unadjusted debits _ _ _ 44, 009. 43 205. 161. 205.2 205.3 205.4 206. 211. 211.1. 211.11 211.2. 211.3. 211.4. 211.5. 211.6. 211.9. 214. 220. 223. 251. Total deferred and unadjusted debits _ *. _ _ . . 92, 830. 66 Total assets and other debits _ _ _ 105, 950, 546. 95 LIABILITIES AND OTHER CREDITS X. CAPITAL AND LONG-TERM LIABILITY Long-term liability: U. S. Treasury authorized appropriation . . 126, 500, 000. 00 Less: Authorized but not appropriated _ _ .. 31, 840, 000. 00 Total long-term liability: Appropriated but not advanced _ 14, 301, 916. 60 Appropriated and advanced . _ _ 80, 358, 083. 40 Less: Impounded, Legislative Economy Act _ _ * 137, 653. 66 N. I. R. A. allotment— Parker-Gila project _ 100, 000. 00 - $94, 622, 346. 34 XI. CURRENT AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES Audited accounts payable: Contractors’ earnings— current _ 971, 795. 81 Contractors’ earnings— holdback _ 2, 998, 083. 81 Labor _ _ 34,307.43 Purchases _ _ _ 36,774.08 Freight and express... _ _ _ _ 366,911. 10 Passenger fares _ _ _ _ _ 1, 185. 90 Rights-of-way _ _ 3,949.00 Miscellaneous _ _ _ _ _ _ 36, 159. 62 Total audited accounts payable _ _ _ 4, 449, 166. 75 M atured interest . . . . . 6, 408, 873. 35 Total current and accrued liabilities . . . . . . . . 10, 858, 040. 10 XH. OTHER CREDITS Consumers’ meter deposits . . . . . . . . 15.00 Special deposits _ _ _ _ _ 8, 450. 78 Total other credits _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8. 465. 78 XHI. DEFERRED AND UNADJUSTED CREDITS Unadjusted credits _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5, 690. 89 XV. APPROPRIATED SURPLUS Appropriated surplus not specifically invested . . . 456, 003. 84 Total liabilities and other credits. 105 950. 546. 95 Contra. 86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 Reclamation Table 9. — Appropriations and cash statement , Boulder Canyon project, June SO, 1985 TREASURY CASH Appropria¬ tions N. I. R. A. allotment Total N. I. R. A. Parker- Gila project Appropriations and allotments . . Advances to Colorado River Dam fund . Balance not advanced . Colorado River Dam fund: Advanced from appropriation to fund . Collections deposited in fund . Total advances and collections . Disbursements by General Accounting Office . . . . . . . $56, 660, 000. 00 46, 728, 358. 70 $38,000,000.00 33, 629, 724. 70 $94, 660, 000. 00 80, 358,083. 40 $100, 000. 00! 9, 931, 641. 30 4, 370, 275. 30 14,301,916.60 46, 728, 358. 70 278, 515. 64 33, 629, 724. 70 11,358. 83 80, 358,083.40 289,874. 47 47,006,874.34 33, 641,083. 53 80, 647,957.87 4, 974, 053. 33 41, 949, 786. 68 25, 571. 82 33,615, 058. 10 4, 999, 625. 15 75, 564, 844. 78 Advances to fiscal agents . Total withdrawals . Balance _ _ _ _ _ _ 60, 000. 00 46, 923, 840. 01 33, 640, 629. 92 80, 564,469. 93 83,034. 33 453. 61 52.44 83, 487. 94 ko 44 12, 86o! 96 40,000.00 Repay collections in transit _ _ Miscellaneous collections in transit . 12,860. 96 Total treasury cash (G. L. 121) . 10, 027, 536. 59 4, 370, 781. 35 14, 398, 317. 94 40,000.00 SPECIAL FISCAL AGENTS’ CASH Advanced to special fiscal agents . . Appropriation transfer adjustments (credit) _ Disbursements by special fiscal agents _ Fiscal agents’ checking balance _ Collections by fiscal agents . . . Collections deposited by fiscal agents . Collections (appropriation transfer adjust¬ ments) $41,949,786. 68 10, 431. 32 41, 960, 218. 00 $33, 615, 058. 10 2, 481. 65 33, 353, 572. 24 $75, 564, 844. 78 12, 912. 97 75,313,790.24 $60, 000. 00 50. 721. 02 295, 794. 65 283, 737. 69 10, 431. 32 263, 967. 51 16, 054. 05 11,411. 27 2,481. 65 263, 967.51 311,848.70 295, 148. 96 12, 912. 97 9, 278. 98- Collections not deposited . . Special fiscal agents’ cash balance (G. L. 122) . . 1, 625. 64 2, 161. 13 3, 786. 77 1, 625. 64 266, 128. 64 267, 754. 28 9, 278. 98 Reclamation Table 10. — Financial statement, all-American Canal, June 30, 1935 Assets and Other Debits I. INVESTMENTS 102. Fixed capital under construction.. . . . . . $2, 105, 904. 31 II. CURRENT AND ACCRUED ASSETS 121. Treasury cash . . $6,578,681.27 Collections in transit. . . . . . . . . . . - 11.45 Contributions: Imperial Irrigation District . . . 10, 000. 00 122. Special fiscal agents’ cash . . . . . . . 657, 139. 35 123. Special deposits . 12.44 124. Accounts receivable. — . - . - . . . 476.91 Total current and accrued assets . . 7, 246, 321. 42 IV. DEFERRED AND UNADJUSTED DEBITS 141. Clearing and apportionment accounts . . . * 6, 228. 55 146. Prepayments . . . . . - . 1,231.49 171 . U nadjusted debits _ _ _ 876. 28 Total deferred and unadjusted debits . - . . * 4. 120. 78 Total assets and other debits . . - . 9. 348, 104. 95 * Contra. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 87 Liabilities and Other Credits X. CAPITAL AND LONG-TERM LIABILITY 205. Long-term liability : U. S. Treasury authorized appropriation - $38,500,000.00 161. Less: Authorized but not appropriated - - - 29, 500, 000. 00 Total long-term liability - - - - - - $9, 000, 000. 00 XI. CURRENT AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES 211. Audited accounts payable: 211.1. Contractors’ earnings — current. . . . . . 172,459.60 211.11. Contractors’ earnings— holdback- - 136,703.53 211.2. Labor - 17,730.75 211.3. Purchases _ 4,016.05 211.4. Freight and express - 1,779.77 211.5. Passenger fares . . . . - . . 152.93 211.6. Rights-of-way . . . . 2, 263. 13 211.9. Miscellaneous. . . 2,466.17 Total current and accrued liabilities . . . . . 337, 571. 93 XH. OTHER CREDITS 223. Special deposits _ _ _ 12.44 226. Contributed funds: Imperial Irrigation District . . . . . 10,000.00 Total other credits . . . 10, 012. 44 XHI. DEFERRED AND UNADJUSTED CREDITS 231. Unadjusted credits . . . . - . - . 66.89 231.3. Unadjusted credits: Yuma project . . *1. 00 Total deferred and unadjusted credits . . 65. 89 XY. APPROPRIATED SURPLUS 251. Appropriated surplus not specifically invested.. _ _ _ _ _ 454.69 Total liabilities and other credits. - . . . . . 9, 348, 104. 95 •Contra. Reclamation Table 11. — Appropriations and cash statement, All-American Canal, June SO, 1935 TREASURY CASH Symbol 4-03/5640.21 Symbol 4-05678.21 Total N. I. R. A. allotments _ _ _ _ - $6,000,000.00 4, 320. 37 $3, 000,000.00 $9, 000, 000. 00 4, 320. 37 Collections deposited _ - Total allotments and collections _ 6, 004, 320. 37 3, 000, 000. 00 9, 004, 320. 37 Disbursements by General Accounting Office _ 60, 639. 10 1,940,000.00 60, 639. 19 2, 365, 000. 00 Advances to fiscal agents . - . . 425, 000. 00 Total withdrawals . . . 2, 000, 639. 10 425, 000. 00 2, 425, 639. 10 Balance . . . . . . . 4, 003, 681. 27 11.45 2,575,000.00 6, 578, 681. 27 11.45 Repay collections in transit _ Total treasury cash (G. L. 121) . . . 4, 003, 692. 72 2, 575, 000. 00 6, 578, 692. 72 SPECIAL FISCAL AGENTS’ CASH Advanced to fiscal agents . - Disbursements by fiscal agents _ $1, 940, 000. 00 1, 397, 475. 18 $425, 000. 00 310, 662. 57 $2, 365, 000. 00 1, 708, 137. 75 Fiscal agents’ checking balance _ 542, 524. 82 114, 337. 43 656, 862. 25 Collections by fiscal agents _ 4, 505. 44 4, 331. 82 103. 48 4, 608. 92 4, 331. 82 Collections deposited _ _ Collections not deposited _ 173. 62 103. 48 277. 10 Fiscal agents’ cash balance (G. L. 122) . 542, 698. 44 114, 440. 91 657, 139. 35 Reclamation Table 22. — Irrigation and crop results on Government projects, 1934 88 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 ^ CO CO M Oj O * a 5 3 ca *a §5 a © 3 © as^ S5& > >> © £0.5 O a o ■0 45 « £ Es a *3g 2 >» ! ass' a ® O H O 53 S bf bfl 2 CUD ® o cc S li 1 § § 2 sf s? S I sf 88 S SS Si 61 1 6s' I II a 3- g is e §- li 1 2- s 8 823SS3 }J 5885588 88 83S888KSS8 S3S3SS2S2 K88 ss gssssisssea ssisissgsss ssgs I I1II8S s' sissi'i sis IlSIlslSSS IllsSlIss §11 si &&*«&** mmmm m ~ n ®s a ® 2 isaiSS Sg 8§§S2g§33S §IEsiig3g ill sf $*«**-;$ Sss ssss-sss-s sfsfa ® a 1 isilll §1 §3gg§3g«3g §§Es§|g|g ill s sggsis li sssssssss in 3 S3K !38f^gf^!S $8fg BUREAU OP RECLAMATION 89 Reclamation Table 22. — Irrigation and crop resuite on Government projects , 1934 — Continued 90 REPORT OF Til E SEC II FT Alt Y OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 i 1 3 2 on $ If o a o> & bfi S § : A. O S3 9 crt » M Oi .j-. si ft o £ n p. I* 3 3G BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 91 Reclamation Table 23. — (Summary of crop result s on reclamation projects in 1984 [Note.— Those detailed figures arc limited to crops covered by census on Government projects proper, ex¬ cluding all crops In areas served with water under the Warren Act, but including nonirrigated crops grown on the projects] Crop Acreage cropped Yields Crop value Total Per¬ cent of cropped Total Aver¬ age per acre Aver- age per acre Total Percent of total value of all crops Cereals: Bushels Barley . _ . 75, 592 6.0 2,818, 087 37.3 $23. 40 $1, 768, 706 2.9 Corn . _ . 54, 078 3.6 1, 195, 375 22. 1 17. 07 924,410 1.6 Oats . — 72, 380 4.7 2, 91 1, 064 40.0 16. 60 1, 337, 662 2.2 Rye . . . . . 3, 352 .2 68, 803 17.6 12.62 41,940 .1 Wheat . 144, 787 9.6 3,820,946 20.4 19. 70 2, 849, 729 4.7 Total . 350, 1JS5 23.0 10, 804, 334 30.9 19. 85 6, 922, 437 11 4 Seeds: Alfalfa . . 19, 300 1.3 73, 607 3.8 31.86 615,627 1.0 Clover . 0, 529 .4 28, 389 4.3 38. 40 260, 776 .4 Other . 2, 245 . 1 46, 601 20.3 62.40 139,919 .2 Total . 28, 074 1.8 147,667 5.3 36. 70 1, 006, 321 1.6 Hay and forage Tons • A Haifa hay . . 442, 080 29. 0 1,258,280 2.8 28.60 12,582, 874 20.6 Clover hay . 10, 038 . 7 14,991 1.4 9. 94 100, 227 .2 Other hay . 100, 000 6.4 126, 308 1.2 16. 90 1, 696, 798 2.8 Corn forage . 24, 298 1.6 68, 376 2.8 16. 46 399, 257 .7 Other forage . 119,537 7.8 36, 856 .3 4.04 481,805 .8 Pasture.- . . .. 458,414 30. 1 7. 17 3, 288, 967 6. 4 Total . 1, 155, 033 75.6 1, 503, 81 1 1.3 16. 05 18, 648, 928 30.6 Vegetables and truck: Bushels Beans . 43, 828 3.9 637, 884 14.6 27. 00 1, 182, 347 1.9 Onions . 2,282 . 1 401, 801 177.6 J22. 70 280, 149 .6 Potatoes, white . 72, 103 4.7 11,220, 194 166. 7 60. 70 3, 654, 136 6. 0 Potatoes, sweet . 1,048 .1 200, 634 124.0 99. 00 163,215 .3 Truck . 47, 308 3. 1 105. 20 4, 980, 046 8.2 Total . 107, 229 10. 9 74.6 61.40 10, 269, 892 16.9 Fruits and nuts: Pounds Apples . 24, 994 1.7 330, 480, 988 13,240 124.40 3, 109, 276 6. 1 Peaches . 3,710 .3 22, 367, 965 6, 030 91. 60 339,612 .6 Pears . 8, 004 .6 68, 914, 266 8,660 102. 00 821,948 1.3 Prunes . 2, 258 .1 16, 797, 840 7,000 69. 60 166,914 .2 Citrus fruit . 11, 323 .7 68, 778, 394 6, 070 138. 20 1,666,007 2.6 Small fruit. . . 6,111 .3 22, 278, 949 4, 360 132. 70 678, 466 1.1 Miscellaneous . . 6, 211 .3 11,928,978 2,290 81.20 423,312 .7 Total . 00, 671 3.9 10, 103,380 8, 920 116.80 7,094,634 11.6 Miscellaneous: Tons Sugar beets . . . 87, 360 5.8 761,378 8.7 62. 40 4, 682, 366 7.6 Cotton . 125,621 8.2 i 138, 076 1.1 71.10 8, 904, 024 14.6 Cottonseed . . 125, 621 8.2 61,924 .49 16. 78 2,108,421 3.4 Other crops 72, 607 4.8 20.66 1, 602, 046 2.6 Total . . 411,059 27.0 41.60 17,096,867 28.0 Grand total, projects . 2, 172, 801 Duplication 045, 767 42.2 Total all crops for which detailed census was taken . . . 1,627, 104 100.0 39. 90 60, 928, 969 100. 0 Total Warren Act crops 1,229,694 32. 66 40,014, 746 Orand total . . . . 2, 750, 698 36. 65 100, 943, 714 1 Bale3 of 500 pounds each. .tion Table 24. — Irrigated and cropped acreage and crop values by years , 1906-34 92 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 Entire area Crop value Cumulative total $5,005, 300 12, 581, 100 24, 501, 800 37, 476, 400 50, 185, 000 64, 010, 400 79, 742, 600 96, 218, 100 114,418, 100 147, 234, 100 203, 696, 400 305, 517, 800 458, 491, 900 572, 169, 400 666, 695, 800 750, 297, 500 852, 901, 700 962, 627,800 1,093,892,600 1, 204, 307, 500 1, 337, 514, 700 1, 481, 087, 800 1, 642, 267, 680 1, 761, 929, 500 1,835,889, 877 1, 886, 048, 258 1, 970, 239, 991 2, 071, 183, 715 For year $244, 900 4, 760, 400 7, 575, 800 11,920,700 12, 974, 600 12, 708, 600 13,825, 400 15, 732, 200 16, 475, 500 18, 200, 000 32, 816, 000 56, 462, 300 101, 821, 400 152, 974, 100 113, 677, 500 94, 526, 400 83, 601, 700 102, 604, 200 109, 726, 100 131, 264, 800 110, 414, 900 133, 207, 200 143, 573, 100 161, 179, 880 119, 661,820 73, 960, 377 50, 158, 381 84, 191, 733 100, 943, 714 Cropped acreage « 20, 100 i 169, 000 i 260, 500 i 369, 500 413, 000 470, 100 540, 000 642, 200 703, 400 760, 000 858, 300 966, 800 J 1, 532, 800 1.994.100 2, 104, 700 2, 127, 500 2, 120, 400 2, 172, 870 2. 106. 100 2.194.100 2.311.100 2, 504, 100 2, 681, 200 2,705,240 2, 805, 460 2, 772, 184 2, 775, 280 2, 797, 815 2, 756, 698 Irrigated acreage 22, 300 187. 600 289,500 410. 600 465, 100 541.400 588. 400 699, 200 761, 300 814, 900 923, 000 1, 057, 500 i 1, 642, 600 2, 103, 600 2, 205, 400 2, 228, 800 2, 185, 430 2, 265, 100 2, 221, 600 2, 339, 500 2, 508, 200 2, 527, 100 2, 677, 100 2, 718, 130 2, 790, 856 2, 846, 607 2, 769, 605 2,828,787 2,837,205 Warren Act land Crop value Cumulative total i ! : ; : ; ; !! ii : : ! i : : : : ; : || $99, 000, 000 146, 505, 800 191,411,900 224, 652, 700 262, 210, 600 305, 448, 100 359, 104, 000 408, 854, 000 470, 014, 000 532, 509, 300 605, 229, 790 659, 884, 340 693, 290, 680 711,917, 899 747, 343, 769 787, 358, 514 For year • | : i ; ; j | i i $35, 000, 000 64, 000, 000 47, 505, 800 44, 906, 100 33, 240, 800 37, 557, 900 43, 237, 500 53, 655, 900 49, 750, 000 61, 160, 000 62, 495, 300 72, 720, 490 54, 654, 550 33, 406, 340 18, 627, 219 35, 425, 870 40, 014, 745 Cropped acreage | | j : i : ; | | : ! i : || i 481, 600 880, 600 950, 900 969, 600 951,300 993, 000 889, 500 951, 300 949, 600 1, 072, 500 1, 192, 000 1, 192, 990 1, 254, 493 1, 251, 830 1, 196, 400 1, 199,113 1, 229, 594 Irrigated acreage : i i i ii : : i : i 501, 100 916, 300 981, 900 1, 001, 300 983, 300 1, 051, 400 930, 700 1, 019, 200 1, 097, 200 1, 148, 100 1, 235, 000 1, 234, 230 1, 286, 046 1, 293, 889 1, 214, 461 1, 239, 017 1, 285, 081 Federal irrigation projects Crop value Cumulative total ii ji i $0, uuo, ouu 12, 581, 100 24, 501, 800 37, 476, 400 50, 185, 000 64, 010, 400 79, 742, 600 96, 218, 100 114,418, 100 147, 234, 100 203, 696, 400 270, 517, 800 359, 491, 900 425, 663, 600 475, 283, 900 525, 644, 800 590, 691, 100 657, 179, 700 734, 788, 600 795, 453, 500 867, 500, 700 948, 578, 500 1, 037, 037, 890 1, 102, 045, 160 1, 142, 599, 197 1, 174, 130, 359 1, 222, 896, 222 1, 283, 825, 191 For year $244, 900 4, 760, 400 7, 575, 800 11,920, 700 12, 974, 600 12,708,600 13,825,400 15,732,200 16,475,500 18, 200, 000 32, 816, 000 56, 462, 300 66, 821, 400 88, 974, 100 66, 171, 700 49, 620, 300 50, 360, 900 65, 046, 300 66, 488, 600 77, 608, 900 60, 664, 900 72, 047, 200 81, 077, 800 88, 459, 390 65, 007, 270 40, 554, 037 31, 531, 162 48, 765, 863 60, 928, 969 Cropped acreage i 20, 100 i 169, 000 i 260, 500 i 369, 500 413, 000 470, 100 540,000 642, 200 703, 400 760, 000 858, 300 966, 800 1, 051,200 1,113,500 1, 153, 800 1, 157, 900 1, 169, 100 1, 179, 870 1, 216, 600 1, 242, 800 1, 361, 500 1, 431, 600 1, 489, 200 1, 512, 250 1, 550, 967 1, 520, 354 1, 578, 880 1, 598, 770 1, 527, 104 Irrigated acreage 22,300 187. 600 289, 500 410. 600 465, 100 541. 400 588. 400 699, 200 761, 300 814, 900 923, 000 1, 057, 500 1, 141, 500 1, 187, 300 1, 223, 500 1, 227, 500 1, 202, 130 1, 213, 700 1, 290, 900 1, 320, 300 1,411,000 1, 379, 000 1, 442, 100 1, 483, 900 1,504, 810 1, 552, 718 1, 555, 144 1, 589, 770 1, 552, 124 1906 . 1907 _ _ 1908... . . 1909 . . 1910. . =SS! 32: 1913. . . . 1914 . ! i i ! i S ? S i i i i i ! i i i i i i j i j i j j j j j j i i j S i j j S ; i GENERAL LAND OFFICE (Fred W. Johnson, Commissioner) The area of public land included in original selections, entries, and filings made during the year was 1,759,078 acres, or 1,825,805 acres less than the area included in such entries and filings during the preceding year. The decrease, no doubt, was due to the tem¬ porary withdrawals of the public lands from entry and selection made by Executive orders of November 26, 1934, and February 5, 1935. The area included in final entries, selections, and filings made during the year was 1,771,703 acres, or 546,671 acres more than were included in such entries during the preceding year. The area which on July 1, 1935, was included in unperfected en¬ tries upon which final proof of compliance with the law was not due or had not been presented, in which cases appropriate actions must hereafter be taken was 19,666,693 acres. The area which on said date was included in outstanding licenses, leases, and permits issued under the mineral leasing act was 11,307,677 acres. The number of letters and reports received for consideration or answer from all sources during the year was 155,505, an increase of 5,784 over such receipts for the preceding year, and 80,771 letters and decisions were written. The latter figure does not include let¬ ters prepared for signature in the Department. There were furnished during the year 47,125 certified and uncer¬ tified copies of entry papers, plats, field notes, patents, etc., for which there were received the sum of $15,050.30. In addition there were furnished for official use by this and other Departments and agencies 43,321 copies of said items. Proposed reports were submitted on 129 Senate and House bills, and necessary orders and instructions have been prepared or are in course of preparation in connection with 15 bills, public and private, affecting the public lands which were enacted into law. In cases involving possible suits in courts, 75 reports of field in¬ vestigation were considered. Suits were recommended in 27 cases, as a result of which $12,808.35 were recovered, and 1,480 acres re¬ stored to the public domain. Forty-eight of the cases were closed without recommendation for suit. Approximately 200 other actions were taken in this class of cases. 93 94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 The number of attorneys and agents newly admitted to practice before the Department was 11. There were decided on principles of equity and referred to the board of equitable adjudication and confirmed approximately 920 cases. GENERAL WITHDRAWAL OF PUBLIC LANDS FROM ENTRY The vacant, unreserved, and unappropriated public lands in the United States are not now subject to disposition under the non¬ mineral public land laws, having been temporarily withdrawn from settlement, location, sale, or entry, and reserved for classification. The lands in the States of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming were withdrawn by Executive order of November 26, 1934, pending determination of the most useful purpose to which such lands may be put in consideration of the provisions of the Taylor Grazing Act of June 28, 1934, and for con¬ servation and development of natural resources, and the lands in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Mich¬ igan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Washington, and Wisconsin were withdrawn by Executive order of February 5, 1935, pending determination of the most useful purpose to which said lands may be put in furtherance of the land program. Execu¬ tive order of May 20, 1935, amended the said order of November 26, 1934, so as to permit the completion of exchanges authorized by sec¬ tion 8 of the Taylor Grazing Act. Both of the orders first above mentioned were made subject to valid existing rights. TAYLOR GRAZING ACT This office in cooperation with the Division of Grazing has pre¬ pared various orders and regulations required in connection with the administration of the Taylor Grazing Act, approved June 28, 1934 (48 Stat. 1269). It has also prepared diagrams of the ap¬ proved grazing districts. Thousands of inquiries relative to the operation of the law have been received and answered, and approxi¬ mately 200 applications for exchange, 462 applications for isolated tract sales, and 2,850 applications for leases filed under sections 8, 14, and 15, respectively, of the act have been received and posted on the tract books. There were 668 actions taken on public sale ap¬ plications, and 26 such applications were approved for patenting. Orders were prepared involving grazing districts as follows: 1 in Arizona, 5 in Colorado, 1 in Idaho, 4 in Montana, 1 in Nevada, GENERAL LAND OFFICE 95 4 in New Mexico, 4 in Oregon, 8 in Utah, and 1 in Wyoming. In addition there were prepared orders and diagrams for 19 proposed grazing districts, and maps showing the exterior boundaries and appropriate designations of both established and proposed grazing districts. The estimated areas of the vacant, unappropriated, and unreserved public land in established grazing districts, as of June 30, 1935, are as follows: State District totals State totals 1, 505, 200 1, 505, 200 California: No. 1 . 1, 293, 595 577, 308 No. 2 . 1, 870, 903 Colorado: No. 1 . 2, 099, 331 438, 673 1,416, 870 1, 096, 194 1, 408, 252 No. 2 . . . No. 3 . . . No. 4 . . . . No. 6 . . . - . . . Idaho: No. 1 . - . . . . . . 4, 181, 445 6, 459, 320 4, 181, 445 Montana: No. 1 . 1, 624, 235 1, 436, 536 No. 2 . . . . No. 3 . 686, 523 144, 887 7, 984, 977 No. 4 . _ . . . . . . . Nevada: No. 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ 3, 892, 181 7, 984, 977 New Mexico: No. 3 . 2,692,940 2, 437, 649 1,110, 926 2, 533, 933 No. 4 . . . No. 5 . No. 6.. . . . . . . . . 8, 775, 448 Oregon: No. 1 . . . . . 90, 000 4, 960, 676 2,785,957 1, 717, 962 No. 2 . No. 3 . . . . No. 4 . . . 9, 554, 695 Utah: No. 1 . . . . . . 1,186,806 2,868, 422 3, 424, 472 2, 065, 080 No. 2 . . . . . No. 3 . No. 4 . No. 5 . . . . . 3, 774, 186 3, 749, 431 2, 584, 360 149, 982 1, 246, 181 No. 6 . . . . . No. 7 . . . . . No. 8 . . . Wyoming: No. 1 . . 19,802, 739 1, 246, 181 65, 272, 989 Total . . . WORK UNDER EMERGENCY FUNDS The work of translating and transcribing the Spanish records in the public survey office at Santa Fe, N. Mex., of land claims in the territory ceded in 1848 to the United States by Mexico, commenced last year as a Federal Civil Works project, was continued through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1935, as a Federal Emergency Relief project. From 6 to 15 translators and transcribers were furnished with employment on this project. 96 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 The Civilian Conservation Camp established at Gillette, Wyo., for the purpose of controlling the coal fires in the public lands and privately owned lands in which the coal has been reserved to the Federal Government was continued through the third enrollment period until October 15, 1934, and was reestablished June 5, 1935, for the fifth enrollment period. The work of surveying the public lands and office work in con¬ nection therewith under the Public Works allotments for that pur¬ pose continued throughout the fiscal year. The field parties of the General Land Office were also engaged on a large project of coopera¬ tive work for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration involv¬ ing the survey of submarginal lands being purchased by that organ¬ ization in the Eastern States. AREAS TO WHICH ACTIVITIES OF THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE EXTEND Unappropriated and unreserved public lands. — The area of the unappropriated and unreserved public lands as of June 30, 1934, was approximately 165,695,497 acres, not including Alaska, and not in¬ cluding small areas remaining undisposed of in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missis- i sippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. Of such area, 119,341,- 782 acres were surveyed and 46,353,697 acres were unsurveyed. The area of the unappropriated and unreserved public lands in Alaska was approximately 346,174,242 acres, of which 2,044,421 acres were | surveyed. In computing the areas which were vacant and unreserved on June 30, 1934, lands in pending, unallowed applications were con- ! sidered as appropriated; but lands in applications for oil and gas \ prospecting permits, or in permits granted, or in applications for - coal, phosphate, sodium, and/or sulphur, oil shale, or potash permits or leases, or in permits or leases granted, were considered as unappro¬ priated. In view of the fact that the lands affected by the oil-shale order of withdrawal of April 15, 1930, or in designated geological structures of producing oil or gas fields, or in approved oil and gas leases, were then subject to disposition under the stock-raising home¬ stead act, such lands were treated as unappropriated. Because of the withdrawals made by the Executive orders of November 26, 1934, and February 5, 1935, there were no unreserved public lands at the close of business on June 30, 1935. The area which would have been vacant and unreserved had such withdrawals not been made has not been computed. The areas which were in¬ cluded in entries, selections, filings, etc., during the fiscal year were 1,752,010 acres in the public-land States and 7,068 acres in Alaska, a total of 1,759,078 acres. However, the net area of the public land GENERAL LAND OFFICE 97 -was not decreased to that extent as considerable areas were restored to the public domain through the rejection of applications and the cancelation of entries. Patented with mineral reservations . — There also remained subject to lease or disposal 38,915,684.62 acres of patented lands in which the Government had reserved some or all of the mineral deposits, as shown by the following table : Fiscal year Total reserved Stock-raising act, all minerals reserved _ _ _ - _ . _ Acres 1, 049, 606. 64 2, 075. 18 10, 544. 10 25, 228. 37 .Acres 26, 102,815.51 349.836.20 10,762,649.02 1, 700, 383. 89 Other acts: All mineral reserved _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Coal only reserved. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ... _ _ _ Some named mineral reserved . Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 087, 454. 29 38,915,684.62 Other axreas to which activities of the General Land Office ex¬ tend. — The activities of the General Land Office also extend in vari¬ ous ways to 116,128,603 acres of land included in withdrawals and grazing districts, as shown under the heading “Withdrawals and restorations ” and to more than 180,000,000 acres in national forests in the public-land States and in Alaska, which are subject to all mining laws and to possible homestead entry under the act of June 11, 1906 (34 Stat. 233). The areas under the control of the General Land Office, which on June 30, 1935, were included in mineral leases and permits, or entries, are shown by the following tables : Mineral leases and permits outstanding on June 30, 1935 Licenses Permits Leases Number Acres Number Acres Number Acres Oil and gas _ _ 6, 441 348 192 44 10, 143, 163 251, 947 409, 407 63, 372 898 378 12 1 8 312, 536 72, 749 29, 465 120 4, 233 Coal . . . . . 141 5, 617 Potash . . . . . Sodium . .. . . . . Phosphate . . Sulphur _ _ 26 15,068 Total . . 141 5, 617 7,051 10, 882,957 1,297 419, 103 Areas in pending entries as of June 30, 1935, Alaska not included State Acres State Acres Arizona . . . . . . 2, 143, 382 1, 516, 562 1, 564, 964 1, 130, 948 1,942, 300 620, 361 4, 200, 315 85,604 Oregon _ 910, 269 417,214 690, 937 181, 137 4,119, 820 142, 880 California _ . South Dakota _ _ _ Colorado _ _ Utah Idaho . . . . Washington.— _ _ Montana _ Wyoming Nevada . . . General Land Office _ _ New Mexico Total . . . North Dakota . . . 19, 666, 693 98 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 CADASTRAL ENGINEERING SERVICE The Cadastral Engineering Service of the General Land Office is the congressionally constituted agency having jurisdiction over the survey and resurvey of the public lands of the United States proper and Alaska, mineral location surveys, and the preparation of the technical and legal records thereof. In addition, as stated under the heading “ Work under emergency fund ”, the General Land Office participated in a program of land surveys for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration of the Department of Agriculture under an allotment of funds by the Federal Emergency Relief Administra¬ tion, under its land-use program, so that the surveying activities have been more diversified than usual. During the 2 y3 months of field activities under the balance of the original Public Works allotment 358,092 man-hours of work were provided and during the 8% months of preparation of survey returns under the Public Works office allotment, 167,883 man-hours of work were performed on essential projects of permanent value in all parts of the country. The results were satisfactory beyond expectations, both as to the type and value of the work performed and the class and number of people benefited. Cadastral surveying projects were located in 31 States and the Territory of Alaska, under 149 separate groups, of which total 36 groups in 9 States were resurveys. That part of the work which can be measured on a quantity basis, which excludes investigations and many miscellaneous surveys, embraces 8,274 linear miles, or 1,644,980 acres, comprising 1,040,670 acres of original surveys and 604,310 acres of resurveys. In addition, over 1,000,000 acres of irregular tracts of submarginal lands were surveyed for the Agri¬ cultural Adjustment Administration in 10 Eastern States along and adjacent to the Atlantic coast. Due in part to the expended program under Public Works allot¬ ments the technical work of the offices of the Service was the largest in volume for many years. Plats and field notes of surveys and resurveys in 594 townships were prepared and approved, and in addition 239 supplemental plats were constructed and 92 mineral surveys embracing 276 locations were examined and platted at an average cost of $21.51 per location. In addition to the foregoing, 137 plats of miscellaneous surveys in several States and Alaska were prepared. There were accepted and placed on file during the year plats rep¬ resenting 4,436,937 acres of original surveys of public lands and 2,903,349 acres of resurveys, comprising an aggregate area of 7,340,286 acres. GENEEAL LAND OFFICE 99 The 1934 edition of the large wall map of the United States has been printed and distributed. A new map of the State of Colorado has been issued, and the map of Alaska is in the hands of the con¬ tractor for printing. Preliminary work incident to the revision of the map of New Mexico has been commenced. There were sold to the public 5,107 photolithographic copies of township plats and 15,592 copies were furnished, without cost, to other bureaus and agencies for official use. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES Cash receipts . — The total cash receipts from sales, leases, and other disposals of public lands (including receipts from copies of records, sales of Government property, etc.) were $4,700,135.47, and from sales of Indian lands $100,026.77, an aggregate of $4,800,162.24, all of which was deposited in the Treasury; whereas the total expenditure from operations was $1,142,393, as hereinafter shown, making a net return of $3,657,769.24. Receipts under the mineral leasing acts. — Receipts from bonuses, royalties, and rentals under laws providing for the leasing of mineral rights on the public domain (including royalties and rentals from potash deposits and royalties on coal leases in Alaska) aggregated $4,004,054.54, of which $3,924,652.44 was received under the act of February 25, 1920 (41 Stat. 437). The largest receipts under this act were from lands in California, the amount being $1,984,603.95. Wyoming was second, with receipts amounting to $1,391,220.92. Re¬ ceipts from other States follow : New Mexico, $245,545.15 ; Colorado, $98,567.63; Montana, $83,458.73; Utah, $69,974.08; North Dakota, $25,188.29; Alabama, $11,837.95; Louisiana, $8,898.47; Idaho, $3,749.33; Nevada, $640; Washington, $542.20; and South Dakota, $425.74. Under the provision of the mineral leasing act cited, each State receives 37^ percent of the receipts thereunder from the public lands within its borders, the reclamation fund receives 521/2 percent, and the other 10 percent remains in the Treasury of the United States as miscellaneous receipts. Distribution of receipts. — Receipts from all sources, aggregating $4,800,162.24 as above shown, are distributed under the law approxi¬ mately as follows: Reclamation fund, $2,304,493.24; to public-land States and certain counties within such States, $1,802,027.58; general fund, $593,614.65 ; and to various Indian tribes, $100,026.77. Five percent of the net proceeds from cash sales of public land is paid to the public-land States within which such sales were made and the balance of such receipts from States named in the Reclamation Act are credited to the reclamation fund ; the reclamation fund and the States involved receive (on the percentages shown above) 90 percent 100 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 of the receipts under the Mineral Leasing Act ; receipts from sales of reclamation town sites and camp sites and from royalties and rentals from potash deposits are credited to the reclamation fund ; all of the receipts from proceeds of land and timber in the forfeited Oregon and California railroad grant will be paid to certain counties in Ore¬ gon in lieu of taxes; 25 percent of the proceeds of land and timber in the forfeited Coos Bay wagon-road grant will be paid to Coos County ; the receipts from Indian lands (except 37% percent of royalties from Red River oil lands, payable to the State of Oklahoma in lieu of taxes) are deposited in the Treasury to the credit of the various In¬ dian tribes. All other moneys are deposited in the Treasury to the credit of the general fund. The following table shows the distribution of these moneys insofar as is possible before final settlement of all accounts by the General Accounting Office: Distribution in the Treasury Source of receipt General fund Reclama¬ tion fund State fund Total Sale of public lands _ $27, 300. 12 61, 762. 62 427,328. 40 $56, 659. 04 136, 635. 00 2,056,782. 03 $3, 498. 30 $87, 457. 46 198, 397. 62 13, 953, 394.74 323, 534. 07 2 23, 640. 51 45, 210. 64 18, 865. 38 15, 435. 00 9, 116. 53 5, 449. 16 8, 611. 16 11, 023. 20 Fees and commissions. Bonuses, rentals, and royalties from mineral leases.. Proceeds of land and timber in Oregon and Califor¬ nia railroad lands _ _ _ 1, 469, 194. 31 323, 534. 07 5, 800. 90 Proceeds of land and timber in Coos Bay wagon-road grant.. . _ _ _ _ 17, 839. 61 Royalties on rentals from potash deposits, act of Oct. 2, 1917 45, 210. 64 Copies of records _ _ . . . _ _ _ 18, 865. 38 15, 435. 00 Power permits _ Reclamation townsites and camp sites _ 9, 116. 53 Royalties on coal leases in Alaska . 5, 449. 16 8, 611.16 11, 023. 20 Sale of standing timber, Alaska _ Miscellaneous (rent of land, surveying fees, proceeds of Government property, etc.) Total . . . . . . 593, 614. 65 2, 304, 493. 24 1, 802, 027. 58 4, 700, 135. 47 3 100, 026. 77 Sale and leases of Indian lands _ _ Aggregate _ _ 4, 800, 162. 24 1 First and fourth columns contain $28,742.30 royalties received in Wyoming under act of June 26, 1926. 2 Amount payable to Coos County, 25 percent of proceeds of land and timber. 3 Of the amount received as royalties from oil lands in the bed of Red River, Okla., 37)4 percent, $10,464.21, is paid to Oklahoma, and the balance, amounting to $17,440.30, is credited to the Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Indians. Expenditures. — Total expenditures for the conduct of the business of the General Land Office, including expenses of the district land offices ($221,253), amounted to $1,142,393. Disbursements from emergency funds or contributed funds for the survey or resurvey of granted lands, public lands, or Indian lands are not included above. REPAYMENTS Under the repayment laws, there were stated 102 accounts, allow¬ ing repayment of $16,171.95, and 50 claims were denied. The num- GENERAL LAND OFFICE 101 ber of claims allowed includes six accounts granting repayment of $3,931.35 received in connection with sales of Indian reservation lands and repaid from Indian trust funds. HOMESTEADS In homestead cases, 5,057 entries were approved for patenting. The number of other actions required were as follows: For original homestead entries, 7,084; second homestead entries, 1,286; leaves of absence and extensions of time, 2,320; amendments, 514; appeals, 13,538. Special agents investigated and reported on 1,850 homestead cases, of which 932 reports were adverse and 918 favorable. Sixty-three hearings were held in Government contests. Homestead contests, including Government contests, were consid¬ ered in approximately 1,500 cases, and altogether hearings were had in about 125 cases. TIMBER AND STONE ENTRIES Actions were taken on timber and stone sworn statements in 126 cases, and 20 timber and stone entries were approved for patenting. MINERAL LEASES AND MINING CLAIMS Oil and gas leases. — During the year 1,104 cases were acted upon. For the same period there were delivered to the lessees 49 leases embracing 25,895.22 acres, granted under section 14 of the Leasing Act; and 1 lease under section 17 of the said act, embracing 38.60 acres. One lease of 120 acres was sold under section 17 of the act, bringing $50 per acre, or a total bonus of $6,000. The offering of lands comprising the Fort Morgan Military Res¬ ervation, Ala., under the provisions of the act of May 23, 1934 (48 Stat. 796), brought a bonus of $1,234.75, and an oil and gas lease was issued November 1, 1934, comprising 493.9 acres. Two leases were canceled in entirety and eight leases were canceled in part. Oil and gas prospcting 'permits. — April 23, 1935, the Secretary granted a general extension of time on oil and gas permits to August 1, 1935, and on May 4, 1935, instructions were issued to suspend action on all applications for oil and gas prospecting permits then pending, or thereafter filed, pending legislation to amend the Leasing Act. During the year ended June 30, 1935, 1,523 oil and gas permits were granted. Eight permits were reinstated. There were 269 assign¬ ments acted upon, and 2,384 actions were taken on applications for extension of time. Over the same period 271 permits were held for 102 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 cancelation and 307 were canceled; 385 applications were rejected in entirety and 516 in part. There were 11,595 other actions taken. Coal . — During the year there were issued 73 coal-prospecting per¬ mits covering 46,397.39 acres, 35 licenses involving 1,372.64 acres, and 28 leases for 3,416.52 acres. The total number of cases disposed of was 2,376. Potash , sodium , sulphur , and phosphate . — There were no potash permits or leases issued during the year under the act of February 7, 1927 (44 Stat. 1057), action on applications therefor having been withheld pursuant to departmental orders nos. 799, 817, 854, and 914. Eight potash permits were extended, 4 expired by limitation, and 4 were canceled. There were issued 1 sodium lease for 120 acres and 14 sodium prospecting permits involving 23,964.31 acres. Seven sodium permits expired by limitation, 1 sodium lease and 1 sodium permit were canceled. There were four sulphur permits issued dur¬ ing the year, involving 2,211.26 acres. There were 430 cases disposed of during the year involving the above minerals. There was a total of 155 leases, licenses, and permits for coal, sodium, etc., issued during the year, involving 77,482.12 acres. Royalties and rentals. — Receipts for the year under the Mineral Leasing Act of February 25, 1920, were from oil and gas, $3,596,- 598.95; from coal, $273,723.23; from potash, $48,981.90; from phos¬ phate, $4,391.88 ; and from sodium, $956.48, making the total receipts $3,924,652.44. Mineral entries. — There were approved for patent 102 entries. Mineral applications. — There were 226 mineral applications dis¬ posed of during the year. Mineral contests. — Exclusive of oil-shale, Boulder Dam and Reser¬ voir project, and the San Gabriel Canyon claims, there were 249 mineral contests disposed of during the year. Miscellaneous mineral cases. — There were 569 miscellaneous min¬ eral cases disposed of during the year. Oil-shale claims under patent proceedings. — Five mineral entries for 28 claims were approved for patent during the year. Proceedings against mining locations. — Final action has been taken on all the reports, except two, submitted on mining claims in conflict with the right-of-way for reservoir purposes in the San Gabriel Canyon, and all cases except one contest have been disposed of in the Boulder Dam and Reservoir project. In the Metropolitan Water District appropriate action was taken on 560 field reports. RIGHTS-OF-WAY Six railroad right-of-way applications were approved during the year and 53 stock-watering reservoir applications were disposed of. GENERAL LAND OFFICE 103 In addition, in other cases, 395 right-of-way applications were ap¬ proved and 48 canceled. One thousand seven hundred and forty-two other actions were taken. FEDERAL RECLAMATION PROJECTS There are 35 Federal reclamation projects in 14 Western States, 21 of which are operated in whole or in part by irrigation districts and water users’ associations. There are, in addition, five Indian reclamation projects, the irrigation features of which are under the supervision of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. During the year 280 original reclamation homestead entries and 227 assignments of such entries were received, and 288 reclamation entries were approved for patenting. PRIVATE IRRIGATION PROJECTS Five private irrigation companies were approved during the year as dependable sources of water supply for desert-land entries. DESERT LAND ACT During the year 90 entries were approved for patenting under the desert land act. CAREY ACT Carey Act withdrawals and segregations amounting to 35,040.09 .acres were considered on which either final or interlocutory action was taken. PITTMAN ACT During the year 69 applications were received under the Pittman Acts of October 22, 1919 (41 Stat. 293), and September 22, 1922 {42 Stat. 1012). Action has been taken in all but 23 cases. SWAMP AND OVERFLOWED LANDS During the year, under the swamp-land acts, there were approved and patented to the States 2,564.39 acres, and claims for 151,128.87 acres were finally rejected. New claims were asserted during the year to 244,198.45 acres. STATE GRANTS AND SELECTIONS New indemnity selections embracing 715,356.23 acres were re¬ ceived during the year, and selections amounting to 219,526.67 acres were approved and title conveyed to the States. Selections involv- 104 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 ing 13,903.84 acres were canceled. New quantity grant selections embracing 3,774.41 acres were approved and certified to the States and there were canceled selections involving 49,894.45 acres. Exchange selections embracing 14,036.88 acres in lieu of Arizona State lands were approved and certified under the act of May 23,. 1930 (46 Stat. 378), as amended by the act of February 21, 1931 (46 Stat. 1204). RAILROAD GRANTS AND SELECTIONS Railroad and wagon-road listings and selections received, together with those on hand, amounted to 124,562.38 acres; 11,723.38 acres were certified or patented in lieu of such grants; and 50,000 acres of selections were rejected. REVESTED OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD AND RECONVEYED COOS BAY WAGON ROAD GRANT LANDS Transactions concerning revested Oregon & California Railroad, and Coos Bay Wagon Road grant lands for the fiscal year follow : Restored to entry , etc. — Revested Oregon & California Railroad grant lands comprising 6,549.75 acres were restored to homestead entry, and 689.65 acres were reclassified as timber land. Forty acres of the reconveyed Coos Bay Wagon Road grant lands were reclassified as timber land. Timber sales. — Fifty-seven sales of timber on the revested Oregon & California Railroad grant lands were made during the past year, involving 4,591.20 acres of land, containing 174,539,000 feet board measure of timber, for which the sum of $276,161.56 was re¬ ceived. Total sales to June 30, 1935, 971, involving 120,437.60 acres, containing 2,808,963,980 feet board measure of timber for which a total of $6,623,207.08 have been received. Two sales of timber on the reconveyed Coos Bay Wagon Road grant lands were made during the past year, involving 80 acres of land, containing 2,355,000 feet board measure of timber, for which the sum of $4,142.50 was received. Total sales to June 30, 1935,. 103, involving 17,620.78 acres, containing 701,532,000 feet board measure of timber, for which a total of $1,623,164.84 has been received. Extension of time. — Under the provisions of the act of May 19,. 1930 (46 Stat. 369), authorizing the Secretary to extend the time for cutting and, removing timber from said revested and reconveyed lands in Oregon, 16 extensions have been granted, involving 3,780.55- acres. Two applications were finally denied. GENERAL LAND OFFICE 105 COLOR OF TITLE CLAIMS There are a number of acts under which applications were filed during the year for color of title claims. Most applications received were filed under the act of December 22, 1928 (45 Stat. 1069), under which 30 patents were issued for a total of 857.27 acres, for which the sum of $4,913.77 was received. Two hundred and eighty-five other actions were taken in color of title cases under other acts. EXCHANGES Various acts of Congress provide for exchanges of lands in private ownership for public lands of the United States. During the year title was accepted to 165,452.30 acres, under the act of March 20, 1922 (42 Stat. 465), in aid of consolidation of national forests, and title to 18,419.32 acres was accepted under the act of May 14, 1930 (46 Stat. 278), in connection with the Petrified Forest National Monument in Arizona. Title was accepted to 440 acres under the act of April 21, 1904 (23 Stat. 211), and to 2,159.2 acres under the act of May 23, 1930 (46 Stat. 378). Forest lieu selections under the act of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat. 36), were considered in 99 cases, with 5 patents issuing. An application involving privately owned lands in the Chaco Canyon National Monument was also considered. , CHANGE OF ENTRY Twenty-four actions were taken and one patent issued on appli¬ cations for change of entry under the act of January 27, 1922 (42 Stat. 359). CHIPPEWA LOGGING Extensions of time were granted on 2 contracts involving timber on the former Nett Lake Indian Reservation, Minn., and 1 contract involving timber on the former Red Lake Reservation was canceled in aid of a plan by the Office of Indian Affairs for a land program for certain Indians in Minnesota. INDIAN ALLOTMENTS There were 553 cases of fee and trust allotment applications con¬ sidered under the act of February 8, 1887 (24 Stat. 388), and 180 trust patents and 257 patents in fee were issued. INDIAN PUEBLO LANDS Consideration was given during the year to 1,621 non-Indian claims filed under the act of June 7, 1924 (43 Stat. 636), 893 of which were patented. 20481—35 - 8 106 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 HOMESTEADS OF CEDED INDIAN LANDS The number of actions taken involving homestead entries of ceded Indian lands was 3,486, with 140 patents issuing. Many of the actions related to payments. LEASES OTHER THAN MINERAL LEASES During the year 4 leases for aviation purposes, containing a total of 2,127.03 acres, were issued and 2 such leases, containing 1,280 acres, were canceled. One hundred and sixteen actions were taken in other cases. One lease for grazing purposes, involving 9,000 acres in Alaska, was canceled. TEXAS-NEW MEXICO BOUNDARY After years of uncertainty as to the exact location of a portion of the boundary between Texas and New Mexico, resulting from the shifting of the course of the Rio Grande River, the boundary in dis¬ pute was fixed by decree of the Supreme Court of the United States (276 U. S. 558). The act of June 16, 1934 (48 Stat. 975), provides a means by which the Texas title claimants to lands in New Mexico may obtain title from the United States. A great deal of correspond¬ ence relative to these claims has been received and answered during the year. TRESPASS CASES The amount received during the year in settlement for coal trespass was $6,042.48; for timber trespass, $11,985.70; and for grazing tres¬ pass, $152.10. Altogether there were 929 actions taken in trespass cases. RECREATIONAL AREAS Nine applications by States, counties, or towns were considered for park projects under the Recreational Act of June 14, 1924 (44 Stat. 741). MISCELLANEOUS CASES CONSIDERED The following statement shows the number of actions taken, and patents issued, in each of the cases indicated: Entries and sales of abandoned military reservation lands, 82 action, 10 patents ; cash and credit entries, 70 actions, 21 patents; applications and entries sub¬ ject to Arkansas drainage laws, 246 actions, 4 patents; sales of ceded Indian lands, 53 actions, 14 patents; homestead entries by Indians, 13 actions, 1 patent; military bounty-land warrants, 42 actions, 3 GENERAL LAND OFFICE 107 patents; cemetery applications, 4 actions; park applications, 5 ac¬ tions, 4 patents; preemption claims, 44 actions, 2 patents; private land claims, 131 actions, 10 patents; scrip, 41 actions, 9 patents; soldiers’ additional entries, 285 actions, 44 patents ; town-lot entries. -364 actions, 168 patents ; town-site entries, 15 actions, 2 patents ; trade and manufacturing site applications, Alaska, 15 actions, 1 patent; 5-acre tracts, Alaska, 6 actions. WITHDRAWALS AND RESTORATIONS One new stock driveway was established and 10 existing driveways modified; additions to wildlife refuges amounted to nearly 5,000 acres; and 2 withdrawals aggregating 23,350 acres were made for national-forest classification. A total of approximately 658 orders of withdrawal, or restoration of lands from withdrawal were pre¬ pared or received and noted on the tract books. The tables which follow give the estimated total areas in outstand¬ ing withdrawals and classifications as of June 30, 1935, other than the general withdrawals made by Executive orders of November 26, 1934, and February 5, 1935 : Withdrawals other than mineral withdrawals and classifications Total area withdrawn June 30, 1935 Stock driveways - 9,761,196 Recreational area with¬ drawals _ 284, 604 Air-navigation sites - 33, 007 Carey Act withdrawals - 35, 824 Carey Act segregations - 219, 511 Reclamation withdrawals _ 21, 919, 957 San Carlos irrigation project (Indian) _ 136,860 Fort Hall irrigation project (Indian) _ 114,720 Fort Peck irrigation project, Montana - 204, 720 Booneville Dam, Oregon-Wash- ington _ 79, 080 Water-power reserves (non- Indian) _ 5, 223, 178 Reservoir and well sites _ 254, 130 Public water reserves _ 492, 848 Los Angeles water supply 1 — 866, 365 Mizpah-Pumpkin Creek graz¬ ing district - 25, 124 Grazing withdrawals (not in¬ cluding withdrawals under Taylor Grazing Act _ 3, 425, 840 Grazing districts under Taylor Grazing Act _ 65, 272, 989 Total area withdrawn June 30, 1935 Oregon-California and Coos Bay unrestored timber land. 1, 245, 832 For forest exchange with New Mexico _ _ _ 681, 000 For game and bird refuges _ 162, 705 For national-forest purposes _ 157, 903 For national parks and monu¬ ments - 3,943,413 For New Mexico-Arizona In¬ dian consolidation _ 1, 134, 972 For agricultural experiment stations _ 309, 734 For flood and erosion control- 10, 750 For State game refuge classi¬ fication _ 44, 000 For recreational classification. 43, 793 For irrigation-power classifica¬ tion _ 30, 880 For archeological classifica¬ tion _ 11, 297 Cooperative lookout stations _ 727 For miscellaneous purposes _ 1, 644 Total _ 116, 128, 603 1 Includes Owens River-Mono Basin grazing district. 108 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 MINERAL WITHDRAWALS AND CLASSIFICATIONS A summary of the outstanding mineral withdrawals and classifi¬ cations as of J une 30, 1935, is as follows : Withdrawn Classified Coal _ _ _ _ Acres 26, 976, 775 5, 168, 593 5, 989, 949 1, 889, 601 9, 414, 466 49, 439, 384 Acres 33, 276, 103 71, 884 4, 081, 208 302, 219 Oil . . . . . Oil shale. _ _ _ _ _ Phosphate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Potash _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Total . . . . . 37,731,414 The area of the withdrawn oil land, shown above, includes 13,578 acres withdrawn as a helium reserve. The figures given include much land which has been patented with or without a reservation of min¬ erals. The areas so patented have not been computed. However, some or all minerals have been reserved in patents aggregating 38,- 915,684.62 acres issued under the stockraising and other laws, for lands not withdrawn or classified as valuable for minerals, as well as for lands so withdrawn or classified. TABLES The following tables show the facts as to entries made, patents issued, etc., during the fiscal year : Original entries, fiscal year of 1935 Public land Indian land Number Acres Number Acres Homesteads: Stock-raising _ _ _ 2,098 142 1,036,847 32, 613 35 15,023 240 Enlarged _ 1 Reclamation _ 83 8,993 75 8, 258 60 Forest _ 16 1,329 86, 169 1 Sec. 2289, et al . . . . . 958 49 3, 780 Total homesteads _ 3,297 47 1, 165, 951 5,032 161 27,361 50 Deserts _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 State selections _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 160 228, 898 758 Railroad selections 4 Applications and filings _ 147 7 M iscellaneous 86 331, 028 1 Total . . . 3, 741 170 1, 731, 667 27,411 170 27,411 Indian land as above _ Grand total _ _ _ 3,911 1, 759, 078 GENERAL LAND OFFICE 109 Final entries, fiscal year of 1935 Public land Indian land Number Acres Number Acres Homesteads: Stock raising . . . _ . 3, 326 398 1, 416, 623 101,132 18, 715 4, 087 1,738 99, 839 135 61,263 17, 300 2, 789 160 Enlarged _ 82 Reclamation . . 191 30 Forest . . . . . . 46 1 Commuted— _ _ 23 31 2,700 Sec. 2289 etal . _ . 941 48 5,343 Total homesteads _ 4, 925 75 1, 642, 134 9,205 1,895 1, 822 327 89, 555 360 Deserts . _ . . . _ . . __ 2 Public auction _ _ _ _ _ 21 1 120 Timber and stone _ ._ _ _ _ 20 Mineral . __ . . . . . 94 7,413 17, 253 i 16 Miscellaneous.. . . . . . 1, 660 86 1,930 Total . . . . . . 6, 795 417 1, 679, 722 91, 981 417 91, 981 Indian land as above . . . Grand total . . . . . . 7,212 1, 771, 703 Patents and certificates, fiscal year of 1935 Number Acres Homesteads: Stock raising . . 2,179 433 293 56 912 1, 049, 131 109, 207 27, 463 5,314 97, 889 Enlarged _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Reclamation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ Forest . . . . . . . Sec. 2289 etal . . Total homesteads . . . 3, 873 344 56 20 102 21 1,686 1, 289, 004 33, 116 5. 253 1,539 10, 523 12, 762 41, 933 Deserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public auction . . . . . . . . . . . . Timber and stone . . . . . . . . . . . Mineral . . . . . . . . . Railroad . . . . . . . . . M iscellaneous . . . . . Total patents. . . . . 6, 102 1, 394, 130 223, 301 'Certified to States . . Grand total . . . . . . . . . 1, 617, 431 Homestead entries, fiscal year of 1935, includes Indian lands State Original Final Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Alaska . . 61 7,068 32 2, 510 Arizona . 157 48, 746 521 177, 121 California . 249 54, 484 461 97, 185 Colorado . 256 88, 991 530 185, 657 Idaho . 132 54, 036 158 57, 908 Montana . 267 109, 821 648 172, 364 Nevada . 11 2, 043 28 7, 417 New Mexico . 691 313, 068 1, 137 484, 200 North Dakota... 53 12, 310 34 5, 480 Original Final State Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Oregon . 261 53, 752 222 46, 510 South Dakota... 116 42, 592 157 41, 169 Utah . 71 30, 178 104 44, 143 Washington . 70 9,400 346, 389 32 5, 792 Wyoming _ General Land 769 944 381,865 Office 1 . . 294 20, 434 244 22, 368 Total . 3, 458 1, 193, 312 5, 252 1, 731, 689 1 Entries made in General Land Office for land in States without district land offices. The original entries were 35 in Alabama, 1,856 acres; 135 in Arkansas, 9,666 acres; 12 in Florida, 762 acres; 1 in Indiana, 2 acres; 1 in Kansas, 389 acres; 9 in Louisiana, 537 acres; 6 in Michigan, 331 acres; 43 in Minnesota, 2,391 a cres; 9 in Mississippi, 453 acres; 13 in Nebraska, 1,816 acres; 29 in Oklahoma, 2,191 acres; and 1 in Wisconsin, 40 acres. The above 3,458 original entries inciude in addition to the three main homestead acts, 17 forest, 1,389 acres; 158 reclamation, 17,251 acres, and 5 Kinkaid homesteads, 599 acres. The final entries likewise in¬ clude 47 forest, 4,247 acres; 221 reclamation, 21, 504 acres; 8 Kinkaid, 1,528 acres, and 16 soldiers’ additional homesteads, 449 acres. The finals include 55 commuted entries, 4,438 acres. 110 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Desert-land entries, 'fiscal year of 1935, includes Indian lends State Original Final Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Arizona _ ... 9 636 8 1, 153 California . . 7 967 8 680 Colorado . 1 50 2 360 Idaho . . 10 761 15 1,361 Montana _ 1 320 27 3, 613 Nevada _ 3 328 New Mexico . 2 240 1 160 State Original Final Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Oregon . 8 1, 012 5 33& South Dakota _ 1 80 Utah . . i 162 3 282 Washington _ 1 37 Wyoming . . 5 569 7 1, 540’ Total . 48 5,082 77 9, 56* The above final entries include under relief act of Feb. 14, 1934, 5 entries, 880 acres. Other entries, fiscal year of 1935, Indian land included State Public auction Timber and stone Mineral Miscellaneous Original Final Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Alaska 16 819 12 14 14 Arizona _ 1 160 6 1,071 18 i 330,768 15 1, 759 California _ 1 40 19 1,319 32 120 97 1, 140 Colorado _ 2 80 2 139 9 647 4 Idaho 2 87 10 783 2 10 35 Montana . 2 320 1 160 9 833 4 48 36 409 Nevada _ 1 80 4 136 1 New Mexico 1 184 7 252 2 1,411 10, 986 Oregon 3 82 1 160 60 1, 187 South Dakota 25 1, 630 Utah 1 160 1 40 13 1,033 1 1 80 Washington _ 2 177 3 360 1 216 3 24 Wyoming . 3 400 5 560 1 320 17 10 16 10 General Land Office _ 2 125 8 462 2 79 34 1,940 Total... . . . 21 1,895 21 1,881 95 7,429 95 331, 025 1,744 19, 19(1 1 Includes 2 exchange selections, 324,303 acres, act June 14, 1934. * Includes 1,403 private claims, 10,826 acres. Class, number, and area of patents issued during fiscal year ended June 30, 1935 Class Number Acres Class Number Acres Choctaw scrip _ 3 477 Railroad lieu . . 2 40 Commuted homestead _ 29 2, 411 Reclamation homestead _ 293 27, 463 Desert land. . 51 5, 653 Reclamation desert land _ 20 2, 480 Forest exchange _ 21 3, 158 Reissue 323 (3) Forest homestead _ 56 5,314 Sioux half-breed scrip _ 4 ' 397 Forest lieu _ _ 6 400 Small holding claim _ 4 239 Homestead, final. . . i 848 94, 256 Soldiers’ additional _ 34 746 Homestead, enlarged. _ 433 109, 207 Special acts _ 966 49, 567 Homestead, stock-raising . 2,179 1, 049, 131 Supplemental, act Apr. 14, 1914. 3 440 Indian fee _ _ _ _ 257 (2) Swamp _ 13 2, 564 Indian homestead, act July 4, 1 476 Timber and stone _ _ 20 1, 539 1884. Timber sales . . . 62 (4) Indian trust. .. _ _ _ g 256 To complete records .. 67 (J) Military bounty-land warrants. 5 452 Town lots . . 167 78 Mineral.. . . . . 102 10, 523 Townsite _ _ 1 83 Miscellaneous . . . . 32 2, 434 5, 253 Valentine scrip . . 2 4 Public sale 56 Private land claim . . 15 6, 367 Total . . . 6,102 1, 394, 130 Railroad _ _ _ 19 12, 722 1 Includes 3 Kinkaid Act patents, 502 acres. 2 41,003 acres. 8 42,583 acres. 4 4,810 acres. 8 No area to be reported. Area patented with coal reserved, 10,544 acres; with oil, gas, phosphate, etc., reserved, 25,228 acres; with all minerals reserved, all of stock-raising homesteads and 2,075 acres under other acts. The “special acts” above include 3,021 acres of exchanges to consolidate Indian reservations and allot¬ ments, and 10,081 acres for quieting titles in Indian pueblos, all in New Mexico; and 27,611 acres of ex¬ changes for consolidating a national monument in Arizona. GENEEAL LAND OFFICE 111 Applications filed under Mineral Leasing Act of Feb. 25, 1920, fiscal year of 1935, with totals to June 30, 1935 Filed in 1935 Total to June 30, 1935 Alabama _ _ _ 16 Alaska _ _ _ 24 1,753 Arizona _ 16 1,914 Arkansas _ _ _ 24 California _ 388 22, 033 9, 155 1 Colorado. _ 189 Florida _ _ _ Idaho. _ _ _ _ _ 23 1, 076 • 5 Kansas _ Louisiana _ 262 Michigan _ 3 Mississippi _ _ 15 Montana _ _ 169 13, 194 Filed in 1935 Total to June 30, 1935 Nebraska _ 36 Nevada _ _ 17 1,762 11, 595 486 New Mexico _ 486 North Dakota _ _ _ _ _ 12 Oklahoma _ 557 Oregon . . . 30 430 South Dakota _ 8 379 Utah . . 419 13, 441 288 Washington _ 17 Wyoming . _ _ 389 17, 769 196 General Land Office . . . 87 Total . . 2,274 96, 390 State grants — Areas patented or certified in fiscal year 1935 State Swamp land patents School section indem¬ nity certifi¬ cations Quan¬ tity grant certifi¬ cations Arizona _ 208, 199 342 3, 774 California _ 313 186 64 54 40 Florida _ Louisiana . . . Minnesota . _ Missouri _ State Swamp land patents School section indem¬ nity certifi¬ cations Quan¬ tity grant certifi¬ cations Montana . . 3,097 7,810 79 New Mexico.. _ Oregon _ 454 1,453 Wisconsin . Total _ 2,564 219, 527 3, 774 Railroad grants — Land approved in fiscal year 1935 for patent or certification State Acres TO CORPORATIONS Atlantic & Pacific (now Santa Fe Pacific) _ Arizona _ 40 1, 520 201 2,609 6, 134 Do.. . . . New Mexico _ Central Pacific (California and Oregon) . . California.. _ Central Pacific . . . . . . . . . _ do _ Southern Pacific (branch line) _ . do _ Total . . . 10,504 TO STATES Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf _ _ _ _ _ Arkansas . 414 696 29 80 1.219 Missouri Pacific _ _ _ _ _ _ _ do _ _ St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba (Great Northern) . Minnesota _ _ _ _ Wisconsin Central. . . . . . Wisconsin... Total . OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS (John Collier, Commissioner) FOREWORD This annual report is burdened with overcondensed statements of things done and more things yet to do ; with urgencies, programs, and life-and-death necessities, all under the compulsion of speed. It is all true. But the foundations of Indian life rest in a quiet earth. Indian life is not tense, is not haunted with urgencies, and does not fully accept the view that programs must be achieved, lest otherwise ruin shall swiftly befall. Indian life is happy. Even the most poverty-stricken and seem¬ ingly futureless Indians still are happy. Indians have known how to be happy amid hardships and dangers through many thousand years. They do not expect much, often they expect nothing at all ; yet they are able to be happy. Possibly this is the most interesting and important fact about Indians. CONTENTS A brief outline of the report is included for convenience in use : Page The accelerated task _ 113 Reorganizing Indian life - .• _ 114 The isolation of the Indian Service brought to an end _ 119 Personnel administration _ 119 Indian employment opportunities - 122 Extension and industry - 124 Education - 128 Applied anthropological research _ 135 Health _ 136 Indian land and minerals; tribal claims _ 140 Indian unit of the National Resources Board _ 143 Soil conservation - 143 Emergency conservation work - 144 Forestry _ 147 Roads _ 148 Irrigation _ 149 Construction _ 151 Probate work _ 151 Review of major legislation since 1933 - 152 Appropriations _ 154 THE ACCELERATED TASK The Indians and the Indian Service have had a difficult and challenging year, due to drought and depression ; on the other hand, many Indians, and Indian property, have benefited from the gen- 113 114 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 erous relief appropriations. The effort to spend these relief funds wisely has meant extra work for the Service staff, which already had assumed the additional burden of launching the Indian reorgani¬ zation program without benefit of new funds or personnel. REORGANIZING INDIAN LIFE The Indian Reorganization (modified Wheeler-Howard) Act was approved June 18, 1934. Its passage made mandatory a complete change in the traditional Federal Indian policy of individual allot¬ ment of land — which resulted in the break-up of Indian reserva¬ tions — and of destroying Indian organization, institutions, and ra¬ cial heritage to the end that the Indian as an Indian might disap¬ pear from the American scene with the utmost speed. The net result of this policy has been the loss of two-thirds of the 139,000,000 acres owned by Indian tribes in 1887, the year when the General Allotment Act was adopted; and the individualization policy has broken up the land remaining on allotted reservations, has disrupted tribal bonds, has destroyed old incentives to action, and has created a race of petty landlords who in the generous Indian manner have shared their constantly shrinking income with the ever-increasing number of their landless relatives and friends. The Indian Reorganization Act prohibits future allotments, and the sale of Indian lands except to the tribes ; it restores to the tribes the unentered remnants of the so-called surplus lands of the al¬ lotted reservations thrown open to white settlement; it authorizes annual appropriations for the purchase of land for landless Indians, provides for the consolidation of Indian lands, and sets up a process which enables Indians voluntarily to return their individual land- holdings to the protection of tribal status, thus reversing the disin¬ tegration policy. The act also authorizes a ten-million-dollar revolving loan fund, the use of which is restricted to those tribes which organize and in¬ corporate so as to create community responsibility. It is expected that the organization of Indians in well-knit, functional groups and communities will help materially in the creation of new incen¬ tives for individual and collective action. The Indian is not a u rugged individualist ” ; he functions best as an integrated member of a group, clan, or tribe. Identification of his individuality with clan or tribe is with him a spiritual necessity. If the satisfaction of this compelling sentiment is denied him — as it was for half a century or more — the Indian does not, it has been clearly shown, merge into white group life. Through a modernized form of In¬ dian organization, adapted to the needs of the various tribes (a OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 115 form of organization now authorized by law), it is possible to make use of this powerful latent civic force. The Indian Reorganization Act was passed a few days before the end of the Seventy-third Congress. None of the authorized appro¬ priations, however, became available until May 1935. For land pur¬ chases the authorized appropriation was reduced to one-half, or $1,000,000; the revolving credit fund was limited to a quarter of the authorization, or $2,500,000 ; for organizing expenses the amount was reduced from $250,000 to $175,000. THE INDIANS HOLD THEIR FIRST ELECTIONS Congress had ordained in section 18 that each tribe must be given the unusual privilege of deciding at a special election whether it wanted to accept these benefits or reject them. Beginning with August 1934 and ending June 17, 1935, a series of 263 elections resulted in the decision by 73 tribes, with a population of 63,467 persons, to exclude themselves from the benefits and protection of the act, and by 172 tribes, with the population of 132,426 persons, to accept the act. The participation of the Indians in these referendum elections was astonishingly heavy. In national elections, when a President is chosen and the interest of the voters is aroused through a long, in¬ tensive campaign, the average number of ballots cast does not exceed 52 percent of the total number of eligible voters ; in referendum elec¬ tions deciding on such matters as constitutional ratifications, bond issues, etc., when no personalities are injected into the campaign, less than 35 percent of the eligible voters participate. The referendum election on the Indian Reorganization Act did not concern itself with candidates and personalities, yet 62 percent of all adult Indians came to the polls and cast their ballots. This heavy participation becomes even more significant when it is remembered that at least half the Indian voters could not speak the English language, that reading and writing were unknown to many of them, and that most of them had never voted before. Yet so great was their interest that grandmothers and grandfathers past the allotted span of three score and ten walked many miles to the polling places, there to mark and cast their ballots with celerity and dispatch even though some of them had to be instructed which end of the pencil to use. Except in a single tribe (Isleta Pueblo), not an Indian voice was raised against the participation of women; everywhere the right of the feminine element to take part in the referendums was conceded without question. 116 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 The rejection of the Reorganization Act on 73 reservations, most of them very small (but including the largest reservation, that of the Navajos), was due in the main to energetic campaigns of misrepre¬ sentation carried on by special interests which feared that they would lose positions of advantage through the applications of the act* Joining hands in this campaign of misrepresentation were stockmen who feared that the Indians would run their own stock on land hitherto leased to white interests; traders who were afraid of losing their business through the competition of Indian consumers’ coopera¬ tives ; merchants and politicians in white communities on the edge of reservations; a few missionaries who resented the extension of the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty and freedom of conscience to Indians (not an element in the Reorganization Act, but enforced as a policy by the present administration) ; lumber interests which did not want to see Indian tribes exploit their own forest resources. These interests, working frequently by the historic method of defraud¬ ing Indian tribes with the connivance of certain of their own leaders, spread extreme and bizarre falsehoods concerning the effects of the act. Among the myths spread by adverse interests on various reserva¬ tions were such as these : Acceptance of the act would cause Indian owners of allotments to lose their land, which would then be dis¬ tributed among those Indians who had disposed of their allot¬ ments; all farm crops would be impounded in warehouses and thereafter would be equally distributed among the population; the Indians would be segregated behind wire fences charged with elec¬ tricity; all the livestock would be taken from certain tribes; unal¬ lotted reservations would be thrown open to white entry; Indian dances and other religious ceremonies would be suppressed; Indians would not be allowed to go to Christian churches; certain South¬ western reservations would be turned over to Mexico, etc. THE NAVAJO VOTE On the Navajo Reservation, certain interests disseminated the most fantastic fictions in their effort to induce the 43,500 Navajos to reject the help the Federal Government was offering them. With the aid of these fictions, and by falsely connecting the referendum on the Reorganization Act with the unpopular but necessary stock reduction program, the propagandists succeeded in bringing about the exclusion of the Navajo Reservation by a very narrow margin of votes: 7,608 for acceptance; 7,992 against acceptance. Immedi¬ ately after the result became known, Navajo leaders started a move¬ ment to reverse it through a renewed referendum, which will be pos¬ sible only through a new enabling act of Congress. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 117 THE INDIAN RENAISSANCE Considering the long history of broken treaties, pledges, and prom¬ ises, the fact that 172 tribes with an Indian population of 132,00b accepted the word of the Government that the fundamental reor¬ ganization of their lives would not harm them is evidence of a new, more satisfactory relationship between the Indians and the Indian Service. The referendum elections served a most valuable purpose. They were palpable proof to the Indians that the Government really was ready to give them a voice in the management of their own affairs, and that the period of arbitrary autocratic rule over the tribes by the Indian Service had come to an end. This evidence of good faith was reinforced by the request that the tribes begin immediately to formulate the constitutions and charters authorized by the act. Reservation committees and groups set to work at the unaccustomed task of drafting constitutions and of mak¬ ing plans and programs for the economic rehabilitation of the tribes. Charters and constitutions under the Reorganization Act, when once adopted, cannot be revoked or changed by administrative action. Per¬ sonal government of the tribes by the Secretary of the Interior and the Indian Commissioner is brought to an end. INDIAN EMERGENCY WORK In the revivifying of the Indian spirit, the wide-opened benefits of Indian emergency conservation and of other relief work played an important part. It must be remembered that on many reserva¬ tions the kind of depression which struck the Nation in 1929 had been a chronic condition for a long time, becoming acute when land sales dropped off and the revenue from farm and grazing lands leased to whites dropped almost to the vanishing point. Oppor¬ tunities for wage work had been all but nonexistent on most reserva¬ tions, and the psychology of the chronically unemployed had pre¬ vailed for so long that it was feared that most of the Indians had become unemployable. This fear proved to be groundless. Indians young and old not merely accepted emergency relief work, but almost fought for the chance to labor. And they labored effectively. Through their effort the physical plant, the land, the water, the forests, have had many millions of dollars added to their use value in the last 2 years. In¬ calculable benefits have been derived from the improvement of 20 million acres of range, through the development of springs and wells and the construction of thousands of stock-water dams, through roads and truck trails, through the construction of thousands of miles of fences and telephone lines. There is not one reservation which, as a result of the emergency and relief work, is not a better place to live on, an easier place in which to gain a living from the soil. 118 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 A clear gain to the Indians — and to many white communities in the Indian country — accrued out of the grants from Public Works funds for new Indian community-school buildings, hospitals, and sanatoria, many of them built entirely by Indian labor. Yet the pressing need for structures of this kind has not been half filled. Nor is the Indian irrigation program, financed from emergency grants, more than one- third completed. AFTER THE DEPRESSION— WHAT? The benefit derived by the Indians from the emergency and relief work has many aspects. Thousands of the Indian workers have, for perhaps the first time in their lives, learned what it means to have sufficient nourishment of the right kind regularly. Other thousands have been able to acquire minimal household goods, clothing, live¬ stock, and farm implements. Thousands of savings accounts have been started at the various agencies out of earnings of $2.10 per day for 20 days in the month during part of the year. There have been entries on the debit side also. The number of bootleggers on the fringe of many reservations has multiplied; law enforcement has become more and more difficult. Automobile dealers with second-hand wrecks for sale have encouraged the younger Indians to obligate their potential earnings for years ahead; some traders have encouraged credit buying on far too lavish a scale. But more important than these shortcomings due to the innate generosity of a race unfamiliar with wise consumption habits is the problem that arises from the introduction of a wage economy on res¬ ervations wThich will supply almost no permanent opportunity for wage work. After the depression is over and the emergency grants cease, what wfill happen to the now-working Indians ? REHABILITATION EMPHASIZED To prepare for this inevitable crisis additional funds must be obtained for rehabilitation projects, such as land purchase, housing, the construction of barns and root cellars, the development of domes¬ tic water and sanitary facilities, the subjugation of land, the financ¬ ing of purchases of seeds, implements, and livestock, the stimulation and development of Indian arts and crafts, and the organization and financing of sawmills, fisheries, and other industrial enterprises. This amended program would mean a playing down of the wage motive, a playing up of production for use. If the necessary grants for this program be made, the Indians on many reservations should be able to pass gradually from relief work to subsistence farming, craft, and other supplemental industrial work of their own. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 119 THE ISOLATION OF THE INDIAN SERVICE BROUGHT TO AN END Through many administrations the Office of Indian Affairs monop¬ olized the Indians. What services it could not render them were not rendered at all. The result was an insufficiency of substandard serv¬ ices. Since 1929 the Indian Service has worked increasingly toward the sharing of responsibility with other agencies. The Johnson- O’Malley Act, enacted at the beginning of the present administration, makes possible the varied use for Indians of the health, educational, agricultural, and welfare services of States. Many nonofficial agencies have been brought into play in the Indian task, as mentioned in other pages of the present report. Within the Federal system the outstanding unifications are those between the Indian Service and the C. C. C. (Indian Emergency Con¬ servation Work, and the Indian Service and the Department of Agri- Agriculture (Soil Conservation Service). Continued or extended cooperation with the United States Public Health Service and with the Bureau of Animal Industry has gone forward. An entirely new collaboration with the Bureau of American Ethnology (Smithsonian Institution) has been achieved. Important help to Indians has been given through the past 2 years by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and the Land Program (now brought within the Resettlement Adminis¬ tration). Not merely have these many cooperative and sharing arrangements increased the services given to Indians ; they have, in addition, reacted in a stimulating and challenging fashion upon the Indian Office. Not a sequestration of Indians within one Federal bureau, but the largest use of all the agencies of helpfulness, is the guiding principle in present Indian affairs. PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION Superintendents* authority affirmed. — On July 14, 1934, a state¬ ment of new policies by the Commissioner, approved by the Secre¬ tary of the Interior, set forth principles of local self -management for unit groups of Indian Service employees. It gave to jurisdiction superintendents and their staffs the rights and responsibilities for local program -planning and for local administration. The end result of this policy, and the Indian Reorganization Act principles, taken together, will be the transfer of initiative and of much au¬ thority from the Washington office to the reservations. These measures mark, therefore, the beginning of a change in the whole trend of Indian Service administration. 120 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 Group planning sought. — Restoration to superintendents of the administrative authority they enjoyed up to a decade ago has been in no sense a return to the one-man control operation of former days ; superintendents can function effectively, under the new scheme of operation, only with the assistance of an organized staff and with the cooperation of organized Indian representation. Only through bringing about group thinking and group action can they help the Indians into an intelligible relationship with the various specialized Government services within reservation areas, and only by group action can they achieve the integration of these services into a rational and functional reservation program. Thus partially released from administrative responsibility for jurisdiction programs and for jurisdiction employees, the technical and professional specialists of the Service, namely, the Washington office division directors and supervisors, have been freed to devote their energies to matters of policy, to consultant and supervisory services for field administrators and employees, and in the Wash¬ ington office to the task of advice to the Commissioner and the Assist¬ ant Commissioner on the whole range of activities in their several fields of specialization. By establishing, as a definite policy, visits to the Washington office by superintendents, individually and in groups, provision has been made for a continuous interchange of field and office viewpoints, and a means has been provided for the more efficient transaction of major jurisdiction business. The year 1934^35 has seen these new policies of operation inaugu¬ rated and pursued in imperfect — as yet very imperfect — but perse¬ vering practice. The process has tried to be the slow but sure one of education, rather than the quicker but the more superficial and bureaucratic one of promulgation by regulation. Fifty-one of the 87 jurisdiction superintendents have visited the Washington office during the year. In the Washington office, weekly staff meetings of division directors, with visiting superintendents taking an active part, have become an established practice. With the responsibility theirs for total jurisdiction administration, there has come about a changed attitude on the part of superintendents toward technical and pro¬ fessional supervision. Superintendents during this year have wel¬ comed and have learned to seek the advice of division directors and supervisors. Altogether too much correspondence as yet continues to pass between the field and the office on matters that ought to be settled locally, but the foundation has this year been laid for a kind of field organization and field administration wherein superintend¬ ents assume their places as leaders, and whereby jurisdiction employees look to their local groups and not the Washington office for inspiration, guidance, and direction. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 121 Decentralization begun . — The new Navajo and Pueblo agencies afford the extreme example of local administrative autonomy and likewise of the regionalization of planning and administration into large areas where homogeneous conditions or common imperatives exist. Each has a staff organization that duplicates, in effect, the division director and supervisory set-up of the Washington office. The superintendent of each of these regions is charged with the responsibility for program making, for controlling the shift of per¬ sonnel, and, aside from budgetary limitations and within broadly defined policies, for operating with the utmost possible freedom from Washington office intervention. In the Navajo case there are involved some 46,000 Indians (includ¬ ing the Hop is) and a 20,000-square-mile area, and the social-economic program is complex as well as urgent. In the Pueblo case 17 tribes, cultures, and more or less distinct civilizations are involved. Region¬ alization in this area is the means not merely, nor principally, to a more autonomous and better manned regional service, but rather, and principally, to a localization of program and of community action tribe by tribe, village by village. In California and in the Lake States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan regional coordinators have been designated during the past year. These men act as advisers to the superintendents in their respective territories, assist them on problems of planning and ad¬ ministration, and serve as liaison officers between the office and the superintendents. While attention this year might seem to have been centered unduly on problems of organization and administration, it must be recog¬ nized that these matters are fundamental to the building of an im¬ proved personnel and service. No organization can amount to any¬ thing worthwhile without the right kind of personnel, especially in the subordinate positions of a wide-spread service ; it cannot do itself justice in the absence of a right organization that operates on sound principles of human relationships and is conducted on a clearly defined business basis. At best, any Government service confronts a new employee with a bewildering maze of restrictive hurdles; at worst, it stifles initiative, breeds inertia, and serves as a refuge for the mediocre. In the past, and up to the present even, the Indian Office has tried to improve its personnel service by creating new activities and adding new personnel with little regard to the funda¬ mentals of organization and administration. The recognition of superintendents as responsible administrators and the partly realized functioning of jurisdiction staffs with defined lines of delegated ad¬ ministrative responsibilities and authorities assume, therefore, a spe- 20481—35 - 9 122 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 cial significance in relation to Indian Service personnel policies of the future. Employees. — On July 1, 1985, there were 5,4G3 “ regular ” positions in the Indian Field Service carrying gross salaries in the amount of $8,000,088. This does not include the 293 positions set up for Alaska, organization chart positions in our irrigation service, nor any of the emergency activities. INDIAN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES PLACEMENTS OF INDIANS Through local personnel committees on each jurisdiction, an in¬ ventory of Indians qualified for employment in the Indian Service has been set under way this year. Two hundred and eighty-six In¬ dians have been appointed to regular permanent positions in the field, and the number of Indian employees in the Washington office has been increased to 32. Of a total of 5,403 regular classified po¬ sitions in I he field service, 2,037 are filled by Indians (Jan. 24, 1935). One man of Indian blood is serving as supervising coordinator of all Indian activities in three Slates. More than a dozen arc serving as reservation superintendents, school superintendents, and prin¬ cipals. All of the field agents of the new Indian reorganization unit are Indians. Exact data are not available as to the number of Indians em¬ ployed on various Public Works and Emergency Conservation Work projects, but approximately 90 percent of the total personnel ein- > ployed are Indians. In-service opportunities through Indian assistantships now in- I elude positions in clerical work, education, extension, and forestry branches of the Service. The Health Division set up the new posi¬ tion of junior nurse to give employment as nurses to Indian women immediately upon completion of hospital training. At selected hos¬ pitals in the Service, 1-year employment in attendant positions is designed to give Indian girls, who expect to enter training, advance experience in hospital routine and the opportunity of earning j money to meet their expenses during the period of their hospital j training. This showing is perhaps a modest and an insufficient one; but it j is believed that the procedure set up, when reinforced by the changes j in the educational system later reported on, will shift upward, with yearly acceleration, the curve of Indian employment, while con¬ vincingly lifting the level of the personnel without regard to Indian and white distinctions. Placement of Indians . — The total number of Indians for whom employment was obtained through the Employment Division dur¬ ing the fiscal year 1935 was 11,508, or 21.7 percent more than in OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 121* the previous year. Of this number, 7,750 were employed within the Indian Service and 3,818 were placed outside the Service, 2,010 with private employers and 1,802 on Government projects. Of the latter, 1,517 placements were effected directly through the offices of the National Reemployment Service to which employment of¬ ficials of the Indian Service referred applicants. Indian Service 'placements increase. — Comparison of these figures with those for the previous year shows a decrease of 44.3 percent in placements outside the Indian Service and an increase of 110.3 percent, or 4,116, in the number placed by the Employment Division within the Service. This shift in relative volume of “outside” and “inside” placements was due principally to the greater oppor¬ tunities for employment of Indians on reservations and at agencies, but was influenced by diminished opportunities for Indians else¬ where, due partly to preference shown non-Indians in some sections because of a popular belief that the Government was providing ade¬ quately for all Indians. In certain other areas, in contradistinction, it is probable that several hundred Indians were placed by offices of the National Reemployment Service without the fact being reported to the Indian Service. During the previous year employment agents familiarized Indians in many communities with the facilities of the Reemployment Service and of State and municipal employment services accustoming many Indians to utilize such agencies. Household work placements decrease . — In some of the urban d is tricts, where placements have been mainly those of women and girls in household occupations, the demand for Indians at times during the year 1934-35, has exceeded the available supply, and placements have fallen off in consequence. This situation may be attributed largely to the increased opportunity for employment on reserva¬ tions, which has given jobs to many Indian women and girls at agencies, schools, and hospitals, and has made it unnecessary for others to earn their own living away from home. A further im¬ portant reason for a decline in the number of household placements is that definite efforts have been made by social workers attached to the Employment Division to raise the standards of such employment and to stabilize it; this has meant fewer placements but more con¬ tinuous employment. Individualized placement work sought . — The various conditions described have required of employment officials more of selective individualized placements and less of mass recruiting of labor than -heretofore. The employment of large numbers of Indians within the Service is making possible the compiling of individual records which will be valuable when employment opportunities on the reser¬ vations diminish or when labor demands of private business increase. 124 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Employment officials are assisting recently established local em¬ ployment committees at each agency and nonreservation boarding school, in building from such data accurate lists of available Indians and their qualifications. EXTENSION AND INDUSTRY This division seeks to raise living standards among Indians by jhelping them to make wise use of their resources — which are often meager. Programs are based on physical inventories of reservation resources, and they are worked out locally in cooperation with the Indians. Indians lost ground in the extension-work field in 1934-35 because of the drought; on the other hand, some Indians gained, unexpect¬ edly, through receiving drought cattle, bought by the Government in drought-stricken areas, and redistributed on 48 reservations where there was still feed. Of general benefit, as yet unrealized, will be the revolving loan fund under the Indian Reorganization Act, authorized but unap¬ propriated for in 1934, and finally included in the appropriation act of 1935. Studies regarding the use of the fund were initiated, and rules and regulations under which loans are to be made are already being drawn up. FARMING The majority of the Indian reservations lay within the emergency drought areas during 1934. The acreage cultivated showed a de¬ crease of approximately 15 percent since 1933, and the number of farms operated decreased from 30,278 in 1933 to 29,025 in 1934. The acreage planted in cereal crops showed a decrease of 7.92 percent, while yields decreased 38.7 percent. Other field crops showed a decrease of 18.8 percent. Cotton production showed a decline from 1933 of 56 percent, and sugar beets, 60 percent. The acreage in forage crops decreased 3,405 acres, and yields, 37.9 percent. A total of 25,840 acres was planted to gardens by 26,854 Indian families.. Horticultural projects were the only farming activities showing an increase in spite of the drought, due to the fact that reservations on which such projects play a large role are either under irrigation or in areas outside the drought section. LIVESTOCK Cattle. — The Indian cattle industry has been given a real impetus through the allocation of $800,000 to the Indian Service by the Agri¬ cultural Adjustment Administration for the purchase of purebred cattle from distressed breeders in the designated drought areas. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 125 Arrangements were also made with the Federal Surplus Relief Cor¬ poration whereby cattle were turned over to the Indians for the purpose of establishing foundation herds. The income from cattle enterprises increased, some of which was due to sales made to the A. A. A. under its drought-relief program. The number of Indians owning dairy cattle increased during the year by 44 percent. The number of animals owned increased 57 per¬ cent. It is estimated that 28,538,622 pounds of milk were produced by Indian-owned animals and that 443,620 pounds of butter and 21,925 pounds of cheese were made. In the beef -cattle project an increase of 60 percent in the number of Indians owning cattle was shown. Their holdings increased 62,030 head, or 37 percent. Dairy cattle Beef cattle 1933 1934 1933 1934 Number of Indians owning . Total number owned . . Average value per head _ _ 6,336 16, 406 9, 133 25, 711 $23. 07 $593, 127 2,171 $36, 008 3, 500 $245 8, 627 167, 313 13, 787 229, 343 $18. 95 $4, 346, 307 36, 046 $578, 070 547, 179 $44, 820 Total value . . . . . ._ Number of live animals sold . . . . 252 $3, 603 12, 284 $210, 609 793, 063 $52, 486 Amount received... _ _ _ _ _ Pounds dressed meat sold. . . . . Amount received _ _ Total income received from cattle: 1933, $266,698; 1934, $659,143. Sheep and goats . — Sheep and goats are important in the economy of large numbers of Indian people, especially in the Southwest. In the Navajo country the desperately overgrazed condition of the range was accentuated by drought, and as a relief measure $250,000 was secured from the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation, with which 49,052 sheep and 147,787 goats were purchased. The drought also forced Indians on other reservations to sell sheep. In the following table a decrease will be noted from 1933, largely due to efforts of extension workers to bring the number of stock owned by the Indians more nearly within the carrying capacity of their ranges. Sheep Goats 1933 1934 1933 1934 Number of Indians owning . Number owned _ _ _ _ _ _ 7,527 1,051,079 94, 226 202, 530 $306, 652 $18, 240 9, 213 901, 765 156, 571 101, 450 $366, 946 $9, 686 5, 842 353, 190 2, 654 43, 625 $3, 872 $5, 672 7, 681 215, 566 150, 884 31,450 $156, 478 $2, 786 Number live animals sold . Pounds dressed meat sold . Received live animal, sales . . . . . Received dressed meat, sales _ Amount received from wool and mohair sales: 1933, $460,635; 1934, $505,919. Total income from sheep and goats: 1933, $795,071; 1934, $1,041,815. 126 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 Swine. — Of 31,553 swine owned, 19,600, or 62 percent, are found in Oklahoma. This project was affected by drought in some sections. The increase in the number of Indians owning swine was 886, or 16.71 percent, and the average number owned per Indian owning was 5.51 in 1934. Horses and mules. — These animals are relatively more important to the average Indian than to the average white farmer. In the serv¬ ice as a whole there is need of better-bred horses of the various types. Owing to the drought, Indians in some sections were obliged to sell large numbers of animals. This will severely affect their future farming operations unless some means can be found whereby addi¬ tional horses can be purchased. The number sold increased from 7,946 in 1933 to 17,416 in 1934. At the close of 1934, 34,009 Indians owned 134,863 horses. Poultry. — Efforts in most sections were devoted to encouraging poultry raisers to supply fresh eggs for family use and some birds for consumption rather than for commercial activities. Birds slaughtered totaled 90,291, and the amount received from sales was $38,058 for live birds and $16,745 for dressed meat. At the close of the year Indians owned 363,384 birds. It is estimated that 1,357,774 dozens of eggs were produced during the year. NAVAJO SHEEP-BREEDING LABORATORY An appropriation of $75,000 was included in the general appro¬ priation for the Indian Service for the coming fiscal year to establish and operate a sheep-breeding laboratory on the Navajo Reservation. The problem is to build up a breed of sheep adapted to Navajo climatic conditions, whose wool will be suited to the making of Navajo rugs and at the same time will be salable on the open market. Plans were being made at the close of the fiscal year for the opening of the laboratory. The Department of Agriculture has rendered and will render important cooperation in this enterprise. 4-H CLUB WORK A total of 294 organized clubs carried projects with a membership of 4,290. Of these 3,128 completed their projects, or an average of 72.91 percent. This figure is outstanding when it is considered that many were unable to complete due to the drought. HOME EXTENSION WORK In spite of the drought, home-extension projects continued to make substantial progress. Results showed conclusively that the Indian women respond to this type of activity, and that the practices OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 127 which they have learned since this work was first inaugurated are not easily forgotten. Canning projects showed the following results in quarts: Fruits, 383,865; meats, 108,586; vegetables, 241,338; fish, 42,552. Drying projects showed the following results in pounds: Fruits, 192,258; meats, 2,254,078; vegetables, 224,670; fish, 153,626. The huge increase in meats is due, of course, to the cattle which were turned over to the Service from drought-relief purchases. It is esti¬ mated that 12,536 Indian homes were helped in adopting improved practices in canning and drying; 2,501 in bettering their clothing; and 5,605 homes with various projects carried cooperatively with the General Federation of Women’s Clubs. FARM AND HOME BUILDING The construction and remodeling of farm and home buildings con¬ tinued to be pushed. A total of 1,217 new dwellings was constructed at an estimated cost of $440,695, and 1,668 dwellings were remodeled, the estimated increased value of which was $173,444. Sanitation of home surroundings was stressed and 638 toilets constructed. GENERAL EXTENSION WORK The following figures summarize general extension work : Extension workers made 160,194 farm and home visits during the year. A total of 338,977 office and 76,214 telephone calls were received. Workers wrote 75,372 individual letters, prepared 1,296 different circulars, of which 85,075 copies were sent out, and distributed 35,667 bulletins. Exhibits were shown at 511 events; 346 training meetings were held for local leaders, at which 4,736 were in attendance; 5,857 demonstration meetings were held, with an attendance of 94,977 ; 161 tours conducted with an attendance of 1,942 ; 92 achievement- days held with an attendance of 16,615 ; and 3,415 other extension meetings held with an attendance of 200,912. There were 1,597 meetings held by local leaders, with an attendance of 32,153. All meetings held during the year totaled 12,634, compared with 11,128 last year ; and attendance totaled 380,739, compared with 309,510 in 1933. REIMBURSABLE FUNDS The entire appropriation of $325,000 for industrial purposes was allotted the various reservations during the fiscal year 1935. This fund was supplemented by allotments aggregating $106,998.33 from tribal revolving funds belonging to the Indians of 22 reservations. The greater proportion of the funds from these two sources was used for industrial loans. According to reports which have been submitted, only $16,935.24 was used for subsistence loans as compared with $29,787.09 in the fiscal year 1934, while the amount expended for edu¬ cational loans to young Indian boys and girls was $18,806.61, or $400.16 more than last year. 128 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 COMING DEMANDS The successful attainment of the objectives of the Indian Reorgani¬ zation Act, namely, opening to Indians the opportunity and techniques for self-support, is to a large extent dependent upon the extension staff. If the standard of living of Indians is to be raised through their own efforts, it is imperative that extension work have both an enlarged personnel and increased funds for demonstration and other purposes. Results which have been achieved in the past show that the value of the work is recognized by the Indians. The limited per¬ sonnel of the Extension Division makes it impossible to extend the benefits of this work to many Indians who should receive assistance. As an example, the benefits of 4-H club work are available to only 1 out of 8 boys and girls. The new credit system will also increase demands made upon extension workers in planning farm programs and in insuring sound economic use of these funds. EDUCATION New educational objectives. — F ar-reaching changes in the methods and objectives of Indian education were carried forward during the year. The process of shifting the emphasis from the Indian board¬ ing schools, reservation and nonreservation, continued, but at dimin¬ ished speed so far as enrollment was concerned. The opposition of Indians who wanted to hold to the extraordinary but dubious privilege of having their children not only schooled but fed, housed, and clothed at Government expense, plus the pressure of communi¬ ties enjoying the business arising out of the presence of Indian boarding schools, was sufficiently powerful to force enlarged enroll¬ ment at several nonreservation boarding schools and to compel the continued operation of one school scheduled for closing. Nevertheless steps were taken during the year to transform non¬ reservation boarding schools into specialized institutions serving more distinctively than in the past as vocational training centers and preparing adolescent Indians for more effective work, either for themselves or for the Indian Service on their reservations. At the same time efforts were made to set more realistic objectives for the day schools operated by the Service. For many years the Indian day schools have been content with educational methods and goals that have become obsolete in the better white American schools. During the preceding administration the academic and technical standards of the teaching personnel had been greatly improved, but the objectives of Indian education had remained relatively unreal¬ istic, relatively disconnected from the environment in which the graduates of Indian schools must make their lives. Now a new orien¬ tation of Indian day-school methods and purposes has been initiated. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 129 Gradually these schools are becoming community centers, focal points of community activities and organization. Gradually they are be¬ ginning to train the young in better methods of play and work in the Indian environment, to bring to the children — and their par¬ ents — the skills necessary to gain a better living and a fuller life through the effective development and use of Indian resources by the Indians. The Indian educational policy of the past adopted the solidified methods and aims of the kind of rural white education which has since become obsolete in the more fortunate areas of white life, and it clung to them practically without change until the preceding administration began to raise the level of the teaching personnel, teaching methods, and supervision. But the aims and objectives were not changed materially, except to adapt them to the prevailing style in which the college-entrance examination is the alpha and omega. For many years to come most of the tribes will continue to live as several million white rural families are living, depending on the land that is theirs to produce subsistence-plus. Therefore, it should be the aim of Indian education, at least for the next generation, to deliver Indian adolescents fully and practically prepared to make the most of their available resources, adolescents in whom the tie that binds them to their homeland has been strengthened rather than broken, Indian youths with wide horizons, bilingual, literate, yet proud of their racial heritage, to become completely self-supporting, even though going without some of the mechanical accessories of the present da/. At the same time, Indian education must reckon with the fact that there will be Indian children for types of employment removed from the Indian reservations; also that there will be Indian children of more than ordinary ability and talents who must be given an oppor¬ tunity to develop this ability and these talents to the highest possible point for use either in the white competitive world, in Indian life on the reservation, or in the Federal Indian Service. For the last group, the Indian Reorganization Act opened the door wide by removing the civil-service bar of high academic requirements as a prerequisite of employment. As a result of this reform, there has been a steady influx of new Indian employees into the Indian Service during the fiscal year. Nonreservation secondary schools. — In the effort to make Indian schools more serviceable to Indian community and reservation life, a general statement of policy relating to Indian secondary schools was prepared, together with a definition of their aims, admission requirements, and general training courses. Definite steps have been 130 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 taken by the superintendents and staffs of their schools to modify and develop their programs in conformity with this policy. Em¬ phasis is being placed on training in specific skills which will be of use to Indian boys and girls in making a living in their own communities. During the present year the nonreservation vocational schools have established intensive short courses for selected Indians. Four highly successful 5-week courses for Indian tractor operators and mechanics were conducted during the spring months. The men enrolled were carefully selected from emergency conservation, irri¬ gation, road, and agency personnel. They received practical training from instructors furnished by manufacturers and distributors of tractors, graders, and air compressors. These courses are forerunners of a variety of intensive short courses planned for Indian vocational schools. Attendance in hoarding schools. — The Indian boarding schools, in¬ cluding reservation and nonreservation institutions, have enrolled in the past a considerable number of pupils who properly were not boarding-school cases. In keeping with the new policy of caring for the education of the Indians through local facilities wherever possible, instructions have been issued defining the types of boys and girls to be admitted. The responsibility for selection is placed jointly on the jurisdiction superintendents and their staffs and on the heads of the schools. The regulations state : These boarding schools are primarily for (a) children who cannot be fur¬ nished with suitable education near their homes either in Indian or public schools; and for (b) homeless children or children from unfit homes who live in districts where there are no social agencies equipped to make the necessary adjustments for them. . . . Poverty in the home will not be considered sufficient reason for admission unless there are no resources from which the distressed home may obtain re¬ lief. The problem of economic security is not solved by removing children from their homes. A more basic approach to the problem must be made in an effort to build up means of family support supplemented, if necessary, by work relief or by direct relief. Children who have been adjudged by competent authority to be feeble¬ minded or delinquent will not be admitted to boarding schools, as such children require specialized care not available in schools which are set up for normal children. Problem children and those who appear to be mentally subnormal should not be recommended for enrollment without diagnosis by competent per¬ sons, nor should problem children in boarding schools be dismissed without such diagnosis. . . . As an experiment in determining how the work in some of the res¬ ervation boarding schools, which usually include students of the first nine grades, may be redirected in order to serve more closely the needs of the Indians, two agricultural apprenticeship courses were started in April and are now in successful operation. Both are in OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 131 Oklahoma, one at the Fort Sill and the other at the Riverside school. Twenty students, boys and girls who were finishing the ninth grade, have been held in school for a 20-months’ continuous course in prac¬ tical agriculture. To each boy has been assigned some 5 acres of farm land. He is cultivating his plot wholly by himself, and grow¬ ing those crops he would raise for his family on his own farm. To each has been assigned 1 cow in the dairy herd and 1 sow. In addition to the practical fieldwork, requiring 6 or 8 hours a day, the boys are studying in the library and conference room practical mate¬ rials needed for their work. Each girl is undertaking similar work, cultivating a small kitchen garden, taking care of an individual pen of poultry, making butter and cheese, and learning to clean and bunch vegetables and to cure meats and make sausage. Trachoma school. — Because of the large number of trachomatous children among the Apaches, all seriously affected children of school age were placed (October 1934), with their parents’ consent, in one center, the Theodore Roosevelt Boarding School at Fort Apache. Here intensive treatment was provided. Preventive as well as therapeutic measures were stressed with the view that the boys and girls would carry back into their homes practical means of avoid¬ ance of the spread of the disease among adults as well as among babies and children. Play, scholastic activities, and treatment have been happily combined in the school, and while it is too soon to judge fully the results of the demonstration, there is sufficient evi¬ dence of the success of the effort to warrant continuing the trachoma school at Fort Apache and to plan for the development of other trachoma schools. Health institutes. — To prepare Indian girls of the Southwest to assist trained nurses in the prevention of disease and the care of the sick, two 5-week health institutes have been offered at the Santa Fe Indian School during the summers of 1934 and 1935. Two hun¬ dred and ten young women have availed themselves of this oppor¬ tunity, 15 of whom are now engaged as health aides in Navajo community schools. It is proposed to place others in suitable positions as soon as funds permit. As all of the girls admitted to the courses were of marriageable age — and some of them mothers — thorough, practical courses were planned with the view of preparing them — as wives, mothers, and neighbors — to promote health and to prevent disease. Eager, intelligent interest was displayed by the students, and the project has met with the hearty approval of the adult Indians. It is proposed to continue these institutes in the Southwest and to establish training courses in health for other Indian girls, as circumstances permit. 132 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Library survey . — Miss Florence Bradley, whose services were lent by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., made a 1-month study of Indian Service libraries. Her report will be an important aid toward the better use of our limited school and agency library facilities. Special summer schools. — For the double purpose of giving board¬ ing-school teachers an opportunity to become thoroughly acquainted with Indian life and for the help of Indian children attending public schools, over 100 teachers were assigned to conduct some 40 summer schools on reservations or in Indian communities. Public- school buildings, churches, or other available quarters were used. The schools were open for 6 to 8 weeks. The teachers assigned were largely those teaching academic grades. Pupils of all ages were enrolled. The teachers broke away from standardized and formal education, adopted certain activities as a basis for their work, with reading, writing, and arithmetic as supplementary work based on the project activity. In all of these schools vigorous attention was given to teaching practical cleanliness and health. Government day schools. — Indian Service day-school attendance has risen from 5,063 in 1932 to about 9,000; but to an outstanding degree it is the qualitative, not the quantitative, change in day schools that calls for notice. In the past they were largely replicas of public schools. They now, by and large, serve as pioneering agents, going far beyond the public schools in the flexibility of their curriculums and in the many-sidedness of their uses. Efforts are being continued to develop these institutions to concern themselves not only with the practical education of the children enrolled but with educational and welfare activities for the adults in the territories served by them. Increased effort has been made and will continue to be made to relate their work to the Indian homes and communities. Emphasis is placed on good health and on good living habits. Shopwork for boys, for the making of things useful in the homes of the Indians or in connection with their labors, is emphasized; likewise, home-making activities for girls is a prominent part of the sclioolwork. The possibilities of a day school as a community leaven are shown in a report of an observer outside of the Indian Service, Mr. S. L. Smith, director of the southern office of the Julius Rosen wald Fund. He visited a group of special Indian schools in the State of Oklahoma. The following is paraphrased from his report : KaUihoma school, Pontotoc County. — This is a community far back in the country, where the Indians, mainly Choctaws, are poor in wealth and, until recently, in spirit. They had no school. They determined to have one. They raised among themselves $1,300 for the project. An able Indian carpenter assumed the leadership. An expert from the State schoolhouse building divi¬ sion laid off the site and made plans for the school, the teachers’ home, the community house, the blacksmith shop, and garage. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 133 An old frame hotel in the nearest city was bought for a very small amount, carefully torn down by the Indians of the community, and hauled to the school site. From this salvaged material the new buildings Were erected. The In¬ dians themselves did the work. It was done in 1933. A Klamath Indian is the principal. He not only instructs in the classroom but directs community activities, practical shopwork with the men and boys, and his wife (a Cherokee Indian) directs, in the rustic community house, work with the women. It is equipped with sewing machines and kitchen utensils, including two steam-pressure cookers for canning meats, vegetables, and fruits for the school and the community. There is a demonstration garden at the teacher’s home, a cow, good hogs, and purebred chickens. There is a radio and a victrola for the use of the community and in the school a piano. A stone reservoir is built on the hillside above the home, which is supplied with water from a deep well and a force pump. In connection with this school project the Federal Government contributed only $300 to help buy furniture and equipment and expended $125 under the civil-works program on the community house. The plant so excels the white school in the neighborhood that the whites are now asking to attend the Indian school. The white school has since employed the Indian carpenter to build a teacher’s home, using the same type of material in construction as that used in the Kallihoma community house. The efforts of the Indians toward self- improvement and self-expression have commanded greater respect from the whites in the community and therefore a more cordial relationship. The influ¬ ence of the school activity is spreading to the Indian homes ; several new houses similar to the attractive log community house have already been erected. The social force created in this building project is increasing in momentum and is reconstructing the life of the community and integrating these people into useful citizenship. If the Government had planned and built this plant, putting into it $6,000 to $7,000, it would have been completed sooner, but it would have robbed the Indian community of the rich opportunity of self-development and culture which cannot be handed down but must be built up. Navajo community day-school Indian 'personnel. — In planning for the 46 new community clay schools in the Navajo jurisdiction, young, intelligent Navajo men and women have been selected as assistants, housekeepers, health aides, etc. This is a departure from the usual Indian Service procedure but is a distinct step toward the desired goal whereby Indian schools will be manned by Indians. Though still in the experimental stage, the Indian personnel of about 100, selected and placed from 375 apply¬ ing (before June 1, 1935), gives promise of most satisfactory service- The success of the venture will lie in our ability to provide suffi¬ cient intelligent, sympathetic, trained supervision to assure the de¬ velopment of these untrained but eager Indian workers. Scholarship loans. — During the year Congress appropriated under the provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act $175,000 for scholar¬ ship loans. This is not available to the members of any of the tribes which have voted not to accept the provisions of the act. Of this amount, $35,000 is available for loans for education in high schools and colleges and $140,000 for training in recognized vocational schools. In order to carry out effectively the provisions of this act 134 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 a scholarship loan and employment committee has been organized in each jurisdiction. This committee is actively searching out able and needy Indians who should receive further education than can be ob¬ tained near their homes or in the Indian nonreservation vocational schools. Loans for the coming year are made on the basis of the recommendations of these committees. During the year 193U-35, with money made available previously by Congress, scholarship aids were granted Indian students as follows : $14,887.87, nonreimbursable, for tuition and fees in nonsectarian in¬ stitutions; $13,310, reimbursable loans from Federal funds; $5,496, reimbursable loans from tribal funds; and 93 working scholarships covering board and room for nonreservation boarding schools while attending nearby colleges and other institutions. With these aids 204 Indian students were enrolled in colleges and vocational schools throughout the United States, in most instances attending the insti¬ tutions nearest their homes. They were pursuing a wide variety of courses, as is indicated by the following distribution: Teaching, 64; engineering, 15; commercial studies, 14; nursing, 13; forestry, 12; home economics, 12 ; agriculture, 8 ; art, 8 ; business administration, 8 ; physical education, 7 ; mechanics, 6 ; social work, 6 ; music, 5 ; law, 4 ; medicine, 4; carpentry, 3; electricity, 3; journalism, 3; architecture, 2; aviation, 2; ministry, 2;. baking, 1; beauty culture, 1; and dra¬ matics, 1. Federal-State relations . — Under the Johnson-O’Malley Act, passed in April 1934, contracts have been made with two States — California and Washington — under which the States assume, in consideration of funds provided by the Federal Government, the obligation to educate all the Indian children within their boundaries. Negotiations are under way at the present time with several other States, and it is expected that within the next year similar contracts may be made by at least two of them to assume all, or at least part, of the burden of the education of Indian children. Education of natives of Alaska. — The Office of Indian Affairs con¬ ducts 99 day schools and 2 boarding schools for Indians and Eskimos in Alaska. These have a total enrollment of about 4,300 pupils. Due to numerous delays in securing teachers, 4 schools were closed during the year and 7 others were in operation for a few months only. A second supervisor of elementary education and a supervisor of social welfare were added to the Alaska school staff. All the day schools are of the community type, serving adults as well as children. Most of them are in isolated villages where the school is the center of all community activity. The teacher must, of necessity, serve as physician and nurse, and supervisor of gar¬ dens, of cooperative stores, of reindeer activities, of marketing of OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 135 furs and purchasing supplies, of recreation, of economic enterprises and village government. He must take a real interest in the people he serves and be able to win and hold their confidence. There is immediate need for replacement of worn-out shacks which, in many instances, are now serving as schoolhouses and teachers’ quarters. Unless new buildings are provided within the next year or two, some schools will have to be abandoned altogether. There are at least 25 villages, with 25 or more children of school age in each, which have never been provided with schools. The Federal Government has a duty to these Indian children which it has long ignored. They are entitled to an education. We are trying to make the actual teaching in the schoolroom seem interesting and vivid to the native children. Text material is constantly being revised so that it will deal with objects familiar to the Alaskan natives, and the subjects taught are those which will fit the child for better living in his own environment. APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH During the current year considerable success was obtained in the utilization of the results of anthropological and other social-science research in relation to practical problems of Indian administration. Through Dr. Duncan Strong, loaned by the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, certain studies essential to the organization and functioning of the new tribal constitutions were instituted. A number of ethnological collaborators were em¬ ployed in this work. Efforts were concentrated on the various Sioux Reservations, among certain of the Pueblo groups, and elsewhere. One of the purposes of these studies concerned the determination of natural Indian communities within the reservations which could be fitted into the new constitutions as drawn up by the Indians. Several projects in connection with the practical utilization of Indian languages were also prosecuted. These included courses for interpreters, Indian Office personnel and interested Indians on the Navajo Reservation under the direction of Father Berard Haile, Dr. Edward Sapir, and Dr. Gladys Reichard, respectively. In order to enlist the cooperation of the field personnel in certain aspects of anthropology valuable in their professional duties, recom¬ mendations were sent out concerning anthropological literature and in regard to summer courses in the social sciences which it might be possible for them to attend. For the Southwest, Miss Ruth Underhill was engaged to give a series of courses involving Indian background, and a large group of Indian Service employees took the 6 weeks’ course at Santa Fe. The course was repeated in the summer of 1935 under the auspices of Sherman Institute. 136 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 HEALTH Staff and equipment. — Health work among Indians is carried out by a field personnel of 141 full-time physicians, 85 contract physi¬ cians, 13 full-time dentists (including 1 detailed to Alaska), 13 part- time dentists, 100 field nurses, 362 hospital nurses, and 645 other employees. The appropriation for health work in 1935 totaled approximately $3,486,085. During the fiscal year 92 hospitals, with 3,665 beds, and 14 sani- toria, with 1,197 beds, were in operation. The tuberculosis sanito- rium at Onigum, Minn., burned. All patients were transferred safely to the State sanitorium at Ah-Gwah-Ching, and there were no casualties as a result of the fire. Fortunately, the new Govern¬ ment wing at the State sanatorium at Ah-Gwah-Ching is completed, accommodating 117 Indians patients, treated on a contractual basis with the State board of control. The only new hospital under construction at the present time is that on the Colville (Wash.) Reservation. These figures show the need. — During the fiscal year the Indian birth rate was 21.2 per thousand ; the death rate, 14.7 ; infant death rate under 1 year of age, 120.2 per thousand infants born, exclusive of stillbirths. These figures might be compared to the census of 1932 of the registration area of the United States, in which total births were 17.4 per thousand; deaths, 10.9; infant mortality, 57.6. This is indicative of a larger birth rate among Indians than among the general population, but with a much higher death rate. Of the total number of Indians examined in hospitals and out¬ patient clinics, 28.1 percent were found to have tuberculosis, all forms, active and inactive; 32.3, trachoma; 17.8, venereal diseases. These figures are sad evidence of our three major health problems. Health surveys and institutes. — During the year the Phipps Insti¬ tute conducted a tuberculosis survey at Tucson, Ariz., in which 508 Indians were examined, of whom 402, or 79 percent, were found positive to tuberculin. Sixteen had open pulmonary tuberculosis. The American Social Hygiene Association conducted a series of institutes in venereal disease control for nurses and physicians in the Navajo area and at Carson School, Nevada. These institutes were so marked a success that they will be continued during the next year. Dr. Walter Clarke, of the American Social Hygiene Associa¬ tion, has been appointed special consultant to the Indian Office in venereal disease at a dollar a year, and Dr. Esmond R. Long, of the Phipps Institute, has been appointed special consultant in tuber- i culosis at a dollar a year. In cooperation with the Cattaraugus County Health Unit, New York, a tuberculosis survey was conducted among Indians on the ! OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 137 Alleghany reservation. This survey is not yet completed; over 50 o have so far been examined, with 78 reported as positive for tuber¬ culosis but inactive. This incidence among the group so far studied is much lower than was thought to exist. A clinical survey of disease conditions among Indians was made in Adair County, Okla. The Indians cooperated willingly and com¬ plete physical examinations were given to 1,083, 52 percent of whom were full-blood Cherokees. Eighty percent of those examined were in need of dental treatment; 35.6 percent had diseased tonsils; and 10.2 percent enlarged thyroids. On the other hand, active trachoma was found in only 1.2 percent of the cases examined, and venereal disease as shown by a positive Kline test was found in 2.6 percent of the 638 cases so examined. The tuberculosis survey is not yet finished as X-ray examinations are being used to follow up the diagnoses among the 75.3 percent positive reactors of the 743 who were given the Mantoux test. It is of interest to note that the pos¬ itive reactors increase from 40.9 percent in the first 5-year-age group to 94.9 percent in those over 50 years of age. During the period from, March 20 to April 5, 1935, inclusive, a general health survey was undertaken for the Seminoles of Florida. The purpose of the survey was to ascertain the physical condition and health status of this group of Indians with a view of determining their health needs. For comparative purposes the examination of a like number of Indians, whites, and Negroes was made. The survey was a combined effort of State and Indian Service health organizations. Owing to the reluctance of most of the Indians to come for examina- tion to the clinics, it was impossible to examine more than a very small group, altogether only 46 Indians. This group is too small to be of any considerable value in determining the health status of these peo¬ ple, but the survey has been of value in that much of the health infor¬ mation corroborates the conclusions of medical observers and agency records of the past. It certainly does not indicate any alarming health condition. It bears out the observation that there is no trachoma, and a very low morbidity for tuberculosis, both of which are major health problems among other Indian tribes. Venereal dis¬ ease was shown to present no alarming problem, but under existing circumstances may be expected to increase. The prevalence of disease among the Indians, whites, and Negroes, as shown by examinations, is indicated in the table below. Indian White Negro Total number: Examined . . . . . 46 41 17 Positive Mantoux test . . 4 4 1 Positive syphilis . . . 1 2 0 Malaria _ _ _ 0 0 Q Trachoma . . . . . 0 0 a 20481—35 - 10 138 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 The outstanding conclusion reached as a result of the survey was that the prevalence of disease among the Seminoles of Florida is no greater than that among either the whites or the Negroes in a like economic status in the same neighborhood, except that the Indians were shown to have more dental defects than either of the other two groups. C ooperation with other organizations. — Beside the American So¬ cial Hygiene Association and the Phipps Institute, the Indian Office is cooperating with the Carnegie Institution of Washington in a nutritional survey among the Pueblo Indians at Albuquerque, and is continuing in its activities in connection with the State boards of health in Florida, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Mon¬ tana, and California. C ooperation from Public Health Service. — Continued cooperation is maintained by the Public Health Service in the detail of personnel to the Indian Service. This includes medical officers of the Public Health Service as well as sanitary engineers, who are rendering valuable service in inspection of water supplies and sewage disposal systems. Nursing service. — A much needed increase of nurses in the hos¬ pital service has been made during the past fiscal year. But we are still understaffed in many of our institutions, and the use of the hospitals increases. As more serious cases come to the hospital, the variety of nursing care has grown more complicated. The most interesting development in the nursing work has been the plan to give instruction to Indian girls to prepare them for hospital work as aids to nurses. From this type of employment they may go on into professional training or they may continue in the Indian Service hospitals, giving the simpler types of nursing care under supervision of the graduate nurses. The following interesting figures denote the increase of employ¬ ment of Indian girls who are graduate registered nurses. Late in the fiscal year 1934 we had 22 Indians on the nursing staff. There are now 42 employed. It has been our policy to encourage training in white hospitals by arranging for nursing scholarships, by select¬ ing suitable high-school graduates as trainees who have ability and interest in helping in the boarding-school infirmaries. Employment after graduation can 'be assured and we are finding these young women well qualified not only to serve but also to educate their people in accepted health practices. The field nursing program in control of communicable disease, maternity and infancy hygiene, and health supervision has been con¬ tinued More of this type of service is in demand. The Indians are aware of their need for guidance and instruction. There is much yet to accomplish in order that all may be served. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 139 A survey of the quality of nursing care was made by the con¬ sultant nurse of the United States Public Health Service, and some of our nerds were pointed out. To improve the type of care in our hospitals, and to develop better service in the field, are objectives that can be accomplished only by constant checking of existing work and by numerical increase in staff where the patient-nurse ratio indicates the need. Dental service. — The isolation and distribution of the Indian pop¬ ulation make it impossible to -furnish adequate dental service with the small number of personnel employed. Many jurisdictions are visited by the dentist only once in 2 years. A number of the full-time dentists who serve several reservations and Indian schools have been supplied with light delivery cars to facilitate transportation of their equipment and to expedite their travel. One mobile dental clinic was purchased during the year for use in the Pueblo country. Alaska medical service. — Early in the fiscal year Dr. Vance B. Murray was detailed by the United States Public Health Service as director of the Alaska medical service, with headquarters at Juneau, Alaska. Dr. Murray proceeded at once to Alaska, taking with him his per¬ sonally owned airplane for use in traveling throughout Alaska on trips of investigation and inspection. By this means, Dr. Murray was enabled to visit all of the six hospitals and every village nurse in Alaska within a period of 6 months. During his travels he per¬ sonally rendered needed medical treatment to the natives in each village on his itinerary, and secured much valuable data with ref¬ erence to health conditions among the natives and the medical work conducted by the Indian Office in Alaska. On March 31, 1935, Dr. Murray was transferred from Alaska by the United States Public Health Service and severed his connection with the Office of Indian Affairs. His successor had not been selected at the close of the fiscal year. The outstanding event of the year was the influenza epidemic, extending from Ketchikan, in southern Alaska, to Point Barrow, the northern tip of the continent. While this epidemic was not as viru¬ lent in character as that of 1918-19, the total number of deaths was probably more than 200, one village in southeastern Alaska having 40 deaths. Our public-health nurses, stationed in some 25 villages, rendered splendid service in treating cases, and the Territorial Public Health Service rendered fine cooperation and assistance in controlling the epidemic. The University of Pennsylvania Medical School sent two physicians to Alaska to collect specimens of sputum and virus for examination in connection with a scientific study of the disease. 140 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 The only expansion of the service was the appointment of twa additional traveling nurses — one serving the Eskimo villages on the- banks of the lower Kuskokwim River and the other serving villages on the Lower Yukon River. No progress was made in securing new hospitals so badly needed,, especially for the treatment of tuberculosis among the Indians and Eskimos. No further time should be lost in the construction of hos¬ pitals at Bethel on the Kuskokwim River and at Ketchikan, in south¬ eastern Alaska. In addition, the need for hospital construction at Seward, Kanakanak, and Kotzebue continues urgent. More dentists and nurses are sorely needed and should be author¬ ized as soon as possible. Also we need additional funds for the hospitalization of Indians in private institutions. With proceeds from the sale of Christmas seal stamps enough money was raised by the National Tuberculosis Association to initiate public-health measures against this disease in Alaska. Plans are under consideration now. INDIAN LAND AND MINERALS— TRIBAL CLAIMS New land as the -first essential in rebuilding. — The task of consoli¬ dating lands checkerboarded through allotment, of salvaging the allotted heirship land, and of restoring to many tribes enough of bal¬ anced landholdings to make a permanent subsistence economy pos¬ sible has been discussed in the two preceding annual reports. Per¬ haps nothing else in Indian need is so fundamental or so difficult. Land acquisitions are now going forward through submarginal grants, later mentioned in this report; through the land-purchase fund under the Indian Reorganization Act, elsewhere reported on; and through the use of tribal funds belonging to the Pueblo Indians, paid them in compensation for lands previously lost through Gov¬ ernment dereliction. Some additional land purchases, it is hoped, will become possible through the hoped-for new rehabilitation project earlier mentioned. Indian land acquisition differs in a significant way from the acqui¬ sition of land for such other uses as national forests, national parks, game refuges, and wilderness areas. The procurement of land for Indians is but an incident in the reconstruction of the individual and tribal economy of groups with the most varying backgrounds, sit¬ uated among the most varying present conditions. Land acquisition, if unconnected with a feasible scheme of economic operation, is of little value to Indians, or of none at all. Indian initiative, and some amount of definite sacrifice by Indians, is quite essential if the land- acquisition program is to be humanly successful. Therefore the land program of the Indian Service interrelates itself wfith every other OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 141 service function and with the whole range of Indian life, and many •other functions of the Indian Service are intimately linked with the land-acquisition program. New Indian lands. — Under the act of June 14, 1934 (48 Stat. L. ■960), 265,446 acres in Arizona have been added to the Navajo Reser¬ vation by purchase or exchange at a total cost of $358,312. Seven¬ teen tracts, totaling 52 acres, within the Pueblos of Picuris and Nambe have been acquired for $6,355. Home sites for two members of the Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians, and the Baron Long Ranch of about 1,600 acres to be occupied by about 80 members of the band, have been purchased for a total of $129,600. A tract of 155 acres near Burns, Oreg., costing $11,592, was acquired for the benefit of the Paiute or Snake Band living there. Under acts of Congress, 557 acres have been added to the Rocky Boy Reservation, Mont.; 8,300 to the Zuni Reservation, N. Mex. ; and 75 acres of the former Whipple Barracks Military Reserve, Ariz., and 80 acres in Utah were withdrawn for the use of Indians. Under the provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act, approved June 16, 1933 (48 Stat. L. 195), the Indian Office has cooperated with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in the purchase of land for the relief and benefit of the Indian population. During the year options were obtained on 1,655,384 acres, the asked price being $6,585,219. Of this total, options on 1,070,169 acres have been accepted, at a cost of $2,928,241. It is hoped that these pur¬ chases will be consummated under the direction and supervision of the Resettlement Administration, which has taken over the duties of the F. E. R. A. as to land purchases. These lands are situated in the following States: Michigan, Wis¬ consin, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and New Mexico. Options have also been secured on lands in Washington, California, Nevada, Utah, and Oklahoma. Extension of trust periods. — The period of trust was extended for 10 years by order of the President on allotments made to Indians of the following tribes and bands: Torres Martinez, California; Crow, Montana ; various tribes, Oklahoma ; Klamath, Oregon ; Crow Creek, South Dakota; Colville, Spokane, and Yakima, Washington. F ee patents ; sales. — Only 12 applications of Indians for patents in fee, covering 1,764 acres, were approved during the year. No new sales of restricted Indian lands have been made except a few in Okla¬ homa and on some reservations which voted not to accept the Indian Reorganization Act. The work of completing sales of allotted Indian lands made on the deferred-payment plan some years ago is pro¬ gressing, final payments having been made on 67,520 acres. Thirty-nine forced patents in fee previously issued without appli¬ cation were canceled under the acts of February 26, 1927 (44 Stat 142 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 1247), and February 21, 1931 (46 Stat. 1205), bringing the number of such cancellations to 440. Suits have been instituted involving 75 allotments on which fee patents were canceled under the above-men¬ tioned acts to cancel tax assessments, tax deeds, and sales, and to refund taxes paid by the Indians. In two recent cases of this kind judgments were recovered by the United States and all tax assess¬ ments, tax sales, and deeds were invalidated and taxes paid by Indians were recovered.. Five Civilized Tribes titles. — Forty-one suits were instituted to clear title to restricted lands belonging to allottees of the Five Civi¬ lized Tribes and 25 favorable judgments were obtained during the fiscal year. There are now pending about 50 suits involving the title to these lands belonging to restricted allottees. Minerals. — There was considerable increase in the activity of leasing for oil and gas mining purposes in Oklahoma during the year. The income of the Osage Indians from their oil and gas leases was almost $5,000,000, bringing the total received by them from that source to slightly more than $252,700,000. Oil is being produced and marketed on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico and on the Blackfeet Reservation, Mont. There is little change in activities relative to lead and zinc mining at the Quapaw Agency, Okla., the Department having granted per¬ mission for suspension of mining operations on several of the leases. Litigation. — Approximately 98 cases are now pending in the United States Court of Claims involving Indian tribal claims. Re¬ ports were made during the year to the Department of Justice on 19 of them. The court rendered decisions adverse to the Indian tribes in 7 cases. In one suit — Blackfeet , Blood , etc., Tribes v. United States , No. E-427 — the Indians recovered a judgment for $622,465.57. One case reached the Supreme Court of the United States — United States v. Creek Nation , No. F-205 — in which the judgment of the Court of Claims in favor of the Creek Nation was reversed with directions for such further proceedings as might be necessary to bring the award of compensation into conformity with the Supreme Court’s decision. Litigation involving the Jackson Barnett estate is still being car¬ ried on, and in accordance with one decision the Riggs National Bank has turned over to the Secretary of the Interior in trust for the estate the sum of $7,938.37 and securities of the aggregate face value of $268,550. There are about 200 persons claiming to be Jackson Barnett’s heirs. Sixty-two reports were prepared on various bills introduced in the Seventy-fourth Congress, first session, relating to Indian tribal and individual claims, and 12 involving membership rights with various tribes. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 143 Congress authorized an appropriation of $79,002.19 to compensate individual Sioux Indians in connection with their claims for lost allotments adjudicated under the act of May 3, 1928 (45 Stat. L. 484). INDIAN UNIT OF THE NATIONAL RESOURCES BOARD As a part of the activities of the National Resources Board, a special Indian unit was formed, consisting in part of regular Indian Office personnel, and in part of employees hired especially for this work by the National Resources Board. An extensive survey was made of the present total Indian resources, and the attempt made to establish a standard by which the inadequacy of these resources might be meas¬ ured. An estimate of the probable land and equipment needed in each reservation to enable the Indians to maintain a decent standard of living was set up. An Indian land research unit was placed in the northern Pueblos jurisdiction to make an intensive study of the economic situation of the region in connection with the Soil Conservation Service. Maps were prepared of the Tewa Basin area showing the extent and type of erosion, type of vegetative cover, amounts of alienated agricultural land within present Pueblo grants, proposed improvements in land management, areas to be purchased for Indian use, and present Indian agricultural holdings in detail. Studies were made of the present economic status of the Tewa Indians, the present condition of Indian arts and crafts, health conditions, the effect of relief work on the economic and social balance, political organization, and the effect of community houses in improving Indian relationships with the outside world. In order to orient these studies properly in their setting, studies were also made of the surrounding Spanish- American villages, the sheep industry of New Mexico, and the effect upon the tax struc¬ ture of the purchase of new lands for Indians. Recommendations were made as to more intelligent economic planning. SOIL CONSERVATION Soil conservation work, first instituted on the Navajo Reservation, has been extended to many reservations in cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture. In the Navajo and Pueblo areas, the perfect functional unification of the Indian Service and the Soil Conservation Service has been accom¬ plished. The soil conservation work of the Indian emergency con¬ servation work has been continued in Oklahoma, the Dakotas, Mon¬ tana, and southern Arizona, as well as in the Pueblo and Navajo region. 144 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 Soil conservation operations are only in part engineering works. They include revegetation, range control, stock reduction, and, in the Navajo area, genetic work with a view toward the production of a Navajo type of sheep. The soil conservation interest has penetrated ! deeply into the curricula and project activities of many of the day schools, and of the Fort Wingate boarding school. EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK Emergency conservation work continued throughout the fiscal year 1935. The liberalized regulations which gave the Indian Service the supervision of this work on Indian reservations, including the dis¬ bursement of funds and employment of personnel, were also con¬ tinued. Wholehearted cooperation has been given by the Depart¬ ment to all of our efforts, and Director Fechner has given sympa¬ thetic consideration to all requests made and has cordially coop¬ erated in advancing the work. A total of $10,000,000 was allotted — $7,500,000 under the appro¬ priation in the act of March 31, 1933, and $2,500,000 under the new act. Enrollment and employment. — It is estimated that approximately 26,000 to 27,000 Indian enrollees have been employed since work began in 1933 through June 30, 1935. The total average daily number of men on the pay roll during the past 2 years has been 9,763, a total of 2,751,964 calendar days. Some of the agencies staggered employment. The number of supervisory jobs was kept under strict control. Indians were given preference and enrollees were taken over into them as rapidly as they could be trained. It was difficult to find Indians technically trained as foresters, engineers, etc., but a large number of group foremen, mechanics, machine operators, camp assistants, and assistant foremen have been Indians. The following table shows the number of Indians and non-Indians in supervisory and “ facilitating ” positions : Indians Whites Indians Whites July 1934 _ _ _ 666 515 December . . . . 675 490 August _ 753 573 January 1935 _ 649 483 September _ _ 771 593 February . . 598 472 October _ 709 513 March _ 581 406 November _ _ _ _ 752 516 All work stopped after March 31, due to uncertainty as to the continuance of funds. Only skeleton crews were kept at work until definite instructions were given after the passage of the act of April 8. Indians were permitted to work from camps or from their own homes. The cash allowance was $30 per month, with quarters and OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 145 food in camp. If Indians lived at home and subsisted themselves, they were allowed commutation for quarters and rations in the sum of $12 per month. Effective April 1, 1935, this allowance was increased to $15 per month by Director Fechner, due to the increased cost of food supplies. The family camp was encouraged wherever possible. This ar¬ rangement was advantageous to the Government and beneficial to the Indians. The concentration of the Indians in these camps permitted the regular employees of the Service to visit them frequently and to help them in sanitation and health problems, recreation, and other activities. Health and accidents . — A few accidents were reported, some illness, and very few deaths. Special stress was placed upon safety. First- aid classes were held and a number of the Indians received certifi¬ cates for completion of the course. As a general rule, the health of the Indians was tremendously benefited. Production accomplishments . — A variety of work projects was undertaken on 78 reservations in 23 States. Soil erosion has long been recognized as one of the most destructive results of uncontrolled grazing, and plans were made for the development of water so as to distribute the use of forage more widely, and in the building of check dams and other structures to prevent the washing away of rich soil. While improvements of this nature are particularly neces¬ sary in Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Utah, there is urgent need for water development in all States lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. A statement of the major activities undertaken during the period, July 1933 to March 31, 1935, follows: Telephone lines _ miles _ Firebreaks _ do _ Truck trails - do _ Horse trails _ _ _ do _ Fences : Range _ do _ Other than range _ do _ Springs and well development _ units _ Reservoirs _ do _ Insect-pest control: Tree - _ acres _ Other _ do _ Rodent control _ square miles _ Check dams, erosion control _ units — Bridges : Vehicle _ do - Stock _ do _ Corrals _ do _ Elimination of useless range stock _ head — 3, 48$ 1,042 3,631 99$ 3, 46$ 745 2, 444 1, 987 163, 013 342, 915 $, 224 52, 398 458 175 107 242, 537 146 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 Indians have benefited in morale as well as in health. Reserva¬ tion values have increased. Another important aspect: The pro¬ duction was definitely integrated with the developmental program for each reservation. Tribal authorities have planned with E. C. W. authorities, and passed upon projects wherever tribal organization existed. Disbursements. — Of the sums disbursed by the Indian Emergency Conservation Work during the past 2-year period ending March 31, 1935, the pay roll (including shelter and subsistence, commutation thereof, or team hire and services) accounted for 71.8 percent. Pur- -chases of heavy equipment accounted for 5.5 percent ; while purchases of supplies for field work accounted for 13.2 percent. Of the total pay roll 87.3 percent went to Indian enrolled men or to Indian super¬ visors and skilled laborers. All but 18.7 percent of the total pay roll went to enrolled men. Purchases of equipment were kept to a minimum consistent with efficient work; however, the equipment defi¬ nitely increased the amount of work that was accomplished. Education. — While no formal educational program in the academic sense was offered, learning by doing was emphasized, and night classes were held on most of the reservations. The instructors were usually selected from among the supervisory personnel. Teachers from the regular Indian Service donated their time, as did State and county teachers in many instances. Technical employees at the various agen¬ cies willingly volunteered their services for instructional work. During the next 2 years we plan to undertake a more extensive educational program, stressing particularly vocational activities. This will be similar to the training offered to C. C. C. enrollees in white camps, modified to meet the needs of each reservation. Opportunities for leadership. — Training of Indians for leadership has been a major objective from the first, commensurate with compe¬ tent performance and adequate work. Our personnel set-up is so arranged that an Indian commencing as an enrollee at the minimum salary may, by application and industry, progress through various minor positions until he reaches the higher brackets, such as group foreman, and even project manager. Savings accumulated. — The wages of Indians have been saved by withholding, in most instances, part of the earnings. Approximately $1,180,000 has been deposited during the past 2 years as individual Indian money. Some of this, of course, has been withdrawn by In¬ dians to meet their needs, but a substantial balance remains available for use by the Indians later on. t; Indians at Work.” — This mimeographed semimonthly magazine has been in increasing demand, not only by Indians and Indian Service OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 147 personnel but also by schools, organizations, and individual friends of the Indians. We have been forced to increase the number issued to 12,000 to meet the demand. FORESTRY The activities of the Forestry Division were directed chiefly along three major lines. In each of these one of the most heart-warming features of the work was the steadily mounting interest which the Indians on almost all of the reservations have taken in range manage¬ ment and forestry. In range management the Forestry Division has stressed three fea¬ tures during the past year: First it has tried to reduce the amount of livestock grazed on all ranges to their carrying capacities, con¬ servatively estimated. Except on a few southwestern reservations where the livestock is almost entirely Indian owned, this goal has been well achieved. Second, it has helped the Extension Division in gradually replacing with Indian-owned livestock the white-owned livestock to which the bulk of most of the Indian reservations is now being leased. Third, it has tried to get the Indians to take an in¬ creased part in the decisions concerning the management of their range, while at the same time making sure that the technical phases of range management remain under technical supervision. The most serious obstacle to efficient range administration has been the lack of personnel both in the field and in the office, a lack which has made it impossible effectively to prevent trespass, and on many reservations has caused the granting of permits and payment to the Indians to lag months behind the actual use of the range. The past year has seen the recommencement of activity on several large timber sales which had been dormant for a number of years. At present there are 28 active timber sales on Indian reservations on which the volume of timber cut during the past year amounted to approximately 223,000,000 board feet. There were also 12 timber sales on which no activity took place during 1935, but which have not been canceled. We have definitely taken the position that no matter how good the excuses may seem, we will permit no more timber sales unless the buyer will practice the best silviculture we know. As a result of this policy we inaugurated a group selective logging system in a redwood sale on the Hoopa Valley Reservation, which perhaps rep¬ resents the first real forestry in the redwood type since the ox-team days. On the Quinaielt Reservation, with its huge hemlock stands, we have refused to permit a modification of one contract unless both the Indians and the contractor agree to a group selection sys- 148 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 tem in this beautiful timber type. With the resumption of timber cutting on the Nett Lake Reservation we are demanding varying kinds of selective cutting for the different timber types on that area. In addition to these timber sales we have also the Menominee op¬ eration, as w’ell as a number of small timber-cutting operations for tribal sawmills. The third important Forestry Division activity was fire protec¬ tion. In spite of the very dry summer of 1934 we had only one se¬ rious fire on any Indian reservation, and that was on a reservation where there was no forestry force. ROADS The policy as to road construction and road improvements on Indian reservations, inaugurated with the obtaining of P. W. A. funds, has been continued during the fiscal year with the $2,000,000 provided in the Emergency Appropriation Act of June 19, 1934. This amount was entirely inadequate for the road program and the widespread unemployment among the Indians. Road work is a very popular form of employment among the Indians and it is believed that an appropriation of $4,000,000 along the lines of the Hayden- Cartwright Act should be provided annually to continue this ac¬ tivity cn Indian reservations. It would serve two purposes : namely, (1) provide employment among the Indians; and (2) provide im¬ proved graveled roads so sorely needed on most of the reservations, more so now that the success of the day-school program is largely dependent on all-weather school-bus roads. The sum of $4,000,000 annually is little enough for road improvements on approximately 200 reservations of some 50,000,000 acres of land in 22 States, par¬ ticularly in view of the fact that road development on many of the reservations is just emerging from the horse-and-buggy stage. More of the Indians are taking over the better positions formerly held by whites in road work. This includes those as instrumentmen and other engineering assistants. A number of young Indian men were given special courses at several Indian schools during the year in the repair and operation of tractors, graders, road builders, and the like. This is supplemented with actual experience on the con¬ struction job. A summary of the road work accomplished during the year with the $2,000,000 appropriation follows : Number of miles of road constructed or reconstructed _ 1, 120 Number of miles of road surfaced _ . _ 348 Number of miles of road maintained _ 3, 755 Number of school roads constructed or otherwise improved _ 227 Number of bridges constructed _ 196 Number of bridges repaired _ 173 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 149 Number of culverts constructed or installed - 1, 655 Total number of persons, whites and Indians, employed at one time - 10, 367 Total number of different individual Indians employed - 15,116 Total number of Indians employed in skilled positions - 799 Total number of whites employed in skilled positions - 509 IRRIGATION Irrigation activities during the year included routine maintenance and operation work on 122 projects in the 11 Western States, together with domestic- and stock-water development in Arizona and New Mexico; also certain construction work in rehabilitation and im¬ provement of existing irrigation projects with funds allotted by the Public Works Administration. Surveys and studies show that the ultimate irrigation development on the various reservations is approximately 1,160,000 acres, of which some 730,000 acres are now provided with irrigation facilities. The construction of supplemental storage, however, is necessary in many instances to provide an adequate water supply for the 730,000 acres already under constructed works. The total of irrigation con¬ struction cost (as distinct from operation and maintenance cost) to date, including expenditures made as far back as 1867 on projects some of which have since been abandoned or completely rebuilt, amounts to approximately $40,000,000, and the estimated cost of completing the various projects, involving rehabilitation, supple¬ mental storage, development of additional water, and extension of irrigation and drainage works to serve the entire 1,160,000 acres adequately, would be $60,000,000. This would make the total aver¬ age irrigation construction cost on Indian reservations, including expenditures on work of no present value and the complete rehabili¬ tation of all projects, slightly less than $100 per acre. Plans have been formulated for the completion of this work over a 10-year period. Regular maintenance and operation activities. — Funds available for maintenance and operation of the various projects during the year amounted to $912,426. Of this, $52,810 was appropriated Treasury funds for water de¬ velopment; $396,055 appropriated Treasury funds for irrigation; $6,720 tribal funds for irrigation; and $456,841 collections from irrigation projects. The irrigation maintenance and operation collections for the year amounted to approximately 53 percent of the total expenditures, which is an especially good showing considering the comparatively low-market value of agricultural products. Of the total irrigation expenditures of approximately $859,000 during the year, $39,000 was expended in connection with the power systems on the San Carlos, Ariz., and Flathead, Mont., projects, leaving a net 150 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 irrigation expenditure of $820,000. This averages approximately $1.12 per acre for the entire area of 730,000 acres under constructed works, or $1.82 per acre for the approximately 450,000 acres actually in cultivation. Gila River adjudication suit. — The consent decree in the so-called “ Gila River adjudication suit ” was entered in the Federal court for the district of Arizona on June 29, 1935. This decree defines the various rights in the waters of the Gila River from its source in New Mexico to its junction with the Salt River near Phoenix, Ariz. The entering of this decree is the culmination of some 10 years of litigation and negotiations in regard to the water rights along the Gila River. It provides a first priority for 35,000 acres of Indian lands in the Gila River Reservation, a second priority for 1,000 acres of Indian land in the San Carlos Reservation, and varying priorities from 1868 to 1924 for the privately owned lands in Arizona and New Mexico. It also provides a right for the United States to store in the San Carlos Reservoir 1,285,000 acre-feet with a date of priority of June 7, 1924. Middle Rio Grande conservancy district. — The construction opera¬ tions of the middle Rio Grande conservancy district of New Mexico have been practically completed^ and an audit of the district’s ac¬ counts is being made by the General Accounting Office preparatory to making final pajunent. Final surveys, while not entirely completed, indicate that the total area of pueblo lands that will be benefited by the works of the district will be 11,620 acres. Public Works 'projects . — Funds allotted by the Public Works Ad¬ ministration during the fiscal 1934 totaled $6,953,050, of which $2,488,862 had been expended to June 30, 1934, leaving $4,464,188 available for expenditure during the fiscal year 1935. Subsequent allotments amounting to $116,855 were made, bringing the total | available for the fiscal year 1935 to $4,581,043 and the total of all allotments to $7,069,905. The total expenditures from these funds j during the year amounted to approximately $3,600,000, leaving a balance of about $1,000,000 available for expenditure during the fiscal year 1936. ' The work being carried on with these funds is principally the rehabilitation of existing projects, supplemental storage develop¬ ment, extension of irrigation and drainage canals and subjugation or preparation of Indian lands for irrigation. The major projects under way during the year were as follows: San Carlos project, Arizona, extension of canals, laterals, electrical trans¬ mission lines, and installation of standby Diesel generating plant of 2,300 kilovolt-amperes capacity; Gila River Reservation, Ariz., subjugation of ap- '■ proximately 6,000 acres of Indian lands; Colorado River Reservation, Ariz., L construction of drainage canals and installation of drainage pumping plant: Flathead project, Montana, construction of storage dam on Miss on Creek and ! OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 151 extension of canals, laterals, and electrical distribution system ; Wind River project, Wyoming, construction of storage dam on Little Wind River and extension and enlargement of canals and laterals ; Pine River project, Southern; Ute Reservation, Colo., rehabilitation and extension of canals and laterals ^ Wapato project, Yakima Reservation, Wash., repair of storm damage to diver¬ sion dam in the Yakima River and installation of drainage pumping plant ^ Lummi project, Washington, repair of flood damage; Walker River Reservation* Nev., construction of storage dam on Walker River; Fruitland project, Navajo. Reservation, N. Hex., enlargement and extension of irrigation system ; Hogback project, Navajo Reservation, N. Hex., betterment and extension of irrigation system ; and miscellaneous work on some 20 other reservations and pueblos in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Montana, and New Mexico. CONSTRUCTION Funds available for the fiscal year 1935 for construction purposes; have been expended in the construction of day schools, hospitals, heat¬ ing, water, sewer, and power systems, and miscellaneous buildings. A number of projects were completed or nearing completion by June 30, 1935, and our reports indicate that our entire authorized building program will be completed by June 30, 1936. The design of practically all structures except hospitals has been prepared by an architectural firm in New York, and that of most of our hospital buildings by a firm of Chicago architects, leaving the design of a number of smaller building projects and the majority of our heating, water-supply, sewage-disposal, and power plants, to¬ gether with the quantity surveys and estimates, for preparation by the technical staff in the Washington office. The field construction office established at Albuquerque, N. Mex.,. has not undergone any material change in the past year ; but, due to the large number of projects and time limitations set up in the North¬ west by climatic conditions, we have found it necessary to augment considerably both the technical and the clerical personnel at the office in Billings, Mont. This increase includes an additional mechanical engineer, responsible for supervision over operating personnel and maintenance and care of mechanical equipment. Construction work supervised by our central office located at Muskogee, Okla., has been more limited in scope and a number of the projects completed, and only a small addition to the technical force has been necessary. PROBATE WORK The office now maintains a master docket of probate cases, in which is recorded each case and application for rehearing, the date of re¬ ceipt, status, and final decision. Inquiries regarding estates are now disposed of the same day as received without the necessity of consult¬ ing the files. The saving in time and expense is tremendous. Ability to serve better is practically doubled. 152 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 On May 31, 1935, the Secretary of the Interior promulgated the new regulations as drafted by the Probate Division. Many of the provi¬ sions had been put into practical use before that date. The results already more than compensate the effort. Examiners of inheritance are handling more cases, more efficiently. Many matters whose doubt¬ fulness previously caused confusion are now controlled by fixed rules based on experience. Indian estates are receiving better and more prompt attention. General instruction is being given to all Government employees who are required to prepare Indian wills. All wills must be sub¬ mitted to this office for examination as to form. Critical study is made to prevent errors of description and the making of devises that cannot in law be given effect. Affidavits by the testator are required, giving the reasons for unusual devises or bequests. This procedure insures the approval of the will, insures the testator that his wishes will be carried out, prevents disputes, and eliminates applications for rehearing. Evidencing this is the fact that while 2,092 cases were handled during the 1934 fiscal year, 2,516 were disposed of in the fiscal year 1935, with a strong possibility that an increased number will be handled during the coming year. In all controverted cases the parties are now notified immediately upon decision, and aggrieved parties are required to move for re¬ hearing within 60 days. This brings all possible errors to immediate attention, and prevents applications for rehearing after long lapses of time when a major part of the estate may have been disposed of. The initial work is considerable, but the ultimate saving in labor and expense brings a satisfaction that fully justifies it. Cooperation between the field and the Washington office is com¬ plete. Improvements in practice developed by each examiner of inheritance are interchanged with all, to the end that the best ac¬ cepted procedure be made available to the Indian, and that, insofar as possible it be made uniform. We are trying to establish a closer and speedier contact with the probate attorneys of Oklahoma, who are now under the Solicitor and a part of the Probate Division. This effort, and the added work made necessary by the promulgation of the new rules, calls for the designation of an additional attorney. A few years ago there were 4 attorneys assigned to this division; there are now but 2. REVIEW OF MAJOR LEGISLATION SINCE 1933 A brief review of important legislation passed since March 1933 includes the following: Old gag laics repealed. — On May 21, 1934, twelve ancient sedition and gag statutes affecting Indians and Indian country were repealed upon the initiative OFFICE OF INDIAN- AFFAIRS 153 of the Department of the Interior. These were sections 2111, 2112, 2113, 2120, 2134, 2147, 2148, 2149, 2150, 2151, 2152, and 2153 of the United States Revised Statutes. The Johnson-0' Halley Act, which passed April 1934 authorizes the making of contracts with the States for services in education, health work, and social work. The Wheeler-Howard ( Indian Reorganization) Act, passed June 1934 was fully discussed in the 1934 report, and is here summarized briefly again on page 114. This act was amended in June 1935 (Public, No. 147) so as to provide that in referendums on the adoption of the act, a majority of the votes actu¬ ally cast, instead of a majority of all eligible voters, should be decisive on con¬ dition that not fewer than 30 percent of the residents of the voting area go to the polls. Elections already held are also governed by the majority-vote rule. The same amendment affects all referendums or constitutions and charters under the act. Land acts passed during the last 2 years include the following : Act of May 31, 1933 (48 Stat. L., 108). — This is an act to authorize appro¬ priations to pay in part the liability of the United States to Indian pueblos under the act of June 7, 1924 (43 Stat. L. 636), to non-Indian claimants on Indian pueblo grants whose claims were found by the Pueblo Lands Board to have been for property occupied in good faith. Act of April 30, 1934 (48 Stats. 64 7). — This provides for the amendment of section 1 of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stats. L. 855), to the effect that no refund should be paid to defaulting purchasers of Indian lands. Heretofore a refund of all sums paid on the principal in excess of 25 percent was made to the purchaser. The act of June 14, 1934 (48 Stat. 960), created a new boundary for the Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona. The act also authorized exchanges of lands for consolidation purposes and authorized an appropriation to purchase other private holdings for the benefit of the Navajo Indians. Act of June 15, 1934 (48 Stat. L., 965). — This is an act to provide for the enrollment of the members of the Menominee Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin. It authorized the preparation of a roll with the existing roll as a basis. The act further provided for certain procedure in enrollment matters before the Interior Department and in the courts where complaint was made as to errors in enrollment proceedings. Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Stat. L., 979). — This act amends the Chippewa Jurisdictional Act of May 14, 1926 (44 Stat. L., 555), to designate the plain¬ tiffs in the different suits filed in the Court of Claims to include all who are entitled to share in the final distribution of the permanent fund. This act contains certain safeguards to prevent enrollment of persons claiming to be Chippewa Indians of Minnesota but who are not entitled to rights with the tribe. The act of June 26, 1934 (48 Stat. L., 1240), amends the act of June 19, 1930 (46 Stat. L., 788), providing for the sale of the remainder of the coal and asphalt deposit in the segregated mineral land of the Choctaw and Chicka¬ saw Nations. This act provided for the sale of tracts of less than 960 acres where the smaller tract adjoined a developed tract on which active mining operations are being conducted and which is needed by the operator in fur¬ ther developing the existing mine. The act of May 29, 1935 (Public, No. 83, 74th Cong.), transferred 168.44 acres from the Minnesota National Forest Reserve for an Indian village for the benefit of the Chippewa Indians. The act of June 4, 1935 (Public, No. 89, 7 4th Cong.), authorized an appro¬ priation of $223,162.62 to pay the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota for swamp¬ lands in the White Earth Reservation awarded to the State of Minnesota by the Supreme Court of the United States. 20481—35 - 11 154 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 The act of June 14 , 1935 ( Public , No. 135, 7 4th Cong.), authorizes an ex¬ change of Seminole lands in Florida with the State of Florida. The act of June 20, 1935 ( Public , No. 156, 74th Cong.), transfer approxi¬ mately 8,320 acres from the Cibola National Forest to the Zuni Indian Res¬ ervation. The act of July 24, 1935 ( Public , No. 217, 74th Cong.), amends the act of June 27, 1926 (44 Stat. L., 763) authorizing the creation of wild rice reserves for the benefit of the Indians of Minnesota. Three important measures passed after the close of the fiscal year : The Chippewa Cooperative Marketing Act provides for a loan of $100,000 from Chippewa tribal funds to finance the cooperative handling of Chippewa Indian products, including processing, packing, and marketing. The principal product to benefit this year will be the wild rice, of which hundreds of pounds are har¬ vested by the Chippewa Indians each year. The cooperative marketing of wild rice will enable the Chippewas to retain for themselves a greater share of the very large spread between the growers’ price and the price to the consumer. Government offsets in Indian claims suits. — Section 2 of title 1 of the second deficiency act directed that all gratuitous expenditures for benefit of tribes or bands of Indians should be treated as offsets, and deducted from the gross total of Indian judgments in the Court of Claims. Gratuities expended prior to the date of the treaties or agreement are not to be treated as offsets, nor are the emergency expenditures subsequent to March 4, 1933; but expenditures for land purchased under the Indian Reorganization Act unfortunately are made into offsets. Various suits now pending or authorized are exempted from the language of section 2 of the deficiency bill. The Arts and Crafts Act passed after the close of the fiscal year, on August 21. An arts and crafts board, to serve without compensation, will be charged with the task of developing and improving the products of Indian handicraft and art, to organize the producers, and to find wider markets for the improved product. The board will also have the power to design Government marks certifying that the article bearing this mark is a genuine Indian product, and to prosecute those who affix such a mark or use imitation labels on products that are not genuine Indian ware. APPROPRIATIONS A total of $19,157,064 was appropriated by Congress from the Federal Treasury, which included $2,000,000 for the construction of roads on Indian reservations under the Emergency Construction Act of June 18, 1934. The appropriation from trust funds of In¬ dian tribes was reduced to $1,426,915, a decrease of $852,786 under the appropriation for 1934. For the fiscal year 1936 a total of $29;038,- . 065 has been provided, of which $1,499,933 represents the appropria¬ tion from trust funds. This amount includes full restoration of the 15-percent pay cut applied to Federal employees. Also included in the 1936 appropriation are the amounts of $2,500,000 for the estab¬ lishment of a revolving fund for the purpose of making loans to Indian chartered corporations and $1,000,000 for the acquisition of land, in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934. There follows a comparative statement show¬ ing appropriations for the Service for the last 4 years : OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 155 1933 1934 1935 1936 General purposes. . Industrial assistance. _ $1,840,054. 35 1, 301, 000. 00 457, 824. 00 9, 771, 000. 00 3, 508, 800. 00 2, 156, 300. 00 31, 020. 00 $1, 593, 500. 00 1, 233, 881. 67 599, 614. 00 9, 103, 230. 00 3, 281, 800. 00 , 2, 141, 900. 00 31, 020. 00 $1, 806, 894 1, 060, 510 450, 665 7, 990, 565 3, 264, 595 2, 141, 815 42,020 a W * $2, 780, 880 3, 740, 490 1, 321, 652 8, 795, 120 3, 849, 620 2, 279, 350 771, 020 Irrigation and water development . Education _ _ _ _ Conservation of health . . . Support of Indians . . . Miscellaneous (roads, annuities, etc.) . Subtotals . . . Construction _ 19, 065, 998. 35 1, 654, 100. 00 1, 420, 000. 00 17, 984, 945. 67 711, 600. 00 270, 000. 00 16, 757, 064 400,000 2, 000, 000 23, 538, 132 Roads _ _ _ _ 4, 000, 000 Total . . . . . 22,140,098. 35 18, 966, 545. 67 19, 157, 064 27, 538, 132 Specific appropriations from tribal funds were made to supple¬ ment the foregoing Treasury appropriations as noted in the following tabulation: 1933 1934 1935 1936 General purposes _ $126, 300 45,000 59, 000 803,000 125, 000 1, 032, 380 25,000 $390, 501 188,000 46, 950 708,600 131, 550 789, 100 25,000 $100,000 35,000 6, 720 599, 550 121, 490 564, 155 $9, 153 151, 000 6, 500 389, 580 162, 000 781, 700 Industrial assistance Irrigation and water development . Education. . . . . . . . Conservation of health . Support of Indians . Miscellaneous (roads, annuities, etc.) _ Total . . . 2,215,680 2, 279, 701 1, 426, 915 1, 499, 933 The appropriation for 1935 from all funds aggregated $20,583,979. For 1936 this amount is increased by $8,454,086, making the sum available for expenditure $29,038,065. This amount does not include allotments from special funds for Indian emergency conservation work, public works, and other activities in the Indian Service associated with the National Industrial Recovery program. APPENDIX INDIAN POPULATION An Indian, as defined by the Indian Service, includes any person of Indian blood who through wardship, treaty, or inheritance has acquired certain rights. The Census Bureau defines an Indian as a person having Indian blood to such a degree as to be recognized in his community as an Indian. Furthermore, the population enumer¬ ated at the Federal agencies is not necessarily domiciled on or near the reservations. It is the population on the agency rolls and in¬ cludes both reservation and nonreservation Indians. Thus an Indian may be carried on the rolls because of tribal inheritance rights, etc., and may reside anywhere in the United States or in a foreign coun¬ try. Reports of births and deaths among the absentees are often not received. In many instances certification is made to the State regis¬ trars of vital statistics and thus to the Census Bureau, but not to the Indian Service. In a considerable number of cases the addresses of the nonreservation Indians are unknown. For the above reasons the statistics of Indian population as shown in the decennial reports of the Bureau of the Census do not agree with the statistics of the Indian Service. Full census rolls were not submitted this year. Only rolls of the births and the deaths and all other additions and deductions were returned together with a roll giving the names that would have been added to the 1934 census roll if a new roll for 1935 had been com¬ piled, thereby saving much time in the typing of the census rolls. The tabulation for each reservation was made in the field by the vari¬ ous agencies and assembled as a whole in the Indian Office. This year the census rolls cover the period from April 1, 1934, to January 1, 1935. The change in date was made in order that the work might be more evenly distributed throughout the year; hence, all popula¬ tion statistics are for 9 months. The total estimated and enumerated number of Indians thus re¬ ported on January 1, 1935, was 330,861. This number consists of 235,270 Indians actually enumerated and 95,591 Indians taken from the earlier or special censuses and estimates based on records. The latter number will be considered hereafter as an estimate. (See tabular statement below.) 156 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 157 The aggregate estimate and enumerated number of Indians re¬ ported by Federal agencies on January 1, 1935, increased by 2,903 over the corresponding figure from April 1, 1934. This increase, however, includes 690 Indians at Quapaw Agency which were added, thereby making the actual increase 2,213 or 0.7 percent for the 9 months. It is significant that 87.5 percent of the 235,270 enumerated Indians resided at Federal jurisdictions, while only 29,350 or 12.5 percent resided off the reservations. Oklahoma has far more Indians than any other State. If the Five Civilized Tribes, Miami and Peoria Indians are included, the Indian population of Oklahoma is 95,942, or 29 percent of the ag¬ gregate Indian population. Arizona ranks second with 44,524, or 13.5 percent; followed by New Mexico with 35,157, or 10.6 percent; South Dakota with 26,996, or 8.2 percent; and California with 23,814, or 7.2 percent of the total. The other five States with over 10,000 Indian population are in the order named: Montana, Minnesota, Washington, Wisconsin, and North Dakota. The first 5 States represent 68.4 percent of the entire Indian population, while the 10 States with an Indian population of over 10,000 form 88.7 per¬ cent of the aggregate Indian population. Of the enumerated population on January 1, 1935, the most im¬ portant tribes numerically are the Navajo, Sioux, including the Assiniboin, and Chippewa, numbering 43,555, 34,917, and 25,702, respectively; while in 1930 the same tribes were 40,863, 33,168, and 23,647. The increase from April 1, 1930, to January 1, 1935, for the Navajo tribe being 2,692, or 6.6 percent; for the Chippewa tribe, 2,055, or 8.7 percent; and the Sioux, including the Assiniboin, 1,749, or 5.3 percent. Formerly the Navajo Indians were under five separate jurisdic¬ tions. During the past year all Navajo jurisdictions were consoli¬ dated under one Navajo Agency. This new set-up includes the following former agencies : The part of Hopi Agency occupied by the Navajo Indians and Leupp Agency, in Arizona; Southern Navajo Agency, in Arizona and New Mexico; Western Navajo Agency, in Arizona and Utah; Eastern Navajo and Northern Navajo Agencies, in New Mexico. Effective July 22, 1935, the Pueblos were all combined under a central agency known as the United Pueblos Agency and will be so shown next year in table 2. 158 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 The Indian population not actually enumerated (termed an esti¬ mate) is 95,591, which is as follows : California : Tulare County Indians, and Indians on Rancheria and public do¬ main allotments, on Apr. 1, 1930, Sacramento Agency _ 1, 735 Other Indians under Sacramento Agency but not enumerated on census rolls, 1930 estimate, Sacramento Agency _ 8, 761 California, Indian census May 16, 1933, not otherwise reported _ 4, 483 Michigan, 1927 census - 1, 192 New York, 1932 estimate _ 4, 523 Oklahoma (Five Civilized Tribes, Bureau of the Census, 1930) : Cherokee _ 40,904 Chickasaw _ 4, 685 Choctaw _ 16,641 Creek _ 8, 607 Seminole _ _ 1, 789 - 72, 626 Quapaw Agency: Miami Reservation, 1935 estimate _ 290 Peoria Reservation, 1935 estimate _ 400 Texas, 1931 special report _ _ _ 250 Washington (Taholah Agency), scattered bands, 1932 estimate _ 511 Wisconsin: Rice Lake Band of Chippewas, special census, July 1930 _ 221 Stockbridge Reservation, Keshena Agency, 1910 census _ 599 The Indian population in the 24 States and the District of Colum¬ bia in which there were no Federal agencies in 1930 was 10,456. Doubtless many of these Indians are duplicated in the columns “ Residing elsewhere ” in table 2. See the 1933 annual report of the Secretary of the Interior, page 112, table 1. Table 1. — Indian Population "by Age , 1930 Age Total Male Female Age Total Male Female All ages _ _ Under 5 years _ Under 1 year . 5 to 9 years . . 10 to 14 years . . 15 to 19 years . . 20 to 24 years. _ _ 332, 397 170, 350 162, 047 25 to 29 years. . 30 t.n 34 yftars 23, 491 19, 309 33, 031 25, 039 16, 787 10, 030 6, 327 449 12,127 10,032 17, 285 13, 403 9, 178 5,257 3,079 229 11,364 9,277 15, 746 11,636 7, 609 4, 773 3, 248 220 46,680 9, 296 46, 736 39, 456 36, 219 28, 843 23, 447 4,681 23, 434 20, 028 18, 154 14, 697 23, 233 4, 615 23, 302 19, 428 18, 065 14, 146 35 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years . 75 and over . Unknown.. . Source: Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce. Table 2. — Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies , according to tribe , sex, and residence, Jan. 1, 1985 Note— Tulare County, Rancheria, and Public Domain Allotments under Sacramento Agency, Calif., formerly included in this table shown this year under estimates OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 159 Residing elsewhere Female N O U5 rHCD04 04ooo4rt«*Hco^ iflWOO CO CO N N HH CO 05 ■ • • V* III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • • 1 1 1 1 1 i i l rtf IO 04 GO CO g Male 14,348 ^MOM^tNNOHr* HCOIOH 070 rH CO 04 r* y-* 1 1 1 -H r* i » l III l l 1 1 l 1 l l 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 ! ^ C4 04 04 g 1 i I i • Total § eo cT N 1, 162 489 128 105 19 4 361 357 4 38 87 13 _ Residing at another jurisdiction Female £ 50 cd 05 c© ^h r* t-h eo co 05 r* CCNU5HH N • 1 r* 04 104 i rH • i l i I i I • i i i i i • Male 2,519 OON 1 CO rH COCO ONH 1 *-H lO N i I 05 C5 '05 04 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total s 05 U5NHCOCO r» rH ! rH 04 rH 04 104 i i i i I Residing at jurisdiction where enrolled Female W5 00 I© 05 Hi0C«5»OO » CO CO eo go co os • 04 04 GONIN 1-1 • § 1,286 11 1,216 10, 583 1, 652 963 957 6 5,650 2,318 2,121 197 36 135 Male w 00 eo o 22,286 353 311 92 218 1 42 42 1,418 19 1,316 11,252 1,795 1,015 1,011 4 6,042 2,400 2, 167 233 48 182 Total 50 8“ 43, 120 641 576 187 388 65 65 2, 704 30 2, 532 21,835 3, 447 1,978 1,968 10 11,692 4,718 4, 288 430 84 317 Indian population Female 115,221 * O a cs o ® .8,55 g'g a §H ©j?>S § § 06^ .2 ;5 a s»g| ■ajS ®-° 3^ 5 ^ B t3 ® ^ © a o a •- « Sgcggsg °oa§§« S&-< c3 > © * l=!l|g “ g-grt^ ® S ^ iliwwS 3&S22-S ** ** * s s« Table 2. — Indian 'population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies , according to tribe , sex , and residence, 1, 1985 — Continued 160 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 BRONCO 8 8 WHN»fl i©^*c^r^o«orH^^«co< *c*< ci of»-H NN < N. 05 co oc to to 'oor>«o*f WGCH »OiO I Ol - ** IWIO^HNOOIO i»Ot-co^O ir*cocs^H ■ N CS CO 05 ‘O t ^OirfHCOiOCO^fN^COiOCOCD QO GO ^ 00 CO ^ » W05C0ON05 05 05 . CO CON CO H 50CONiOrf )O»0Hod > ® 05 ©5 ^ 05 - IHl.ONCOH’ • t© 05 tO ©5 05 *© to tO H05NHHOO©^tOCOCOCOO^O®( QCOOOh®OOhO QOQOOCON tc®< 05 COON to to CC GO r-H to to C « e© C* 05* of NN NN )»CC0HOC005^t0©C0HN^00, )0050^C0 05^tOCD HOON iN^OOcD^OSNNW^iO^OOOtONFHHtC toCDr^t^O05CCC00500C0^00t^tO05 05» (H05HN05C0C0 r*HC5HO N^HCON N»i005C0OHWHNO-^ r-dOCOOO IHCOHN to to «*t<®^H 05 CO ^ ^ to ® 05 Tf« CO I-H 05 - JHIOHOO CO©NHtH to < «“■** HH N to tote > a s| CD'S ® i ' s & ® -3 « S > §|Q JJc"So CO^ "0:= ■ O > 3 jS2|- •QjW o< > 15 «$ ft so 3 3 t> 2* 03.2 2S| «sl 2--« SI ©a- N**" C «£o ® «s >> 0«S-=3 ^ j» O PM c8 "3 0G5O a_2 ® 5 gHK S -» w Mh Wl ” ® ^ C< ??"5 03 3 - a0 IP|Ih OJtN © 5 O Illf is * W W ► 2 !.£ ■« s ®co s a © 3W 03gQ a • ■ 9 •§ § |1I|S9 aee^ ► g I a a6 1-2 tS-2.S §2 $ & g g'-S © £ fjgfcS-gl •S1§-g grt ©« 8 3 | g« SSsS-a^S^o'a’S r]©.Sii;©S^;'£9r32a3ft C B‘St>* © 3 c3 03 03 03 3 ”<500000 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 161 co 3 JCO^-iONOOOOiOrH^TfOiO ©r*00©C*©©©©i-H©CO'««^H,*<©t cs r* co co © cc CN »-H CHOH-.cot>«© ao © ® ICO (50 ^ rH Cl M -H ** O* O* CO a ‘5 r^»Ht^C^©t^t^*-Ht^CO'^CO©iC©©©©*-'’-'©C^aO©-0Sg o ,2'S5'-6^ •p vh fl 022.5 o"r|*h “ScS-® as'SS'a'-s^J w2 S aS o s > - .2 «5,a£, “gSlSlslISsg^g lilg|s|l?g!l>l 8W* > S o ort >, ! ®«S N « < ® ?r S3 8 8-83,2 S'! I® u a a j, c£'3S <^5 * *•§ § £ 2*^0 a a a a axs « £ c % ee a as a cs o t>»,° a® OTcamcomoocnE-1 |I* ip &< &T3 *r s « « « TjC * * 5- t*s fc-3 = *« I’S’O 1 ® ® a .S 6t 5 -3 ' r-H ^5 C3 ^ _ 3 : uxi S-fe « 2 n C2© . u _h ® . a a®5 5 a id a § goo 55 ® E co O • CS*- fl £ P o 5 053 j§ £j_. •-•o as: 0 ® > i §5 ® ! .2 *1 8 1 «8«; 3 a «c c,2 a* a^s. 162 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 163 ss ss gsgsfgsss :SSB5S"''S2 |SS2S52S ; ! ! ! i : I! ! 1 1 i i ! i — j!!!ii! 88 |S ggg-sgass ;gKsss”-a= jggsssga" ! ! II irrr ss SS ig||sss»as imsigs” i : :~%-r : : : : i no !h m n co ro Mil” ! i -s isss^gggss ! ! ! ! ! ! irrm ** is “*5S2 i ”S8“S igSSSSS—’SS i2SS”S2SS“= ! ; || 1 . 0> IH 100 > 1 1 in nil ** i 35 8 455 36 36 aasag issssss-ss i|gs»ssss8 i I j i j 1* i””s i i j Hi! : ill _ | _ I _ III! I _ ■ ■ I OS §s S| |sSI"llslS-alllSS“gs ig|i|ss35|gg~s|-s|§sgs “ «IsirglI5i§»i§"II§SgSIIIirsr§ilSss 5 « «wV« hnV nhh « eoi-T ■***' -T -g s§ si lS5ssls2IS'H3siSS3Sss ;2Se§li3SSgr»rsS5ssa I « :««* N-r ° 12 si ssl!"8S8l2”SllIss"SI”l2I§llslSII FI iSHsss -r ^«*%« : ! : : : ! SI 81 s3lIsSl!lg''slsS§23:58”gSiIslI!lss”sS"SIISs§ « -jgeeeo eie*^ rfrH^ *«\h V^T-T ,-T • Apr. 1, 1934, population. i Formerly P< Talbe 2. — Indian 'population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies , according to tribe, sex, and residence, 1, 1935 — Continued 164 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 165 7 . 7 3 124 4 2 C — «- SSSS00" - J g |S SS8 !22S83 i -*«* j ; : 6 812 225 84 4 50 76 11 18 3 15 5 137 7 4 5 2 16 16 406 1,753 24 14 8 2 20 48 1,661 2,519 105 52 22 1 11 10 30 25 *°|SgMSS^ gcowoo--© S"§2H gSSgS^ 3 j 2 3g «T i W*US* : 11 1,592 432 174 7 104 132 15 ! I ja i § ; ft sg ss* i! 8S’ * n 10 — ** j'*"ssi«sss3 32- S3 S S3 ■ftS^SSS £ M 5? i iiii^i-ir ssebsb 3 s s as isgsgsgsessssssss , -Too hwn -r £.| 8 03 1 illlsSssssS I S53§S1 1 “ § IS i!§§lliP2i83*g§£ |j : -*-* : -*«r -*® -*-* -*-* 1 IgiiSlssSlI” 218183 I 5 I sS 3812233133828*328 §5 - j- *r >— i i-h 0> HHHCCOO I** ^H GO i-H K H I §5. r»HONHOOfl> • ICOO* t>»r» WCOWN • i *Q *0 Mhh t>.CO^ • ICO ^ i-H !SS°>g 88 S^SS^SS 5nS‘ : : 5*0 T? 0> CO ^ II )^0>^»ON»0©hOOW5»««CO>^0 )OOO^r*»OHMOOQU5NHH»OM HHWHN i-h ^ CO CO i-H HHHHM H^COCOr»»«WrH jgaaSSfgSS^&SSSigSSa iNCOikOOJMOOHCDWO^WOHCOOi IOhN050^00(CM05M»^WhN • f-HC^COCOCO^O'-HC^OJt^kO^O^C^i-H )C^ CO COOXOCSICOi-H^CO^ *SSS* ISSgllgss|§liIsi§s™isi!sss|ssacJSsaE:g«a -T e<* e* ISI§lsSsIl§lllg§S5S''lS°“s“Sa-?ss“asssss -r -t of SMK3K8MI8ES3SrS3»*S5««M!*S89B «- •« of »-_• iliUJjfll o © OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 167 sggss § sss : ^ :< n s^-s-asss® "* ' ' iss^ | ^ ® '*-"***$ l*'**''***** Hill 1 22 : n :-SS°g5,sS200®t'S2S^§ 2S£3g 2 §S ! !«- ISIS^S **3382 S Sgg nil ncy and Northern Navajo Agency, New Mexico; were formerly separate jurisdictions but now all under the Navajo Agency. • Apr. 1, 1934, population. Table 2. — Indian 'population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies , according to tribe, sex, and residence, Jan. 1, 1935 — Continued 168 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 HWN IK5005H CO GO I CO CM »^0>0(Z)000’ QC 04 © GO 04 !MHr*O00O lOOOOHOH OOOt cpt^O > CO 0^0© > T-. 04 04 ' *3 bJDw g © © nnocio i 04 o* ao©co*^ © © evi © rf 04 O* O* ^ WOOON © i i © i i CO NhhhW > Tt< CO CO 00 © © ^ eoeocoooo © 04 CO 50 > © © i©t*« I^MOOOSHIQIOIOIOCOC^ ICOCNTf I r>. i !>. T-H CO ©NHTtTji r— 1 HH COW r»^O^MiOW^WC5HNO»OC o* "* ?5 co o cp r-» © co hnwo ► co co r* i-f © co © » C0fH04^^*<*^ ©»N05»«N©»0 IOO»0»0(N COCON ^ 04 HCiOi ^ 04 <-< ©04 INOCOONHO © ^ OiOt} 04 ■ CO OC © 04 CO > © CO 04 04 00 < © © © CO © O* © t-h 00 GO OQ i— » CO 04 04 © CO CO © © © » ) ^ 04 © co^co— <^*04-H© ^ O N- •-< 04 04 © O* © ©1-JOO*^ ^ N -1 0) N H < © 1-H t>- 00 © 04 !-2 ! c, :» :« a « •a * cfl ^ Ph®3 ^■a >>s " IS -0,2 a'a a£ gCi.op^ o g a o'SX^S, •3.2 >9\a *P O §3 C3 ® O |S 3«S w 3 gTJX! •M-f ® «« wOO"’ t*s tSS« §1= ■S#E a „ O -w_ O 3cq I « S* is® -0’S t «"^s|sss gaSsSSrtj 5 O — ^3 ^lag.'S w cC jSg 5*g£ T3 > 5.2,3 a a- ca o> ,ShLS g e> eg g « S 8 1<5fl^l2lsloo-ag,o^o^' ^“SlloragoSZCO' ?3“a g 5|S OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 169 ^ Tt< o o -h N (N M M ©©»OOOOOHTf ©NC5i« *© i©> O o »c © © © cj ’t ic n ©* oo co ©* es -h cr CO ©*0O ^H©4 CO 66 66 COCOHOW5 ©HONTf N^^cOON NO!N o> co c© ^ w (M io io n ©io^r* r*H© CO ©l QO CM ^ CO II rt< CO CO CO ©f«^iO(N00 00©»O»C^ r^iO©4 lOfi OO »0 ©WICO^^ CO rf 00 C© C© ©4 Tf* 1^ HQO^HHH QOt^ *H rH 04 ©4 OSOSOJTH (N^OrHiOQO GO CO ©4 ^ONN ©l ©4 > i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i kit *© CO ^ ^ ao *— i *-h TjlHHiNO© ©05 O HCSNiON ©* ©4 ©4 . CO CO CO I> CO M©0005 10< COCO 0 00^0^ ^ODIOCOOJ-M C4C4 rH WW5 ©5 QO CO N CO 04 ' Cl l> »o ?D CO CO »« CO ©4 rH rH rH ©* OS ©404 HhHCO >00 t^GOOa^ oco aoooo >00O»CC0H©COH ^ CO 00 >WNCON(Nr*HO© © lO ^ QCWOONN^O^^MOS ©HOO ©cococoioioo©‘0'Hr« r*'OM ©^^■^N^^^(N(N© OiOO COO^^O'-W© Tf CO CO ^ 05 ©* *2 CO CO CO rH *© «© iKHooOilOCCOJOMNaO ©WiON^WriMO^O hV ©TrH 1"H co co co»HH«r* ©NMOO(NO©«MC© r»r*CON- i co^t^»oeo c© io ococa© CO CO NCSWQO^ ©f^-T N^NOOOOCO^NWM HOC-NCOC'NONCO© ^C©C^iOOOCO^C©’-H^©i ©* r-T rH ** co »-h ©T ©* r-T rH 3^3 Eh O,* ijss i § §?« a c a rt 'cS'S'cS jf? aaag O O O S QflflS .o.o_o^< S2S rt 3 3 PMfL, C © © 0 “1 Esiio 'oo w O sicSg Ph *5 ” £ g III* ©►iSSfilS B|5§§ C§5la^l£a p-o a © 39 '5 ® u “ 3 ta H JtfO | I §5 S| i^S’S-gtfQ Srto^opQO'S.a s’SSS’Sl'gS’s ’Opqhphptf(2 gOpH I £ “! 0 s S £ O.OT m,§|£.§ C * £« CO rH 23 2 1 g ;s CO ^ SO rH CO 00 ' eo rH 1 OJ to Not eli¬ gible for enroll¬ ment 13 N 41 11 2 ! ! o oo CD ! 1 CO CS 00 00 00 CD cs co eo ! CO ^ Not en¬ rolled in any school 12 14, 540 4,587 CD tO • co CO • 1 tO » 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O to 1 I CO rH 1 1 . rH ^ rH l I rH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l CD rH 1 l 1 1 OON SS83 j Mission private and State day 8 N CO eJ 802 i i i iO i 1 OS i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cs i i i ^3* i i I 32 rH fr 1 Tt* 1 1 1 CO ' « 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 Federal nonreser¬ vation boarding 7 to w to - dj co to cs CD Cq OtON eo rH rH 564 84 217 263 21 Total num¬ ber 3 80,434 o ® onnoioocosom e<> .-i t>. 50 w c« ■*,< es ao so 01 >o ao eo ®»!oS)n co hc>*onho t*- cd ®NXN®uo®i-ii«^e®HOii» O rtt^so . H D* rH ® H h3< rH ** ^3** r-T rH^ r* ** i-T O* *4 s8 S S 5 go >3 . „ 2f oSp^ •aa o a £ 0 03 > 53 O, a > 28 ■a ^ ^o ® a-- as 3 .G.a PhPh CQCOC-i Q a’S <5 3 0. lll^s §<£ * § -HK c ° q 3 0® 2 B.S las sUfiili S; WfttWSoQ O'C 3 3s; §g 3 O JCO •o g h os n o •• * S o OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 171 8 SS^Sa ! : i«s2 i**"* Is 1 i i i i : : : : ! ! ! ! : ; ; isa® : - ; ; :2g^2 ! ! ! ! ! 11! M mi i in : : : : s : ; : i$s ! : is !g igocc^g,** : i i i i i |w | jaa^ N^N2g®0 | i is^sgsass III lll^ «^3S«g8c no 164 410 143 62 124 10 32 2 37 5 r i iSSa“ ssssassg sisgsgsa?|§ : : : <** i-s ——a j i i i liil i lii 12 51 51 NMtO 1 00 N | : r i iss Is ? i i i iss^s'-s^as $2£ss** i i i : i i 1 i ill | m i-ss'- sssg" i i i j5ff888 | : : : : : 12 i III Hi!; . : : : : : : : : : : ■ ■ ' ; ! ||| | | |s| ;s | |ss : : : : i : : oeoao^n^o^ggog jt^®- eo |jo : : ! :2 i | | j r | i 1 i i i ! ! ! ! ! 3 is i ; : I l-sss Mill : : : : : m : : : : : m : ; : : : m i" 1 1 : ! : 1 II ja |* ! ! i 12 1,204 i i !** 1 ins i i i III II 1 1 1 1 iis~ i r Iss* ; hi ! ~ s SI i i !IS : : 2 *S51S88§a is |2|fes|gs| !SS§§§3§§§ a-asgg-s g «* Excludes $1,000,000 canceled from previously authorized funds for parkway between the Shenandoah' and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks. The reflected increase of public works allotments in the fiscal year 1935 over the fiscal year 1934 is $2,341,315. However, of the $36,- 457,915.27 total indicated for 1935, $5,000,000 of funds previously authorized has been impounded, and, unless this amount is released^ the available public works allotments will total $31,457,915.27. The impounded funds included $3,990,000 previously authorized for the parkway between the Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains National Parks. In addition to the public works allotments for construction of roads and trails, $2,435,700 was authorized in the Interior Department Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1934, and $5,000,000 in the emergency appropriation act, fiscal year 1935. 216 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 ACCOMMODATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC FURNISHED BY PRIVATE CAPITAL The Federal Government continued its policy of empowering pri- : vate capital to operate, under franchise or permit, necessary accorn- j modations in the national park and monument system for the visiting I public, including lodging, meals, transportation, stores, and similar commercial enterprises. The improvement in operators’ revenues noted in last year’s report continued during the 1935 fiscal year, with average gains approximat- , ing 25 percent above 1934. This is particularly encouraging in view of the fact that since 1930 the park operations in general have shown : a loss. Even with the increase in revenues for the 1935 fiscal year, j the total amount will be but about one-half of the 1929 revenues. The very noticeable increase in rail travel, due to the use of air- conditioned equipment and the establishment of reduced rates to the West, resulted in an increased demand for bus transportation in and through the parks. It also resulted in an increase in the per- j capita expenditure per visitor and in a demand for the better class of accommodations. Continued careful supervision has been given to the business affairs of the park operators. Specific instructions were issued that only genuine hand-made Indian silverware could be sold in the parks, and the sale of imitations was prohibited. A decision was | reached that the installation of nickel- or dime-catching devices add nothing to the interest or instruction of park visitors. Accordingly, , no further permits for the installation of additional devices of this j character are being granted, and those which have been installed ! will not be repaired or replaced but will be gradually eliminated. Instructions were issued forbidding the sale of souvenirs or curios j of a type similar to or manufactured from materials of a character j found in the national parks and monuments but which under the regulations visitors are not permitted to remove from such areas, j Many of the reductions in rates which have been tried out experi- j mentally during the past 2 years were made permanent. The park operators met in conference in Washington on No¬ vember 22, 1934, in conjunction with the meeting of the field officers of the Service. Many matters of common interest were taken up and discussed, the principal accomplishment being a clarification of the [ regulations governing the admittance of buses into the parks. Because of the limited personnel available and the great increase in the volume of work, the following functions were transferred, , THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 217 effective February 19, 1935, to the Division of Investigations, of the 1 Secretary’s Office: 1. Field examination of park operators’ accounts to verify the correctness of annual reports submitted. ; 2. Detailed audit of the franchise fees paid or payable and of the priorities I allowable and accumulated to the credit of national-park operators under the ' terms of their contracts with the Department. 3. Balance-sheet audit of the park operators’ business and the certification I to the Director as to the sufficiency of the system of internal audit or the I acceptability of statements of certified public accountants in cases where com- | plete and detailed audits are not made. 4. Investigation of irregularities in connection with the relations between the park operators and the Department. 5. Submission of appropriate, recommendations relative to any matters within the purview of the field examinations and investigations. CONCLUSION The National Park Service faces the new year with a keen sense of satisfaction. It has missed no opportunity during the past 12 months to further the cause of national parks by taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by the emergency- work programs; it has sponsored legislation helpful in maintaining the national park and monument system for the benefit of the public; and has main¬ tained with vigilance the integrity of park ideals and the policies of the Department of the Ulterior. Perhaps the greatest problems facing it as the 1936 fiscal year commences are the rounding out of the scenic park system through the addition of a few new areas such as the proposed Kings Canyon National Park and the extension of existing areas such as the Mount Olympus National Monument and the Grand Teton National Park. It is hoped that pending investigations by a senatorial committee will serve to focus attention upon the true perspective of these prob¬ lems and assist in bringing about a satisfactory solution. Integration and expansion of the prehistoric and historic system under the enlarged historic-development program is another impor¬ tant activity facing the Service during the coming year, and one that will be prosecuted with vigor as funds and personnel are available. As these enlarged programs are contemplated, assurances are given the American public that each step in the development of the national park and monument system will be planned with the utmost care and good faith, to the end that the great national heritage con¬ tained therein may be safeguarded for perpetual preservation. 20481—35 - 15 218 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 National Paeks Table 1. — Holdings acquired dy purchase, donation, and ex¬ change for national park and monument purposes Parks and monuments Holdings acquired from July 1, 1934, through June 30, 1935 Holdings acquired prior to July 1, 1934, in acres Total holdings acquired through June 30, 1935, in acres Holdings acquired by purchase Holdings ac¬ quired other¬ wise than by purchase Total area acquired in acres Govern¬ ment funds Do¬ nated funds Area in acres How ac¬ quired Area in acres (0 124. 25 124. 25 13, 832. 24 13. 956. 49 Aztec Ruins National Mon- 25. 88 25.88 Black Canyon of the Gunni- son National Monument- 105.00 105. 00 Carlsbad Caverns National 441.00 441.00 Chaco Canyon National 3, 832. 86 3,832.86 Colonial National Monu- $18, 500. 00 3.529 0) 2.20 5.729 4, 244. 30 4, 250. 029 Colorado National Monu- 496. 25 $496. 25 222. 50 0) 426. 70 649. 20 649. 20 1.00 1.00 Craters of the Moon Na- 320.00 320.00 Fort Matanzas National Monument _ (0 17.34 17. 34 17. 34 Fredericksburg and Spotsyl¬ vania National Military Park _ 744.20 25.78 25.78 2, 413. 37 2, 439. 15 General Grant National Park - . _ 20.00 20.00 George Washington Birth¬ place National Monu¬ ment _ _ 483. 70 483. 70 Glacier National Park _ 1, 813. 60 1,813.60 113. 35 113. 35 3,836. 86 3, 950. 21 Grand Canyon National Park - _ _ (J) 11, 614. 91 11, 614. 91 19,228.94 30,843. 85 Grand Canyon National Monnrnent (a) 506. 83 506.83 506.83 Great Smoky Mountains National Park _ 394, 088. 35 394, 088. 35 Hawaii National Park _ 156, 800. 00 156, 800. 00 Hot Springs National Park. 0) 63.20 63.20 16.00 79.20 Lassen Volcanic National Park _ _ _ 40.00 40.00 Mesa Verde National Park. 350. 20 350.20 Morristown National His¬ torical Park _ (0 .99 .99 952. 39 953. 38 Muir Woods National Mon¬ ument _ (0 1. 36 1. 36 426. 43 427. 79 Petrified Forest National Monument _ (3) 19, 699. 32 19, 699. 32 3,830.00 23, 529. 32 Pinnacles National Monu¬ ment 1, 926. 27 1,926. 27 Rocky Mountain National Park _ 50.00 .415 .415 5,096. 14 5, 096. 555 Scotts Bluff National Monu¬ ment.. _ - _ 162.08 162. 08 Sequoia National Park _ 3, 294. 25 3, 294. 25 Wind Cave National Park.. 100. 77 100. 77 Yellowstone National Park. 3, 266. 07 3, 266. 07 Yosemite National Park.... 30, 547. 48 30, 547. 48 Zion National Park . 1, 561. 39 1, 561. 39 Yucca House National Monument _ 9.60 9. 60 Total . 21, 604. 05 2,309. 85 365. 574 32, 457. 10 32, 822. 674 651, 252. 57 684,075.244 i Donation. 3 Exchange. THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 219 National Parks Table 2. — Automobile and motorcycle licenses issued during seasons 1931-35 Name of park * 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Crnt.p.r Lake 35, 716 7,397 11,362 36, 797 51 29, 637 5, 900 10, 712 32, 651 4, 803 4, 382 44,719 18, 304 52, 597 67, 482 12, 967 19,924 6,199 8. 955 30, 104 4, 924 4,262 31,903 17, 045 38, 580 61, 742 12, 194 18, 621 7,992 12, 146 28, 721 6, 859 3, 947 32, 095 17, 401 44, 886 64,055 14, 352 24, 297 4, 199 17,718 35, 890 6, 437 4,177 37, 801 25, 304 54, 421 67, 731 21, 271 General Grant 2... Glacier _ _ 11 10 18 40. Grand Canyon _ Lassen Volcanic 3— 3 9 7 8 Mftsa Vp.rdft 4, 863 41,217 21, 802 56, 401 76, 678 15, 754 Mnnnt. Ranter 16 Sequoia 2 Yellowstone.. . 176 175 155 129 46 118 170 124 186. 122' Yosemite _ Zion Total _ 307, 987 418 284, 154 298 235, 832 183 250, 975 319 299, 246 356 1 No licenses required for Wind Cave, Hot Springs, Platt, Hawaii, Rocky Mountain, Carlsbad Caverns, Mount McKinley, and Acadia National Parks, because of small road mileage or unimproved condition of roads. 2 Permits entrance to General Grant and Sequoia. * No license required prior to 1932 fiscal year. National Parks Table 3. — Receipts collected from automobile and motorcycles during seasons 1931-35 Name of park i 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Crater Lake _ _ _ _ $35,803.00 3, 698. 50 11, 362. 00 36, 950. 00 $29,687.00 2, 950. 00 11.092.00 32, 764. 00 5, 778. 50 4, 396. 00 44, 719. 00 18, 304. 00 156, 537. 00 135, 831. 00 12, 976. 00 $19,924.00 3, 099. 50 8, 965. 00 30, 104. 00 4, 928. 50 4, 262. 00 31, 903. 00 17, 045. 00 115, 786. 00 123. 602. 00 12, 194. 00 $18, 521. 00 3, 996. 00 12, 164. 00 28, 721. 00 6. 862. 50 3, 947. 00 32, 095. 00 17, 401. 00 134, 828.00 128, 234. 00 14, 352. 00 $24, 297 4, 199 17, 758 35, 890 6, 441 4, 177 37, 801 25, 304 163, 449 135, 584 21, 271 General Grant 2 . . Glacier . . . . Grand Canyon _ _ _ Lassen Volcanic * _ Mesa Verde _ 4,917.00 41.233. 00 21, 802. 00 169, 379. 00 153, 531. 00 15, 400. 00 Mount Ranier... _ _ Sequoia 2 _ _ Yellowstone . Yosemite _ _ _ _ Zion... . . .. Total . . . . . . 494,075. 50 455,034. 50 371,813.00 401, 121. 50 476, 171 1 No licenses required for Wind Cave, Hot Springs, Platt, Hawaii, Rocky Mountain, Carlsbad Caverns, Mount McKinley, and Acadia National Parks. 2 Permits entrance to General Grant and Sequoia. * No license required prior to 1932 fiscal year. National Parks Table 4. — Statement of appropriations made for , and revenues received from , the various national parks and national monuments, and ex¬ penditures made therefrom during recent fiscal years 1 Name of the national park Appropriations Revenue received Appropri¬ ated Expended Acadia (formerly Lafayette) : 1928 . . . $37, 940.00 39, 000.00 1, 355. 00 62, 600. 00 59. 900. 00 61, 600. 00 59, 400. 00 55, 000. 00 41, 470. 00 46,000.00 $37, 376. 99 } 40,014.00 48, 701. 52 56, 984. 42 2 59, 892. 14 67, 602. 08 37, 644. 00 41,627.57 1929 . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . _ . 1930 . . . 1931 . . . 1932 . . . . . 1933 . . . . . $10.00 220.06 265. 00 1934 . . . 1935 . . . 1936 . . . See footnotes at end of table. 220 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 National Parks Table 4. — Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national parks and national monuments, and ex¬ penditures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Name of the national park Appropriations Appropri¬ ated Expended Revenue received Bryce Canyon: 1930. . 1931 . 1932.... 1933 . 1935. 1936. Carlsbad Caverns National "Park: 1929 . . . 1929 (deficiency). 1931 . 1932 _ 1933 _ 1934 . ...I" 1935.. . 1936.. .. . : Crater Lake: 1928 . 1929 . . 1929 (deficiency) . 1930 _ _ _ 1930 (deficiency). 1931 _ _ 1932.. . . . 1933 _ _ 1934 _ 1935 _ 1935-36 _ 1936.. .. . . General Grant: 1928 _ _ _ 1929. . . . 1929 (deficiency). 1930 . 1931 . 1932 . 1933. . 1934 . . 1935.. . 1936 _ Glacier: 1928.. . 1929 (deficiency). 1930.. . . . 1931 . . 1931 (deficiency). 1932 . 1933 . 1934.. .. . 1935 . . . 1936 . . . Grand Canyon; 1928.. . 1929.. .. _ 1929 (deficiency). 1930. . . 1931.. . . . 1932. . . 1933.. . . 1934 . . 1935. . 1936.. . . Grand Teton: 1929 _ _ 1930 _ _ 1931 . . . 1932 _ 1933 . . . 1934 _ 1935 . . . $26, 100. 00 13, 700. 00 20, 000. 00 14, 800. 00 13, 790. 00 10, 490. 00 12,000.00 30,000. 00 70,000. 00 260. 00 100, 000. 00 165, 600. 00 150, 100. 00 128, 800.00 68. 330. 00 52, 330. 00 64,000.00 63, 590.00 47, 100. 00 850. 00 59. 800. 00 12, 000.00 4 73, 300. 00 106, 900. 00 90, 000. 00 63. 479. 00 49. 965. 00 5. 000. 00 57, 600. 00 13, 650.00 15, 650. 00 500. 00 15, 650. 00 15, 860. 00 21, 900.00 21, 900. 00 15, 000. 00 11,750.00 15, 000. 00 163, 300. 00 188, 200. 00 5, 065. 00 219, 400. 00 227, 0C0. 00 9, 550. 00 256, 500. 00 226, 200. 00 201, 803. 00 153, 435. 00 175,000. 00 128, 760. 00 169, 000. 00 3, 540. 00 145, 000. 00 153, 600. 00 172, 200. 00 150, 000. 00 135, 890. 00 102, 400. 00 113,500. 00 $21,580.01 13, 700.00 * 19, 257. 50 12, 455. 43 7, 211.00 10, 402. 28 30, 700. 00 76, 750. 00 29, 900. 00 20, 000. 00 15, 620. 00 19, 900. 00 28, 492. 84 $55, 682.00 } 63, 490. 00 84, 983. 45 3 103, 271. 01 124, 220. 75 2 130, 162. 62 * 135, 687. 63 49, 356. 00 51, 410. 96 136, 241. 78 143, 779. 55 113, 677. 43 77, 236. 57 89, 730. 54 132, 703. 96 62, 382. 53 22, 927. 69 } 4 61, 464. 00 24,318. 22 } 67, 938. 75 38,023.70 73, 551. 96 106, 753. 64 86, 554. 37 53, 838. 00 50, 463. 70 35, 843. 15 29, 687. 00 19. 924. 00 18, 937. 35 25, 059. 57 13, 529. 26 3,488.90 } 15, 802. 00 3,305.70 15,448.14 15, 841. 07 21, 881. 86 20, 913. 85 10, 771. 00 11, 504. 01 3, 868. 28 3, 989. 95 3, 973. 22 3, 437. 16 4, 459. 92 4, 229. 00 162, 525. 28 14, 652. 59 } 191,061.00 18,436. 18 215, 726. 91 22, 146. 16 | 223,956.32 17,866.46 2 246, 002. 11 224, 744. 51 143, 724. 00 152, 851. 19 17, 495. 56 12, 006. 64 16. 235. 36 24, 348. 51 128, 268. 33 46, 097. 43 } 151,813.00 49, 078. 33 141, 389. 56 4 171, 670.11 a 168, 106. 43 142,656.15 91, 520. 00 101, 064. 44 55. 684. 46 51,497.05 40, 221. 18 32, 933. 93 31, 139. 42 43, 544. 90 25.00 70.00 29,048. 47 2 73, 180. 80 26, 243. 06 12, 650. 00 14, 716. 34 20.00 73. 80 45.00 68. 22 77. 71 ;3ee footnotes at end of table. THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 221 National Parks Table 4. — Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues f received from, the various national parks and national monuments, and ex- [ penditures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Appropriations Revenue received Name of the national park Appropri¬ ated Expended Great Smoky Mountains: $30, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 28, 430. 00 22, 270. 00 $25, 193. 31 $76.00 1932 _ 1 . y _ . . . 2 29, 682. 77 27, 959. 52 5, 220. 55 1933. . . . . . 5, 140. 69 1934... . 17, 024. 00 4, 795. 00 1935 . . . . . . . 22, 362. 22 2, 621. 50 1936 59, 900. 00 18, 250. 00 21, 500. 00 785. 00 Hawaii: 1928 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18, 119. 10 } 21, 070. (X) 1, 450. 00 1,477.00 1929 . . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) _ _ . _ _ _ _ 1930.1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 27, 400. 00 25, 700. 05 1, 532. 52 1931 . . . . . . . . 35, 800. 00 54, 600. 00 51, 100. 00 35, 439. 55 1, 500. 00 1, 493. 41 482. 46 1932 _ _ _ 54, 594. 06 50, 095. 20 1933 _ _ _ 1934 . . . 48, 079. 00 37, 125. 00 45, 600. 00 69, 800. 00 68, 000. 00 6, 320. 00 70, 900. 00 218, 500. 00 89, 300. 00 87, 700. 00 82, 680. 00 64, 330. 00 71, 200. 00 15, 625. 00 22, 400. 00 460. 00 32, 658. 00 35, 486. 46 475.00 1935 _ _ _ _ _ _ 475.00 1936 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hot Springs: 1928 _ _ _ _ _ _ 67, 433. 19 } 71,970.00 47, 695. 50 47,930.90 1929 . . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) _ _ 1930 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 69, 173. 28 194, 760. 18 47, 931. 33 50, 467. 80 1931 . . . . . 1932 . . . . * 86, 110. 72 82, 359. 03 58, 979. 00 63, 343. 65 43, 243. 22 38, 263. 90 30, 456. 00 30, 350. 00 . 1933 . . . . . . . 1934 . . . . . ... .. ■ 1935. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1936 . . . . Lassen Volcanic: Jr 1928 . . . . . 15, 448. 52 167. 84 34. 36 | 1929- _ _ _ _ _ E 1929 (deficiency). _ _ _ _ _ | 22, 688. 00 ^ 1930 . . . . . 25, 300. 00 30, 500. 00 50, 300. 00 45, 100. 00 28, 334. 00 22, 635. 00 28, 400. 00 50, 750. 00 83, 000. 00 1, 115. 00 25, 061. 16 29, 007. 20 2 49, 774. 20 43, 310. 99 20, 003. 00 4 26, 809. 33 3, 089. 55 51.59 , 1931 . . . . i 1932 _ _ _ _ 5, 778. 50 4, 980. 96 6, 953. 94 6, 537. 00 1933 . . . . . . . 1934 . . . 1935 _ _ _ _ 1936 . . . . . Mesa Verde: 1928 . . . . . . . . 48, 343. 59 3, 342. 80 , 1929. . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . . | 4 78, 134. 00 4, 719. 00 1930 _ _ 57, 000. 00 96, 800. 00 57, 300. 00 22, 000. 00 72, 900. 00 52, 509. 00 41, 535. 00 53, 910. 66 3 95, 799. 70 2 55, 724. 49 } 3 91,693.26 4, 870. 62 5,411.27 5, Oil. 75 4,750.50 1931 _ _ _ _ 1932 . . . 1932 (deficiency) _ _ _ _ _ 1933 . . . . . . .. 1934 _ _ _ 39, 654. 00 42, 433. 99 4,224. 50 4, 539. 88 1935 _ _ • 1936 _ _ _ _ 47, 250. 00 22, 000. 00 35, 900. 00 740.00 Mount McKinley: 1928 . 21, 314. 12 63. 04 1929 _ _ _ 1929 (deficiency) . . . . . . J 4 36, 165. 00 1.00 1930 _ _ _ 40, 000. 00 46, 700. 00 31, 100. 00 35, 600. 00 28, 480. 00 22, 270. 00 25, 000. 00 108, 000. 00 141, 000. 00 3, 370. 00 2, 500. 00 37, 680. 26 42, 686. 45 28, 157. 21 32, 165. 49 20, 642. 00 213. 18 1931 _ _ _ _ _ 292.00 1932 . . 129. 66 1933 . . . . .. 25.00 1934 _ _ 25. 00 1935 . . . . 22, 394. 40 83.70 1936 _ _ _ Mount Rainier: 1928- . . . . . 105,447.74 32, 495. 50 f 1929... . . . [ 1929 (deficiency). . . . . . . . . | 4 141, 285. 00 39, 233. 17 1929-30 (deficiency) _ _ _ _ } 125,214.00 41, 530. 31 1930 _ _ _ 122, 600. 00 180, 900. 00 195, 000. 00 71, 000. 00 227, 100. 00 143, 884. 00 109, 505. 00 121, 800. 00 1931 _ _ 174, 823. 33 46, 034. 89 1932 _ _ _ _ 1931-32 (deficiency) _ _ _ _ _ _ j 2 263, 233. 48 48, 793. 27 1933 . . . . . . 214, 501. 02 103, 795. 00 110, 056. 21 33, 506. 96 34, 158. 65 40, 940. 98 1934 . . . 1935 . . . . . 1936 . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 222 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 National Parks Table 4. — Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national parks and national monuments, and ex¬ penditures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Appropriations Revenue received Name of the national park Appropri¬ ated 1 Expended National Capital Parks: 1934.... . . . $787, 000. 00 816, 873. 00 $778, 839. 00 857, 136. 97 4 $24, 086. 97 1935 . . . 28, 992. 02 1936 . . . 898,000.00 13, 050. 00 18, 000. 00 1, 080. 00 Platt: 1928 . . . . . . . . 12, 991. 87 77. 16 33. 05 1929 . . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency)... _ _ _ _ _ _ | 19, 053. 00 1930 . .* . 16, 200. 00 18, 500. 00 35, 900. 00 31, 600. 00 28, 520. 00 19, 150. 00 16. 178. 70 1931 . . . . . . . 18, 269. 14 2 35, 506. 83 1932 . . 1933 . . . 30, 333. 10 16, 382. 00 19, 068. 66 1934 . . . . . 1935 . . . . 1936 . . . . 20, 600. 00 97,620.00 95, 500. 00 2, 380. 00 96,000. 00 105. 950. 00 Rocky Mountain: 1928 . . . . . 95, 612. 07 924. 12 1, 537. 07 1929 . . 1929 (deficiency). . . . . . | 4 95, 230. 00 1930. . . ' . . . . . 94,871.34 104, 880. 57 > 117,909. 55 111, 361. 48 75, 305. 00 4, 471. 24 448. 45 1931 . . 1932 . . . . 118,800. 00 114, 300. 00 98, 007. 00 75, 145. 00 82, 000. 00 109, 000. 00 113,000.00 3, 440. 00 130, 000. 00 113, 100. 00 156,900.00 131,800.00 113, 317. 00 88, 475. 00 99, 500. 00 8 80. 000. 00 749. 58 1933. . . . . . . . . . 1, 046. 41 409.29 1934... . . . . . 1935 . . . 73, 083. 36 5, 196. 72 1936. . . . Sequoia: 1928 . . . 108,863. 10 35, 105. 83 30, 753. 00 1929 . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . . . . . | 4 114, 626. 00 1930 . . . . . 130, 056. 49 111, 513. 95 156, 713. 93 129, 146. 15 86, 483. 00 85, 734. 11 33,934. 54 35, 694. 49 33, 010. 38 30, 189. 77 84, 164. 96 37, 296. 51 1931 . . . . . 1932 . . . . 1933. . . . 1934... . . . 1935 . . . . . 1936.... . . . . . Shenandoah (proposed): 1934 . . 1935 . 27, 680. 00 39, 800. 00 10, 850. 00 11,000.00 760. 00 1936— . . . Wind Cave: 1928 . . . . 11, 500. 00 } 11, 744. 00 12, 725. 50 13, 178. 17 1929 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1929 (deficiency) . . . . 1930 . . . . . 13,500.00 54, 900. 00 25, 200. 00 13, 442. 51 46, 271. 94 } >68,074.68 16, 715. 01 11,968. 43 7, 258. 68 1931 . . 1932 . . . . 1931-32 (deficiency) . . . . . 50, 000. 00 20, 600. 00 18, 160. 00 14,020.00 15,900.00 400,000.00 434, 000. 00 12, 230. 00 1933 . . . . 20. 345. 64 5, 056. 19 4, 239. 97 5, 733. 74 1934 _ _ _ _ _ 13. 386. 00 1935 . . . . 14, 180.98 1936. . . . . . Yellowstone: 1928... . . . . . . 4 399, 150. 00 | « 443, 230. 00 251,663.11 289, 388. 95 1929 _ _ 1929 (deficiency) . . . . . . 1930 . . . . 453, 000. 00 17, 000. 00 501, 275. 00 560, 800. 00 530, 800. 00 466, 309. 00 350, 265. 00 394, 100. 00 301,000.00 15, 000. 00 387, 250. 00 14, 385. 00 } 463,306.47 317, 238. 17 1930 (deficiency) . . . 1931 . . . 500, 026. 39 > 536, 739. 83 497, 681. 85 323, 592. 00 354, 961. 51 259, 723. 33 228, 644. 39 149, 853. 87 164, 699. 05 217, 854. 49 1932 . . . . 1933 . . . 1934.. . . . . 1935 . . . . 1936.. . . . Yosemite: 3928 . . . . } > 257, 363. 73 276, 438. 20 1928 (deficiency) _ 1929 . . . . . } 4 449, 159. 00 237, 166.90 1929 (deficiency).. . . . . . . . . 1930 . . . . 412, 360. 00 5, 381. 00 510, 100. 00 32, 500. 00 } » 390, 204. 38 280,355. 45 1930 (deficiency) _ 1931 . . . . . . } 574,302.64 260,805.28 1931 (deficiency) . . . . „ . 1932.. . . . . . 558, 600. 00 > 535, 376. 25 222, 629. 17 See footnotes at end of table. THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 223 National Parks Table 4. — Statement of appropriations made for , and revenues received from, the various national parks and national monuments, and ex¬ penditures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Name of the national park Appropriations Appropri¬ ated Expended Revenue received Yosemite— Continued. 1933 . 1934. . . . . . 1935 . . . . . - 1936 . Zion: 1928 . 1929 . . 1929 (deficiency) . _ . 1930 . . . 1931 . . . . . 1932 . 1933 . 1934 . 1935 . 1936 . . . . Colonial National Monument: 1931-32 (deficiency) . . . 1933-... . . . 1934 . . . . George Washington B. P. National Monument: 1930 (deficiency) . . . 1930-31 (deficiency) _ _ _ 1931 . 1932 . 1933 . . . 1934.. . . . . National Historical Parks and Monuments: 1935 . 1936 . . National Monuments: 1928 . 1929. . . . 1929 (deficiency) . 1930 . 1931 . 1931 (deficiency) . . . 1932 . 1933 . . . 1934 . 1935 . 1936.— . . . National Military Parks, Battlefields, and Cemeteries: 1934 . 1935 . 1936 . . . National Military Monuments: 1934.. .. . 1935 . . . National Park Service: 1928 . 1929 . . 1929 (deficiency) . 1930. . 1931 . 1932. . 1933. . 1934 . 1935.. . . . 1936 . . Public Buildings and Grounds: 1934 . 1935 . . 1935 (appropriated in 1936) . 1936 . . Arlington Memorial Bridge: 1934 . . . Addition to Executive Office building: 1935 (deficiency) . . . . . . Fighting forest fires: 1922 . 1923 . 1924 . 1925 . . See footnotes at end of table. $401, 200. 00 335, 309. 00 251,845.00 286, 100. 00 30, 900. 00 38, 000. 00 3, 295. 00 38, 300. 00 33, 200. 00 54, 100. 00 46, 600. 00 47, 440. 00 35, 940. 00 39,800.00 135, 000. 00 72, 000. 00 52, 030. 00 996. 18 80, 000. 00 2, 500.00 26, 500. 00 25, 800. 00 21, 250. 00 77,350.00 92, 300. 00 25, 000. 00 35, 000. 00 1, 225. 00 46, 000. 00 83, 900. 00 3, 000. 00 165. 400. 00 93, 800. 00 89, 060. 00 82, 760. 00 111, 660. 00 229, 883. 00 160, 030. 00 239, 600. 00 36, 223. 00 33, 770. 00 57, 100. 00 70,200.00 4, 660. 00 80, 830. 00 117,000.00 167. 400. 00 174, 620. 00 160, 000. 00 148, 390. 00 175, 380. 00 3,479, 193.00 4, 078, 590. 00 479, 900. 00 5, 615, 000. 00 198, 000. 00 325,000.00 25, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 25, 000. 00 20, 000. 00 $389, 523. 19 $196, 319.94 205, 227. 00 221, 960. 83 252, 106. 82 225, 549. 34 30,937. 69 3, 106. 50 } 40, 569. 00 3, 576. 50 « 42, 290. 11 7, 724. 01 * 32, 589. 60 15, 500. 50 * 53, 145. 65 13, 067. 30 45, 451. 53 12, 194. 00 32, 646. 00 14, 539. 35 35, 825. 58 21, 596. 00 * 132, 648. 99 299. 95 53, 615. 41 504. 92 38, 711. 00 483. 34 987. 71 } 78,782.34 526,050.83 1.00 22, 661. 61 20.00 11, 468. 00 73, 710. 11 743.04 24, 042. 56 132.00 } 35,951.00 97. 00 * 42, 634. 76 100. 00 } 71. 698. 75 269. 60 * 147, 585. 89 195. 19 8 86, 978. 64 252. 05 57,457.00 185. 03 79, 115. 63 355. 39 135,464.00 306. 67 141, 971. 43 1, 635. 00 25, 658. 00 575.00 31, 052. 05 717. 30 57,047.56 20. 10 } <75,714.00 81,864. 36 .25 115, 859. 20 165, 299. 20 174, 547. 94 1. 14 143, 069. 00 10.00 148, 369. 76 30.00 3, 396, 605. 00 23, 774. 23 4, 835, 163. 99 45,913. 70 57,025.00 9, 618. 30 17, 764. 16 6, 526. 02 20, 000.00 224 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 National Parks Table 4. — Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national parks and national monuments, and ex¬ penditures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Name of the national park General expenses, National Park Service: 1931 _ _ _ _ _ 1932.. . . . . . 1933 . . . . . . . 1934.. . . . . 1935. . . . . . . Forest protection and fire prevention: 1931 . . . . 1932.. .. . . 1933 . . . . 1934.. . . 1935 . 1935-36 _ _ _ _ Emergency reconstruction: 1925 . . Emergency reconstruction and fighting forest 1926 . . . 1926 (deficiency) . 1927 _ _ 1927 (deficiency).. . . 1928 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1929 (deficiency) . . 1930 (deficiency)... . — 1931 . . . . 1932 . . 1932 (deficiency) . . 1933.. . 1934 _ _ 1934 (deficiency) . . 1935 (deficiency). _ _ Construction of roads and trails: 1925 (deficiency). . . 1926 . . . 1927 . 1928 . . 1928 (deficiency) _ 1930 . . . . 1931. . . 1931 (deficiency). 1932 . . 1933 . . 1934 . Emergency construction, roads and trails: 1931 (deficiency) . . 1933 1935 (deficiency) _ . . . Insect control: 1925-26 (deficiency) . . 1927 . . . . 1928 . - . . . . Southern Appalachian: 1925-26 (deficiency). _ _ 1927 . . 1929 . 1930 . 1931 . Purchase of lands: 1929. 1931 . 1932 . . . 1933 . . . . Extension of winter-feed facilities: 1930 . 1931 . . . . 1932 . 1933 . . . . . . Purchase of lands Colonial National Monument: 1931-32 (deficiency) . . . . See footnotes at end of table. Appropriations Appropri¬ ated $25, 000. 35, 100. 37, 000. 25, 000. 24, 500. 25, 000. 96, 850. 170, 000. 140, 000. 147, 000. 69, 600. 75, 000. 20, 000. $40, 000. 40, 000. 40, 000. 235, 000. 40, 000. 29, 000. 20, 000. 180, 000. 50, 000. 50, 000. 55, 000. 50, 000. 50, 000. 100, 000. 25, 000. 1, 000, 000. 1, 500, 000. 2, 000, 000. 2,000, 000. 1, 000, 000. 2, 500, 000. 5,000, 000. 5,000, 000. 2, 500, 000. 5, 000, 000. 4, 500, 000. 2, 435, 700. 7, 500, 000. 2, 078, 800. 3, 000, 000. 5,000, 000. 25, 000. 20, 000. 7, 500. 20, 000. (3) 5, 000. 00 4, 500. 00 3, 000. 00 3, 000.00 50, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 250, 000. 00 750, 000. 00 000, 000.00 75, 000. 00 75, 000. 00 500, 000. 00 Expended $24, 993. 02 31,904. 58 33, 914. 87 24, 585. 00 13, 681. 96 95, 856. 95 « 167, 247. 75 132, 491. 82 108, 580. 00 59, 675. 46 17, 009. 15 $80, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 228, 647. 83 26, 865. 46 3 40, 138. 26 180, 300. 17 40, 481. 49 * 169, 950. 35 3 57, 228. 83 35, 407. 00 1, 000, 1, 500, 2, 000, 2, 000, 1,000, 2, 500, 5, 000, 1 7, 500, 000. 00 5, 000, 000. 00 4, 500, 000. 00 1, 477, 200. 00 , 000. 00 , 000. 00 , 000. 00 , 000. 00 ,000.00 ,000.00 ,000.00 2, 078, 800. 00 3, 000, 000. 00 2, 367, 413. 00 24, 945. 24 19, 828. 96 7, 379. 35 12, 453. 27 7, 252. 21 3 3,887. 13 3 3, 945. 07 3 3, 415. 75 3 4, 172. 45 13, 925. 00 1, 383. 00 17, 233. 93 i 1, 983, 718. 06 3 711, 688. 33 i 238, 396. 19 7, 612. 50 10, 265. 00 1 12, 022. 50 1 477. 50 500, 000. 00 Revenue received THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 225 National Parks Table 4. — Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national parks and national monuments, and expenditures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Name of the national park Appropriations Revenue received Appropri¬ ated Expended Public works projects, roads and trails: 1933-37 _ _ _ $25, 544, 003. 95 $18, 503, 983. 95 9, 593, 490. 32 396, 819. 72 36, 916, 746. 93 2, 490, 678. 00 9, 042.03 Public-works projects, physical improvements: 1933-37— . — . . . . . 10, 911, 411. 32 396, 819. 72 48, 654, 313. 00 2, 490, 678. 00 9, 390. 00 9, 700. 00 500.00 4, 000.00 55, 000. 00 Federal Emergency Relief, 1935 _ Emergency conservation work: 1933-37 (allotments program) _ _ _ _ _. Civil works, 1933-35. _ Commission of Fine Arts: 1935 . . . . 1936 . . . . . . Big Dry Wash Battlefield: 1936 . . Perry’s Victory Memorial: 1936 _ _ _ _ Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission: 1936 . . 1 For statement of appropriations and revenues prior to 1917 see 1920 Annual Report, pp. 354-358, and for 1918-27 see 1930 Annual Report, pp. 66-72. 2 Appropriation decreased by transfers to emergency reconstruction and fighting forest fires under au¬ thority contained in the appropriation act. 3 Reappropriated items. (See table 5.) * Appropriation augmented by transfers from other appropriations under 10-percent clause. 6 Credited to the miscellaneous receipts in the District of Columbia. • Funds lapsed. Park not established in specified time. i Available until expended. National Parks Table 5. — Statement of accounts reappropriated and made available for expenditure in subsequent fiscal years Appropriated for fiscal year Reap¬ propri¬ ated for fiscal year 1928 . . 1929 1928 . . 1929 1928 . — . 1929 1929 . 1930 1929 . 1930 1929 . . 1930 1929 . . 1931 1930 . . 1931 1930 _ 1931 1930 . . 1931 1930 . 1931 1930 . 1931 1930 . 1931 1930 . 1931 1931 . 1932 1931 . 1932 1931 . . 1933 1932 . 1933 1932. .. 1933 1933 1934 1934 . 1935 Park Amount Purpose Yosemite . . . Southern Appalachian. ... Emergency reconstruc¬ tion and fighting forest fires. Y osemite . $35, 000. 00 1,112. 87 13, 134. 54 8, 661. 78 Carlsbad Caverns . Southern Appalachian _ Grand Canyon . Acadia . . Crater Lake . . . Mesa Verde . . . . Yosemite . . . National monuments . 4, 950. 00 1, 662. 55 20, 000. 00 2, S50. 00 1, 091. 06 1, 652. 18 32, 662. 70 2, 500. 00 Southern Appalachian _ 1, 246. 80 Glacier . . 9.550.00 National monuments. 1, 759. 23 Emergency reconstruction and fighting forest fires. National monuments . Carlsbad Caverns.. . 7. 434. 15 3. 204. 50 13,000. 00 Emergency reconstruction and fighting forest fires. _ do . . . 16, 587. 00 9, 143. 93 75,000.00 Hospital building. To remain available; general. Do. Construction of water-supply and camp¬ ground facilities. Superintendent’s residence. To remain available; general. Hospital building. Equipment storage building. Ranger station. 2 ranger stations. Physical improvements. Employees’ quarters (2) at Petrified Forest. To remain available; general. One-third of cost of constructing a tele¬ phone line. Water-supply system at Craters of the Moon. To remain available; general. Water supply at Chaco Canyon. Electric system, extension and improve¬ ment. To remain available; general. Do. Do. 226 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 National Parks Table 6. — Summary of appropriations for the administration, protection , and improvement of the national parks and national monuments , together unth the revenues received , for the fiscal years 1917 1 to 1935, inclusive Year Department Appropriation Revenues 1917 Interior Department _ _ _ _ _ $537, 366. 67 247, 200. 00 ♦ 79 -t Efifi R7 War Department _ _ _ $180, 652.30 1918 Interior Department . 530, 680. 00 217, 500. 00 7r 11, 101 5, 199 65 1,552 H* 00 uo 00 CO rH 00 rH CO peiBJOJd sisoo loeaipui Dol¬ lars 786 64 6 5,890 CO 1 254 20 inomdmba Dol¬ lars i HOC) > i 1 1 CO ll 1 1° II 924 3,625 js s So CO •oie ‘nojiBiiodsuBJi ‘S9t[ddng Dol¬ lars rH 1 CO rH lO 1 l CO OO rH 1 1 UO I 2, 614 1,382 CO CO CO 05 t>* i uo CO 1 rH CO l S90IAJ9S IBU0SJ9J Dol¬ lars 1 1, 121 29 23 55 1,673 192 CO 00 CN O CO CO CO Timber destroyed in¬ side parks I^iox ©©o©o- Tt< e of i Iff I \ 'l ic a - * \£ e > cc i= Glacier.. . . . Grand Canyon . . Grand Teton _ Great Smoky... . . .. g £ ’E : c !GC iff ) 0 j h iJ Mesa Verde. . . . . Mt. Rainier. . . . > > 1 i > > Iff Rocky Mountain . . Sequoia.. _ _ Yellowstone . . Yosemite . . . Zion _ _ ... i Includes time of C. C. C. enrollees spent in suppression of forest fires both inside and outside of parks. * Fighting forest fires outside parks: Grand Teton, 4,200 man-days; Yosemite, 10,703; and Sequoia 8,370. National Parks Table 8.- — Forest-fire statistics, calendar year 1934 — Continued 228 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 Cost of fire suppression (to nearest whole dollar) i pe^nqu; -uoo s^ep-uBiu'-c) 'o ”0 No. 1, 401 420 5 45 cOiONOi O 00£ rH CO 44, 339 \b%o% pueiQ . ooHujooOHOiWHao^H o ~ a ^2 <3-2 33, 420 M M ’A tnoij pmd ion soa^oidnia qjBd jo satJBiBg Dol¬ lars 250 Oi i-H Oi CO Tt< rH iO T-( 3,412 IBIOJ, 1 Dol¬ lars LQ O P- ^ o 30,008 papjojd sjsoo ^oajipni Dol¬ lars *0 Oi 7,050 ^uouidmba: Dol¬ lars © 8,723 ’0!J9 ‘uoiiB^JodsuBJi ‘saqddng Dol¬ lars CO O CO o S90IAJ9S pjuosjaj; Dol¬ lars o ^ ^ o rr CO CO Timber destroyed inside parks Pioj, OO-^OOOOOOOOi-HOOO 1 CO ajBAiJj Mbf. ^U9raUJ9A0£) Mbf. 2, 250 CO 3, 679 Burned area inside parks (nearest whole acre) moj, Acres 1,010 405 iTt "ce > i-g ;« \l : > \p Lava Beds _ _ Muir Woods 1 1 ^ c: lg Ip: Total . . . THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 229 230 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 National Parks Table 9. — Statement showing work accomplished at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935 Item Unit Total work accomplished from Julj to June 30, 1935 New construction 7 1, 1934, Mainte¬ nance National parks and monu¬ ments State parks Combined total national parks and State parks National parks and monu¬ ments Foot bridges . _ . Number _ 77 512 589 Horse bridges _ _ _ do _ _ 16 94 110 9 Vehicle bridges _ _ _ _ _ do _ 44 365 409 58 Buildings: Barns _ _ _ _ do .. . 13 13 1 Bathhouses... . . . . _ do . 5 5 Cabins, overnight _ _ do _ _ 73 73 Combination- _ _ do ... 7 7 2 5 7 1 Dwellings.. _ _ _ . do . 75 9 84 351 Equipment and supply storage houses. . do . . 12 51 63 2 Garages . . . . . _ do ._ .. 6 9 15 6 Latrines and toilets . _ do . . 53 644 697 5 Lodges _ _ _ . do . 6 6 2 Lookout: Houses _ _ _ _ do _ _ 7 78 85 Towers... . . . _ do _ _ 7 29 36 Museums . . . . _ do ... 1 2 3 Shelters: Trail-side _ _ do __ . . 35 35 Other... . . . . . _ do . 50 50 Other buildings _ _ _ _ do . . 178 5, 021 5, 199 11 Cribbing, including filling... . Cubic yards _ 335 652 987 Dams: Impounding and large diversion .. Number _ 1 89 90 Concrete _ _ _ Cubic yards ... 5, 998 5, 998 Fill: Earth . . . . _ do.. . 675 160, 221 160, 896 Rock . . . _ do _ 8, 303 8, 303 Excavation: Earth . . . do . . 37, 470 37, 470 Rock _ _ _ _ do . . 27, 765 27, 765 Masonry _ _ _ _ do . . 2 3, 541 3, 543 Riprap _ _ Square yards _ 130 29, 817 2, 9, 947 Steel _ Pounds _ 567, 726 567, 726 Fences. Rods _ 45, 561 22,238 67, 799 13, 641 Guard rails _ do . . 2,451 33, 610 36, 061 949 Levees, dikes, and jetties _ _ Cubic yards 2,085 2,085 Power lines . . . . Miles _ .6 13 13.6 .5 Disposal: Beds _ _ _ Square yards.... 7, 686 7,686 Tanks and cesspools. _ Number _ 5 349 354 5 Incinerators _ _ _ _ _ do _ 1 121 122 Sewer lines. _ _ _ _ _ Linear feet _ 11, 195 192, 033 203, 228 2, 100 Other sewage and waste disposal Man-days 349 1, 992 2,341 Telephone lines _ Miles . . 340.2 384.6 724.8 2,019 Drinking fountains _ Number.. . 30 30 Open ditches. . _ _ Linear feet _ 300 16, 250 16, 550 Water pipe or tile lines _ _ .. do _ _ 132, 692 825, 741 958, 433 50,248 Springs, water holes, small reservoirs . Number . 87 37 124 13 Water storage facilities (omit last 000). Gallons . . 84 8,415 8, 499 5 Wells, including pumps and pump Number . 9 154 163 2 houses. Water supply systems, other _ Man-days.. _ 49 2,956 3, 005 Camp stoves or fireplaces Number. . . 40 611 651 Cattle guards _ _ _ _ _ do . 17 2 19 Corrals _ _ do . . 11 4 15 8 Portals.. _ do _ 1 17 18 Seats _ do _ 51 171 222 Signs, markers, and monuments _ _ do _ ... . 598 980 1, 578 346 Stone walls Rods _ _ 658 968 1, 626 Table and bench combinations Number _ 112 865 977 Tool boxes. .. . do . . 75 469 544 6 Miscellaneous structural improve¬ - do . 1, 090 11. 464 12, 554 6 ments. THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 231 National Parks Table 9. — Statement showing work accomplished at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935 — Continued Item Unit Total work accomplished from July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935 New construction National parks and monu¬ ments parks Combined total national parks and State parks Mainte¬ nance National parks and monu¬ ments Truck trails . Minor roads . . . Highways . - . Park roads . Foot trails . Horse trails . . Stream and lake bank protection . Treatment of gullies— Area treated _ Bank sloping . Check dams: Permanent . Temporary . Seeding and sodding . Tree planting, gully . Ditches, diversion . Terracing... . Channel excavation or construction... Sheet erosion planting . Limestone quarrying . Miscellaneous erosion control work... Clearing and cleaning, channels . Clearing and cleaning, reservoir sites.. Excavation: Earth . Rock . Pipe lines and conduits . Riprap or paving: Rock or concrete . Brush or willows . Water control structures: Concrete or masonry . Wooden . . . Miles.. _ do. - do. - do. _ do. 458.3 113.4 979.4 1, 437. 7 113.4 - do . Square yards. Acres . . Square yards. Number . _ do . Square yards. _ do . Linear feet— Miles . Linear feet— Acres _ Tons.. . Man-days _ Square yards. Acres . 150.4 493.5 845, 585 3, 767. 6 131, 452 3,450 935 113,080 9, 761 2,355 .1 Cubic yards. _ do . Linear feet.. Square yards. - do . 17,457 505 2,100 2,910 Number . Field planting or seeding (trees) Forest stand improvement . Nurseries _ _ _ Tree seed collection: Conifers (cones) . Hardwoods _ Fighting forest fires.. . Firebreaks . . . Fire hazard reduction: Roadside.. . Trailside . Other . Fire presuppression . Fire prevention.. . Tree and plant disease control.. Tree insect pest control Beach improvement Fine grading, road slopes, etc General clean up . Lake or pond site clearing Landscaping, undifferentiated . Moving and planting trees and shrubs. Obliteration: Roads . . Trails . . Borrow pits . . Parking areas and parking overlooks.. Public camp ground development. ... Public picnic ground development _ Razing undesirable structures _ Seed collection, flowers, grasses, etc.. . Cubic yards _ Feet board measure. Acres . - do _ Man-days. Bushels... Pounds... Man-days. Miles . _ do . - do . Acres . Man-days _ _ do . — Acres . .do . .do . Square yards. .. Acres . .do. .do. Number . Miles . _ do . Man-days _ Square yards. Acres . _ do _ Number _ Pounds . 207, 439 16 4, 420. 7 992 14,387 15 1, 426 47,463 190. 6 375.2 240.5 40, 555. 6 31, 364 3,881 21, 077. 5 101, 180. 6 4.4 1, 459, 760 16, 629. 6 64 .. 3,999.2 533, 287 8.7 7, 399 13, 462 537.1 60.1 128 63 334.4 603.2 347.2 1, 612, 681 20, 016 455, 603 283 990 798, 137 87, 785 13, 631 2.4 107, 531 235 4,765 34, 512 421, 197 1, 693. 6 259,438 7,118 22, 087 3, 330 1, 092 1, 116 40 12, 517. 8 25, 332. 3 40, 658 805 42, 879 71, 674 801.5 730.5 884.8 42, 179. 6 7,353 135 36, 687. 8 79, 080 263 2, 044, 946 39, 645 3, 675. 1 9, 105. 3 859, 282 26.3 13.8 27, 779 380, 522 3, 444. 7 549.8 156 152 334.4 753.6 840.7 2,458, 266 23, 783. 6 587, 055 3, 733 1,925 911,217 97,546 15, 986 2.5 107, 531 235 4,765 34, 512 421, 197 1, 693. 6 276,895 7,623 2,100 24,997 3, 330 1, 124 208, 555 56 16, 938. 5 26, 324. 3 55,045 820 44, 305 119, 137 1, 001. 1 1, 105. 7 1, 125. 3 82, 735. 2 38, 717 4, 016 67, 765. 3 180, 260. 6 267.4 3, 504, 706 56, 274. 6 3, 739. 1 13, 104. 5 1, 392, 569 32.9 22.5 35, 178 393, 984 3,981.8 609.9 284 215 592.4 375.2 2, 461. 1 234.4 1, 041. 1 4,588 34.2 5,202 18 4 77,864 33, 880 6,000 1, 571. 2 8 164 5.7 1 11.7 11,920 1 3,204 137 231, 207 86 232 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 National Parks Table 9. — Statement showring work accomplished at Civilian Conservation Corps camps under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service, July 1, 19 3 If, to June 30, 1935 — Continued Item Total work accomplished from July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935 New construction Unit National parks and monu¬ ments State parks Combined total national parks and State parks Acres . 1, 572. 1 893.8 2,465.9 _ do - - 473,955.5 676.2 474, 631. 7 _ do . 214.7 861 1, 075. 7 Linear feet . 4, 349 13,832 18, 181 Number . Acres _ 8 10 194.5 18 194.5 Man-days . 596 6, 613 7,209 708, 020 Number. . . 391, 720 316, 300 Miles _ _ 42.6 167.2 209.8 Man-days - 753 1,312 2,065 _ do _ 9,743 1,052 10, 795 . do . 30 822 852 1,743 25, 057 26,800 Acres . . Number _ 1,818 26 8, 661. 6 10, 479. 6 26 Acres . 2,388 8, 576. 5 10,964.5 Man-days - do _ 457 1,544 630 2,001 630 Miles. . . Acres _ 5 39.5 1, 013 41, 279 44.5 1,013 52, 276 Man-days - 10, 997 . do . 7,268 2,993 10, 261 _ do... . 408 320 728 Number _ ... Acres _ 64 6 8, 601. 3 70 8, 601. 3 Miles. . 30, 252. 6 149.5 30, 402. 1 Acres . . 4, 735. 4 17.2 4, 752. 6 Miles _ 147.2 2, 670. 3 2, 817. 5 Acres. . . . 10, 382. 4 162, 918. 4 173, 300. 8 179, 442 120 179, 562 Man-days - 822 759 1,581 . do _ _ 19, 081 9,397 28, 478 Mainte¬ nance National parks and monu¬ ments Seeding and sodding . . . Soil preparation (fertilizing, etc.) . - Vista or other selective cutting for ef¬ fect. . Walks; concrete, gravel, cinder, etc... Fish-rearing ponds... . . . Food and cover planting and seeding . Lake and pond development . . Stocking fish . . . Stream development — . . Other wildlife development... . Education, guide, and contact station work. Emergency work— Searching for or res¬ cuing persons. Emergency work— Other . Eradication of poisonous weeds or exotic plants. Experimental plots. . . — . Insect pest control . . . Maps— Type, topographic, etc . Relief maps and models — . . . Marking boundaries . . . . M osquito control . . . Preparation and transportation of materials. Reconnaissance and investigation — Archaeological. Reconnaissance and investigation— Other. Restoration of historic structures . Rodent control . Surveys: Grade lines . Ground water . . Lineal . Topographic . . Type. . . Other . Tree surgery . 2,042 450 25 104 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (Walter C. Mendenhall, Director) During the fiscal year 193T-35, although directly appropriated funds for the support of the Survey’s regular activities have been at a low ebb (see details in later pages) , these have been augmented by substantial allocations for closely related work made by the Public Works Administration. As a consequence the year has been a busy and productive one. More than 46,000 square miles of mapping has been done, including a beginning in Puerto Rico; 1,900 linear miles of streams with poten¬ tial power values have been surveyed ; about 700,000 individual maps have been distributed, many of them to cooperating States and new Government agencies; approximately $40,000 has been received di¬ rectly from sales of Survey publications ; studies of a number of the long-neglected mineral deposits of the Eastern and Southern States have been made ; it has been possible to repair and put in good condi¬ tion approximately 500 of the nearly 3,000 river-measurement sta¬ tions distributed over the United States ; special drought studies have been carried out; Alaskan mapping and mineral-resources investiga¬ tions have continued at a nearly normal rate ; many abandoned wells and mines on public and Indian lands that were actual or potential menaces to safety or to mineral or water supplies were repaired; substantial progress was made in the preparation of numerous unit plans of development of oil and gas fields under the mineral leasing acts — a valuable conservation measure; and supervision, although inadequate, was maintained over nearly 15,000 oil and gas and other mineral properties on public and Indian lands and naval reserves. Effective cooperative relations have been maintained with a large number of States in geologic work, study of water supplies, and topographic mapping. Similar relations have existed with a num¬ ber of the older and newer agencies of Government, the special capacities of the technical staffs of the Survey being thus made available in numerous governmental activities, including those of the Petroleum Administrative Board, the National Resources Board, the Bureau of Public Roads, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Office of Indian Affairs, and many others. There is an insistent Nation-wide and thoroughly logical demand for greatly increased activity in topographic mapping because of the 233 20481—35 - 16 234 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 now publicly recognized need for maps as bases for so many public and private activities. Urban and rural development, road locations, land, census, and soil problems, crop-control programs, irrigation, park and forest administration — all need these maps acutely. This national need should be met by provision for speeding up the map¬ ping program. A growing Survey problem, now very inadequately financed, is that of the administration of the mineral leasing laws. The Gov¬ ernment’s effective management as lessor of its mineral estate is jeopardized by inadequate skilled staff and the resulting inadequate inspection and control of leased properties. This situation needs prompt correction. Losses far in excess of the cost of adequate in¬ spection and management are threatened by insufficient provision for this work. The mineral industry depends upon and demands many more, and prompter issue, of the scientifically sound and impartial reports of the Geological Survey upon the active and potentially active mining districts of the Nation. Wherever available, these reports are guides in the development of ore bodies and in the search for extensions and for new deposits. More adequate provision is needed for this work and for the publication of results. Finally, several of the administrative services of the Survey, neces¬ sary to its technical activities, have been reduced to the point of near inadequacy as a result of the reductions of recent years in the finan¬ cial support for the regular services, especially the scientific and technical services of Government. Correction of this situation is one of the present acute needs. Dr. David White, a member of the staff of the Geological Survey since 1886 and its chief geologist from 1912 to 1922, died February 7, 1935, at the age of 73. In his death geologic science lost one who had been a recognized leader on this continent for more than a generation. Though he was primarily a paleobotanist and the American authority in this field, his activities embraced many branches of geology as well as administration. Dr. White’s career is a striking example of the type of leadership at the service of the American people in the scientific establishments at Washington. Recognized and honored the world over as a scientist of the highest standing, whose research and administrative work had direct prac¬ tical applications of great value; repeatedly offered by commercial organizations salaries several times greater than the Government paid him — he nevertheless remained in the service throughout his career and devoted his rare abilities and his limitless industry to the Government and the people of the United States. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 235 GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE YEAR’S ACTIVITIES Geologic work. — Field parties of the geologic branch were actively at work I in the beginning of the fiscal year on mineral-resources and land-classification surveys in 19 States east of the Rocky Mountains for which funds had been | allocated by the Public Works Administration. One of the more important I projects thus carried on was a report on the mineral resources of the region j tributary to Boulder Dam, prepared as an aid in the study of possible markets for Boulder Dam power. Other projects included studies of the quicksilver deposits in Texas and Arkansas, the gold deposits of the southern Appalachian region, the clays of several Southern States, and the iron ores of northeastern Texas. Work was continued throughout the year on the metal-mining dis¬ tricts of Colorado, Idaho, and New Mexico in cooperation with the States, and some assistance was given to the Arizona Bureau of Mines in a survey of the Tombstone district. A resurvey of the Comstock lode in Nevada was begun near the end of the year. Stratigraphic and structural surveys of the San Andreas rift and Death Valley, Calif., were resumed, and field projects were ■carried on in Illinois and Kentucky, in the Coastal Plain area of Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina, in eastern Pennsylvania, and in the Wasatch Plateau, Utah. Temperatures in deep wells were measured in several oil fields. Areas of forest lands, mostly in the Appalachian region, were geologically ■examined for the Forest Service. A comprehensive review of the geology and occurrence of petroleum in the United States was prepared for a subcommittee •of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Explorations in Alaska. — In the field season of 1934, 7 field projects were •carried on in Alaska, 2 of which were primarily topographic and 5 primarily geologic. This work was financed in part by grants from the Public Works Administration. The usual general survey of recent mining developments and the collection of mineral statistics were continued. Six field projects for the season of 1935 had been started at the end of the fiscal year and will be •continued throughout the open season. Compilation of base maps from aerial photographs taken in 1926 and 1929 by the Navy Department was continued throughout the year, the work being done in Juneau, Alaska, with an enlarged staff. Topographic mapping. — A notable increase was made in the area covered by new topographic surveys, resurveys, and revision, the total being 30,924 square miles representing over 200 topographic maps with contours. The topographic mapping included all States. There was also a considerable increase in the area covered by planimetric maps without contours resulting from aerial photography, which covered 15,721 square miles in 9 States. In addition, aerial photographs were used as bases for topographic mapping in 42 quadrangles. Successful experiments wTere undertaken with single-lens aerial photographs with a wide-angle lens at high altitudes. The sectional transportation map of the United States being made for the Bureau of Public Roads was continued with increased output. The map of Iowa, the first State issued, consists of eight sections. These transportation maps on a scale of about 4 miles to 1 inch show all kinds of transportation routes in a variety of colors. Investigations of water resources. — The water-resources branch collected and made available for publication stream-flow records at more than 3,000 river- measurement stations on rivers large and small, obtaining thus authentic in¬ formation on the behavior of streams in drought, in flood, and in normal con¬ ditions — information which is invaluable for intelligent planning of projects 236 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 for use or control of the water supply. This work included the construction of many new stations on the larger rivers of the country and the complete rehabilitation of more than 500 existing stations. It investigated underground water supplies in 32 States and in the Territory of Hawaii and obtained basic information on the occurrence, quantity, and quality of underground water supplies which is essential for the development, conservation, and use of ground water upon which a large part of the population of the country must depend. In collaboration with the Mississippi Valley Committee of the Public Works Administration the branch made a comprehensive study of floods in the United States with reference to magnitude and frequency and an investigation of the relation of rainfall and run-off in the United States. A report on the flood study was sent to the printer near the end of the year, and a report on the rainfall and run-off study was nearly completed. A broad study was made of the great droughts of 1930-34, with an extensive compilation of information about the drought and a comparison with notable droughts of earlier years. An investigation had been made of the stream flow and silt movement of streams in eight projects of the Soil Conservation Service, and similar studies on the Colorado River. The completion of a program of well drilling at Salt Lake City, Utah, based upon the recommendations of the Geological Survey, provided a large additional supply of water for the city and averted a serious shortage. A report on the geology and ground-water resources of the Island of Oahu disclosed large supplies of underground water that are available to the city of Honolulu. Investigations conducted in the hydrologic laboratory demon¬ strated the law of flow of ground water for pressure gradients as low as 1 inch to the mile, which is of practical importance because natural gradients are very low. Classifying and leasing public land. — The conservation branch made 11,434 formal findings of technical fact involving the mineral resources, water power or storage possibilities, and agricultural or grazing utility of public lands; classified 885,535 acres of withdrawn land as to coal and 267,684 acres of with¬ drawn land as to oil shale; added 72,793 acres to outstanding water-power reserves and eliminated 408,157 acres therefrom; added 12,480 acres to public water reserves and eliminated 460 acres therefrom ; designated 35,450 acres as enterable under the stock-raising homestead law and canceled prior designa¬ tions of 16,945,535 acres thereunder; designated 1,894 acres as enterable under the Enlarged Homestead Act and canceled prior designations of 25,947,994 acres thereunder ; defined the “ known geologic structure ” of three producing oil and gas fields ; completed 1,900 miles of stream-utilization surveys in public- land States; supervised operations or activities under 152 power projects licensed by the Federal Power Commission; supervised on public land 8,394 oil and gas holdings involving 3,699 productive wells, 758 coal properties, 204 potash properties, 45 sodium properties, 26 sulphur properties, 8 phosphate properties, and 1 oil-shale property; on naval petroleum reserves 24 leaseholds involving 529 productive oil and gas wells ; and on Indian lands 4,812 lease¬ holds involving 4,477 oil and gas wells, 36 lead and zinc properties, 39 coal properties, 1 asphalt property, and 1 lime phosphate property; assisted hun¬ dreds of oil and gas permittees and operators in the preparation of unit plans of development; participated extensively in the organization and preliminary work of the departmental Division of Grazing; and initiated and fostered legislation looking to material change in the oil and gas provisions of the Federal mineral-leasing law. Publications. — The publications of the year comprised 35 pamphlets in the regular series, covering a total of 3,509 pages; 86 new or revised topographic GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 237 and other maps; and 139 reprinted topographic and other maps. Among the notable book publications were professional papers on the Breckenridge mining district, Colorado, and copper deposits of the Ducktown type in the Appalachian States; bulletins on the quicksilver deposits of southwestern Oregon, the Book Cliffs coal field in Colorado, the geology of Big Horn County and the Crow ^Reservation, Mont., and the coal in a part of the San Juan Basin, N. Mex. ; a paper on the industrial utility of public water supplies in the United States; and a review of the petroleum industry in the United States, 1934. Besides these publications, 36 brief papers, some of them containing simple maps, were issued in mimeographed form as memoranda for the press. The engraving division printed more than 581,000 copies of maps and folios and, in addition, did repay work amounting to about $190,000 for over 60 other Government units and State Governments. Note. — Detailed tabular statements are given at the end of the report. GEOLOGIC BRANCH SUMMARY Field parties of the geologic branch were actively at work in the beginning of the fiscal year on mineral-resources and land-clas¬ sification surveys in 19 States east of the Rocky Mountains for which funds had been allocated by the Public Works Administra¬ tion. Summary reports giving the results of work on most of these projects have been prepared, and several of them have already been published. Among the more important of these is a report on the mineral resources of the region tributary to Boulder Dam, pre¬ pared as an aid in the study of possible markets for Boulder Dam power. Public Works funds were made available through the Bu¬ reau of Reclamation, and the preliminary report was published by that Bureau. Other valuable results made possible through Public Works aid include studies of the quicksilver deposits of the Terlingua district of southern Texas, the recently discovered quicksilver area of south¬ ern Arkansas, the gold deposits of the southern Appalachian region, the clays of several of the Southern States, and the iron ores of northeastern Texas. Work was continued throughout the year on the metal-mining districts of Colorado, Idaho, and New Mexico in cooperation with the States, and some assistance was given to the Arizona Bureau of Mines in a survey of the Tombstone district. A resurvey of the Comstock lode, in Nevada, was begun near the end of the year. Stratigraphic and structural surveys of the San Andreas rift and Death Valley, Calif., were resumed, and minor field projects were carried on in Illinois and Kentucky, in the Coastal Plain area of Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina, in eastern Pennsylvania, and in the Wasatch Plateau, Utah. Temperatures in deep wells 238 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 were measured in several oil fields, and certain areas of forest lands, mostly in the Appalachian region, were geologically examined for the Forest Service. A comprehensive review and summary of the geology and occur¬ rence of petroleum in the United States was prepared during the year by members of the Survey staff for a subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, acting under the chairmanship of Representative William P. Cole, Jr., of Maryland. This summary and review, covering more than 200 pages, with 130 | illustrations, chiefly maps, constitutes the greater part of part 2 of the hearings held under House Resolution 441, Seventy-third Congress. ; The situation in each of the petroleum-producing States is sum¬ marized in this volume, and an estimate of the reserves in the known fields is assembled. Important among the papers included are those on the early history of the use and development of petroleum and on its origin. They were written by Dr. David White, principal geologist of the Survey and world authority in this field. WORK OF THE YEAR, BY STATES Alabama. — Funds from the Public Works Administration were available through Federal projects 157, 158, and 161 for the continuation in 1935 of sev¬ eral projects on the mineral resources of Alabama begun in the fiscal year 1934, and further funds were made available through Federal projects 183 and 189. The work was done under the supervision of Survey geologists and consisted of the mapping and examination of mines in the Woodstock iron-ore area ; geologic mapping and prospecting in the Russellville brown iron ore district; further studies of some of the gold areas of the State, with detailed mapping in some of the most representative and accessible gold-mining districts ; investigation of bleaching and other high-grade clays in Clarke and Choctaw Counties as a continuation of studies in Mississippi, in the Cretaceous and Tertiary areas, and in northwestern Alabama; and investigations of manganif- erous iron ore in Cleburne and Cherokee Counties and adjoining portions of Georgia. A paper on the geology of the Hog Mountain gold district was pub¬ lished by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. A report on tin deposits of Alabama was issued as a press memorandum. A pre¬ liminary report on the gold deposits of the State has been prepared for pub¬ lication by the Alabama Geological Survey. Reports on the clay investigations are nearing completion and will be issued by the Geological Survey. Arizona. — Progress was made on reports on the geology and ore deposits of the Ajo copper district, the geology of the Tucson quadrangle, and manganese deposits near Artillery Peak. A paper on strontium deposits of southeastern California and western Arizona was published by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. A geologic survey of the Tombstone min¬ ing district is being made in cooperation with the Arizona Bureau of Mines. Work near Boulder Dam is mentioned under California. Arkansas. — The field studies of the coal and gas resources of the western portion of the Arkansas coal field of Sebastian, Franklin, Crawford, Logan, and Scott Counties (Federal project 163) were completed, and a report on the geology and mineral resources of the area was prepared for publication as a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 239 Survey bulletin. A map showing geologic structure, gas fields, and coal out- ; crops of the same area will be issued as a preliminary report. Geologic map¬ ping of the quicksilver district of Pike, Clark, and adjoining counties, as a part of Federal projects 163 and 184, was completed. Publications resulting from this investigation are “ Mine developments in the Arkansas quicksilver | district to June 1, 1934,” and “ Investigation of the Arkansas quicksilver district by the United States Geological Survey ”, which were transmitted to the Arkan¬ sas Geological Survey ; “ Quicksilver deposits near Little Missouri River, south- n west Arkansas ”, published by the American Institute of Mining and Metal- i lurgical Engineers ; “ Quicksilver deposits near Little Missouri River and 1 near Antoine Creek ”, issued as a press memorandum. Exploratory drilling and geologic mapping in Saline, Pulaski, and Garland Counties were done to determine the extent of bauxite deposits (Federal projects 163 and 185). Papers on the fossil flora of the Wedington sandstone member of the Fayette- f ville shale and the carbon ratio in a part of the Arkansas-Oklahoma coal field were transmitted to the American Association of Petroleum Geologists for publication, and a report on cyclical sedimentation and the stratigraphy of the Bloyd shale, Morrow group, near Fayetteville, was submitted to the Journal i of the Washington Academy of Sciences. California. — Reports on the Kettleman Hills oil and gas field, the geology and mineral resources of the San Pedro Hills, the geomorphology of the San [ Joaquin Basin, the Grass Valley mining district, chrome in northern California, and the origin of the borate deposits of Kramer were in preparation during the year. Geologic investigations in the southern part of the Death Valley region and of the San Andreas rift and Cajon Pass region were continued. Grants from the Geological Society of America financed a study of the calcium carbonate content of fine-grained clastic sediments in California, a survey of the Nevada City mining district, and a study of Miocene diatomaceous deposits. A paper on the relation of salinity to the calcium carbonate content of marine sediments will be published by the Geological Survey, and one on the organic content of sediments from several American oil-producing areas has been issued by the American Petroleum Institute. A preliminary report on mineral resources in the region tributary to Boulder Dam, the work for which was done by geologists of the Survey by funds allotted by the Public Works Administration to the Bureau of Reclamation, was published by that Bureau in November 1934 ; a more complete report has been prepared for publication as a Survey bulletin. Under a Public Works allotment (Federal project 153), the drafting of the geologic map of California was continued in cooperation with the State. Routine seismologic and meteoro- logic observations were continued at the volcanologic station at Mineral, though the volcanologist in charge was furloughed part of the time on account of reduction of funds. On June 30, 1935, this station was closed, and the building, which is in a national forest, was transferred to the Forest Service. Colorado. — Cooperation was continued with the Geological Survey Board of Colorado and the Colorado Metal Mining Fund in investigations of the mining regions of the State. Further field studies were made in the Ouray and Red Mountain districts of the San Juan region, the Nederland tungsten district, the Alma district, and the Gold Hill and Ward mining districts of the Front Range, and a study of the geology and mineral resources of the La Plata Mountain region of southwestern Colorado, with special reference to mining geology, was begun. Reports are in preparation on the ore deposits of the Front Range, the Snowmass area, the Jamestown, Alma, and Ouray districts, the Nederland tungsten district, and the Paleozoic stratigraphy. A paper 240 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 on the Cripple Creek district was published by the Colorado Scientific Society, and one on the Tincup mining district, in Gunnison County, will be published by the same society. Preliminary papers resulting from these investigations on geology and ore deposits of the Cripple Creek district, ore deposits of the Mosquito and Sawatch Ranges, geologic guidance to the development of the San Juan ore deposits, and the ore deposits of Clear Creek, Gilpin, and Boulder Counties were offered for publication in the Colorado number of the Engineering and Mining Journal. A paper on reconnaissance observations of the Upper Cretaceous rocks north of the Arkansas River in eastern Colorado was submitted to the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Florida. — Prospecting for phosphate on reserved public lands in Polk, Marion, and Citrus Counties for the purpose of classifying the land was continued by a party under the supervision of a Survey geologist, financed through Federal projects 164 and 188. Field work in connection with the project was completed at the end of the fiscal year. Explorations for bleaching and other high-grade clays (as a part of Federal project 164) were made in Jackson, Alachua, Gadsden, Jefferson, Marion, Holmes, Leon, Madison, and Washington Counties. A preliminary report on the clay studies will be issued by the Geological Survey as a press memorandum. A paper on the Tampa limestone is in preparation, and one on the Choctawhatchee gastropods and scaphopods from the Alaqua Creek Valley, a cooperative project, was transmitted to the Florida Geological Survey. Georgia. — Detailed mapping of various operating mines in the Dahlonega and other gold-bearing areas in Georgia, begun during the fiscal year 1934 under allotment of funds from Public Works Administration (Federal projects 158 and 165), was completed, and five short articles on gold deposits of Georgia were published in the monthly bulletin of the State Department of Forestry and Geological Development and later combined and issued by the Division of Geology as Information Circular 4. By additional funds (Federal project 183) a study of gold districts in Cherokee, Dawson, Lumpkin, and White Counties was made. A short paper on the Battle Branch mine, near Auraria, will probably be published in Economic Geology. As a part of Federal proj¬ ect 165 a study was made of the kyanite and vermiculite deposits of northern Georgia, and a report of the investigation was transmitted to the State geologist for publication. Explorations for bleaching clays were conducted in various parts of the State (Federal projects 165 and 189), and reports have been prepared for publication by the State and the United States Geological Survey. Manganese ore deposits at Cartersville and near Taccoa, Iron City, and Union Point were examined, the results to be incorporated in a paper on manganese deposits of the crystalline belt from Georgia to Maine. At the request of the Forest Service, lands were examined and reports made on pro¬ posed additions to the Broad River National Forest. Hawaii. — Because of greatly reduced funds the work of the section of volcanology, with headquarters at Hawaii National Park, was curtailed, and the two employees were furloughed for half a year each. With the coopera¬ tion of the Volcano Research Association the routine of the observatory was maintained, the Volcano Letter issued, and seismologic studies of Kilauea continued. Idaho. — Cooperation with the Idaho Bureau of Mines was continued in the Boise Basin, Thunder Mountain, Edwardsburg, and Yellow Pine districts and in a study of the gold-bearing gravel in the vicinity of Grangeville, along the Salmon River, and in the Florence district. Reports were also in preparation on the general geology of south-central Idaho and on the Idaho mining dis- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 241 1, tricts. A press memorandum on the Elk City mining district was issued. and a bulletin on the geology and ore deposits of the Bayhorse quadrangle was | , completed for Survey publication. Papers resulting from cooperative work i published by the Idaho Bureau of Mines include a preliminary report on the geology and ore deposits in the eastern part of the Yellow Pine district (Pamphlet 43) and a report on the Pearl-Horseshoe Bend gold belt (Pamphlet 41). A report on the geology and mineral resources of the Ammon and ) Paradise Valley quadrangles was in preparation. I Illinois . — The fluorspar deposits of the Cave-in-Rock and Rosiclare districts, ; southeastern Illinois, were investigated by geologic mapping and geophysical studies, and a preliminary paper dealing with the geology of southern Illinois and the fluorspar deposits was transmitted to the Illinois Geological Survey. This work was done under Federal project 166 and was continued until the r funds allotted were exhausted. Further studies in the region were resumed near the end of the fiscal year in cooperation with the Illinois Geological ; Survey. Work was continued on the monograph of the Pottsville flora of the 1 Eastern Interior Basin, mainly in Illinois but including adjoining portions of Indiana, western Kentucky, and southeastern Iowa, which is being prepared in cooperation with the Illinois Geological Survey. Kansas. — Field examinations of the stratigraphy, structure, and coal I resources of southeastern Kansas in Cherokee County and parts of Labette and Crawford Counties, under Federal project 167, were completed, and a report on the geology and mineral resources of the southeastern Kansas coal field was prepared for publication as a Survey bulletin. A contour map with text, of the base of the Cherokee shale in the zinc-lead district of south¬ eastern Kansas will be issued by the Geological Survey as a press memoran- ! dum, and a map showing structure of the southeastern coal fields of the Kansas zinc-lead districts will be published by the Kansas Geological Survey. Stratigraphic mapping and studies of lead and zinc mines were made in the Kansas part of the Tri-State lead and zinc area. Kentucky. — A report on the coal deposits of Pike County, giving the results of investigations in 1934 and the early part of 1935 by a party under the super¬ vision of a Survey geologist working under Federal project 168, was completed for publication as a Survey bulletin. The studies of the fluorspar area in Kentucky under Federal project 168 consisted of geologic and geophysical map¬ ping in the vicinity of Marion. Papers on the New Providence shale in the vicinity of Junction City and on a new crinoid genus from the Missi^sippian of Ohio and Kentucky are in preparation. A report was made to the Forest Serv¬ ice on proposed additions to the Cumberland Purchase unit in the southeastern part of the State. Work on the Pottsville flora is mentioned under Illinois. Maryland. — Studies of the structural materials of Maryland, chiefly sand and gravel, continued by Public Works funds (Federal project 169), covered areas in Prince Georges, Montgomery, Anne Arundel, Charles, Howard, Cecil, Harford, and Baltimore Counties. Mississippi. — A report giving the results of an investigation of the bleaching clays of Mississippi made in 1934 from Public Works funds (Federal project 171) has been prepared. Missouri. — In connection with the investigation of the Tri-State lead and zinc district (Federal project 172) stratigraphic sections were studied in the lead and zinc areas of Jasper and Newton Counties, and detailed mapping of mines was done in the Waco and Joplin areas. Reports on these districts were pre¬ pared for the Missouri Geological Survey. 242 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 Montana. — Work was done on papers on the physiography and glacial geology of western Montana, the glacial geology and physiography of Glacier National Park, the geology and ore deposits of the Libby quadrangle, the geology and mineral resources of north-central Chouteau, western Hill, and eastern Liberty Counties, and fossil plants from the Fort Union and associated formations. Reports on the coal resources of McCone County and on phosphate near Maxville were completed for Survey publication. Nevada. — Further field studies were made in the Tonopah and Hawthorne quadrangles, partly through a grant from the Geological Society of America, and a study of recent faults in the western part of the Great Basin was made through a grant from the same society. A resurvey of the Comstock lode was begun in June 1935. A detailed report on the geology and mineral resources of the Tonopah and Hawthorne quadrangles and reports on the Tonopah, Tusca- rora, Gold Range, Searchlight, and Delamar mining districts were in progress. A set of mine maps of the Tonopah district was placed in open files in the San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Reno, and Washington offices of the Geological Sur¬ vey. A report on the underground geology of the Tonopah mining district will be published by the Nevada Bureau of Mines ; and a paper on a pregranodiorite dike in granodiorite, Paradise Range, by the American Geophysical Union. Work near Boulder Dam is mentioned under California. New Mexico. — Cooperation with the New Mexico Bureau of Mines was con¬ tinued in an investigation of the Eureka and Sylvanite mining districts and geologic mapping of the Little Hatchet Range, in Hidalgo and Grant Counties. A report on the Bayard area of the Central district was completed for Survey publication, and one on the Virginia mining district was sent to the New Mex¬ ico Bureau of Mines for publication. Both these reports were products of cooperative investigations. Office work was continued on the manuscript on the geology and ore deposits of the Magdalena mining district. A paper on igneous assimilation and associated metamorphism in the Virginia mining dis¬ trict was transmitted to the American Mineralogist, and one on hydrothermal leaching in the Virginia mining district to Economic Geology. A report on the structure and igneous geology of the Mount Taylor volcanic field was com¬ pleted for Survey publication. A paper on logs of the Government core tests for potash in New Mexico and Texas was sent to the Texas Bureau of Eco¬ nomic Geology, and one on the Permian formations of the Pecos Valley of New Mexico and Texas was submitted to the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. New York. — Field studies of the stratigraphy, structure, and gas resources of south-central New York, including portions of Seneca, Livingston, Ontario, Schuyler, Chemung, Steuben, Yates, Allegany, and Cattaraugus Counties, were continued under Federal projects 173 and 187. A preliminary report on the structure and gas possibilities of the Watkins quadrangle will be issued as a press memorandum. A study of the talc deposit of St. Lawrence County was made as a part of Federal project 173. North Carolina. — Investigations of gold-bearing regions in the slate and granite areas of the western part of North Carolina, extending from the South Carolina border to Guilford County, were completed under funds from the Public Works Administration (Federal project 174). A preliminary report covering these investigations was issued as a press memorandum. Additional funds were received through Federal project 183 for the completion of detailed examinations of mines and prospects and mapping the geology of the gold- bearing regions of the State. Detailed work was done in Union and Stanly GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 243 I Counties. Reports on the Uharie and Sauratown purchase units were made for the Forest Service. North Dakota. — The mapping of the coal resources of the Minot district, in McHenry, Ward, McLean, Mercer, and Sheridan Counties, under a Public Works Works allotment (Federal project 159), was completed, and a preliminary j map of the area was issued. A detailed report on the geology and coal resources of the area will be published later as a Survey bulletin. Oklahoma. — With Public Works funds field mapping was continued on the coal and gas resources in Pittsburg, Haskell, and Latimer Counties (Federal | project 175) and a survey of wells in the Quinton gas pool was made (Federal I project 186). A report on the Quinton- Scipio district, covering the gas field of Pittsburg County, has been completed, and a preliminary map of the geology and structure of the area has been prepared for publication. Federal project I 160 provided for a study of the Lehigh district, in Coal and Atoka Counties, field work on which was completed. This area has also been covered by a report intended for publication as a Survey bulletin, and a geologic map of the region has been prepared for advance publication. Under Federal project 63-M the mapping of the Osage and adjoining Indian lands, with special atten¬ tion to the subsurface structure, was continued, and a report on the subsurface geology of Osage County was prepared. The Tri-State lead and zinc project, in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, provided for by Public Works funds (Federal projects 167, 172, and 175) begun in 1934, was continued during the entire year. The work in Oklahoma included stratigraphic and areal mapping, with detailed study of the principal mines in the Picher and Miami districts, northeastern Oklahoma. Geologic studies were continued in the Ouachita Mountains, and reports are in preparation on the Moorefield fauna, the fauna of the Sycamore limestone, and the geology and mineral resources of the Howe-Wilburton dis¬ trict. Work on the origin and environment of source sediments is mentioned under California. Oregon. — Preparation of a report on the metalliferous deposits of the Cascade Range was continued, and a paper was prepared on Miocene plants from Idaho, Oregon, and Washington for publication in the Journal of Paleontology. Pennsylvania. — Some additional field data were collected in the Hanover and York quadrangles in connection with a report on the geology of these quadrangles prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Geological Survey. A brief paper on Appalachian structure in the York-Hanover area will be published by the Geological Society of America. A manuscript describing the Paleozoic and Quaternary sedimentary rocks and the geologic structure of the New Cumberland quadrangle was transmitted to the Pennsylvania Geo¬ logical Survey for inclusion in a State bulletin. A field study of the structure of the Reading-Boyertown Hills area was made, and a paper was prepared on “ The highlands near Reading, Pa., an erosion remnant of a great overthrust sheet”, for publication by the Geological Society of America. Revision of the geologic report on the Honeybrook and Phoenixville quadrangles was under way, and the study of the progressive regional metamorphism of the Lower Kittanning coal bed of western Pennsylvania was continued. South Carolina. — The survey of the geology and gold deposits of South Carolina, begun in 1934 with Public Works funds (Federal Projects 158 and 176), covered areas in Lancaster, Chesterfield, York, Union, and McCormick Counties, and later funds through Federal Project 183 were devoted to detailed mapping in the Haile and Brewer mine areas, in Chesterfield and Lancaster Counties. The results of the earlier examination have been given in a press memorandum entitled “ Preliminary report on gold deposits in North Carolina 244 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 and South Carolina.” Public Works funds (Federal projects 176 and 189) provided for a preliminary survey of bleaching-clay deposits of South Carolina, on which a report has been completed. A report on the geologic aspects of the Santee-Cooper hydroelectric project was prepared for the Public Works Ad¬ ministration. Examinations of manganese near McCormick and from Columbia to Gaffney were made in connection with the general study of manganese of the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont area. Areas in the Long Cane and Enoree purchase units were examined and a report made to the Forest Service. Tennessee. — A report on clay deposits of Tennessee, as a result of recent field studies made with Public Works funds (Federal project 177), was completed,, and a report on zinc, lead, and barite materials is in preparation. Texas. — The Public Works Administration financed several studies of the mineral resources of Texas (Federal project 178). Surveys of the Shatter silver district and the Terlingua quicksilver district were completed, and pre¬ liminary reports on both districts were sent to the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology. More detailed reports on these areas will be published by the United States Geological Survey. A study of the iron ores of northeastern Texas,, lying largely in Cass, Marion, and Morris Counties, was completed and a progress report on the investigation was issued by the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology ; a final report is in preparation for publication by the Survey. A study of the stratigraphy and structure, with special attention to oil, gas, and coal, in parts of north-central Texas, including areas in Young, Stevens, Throckmorton, Coleman, and Brown Counties, has been com¬ pleted, and a report will be transmitted to the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology. A report on the clay resources of the San Antonio area was pre¬ pared. The geology of the Guadalupe Peak quadrangle and the Cambro-Ordovician of the Central Mineral Region were studied through grants from the Geological Society of America. A report on the geology of the Monument and Marathon quadrangles was submitted for Survey publication. Papers on potash in Texas and an unconformity in the late Paleozoic of trans-Pecos Texas were sent te the State Bureau of Economic Geology. Further studies were in progress on the fossils of the Navarro formation of Texas (in cooperation with the Texas Bureau), the geology of the Guadalupe Mountains, and the Eocene faunas of the Gulf region. A paper on upper Mississippian rocks of trans-Pecos Texas was sent to American Association of Petroleum Geologists for publication. Work on source rocks of petroleum is mentioned under California. JJtali. — Office work was continued on reports on the geology and structure of southeastern Utah ; the geology of the area between Green and Colorado Rivers in Grand and San Juan Counties; the structure, stratigraphy, and coal re¬ sources of the western part of the Wasatch Plateau ; and stratigraphic relations of the Wasatch formation in central Utah. A manuscript on the San Juan country, a geographic and geologic reconnaissance of southeastern Utah, was submitted for publication as a professional paper. Vermont. — A report on the addition to the Green Mountain National Forest was made for the Forest Service. Virginia. — Studies of the lead, zinc, gold, and other minerals of Smyth, Wythe, and Carroll Counties, southwestern Virginia, made through Public Works Administration funds, beginning in 1934, were continued. Preliminary reports on these investigations published by the Virginia Geological Survey include papers on the zinc belt, the copper and iron deposits, and the gold deposits. Examinations of the gold regions of the Piedmont area (Federal GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 245 projects 158 and 183) will be covered by a paper also to be published by the j Virginia Geological Survey. Manganese deposits were examined near Lynch- . burg and Galax. Examinations were made of the Clinch River purchase area and of the Mountain Lake forest-reserve tract for the Forest Service. A paper on the titanium deposits of the State is in preparation. Washington. — Fossil plants were collected from the Latah formation in the ! vicinity of Spokane, and a paper entitled “ Leaves and fruits from Miocene fi strata in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington ”, was submitted for publication in the Journal of Paleontology. West Virginia. — The results of investigation of the manganese deposits of | eastern West Virginia (Federal project 169) have been included in a report submitted to the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey. Wyoming. — A detailed report with geologic map on the mineral resources and structure of the Afton quadrangle is in preparation, and a paper on anticlines between the Hiawatha gas field and Baggs was sent to the American Associa¬ tion of Petroleum Geologists. WORK IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS The chemical work consists largely of routine analyses and tests of ores, rocks, and minerals collected on account of their bearing on geologic problems, such as the mapping and valuation of mineral deposits and the origin and method of deposition of ores. Many tests are also made of mineral specimens submitted by correspondents of the Survey. Individual minerals are analyzed and technically de¬ scribed, the age of minerals and rocks is determined by special chemi¬ cal analyses, and new methods of analysis are devised and tested for the purpose of obtaining more accurate results. Among materials analyzed in the laboratory during the year were a geode of hematite containing gas, liquid, and solid inclusions; samarskite from Connecticut, which checked in age with two other minerals previously analyzed from the same locality; jarosite from Texas; chromite from California; alunite from Utah; pollucite from South Dakota ; pyroxene from Virginia ; cerite from Colorado ; rutile from Virginia ; over 56 igneous rocks, a great variety of clays, ores, sediments, and several new minerals. A new deposit of natural alkali in Ward County, Tex., identified and described in the Survey laboratory, was put into production during the year. The produc¬ tion of natural alkali has steadily increased during recent years. During the year 4,236 examinations or tests of minerals and rock samples were made. These included 926 specimens tested or identi¬ fied for persons not officially connected with the Survey. There were 1,682 chemical analyses made for geologists or in aid of general geologic projects, and 685 similar analyses were made in connection with studies of methods of analysis and geochemical investigations relating to the formation and alteration of minerals under natural conditions. The remaining 943 tests related to potash cores, well cuttings, and similar samples. 246 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Among the more important items of work in physics were the testing of more than 1,500 samples of clay with reference to their effectiveness in bleaching oil and the best methods of treating them for that purpose ; and the observations of temperature in deep wells in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Utah, and California. Several classes of geologic data were sub¬ jected to mathematical discussion. ALASKAN BRANCH The Geological Survey’s work in Alaska is concerned primarily with the investigation of the mineral resources of the Territory and comprises field examination of the various factors that pertain to the character, distribution, and development of these resources, and laboratory and office studies by which these field observations are analyzed and the results made available to the public through reports, maps, and other media. In addition to the funds regularly appropri¬ ated by Congress for this work, funds from the Public Works Admin¬ istration were granted to supplement those for a general project (Federal project 162) and to enable the Geological Survey to carry on special mapping work (Federal project 69). Cooperation was also continued with the Alaska Railroad, the expense of which was borne mainly by the railroad. The work of the branch, in addition to serving the prime purpose of assisting the mining industry, is utilized extensively by Government organizations having to do with other special fields of investigation within the Territory, such as the Forest Service, the Alaska Road Commission, and the Biological Survey. The Geological Survey’s maps of Alaska are indispensable in any enterprises concerned with the development of the Territory. Manuscripts and publications. — During the year 4 reports and 2 maps have been published. In addition, 11 manuscript reports (including maps) and 4 separate manuscript maps have been completed by their authors and are in various stages of critical review, proof, or preparation for publication. A reprint of one map previously published is in press. At the end of the year 8 manuscript reports and 4 manuscript maps were partly completed. Work of the year. — In addition to the routine duties, 9 principal projects, 7 of which involved new field work, were carried on during the season of 1934. The field projects included 5 that were principally geologic and 2 that were primarily topographic. The projects involving new geologic field work were located in the area adjacent to Ketchikan, southeastern Alaska ; in part of the Alaska Range, including the headwater region of the Copper River Valley and parts of the Tanana Valley ; in the Kaiyuh Mountains, which lie south and east of the Yukon River in the region west of Ruby and southeast of Kaltag; in the northern and eastern part of Kodiak Island, southwestern Alaska ; and in the coal fields adjacent to Eska, in the Matanuska district of the Cook Inlet-Susitna region. The Eska work was financed by and carried on at the request of the Alaska Railroad and mainly in its interest. The topographic projects include the mapping of an extensive tract of Admiralty Island and GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 247 adjacent parts of the Juneau district, in southeastern Alaska, and mapping of parts of the Alaska Range at the head of the Copper River, especially in the vicinity of Mentasta Pass and Suslota Lake. The two projects not directly involving new field work were the continuation of the compilation of drainage maps of southeastern Alaska from the airplane photographs taken by the Navy Department and the annual canvass of mineral production. In order to utilize effectively the all too short open season, the Geological Survey field parties begin work in the spring as early as climate and other conditions permit. The field projects for the season of 1935 were begun a month or more before the end of the fiscal year, but as most of the field parties were out of touch by ordinary means of communication, it is not practicable to give here more than a summary of the work that it is expected will be accomplished. Six field projects have been authorized for the season of 1935, and their completion, with the essential office work, will occupy all the time until well into the spring of 1936. These projects include 4 geologic investigations and 2 topographic mapping projects, in addition to the usual canvass of mineral production, further compilation of planimetric base maps, and other miscella¬ neous general work. The four geologic projects include studies of that part of the Alaska Range region east of the Richardson Highway and north of Slana ; of the central and southern part of Kodiak Island; of the Tikchik Lake district of south¬ western Alaska ; and a general study of the permanently frozen ground as affecting mining development in central and western Alaska, especially in the Fairbanks and Nome districts. The two topographic field projects include the continuation of surveying and mapping in the Admiralty Island area of southeastern Alaska west of Juneau and in the Alaska Range region, especially in the Tok Valley and adjacent parts of the Tanana region south of Tanana Crossing. TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH GENERAL OFFICE WORK Necessary office work incidental to the field work of the topo¬ graphic branch consisted in the inking, inspection, and editing of the completed topographic field sheets prior to their submission for reproduction and the computation and adjustment of the results of control field work. The status of topographic surveys shows that the country as a whole is now 46.7 percent mapped, the year’s increment amounting to 0.7 percent. The area covered by topographic base maps without contours and prepared from aerial photographs after field examina¬ tions continued large. FIELD SURVEYS Abbreviations for projects used below: Federal Emergency Ad¬ ministration of Public Works, “ P. W. Tennessee Valley Authority, “ T. V. A.”; Federal Emergency Relief Administration, State proj¬ ects, “ F. E. R. A.” Cooperation with States was continued on a smaller scale than in recent years. 248 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 Alabama. — Palos and Basham 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed, and Mount Hope 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs begun for 7%' quadrangles within Iuka 15' quadrangle (T. V. A.). Arizona. — Payson No. 1, Payson No. 2, and Castle Dome Peak No. 8- 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Grand Encampment National Monument (P. W.) continued; Payson No. 3 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Arkansas. — In cooperation with the United States Army district engineer at Vicksburg, Felsenthal, Moro Bay, Stuttgart, and S% Ingalls 15' quadrangles completed. Watalula and Alexander 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Scott No. 2, Cabot No. 3, and Alexander No. 1 7%' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Caddo Gap No. 1 and Caddo Gap No. 2 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and North Little Rock No. 4 7V2 quadrangle (P. W.) begun. California. — In cooperation with the county surveyor of Los Angeles County, Acton, Mount Wilson, Chileno Canyon, Camp Rincon, Camp Bonita, Pallett Creek, Boneyard Canyon, Mescal Creek, and Valyermo 6' quadrangles com- j pleted; Mount Emma, Alder Creek, Trail Canyon, and Mount Gleason 6' quad- ) rangles begun. Paynes Creek 30' quadrangle (P. W.) continued; Burney 30' i quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Colorado. — Como No. 2 and Taylor Park 15' quadrangles (P. W.), Grand i Encampment 30' quadrangle (P. W.), Colorado National Monument and Black j Canyon National Monument (P. W.) completed; Castle Rock Nos. 1 and 2, i Castle Rock Nos. 3 and 4, East Denver Nos. 3 and 4, Leadville No. 1, and ; Leadville No. 4 15' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. Connecticut. — 7*4' New London and Niantic 7*4 quadrangles (P. W.) com¬ pleted; New London No. 2 7*4' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Delaware. — Wilmington special map (P. W.) begun. Florida. — De Funiak Springs, Oscar, Mary Esther, and Y Y 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Point Washington 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Georgia. — Warm Springs 15' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Thomaston 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued. Mapping without contours from aerial photo¬ graphs completed for 7*4' quadrangles within Hemp, Porter Springs, Blue Ridge, Randa, Blairsville, Cartecay, and Cohutta 15' quadrangles (T. V. A.). Idaho. — American Falls No. 1, American Falls No. 2, and American Falls ! No. 3 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Metaline 30' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; j Yellow Pine No. 2 and Washington Creek No. 2 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and I Mackay and Dickey 30' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. Illinois. — Burlington, Oquawka, Iuka, Wenona, Morrison, and Lamotte 15' quadrangles completed ; Keithburg, Areola, Shelbyville, Lovington, and Delavan , 15' quadrangles continued ; Minonk, Stewardson, and Miles 15' quadrangles _ begun in cooperation with the Department of Registration and Education of Illinois, Geological Survey. Sycamore, De Kalb, and Mattoon 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Watseka and Pontiac 15' quadrangles begun. . Indiana. — Heltonville, Watseka, and Porter 15' quadrangles (P. W.) com¬ pleted; Oolitic 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued. Ioioa. — Melrose, McPaul, Iowa City, and Humeston 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed. Kansas. — W*/£ of Waldron 15' quadrangle (P. W.) and Armourdale No. 1, Olathe lb, and Olathe 2a 7 *4' quadrangles (P. W.) completed. Kentucky. — Munfordville and Cecilia 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs completed for Sneedville : No. 2 quadrangle (T. V. A.). Louisiana. — The Louisiana Board of State Engineers cooperating, mapping without contours from aerial photographs completed for 7%' quadrangles within Creole, Dulac, Pointe a la Hache, Crowley, Welsh, Jennings, Lafayette, 1 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 249 Sulphur, Donaldsonville, Bayou de Large, Dime, Chandeleur, Bodreau, Shell Beach, St. Bernard, Bonnet Carre, Spanish Fort, Chef Menteur, Toulme, Tim- balier, Cheniere Caminada, Lake Felicity, East Delta, West Delta, Breton Is¬ land, Forts, Quarantine, Fort Livingston, La Fortuna, Cat Island, Rigolets, Mount Airy, Raccoon Point, Caillou Island, and Marsh Island 15' quadrangles. Contours for 7y2f quadrangles within Chef Menteur, Spanish Fort, Bonnet Carre, New Orleans N1/^, and Hahnville NVfe 15' quadrangles (P. W.) com¬ pleted; contours for St. Bernard NW. quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Maine. — In cooperation with the Public Utilities Commission of Maine, Mars Hill 15' quadrangle continued. Houlton, Burleigh, and Bridgewater Center 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; St. Croix 15' quadrangle (P. W.) and Acadia National Park (P. W.) begun. Maryland. — Patuxent No. 2 and Prince Frederick 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Leonardtown 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Massachusetts. — In cooperation with the Department of Public Works, Divi¬ sion of Waterways, Wareham, Mount Tom, 7 y2 Plymouth, Easthampton, and Northampton No. 4 7 %' quadrangles completed; Falmouth No. 1 and Northamp¬ ton No. 1 7y2 quadrangles begun. Worcester No. 4 7y2' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Webster No. 1 7 y2 quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Michigan. — Merrill and Sanford 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Toledo Nos. 1 and 2 7 y2 quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Cement City 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued; Ithaca 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Minnesota. — Cochrane, Fountain City, Plainview, and Grand Forks 15’ quadrangles (P. W.) and Grand Forks No. 1 7 y2 quadrangle (P. W.) com¬ pleted; Rochester 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Mississippi. — Vicksburg National Military Park (P. W.) completed; Edwards 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs begun for 7 y2 quadrangles within Iuka 15' quadrangle (T. V. A.). Missouri. — In cooperation with the Geological Survey and Water Resources of Missouri, Nebo, Berryman, Upalika, Hardin, Greenville, Elsberry, Zanoni, and Linn 15' quadrangles and Versailles 3a, Versailles 3c, Versailles 3d, Ver¬ sailles 4a, Versailles 4b, Versailles 4c, Versailles 4d, Butler 4c, Butler 4d, Mera- mec State Park, Jefferson City 2a, Harrisonville lb, Harrisonville 2a, Spring- field 3a, Independence 3c, and Eldon No. 4 7 y2 quadrangles completed; Stone Hill and Kearney 15' quadrangles continued ; Boss, Nevada No. 1, and Knob- noster 15' quadrangles and Stockton 2b, Independence 4d, Butler 3d, Clinton 3c, Warsaw 4d, Harrisonville la, Harrisonville lc, Harrisonville 2c, Harrison¬ ville 2d, Glasgow 4b, and Olathe Id 7y2 quadrangles begun. Armourdale No. 1, Armourdale No. 4, Independence 3a, Independence 4b, and Gravois Mills No. 4 iy2 quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Eldon No. 3, Gravois Mills No. 3, Warsaw Id, Warsaw 3a, Warsaw 4a, Warsaw 4b, Independence 3b, and Versailles 3b 7 y2 quadrangles (P. W.) and Morrison and Sullivan No. 2 15' quadrangle (F. E. R. A.) begun. Montana. — Dupuyer No. 1 and Dupuyer No. 2 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Thompson 30' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Jennings and Silver Tip 30' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. Nebraska. — Utica, Seward No. 1, and McPaul 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Seward No. 4 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Nevada. — Skelton 30' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Gold Creek No. 4 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued; and Washoe district (P. W.) begun. New Hampshire. — Mount Washington 15' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Whitefield 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued. 20481—35 - 17 250 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 New Jersey. — Ramapo No. 4 and Paterson No. 1 l1/^' quadrangles (P. W.) ! completed; Paterson No. 4 71/£' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. New Mexico. — Arabela No. 3 15' quadrangle (P. W.), Potash special (P. W.), Albuquerque 4a, Albuquerque 4b, Albuquerque 4c, and Albuquerque 4d quadrangles (F. E. R. A.) completed; Los Lunas la qadrangle (F. E. R. A.) and Arabela No. 4 and Hillsboro Peak No. 1 15' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. \ New York. — Rhinebeck 15' quadrangle completed and Poughkeepsie Nos. 2 and 3 l1/*' quadrangles begun, in cooperation with the Department of Public | Works of New York. Saratoga No. 3, Saratoga No. 4, Quaker Springs, Castle Creek, and 7%' New London 7%' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Schuylerville No. 4, Binghamton No. 1, and Binghamton No. 7*4' quadrangles (P. W.) begun, j North Carolina. — Corundum, Banner Elk, and Ranger 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed ; Blowing Rock and Farner 15' quadrangles ( P. W. ) continued. , Mapping without contours from aerial photographs completed for 71/£' quad¬ rangles within Hayesville, Hemp, Ranger, Blue Ridge, Blairsville, Erwin, 1 Montreat, Meat Camp, Mountain City, Highlands, Addie, Lake Toxaway, j Mount Rogers, and Pattonsville 15' quadrangles (T. Y. A.) and begun for 7^' quadrangles within Tigersville, Edneyville, Arden, Democrat, and Brevard 15' quadrangles (T. V. A.). North Dakota. — Grand Forks No. 1 7^' quadrangle (P. W.) and Grand j Forks, Emerado, and Larimore No. 1 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; 1 Larimore No. 2 and McVille 15' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. Ohio. — Toledo No. 1, Toledo No. 2, Toledo No. 3, Toledo No. 4, and Maumee i Bay No. 2 7%' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; McClure No. 1 and Swanton No. 4 7^' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. Oklahoma. — Edmond 15' quadrangle (P. W.) and Edmond No. 3 7 y2' quad¬ rangle (P. W.) completed. Oregon. — McKenzie Bridge 30' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Disston 30' quadrangle (P. W.) and extension of Crater Lake National Park (P. W.) continued. Pennsylvania. — In cooperation with the Department of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania, Topographic and Geologic Survey, Allentown and Kane 15' quad¬ rangles completed and Mount Jewett and Sheffield 15' quadrangles begun. Mifflintown 15' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Needmore and Menno 15' quad¬ rangles (P. W.) begun. Cultural revision completed for Cameron and Wheeling 15' quadrangles (P. W.). Rhode Island. — Providence No. 3 71/£' quadrangle (P. W.) completed. South Carolina. — Greenville, Killian, Camden, and Wellford 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs com¬ pleted for 7%' quadrangles within Timmonsville, Marion, and Florence 15' quadrangles (F. E. R. A.) and begun within Irmo and Fort Motte 15' quad¬ rangles (F. E. R. A.). South Dakota. — Fort Pierre No. 1 and Van Metre No. 1 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Wind Cave National Park (P. W.) completed; Oacoma No. 2 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Tennessee. — Tellico 15' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Farner 15' quadrangle continued. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs completed for TY2 ' quadrangles within Damascus, Gate City, Elizabeth, Blountville, Robbins- ville, Surgoinsville, Small, Sneedville, Johnson City, Grady, Erwin, Meat Camp, Mountain City, Tellico, Wallace, Dandridge, Pattonsville, Mount Rogers, and Hagan 15' quadrangles (T. V. A.) and begun for 71/4' quadrangles within Gillises Mills, Adamsville, Tate Springs, English Mountain, Straw Plains, Co- hutta, Midway, Conasauga, Ooltewah, Rogersville, Newport, and Sevierville 15' quadrangles (T. Y. A.). GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 251 , Texas. — Longview No. 3 15' quadrangle (P. W. ) completed; Longview No. 2 and Dumas No. 4 15' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. Utah. — A portion of Salt Lake County (P. W.) completed; Theodore 80' quadrangle (P. W.) continued; Elk Ridge 30' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Vermont. — In cooperation with the State geologist of Vermont, Woodsville 15' quadrangle continued. Wolcott 15' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Wheelock 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Virginia. — Mount Rogers and Mouth of Wilson 15' quadrangles and Studley 7%' quadrangle completed and Charlottesville and Burkes Garden 15' quad- I rangles, Midlothian No. 1 and Midlothian No. 4 l1/}' quadrangles, and Char¬ lottesville special begun in cooperation with the Conservation and Develop¬ ment Commission of Virginia, Geological Survey. Balcony Falls 15' quadrangle (P. W.) and Fredericksburg-Spotsylvania Battlefield National Monument (P. W.) completed; Vesuvius and Amherst 15' quadrangles (P. W.) begun. Map¬ ping without contours from aerial photographs completed for 71,4' quadrangles I, within Carterton, Damascus, Burkes Garden, Marion, Glade Spring, Gate City, Blountville, Rural Retreat, Wise, Robbinsville, Sneedville, Wallace, Mount I Rogers, Hagan, Mouth of Wilson, Pound, Coeburn, Whitesburg, Pounding Mill, Big Stone Gap, Richlands, Nolensburg, Bucu, and Pattonsville 15' quadrangles (T. V. A.). Washington. — Mount Constance, Fort Simcoe, Eatonville, and Metaline 30' quadrangles (P. W.) and Troutdale 15' quadrangle (F. E. R. A.) completed; ! Marcus 30' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. West Virginia. — Cultural revision completed for Richwood, White Sulphur Springs, Lobelia, Clintonville, Cameron, Wheeling, and Clarington 15' quad¬ rangles (P. W.) ; Steubenville 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Wisconsin. — Chippewa Falls and Elk Mound 15' quadrangles (P. W.) com- | pleted ; Osseo and Arkansas 15' quadrangles (P. W.) continued. Wyoming. — Grand Encampment 30' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Grand Teton National Park (P. W.) continued; Viola No. 2 15' quadrangle, Daniel W^4 riV-2 by 30' quadrangle and Cokeville N1/-* 30' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Puerto Rico. — Parguera, Point Cabo Rojo, and Guanica 71/£' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Puerto Real, Sabana Grande, and San German 7%' quad- ! rangles (P. W.) begun. WATER-RESOURCES BRANCH The importance of water and of records related to the quality, chemical character, and availability of both surface and ground waters becomes increasingly apparent each year. The growth of the country in population and industry, with consequent increases in demands for water, and especially the continued series of dry years that culminated in the disastrous and widespread drought in 1934 and the recent dust storms throughout the Central West, have served to impress on all the people the controlling importance of water in our surface streams and in underground basins in relation to many of man’s activities. The Public Works Administration and related activities have found the information with respect to water to be invaluable in studies of projects of all classes and in all sections of the country and have relied on the records of the Geological Sur¬ vey as a basis for action on many projects. 252 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Reliable information with respect to these supplies of water and to their fluctuations with variations in rainfall is essential to orderly, stable, and economic development along many lines and, therefore, to the national welfare. The work of the water-resources branch thus assumes a position of great importance in the economic affairs of the Nation. The investigations by the branch are conducted largely in co¬ operation with Federal bureaus; State, county, municipal, and other governmental agencies ; and permittees and licensees of the Federal Power Commission. A major part of this cooperation is set forth below. Federal bureaus. — Investigations were conducted for the following Federal bureaus through advance, transfer, or repay of funds : Department of Agriculture : ^Bureau of Agricultural Engineering. Weather Bureau. Bureau of Biological Survey. Soil Conservation Service. Department of Commerce : Bureau of Air Commerce. Department of the Interior : Subsistence Homesteads. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Bureau of Reclamation. National Park Service. Department of the Navy : Bureau of Yards and Docks. Department of State. Department of War : Office of the Chief of Engineers. Federal Power Commission. Tennessee Valley Authority. Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works. States. — Amounts aggregating $496,909.46 were made available by States and municipalities for cooperative surface- and ground-water investigations. In addition to the results obtained directly from cooperation, it is estimated that data valued at over $115,000 were furnished by cooperating officials. Permittees and licensees of the Federal Power Commission. — At the request of the Federal Power Commission, 30 engineers of the branch have been desig¬ nated as representatives of the Commission to perform such field work as may be assigned to them by the Commission. The operation of about 310 gaging stations was conducted by the branch or was performed by permittees and licensees under the supervision of the branch in connection with 129 projects of the Federal Power Commission. Engineers of the branch have had general supervision of operations under permits and licenses of the Federal Power j Commission in connection with 132 projects. Examinations and reports on applications for projects have been made for the Commission as requested. WORK OF THE YEAR, BY DIVISIONS The division of surface water conducts investigations of surface water, which consist of the measurement of the flow of rivers, con- is ducted in the 48 States, the District of Columbia and Hawaii at I selected gaging stations where the volume of water is measured and GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 253 records of stage and other data are collected, from which the daily discharge of the rivers is computed. In this work 41 States, the Territory of Hawaii, and several Federal bureaus and individuals cooperated in the maintenance of the 3,022 regular gaging stations that were in service at the end of the year. Records for about 113 additional gaging stations were received, ready for publication, from Federal bureaus and from individuals. There were 37,770 discharge measurements made during the year. The division of ground water investigates the waters that lie below the surface in the zone of saturation (from which the wells and springs are supplied) ; the surface, occurrence, quantity, and head of these waters; their conservation; their availability and adequacy for domestic, industrial, irrigation, and public supplies and as watering places for livestock and desert travelers; and the methods of constructing wells and recovering water from them and of improving springs. Each year surveys are made of selected areas where problems of water supply are urgent, and the results are generally published in water-supply papers that include maps showing the ground-water conditions. The investigations relating to the chemical composition of the water are made in cooperation with the division of quality of water. Projects involving large ex¬ penditures for drilling wells to develop water supplies are con¬ sidered each year by the several departments of the United States Government, and the ground-water division is called upon to furnish information and advice on many of these projects. During the fiscal year about 80 investigations relating to ground water and reser¬ voir sites were in progress, and work was done in 32 States and in the Territory of Hawaii, in cooperation with State or local govern¬ mental agencies, or on Public Works Administration projects. In the hydrologic laboratory 126 samples of water-bearing material were analyzed. The division of quality of water analyzes water from surface and underground sources with reference to the suitability of the waters for industrial and agricultural uses and for domestic use (not re¬ lated to questions of health), so far as such use is affected by the dissolved mineral matter. The analysis (partial or complete) of 1,387 samples of water, including some for nearly all the studies of ground water in the different States, was completed during the year. The work of the division of power resources comprised the prep¬ aration of monthly and annual reports on the production of elec¬ tricity for public use and the consumption of fuel in generating the electricity reported. The monthly reports also include, through cooperation with the Bureau of Mines, comparative figures of the stocks of bituminous and anthracite coal on hand at electric public 254 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 utilities, the monthly consumption of coal, and the number of days’ • supply of bituminous and anthracite coal on hand at the current 1 rate of consumption. The annual report contains revised figures of the monthly production of electricity and consumption of fuel in 1934 previously published in the monthly reports, a summary of the annual reports from 1919 to 1934, the average annual rate of consumption of coal and the coal equivalent of oil and gas in generating 1 kilowatt-hour of electricity from 1919 to 1934, and the annual exports and imports of electricity between the United States and Canada and Mexico for certain years. A report of the capacity of water wheels in the United States on J anuary 1 was also prepared. ! The final report of the monthly and annual production of electricity for public use in 1934 was released April 20, 1935. The annual report of the capacity of water wheels in water-power plants in the United States was released January 24, 1935. The division of water utilization investigates problems affecting j the utilization and control of the waters of streams and performs administrative work relating to supervision and investigation of these problems by the field organization of the water-resources branch and of power projects of the Federal Power Commission and | of the Interior Department. The field work is generally conducted by personnel otherwise assigned to the division of surface water. In collaboration with the Mississippi Valley Committee of the Pub¬ lic Works Administration studies were made of floods in the United States, with especial reference to their magnitude and frequency, and of the relations of rainfall and run-off in the United States. A report on the flood study was completed and sent to the printer, and a report on the rainfall and run-off study was practically com¬ pleted by the end of the year. CONSERVATION BRANCH The regular work of the conservation branch was retarded during the fiscal year 1935 by insufficient funds and personnel. Office phases of the work were maintained reasonably current until March, when congestion developed in consequence of the receipt for techni¬ cal consideration of a large number of proposed unit plans of development and operation, submitted by Federal oil and gas per¬ mittees in compliance with departmental requirements. This con¬ gestion increased steadily thereafter and attained serious propor¬ tions before the end of the year. Field phases of branch work were necessarily neglected in all lines except power classification and agricultural classification, where funds from extra-branch sources made possible the conduct of several needed surveys. Geologic GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 255 work was possible in only two small areas, and field inspection of mines and of oil and gas operations, already far in arrears, was further attenuated by the necessary detail of supervisory personnel to Public Works projects and by an abnormal increase in new prop¬ erties and new operations to be supervised. By departmental order 884, effective March 21, 1935, the work of agricultural and grazing classification was transferred to the de¬ partmental Division of Grazing, and the office and field personnel of the branch engaged in that work was detailed to that division for the remainder of the year. MINERAL-CLASSIFICATION DIVISION The work of the mineral-classification division was restricted rather closely to office phases and was materially impeded by the negligible inflow of basic data from the field. The trend of divi¬ sion activity from strict classification to phases concerned with administration of the mineral leasing law was accentuated by the assignment to the division of the responsibility for determining the areas subject to logical unitization under plans for unit or coopera¬ tive development submitted by the holders of Federal oil and gas prospecting permits. Appreciable progress was made, nevertheless, in classifying the vast areas of public land withdrawn early in the century for examination and classification as to mineral. Classifica¬ tions effected include 224,444 acres as coal land, 661,091 acres as noncoal land, 19,211 acres as oil-shale land, and 248,473 acres as non-oil-shale land. In addition to the technical adjudication of 2,003 applications for mineral prospecting permit, 118 applications for mineral lease, and 859 conflicts or anticipated conflicts between mineral applicants and surface-right applicants; the technical review and endorsement of 732 assignments, coal-permit extensions, lease and license authori¬ zations; the preparation of 1,648 decisions for the departmental committee affecting the extension of oil and gas prospecting per¬ mits and potash permits; and the consideration of some 30 plans of unit operation and development for oil and gas fields or areas, definitions of the “ known geologic structure ” of two producing oil and gas fields were prepared and promulgated, as follows: Last Chance, Utah, February 23, 1935, 26,480 acres; Rex Dome (addi¬ tion), Wyo., November 21, 1934, 80 acres. The outstanding defini¬ tions of the “ known geologic structure ” of producing oil and gas fields on June 30, 1935, amounted to 986,906 acres in California, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming. 256 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 WATER AND POWER DIVISION The work of obtaining basic information as to the water-power resources and storage possibilities of public lands was directed chiefly to field phases. The continued availability of Public Works funds made possible the completion of river-utilization surveys involving some 1,900 linear miles of streams in Arizona, California, Colo¬ rado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Wash¬ ington, and Wyoming, with supplemental geologic and geophysical studies of foundation materials and conditions at 14 dam sites in Montana. Office activities, expanded during the year to include duties in¬ volving Carey Act projects, irrigation projects, and reservoir-site reserves, formerly performed by the agricultural division but not transferred to the division of grazing, were necessarily reduced to the minimum. In addition to their showing in the general sum¬ mary of cases they included action resulting in additions of 72,793 acres to outstanding water-power reserves in 11 public-land States and eliminations of 408,157 acres from such reserves in 8 States, with net decrease of the total reserved area in 22 States to 6,465,007 acres at the end of the year. Field supervision of power projects for the Federal Power Commission involved investigations and report on 15 projects, supervision of construction and operations under 132 projects, and studies of cost accounting on 5 projects. Statistics compiled by the division show that the holders and users of rights of way for power purposes granted by the Secretary of the Interior had for the calendar year 1934 aggregate installed horsepower of 3,139,010, including 2,094,964 at hydraulic plants and 1,044,046 at fuel plants, and aggregate energy generation of 6,930,000,000 kilowatt-hours, which is less by 25 percent than the production in 1933 because of the elimination of one large producer from the roster of departmental grantees during 1933. Revenues accrued to the Government from these grants aggregate $205,680 I from 1912 to 1934, and $15,663 additional has been assessed for the calendar year 1935. Accrued charges for unauthorized occupancy of public lands by power projects prior to the issuance of license therefor by the Federal Power Commission amount to $112,230 addi¬ tional, about $12,000 of which is in litigation. AGRICULTURAL DIVISION Until its functions of agricultural and grazing classification were transferred to the departmental Division of Grazing, March 21, 1935, i the work of the agricultural division was restricted chiefly to office j phases and to cooperation with departmental officials in preparing , and promulgating regulations for effectuating the purposes of the . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 257 Taylor Grazing Act of June 28, 1934 (48 Stat. 1269), in organizing the departmental Division of Grazing, in conducting public hearings throughout the West to explain the purposes of the grazing act and the procedure of grazing-district organization, and in the conduct of reconnaissance surveys of grazing resources and conditions in several districts established under said act. Although the filing of applications for agricultural classification and for designations under the stock-raising and enlarged homestead laws and the Nevada ground-water law was essentially terminated by the withdrawals approved by Executive order of November 26, 1934, the number of unadjudicated applications for rights under these laws transferred to the Division of Grazing on March 31, 1935, aggre¬ gated 1,999, an increase of 6.5 percent over the number pending at the beginning of the fiscal year. Accomplishments prior to the transfer of function, not indicated in the general summary of cases, included the designation of 35,450 acres in 15 States as subject to entry under the Stock Raising Home¬ stead Act and the cancelation of prior designations of 16,945,535 acres under that act, with net reduction of the outstanding designated area in 20 States to 102,429,247 acres ; the designation of 1,894 acres in 7 States as enterable under the Enlarged Homestead Act and the Cancelation of prior designations of 25,947,994 acres in 5 States, with net reduction of the outstanding designated area in 14 States to 268,467,585 acres; the inclusion of 12,480 acres in 11 States in public water reserves and the exclusion of 460 acres in 3 States from such reserves, with net increase of the gross area reserved in 13 States to 506,748 acres; and the designation of 2,600 acres under the Nevada Ground Water Act, with increase of the aggregate area so designated to 1,732,095 acres. Liaison service was maintained for the Interior Department with the Committee for Acquisition of Submarginal Land, of the Federal Emergency Relief Administra¬ tion, and cooperative studies of the grazing and farm resources of Arizona, with the University of Arizona and the United States Forest Service, were continued. MINING AND OIL- AND GAS-LEASING DIVISION The work of the mining and oil- and gas-leasing divisions, con¬ sisting of inspectional and regulatory supervision of mineral pros¬ pecting and development on public lands, Indian lands, and naval petroleum reserves, increased notably in volume and in difficulty of effective performance in the fiscal year 1935. Public lands. — The number of public-land properties under super¬ vision increased 17 percent, to a total of 8,394, involving 10,866,120 acres in 20 States and Alaska, and in the absence of sufficient funds for the most effective use of available personnel or for needed re- 258 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 placements and increase in supervisory forces the essential work of property inspection, already far in arrears, was perilously meager. With the aid of funds allotted in 1933' by the Public Works Admin¬ istration the supervisory force was maintained essentially intact, though available only in part for regular inspectional and regula¬ tory work, and was enabled to accomplish important conservational and remedial results outlined more fully under the heading “ Public Works projects.” The work of the oil- and gas-leasing division was vastly increased in 1935, both in Washington and in the field, by the necessity of assisting oil and gas permittees in fulfilling departmental require¬ ments for the submission of unit or cooperative plans of operation and development involving permit acreage, and of reviewing and revising the engineering and royalty features of such plans after their submission. Three unit plans were completed and approved during the year — for the Round Mountain field, California, the Fourbear field, Wyo¬ ming, and for unit 5 of the Cedar Creek field, Montana — and at the end of the year about 400 other plans were awaiting technical con¬ sideration in the Washington office alone, with little prospect of timely consideration by the small and fully preoccupied personnel available. The work of this division was further increased bf de¬ partmental regulations approved October 23, 1934, under the O’Mahoney Water Act, of June 16, 1934 (48 Stat. 977), to include remedial work necessary to preserve and make accessible water sup¬ plies found in wells drilled for oil and gas on public land and de¬ termined to be valuable for agricultural, domestic, or other purposes. Drilling activity on public lands during the year included the spudding of 203 new wells and the completion of 268 others, 120 of which were productive of oil or gas and 148 barren. The total number of wells under supervision at the end of the year was 7,200 in 15 States and Alaska, including 3,699 capable of oil or gas pro¬ duction. The production of petroleum, natural gas, and natural gasoline from public land in 1935 was substantially greater than in other recent years, and the revenues accrued therefrom were mate¬ rially increased. The regular work of the mining division, involving Federal prop¬ erties under development or exploration for coal, potash, sodium, phosphate rock, sulphur, and oil shale, increased moderately in the fiscal year 1935, but its performance was subordinated, by necessity, to remedial activities financed by Public Works funds. Coal prop¬ erties under supervision in 14 States and Alaska increased 28, to a total of 758; potash properties in 8 States decreased 8, to a total of 204; sodium properties in 9 States increased 6, to a total of 45; and sulphur properties in 1 State increased 4, to a total of 26. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 259 The number of phosphate properties (8 in 3 States) and of oil-shale properties (1) remained unchanged. Mineral prospecting during the year included 30 holes with aggregate of 14,957 feet, drilled for coal in Wyoming; 3 holes, 2,546 feet, drilled for sodium in California; and 5 holes, 5,331 feet, drilled for potash in New Mexico, as well as innumerable shallow holes and surface excavations in all public- land States. Safety and welfare conditions on mining properties under supervision remained generally satisfactory throughout the year, five coal properties receiving awards and one coal operator a trophy from the Joseph A. Holmes Safety Association, for out¬ standing accident-free accomplishment. Indian lands. — On behalf of the Office of Indian Affairs technical supervision of mineral development was continued in 1935 on tribal and restricted allotted lands within the limits of numerous Indian reservations. Oil and gas supervision involved 4,812 leaseholds, 4,477 wells, and aggregate royalty and rental accruals of $338,164.63 for Indian beneficiaries in 7 States and in 27 different tribes and included royalty accounting for certain agencies, appraisals of bonus and royalty offers and of pollution damages, assistance to lessees of Indian land on operating problems and in the preparation of unit, plans of development, and assistance to agency officials and tribal councils on technical phases of leasehold development and admin¬ istration. Mining supervision involved 36 lead and zinc leaseholds in the Quapaw Reservation, Okla., with aggregate royalty accruals of $216,557.04 during the year; 39 coal leaseholds involving Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Five Tribes land in Oklahoma, with aggregate pro¬ duction of 860,033 tons of coal and revenue accruals of $103,505.05: 1 asphalt lease involving segregated Choctaw and Chickasaw land, Oklahoma ; 1 lime phosphate lease involving restricted allotted Five Tribes land, Oklahoma ; and several scattered agency coal mines in the Western States. It included also special investigations of mining and marketing procedure under an asbestos leasehold in the San Carlos Reservation, Ariz., and of feasible methods of controlling coal¬ mine fires affecting lands in the Crow and Fort Peck Reservations, Mont. Naval 'petroleum reserves. — On behalf of the Navy Department supervision was continued during the year over operations for the production of oil and gas within Naval Petroleum Reserves Nos. 1 and 2, in California, and for the conservation of shut-in production within Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3, in Wyoming. Production from the California reserves aggregated 3,415,743.46 barrels of petroleum, 3,633,889,000 cubic feet of natural gas, and 12,841,346.20 gallons of natural gasoline, and had an aggregate royalty value of $561,541.31. 260 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS Under the supervision of conservation branch personnel aggre- I gate expenditures of $535,872.05 were made during the fiscal year 1935 from funds allotted by the Public Works Administration in i 1933, for field investigations and conservational work pertinent to branch functions. On four Federal projects $1,875.75 was expended for repairs and improvements at field camps maintained for branch employees at Taft, Calif., and Midwest, Wyo. On 11 projects $179,058.86 was expended for utilization surveys of power and stor¬ age resources of important streams in 11 public-land States. On 13 projects $354,934.44 was expended in 11 States in the plugging and abandonment or conditioning for use as a source of water of numerous wells drilled for oil and gas on public lands and there¬ after improperly abandoned or merely deserted; in extinguishing or controlling coal-outcrop fires, and in filling, bulkheading, or other¬ wise safeguarding abandoned mine or prospect openings on public and Indian lands; and in surface studies of coal occurrence and subsurface studies of oil and gas occurrence in Indian lands in Oklahoma. Work was terminated under practically all these proj¬ ects on or before J une 30, 1935, by reason of the exhaustion of funds originally allotted. On a few projects unexpended balances were available and work was continued beyond the end of the fiscal year under authority of the President. SUMMARY OF FIELD ACTIVITIES, BY STATES Alabama. — Visited oil and gas prospecting operations throughout the State in aid of mineral classification. Examined one tract in Fayette County for adjudication of conflicting mineral and nonmineral filings. Supervised 1 lease for coal and 1 lease and 1 prospecting permit for oil and gas. Alaska. — Supervised 1 power project ; 2 leases, 1 license, and 9 prospecting permits for coal ; and 100 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Arizona. — Supervised 25 power projects, completed 111 miles of stream- . utilization surveys on Little Colorado, Verde, Williams, Gila, and San Fran¬ cisco Rivers and examined the Williams reservoir site. Conducted range- classification studies and participated in grazing-law hearings at Prescott and Phoenix. Supervised on public land 2 prospecting permits for coal, 6 for potash, 4 for sodium, and 62 for oil and gas ; and on Indian land, 2 leases for oil and gas. Arkansas. — Visited oil and gas prospecting operations in the western part of the Arkansas Valley in aid of mineral classification and examined for minerals lands in Logan and Yell Counties sought for recreational purposes by the State. Supervised 1 power project and 7 oil and gas prospecting permits. California. — Supervised 90 power projects, completed 237 miles of stream- utilization surveys on Kern, Sacramento, and Yuba Rivers and Putah and Clear Creeks, and mapped in detail the Kennett, Kiswick, Whiskeytown, Anthony House, Upper Nanous, Copoy, and Monticello reservoir sites. Con- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 261 ducted range-classification studies in Grazing Districts Nos. 1 and 2 and par¬ ticipated in grazing-law hearings at San Francisco, Bakersfield, and Alturas. Supervised on public land 4 prospecting permits for coal, 2 for potash, 18 for sodium, and 980 for oil and gas, also 3 leases for potash and 214 for oil and gas ; and on naval petroleum reserves 24 leases for oil and gas. Colorado. — Examined land on the Garmesa anticline to determine the source of seepage gas. Supervised 13 power projects, completed 176 miles of stream- utilization surveys on Gunnison, Lake Fork of Gunnison, Crystal, and Yampa Rivers and Roaring Fork, Cattle, and Frying Pan Creeks, and mapped in detail the Trujillo and Arboles reservoir sites, also 15 minor reservoir sites and 5 dam sites. Participated in grazing-law hearings at Glenwood Springs and Grand Junction. Supervised on public land 83 leases for coal, 1 for sodium, and 26 for oil and gas, 17 licenses for coal, 52 prospecting permits for coal, 1 for potash, and 541 for oil and gas; and on Indian land 7 leases for oil and gas. Florida. — Visited oil and gas prospecting operations throughout the State and examined 1 tract each in Glades, Levy, Marion, and Suwannee Counties and 2 each in Dixie and Lafayette Counties for purposes of mineral classifica¬ tion. Idaho. — Supervised 34 power projects, completed 132 miles of stream-utiliza¬ tion surveys on Snake, Kootenai, North Fork of Coeur d’Alene, and Priest Rivers and mapped in detail the Rush Beds and Black Canyon reservoir sites and 6 dam sites. Conducted range-classification studies in the southern part of the State, including investigations to determine well-drilling sites for the development of stock water, and participated in grazing-law hearings at Boise. Supervised 1 lease and 17 prospecting permits for coal, 2 leases for phosphate rock, and 76 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Kansas. — Supervised 17 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Louisiana. — Visited oil- and gas-prospecting operations throughout the State in aid of mineral classification. Supervised 11 leases for oil and gas. Mississippi — Visited oil- and gas-prospecting operations throughout the State and examined one tract in George County for purposes of mineral classification. Supervised 1 prospecting permit for oil and gas. Montana. — Supervised 35 power projects, completed 260 miles of stream- utilization surveys on Blackfoot, Flathead, Kootenai, and Ruby Rivers, mapped in detail the Hungry Horse and Ruby reservoir sites, and made geologic and geophysical surveys of 14 dam sites. Conducted range-classification studies in Grazing District No. 1 and participated in grazing-law hearings at Billings and Malta. Supervised on public land 94 leases, 49 licenses, and 41 pros¬ pecting permits for coal, 5 leases for phosphate rock, 1 prospecting permit for potash, and 88 leases and 775 prospecting permits for oil and gas and on Indian land 68 leases for oil and gas. Nebraska. — Supervised one prospecting permit for potash. Nevada. — Supervised 17 power projects, completed 77 miles of stream-utiliza¬ tion surveys on Muddy, Little Humboldt, and Carson Rivers, and mapped in detail the Narrows reservoir site, 7 minor reservoir sites, and 3 dam sites. Participated in grazing-law hearings at Reno. Supervised 5 prospecting per¬ mits for coal, 1 for sodium, 7 for potassium, and 70 for oil and gas, and 1 lease for phosphatic material. Neio Mexico. — Supervised 6 power projects, completed 268 miles of stream- utilization surveys on Chama, Grande, Gila, and Pecos Rivers and Willow Creek, and mapped in detail the Elvado reservoir site. Participated in grazing-law hearings at Albuquerque. Supervised on public land 25 leases and 26 prospecting permits for coal, 9 leases and 158 prospecting permits for potash, 12 prospecting 262 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 permits for sodium, 26 prospecting permits for sulphur, and 117 leases, 1,502 prospecting permits, and 8 suspended preference-right leases for oil and gas and on Indian land 9 leases for oil and gas. North Dakota. — Participated in grazing-law hearings at Bismarck. Super¬ vised 72 leases, 20 licenses, and 1 prospecting permit for coal and 21 prospecting permit for oil and gas. Oklahoma. — Supervised 3 power projects. Supervised on public land 26 pros¬ pecting permits and 16 leases for oil and gas and on Indian land 4,704 leases for oil and gas, 39 leases for lead and zinc, and 31 leases, 3 awarded leases, 9 prospecting permits, and 5 awarded permits for coal. Oregon. — Supervised 40 power projects, completed 129 miles of stream-utiliza¬ tion surveys on Hood and Umatilla Rivers and Gales and Willamina Creeks, and mapped in detail the Umatilla and Catherine Creek reservoir sites and 5 minor reservoir sites. Participated in grazing-law hearings at Klamath Falls, Burns, and Yale. Supervised 1 lease and 4 prospecting permits for coal, 2 prospecting permits for sodium, 107 prospecting permits for oil and gas, and 1 lease for oil shale. South Dakota. — Participated in grazing-law hearings at Rapid City. Super¬ vised 4 leases, 3 licenses, and 2 prospecting permits for coal and 38 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Utah. — Supervised 18 power projects and completed the mapping of the Hunt¬ ington Creek reservoir site. Participated in grazing-law hearings at Salt Lake City. Supervised on public land 41 leases, 3 licenses, and 81 prospecting per¬ mits for coal, 10 prospecting permits for sodium, 23 prospecting permits for potassium, and 11 leases and 597 prospecting permits for oil and gas and on Indian land 2 leases for oil and gas. Washington. — Supervised 20 power projects, completed 260 miles of stream- utilization surveys on Clark Fork, Nooksack, Similkameen, Quinault, Hump- tulips, and Satsop Rivers and Sheep and Chewack Creeks, and mapped in detail 11 dam sites and numerous minor reservoir sites. Supervised 1 lease and 18 prospecting permits for coal, 1 prospecting permit for sodium, and 10 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Wisconsin. — Supervised 1 power project. Wyoming. — Made detailed geologic surveys of the Garland anticline, Big Horn and Park Counties, and the Osage oil and gas field, Weston County, for purposes of mineral leasing-law administration. Supervised 10 power projects, completed 296 miles of stream-utilization surveys on Laramie, Bear, and Green Rivers, and mapped in detail 2 dam sites and several minor reservoir sites. Participated in grazing-law hearings at Casper. Supervised on public land 48 leases, 28 licenses, and 60 prospecting permits for coal, 1 prospecting permit for sodium, and 414 leases, 1,510 prospecting permits, and 4 suspended preference- right leases for oil and gas and on Indian land 69 leases for oil and gas. WORK ON PUBLICATIONS Texts. — The book publications of the year in the regular series numbered 35, covering 3,509 pages. Besides these publications, 36 brief papers in mimeographed form were issued as memoranda for the press. During the year 16,213 pages of manuscript were edited and prepared for printing, and 3,085 galley proofs and 10,414 page proofs were read and corrected. Indexes were prepared for 36 publications, covering 6,050 pages. Copy and proof or GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 263 stencils for 1,336 pages of multigraph and mimeographed matter were read. In addition to the Survey work, the proof of the volume on copper resources of the world, to be published by the International Geological Congress, was read as time was available. Illustrations. — The section of illustrations prepared 2,088 drawings and photographs, transmitted 468 illustrations to accompany 26 reports, received and examined 539 proofs, and examined 32 editions. The work included considerable drafting for the Public Works Administration and the Office of Education. Geologic editing and drafting of mays and illustrations. — The color proof of the geologic map of Colorado, scale 1 : 500,000, was read, and corrections of color stones were made for the eastern half and begun for the western half. The geologic map of Texas, scale 1 : 500,000, was drawn, and one section of the map was sent for en¬ graving. The Somerset- Windber, Pa., folio (no. 224) was com¬ pleted. Illustrations for 21 papers were edited. The section made 120 drawings for papers to be published by State geological surveys or other outside organizations and 134 drawings for the Public Works Administration. Engraving and printing. — During the year 83 newly engraved topographic maps were printed, including 4 revised maps (of this number 47 were completed under the Public Works allotment), and 3 special maps were printed, making a total of 86 new maps printed and delivered. Corrections were engraved on the plates of 125 maps. Reprint editions of 128 engraved topographic maps and 11 photo- lithographed State and other maps were printed and delivered. In addition, 50 new topographic maps had been engraved and were in press June 30, including 17 under Public Works allotment, and the engraving of 41 other new topographic maps was nearly completed, including 16 under Public Works allotment. One new geologic folio was printed, the edition amounting to 600 copies. Of new and re¬ printed maps, 226 different editions, amounting to 580,689 copies, were delivered. A large amount of work was done for more than 60 other units of the Government and State governments, and the charges for it amounted to about $190,000, for which the appropriation for engrav¬ ing and printing geologic and topographic maps was reimbursed. Of topographic maps, geologic maps, and contract and miscellaneous work of all kinds, a grand total of 4,688,839 copies were printed and delivered. The output of the photographic laboratory consisted of 15,902 negatives (including 6,152 wet plates for photolithographs, 990 wet plates for photographic prints, 23 paper negatives, 1,994 dry plates, 1,066 lantern slides, and 5,677 field negatives developed), 29,888 264 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 prints (including 2,946 maps and diagrams, 25,876 photographs for illustrations and records, and 1,066 bromide enlargements), 5,278 zinc plates, 206 intaglio etchings, 13 celluloid prints, and 3,108 prints mounted. Distribution. — A total of 260 publications, comprising 35 new books and pamphlets, 86 new or revised topographic and other maps, and 139 reprinted topographic and other maps were received during the year. Several special pamphlets and forms for administrative use were also delivered and distributed. The total units of all pub¬ lications received numbered 70,462 books and pamphlets and 580,089 topographic and other maps, a grand total of 650,051. The division distributed 61,665 books and pamphlets, 2,887 geologic folios, and 693,861 maps, a grand total of 758,413, of which 2,315 folios and 543,877 maps were sold. The net proceeds (gross collections less copying fees and amounts refunded) from the sales of publications were $32,957.12, including $32,318.31 for topographic and geologic maps and $638.81 for geologic folios. In addition $6,940.24 was repaid by other establishments of the Federal Government at whose request maps or folios were furnished. The total receipts, therefore, were $39,897.36. LIBRARY The resources of the library have been increasingly utilized by the newer agencies of the Government. The total number of readers using the library during the year was 14,089, of whom 7,822 were not members of the Geological Survey. These figures may be compared with those of 1932, when the total number of readers was 7,614, of whom 2,111 were not members of the Survey. Loans outside of the library for the year were 9,038, an increase over 1932 of 40 percent. The bibliography of North American geology for 1933-34 was completed. Two cooperating staffs have continued the use of the library facilities in the compilation of the bibliography of foreign geology and the annotated bibliography of economic geology. The Emergency Relief Administration project was discontinued in September. The personnel employed on the project, numbering over 100, was utilized in mending and labeling books, sorting duplicate material, and classifying and cataloging most of the remainder of books and pamphlets of the Kunz collection. Several lists of references were prepared by the library staff. The subjects covered were the Geological Survey, the Public Works Ad¬ ministration, Federal regulation of the petroleum industry, and the Soil Erosion Service. The accessions during the year comprised 15,264 books, pam¬ phlets, periodicals, and serial parts and 1,202 maps. GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY 265 APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES The appropriations made directly for the work of the Geological Survey for the fiscal year 1935 included 11 items, amounting to $1,313,500. In addition, $237,602.54 of the balances for 1934 was continued available for use in 1935, and $80,036 was transferred to the Geological Survey from the indefinite appropriations for salary restorations. A total of $1,631,138.54 was thus made directly avail¬ able to the Geological Survey by Congress, of which $46,780.70 remained unobligated on June 30, 1935. In addition, $5,632 was allotted from appropriations for the Interior Department for mis¬ cellaneous supplies. 20481—35 -18 Topographic survey of the United States, July 1 , 1934 to June SO, 1935, and total area surveyed in each State 266 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 267 268 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 Cooperative State and municipal funds available for work on water-resources investigations, fiscal year 1935 State State funds available Municipal funds avail¬ able Total Surface water Ground water Surface water Ground water Alabama . . . . $2, 000. 00 13, 835. 89 26, 825. 65 $2, 000. 00 13, 835. 89 49, 397. 58 25, 677. 09 $17,571.93 $5, 000. 00 Colorado . 25, 177. 09 $500. 00 Connecticut . . . 6, 000. 00 100.00 6, 100. 00 Florida . . . . . 4, 007. 30 2, 200. 00 6, 207. 30 20,518. 81 22, 076. 92 5, 428. 13 4, 300. 00 5, 008. 00 12, 812. 22 22, 076. 92 5, 428. 13 7, 706. 59 4’ 000. 00 300.00 Iowa . . . 5, 008. 00 Kansas . . . . . 5, 798. 33 410.01 5, 798. 33 410. 01 Maine _ _ _ _ - 6, 500. 00 7, 509. 14 4, 298. 00 3, 700. 00 6, 500. 00 9, 259. 14 5, 748. 00 6, 200. 00 7, 704. 47 953. 63 Maryland _ _ _ _ _ 1, 750. 00 Massachusetts _ . _ _ _ _ _ 1, 450. 00 Michigan _ _ . _ 2, 500. 00 Minnesota . . . . 7, 704. 47 Mississippi . . . 953. 63 Missouri _ _ _ 8, 675. 69 188.98 8, 864. 67 9, 515. 40 16, 000. 00 700.00 Montana _ _ _ _ 9,515. 40 Nebraska . . . . . 12, 000. 00 700.00 4, 000. 00 Nevada. _ New Hampshire . . . 5, 435. 19 5, 435. 19 New Jersey _ 7, 800. 00 17,152. 61 17, 615. 00 6, 710. 05 3, 500. 00 5, 625. 00 3, 592. 40 2, 000. 00 16, 925. 00 New Mexico _ _ _ 20, 745. 01 New York _ _ 7,012.00 6, 363. 35 32, 990. 35 6, 710. 05 165. 20 North Carolina . . . North Dakota _ ... 165.20 Ohio . 16, 935. 42 24, 477. 44 18, 588. 29 3, 000. 00 9, 459. 69 17, 767. 50 2, 000. 00 770.00 18, 935. 42 Oregon _ _ _ 25, 247. 44 Pennsylvania _ 1, 826. 21 20, 414. 50 South Carolina . . . . 353. 22 3, 353. 22 Tennessee _ _ _ _ _ 1,000. 00 9, 744. 77 10, 459. 69 Texas . 27, 512. 27 9, 434. 23 Utah . . . . . . . 5, 500. 00 69. 82 3, 864. 41 Vermont _ _ _ 2, 284. 00 19, 000. 00 2, 284. 00 Virginia _ 156.00 19, 156. 00 Washington _ 12,414. 17 3, 000. 00 5,057. 85 17, 472.02 West Virginia _ 3,000.00 Wisconsin _ .. 7, 000. 00 11,466. 50 7, 000.00 11,466. 50 Wyoming _ _ _ Total . 400, 706. 93 42, 323. 80 38, 650. 97 15, 227. 76 496, 909. 46 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 269 General summary of cases involving land classification Class of cases General Land Office requests: General . . . Time extensions _ _ _ Oil developments _ _ Concurrence . . Committee cases— Oil and potash... Applications for classification as to mineral: Oil . Miscellaneous. . . Applications for mineral permits _ Applications for mineral leases. . Applications for patent, potassium.. Federal Power Commission cases: Preliminary permits . . . Licenses . Determinations under sec. 24... Applications for classification as to power resources _ Applications for agricultural classi¬ fication _ _ _ _ _ Applications for rights-of-way. . Irrigation project reports. . . . Applications under enlarged home¬ stead acts . . . . Applications under stock-raising homestead acts . . . Applications under ground-water reclamation act _ _ _ Indian Office requests for informa¬ tion. . . . . . Unit or cooperative agreements _ Total . Record for fiscal year 1935 Record since receipt of first case Pend¬ ing prior to July 1, 1934 Re¬ ceived during fiscal year Total Acted on during fiscal year Pend¬ ing June 30, 1935 Gain or loss 1 2 3 during fiscal year Re¬ ceived Acted on 123 1, 849 1,972 1, 891 81 +42 2,313 2,313 11 95 106 92 14 -3 17, 389 17, 375 54 736 790 732 58 —4 130 1,519 1,649 1,648 1 +129 12, 751 12, 750 144 1,264 1,408 1,232 176 -32 27, 420 27, 244 1 16 17 16 1 933 932 269 1,767 2, 036 2, 003 33 +236 61, 327 61, 294 11 127 138 118 20 -9 2, 145 2, 125 124 124 2 33 35 23 12 -10 348 336 28 28 7 47 54 52 2 +5 538 536 3 11 14 13 1 +2 542 541 41 94 135 2 135 1, 578 3 1, 526 8 102 110 101 9 .-1 7,092 7, 083 3 3 1 2 -2 941 939 67 56 123 2 123 57, 996 3 57, 926 1,809 1, 442 3, 251 2 3, 251 143,917 4 142,040 2 1 3 3 +2 988 3 988 9, 548 9, 548 1,454 1,454 1,454 -1,454 1,454 2, 682 10,616 13, 298 4 11,434 1, 864 -1,099 1 The terms “gain” and “loss” signify, respectively, decrease and increase in the number of cases pending. 2 See footnote 4. 3 These figures as of Mar. 11, 1935. 4 Includes 1,999 cases transferred to Grazing Division Mar. 31, 1935, as follows: Agricultural classification, 52; enlarged homestead, 70; stock-raising homestead, 1,877. Summary of outstanding mineral withdrawals and classifications, June 80, 1985, in acres State Coal Oil Oil shale Phosphate Potash With¬ drawn Classi¬ fied as coal land With¬ drawn Classi¬ fied as oil land With¬ drawn Classi¬ fied as oil-shale land With¬ drawn Classi¬ fied as phos¬ phate land With¬ drawn Alaska . 56, 993 Arizona . 139,415 Arkansas _ . 61, 160 8, 720 3, 032, 272 California . . 17, 603 4, 142, 233 1, 178, 392 215, 370 90, 324 Colorado . 1, 172, 778 952, 239 Florida . . 66, 796 276, 239 120 270, 036 Idaho. . 11,520 4, 603 Louisiana. 466, 990 1, 336, 697 4, 233 67, 651 Montana.. 6, 259, 193 83, 673 4, 124, 578 5, 954, 364 4,361 * 9,373, 884 280, 089 3, 833 Nevada 39, 422 9, 282, 160 New Mexico _ 984, 829 11, 178, 286 18, 887 250, 093 1, 267, 697 141,444 3 6,847, 235 North Dakota _ Oregon _ 84, 894 South Dakota _ Utah _ 3, 404, 043 691, 801 2, 143, 991 21,344,473 2, 737, 274 2, 703, 755 277, 344 2, 937 Washington _ Wyoming _ Total . 541,777 2, 079, 897 425, 214 989, 133 25, 293 26, 976, 775 33, 276, 103 5, 168, 593 71, 884 5, 989, 949 4, 081, 208 1, 889, 601 302, 219 9,411,906 1 Includes 3,151 acres of coal land reserved for use of the United States (coal reserve no. 1). 2 Includes 13,578 acres withdrawn as helium reserve. 3 Includes 2,078 acres of coal land reserved for use of the United States (coal reserve no. 2). 270 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 Mineral production from public lands and revenues accrued therefrom, fiscal year 1935 State Petro¬ leum (barrels) Natural gas (thou¬ sand cubic foot) Natural- gas gasoline (gallons) Coal (short tons) Potas¬ sium (short tons) Sodium (short tons) Phos¬ phate (short tons) Accrued revenue Alaska ... Alabama 07, 107. 00 20. 00 301, 530. 00 1, 847. 84 $11, 102. 40 2, 207, 430. 04 124, 038. 64 4, 235. 32 6, 027. 38 83, 450. 38 480. 00 207, 108. 06 24, 172. 53 20, 620. 10 210. 25 451.04 125, 123.03 8, 599. 60 1,405,240. 12 California 14, 230, 308 030, 102 44,717,415 1,008,204 00, 130, 000 30, 885 62, 288. 38 Colorado Idaho _ 38, 184. 03 Louisiana 2, 543 341,071 1, 431, 030 2, 704, 012 27, 056 Montana 304, 002. 67 Nevada _ _ Now Moxlco _ _ 3, 400, 204 0, 033, 403 700, 040 30, 020. 56 300, 220. 07 334,307.41 3, 018. 07 North Dakota Oklahoma 227, 434 480, 165 Oropon 77.00 2, 246. 12 1,054, 106.31 25, 004. 07 1,040,817. 45 South Dakota Utah 018 37, 073 2,008 Washington Wyoming . 0,050,044 12,300,310 27,410,277 Total . 28, 200, 714 26, 065, 176 73, 033, 326 57, 800, 857 07, 804, 350 87, 728, 505 2,'66i,'086.‘54 334, 307. 41 204, 165. 80 55, 307. 05 40, 047. 27 38, 184. 03 43, 000. 01 3," 075," 606.' 01 1034. Financial statement of United States Geological Survey for the fiscal year ended June SO, 19S5 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 271 2« 8 83 §E II Go ?i I <8 7;<5w*oi' oo>^ sil^isWs ! §' W» I _ t I?l®foSoc?M i ^ § co" rjj I cf <& o> H 88 Sf* sassssssssss | f® gssMW-SM i S3 ~g2‘ ~Sf& 8 88888388888 . g cj ^ ijj co o SSft'^gjSgS^'S lOHH rH 8 ft £ * R2 8 8 a 2 S3 8 ui •j-j «*i S Eft 8 38ft So 8 S M 8S * 3 8 2 88 R £ § g 3§ g 8 8 2 8ft ft n i •eft a g.rH a. Set •£ §5 l*ij 8 8 ft 88 ft t S’ § £ft $ C.® • s <» a li .Et ♦- ,73 Ok 3 gj§ J ps” ® ^ ! .£ *S • !-• £' S •o fc'P Ilia s J Jill: *Sa2si££ •2.s i.I’S o’p | ^-ipaSiSogj |!|il||5||-| 53^ a l|| 0*0 £ ft a t*2 wsa O co M OP g 2|3 Iv5i •|g | i Bcf| £ li3si0& O /-J * Vi 2 S3 x - g2 ! >r « c a 82a : c.” 9^x> ^4 Hill i* : «c 35 * a-o** : elS'C^SS ! O 1/ P O £ I°li5|| l.;Ss.lll i !|li lilllll slSlaui J-d-g g^a ® ® g *,o S-S 2} b» ® --< o o> a >. £ a, fc.2feS&*2 0;^ ©5 # 4> ' 3 ‘532 2 b g g « i> « 3 .a 8 34 2< •orJ'O'O'c 2t3 33 3’g Sgfl ooo^oaeJ Financial statement of United States Geological Survey for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1985 — Continued 272 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 o oo *0 1-H 50 O TH c* CS CO CJO 05 050 ci id _ CO GO > © © a > g — £ £1,0 §£§£ &s3m t-'2 °.2 o © •—-<->©© > © a ■ 5*1 a ° © O a ©•« © , ~ a^la^a' u C'E'o+3 s> ; m* g* • a tions; and rehabilitation and related legislation. A second section i of the survey report covered organization of the rehabilitation staff, location and number of district offices, office facilities, functions of i the staff, qualifications of personnel, functions of the administrative n board, and working agreements with other agencies. A third sec¬ tion dealt with the case-work program — including an analysis of 1 cases rehabilitated, of cases closed as not rehabilitated, and of cases g on the live roll at the time of the survey. Detailed reports of these surveys were submitted to the State * officers concerned and, subsequent to submission of the reports, con- - ferences were held with the administrative officers and case-work j staff of the States, to discuss the findings and to assist the States 8 in such reorganization of their work as would make for more effec- - tive service to the handicapped. A number of States have requested that similar surveys be made during the current fiscal year. During the past year special services were requested by a number of the States, and the following services were rendered : Assistance f in establishing local programs in Florida at Miami, Tampa, and Jacksonville, and in Ohio at Toledo; assistance in the conduct of 1 State staff conferences in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, California, Georgia, Oklahoma, ^ and Kentucky; assistance in training new staff workers appointed I in expansion of programs in a number of States; assistance to States I in the development of supplementary programs of rehabilitation i carried on through Federal Emergency Relief funds; assistance in I the development of cooperative working relations with employment I services in a number of the States ; assistance in several of the States I in planning and carrying on special studies and investigations — I such as the taking of a census of the disabled in the State, the taking of a census of industries in the State to determine employ¬ ment opportunities for the disabled, and studies for developing more effective methods of carrying on the rehabilitation work. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 319 CONTRIBUTION TO RELIEF OF UNEMPLOYMENT On occasion of approving the George-Ellzey Act authorizing addi¬ tional appropriations for vocational education for the years 1935, 1936, and 1937, the President expressed the desire that funds made available to the States by the new act be used for the benefit of the unemployed. With exception of a provision in that act that part-time classes for employed workers operating for less than 144 hours per year might receive Federal aid, the requirements for i approval of expenditures in the States for trade and industrial education were the same as those governing expenditures from funds I granted to the States by the Smith-Hughes Act. During the past 18 years definite policies have been established, and interpretations of the Smith-Hughes Act have been made to 1 aid the States in the administration of their program. So far as I the standards recommended in these policies were discretionary, and based upon interpretations of the Smith-Hughes Act, they have been reexamined to see what modifications might be made to bring them into conformity with the wish of the President. A conference of State officials was called in Washington in June 1934, and certain modified standards, interpretations, and definitions were agreed upon. | These temporarily modified standards, after approval by the Com¬ missioner of Education, were made known to the States in Mis¬ cellaneous 1715 and 1599. The evidence is conclusive that the modi¬ fied rulings and interpretations have functioned as they were in- | tended to function during the year, in making it easier for the States (1) to operate special classes for persons who were in need of voca¬ tional training to bring themselves up to date in their trades, and (2) to provide short units of training to meet the specific needs of unemployed persons generally. It may fairly be stated that the entire program of trade and indus¬ trial education, carried on cooperatively between the Federal Gov¬ ernment and the States, is one social agency for dealing effectively with the unemployment problem. The record shows that a very large percentage of graduates of full-time day-trade schools have been ! able to secure employment, even during the depression years. Where j there has been a pronounced shortage of trained help locally, and . where the school has limited its enrollment to persons in line for available employment, the placement record has been practically 100 i percent. This type of school has in fact functioned generally to pre¬ vent unemployment in a fundamental way, by removing one of the basic causes of unemployment, namely, lack of training qualifying for employment in an available job. Service to out-of -school groups, also, including adults who need vocational training to build up or maintain their employability, con- 320 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 tributes in an important way to solution of the unemployment prob¬ lem. Many thousands of adults, by taking advantage of oppor¬ tunities to receive appropriate vocational training, have been able to secure profitable employment during the past year. Adult re¬ training work has been conspicuously successful. For home economics education, with its center of interest in the home, unemployment has developed difficult problems. One re¬ sponsibility assumed b}^ teachers of home economics has been to find out how home conditions were being affected locally by un¬ employment, and to bring vocational education into the home to meet conditions found, by safeguarding family health and welfare under these conditions. In the emergency situation home economics edu¬ cation has accordingly been developed in courses based upon surveys of individual family needs, and devised to meet these needs. The homemaker has been taught how to conserve and make the most of the meager resources of the family — how to make over old gar¬ ments, renovate household furnishings, and buy economical^. The Federal staff has advised with State supervisors and school administrators in promoting cooperation with relief agencies. This cooperation has embraced planning courses for adult homemakers from families on relief, and preparing materials for use in such classes. Members of the staff have conducted conferences with teachers on adapting instruction given in regular day-school classes, and in classes organized for adults to meet the needs of unemployed and low-income groups, and of groups on relief. They have con¬ ducted conferences, also, on developing instruction to meet the needs of wage-earning girls and women working in homes, and for girls thrown out of employment by minimum age requirements set up under N. R. A. codes. They have prepared material on service jobs in the field of home economics and on consumer education. In rural connnunities home economics teachers have cooperated with teachers of vocational agriculture in developing live-at-home programs — budgeting family needs for food, planning and planting home gardens to meet these needs, and preserving surplus fruits, vegetables, and meats for winter consumption. Among the consequences of unemployment in urban industrial centers has been a back-flow of population into rural areas, a return to the farm of farm youth who had in other years found employ¬ ment in urban communities, and a closing-up of avenues of employ ment for such youth in other fields than farming. Vocational agriculture has functioned in this situation to establish in farming these youth, and urban families which in many instances have had little if any practical experience in farming for the market, or in farming or gardening for home consumption. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 321 In the field of vocational agriculture relief of unemployment dur¬ ing the past year in its larger aspects has meant for the Federal i staff, for State administrators and supervisors, and for agricultural teachers generally modification of programs and development of new | lines of instruction to promote agricultural adjustment, rural re- | habilitation, and subsistence homestead programs. NEW PROBLEMS OF THE ALL-DAY AND PART-TIME SCHOOL VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS UNDER CHILD-LABOR LAWS As was noted in the annual report for 1934, the elimination of | child labor under State laws and N. R. A. codes fixing minimum ages of employment, and under policies adopted by employers, has created a gap in our educational system between the age of leaving : school and the age of entering into regular wage-earning employment, and imposed upon our public-school system new and very large responsibilities. Youth in the ages of 14 to 16 and 18 years, who are as a matter of public policy or industrial expediency excluded from entrance into regular employment, cannot be abandoned to complete idleness by local communities during the most critical habit-forming and char¬ acter-forming period of adolescence. It follows that educational opportunities adapted to the needs of these youth must be generally provided to bridge the gap which has opened up between the years of school attendance and those of productive employment. For several years past vocational programs have been in process of expansion and adaptation to meet the needs of these out-of- > school out-of-work youth. In general the all-day and part-time voca¬ tional schools have been modifying and developing their programs to meet the needs of older groups — the all-day school to meet the needs of youth in full-time school attendance beyond the age of 14, to the ages of 16 to 18 years, and the part-time school to meet the needs of employed youth in more advanced ages. The problem of providing for the educational needs of these youth is one large phase of our “ youth problem.” In this matter of adapting part-time school instruction to meet the needs of older youth, the Office of Education and State vocational staffs have a large responsibility, since one-third of the Federal funds appropriated to the States under the Smith-Hughes and George-Ellzey Acts for trade and industrial education, if used by the States, must be used for part-time schools. APPRENTICE TRAINING Apprenticeship was definitely recognized in the Smith-Hughes Act, and the Federal-State cooperative program of vocational education 322 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 in the industrial field was planned to meet the need in this country for skilled mechanics. For many years industries in this country had depended largely upon Europe to train their skilled artisans. The few apprentice training programs which were in operation in this country in 1917 amounted to very little except in a few cases, of which those conducted in railroad shops, navy yards, arsenals, and a few of the larger corporations may be cited as samples. In the effort to extend employment for adult workers under N. R. A. codes opportunity to develop and operate apprentice train¬ ing programs in industries and trades covered by the codes was for the time being eliminated. When, however, in 1934 it became ap¬ parent that there was an actual and prospective shortage of thor¬ oughly trained skilled workers in these fields of employment, the President issued an Executive order which made it possible to or¬ ganize apprentice training under the codes through granting certain exemptions from wage and hour provisions. The responsibility for carrying out this Executive order was assigned to the Secretary of Labor, and a Federal Committee on Apprentice Training was appointed. This committee consisted of one member and one alter¬ nate each from the N. R. A., the Department of Labor, and the Office of Education. Up to the time that the N. R. A. codes were invali¬ dated by a decision of the Supreme Court, 44 State committees had been formed to administer apprentice training, but the number of apprentices actually indentured under the program was very small, except in the State of Wisconsin where the program was merely a continuation of what that State had been doing for many years. Reports from the States show that throughout the country the promotion of the program of apprentice training is recognized as a major responsibility of State boards for vocational education in developing the cooperative Federal-State programs of vocational education. As indicative of the status of apprentice training under the Smith- Hughes Act, it may be noted that 1,400 apprentices were in attend¬ ance during the past year at the Washburne Continuation and Ap¬ prentice School in Chicago ; and that in Detroit 450 apprentices were in school 4 to 8 hours per week and at work the balance of the time. By adding to this figure for Detroit the number of cooperative students, a total of 948 is found as the number of young workers actually learning trades under an organized system of vocational training in the public vocational schools of the city and on the job. Definite arrangements for extending arid developing apprentice¬ ship have been made in Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Mary¬ land, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Indiana, Virginia, ■ i < i I ] ( £ f s a s c ti a e r \ f c: e’ “ ti o< ir is ft VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 323 Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Colorado, California, Oregon, and a number of other States. A survey of apprentice training made in 1931 indicated that there were at that time more than 31,000 apprentices or trade-school stu¬ dents receiving the equivalent of apprentice training. While exact data on the present status of apprenticeship under the Smith-Hughes Act are not available at this time, it is believed that for the country as a whole the number of apprentices is well over 50,000. The need for systematic development of apprentice-training pro¬ grams is particularly urgent in the field of commercial education. In our larger cities one-sixth of the young workers between the ages of 18 and 24 years are employed in distributive occupations, and at least 100,000 youth in the country as a whole are serving in the lower-level positions in retail stores. Apprentice training would greatly benefit those youth. OCCUPATIONAL ADJUSTMENT TRAINING In its report to the President last January, the Committee on Economic Security noted that “ education, training, and vocational guidance are of major importance in obtaining economic security for the individual and the Nation.” It declared with special empha¬ sis that u the educational and vocational equipment of individuals is a major factor in their economic security ”, and added the following statement : It has become apparent particularly that education cannot be regarded as completed upon leaving school. * * * In a day and age of rapidly changing technics and market demands, many people will find it necessary to make adjustments long after they have first entered industry. Adjustment of our educational content and technic to this situation is a vital need in a long- range program for economic security. In this sense vocational education, as it has developed under the Vocational Education Act of 1917, is one long-range social program for promoting the economic security of the worker. It was in recognition of the vital need for adjustment of our edu¬ cational content and technic to meet the needs of adult workers, that the act of 1917 provided that Federal funds appropriated to the States by the act for vocational education should be available for evening classes organized to give instruction to adult workers, “ supplementary to their daily employment.” Since such instruc¬ tion must be supplementary to daily employment it is essentially occupational adjustment instruction. Enrollments in such classes of all types — agricultural, trade and industrial, and home economics— totaled 370,000 in 1934, and there is no reason to expect that reports to the Office of Education from the States for 1935, when these reports become available, will show 324 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 any falling off of enrollments. Rather it is expected that reports for 1935 will show material increases over 1934 in enrollments of adult workers. The total of 370,000 for 1934 included 140,000 trade and industrial workers, and 100,000 farmers enrolled in evening classes for instruc¬ tion supplementary to their daily employment — that is to say, for instruction planned with the objective of promoting their economic security by enabling them to make the continuous occupational ad¬ justments required by “ rapidly changing technics and market demands.” Finally the total for evening schools includes 129,000 women enrolled for instruction to enable them to safeguard and pro¬ mote the welfare of the home under the rapidly changing conditions of home life. By way of promoting occupational adjustment training, the Divi¬ sion of Vocational Education of the Office of Education issued dur¬ ing the past year a bulletin on Vocational Education and Changing Conditions, summarizing in part some results of an inquiry under¬ taken at the request of the American Vocational Association. In this publication the larger aspects of problems developing for voca¬ tional education in all fields out of recent economic and social changes are presented. A second publication dealing with these problems in more technical detail, as they present themselves to officials admin¬ istering and supervising agricultural, trade and industrial, and home- economics vocational programs in the States and local communities, is in process of preparation. The evidence assembled in this inquiry justifies the conclusion that it is becoming increasingly difficult in the skilled trades for workers to learn the new technics of their trades on the job without expert assistance, and that opportunities for adults to secure systematic occupational adjustment training, where and as they need it to maintain their employability, are more essential today than they have been in any earlier period ; that it is becoming increas¬ ingly difficult for the farmer to learn the new technics of farming without expert guidance in applying on the farm the results of scien¬ tific research in agriculture ; and increasingly difficult for the home¬ maker to learn without such assistance the new technics of home¬ making for health protection, child care, selection and preparation of food, and home management. Workers in trade and industry must learn these new technics or pay the price of shifting to lower occupational levels, and eventually to the level of unemployability. Workers on the farm must learn the new technics of farming or pay the price of shifting to lower levels of economic welfare and even to the level of insolvency; and workers in the home must learn the new technics of homemaking in urban and rural communities or pay the price of shifting to lower levels of welfare in the home affecting all members of the household. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 325 This need for occupational-adjustment training in all fields, which is rapidly becoming more urgent with the accelerating pace of in¬ vention and of scientific and technological advance, is being gen¬ erally recognized in the States. In the State of Texas, for example, during the past year 231 evening trade-extension classes for men employed in one industry alone — the production and refining of petroleum — were operated as a part of the vocational program in 56 cities. These classes enrolled over 4,000 men from 82 different oil companies. In Oakland, Calif., 1,300 adults were enrolled in 18 different trades in one trade school of the city — the Central Trade School. In Massachusetts 3,515 individuals were given vocational training either full time or part time in new classes or departments in addition to 25,000 enrolled in the regular vocational program — all of these enrollees being unemployed and, except for the training provided, more or less unemployable. A class in Diesel-engine op¬ eration, maintenance, and repair was operated in Montana for a period of 3 months, with a long waiting list during all of the time of men from all sections of the State who wanted this training to help them keep up to date in their knowledge of internal-combus¬ tion engines. These typical instances may serve to illustrate the variety and scope of occupational-adjustment training being pro¬ vided by the States in the trade and industrial field. In the field of agriculture the demand for adjustment training has been met in the States by organization of evening classes for adult farmers dealing with problems of production adjustment, marketing, and farm financing. The prime objective of these evening agricultural courses is to promote the economic security of the farmer in the face of shifting market demands. Home-economics instruction in evening classes organized for adults has been essentially occupational-adjustment training for home workers. Special reports to the Office of Education during the past year from State directors and local school superintendents indicate that vocational directors, supervisors, teacher trainers, and teachers in every section of the country in all fields of vocational training have been actively promoting, organizing, and conducting classes for adult workers, employed and unemployed, to bring their occupational skills and technical qualifications into line with the changing re¬ quirements of industry, commerce, agriculture, and homemaking. As a result many thousands of unemployed workers have been brought back into employment; the job tenure of many thousands of employed workers has been rendered more secure; and the economic welfare of the farmer, and of homes in urban and rural communities has been improved. 326 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 COOPERATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES The vocational education and vocational rehabilitation programs, initiated in 1917 and 1920, respectively, and consistently developed by subsequent legislation are fundamentally cooperative programs — fundamentally programs (1) for cooperating with the States in utilizing established State and local educational agencies for exten¬ sion of educational service into the fields of vocational training and vocational rehabilitation of the physically disabled; and (2) for cooperating with other services of the Federal Government to aid the States in building up their vocational programs. In the emer¬ gency situation of the past few years, and more particularly of the last fiscal year, cooperative activities have embraced those of Federal, State, and local recovery agencies generally. All vocational services of the Office of Education — agricultural, trade and industrial, home economics, and rehabilitation — have coop¬ erated with the F. E. R. A. in promoting emergency vocational- education and rehabilitation programs for unemployed adults. These services have all cooperated in their respective fields with Federal emergency activities for relief of unemployment. They have cooperated with agencies organized specially to deal with the out-of-school unemployed youth problem in rural and urban communities. The Agricultural Education Service has cooperated continuously throughout the year with the Agricultural Adjustment Administra¬ tion in preparing material for teachers on production-adjustment programs and in following up this material with supervisors, teacher trainers, and teachers to insure its effective use in all-day, part-time, and evening classes. In cooperation with the Farm Credit Admin¬ istration, the Agricultural Education Service has prepared a bulletin on Teaching Farm Credit for use of teachers in giving instruction on agricultural financing. Two specialists in agricultural education were brought to Washington to work with the agricultural staff in the Office in cooperation with the Civilian Conservation Corps edu¬ cational authorities in developing course outlines for farm boys in C. C. C. camps. Teachers in the field located near these camps and near subsistence homestead communities have assisted the camp or homestead-educational programs. The service has cooperated exten¬ sively with soil conservation and rural rehabilitation agencies in providing counsel and assistance to individual rehabilitation clients and in organizing classes to meet the needs of such clients. The Home Economics Education Service has cooperated with Federal, State, and local agencies, in rural rehabilitation work, in developing live-at-home programs, in organizing, recruiting, and conducting of emergency home-economics classes for adult women, in VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 327 I establishing preschool centers, in training emergency teachers and | parent-education workers, and in preparing and distributing mate- p rial on consumer education for use of emergency workers in the field of home economics. In addition to these special cooperative activi¬ ties in the emergency program, members of the home-economics serv¬ ice have served as members and chairmen of important committees of national organizations interested in promoting home welfare, such as the American Home Economics Association, the National Council of Parent Education, the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, the American Vocational Association, and the National Education Association. The trade and industrial service has participated in many of these activities. Members of the staff have cooperated in the effort making under Federal, State, and local leadership to revive and develop home crafts generally and particularly for families in subsistence homestead communities. They have cooperated with emergency agencies for unemployment relief. As noted in connection with apprentice training, the chief of the Trade and Industrial Education Service has served throughout the year as representative of the Office of Education, together with representatives of the N. ft. A. and the Department of Labor, on a committee appointed by the Secretary of Labor, to organize apprentice training under N. It. A. codes. The Rehabilitation Service has continued during the past year to build up its cooperative relations with other agencies dealing with the disabled and operating in allied fields. Much of this coopera¬ tion is required under laws providing workmen’s compensation and employment agency services. Under the Social Security Act the need for cooperation with agencies operating in the field of pensions, unemployment insurance, service to crippled children, service to the blind, and public-health activities will be greatly expanded. Funds made available by the F. E. R. A., for the year, for expanding and promoting in the States the service of vocational rehabilitation, amounting approximately to $840,000, have been administered by the established national and State agencies operating the regular pro¬ gram of vocational rehabilitation under the act of 1920, in close co¬ operation with; the emergency education program of the F. E. R. A. Although these developments tend to complicate the rehabilitation problem, they materially increase its effectiveness. NEED FOR ADDITIONAL FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS During the past year Congress has given consideration to the need for additional appropriations to the States for the promotion of vo¬ cational education and vocational rehabilitation of the physically disabled. It has had under consideration bills increasing authoriza- 328 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 tions of appropriations in the several fields of vocational education, partly to meet emergency needs and partly to provide for developing the permanent program of vocational education. It is recognized that the rural areas of the United States are facing an emergency situation, that farmers in every section of the country are confronted with difficult problems of agricultural adjustment, farm financing, production control, shifting markets, and reduced incomes, and that these conditions call for an expanded vocational program in rural areas. Changing conditions on the farm and in urban and rural homes are presenting many new problems for ad¬ justment. The unemployment situation in both urban and rural communities has created an emergency need for expansion of voca¬ tional programs in all fields of vocational training to prevent the unemployed from becoming permanently unemployable and depend¬ ent on relief measures, and to provide educational facilities for un¬ adjusted out-of -school youth. At the same time it has become ap¬ parent that many States and most rural communities are unable to finance the needed expansion of vocational programs for farmers, industrial workers, homemakers, and unemployed youth. The requirement that Federal funds appropriated to the States for vocational education shall be matched, dollar for dollar, with State or local funds has worked to restrict the development of voca¬ tional programs to those communities which were financially able to provide matching funds and to deprive communities unable to pro¬ vide such funds of the benefits of vocational programs — to deprive, that is to say, communities which in many instances are precisely those in which the need for vocational education facilities is most urgent. In this situation it has been proposed to provide additional appro¬ priations for vocational education and to make these appropriations available in part over a period of years without matching with State or local funds. Additional appropriations have been proposed also to provide for some of the expanding needs of the permanent voca¬ tional program. The need for additional Federal funds in the field of vocational rehabilitation has been recognized in the Social Security Act, which provides additional appropriations for this service. The States are at present in a position to absorb about $1,500,000 of Federal aid for vocational rehabilitation. Sessions of the State legislatures which were held during the past winter and spring in many in¬ stances increased appropriations for rehabilitation. In a few of the States appropriations were held to what they were for the past biennium. In none of the States were the funds decreased. Fol¬ lowing the passage of the Social Security Act, special sessions of the legislature will be held in a number of the States, and on the VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 329 basis of past experience in the development of the program it may be assumed that the cooperating States will be in a position to ab¬ sorb an additional million dollars of Federal money in the next 2 or 3 years. This amount of money, together with the State and local funds will not, however, be adequate to meet the rehabilitation problem. The future development of the rehabilitation program will be largely dependent on the degree to which the Federal Gov¬ ernment participates. For reasons that appealed to the 1914 Commission on National Aid to Vocational Education, the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 did not provide Federal aid to the States for occupations in the field of commerce as in other vocational fields. The need for more adequate vocational-training programs for those engaged in distributive oc¬ cupations is becoming urgent. Small-store operators and other com¬ mercial workers are now demanding classes in which they and their employees can be taught more efficient methods and practices. Ac¬ cording to the Census Reports about one-tenth of the workers be¬ tween 18 and 24 annually enter distributive occupations without any preparatory or supplementary vocational training. It is now being realized that vocational training in the field of commerce to pro¬ mote efficient distribution of the products of farms and factories is as essential to the economic welfare of the country as vocational training in other fields. LEGISLATION IN THE STATES During the past year, and in provisions for the current year, the States have continued their appropriations in support of vocational- education and vocational-rehabilitation programs. In some instances States and local appropriations, which had been reduced under the pressure for economy have been restored or increased. Alaska ac¬ cepted the vocational-education act, and submitted its plan for de¬ veloping a vocational-education program. Hawaii provided for initiation of a program of vocational rehabilitation. Two States, Florida and South Carolina, enacted compensation legislation which will increase the efficacy of rehabilitation work in these States, and, in addition, a number of States enacted legislation, in the fields of social welfare and employment, of material value for the rehabili¬ tation program. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS During the year work continued in compilation of the results of the inquiry undertaken at the request of the American Vocational Association on Vocational Education and Changing Conditions. One bulletin (no. 174), summarizing some results of this inquiry has been issued, and provisional copy for a second publication under this 20481—35 - 22 330 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 general title, covering modifications required in vocational programs S for wage-earning occupations to bring them into line with changing economic and social conditions, has been distributed to State directors '? with the request that it be reviewed by their supervisory and teacher- I training staffs. A summary of studies in agricultural education which was under¬ taken jointly by the Agricultural Education Service and the agri¬ cultural section of the American Vocational Association was com- j pleted during the year, and summaries of 373 studies will be ■ published by the Office as a bulletin of the Agricultural Service. The research specialist in this service is cooperating with a regional group of teachers in the conduct of a study of supervised-farm practice. As an experimental procedure which may be followed at other institutions, this specialist held advisory conferences for a period of 1 week during the year with teachers working on problems in agriculture, at the summer-school session of one institution. A study was in progress of the activities of teachers of agriculture in connection with emergency and certain long-time programs related to agriculture. In the Trade and Industrial Education Service two studies in the j field of vocational training for the aviation industry were initiated, ; and will be published during the current fiscal year. One of these j| studies deals with training for sheet-metal workers in the industry. The second, making a general survey of the entire field of aviation , and of different types of courses related to the industry, is being ] prepared for the general reader rather than those concerned chiefly ' with technical details. The home-economics staff has worked with State groups and insti¬ tutions requesting assistance in making surveys and studies for curriculum revision. A member of the staff has served as chairman of a committee on graduate work, which is studying the graduate program in home-economics education and needs for research in this field. Graduate studies in home-economics education at colleges and universities have been listed and indexed, and studies completed since 1930-31 have been abstracted. Bulletins representing extended research on Rooms and Equipment for Instruction in Homemaking and Consumer-Buying in the Educational Program for Homemak¬ ing were prepared. The Commercial Education Service has made substantial progress toward the completion of manuscripts on changes in commercial occupations in relation to high-school commercial courses, and on the teaching of retail selling in high schools. These bulletins will be published this coming year. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 331 During the year a manual for procedure in the conduct of re¬ habilitating case work, which had been prepared during the preced¬ ing year, was published. Research projects in the field of vocational rehabilitation included comprehensive surveys of State rehabilita¬ tion programs in 3 States — Iowa, Georgia, and Illinois, as already noted — revision of 2 bulletins, and preparation of a bulletin on a Procedure for the Survey of a State Program of Vocational Re¬ habilitation, and of a miscellaneous publication on Opportunities for Employment of the Physically Plandicapped Under the United States Civil Service. Principal publications for the year include, in addition to regu¬ lar reports of regional conferences, the following: GENERAL Misc. 1615. Digest of annual reports of State boards for vocational education to the Office of Education, Division of Vocational Education, for the year ended June 30, 1934. Misc. 1623. Vocational education and unemployment. Examples of how voca¬ tional education funds are being used for the relief of unemployment. Com* piled for State and local vocational staffs to aid them in further promotion of unemployment relief. Misc. 1573. Vocational education in the United States. Report presented by the Assistant Commissioner for Vocational Education at the second conference of the Inter-American Federation of Education meeting in Santiago, Chile, September 9-16, 1934. C. L. 1697. Anticipated utilization of Federal funds under State vocational pro¬ grams in the year ending June 30, 1936, as reported to the Federal office by State directors of vocational education. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION Bulletin No. 178. Teaching farm credit. A discussion of principles and practice together with suggestions to teachers, based on illustrative cases. Bulletin No. 180. Summaries of studies in agricultural education. An anno¬ tated bibliography of 374 studies in agricultural education with a classified subject index and a general evaluation. Misc. 1590. Report of conference on out-of-school farm youth. TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION Bulletin No. 106. Stone setting. The setting of cut-stone trim in brick build¬ ings (revised). Bulletin No. 128. Bibliography on foreman improvement. A selected and anno¬ tated list of references including books, pamphlets, and magazine articles ( revised ) . Misc. 1599. New definitions and interpretations affecting trade and industrial education. Misc. 1613. Vocational training for household employment. Misc. 1586. Apprentice training under N. R. A. codes. A discussion of the organization of related, technical, and general instruction for apprentices. Misc. 1580. Report of conference on new problems in trade and industrial education. 332 EEPOBT OF THE SECEETAEY OF THE INTEBIOE, 19 3 5 State compulsory school attendance standards affecting the employment of minors. State child-labor standards. (Material prepared by the Children’s Bureau of the U. S. Department of Labor.) Report of conference to study problems of industrial-youth organizations. HOME ECONOMICS EDUCATION Bulletin No. 179. A bibliography of studies of the home-economics curriculum. Studies reported during the period 1926 to May 1934. Prepared by a com¬ mittee of the home economics section, Association of Land Grant Colleges and Universities. Bulletin No. 181. Planning and furnishing rooms for instruction in home¬ making. A guide in the selection, arrangement, and use of space and equip¬ ment. Misc. 1163. Studies and research in home-economics education reported by colleges and universities, with supplement indicating studies reported in published form (revised January 1935). Misc. 1607. An annotated bibliography on adult education for home-economics programs. Misc. 1569. Vocational-education program in cooperation with the emergency relief (home-economics education). Misc. 1603. The home-economics program and parent education. Misc. 1567. Curriculum construction (home-economics education). Misc. 1568. Consumer education. Misc. 1635. A study of supervision as it related to improvement of home- economics teachers in service in the vocational departments of Indiana high schools: 1931-35. VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION Bulletin No. 161. Organization and administration of a State program of voca¬ tional rehabilitation. A discussion of principles and methods involved in the organization and administration of a State program of vocational rehabil¬ itation (revised). Bulletin No. 148. Vocational guidance in rehabilitation service. A manual of procedure for counseling and advising physically handicapped persons and assisting them in adjusting or readjusting themselves to vocational life. Misc. 1040. Opportunities for the employment of the handicapped under United States civil service. APPROPRIATIONS: 1935 AND 1936 Appropriations under the several vocational-education and voca¬ tional-rehabilitation acts for 1935 and 1936, for research and service to aid the States and administration of the acts, are shown in table 1 ; totals of appropriations to the States and Territories under these acts in table 2 ; and allotments to the States and Territories in table 3. Appropriations for research, service, and administration which had been reduced in 1933 and 1934 under the economy acts, were in somewhat larger amounts in 1935, and were further increased for the current year 1936. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 333 Table 1. — Appropriations for research arid service to aid the States and for administration: 1935 , 1936 Act 1935 1939 Smith-Hughes Act _ _ _ _ _ $180, 000 60,000 58,000 $192,000 64,000 63, 500 George-Ellzey Act _ _ _ _ _ Rehabilitation Act _ _ Appropriations to the States under the Smith-Hughes Act, which, also, had been reduced under the economy acts for 1933 and 1934, were restored in 1935 to the basic appropriations provided in the act. Similar restorations were made in appropriations for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, and the full amounts au¬ thorized to be appropriated under the George-Ellzey Act were ap¬ propriated for 1935. These appropriations to the States under the several acts have all been provided in the same amounts for the cur¬ rent fiscal year 1936 as for 1935. Table 2. — Appropriations for allotment to the States and Territories for voca¬ tional education and vocational rehabilitation: 1935, 1936 Act Appropria¬ tion Smith-Hughes Act: Total . ... _ ... _ ................. _ . _ $7, 167, 000. 00 Vocational agriculture _ _ _ _ 3,027,000.00 3, 050, 000. 00 1, 090, 000. 00 Vocational trade, industry, and home economics _ Vocational teacher training. _ _ _ _ George-Ellzey Act: Total . 3, 084, 603. 00 Vocational agriculture.. _ _ _ _ 1,031,019. 75 1, 032, 191. 60 1,021,391.65 Vocational traria and industry. . _ ... __ _ . __ _ _ _ _ Vocational home economics _ Vocational Rehabilitation Act _ _ _ _ _ 1, 097, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 105, 000. 00 15, 000. 00 Hawaii _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Puerto Rico _ _ District of Columbia _ _ _ REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 8 3g£2‘88gS8gg:3feg:SS§g888$2sSg2gg8gS8gtS8g 'g cb^ gjS o s ils§isli®iigigisiigsiiiiiiiyigiiiii ta-2 a l-S-2 >2~ 1 s s £S£S3S8S8:3S888&83£28gS3!g3ggg!gfeg8g£Sg g 8g Jga§ t-H g§ sllilgi§iili§giilSggd|giiiiiiss§isi «1§8 1 8« J> © © 1 £ § 8gS3g$g32ggg588g8338£g!Sg3gg2gS8g888 ac^§ o C3^3S -5 CT> siils§i|g|iisgliisiidiiiiiii|gii£i§ © 4J © CO (S 03-0 3 2 U rt-o 3 1 g .oSat ® 5J W & _ ^ K 88^^8888882^^^2SSS5888888S;888S^888S8 Ih o © §3.2 a © gilSSi!§S§i3Sl§Slg|salggSlliSlgsiSi o ©3 © 8.2 3 _r 8 £> tj© £ 8 8SS8S5?88^5882SS888888S^S88888^S8S88 'S 1 o I 8 sf^g^^sffaf^2^s£ssS55fE3s?^afFfsfar2??tfsf^sfSgrfgifsJ S3 SgSSgggSSggSfegSggSSSSSsSgSggSgKSgltgg fliM o 2.I2 ® ® 8 H 8 82kg33gg8£g£g3822Sk&RsSS3gg8828883lS3 **3 a 'S 2 ^ §3.2 1 mmmmmmimmmmmm 02 m o-n 'o 5>^© Sf o ? 8 8285!888S8S^^f2^8£s88?38885SSS8^8288S85S8 ”3 g o E-i g ggg3S8‘g8‘gl5^ VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 3 SgggSgggSSSSg : mmmmm \ *?S‘sS“S5SS“S“ SPSS'S" I t£g2S38gggSS3gggg Hisisliigiisii! !S“88H3'^8SS8'i'”'“; gfiSS8S8SgSS!S888 iiiSsSiisiisii! gV‘00CJ0V«5wVwMNO«.0 SSgSgSgggSESSSggS ti*i®*g'*'*z*tt'*'*'* $£££S?gggg?2;:gg8 SgggSSgggSSSg mmmmm S S f 2 S $? 2 2 2* 2 S S 2 gg gggg£ggg2SS&g mmmmi g^‘22gS^2^cfS2 gg II 2g SgSSSgSSSgSSSg Sf 2‘SSSSS 2 S3SS8£3 gg II 2g 882g5SS2S;3Sggg g 5? | S S? § 3 3 3 S S I 3* gg ii 88 : : i i o'P-S^*- Cc c5 ~ Jsiilplil . GENERAL EDUCATION BOARD (L. M. Dashiell, Treasurer) This corporation, which was created by an act of Congress ap¬ proved January 12, 1903, section 6 of which requires the corporation to file annually with the Secretary of the Interior a report, in writ¬ ing, stating in detail the property, real and personal, held by the corporation and the expenditure or other use or disposition of the same or the income thereof during the preceding year, has for its object the promotion of education within the United States. On June 30, 1935, principal fund, belonging without restriction to the Board, amounted to $44,415,140.50. This fund is invested in stocks and bonds. In addition the sum of $11,597,952.21 is reserved to pay appropriations to various educational institutions. This fund is also invested in stocks and bonds. Lapses and refunds on prior years’ appropriations amounted to $1,250,000 and $470, respectively. The sum of $499,729.20 was paid during the year ended June 30, 1935. Appropriations from income during the year aggregated $4,994,- 150.03. Lapses on account of prior years’ appropriations amounted to $741,673.71, however, leaving a net increase in income appropria¬ tions of $4,252,471.32. The income from the above funds, together with income from un¬ disbursed income (and including the sum of $142.85 received on account of income from the estate of Lucy M. Spelman), amounted during the year to $2,525,124.35. The balance of income from the previous year as of June 30, 1934, amounted to $11,334,932.44, to¬ gether with sundry refunds amounting to $71,561.84, which increased the total to $13,860,056.79. Disbursements from income during the year were as follows : Whites : Colleges of liberal arts: General endowment, buildings, and other purposes - $328, 988. 23 Science of education : Schools of education - $353, 426. 90 Special projects - 261, 149. 14 - 614,576.04 Natural sciences - 12, 931. 56 Medical sciences: Schools of medicine _ 248, 000. 00 Special projects - 16, 156. 15 - 264,156.15 337 338 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Whites — Continued. Humanities _ $150, 232. 41 Public education: Fellowships _ $43, 402. 14 Special divisions in State de¬ partments of education _ 168, 881. 13 Teacher training _ 33, 262. 14 Library training - 34, 050. 00 Studies _ 24, 172. 36 Other purposes _ 7, 000. 00 - 310, 767. 77 Miscellaneous _ 161, 951. 70 General education _ 172, 529. 55 Child growth and development _ 160, 586. 89 Training of personnel for the ad¬ vancement of knowledge _ 109, 680. 53 Negroes : Colleges and schools : General endowment, build¬ ings, and other purposes _ Social sciences _ Medical sciences : Schools of medicine _ $167, 476. 34 Special projects _ 7, 067. 94 Public education : Summer schools _ 3, 889. 53 Anna T. Jeanes foundation _ 32, 500. 00 John F. Slater fund _ 37, 500. 00 Rural-school agents _ 128, 585. 43 Fellowships _ 66, 229. 12 Special divisions in State de¬ partments of education _ 1, 500. 00 Other purposes - 5, 372. 52 Miscellaneous 515, 449. 85 12, 500. 00 174, 544. 28 275, 576. 60 4, 994. 54 Surveys and studies — Miscellaneous projects. Administration _ $2, 286, 4C0. 83 983, 065. 27 19, 839. 23 5, 384. 22 304, 751. 75 3, 599, 441. 30 This leaves an undisbursed balance of income on June 30, 1935, of $10,260,615.49, which is invested as follows: Securities, $4,961,- 906.89; certificates of deposit, $3,500,000; cash on deposit, $1,367,- 719.04, and accounts receivable, net, $430,989.56. It should be noted, however, that against this balance of $10,260,615.49 there are unpaid appropriations amounting to $9,233,709.30, leaving unappropriated income amounting to $1,026,906.19. The Anna T. Jeanes Fund, the principal and interest of which are to be used for Negro rural schools, amounted, on June 30, 1935, GENERAL EDUCATION BOARD 339 to $107,744.16. This sum is invested as follows: Bonds, $82,839.16; stocks, $16,645; and cash on deposit, $8,260. During the year the sum of $50,000 was appropriated from principal, which added to the balance unpaid June 30, 1934, totaled $52,997.50, which was paid in full during the year. The income from this fund during the year was $5,112. Added to the balance from previous year of $6,007.77, the total available in¬ come amounted to $11,119.77. The sum of $5,815 was paid, leaving $5,304.77 accounted for in cash on deposit. Of this balance of $5,815 there were unpaid appropriations of $2,450, leaving $2,854.77 avail¬ able for appropriation. BUREAU OF MINES (John W. Finch, Director) The Bureau of Mines is primarily a field organization, and al¬ though its administrative offices are in Washington its investiga¬ tions of methods of producing, treating, and utilizing ores, fuels, and nonmetals and its safety training are conducted in the country’s principal mining centers and, as needed, at individual establish¬ ments. The Bureau comprises four branches, which were designated Technologic, Economics, Health and Safety, and Administrative during the past year. The Technologic Branch covers a broad field of research on prob¬ lems affecting the mining, metallurgical, and petroleum industries and includes the Mining, Metallurgical, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Experiment Stations, and Explosives Divisions. The Economics Branch compiles and issues data on various eco¬ nomic problems, including statistics on the production and value of minerals. During the fiscal year 1935 it consisted of the Coal, Min¬ eral Statistics, Petroleum Economics, Bare Metals and Nonmetals, and Common Metals Divisions, but on July 1, 1935, was reorganized as the Economics and Statistics Branch and will include the Coal Economics, Petroleum Economics, Metals and Nonmetals, Foreign Mineral Service, and Mineral Resources and Economics Divisions. The Health and Safety Branch, which studies and endeavors to reduce hazards to workers in the mineral industries, during 1935 functioned in two divisions, Safety and Demographical, the Health Division having been recessed due to lack of funds. On July 1, 1935, the Demographical Division became the Section of Employ¬ ment Statistics of the Economics and Statistics Branch. Some of the activities of the Health Division will be revived as funds permit. The Administrative Branch has two divisions — Office Administra¬ tion and Information. It handles routine administrative matters, such as personnel, clerical assignment, and multigraphing, and is re¬ sponsible for the editing and distribution of publications and mo¬ tion-picture films. The Assistant to the Director of the Bureau also acts as chief of the Administrative Branch. 341 342 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 SUMMARY The following review of Bureau of Mines activities in the fiscal year 1935 discloses a creditable return on an investment of $1,511,- 047.76. New processes have been devised and turned over to the mineral industries, information on the production and distribution of the major minerals has been supplied promptly, and the number of persons who completed safety-training courses increased nearly 40 percent. Technologic Branch. — Twenty-five electric devices for use in mines passed permissibility tests conducted under supervision of the Me¬ chanical Division. The division continued to aid Federal agencies in suggesting ways for efficient utilization of fuel. Nearly 9,600 samples of coal and coke were analyzed, and the Bureau’s coal¬ sampling truck collected samples at 41 hard-coal breakers in Penn¬ sylvania in cooperation with the Anthracite Institute. The petro¬ graphic study of American coals was continued, and data on carboni¬ zation products from 30 such coals were published. The Mining Division assisted operators of small gold and silver mines in solving operating problems. Subterranean water supplies were located in Nevada drought areas by geophysical prospecting methods. Three papers on sand and gravel excavation were pre¬ pared. An index of the division’s 258 information circulars on min¬ ing and milling methods was compiled, an important bulletin on lead was issued, and 14 information circulars were published, as well as the monthly Geophysical Abstracts. The Metallurgical Division succeeded in developing new methods for agglomeration and flotation of ores, made advances in magnetic separation of minerals, and was able to demonstrate on a pilot-plant scale the reduction of iron ore by natural gas and conversion of this iron into steel by direct melting. The mineral forms of the phos¬ phorus occurring in Alabama red iron ores have been studied. Prog¬ ress has been made in the explosion shattering of minerals. The Petroleum and Natural-Gas Division prepared special reports for the Subcommittee on Petroleum Investigation of the House. A gas-saturated oil from Crescent pool, Oklahoma, two commercial re¬ pressuring projects (1 in Kentucky and 1 in Oklahoma), and output and input characteristics of Texas Panhandle natural-gas wells "were investigated. Special problems were handled for the States of Kan¬ sas and Michigan. A bulletin describing manufacture of paraffin wax was completed. Tabulated analyses of Texas and Louisiana crudes were issued. The Amarillo Helium Plant produced over 10,000,000 cubic feet of helium, including 320,000 for the United States Army-National Geographic Society stratosphere flight. During the year the Experiment Stations Division supervised the work of the Bureau’s 11 experiment stations in American mining BUREAU OF MINES 343 centers. The Mississippi Valley Station devised a method of sep¬ arating sylvite from halite, thus producing fertilizer at lower cost than by the present process. The Nonmetallic Minerals Station de¬ veloped a scheme for retarding the setting of cement, and the Southern Experiment Station showed how high-grade barite con¬ centrates could be produced from various ores. The Northwest Sta¬ tion has been finding new uses for Washington talcs and soapstones, and has made washing studies of Pacific Northwest coals. A hy¬ drogen sulphide detector was developed, principally for use in the petroleum industry. Eighteen values for limits of inflammability of gases or vapors were determined. Thermodynamic functions were calculated for a number of hydrocarbons and for several other sub¬ stances. Three hose masks and seven respirators were approved, and numerous extensions of approval were granted. The Explosives Division added 35 explosives to the active per¬ missible list and transferred 17 to the inactive list. It cooperated with the United States Forest Service in devising specifications for explosives to be used in forestry and road building. Office of chief mining engineer. — The cause of a series of “ bumps ” in the Cumberland Mountain coal field (Kentucky and Virginia) was investigated and changes in mining methods proposed to avoid re¬ currence. A survey of potash-mining methods on Government leases in New Mexico was conducted. A few coal-dust explosion demon¬ strations were held at the experimental mine. Economics Branch. — In the Economics Branch of the Coal Division continued to speed up the work of reporting promptly to producers, distributors, and consumers data concerning the supply of and demand for coal and coke. The division supplied much information to the Bituminous Coal Code Authority. The annual peat convass (recessed since 1926) was resumed. During the year 43,400 requests for service were handled. The Mineral Statistics Division was responsible for compilation of the Minerals Yearbook, an annual volume of data on production, consumption, and distribution of mineral commodities. Work was done to correlate data on man-hours worked and production for 22 minerals. The division made more than 100 annual statistical surveys of important minerals. The Petroleum Economics Division resumed the national survey of fuel-oil distribution, discontinued in 1931. It made monthly fore¬ casts of the demand for gasoline and crude oil, in addition to its usual fact-finding work on the production and distribution of petro¬ leum products. The Bare Metals and Nonmetals Division published a number of reports on various mineral commodities and made horizontal studies of minerals by consuming industries. The division maintained lists 344 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 of buyers and sellers of rare metals and nonmetals and distributed them on request. Progress was registered in forecasting the demand for minerals. The Common Metals Division assisted the Tin Investigating Com¬ mittee of the House and prepared world charts on 15 strategic minerals for the War and Navy Departments. Eleven chapters were written for the Minerals Yearbook. Data were assembled on prices of gold and silver. The office of the principal mineralogist prepared four chapters for the Minerals Yearbook and answered nearly 1,500 letters on mineral subjects. Health and Safety Branch. — The Safety Division, Health and Safety Branch, trained over 77,000 persons in first-aid methods dur¬ ing the fiscal year. In addition, 1,13*2 temporary first-aid instructors’ certificates were issued to men who had trained groups under Bureau supervision. Members of the Division personnel attended 448 meet¬ ings of Holmes safety chapters and 962 other safety meetings. Seventy manuscripts on topics in the division’s field were prepared during the year. Routine questions on health were handled within the branch, although the Health Division has been recessed for 2 years. The Demographical Division assembled data on accidents in the mineral industries and noted a general reduction in accident rates. It conducted the annual safety contest, participated in by 334 mines and quarries. Statistics were compiled on the production and con¬ sumption of explosives. Administrative Branch. — The Office Administration Division han¬ dled matters of administrative routine during the year. The Bureau personnel numbered 523 permanent and 89 part-time employees. The property of the Bureau, with acquisitions during the year, was valued at nearly 4 million dollars. The Information Division distributed over 430,000 free publica¬ tions of the Bureau during the year, answered 61,000 letters of inquiry on general subjects, edited 410 manuscripts, and prepared several hundred illustrations for Bureau publications. Motion-pic¬ ture films produced under supervision of the division were shown to a total audience of nearly 5 million persons. Bureau of Mines Advisory Board. — During the year an Advisory Board to confer with the Director on matters of Bureau policy was appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Its 30 members repre¬ sent the main mineral industries and the principal mining and labor organizations. The purpose of the Board is to place the Bureau into direct contact with industry, to impart a better under¬ standing of the Bureau’s functions, and to give it the benefit of BUREAU OF MINES 345 suggestions by the Board that might guide its activities toward a more effective service. An all-day meeting was held in Washington, April 15, 1935, at which the work of the Bureau was fully explained. Useful recom¬ mendations were made by the Board, and standing committees were appointed to work with the Director on special problems. FUTURE NEEDS The branches and divisions comprising the Bureau as they report upon past services point out the need of additional work believed to be of great value in building a sound foundation for future orderly development of our mineral industries. An increase in appropriations has been made for 1936, but is inadequate to support all the useful activities that should be carried on. The needs of the Technologic Branch are varied to meet the de¬ mands of the industries. They call for enlarged laboratory facili¬ ties at strategic centers, such as Salt Lake City, Utah, College Park, Md., and Tuscaloosa, Ala.; and, to keep step with the advancing technology of petroleum and natural gas, modernized buildings and equipment are needed at the Petroleum Experiment Stations at Bartlesville, Okla., and Laramie, Wyo. Facilities for the study of factors that may influence the action of explosives should be pro¬ vided at Pittsburgh. Also at that station the development of addi¬ tional outlets for the use of coal and its byproducts is an important research project. Many States are requesting assistance in applying geophysical methods of prospecting, which already have proved their usefulness in locating favorable areas for mineral exploration and underground water in desert regions. Operators of small metal mines are bringing increasing numbers of problems to the Mining Division. The Metallugical Division aims to prove that pilot-plant tests of some of its processes will demonstrate the economy and efficiency i forecast by laboratory experiments. Air-conditioning of mines is an appealing humanitarian study that promises to become an eco- ' nomic necessity as mines increase in depth. Preliminary research | on pollution of the atmosphere and of streams by fine particles and \ chemical solutions indicates the need for further investigation. Im- | proved methods of extinguishing mine fires should be found. An , ever-growing number of letters and publications are necessary to answer the great variety of questions from the industry. Investigations in the experimental mine should also be extended so that mine operators can be shown the causes and methods of prevention of mine disasters and accidents. 20481—35 - 23 346 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 In the Economics and Statistics Branch it is the desire to serve producers and consumers of minerals more quickly and systemati¬ cally. The fuel market should be watched carefully, to permit speedy dissemination of news regarding changes in demand and in com¬ petitive sources of power, and make possible a balance of produc¬ tion and consumption. Horizontal studies of minerals according to consuming industries are proving valuable, and investigation of regional, national, and international factors affecting trade condi¬ tions can be expanded to advantage. The necessity for conserva¬ tion should be indicated to the petroleum industry through data that will show present waste as well as proper economic utilization of oil and its products. Plans for reorganization of the Economics and Statistics Branch, which will enable it to make a start in the widened fields of study indicated, have been approved. Soon the Bureau will issue its millionth training certificate to some graduate of its first-aid classes. Curtailment of funds to sup¬ port this phase of Health and Safety Branch activity prevented attainment of that record in 1935. As it is, the Bureau is deluged with requests it cannot fulfill — including dozens from executives in charge of Federal work projects involving quarrying, blasting, un¬ derground work, or other occupations in the Bureau’s field — to train employees to labor more safely and to take prompt action when accidents occur. An accident-prevention course for the bituminous industry already has been given to nearly 9,000 persons, most of them officials. Similar courses should be prepared for the other principal mineral industries and adequate personnel supplied to teach them. Much information on the Bureau’s activities and achievements has been spread by its publications. Funds should be forthcoming to permit results of investigations to be issued in permanent form as soon as possible after they are completed. The present make¬ shift policy of submitting many of such reports to scientific journals in order to bring them to public attention thus would be avoided and the Bureau would be able to present more effectively its con¬ tributions to the efficiency and safety of the mining industry. FINANCES The total funds available to the Bureau of Mines for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1935, including direct appropriations, depart¬ mental allotments, reappropriated balances, and sums transferred from other departments for service work, were $1,546,989.94. Of this amount $1,511,047.76 was spent, leaving an unexpended balance of $35,942.18. Owing to uncompleted work in the helium program for the Army and Navy there was a carry-over from 1934 of $53,- BUREAU OF MINES 347 895.04 of helium-plant funds, of which $50,000 was reappropriated for the fiscal year 1935. On the regular work of the Bureau $1,349,764.55 was expended. This figure is subject to slight corrections due to unpaid obligations. In addition, for the helium program, which is purely service work for the Army and Navy and has no part in the regular plans of the Bureau, $30,930.87 was appropriated directly to the Bureau, and $110,000 was transferred from the Army and Navy for the purchase at cost of helium produced by the Bureau for the National-defense establishment. TECHNOLOGIC BRANCH MECHANICAL DIVISION Electricity in mines . — Routine inspection and tests in the Bureau’s electrical laboratories led to formal approval of 8 cutting machines, 13 loading and conveying machines, 1 storage-battery gathering loco¬ motive, 1 rock-dust distributor, 1 mine pump, and 1 special electric cap lamp for mine officials. A simple, inexpensive device to be added to flame safety lamps for detecting methane in coal mines has been developed by the electrical section. A permanent exhibit showing 10 ways in which an explosion of gas may be caused by faulty and nonpermissible electric equipment and circuits was viewed by more than TOO persons during the year. TJse of fuels . — Tests to determine the heat-insulating effect of soot in domestic heating boilers showed that under ordinary conditions this loss usually is less than 5 percent of the fuel instead of 30 to 50 percent, as often stated. Investigation of the effect on the burning characteristics of fuels by treating them with small amounts of chemical salts has shown that the claims of large savings to householders by their use are not justified. A bulletin published during the year discusses the effects on the burning of fuels by applying overfeed and underfeed principles, with preheated air and with air at room temperature. Fuel economy service section. — To aid Federal agencies to pur¬ chase and utilize fuel more efficiently this section made numerous power-plant studies, fuel-efficiency tests, and acceptance tests of new equipment, advised on the selection of proper fuel for specific boilei and heating plants, and acted as consultant to various Government departments on such problems as purchases of fuel and of new equipment, preparation of standard specifications for various types of boilers and stokers, and the development of a system of boiler feed-water conditioning. 348 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 Fuel inspection and coal analysis. — By means of its fuel-inspection service and coal-analysis laboratory the Bureau of Mines aids other Federal agencies in purchasing their coal to best advantage and places at the disposal of the public extensive, accurate information on the quality of American coals. During the year 6,721 samples of coal furnished on contract to Federal agencies and 1,595 samples of coal, coke, and carbonaceous products taken in connection with scientific work were analyzed. In addition, ash-fusion temperature determinations were made on 1,092 samples. To furnish information on which to base awards of contracts for coal the Bureau’s coal-sampling truck collected 90 samples at 49 bituminous and semianthracite mines. In cooperation with the Anthracite Institute 268 samples were collected by the truck at 41 breakers shipping approximately 50 percent of the total anthracite production of Pennsylvania. The weighted average of the analyses of these samples gives a fair picture of the quality of well-prepared Pennsylvania anthracite. Constitution of coal. — Correlation of western Pennsylvania coal beds on the basis of their microstructure, undertaken in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Geological Survey, has identified several doubtful beds as Lower Kittanning. The petrographic study of American coals in connection with their classification and carboniza¬ tion has included samples from various States — in particular, block and splint coals and a Pleistocene coal from Washington which was found to represent a new step in coal formation half-way between peat and brown coal. Coal carbonization. — The yield and quality of carbonization prod¬ ucts from 30 representative American coals were described in Bureau of Mines Monograph 5, which made available for the first time data by which the carbonizing properties of these coals can be evaluated by a standard test method. This study is being continued. Carbonizing studies of a typical splint coal from the Millers Creek bed in Kentucky showed that coke of excellent physical properties could be obtained by blending it with a high-volatile coal, such as the Pittsburgh, in the proportions of 30 percent splint and 70 per¬ cent high-volatile bright coal. Blends of splint and low-volatile coal did not produce satisfactory coke. The kindling and burning properties of cokes were correlated with carbonizing temperature by laboratory test methods, giving valuable indication of the carbonizing conditions under which domestic coke should be made. Conclusions. — Some additional appropriations for the coming fiscal year will provide much-needed partial restoration of the Bu¬ reau’s research program on enlarging the uses of coal. The former appropriations of the Bureau should be restored in full to permit BUREAU OF MINES 349 thorough investigation of methods for sampling coal, preliminary to a comprehensive study of the properties of the various American coals and the byproducts obtainable therefrom. MINING DIVISION Although operating under a reduced budget, the Mining Division was able to give valuable service to many operators of small precious- metal mines by close field contacts and by publication of a number of circulars dealing with technical problems. This service covers a long-neglected field to which the Nation must look for discovery and utilization of new sources of ore. Through efforts of the division personnel Nation-wide attention has been directed toward the need of better technical control in many nonmetallic mineral industries. Studies are being made to improve existing conditions. Early in the year considerable assistance was given new Federal agencies in compiling information from Bureau records. In the latter part of the year much time was devoted to preparing emer¬ gency relief projects. Mining and milling methods and costs — metallic ores. — Bulletin 381, Lead and Zinc Mining and Milling in the United States, was issued. Fourteen information circulars were published. Of these, 4 dealt with mining methods and costs and 1 with mining and mill¬ ing at individual mines, 1 discussed milling methods at a small gold mine, 3 placer-mining methods and costs, 1 tungsten, and 4 special phases of mining, including 2 designed especially to assist operators of small mines. A subject index was prepared for publi¬ cation covering the 258 information circulars on mining (metal, non- metal, and coal) and milling methods and costs. Frequent requests for such an index have been made by mine managers and engineers. Nonmetallic mining. The first 3 of a series of 6 information cir¬ culars covering technical problems connected with sand and gravel excavation were published and the other 3 completed in manuscript form. A circular presenting experimental data on domestic mica tended to disprove the current opinion that foreign mica is of superior quality. Falls of roof and coal. — Investigations on falls of roof and coal were discontinued due to lack of funds. Geophysical prospecting. — Articles published included Technical Paper 556, A Study of Some Seismometers, and Geophysical Ab¬ stracts 63 to 74. Four manuscripts on geophysical subjects were completed; these await funds for printing as technical papers. Geophysical investigations were conducted to contour bedrock in connection with the location of dam sites in the Muskingum Water- 350 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 shed Conservancy District in Ohio. The accuracy of this work was demonstrated by subsequent drilling. Resistivity surveys were made in Nevada for the F. E. R. A. to locate subterranean water supplies, and a reconnaissance field survey in the Boulder Dam region at the request of the Bureau of Reclamation to determine the feasibility of mapping mineral deposits in that area by geophysical methods. A new type of resistivity apparatus was designed, and six instru¬ ments were built and furnished to the F. E. R. A. at Reno, Nev. Conclusions . — Field contacts during the year revealed that the series of circulars on mining and milling methods and costs are being used extensively by operators. Many circulars are out of print, and requests for reprints are increasing. Various Federal and State bureaus have asked the Bureau to make special geophysi¬ cal investigations. Requests have been received from many sources for expansion of the service to aid operators of small mines. Funds should be provided for reprinting the more important in¬ formation circulars, to increase technical aid to small mines, to re¬ sume investigations of coal-mining practice, for research on mining and milling practice in relation to operating costs, for ventilation surveys, and for research on air-conditioning hot and dusty mines. METALLURGICAL DIVISION Ore-dressing section. — The availability of a new type of chemical reagent characterized by a combination of extremely hydrophile and extremely lypophile groups combined in the same molecule has made possible a distinct advance in flotation technique. The important problem of separating sodium and potassium chlorides was solved in two ways — by selective agglomeration using the new reagent and oil followed by tabling and by straight flotation using only the or¬ ganic reagent, which is both frother and collector for potassium salts. An emulsion of paraffin oil with these reagents was also found useful as a collector for certain sulphide and oxide ores. The study of soap flotation applied to tungsten ores was com¬ pleted, and the results have been published. A method was developed for separating chert from limestone in rock used in cement making by tabling after agglomeration. The process makes available the low-grade material now left in the quarries and will supersede the hand-picking now employed. Research on the fundamentals of grinding has been continued. In ball-milling a means of calculating a revised ball charge better adapted to grinding ore to a fine size has been developed. Extensive comparisons of wet and dry grinding have been made. Roll grind¬ ing has been studied. Innovations introduced by inventors to in¬ crease ball-mill efficiencies have been tested. A home-made drag BUREAU OF MINES 351 classifier was improved farther and brought to a high state of efficiency. Much grinding was done in closed circuit. X-ray work has been pursued to determine the surface conditions of flotation films and to study the effect of lattice discontinuities on the magnetic properties of magnetite. The flotation of nonsulphide minerals has progressed. A Vermont talc ore was studied; the gangue, which had been regarded by the operator as dolomite, was found to be magnesite. Flotation gave a high-grade talc product and a magnesite byproduct that may prove of more value than the talc. Laboratory treatment of a Nevada cobalt ore and of a complex Arizona molybdenum- vanadium ore was developed. A Bureau engi¬ neer assisted in putting the latter process into commercial use. An improved laboratory elutriator was designed and tested. The need for accurate determination of fine material is becoming increas¬ ingly important, as many buyers of nonmetallics now specify sizes by microns. A pilot plant for table-concentration tests of classified feeds was installed in cooperation with the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. Iron and steel section. — The Bureau participated informally in constructing and operating a pilot plant for producing sponge iron by natural-gas reduction, in accordance with the method it had described previously. The project was entirely successful, and the products were found to be suitable for conversion into wrought iron or steel. The properties of some of these products were studied and the results have been published. A detailed report of the construc¬ tion and operation of the pilot plant is being prepared. A study of iron ores varying in reducibility and porosity over a range of 6 to 1 has furnished a basis for blending ores and a means for determining the size to which ores should be crushed. Practice has shown that crushing and sizing an ore of medium density saved a large amount of fuel. Methods advocated by the Bureau for determining the gas-flow characteristics of blast furnaces and for correcting undesirable con¬ ditions by changes in methods of filling were applied to commercial furnaces with a substantial saving in fuel. Information from the Bureau’s laboratory results on the relative desulphurizing power of blast-furnace slag is being used in the in¬ dustry to adjust conditions in the lower-alumina slags which have resulted from increased use of concentrates deficient in alumina. A study of the mineral forms in which the phosphorus of Alabama red iron ore occurs has been completed. The red ores of the Bir¬ mingham district, the principal source of Birmingham pig iron, contain on an average about 0.28 percent phosphorus. It is custom- 352 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 ary at blast-furnace plants to obtain a certain amount of low-phos¬ phorus ore or concentrates from outside sources to mix with the Birmingham ore to keep the phosphorus in the pig iron within the 0.8 percent maximum permissible in the manufacture of cast-iron pipe from the pig iron. The high phosphorus content of the pig iron usually renders it unsuitable for manufacture of machinery castings. Investigators occasionally have studied the possibilities of removing the phospohrus from the ores by leaching but have been handicapped by lack of knowledge as to the forms in which the phosphorus occurs. Investigations completed during the past year have shown conclusively that in the unleached or hard red ores the phosphorus occurs principally as calcium phosphate, while in thor¬ oughly leached outcrop ores the small amount of phosphorus which has not leached out along with the lime is mainly in the form of ferric and aluminum phosphates. S 'pedal studies section. — New methods of attack in the campaign for lowering crushing and grinding costs, a considerable item in the market price of the metals, have resulted from further studies on explosion shattering and on the magnetic properties of minerals. Under proper control of moisture and impact, explosion shattering has been shown to compare favorably in power cost with the best that can be obtained by grinding in ball mills to the same degree of com¬ minution. By igniting and exploding an arsenical pyrite ore the ex¬ traction of gold by cyanidation was increased from 68 to 80 percent. A simple, direct procedure for using standard magnetite ore to measure the efficiency of crushing and grinding machinery has been evolved as a practical byproduct of the theoretical study of the mag¬ netic properties of mineral powders. A rapid method of demag¬ netization peculiarly suited for the treatment of crushed material produced in the magnetic roasting process of beneficiating low-grade iron ores is another practical development of the study. Copper metallurgy section. — The studies on flash-roasting copper concentrates indicate that the calcines may be made amenable to leaching but that metallic copper cannot be produced satisfactorily in one operation, even by adding reducing agents to the feed or to the furnace gas. By flash roasting, followed by leaching, the copper can be obtained in solution, the iron as a pure iron oxide residue and the sulphur as relatively rich sulphur dioxide gas. Metallurgical fundamentals section. — The active research during the year included investigations of low-temperature specific heats, heats of fusion and melting-point data, thermodynamics of chro¬ mium reduction, and density changes in cold-worked metals. The thermodynamic study of metallic carbonates was completed and has been described for publication. BUREAU OF MINES 353 Metallurgy of lead and zinc section. — A detailed report covering the work of the Bureau on reduction of zinc ores by natural gas has been published. The work on smelting zinciferous charges in the blast furnace has been completed and published in a series of reports of investigations. Metallurgy of precious metals section. — Many problems in the re¬ covery of gold and silver from refractory ores have been studied. The results have been prepared for publication. Among the find¬ ings of more general interest are the depressing of clean gold, argen- tite, and cerargyrite in the flotation circuit by sodium sulphide and the effect of impurities on the loss of mercury in amalgamation. Conclusions. — The following projects should be mentioned as par¬ ticularly outstanding among those brought to successful consum¬ mation during the year : 1. The application of the type of chemicals known in the textile industry as “ wetting-out agents ” to flotation and agglomeration of ores, particularly soluble salts such as sodium and potassium chlo¬ ride, which must be treated in saturated brine. 2. The demonstration of a linear relation between surface and coercive force in magnetic minerals and its application to magnetic separation and to the determination of grinding efficiencies and other metallurgical data which required surface determination at very fine sizes. 3. The pilot-plant demonstration of the practicability of reducing iron ore by natural gas and the conversion of this direct iron into steel by direct melting and by forging and rolling before melting. The structure and properties of the iron so produced were studied in detail. The necessity of carrying the work of the division past the labora¬ tory and into the pilot-plant stage in order that it may be of real service in building up new metallurgical industries has become obvious. The elements of cost that determine the willingness of industry to put new processes to use can be determined only in this way. Funds for the erection and operation of a versatile metal¬ lurgical test unit of pilot-plant size are needed. Location at Boulder City, Nev., where power and Federal buildings are available and important mineral deposits are close at hand, is suggested. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL-GAS DIVISION A form of cooperation new to the Bureau of Mines was the assign¬ ment of three engineers of the division to duty with the Special Subcommittee on Petroleum Investigation of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, at the request of Hon. William P. Cole, Jr., chairman. In addition to serving as technical advisers 354 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 these engineers prepared two reports, published in the subcommittee hearings ; one dealt with petroleum development and production and the other with the effect of technologic factors on the supply of and demand for petroleum products. Production of 'petroleum and natural gas. — Results of study of the flow of crude oil through oil sands, by laboratory investigations of consolidated sand cores from oil- and gas-producing horizons, con¬ form to the relationships obtained previously on unconsolidated sands. Knowledge of flow of wells and reservoir conditions was ad¬ vanced by study of a sample of gas-saturated oil obtained under a pressure of 2,800 pounds per square inch at a depth of 6,100 feet in the Crescent pool, Oklahoma. A covering report is in prepara¬ tion, and a paper on petroleum solubility and liberation phenomena and their practical application was read before a technical society. Laboratory investigations reported last year, which showed defi¬ nitely that oxidation by contact with air changes the characteristics of oils, were supplemented by a study of two commercial repressur¬ ing projects using air and air-gas mixtures as the repressuring media. One project, in Kentucky, contains about 800 producing wells; part of the field has been repressured with air since 1929. The other is a large property in Nowata County, Okla., repressured with air-gas mixtures. Production data obtained from these two areas will show the effect of repressuring with oxidizing gases on the quality and quantity of oil from a given formation. A report was prepared for publication, giving results of the study of output and intake characteristics of natural-gas wells in the Texas Panhandle field. It was demonstrated that the rates of input may be determined from a law similar to that previously established for rates of output. A monograph on the flow o,f natural gas through high-pressure transmission lines and one discussing back-pressure data on natural-gas wells were also prepared. Engineering field studies. — A technical paper was issued describ¬ ing equipment used in drilling wells and producing oil in the Oklahoma City field; subsurface conditions in the Zwolle (La.) field and the use of acid in that area to stimulate production were i covered in another report. Practical methods of disposing of oil¬ field brines were studied in cooperation with the Kansas State Board l of Health ; a preliminary report on brine disposal in the Ritz-Canton field, McPherson County, is in preparation, and preliminary studies of the oil and gas field in the Walnut River drainage area have been [ made. Cooperation with the Department of Conservation, State of Michi- • gan, was continued, and the extent and availability of natural-gas reserves in the Michigan “ stray ” sandstone horizon were estimated, i The availability of gas from reserves in central Michigan is particu- BUREAU OF MINES 355 larly important in the commercial operation of the fields since the gas-producing areas and the gas reserves per acre are comparatively small. Special engineering problems . — A bulletin on methods and equip¬ ment for reducing evaporation losses of petroleum and gasoline was issued, and a technical paper on losses of gasoline at bulk-storage stations is in press. Chemistry and refining. — A bulletin describing manufacture of paraffin wax from petroleum is in press. Methods for determining “ molecular ” weights of higher-boiling petroleum fractions were investigated in cooperation with 16 research laboratories of oil companies and universities. Results obtained by the laboratories on identical samples varied widely. It is hoped that a suitable method for determining molecular weights of high-boiling petroleum fractions may be developed. A report of investigations tabulating analyses of Texas crude oils and another containing analyses of crudes from some southern Louisiana fields were published. A report has been written cover¬ ing experimental work on refining Rocky Mountain high-sulphur petroleum (black oil) before the Laramie (Wyo.) field office was closed June 30, 1933, due to lack of funds. With the reopening of this office in July study of the problem will be resumed, i Helium section. — The Amarillo (Tex.) helium plant produced 10,218,840 cubic feet of helium — 320,000 for the United States Army- National Geographic Society stratosphere flight and 9,898,840 for use by Army and Navy airships. The average purity was 98.33 percent helium — a new record. The rock pressures of the wells in the Government-owned helium¬ bearing Cliffside field indicate a depletion of slightly more than 2 percent of the gas reserve after more than 68,600,000 cubic feet of helium has been produced in 6 years. National defense thus is i assured a supply of helium for a long period to come. The avail¬ able gas supply from the Cliffside field was increased by drilling a new gas well, completed with an open flow of 12,000,000 cubic feet per day. Helium research in the cryogenic laboratory, im¬ portant in improving methods of helium production and reducing ^ costs, was discontinued for lack of funds. Conclusions. — One of the two most pressing needs of the Petro¬ leum and Natural-Gas Division— additional operating funds— has been relieved to a gratifying extent for the coming fiscal year. The next most pressing need, which has existed many years and is as urgent as ever, is for additional buildings at the Petroleum Experi- ! ment Station, Bartlesville, Okla., to remove the handicaps of inade¬ quate equipment and improper working conditions. 356 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 The division plans to resume as rapidly as possible the studies suspended in recent years due to curtailment of appropriations j and to carry on its unified program of research to the extent that funds allotted will permit. Additional funds are needed to extend the Bureau’s studies in American oil and gas fields. Even in the face of curtailed demand for helium, provision should \ be made to preserve the valuable Government-owned gas properties j near Amarillo, Tex., and to maintain the Amarillo helium plant ■ in an operating status by retaining the nucleus of a trained per- i sonnel. Funds should be provided for research on natural gases \ and their constituents in the cryogenic laboratory. EXPERIMENT STATIONS DIVISION The Experiment Stations Division has administrative control over and coordinates the work of the 11 experiment stations at which most of the technologic studies of the Bureau of Mines are conducted. In addition, the division exercises technical supervi¬ sion over the Bureau’s research on nonmetallic minerals, coal prep¬ aration, coal processing, and gas and fuel chemistry. The most important contribution to nonmetallic mineral tech¬ nology made by the Bureau in 1935 was the development at the Mississippi Valley Experiment Station, Rolla, Mo., in cooperation with the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy and the Potash Co. of America, of processes for the mechanical separation of sylvite (KC1) from halite (NaCl) by agglomeration and tabling or flota¬ tion. This development, forecast in the 1934 report on the basis of small preliminary laboratory tests, was carried to a successful conclusion and turned over to the potash industry. While this method does not give a product as pure as that obtained by solution and fractional crystallization, it produces material of higher grade than is demanded by the fertilizer industry at less cost than by solution methods. In addition, chemical methods have been developed on a labora¬ tory scale at the Nonmetallic Minerals Experiment Station, for producing potassium sulphate, potassium carbonate, potassium hy¬ droxide, anhydrous sodium sulphate, magnesium compounds, and various fertilizer salts from domestic polyhalite. Some of these chemicals are now largely imported, and all are important to the American chemical industry. Work of experiment stations. — The largest station is at Pitts¬ burgh. It is engaged in the study of coal mining in all its phases, including mine safety, first aid and mine rescue work ; fuels chemis¬ try, utilization, processing, and constitution; toxicity of industrial gases; and metallurgy of iron and steel. With this station are co- BUREAU OF MINES 357 ordinated the work of the Explosives Experiment Station and of the Experimental Mine, both at Bruceton, Pa., 14 miles from Pittsburgh; both are operated exclusively for scientific research. The Petroleum Experiment Station, Bartlesville, Okla., studies the production, consumption, and utilization of petroleum and natural gas. The Southern Experiment Station, Tuscaloosa, Ala., is concerned with the preparation of coal and the beneficiation of various metallic and nonmetallic ores of the South. The Nonmetallic Minerals Experiment Station, Rutgers Univer¬ sity, New Brunswick, N. J., conducts inquiries into the treatment and utilization of nonmetallic minerals and their products. Beneficiation of the low-grade iron ores of the Lake Superior district and fundamentals of iron blast-furnace operation are in¬ vestigated at the North Central Experiment Station, Minneapolis, Minn. At Rolla, Mo., the Mississippi Valley Experiment Station handles problems in ore dressing, including the determination of funda¬ mental principles and the application of these data to the various ores of the United States, especially the lead and zinc deposits of the region. The Intermountain Experiment Station, Salt Lake City, Utah, studies the treatment of complex, low-grade ores, lead smelting, and the relation between mineral occurrence and operating results. The Rare and Precious Metals Experiment Station, Reno, Nev., is interested in more efficient production of unusual and valuable metals and utilization of low-grade ores not now of commercial value. The Southwest Experiment Station, Tucson, Ariz., endeavors to give assistance with the mining and metallurgical problems of the Southwest, especially those that affect the mining and treatment of low-grade copper ores. The Pacific Experiment Station, Berkeley, Calif., conducts highly specialized physical-chemical research, chiefly concerned with the determination of fundamental metallurgical constants and the appli¬ cation of these data to metallurgical operations. The Northwest Experiment Station, Seattle, Wash., investigates the beneficiation and utilization of the coals and nonmetallic min¬ erals of the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Alteration of properties of cement by seasoning. — The Nonmetallic Minerals Experiment Station showed that exposure of cement to air of controlled temperature and humidity subsequently decreased the water requirement and decreased the evolution of heat during set¬ ting; furthermore, the setting process was retarded without using any of the substances usually added to produce this effect. These 358 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 discoveries will prove important in the preparation of cement for large concrete structures. Concentration of barite. — High-grade barite concentrates can be made from the high-iron barite ore of Tennessee and the high-silica ore of South Carolina, using methods developed during 1935 at the Southern Experiment Station, in cooperation with the University of Alabama. This development is significant, since barite is con¬ sidered one of the strategic minerals and the reserves of commer¬ cial-grade ore in this country are limited. Development of northwestern mineral resources. — Investigations at the Northwest Experiment Station have shown that certain Wash¬ ington talcs and soapstones can be used for furnace linings in the soda-recovery furnaces of the paper industry and that the powdered products from other deposits may have value as fillers. Certain sand deposits were shown to be suitable for use in foundries, as abrasives, and, after proper treatment, for bottle glass. Coal washing. — Based largely upon coal- washing studies of Paci¬ fic Northwest coals at the Northwest Experiment Station in coopera¬ tion with the College of Mines, University of Washington, one new coal washery with a capacity of 3,000 tons per day is being con¬ structed in Washington, and another is being designed for immediate construction. In cooperation with the University of Alabama the Southern Ex¬ periment Station completed washability studies of samples from the Henry Ellen and the Mary Lee coal beds showing possible re¬ duction of ash in efficiently operated washing plants. The ash con¬ tent of the washed coal has been lowered without increasing the washery loss. Grindability of coal. — The laboratory test for measuring grind- ability of coal was developed by the northwest station to the point that it was accepted by the American Society for Testing Materials as a tentative standard. Development of analytical procedures for gases and vapors. — The development of practical detectors and analytical procedures for harmful gases and vapors is essential to the establishment and main¬ tenance of safe, hygienic conditions in the mineral-producing and consuming industries. A new microchemical test was worked out for determining atmospheric contamination with benzol vapor in byproduct- and solvent-using plants. A description of a hydrogen sulphide detector, developed primarily for use in the petroleum industry, was published as a report of investigations. Stream-pollution investigation. — Several States did work by Bu¬ reau of Mines methods which showed conclusively the practical value of the Bureau recommendation for sealing abandoned coal mines to mitigate stream pollution by acid coal-mine drainage. In West BUREAU OF MINES 359 Virginia acid was reduced 80 to 85 percent in less than 1 year after 215 mines were sealed. 1 njlami nobility of gases and vapors. — Investigations of the inflam¬ mability and ignitibility of gases and vapors, the influence of inert gases on these properties, and public, industrial, and municipal gas- explosion hazards were continued. Eighteen new or revised values for limits of inflammability of gases or vapors in air or oxygen were determined. The extinction of flames by the use of nitrogen and carbon dioxide was studied, and means for preventing gas explo¬ sions by controlling the oxygen concentration of combustible mix¬ tures were developed. Fundamental gas studies. — Calculation of thermodynamic func¬ tions from spectroscopic data on propane, butane, pentane, tetra¬ ethyl, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide were completed. These functions are useful in calculating theoretical yields and heat balances in proposed processes for manufacturing useful chemical substances from waste natural gas and coal gas. The new theory of flame propagation developed last year in con¬ nection with explosion-prevention research has been applied success¬ fully to ozone flames. After burning was shown to be nonexistent in explosions of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. A complete theoretical analysis was made of the data on upper and lower explo¬ sive limits of hydrogen- oxygen-inert gas mixtures, including for the first time a correct treatment of chain-breaking at the walls. Devices for respiratory protection. — New approvals granted dur¬ ing the year include 3 hose masks, 1 with a positive-pressure blower supplying 1 or 2 men and 2 with velocity-blade-type blowers, 1 of which is approved for 1 or 2 men. Numerous extensions of existing approvals were granted. Six respirators (type A) were approved for protection against pneumoconiosis-producing or nuisance dusts. One respirator (type C) was approved for protection against inhala¬ tion of the mist of chromic acid. Several extensions of approval were granted for various improvements on these devices. Fan-performance and fan-gage charts. — The application of graphic charts to the solution of fan-performance problems was studied ex¬ haustively. A number of compact and convenient forms were evolved by means of which such problems can be solved easily and quickly. An ingenious combination of indicating pressure gages and a chart was developed for mine-fan installations; it permits direct determi¬ nations of the efficiency of operation and the quantity of air handled. Conclusions. — A review of the forgoing accomplishments shows a tremendous return on the expenditure. The first successful process for mechanical beneficiation of potash ore or the new methods for domestic production of several chemicals now largely imported can return to industry in a short time more than was spent for all the 360 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 35 research of the division. Dollars cannot measure the value of the increased safety with which workmen can labor because of the data on inflammable limits of gases and vapors determined by the Bureau or because of the more efficient devices for respiratory protection that have resulted from the year’s approval studies. If such significant progress is possible under the handicaps of the past few years, it is obvious that still greater accomplishments can be expected with increased appropriations. In the field of nonmetallic-minerals investigations the extension of research on chemical and physical properties of fine particles in relation to their solution, dispersion, coagulation, and settling in various media is needed urgently to reduce pollution of air by fly ash from power plants burning powdered coal, to prevent stream pollu¬ tion from coal-washery wastes, and to collect finely divided minerals from slimes in metallurgical plants. In gas research the fundamental investigations on ignition and propagation of gas explosions should be extended, since the results to be obtained have such wide applicability to safety. The origin and evolution of combustible and irrespirable gases in mines and tunnels, the relative hazards in underground use of various fuels for internal- combustion engines, the prevention and removal of dust, air condi¬ tioning, gas diffusion, and extinguishing of underground fires should be given intensive study. EXPLOSIVES DIVISION Physical and chemical tests of explosives. — Aside from a limited number of investigations undertaken at the request of State mine departments and several branches of the Federal Government the work of the Explosives Division was confined largely to making tests under current schedules. During the fiscal year 1935, 32 explosives were added to the active permissible list, and 17 explosives were transferred from the active to the inactive list, leaving 148 per¬ missible explosives. The activd permissible list also includes five models of blasting devices. The Explosives Division assisted the United States Forest Service in inaugurating a system of purchasing explosives suitable for use in forestry and road building. This required, among other problems, the development of a test to determine the fire-setting capacity of explosives to ascertain their suitability for use during forest-fire seasons. Conclusions. — The explosives research work of the division, which has been suspended because of reductions in allotments, should be resumed. Studies of certain variables are needed to see if the pres¬ ent procedure for testing explosives, for placement on the active BUREAU OF MINES 361 permissible list can be improved, but increased personnel would be necessary. These investigations should cover various methods of loading explosives, the dimensions of the borehole, temperature, humidity, and other factors that might influence the action of the explosives. OFFICE OF CHIEF MINING ENGINEER Coal-mine “ bumps” — A series of disastrous “ bumps ”, killing many miners, has occurred during the past 2 years in coal mines of the Cumberland Mountain field, Kentucky and Virginia. At the re¬ quest of a coal operators’ association the chief mining engineer was detailed to investigate and report possible causes and remedies. Changes in the mining method were proposed which might alter the sudden, violent failure of the strong overlying rocks by com¬ pression, causing “ bumps ”, to tensile breaks that would be without shock. The method is being tested, so far with success. Potash salt-mining methods at Carlsbad , N . Mex. — The New Mexico potash mines are operated on Government leases under supervision of the United States Geological Survej7. The Survey requested of the Bureau a report on methods for obtaining complete recovery of potash salts without causing rupture of overlying strata and thereby admitting water from formations above. A mining method was devised based on the compressibility of potash salts as determined by tests of specimens at the Bureau’s Experimental mine. Converg¬ ence records of the roof and floor are to be made in the mine as trial of the proposed method proceeds. Experimental mine investigations. — The tests of potash specimens mentioned above disclosed that under high pressure the potash salt is plastic that tentatively the load on pillars in initial development should not exceed 2,000 pounds per square inch, and that above this pressure the salt deforms plastically. This last property is valuable in final mining, as the pillars are mined out gradually, allowing slow compression without sudden collapse. Owing to insufficient funds, it was impossible to carry on a pro¬ gram of large-scale investigation of the explosibility of coal dusts, but explosion demonstrations were made before large groups of mining men at the request of safety associations. Repairs were made to the experimental mine through allotment of funds from the Public Works Administration, and a mine fire in adjoining property was controlled successfully by relief workers. Laboratory dust-inflammability studies. — Fifty-two samples of coal and other dusts, including dusts from the Holland Tunnel venti¬ lating ducts, smelter flues, and steel mills, were tested for relative 20481—35 - 24 362 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 inflammability. Chemical solutions for wetting coal dust and the absorption of water by different rock dusts were also studied. Mine Safety Board. — The members of the Board are the chief mining engineer and the chiefs of the Health and Safety Branch, the Technologic Branch, and the Mining Division. During the year mine-disaster reports and certain safety matters were considered. One mine safety decision formulated was approved by the Director and thereby became embodied in the policy of the Bureau, with pre¬ vious decisions. ECONOMICS BRANCH COAL DIVISION Service to coal industry. — The Coal Division rendered 43,400 in¬ dividual services during the year by mail, telephone, or personal interview, exclusive of the distribution of regular publications to established mailing lists. The division issues a series of current re¬ ports, available to producers, distributors, and consumers, that fol¬ low short-time movements of supply and demand; it also prepares detailed annual reports that provide a background for the current service and trace underlying changes in the industry. Speeding up work. — The outstanding achievement of the year was continued speeding up of the work and prompt release of the final annual figures. The good record of the previous year was main¬ tained; for example, the manuscript for the annual chapters on coal and coke for the Minerals Yearbook were completed by May in both 1934 and 1935. As heretofore, the final annual figures were mimeographed and released to the public before they were issued as printed pamphlets. Special effort was made to release the re¬ ports earlier to comply with many requests from the N. It. A. Monthly bituminous- coal production , by N. R. A. code-authority areas. — At the request of the N. It. A. the Bureau of Mines assisted in canvassing monthly production by code-authority areas. The results of these surveys were published by the Bureau. Production of peat. — Since no summary of peat production has been issued later than 1926, the Bureau deemed it advisable to undertake such a canvass for 1934. A chapter embodying these data will be included in Minerals Yearbook, 1935. The results of the survey may help domestic producers to recover some of the domestic market now supplied from foreign sources. Special investigations — Special publications released during the year include studies of the mechanical cleaning of bituminous coal and of the mechanized mining of bituminous coal and anthracite. Economies in publication. — The collection of statistical reports through trade agencies, inaugurated several years ago to reduce costs, BUREAU OF MINES 363 was followed in the fiscal year 1935. The cooperative arrangement with the National Association of Purchasing Agents for collecting current reports on coal stocks and consumption continues to be very satisfactory. Publication costs were cut by combining reports and condensing tables to make more efficient use of available space. Edi¬ tions were reduced, and national coal-trade organizations assisted by reprinting extra copies. Conclusions. — Agencies established under the National Industrial Recovery Act taxed the facilities of the division to supply data on the coal and coke industries. In addition to supplying information to the Bituminous Coal Code Authority the division has answered many requests for information from the Reconstruction Finance Corpo¬ ration, the Public Works Administration, the Division of Subsistence Homesteads, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Federal Power Commission. In all such work the division’s service is limited to finding and certifying the facts that may be established by the statistical record or derived immediately therefrom. The efficiency of the service the division can render would be increased if funds were provided for printing reports in detail and publishing additional data on the coal industry. Producers and con¬ sumers of coal should be supplied with the following basic informa¬ tion of national scope : 1. Annual detailed surveys of the distribution of coal from each producing to each consuming market, urgently needed to show changes under altered conditions in the industry. 2. Annual statistics of the domestic fuel market, involving the equivalent of 160,000,000 tons of coal, which would help the coal industry to hold its proper share of the market. 3. Current information on changes in production capacity, which would show the industry the probable effect of such changes on the market and might discourage unnecessary or unwise expansion. 4. Economics of byproduct recovery; studies of supply and pres¬ ent and potential demand for the byproducts of coal processing. 5. Statistical analyses of the competitive relations between coal, fuel oil, natural gas, and hydroelectric power. MINERAL-STATISTICS DIVISION The division met the need for early release of statistics by mimeo¬ graphing periodic current reports and preliminary mineral market summaries. Of the latter, annual reviews for 1934 on more than 25 important commercial minerals had been published by April 1935. 364 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Minerals Yearbook. — Minerals Yearbook, 1934, comprising 1,154 pages and including 72 chapters, 106 illustrations, and a compre¬ hensive index, was issued in October 1934. This annual volume represented a decided improvement over Minerals Yearbook, 1932- 33, in that statistics and analyses of current developments in the mining industry were printed in more complete form. Employment data. — Various Federal, State, and industrial agen¬ cies have evidenced keen interest in the Bureau’s long-time records of employment in mining camps, particularly in connection with current relief and employment problems. The division has been asked to cooperate with such organizations as the F. E. R. A. and the National Resources Board in supplying information. To make employment data of greatest usefulness to producers the figures are correlated with those on man-hours worked and on production. Complete reports for the iron-ore and mercury industries, covering employment, man-hours worked, and output per man-hour during the past 10 years, were published during the year, and similar studies were undertaken for 20 other minerals. Market information on mineral products. — By making more than a hundred annual statistical surveys of metallic and important non- metallic minerals (except mineral fuels) this division compiles essen¬ tially the only market information available on supply, demand, and utilization of specific mineral products. It prepares statistical material for most of the Minerals Yearbook chapters, compiles data on world production, arranges for statistical studies in cooperation with 16 States, and maintains field offices at San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Denver, and Joplin which not only collect statistical data but also give direct information to the mining industry. Conclusions. — Shrinking markets, disappearing profits, idle ca¬ pacity, unemployment, and huge accumulations of metal indicate the need for continued intensive research in mineral economics. In attempting to adjust themselves to the present situation mineral producers should have comprehensive information on mineral re¬ sources, output, consumption, distribution, and trade conditions, as well as on regional and international factors that affect the move¬ ment and utilization of mineral commodities. As the division’s present resources are taxed to the utmost its funds would have to be doubled to permit organization of an adequate basic information service. PETROLEUM ECONOMICS DIVISION The Petroleum Economics Division maintained and improved its regular services during the fiscal year. The monthly petroleum statement was enlarged to include data on the movement of crude BUREAU OF MINES 365 oil and refined products from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic seaboard. There has been a steadily increasing demand for in¬ formation concerning sales of fuel oil, particularly Diesel oil, by States and industries. Accordingly, the national survey of fuel- oil distribution, which Tvas begun in 1926 but discontinued in 1931, was resumed to cover the calendar year 1934. The weekly report on crude-oil stocks and the monthly report on crude-oil movements prepared by the division from data collected on questionnaires of the Petroleum Administrative Board were con¬ tinued throughout the year. A new series of cooperative reports covering the distribution of natural gasoline was inaugurated in January 1935. The Supreme Court decision of May 27, 1935, invalidated the con¬ trol provision of the Petroleum Code, including the part that made it mandatory for operating companies to submit statistical data. It therefore became necessary for the Bureau of Mines to collect these data on a voluntary basis, as had been its practice with similar data in the past. The division, in cooperation with the Petroleum Administrative Board, made monthly forecasts of demand for gasoline and crude oil and recommended to the Petroleum Administrator production allowables for the various producing States, as prescribed in the code. After invalidation of the code the petroleum industry and most of the important producing States requested the Interior De¬ partment to permit the Bureau to continue this work, the forecasts to be recommendatory for use as an economic guide. Inasmuch as the division collects and compiles virtually all of the supporting data and has several specialists engaged in studies of demand it was relatively simple to prepare the forecasts for July and August. The new work undertaken at the inception of the Petroleum Code rounded out the fact-finding work of the division to virtually 100- percent coverage. All of the questionnaires or surveys have demon¬ strated their usefulness, and none should be abandoned. The division has been handicapped by the lack of a specialist on natural gas and natural gasoline. The importance of these sub¬ jects justifies the expenditure of much more time and money to study them than have been available in the past. Conclusions. — The usefulness of the work of the Petroleum Eco¬ nomics Division has been evidenced by expressions of appreciation and approval of its fact-finding service by the petroleum industry. New studies undertaken to supply information essential to code ad¬ ministration have proven invaluable to the industry and should be continued. 366 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 RARE METALS AND NONMETALS DIVISION Responsibility for furnishing information on 82 chemical elements and nearly 1,000 mineral combinations of these elements has been placed on the Rare Metals and Nonmetals Division. To cope effec¬ tively with the many inquiries on these numerous and diversified commodities the division some 6 years ago instituted a program of research and writing directed toward preparing published sum¬ maries that would anticipate the questions asked most frequently. This program has been continued successfully, though at a retarded pace during the past 2 years. In the fiscal year commodity studies were published on arsenic, asbestos, clay, minor mineral-fertilizer materials, sodium sulphate, titanium, and vermiculite; moreover, lacking more direct means of publication, considerable basic information on other commodities was incorporated into Minerals Yearbook chapters. A new chapter on minor nonmetals was added to the yearbook contributions pre¬ pared wholly or partly by this division. Supplementing individual commodity studies the division has made several horizontal studies of minerals grouped according to consuming industries. Addi¬ tions to this service during the fiscal year included a circular on the fertilizer industries, a paper for a national engineering society on the refractories industries, and a trade- journal article on the future of the building-stone industries. As usual, general summaries of the rare-metals and nonmetallic-minerals industries were prepared for the annual review number of Mining and Metallurgy. By request of the editors a chapter was prepared for the milling volume of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, summa¬ rizing current technology for preparing all the leading industrial minerals for market. The Division maintains and distributes lists of buyers and sellers of rare metals and nonmetals, a service helpful to purchasing agents as well as to those who undertake to develop mining properties. In June the revision and enlargement of these lists were undertaken. The procedure for relieving the specialists of their burden of rou¬ tine inquiries was improved further. Despite this, however, such routine work and the added responsibility of furnishing data to the various new agencies concerned with mineral products consumed a substantial part of the time of the Division’s inadequate staff. Measurable progress has been made toward short-term forecasting of the demand for various mineral commodities; for example, there seems to be a prospect of forecasting production of phosphate rock a year ahead. Conclusions. — Reduced personnel and increased responsibilities tended to restrict the outflow of publications from the Division, but BUREAU OF MINES 367 the essential factors for economic planning by industry and the Gov¬ ernment were maintained, and facilities for more effective utilization of these stores of information may be speedily reconstructed. COMMON METALS DIVISION During the year old and new Government agencies increased con¬ siderably their requests for services of a consulting nature by the Common Metals Division. A typical example was the assistance given the tin-investigating committee of the House of Representa¬ tives. A comprehensive picture of the world tin industry was pre¬ sented orally to the committee, and special research into the history of tin smelting in the United States and its economic factors was undertaken. In addition, world charts that illustrate strikingly the position of the United States with respect to its supplies of 15 stra¬ tegic minerals were prepared at the request of the War and Navy Departments. The Division’s commodity specialists were consulted frequently by many other agencies, including the Treasury Depart¬ ment, National Recovery Administration, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Securities Exchange Commission, and Reconstruc¬ tion Finance Corporation. Besides serving as a consultant to other Government agencies the Division prepared chapters on 11 major mineral commodities for Minerals Yearbook, 1935. Over 3,000 requests for information were received and answered during the year. The Division’s files of funda¬ mental data on the common metals were maintained and expanded. The files, which now contain over 4,000 subject folders covering all economic phases of the metal industries, are invaluable as a source of information. Work on the many special problems of interest to the industry necessarily has been postponed, due primarily to reduction in the staff. Nevertheless, some attention was given to questions arising from the increased prices of gold and silver, and considerable basic data on long-time trends in metal consumption were assembled. It is hoped that more time can be devoted to economic research of this type as additional personnel is provided. Conclusions . — At the end of the year the Common Metals Division was merged into the new Metals and Nonmetals Division. Inasmuch as the personnel covering the subjects formerly handled by the Com¬ mon Metals Division was reduced from 6 to 4 the need for additional employees is most urgent. PRINCIPAL MINERALOGIST In consequence of the public interest in minerals the principal mineralogist answered 1,473 letters on 215 subjects during the year; 368 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 these had come from every State and from 22 foreign countries. The Bureau is greatly interested in this service, because it makes available to mine operators of limited means essential technical information that they could not afford otherwise. Chapters on molybdenum, tungsten, radium, uranium, and vanadi¬ um, and commercial gases were written for Minerals Yearbook, 1935. The glossary of mining and metallurgical terms published by the Bureau in 1919 is being rewritten and greatly enlarged. FOREIGN MINERAL SERVICE DIVISION The supply bill for the Department of the Interior, approved May 9, 1935, authorized transfer from the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce to the Bureau of Mines of certain activities that justified establishment on July 1 of a Foreign Mineral Service Division. This division is essentially a procurement agency re¬ sponsible for the collection and compilation of data on foreign mineral production and trade. Statistics will be collected and compiled throughout the year for publication annually in World Summary of Production and Com¬ merce in Minerals, a reference work designed to supply in concise and handy form a digest of production and trade in minerals for all countries in the world. A comprehensive bibliographic reference file is being maintained covering foreign mineral resources and trade. The need of all major industrial nations for strategic and defi¬ ciency mineral raw materials, coupled with the fact that few coun¬ tries are self-sufficient in their domestic reserves of such minerals, indicates the desirability of periodic studies of international flow of these commodities. It is manifest that the competitive position of the principal manufacturing countries is affected by all factors that tend to divert the normal movement of essential raw materials. Recommendations have been made by the National Resources Board, the Science Advisory Board, the War Department, and the Navy Department that the Bureau of Mines make periodic presentation in chart form of the international flow of the principal minerals of commerce. One series of such charts has been prepared during the past year. It is expected that this series will be revised every 2 or 3 years. BUREAU OF MINES 369 HEALTH AND SAFETY BRANCH SAFETY DIVISION During the fiscal year 1935 the Safety Division comprised 62 per¬ sons, including 24 engineers, 22 safety instructors, 12 clerks, 3 cooks, and 1 laborer. Members of the division assigned to field duty were distributed among the 10 safety stations (Berkeley, Calif., Birming¬ ham, Ala.; Jellico, Tenn. ; McAlester, Okla.; Norton, Va. ; Pitts¬ burgh, Pa.; Salt Lake City, Utah; Seattle, Wash.; Vincennes, Tnd. ; and Wilkes-Barre, Pa.), the 2 field offices (Denver, Colo., and Duluth, Minn.) , and the 2 mine safety cars in active service, 1 in the Pennsyl¬ vania anthracite region and 1 in West Virginia and Kentucky. A few field safety instructors had no definite headquarters but went from place to place on request, giving safety courses to employees of the mining and allied industries. Eight of the Bureau’s 10 all-steel railroad mine safety cars were held inactive on sidetracks through the year because of insufficient funds to operate them — 4 at Pitts¬ burgh, Pa.; 1 at Salt Lake City, Utah; 1 at Denver, Colo.; and (during part of the year) 1 at Norton, Va. All these cars have been exposed to deterioration by the weather since July 1, 1933. How¬ ever, in the spring of 1935, 5 cars were placed in a new storage building at Pittsburgh, so that at present only 3 cars are in “ dead storage ” on sidetracks. The field activities of the Safety Division consist chiefly of work for the mining industry, giving training in first aid, mine rescue, and accident prevention, making safety inspections and reports, at¬ tending mine-safety meetings, and assisting on request after mine fires and explosions. Nearly all this work demands rapid trans¬ portation to and from mines and mining plants, and for this purpose 37 motor vehicles — including 18 trucks — were in use and were driven 528,620 miles in the fiscal year. Training courses. — Persons competent to judge agree that a full course in first-aid training to every person in a mining organization probably is the most effective present-day means of arousing safety consciousness in the workers. It is believed that at least 200 lives are saved and probably as many as 25,000 lost-time nonfatal accidents forestalled each year as a direct result of Safety Division courses. During the past fiscal year 75,809 persons in the industries were given the full Bureau of Mines first-aid course and 1,401 the com¬ plete mine-rescue course (instruction in the use of oxygen breathing apparatus, gas masks, etc.), 20,482 more than in 1934 but far short of the record of 112,220 trained in the fiscal year 1931, before allotments for this work were reduced so drastically. The occupational distri- 370 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 bution of the persons trained in 1935 was: Coal mining, 52,476; metal mining, 10,265 ; petroleum industry, 5,977 ; metallurgical in¬ dustry, 2,255; nonmetallic mining, 1,904; tunneling, 1,225; cement industry, 376 ; public utilities, 282 ; miscellaneous, 2,450. The train¬ ing was conducted in 484 communities in 35 States. Bureau of Mines personnel also attended 51 first-aid and mine-rescue meetings or con¬ tests in 16 States, usually acting as judges. The demands for such work are far greater than the Bureau’s present personnel can satisfy. The Bureau’s safety engineers have devised an accident-preven¬ tion course for bituminous-coal mining, a more advanced, more tech¬ nical, and more direct approach to mine safety than the first-aid or mine-rescue courses. This advanced course is suitable for only the more intelligent workers, but has proved invaluable to mine bosses. The course was started in 1930 and to July 1, 1935, had been taken by 8,851 persons; here again the demand exceeds the supply of instructors. During the past year 1,211 bituminous-coal-mine officials and other workers in 8 States took the full course, which re¬ quires attendance at about 20 meetings. About 10 members of the Safety Division devote much of their time to this important work, and three or four times as many could be given full-time duty on it, as this high type of safety education should be extended to the metal¬ mining, quarrying, cement, and petroleum industries, with experi¬ enced personnel as instructors. Much first-aid training is now done in cooperation with the in¬ dustry; the Bureau safety instructor conducts an intensive course of first-aid training for selected keymen of the mining company, who then divide the company’s personnel into squads or classes of about 25 men each and give them the first-aid course, with the Bu¬ reau of Mines safety man as supervisor. Keymen with suitable qualifications, who have acted as temporary instructors, are recom¬ mended by the Bureau representative to receive temporary certifi¬ cates as Bureau of Mines first-aid instructors; these are made per¬ manent if the recipients do certain prescribed first-aid work each year for 5 years. In the last fiscal year 1,132 of these temporary or annual first-aid instructors’ certificates were issued in 26 States, and 716 certificates previously issued were renewed. To June 30, 1935, the Bureau had distributed 5,699 first-aid instructors’ certificates. They are much desired, because holders frequently have benefited by being given preferential rank and higher pay or have obtained fairly responsible positions in other industries than mining. Holmes safety chapters. — To promote safety in mines and mining communities the Bureau sponsors the formation of community safety organizations called “ Holmes safety chapters ”, named for its first director, Joseph A. Holmes. During the fiscal year the Safety BUREAU OF MINES 371 Division organized 68 new Holmes chapters in 7 States with an aggregate membership of over 18,000 persons. To the end of the fiscal year, 433 chapters had been organized in 29 States. Bureau of Mines personnel attended 448 meetings of safety chapters during the year and prepared and distributed to them a series of mimeo¬ graphed safety lectures in popular, nontechnical language, which described the principal causes of accidents and available methods of prevention. Safety meetings. — Attendance at mine-safety gatherings is an important duty of Safety Division engineers. In the past year 962 safety meetings in 28 States, with a total attendance of about 157,000, were included on the schedule of the division’s safety men. The Bureau men addressed these gatherings on their work and in turn received information on mine safety. Safety inspections. — Safety inspections of mines or plants asso¬ ciated with the mining industry constitute another important phase of Safety Division activity. In 1935, 173 such inspections and reports were made in 23 States, and in 11 States 22 confidential written reports were submitted to the operating companies with suitable recommendations for improvement in safety. In conse¬ quence of these inspections and reports, hundreds of improvements, some of them very important, are made annually in and around mines to promote greater safety of operation. Publications. — Seventy manuscripts on various topics within the division’s field were prepared for publication during the year ; 50 of these were published, chiefly in mimeographed form, in the proceed¬ ings of mining and other societies, or in the technical press. All available printing funds for the division were used for reprinting the First-Aid Manual; even so the supply of this textbook needed for the division’s field work was far from sufficient. To date 36 edi¬ tions of the manual, totaling 1,016,525 copies, have been issued. Although the Health Division was recessed in July 1933 because of drastic curtailment of funds, hundreds of inquiries on health in connection with the mining industry have been received and an¬ swered annually, and in addition publications have been prepared for issuance both by the Bureau and the technical press on health subjects, particularly dust diseases. These publications have been so popular that the normal number of copies could not supply the demand. Conclusions. — Safety in the mining and related industries has improved greatly in the past few years. The training courses given nearly 900,000 persons in those industries are thus earning substan¬ tial dividends. For example, in coal mining the fatality rate in 1933 and 1934 was much lower than in any other calendar year, in 372 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 the history of the industry. Moreover, instead of nearly a score of major explosion disasters annually in the coal mines the total was 1 in 1933, 2 in 1934, and 2 to July 15, 1935. The employees of the Safety Division make personal contacts each year with 300,000 to 500,000 persons in the mining industry, bringing to them directly the safety teachings of the Bureau and thus helping to increase safety in the production of our minerals. DEMOGRAPHICAL DIVISION The Demographical Division conducted statistical investigations to determine the number and cause of accidents to employees in United States mineral industries, the relation between frequency and severity of accidents, the quantity of minerals produced, and the number of men employed. Information of this kind is required as a basis for accident prevention and as a measure of progress in safeguard¬ ing miners’ lives. Such data are furnished to mining companies and others interested in preventing accidents. The outstanding fact revealed by investigations during the calen¬ dar year 1934, which were based upon reports from representative plants in all parts of the country, was general reduction in accident rates for most branches of mining, notwithstanding increased ton¬ nages mined. Although complete data for the year are not yet available, it is believed that final returns will confirm the showing forecast by reports already examined. Iron-ore mines. — A notable increase in the number of men em¬ ployed at the mines and in the quantity of ore produced was accom¬ panied by a decreased accident rate. There was, however, a slight reduction in the quantity of ore mined per man-hour of labor. The number of workdays per man increased. Copper mines. — A marked reduction in the accident rate was effected by copper-mining companies, although the tonnage of ore mined, the number of men employed, and the total man-hours of em¬ ployment were larger than in the previous year. Productivity per man-hour increased slightly. Gold , silver , and miscellaneous metal mines. — Increased tonnage of ore mined, a larger number of employees, and an increase in the aggregate number of man-hours worked at mines of this class unfortunately were accompanied by an increased accident rate. Productivity per man-hour increased slightly. Lead and zinc mines. — More men were employed, more ore was mined, and a material increase was made in the total number of man-hours worked. Productivity per man-hour and accident rate both increased. BUREAU OE MINES 373 Cement mills and quarries. — This branch of the mineral industry consistently maintains low accident rates from year to year. The rate for 1934, though low compared with other industries, was slightly higher than in 1933. Total production and productivity per man-hour of labor both increased. The number of employees was somewhat larger than in 1933, and the total man-hours of employ¬ ment increased. Other quarrying. — Quarrying and other related work, such as rock¬ dressing, crushing, and the manufacture of lime, reduced their acci¬ dent rate slightly in 1934; a larger tonnage of rock was produced and a larger number of men employed than in 1933. Productivity per man-hour declined slightly. Accident-prevention contest. — A safety contest conducted among 334 mines and quarries in 38 States showed that safety had progressed so far in a number of States that accidents were eliminated. Through the accident reports furnished by the competing companies the Bureau obtains a fund of reliable information required in studying causes of accidents at mines and quarries, the frequency and severity of such accidents, and means whereby accidents may be prevented. Explosives. — During 1934, 39,207,845 pounds of permissible explo¬ sives, 206,625,027 pounds of high explosives other than permissibles, and 68,935,050 pounds of black blasting powder were produced in the United States. The mineral industries consumed 65 percent of the total. Conclusions. — Due to insufficient funds, the division cannot com¬ pile and make available to the industry adequately the vital facts concerning causes and frequency of accidents, such as might be ob¬ tained from the accident and employment reports furnished regularly by mining companies. The recommendation made a year ago is re¬ peated, namely, that additional trained personnel should be obtained to enable the division to supply the mining industry with a larger measure of the information that may be obtained from the reports the operating companies furnish to the Bureau for its general study of accidents. Effective July 1, 1935, the duties and personnel of the Demograph- ical Division were transferred, by order of the Director, from the Health and Safety Branch to the Economics and Statistics Branch. ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH OFFICE ADMINISTRATION DIVISION The Office Administration Division is charged with handling per¬ sonnel matters, property records, accounting, multigraphing and mimeographing, and general administrative routine. 374 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Personnel . — On June 30, 1935, there were 523 full-time employees on duty at the Bureau. The employees were distributed and classi¬ fied as shown in the following table : Classification and number of employees Profes¬ sional Subprofes¬ sional 1 C. A. F. Custodial 3 Total Washington _ 3 36 4 133 6 179 Pittsburgh _ _ _ _ 4 59 30 37 47 173 Field in general _ « 92 20 35 24 171 Total _ *187 54 205 77 523 1 Includes instrument makers, safety instructors, laboratory aids, assistants, etc. 2 Includes janitors, laborers, messengers, etc. 3 Engineers, 19; chemist, 1; miscellaneous, 16; total, 36. 1 Engineers, 30; chemists, 21; miscellaneous, 8; total, 59. 3 Engineers, 43; chemists, 26; miscellaneous, 23; total, 92. • Total: Engineers, 92; chemists, 48; miscellaneous, 47; grand total, 187. In addition to the foregoing full-time employees the following persons were engaged on a when-actually-employed basis : 7 laborers, etc., employed on field agreements; 1 consulting metallurgist; 29 consulting engineers (Advisory Board) ; and 52 other employees holding classified, unclassified, and excepted appointments on a part-time basis, making a total of 612 employees. Property. — The property records of the Bureau, as of June 30, 1935, show accounts as follows: Automobiles and trucks _ $74, 762. 45 Canvas and leather goods _ 3, 498. 10 Drafting and engineering instruments _ 10, 061. 92 Electrical equipment - 62, 492. 72 Hardware and tools - 31, 683. 23 Household equipment - 19, 016. 99 Laboratory apparatus _ 467, 645. 30 Medical equipment _ 8, 202. 66 Office furniture and equipment - 297, 589. 90 Photographic apparatus - 28, 786. 29 Machinery and power-plant equipment - 1, 005, 787. 19 Land, buildings, and improvements _ 1, 523, 430. 92 Rescue cars and specialized apparatus - 403, 014. 92 Total _ 3, 935, 972. 59 This property is located in Washington and at the various field stations and offices of the Bureau. INFORMATION DIVISION The Information Division comprises five sections concerned with dissemination of information on the Bureau’s investigations. Publications. — During the past year the publications section super¬ vised the distribution of 100,234 copies of the free editions of printed BUREAU OF MINES 375 Bureau publications and approximately 330,000 reports of investi¬ gations, information circulars, and monographs. These were sent, however, only as the result of a direct request either for a specific publication or for all publications on a particular subject. In addi¬ tion, the Superintendent of Documents sold about 100,000 copies of the Bureau’s printed reports. Numerous brief statements announcing the issuance of new publi¬ cations or describing current investigations were supplied to the daily and technical press. These short items were printed widely and effectively acquainted the public with the results of the Bureau’s work. The section handled more than 61,350 letters requesting publi¬ cations or information regarding the Bureau’s activities and general mining subjects. Editorial _ During the fiscal year 8 bulletins, 7 technical papers, 1 economics paper, 72 Minerals Yearbook and Minerals Yearbook Appendix separate chapters (1934 edition), and 4 miscellaneous papers — a total of 92 printed publications — were edited and sent to the printer. Moreover, during the year 71 chapters for Minerals Yearbook, 1935, which was sent to the printer soon after July 1, were edited. Owing to lack of printing funds, however, only part of the Bureau’s output could be published in this manner; conse¬ quently, 157 papers (compared with 115 in 1934) were submitted for publication in the technical and trade press. The section also edited 28 reports of investigations and 69 in¬ formation circulars — papers which supply promptly to the mining industry and the general public the essential results of Bureau investigations usually described in detail in later printed reports or which present salient facts on the mineral industries in concise form suitable for use in reply to queries. Motion-picture production. — As a means of disseminating infor¬ mation regarding safety and efficiency in the mineral industries the Bureau maintains what is perhaps the largest library of motion- picture films in the world. These films, prepared under supervision of the Information Division through the cooperation of industrial concerns which bear the entire cost of production, show where essential minerals are found and how they are mined, manufactured, or refined into useful products, utilized, and conserved. The pre¬ vention of accidents and the protection of human life have been given special attention, and several pictures deal specifically with these important subjects. During the past year 5 film subjects were revised, and 522 addi¬ tional reels obtained for circulation. 376 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Library.— The year’s accessions to the library comprised 3,770 books and pamphlets; 300 periodicals were received currently; and 6 442 books were loaned for use outside the library. ’ Graphic section.— In addition to drafting and photographic service the graphic section circulates the Bureau’s films. This work is cen¬ tralized at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station, but there are 11 sub¬ distribution centers throughout the country, selected with regard to accessibility. The films are loaned to schools, churches, clubs, civic and business organizations, miners’ local unions, etc. No charge is made for use, but exhibitors are asked to pay transportation charges. On June 30, 1935, the Bureau had 1,368 sets of films, including 2,771 reels, aggregating 1,789,990 feet. During the year the films were shown on 61,002 occasions before an estimated audience of 4,970,010. The number of showings and attendance were both 22 percent higher than in the last fiscal year. Conclusions. — The Information Division, as the outlet through which the results of the Bureau’s scientific investigations are made available to the mining industry and to the general public, rendered valuable and efficient service during the year in editing more than 410 manuscripts, distributing over 430,200 publications, revising and circulating educational motion-picture films, answering letters and inquiries, and preparing statements widely printed in the daily, trade, and technical press. Table 1 presents classified and complete information regarding the financial history of the Bureau since its establishment m 1910. Table 2 gives a statement of the distribution of congressional appro¬ priations to the branches and divisions within the Bureau and the expenditure of these funds in 1935, by Bureau divisions. BUREAU OF MINES 377 Table 1. — Bureau of Mines appropriations and expenditures, fiscal years ended June 30, 1911-35 Depart¬ mental allot¬ ments 1 Funds transferred from other depart¬ ments 3 $34, 200. 00 45, 640. 00 47, 850. 00 57, 307. 79 55, 424. 60 48, 710. 87 _ 52, 400. 00 51, 901, 98 4$3,062,000. 00 49, 542. 86 8 8, 600,000.00 52, 800. 00 62, 618. 72 666, 720. 00 59,800.00 182, 200. 00 70, 814. 30 97, 100. 00 50, 710. 00 347,820.00 57, 500. 00 236, 465. 86 81, 220. 00 510, 501. 15 94, 443. 39 325, 000. 00 113, 266. 45 328, 000. 00 103, 000. 00 205, 500. 00 123, 300. 00 166, 200. 00 120,680.91 166, 500. 00 ' 137, 866. 48 194, 500. 00 ' 75, 100. 00 184, 000. 00 ► 50, 230. 00 17, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 126, 513. 10 1, 746, 028. 35 15, 416, 020. 11 1 72, 000. 00 20, 000. 00 Fiscal year 1911 . 1912... .. 1913 . 1914 _ 1915 _ 1916 _ 1917 . 1918 . 1919 _ 1920 _ 1921 _ 1922 _ 1923 _ 1924 _ 1925 . 1926 _ 1927 _ 1928 _ 1929 _ 1930 . 1931 . 1932 _ 1933 _ 1934 . 1935 _ Total- 1936 . Appropri¬ ated to Bureau of Mines $502, 475, 730, 757, 981, 1, 467, 5 3,245, 1, 216, 1, 362, 1, 474, 1, 580, 1, 784, 2, 028, 1, 875, 1, 914, 3, 025, 2, 725, 2, 274, 2, 745, 2,278, 1, 860, 1, 574, 1,293, Total funds available for expendi¬ ture $536,400.00 521, 140. 00 630, 950. 00 721, 207. 79 785, 924. 60 806.010.87 1,033, 460.00 4, 580, 971. 98 11, 894, 827. 86 1, 269, 697. 00 2,091,980.72 1, 716, 300. 00 1, 748, 814. 30 2, 183, 489. 00 2, 322, 233. 86 2, 466, 731. 15 2, 333,843. 39 3, 466, 416. 45 ?3, 753, 094. 67 82, 684, 386. 38 «3, 134, 595. 10 10 2,770,712.18 11 2,398,947.38 12 1,890.171.98 13 1,546,98£ ‘ ' 59, 289, 396. 60 is 2,113,011.00 Unexpend¬ ed balances $22, 818. 27 6, 239. 77 4, 087. 20 4, 678. 29 4, 178. 11 9, 058, 63 48, 588. 10 395, 745. 10 2, 452, 236. 78 9, 592. 18 13, 985. 89 52, 120. 45 10, 959. 08 38, 085. 43 107, 743. 20 28, 891. 78 44, 871. 29 ^ 736, 235. 62 « 152, 701. 34 » 135, 714. 93 10 195, 534. 37 11 344, 689. 43 12 488, 335. 34 13 408, 674. 26 i‘ 35, 942. 18 5,751,707. 02 Total ex¬ penditures $513, 581, 73 514, 900. 23 626, 862. 80 716, 629. 50 781, 746. 49 796, 952. 24 984, 871. 90 4, 185, 226. 88 9, 442, 591. 08 1, 260, 104. 82 2, 077, 994. 83 1, 664, 179. 55 1, 737, 855. 22 2, 145, 403. 57 2, 214, 490. 66 2, 437, 839. 37 2, 288, 972. 10 2, 730, 180. 83 3, 600, 393. 33 2, 548, 671. 45 2, 939, 060. 73 2, 426, 022. 75 1, 910, 612. 04 1, 481, 497. 72 1, 511,047.76 53, 537, 689. 58 Expendi¬ tures ex elusive of servfce items 3 $513, 581. 73 514. 900. 23 626, 862. 80 716, 629. 50 781, 746. 49 796. 952. 24 984, 871. 90 1, 172, 939. 64 1, 137, 471. 37 1, 245,891. 36 1,412,923. 15 1,483,038. 47 1, 640, 840. 57 1.804. 800.41 1, 998, 669. 20 1, 841, 150. 80 1,926,910. 12 1, 997, 270. 66 2, 280, 960. 68 2, 216, 995. 72 2, 304,121.45 2, 186, 799.92 1. 710. 949. 42 1, 254, 846. 72 1, 349, 764. 55 35,901,889. 10 2,048, 011.00 i Includes printing and binding, stationery, and contingent funds. 3 Includes proceeds from sales of residue gas. 3 Service items include Government fuel yards, helium, and other investigations and services for other departments. 4 Includes gas investigations for War Department. » Includes $1,586,388 for Government fuel yards. 8 Includes War Minerals Relief Commission $8,500,000. i Includes $719,476.67 unexpended balance reappropriated. 8 Includes $120,216.38 unexpended balance reappropriated. 8 Includes $102,354.19 unexpended balance reappropriated. 10 Includes $159,580.70 unexpended balance reappropriated. 11 Includes $214,713.96 unexpended balance reappropriated. 12 Includes $184,056.04 unexpended balance reappropriated. 13 Includes $50,000 unexpended balance reappropriated. *4 Includes $27,000 unexpended balance reappropriated. 18 Estimated. 20481—35 - 25 Table 2. — Bureau of Mines expenditures , fiscal year 1985 378 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 0 BUREAU OF MINES 379 Reappropriated for expenditure in 1936. 380 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 The following table covers expenditures by the Bureau of Mines to June 30, 1935, from allotments from National Industrial Recovery and Public Works appropriations: Project no. Description Allotment Balance Expenditure 1 Repair mine rescue station, McAlester, Okla _ $1, 000 16, 800 172, 000 $1, 000. 00 16, 800. 00 171, 995. 52 2 Plans for building for experiment station, College Park, Md.. _ _ - - . . . 3 Buildings and grounds, Pittsburgh and Bruceton, Pa. $4. 48 4 Roads, Pittsburgh and Bruceton.. . . . 13, 000 1. 16 12, 998. 84 5 6 Repairs to experimental mine _ _ _ Repairs to building and equipment, Bartlesville Ex¬ 15, 000 .17 14, 999. 83 periment Station. _ _ _ 45, 000 .52 44, 999. 48 7 8 Paving Bartlesville Experiment Station _ Building and equipment, experiment station, Tusca¬ 10, 000 3. 75 9, 996. 25 loosa ... . ... _ 200, 000 177, 768. 87 22, 231. 13 9 Locating underground water resources in Nevada _ 4, 950 4, 110. 27 839. 73 Total _ _ _ _ _ 477, 750 181, 889. 22 295, 860. 78 ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL (William A. White, M. D., Superintendent) MOVEMENT OF POPULATION On June 30, 1935, 5,315 patients remained in the hospital as com¬ pared with 5,191 on June 30, 1934, an increase of 124. The total number of patients under treatment during the year was 6,015, as compared with 5,875 for the preceding year, an increase of 140. The total number of admissions during the year was 824, as com¬ pared with 894 the preceding year, a decrease of 70. The total number of discharges for the year was 396, as compared with 426 for the preceding year, a decrease of 30. The total number of deaths for the year was 304, as compared with 258 for the preceding year, an increase of 46, or about 18 percent. The total number of discharges and deaths, combined, was 700, compared with 684 for the preceding year, an increase of 16, or about 2% percent. There were 64 burials in the hospital cemetery, as compared with 57 the preceding year, an increase of 7. With the cooperation of the War Department the bodies of 36 service men, honorably dis¬ charged, were buried in the Arlington National Cemetery, several as “ indigent ” who had no estate whatever. The other 268 bodies were buried by private undertakers, in cemeteries in Washington and elsewhere throughout the United States, one having been shipped to England. The daily average patient population was 5,266.5, as compared with 5,049 the preceding year, an increase of 217.5. Movement of patient population , fiscal year 1935 Male Femalo Total White Colored Total White Colored Total Remaining on rolls June 30, 1934.. . 2, 671 385 747 3,418 1,088 685 1,773 5, 191 Admitted during year ended June 30, 1935. 137 522 202 100 302 824 Total number under care and treat¬ ment during year ended June 30, 1935 . . . 3, 056 884 3,940 1,290 785 2, 075 6, 015 381 382 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 Movement of patient population , fiscal year 1935 — Continued Male Female Total White Colored Total White Colored Total Discharged as— Not insane. . . . . _ . 10 3 13 3 0 3 16 Recovered . 85 14 99 34 13 47 146 Improved . . 70 10 80 19 9 28 108 Unimproved.. . . . 79 21 100 22 4 26 126 Total discharged.. . 244 48 292 78 26 104 396 Died . 118 51 169 79 56 135 304 Total of patients discharged and died. 362 99 461 157 82 239 700 Number of patients remaining on rolls June 30, 1935... . 2,694 785 3,479 1, 133 703 1,836 5,315 ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT TO THE SUPERINTENDENT Supplies . — The supplies produced on the hospital reservation, in¬ cluding farm and garden products such as potatoes, tomatoes, beans, parsley, spinach, squash, turnips, etc., were 265,311 gallons of milk, 156,411 pounds of fresh pork, 14,742 dozen eggs, 6,336 pounds of chicken, 23,970 bunches beets, 20,670 bunches carrots, 5,700 bunches endives, 14,600 bunches green onions, 8,800 bunches parsley, 28,200 bunches radishes, 211 bunches asparagus, 81 bushels apples, 1,450 bushels cabbage, 50 bushels cabbage cuttings, 511 bushels carrots, 122 bushels cucumbers, 106 bushels eggplant, 3,565 bushels kale, 877 bushels mustard, 489 bushels parsnips, 87 bushels pears, 274 bushels green peppers, 845 bushels sweetpotatoes, 1,745 bushels rape, 129 bushels rutabagas, 1,525 bushels turnips, 967 bushels spinach, 27,000 ears of green corn, 1,500 pumpkins, 1,800 squash, etc., 12,500 pairs of shoes and slippers, 5,812 brooms, 2,089 brushes, 2,150 men’s belts, 3,800 pairs of suspenders, 2,179 mattresses, 1,800 pillows, 850,000 loaves of bread, 3,265,000 rolls, 90,000 pounds of pastry, 22,000 gal¬ lons ice cream, and the laundering of 11,295,000 articles, in addition to hundreds of other items. Amongst the items raised on the farm, in addition to the garden products, were 940 tons of ensilage corn, 127 tons of alfalfa hay, 54 tons of sudan grass and soybean hay, 100 tons of wheat-green, and 2,300 bushels of field corn. In addition, large quantities of clothing for men and women were made in the sewing rooms and tailor shops, and articles of clothes, bed linen, tableware, all boots, shoes, and other leather goods were repaired. The patients on the wards, under the direction of occu¬ pational therapists, made all the dresses furnished the patients, hemmed all the sheets and blankets, and assisted in making stand covers, table covers, tablecloths, towels, and other items. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 383 All the steam, electricity, ice, and refrigeration used on the res¬ ervation was manufactured in the hospital shops. Dairy and cow bam, — The Holstein-Friesian herd has again been | tested for tuberculosis, and one cow reacted; this cow was sold in January. No lesions were found post-mortem. The herd is evi¬ dently .free of tuberculosis. The herd consists of 233 cows, 94 heif- I ers, 82 calves, and 8 bulls, a total of 417 animals. This is the twenty-first year that there have been practically no reactions from tuberculosis. This is one of the largest accredited herds in the country. Bang abortion disease found in May 1934 continues to be a prob¬ lem in the herd, though it seems to be under control, as no new cases have developed since December 1934. Blood tests were made on the herd since May 1934 as follows: May 1934, 380 cows, heifers, and bulls, Bang disease reactors _ 36 June 1934, 255 cows and bulls, Bang disease new reactors _ 2 July 1934, 378 cows, heifers, and bulls, Bang disease new reactors _ 1 August 1934, 195 cows, heifers, and bulls, Bang disease new reactors _ 0 September 1934, 356 cows, heifers, and bulls, Bang disease new reactors _ 1 October 1934, 241 cows, heifers, and bulls, Bang disease new reactors _ 1 December 1934, 293 cows, heifers, and bulls, Bang disease new reactors _ 0 January 1935, no test made. February 1935, 312 cows, heifers, and bulls, Bang disease new reactors _ 0 These tests, since May 1934, show that the first blood test practi¬ cally cleaned the herd, as only five new reactors have occurred since that date and no reactions occurred in either the August, December, or February tests. Unless something unforeseen occurs, it looks as if Bang disease is under control. Investigations were made by veterinarians of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who spoke favorably of the results of the blood testing, quarantining, and other efforts made on the hos¬ pital herd, and stated that they knew of no large herd in which the desired results had occurred so promptly. The herd produced 265,311 gallons of milk during the past year, about 4 percent less than the previous year. This was an average production of about 12,000 pounds of milk per cow per year. The quality of the milk, as indicated by the various bacteria counts, has been highly satisfactory, the average, well below 10,000 colonies per cubic centimeter (average about 6,800), being well within the requirements for certified milk. The hospital continues to cooperate with the United States De¬ partment of Agriculture in the use of pure-bred bulls from its Belts- ville (Md.) Experimental Station. Piggery. — The hospital slaughtered 603 hogs during the year, which furnished 156,411 pounds of dressed pork, about 44,000 pounds more than during the previous year. 384 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 Farm and Garden. — The past fiscal year has not been marked by any serious disturbing factors, neither have any unusual successes been attained. Some improvements have been made that are not apparent on the surface, the chief item being the maintenance of general production in spite of reductions in both land and labor. As previously reported, this has been done at some sacrifice to general appearance of the farm and premises. The amount of land available for production is gradually decreas- l| ing. No additional land has been purchased for farming purposes since 1891, when the hospital had about 1,200 patients, while it now has 5,300 patients. To house the increased number of patients re¬ quired more beds and more buildings. Each building reduced the land available for farming. Each building required other utilities — lawns, walks, water, steam pipes, electric lights, etc. All of this re¬ duced the land that could be cultivated for farm and gardening. The time has been reached when something should be done. When St. Elizabeths Hospital was first established it was located some dis¬ tance away from the center of the city of Washington. The growth of the city has encompassed the hospital. The city that now sur- ] rounds the main portion of the institution, and what was formerly rural district is part of the city itself. The cow barns and piggery are located adjacent to Nichols Avenue and close to several of the buildings housing patients. Provision should be made for the pur¬ chase of land some distance away from the main portion of the hospital to locate the farm activities. This should include not only | land for raising forage, fruits, and vegetables, but also to establish I the dairy, piggery, and poultry plant. If about 5,000 acres of land could be purchased, the various items named could be located on the new farm and building erected, providing quarters for about 240 , patients, whose services could be used helping to do the work on the farm and we believe such work would be of therapeutic value to the patients. . 1 Diet. — The hospital continues the study of the diet. Not only are i efforts being made to serve a greater variety of food to the patients j and a larger variety of greens, but even greater efforts are being made to see that the food is being served in a more appetizing manner. The manner of feeding through cafeteria has been extended. A cafeteria has been opened for the West Lodge dining room, which furnishes food not only for the patients in the West Lodge build¬ ing but many from the Garfield, Dawes, and Ash wards. Four hundred and sixty patients are served in this cafeteria. The dining room adjacent to the Detached Building has been equipped for cafeteria feeding, and 596 patients are served in this dining room. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 385 The dining room attached to the S. P. B. group has been equipped for cafeteria service, and 530 patients are served in this dining room. More than 2,600 patients are now fed by the direct cafeteria sys¬ tem, and 1,000 additional by a modified form of cafeteria system which will best suit the needs of the various patients. That means that about 3,500 out of 5,300 patients at the hospital are fed by the cafeteria system, which permits them to participate in the choosing of the food that they are to eat. The hospital method of furnishing food by cafeteria style is to give the patients an election. The result of this change seems to be appreciated by the patients, who have not hesitated to express their approval of the improvement in the manner in which the food is served. The cafeteria set aside for employees has been reconditioned, new toilet and locker rooms being provided. Two classes in dietetics have been taught this year by one of the dietitians. Each class had 13 student nurses. The class con¬ sisted of 15 hours of lectures and 30 hours of laboratory work. Two classes in diet and disease have also been taught by one of the dietitians. There were 15 students in one class and 10 students in the other, these classes consisting each of 15 hours of lecture. Ice cream and 'pasteurizing plant. — A total of 263,975 gallons of milk, or a daily average of 723 gallons, were clarified and pas¬ teurized at 148° F., held for 30 minutes, cooled as rapidly as pos¬ sible to 46° F., and then bottled and canned. The bottles and cans had been thoroughly washed, steamed, and inspected before being used. About 25 gallons of buttermilk were made daily and bottled and canned. In the ice-cream department a total of 21,667 gallons of ice cream, or a daily average of 59 gallons, was made. Bakery. — The output of bread during the year was 850,000 loaves, with 3,275,000 rolls and 90,000 pounds of pastry. During the year a change was made in the ingredients used in the dough by adding powdered milk and malt sirup which, it is believed, has made a great improvement in the output of the bakery. Laumdry. — The work of the laundry continues to increase. The number of pieces laundered during the past year was 11,293,923, about 550,000 increase over the previous year. There has been no increase among the paid employees, notwithstanding the additional number of pieces laundered. A new disinfector has been installed, and a larger air compressor is at present being installed. During the month of April more than 1,000,000 pieces were washed and laundered. We have practically reached the limit of the capac- 386 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 ity of the present laundry, and material increase will result in increasing the number of shifts or extending the laundry and pur¬ chasing new equipment. Shoeshop. — During the year the shoeshop manufactured about 10,800 pairs of shoes and slippers; repaired 2,500 pairs of shoes; manufactured all kinds of brushes, numbering 2,113; made 3,189 pairs of suspenders and 2,147 belts. There is one paid employee in charge of this department, all the other help being patients. There was a slight reduction in the number of shoes made, but there were sufficient to meet all requirements. Lawns and grounds. — The topsoil near the male receiving build- I ing was regraded and sown with grass seed. Trees were planted adjacent to this building. Shade and ornamental trees were planted near the continued -treatment buildings. In front of tuberculosis building no. 1 dwarf trees were planted so as to give a pleasing effect without cutting off the light from the windows. Fires. — There were 27 fires during the past year, the total property damage being $113. Fire inspections and fire drills are regularly made. During the past year the Federal Fire Council made a very exhaustive inspection of the entire institution and in their report, which has just been received, there are some recommendations which will require early action. They commented upon the favorable condi¬ tion in which the institution is kept and the work done by the hospital fire department, which resulted in a minimum amount of damage by fire. Construction. — Installed window grilles, metal windows and con¬ crete window sills for all windows on West Lodge porch. Also, window grilles, metal windows and concrete window sills on Oaks-A porch, south side. Extended this porch on west side of Oaks-A, two floors complete, in keeping with the renovation authorized by allotment from the Public Works Administration. Made a complete overhaul of railroad track and sidings. Changed the location of track along the old cemetery to reduce the curves and improve the grade. Built a new underground brine line for the cold-storage rooms in the general storeroom from the ice plant to storeroom. P building was vacated by male patients and is now used by female patients. Renovated this entire building, putting in new floors, point¬ ing up plaster, painting, additional radiators, and changing the plumbing. Laid tile floors in all toilets and bathrooms and quarry tile floors in serving room- Enlarged and improved the pasteurizing room of the dairy. Laid new tile floor, plastered walls and ceiling, and painted the dairy. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 387 Renovated J building. Repaired floors, laid tile floors in bath and toilet rooms. Erected a sun parlor for Q building, provision being made for a hydrotherapy department on the first floor. General repairs were made in Q building. One dormitory and the visiting room received a new wooden floor. All toilets and bathrooms were tiled. Radiator covers were changed. The S. P. B. group of buildings required con¬ siderable repairs, resulting in a general reconditioning in order to keep them in a usable state. Installed new concrete floors in bath and toilet rooms, and replaced wooden beams under dormitories and day rooms. Replaced wooden floors in bakery with reinforced concrete, with quarry tile finish. Replaced the concrete floor in the old boiler room at the power house. Installed a 12-inch sewer line through the old boiler room and connected same with sewer line in coal pocket. Built a concrete trench through boiler room for an ash pipe; extended this trench through ash pits under boilers. Laid water mains around female receiving building for domestic and fire service. Installed new grille work on porches of J, K, I, N, and Q buildings. Built a fence with gates between continued treatment buildings nos. 1 and 2. Also a similar fence at two places around the S. P. B. buildings. This permits the patients in the continued treatment and S. P. B. buildings to have freedom of the grounds with limited supervision. The porches of Allison-A building were enclosed, the remodeling permitting these porches to be used for sleeping purposes. All coal ranges were replaced by gas ranges, and the heating plant in the propagating house, which is a part of the greenhouse, was connected up with the steam plant, practically doing away with the necessity of using anthracite. Disbursements. — During the year the President in reorganizing all disbursing departments of the Government located in Washing¬ ton and centralizing all the work in a general disbursing office of the United States, under the Treasury Department, transferred the disbursing of funds for St. Elizabeths Hospital from the hospital proper to the central disbursing office noted. The reorganization took from the hospital the drawing and mailing of checks for pay¬ ments. The responsibility for such payments and all other work pertaining to the payments, including the examining of accounts, the keeping of the records and accounts for the trust funds, the payment of small cash balances, continues to be the work of the 388 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 hospital employees. The change as noted relieved the hospital dis¬ bursing agent from such duties and resulted in a change of title from disbursing agent to Chief of Finance and Accounts Division, St. Elizabeths Hospital, and agent cashier of the General Disbursing Office of the Government. Public Works projects . — All Public Works projects for which funds were allotted have been completed, with the exception of Federal project no. 1, St. Elizabeths Hospital, female receiving building, on which there has been some delay but it is believed now that this building will be completed October 1, 1935. Supplies . — Orders were placed for supplies during the year amounting to $916,150. Of this amount, $761,141 was covered by formal contracts entered into by the hospital directly with contract¬ ing parties. Personnel. — The total number of employees on the hospital rolls June 30, 1935, was 1,556, an increase of 7 employees. During the year Congress passed an act reestablishing the stand¬ ard wage scale, restoring salary reductions which have been made for the past several years. During the year several of the old employees were retired from the service on account of age, including : Lebanon Griffith - Head carpenter. George It. Baxter _ _ _ Tinner. Martha Weedon - - Housekeeper. Julia A. Henson - _ Laundress. Pinkey A. Moussard _ _ Kitchen helper. The following were retired on account of disability: Charles J. Harbaugh _ Mary A. O’Brien _ Walter B. Treakle _ Mary M. Thompson - Frank McClure _ Thomas Lewis _ Ola R. Belfield _ Charles W. Marmaduke. John R. Moore _ .. Supervisor. .. File clerk. _ Assistant supervisor. .. Charge psychiatric nurse. _ Attendant Do. Do. _ Fire fighter. . Laborer. RECREATIONAL, VOCATIONAL, AND OCCUPATIONAL WORK Occupational therapy. — During the year this department fur¬ nished wrork for 929 patients. This work included weaving, sewing, toy making, woodwork, basketry, etc. In the industrial depart¬ ment there were made 21,660 sheets, 10,610 pillow cases, 28,016 towels, and 6,610 dresses. It has been the practice as far as possible that the patients should make their own dresses. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 389 Red Cross. — The Red Cross continued to maintain a hospital unit during the past fiscal year. The psychiatric social workers attached to this unit are primarily concerned in case correspondence and con¬ tact work. During the past year that office sent out 3,902 letters and received 4,088 letters concerning patients and their affairs. The psychiatric case-work staff has continued filing pensions and the referring of other types of claims to the proper authorities for action. Three thousand and eighty-six tickets of all classes were donated to the Red Cross for the use of St. Elizabeths’ patients, about the same number as during the previous year. These tickets covered baseball, football, athletic events of all sorts, moving pictures, etc. There were 77 moving picture shows in Hitchcock Hall, on the hospital reservation. The athletic director has continued the work of organizing, supervising, and assisting the patients to participate in many athletic events. During the past year service bands have given 23 concerts. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT Library. — The library is divided into two parts, primarily that noted as the medical library, and that noted as the patients’ library. The total number of volumes in the combined library is about 31,000. There were 60 books added to the medical library during the year. The hospital subscribes to several newspapers and approximately 100 periodicals, magazines, etc. About 150 books were added to the patients’ library. There are approximately 3,500 books in constant circulation. Social-service department. — The work of this department during the past year included training of students from the hospital train¬ ing school and from the social-service school. The social service report from July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1935, showed the following: Number of out-patients on rolls July 1, 1934__ _ 93 Number of out-patients on rolls June 30, 1935 _ 149 Average number on rolls per month _ 122 Number of patients discharged from the rolls _ 45 Number of out-patients under care during the year _ 219 Training school. — Nineteen students graduated in the 3-year course of the training school. Twenty completed their course and will probably receive their diplomas in September 1935. There were in the training school on June 30, 1935, 28 postgraduate students, 26 affiliating students, 18 seniors, 14 juniors, and 10 freshmen. In September the affiliation with Garfield Hospital was reopened, and in the same month an agreement was made with the Washington 390 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Sanatorium at Takoma Park, Md., to give their male students psy¬ chiatry. In March 1935, an affiliation agreement was made with the Georgetown University Hospital. Affiliations for St. Elizabeths’ students are still in effect with Emergency, Sibley, Children’s Hospitals, of Washington, D. C., and Bellevue Hospital, of New York City. There is also an affiliation with the Instructive Visiting Nurse Society, of Washington, D. C. Medical and surgical wards . — Quite an advance was made in the treatment of fractures of the hip by the use of a new style of frac¬ ture apparatus. Progress has been made in the treatment of car¬ cinoma through the use of deep therapy X-ray machines. In addition to his regular duties, the doctor in charge of the anti- luetic clinic has, during the year, cooperated intensively with vari¬ ous of the personnel of the United States Public Health Service in an investigation which has been made into the relative efficiency and accuracy of the various methods used for determining the presence or absence of syphilis by means of blood and spinal fluid serum reaction. The Public Health Service has made a comprehensive report of this work, and its result should be of considerable ad¬ vantage in the future in the use of this method as an aid to diagnosis. The service has been cooperating with the experimental laboratory at Walter Peed Hospital in connection with the artificial culture of the malaria organism. Two full reels of moving pictures were taken this spring, showing the various activities of the medical and surgical service and were exhibited at the meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in May. The matter of intravenous injection of large quantities of dextrose and salt solution as a therapeutic measure in various types of ill¬ nesses, has received considerable attention during the year. This form of therapy has come into general use in recent years and has proved itself very efficient, accomplishing results heretofore not realized. Men's services. — The new male receiving building was completed and occupied, beginning on August 8, 1934. With the opening of the new building a definite change of policy with reference to transfer of patients to other services was instituted. During the year there has been retained in this service all acute mental cases, including all problem cases even though chronic, with the excep¬ tion of several patients who have been transferred to the Howard Hall department because of their extremely dangerous tendencies. Problem cases from other services have been transferred back to the male receiving service for special care and attention. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 391 During the year there were 56,608 treatments given in the hydro¬ therapy room and 1,238 packs given on the ward, in addition to many continuous baths given on the ward. With the opening of the male receiving building and the transfer of continued treatment building no. 1 to the Richardson group service, P building, formerly used for male patients, was transferred to the women’s department for their use. The use of continued- treatment building no. 1 permitted the erecting of a wire fence between continued-treatment buildings nos. 1 and 2, so that the intervening ground would permit more outside activities for the patients in these buildings. Trees have been planted which we hope eventually will result in many shade spots for the patients out on the lawn during the hot season. The erection of a fence on each end of the S. P. B. group, between the buildings and the fence, permits the use of the enclosure for the patients in these buildings, giving them fresh air which is a decided relief during the hot weather, as the old S. P. B. group of buildings is unusually warm. Master radios were installed in continued-treatment buildings nos. 1 and 2, with the control in the supervisor’s office and loud speakers on each of the four wards of these buildings. An occupational index was established in part of the hospital during the last year which has helped in increasing the number of patients usefully occupied. A card was maintained for each patient showing the type of occupation, date of assignment to such, date when work was discontinued and the reason for its discontinu¬ ance, such as disturbed, sick, on visit, etc. In addition to the occu¬ pational index, every charge nurse was requested to furnish the clinical director with a list of patients on that ward, giving the name, case number, and whether employed or idle; if employed, the type of occupation, with some general remarks as to patient’s behavior and habits. These lists were gone over with the physician in charge and the clinical director was able to assign a number of idle patients to various occupations. The rebuilding of the porches on West Lodge building permitted the use of such porches as sitting rooms. The patients are no longer compelled to sit in dark hallways, as was formerly the case. This has diminished the number of minor injuries resulting from disturb¬ ances and fights among patients, and has generally served to improve the patients’ morale. The abolishment of small dining rooms through the establishment of cafeteria in West Lodge has given space for 58 additional beds. The installation of a cafeteria in the detached service dining room was a marked step forward in the feeding of these patients. It was 392 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 a surprise to see the large number of patients belonging to the chronic and deteriorated groups who were able to get along with this type of service. Women's services. — The completion of the new male receiving building and the reconditioning of the porches around Oaks Build¬ ing have resulted in many changes. As noted, P building, formerly occupied by men, was turned over to the women’s services. Q build¬ ing is to be made into a receiving building for colored women. The new women’s receiving building will be completed during the fiscal year 1936 and the patients in C building, at present used for a receiving service, will be transferred to the new building. This will permit to some extent the relieving of the crowded condition, espe¬ cially among colored women. It is hoped that additional funds will be allotted to the hospital for rebuilding of the porches around Oakes-B, D, and E, and erec¬ tion of additional buildings. The cement porch in front of B building has been replaced by soil in which grass will be planted. The taking up of this cement has apparently lowered the temperature of the wards and rooms along this section of the building. The new water section and south porch rebuilt adjacent to Oaks- A were completed in November, and the west porch adjacent to Oaks- A in March. The north porch is now being reconstructed. The changes from more or less of a fire menace to fireproof porches not only give additional room but furnish more protection for the inmates of this building. Laboratory. — The work of the laboratory continues to increase. A division of electrophysiology has been added to the laboratory to be used in analysis of the action currents of the brain. Educational. — The hospital continues to cooperate with the various educational institutions around Washington by having members of its staff give lectures to the students in the medical schools. The teaching work with the George Washington medical students was continued through the year as during the preceding year, with Dr. Lind acceptably substituting for Dr. Lewis in giving a course of lectures to the first year medical students on medical psychology. The Superintendent lectured to the third year students during the winter and spring. Dr. Hall gave a course of clinical lectures on organic psychology at the medical school in the second year. The fourth-year students now have the benefit of Dr. White’s lectures during the third year before they make their clinical contacts on the wards of the hospital, and show this by improvement in their interest and quality of work. The fourth-year ward work to the students was conducted with the help of Drs. Silk, Lind, Twombly, and Duval. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 393 Dr. Hall gave two courses of clinical lectures and demonstrations to the University of Maryland students in abnormal psychology. Dr. Richmond gave lectures to students in the Naval Medical School, George Washington University Medical School, and a group of Child Welfare Workers from the city. Dr. Karpman gave a course of lectures to students of the Howard University Medical School. Dr. Campbell gave lectures on gynecology to nurses; Dr. Coyne lectured to nurses on nervous anatomy, and Dr. Twombly gave lec¬ tures to the students of the George Washington Medical School, and lectures and clinics were given to the American University students. NEEDS OF THE HOSPITAL An estimate of $1,199,025 for the support, clothing, and treat¬ ment of the patients in St. Elizabeths Hospital for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1937, was recommended. This amount was based on 1,825 patients. The hospital at the present time has 5,394 patients. The average for the fiscal year 1935 was 5,267, as com¬ pared with 5,049 for the previous year, an increase of 218. The average for the fiscal year 1937, it is estimated, will be 5,570, 176 more than the present number. The 5,570 are divided as follows: 1,825 Federal patients, appropriated under the title of St. Elizabeths Hospital in the Interior Appropriation Act; 3,300 beneficiaries of the District of Columbia, and appropriated for in the District of Columbia Appropriation Act; 110 beneficiaries of the United States Veterans’ Administration, and carried in the appropriation of the United States Veterans’ Administration; 130 beneficiaries of the United States Public Health Service, and carried in its appropria¬ tion ; 35 United States Soldiers’ Home beneficiaries, and payment for these to be received from that service ; 70 beneficiaries of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, to be paid for by transfer from funds appro¬ priated for conservation of health among Indians. The rate estimated for the care of the patients during 1937 is $1.80 per capita per day. This is the same as for the present year, not¬ withstanding the fact that the deductions from the pay roll under the economy act have been entirely restored and the cost of food seems to be increasing. Not only is the cost of food increasing at the present time but the cost of forage, textiles, and other supplies seems to be on the upgrade. Included in the estimate is $200,000 that is essential to keep up the repairs and make the necessary improvements to buildings and grounds. The amount allocated for this work for the fiscal year 1936 was $185,000, but we question whether this will be sufficient to do all the work of this class that should be done during the year. Out of 20481—35 - 26 394 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 these repairs will come funds for keeping more than 100 buildings in repair, repair and widen roads and walks, the maintenance of rail¬ road tracks, replacing glass in windows, fixing floors, repairing and doing all other work of this nature. The hospital continues to grow. The admissions are increasing. There is still a shortage of beds. Seven hundred additional beds should be provided to cover immediate needs. If authority should be given to erect buildings containing 700 beds, and the number of pati¬ ents admitted continues to increase as for the past several years, there would still be a shortage of several hundred beds properly to house and take care of the patients. In addition to the shortage noted, some provision should be made for replacing the 500 beds in the semipermanent buildings. These buildings were built in 1918 under wartime conditions at a cost of $156,000, out of an appropria¬ tion for construction and equipment of $200,000. It was estimated that their life would be 15 years ; they have now been in use more than 17 years, and are rapidly deteriorating. The cost of maintenance is very high and is increasing each year. The plumbing must be re¬ placed, new floors should be laid, the buildings will have to be re¬ roofed, and in some cases the foundations and underpinning must be taken out and replaced by new construction. Considering the additional buildings that have been erected and are being erected, it was necessary to make a survey of the hospital to see if the various utilities can service the new buildings and the addi¬ tional number of patients. Such survey took into consideration water, steam, electricity, fire protection, roads, walks, transportation, including communication with the various buildings, land for farm¬ ing, gardening, dairying, and general farm purposes, and other sim¬ ilar necessary items. After making such survey we found, to meet the immediate needs, that it is necessary to ask for an appropriation of $3,420,510 for the following: Six continuous treatment buildings, each containing 160 beds, or a total of 960 beds. The hospital erected two of these buildings. At the same time it built a central kitchen constructed in such a manner that additional buildings of the same class could be erected around it and facilities made for connecting dining room to the kitchen and using the kitchen for about 1,500 to 2,000 patients. The form of construc¬ tion in the continuous treatment buildings, which are fireproof, per¬ mits of the greatest elasticity, at a very low rate of cost per bed. The average cost per bed for this class of construction, including preparation of plans and specifications, advertising, superintendent of construction, and equipment would be about $1,600.. These build¬ ings would take up four spaces around the continuous treatment kitchen already built and permit the two other buildings in the same vicinity to house a different class of patients, permitting a better ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 395 classification. The total cost of the six buildings, it is estimated, will be $1,508,000. Among the needs of the hospital is a chapel for the religious services for the patients. In 1875 a place for a chapel was left on the third floor of the old center building. This chapel can accom¬ modate about 300 patients. It is in a building that has no elevator, and to reach the same it is necessary to climb a narrow stairway, difficult for many of the patients. The hospital has nearly 5,400 patients and it is growing away from the site on which the old center building is located. It is considered advisable to erect a nondenominational chapel on a plot of ground on the east side of Nichols Avenue, with a seating capacity of 1,000 to 1,500, to be used by the various religious denominations having followers among the patients of the hospital. This chapel to have its meeting place on the ground floor and located in a central place will be more acces¬ sible to the patients and available to such patients who are feeble or crippled and could hardly attend divine services where it is necessary to climb steps, where no elevator is available. The various chaplains of the hospital have made a recommendation for such an edifice. The estimated cost of this building is $150,000. The hospital has recently erected one building to house tubercular patients containing 80 beds. In 1909, $20,000 was appropriated for erecting five buildings containing 20 beds each, or a total of 100 beds, for the patients of the hospital suffering from tuberculosis. These buildings are of wood frame covered with pebble-dash. They have been in use for about 26 years and it will be necessary shortly to replace them. An appropriation of $240,000 was recently made to provide 80 beds for white tubercular patients. Additional beds should be pro¬ vided, including the care of white and colored women and colored men patients. Two buildings of this sort would provide 160 beds, making a total of 240 beds to care for the tubercular patients. It is essential to provide these beds at an early date. It is estimated that they could be provided at a cost of $495,170. An estimate is made for additional land for general farm purposes. The hospital consists of four plots of ground, in all about 800 acres. The last land purchased for hospital use was in 1891. At that time the hospital had less than 1,500 patients, and over 600 acres were used for farm and garden purposes. Gradually the population has in¬ creased until there are now under treatment 5,400 patients. To take care of these patients new buildings have been erected, gradually de¬ creasing the amount of land available for farm purposes. The hos¬ pital while originally isolated some miles from the center of the city, at the present time on account of the growth of the city and the change in the use of forms of traffic is now adjacent to the city and 396 REPORT OE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 the center of a growing population. The dairy and the piggery surround buildings occupied by patients. This is undesirable, if not objectionable. One part of the farm, containing about 69 acres, is 1 located about a half a mile from the main site, in what is known as Congress Heights. It has been recommended that a portion of this j ground be turned over to the National Capital Park and Planning Commission for playgrounds for children who reside in the vicinity of this ground. Another part of this land is desired by the District of Columbia for streets and roads. Some parts of the same land have already been taken over by the city for widening streets and cutting through new streets. Another plot of the hospital is about four and a half miles from Washington; a part of it is on low land, sometimes under water. This contains approximately 400 acres of land. The pro¬ posed drive under the Crampton Act would bisect this land, ma¬ terially reducing the amount left available for farm purposes. It j is believed desirable to get additional land for the use of the hos- ! pital. If 5,000 or 6,000 acres of land could be provided, the hos¬ pital could concentrate on farm projects in one place, increase the size of the dairy herd, the piggery, and the poultry plant, build cot¬ tages to house about 250 patients, and buildings for the various em- 1 ployees who would work on farm land. The work of the patients on the farm, it is believed, would add to the therapeutic benefits obtained. The hospital would be able to secure sufficient milk for all purposes, increase the quantity of fresh pork products, cured pork products, reducing the quantity of ham, bacon, and shoulder to be purchased, and increase the quantity of poultry products, such as fowl and eggs. It is believed that this land could be purchased and buildings erected at a cost of about $750,000. The rapid growth of the hospital, the increase in population, ad¬ dition to the buildings on the reservation and the number of animals on the farm to be cared for, have outgrown the available water sup¬ ply. In 1930 the hospital received all of its water from nine wells. The drought of that year lowered the water line so that it became unprofitable to operate them. Connection was made with the Dis¬ trict mains, which have been supplying the hospital with all water required. The increase in the number of patients in the hospital and the additional buildings of a greater height than previously in use, demanded a greater supply of water than the District could furnish. It has been necessary to put pumps in several of the new buildings in order to furnish water to the upper floors. The danger line has been reached. In case of outbreak of fire it is questionable whether sufficient water could be furnished for the full operation of the District fire apparatus. An engineer of the Public Works ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 397 Administration was detailed by the Secretary of the Interior to make an investigation, and he reports that : The water supply question at St. Elizabeths Hospital is extremely urgent. The fire protection is wholly inadequate and the demand during the summer months can barely be met by the present arrangement. Steps should be taken immediately to provide an adequate supply for the hospital. The same engineer made an estimate that to provide adequate water supply either by sinking a 24-inch well, or by cross-connections with mains, increasing size and elevation of the water tank, and further connection with the District mains could be secured at a probable cost of $80,000. St. Elizabeths Hospital occupies land on both sides of Nichols Avenue. Most of the older buildings are on the right hand, or west, side, while the newer buildings are on the left hand, or east, side. In 1903 a subway was erected under Nichols Avenue, connect¬ ing both sides of the hospital grounds for more efficient, economic, and safer transportation and traffic between the two sides of the institution. When this subway was built no consideration was given to motor transportation. In addition, the growth of the hospital has resulted in an increase in the number of patients on that part of the institution where the newer buildings are being erected, until at the present time about 2,000 patients are being quartered in such new buildings. Traffic in the subway by patients and employees, also relatives and friends visiting patients, has increased very ma¬ terially. Motor vehicles cannot pass each other in this subway, and it is dangerous for the patients to go back and forth while vehicles are coming through. The height of this subway is such that it not only prevents loaded trucks of the hospital from coming through, but altogether stops the passage of any fire apparatus. A survey has been made by an engineer of the Public Works Administration, and in his report he stated that it is essential that additional provi¬ sion be made at an early date. It is suggested that the present sub¬ way be used altogether for pedestrian traffic, and a new two-way sub¬ way be erected wide enough for two vehicles to pass each other, with a center partition, thus adding to the safety of the patients. It is estimated that $50,000 would be required for this work. The kitchen in the basement of the administration group furnishes meals for the patients in the various buildings on each side of the main building. There is a tunnel connecting with two adjacent buildings, but no tunnel connecting the further building, known as “ M building ”, and it is necessary to carry the food upstairs and have patients wheel it to this other building. In wet or cold weather this is undesirable and the food is often cool before it reaches the patients. A connecting tunnel from what is known as “ C building ”, 398 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 on the west side of Nichols Avenue, to M building could be erected at a cost not exceeding $6,000. This would permit the serving of the food while hot and, it is believed, in better condition. The hos¬ pital recently installed three 750-horsepower boilers, which were sufficient for its needs at that time. Space was left for an addi¬ tional boiler that would be required when the new buildings were erected. The growth of the hospital, with the recommendation for additional buildings, will require additional boiler, air compressor, and utility equipment. It is believed that these can be purchased and installed at a cost of $200,000. It has been the practice of the hospital to make all of the buildings as near fireproof as possible. A recent survey by the Federal Fire Council called attention to certain wooden porches adjacent to fire¬ proof buildings. To remedy this condition it is desirable to replace these wooden porches with concrete and brick porches, erecting same in such a manner as to become fireproof. In erecting these porches it is desirable to enlarge the space available for patients’ recreation. Some of the older buildings have no porches of any sort. Patients whom it is not advisable to take from such buildings get little or no fresh air. It is considered of advantage to place similar porches to use as day rooms for these patients. To replace porches around Allison and Oaks Buildings, and erect new porches for Garfield and Dawes Buildings, it is estimated, would cost about $83,000. The additional number of patients, including the buildings to house them, will require additional facilities for all utilities* The work of the laundry has been continually increasing until now it must take care of 1,000,000 pieces each month. Each year addi¬ tional machines have been purchased until now all room in the present building has been occupied. The growth of the institution will re¬ quire a further increase in the facilities of the laundry, and to prop¬ erly take care of the same it will be necessary to erect an addition to this shop. It is estimated that such addition would cost $16,000. The present storeroom was built about 1900, when the cold storage for meats and vegetables was installed. There were about 2,000- patients in the hospital at that time, while at the present time there are about 5,400 patients. The amount of food required to be stored has more than doubled. It has been increasingly difficult properly to take care of and protect the food products. It is urgent to pro¬ vide additional food storage and cold storage. The same condition applies to the other stores and the hospital will soon require a new storeroom, of much larger proportions than the one at present in use. Temporarily to increase the cold storage space in the present storeroom, to meet the immediate difficulties, it is estimated that $6,000 will be required. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 399 The same explanation given in reference to other utilities applies to the bakery. To provide additional room, including a freight elevator, for the bakery, $3,500 will be required. There are about 8 or 10 buildings on the hospital grounds that have local heating arrangements. It is considered economical, as well as more efficient, to connect these building up with the central heating plant. This could be done for $7,300. The cost of coal saved in a few years would offset this amount. The additional number of patients require more vehicles for the handling of food, laundry, and for general use of the hospital. The garage when constructed seemed of ample size. It had a small place for repairs. More room is needed to house vehicles and to properly service the hospital machines. A recommendation is made to build and addition to the present garage which, it is estimated, could be done for about $12,000. The spray pond, to aerate water for condensing purposes, was constructed about 1912. The remodeling of the power house, with additional boilers, increased the quantity of water used. When the present spray pond has to be repaired or cleaned, it stops all aerat¬ ing of the water. It is considered essential to have an additional spray pond for the proper operation of the plant, and it is estimated that this could be provided at a cost of $11,000. Many of the buildings of the hospital have not been painted in years. This is due to the limited amount of money available for repairs. Unless these buildings are painted at an early date, it is feared that deterioration will take place and require a much larger sum for repairs. It is estimated that $14,000 would be required to paint R, P, I, M, N, J, K, and L buildings. The same explanation given in reference to growth of the hospital and the additional facilities required for other purposes, applies to the manufacturing of ice and cold storage. No addition has been made to this department for over 15 years. The present building was formerly used as a boiler house. It was converted into an ice plant and contains one Remington and one York Compressor, with pumps. The plant has reached its capacity in both the manufactur¬ ing of ice and furnishing of cold storage. The large quantities of food used require more cold storage, and additional compressor and brine pump required to ice them. An addition to the ice storage room is to house the ice manufactured. If the additional building is erected around the cold storage plant, it will be necessary to build a road for approach. It is estimated that this addition, with machinery and road, could be furnished at a cost of $19,040. The storm sewer from the road areas in the vicinity of Hitchcock Hall passes by the power plant. The pipe in a number of places is in bad condition and liable to break under heavy rain. Should this 400 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 -occur the power plant would be in danger of being flooded, and with the present drainage from the boiler rooms and from the basement of the engine rooms would on failure to remove the water shut down the steam and electric plant. The regrading and draining of coal pockets around the new coal silo, just completed, cut off the former drain pipe in that area ; and the water in recent storms was trapped on floors several inches deep before it could flow up through the out¬ lets. It is estimated that the cost of making changes to remove the condition noted would be about $9,500. REVISION OF LAWS FOR THE ADMISSION OF PATIENTS TO ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL A bill has been introduced in Congress, upon the recommendation of the District Commissioners, to change the method of admissions to St. Elizabeths Hospital. The hospital cooperated with represent¬ atives of the District upon the form of the proposed bill. STAFF CHANGES JULY 1, 1934, TO JUNE 30, 1935 The following appointments were made during the year : Junior medical officers (internes) : Eugene J. Alexander, Derwood G. Hall, Alfred L. Abrams, Anna R. Coyne, Thomas J. Taylor, J. L. Hoffman, Walther H. Thiele, Maurice Kleinerman, and Stephen S. Kramer, Jr. The following resignations took effect during the year : Junior medical officers (internes) : Joseph A. Rieger, Elmer Peter¬ son, Jesse F. Casey, Meyer Beber, Alexander Wolf, and Judah Mar mor. Assistant medical officer : Roger S. Cohen. PUBLICATIONS White, William A., superintendent: The frontier of the mind. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Vol. 25, no. 1, January 15, 1935. The frontier of the mind. (Read at a joint meeting of the District of Columbia Medical Society and the Washington Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., Nov. 21, 1934.) Published in Mental Hygiene, vol. XIX, no. 1, January 1935, pp. 78-94. Man, The Great Integrator. Science, March 8, 1935, vol. 81, no. 2097, pp. 327-343. Judicial Versus Administrative Process at the Prosecution Stage. (De¬ livered at the Attorney General’s conference on crime, Washington, Dec. 11, 1934.) Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. XXV, no. 6, March-April 1935, pp. 851-858. The Teaching of Clinical Psychiatry. Reprint from the proceedings of the Second Conference on Psychiatric Education, held in New York City at the Waldorf-Astoria on May 27, 1934, pp. 16-21. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL 401 White, William A., superintendent — Continued. Personality, Psychogenesis and Psychoses. (Lecture delivered at the Pennsylvania School of Social Work, Philadelphia, Pa., Apr. 29, 1935. Privately printed.) Modern Housing of Mental Patients. (With Monie Sanger.) Published in the Modern Hospital, vol. 45, no. 1, July 1935, pp. 42^47. Diseases of the Nervous System. (With Dr. S. E. Jelliffe.) (Text book — Sixth edition.) Published by Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa., 1935, pp. 1175. Eldridge, Watson W., principal medical officer: (With Simon, A., and Ramos, R.) Oxycephaly: Report of two cases. American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy. Vol. 33,. no. 4, 1935, pp. 516-521. Karpman, Benjamin, senior medical officer: Obsessive paraphilias : Critical review of Stekel’s works on sadism, masoch¬ ism, and fetishism. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry. Vol. 32, no. 3, September 1934, pp. 577-626. The individual criminal; studies in the psychogenetics of crime. (Book.) Washington. Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co. Pp. 317. Preliminary to the psychotherapy of criminals. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. 25, no. 6, March-April 1935, pp. 918-927. Fong, Theodore C., senior medical officer: Treatment of neurosyphilis. Medical Annals, District of Columbia, vol. 3, no. 8, August 1934, pp. 217-222. Treatment of neurosyphilis. Journal of Chemotherapy, vol. 9, no. 4, January 1935, pp. 138-143. Simon, A., assistant medical officer : (With Eldridge, Watson W., and Ramos, R.) Oxycephaly: Report of two cases. American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy, vol. 33, no. 4, April 1933, pp. 516-521. Ramos, R., junior medical officer: (With Eldridge, Watson W., and Simon, A.) Oxycephaly: Report of two cases. American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy, vol. 33, no. 4, 1935, pp. 516-521. Richmond, Winifred V., psychologist: An introduction to sex education. (Book.) N. Y. Farrar and Rinehart, pp. 314. Sex problems of adolescence. Journal of Educational Sociology, February 1935, pp. 333-341. HOWARD UNIVERSITY (Mordecai W. Johnson, President) The year 1934-35 was the fourth of the 10 years involved in the program of development approved by the Government. The enroll¬ ment of the university increased by 281, or 17.3 percent, and the institution was closely approaching the achievement of several of the qualitative objectives set up for the first 5 years of the program. There was an increase of 45, or 30.6 percent, in the number of secondary schools sending students into the undergraduate colleges of the University. There was also an increase of 21, or 65.7 percent, in the number of institutions from which students entered under¬ graduate colleges of the university with advanced standing. Sixty- six percent of the new entrants into the professional schools were persons having 4 years or more of college training, while 428 students, or 22.4 percent, of the entire enrollment of the university were persons of graduate caliber, holding one or more academic degrees. There was an increase also of 41 in the number of graduates, as compared with the previous year. The graduates of the university since its beginning now number 9,246. Of these the university has secured 7,000 living addresses in 42 States, the District of Columbia, and 24 foreign countries, and these addresses are classified alpha¬ betically, by sex, by classes, by schools, by cities, and by States. A university-wide placement bureau has been established whereby the continuous services of the graduate body may be available for help in the vocational placement of the current graduates of the university. The instructional staff of 241 persons, representing a full-time equivalent of 156 teachers, was approximately adequate for the stu¬ dent body, and with but two exceptions, had approximated the student-teacher ratio set-up in the 10-year program of advance for each major division of instruction. Excessive teaching hours and class numbers had been reduced to a minimum, and by far the major portion of instruction was given by teachers under conditions fav¬ orable for adequate attention to the individual student. The teach¬ ing staff had but slightly passed the half-way mark in maturity, how¬ ever, as indicated by the program objectives, there being a manifest need for an addition of 30 mature teachers in the professorial rank. The members of the staff continued to take the fullest advantage of 403 404 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 opportunities for further study. Ten percent of the full-time staff were spending the full year in further study in the United States and in Europe. The Journal of Negro Education published by the university closed its fourth year with a secure position in the educa¬ tional world and with increasing support. Members of the teaching staff published 2 books and 92 scholarly articles during the year. With the restoration of the last 5 percent of the prevailing Govern¬ ment cuts in salary, all teachers in the ranks of instructor, assistant, and associate professor 1 were receiving at least the minimum salary set up in the program, and the average salary in these three ranks had approximated the program average by $242, $115, and $180, respec¬ tively. Fifteen professors were still receiving less than the minimum agreed upon in the program, however, and the average professorial salary was still more than $1,000 below the agreed-upon average. In numbers and in salary the university is still heavily disadvantaged at the most important point in its work, namely, the mature teaching staff in the professorial rank. This was the first year of the operation of the graduate school as a separate educational division under its own dean. The work was successfully begun with an increase in graduate enrollment from 164 to 225. During this year the work formerly carried on separately by the college of education was combined with the college of liberal arts, and the work in home economics and art, formerly done in the college of applied science, was also combined with the college of liberal arts. These organizational measures were carried through successfully, resulting in a unified and thoroughly cooperative faculty of liberal arts handling a total of 1,156 students. The school of engineering and architecture passed through the first year of its existence as a separate school of the university with a total enrollment of 27 students. The college of dentistry conducted the first successful course in dental hygiene, graduating 8 students. The trustees of the university voted to establish courses in social service on the graduate level, beginning in the school year 1935-36. By the use of $460,000 of funds provided by the Public Works Administration, the university completed the erection of Frederick Douglass Memorial Hall, a modern classroom building accommodat¬ ing all the classes in the humanities and the social sciences, with offices for the instructional staff and rest rooms for men and women students in the undergraduate colleges. With the use of a large part of the $630,000 fund appropriated by the Public Works Administration for the purpose, the university 1 One exception. HOWARD UNIVERSITY 405 had completed the exterior walls and roof of the new chemistry building and had brought the project within 2 months of completion. The contract for the new heat, light, and power plant, made possible by an appropriation of $549,000 by the Public Works Administration, had been let and the work was well under way. Further improvements to the buildings and grounds were made through assistance given by the Emergency Works Administration, the Bureau for Transients and the Public Works Administration. An additional sum of $40,884 was spent from the private funds of the university, provided by the General Education Board and the Julius Rosenwald Fund and from the income of properties previ¬ ously purchased through extension funds, for the purchase of addi¬ tional lands. The total increase in the land resources for the further expansion of the university, provided from private funds, has now reached the value of $1,130,282. The income of the university from all sources was increased dur¬ ing the year by a gross sum of $474,323, of which $36,740 repre¬ sented an increase in current funds. Expenditures were carefully budgeted and the finances were kept at balance with a surplus of income over expenditures. The amount and percentage of funds spent for resident instruction were increased and approximated the percentage set up in the 10-year program by 1.8 percent. Percen¬ tages of expenditure for general library purposes and athletics were practically the same as programmed 4 years ago, and the regular costs of operation and maintenance approximated the planned per¬ centage by 1.6 percent. Seven and one-half percent of all student fees were again devoted to scholarship and student aid. University funds, with the help of the F. E. R. A., were able to provide urgently needed assistance to more than 300 students. The outstanding needs of the university are (1) money to secure 30 competent teachers in the professional rank; (2) increased scholarship funds for undergraduate schools and substantial in¬ creases in the number and size of fellowships for graduate students ; (3) the earliest possible expedition of the new library building; (4) increased funds for books in every division, and especially in those departments offering graduate majors; and (5) the early acquisition of dormitory facilities for at least 200 men. REGISTRATION 1. Enrollment for the year 193^-35. — The following table shows the enrollment of Howard University during the year 1934-35, in¬ cluding the first and second semesters and excluding duplicates, dis¬ tributed by major instructional divisions and by sex, as compared with the year 1933-34. 406 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Summary of students enrolled in Howard University for the years 1934-85 and 1933-34 Net enrollments Divisions of the university 1934-35 1933-34 Total Men Women Total Men Women Total gain Total loss The colleges: College of liberal arts . College of education (college of education absorbed by liberal arts. 1934-35) . . . School of engineering and archi¬ tecture (formerly applied sci¬ ence) . . School of Music... . . Graduate school . 1, 156 27 60 225 547 27 24 76 609 0 36 149 541 379 67 49 164 381 83 160 296 236 40 11 61 Total . . Professional schools: Theological college . . Graduate school of theology . Law school . . School of medicine: College of medicine . College of dentistry . College of pharmacy . Total in professional schools . Total in regular courses . Special students in music, law, den¬ tistry . ,468 674 794 1, 200 587 613 268 11 13 44 168 35 26 10 13 43 161 34 23 1 21 0 11 1 37 7 203 1 39 3 22 20 11 37 196 38 19 1 0 0 7 1 2 7 10 35 4 3 4 297 1,765 142 284 958 50 13 1>07 92 333 1, 533 93 321 "908 31 12 625 62 241 36 49 Grand total (net) 1, 927 1,008 1, 626 687 281 The total enrollment for the year 1934-35 was 1,907, of whom 1,008 were men and 899 were women, as compared with the total 1,627 for 1933-34, of whom 939 were men and 987 were women. A net gain of 281 students, or 17.3 percent, is shown as compared with a net loss of 267, or 14 percent, in 1933-34, and a net loss of 571, or approximately 23 percent, in 1932-33. 2. Geographical distribution. — Ninety-four percent of the total enrollment during the school year 1934-35 came from continental United States, while 5.1 percent came from without the borders of the United States, as compared with 92.8 percent and 7.2 percent, respectively, during 1933-34. The percentage of candidates for de¬ grees coming from the District of Columbia during 1934-35 was 27.2 percent, as compared with 30.1 percent for the year 1933-34. Thirty-nine States sent 1,675 candidates for degrees in 1934—35, as compared with 38 States sending 1,423 candidates in 1933-34. The gain of 232 candidates is shown to have been shared by 30 States. Sixteen of them sent increases of from 1 to 5 candidates; 5 States sent increases of from 6 to 10 ; 7 sent increases of from 11 to 20 ; while 2 sent increases of 32 and 41, respectively. Eleven foreign countries sent 90 candidates for degrees during the school year 1934r-35, as compared with 14 foreign countries with a total of 110 candidates for degrees in 1933-34. HOWARD UNIVERSITY 407 3. Widening support of secondary schools. — During the school year 1934-35, 192 secondary schools sent 409 students into the regular courses of the undergraduate colleges, as compared with 147 sec¬ ondary schools sending 306 entering students in 1933-34. This rep¬ resents an increase of 35 schools, or 30.6 percent. 4. Growth in students of advanced standing. — During the school year 1934^-35, 89 students entered the undergraduate colleges with ad¬ vanced standing from 57 institutions, as compared with 54 such students from 33 institutions in 1933-34. Sixty-four, or approximately 66 percent, of 97 students entering the professional schools for the first time during the year 1934-35, were equipped with 4 years or more of college training. Of the 1,907 students in the entire institution, 428, or 22.4 percent, were persons holding one or more academic degrees. 5. Scholarship and student odd. — The trustees of the university continued to set aside 7 % percent of all student fees as a special scholarship fund for needy students. They also made special pro¬ visions for increased work opportunities for students, continued the reduced price of room and board, as well as the installment system of fee payments. In addition thereto, the Federal Emergency Be¬ lief Administration awarded aid averging $15 per month to 12 per¬ cent of the full-time student body. By these combined measures more than 300 students in the undergraduate colleges received at least some aid during the course of the academic year, while approxi¬ mately 20 percent of the professional students were also helped. This aid was devised to help students to remain in school who otherwise would have been obliged to discontinue. All scholarships and student aid were awarded to students in the order of excellence in scholastic standing. Support was thereby given to all other !* measures stimulating earnest scholarly work. Measurably construc¬ tive results were manifest in the scholarly performance of the I students. The scholarship committee of the undergraduate colleges reports that it acted upon 1,400 applications for aid during the school year j S 1934-35, as compared with 625 applications for the preceeding year. These and other indications make us certain that there are many worthy students who desired to enter Howard University but were not able to enter for lack of encouraging aid. GRADUATES 1. Number and distribution. — The following table exhibits the number of graduates from each division of the university during 1934-35, as compared with 1933-34. The table shows that there was a total of 272 students graduated during the year, representing an 408 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 increase of 41, as compared with the group of graduates in 1933-34. The percentage of male graduates was 53.7 percent in 1934-35, as compared with 56 percent in 1933-34, while the corresponding per¬ centage of women graduates was 46.3 percent and 44 percent, re¬ spectively. The 272 graduates represent 28 states and 4 foreign countries. I 3 Summary of students graduated "by Howard University for the years 1934-35 I and 1933-34 I se Graduates Divisions of the university The colleges: College of liberal arts - College of education _ _ School of engineering and architec¬ ture (applied science) . . School of music.. . . Graduate school _ _ Total . — Professional schools: Theological college.. . . Graduate school of theology _ Law school . School of medicine: College of medicine . College of dentistry: 4-year course . Dental hygiene . . College of pharmacy . Total in professional schools. .. Grand total . 1934-35 1933-34 Gain Loss Total Men Women Total Men Women 144 55 89 51 28 23 0) 0) 0) 71 11 60 } 22 o 0 0 9 8 1 9 5 1 4 2 0 2 3 35 12 23 29 14 15 6 184 68 116 162 61 101 31 9 2 2 0 6 6 0 4 4 4 0 1 1 0 3 10 10 0 7 0 3 55 53 2 47 46 1 8 2 2 0 6 6 0 4 8 0 8 8 7 7 0 2 2 0 5 88 78 10 69 68 1 27 8 272 146 126 231 129 102 58 17 re tei P °I ra : sti ^ ab to lit I taI I ad I abi I P" am sd tin 1 Absorbed by liberal arts. 2. Honorary degrees. — Two honorary degrees were conferred at commencement in June 1935. William A. Warfield, surgeon in chief, Freedmen’s Hospital, was awarded the degree of doctor of laws; and Mary Elizabeth Branch, president of Tilotson College, Austin, Tex., was also awarded the degree of doctor of laws. 3. Placement bureau for graduates. — A university-wide place¬ ment bureau was established in the office of the registrar for the purpose of helping to place the graduates of all divisions of Howard University in competent positions throughout the Nation. 4. Number and distribution of living graduates. — The total num¬ ber of living graduates of Howard University is now 9,246. Of this number the registrar has 7,000 actual addresess in 42 States, the District of Columbia, and 24 foreign countries. These addresses are now classified alphabetically, by States, by cities, by sex, by schools, and by classes. in tea Th 50 tea loa stu nor tio cai fn vie ( i ler ye HOWARD UNIVERSITY 409 TEACHING STAFF 1. Number and distribution of teachers. — There were 241 mem¬ bers of the teaching staff during the school year 1934-35, of whom 134 were on full time and 107 were on part time, representing together a full-time equivalent of 156 teachers, as compared with a total of 237 members of the teaching staff during the year 1933-34, of whom 135 were on full time and 102 were on part time, repre¬ senting together a full-time equivalent of 154 teachers. This rep¬ resents a loss of 1 full-time teacher and the gain of 7 part-time teachers, representing a net full-time equivalent gain of 2 teachers. 2. Number of teachers in relation to the objectives of the 10-year 'program. — The 10-year program for Howard University agreed upon by the Government, sets up certain objectives regarding the ratio of students to teachers in each division of the university. The status of our progress in relation to these objectives is very favor¬ able, there being only two colleges in which the ratio of students to teachers is higher than that provided in the program, namely, liberal arts and music. At present the 225 graduate students are all taught by a group of teachers in liberal arts. This constitutes an additional load for liberal-arts teachers and requires an addition of about nine mature persons to that faculty. On the basis of the program, two additional teachers are needed for music. While the ratios of full-time equivalent teachers of medicine, law, and religion are adequate, it is apparent that the best work in these schools requires a substantial increase in the actual number of full¬ time teachers employed as soon as possible. 3. Teaching hours , class size, and class-hour loads. — Now that the university has been able to acquire a faculty approximately adequate [ in numbers, we have been able to reduce the number of excessive \ teaching hours, class sizes, and class-hour loads to a minimum. ' Throughout the university there are now only 14 classes of more than i 50 students each; there are only 14 teachers carrying more than 16 teaching-hours per week, and only 6 teachers with pupil clock-hour | loads in excess of 500. While there are as many as 165 classes with ! students ranging from 16 to 50 each, by far the majority of classes ; now enroll 15 students or less, and the major portion of the instruc- | tion is given by teachers working an average of 12 hours and less and carrying a pupil clock-hour load of 250 hours or less. This is a very favorable quantitative situation for competent instruction of the indi¬ vidual student. 4. Maturity of the Staff. — Of the 156 full time and full-time equiva¬ lent teachers on the staff of Howard University during the current year, 32, or 28.5 percent, were professors; 26, or 16.7 percent, were associate professors ; 29, or 18.6 percent, were assistant professors ; 69, 20481—35 - 27 410 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 or 44.2 percent, were in the instructors’ rank and below. The 10-year program of development calls for the following percentage distri¬ bution in the four leading ranks: professors, 40 percent; associate professors, 10 percent; assistant professors, 20 percent; instructors, 30 percent. On this basis the present staff should have a distribution as follows : 62 professors, 16 associate professors, 31 assistant profes¬ sors, and 47 instructors. The outstanding need of the university at this moment is the securing of 30 capable scholars for important positions on the professorial staff of the university. All other pro¬ grams are subsidiary to and wait upon this for their fullest effectiveness. 5. Improvement of the staff. — The teachers continued their work of self-improvement through further study. Sixteen of them were on leave of absence or under fellowship privileges with contract to accept appointment at Howard University. This number repre¬ sents more than 10 percent of the full-time equivalent staff of the university. 6. Salaries of teachers. — In the 10-year program of development for Howard University, the Government agreed that the professors should receive a minimum of $4,000, a maximum of $6,000, and an average of $5,000; that the associate professors should receive a minimum of $3,000, a maximum of $3,900, and an average of $3,500; that the assistant professors should receive a minimum of $2,300, a maximum of $3,200, and an average of $2,800 ; and that instructors should receive a minimum of $1,600 a year, with a maximum of $2,500, and an average of $2,100. With steady and successful steps made possible primarily by a careful use of private funds, ‘the uni¬ versity has gradually advanced toward these objectives. After the restoration of the last 5 percent of the salary cuts hitherto prevail¬ ing in the Government, the salary situation at Howard University at June 30, 1935, was as follows: Every full-time instructor was receiving at least the minimum of $1,600 agreed upon in the 10-year program and the average instructional salary had reached $1,858, that is $242 below the agreed-upon average. Every full-time assist¬ ant professor was receiving at least the minimum salary of $2,300 agreed upon in the 10-year program, and the average assistant pro¬ fessor’s salary had reached $2,685 or $115 less than the program average. Every full-time associate professor in the university save one (to which case a problem of policy was attached) was receiving at least the minimum salary of $3,000 agreed upon in the program, and the average associate professor’s salary had reached the sum of $3,320 or $180 less than the program average. There were 15 full-time professors, however, who were receiving a salary less than the minimum agreed upon in the program, and the average pro- HOWARD UNIVERSITY 411 fessor’s salary had reached the sum of $3,893 or $1,107 below the program average. It is clear, therefore, that in addition to the securing of an adequate number of full-time professors, Howard University still confronts the task of building up the professorial salary to a point where the full-time professor may freely devote his services to education work under substantially attractive conditions. GRADUATE SCHOOL 1. General trends. — For the first time in the history of the univer¬ sity, graduate work was carried forward in 1934-35 under a sepa¬ rately organized graduate school, with a separate dean and faculty. Prof. Dwight O. W. Holmes, formerly dean of the college of edu¬ cation, was elected dean of the graduate school, beginning July 17 1934; and by vote of the board of trustees, on October 23, 1934, the administrative affairs of the graduate school were placed in the hands of “ the graduate council ”, composed of the president of the univer¬ sity, the dean of the graduate school, the registrar of the university, and the heads of the 15 departments authorized to offer graduate majors. This council was given all the powers of a faculty as defined by the charter and bylaws of Howard University. The graduate school began auspiciously with an enrollment of 225, representing an increase of 61 students over the previous year, and the largest graduate enrollment in the history of the institution. The trustees voted to institute graduate work in social service in 1935-36, and by vote of the graduate council the work of the school will be extended into the field covered by the preclinical branches of medicine during the school year 1935-36. 2. Distribution of enrollment by departments. — The graduate I enrollment was distributed among departments as follows: Botany 6, chemistry 9, economics 2, education 91, English 31, German 5, history 19, mathematics 10, philosophy 1, physics 2, political sci¬ ence 5, psychology 21, Romance languages 10, sociology 8, zoology 5; I total 225. 3. Scholarships and fellowships. — During the year 42 graduate students received fellowships, scholarships, or some form of aid, totaling $6,648. There is urgent need of an increase in the number and size of the stipends available. 4. Courses in social worh. — The board of trustees has authorized the inauguration of courses in social work for the year 1935-36i Plans for this work are going forward, and both preparatory courses (offered by the college of liberal arts and professional courses of¬ fered by the graduate school will be scheduled during the year 1935-36. The course of study for those interested in this work 412 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 will be under the direction of the department of sociology. In view of the present pressing demand for professionally trained workers, this promises to be a substantial contribution which the university can make to social improvement. 6. Faculty. — During the school year 1934—35 all the work in the graduate school was done by members of the faculty of the college of liberal arts. During the coming year members of the faculty of medicine will give assistance. 7. Graduate degrees confem^ed . — Thirty-eight graduate degrees were awarded during the year, 13 to men and 35 to women. Thirty- one of the candidates received the degree of master of arts, and seven received the degree of master of science. 8. Research and publications . — The university considers that re¬ search is indispensable to its teachers. In spite of meager funds some of our teachers go forward continuously. The Journal of Negro Education closed its fourth successful year, with a secure posi¬ tion in the educational work and with increasing support. 9. The future of graduate work. — The university is proceeding with caution and care to establish the work for the master’s degree on a thoroughly sound basis before undertaking at all further work for the doctor’s degree. The establishment of the graduate school as a separate division and the inauguration of work toward the master’s degree in 15 departments emphasize the need for the earliest possible advancement of all those phases of university life which may assure the sound competence of this work: (1) The maturing of the staff through the securing of an adequate number of scholars in the professorial ranks; (2) the development of a substantial number of scholarships and fellowships for advanced students; and (3) the rapid advancement of book collections in every department offering graduate work. THE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS 1. The enlarged college . — This was the first year of the absorption by the college of liberal arts of the entire work in education, for¬ merly done by the college of education which ceased on July 1, 1934, its existence as a separate division, and of the departments of art and home economics of the former college of applied science which on July 1, 1934, changed its character and became the college of engineering and architecture. On the whole the change appears advantageous. Where formerly there were two colleges operating side by side with some duplication of effort, we now have a single college with a unified purpose and with perfect staff cooperation. 2. Students. — The student registration during the current year was 1,156, of whom 547 were men and 609 women. These were dis¬ tributed by departments as follows : Art, 110 ; botany, 120 ; chemistry, HOWARD UNIVERSITY 413 273; commerce and finance, 118; economics, 70; education, 535; English, 768; freshmen orientation, 77; German, 198; history, 499; home economics, 171; Latin, 32; mathematics, 169; military science and tactics, 237; philosophy, 79; physical education for men, 225; physical education for women, 263; physics, 103; political science, 165 ; psychology, 307 ; romance languages, 267 ; sociology, 162 ; and zoology, 157. 3. Graduates. — During the academic year 144 degrees were con¬ ferred, distributed as follows: Bachelors of arts, 32; bachelors of science, 26; bachelors of science in commerce, 6; bachelors of arts in education, 55 ; bachelors of science in home economics, 11 ; bachelors of science of art, 3. 4. Faculty. — There were 84 active members of the faculty of the college of liberal arts during the academic year 1934-35. Of these 21 were professors, 14 associate professors, 19 assistant professors, 22 instructors, 7 assistants, and 1 technician. Eleven were on leave of absence during 1934-35. Nine others will be on leave of absence during 1935-36. There were 8 appointments, including substitutes for teachers on leave, and 2 retired for age after 44 years of service each. 5. Special lectures and conferences. — During the year the depart¬ ments of the social sciences sponsored at the university a group of lectures upon the Problems, Programs, and Philosophies of Minority Groups. A month later a national conference was held under the auspices of the social science division of Howard University and the joint committee on national recovery upon the general theme, the Position of the Negro in Our National Economic Crisis. 6. New building facilities. — A new classroom building, made pos¬ sible by funds from the Public Works Administration, the Frederick Douglass Memorial Hall, was dedicated on April 30, 1935. This new structure stands high among academic buildings of the country. The departments of instruction occupying it are the humanities group, the social sciences group, and the department of psychology. The college of liberal arts is very grateful for this splendid addition to its facilities. The department of chemistry and the college of liberal arts as a whole are looking forward with pleasure and appreciation to the early completion of the new chemistry laboratory, which will offer to our work here in chemistry accommodations and equipment rank¬ ing among the best in the country. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE 1. Reorganization. — On June 30, 1934, and by an act of the board of trustees, the college of applied science was abolished and its depart¬ ments of art and home economics transferred to and placed under 414 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 the administration of the college of liberal arts. Its departments of architecture, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering were reorganized and now are administered under the separately established new school of engineering and architecture. The school of engineering and architecture began operation under the university’s new plan of organization July 1, 1934. This is the only school in the United States primarily for Negroes, offering undergraduate curricula leading to the degree of bachelor of science in civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering, and in architecture. 2. Aims. — It is the aim of the school (1) to prepare students for entrance to the professions of architecture, civil engineering, electri¬ cal engineering, and mechanical engineering, (2) to place strong emphasis on undergraduate programs, and to pursue the practice of directing certain of its graduates to other institutions for advanced work. 3. Enrollment. — During the school year 1934-35, 46 individual stu¬ dents pursued courses in the departments covered by this school, of whom 31 were candidates for degrees as compared with 23 in 1933-34. The following table shows the number of courses offered in each department and the number of students taught in each course. Courses and enrollment, by departments, school of engineering and architecture, 1934-35 Department Number of courses offered Number of students taught First semester Second semester First semester Second semester Architecture . . . 10 12 22 41 Civil engineering . 10 14 27 32 Electrical engineering . . . 3 4 8 8 Mechanical engineering . . . . 7 11 12 18 4. Scholarships. — Nine scholarships, including 4 F. E. R. A. work scholarships were awarded to students in this school during the year. 5. Graduates. — There were no degrees awarded in the school of engineering and architecture in the year 1934-35, as compared with nine degrees in the year 1933-34. This unusual circumstance is due to the period of transition incident to the reorganization of the va¬ rious departments and their operation upon an improved basis under the new school of engineering and architecture. There will be eight seniors for the year 1935-36. The 4 departments of this school have 58 graduates to date, as fol¬ lows: Architecture, 11; mechanical engineering, 2; civil engineering, 23 ; and electrical engineering, 22. A number of our graduates are holding representative positions in their respective fields in Federal and municipal government divisions HOWARD UNIVERSITY 415 or as private practitioners in such areas as the States of Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, and in Cuba, Russia, and Santo Domingo. 6. Teaching staff. — The faculty of the school of engineering and architecture for the school year 1934-35 included eight full-time members. One member of the faculty remained on leave, serving as architect to the Subsistence Homesteads Division of the Public Works Administration. SCHOOL OF MUSIC 1. Enrollment. — The enrollment of the school of music again showed an increase in 1934-35 in a general trend of increased music enroll¬ ment over a period of 6 years. There was an average enrollment during the current year of 178 as compared with 140 during the year 1933-34, with 46 new matriculants in the first semester and 15 in the second. 2. Scholarship and student aid. — Sixteen students received scholar¬ ship aid during the year from 4 sources : Special university scholar¬ ships of $150, 7 ; gift scholarships from the school of music, 5 ; and work scholarships through the university and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 3. These scholarships are responsible, in a very large part, for the increased enrollment of the school. 3. Courses and faculty. — Courses were offered in piano by 2 teach¬ ers, in organ by 1 teacher, in voice by 3 teachers, in violin, orchestra¬ tion, string, and percussion instruments, by 1 teacher; in public- school methods, by 1 teacher ; in theory and appreciation of music, by 2 teachers; and in the junior piano department, by 3 teachers. The total faculty of 11 included 1 professor, 2 assistant professors, 6 in¬ structors, and 2 assistants. One member of the faculty was away on sabbatical leave for further study in Vienna, Austria. Three mem¬ bers of the faculty appeared in recitals in 11 States and the District of Columbia. One member of the faculty has been chosen by the Theatre Guild of New York to create the leading role in George Gershwin’s opera production, “ Porgy and Bess.” 4. Musical organizations. — Three of the musical organizations functioned during the year — the university choir, the university glee club for men, and the university glee club for women. The univer¬ sity choir was the largest and best organization in the history of the institution. Together with the many fine voices, the new pipe organ added much to the quality, depth, and richness of tone. 6. University concert series. — On the concert series program, under the auspices of the school of music, there appeared 1 organist, 1 singer, 2 pianists, 1 violinist, 2 glee clubs, and the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington. Each recital was not only well attended 416 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 by interested and sympathetic music lovers, but also the financial returns were most encouraging for the continuance of the series. 7. National Music 'Week. — For the first time the school of music observed in a formal manner National Music Week, at which time 5 concerts served as a source of inspiration, education, and enjoyment to those who were present. 8. Graduates. — Five degrees were conferred at commencement. Two degrees of bachelor of music were conferred upon students with majors in piano, and 3 degrees of bachelor of school music upon stu¬ dents specializing in public-school music. MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS 1. Excellent rating for the second successive year. — The Howard University R. O. T. C. bears the rating of “ Excellent ” for the years 1933-34 and 1934-35. This rating, which is the highest of the War Department, was given as the result of the formal inspection during the spring of 1934 by Maj. T. M. Chambliss, Inspector for the Third Corps Area, and again in the spring of 1935 by Maj. E. W. Leard, Inspector for the Third Corps Area. In making their reports to the War Department these inspecting officers especially commended the efficiency of the instruction given by the military staff, the ability, neatness, and discipline revealed by the student cadets, the large improvement in the physical facilities of the R. O. T. C. rooms in Spaulding Hall, and the cooperation received from the officials of the University. 2. Enrollment. — The enrollment in military science and tactics dur¬ ing the year 1934-35 was 268, as compared with an average of 256 during the preceding year. Two hundred and twelve of the students were enrolled in the basic course and 56 in the advanced course. 3. Commissions awarded. — Twenty-eight students were awarded commissions as second lieutenants of infantry, in the Reserve Corps of the United States Army. 4. Teaching staff. — The teaching staff included 5 members, as fol¬ lows: professor, 1; assistant professor, 1; assistants, 3. SCHOOL OF MEDICINE The school of medicine is the functional organization which repre¬ sents the cooperative interests of the entire medical unit of the uni¬ versity without superseding the direct lines of authority from the independent faculties of its member units to the board of trustees. Freedmen’s Hospital, an independent institution built upon grounds owned by the university, is functionally a part of the university medical unit. HOWARD UNIVERSITY 417 COLLEGE OF MEDICINE 1. Survey of the college. — The survey of the school as part of the nation-wide survey of medical schools in the United States and Canada by the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association, in cooperation with the Association of American Medical Colleges and the Federation of State Boards, was the outstanding event of the year. Although no report will be available until the general survey has been completed, the study of this school revealed that our major problems are : (1) Provision of a greater number of well-trained clinical teachers, the major portion if not all of whose time can be controlled by the university for clinical service and clinical teaching; (2) a greater quantity and variety of clinical material under adequate control for teaching purposes; and (3) facilities for the study of tuberculosis and acute contagious diseases. 2. Students. — Of a total of 211 applicants for admission, 119 sat¬ isfied the minimum requirements for admission. Forty new students were admitted. The highest number registered at any one time during the year was 167. 3. Instruction. — During the year instruction has been furnished to 248 students ; 167 from the college of medicine, 35 from the college of dentistry, 14 from the college of pharmacy, 1 from the college of liberal arts, and 31 nurses from the Freedmen’s Hospital. Instruc¬ tion included for the first time a course in anatomy for art stu¬ dents, a course in public health for college students, and a course in physiology for home-economics students. 4. Scholarship and student aid. — In accordance with the scholar¬ ship-aid plan, 7 full-tuition scholarships and 13 half-tuition scholar¬ ships were awarded to medical students. Twenty-four other needy students were aided by the Federal Emergency Relief Admin¬ istration. 5. Graduates. — Fifty-five graduated with the degree Doctor of Medicine. Fifty of these accepted internships in 12 approved hospitals. 6. Faculty. — Two full-time new appointments to assistant pro¬ fessorships were made of former General Education Board Fellows, 1 in anatomy and 1 in public health. Two General Education Board Fellows, one in physiology and the other in pathology, have been reappointed for a second year of graduate study at the University of Chicago and Western Reserve, respectively. Of the faculty of 98, 20 were full-time teachers as compared with the faculty of 62, with 3 full-time teachers in 1929-30. One member studied derma¬ tology and syphilology in Europe during the year under a grant from the Oberlaender Trust of Philadelphia. Another has been 418 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 granted leave of absence for a year’s residency in tuberculosis. Five are at special study during the summer. There have been 23 scien¬ tific publications by members of the faculty during the year 1934^35. Five other publications are in the press. The college of medicine was represented on the program of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology in Detroit in April by the head of the department of physiology, the head of the department of pharmacology, and the acting head of the department of biochemistry. The college was represented on the program of the American Association of Anatomists by the asso¬ ciate professor of anatomy. 7. Departmental, interschool , hospital , and community relations. — The dean of the college of dentistry gave a series of five lectures to medical students on diseases of the mouth. Dr. Wm. A. Warfield, surgeon-in-chief of Freedmen’s Hospital, has made available four rooms in the hospital, three to be used as offices for the heads of the clinical departments and one to be used by the clerk for these departments. The newly appointed health officer of the District of Columbia made available to the school the facilities of the Municipal Tuber¬ culosis Hospital, the City Prenatal Clinic, and the City Infant Welfare Station located at Freedmen’s Hospital.. Following approval of the Freedmen’s Hospital by the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Asso¬ ciation for residencies in medicine, pediatrics, surgery, obstetrics, and gynecology, two residents were appointed to begin service October first, 1 in pediatrics, and 1 in obstetrics-gynecology. This marks the beginning of a much-needed improvement in the hospital service and should reflect favorably upon the clinical teaching. Howard University has provided an annual stipend of $500 for each of the two residents appointed. This is a very important accomplish¬ ment. COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY 1. General trends. — Though the college of dentistry is stressing, through an enrollment campaign, the acquisition of numbers, major emphasis is being placed upon the quality of students it attracts. The high caliber of recent graduates is a fair testimonial of our rigid adherence to entrance and curricular requirements. A check-up on the performance of our recent graduates before State boards reveals a decided increase in the percentage of successful candidates. 2. Enrollment. — The school year opened with a registration of 4 seniors, 5 juniors, 13 sophomores, 13 freshmen, and 9 students in the new department of oral hygiene. With an alleviation of financial handicaps, through university aids and general economic better- HOWARD UNIVERSITY 419 ment, our incoming classes will eventually make up the enrollment deficiency which we now suffer. 3. Graduates. — Three graduating students were awarded the de¬ gree of doctor of dental surgery at the June commencement. Eight students were awarded certificates in oral hygiene. 4. Oral hygiene. — The department of oral hygiene rounded out its first year of operation with a commendable record of success. As an indication of the splendid work done by them as students, 6 of the 8 graduates took the examination for licensure in the District of Columbia and all were successful. 5. Faculty . — There were 13 active members of the faculty during the year, distributed as follows: Two associate professors, one as¬ sistant professor, and 10 instructors. The following promotions and appointments were made this year : One member of the faculty was promoted from instructor to the rank of assistant professor of dentistry ; one to the rank of assistant in the department of oral hygiene ; one additional instructor was em¬ ployed on half-time for the months of May and June; and one was granted leave of absence for the year 1934-35. Four members of this faculty published five scholarly articles during the year. The dean has inaugurated a program for further specialized study on the part of teachers. 6. Library . — In order to render more effective library service, the college of dentistry transferred its books and periodicals to the medical school library, where it will share in the facilities of this well-organized department. THE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY 1. Organization and curriculum . — Since 1932 the College of Phar¬ macy has given instruction in the following departments: Phar¬ macy, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, physiology, bacteriology, pre¬ ventive medicine, and public health, with instruction in English, modern and romance languages, mathematics, chemistry, physics, eco¬ nomics offered in the college of arts and sciences of the university. The curriculum for the college of pharmacy for the 4-year course leading to the degree of S. B. in pharmacy has been adjusted to con¬ form to requirements of the National Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. 2. Registration. — Twenty-four students registered in the college of pharmacy ; 8 in the freshman class, 8 in the sophomore class, and 3 in the junior class. This enrollment shows an increase of two students over last year. 3. Scholarship and student aid . — During the year 1934-35, two work scholarships were awarded in the first semester and three in the 420 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 second. One tuition scholarship of $70 was awarded. Two others applied, one of whom did not meet requirements for award, and the other was recommended but could not accept, being unable to meet the other expenses of the course. 4. Graduates . — There were 7 graduates from the college, 5 from the 3-year, 2 from the 4-year course, 2 having advanced standing which enabled 1 to complete the course in 3 years and the other in 1 year. 5. Faculty. — There has been no change in the faculty in 1934-35 as compared with 1933-34. The staff included 2 full-time persons who are heads of departments, 1 of whom is vice dean of the college, 1 associate professor, 1 full-time instructor, 1 part-time instructor, and 1 lecturer. Two scientific papers were published by faculty members during the year. The college was represented on the program of one of the joint meetings of the Association of Colleges of Pharmacy and the Na¬ tional Association of Boards of Pharmacy, held in Washington dur¬ ing the year. 6. Equipment. — The physical equipment is now quite adequate. Additions and improvements are being made, to some extent, annually. 7. Library. — The library for the college of pharmacy is included in the medical school library. As a separate pharmaceutical school library it had been practically insignificant. During the past year, however, some 50 volumes have been added to the list and it is hoped gradually to accumulate a creditable library. SCHOOL OF LAW 1. Enrollment. — The enrollment for the school of law showed a slight increase over that of 1933-34. Figures for the last 3 years are as follows : 1932-33, 44 ; 1933-34, 38 ; 1934-35, 46. The most significant thing about the student body is the speed with which the school of law is approaching a purely graduate basis. Every member of the senior class, 1934-35, had his college degree; 31 of the 46 students had bachelor’s degrees and 9 had at least 3 years of college work. In an effort to increase the enrollment the vice dean visited and spoke at some 10 colleges during the year. 2. Graduates. — Nine graduates received the degree of bachelor of laws in June 1935, as compared with 7 in 1933-34. 3. Faculty. — There were 10 active members of the teaching staff during the year. Four of them were full-time members and 6 were serving for part-time. During the school year, 1 member of the faculty received the S. J. D. degree from Harvard University, HOWARD UNIVERSITY 421 another published in the Iowa Law Bulletin an extended scholarly examination of “Title to Lands by Adverse Possession”, and the vice dean of the school continued his participation in matters of public concern affecting the status of Negroes before the law. 4. Physical plant. — The inadequacies of the physical plant of the school of law have been pointed out in previous reports. The trus¬ tees plan to move the school to the main campus of the university during the school year 1935-36. 5. Library. — As of June 30, 1935, there were 15,823 books acces¬ sioned on the library records. 6. Vice dean on leave. — After 6 years of vigorous and constructive service in which he has led in the transformation of the school of law from a part-time evening school into a full-time day school of law admitted to membership in the American Association of Law Schools, vice dean Houston is taking a year’s leave of absence. Pro¬ fessor Taylor will serve the year in his stead. SCHOOL OF RELIGION 1. General trends. — The school of religion at Howard University is passing through a period of transition. It is eliminating the 4- year theological college and establishing the school on a graduate basis. For 3 years, now, we have accepted only such new students as come to us with a college degree or its equivalent. Our total enrollment during the period of transition has naturally declined in view of the fact that we cannot accept high-school graduates as in former years. June 1936 will see the end of the theological college. 2. Changes in curriculum. — Instead of the one oral examination on the mechanics of the Bible, as part requirement for the B. D. degree, two other examinations have been added. The students must pass an oral, comprehensive examination on the various fields of religion and he must defend, by oral examination, his thesis. 3. Enrollment. — The total enrollment in the two departments was 28 — 14 in the graduate school and 14 in the theological college, a decrease of slightly more than 24 percent over that of last year. Though the total enrollment was decreased, there was an increase of 33 percent of the regularly classified students in the graduate school. 4. Faculty. — Not being supported by the Government, the funds for the school of religion are meager. We are not able to employ a staff of full-time teachers. We must rely, for at least half of the teaching staff, upon part-time teachers, men who have regular employment in the churches or universities of the city. We had 3 full-time teachers and 6 part-time teachers for the first semester, 422 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 and 7 part-time teachers for the second semester. Three members of this faculty published five scholarly articles during the year. 5. Extension work. — The school of religion sponsors an annual institute for rural and small-town ministers, in Kinston, N. C. It ^serves the churches of the city of Washington also by providing courses in religious education. Our students work in the churches of the city. We supply the Sunday speakers for the Maryland Normal School in Bowie, Md. 6. Needs of the school. — The school needs a more adequate build¬ ing, a modern library, an increase in the amount of its scholarship fund, and a full-time staff of at least six teachers. 7. Graduates. — Six students were graduated on June 7, four receiving the B. D. degree and two the B. Th. degree. PERSONNEL The personnel division of the university includes the registrar, the division of student health, the dean of men, and the dean of women. 1. Registrar. — In addition to the routine duties of the registrar set forth in the last report, this office has undertaken to establish and maintain a university-wide placement bureau so that information and assistance in connection with employment may be available to graduates of every school and college of the university. During the school year 1934-35 the registrar also utilized the services of 14 F. E. R. A. students to compile valuable statistical information concerning the graduates of Howard University. 2. The dean of women. — The work of the dean of women falls into the following divisions: Housing of students, supervising student organizations, vocational guidance, part-time placement, scholarships, establishing and maintaining social standards on the campus, aca¬ demic advising and supervising students on problems. The calendar for student activities participated in by men and women is kept by the dean of women, who must approve and provide chaperons for all of these functions. 3. The dean of men. — The dean of men reports that the male students made an unusually heavy demand for dormitory accommo¬ dations during the year. As a result, Clark Hall was overcrowded, with an average of over 169 students in the building, primarily on three floors. Fifty professional and graduate students were accom¬ modated at Miner Hall and 14 additional students were accommo¬ dated in the International House. This made a total of 233 students crowded in the meager dormitory facilities for men during the year, with only Miner Hall furnishing reasonably satisfactory con¬ ditions. The crowded condition in Clark Hall caused a great deal HOWARD UNIVERSITY 423 of anxiety throughout the year. The trustees have voted that the accommodations in this hall during the next school year shall be limited to 125 students, and they have further voted that the Inter¬ national House shall be torn down. Dormitory accommodations for male students will thus be reduced to a maximum of 176; and the need for the new dormitory becomes manifestly more urgent. 4. Student health. — The Howard University health service is staffed with 1 full-time physician, 2 full-time nurses, a full-time secretary, and 5 part-time student assistants. This office examined the incoming freshman class for physical de¬ fects and gave this group conferences as to the findings. It also ex¬ tended practically unlimited medical service to the university student body, giving 2,974 medical consultations during the year. Eighty- six students were confined to the university infirmaries for an aver¬ age of 4 days each, while 10 students were confined to Freedmen’s Hospital for an average of 10 days each. Community hygiene included sanitation of the buildings and grounds and the care of sanitation of the university swimming pool, which was rated to be the most sanitary of the 25 pools in the Dis¬ trict of Columbia. LIBRARIES 1. Accessions. — There were 6,727 accessions during the year. The total number of volumes in all libraries is now 90,753. Total number of accessioned volumes in the general library, departmental libraries, and medical school library, 74,957 ; total number of acquisitions in the law library, 15,796. One thousand three hundred ninety- one volumes were bound during the year. The total number of sub¬ scriptions to periodicals was 544. 2. Gifts. — The university libraries have received from Howard University, governmental departments, other libraries and institu¬ tions, and individual donors 1,449 gifts. 3. Reference librarian. — A special reference librarian was assigned to aid students in the use of the catalog with reference questions, and in the preparation of bibliographies and student papers. 4. F. E. R. A. student aid. — Thirty-seven students receiving aid from the F. E. R. A. assisted with many useful library projects. Fourteen were employed regularly. 5. Publicity. — Members of the staff posted weekly lists of the addi¬ tions of volumes to the library and assisted in the preparation of 4 publications. There were 15 exhibitions in the general library during the year. 6. Loans. — The library has borrowed for students and teachers through interlibrary loans a total of 390 volumes. Carnegie Library has loaned to other libraries 19 volumes. 424 REPORT OE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1935 7. Loans from Veterans ’ Bureau collections. — The preparation and distribution of Veterans’ Bureau books to approved schools and in¬ stitutions have been accomplished through the aid of four students regularly employed on F. E. R. A. scholarships. Twenty-six thou¬ sand three hundred and thirty-five volumes were loaned since July 1, 1934 to 83 schools and institutions. 8. Moorland F oundation. — The Moorland Foundation has rendered excellent service to the members of the faculty and to students in¬ terested in the fields of Negro literature, art, history, and sociology. Research demands on the material in the collection from persons not connected with the university have increased during the year. Refer¬ ence and bibliographical aid has been rendered in the form of reading lists on various subjects requested by readers. The assistance of two F. E. R. A. workers has helped to make this service possible. This collection added 766 volumes during the year. It now contains 5,141 bound volumes by and about the Negro. 9. The 'professional libraries. — In the law library growth and progress on the part of the staff and library are noted. A notable gift of 1,500 law reports was made to the library by Mr. James Marshall, of New York City. The fact that this library does not have sufficient stack space to shelve this contribution indicates an urgent need for larger quarters. The number of acquisitioned vol¬ umes is 15,796; total circulation, 460 volumes; gifts, 1,770 volumes. The medical school library reports an increase in the number of additions by purchase and by gift over those of the previous year. The number of periodicals on circulation has increased from 138 to 166. The transfer of 971 volumes from the dental school library to the medical school library was made at the beginning of the year. The total number of volumes reported in this library is 9,257 ; total circulation for the year, 42,560 volumes. 10. Cataloging. — Thirty-two thousand four hundred and twenty- three cards were made and filed, and 5,241 volumes were cataloged and recataloged. 11. Staff. — The professional staff of the main library is composed of 8 persons, 1 of whom has written and published 8 scholarly ar¬ ticles during the year. The law and medical libraries carry a single professional staff worker with student assistants. 12. New library building and the future outlook. — With the shelving of the additions of the year, we have found stack space in the general library exhausted. It was necessary throughout the year to shift constantly in order that books might be kept shelved in the proper classification scheme. The volumes antici¬ pated from recent orders, together with those expected from the bindery, will necessitate removing to the basement the books not often called for, so that space may be provided in the stacks. In HOWARD UNIVERSITY 425 addition, the purchases out of the 1935-36 budget must be shelved. , The need for a new library building, therefore, becomes an urgent one, while the constant fear that scattering the collection in differ¬ ent parts of the building will cripple service, is ever before us. 13. Election of new librarian. — Mrs. Emma Murray, acting libra¬ rian since the death of Mr. Williams, has closed a very helpful period of service. The university has chosen Prof. Walter G. Daniels, formerly of the staff in education, as full-time librarian. BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS 1. Two divisions of work. — Work on the buildings and grounds of the university went forward during the year under two major divisions: (1) The regular university department of operation and maintenance, and (2) building construction work under the direction of an architect, with a contract for each project. 2. The regular work of operation and maintenance. — During the fiscal year 1934-35 the activities of the department of operation and I maintenance included: (1) Regular routine repairs and improve¬ ments to buildings and grounds covered by the regular maintenance budget; (2) the maintenance of extension-fund properties, and the ] supervision of contract work on the same; (3) special services to the several departments of the university, chargeable to funds in their several budgets; and (4) the planning and supervision of a consid¬ erable amount of work performed under special grants from the Emergency Works Administration, the District of Columbia Bureau for Transients, and the Public Works Administration. Emergency Works Administration project. — From November 1934, through the end of the fiscal year, the following work on university grounds was accomplished with laborers made available by the Emergency Works Administration: Improved roadways on the main campus, the resurfacing of 4 tennis courts, the laying of approxi¬ mately 250 feet of 6-inch sewerage, the laying of approximately 800 feet of concrete curbing, the preparation of beds for the planting of shrubbery and other plants, together with assistance to the gardener in the university nursery. Allotment from Bureau for Transients. — Laborers supplied by the Bureau for Transients did the following work between September 1934, and the end of the fiscal year : Shored up grandstand supports, erected chain-link fence, and cleared southwest corner in the sta¬ dium ; turned over compost in the nursery ; laid approximately 150 feet of 8-inch sewerage on the grounds east of Miner Hall; aided in the preparation of planting areas on various parts of the campus ; did some cleaning in buildings, and moving of furniture. 20481 — 35 - 28 426 REPORT OE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Public Works Administration appropriation for repairs. — A spe¬ cial P. W. A. appropriation (project no. 37) made possible the installation, early in 1935, of a fire escape on the south side of Science Hall. 3. Public Works Administration building projects. — The follow¬ ing table shows the list of building projects in process during the year ending June 30, 1935. All these projects were going forward on P. W. A. funds. Building projects in process, 1934-35 No. Description of project Date authorized Total appro¬ priations 2 Construction and equipment of a chemistry building _ May 4,1929 $626, 300. 00 5 Construction and equipment of a library building . . . Feb. 14,1931 800, 000. 00 7 Construction and equipment of a classroom building do _ 461, 200. 00 8 Construction and equipment of a heat, light, and power plant _ Feb. 17,1933 628, 076. 99 The status of the above-listed projects was as follows at June 30, 1935: Project no. 2, chemistry building. — External walls and roof com¬ plete; building expected to be ready for occupancy about November 1, 1935. Project no. 5, library. — Plans and specifications were approved by the Government in October 1934, and the architect was preparing same for bids when $500,000 of the appropriation was temporarily impounded by the President of the United States. Application for restoration of the appropriation is still pending. Project no. 7, classroom building. — Project complete; dedicated under the name of Frederick Douglass Memorial Hall and placed in use during the second semester of the current year. Project no. 8 , heat , light , and power plant. — Contracts were let and the building was under way. Completion is promised by the architect in time for the heating season 1935-36. FINANCES The total assets of the university at June 30, 1935, were $7,323,- 287.28, exclusive of the unexpended balances of Government appro¬ priations for the chemistry building, the classroom building, the heat, light, and power plant, and the library. Of the total assets $1,130,282.20, an increase of $40,883.95 since the last report, repre¬ sents assets in the physical plant extension made possible through private gifts from the general board and the Julius Rosenwald Fund; $910,127.15, an increase of $48,973.48 since the last report, represents endowment; $5,097,399.69, an increase of $817,009.40 since the last report, represents plant fund assets, exclusive of the HOWARD UNIVERSITY 427 unexpended balances of Government appropriations for buildings, as indicated above. The remaining $167,234.66 represents assets of the current fund. The total income for the year was $1,743,818.99, including current and capital funds. This represents a gross increase of $474,323.05 over the total income for 1933-34. The total income for current expenses was $987,212.71, representing an increase of $36,740.22 over the income for 1933-34, shared by both Government and private sources. The total expenditures for all purposes, current and capital, were $1,709,992.63, representing an increase of $590,945.20 over the ex¬ penditures for 1933-34. The total expenditures for current pur¬ poses, however, were $953,386.35, representing $3,461.34 less than the preceding year. Attention is respectfully directed to the increase in the amount and in the percentage of current funds used for resident instruction and to the reduction in the amount and percentage of current funds used for the operation and the maintenance of the physical plant. The former is only 1.8 percent below the programed percentage and the latter only 1.6 percent above it. The percentage of funds spent for general library purposes and for athletics is approxi¬ mately the same as the programed objectives. These indices afford effective tests of the competence of financial administration in rela¬ tion to educational objectives. Once again careful budgeting and economic administration have made possible an excess of income over expenditures in the amount of $33,826.36. The auditing of all the university’s accounts has been done by certified public accountants. All moneys appropriated by the Con¬ gress were expended under the supervision of the Department of the Interior. FREEDMEN’S HOSPITAL (W. A. Wabfield, Chief Surgeon) The hospital was operated to full capacity throughout the year, and there were numerous occasions when applicants for treatment could not be accommodated because of limited facilities. The professional activities of the hospital accomplished ail that could be expected with available funds. It was a continuous struggle to supply the many wants and at the same time keep within appropriations as required by law. PATIENTS At the beginning of the year, there were 236 patients remaining from the preceding fiscal year, who, with 5,034 admissions during the year, made a total of 5,270 indoor patients under care. Of those re¬ maining, 36 were pay patients, 59 indigent residents of the States, and 141 indigent residents of the District of Columbia. Of those ad¬ mitted into the hospital, including births, 682 were pay patients, 1,755 were indigent residents of the States, and 2,597 were indigent residents of the District of Columbia. There were discharged during the year, including births, 5,037, of whom 2,676 had recovered, 1,838 improved, 156 unimproved, and 367 died, leaving 233 in the hospital July 1, 1935, of which number 30 were pay patients, 74 indigent residents of the States, and 129 indigent residents of the District of Columbia. Of the deaths, 93 were coroner’s cases, 130 died within 48 hours after admission, and 30.6 percent were autopsied at the hospital. The mortality rate from all causes was 6.9 percent. There were 2,579 surgical operations, or 371 in excess of last year. In the dental department 2,505 received treatment. In the out-patient department 24,024 received care, of whom 6,709 were new cases and 17,315 old. There were 6,672 emergencies. This department as well as the indoor was overcrowded, and many appli¬ cants could not receive attention because of insufficient personnel. The following table shows the number of visits to the various clinics : 429 430 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Clinic Number of visits Clinic Number of visits Dermatology _ _ 925 217 100 1, 778 1, 617 3,914 2,593 3, 682 4,899 730 Oral surgery _ 123 4, 709 2,473 1,254 375 5, 242 1,042 353 Ear . . . . . . Orthopedic _ - _ Nose _ Pediatric _ Throat _ _ _ _ - Prenatal _ Eye . . . Postnatal _ _ Urological _ Surgical dressing _ Gynecological _ Minor surgery _ _ Luetic _ _ Tubercular.. _ _ Medical. _ _ _ _ Total . . 36, 026 Neurological _ _ _ The total number of patients receiving hospital care was 30,696, or 11,302 more than during the preceding year. NEEDS Among the most pressing needs of the hospital is a larger person¬ nel. During the last few years several buildings have been added to the hospital without any increase in the necessary personnel required for satisfactory operation. Especially is this true in the nursing department, where the most glaring deficiency exists. Twenty-one additional graduate nurses must be employed in order that the patients may be given at least the minimum of required care, and at the same time reduce the hours of duty for the nurses to a daily basis of 8, which is in accordance with minimum standards. A clerk is urgently needed in the social-service department. This branch of the hospital has two workers, but no regular clerk. At times a clerk is detailed from some other department to help out, but this is in no way satisfactory. Three orderlies are needed : 1 for night duty in the male surgical ward, 1 for service in the new clinical building, and 1 for the interne’s residence. A maid is also needed for night duty in the obstetrical wards. Provision should be made for 2 residents: 1 for the surgical department and 1 for the medical. It is proposed to appoint phy¬ sicians as residents who have served, with some distinction, as internes for at least 1 year in a class A hospital. The training of residents in special branches of medicine and surgery represents advance or post-graduate instruction for physicians whose ultimate aim is to prepare for the practice of a specialty. THE SCHOOL OF NURSING The demands for service in this department of the hospital were very heavy. The service rendered by the nurses was, on the whole, satisfactory, but there were many evidences of a need of a larger number of graduate nurses. This is regarded as very essential to FREEDMEN’S HOSPITAL 431 efficient care of the patients, satisfactory training of student nurses, and to reduce the hours of duty to a daily 8-hour basis. The superintendent of nurses is of the opinion that 21 addi¬ tional graduate nurses should be employed. In this opinion I heartily concur. On account of the intensive theoretical program pursued by the first-year students, two additional instructors are necessary for teaching and follow-up work. The graduating exercises were held June 4, 1935, in the Andrew Rankin Memorial Chapel of Howard University, at which time 28 nurses were graduated, making a total of 631 graduates from the school. COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF (Pekcival Hall, President) During the fiscal year July 1, 1934, through June 30, 1935, there were under instruction in the advanced department of the institution, known as Gallaudet College, 81 men and 56 women, a total of 137, representing 36 States and the District of Columbia. This in a de¬ crease of five as compared with the preceding year. In the primary and grammar department, known as the Kendall School, there were under instruction 34 girls and 38 boys, a total of 72. This is an in¬ crease of two as compared with the preceding year. Of the total in this department, 67 were admitted as beneficiaries of the District of Columbia. There were admitted to the institution 27 males and 31 females ; discharged, 33 males and 22 females. Excellent health prevailed among the students and pupils during the year. There were no deaths and no serious cases of illness. Four cases of appendicitis were successfully treated, 3 by operative and 1 by nonoperative methods. A special course in world literature was added to the curriculum and a study made for future adjustment in connection with all courses given in the advanced department. The increasing number of pupils and students in the institution shows still further the pressing need of a library and recitation build¬ ing, which has been asked for by the secretary; also revision and improvement of the power house and heating and lighting system. In the near future the gymnasium should be remodeled and special appropriations made for the construction of a new primary plant. Research work in the occupations of the deaf was conducted by normal students of the institution during the year, and a study of family background of former students was made by a deaf graduate student. Particular attention is needed to the study of acquisition of lan¬ guage by deaf persons and the best methods of teaching English. This and other important reasearch projects call for a research worker and assistant to be employed regularly by the institution. The increase of students calls, also, for the employment of an addi¬ tional instructor. Twenty additional scholarships were granted to the advanced department .of the institution by Congress, making a total of 145 now available. 433 434 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Receipts for the year were $170,258.64; expenses, $169,001.02. On commencement day, 6 pupils of the Kendall School received diplomas, 6 members of the normal department received the degree of master of arts, 2 deaf graduate students received the degree of master of arts in course. The degree of bachelor of arts was con¬ ferred on 11 members of the senior class, and the degree of bachelor of science on 9. THE ALASKA RAILROAD (O. F. Ohlson, General Manager ) GENERAL REMARKS The program of improvements and rehabilitation, consisting of ditching, bank widening, grade raising, ballasting, filling-in of wooden trestles, replacing wooden culverts with concrete pipe, plac¬ ing rock to protect roadbed against erosion from rivers and streams, and making line changes to eliminate snowsheds progressed favor¬ ably. INVESTIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES The Alaska Railroad continued actively to aid the mining industry by maintaining an office, with a mining geologist, through which, in cooperation with the Alaskan branch of the Geological Survey, pros¬ pectors, mine operators, and prospective investors are given what information is available. In connection with this aid a number of investigations of prospects, mines, and mineralized areas were made, and this information is available to the public. Gold is the chief metal mined in the Railroad belt. With the con¬ tinued stimulation of a $35-per-ounce price, prospecting, develop¬ ment, and mining has been at its highest point since the World War. Numerous new gold placer mines have been started on properties that could not be worked at the old price of gold, and machinery is being placed on many claims that previously have been mined by hand. The installation of several new dredges is contemplated for the immediate future. Some promising new strikes have been made in districts that heretofore have been neglected. Several new gold- quartz mines have been added to the list of already producing mines. The mining of base metals is at a low ebb, due to the continued low price of these metals, and an immediate prospect of these de¬ posits contributing tonnage for the Railroad cannot be expected. Early in the fiscal year 1935 the examination of the Eska coal lease, which is the Railroad’s emergency coal reserve, was com¬ pleted. As a result of the examination it was decided to drive a 435 436 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 19 3 5 new tunnel to open up coal beds containing a higher-quality coal. The project calls for approximately 1,500 feet of underground work, j and was started about the 1st of August and continued until the middle of October. Work was resumed in June 1935 and will be I completed in early December, this year. The new coal development will eliminate the flood hazard of Eska Creek, reduce mining and mine-maintenance costs, and will assure the Railroad of a continued fuel supply in the event of any emergency that may arise at the privately operated mines. Late in the fiscal year 1935 a topographic and geologic survey of the Matanuska bituminous coal field between Eska and Moose Creeks i was started. Ultimately this work will be of great value, not only for the development of the private mines, but will also enable the j Railroad to ascertain the available coal reserves in this part of the field. The Healy River Coal Co., in the Healy River coal field, and the Evan Jones Coal Co., and the New Black Diamond Coal Co., both in the Matanuska coal field, operated almost continuously throughout the year, and entirely supplied the Railroad and the commercial market with coal. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT A progressive stride in the colonization of Alaska was made when, during May 1935, 200 colonists with their families were transported to Alaska and installed upon land in the Matanuska Valley. This movement was initiated and sponsored by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and later turned over to the Alaska Rural Rehabilitation Corporation. The Railroad continued throughout the year to disseminate in¬ formation on requests by prospective settlers, which were quite heavy due to press reports covering the Government project at Palmer. However, but few settlers acted upon the information furnished and located in the Railroad belt, due greatly to a lack of capital necessary to undertake such a venture. TOURIST TRAFFIC Tourist traffic increased over that handled the previous year, not¬ withstanding many cancelations received during the 1934 tourist year, caused by the Pacific coast longshoremen’s strike. The great amount of publicity given to Alaska in recent months has greatly encouraged Alaska travel, and from the volume of business booked for the 1935 tourist season, it is indicative that travel to Alaska is continuing on an upward trend. THE ALASKA RAILROAD 437 FINANCIAL Revenue from all sources, including nonoperating income, was $1,476,567.76, an increase of $182,883.46, or 14.14 percent. The operating ratio of the Railroad decreased from 117.26 percent in 1934 to 105.61 percent in 1935. Total expenses for rail and water line were $1,557,563.18, an in¬ crease of $86,067.12, or 5.85 percent. Total deficit for rail- and river-line operation and including miscellaneous operations was $73,674.66, a decrease of $105,298.67, or 58.83 percent. From this should be deducted the amount of $16,619.18 expended during the fiscal year for investigation of mineral and other resources, reducing the deficit to $57,055.48. There was an increase of 15,702 tons in amount of rail-line freight tonnage during 1935 over that of the previous year, with a corre¬ sponding increase in freight revenue of $126,527.08. The increase of 15,702 tons in freight tonnage was divided 8,051 tons coal shipments and 7,651 tons miscellaneous merchandise. The increase in freight tonnage is attributed to the expansion of the gold mining industry carried on adjacent to the line of the Alaska Railroad. The number of rail-line revenue passengers carried increased 7,486 over that carried in 1934; rail-line passenger revenue likewise in¬ creased $52,561.29 over the preceding year. The pay roll for 1935 amounted to $1,338,825.27, an increase of $96,124.87 over the previous year. The increase in pay roll was due mostly to discontinuance of legislative salary deductions, and partly to increased tonnage handled during the fiscal year, requiring in¬ creased operating personnel. GENERAL BUSINESS CONDITIONS AND OUTLOOK FOR TRAFFIC IN FUTURE The mining industry, having been stimulated during the year by a favorable gold price, may be expected under the current gold price to continue to develop and expand during 1935-36, thereby creating an increase in tonnage for the Alaska Railroad. The colonization project in the Matanuska Yalley, which created a large amount of tonnage for the Railroad during the latter part of the 1935 fiscal year, will resolve to a volume of traffic normally to be expected from a farming community of its size, on completion of the construction and development stages of the project. There are no apparent indications, other than those mentioned, for any increases in general business in other lines for the coming fiscal year. . THE PERRY’S VICTORY MEMORIAL COMMISSION (Webster P. Huntington, President) The Fifteenth Annual Report of the Perry’s Victory Memorial Commission to the Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year ended December 1, 1934, noted total receipts from operation of the Memorial during the season of 1934 in the sum of $2,980.95, and total disburs- ments of $3,062.70, the latter figure including accumulated indebted¬ ness of $1,440.25 carried over from previous seasons since the advent of the general business depression. The actual expenses on account of operation in 1934 were $1,622.45. Receipts indicated an approxi¬ mate increase of 17 percent over those of 1933, and actual expenses of operation a decrease of approximately 30 percent. This decrease, however, was accomplished at the sacrifice of proper care of the Memorial grounds as compared with previous seasons and reduced consumption of electric current for night lighting, thus affording only the minimum of protection to navigation and aviation within the financial resources of the Commission to provide. The increase in receipts was the first recorded in 5 years, or since the depression began. At the time of filing this summary (Aug. 29, 1935) indications are that a slight increase of receipts for the present season will be recorded over the season of 1934. Within the year the Commission has concluded and paid for all contracts for improvements and repairs authorized by the grant of $25,025 by the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, except two items thereof rescinded and the item of $175 for repairs to the lightning-protection system of the Memorial, the latter still remaining in course of adjustment. The rescinded items were $2,000 for expenses incurred in connection with the contract to change the drainage system of the Memorial and $2,465 for expenses incurred in connection with the contract to install the electric lighting system, the allotted funds for both of which were returned to the United States Treasury. The chief allotment of the P. W. A. grant was $18,400 for a new retaining and sea wall along the north shore of the Memorial grounds. The contract for this work was let for $17,100, and the completed wall justifies the highest expectations in regard to it as a protection against erosion for many years to come. 439 440 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 193 5 Concerning the physical condition of the Memorial proper, its approaches and terraces, the Commission reports that it evidences no deterioration affecting the permanence of their construction. At the late session of the Seventy-fourth Congress legislation was introduced seeking to transfer full control of the Memorial property to the National Park Service under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior and continuing members of the present Commission as constituting a board advisory to the national authorities. The identical Senate and House bills to accomplish this object failed of enactment. The Commission renews its former representations in support of such legislation in the hope and expectation that it will receive congressional approval at the coming session. o