ANNUAL REPORT of the SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR for the FISCAL YEAR ENDED 1 QQQ JUNE 30 F+o -‘ tOtOOCOOlCOOOiMOiOi *4ts5tdO^OOWMOOOOOi^H LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL The Secretary of the Interior, Washington , November 30 , 1933. Sir: I have the honor to transmit my annual report for the Depart¬ ment of the Interior for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1933. Very respectfully, Harold L. Ickes, Secretary. The President, The White House. THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR TO THE PRESIDENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1933 The first annual report of a Cabinet officer assuming his duties with a new administration is necessarily brief, as the period covered is only from March 4 to June 30. I will not attempt to interpret or give a resume of the detailed re¬ ports of the various bureaus, divisions, and offices of the Department of the Interior contained herein. They will speak for themselves. Under this administration several new administrative agencies have either been brought into the Department from other departments or have been newly created. These are: The Bureau of Mines, retransferred from the Department of Com¬ merce in anticipation of an Executive order to that effect to be issued later. The Federal Board for Vocational Education which has been set up as a branch of the Office of Education. The Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital. . The Soil Erosion Service. The Subsistence Homesteads Division. The Adviser on Economic Status of Negroes. In addition to the foregoing, the Department of the Interior has been designated by the President as the Federal agency responsible for certain administrative duties under the petroleum code, and the Sec¬ retary of the Interior has been made administrator under the oil code as well as Administrator of Public Works. However, since all of these additional activities were brought under the jurisdiction of the De¬ partment subsequent to June 30, they are not discussed in this report. The detailed reports of the various divisions of the Department have been materially cut down in volume in this report for reasons of economy. Full details of the activities of any part of the Department during the year covered by the report are available in the files of the Department to whomever may be interested. VI THE SOLICITOR The work of the solicitor’s office shows a considerable increase during the fiscal year, notably in the matter of reports on proposed legislation, the number attaining a total of 982. INDIANS Two cases of outstanding importance affecting the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior over the property of Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma were decided by the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia on April 3, 1933, namely, King v. Ickes (64 Fed. 2d, 979), and Ickes v. Perry (64 Fed. 2d, 982). The purpose of both suits was to compel the Secretary to release large sums of money held by him belonging to Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of one half or more Indian blood. These funds were the proceeds from leases of restricted lands. The restrictions having been removed from the lands, it was contended that this operated to remove the restrictions from the funds. The decision of the trial court in one case was for and in the other against the Secretary. Appeals were perfected; and while the cases were before the appellate court, Con¬ gress enacted the act of January 27, 1933 (47 Stat. 777), section 1 of which declared that all funds then held by or which might there¬ after come under the supervision of the Secretary belonging to Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of one half or more Indian blood are restricted, and that all such moneys shall remain subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary until April 26, 1956. The Court of Appeals ruled in both cases that this enactment applied to the funds involved in the pending suits and made them restricted and subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary irrespective of whether the prop¬ erty was theretofore restricted or unrestricted. IRRIGATION-BOULDER DAM PROJECT Federal irrigation development by the Bureau of Reclamation and the Office of Indian Affairs continues to entail legal problems. During the year 12 cases were taken to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and were decided in favor of the United States. The construction of Boulder Dam and appurte¬ nant works, with a contemplated expenditure of $165,000,000, produces many legal problems; and these come to the solicitor’s 1 2 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 office. Complicated specifications and attendant contracts are examined, while purchase contracts of large magnitude must be passed upon. Questions involving conflicting rights between the States and the United States in the construction of the Boulder Canyon Project have been numerous. In the establishment of Boulder City and its government, questions of law have arisen concerning construc¬ tion of waterworks, public buildings, streets, establishment and maintenance of schools, a police force, and the trial of cases involving misdemeanors. OIL, GAS, AND OIL SHALE Under the oil-conservation policy which became effective March 13, 1927, no oil and gas prospecting permits were issued. On April 4, 1932, the Department approved regulations providing for the issuance of permits on conditions giving the Department wide control over drilling and production as provided in the act of March 4, 1931. The result has been renewed activity in permits. In cases where these have been denied, appeals have been taken to the Secretary and have been considered in the office of the solicitor. The order of August 6, 1932, that the volume of oil produced be measured without deduction, except for the actual percentage of impurities, has had far-reaching effect. The validity of the requirement that annual assessment work be performed in oil shale placer claims is before the office in a number of appeals from the decision of the Commissioner of the General Land Office. A suit for injunction restraining the Secretary from taking proceedings against these claims because of default in annual assessment work is now before the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. WAR MINERALS RELIEF During the year the office has actively participated in the trial of a number of cases arising under the War Minerals Relief Act of March 2, 1919, selected for hearing because they involved questions whose determination would enable the solicitor to dispose of other pending suits. The outstanding cases finally determined were two which involved the claim of the Chestatee Pyrites & Chemical Corporation. These cases were before the Court of Appeals of the District of Colum¬ bia and the Supreme Court of the United States several times, and were finally settled in accordance with the mandate of the Supreme Court. In the first of these cases (no. 335, decided January 16, 1933), the Supreme Court held that in claims presented under the War Minerals Act as amended February 13, 1929, purchase of equipment, salaries paid to executive officers, and similar items, might properly be included. In the second case (no. 767, decided May 29, 1933), the Supreme Court sustained the Secretary of the Interior in declining SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 3 to pay interest, amounting to over half a million dollars, claimed to have accrued after the enactment of the act of March 2, 1919, which permitted interest to be charged. Fifty-eight war mineral cases remain to be determined by the Secretary of the Interior. Four cases are now before the courts on appeal. The most important is Ickes v. Cuyuna Mining <& Investment Co., which probably will be heard by the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia during its October Term. This case involves the question of the assignability of war minerals claims. OTHER MATTERS The reorganization of Federal functions has brought to the Depart¬ ment of the Interior additional activities — notably in the new estab¬ lishment of the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations — which present for consideration many legal problems not heretofore within the assignment of the duties of the solicitor. The following table shows work performed in the office: Table showing work performed by office of the solicitor during fiscal year ending June 80, 1933 Public-land matters Indian matters Miscella¬ neous mat¬ ters Appeals Motions Pending July 1, 1932 . . . 220 811 9 111 9 11, 951 17 9,821 Received during year . Total . . . . 1,031 621 120 104 11, 960 11, 938 9, 838 9, 825 Disposed of during year . Pending June 30, 1933 . . . . . . 410 16 22 13 “Miscellaneous Matters” include the following: Formal opinions by the solicitor _ 61 Reports on legislation _ 982 Contracts for the erection of buildings, for building of roads, for supplies. 1147 Cases prepared for submission to the Board of Equitable Adjudication _ 892 Oil and gas matters: Leases _ 23 Prospecting permits: Reinstated _ _ _ 9 Granted _ 1, 149 Assignments _ 127 Extensions of time _ _ 1, 466 Canceled _ 436 Coal matters: Prospecting permits _ 84 Licenses _ 32 Leases _ 35 Potash matters: Prospecting permits _ 78 Leases _ 3 WAR MINERALS RELIEF COMMISSION (Roscoe Fertich, Commissioner) The Secretary of the Interior under section 5 of the act of March 2, 1919 (40 Stat. 1272) was authorized to adjust, liquidate, and pay certain losses suffered by persons by reason of producing or preparing to produce certain minerals in compliance with the request or demand of named agencies of the Federal Government. This act was amended February 13, 1929 (45 Stat. 1166) authorizing the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia to review the decisions of the Secretary of the Interior upon questions of law, with the usual right of appeal; but providing, also, that “the decision of the Secretary of the Interior on all questions of fact shall be conclusive and not subject to review by any court.” Under this amendment 337 petitions were filed, of which 5 have been dismissed by the court, and 173 decrees, mostly by consent, have been referred to the Secretary of the Interior for review. On June 30, 1933, 159 cases were pending in the court. At the beginning of this fiscal year there were 62 decrees pending action by the Secretary of the Interior; and, in addition, 52 decrees were handed down during the year. Under these decrees, 56 cases were considered, of which 53 resulted in awards, 2 in disallowances and one in a decision from which an appeal has been taken. There are 58 cases remaining for considera¬ tion by The Secretary of the Interior at the end of the fiscal year. CONTROLLING COURT DECISIONS The United States Supreme Court in the Vindicator-Chestatee, decided December 7, 1931, held that a claim under the act might properly include the purchase of property (land) and interest to March 2, 1919, on money borrowed and lost in operations; and, in the (second) Chestatee, decided January 16, 1933, held that expenditures for salaries of officers, legal services, taxes, and expenditures prior to stimulation were permissible; and, in the (third) Chestatee , decided May 29, 1933, held that interest paid or accured was allowable only to March 2, 1919. 4 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION (El wood Mead, Commissioner) The area irrigated in 1932 with water from Government works was 2,769,605 acres, a decrease of 77,002 acres over that of 1931. The area cropped was 2,775,280 acres, an increase of 3,096 acres. The total value of crops was $50,158,381, a decrease of $23,801,996 compared with 1931, and of $69,503,439 compared with 1930. This decrease in crop values was due largely to the agricultural depression and the prevailing low prices of crops. During the period 1906, when water was first available, and to and including 1932, the cumulative value of crops grown on land irrigated from Government works amounted to $1,886,048,258. Construction payments in cash and credits from power and other sources received during the fiscal year 1933 were $887,460.68, a de¬ crease of $616,990.75 compared with the previous year. Payments for operation and maintenance were $1,138,403.19, an increase of $30,694.66 compared with the previous year. Total payments amounted to $2,025,863.87 compared with $2,612,159.96 in 1931, a decrease of $586,296.09. Income to the Bureau from all sources during the fiscal year was $4,688,255.57, or $711,059.37 less than in the previous year. The operation expense for the year was $1,127,394.40, a decrease from the previous year of $321,795.34. Excess of operation and maintenance receipts over expense for the period amounted to $11,008.79 compared with an excess of expense over receipts of $341,481.21 for the previous year. The appropriation available for construction was $4,060,198. The amount expended on construction was $3,488,034.62 compared with $7,255,188 the previous year. Reduced revenues coming into the reclamation fund have brought about a sharp reduction in construction activities and unless some means be found for resuming work on a more extensive scale, funds that have been spent on storage works and canal systems will remain tied up until projects have been completed and water made available for the irrigable lands, and until water can be furnished, the Govern¬ ment is not in a position to call for the return of the construction costs. In other cases there is urgent requirement for the construction of storage reservoirs to provide additional water for well-developed 6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 projects that are handicapped because of a shortage particularly after the middle of July. The Boulder Canyon project comes under a separate authorization and appropriations for this work are made direct from the General Treasury. The Bureau has expended for surveys and investigations, construction, operation and maintenance, and incidental operations, $278,500,000, distributed approximately as follows: Surveys and investigations not allocated to primary projects _ $2, 900, 000 Construction of irrigation works, etc _ _ _ 226, 500, 000 Operation and maintenance _ 36, 900, 000 Incidental operations, plant and equipment, etc. _ _ 12, 200, 000 Total _ _ 278,500,000 The relief acts of April 1, 1932, and March 4, 1933, granting to water users on Federal projects a suspension of payment of construc¬ tion charges that became due in 1931, 1932, and 1933, resulted in a further reduction in reclamation revenues. Accretions to the revolv¬ ing fund from the sale of public lands was $293,863.78, which is a shrinkage of about one third of the revenues received from this source in the previous fiscal year, and from oil leases $1,833,721, an increase of $404,449. As a result of reduced revenues the appropriations available for carrying on work in the fiscal year 1934 are estimated as follows: Direct appropriations _ $3, 003, 000 Unexpended balances continued available _ _ _ 1, 485, 245 Power revenues _ 405, 000 Funds to be advanced _ _ _ 539,746 Total available _ 5, 432, 991 THIRD YEAR’S PROGRESS ON BOULDER CANYON PROJECT Construction progress on Boulder Dam has been continued at the same rapid pace that characterized the work during the first 2 years and at the end of the year the contractor was approximately 18 months ahead of the original schedule. The river was diverted through the 50-foot tunnels in November 1932, the cofferdams com¬ pleted during the winter months, the foundation excavation com¬ pleted in the spring, and the first concrete placed on June 6. The contractors have planned to place the mass concrete in the dam — 3,400,000 cubic yards — in 23 months, which is 9 months less than the time allowed in the first estimate. The principal contracts awarded during the year covered the instal¬ lation of the 150-ton permanent cableway by the Lidgerwood Manu¬ facturing Co., the price being $172,110. The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., of East Pittsburgh, Pa., was awarded a contract for furnishing eight plate-steel cylinder gates, 34 feet in SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 7 diameter, for the intake towers, their bid being $334,737. The Goslin-Birmingham Co., of Birmingham, Ala., has the contract for supplying entrance liners and other appurtenances for the intake- tower gates at a price of $56,000. On February 3, 1933, bids were opened for furnishing hydraulic apparatus for the Boulder powder plant, includ¬ ing four 115,000-horsepower and one 55,000-horsepower, vertical shaft, hydraulic turbines, with governors. The Allis-Chalmers Manufac¬ turing Co., of Milwaukee, Wis., was awarded a contract for the four large wheels at $1,087,600, and the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., of Newport News, Va., was the successful bidder for supplying the small wheel at $124,684. The Woodward Governor Co., of Rockford, Ill., is furnishing the five governors at a price of $60,605. At the end of the year specifications were being prepared for the furnishing and installation of four 82,500-kilovolt-ampere and one' 40,000-kilovolt-amperes vertical-shaft alternating-current generators for the Boulder power plant. During the year 859,500 barrels of cement were purchased. A combination of four southern California mills — the Riverside Cement Co., California Portland Cement Co., Southwestern Portland Cement Co., and the Monolith Portland Cement Co. — furnished 782,000 barrels, wdiile the Union Portland Cement Co., of Denver, Colo., was given a contract for 77,500 barrels. CONSTRUCTION ON RECLAMATION PROJECTS DURING FISCAL YEAR On the Owyhee project, Oregon, construction work has been in progress throughout the fiscal year. Owyhee Dam and the two long tunnels at the head of the canal system were completed. Contracts have been awarded for the first 10 miles of the main canal and good construction progress has been made. The Cle Elum Dam, on the Yakima project, Washington, was 94 percent completed at the close of the fiscal year. This is a rolled-earth and gravel-fill dam 135 feet high, 770 feet long, with a reservoir capacity of 435,000 acre-feet of water. On the Kittitas division of this project the Wippel pumping plant was completed and also the Badger Creek wasteway, while on the Kennewick division the Prosser Canal and power plant were put into operation. A power plant was also completed on the Grand Valley project in Colorado. On the Minidoka project, in Idaho, work was continued on the enlargement of the South Side Main Canal and lateral extensions on the Gooding division. Drainage work was continued on the Sun River project, Montana; Rio Grande project, New Mexico-Texas ; Klamath project, Calif ornia- Oregon; Belle Fourche project, South Dakota; and the Willwood division of the Shoshone project, Wyoming. During the year 76 miles of canals and 109 miles of drains were constructed, making the total 8 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 to date 17,808 miles. The construction work at Boulder Dam in¬ creased the number of tunnels from 142 to 190 with a distance of 260,841 feet. There were 1,665 new canal structures built, 75 bridges, and 355 culverts. The Bureau has laid 4,792,055 feet, or 908 miles, of pipe; completed 1,498 miles of road, 120 miles of railroad, 4,086 miles of telephone lines, and 3,587 miles of transmission lines. Build¬ ing these numerous canal systems has required the excavation of 319,004,119 cubic yards of earth and rock, and the placing of 5,651,168 cubic yards of concrete, in which 6,502,636 barrels of cement have been used. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION Farmers on Federal reclamation projects have felt the depression with a force equal to that experienced in other agricultural sections. One encouraging exception, however, is noted on the sugar-beet projects where the crop is contracted before planting and where is known within reasonable limits what is to be paid at harvest time. The average value of crops grown on all Federal projects in 1932 dropped to $20.69, which is the lowest average during the entire existence of reclamation activities. Fortunately, there is very good evidence at hand to show that the bottom has been reached and that we have started on the upgrade. Early in the spring of 1933 there was a substantial increase in the price of dairy products, wool was being contracted at about double the price received the year before, the price of cotton had advanced, and, with increased prices being received from livestock, there was a corresponding increase in the selling price of alfalfa. The prospects for better prices for the 1933 crop were very promising, particularly for potatoes and beans, which are two of the important cash crops on northern projects. A brief statement as to general trends in crop production durmg recent years gives some idea of the contribution of Federal reclamation to the agricultural life of the country and particularly to the unim¬ portant part it plays in increasing the agricultural surplus. The area cultivated remains approximately four tenths of 1 percent of the total cropped area of the United States and about 1 percent of the value of all crops. Wheat has been decreasing in area and the production is now about three fourths of what it was 5 years ago. Cotton has also fallen off to approximately one half of the 1928 area. On the other hand, irrigated pastures, alfalfa, barley, and oats have been increasing year by year. These are the crops that are consumed on the farm and do not enter into competition with crops produced in humid sections. Potatoes and fruits have shown both increases and decreases in area and production during recent years, but the general trend has been upward. Sugar beets, also noncompetitive, which have shown an increase in area during the past few years, are still about SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 9 7 percent less than the maximum of 1929, although the average yield has increased about 25 percent. Federal reclamation has furnished an important market for the sale of manufactured products in the 43,377 irrigated farms with a population of 181,007, and 227 cities and towns with an additional population of 515,423, which in large part have resulted from the construction of these projects. MORATORIUM FOR WATER USERS The act of April 1, 1932, granted to water users on Federal projects a moratorium on the construction charges that became due in 1931 and one half of the charges that became due in 1932. As the economic conditions that justified this moratorium still continued during the calendar year 1932, it was evident that further relief would have to be extended to the water users. A meeting of the Federal Irrigation Congress was held in Boise, Idaho, September 1-2, and resolutions were passed recommending a continued suspension for a term of 3 years, without interest, of payments on construction and other charges due the United States on Federal projects and that said charges, together with accrued interest, as well as interest that became due under the act of April 1, 1932, be deferred to the end of the contract repayment period on the projects. Several bills providing for relief were introduced in the Congress and hearings were held on January 25-27 before the Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation, and on February 23 before the House Committee on Rules. Under date of March 3, 1933, Congress passed an act extending the provisions of the act of April 1 to include the remaining half of the charges due for 1932, and all similar charges to become due in 1933, such deferred charges to bear interest at the rate of 3 percent per annum, which rate was to apply to charges deferred under the first act which, by regu¬ lation of the Secretary, provided for interest payments at the rate of 5 percent per annum. This moratorium resulted in a marked reduction in receipts to be credited to the reclamation fund and limited the amount appropriated by Congress for continuing the construction work, exclusive of sums carried over from previous appropriations, to $2,065,000, which is about one third of the amount that would have been available under normal conditions. In order to offset this difference and give oppor¬ tunity to continue work on the few projects that were not completed, an act was approved on May 12, 1933, which authorized the Recon¬ struction Finance Corporation, upon request of the Secretary of the Interior, to advance funds in an amount not exceeding $5,000,000 for construction of projects or divisions of projects now under con¬ struction or approved and authorized. The funds so advanced were 10 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 to be repaid out of any receipts accruing to the reclamation fund within 5 years of the date of advance, with interest at 4 percent. It has not been necessary to take advantage of the provisions of this act nor is it expected that such action will be taken. The National Industrial Recovery Act approved June 16, 1933, authorized an expenditure of $3,300,000,000, and plans were made for carrying on construction work on Federal projects with funds to be allotted by the Public Works Administration. ADJUSTMENT CONTRACTS MILK RIVER PROJECT, MONTANA Contracts amendatory of the 1926 repayment contracts with the Malta Irrigation District and the Glasgow Irrigation District were entered into September 10, 1932, and September 20, 1932, respectively, which provided principally for adjustment of payments during the life of the original contracts. In spite of the very great reduction in the amount to be repaid during 1932, very few water users were able to meet the first payment due, and it was necessary that all districts accept the provisions of the moratorium act. YAKIMA PROJECT, WASHINGTON Adjustment contracts under the act of May 25, 1926, were com¬ pleted with the 3 of the 6 small irrigation districts under the Sunnyside division of the Yakima project which had not previously contracted for extending the time for payment of construction charges. These districts were the Grandview, Snipes Mountain, and Outlook. The relief granted these six districts permits them to carry on without taking advantage of the act of April 1, 1932. However, at the end of the fiscal year four of these districts had filed applications accepting the amendatory act of March 3, 1933. The Sunnyside Valley Irri¬ gation District secured relief under the original act, as did also some 80 percent of the individual water users on the Tie ton division. Inasmuch as the charges covered by the amendatory act are not 12 months in arrears, little interest has been manifested in this act up to the close of the fiscal year. SHOSHONE PROJECT, WYOMING A supplemental contract dated June 3, 1933, was voted and signed by the Deaver Irrigation District, permitting the district to retain its construction collections during the next ten years and use them for additional drainage construction, which is badly needed. This district has a crop repayment contract, so that the period of repayment is automatically extended. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 11 On April 12, 1933, a contract was made with the Shoshone Irrigation District whereby the district is relieved of paying construction assess¬ ments on State-owned land within the district which may not by law be subject to assessment by the district. PROJECT SETTLEMENT ACTIVITIES During the fiscal year 190 public land farm units, comprising a total irrigable area of 11,699 acres, were opened to entry as follows: August 22, 1932, Lower YeUowstone Project, Montana- North Dakota, 4. January 3, 1933, Belle Fourche Project, South Dakota, 2. February 2, 1933, Pavillion and Pilot divisions, Riverton Project, Wyoming, 69. March 4, 1933, Kittitas Division, Yakima Project, Washington, 47. May 17, 1933, Gooding Division, Minidoka Project, Idaho, 68. Owing to the depressed financial condition prevalent on a large majority of the projects there was little to encourage settlement of the vacant public lands. Results, however, would seem to justify the recital of a few exceptions to this rule. On the Belle Fourche project the season of 1933 showed a satis¬ factory increase over that of 1932 in point of new settlers and in the area under cultivation, and although there was an absence of much needed capital, the settlers were improving their farms, their indedted- ness was inconsequential, and they were able to face the future with confidence. There was much demand for the farms on the Kittitas division of the Yakima project, and from January 1 to the close of the fiscal year 30 families located in the valley. Of the 47 farm units opened to entry on March 4, 88 applications had been received to June 30, and 38 of these applicants made entry. Irrespective of economic conditions similar to those existing on the other projects, the Riverton project closed the fiscal year with the addition of 12 carefully selected settlers. In spite of the low prices received for farm products on the recla¬ mation projects, in general the morale of the settlers has not been seriously disturbed, and in the realization that their condition com¬ pares favorably with that of farmers in other sections of the country where crop prices have been at an exceedingly low ebb, they have taken on new hope and have determined to fight the depression to a finish. CONTRACTS The following summary shows the nature of the contracts entered into by the Bureau during the fiscal year, their number, and the amounts involved: 16586—33 - 2 12 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Nature of contracts Num¬ ber of con¬ tracts Amount involved Cooperative investigations. . . _ _ _ _ 2 529 184 96 101 24 66 6 21 418 11 6 325 49 $24, 000. 00 755, 243. 21 898, 098. 11 1, 622, 113. 41 39, 213. 14 11, 336, 316. 56 167, 947. 73 806. 20 11,422. 55 141, 518. 95 2, 031. 14 799. 00 175, 248. 44 121, 688. 12 Supplies.. _ _ _ _ _ Material . . . . . . . . Equipment . . . . . . Miscellaneous services . . . . . . Construction work _ _ _ _ _ Land purchases, including improvements... . . . . Land sales, including improvements. _ _ _ _ Leases to the United States _ _ _ _ Leases from the United States _ _ _ _ Compromise of damages. . . . . . . . . Rental of Government equipment _ _ Rental of water _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ Sale of surplus electrical energy _ _ _ _ . Sale of water rights to towns _ .. ... _ _ . _ Sale of water rights under the Warren Act _ _ 1 8 1 1 106 469. 20 4, 961, 184. 12 (12) Sale of water rights within projects. . ... _ _ _ _ Adjustment and relief . . . . . . . . .. ... Transfer of project operations. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Miscellaneous _ _ _ 70, 996.37 Total _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 955 3 20,329,096.25 i This represents contract with Shoshone Irrigation District, Shoshone project, Wyoming, covering suspension construction charges unsold State lands. * Deferments under moratorium acts of Apr. 1, 1932, and Mar. 3, 1933, not included under this item. » Estimated in part. ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING OPERATIONS SALT RIVER PROJECT, ARIZONA The effects of the prolonged economic depression have been severly felt in all activities, rural, urban, and suburban, throughout the project and vicinity. Construction was practically at a stand¬ still during the year, the State’s largest industry, copper mining, was almost completely shut down, and the prices of agricultural commod¬ ities were the lowest of record. There was no advance in agricultural development and no market for farm property, or, for that matter, any other kind of property. The collapse of the mining industry seriously affected an important market for farm products in the mining towns, and the shutting down of the mine plants cut off one of the most important markets for hydroelectric power from the project system. These revenues, formerly depended on to defray a considerable part of operation, maintenance, and overhead expenses, had to be made up by direct assessments. Under the circumstances banks were more conservative in extending credit, resulting in some increase in the amount required to be provided in cash for current financing, over normal times. The meeting of current expenses, plus a large floating indebtedness would undoubtedly have resulted disastrously for many landowners, but for a loan of $880,000 from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, made on notes signed by the individual shareholders, endorsed by the association as an organization. This enabled the association to pay its outstanding notes, and to acquire the stock of the locally SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 13 organized “ Agricultural Credit Finance Corporation”, with a paid-up capital of $350,000, which sum was thus made available for crop and water loans to association shareholders. This relief undoubtedly saved many farms from foreclosure. The increase in water stored in the four reservoirs on Salt River and in the underground gravels tapped by the project irrigation pumps, which resulted from the river flow of early 1932, made it possible to discontinue pumping during that year, except as needed for drainage. Failure of fall and winter rains to follow this run-off, however, made it advisable in 1933 to again draw heavily on the irrigation pumps in order to conserve surface storage waters. As a result, at the end of June 1933 the quantity stored was still 1,000,000 acre-feet, approximately 250,000 acre-feet less than at that date in 1932. This is a fairly satisfactory condition, assuring an adequate reserve at the end of the time of heavy use, September 30, with possibility that fall and winter run-off may reduce the amount required to be pumped in 1934. YUMA PROJECT, A RIZONA-CA LIFORNIA The slight advance in prices received for farm products, particularly during the last 6 months of the fiscal year, and the more economical methods of farming which of necessity were adopted by the farmers, contributed to the slight improvement in the general financial con¬ dition of the project water users over that of last year. The relief from reclamation charges afforded by the acts of April 1, 1932, and March 3, 1933, has been of very material assistance to water users. Additional relief in the form of reduced operation and maintenance charges, made possible by the drastic economies practiced by the Bureau, has also been of assistance. A preliminary survey now indicates that approximately 14,000 acres have been planted this year, as compared to 9,918 acres in 1932, 18,895 acres in 1931, 28,073 in 1930, and 36,029 in 1929. Of this year’s crop, approximately 3,000 acres have been signed up for destruc¬ tion under the plan of the Cotton Administration of the Farm Relief Act. Under the contract of February 5, 1931, the Yuma County Water Users’ Association makes all collections from individual water users in the valley division, containing 47,372 irrigable acres. As of June 30, 1933, the association had paid all O. & M. bills for the division, and had cleared for water, having paid in advance all individual assess¬ ments due, 42,579 acres, or 90 percent of the lands in the division. Of the 13,467 acres in the Reservation division, 93 percent are eligible for water at this time. 14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 ORLAND PROJECT , CALIFORNIA The unfavorable economic conditions of the previous year continued to a greater degree throughout 1932 in that prices for all farm prod¬ ucts, with but few exceptions, were lower. As a result of an ample water supply, crop yields were uniformly high, but prices were ruin¬ ously low. Collections of reclamation charges, aggregating $52,285, compared favorably with those of the preceding year (which were only $3,500 more), especially in view of the low prices received for farm produce generally and the fact that payment of nearly $69,000 of construction charges was deferred under the relief act of April 1, 1932. The crop value of $24.43 per acre for 1932 is the lowest in the 22 years of the project’s operation with the exception of the drought year of 1924. Farm equipment depreciated about 25 percent in value, while values of livestock decreased over 50 percent, owing partly to a reduction of nearly 500 cows among the dairy herds of the project. Reduction in available funds made it mandatory to curtail concrete lining operations on the project to 450 linear feet of laterals subject to excessive loss of water and high maintenance cost. Broken control parts on the 42-inch needle valves at Stony Gorge Dam were replaced. GRAND VALLEY PROJECT, COLORADO There were 459 farms irrigated during the 1932 irrigation season. The average crop value per acre was $16.26 as compared with a 10- year average of $35. This extremely low return was caused entirely by low prices for all farm products. Yields were normal for the year and sufficient irrigation water was available for all needs. The average water user has adapted himself to the changed conditions and has cut his cost of production to the minimum. A number of land transfers were made by local people during the year at very low prices. The price of farm lands ranged from $5 to $75 per acre depending on the soil qualities, improvements, location, etc. The beet-sugar factory at Delta processed all beats grown in the territory, and the Grand Junction factory remained idle. Sufficient acreage was contracted for the 1933 season to insure the operation of both factories. During the year the Grand Valley power plant was constructed at a cost of approximately $209,000. All funds in this connection were advanced by the Public Service Co. of Colorado and the plant was turned over to the company for operation on April 1, 1933. UNCOMP AHGRE PROJECT, COLORADO During the 1932 irrigation season 1,592 farms were irrigated. Of this number 782 were farmed by owners and 810 by tenants. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 15 The average crop value per acre was $11.84, which was only about one half the previous lowest return in the history of the project. This ruinously low return was due entirely to low prices received for agricultural products. All principal crops brought the lowest re¬ turns of record, with the result that no general project revenue was available from any source. A few farms were transferred by pur¬ chase and others by foreclosure, but no settlement activity was noticeable. The price of farm land ranged from $25 to $150 per acre, depending upon the quality of the soil, improvements, and location with reference to shipping points. BOISE PROJECT, IDAHO Farmers on the project have been handicapped by low prices for produce. Prunes, apples, and potatoes on many ranches were left unharvested because of lack of demand. As a result, farm financing has become a problem. There have been few sales, but a fair demand for rentals. Cooperatives have been active. The project continues to produce diversified crops and dairy products, with about half the project acreage in alfalfa hay and pasture. KING HILL PROJECT, IDAHO There were 122 farms on the project operated by owners and 70 by tenants. There has been an increase in the demand for rented farms, but in too many cases by persons without sufficient funds and equip¬ ment to carry on farming operations. As a result of the poor market for potatoes in 1932, there was a reduction in acreage this year, with a demand for early potatoes that was encouraging, although shipments had been limited to the markets that could be reached by trucks. There has been an in¬ crease in the area of small grain and all crops are looking better than in 1932. Alfalfa that survived the freezing weather is doing well, but much of this crop was killed during the long and very cold winter months. The canal system is in need of the replacement of some important structures comprising siphons, repairs to concrete flume floors, and headgates on the main canal. MINIDOKA PROJECT , IDAHO There were 2,384 farms irrigated on the old divisions of the project as compared with 2,285 during the preceding year. The number of irrigated farms is divided between the gravity and pumping divisions in the proportion of 1,522 on the former and 862 on the latter. There was little change in tenantry, about 40 percent of the farms being operated by tenants and 60 percent by the owners. Sales of farm property were comparatively few and prices were only fair. 16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Most crops produced good yields in 1932, but prices were very low. The total crop value was $1,444,575, or an average of $14.50 per acre. Sugar beets, with an average yield of $78 per acre, proved to be the most profitable crop. Most of the other farm products, however, especially potatoes, declined in price to such an extent that they yielded little or no profit. In spite of these conditions, collection of operation and maintenance charges on both the gravity and pumping divisions has been gratifying. Most of the construction charges either have been postponed or have been paid out of power profits. It is estimated that 30,242 acres on the Gooding division were irrigated with water from American Falls Reservoir, there being 134,000 acre-feet of storage delivered to these lands. As a result, the water supply for lands both above and below the Milner-Gooding Canal was more than doubled and the crop yields increased accordingly. BITTER ROOT PROJECT, MONTANA The money loaned by the United States to rehabilitate the project has had a most encouraging effect. During a number of years the uncertainty as to whether the project could finance itself to recon¬ struct many old wooden structures had caused much land to become tax deliquent to the extent that it was taken over by the county. During the past year many new settlers have purchased these lands in small tracts and are building their homes. These people are coming from the mining and dry-farming regions. There is also evidence of new building and other improvements by the original landowners. The prices prevailing for farm products have reduced the farmers’ income in most cases to less than the cost of production and, notwith¬ standing lower overhead expense, a condition making difficult the meeting of water assessments has resulted. Employment of land- owners on new construction work helped the tax payment situation to some extent. The district’s income from water charges was 60 percent of normal. The Bitter Root Irrigation District has an irriga¬ ble area of 18,240 acres. In 1932 there were 227 farms with 15,374 acres of land cropped and irrigated, a slight increase over the preceding year. HUNTLEY PROJECT, MONTANA During the 1932 irrigation season 649 farms were irrigated. Of this number 324 were operated by owners and 325 by tenants. The general population trend, back to the farm, held true for the Huntley project. The annual census showed an increase in the farm popula¬ tion of 513 during the year and an increase in the town population of 80, making a total increase for the project of 593. The average crop value per acre in 1932 was $24.84, which is the lowest in the project’s history with the exception of 1921. The water supply was adequate at all times and yields were good, the SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 17 low value being due to depression prices. Sugar beets were the principal cash crop and provided 72 percent of the total income from the farms. The yield of this crop was 2 tons per acre above the average. MILK RIVER PROJECT, MONTANA The year of 1932 was favorable for crop production and yields were somewhat above normal. The general low price level of all farm produce, however, resulted in a crop revenue far below that of several years past. The sugar-beet acreage was the largest and yields were the best in the history of the sugar industry on the project. Although an unusually low price was received by the farmers for beets, this crop was the only one that yielded a profit to the producer. Contracts, amendatory of the 1926 repayment contracts with the Malta and Glasgow irrigation districts, were executed during the year, which provided principally for an adjustment of payments during the life of the original contracts. In spite of the very great reduction in the amount to be repaid during 1932, very few water users were able to meet the first payment due, and it was necessary that all districts accept the provisions of the Moratorium Act. About 80,000 tons of sugar beets were refined by the Chinook factory of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Co., which constituted the greatest volume of any campaign in the fife of the industry upon the project. Slightly over 10,000 acres are contracted for 1933, which, with the crop prospect now in sight, should yield a tonnage at least equal to the capacity of the mill, during a normal operating season. Major repairs to the plant are being made, however, which are designed to increase its daily output, and it is anticipated that the crop can be handled without difficulty. SUN RIVER PROJECT, MONTANA The program followed since 1929 of changing the large grain acreage to alfalfa, sweetclover, forage, and cultivated crops was continued during 1932. Good progress was made as evidenced by the fact that at the end of 1932 there were 2,561 acres in sweetclover, 12,716 acres in alfalfa, 400 acres in potatoes, 100 acres in corn, com¬ pared to the year 1929, when there were 1,148 acres in sweetclover, 4,893 acres in alfalfa, 43 acres in potatoes, and none in corn. In 1933 considerable interest was aroused in the raising of sugar beets and 80 acres were contracted. That the nearest sugar factory at Chinook now has more than 10,000 acres under contract and the freight charge from the Sun River project amounts to about $1.30 are indications that a factory will have to be located near the project before sugar-beet raising can be extensively adopted. The Fort Shaw division was successfully operated by the Fort Shaw Irrigation District. The Greenfields and Big Coulee divisions 18 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 as well as the main canals and storage works were operated in an efficient manner by the Greenfields Irrigation District. During the last half of the calendar year 1932 the W. H. Puckett Co., of Boise, Idaho, constructed 16.2 miles of drains which were urgently needed to protect and reclaim lands from waterlogging. Additional drainage work should be done in the very near future to protect additional lands from waterlogging. LOWER YELLOWSTONE PROJECT, MONTANA-NORTH DAKOTA There were 481 irrigated farms on the project. In addition 54 farms were wholly dry, with small returns. The area irrigated was 31,235 acres, which was about the same as the previous year. The total area assessed for charges was about 44,000 acres. This figure includes roads, laterals, and farmsteads, so it is probable that an area of about 6,000 acres susceptible of irrigation was not being irrigated. A large percentage of this acreage is very undesirable lor irrigation. During the current year 55.3 percent of the irrigated farms were operated by owners or managers compared to 54.7 percent the pre¬ vious year. No attempt has been made to encourage settlement owing to the depressed agricultural condition. The irrigation dis¬ tricts made no sales of lands taken over for nonpayment of taxes. Two contracts for sale were canceled and one farm was purchased because of the nonpayment of taxes. In spite of the low prices received for farm products the financial record of the district was satisfactory. Both districts raised sufficient money to keep the operation and maintenance work on a cash basis. NORTH PLATTE PROJECT , NEBRASKA-WYOMING The run-off of the North Platte River for 1932 was slightly above normal and the irrigation water supply was ample. The area irri¬ gated was about the same as that of the previous year. All of the irrigation districts, except Pathfinder, delivered water to all lands not in arrears for more than 2 years in the payment of water charges, and this policy no doubt resulted in a larger area being watered than would otherwise have been the case. Yields of all crops, with the exception of potatoes, which were poor in quantity and quality, were normal or better. Prices received for all farm products were low. The price paid for sugar beets at the time of harvest was $4 per ton. An additional payment of about 40 cents per ton was made in June 1933 and a small additional payment may be made if the price of sugar remains favorable. On account of their previous good financial condition, all of the irrigation districts, except Northport, were still on a cash basis. Power credits and the moratorium acts have taken care of construction payments. The Northport district continues SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 19 to be in a precarious financial condition and additional assistance is needed. The only construction work undertaken by the Bureau was the building of approximately 11 miles of 33, 000-volt transmission line between Lingle power plant and the town of Torrington, Wyo. This line was about 75 percent completed at the end of the fiscal year. The irrigation districts excavated 13 miles of new drain ditches for the protection of irrigated lands. NEWLANDS PROJECT , NEVADA The water supply was ample for irrigation of lands in the Carson division, but the extremely low elevation of Lake Tahoe and a defi¬ cient run-off into the Truckee River necessitated the purchase by the irrigation district, at heavy expense, of privately owned stored water in Donner and Independence Lakes for use on bench lands under the Truckee Canal during the 1932 season. In order to pre¬ vent a shortage of irrigation water for the Fernley and Hazen dis¬ tricts after July 15, 1933, negotiations were again in progress at the end of the fiscal year for a similar purchase. The installation of a pumping plant to pump water from Lahontan Reservoir into the lower end of the Truckee Canal for irrigation use on the Swingle Bench area was undertaken. Run-off in the Truckee and Carson Rivers was retarded and greatly reduced during the spring of 1933 on account of cold, unfavorable weather. The irrigated area on farms totaled 44,304 acres, in addition to which 7,623 acres in outside community pastures received some regulatory and drainage waters for irrigation. Farms operated by owners numbered 525 and by tenants 182. During the year the directors of the district authorized the sale of water rights for a num¬ ber of small tracts of privately owned land upon which drainage and other district charges had been assessed, but no new water-right applications were completed. Crops with a total estimated value of about $516,500 were harvested during 1932. This was a decrease over the crop value of the preceding year of $222,500, although the yields were considerably greater. Alfalfa production, stock feeding, and dairying continued to be the major agricultural pursuits. Faced with the prospects of another severe water shortage on the bench lands, the board of directors of the district on May 1, 1933, authorized the construction of the Lahontan-Swingle Bench pumping plant. The installation of this plant, at a cost of approximately $11,000, was completed on June 30. The capacity of the plant is about 70 cubic feet per second and the equipment comprises two 20-inch centrifugal pumps and motors. Operation of the plant was commenced on July 9, 1933, water being pumped from Lahontan Reservoir, through connections with the 78-inch power penstock, into the lower end of the Truckee Canal. 20 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 CARLSBAD PROJECT, NEW MEXICO There were 438 farms cultivated during the year, of which 279 were cultivated by owners or managers and 159 by tenants. The total area irrigated was 24,760 acres. Prices of farm lands ranged from $100 to $250 per acre. There were no farms sold during the year. About $650,000 was borrowed from the Federal land bank. Con¬ siderable difficulty in meeting mortgage payments was experienced by farm owners and the delinquency at the close of the year was about 60 percent. Crop yields for 1932 averaged $19.59 per acre, or $10.67 less than the low value of the previous year and the lowest since the early years of the project. Financial conditions were serious throughout the year. The local bank deposits as of June 30, 1933, were $460,000. Very few loans were made by the local bank and none for crop production. Loans totaling about $60,000 were made by the loan agencies of the Government, namely, the so-called “seed loan” and the “agricultural credit agency” of the Reconstruc¬ tion Finance Corporation. Prices for staple crops had improved at the end of June. RIO GRANDE PROJECT, NEW MEXI CO-TEXAS Practically all of the project is in private ownership and approxi¬ mately 90 percent was in cultivation. The number of irrigated farms increased from 4,496 in 1931 to 4,557 in 1932. However, the cropped area was reduced from 137,378 to 134,531. This reduction in area was brought about by lack of finances among the water users. Only 2,846 farms, or 62 percent, were farmed by the property owners, and 1,711, or 38 percent, by menagers and tenants. The farms average from 60 to 120 acres in size. However, the average size is reducing every year, owing to subdivision of properties into suburban tracts near El Paso. Crop financing has become more difficult to obtain through private sources each year and as a result the Federal seed and other Federal loan agencies have been freely used to finance the 1933 crops. The financing of these crops on the whole is an improvement over the previous year even though the general depression and economic conditions have not improved. The area contracted for irrigation on June 30 this year was 131,826 acres as compared to 110,298 acres on the same date last year. The irrigation districts are issuing special permits to users to receive water and on June 30, 1933, there were 10,598 acres receiving water in this way as compared to 36,661 acres on June 30, 1932. The condition of the banks is very good. One of the project banks was closed for about 6 weeks after the revised banking laws became effective in March of this year. There were 4.07 miles of intercepting drain • constructed in the Elephant Butte Irrigation District in connection with levee recon- SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 21 struction during the year. This will provide drainage for about 200 acres and will furnish flood protection to the adjacent lands of a much greater area. In the El Paso County Water Improvement District No. 1, there was constructed 3.28 miles of spur drain which will furnish complete protection for about 600 acres that were only partly protected by the existing drains. BAKER PROJECT, OREGON Construction of this project was approved by the President March 18, 1931. The plans provided for furnishing a supplemental water supply to an area of 7,000 acres of land in lower Powder River Valley, about 18 miles northeasterly of Baker City, Oreg., already settled and partially served with water from canals diverting from Powder River. The lands are now farmed to the limit of the available water supply, and the increased crop production to result from the supple¬ mental water supply will, it is believed, be reflected in an increase in crop values much larger than the cost of the proposed irrigation works. UMATILLA PROJECT, OREGON Since the reclassification and cancelation of certain lands within the district in the east division, the irrigable area amounts to approxi¬ mately 10,940 acres, for which the distribution system is prepared to deliver water. The area irrigated is about 7,300 acres. Although the operation and maintenance assessment was reduced by 20 percent over that of 1931, payment of this charge in the west division would have been impossible for three fourths of the farmers had they not received seed loans. Many" head of livestock were sold at a very low price in order to avoid further losses in feeding. Turkeys alone paid a small margin over feed costs. VALE PROJECT, OREGON Public Order No. 6, issued March 23, 1933, established water rental charges for the irrigation season of 1933, for the Harper and Little Valley, Bully Creek West Bench, and Bully Creek East Bench units. Good progress was made by the settlers despite the unfavorable condi¬ tions which obtained during the past year. Approximately 5,000 acres were seeded to crops by 118 settlers during the season and devel¬ opment of new lands continued. About 2,000 acres of land now in sagebrush were contracted for purchase during the last month of the fiscal year. With few exceptions the farms are being operated by the owners. Crop yields have been good, but prices were low for all farm products and there was no sale for onions and potatoes. The Vale-Owyhee Land Settlement Association continued to func¬ tion throughout the year, being active in securing a number of new settlers on the project. The advertising conducted by the association 22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 in conjunction with the On-to-Oregon advertising campaign of the Oregon State Chamber of Commerce resulted in the receipt by the association of 1,050 inquiries and calls at the office of the association and the project superintendent of about 200 interested persons. No cooperative associations have yet been formed on the project. Two excellent highways traverse the project and a State highway extends through the project lands. KLAMATH PROJECT, OREGON -CALIFORNIA The main division of the project contains 578 farms, 526 of which were farmed during the calendar year 1932. Of the farms irrigated, 379 were cultivated by owners and 147 by tenants. In the Tule Lake division there were 321 farms, of which 296 were operated by owners and 25 by tenants. No difficulty has been experienced in getting settlers for lands in the Tule Lake division and on the 68 farm units containing 4,752 acres of irrigable land, opened October 16, 1931, under Public Order No. 28, there were 185 qualified applicants, a few of whom showed assets in excess of $10,000 each; the majority, however, had $3,000 to $6,000 worth of property, most of which was in equipment and stock. In 1932 crop yields were about average, but net returns were un¬ satisfactory, as prices for all farm commodities were the lowest in years. Alfalfa hay sold for as low as $3.50 per ton during the winter, but jumped to $10 late in the spring of 1933, after all had been sold. Fat steers sold for 3 % cents, while hogs sold for as low as 1% cents. With these low prices prevailing, farmers found it impossible to meet their obligations. However, owing to the recent rise in the market prices of farm products and the general upward trend of business conditions, there is now a feeling of optimism among the farmers. On the enlargement of the first 9 miles of the J Canal, excavation was completed from station 0 to station 445 + 40, 7 bridges were re¬ built, and 38 minor structures modified to meet the requirements of the enlarged canal section. OWYHEE PROJECT, OREGON-IDAHO During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1933, the project was brought from 58 percent to about 63 percent completion. The General Construction Co. contract for the Owyhee Dam was completed in October 1932, 4 months ahead of schedule. Grouting of the contraction joints is to be done by the Government when the heat in the mass concrete has been lowered to mean annual tempera¬ ture, probably in the spring of 1934. Gates in the dam were closed December 8, 1932, and 150,000 acre-feet of water stored before the release of Owyhee Ditch water began lowering the reservoir. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 23 Work on the inlet end of Tunnel No. 1 was concluded in December, 1932, but clean-up of camp and plant was deferred until award of contract for the controlling works. The lining of the inlet, construc¬ tion of portal, trash rack, and controlling works was awarded to Connolly in December 1932, and concreting begun immediately. By the end of the fiscal year the work was completed and ready for final payment. The outlet end of Tunnel No. 1 was practically finished in May 1932, 16 months ahead of schedule, and the clean-up around the portal of Tunnel No. 5 was done in 1933, the lining having been finished in February 1932, 20 months ahead of stipulated time. Construction of the North Canal to station 242 + 20 and structures was carried on during the fiscal year, the contract being completed in April 1933, on time. The contract for the open cut, stations 29 + 45 to 36 + 35, was finished in September 1932, and the lining of Tunnel No. 3 and the approach tunnel to Owyhee River siphon in October, 7 months ahead of schedule. BELLE FOURCHE PROJECT, SOUTH DAKOTA Economic conditions were noticeably improved during the fiscal year, largely as a result of better prices received for commodities and the favorable crops produced in 1932. The wool clip of 1933 brought 25 cents per pound as compared to 10 cents the previous year, and the bonus on sugar beets amounted to 55 cents per ton in addition to the regular payment of $5 per ton received late in 1932. Butter- fat doubled in price, moving up from 10 to 20 cents per pound. Wheat reached a low of 19 cents per bushel in 1932, but was quoted locally at 73 cents at the close of the fiscal year. The 1932 crops were valued at $601,121, the lowest since 1924, but the decrease resulted entirely from low unit values, since yields in nearly all cases were considerably above the previous year. Sugar beets averaged 11% tons per acre, while many growers reported 16 tons per acre or better and the total value of the crop reached $325,000, which was more than all other crops combined. Corn, oats, and barley, the principal feed grains, yielded 600,000 bushels, or nearly three times the production of these grains for 1931. A contract between the United States and the Belle Fourche Irri¬ gation District was executed May 2, 1933, under which a small pumping plant, costing $6,500, is to be constructed for supplementing the water supply of the Johnson lateral, a canal dependent on direct flow. Work began June 14 and the plant was about 75 percent completed at the end of the month. SALT LAKE BASIN PROJECT, UTAH Weber River division. — The use of storage water during 1932 from the newly constructed Echo Reservoir increased the gross value of all crops at least 25 to 30 percent. This is the first year that a full 24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 water supply has been available for the division during the entire irrigation season. The storage water has proved to be particularly valuable for late season use where the main crops are sugar beets, fruits, vegetables, berries, and alfalfa. It has also made possible the growing of more of the intensified crops and less wheat and other grains. The lands of the division are mostly in small ownerships. A large percentage of the farmers live on their farms. The remainder live in the adjoining towns and cities. Along with the growing of crops, dairying and stock raising are important industries. The division is well supplied by a large number of fruit and vege¬ table canning factories, several fruit-packing plants, 3 sugar factories, 3 or 4 creameries, and 1 meat-packing and by-products plant. Most of these factories and plants operated during 1932, although business in many cases was below normal. In the case of the sugar factories, however, the number of tons of sugar beets received was larger than for the preceding 5 or 6 years. The receipts from the sale of such crops as sugar beets, fruits, and vegetables resulted in a good economic condition being maintained in the farming districts. As far as known no farms were abandoned during the year and mort¬ gage foreclosures were limited to a very few. The value of farm crops varied from $2 per acre for poor pasture to $137 per acre for asparagus and grapes. The average crop value for the division was $29.11 per acre. There was an increase in the acreage of higher-priced crops due to the availability of storage water. STRAWBERRY VALLEY PROJECT, UTAH The project members, as a whole, are experiencing the most acute water shortage since the project was first utilized in 1918. The effect upon crops is, of course, adverse, and in many cases settlers are being forced to abandon a portion of their planted crops in order that water be reserved for late irrigations to mature the balance. Alfalfa- hay production is materially less than the production of 1932, and sugar-beet tonnage will not reach the 1932 production figure, even in view of the 1933 increase in acreage planted. In view of the almost constant and steady decrease in the average number of acre-feet of water delivered under the project since com¬ pletion in 1918, it is very important that water be conserved to a most stringent degree. The first step along that line resulted from the interchange con¬ tract with the Utah Power & Light Co., completed July 18, 1931, for the intersale of electrical energy. Such connection provides a complete breakdown service, furnishes an outlet for surplus power generated, and entirely eliminates the practice of drawing water from reservoir storage for the single purpose of power generation during consumption peaks. The second step in the direction of SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 25 improving the available water supply is the proposed cancelation of water-right contracts covering marginal and nonirrigable lands. This procedure, if carried out, will increase the water supply appli¬ cable to the remaining contracts in force. OKANOGAN PROJECT, WASHINGTON The population of the project remains practically unchanged. There was a small decline in the irrigated acreage during the past year, comprising unfit areas and orchards that had suffered perma¬ nent injury through drought. Approximately 90 percent of the project farmers have negotiated for loans to carry on their season’s operations during 1933, either through the Intermediate Credit Bank or the Regional Agricultural Credit Corporation. The return for the 1932 apple crop was very poor and the Government loan agencies have preserved the solvency of the district. The project is assured of the largest supply of gravity water since 1921. Approximately $6,000 was spent during the fall of 1932 and spring of 1933 in concrete lining of the main canal, where seepage loss was excessive. Two thousand two hundred and fifty linear feet of canal were lined with 3 inches of concrete which involved the placing of 386 cubic yards. Six old wooden weirs were replaced with concrete. Future plans call for installation of about 10 miles of 4- to 12-inch pipe line to replace lines in poor condition, and elimination, wherever possible, of high checks in order to conserve water. YAKIMA PROJECT, WASHINGTON Sunny side and Tieton Divisions. — There were 86,639 acres irri¬ gated in 1932 on the Sunnyside division, comprising 3,403 farms, or 24 more than for the previous year, of which 2,163 were operated by owners and 1,240 by tenants. Total values of crops declined 28 percent from the previous year under the handicap of low prices. Alfalfa continued the principal crop in area and total value. Al¬ though distressingly low in price, dairy and poultry products proved to be the stabilizing factors. The irrigated acreage on the Tieton division increased to 26,100 acres, a gain of 1 percent, although the number of farms declined further from 1,330 to 1,320, of which 84 percent were operated by owners. Apples remained the principal crop in both acreage and tot^l value. The acreage in bearing orchard increased from 17,402 to 10,002 acres, or 9 percent. The returns on fruits, comprising 71 percent of the gross area cropped, amounted to $775,536, represent¬ ing a decline of 63 percent from the 1931 valuation. At the beginning of the 1933 season unpaid operation and main¬ tenance charges for 1931 on the Sunnyside and Tieton divisions were 57 and 64 percent, respectively, of the totals. A large pro- 26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 portion of the delinquent payments were finally made, so that prac¬ tically all lands previously cultivated were receiving water at the close of the fiscal year. Funds for this purpose have been secured from Government loan agencies by direct application and also through various fruit organizations. In order to assist them in raising funds to meet their operation and maintenance payments, water users were given employment on operation and maintenance work to the greatest possible extent. In addition to the regular operation and maintenance work on the two divisions, including removal of silt and repair and replace¬ ment of canal and lateral structures, a small program of betterments was continued on the Tieton division. Improvement consisted of replacement of three steel flumes with concrete lining and pipe lines, involving 409 linear feet of 46-inch redwood stave pipe, 480 linear feet of 30-inch reinforced concrete pipe, and 400 linear feet of rein¬ forced concrete canal lining. Studies were made and preliminary plans and estimates prepared for increasing the water supply for this division. Kittitas Division. — Water was delivered in the spring of 1933 to 50,442 acres of irrigable land lying under the Main, North Branch, and South Branch Canals of the Kittitas Division. This water was delivered to 71 landowners under the Main Canal, 120 under the South Branch Canal, and 440 under the North Branch Canal, all of whom have signed for water deliveries with the Kittitas Reclamation District. The Bureau of Reclamation is operating the project during the calendar year 1933, under appropriate contract, for the Kittitas Reclamation District, the entire cost of operation being paid in advance by the district. The Northern Pacific Railway Co. and its subsidiary, the Northwestern Improvement Co. have sold, at the appraised valuation, all but 300 acres of their irrigable lands. On March 4, 1933, there were 47 farm units opened to entry and 88 appli¬ cations had been received to June 30, 38 of whom made entry. Three were pending action of the examining board and 47 had either been rejected or declined to accept the farm units offered. Seven hundred and fifty inquiries were received concerning the 47 tracts opened and the 26 other units to be opened later. There are on file in the project office approximately 500 names of inquirers to whom will be sent the new order opening the 26 tracts later in the year. Kennewick Division. — The Kennewick Irrigation District continued the operation of its pumping plant, serving, however, only about 2,600 acres of a total of 4,000 acres. Under existing economic con¬ ditions, settlement of the additional area is expected to be slow. Development is further retarded on account of the necessity for removing many of the apple orchards and replanting to other crops, such as soft fruits, berries, asparagus, etc., to which the district is SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 27 better adapted. The district is requesting a more favorable contract for purchase of power to lighten the annual charges for a few years in order to encourage settlement. The construction of the power canal and 4,200-horsepower hydroelectric power plant at Prosser was com¬ pleted on August 31, 1932. The diversion works are located at the Prosser Dam, which was acquired under the terms of a contract with the Kennewick Irrigation District. The canal is about 2.4 miles in length and has a designed capacity of 1,100 second-feet. Storage division. — Satisfactory progress was made on the construc¬ tion of the dam for the Cle Elum Reservoir by the contractors. At the close of the fiscal year the work was about 94 percent finished and the time 73 percent elapsed. The embankment, which was the princi¬ pal feature of the work, was practically completed at the close of the year. The stilling basin for the combined outlet for spillway and tun¬ nel was completed before winter. Storage capacity for about 150,000 acre-feet was provided for j)he season of 1933 under the control of two emergency butterfly gates. A capacity of 360,000 acre-feet will be available in 1934. The full capacity of 435,000 acre-feet will require the installation of the spillway gates. RIVERTON PROJECT, WYOMING The season of 1933 showed a satisfactory increase over 1932 in the number of settlers and in the area under cultivation. Most marked is the increase in area of excellent stands of alfalfa. There is also a substantial increase in the number of cattle and sheep on the project. Although the settlers have little money, they are all improving their farms. They owe little and face the future with confidence. The maintenance work has been done almost exclusively by settlers, a policy which has assisted them in paying irrigation assessments. The water-rental charge for the current year has been paid for all land previously irrigated and the books show no delinquent water charges. A considerable number of new settlers is already assured for 1934. SHOSHONE PROJECT, WYOMING The project water supply was ample and production was about on a par with former years. The price’s received have steadily declined so that the returns for the 1932 crops showed a decrease of 25 to 30 percent from those of the previous year. The average per acre gross returns ranged from $12.09 on the Garland division to $4.48 on the Willwood. Shipments of agricultural products totaled 1,373 carloads compared to 1,651 the previous year, and livestock shipments were 107 cars compared to 91. At the close of the year quotations on nearly all crops and livestock had made decided advances and while the farmers had little left to sell, the outlook for 1933 was decidedly more optimistic. 16585—33 - 3 28 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 New construction was limited to the Willwood division and con¬ sisted of 2.91 miles of lateral extensions, 1.04 miles of open drain, and 1.59 miles of tile drain with the necessary structures. Temporary transmission lines, 5.25 miles in length, were required. A large flume on the Willwood main canal was damaged by unstable founda¬ tion conditions. This was repaired by lowering some of the piers, extending the length of the flume 25 feet, and building a new concrete inlet and head wall. At the Shoshone Dam and power plant one of the 48-inch emergency valves in the line leading to the power house was broken and this required installation of a new shell. One of the two power pipes leading through the base of the dam was thoroughly cleaned and painted. New trash racks were installed at the inlet of each pipe. The 58-inch balanced irrigation valves were repaired by electric weld¬ ing where cavitation had occurred on the valve bodies and throat liners. The concrete lining in the outlet tunnels leading from these valves was also repaired. SECONDARY INVESTIGATIONS Funds for the investigation of prospective projects and kindred work are derived from appropriations by Congress, from contribu¬ tions by States and other organizations for expenditures by the Bureau of Reclamation, and by direct payment by States and other organiza¬ tions to personnel operating under the direction of or in cooperation with the Bureau. Additional data became available for the use of the Bureau as the result of work by other agencies wholly independent of the Bureau’s activities, involving the expenditures of large amounts which are not reported to the Bureau. Federal funds for work done during the past fiscal year as hereinafter described were available from the acts of March 26, 1930; May 14, 1930; July 3, 1930; Febru¬ ary 14, 1931; March 4, 1931; April 22, 1932; and March 4, 1933. Of $160,370.57 disbursed by the Bureau during the past fiscal year, including $77,033.83 for work under section 15 of the Boulder Canyon Project Act, $143,733.81 was provided by the United States. CALIFORNIA All-American Canal investigations. — Prior to April 1933, a small amount of preliminary investigations was carried forward in assem¬ bling available data on silt carried by the Colorado River at the Imperial Dam site and minor consideration was given to methods for its disposal. In April 1933 following the availability of $25,000 from the Second Deficiency Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1933, silt studies and nvestigations were outlined involving determination of present silt oad at Laguna Dam and efficiency of Yuma project desilting works. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 29 silt inflow from washes between Parker and Imperial Dam sites, char¬ acter and extent of river bed deposits which are likely to be eroded from the stream channel between the Parker and Imperial Dam sites, stream cross-section and silt content for various Colorado River dis¬ charges at Imperial Dam site, and the best cross-section for the All- American Canal to prevent excessive scour or fill. Field work on these investigations was well under way at the close of the fiscal year. On June 9, 1933, a contract was executed with the Imperial Irriga¬ tion District providing for investigations, surveys, estimates, and preparation of plans and specifications covering the construction of that portion of the proposed All-American Canal from Pilot Knob through the sand hills. The contract contemplates maximum expend¬ itures of $20,000 all to be advanced by the district. Sacramento-San Joaquin investigations. — Data were assembled and field and office studies continued on plans for an initial development to relieve present distressed conditions in the upper San Joaquin Valley. Volume I, which is a general description of the results of investigations and reports made by the State of California on initial and ultimate developments for the Great Central Valley and in par¬ ticular the Upper San Joaquin River, was prepared and authorized for release. Volume II, which covers work done by the Bureau of Reclamation on plans for an emergency project for the relief of the Upper San Joaquin Valley, is in the course of preparation. For use in connection with the Bureau report on an emergency project, preliminary designs and estimates were prepared for a reser¬ voir of 400,000 acre-feet capacity at the Friant site on San Joaquin River, a reservoir of 355,000 acre-feet capacity at Folsom on American River, including power plants at each site, the San Joaquin-Kern County Canal with initial capacity of 3,000 c.f.s. and length of 120 miles from Friant Reservoir to Tulare-Kern County line, Madera Canal with capacity of 1,500 c.f.s. and length of 20 miles from Friant Reservoir to Fresno River, and Sacramento-San Joaquin cross-cut channel with a cross-sectional area of 3,000 square feet and a length of 9 miles along Snodgrass Slough from the Sacramento River to Mokelumne River. IDAHO Crane Creek 'project. — A preliminary examination was made during September 1932 of the wmrks and lands comprising this project to determine the desirability of conducting investigations looking to the rehabilitation of the Washington County Irrigation District. Some repairs are needed at the Crane Creek storage dam, the canal and distribution system w7ould need to be reconstructed, and a short feed canal would need to be built from Little Weiser River to Crane Creek to augment the water supply for the reservoir. The lands wrould need to be reclassified to determine the economic feasibility of rehabili- 30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 tating the project. With unavoidably high construction and operat¬ ing costs, threatening project feasibility, and in view of the lack of funds for construction in case the project should prove to be feasible, it was concluded that detailed investigations were not justified. Twin Falls — Oakley project. — The Oakley project is located in Goose Creek Valley, a tributary of Snake River, in Cassia County, Idaho. The project works, consisting of a reservoir with a capacity of 74,000 acre-feet and a canal system to irrigate 40,000 acres, were constructed during the period 1909 to 1913 by the Twin Falls-Oakley Land & Water Co. Water supply proved inadequate for the 40,000 acres proposed for irrigation and much reduction in area has taken place. The construction company became insolvent. Upper Snake River storage investigations. — Reconnaissance surveys w^ere made of the watershed of Henrys Fork and its tributaries and of the canyon section above Alpine, Wyo., of the South Fork of Snake River to locate possible reservoir and dam sites. Much of this region is inaccessible and aerial pictures were secured with the cooperation of Army fliers to facilitate the investigations. A geological examina¬ tion was made of the possible sites and the more promising ones were surveyed in detail. A preliminary geological report covering 14 of the reservoir sites examined was prepared in January 1933. Reservoir topography was taken at the following reservoir sites: Shotgun Creek site on Henrys Fork; Boone Creek, Squirrel Meadows, and Wyoming Creek sites, on tributaries of Fall River; and Trail Creek and Teton Creek sites on tributaries of Teton River. Dam-site topography was taken as follows: Teton Canyon site on Teton River; Mountain Ash, Bechler Meadows, Grassy Lakes, Lake of Woods, and Canyon Creek sites on Fall River tributaries; and Dry Creek and Station Creek sites on South Fork of Snake River. Location surveys were made for reservoir feeder canals as follows: From Cascade Creek to Grassy Lakes site, Bechler River to Wyoming Creek site, Squirrel Creek to Squirrel Meadows site, and Fall River to Boone Creek site. A canal line was also located from Henrys Fork to serve canals diverting from Fall and Teton Rivers. Reconnais¬ sance surveys were made to determine the possibilities of transmoun¬ tain diversion from adjacent watersheds to the Henrys Lake drainage basin. Further work on these investigations has been suspended pending receipt of funds from local interests to pay one half of the costs after January 1, 1933, in accordance with the provisions of the law. NEVADA Humboldt River investigations. — A total of 144,000 acres are irri¬ gated from Humboldt River and its tributaries, exclusive of Little Humboldt River, which is no longer connected with the main stream. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 31 Investigations were undertaken to determine the feasibility of im¬ proving the present deficient water supply. An inspection was made of known reservoir sites, such as the North Fork, Devils Gate, South Fork, Upper Maggie Creek, Lower Maggie Creek, Rock Creek, and Oreana, for which maps are available. Topographic surveys and geological investigations were made of the Imlay, Callahan, and Rye Patch Dam and Reservoir sites on Humboldt River near Imlay. Ar- genta Swamp was investigated with a view of draining the swamp and improving channel conditions in that vicinity to conserve water wastefully evaporated. OREGON Grants Pass Irrigation District. — A brief inspection, with report dated September 24, 1924, was made of the Grants Pass Irrigation District to determine the advisability of conducting investigations on reconstruction and extension of project works and the paying ability of the district. The district is largely devoted to suburban type of agriculture with holdings averaging 5 acres. Irrigation growth have been small but steady and now amounts to 6,500 acres. The distribution system is adequate for the present area, but may eventually need improvement by concrete fining of canals or pipe fines to reduce water losses to a minimum. Operation and maintenance costs are high on account of power purchased for pumping, necessity of delivering water to small holdings, and repairs to the canal system occasioned by floods and slides along the steep side hills on which they are located. The future agriculture of the project is uncertain and additional investigations are not warranted at this time. Brogan project investigations. — The Brogan project was built in 1910 and consists of two reservoirs on tributaries of Willow Creek and a canal system to serve about 20,000 acres. The water supply from Willow Creek has been disappointing and the irrigated area has shrunk to about 2,000 acres, in part dependent for water on pumping from deep wells at a high cost. A preliminary water-supply study has been made to determine the surplus water available from Burnt River and as soon as the investigations are authorized an engineer will be assigned to investigate the feasibility of developing and bringing such waters into the the Willo^v Creek ’watershed. Baker secondary project. — A reservoir is desired on Powder River to supplement the supply for about 25,000 acres of developed lands at Baker, the supply usually failing about July 1 . The Oregon Legisla¬ ture, together with individuals and counties of the interested area, has arranged for an advance of $8,500 to pay one half the cost of the requested investigation, but a start thereon awaits decision by the Comptroller General as to availability of Federal funds. 32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 UTAH Cache Valley project. — On January 3, 1933, a petition was filed with the Cache County Commissioners for the organization of the Wells ville-Mendon Conservation District to furnish water for lands not already included in an irrigation district or served by a canal com¬ pany. After the usual legal procedure prescribed by the laws of Utah, on June 5, 1933, the district was organized by a practically unanimous vote and a board of directors was selected to act officially for the district in negotiations for the formation of the water users’ association which will contract with the United States for construc¬ tion of project works and of which the district will be a stockholder. The favorable vote was due largely to a careful delineation of district boundaries to include only landowners desirous of project water as determined by canvass. Ogden River division. — A report on these investigations was com¬ pleted in August 1932. The report covers a lower-valley development and an upper-valley development, both with water from Ogden River. The lower- valley development contemplates the construction of an earth and rock-fill dam just below Huntsville on Ogden River to form a reservoir with a capacity of 38,000 acre-feet; relocation of highways around the reservoir; reconstruction and enlargement to a capacity of 280 c.f.s. of 4K miles of pipe line of the Utah Power & Light Co. from the Huntsville Dam site to the mouth of Ogden Canyon; construction of the south Ogden High Line Canal, with an initial capacity of 35 c.f.s., from the mouth of Ogden Canyon to a point south of Ogden City, a distance of 8 miles; and construction of north Ogden High Line Canal, with an initial capacity of 120 c.f.s., from the mouth of Ogden Canyon to Brigham City, a distance of 23 miles. The cost of this development is estimated as $2,693,000. The project would furnish 6,000 acre-feet of storage annually to Ogden City for municipal purposes, provide a supplemental supply for 14,700 acres of irrigated lands, and furnish a full irrigation supply for 4,520 acres of new lands. The irrigated area as a whole is highly developed and well colonized, but is seriously handicapped by lack of an adequate water supply, except where water is obtained by pumping at high cost. Where a full water supply is available, crop returns are higher than on most irrigation projects, and it is concluded that the project is feasible if constructed with interest-free funds. The upper-valley development contemplates the construction of a rock-fill dam with concrete-slab face at the Magpie site on South Fork of Ogden River to form a reservoir with 14,000 acre-feet of capacity at an estimated cost of $1,907,000. It would provide 8,000 acre-feet of storage for Ogden City and furnish a supplemental supply to 6,000 acres of irrigated lands in the upper Ogden Valley. Assuming that the lands irrigated would pay only for the additional cost of SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 33 obtaining 14,000 acre-feet of capacity instead of 8,000 acre-feet at this site, the cost to irrigation interest under this project would be $322,000, which amount could be repaid by the lands benefited. Utah Lake investigations. — These investigations are being conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing the water yield of Utah Lake by diking off Provo Bay and Goshen Bay and conserving water lost by evaporation from these areas. During August and September 1932 field tests were made along the line of the proposed Goshen Bay dike to determine the character of foundation and construction materials. Twenty-three borings were made at intervals of 1,000 to 1,300 feet across Utah Lake and 2 borings were made several miles south of the dike line and 1 boring near the middle of Utah Lake. The material was found to be a fine clay. Eight bearing tests were made of the material in place. Data were assembled on past dredging operations at the north end of Utah Lake and on dikes constructed in Great Salt Lake with similar foundation conditions. Sanpete division. — Investigations were continued on plans for transmountain diversions of Colorado River Basin waters for lands in Sanpete County, with particular attention to the present and future water requirements of lands along Cottonwood Creek, Hunt¬ ington Creek, and Price River. Field tests were made to determine the character and extent of embankment material for the proposed Gooseberry Dam. Designs and estimates were prepared for various heights of dam at the Goose¬ berry site to aid in selecting a project plan for the Gooseberry unit. Ouray Valley project. — A reconnaissance was made of the Ouray Valley project to determine the general feasibility of a plan for diverting waters from Duchesne River to lands which are now par¬ tially irrigated by means of a long canal diverting from the Uintah River. Inadequate stream flow records preclude an immediate conclusive report on project possibilities. WASHINGTON Columbia Basin project investigations. — Preliminary studies were made in the Denver office to determine the feasibility of a 2-stage development, contemplating the construction of a low dam and power plant at the Grand Coulee site, with a view of later enlargement, when conditions warrant, to that ultimately required for the complete Columbia Basin project development. A report dated May 24, 1933, presented an estimate of $59,235,000 for a dam of the multiple-arch type producing a head of 150 feet and a power plant of 8 units with an electrical capacity of 65,000 kilowatts, together with transformer and switching equipment. The general design for this development was arranged to permit the dam to be 34 EE PORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 raised to the ultimate head of 353 feet without interfering with power production. Financial studies of this development based on an interest rate of 4 percent indicate that such a step development is at least as desirable as the plan for initial construction to the ultimate height, interest savings offsetting increased construction investment occa¬ sioned by increased quantities and an interrupted construction pro¬ gram. With long delays in ultimate development, net investment is materially reduced through intervening repayment of initial construction costs. Roza Division — Yakima project. — A report dated September 1932, presents a plan and estimate for this division and was prepared after a full review of alternative plans for the production of power needed for pumping water to almost one half of the total area of the division, including one of a power canal through Moxee Valley solely for power production, this plan being discarded in favor of enlargement of the main canal of the division to the lower end of the tunnel piercing the Yakima Ridge. The main canal with a total length of 99 miles will have an initial capacity of 2,165 second-feet of which 1,200 second-feet would be for irrigation purposes and 965 second-feet for power purposes, power water being carried for a distance of 12 miles where it would be returned to the Yakima River at Yakima with a power head of 140 feet. The principal construction features of the canal are the diversion dam, a low concrete dam surmounted by drum gates, a tunnel 9,700 feet long through Yakima Ridge between East Selah and Moxee Valleys, and a tunnel 5,000 feet long through Rattlesnake Ridge near Union Gap. The division comprises 72,000 acres of irrigable land, of which nearly 10,000 acres lie in Selah and Moxee Valleys near Yakima, with the remainder lying in a strip averaging 2 y2 miles wide along the north valley slope from Wapato to Benton City, a distance of 50 miles. The lands are located well above the river bottoms, generally of superior soil and topography requiring little artificial drainage and adapted to the growing of fruit and general crops. They were classified as to irrigability in 1927. The construction cost is estimated at $18,161,000, of which $934,000 would be allocated to commercial power, leaving a net irrigation cost of $239 per acre, including power production and pumping facilities. The estimates reflect construction conditions as of 1930 and under conditions pre¬ vailing in the past fiscal year the cost would be somewhat less. Ex¬ penditures have already been made to the extent of $2,800,000, principally for storage, the needs of this division being taken care of along with other divisions of the Yakima project in the construction of the completed reservoirs. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 35 WYOMING North Platte River power investigations. — Preliminary designs and estimates were prepared for a dam and power plant at the Kortes site on North Platte River. A geological map was prepared of the Northgate dam site and preliminary water-supply studies were made to determine the operation and utilization of the Northgate reservoir site. A profile was prepared of the North Platte River from the head of the Northgate reservoir site in Colorado to Casper, Wyo. Further progress on these investigations has been delayed, pending the outcome of negotiations between the States of Colorado, Wyo¬ ming, and Nebraska on the division of waters from the North Platte River. Proposals by Colorado interests to divert a part of North Platte River flows to Cache la Poudre River in the vicinity of Cameron Pass, will, if carried out, materially affect the plans for power development in Wyoming. COLORADO RIVER BASIN INVESTIGATIONS UNDER SECTION 15 OF BOULDER CANYON PROJECT ACT Work was continued along the general lines followed in the previous fiscal year, in the main being directed to an inventory of irrigation resources, with an average working force of 35. Arizona. — Topography and other appurtenant data were secured on a canal line from the Parker Dam site to the Gila River Valley for a study of the relative feasibility of irrigating the Gila Valley by diversion at Parker and by pumping from the proposed Imperial Dam which will be constructed to deliver water to the All-American Canal. It is expected that the final results will show the pumping plan to be preferable. A land classification was made of the Colo¬ rado River Indian Reservation (Parker Valley) under difficult con¬ ditions because of heavy brush and the lack of passable roads or trails. Colorado. — In the latter part of the year a survey party was engaged upon investigation of possible reservoir sites, and particularly sites which had not been covered by private surveys on the Little Snake River and its tributaries in the Yampa River drainage area. Con¬ sideration is also being given to feasible canal routes to serve the lands on the divide between Little Snake and Yampa Rivers. Nevada. — Field surveys were completed on possibilities of irrigating with waters from the Boulder Canyon Reservoir of lands lying adjacent thereto within practicable pumping lifts, including classi¬ fication of such lands. New Mexico. — Land-classification surveys were initiated in 1932 and continued throughout the fiscal year on lands lying to the south of the San Juan River and principally within the Navajo Indian 36 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Reservation to determine the areas that might be irrigated by diver¬ sions from the San Juan River. Some consideration was also being given to the possibilities of diverting waters of the tributaries of San Juan River to the Rio Grande drainage area, such plan if carried out to be largely in lieu of irrigation of lands in New Mexico with San Juan River waters. Utah. — Surveys were completed of possible reservoir sites to utilize the surplus waters of the Paria and Virgin Rivers and of Kanab Creek in southern Utah, and land classifications were made of irrigable areas reclaimable with such waters and particularly areas to be served with Virgin River waters in the vicinity of St. George, Utah, and Littlefield, Ariz. In connection with investigations of transmountain diversions from tributaries of the Price and San Rafael Rivers to the drainage area of the San Pitch River, investi¬ gations were made of the irrigability of lands that could be served by these tributaries of the Colorado River in the vicinity of Price and Castle Gate, Utah. Wyoming. — Classification of the irrigable area in the Green River Basin of Wyoming was continued through the year except as such work was suspended during the winter. Investigations were also conducted on reservoir sites to conserve flood and winter flows now escaping in the Green and Blacks Fork Rivers. Test pits were dug at the dam site for a reservoir on Green River immediately below Kendall, Wyo. TABLES Reclamation Table 1. — Consolidated financial statement , June 30, 1933 Construction account: Primary projects: Cost of irrigation works: Original construction - Supplemental construction Value of works taken over. DEBIT SIDE $202, 180, 218.35 12, 547, 586. 70 2, 056, 939. 90 Total construction cost . . . $216, 784, 744. 95 Operation and maintenance prior to public notice (net) . - . . . 2,788,382.94 Operation and maintenance deficits and arrear¬ ages funded with construction—. . . . 5, 134, 986. 93 Penalties on water-right charges funded with construction . . . 1, 422, 862. 17 - 9, 346, 232. 04 Less (income items): Construction revenues . . . 6, 468, 235. 89 C ontributed funds . . 1, 733, 552. 76 Nonreimbursable appropriation (Rio Grande Dam).. . . . 1,000,000.00 226, 130, 976. 99 9, 201, 788. 65 Less: Abandoned works, nonreimbursable cost, and charge-offs - 216, 929, 188. 34 15, 613, 098. 50 Balance payable . Yuma auxiliary project: Cost of irrigation works _ _ Impounded funds, economy acts . Less: Construction revenues . . . Palo Verde Valley flood protection: Cost of reconstruction and repairs... . . Secondary projects and general investigations: Cost of surveys and investigations _ _ Less: Contributed funds . . . General offices’ expense undistributed _ _ Plant and equipment _ _ _ _ _ _ Materials and supplies . . . Accounts receivable: Current accounts due... . . . . Deferred accounts not due . . . Undistributed clearing cost accounts _ Unadjusted debits: Disbursement vouchers in transit. Cash: Balance on hand: Reclamation fund . . . . Yuma auxiliary fund . . . . . Special funds . . . . . In special deposit and in transit . . . . Total debits . 899, 837. 00 241. 57 900, 078. 57 1, 605. 47 2, 913, 257. 54 544, 323. 14 1, 834, 894. 14 153, 998, 392. 17 2, 775, 970. 40 155, 657. 79 116, 558. 61 3, 048, 186. 80 18, 600. 86 $201, 316, 089. 84 898, 473. 10 30, 017. 34 2, 368, 934. 40 i 6, 396. 30 503, 072. 57 304, 510. 08 155, 833, 286. 31 i 17, 786. 36 1, 586. 71 3, 066, 787. 66 364, 298, 575. 35 CREDIT SIDE Security for repayment of cost of irrigation works: Contracted construction repayments _ _ _ $197, 475, 636. 77 Yuma auxiliary contracted repayments . . - . . . 605, 679. 08 Current accounts payable . . Deferred and contingent obligations— . . Reserves and undistributed profits _ _ Operation and maintenance results, surplus . Unadjusted credits: Collection vouchers in transit. $198, 081, 315. 85 438, 254. 32 831, 204. 78 7, 139, 482. 86 708, 109. 72 621. 11 37 38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Reclamation Table 1. — Consolidated financial statement, June 30, 1933 — ■ Continued Government aid for reclamation of arid lands: Reclamation fund . . . . $155, 898, 434. 83 Special funds: Increase of compensation . 2, 797, 960. 33 Rio Grande Dam . . . 1, ooo, 000. 00 Wind River Indian (Riverton) . 359, 176. 04 Judgments, United States courts . 602, 814. 38 Drainage and cut-over lands . . . . 99, 815. 08 General investigations, 1923-Dec. 31, 1924 _ _ _ _ 266, 352. 66 Arid, semiarid, swamp, and cut-over timberlands . . 35, 923. 75 Columbia Basin irrigation project . . . 11, 634. 28 Colorado River levee system . . . . 447, 321. 01 Palo Verde Valley flood protection . . . 49, 599. 09 161, 569, 031. 45 Advances to reclamation fund: Treasury loan (act of June 25, 1910) . . $20, 000, 000. 00 Less: Amount repaid . . . 10, 000, 000. 00 Treasury loan (act of Mar. 4, 1931) 10, 000, 000. 00 5, 000, 000. 00 - 15, 000, 000. 00 176,569,031.45 Less: Nonreimbursable appropriation, Rio Grande Dam . . 1, 000, 000. 00 Less: Impairment of funds: Abandoned works . . . . 1, 348, 044. 64 Nonreimbursable construction cost . . 721, 636. 25 Operation and maintenance cost uncollectible . 453, 272. 39 Charge-offs, act of May 25, 1926 . . . 14, 639, 947. 96 Washington office cost since Dec. 5, 1924 . 1, 196, 546. 52 Attendance at meetings, cost . _ . . . 1, 815. 90 Giving information to settlers . . . . 1, 900. 70 Prepaid Civil Service retirement fund . 2, 340. 33 175, 569, 031. 45 18, 365, 504. 69 157, 203, 526. 76 Less: Impounded funds, economy acts, reclamation fund _ _ 103, 940. 05 - $157, 099, 586. 71 Total credits . 364, 298, 575. 35 1 Contra. Reclamation Table 2. — Available funds, expenditures, and balances, fiscal year 1933 Funds Items Reclamation Yuma auxiliary Colorado River levee system Palo Verde flood protection Balance on hand, July 1, 1932.. . . . . Receipts: Proceeds from sale of public lands _ $3, 706, 363. 62 293, 863. 78 1, 833, 721. 00 8, 692. 03 102, 811. 82 2, 449, 166. 94 $159, 517. 63 $118, 745. 08 Proceeds from oil leasing act.. _ _ Proceeds from potassium royalties _ __ Proceeds from Federal power licenses.. From project collections... . . From general treasury. _ _ _ 15, 112. 55 50, 000. 00 $212. 94 50, 000. 00 Total _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8, 394, 619. 19 174, 530. 18 168, 745. 08 50, 212. 94 Expenditures: D isbursements. . . . . . . Impounded funds, act of June 30, 1932 . Total 5, 504, 708. 74 103, 940. 05 18, 630. 82 241. 57 55, 681. 99 2, 678. 99 43, 637. 52 400.91 5, 618, 648. 79 18, 872. 39 58, 360. 98 44,038. 43 Balance on hand June 30, 1933 . . 2, 775, 970. 40 155, 657. 79 110, 384. 10 6, 174. 51 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 39 Reclamation Table 3. — Accretions to reclamation fund, by States States Alabama . . Arizona . . California . . Colorado . . Idaho . . Kansas _ Louisiana . . Montana _ Nebraska . . Nevada.. . . New Mexico . . North Dakota . . Oklahoma . . Oregon . . South Dakota . . Utah. . . Washington . . Wyoming . . Total . . Proceeds, Federal power licenses _ Grand total. . water Sale of public lands Fiscal year 1933 $36, 395. 24 40, 585. 21 24, 773. 34 6. 095. 71 27, 585. 12 19.02 7, 772. 09 60, 978. 46 8 2, 638. 71 507. 12 13, 035. 12 384. 19 23, 443. 28 2, 485. 85 52, 442. 74 293, 863. 78 To June 1933 $2, 614, 351. 21 8, 080, 237. 01 10, 208, 245. 15 6, 970, 930. 71 1, 032, 764. 48 15, 251, 2, 095, 1, 023, 6, 492, 12, 216, 5, 927, 11, 940, 7, 724, 4, 198, 7, 436, 8, 468, Proceeds from oil leasing act Fiscal year 1933 $92, 852. 85 106. 68 790, 715. 61 28, 796. 60 449. 47 To June 1933 $164, 545. 01 159. 86 9, 455, 013. 88 430, 868. 49 12, 266. 64 $99, 966. 37 462. 91 386. 57 146. 53j 991. 96 644. 76 178. 02 230. 62 475. 80 395. 26 697. 15 2, 955. 41 27, 571. 16 32,073.28 1,027,479.58 111, 682, 136. 77 126.00 72, 342. 30 19, 156. 75 261. 69 44, 989. 92 5, 677. 97 743, 216. 47 1, 833, 721. 00 4, 859. 37 335, 931. 97 108, 398. 05 10.25 1, 147. 55 354, 774. 28 28, Oil. 88 31, 696, 758. 46 43, 647, 796. 43 Potas¬ sium roy¬ alties and rentals 1 99. 966. 37 Total to June 30, 1933 $164, 2, 614, 17, 635, 10, 639, 6, 983, 1,032, 27, 16, 278, 2, 095, 1,028, 6, 828, 12, 325, 5, 927, 11, 940, 7, 725, 4, 553, 7, 464, 40, 165, 545. 01 511. 07 217. 26 113. 64 197. 35 764. 48 571. 16 942. 49 386. 57 005. 90 923. 93 042.81 178. 02 240. 87 623. 35 169. 54 709. 03 757. 09 155, 429, 899. 57 * 468, 535. 26 155, 898, 434. 83 1 Proceeds for fiscal year, $8,692.03. 8 Contra. 3 Proceeds for fiscal year, $102,811.82. Reclamation Table 4. — Consolidated statement by projects, of construction cost of irrigation works, other items reimbursable with and amounts to be repaid by water users 40 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 £ * m ii sm \ m & ssss \ ooT tr is SSS" SE 8*8353 iig si mm 8“ | ~5“ :sS8 © ! $ ill i jtf s §1 w ill :a 8"S5f8&" 3 sfSl § gfi's STIeT Ii Hi s" i f* i :ssss 8S88 ills Hi igsg il's 8 S8888 §S§-g -T-TS; nT JL CC'O .3*5 a ca o C3 a|g XJ bjo Q 03 3 a Njs g fl-al © © a © d,+j rH "*3“* is ST s“isaT-8 :gc S8S i i g ill i I \ii m s j - i£g i § is§ fs : : : : 88£S 1111 Reclamation Table 4. — ■ Consolidated statement by projects, of construction cost of irrigation works, other items reimbursable with construction , and amounts to be repaid by water users — Continued SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 41 Total to be repaid by water users To June 30, 1933 $2,866,900.34 3, 342, 641. 81 424, 198. 97 16, 710, 292. 49 8,811,048.61 3, 945, 463. 56 8, 579, 572. 84 201, 316, 089. 84 Fiscal year 1933 $87, 469. 49 513. 26 1, 105, 078. 06 205, 804. 40 20, 685. 33 16, 851. 08 3, 276,868. 57 Abandoned works, non¬ reimbursa¬ ble cost, and authorized charge-offs 1 $998, 727. 20 4, 214. 60 id s -r lO 15, 613, 098. 50 Construction revenues, contributed funds, and nonreimbursa¬ ble appropriation (contra) To June 30, 1933 $45, 881. 10 258, 379. 12 6, 630. 78 386, 181. 77 4, 431. 07 18, 566. 43 383, 957. 16 9, 201, 788. 65 Fiscal year 1933 O 1 1 OO O 1C ^ o 1 1 O Tcf ■£ >> oS e , ® u m C £3 -a c3 o ar gOW«? ,C 03 "5 "Sts S •C § §•§ “a .§5g«HS s Contra. Reclamation Table 5. — Consolidated statement , by projects, of operation and maintenance cost operation and maintenance returns, and other credits, and results, calendar year 1932 42 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 is; «o inNio iocoo £8 CO CO r-t 5»oc4 r-i-^r - 7 O 1C 05 CO H o 050«2)noco ‘OOONOJrOQN 00+^r-T S <0 8 § ga •“ 8 £32 co»od oo CM -h CO lO 1C 05 00 co C t”'* rH rH CO 1 CO rH CO C CM 00 rH 05 c CO CO 00 CO 100 si 03 b3 X .. 3 cSTJ 9-2g g-g 3-^0 > a o.sSe alTS ® c3 £ Qj . . >1 IS 0 o ■ss .a .. f s c o ^ txj M ® .t) 9 !’§'§ I-3 3^-2 9 9 bL'SJa 9 8 ®pfl a gjS mvSS ..9q “33.S 8 8 J If lOBf n22 g«2“1l 1 I I IHf ** l«“ H-T goo Iq 55 © o '■S 09 21 S> CO 55. <» © *- 55 ^ © £j © *2 vl ii°i P3 x % © © ©© OCOOJ 05 o fcS. ‘ ^ ++ ++ + 1 T}H CO CO i © CM CO ' © 00 © • © 05 © I© I CO ;+' 1 feSS CO CO © HiOH +++ © © tC(N “ + i+ . ^ M M J2-3 5.2 o a# <5 ^ to «§ 3 . 6 c3 > =523 Jgg S| 8 g 0“ 8® btJO .3 43 Og I © © > o *o co c (N00©H © ^ © t>* cm © h*5 oo co © co nioocT © © rH © CO i>- © -*CM© © CM © CO © © CO © II II 1 1 1 1 © II II 1 1 1 1 © © i i © i i © co © i © © i i © i 1 © CO 1 © s i | is © 00 II II 1 1 1 1 Tft 00 1 1 CM i 1 CO 00 cd 1 © CM i • i © CO II II 1 i i 1 CO 1-H i ! CM I • ^ 00 © • © ^5 ! ! ! © CM li II i I i I 00 II II 1 1 1 1 &$■ 1 IH 1 1 CM © r-T 1 oT CO 1 1 1-H i 1 t>- 00 © ‘ i—t _ i i CM 1 • N WH 1 1-H rH 1 1 1 00 00 I I ICO © CM ! !^ ! ! ” I"1 1 1 1 © CO rH CO © H Tf CO © t>- CO CO ' ^ ^ CM © © CO 00 00 rH ©CM l © © 00 00 I © CM* 05 > © H CO O • © © © © r©©tc© • oo co co © © Tt< © © © © rH © U- © r-H © 00 © © >1^® £SS © CO © © © CO HHN © 00 t>- > © CO Pt-Tcm :s ^©COCOOOOP-^ 00 CM CO © 00 © © ^ ©CM00^*-h©©© © © r-(N©00 •^ © ^ 00 © ^ ^ ©rHCO ©T^^^ « TtJ © © CM © Is- I CM © 00 © © © i O CM* O CM 00 I © © © i-H © ICO CM ©CO ^ t © t^OO©© i CM CM CO CM > CM U- © CM © TJH CM* © 00 © © © CO CO »Tt<00©^- ) 00 CM CO 1-H > CO © © t © CM © © ©©HH © h- © © 00 CM S9£ Sr ^ © CM © i SSS $fs rh 00 © CM < I CO © t>- © © H © © © CO H 00 © > ^ 00©©05©00©^ too l^©rHCM©©^CO Tr^© ■ © CM Is- CO 00 © rHT^^©O00 CO © T-H CM © 00 I © CM 00 © » Tti co t-h © co Tti t>- © © gsg CM Tj^O © !>• CO eg. 00© 66 CM §cS2§c l Tf< CO CO OO CM CM © CM © CO 1 CM © CO < 00 rH CO COOOOOOO . ©ooqoi-h©©*^© rH CM © ©© © rsT ©co §5 © ^ 00 rH CM © © CO © t*< CM CM © ©©©©COCO 1-H CM CM © © 00 © ^ © l>©©^©00 h* oo© 05 t>T © © oo t''- co © ©CO © ^ © © ^ T-H © © t^CM 05 © tC IWH g rt'g *1! A 60 > g. ..-o a ■ 0 3 2 ® C ca o* iHMNtft'O T3 X . .g © o © tj CQ fl *- o Pi r CO feg ©* s inhncococon^h< (r*«o^r.tHiOHfliow5ccco i GO 05 QO © O CO ?D O CO N H i® O »OHiHNN HNCOHOWNOHOO i »® ©*-*<0*1-1 5000©OHNHW5eOWCiO>HN > OiO^OJCO CO 4050COIOCO > co^H© o ©*eo©*5©*o r i-T r-f k® -*T T? c s; •S © O “ - is ft c o o tSoo i o lljijljf Jj| : !g . . . pqoMW£ftftftaia}N.o o M° ° ° ft'© Wo ■s® .0.0 w „ J*d > > t>-3 eg o.® = W L *■ .253® £ ©"JJ •— r ft > 3^=3 i-s — « * -.2 ££» |?S? - :-Ct£©g ^'5'® ft«£j «S' , £ a C SS.® w > > 2o 3 is® cSSfij O t^.2t3 ■ft ' -ft r?‘s z © o t os a"© Cri ©£ 3 ? s-aS^s J S « o s ft ft -i’ScSSis'Ss ^ £sa gW55© ft SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 115 co cm ao co cm CO CM CO CM ^ n eo to to lOO^^INCO 'MCO^«HWCO»CM r.-4^0C^N cm to ^ *■*■**©© ^ O GO 00 eo to eo co eM »o CM CM CM to to 00 to r eo »-• h Cm" CM OhCOOWhC^CON IHCO I CM I HO i *—* CO r»ao®5 p os ^ r» t>- eo co eo co hnVw weooor* eo r< o cm CM CM •*< ** CM NOOHOOOCOtO-^ONHtOCOCOXCON^^COrHOOi ■* For footnotes see p. 144. Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. I, 1983— Continued 116 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 i«M^05i0 05NN05HO< ^ ^ CM i-» O* WN05C0C0WNN000iNNHt003O(NHrj< ^ 00 CO ©* CO r-1 CO ^ e* o* ^ oi 40 TH CO OOHO^NO OO ONN © O* O 40 CM CM CO r T3 © xsi ^ o 83*1 CG fl *- o a r 03 *a • .c^o©o CO ^ ao hcocon -OT-HT^ r* ^ ©i r© t>- ©* ©40C0h05^’ coc^i©t^C55©ocoo5©T^atc 0500GCCOr-iOiHCOWN404« eo 05 CM 40 CO NQO»C»H^c ) CM CO rH 05 CM )0©(OH©^OM0 4G« >WWOOO©(MN^^h< )0t4040©^c HH{ rJl © © fltf ■3^! S w - a ^ 3 ® c*. a g 5SfeSg8l “Se'+lwM .2^.2 25 St si* g£”S * w > .s S' i ;S§ .2 a a^-o-'-ss w o o a a M 3-2§is *5 .23 .23 m : 3 'a '5-2 ' ' ' .2 O to W ■ 'S‘0 0-“ § o.2mS^w « 1^3-SflSS i .22 L_, isSs d|§| sil-r •2aa~g-2g |-2-2 c3 c3*.£ _ *-■ S *r* t> h> rg © © © g £ £ £tJ w-~ « & 2 g5s5?s S- o eras ■g®5 2 ® a^ M ga g,* "eqpqOHm - c i ® 3 g'-’g « os 3 © §*'§'9 I &S § Sfc3 355^ •sS.S--^S'5^’.23 jlEltklS !®,2tf ®« lO l MXCOiCOWH»OCONHC a : iHCOOOCOWHiOCOH(NOHCO^OOHOCOiOW^(NCOCl^^COHHH(N’ I O r-. OS 05 OtNH 05 rH rH rH CO rH OS I rH CO Of) rH rH rH rH iH 3 c © E •w © < c For footnotes see p. 144. Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1933— Continued 118 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 ps a T3 © CO S "E o A'S fea x +? , © © o © -tj co a o Q. I X +f . © / © O © *r* cq a *- o a © c3 *3 hNhhcoOOONMhh ihcohMNC5h(N oonnhhho^wwshcook H?DMHNtO(N^t005rH(NWO)(N05H^»0?OH»OCONai©aa©o3©©,';d©©© ^> © © § s a a .2 o’g'S'g c3 *55 *55 *35 sao° X S »| = fe 2o333 i-xj^aja a tf||8iaaiasmiK?P^sSfiai!ggsessfl«s|ggsg G u w © !S jS® o SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 119 N^HHHWH^HONOOX^HHHOH^WtOH MNNHN i 03 ^ 00 00 CO OSOHMNONOHOC c s s © is §1 & pH co n-< '3 o 3 C3|-J a” O 3 !S!3saS'§-« ! I^rj-A ;jrs IPMflco ;t3 § ; i p £ «" g 0 - „ „ . . ’o o-g'So 0’S g.M,M o o J i > 6 6 cS 3 § § O lo'gg^flft I a a 3 feSSO'S £ &•*•*•* a | a g-g-SPSSS^’-’ § g-g gll-i ®.2 © 42.2 § o-2 « § a « §2 S 3 2 2 5 S ® .5.2 § g-3-g*. ® ® a a fc 5 S.&S.S.S.fc-o.fl S>3 > 3 5? £ ® & S« if « •a*B !| S fi *ts «t2 s» a> - V co C > « 3 "tf-a c » o' a §«G y Crt §§^5 s e 8 « rt c« c3 O 3-H °-3 pis © i © o .2.2.335 9 C3 c3 o3 ^ a o PhPhPhPhPhPh Ph goo •3.3 X) For footnotes see p. 144. Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 120 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 121 1 1—1 1 i -gSaa6“slS 'S8'-l* S3 ”11 ; n-t i S • ;«« ! !» ! ! M i i i i i i i iii i i i i ! i P i i iii i i : i : : i j*0 ! !OirH»OCO^ © o 0) t" U1 fl *-• o Pt NCD^C1(N(N ** ob o ® c* ^H(N(NH0hhhO^h05^hi0«0' -o? © I II fl o .a £S 5 3 fiS* o s . ic III ^ © .2 *w 3^ ^ j»*d ©« « / M . ©*5 >» es SS 111 > ® So ® S o DOS og§S| ® ® © ® M^^PhPhP^Ph © _ „ ^ ~8°2§§S§® oa®gg® fflOQOOOp^^ollraSS^ ai a fl fl fl O © © ! 2®-* O o ® O > s om . § §p s.o.o.a.a.Q.a.Q.a,a.a.o.a.o.a.a.a.o.Q.a>>;£>>>>:>>:>: „„ M^i'flflflflflflfl ao 3 a 3 3 o o So a 5 KW WWWWWWMWWWWtOMWWMW^U^ OOOm «<◄-«!*<◄◄*<◄◄◄*<◄■<* ,-h 40 co»-i 400 Or-(TJ1^HMOCOHCO o?38S ^ s HN^O^HWOOHMHOW^W(NrticO«>CHC»HOH«OWN 00 I-H rH i-H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l i i i i 1 l i i 1 1 1 l l 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 l 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . Ill i i i i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 l 1 • 1 1 1 1 i i i l 1 l 1 I l l l l i i l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 CO»OHWHtOH 1 1, 292 594 96 602 315 H^N^JOQHHCON II 8 COC*40C<|40rHT|Jt>- WHHOWlOlN HHiONNN ^NHHWH00^>ftH(N«OHMMNCO^W>O. f-H OHHh«J rH 40 rH rH eo CO rH »C OS f— I oohocohhnojonwn-^ lOOfNOO^HHCOrtNiftiO^COOHCOOeONGOrHNiO^WHCOOSHCOiOOWNO^^MO^HOliOONOWW >>>>>>>> I CO CO CO CO CO >00000 OOOOOCCOOPl,^^ 16585-33- For footnotes see p. 144, Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1933— Continued 124 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 125 i i ! i I i i i j j j i i i :sg : : : : ; : ; : ! ! ! ! ! ■ • ; ^ i 1 1 1 I^IHN » 1 j j i i ■ S i ” j i !S co ! ! | ao ^ *o * i iii i i iii i j j 1 > i i i to iO i i i i i 1 • ! ! eo : i r j j : i : ! - co ; ; i j i ^ ! ! ! ai ?o eo as ! ; COCO 1 1 1 i i • « i i i«JCi i i i » 1 1 i | • • ! ' ' ' co ! i < i i 1 1 i •CiOOr-t 1 • j is 1 1 *c3os'- S" ■ i i ! S i 1 1 , : i : 54 19 17 t>- i i • i i 1 1 18 15 3 is i i J : i s : : : : : : : : : : iiiii : : : : : : : : : ; ; : : ; : : : : : : : : : : ; | i i • • i i • • • i j i i i 1 1 l 1 1 i i i i i \ ! ! 1 1 i i : i ins i ,—Sfj h-sssgss j 1 2" i“§s§il i; s ji • il i SSS i ss i i r"M"“ !° i i «BHr8’""a8aSM i; i 1,672 239 1 925 491 1 *«« w t’9 **'*'* i : : 47 1 433 • ill! i 1 i 1 i ; • • 1 j j Iiiii 1 i 1 • 1 1 .... ! ! ! 1 V §§'"33 ~“88 r-sssiiss i : ; : i°>g23ggN8 jg~”SSSS i • 1 i IS 445 284 1 9 287 284 2 1 :sslsrr'"=ss5sra'"l 4 47 134 82 . 1 -T * Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and re HetJc Apr. 1, 1933— Continued 126 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 ®'3 > o© o© ©*■*<-* ® o > HC5 ^ CO 3^ **|§2g 6fi © 53 a ja » & *3 1 1 III CD i £2 *n o aa -a m *» . ® © o ©-tf oa a ^ o ft WHCONNNNO r O ^ ©* H ® CO M 05 W CO WCO ©OOHOOONHO- oo e© ^ rfi WC5M CO 0© 00 N05r*OCOT}. ^ oo oo ® oo co ^ *h r» ©s e©^i©»© U5W5 00N CD CO© ©*^rH 0© ^©©W»OCC©©HCOW^© OO©© ^ ^ ^#©*h*h ^»owco r- h ode* WW5«CDH(NCOiOW* © ae rt< ©C5 © © o o e* • ,2 *a O-»X^NN©C0r • © H< O? — < CO CO »0©C© CO 0© CO )©©U3 *Oi < OO MO lO NOO * o rt’c £2 ^ c a « £ g« m3 21 ® « .O o £ gS b > © © £p<.^ © 3 ©3® © «'-N© ®" "® 53^ © © w ® « js 3 3 © 3 ©sIsmS* *- B^-"© ■= u^SLi O 3 o-g __ ^°o©^®£ ! § >fe>® O'o * © ©|S=>|3“ :a««2^5S : c 2 S3 j© ^ ©5» «• © o o §3 ® © 32 « 03 03m 03 •3 hS ftft ass a — S3 © TO © ftftftft£ OO £5 JJ s S3® © fc r N ta ra^.S © © !fl !« «-»£&< a*®®® © ^ © 3 « © fisslsl « * SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 127 O I 05 rH i C© CO ir»0 JSSi9* cs eo u* ©* » ^ QO ©* ^ (M 05 05 05 05 C* » o* ^ co 00 MHf.(N co h eo io lO^OMHHHOWOH «gjg 352© O OOQOWC ©* h -* cd ce go ) Oi QO ^ 05 HHlQ^fOr W05CC'<5©Hf • M(NWHQONHOOO< > 00 «5»0 N>OH > O C* 1-H r t-h of ca I ^ -g; *7; o 3 3 w323a - « 3 3 3 g ^^PlhPhPh « ® £ . J o 32 ,5 ® N 3 ooft, 32 rt o®*2 DSgS Pl,Ph 3Ph fl8 O Q/;H _K> r .ro o,** • Sg o s ©> •-I ®'2 5 ftx: oi 2 ;zj ^ '3 5?S §2aj ,2,2.2.2,2,2,2,2,2,2,25 ~ ’nnnftnon n3S3"' 5 S/S 3 £ = 73 ^ 03 3 ,S 3 :9^rtg;3 “a q, j2 5 °3 C ct; >> _233333332.aB*:s:.£!.Q,©.a<numerated'at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1933— Continued 128 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 . © ©'S >05 ® i ^ r- 1C *0 eo ws ® •s-c 'O © w •a o as < ® » s 05 ^ c*9 GOlHHCOlO I s HSs s IOMOOOHO 05 e* i wV ICO C© 05 05 ^ T IN CO r» -a* CO >eo n^hh too ****** ll> CO to ^ lO (N usccr* eo o* r» 05 co t» co oo 05 *o e* i OOCO-a* NQOGOO HCDH GO CO CO iO CO O * H H lO H i-h ^ » r» c© c© co rH io ^ 05 « §30Q l! lip l^ll ofS* >»CW M « _ >» ri S g ca a-o ^ a =|if!S| gflHoSS^ Ors £ 2 £ £ £ Jjlig|||diflflag“C«S3 «=>>>>> « - * - *-2^” st> : J.&8 Sites* as ^ ^ Jw *2 }S C S\ A 2*** HOOca^ S® ©.2 P ■ ■ ■ ■ - j eS m ° 'O'OTJ'O'©.^ JjTJ o a©* .HOM O y* © Q} © ~ L J W W W W w - 6«.x ©ii”| ’!’§’§ e5# ®xix3ja 393S«.ww~ i«S*§lIssaagggg 2 © © O a fl®S © P»>H ce © s a.*a o HOO <3 . . © 1 2b M*9 OiDiDiO O O o°-2.h.2 a a a a a * e a sf S~ §|« gc-Moooowawia fi«O0O00SS££S.» ©-g &* u t.xw3^*;©2:Sa j=o ©x>«fiapC£©.2 face go H w x: o o fc SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 129 «S& tN. i iWMN iHCOHW I I 0(Nr)COlOC^^COCOrHC^©C^I^CS^rHCO^C^(M»HCT>C •© HW T* fcO © C* * rH rH CO *0 CO )^«ONH^C50>iOW^COWCOHrm«(NcOHNH050>NrtO>»0< $ o fl ■§!« T3^>0 |Om jq^ ® ® ® o 6 6 J'O’O J-O-O — J o3 ca ® a> ur'rr 5 _ OQ§ Slislll-S^^e © p ^ 03 ©j£ a © ; s « ?S & £-0 dg-SS|saa§llgl|| SSlgf 883sSil?g* Wgu . w , O g> .* M 2 ® S3 ® .2 S ® 8* .0.0.0 2 0 §? 65 © O Oja OOOOOOOfMPL.^m 5545 ® 2M^99^^^(V^ooo> o»§ : S S S ^saoiAAA^ssaes £ aS aoo © si — ■ i«go2g 5 g £ &.g fe ® StS 13 © © 2, ©.a > , M Ph a cyop co g nO©c3(Sc3c3c3o3oSw §.2bS & £ £ £ fs £ fcS CO CO _ _ 03 c3 e3 c3 c3 03 cjQS I I VS ►v' -V ► .£3 §422 Sa-ax: ■P-*-s40-p-P-P-P-P*->-+J4J{j O O O O O O O m* Co C3 C3 C3 c; )OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOg^e^^ehH |aPn^iPHA- : a 5 M© iso 2 O SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 131 0* 00 CO i-< CO * US CM 1-H cm cc » US rH r» N cm — Oi COHCOH^MMH©^HWWHCHO>U3OH«OCM»O^liSH -4 CM *-H O ^ 1-4 rH ^*US00 00 t- US CM CO o os • ; > ! suije oS.ooS?«2 S a ct £ GC !| gS S© <«o “I sf u o ,oo o gs* ^ ■ g.a < >3 g. <§ 03 te g 2 1 ££ 2 ® ca.2 S S^-5 §ooJrt« _ iOOOQWWOOOPMraroE-i g£ 8 |0©0Q(PQ10(DCDQJ©®©®QJ©Q)©QJ000©Q)^(D3;''''''''''I''' rrTM a^flg iJ.clf!.,!.CJ amo!(a«lo!i!j'(Sc3o3(S(at3i3cJ«Sc35lo!aac3c3«OOOOOOOOOOOOOO^fci Al^AiPHPHpkP^^P4(lHP4PHpL|flHPL|P-lP-.PHPH^pHfL.PHP4P4PHpUlpHPL| « PU, fL, Pk Ph Ph Ph Ph Pi Ph Ph Ph & £ C Z> * §BO For footnotes see p. 114. Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1933— Continued 132 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 to ©S a "'3 o'o IS-g « B. ® a > r* ©* cs t — )55 i < qo >Obocrs © o OJ fl *- o a e© ©* qo u© (NHHNO ©U5CO©0«0^»«®^ MWNr»^HH©U5©© 'S-i •OOHHMOJW IOHOOCCHHOOOCO" ©se©©©©* *h *© >«* e© ©* «© t-h N in N 00 i (NHHHIN(NM0MHHM05W u©«©r»-**^«©*c0s©s©e-© So ©&« tS’O © fc C'S' 2 * * 2 « ! :|o^i :© ig§l fi £ 0.rt\£» t t«S 3 3 2- §©Sfi .9 g $•" i © 5 ^ «s S •g© eg o© o S; .og© © ■© | t « © |^|?S ||“«l|l§|5s o*«5rtc«'o^asftgcfi Agflllsipl |§®*s|s3SS® ■§» s 2 © SS s£ Z gS«"3 se|es £ ©as «■© > S ■© _ C^Ph « ts i P4 ’©■a S® 2 .M 03 > O § HSU wbw^^ O S P-i go gq i If §5 § § § § § s ® 5.2 3 ’O'© 'C'O'O -0.2 3d*!2Brtfl sa g-SS O O O O O O 0-~ BwgoSS, s^aassssasafissSssSS^ 2 §2 o.i a a - o* o* o «1^ b- a ©t4 g 555535^5^55655 I«i$cao3c3o3o3c3c3o3c3c3o3a3‘c3c3o3c3«c3c3c3o3c3c3 sgg-aaaaaaaaaaaaaeaaaeaaaa bohw£mm£mmwmmwmwwmmwwmwwm3 B 3 &a lamath-Yaqui. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 133 WCONCOON h«00)OC0WHH»0WC0(NhW« i(NH00HHH05CCW00O00H00^NWN« 03 r-H CO HHH > >o 03 co co C^HNCOC^-HtMW^ClOrHCO" l^^^fNHOOCOHN lOCON^OC ^CC»O^NNCOCOHH 05 X H 03 wa *h «CO00HMHNO3HO3Hr liOi003C0030030^00303t^003t iC3^WNiO»OCO^Oi 2 JO 03 »OH T-H >> 5« S* •35 ,5 0 5h a o |1 3 3 3,2 © as-- c3 12 10 2 ,2 3 'C P5 a 3 >> o _ M 2 3 2 3 03 O' . >2kH« !ri J3P. m a a^ (3 o llllllpsg 111 (Sgooooioiioioijjii £ .£ .£ .£ .£ .£.£.£ ® © ® os SS'O'O’O'O’O'C'S'a'O'O'a'o'Ssa'SfS^^fS^S^1^ §)g)S'S n22°°°°ooo°°o°2'S'3-3SSSSS.ti3S o o o£ MSSSSSSSSSSSSS^^PkPnfiHpHfiHpkdiPn^pHrttfpSra £5 3 3 0® a 0^-g 3 3 0-3 z a OP +3 '£ « 03 ■o £ Vi £> II — © 0-3 >> 3) M O ° M * “"3 g g g § a 3«3cJ^ 0® xxx'x-s^ 2 & 2 a o sa a a a s.2 O O O O W • ri o " OoO/r»^rrt/rit>^ .0.0.0 .0’S 8.0 a ® ® ® ® 3,2 "3 fl EHE-|E_|EHE_|^>Ht) >>|2©OOo3333te'o w CDQOOOQGh For footnotes see p. 144. Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1933— Continued 134 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 a X) ox) •S3 «•£ ® « >- « M, 000'*OHM>Oiopt'NN TfrtTj(lOOMHMCO > 5S .23 & ■g s g* c3 ja^r* CQCdP ®‘43 O' S^g- OSP _ tfr-P «« « « g g g a a§ C3 O' 3 a 9.S otf ® ® I O 3' 3 O' a a raPgggO d 6 (S 03 O' O' O' & ts'S 0* a o* W 3 S3 Ort-S '88 XI p S3 ss S3: i§f MMMM © © © a> © a> 5^0000 II iPSVWWWW §,55 8 8 g^a-g g © § g II fe*55 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 135 ^W^H«»OW(Nh©cO»ONHNH«X^HO>W©N^NN^O. -djSS §j2.2®;3 00„ 2 ^3 Ph o m ^ .S .2 ®bP.-* n«53 g* o3X3 ® ® «.2 » ; „ „ •p o 8 8 .1.1 33 g ® g g£ EEJSoqPP^^ cfi'ww' co'm'w 'w'w'wT^ ftftftp&aftftftftftft OtacCCQCQODCQOQCQajaiCQ , laaagggssaaao 03h^ChHHHH^^^O c3 ^ gJ ^ g3 _ • • ... >>>>£> >33 00000000000 > b mm s p s s aS2S55tfS’®’3.H.a.g.g.g.9.9.a.9.g.g = s c a'os'os'os'oS'a «'aa"c3'c3,e3'S-5 - p ^^flBflCdapaflaaSssss «9 o s c3 5 CO 1 bo a a o. a mm aa 03 03 b a fl poo PPP Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1933— Continued 138 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 ■5 tao tf "S3 C o 3 fs T3 . ® o CQ 0 *- © a «De*»«•»# ^ iii iidc r® so *** »o r® ^ 05 r- o e* ^ ic«e^ otA CO WNHHCOCON^MHOW. I CO rH (M CO t^CO < SS”*'- CO®* 05 ^ »Or c* 05 c* 05 ao $©COfr* 05 eo ^ 05 eo r ^ e* ** i 00 CO > o, fe 'x « ® ®-~ o ©• J-l ^ pG ^ U ,P <*OOOOH> o o o o ® o-o 38i £ ® a o .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 iSSSSS el «S|g 33 '3331- I 2 - — g|* SS* : — -S5*a|g as-^ggggw : ; 16585—33 - 10 For footnotes see p. 144. Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1938— Continued 140 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 r* «5h e© o o ^ co hOhhO Ci CO i titisS .25-2 ^2 •3 © to S £ a © O ra a o a ^2 QO 00 W«rH l 'T 4 .... "Y 'Y 124 1 i H H CO • l ©* • l l 1 i IH 1 OJ 1 1 1 1 1 1 S r» ft e ■«*' ■ ac e* < ■«* OS *13 *2 «^Hrt00NNfflHHNU5Nrt< CCHHNOHOiOl iW^ht)ONhNOOM»© IM 00 *■= 5 3 — C © w x:sc - >*i?a«.S2.£2 ^^•S'3'35.2 2 2 0^3 2 3 3rs ce o o es o’er? ^ | £.S2.S2 S’3 2 2 art 0.-2.-2 0 a-s § ® s 'S'S -2^*5 00 ^ ^ cr J5.S.S It fcfc.sgjra OOOOOQQ^PhO1 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS CHOC^OOCOrHCfc*- eo ^ IOHHCOW » ICO CJlO(Nr-.H^ ©Hcow^r* co ©NN OQO OC r-i SD C© -^^rHNW(NNCOrH INhh^h i-H f* i-4 O l© S© ' GO XH©» IWHWOMHXC5MHIQHNW 00 r» !>■ rH r-l H©HLO©©©HN©HO»OH©CONHX^(NWHr iOM©©X * lO rH <*' CO OrHr-05«HOC5- INHIOHHNW. OCO^OOiOiWOWM^rHOtt^i r-l ^ O GO OOCO^i < CO ^.a.a.S.SS .©.i.i.i.i.cja.s.a'- IB IB © © ®OOOQ JS g g’s s ss © © © ©•= s .a.aaaaGaaacs 33333 aaano£ O'O’O'O'O'O O £> o ^ O OG ||^!i I! as>B a-soa-w-' ' 1 aa-s §**" e • V.VJ >.© W\J v«j ’— ! >—* •" >v< tO O O C l33332^««C’S3pa& ’ ^ ^ ~ 3 = 3 3 =‘ = I 3 I"! ‘I I ' O-a aeflBK«HHB«SSSSi © w ©w — . -3 ©-C- • ■ - ■ : -§£•«! 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3=1 3 3 3 3 3 & ^ S CO^^gt^l-^l^lJl-llJl-^wSi^SS-waiCQCQCZ! ^PMPhPhP-1 C^CQCQMMa as a Z 3 a s ODrtJ « su Pm QO 3 H 141 For footnotes see p. 144. Table 2.— Indian population in continental United States enumerated at Federal agencies according to tribe, sex, and residence Apr. 1, 1933 — Continued 142 REPORT OF THE* SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 03 u.2 tuo © ^3 'Co'O ■gg-c « .a. T3 <© co ^3 O MCOHO^CO nnhnhhionn NhNhcO>ONOO iWHONiOOOCOOJr NOWCC»0 SS 32 W CO ,-1 CO CO « e5 C- CO CO CO O* CO CO w J? qoJh S 05 ^ (NOHWCH, N iNNON eo S'* 05 *H »-H OO I*WOCOOOWOCOCDNt}< OO WI*H(NH y-i t— < ^ r*05 05 oo ^ Tt< ■ • 05 lO SoSoSS I HM CO 05 *0 I »0 05 CO CO CO c lO r-l Tt< 05 »-H rH SO < ?*wr*Hoco• r» ^ co w r* 0105 05 io r* 05 oo >lftr-(rHNOCOON»OH^r I IO rH rH la X! c3 a* Si 03 fl 53 9 a '3h3 > wo •ilsll 1.1 a|^ B E <; u a is a ~^§i ~o 2' So®2ta ® a o rS£ag> o‘43 «- ^ c3 .2 .q S'O'EqS 0"3 Q. ® § 9 2, 4-3 O. • • . S3 ca H © do O0“ fl;3'2-Q 2ft .2.2g.2>«-a^S 8® .cQosS^r^*— i£52jd lS8'3’3fl'3«gs!^ ^ ®&a§a^gaG0 §H C'O o 2*0 C3 > CO CO geo _ C3 8 rC _ 9>?|22oS8o^-8 +3 m2 _r_r ® _r’w § w O ‘w ® o ® a 0.3 a 8 > x § 8 8 a [Note.— In column 12 are included a considerable number of children believed to be in public schools away from reservations. Column 13 includes ineligibles. The figure given in column 2 for Navajos under the Hopi Agency is an estimate based on the proportion of children to total population in other Arizona Navajo jurisdictions] SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 145 school population and school enrollment during fiscal year ended June 30, 1933 — Continued 146 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS »-7 c4* ^ issgs 147 '833*8 : : •ggaaaggs !838wg§8§£ :| ;s : as a- ;gss ssasssss i° i i S'® i ! i i J _ ! _ ! _ Hg^fessssssss ;§ gg •as ! : : : : : : : :38 ; ; is^sss : : 88* OOCO3 Jg : : : : ! 2 10 3 SSEfca^Sjo^ :|g£Mg|T8g : : : : :s 13 -r 53 : :< -r- j- s j S ! ! • .-■-! g : §MS* |s^233sS0Sls8‘0”3s05S 2222 ;253||S32|222^ S2«?3^|| 5$;3&§g§38 4 33 1,320 500 o o j i ' ’ ll"RI13SI (N i 8§g§ j 1 i ~ i !SII -a | *H 3a"S i : is§° "s!s=22s i is i i i i 1 ! i i i ! ! II 1 ! j I#- ! 28 785 70 II 1 1 asga-^^sggssggggg * - cooof^^ 8*21 • e* isasissa §I5gSSlg||ISI§lS5SlS •»• - - ~ -a -■-■ S2sssSilIIg||SI |s”ssll lss!Ssll ^«'>?o ©33 03 o & 2 “ sna 02 tiga a £§ £f§ h73 w*p P 2 a> o ^ S ^ -1 fe X> § i • >> 'g c3 ,®X 3 a2 iso »oco coco oor^c* co en ic cs -sji so cs co 38 ^2’ M »C 1-H US Tjt c CO 03 >0 ^ 8^2835 ?J2 In local public 4 ^ iiQ ICOHH OWCOHO^GOCOM OWOW00© Orh GO CO I 1 H »© CJHNOSONCtOCO ^ t>-^C05© CO CS 1 • G» . r>* 05 oo rf qo ooo wo* ^ ^csi cs 05 o 50 co i-< coc* N H Indian children 6 to 18 years, inclusive 2 455 332 42 25 13 29 14 2, 946 584 263 120 284 1,047 648 2, 300 446 570 | 223 157 153 322 429 649 327 322 rr & ’3’9 ®§ is .fssdj .9-3 ■APP* *20 -So ^heh^Swmj I I A Uo c3 mja ill EH © CQ © ® d 2 og £3 g c n a BO« ©TJ.^ g-3 2 §3 .'O © 2? "3 "S .£a9 gsff 111 § os.ti 2 .90 a 3 ■o®go gsf-a •S.S.s.1 a? |1 Hill as >?a S3 fl.2 do 0r0 •2d 55 dsn *_'3'o 3 o c3oC w «„ O © Oja a ^SS 5'cE~i -3 a a o-rt _ H W d .^59 O d ■£ § d ca o . Sag-© .2-2 2^ 2d5 3 s © ad Gag£ T3 3 aO ggg"9 SS'-S ®c< 9 c* 'O CO §>3fHr +?a J > 2 11 o-^ t2 w ! X!.g C3 31 d~ © d 00-“ -TJ 1 h » l-g : ®!®g; -0.2' 2 dia ©9g ,g « OT O O O ♦-ds © &X3 • XJ 3 §agn 3 l.'0-9 « Jig'S wr* 03! g£® £ •3 M- O ®: a? 31 •S fe.«, - d, © a. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 149 Table 4.— Indian schools, classification and statistics for fiscal year ended June 30, 1933 State, agency, and school Enroll¬ ment Average attend¬ ance Grades taught Class of school Total . 29, 062 25, 147 Arizona: Colorado River Agency: Colorado River _ _ _ 95 93 B-6 Reservation, boarding. Do. Fort Apache Agency: Fort Apache _ 439 427 B-8 Canyon . . . . 35 33 B-2 Day. Do. Cibicue _ _ _ 33 30 B-2 Havasupai Agency: Havasnpai . _ _ _ _ 40 38 B-7 Do. Hopi Agency: Hopi... . . . . . . 172 167 B-7 Reservation, boarding. Day. Do. Chimopovy _ _ _ 68 66 B-6 Hote villa-B acabi _ 93 88 B-7 Oraibi _ _ 70 65 B-7 Do. Polacca _ _ _ 125 115 B-7 Do. Second Mesa _ _ _ _ _ 65 57 B-6 Do. Leupp Agency: Leupp _ 407 386 B-8 Reservation, boarding. Nonreservation, boarding. Day. Do. Phoenix’ School: Phoenix 860 752 6-12 Salt River . . . 143 121 B-5 Pima Agency: Pima _ 241 175 1-9 Blackwater . 41 33 B-2 Do. Casa Blanca . 100 81 B-6 Do. Chui Chiuschu . . . 20 13 B-3 Do. Gila Crossing _ 72 56 B-5 Do. Maricopa.. _ 26 25 B-4 Do. Santanl _ _ 122 90 B-5 Do. San Carlos Agency: San Carlos... _ _ 200 183 B-6 Reservation, boarding. Day. Do. San Carlos _ 58 B-6 Sells Agency: Poso Redondo _ _ _ 37 19 B-3 Santa Rosa _ _ _ 129 93 B-4 Do. San Xavier _ 91 77 B-5 Do. Sells- Vamori . . . 80 63 B-5 Do. Ventena . . . 57 40 B-6 Do. Southern Navajo Agency: Chin Lee . 152 135 B-5 Reservation, boarding. Do. Southern Navajo . . . 435 404 B-7 Tohatchi... . 240 229 B-5 Do. Cornfields . . . 33 31 B-2 Day. Do. Crystal . . . . 32 25 B-2 Kinlichee . . . 34 33 B-l Do. Klagetoh... . . . 35 33 B Do. Theodore Roosevelt School . . 416 389 B-9 Nonreservation, boarding. Reservation, boarding. Do. Truxton Canon School . 208 206 B-8 Western Navajo Agency: Western Navajo.. _ _ 339 329 B-7 Moencopi _ _ _ 55 54 B-4 Day. Do. California: Fort Yuma Agency: Fort Yuma . . . . . 154 120 B-7 Hoopa Valley Agency: Hoopa Valley . . 95 82 B-6 Do. Mission Agency: Campo . 17 14 B-5 Do. Mesa Grande.. 16 15 B-4 Do. Pala . 17 14 B-3 Do. Rincon . . . . 30 27 B-6 Do. Volcan _ _ 27 22 B-4 Do. Sacramento Agency: Fort Bid well . . . . 21 16 B-8 Do. Sherman Institute . . . . . 1,015 225 898 6-12 Nonreservation, boarding. Reservation, boarding. Do. Colorado: Consolidated Ute Agency: Ignacio . . . 216 B-8 Ute Mountain _ 167 160 B-8 Florida: Seminole Agency: Seminole. _ _ _ 20 7 B-6 Day. Reservation, boarding. Day. Idaho: Fort Hall Agency: Fort Hall . . . . 236 225 B-8 Iowa: Sac and Fox Agency: Mesquakie . 57 42 B-4 150 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Table 4.— Indian schools, classification and statistics for fiscal year ended June 30, 1933— Continued State, agency, and school Enroll¬ ment Average attend¬ ance Grades taught Class of school Kansas: Haskell Agency: Haskell Institute . 972 823 9-12 Nonreservation, boarding. Kickapoo . 21 18 B-8 Day. Michigan: Mount Pleasant School . . . 448 351 1-9 Nonreservation, boarding. Minnesota: Consolidated Chippewa Agency: Pine Point. . 83 60 B-6 Day. Pipestone School . 357 328 B-9 Nonreservation, boarding. Red Lake Agency: Cross Lake . . . 107 103 B-7 Reservation, boarding. Red Lake . 144 120 B-8 Do. Mississippi: Choctaw Agency: Bogue Chitto . . . . . 25 22 B-3 Day. Bogue Homo . . . 25 18 B-6 Do. Conehatta . . . . 68 47 B-5 Do. Pearl River . . . 81 64 B-6 Do. Red Water _ _ - . 48 42 B-6 Do. Standing Pine _ _ _ 34 29 B-5 Do. Tucker _ _ 62 52 B-6 Do. Montana: Blackfeet Agency: Blackfeet . . . 198 151 1-10 Reservation, boarding. Heart Butte . . 39 27 B-3 Day. Fort Belknap Agency: Fort Belknap . . . . 168 128 1-9 Reservation, boarding. Fort Peck Agency: Fort Peck . . . . . 148 114 B-12 Do. Rocky Boy’s Agency: Haystack Butte . . . 25 22 B-6 Day. Parker Canyon . 22 19 B-5 Do. Rocky Boy’s . - . 43 31 B-8 Do. Sangrey.. . . . 31 23 B-6 Do. Tongue River Agency: Tongue River— . . . . . — 73 71 B-6 Reservation, boarding. Birney . . . . . 41 38 B-5 Day. Nebraska: Genoa School . . — . 560 481 2-12 Nonreservation, boarding. Nevada: Carson Agency: Carson _ _ _ 637 556 B-10 Do. Fort McDermitt. . . . 48 40 1-6 Day. Pyramid Lake Agency: Nevada _ _ _ _ _ 59 52 B-7 Do. Walker River Agency: Fallon . . . . 34 25 B-3 Do. Walker River _ _ _ 54 36 B-7 Do. New Mexico: Albuquerque School . 926 881 7-12 Nonreservation, boarding. Charles H. Burke . . 660 560 2-12 Do. Eastern Navajo Agency: Eastern Navajo (Pueblo Bonito) . 413 365 B-6 Reservation, boarding. Pinedale.. . . . 30 26 B-3 Day. Mescalero Agency: Mescalero _ _ 112 110 B-6 Reservation, boarding. Northern Navajo Agency: San Juan . . . . 413 403 B-7 Do. Toadlena . . . . . 247 228 B-7 Do. Nava _ 58 45 B-4 Day. Redrock _ 50 31 B-3 Do. Saynostee . . . 38 25 B-2 Do. Teecnospos . . . 22 20 B Do. Santa Fe Agency: Santa Fe . . .. . . 647 563 1-11 Nonreservation, boarding. Picuris— _ _ _ 21 20 B-3 Day. San Ildefonso. . . . . 14 13 B-4 Do. San Juan _ 80 75 B-6 Do. Santa Clara _ _ _ _ 50 45 B-5 Do. Taos . . . . . 153 146 B-7 Do. Tesuque.. . . 1 . . 12 10 B-4 Do. Southern Pueblos Agency: Acomita. _ _ 87 75 B-6 Do. Chicale. . — . — 25 22 B-6 Do. Cochiti . . . . - 37 34 B-5 Do. Encinal . . . . 22 21 B-6 Do. Islcta. . . . . 91 83 B-6 Do. Jemez Mission _ 37 34 2-3 Do. Jemez— _ _ _ _ 63 52 3-4 Do. Laguna . . — . 47 46 B-6 Do. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 151 Table 4. — Indian schools, classification and statistics for fiscal year ended June 30, 1933 — Continued State, agency, and school Enroll¬ ment Average attend¬ ance Grades taught Class of school New Mexico — Continued. Southern Pueblos Agency— Continued. McCartys . 70 65 B-6 Day. Mesita . . . . 20 17 B-6 Do. Paguate. - - - - 77 66 B-6 Do. Paraie . . . . . 33 30 B-5 Do. Sandia.. . . . . . 19 19 B-4 Do. San Felipe . . . 60 53 B-6 Do. Santa Ana . . . . 25 23 B-6 Do. Santo Domingo _ _ _ _ 111 95 B-5 Do. Seama . . . . . . . 32 27 B-6 Do. Sia . . . . 13 13 B-4 Do. Zuni Agency: Zuni... . . 131 122 B-8 Do. North Carolina: Cherokee Agency: Cherokee . . - . . . . 375 336 B-9 Reservation, boarding. Cherokee . . . 103 65 B-9 Day. Big Cove... . . . . . . 19 16 B-4 Do. Birdtown . . . 65 46 B-6 Do. North Dakota: Bismarck School . . . . 134 122 1-9 Nonreservation, boarding. Fort Berthold Agency: Independence . . . 25 19 B-3 Day. Shell Creek _ _ _ 44 25 B-6 Do. Fort Totten School . . . 296 268 1-9 Reservation, boarding. Standing Rock Agency: Standing Rock . . . . . 253 224 1-8 Do. Turtle Mountain Agency: Turtle Mountain . . . . . 581 391 1-8 i Day. Indian Day No. 5 _ 81 40 B-6 Do. Wahpeton School _ _ 369 336 B-9 Nonreservation, boarding. -Oklahoma: Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency: 1 1 Cheyenne and Arapaho _ _ 262 216 1-9 Reservation, boarding. Chilocco School _ _ _ 1, 062 857 6-12 Nonreservation, boarding. Kiowa Agency: Anadarko _ 165 130 B-6 Reservation, boarding. Fort Sill _ _ _ 225 203 1-9 Do. Riverside _ 278 214 1-7 Do. Pawnee Agency: Pawnee _ _ _ 350 302 1-10 Do. Quapaw Agency: Seneca... _ _ 267 254 3-9 Do. Five Civilized Tribes Agency: Sequoyah Orphan Training School- .. 365 341 1-11 Nonreservation, boarding. Creek Nation: Euchee . . 137 111 B-9 Do. Eufaula _ _ _ 161 150 B-9 Do. Chickasaw Nation: Carter Seminary _ 202 170 1-9 Do. Choctaw Nation: Jones Male Academy - - 204 179 1-9 Do. Wheolock Academy.. . . . 145 130 B-9 Do. ■Oregon. Salem School _ _ _ _ _ 848 752 7-12 Do. Warm Springs Agency: Warm Springs. . _ 136 127 B-8 Reservation, boarding. Burns _ _ 29 , 28 B-6 Day. South Dakota: Cheyenne River Agency: Cheyenne River _ _ 236 204 B-8 Reservation, boarding. Cherry Creek _ 33 23 B-5 Day. Green Grass _ 22 19 B-6 Do. Thunder Butte _ 21 17 B-6 Do. Flandreau School . . . 482 438 9-12 Nonreservation, boardiDg. Pierre School.. . . . 339 307 1-9 Do. Pine Ridge Agency: Pine Ridge (Oglala) _ 517 439 B-9 Reservation, boarding. No. 4____ _ _ _ _ _ 23 18 B-6 Day No. 5 . . . . . . 43 1 31 B-6 Do. No. 6 _ _ _ _ 27 18 B-6 Do. No. 7 _ _ _ _ 33 21 B-6 Do. No. 9 . . . . . . 35 22 B-6 Do. No. 10. . . . 30 14 B-6 Do. No. 12 _ _ _ _ 22 13 B-6 1 Do. No. 15 _ _ _ 17 15 B-3 | Do. No. 16 _ _ _ 30 21 B-6 Do. No. 17 _ _ — . — 16 11 B-5 Do. No. 19. _ _ _ 15 9 B-6 Do. No. 20.. . . . . 21 i i 13 B-4 j Do. 152 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Table 4. — Indian schools, classification and statistics for fiscal year ended June 30, 1933— Continued State agency, and school Enroll¬ ment Average attend¬ ance Grades taught Class of school South Dakota— Continued. Pine Ridge Agency— Continued. No. 21 _ _ 25 15 B-6 Day. No. 22... . . . 19 15 B-6 Do. No. 23 _ _ 25 23 B-6 Do. No. 24 _ _ _ _ 41 25 B-6 Do. No. 25 . . 18 16 B-5 Do. No. 26 _ _ _ 16 9 B-6 Do. No. 27 _ _ _ 29 18 B-6 Do. No. 28 _ _ _ _ _ 20 13 B-6 Do. No. 29 _ _ 22 14 B-6 Do. Red Shirt Table _ _ _ _ _ 22 13 B-G Do. Rapid City School _ _ _ 317 279 1 ! 4-9 Nonreservation, boarding. Rosebud Agency: Rosebud . . . 286 248 B-9 Reservation, boarding. Blackpipe . . . . . 30 23 B-6 Day. Cut Meat - 31 21 B-5 Do. He Dog’s Camp _ _ _ _ 30 22 B-6 Do. Little Crow _ _ _ _ _ 32 23 B-6 Do. Milk’s Camp _ _ 32 17 B-6 Do. Oak Creek . . . . 26 23 B-6 Do. Spring Creek _ _ _ _ 39 29 B-4 Do. Upper Cut Meat ... . . . 27 17 B-6 Do. Utah: Paiute Agency: Goshute _ _ _ _ 46 39 B-7 Do. Kaibab _ _ _ 15 12 B-6 Do. Uintah and Ouray Agency: Uintah... . . . 172 137 B-7 Reservation, boarding. Ouray . . . . 19 17 B-4 Day. Wisconsin: j Hayward School _ _ ' 193 164 1-8 Reservation, boarding. Keshona Agency: Keshena... . . 153 139 B-9 Do. Neopit . . . . 37 25 1-8 Day. Lac du Flambeau Agency: Lac du Flambeau . . . 129 108 1-7 Do. Tomah School . . . . 331 312 1-9 Nonreservation, boarding. Wyoming: Shoshone Agency: Shoshone . . 130 104 B-9 Reservation, boarding. SCHOOL SUMMARY Class Number of schools Enroll¬ ment Average at¬ tendance Total . . 197 29, 062 25, 147 Nonreservation, boarding _ 25 40 132 12, 594 9, 632 6,836 11,066 8, 662 5, 419 Reservation _ Day. _ _ _ OFFICE OF NATIONAL PARKS, BUILD - INGS, AND RESERVATIONS (Arno B. Cammerer, Director) The resignation on August 9, 1933, of Horace M. Albright, Director of the National Park Service and for over 20 years connected closely with all national-park activities and progress, was a great loss to the Federal Government in national-park work. Conservationists throughout the country as well as high officials of the Federal Gov¬ ernment, headed by the President and yourself, expressed deep regret at his decision to resign. Mr. Albright’s career in Government service was a brilliant one. Since his appointment as director of the National Park Service in January 1929, the Service expanded in scope and in personnel, particularly in Washington. Outstanding among the new developments during his administration were the establishment of the branch of research and education in the Wash¬ ington headquarters, the expansion of landscape architectural work, and the establishment of eastern headquarters of both the branch of engineering and the branch of plans and designs. He was particularly interested in the consolidation of all Federal- park activities and worked out the reorganization plan under which the military parks and monuments and the parks of the National Capital were consolidated with the national park and monument sys¬ tem under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. Extension of the landscape architectural activities and develop¬ ment of the 6-year master plans for all national parks received special attention from him. Had not this advance planning been done, the National Park Service would have been unable to take part so quickly and competently in the emergency conservation and public-works program. The historical program also was developed under Mr. Albright’s personal guidance, beginning with the Colonial and George Washing¬ ton Birthplace National Monuments in Virginia, established in 1930. With the addition of the military areas, which in reality are historical parks, and of the new Morristown National Historical Park in New Jersey, established last July, a definite basis for historical develop¬ ment is available. In addition to the Morristown National His¬ torical Park, 3 national parks and 10 national monuments were estab¬ lished during Mr. Albright’s term as director. 153 154 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Immediately prior to assuming the directorship, he was the first civilian superintendent of Yellowstone National Park, assuming charge in 1919. Under the approximately 10 years during which he retained that position that park made remarkable strides forward in all lines. Prior to that, Mr. Albright was the first assistant director of the National Park Service and, during the illness of Director Mather at the period of establishment, he actually organized the National Park Service and put it on a working basis, serving as acting director from May 1917 to March 1918. As assistant director (field) during his Yellowstone incumbency he devoted much time to general park problems, particularly to the concession system, and worked out many of the franchises still in operation. Shortly before he resigned as Director, Mr. Albright had conferred upon him by the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society the Pugsley gold medal for outstanding conservation work in the field of national parks. REORGANIZATION UNDER PRESIDENTS EXECUTIVE ORDER On June 10 President Roosevelt issued an Executive order which among other consolidations, provided that “All functions of adminis¬ tration of public buildings, reservations, national parks, national monuments, and national cemeteries are consolidated in an Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations in the Department of the Interior, at the head of which shall be a Director of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations,” and that this transfer and con¬ solidation of functions “shall include, among others, those of the National Park Service of the Department of the Interior and the National Cemeteries and Parks of the War Department which are located within the continental limits of the United States.” This merger of functions took effect partially on August 10 when officials of the National Park Service became officials of the new Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations, and took over super¬ vision of certain public buildings, the National Capital parks, and the military parks, monuments, certain national cemeteries, and allied reservations, and certain national monuments formerly under the supervision of the Department of Agriculture. At that time the functions of the Arlington Memorial Bridge Commission, the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital, the National Memorial Commission, the Public Buildings Commission, and the Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway Commission, in accordance with the Executive commission were transferred to the new organization and the agencies listed abolished. In that connection the director of the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations became the vice chairman and executive SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 155 officer of the National Capital Park and Planning Commission. He is also a member of the Zoning Commission of the District of Colum¬ bia and of various other organizations. Expenditure of funds for the National Capital Park and Planning Commission was taken over by the disbursing officer of the Department of the Interior. The ex¬ penditures of the Commission of Fine Arts, the George Rogers Clark Sesquicentennial Commission, and the Rushmore National Commis¬ sion were also placed under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior through this Office. Under the reorganization the former Office of Public Buildings has been separated into two units — the Branch of Public Buildings and a System of National Capital Parks. Final consolidation and reap¬ pointment of personnel of the various bureaus under the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations was postponed by later Executive order until September 30. Officers of the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reserva¬ tions are convinced that the new organization, comprising as it does a consolidation of all Federal-park activities under one responsible head, will be a smoothly functioning machine that will measure up to the best traditions of the various organizations involved and furnish to the public service of the highest type. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES As usual, developments during the year were varied and inter¬ esting. The consolidation of certain park and buildings operations already has been covered. Outstanding among the achievements was the operation of 175 citizens civilian conservation summer camps in national parks, national monuments, national military parks, State parks, and other related areas. Approximately 35,000 young men carried on this valuable emergency conservation work. Three hundred winter camps will be operated in these areas. Congress continued its sympathetic consideration of the needs of the national parks and national monuments. During the busy days of the last session of the Seventy-second Congress and the first session of the Seventy-third Congress, when much legislation of an emergency character required attention, the members of these Con¬ gresses took time to pass nine important pieces of legislation in¬ volving National Park Service activities, including appropriation measures. Other measures still pending on House and Senate calendars for possible consideration next session cover the establishment of the Boulder Canyon national reservation in the States of Arizona and Nevada, the establishment of the Everglades national park in Florida, the creation of a national-park trust-fund board to man- 16585—33—11 156 • REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 age and invest gifts of funds and property, and the creation of the Saratoga national monument in New York. Exclusive jurisdiction over the Hot Springs National Park in Arkansas was ceded to the Federal Government by act of the State legislature approved March 25, 1933. Heretofore the Federal Government had been ceded jurisdiction over three separate areas in the park. This newest cession gives exclusive jurisdiction over all lands now or hereafter to be included in the park. Upon consolidation of the various Governmental functions out¬ lined in the Executive order of June 10, 1933, the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations took over from the War Depart¬ ment the management of 11 national military parks, 2 national parks, 10 battlefield sites, 10 national monuments, 4 miscellaneous memo¬ rials, and 11 national cemeteries. The Morristown National Historical Park in New Jersey, the first reservation of that designation in the National Park Service, was established July 4, 1933. Additions were made to the Acadia, Carlsbad Caverns, Hot Springs, and Yellowstone National Parks, and the Colonial, Colorado, and Petrified Forest National Monu¬ ments. Five new national monuments were established. These are Grand Canyon, White Sands, Death Valley, Black Canyon of the Gunnison, and Cedar Breaks. The Mowich or northwest en¬ trance to Mount Rainier National Park was dedicated on September 2 and a plaque unveiled to Dr. William Fraser Tolmie, the first white man to visit the area. Premier S. F. Tolmie, of British Columbia, was guest of honor at the dedication. Important among road achievements were the completion and dedication of the Wawona Tunnel and the practical completion of the Wawona Highway in Yosemite National Park, completion and dedication of the Going- to-the-Sun Highway in Glacier National Park, completion of the General Grant unit of the Generals’ High¬ way, and improvement of approach roads to the Southwestern monu¬ ments. Noteworthy achievements were made in museum expansion and other phases of the educational work were conducted intensively with reduced personnel. The Division of Wild Life Studies was established as a full-time Government activity. Master develop¬ ment plans were completed for most of the national parks and national monuments under the supervision of the National Park Service before consolidation of the various Federal functions took place. Winter sports use of the national parks continued to gain in popularity. EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK Officials of the National Park Service have a deep appreciation that they were enabled to assist in carrying out President Roosevelt’s emergency conservation program, one of the greatest humanitarian SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 157 movements ever conceived for the relief of distress. In addition to its primary purpose of relief, the conservation work accomplished will be of far-reaching importance to the whole country and will build up the health and morale of a large portion of the young manhood of the Nation, fitting them better to be leaders of the future. Following the passage of the necessary legislation and its approval on March 31, the President appointed Robert Fechner as Director of Emergency Conservation Work and designated as an advisory council to him one representative each from the Department of Labor, the War Department, the Department of Agriculture, and the Depart¬ ment of the Interior. Former Director Albright represented the Interior Department on this board, with the associate director serving as alternate. The present Director now represents the Department. In addition to the emergency forestation work upon the national parks and national monuments, the National Park Service was charged with the supervision of such work on military parks and monuments. State parks, and 1 or 2 related areas. As soon as the emergency conservation program received presiden¬ tial approval, 70 emergency conservation camps were established in national parks and monuments, including the military areas, and 105 on State park and allied lands, making a total of 175 camps thus supervised. The personnel of these camps included 35,000 enrolled men and approximately 2,300 men in supervisory and advisory capacities. All work within the areas under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service was carefully planned by experienced landscape archi¬ tects, park engineers, and foresters, and in the historical and military parks historical technicians were employed to insure the careful preservation and interpretation of the historic values. The estab¬ lishment of emergency conservation camps within these areas, par¬ ticularly in the national parks, permitted the accomplishment of work that had been needed greatly for years, but which was impossible and would doubtless have continued impossible of accomplishment under the ordinary appropriations available. Especially has the fire hazard been reduced and the appearance of forest stands greatly improved by clean-up work along many miles of park highways; many acreas of unsigh tty burns have been cleared; miles of fire trails and truck trails have been constructed for the protection of the park forests and excellent work accomplished in insect control and blister-rust control and in other lines of forest, protection; improvements have been made in the construction and development of telephone lines, fire lookouts, and guard cabins; and landscaping and erosion control has been undertaken. An important step in highway beautification is in progress along the highway from Ellsworth to Bar Harbor, Maine, an approach to the 158 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Acadia National Park, by members of the Civilian Conservation Corps under national-park supervision. This was undertaken at the request of the State of Maine, in cooperation with the American Legion of Ellsworth, and includes roadside planting and elimination of unsightly telephone and electric-light poles under scenic ease¬ ments obtained from property owners. In this connection the State is securing scenic easements to prevent the erection of hot-dog stands and other unsightly structures along the beautiful highway. At the present time, plans are under way for the inauguration of the second emergency conservation enrollment. It is now anticipated that 56 of the present camps will be discontinued at the end of the first enrollment period and that such men as wish to enroll for the second period will be moved to other locations. Sixty-one camps in the national parks and monuments, including the military parks and monuments, are planned for the winter, and 239 in the State parks nd allied areas. MATHER MEMORIAL PLAQUES The Stephen T. Mather Appreciation, an organization formed to honor the memory of the first Director of the National Park Service, j practically completed its work this year. In all, 18 bronze plaques have been presented to the proper authorities for placement in parks and monuments. Fifteen of these have been fittingly installed and I dedicated, many of the ceremonies taking place last year on July 4, Mr. Mather’s birthday. One plaque has been placed in Casa Grande National Monument but not yet dedicated. Another will be located over the fireplace of the administration building in Hawaii National Park. The eighteenth tablet has been delivered to the Superintendent of Acadia National Park, but its location not determined. On May 27, Mrs. Franklin D. Koosevelt unveiled the plaque placed last year in the Bear Mountain section of the Palisades Inter¬ state Park. The Secretary of the Interior and Horace M. Albright, 1 then Director of the National Park Service, flew from Washington to c participate in the ceremony. Secretary Ickes made an address in i which he paid a splendid tribute to Mr. Mather’s great work for humanity. The plaque placed in Glacier National Park was dedicated on July 15, the occasion of the formal opening of the Going- to-the-Sun High¬ way. This great scenic road project was of vital interest to Mr. . Mather. Traveling on horseback, he personally located much of the route and selected many of the concentration points affording mag¬ nificent panoramas of park scenery. O. S. Warden, Chairman of the Montana State Highway Commission, dedicated the memorial tablet which is along the parkway of Logan Pass. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 159 All of Mr. Mather’s friends are deeply grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Franklin Adams of Washington, who have alternately and devotedly acted as secretary of the Appreciation, for their splendid service in perpetuating the memory of our beloved leader and friend. ENLARGEMENT OF NATIONAL PARK AND MONUMENT SYSTEM Expansion of the National Park and Monument System under the supervision of the Department of the Interior occurred in three ways during the past year — through the establishment of six additional areas for administration by this Department in accordance with the act establishing the National Park Service, through additions to exist¬ ing areas, and through the consolidation of functions of several bureaus, already referred to, under which the expanded organization took over the management of 48 areas formerly administered by the War Department. THE NEW MORRISTOWN NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK ' The first national historical park to be established, as such, was created on July 4, 1933, when the deeds to lands in the Morristown (N.J.) area were accepted on behalf of the United States and formally dedicated to public-park use. Morristown fittingly was chosen as the first national historical park, since throughout the dark days of the Revolutionary War it served as the base hospital of the Colonial Army and during the winters of 1776-77 and 1779-80 was the main camp site of the American armies. During the period of the war, General Washington spent practically a year in Morristown, counting actual days, and the area is rich in Washingtonia. It is expected that historical parks in the future will form a definite unit of the National Park and Monument System and the historian forces of this Office now are making a thorough study of outstanding historical events of the Nation, so that a definite program for the establishment of additional parks of this nature may be recommended at a later date. NEW NATIONAL MONUMENTS The five national monuments established since the submission of the last annual report are as follows: Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument, Colo., con¬ sisting of 11,157.76 acres; established March 2, 1933: This monument takes in 10 miles of the most scenic section of the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River. The section of the canyon included is deep and narrow and its walls expose the interesting geological formation of the region. 160 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Cedar Breaks National Monument, Utah, containing approximately 5,790.05 acres; established August 22, 1933: This area will come under the jurisdiction of the superintendent of Bryce Canyon and Zion National Parks, and with them and the Grand Canyon will tell the story of erosion in the area. Cedar Breaks, formerly a part of the Dixie National Forest, is a series of amphitheaters, eroded to a depth of 2,000 feet in the pink cliff formation at the summit of the plateau. It is an example of the first effects of erosion, Bryce Canyon of the second step, and Zion the third. The Grand Canyon, farther to the south, depicts yet another step in the erosional processes of the Southwest. Death Valley National Monument, Calif., containing 1,609,800 acres; established February 11, 1933: This monument is the third largest area under the administration of the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations. In Death Valley, the outstanding desert in the United States and made famous by the early pioneers I and prospectors and later by “Death Valley ” Scotty, is the lowest point in the United States; and from the mountains which form the eastern boundary of the monument may be seen Mount Whitney, the highest point in continental United States, outside of Alaska. Grand Canyon National Monument, Ariz., consisting of 273,145 acres and immediately west of and adjacent to the Grand Canyon National Park; established December 22, 1932: From Toroweap Point in this monument may be viewed the inner gorge of the Colorado River, which in the Grand Canyon National Park may be viewed only after a strenuous mule-back ride or hike to the inner gorge. Eventually it is hoped to add the Grand Canyon National Monument to the Grand Canyon National Park. White Sands National Monument, N.Mex., containing an area of 142,987 acres; established January 18, 1933: With its white sand dunes of almost pure gypsum, it is of great interest from a scientific and geologic standpoint. ADDITIONS TO EXISTING PARKS AND MONUMENTS Again during the past year consideration was given to the problem of adjusting boundaries of existing parks and monuments, to simplify administration by providing natural boundaries along topographic lines, and in some cases to include areas of scenic or scientific impor¬ tance. These adjustments included: Acadia National Park, Maine. — The total area of this park was increased to 12,312.11 acres by the donation of 452.79 acres to the Government. Credit is due John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and Superin¬ tendent Dorr of the park for this donation. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 161 Carlsbad Caverns National Park, N.Mex. — An area of 9,239.94 acres was added to this park by Presidential proclamation dated February 21, 1933, for administrative and development purposes. The addition of this land makes possible the improvement of the road up Walnut Canyon from the main highway to the caverns’ entrance. The total area for the park now is 9,959.16 acres. Hot Springs National Park, Ark. — Through a re-survey of its old boundaries, 18.79 acres were added to this park, bringing its total area to 945.79 acres. Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. — By Presidential proclamation dated October 20, 1932, 7,600 acres were added on the north boundary. The new area is an important winter feeding ground for the Yellow¬ stone elk. Colonial National Monument, Va. — By transfer from the Navy Department, 331.52 acres were added, bringing its total area to 2,707.30 acres. Colorado National Monument, Colo. — For administrative and de¬ velopment purposes, 3,789.74 acres were added by Presidential procla¬ mation of March 3, 1933, bringing its total area to 17,539.21 acres. Petrified Forest National Monument, Ariz. — The addition of 53,309 acres in the famous Painted Desert, including the Black Petrified Forest and a parkway between the Petrified Forest and the Painted Desert, more than doubled its area, which now has a total of 90,302.37 acres. The new parkway serves a double purpose in that it gives direct access to the Petrified Forest from Highway U S 66, the main transcontinental highway through the State of Arizona. Enlargement of the forest was the result of exchange agreements reached with the Santa Fe Railroad and private individuals owning lands in the newly added areas. AREAS TRANSFERRED FROM THE WAR DEPARTMENT By Executive order of President Roosevelt consolidating certain park and buildings activities, the following reservations under the War Department were transferred, for administration with the na¬ tional parks and national monuments, to the Department of the Interior : Aational military parks: Chickamauga and Chattanooga, Ga. and Tenn.; Fort Donelson, Tenn.; Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battle Fields Memorial, Va.; Gettysburg, Pa.; Guilford Courthouse, N.C.; Kings Mountain, S.C.; Moores Creek, N.C.; Petersburg, Va.; Shiloh, Tenn.; Stones River, Tenn.; and Vicksburg, Miss. National parks: Abraham Lincoln, Ky.; and Fort McHenry, Md. 162 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Battlefield sites: Antietam, Md.; Appomattox, Va.; Brices Cross Roads, Miss.; Chalmette Monument and Grounds, La.; Cowpens, S.C.; Fort Necessity, Fayette County, Pa.; Kenesaw Monutain, Ga.; Monocacy, Md.; Tupelo, Miss.; and White Plains, N.Y. National monuments: Big Hole Battlefield, Beaverhead County, Mont.; Cabrillo, Fort Rosecrans, Calif.; Castle Pinckney, Charleston, S.C.; Father Millet Cross, Fort Niagara, N.Y.; Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Fla.; Fort Matanzas, Fla.; Fort Pulaski, Ga.; Meriwether Lewis, Hardin County, Tenn.; Mound City Group, Chillicothe, Ohio; and Statue of Liberty, Fort Wood, N.Y. Memorials: Camp Blount Tablets, Lincoln County, Tenn.; Kill Devil Hill Monument, Kitty Hawk, N.C.; New Echota Marker, Ga.; and Lee Mansion, Arlington National Cemetery, Va. Cemeteries: Battleground, D.C.; Antietam (Sharpsburg), Md.; Vicksburg, Miss.; Gettysburg, Pa.; Chattanooga, Tenn.; Fort Donelson (Dover) Tenn.; Shiloh (Pittsburgh Landing) Tenn.; Stones River (Murfreesboro) Tenn.; Fredericksburg, Va.; Poplar Grove, (Petersburg) Va.; and Yorktown, Va. The cemeteries transferred to the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior included only those within or adjoining the military parks transferred. As soon as possible after consolidation of functions and personnel is completed under the reorganization, consideration will be given to amalgamating the six classes of reservations thus transferred into the system of parks, national historical parks, and national monu¬ ments that has been administered by the National Park Service, with the idea of simplifying the combined areas into a system containing not more than 3 or 4 classes of reservations. Under the present line-up historical parks, military parks, battlefield sites, and some of the national monuments in both systems overlap in their functions and characteristics. It is probable, however, that such changes as are recommended will require Congressional sanction before becoming effective. PENDING BOUNDARY PROBLEMS Yellowstone. — No action has been taken by Congress on the report of the Yellowstone Park Boundary Commission of 1929. The report was filed in 1930, the recommendations being in line with those of the 1925 commission. The Commission urged immediate addition of the Bridger Lake and Two Ocean Pass region to Yellowstone Park and agreed that the entire Thorofare-Upper Yellowstone watershed is of national-park caliber. The Forest Service and Park Service have been in agreement on this project since 1918. Rocky Mountain National Park. — Two important enlargement pro¬ posals have been under consideration. One contemplates the addi¬ tion of the mountain and glacier country south of the park, a region SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 163 comprehended in the original park plan. The other attempts to solve the problem of bringing the new Trail Ridge Road to a suitable terminus at the park’s headquarters office at the outskirts of the village of Estes' Park. The plan does not require a large acreage. A parkway would more aptly describe the enlargement suggestion. This would vary in width from a hundred feet to perhaps a quarter of a mile. Within this strip of land, the highway would be completed from Moraine Park to Estes Park, and possibly another parkway would bring the Fall River Road to the western edge of the village. The parkway plans were deferred through local confusion of a school bond question in its application to the acquisition of the park¬ way lands. Legislation is needed to effectuate all these plans. A proposal to eliminate from the park the lands north of the Mummy Range and including the watershed of the North Fork of the Big Thompson was advanced by certain stock growers, but it was not given favorable consideration by the Service. It required too big a concession of park values especially in timber to the needs of a few individuals. The Grand Lake addition to the park has been authorized by Con¬ gress but was not consummated by Executive proclamation pending completion of plans for the improvement of the Grand Lake Village which, it is hoped, can be revamped into a typical frontier village of log buildings. Other minor boundary adjustment proposals in the Never Summer Range remain as they were a year ago. Yosemite National Park. — It is still hoped legislation can be secured to return to the park the lovely Minaret and Devils Post Pile region which was unwisely eliminated in 1904. No progress was made during the year in securing this enlargement of the park. It is one of the worthiest projects in the program of park completion. Opposi¬ tion to the plan comes from interests who believe it has economic values that should be exploited. Sequoia National Park. — No action was taken during the year on the proposals to adjust the boundaries of this park to include the Mineral King region lying at the head of the watershed of the East Fork of the Kaweah, every other part of which is in the park. General Grant National Park. — Minor adjustments of the east and south lines of this park are required for administrative and protective purposes. It ought not to be difficult to solve this line change project, but other more pressing problems held it in abeyance this year. Kings River Park. — Closely allied with the two park extension pro¬ jects just described is the old, old plan to give park status to the Middle and South Forks of the Kings River lying north of the Sequoia Park, and for years promoted as an extension of the latter park. More recently the plan has contemplated a new park that would 164 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 embrace these two watersheds with their magnificent mountain scenery and also include General Grant Park as an isolated area. This project was first formulated in the early nineties by the Sierra Club when under the leadership of the great naturalist John Muir. It has given constant attention by Directors Mather and Albright throughout their administrations covering a span of nearly 20 years, but local irrigation interests still feel that their potential water- storage rights cannot be protected in a national park, and they con¬ tinue to oppose the plan. Meantime the Forest Service has employed landscape architects to study the area with a view to initiating a development of the region which it would seem must inevitably parallel our park system of protection and improvement. It is hardly conceivable that development of the region through application of park policies by another bureau would receive Congressional favor, especially in these days when overlapping of Government functions is being avoided in every possible way. Grand Teton National Park. — The most important and urgent ex¬ tension project affects one of our newest but unquestionably one of our greatest national parks. This is the proposal to add to Grand Teton Park a portion of the northern part of the Jackson Hole includ¬ ing more than 30,000 acres of private lands acquired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., to be granted to the United States, over 40,000 acres of unappropriated public domain, and a tract of national-forest lands including the northern third of the Teton Range, Jackson Lake, and the road to Yellowstone. Misunderstanding of this project continues and when a Senate inquiry into all its phases was proposed both Mr. Rockefeller and former Director Albright, as well as Secretary Wilbur, welcomed this effort to clarify the issues and impartially ascertain the facts. It is too early to predict what result the committee’s study will bring in the way of consummation of one of the finest conservation projects ever conceived. This is a matter of greatest importance to the American people and it must not fail or be seriously curtailed in execution. Crater Lake National Park. — The Diamond Lake extension to the north is important in the future development of Crater Lake National Park, but no agreement on this has yet been reached with the Forest Service, and the status of this area remains as it was a year ago. INVESTIGATION OF PROPOSED PARKS AND MONUMENTS A thorough study of Park Service files during the past year revealed the fact that all told there have been submitted for the consideration of this office proposals for the establishment of 88 national parks and 103 national monuments. It further indicated that 37 of the na¬ tional-park proposals and 46 of the national monuments had been SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 165 investigated and reports made thereon. There still remain on the docket for investigation 51 proposed national-park areas and 57 proposed national monuments. Three of the park projects investigated have been approved. These are the Guadalupe Mountains in Texas, approved as a desira¬ ble addition to the Carlsbad Caverns National Park; the Morristown National Historical Park in New Jersey, established last July; and the proposed Navajo National Park in northern Arizona and south¬ ern Utah, to take in part of the Paiute Strip, Navajo Mountain, Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Monument Valley, and the Navajo National Monument. This latter project, covering area in the Navajo Indian Reservation, has been submitted for consideration to the Navajo Tribal Council by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Should this park be established it is proposed to enter into arrangements similar to those agreed upon when the Canyon de Chelly National Monument in Arizona was established; that is, in establishing the areas as a national park the Indians would not be disturbed by the Government’s administration of the area from the standpoint of development, protection, and travel. Furthermore, the Indians would be given preference in the question of employment in connec¬ tion with improvements in the area. The proposal was considered by the tribal council at its July meeting but was deferred for further consideration at a meeting to be held this fall. The Guadalupe Mountains area, while already considered as an ex¬ tension to the Carlsbad Caverns National Park, will be investigated further this winter as to the possibility of establishing a separate national park there. Of the 46 proposals for the establishment of national monuments investigated, 27 were definitely disapproved. The following 9 were approved: Black Canyon of the Gunnison in Colorado, Cedar Breaks in Utah, Death Valley in California, White Sands in New Mexico, establishment of all four having already been accomplished; and De Soto on the west coast of Florida; Kolob Canyon, just north of Zion National Park in Utah; Palm Canyon in Riverside County, California; and the Painted Desert in Arizona, a portion of which already has been included in the Petrified Forest National Monument. AUTHORIZED PARK PROJECTS Although material progress has been made during the year toward the culmination of plans to establish the various eastern national parks approved by Congress, the actual status remains about the same as at the time of the last annual report of the National Park Service. Great Smoky Mountains National Park. — Commissions of the States of North Carolina and Tennessee have made good progress toward 166 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 acquiring lands needed for the completion of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, but no further deeds have been accepted by the United States. During the month of September representa¬ tives of both commissions conferred with representatives of the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations and formulated plans for acquiring the additional lands needed for park purposes. But three large tracts remain to be acquired in the North Carolina por¬ tion. Two of these the commission is arranging to purchase, and the third, covering approximately 33,000 acres, will be considered before a special term of the Superior Court of Buncombe County the latter part of October, as the former award was appealed by both the State and the land owners. There still remain two large tracts to be ac¬ quired in the Tennessee portion and 40 scattered small holdings. The Tennessee State Park and Forestry Commission decided to pre¬ sent to the courts, for condemnation, cases concerning all parcels of land in this area on which no agreement regarding the sale price could be reached as soon as funds were available. Shenandoah National Park— The Virginia State Conservation Commission hopes to obtain all lands for inclusion in the proposed Shenandoah National Park within the next 6 months. Authority recently was granted by the State legislature for the payment of land- owners within the proposed boundary who are willing to dispose of their holdings, and orders for condemnation proceedings in other cases have been presented to the court for signing. This will expedite the land-acquisition problem. Meanwhile four civilian conservation camps have been established in the proposed park area and work is being continued on the Skyline Drive. Mammoth Cave National Park. — For the proposed Mammoth Cave National Park, the Kentucky National Park Commission and the Mammoth Cave National Park Association have acquired 38,000 acres including two major caves. The total minimum area of this project is 46,000 acres. Everglades Project. — Again the question of establishing a national park in the Florida Everglades came up in Congress; again it passed in the Senate and failed in the House of Representatives during the Seventy-second Congress. A Senate act passed during the present congress now is pending in the House and it is hoped that favorable action may be taken there during the next session. Isle Royale. — There is no progress to report on the Isle Royale project. COOPERATION OF GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER AGENCIES It has always been the policy of the National Park Service to use the scientific and technical personnel and facilities of other Govern¬ ment bureaus wherever possible in the national parks and monu- SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 167 ments. During the past year bureaus of the Department of Agricul¬ ture, the Treasury Department, the Department of Commerce, the Post Office Department, the Smithsonian Institution, the General Accounting Office, and other bureaus of the Department of the Interior have rendered valuable assistance along the lines of road con¬ struction, insect infestation and other forest-disease control, sanita¬ tion, archeology, fish' culture, accounting, and the expeditious handling of park mail. Special mention should also be made of many cooperating in scientific research. Generous support also has been given this office by friends outside the Government. As always, the American Civic Association ear¬ nestly and vigorously supported park ideals and principles and offered valuable advice in reorganization, legislation, and general planning. A National Parks dinner tendered to the Secretary of the Interior and national-park officials and friends on April 19 gave an opportunity for an interesting discussion of park policies. The National Parks Association continued to keep in close touch with national-park problems, studying matters of park establishment and enlargement and rendering valuable advice. Other organizations outside of Government circles continuing to be of great assistance were the American Game Protective Association, the Izaak Walton League, the American Forestry Association, the American Nature Association, the Camp Fire Club, the American Bison Society, the Great Smoky Mountains Hiking Club, the Sierra Club, the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club. PROGRESS IN EDUCATION AND RESEARCH The past year has presented extraordinary conditions and problems in the field of education and research. The heavily impaired budget made necessary some curtailment of naturalist service throughout the parks and monuments. Particularly unfortunate was the forced reduction in the naturalist personnel, which came in the face of in¬ creased demands for this program. What amounted almost to a crisis was produced by the introduction during the summer of the camps of the Civilian Conservation Corps, the educational activities of which required much additional work by naturalists. In certain historical parks, however, notably at Morristown and in the national military parks, this condition has been offset by the addition of historical technicians and historical assistants who have contributed much to permanent historical programs as well as to the emergency conserva¬ tion work. Everywhere the naturalist service has been taxed to the limit. In the face of these challenges the educational program has met the test in a splendid way, and despite obvious difficulties has been extended in several directions. The work has been stabilized, gains of former years have been consolidated, and the experimental 168 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 service in connection with the emergency conservation program inaugurated and developed with more success than at first had been expected. THE EDUCATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD The Educational Advisory Board held its annual meeting on Febru¬ ary 29, 1933. The theme of conservation, as exemplified in the pro¬ gram of the national parks and monuments, ran through the entire session. The advisory board was particularly helpful in suggesting ways and means of dealing with the rapidly developing historical field, in anticipation of the dedication on July 4, 1933, of the first national historical park, at Morristown, N.J., and of the imminent transfer on August 10, 1933, to the Department of the Interior of the national military parks and other areas of a historical nature previously under the War Department. The effect of this transfer was to make the new Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations the prin¬ cipal Federal agency for historical conservation. Dr. Waldo G. Leland, the member of the board representing historical organizations, and Dr. L. V. Coleman, Director of the American Association of Museums, who was invited to be present and participate in the discussions, each pointed to the awakening interest in the preservation and the interpretation of historic sites, and discussed the development of adequate technique for the proper control and exploitation of such areas. The advisory board expressed an interest in a national program for surveying this problem, the matter being left for development in the hands of Dr. Leland and the chief historian of this office. TRIPS AFIELD AND CAMPFIRE LECTURES Public interest in the longer trail trips, especially the all-day hikes, has continued to an extent which has made it difficult to provide adequate supervision for them. For instance, 120 persons appeared one morning recently in Yosemite for the all-day hike. In certain instances during the past summer, park superintendents and natural¬ ists have found it actually necessary to take measures to offset this tendency by encourgaging short early morning and evening hikes to places of special interest, as for example, to the botanic gardens in Yosemite. Consequently, moonlight and sunrise hikes became popular in the Yosemite during the latter part of the summer, and can be developed in the other units of the system. A feature hike is that across the floor of Kilauea Crater in Hawaii, “The World’s Wierdest Walk.” Trips afield are gaining, not losing, in popularity. Auto-caravan expeditions continue popular, especially in the large western parks, while “sea caravans”, where opportunity is afforded to study sea life, and “meteor trips” to the top of Cadillac Mountain for observing meteor showers, are recent innovations greatly enjoyed SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 169 by visitors to Acadia National Park. The naturalist at Acadia also enjoys the distinction of being the first member of the educational staff to talk on board a United States battleship, the Indianapolis. Thus the educational service has been carried to sea as well as on land. A game-stalking caravan has developed into a regular feature of the service, especially at Yellowstone. Ranger-naturalists in Lassen Volcanic National Park made daily trips to the top of the volcano. The party starts as an auto caravan, parking the machines at Lake Helen and from there proceeding on foot to the mountain top. The naturalist then stays on top, contacting all those who ascended the peak, while another naturalist is conducting a party to either Bumpas Hell or to the lava tubes, 15 miles outside the park — a trip which attracted hundreds of visitors. Glacier’s auto caravan from the Avalanche Camp grounds to Logan Pass on the new transmountain highway, conducted in the same way, was more popular than ever. The trip around the rim of Crater Lake with, its many scenic lookout points continues to attract thousands. Everywhere the auto caravan is meeting with growing success. In connection with the emergency conservation program the naturalists and historians have developed programs designed to give the men in the camps general familiarity with the area of their work and with park administration. Special instruction in forestry, geology, and history has been offered with fine results. In many instances the men have been loaded into Army trucks and hauled long distances or taken on long hikes in order to give them first-hand information on natural phenomena, trees, flowers, insect life, arche¬ ology, and history. Motion-picture displays and campfire talks also have served to make the emergency conservation program interesting. “Bigger and better campfire amphi theaters” appears to be the slogan in several of the national parks, notably in Sequoia, Grand Canyon, Acadia, Zion, and Glacier. Much is done for the comfort of those who attend lectures at Mesa Verde, where, in the attractive new amphitheater, canvas pads are furnished to the visitor and special drafts, after the fashion of the ancient kivas, keep the smoke going up vertically. Attendance at campfire programs continued strong, sometimes as many as 3,000 being present in the larger parks on a single evening; young and old enjoying the varied pro¬ grams of music, lectures, and nature talks. A special type of educational service has been the development of pageantry in the interpretation for the visitor of the spirit of various parks. For the dedication of the new Wawona Tunnel at Yosemite the park naturalist prepared a pageant of progress, portraying the early history of Yosemite Valley. To celebrate the opening of the new transmountain road in Glacier, a colorful Indian pageant was 170 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 arranged. Three local tribes of Indians encamped on the pass and in full regalia smoked the pipe of peace, a fitting celebration for the International Peace Park. At Sequoia an operetta was presented on July 4, written by Lloyd Stone, and at Mesa Verde, through the assistance of Mrs. C. Marshall Finnan, another in a series of beautiful pageants depicting the prehistoric life of that region was presented late in July before a large audience, one of the visitors being Mrs. Harold L. Ickes, who gave a colorful and interesting talk as part of the program. MUSEUM DEVELOPMENTS The year has been marked by noteworthy achievements in museum expansion. At Grand Canyon, the Wayside Museum of Archeology has been completed and opened to the public, with a trained arche¬ ologist in charge. In Yellowstone, the development of the roadside exhibit program has continued with splendid results. Interesting examples of such exhibits deal with the rhyo-travertine formation, and with the beaver in explaining a beaver dam. The latter portrays vividly the relationship of the beaver to various aspects of American history — as, for instance, the fur trade — and explains the life history and habits of the animal. Several of the older museums have under¬ gone changes and improvements. In the case of the Mammoth Museum at Yellowstone, a new geology room has been added and the basement remodeled to house the library. At Fishing Bridge Museum and at Mount Washburn Lookout in Yellowstone, long- range telescopes have added to the enjoyment of the visiting public An important museum project pertains to Glacier National Park, where it is hoped several buildings, will be erected. A large building at Rocky Mountain to be used as a historical and ethnological museum awaits installation. At Mount Rainier National Park also there is need of better housing. Improvements have been made at Petrified Forest and Casa Grande and with new headquarters at Montezuma Castle, Tumacacori, and Aztec Ruins will come the need for installation of exhibits. The museum expert will need ad¬ ditional help to facilitate this rapidly growing program in three major parks and in the southwestern monuments. The Sinnott Memorial in Crater Lake National Park was opened to the public during the summer, although installation of exhibits had not been completed. Through telescopes and parapet exhibits the visitor to that museum is enabled to view closely the finer features of the park and gain an understanding of the story told by the rocks. A leaflet giving a diagram of the station and a description of the ex¬ hibits is handed each visitor. All field trips start with a lecture given in the station and a naturalist gives lectures at set times during the day. In an effort to lead the observer to a more complete apprecia¬ tion of the beauty of the scene, a committee of three men from the SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 171 University of Oregon spent 3 weeks on the ground to work out the best type of plan for presenting the esthetic features. The supporting exhibits for the interior room still await installation. Yavapai Station at Grand Canyon functioned better than ever before. It has been found that a simple explanation of how to use the station brings better results than a formal lecture. Several im¬ provements have been made in the presentation of exhibits. A revised leaflet giving a copy of all labels is now available in addition to the one describing the method of using the station. The museum losses sustained when Grand Canyon Lodge burned have not been replaced. A room full of exhibits, including a relief model, were totally destroyed. At Yosemite improvements have been made in the museum and the branch at Mariposa Grove completed. Some improvements are contemplated at Glacier Point and a station for the study of granite is to be arranged on Sentinel Dome. In the East the historical museums at Colonial National Monument and George Washington Birthplace National Monument are gaining strength. With the addition of the nationally famous Washington’s Headquarters at the Morristown Historical National Park, rare furni¬ ture, manuscripts, and other Washingtonia valued at thousands of dollars were included through the generosity of the Washington Asso¬ ciation of New Jersey. The new military and other historical areas recently transferred to the jurisdiction of this Office have provided other noteworthy museum acquisitions, notably the Lee Mansion in Arlington. In the West, Yellowstone, Glacier, Rocky Mountain, and other parks have continued to accumulate interesting historical objects, especially in Indian artifacts. The planning, preparation, and installation of museums is receiving much more attention than in the past, with the result that museums now serve in most cases to give the visitor an excellent interpretation of the significance of any given area. This Office as yet lacks the funds for adequate museum personnel, and for large models needed to give the visitors graphically the best interpretation possible of the extent and relationship of the chief features. This is especially important in connection with our plans for better understanding of the national military parks. WILD-FLOWER DISPLAYS In the last annual report of the National Park Service, attention was called to the tendency to abandon cut-flower exhibits and to develop instead permanent botanic gardens. This year the creation of the botanic garden at Old Faithful Museum in Yellowstone and the gardens near the crater rim at Crater Lake indicate that other steps have been taken in this direction. The new garden at Yosemite, provided through the interest and generosity of Miss Marjorie Mont- 16585—33 - 12 172 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 gomery Ward, presented a real spectacle in its first year of bloom. This garden is improving rapidly under expert supervision. Wild flowers are characteristic of practically all parks and monuments and the public shows continuing interest in learning about them. Even park companies are aiding by planting gardens of native wild flowers. The Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite has developed a particularly fine showing of native wild flowers. SELF-GUIDING TRAILS Glacier continues the leader among the parks in the development of nature trails where five are functioning. There is no question as to their value, but the upkeep is proving a problem. There is con¬ tinuous loss of markers by theft and other vandalism necessitating constant replacements. No outstanding new trails have been devel¬ oped during the year though several are planned. UNIVERSITY FIELD CLASSES AND THE VISIT OF INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS % Different universities and colleges continued to send field classes to the various park and monument areas, though the curtailment of funds somewhat reduced the numbers. At least a dozen universities and an equal number of teachers ’ colleges sent students into the parks on study trips. In addition, organized tours of students numbered at least six. An epochal event during the past season was the meeting in Wash¬ ington, D.C., of the International Geological Congress, followed by a tour of several of the national parks and monuments, and other points of interest in the Southwest and far West. Park naturalists at Grand Canyon, Zion, Yosemite, Crater Lake, Carlsbad Caverns, and Yellowstone met the distinguished visitors and helped explain scien¬ tific features. One ranger naturalist at Crater Lake displayed con¬ spicuous versatility, lecturing to one party in three languages. YOSEMITE SCHOOL OF FIELD NATURAL HISTORY The Yosemite School of Field Natural History, a training school for naturalists desirous of entering national park work, held its ninth session. A very fine group of 20 graduate students — 12 men and 8 women from 8 different States — was enrolled. New features added to the school’s curriculum were the use of pack animals on the week’s trip in the High Sierra and a biological survey of a proposed research reserve. Instructors recruited from four of the Nation’s principal universities comprised a notable instructional corps. Attendance at the Yosemite Junior Nature School reached a new record of 379 different children and an average of 74 at each session. This continues to be the only specialized service to children. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 173 LIBRARY DEVELOPMENTS Progress has been made during the year in the development of adequate library facilities for all areas under the jurisdiction of the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations. Books and important manuscript materials, as well as some old newspaper files, have been collected, and noteworthy steps are being taken to classify, with the help of the American Library Association, all accessions. Like the museum, the park library is a great help to the complete interpretation and understanding of the area. Perhaps the out¬ standing addition of the year is the collection of letters written by Washington during his stay at Morristown, as well as others to him, which were donated to the Morristown National Historical Park at the time of its creation. In Yellowstone, new quarters for the library have been provided in the basement of the museum at Mammoth. The fine collection of books is now fully catalogued, and was made accessible to the public this past summer. Yosemite’s library continues to grow in size and use. Mesa Verde’s probably comes third in size, but proper housing has not been provided. Through the interest and help of the national parks library com¬ mittee of the American Library Association, headed by Mr. C. E. Graves, a development program has been outlined and an effort is being made to gain financial support for a master library and proper personnel. Library development has not kept pace with the educa¬ tional program and there is great need for promoting this feature of the service. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH The work of the naturalist-historical service of this Office is not primarily to conduct pure research. Its primary problem rather is the direction, extension, and correlation of research in order to secure a basis for proper interpretation of scientific features. Consequently the naturalist and historian carry on such research as is indispensable to their work, and at the same time avail themselves as far as possible of the results of the research of others which bear upon their situation, and they seek in every way to promote research which will be helpful in solving scientific problems. Various governmental, semipublic, and private agencies have con¬ tinued to aid materially. Dr. A. P. Meinecke, of the Bureau of Plant Industry; Dr. T. S. Palmer and Dr. O. J. Murie, of the Bureau of Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture; Mr. Harry Hommon, of the United States Public Health Service; Dr. A. S. Hazard, of the Bureau of Fisheries; Dr. J. C. Merriam, of Carnegie Institution; Dr. Alexander Wetmore, of Smithsonian Institution; and Dr. Waldo G. Leland, of the Council of Learned Societies have each of them personally, and through the organizations 174 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 they represent, assisted the work of the national park program. A group of the chief historians of the Nation studied with us the problem of inaugurating the historical policies which led to the creation of Morristown National Historical Park, among them Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, of the manuscripts division of the Library of Congress; Dr. John C. Fitzpatrick, editor of the bicentennial edition of the Writings of George Washington; Dr. Evarts B. Greene, of Columbia University; Dr. Edmund C. Burnett, of Carnegie Institution; and Dr. Samuel F. Bemis, of George Washington University. Dr. Charles Moore, of the Fine Arts Commission, has given generously of his time to the careful investigation of many problems relating to the work, as has Mr. H. P. Caemmerer, the secretary of that Commission. Investigations range in subject matter all the way from fine arts and history in the District of Columbia and vicinity to geology, plant and fish life, and archeological excavations in the Southwest and far West. In the latter connection, the work of Jesse L. Nusbaum, of the Laboratory of Anthropology at Santa Fe; Earl Morris, of Carnegie Institution; Dr. Harold S. Colton, of the Museum of Northern Arizona; and Dr. Neil Judd, of Smithsonian Institution have been outstanding in numerous matters which have been referred to them. Dr. H. P. Mora, of the Laboratory of Anthropology at Santa Fe, examined various ruins at the Petrified Forest National Monument and studied the Flattops for ruin sites. He found evidences of pit houses on the large mesa and a considerable number of Hohokam shards of plain ware. This is the first time, according to Dr. Mora, that the Hohokam pottery has been found so far north. The various pottery found by him seems to show a mingling of cultural influences from the east, south, and west. The Museum of Northern Arizona has continued archeological research in the ruins of Wupatki National Monument. The Uni¬ versity of Arizona has begun reconnaisance work in the Verde River Valley adjacent to Montezuma Castle National Monument. The Museum of New Mexico, School of American Research, and the University of New Mexico have jointly continued excavations at Chettro Kettle in the Chaco Canyon National Monument. It should be added that as an incident to the emergency conserva¬ tion work the addition to the staff temporarily of several trained investigators in historical research and landscape architecture has made possible the development in several of the major historical areas a tremendous amount of new and important data which will be of permanent value in the educational program. Dr. John C. Merriam, president of the Carnegie Institution, has continued studies on the scientific features of various parks and SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 175 methods of presenting the findings of scientists to the general public. With financial aid made possible by Dr. Merriam a committee of three men, headed by R. W. Leighton, chairman of research in the University of Oregon, have been studying ways of presenting the beauty of Crater Lake in such a way as to have the public appreciate it. Other grants of aid have made possible studies of the Algonkian rocks of Grand Canyon by Messrs. I. N. Campbell and John H. Maxon, of California Institute of Technology, and by Dr. Hines, of the University of California. Dr. Hines also spent some time on vol- canological problems in Crater Lake National Park. Dr. H. C. Bumpus continued studies of educational methods in Yellowstone and revised Trailside Notes, a unique and useful guide for the motorist driving around the loop. Small illustrations call attention to the main scenic and scientific features. The University of Michigan initiated a geographic survey of the Grand Teton region, and the University of Chicago the geology of the western slope of the Tetons. The work of a sizeable group of scien¬ tists connected with the expedition to Rainbow Bridge and Monu¬ ment Valley arranged by Ansel F. Hall, of the National Park Service, should receive emphasis as producing much valuable scientific data on this region. Studies of granites have been continued in Yosemite by Dr. Ernst A. Cloos, of Johns Hopkins University. Dr. A. E. Douglass, of the University of Arizona, has carried forward some noteworthy investigations in tree rings in the Southwestern monu¬ ments, which has led to the tentative dating of several of the principal prehistoric ruins at Mesa Verde. Dr. Field, of Princeton University, has had two students to continue work on the geology of Yellowstone National Park. Dr. H. E. Gregory for the United States Geological Survey continued geological studies in Zion National Park. Several field sections of the International Geological Congress visited several national parks. The presence on the ground of these widely known scientists brought forth new explanations and theories regarding phenomena and technical problems relating to geology. There were many other eminent scientists who visited the national parks pursuing independent investigations. Among these were Dr. W. W. Atwood, of Clark University, who continued glacial studies in Crater Lake, and Lewis Williams, of the University of Wyoming, who studied the flora of Grand Teton National Park. NATIONAL PARK EXHIBITS AT A CENTURY OF PROGRESS This Bureau was extremely fortunate in being represented at a Century of Progress Exposition by exhibits in two of the most inter¬ esting and widely visited buildings at the fair — the Hall of Science and the Federal Building. An average of nearly 30,000 persons 176 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 visited these exhibits each day. At the close of the fair, nearly 5,000,000 persons, many of whom had only the most vague ideas of the Nation’s system of national parks and monuments, had examined these interesting and instructive displays. The exhibit in the Federal Building was visited by the largest num¬ ber of persons. Its principle feature was a model of Mount Rainier, 20 feet wide and 12 feet high, showing the Nisqually Glacier. Auto¬ matic lighting reproduced the 24-hour cycle of light changes on the mountain, the glacier was represented by real ice, and a snow storm that stopped itself in 3 minutes could be started at the will of the operator. A typical model of a national-park camp-fire group being entertained by motion pictures was shown at the side. The motion- picture feature of the model was real, though the screen was small. The reels were changed daily, and in this way most of the parks and many of the monuments were strikingly presented to thousands of exposition visitors. Other educational material in this booth in¬ cluded a large map of the United States showing the location of all the national parks and monuments, and 39 of them were represented by oil-painted scenes of great beauty. Copies of all national-park publications and a collection of splendid photographs showing wild animals and beautiful scenery were displayed on a rack. A unique feature of the Federal Building exhibit that turned out to be a splendid advertising medium were six great log benches installed for the com¬ fort of visitors who wished to watch the changing lights on Mount Rainier and the motion pictures. These benches were made from a great ponderosa pine cut in the Grand Canyon region. Many visitors acquired the habit of using the booth as personal headquarters and “We will meet you at the log benches”, was a remark often overheard in the Federal Building. This exhibit in the Hall of Science consisted chiefly of models presenting the geological features of nine national parks and the Petrified Forest and Rainbow Bridge National Monuments beauti¬ fully displayed with indirect lighting. Appropriate motion pictures were exhibited on a large screen arranged in an alcove. The parks represented were Bryce Canyon, Carlsbad Caverns, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, Grand Teton, Hawaii, Mesa Verde, Rainier, and Yosemite. Also in the Hall of Science, but not in the national-park group, were relief models of Crater Lake and Glacier. The exhibits were in charge of experienced national-park men in uniform, who took advantage of every opportunity to serve visitors in a personal way. Much valuable contact work was thus accom¬ plished. A large number of persons who had planned to visit only the Fair extended their itineraries to include one or more of the western parks. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 177 ANIMAL CONDITIONS The national parks and national monuments are looming ever more important in the wild-life situation of the United States as the encroachments of civilization render’ the existence of wild animals increasingly precarious. Even in the parks and monuments, mere protection has ceased to be enough. It is necessary to make specific studies of conditions necessary to animal welfare, and to this end the Division of Wild Life Studies was established last year as a definite division of this Bureau. For several years wild-life studies were carried on with personal funds contributed by George M. Wright — now chief of the new division — as a personal contribution to the work of the National Park Service. Last year it was possible for the Service to bear nearly half the expenses of these studies. It is therefore especially gratifying to announce the establishment of the division the past year on a full-time Government basis. Two reports of the investigation of the division were made available for distribution. The first, entitled “A Preliminary Survey of Faunal Relations in National Parks”, gives a review of the wild-life problems of the park system and outlines a conservation policy to be followed. The other, “ History and Present Status of Breeding Col¬ onies of the White Pelican in the United States”, was issued in rotaprint, only 1,000 copies being available. As a result of studies at the Petrified Forest National Monument, plans are now under way for the development of this area as an out¬ standing antelope range through the erection of stock-proof fencing and the provision of water holes. It was found to be an ideal natural habitat for this plains animal. Several hundred antelope now range in the vicinity of the monument. Study of the Grand Canyon National Monument developed the fact that antelope should be reintroduced in that area when general development plans can be undertaken. The antelope herd on the Tonto Plateau in the Grand Canyon National Park increased to 28 with the addition of 8 kids. Studies of the Bandelier National Monument in New Mexico indicate that this area under park supervision gives promise of becoming one of the outstanding regions in the Southwest for the development of natural game conditions. The special protection given trumpeter swans in Yellowstone National Park for several seasons resulted last summer in the return of these great birds to Swan Lake, a body of water which, despite its name, they have neglected for many years. Since the lake has little cover for the birds, their use of it indicated an increase in numbers, and a spreading to less desirable locations. Swan Lake is one the 178 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 main loop road and thousands of visitors have been thrilled by the sight of the swans, followed by their cygnets, swimming across the lake. Canada geese continue to nest in large numbers. The pelican colony on Lake Yellowstone is thriving. A series of dry years has resulted in poor forage for the northern herd of Yellowstone elk which winters near the Gardiner entrance. Park officials express the fear that, in spite of extensive feeding, a considerable loss will result if heavy snows are experienced during the coming winter. In the 1932 annual report of the Director of the National Park Service mention was made of bear-control measures undertaken in the Yellowstone. As a result, injury to persons and property by these animals was greatly reduced during the past season and a number of isolated camp grounds were again in use. An effort will be made still further to reduce trouble by installing bear-proof garbage cans and food safes, thus removing the main incentives to bears to enter the camps. A new fence at the canyon bear-feeding grounds now gives increased protection to the crowd which nightly gathers to see the anywhere from 15 to 30 grizzlies feed. Unquestion¬ ably Yellowstone provides the greatest grizzly show on earth. Yel¬ lowstone visitors who took the advice of the new sign reading “Look for Moose” were rewarded in large numbers last season, so abundant has this great game animal become. An interesting observation from Mount McKinley National Park, where an increase of all park animals was reported, is that the caribou, mountain sheep, and moose fare better in extremely cold weather with a light snowfall than in moderate winters with heavy snows. Last winter the caribou remained' in the park for the first time in several seasons. Animal life in Glacier National Park also is showing a large increase and Yosemite wild life had a good year. Deer were numerous in Crater Lake National Park, although be¬ cause of its limited area and the late recession of the snow cover they did not return to the park until very late in the season. If these animals are to be made a major attraction to Crater Lake visitors, an extension of the park to the west or enforced protection during the winter months is necessary. The disappearance of white¬ tailed deer in Yellowstone is still difficult of explanation. From Hawaii National Park comes the report that while the num¬ ber of birds — the only native animal life in the park — is increasing, meantime many of the more important native species have become extinct. Introduction of birds from other sections of the world, continually carried on in the Hawaiian Islands, it is feared, will eventually result in the native birds being crowded out. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 179 FISHING AND FISH-CULTURAL OPERATIONS Improvements and investigations relating to fish culture were somewhat limited during the year owing to curtailment of funds. Nevertheless a limited survey was carried on in Yosemite National Park, principally of the Merced and Tuolumne Rivers by specialists of the United States Bureau of Fisheries as part of a cooperative arrangement between that bureau, the State of California, and the National Park Service. Investigations also were made of various waters in Yellowstone, Glacier, Grand Teton, and Sequoia National Parks. Completion of the Bureau of Fisheries hatchery at Silver Springs, near the north boundary of Mount Rainier National Park last fall provided facilities for stocking park waters with trout. The capacity of the hatchery at present is 750,000 trout, and enlargement can be made when necessary and as funds are available. Excellent fishing conditions were maintained in all parks, with continued improvement noted in several. The national parks pro¬ vide as fine fishing as can be found anywhere in the United States. It should be the best in the country and it will be my purpose to make it that. The collection of 28,234,000 black-spotted trout eggs at the Yellow¬ stone hatchery exceeded previous years, with the possible exception of 1922. Of this, over 8,000,000 eggs were retained at the Yellowstone hatchery for planting in that park and 1,000,000 eggs each were sent to Glacier and Grand Teton National Parks, the State Fish hatchery at Ashton, Idaho, and the Federal fish hatchery of Bozeman. Those to the Ashton hatchery were for planting in the Bechler River section of Yellowstone Park and those to the Bozeman hatchery, waters on the west side of Yellowstone Park. These two shipments were necessary by reason of congestion of the Yellowstone Lake Hatchery and to eliminate longer trips in distributing the fish. Three hundred thou¬ sand eggs were also sent to Mount Ranier National Park. Large fingerling also were planted in the park from the rearing ponds at Mammoth Hot Springs and the Federal fish hatchery at Bozeman. An outstanding development in Yellowstone Park was the successful handling of grayling eggs at the grayling hatchery erected during the year at Grebe Lake. A total of 2,118,400 grayling eggs was collected and hatched 94.4 percent, this being so far as known the all-time record for the hatching of grayling eggs. Grayling also were found definitely established at the head of the Illiouette Basin in Yosemite Park and it is hoped within a few years the supply will be adequate for fishing. Fine grayling fishing was reported from Glacier, as in past years. Planting of eggs was continued in Crater Lake, General Grant, Great Smoky Mountains, Sequoia, and Yosemite National Parks through the cooperation of Federal and State hatcheries. 180 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 No fish were planted in the Grand Canyon National Park during the year as the Bright Angel Creek was approaching a point where an oversupply of fish might occur. In this stream, a supply of live fresh¬ water shrimp was introduced to augment the natural food supply. During the year results were made available of a biological survey made of conditions in Glacier National Park last year by the United States Bureau of Fisheries, and fish plants in the park were made in accordance with the facts disclosed by the survey. PROTECTION OF PARK FORESTS The past year in forestry has been marked by unexpected accom¬ plishments in many forestry activities, largely through the assistance of the Civilian Conservation Corps. Successful campaigns were waged against forest insects. Several epidemics of major importance were either stamped out or reduced to a point where annual maintenance control will prevent further losses. Among these were the serious bark-beetle infestations in the pine belt in the southeast portion of Yosemite National Park and on adjacent national-forest areas, controlled at a total cost of more than $30,000. A similar bark-beetle epidemic in the northwest section of the Yosem¬ ite remains uncontrolled, but the Forest Service has received a large grant of the public-works funds for control measures on the adjacent forest and it is hoped funds also will be available for use in the park. Infestations in Crater Lake were brought to a point where compara¬ tively inexpensive annual maintenance only is necessary. A rapidly growing mountain-pine beetle infestation in mature stands of lodge- pole pine in the Hockett Meadow district of Sequoia Park also was eradicated. Weather conditions played a large part in the reduction of bark- beetle attacks in the northwestern States and part of California. Nevertheless, there still remain two great areas in Yellowstone and Glacier Parks where the magnitude of the infestation apparently places it beyond human control. The infestations center in the parks and extend out into the surrounding forest areas. Investigations of these regions last year indicated that the cost of control probably would run up into the hundreds of thousands of dollars without posi¬ tive assurance that successful control would be possible. The heavy freeze of the winter of 1932-33 killed many of these beetles, however, and as this report goes to press, careful surveys again are being made over both areas to ascertain the practicability, in view of this develop¬ ment, of now undertaking control. Control of the white-pine blister-rust was continued in Mount Rainier and Acadia National Parks and preliminary ribes eradication started in the California parks. This disease is spreading rapidly, both in the northern Rocky Mountains region and in the Far West. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 181 Unless checked, it is only a matter of time before it will reach the white-pine stands in Glacier National Park and the forests of sugar pines and other white pines of the California parks. Anticipating this apparently inevitable infection, surveys are being made in Crater Lake, Yosemite, Sequoia, and Lassen National Parks to determine the dis¬ tribution of the white pines and the occurrence of current and goose¬ berry bushes. In the field of fire-protection, great advances were made in pre¬ vention, and also in detection and suppression. As a result of these factors, most of the fires that broke out in national parks were immed^,- ately controlled and held to a minimum acreage. Another extremely important forestry activity in which great progress has been made during the year is the preparation of the forest-type maps which are so essential in planning for insect and blister-rust control and other important operations. In addition to the broad forestry problems handled, as indicated above, attention also was given many detailed problems. Interesting among these was the protection given the famous General Grant tree, in the national park of the same name. Flood channels exposing the roots of this tree were filled during the fall of 1932 and a diver¬ sion ditch constructed to carry the water along the upper slope to a safe point beyond the tree. A swale within the protective railing also was filled with many truckloads of earth, protecting the southern exposure of the base. PLANNING AND PRESERVATION OF PARK LANDSCAPE Increased use of the national parks and monuments in recent years had made necessary ever-watchful planning to preserve the natural beauty of these areas. To this end a corps of architects, landscape architects, and engineers is kept busy throughout the year. The Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations has planned ahead on its developments and has established a 6-year development program in accordance with the Employment Stabiliza¬ tion Act. Though not yet in their ultimate form, master plans for each park, developed in cooperation between the park superintend¬ ent, the landscape architects, and the engineering staff proved of invaluable assistance in enabling this office to submit immediately, in connection with the public-works program, an outline of national- park development accompanied by plans, estimates, and justifica¬ tions. They have also served many other purposes and their use is on the increase. The master plans were commenced 2 years ago. A year ago plans were completed for all but five of the western parks and some of the monuments. This year plans were completed for all of the remain¬ ing western areas and the first year’s editions brought up to date. 182 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Master plans will be brought up to date each fall, showing status of developments at the end of the preceding construction season. The eastern national parks are now being studied but the master plans have not been prepared. It is hoped that by the end of the year a good many of the master plans will be completed for the eastern areas. These plans show the entire development scheme for the area affected and embrace a wide variety of subjects, including the road- and-trail systems, fire-control plan, developed and special areas, general layout of each tourist and administrative area, utilities plans of each populated area, parking areas, relocation and arrangement of future buildings, and sheets of typical details such as guard rails and culverts. Special attention has been given to location and design, with the ready assistance and cooperation extended the office by the Bureau of Public Roads. Much study has been made of road sections. Among other results, the rounding and flattening of cut slopes has resulted in improved appearance and lower maintenance costs on roads. Though in use but 4 seasons, this treatment is already widely adopted by other road-building agencies. Study is also being given to road shoulders, width of slopes, and size and type of ditches and drainage structures. A variety of buildings, bridges, gateways, tunnel portals, and similar structures were constructed during the year from plans and specifications prepared by the architects, each carefully planned for its particular site. Through gradual raising of building standards, this year’s buildings represent the best yet obtained in the parks. The speedily launched President’s emergency conservation pro¬ gram as applied to the national parks necessitated very careful consideration of landscape problems. WINTER USE Use of the national parks and monuments during the past winter was marked by an increased interest in all forms of winter sports, but notably in skiing. Sixteen of the national parks were open all year, with varying types of accommodations, ranging from hotel and lodge service to camp grounds for travelers carrying their own equipment. Popular demand for improved winter-sports facilities in the moun¬ tain parks is constantly increasing, and every possible consideration is being given to these demands for enlarged usefulness of the national parks. However, careful study of every angle of the problem is being made, and we are proceeding very slowly in the hope that few steps will have to be retraced. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 183 Yosemite National Park experienced the usual heavy winter travel, which reached its peak during the annual Yosemite San Joaquin-Sierra Winter Sports Carnival. As in the past, Governor James Rolph attended and took an active part in the picturesque ice pageant that featured the carnival program. Looking toward future developments in Yosemite, the park operator has recently made a special study of winter sports in the lead¬ ing resorts of this country and Europe. This study has yielded infor¬ mation that will be of basic importance in developing winter-sports policies. It reveals that skiing is the basis of such activities through¬ out the world, and that the finest areas for this port in Yosemite National Park are above the 8,000-foot level. The most important factors in selecting ski fields are open slopes, deep snowfall, consistent low temperatures, and the quality of the snow. There are many such areas to be found in national parks, and the cream of those existing in Yosemite are believed to be in the region beginning at Snow Creek and extending to the slopes of Mount Hoffman, Tenaya Peak, and Sunrise Pass. Many skiing experts state that there are slopes in this re'gion comparable with the finest runs in Europe. Winter sports continued to increase in popularity in Mount Rainier, where the toboggan slide at Longmire and the ski fields in the Paradise Valley region attracted large numbers of winter visitors. The second annual Snow Sports Carnival of the Seattle Junior Chamber of Commerce was held April 1-2. With perfect weather and Mount Rainier for a background, this was a spectacular and colorful affair attracting large numbers of visitors. In spite of severe winter weather, Crater Lake National Park experienced a slight increase in travel. This is regarded as repre¬ senting a greatly increased public interest in the park that under favorable conditions would have resulted in a much greater travel increase. The Crater Lake Caravan, sponsored by the towns of southern Oregon, visited the park on April 23. Though the snow averaged 20 feet in depth in some places, nearly 400 cars made the trip to the lake rim, where special parking places had been cleared. Ski contests, under the direction of the Crater Lake Ski Club, featured the program. The policy of keeping the road to the rim open during the winter has aroused a new interest in this park, as Crater Lake in winter garb is a beautiful and inspiring spectacle. The Colorado Mountain Club held its annual winter outing at Fern Lake, and a large number of skiing parties visited the east side of Rocky Mountain National Park. This park has long been a favorite with winter-sports enthusiasts. Emergency conservation labor is used to build a winter-sports area in Moraine Park, and a fine ski hill will be a feature of this undertaking. 184 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 The road to Giant Forest in Sequoia National Park was maintained in good condition during the past winter, and this combined with deep snow and good weather encouraged winter travel. Nearly 6,000 persons visited the park during February, a substantial increase over the number recorded for the same month in the preceding year. Snow sports brought 20 percent more winter travel to General Grant National Park than recorded for 1932. The south rim of the Grand Canyon is visited by large numbers during the winter months, and though winter travel to that area declined during the past year, at the end of April nearly 21,000 visitors had been recorded for the period beginning October 1 . Though it is generally regarded as off the beaten track, thousands of people visited Zion Canyon National Park each winter despite the fact that from the middle of October to the middle of May no accommodations are available except camp sites. The customary quota was recorded this year. Carlsbad Caverns received 13,002 visitors for the period from October 1 to April 30, a decrease over the preceding year. This was undoubtedly due to the general decline in transcontinental travel. Hawaii National Park experiences heavy winter travel, and this year it amounted to 72,487. Though the total travel for the winter period was less than that recorded in 1932, it is interesting to note that travel for April this year was nearly double that for the same month last year. This year there were 14,000 visitors during April and last year 7,554. In spitp of unfavorable conditions throughout the country, nearly 90,000 persons visited Hot Springs National Park during the winter season. The balmy Arkansas climate makes this reservation a popu¬ lar winter resort. It should be better patronized. No official count is made of travel to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, but the superintendent reports that travel to that park, which is convenient to the large centers of population is greatly increasing at all seasons of the year. Wind Cave, Lassen Volcanic and Platt National Parks experienced a travel decrease that was regarded as normal under prevailing con¬ ditions. Acadia National Park in Maine, as usual, remained open all year, but no official travel count was kept. Many of the national monuments are located in regions that enjoy mild climates and consequently experience considerable winter use if road conditions are at all favorable. This is particularly true of many of the monuments of the Southwest, and special interest has centered in Petrified Forest National Monument since the bridging of the Rio Puerco and the addition of the Painted Desert section to this monument. Travel to this reservation from October 1 to April 30 totaled 49,234. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 185 Winter travel to Muir Woods National Monument in California amounted to nearly 20,000. The only two national monuments in the East, Colonial and Wakefield in Virginia, experience heavy winter travel on account of the mild climate and their proximity to the highways between New York and Florida. PUBLICATIONS AND VISUAL MATERIAL This Office was handicapped during the year in its efforts to meet increased demands for literature by the fact that its printing fund was the lowest in nearly 10 years. Limited editions of the various national-park circulars of general information with the exception of those for Grand Teton and Mount McKinley National Parks were issued. This year for the first time an individual circular of general information was issued regarding the Carlsbad Caverns National Park, using the offset process. A total of 455,000 general-information circulars was issued. To augment the editions of information circulars it was possible to print motorists guides for Crater Lake, Glacier, Mount Rainier, Rocky Mountain, Yellowstone, and Yosemite National Parks. In all 184,000 of these guides were printed and practically all of them forwarded to the parks and distributed to motorists as they entered these areas. With the influx of thousands of boys into our national parks under the emergency conservation program it wTas the opinion of Director Robert C. Fechner of emergency conservation work and officials of this Office that special information on our national parks should be available to familiarize these boys with the areas in which they were working. To meet this demand a 32-page brochure en¬ titled “The National Parks and Emergency Conservation’’ was issued, an edition of 50,000 copies being printed on the offset process. A thousand copies of Occasional Paper No. 1, a contribution of the Wild Life Division of this Office, written by Ben H. Thompson, of that division, and entitled “History and Present Status of the Breeding Colonies of the White Pelican in the United States”, was rotaprinted. This paper has been referred to previously. An edition of 15,000 copies of a 12-page leaflet entitled “Desert View Drive in Grand Canyon National Park” was printed* for dis¬ tribution at the Grand Canyon National Park. This leaflet con¬ tains a brief description of each major feature seen from the various places visited on the Desert View Drive along the east rim of the canyon. Reprint editions of two Grand Canyon publications entitled “How Yavapai Station Can Help You to Understand and Enjoy the Grand Canyon” and “What to Do and See in Grand Canyon National Park (South Rim) ” -were issued and practically all copies forwarded to the park for distribution. 186 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 To meet the increased demand for information regarding the George Washington Birthplace National Monument a small folder was rotaprinted, primarily for distribution to visitors at the monu¬ ment. Early in August 5,000 copies of a large recreational areas map, approximately 42 by 31 inches in size, were issued. On it are indi¬ cated the locations of all the national parks, national monuments, approved park projects, national military parks, national forests, and State parks and reservations. Principal connecting highways are also shown. This free map takes the place of the map of the western United States, showing the National Park-to-Park Highway formerly issued by this Office. There has been much favorable comment in the press and other¬ wise regarding this map. As a result of the newspaper publicity the initial edition of 5,000 copies was exhausted in 2 weeks’ time. A reprint is now being run off. The National Conference on State Parks, State-park organizations, other bureaus of the Government, and the American Automobile Association assisted this Office in the preparation of this map. Their cooperation is greatly appreciated. Fauna Series No. 1, entitled “Fauna of the National Parks”, written by George M. Wright, Joseph S. Dixon, and Ben H. Thomp¬ son, of the Wild Life Survey, already has been mentioned. “Plants of the Rocky Mountain National Park”, by Ruth E. Ashton, is a notable addition to our publications dealing with the flora of the national parks. It has met with widespread acclaim and sets a new standard in outward appearance. Both of the foregoing publications dealing with the fauna and flora are for sale distribution by the Superintendent of Documents at the Government Printing Office, the first-mentioned selling for 20 cents and the latter for 25 cents. Students of national-park history will find another sale publication issued this year, entitled “Early History of Yellowstone National Park and Its Relation to National Park Policies”, by Louis C. Cramton, of great value. This publication sells for 10 cents. The national parks and monuments continued to receive a great deal of advertising through the medium of illustrated lectures, radio broadcasts, motion pictures, and magazine and newspaper references. During the year 280 motion-picture films were lent to interested individuals and organizations, and approximately 4,000 photographs and 7,000 lantern slides borrowed from this Office. PARK-ROAD DEVELOPMENT In the 1933 fiscal year, the cash appropriated for road and trail work amounted to $7,500,000, the same amount which was available in 1932. The Secretary of the Interior was also authorized to obligate SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 187 contractually on construction projects an additional amount of $2,500,000 in 1933, as compared with $2,850,000 in 1932. Of the $7,500,000, the Interior Department Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1933 made available $4,500,000 (which includes $2,850,000 authorized for advance contractual obligations in the 1932 appropria¬ tion act), and $3,000,000 was appropriated by the “Emergency Relief and Construction Act of 1932.” There was made available in cash by the Interior Department Appropriation Act for the fiscal year 1934, $2,435,700 of the $2,500,000 which had been authorized in the previous fiscal year for advance contractual obligations, only $1,236,273.28, however, being actually available for expenditure after compliance with instructions requiring impoundment of $1,199,426.72. In addition, projects amounting to $17,059,450 were approved by the Public Works Administration for a 2-year pubhc- works program of road and trail construction. As in the past years, the Bureau of Public Roads of the Department of Agriculture continued its excellent cooperation in major road construction in the national parks and monuments except in Mount McKinley National Park, Alaska, where the road work has been performed by the Alaska Road Commission. We especially appre¬ ciate our relations with this fine Bureau which, under the direction of Thomas H. Macdonald, is showing such splendid cooperation and results. There have been constructed, reconstructed, and improved to date (cleared, graded, and surfaced) 644.80 miles of roads. In addition, work in various stages of construction includes 345.9 miles of clearing and grading and 161.1 miles of surfacing. Considerable progress has been made on construction of adequate trail systems, $1,813,- 372.37 having been expended on the construction of 730.39 miles of trails built on suitable standards of grade alinement. Although good progress has been made possible with the funds provided for the past several years, it is estimated that there still remain 915.72 miles of road to be constructed and improved. The total road and trail mileage is variable, however, due to the acquisition of additional areas in existing parks and monuments, and the establishment of new reservations. Information concerning the most outstanding of the road projects appears in the summary of activities of the various parks under “The Year in the Parks.” P UBLIC- UTILI TY SERVICE The two most important subjects discussed at the fourth annual conference of the operators of public utilities in the national parks, which met in Washington last November, were the transportation and rate policies for the season of 1933. With the continued decline in 16585—33 - 13 188 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 the number of visitors transported through the parks in the motor busses of the authorized operators, there has been, conversely,* a steady increase in the number of visitors transported in busses enter¬ ing the parks under various conditions. With this change in the trend of business, it was recognized that the regulations with respect to the operation of busses in the parks must be changed to meet changed conditions. Therefore, the park operators recommended the rescinding of all previous orders with respect to bus transportation in the parks, and the issuance of a new order embodying substantially the following provisions: All companies or persons should be prohibited from engaging in the business of motor transportation handled directly or indirectly within the parks except those operators licensed by the Secretary of the Interior, or the following specific exceptions. 1 . Commercial cars of nonprofit organizations, such as Boy Scouts, schools, etc. 2. Commercial pleasure cars rented by tourists by the week, month, etc., for a tour in which the trip to the park is merely inci¬ dental. 3. Bona fide “casual” busses carrying tourists on a contract basis when a visit to a park is an incident to a tour. (Under this ruling transcontinental bus tours visiting parks as an incident to a trip would be admitted. On the other hand, regularly advertised or solicited transcontinental tours, operating during the travel season, similar to those contemplated by the Greyhound companies for 1933 would not be admitted.) 4. Bus companies, tour agencies, individuals, and all others seeking to operate bus tours from points within the same State to a park or from nearby cities and towns from an adjoining State will not be admitted, into that particular park. Careful consideration was given to these recommendations and they were approved by former Director Albright under date of December 15, 1932. For many years the isolation of the various parks was such that for the purpose of operation, management, and rate structures the parks were substantially economic “islands” with respect to their rela¬ tionship with each other and resort operations adjacent to them. With the improvement of transcontinental highways and easy access between the parks, the relationship of the park operators to each other and to the resort operations in their immediate vicinities has become of more and more importance. A visitor traveling from one park to another quite naturally expects to find facilities of the same general standard, and he also expects to find in a national park accommodations of the same general character as those outside at comparable rates. In order promptly to meet these new conditions SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 189 as they arise it was considered desirable that the rate schedules and service, as approved by the Secretary, have greater flexibility than heretofore. With this purpose in mind and to enable the operators to respond more quickly to the constantly changing demands regarding service facilities for accommodating the public in the national parks, former Director Albright authorized the park operators under date of Decem¬ ber 15, 1932, to offer new service facilities during the ensuing year and to make changes in existing service on approval by the respective superintendents and the Director. The response of the public to this slight change in policy should result in a better understanding of service requirements with their attendant problems and provide information of value in planning future utility developments in the national parks. The majority of the operators took advantage of this special authorization and numerous changes have been made during the year. European-plan rates were established to supplement the American- plan rates generall}7 in use in hotels and lodges. Cafeteria service has supplemented or supplanted the regular meal service in many units. Meal rates were reduced in several of the parks. Special “club” or group rates were quoted for large parties visiting the parks and reductions were made for more or less extended stays and for off-season periods. Despite these special inducements the amount of gross revenue from operations showed a still further decline. Complete reports are not available at this time, but it is estimated that the volume of 1933 business will aggregate about one third less than that of 1932, or about 15 percent of the volume of 1929. Although it has been neces¬ sary for the operators, because of this falling off in gross revenues, to effect drastic reductions in personnel and operating expenses, every effort has been made by them to maintain the high standard of service prevailing in the national parks. I am glad to report that the operators have complied substantially with the requirements of the National Recovery Act. For many years the most remunerative business of park operators has been the furnishing of accommodations to the visitors delivered to the various gateways of the parks by the transcontinental railroads. With the decline in railroad travel, many of the facilities acquired primarily to take care of the railroad business are more or less in disuse. Among such facilities not in operation during the 1933 season were the Mammoth and Lake Hotels and the Lake Lodge in Yellow¬ stone National Park, the Cut-Bank and St. Mary’s Chalets in Glacier National Park, and the Prince of Wales Hotel just outside of that park on Waterton Lake in Canada 190 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 It was gratifying, however, to note that there was a perceptible improvement during the latter part of the season, and there is every indication that furnishing of accommodations for organized tours will again become quite a factor in the business of the public-utility operators. RADIO COMMUNICATION The experiments in two-way radio communication, begun in Mount Rainier National Park by R. D. Waterhouse, associate engineer, were continued during the past year with very satisfactory results. A full-time expert was employed during the summer season and the program had the following objectives: 1. Reliable communication between district ranger stations and headquarters to supplement interrupted telephone service. 2. The development of a light portable telephone set for use by smoke chasers and during fires. 3. Combined telephone and radio communication. The first objective has been obtained with perfect success. Day after day, in all seasons and all kinds of weather, district rangers and fire lookouts have maintained regular communication with park headquarters. A portable model has been developed and tested, but certain refinements and more power with less weight are being sought. The radio department of the University of Washington is cooperating in conducting research along these lines, and experimental sets are being constructed by the park radio division and two radio operators formerly employed in the park. . Communication by means of combined use of the radio and tele¬ phone has been developed satisfactorily, and can be put into prac¬ tical use whenever funds are available. Experimental tests made between San Francisco, Seattle, and Mount Rainier Park, an airline distance of approximately 900 miles, resulted in code signals from the SP set in San Francisco being received with good volume in Seattle and the park. Voice signals from Seattle and the park were audible in the headphones with fair volume in San Francisco. APPROPRIATIONS AND REVENUES The appropriations made available to the National Park Service in the 1933 fiscal year totaled $10,640,620, but in compliance with the restrictions contained in the Economy Act (Public No. 212, 72d Cong.), and the act “To maintain the credit of the United States Government” (Public No. 2, 73d Cong.), the amount actually avail¬ able for expenditure was reduced to $10,319,272.54, or by $321, 347. 46. Of the total appropriated, $3,000,000 was provided for road and trail construction in the “Emergency Relief and Construction Act of SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 191 1932 ” approved July 21, 1932. In addition to the total appropriated funds indicated above, $1,956,000 was made available for emergency conservation work during the fiscal year 1933, including $770,000 allotted for work in State parks. Cash donations to the national parks and national monuments for i the fiscal year ended June 30, 1933, amounted to $299,902.13. These funds were deposited in the United States Treasury and were expended under the same fiscal regulations that govern in the expenditures of Federal appropriations. The revenues derived from the operation of ! the national parks and national monuments during the 1933 fiscal year amounted to $628,182.06. In the 1932 fiscal year, cash dona¬ tions amounted to $14,828.50, and revenue receipts were $820,654.19. For the fiscal year 1934, $5,072,790 was appropriated by the In- ; terior Department Appropriation Act approved February 17, 1933, and $180,000 in the Second Deficiency Act of March 4, 1933. Of these amounts and prior balances, only $2,743,103.28 was released for actual expenditure, the balance being impounded. However, $17,059,450 has been authorized for public-works projects by the Public Works Administration for construction of roads and trails, and $2,145,000 for other physical-improvement projects. The public- works funds are available for the fiscal years 1934 and 1935. In addition, $1,315,000 is programed during the 1934 fiscal year for emergency conservation work. PUBLIC WORKS The allocation of funds under title II, section 205, of the National Industrial Recovery Act, assures continuation of greatly needed road and trail construction and the various types of other physical im¬ provements which are required in the administration, protection, and maintenance of the national parks and national monuments. Ap¬ proval of public- works projects, amounting to $17,059,450 for road and trail work and $2,145,000 for other physical improvements, will result in construction on an orderly program based upon advance planning and will afford maximum relief to the unemployed. The selection of projects 'will also provide the greatest possible spread among the far-flung parks and monuments under the jurisdiction of this Service. For those agencies which were transferred to, and combined with, the former National Park Service under the Executive orders of June 10 and July 28, 1933, the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works has approved construction of public-works projects amounting to $1,222,573. Of this amount, $25,000 is for improve¬ ment of the Statue of Liberty, in New York, formerly administered by the War Department, and $1,197,573 is for projects in the District of Columbia under the former Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital. 192 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 CONCLUSION As this report goes to press the Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations is just finishing its reorganization and entering into a broader field of usefulness even than was possible under the older National Park Service. It is hoped so to administer the expanded organization that all the functions included in it may continue in accord with the highest traditions of the past; and to eliminate, as experience points out the possibility, all overlapping of functions and waste motion. In that connection, it is urgently recommended that the name “National Park Service” be given to the enlarged Bureau, instead of that of Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations. I Through the efforts of Stephen T. Mather and Horace M. Albright, ' the National Park Service gained Nation-wide acclaim as an out- ' standing Government Bureau that lived up to the highest concepts of service and conservation. The reorganization and resultant trans¬ fer to it of the military parks and monuments and the National Capital parks makes it more than ever a national park service. On the other hand, the name of “Office of National Parks, Buildings, and Reservations”, in addition to its more cumbersome form, does not adequately express the purposes of the Bureau. Not only do many ; Government buildings remain outside its jurisdiction but it admin¬ isters comparatively few of our Federal reservations, and those only of park and monument caliber. It is still distinctly a national park* | service with added responsibilities. ALL INDIVIDUAL REPORTS OF SPECIAL UNITS ELIMINATED In the interest of economy none of the customary information on i the special field divisions and the individual national parks and mon- I uments is being printed. Data regarding visitors, travel, campers, appropriations, and other statistics on parks and monuments follow: National Parks Table 1. — Holdings acquired for national park and monument purposes SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 193 194 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 TRAVEL, FISCAL, AND MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS National Parks Table 2. — Visitors to the national parks , 1918-83 Name of park 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Acadia... . Crater Lake . General Grant . . Glacier . Grand Canyon . Hawaii . Hot Springs . . Lassen Volcanic . Mesa Verde _ Mount McKinley _ Mount Rainier _ Platt . . . Rocky Mountain .... Sequoia . Sullys Hill . Wind Cave . Yellowstone . Yosemite . Zion _ 13, 231 15. 496 9,086 (1 2) i 140,000 7 2, 000 2, 058 (2 *) 43, 901 14, 431 101, 497 15, 001 4, 188 136,000 21, 275 33. 497 i 64, 000 16, 645 21, &74 18, 956 37, 745 (2) i 160,490 i 2, 500 2,287 (2) 55, 232 26, 312 169, 492 30, 443 4, 026 i 25, 000 62, 261 58, 362 i 66, 500 20, 135 19, 661 22, 449 67, 315 (2) i 162, 850 i 2, 000 2,890 (2) 56, 491 27, 023 240, 966 31, 508 9,341 i 38, 000 79, 777 68, 906 3, 692 i 69, 836 28,617 30, 312 19, 736 67, 485 i 16, 071 i 130, 968 i 10, 000 3,003 (2) 55, 771 7 60, 000 > 273, 737 28, 263 9, 100 28, 336 81, 651 91, 513 2, 937 73, 779 33, 016 50,456 23, 935 84, 700 27, 750 i 106, 164 i 10,000 4,251 37 70, 371 i 70, 000 < 219, 164 27, 514 i 9, 548 31,016 98, 223 100, 506 4, 109 64, 200 52, 017 46, 230 33, 988 102, 166 41, 150 ‘ 112, 000 i 9, 500 5, 236 3 34 123, 708 i 117, 710 218,000 30, 158 8, 478 41,505 138, 352 130, 046 6, 408 71, 758 64, 312 35, 020 33, 372 108, 256 52, 110 i 164, 175 i 12, 500 7,109 262 161,473 i 134, 874 224, 211 34, 468 8,035 52, 166 144, 158 105, 894 8, 400 73, 673 65, 018 40, 517 40, 063 134, 053 64, 155 i 265, 500 i 12, 956 9,043 <206 173,004 i 143, 380 233, 912 46, 677 9,183 69, 267 154, 282 209. 166 16,817 Total . 451, 661 755, 325 919, 504 1, 007, 335 1, 044, 502 1, 280, 886 1.422,353 1, 760, 872 Name of park 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Acadia . . Bryce Canyon _ 101, 256 123, 699 134, 897 149, 554 21, 997 154, 734 35, 982 90, 104 157, 693 43, 547 73, 776 172, 763 i 60, 000 162, 238 41, 572 81, 275 170, 284 51, 995 63,497 156, 964 i 62, 000 i 154, 000 124, 932 153, 394 56, 833 18. 003 237, 596 34, 143 61, 474 109, 738 40, 806 53, 202 121, 267 i 40, 000 i 300, 000 139, 663 201, 762 41,723 15, 760 262, 712 32,878 53,768 96, 512 50,081 76, 715 105, 475 42, 500 J 375, 000 237, 690 151, 638 45, 577 16, 185 1 25,000 386 170, 104 220, 606 291,934 126, 464 10,460 161, 938 296, 088 48, 763 Carlsbad Caverns 5 6_. Crater Lake _ General Grant _ Glacier . . Grand Canyon . Grand Teton _ 86, 019 50, 597 37, 325 140, 252 82, 354 47, 996 41, 745 162, 356 113, 323 51, 988 53, 454 167, 226 128, 435 44, 783 70, 742 184, 093 i 51, 500 Great Smoky Moun¬ tains _ Hawaii . Hot Springs . Lassen Volcanic . Mesa Verde . Morristown.. . . i 35, 000 i 260, 000 18, 739 11, 356 37, 551 i 181, 523 20,089 11,915 78, 414 i 199, 099 26, 057 16, 760 109, 857 184, 517 26, 106 14, 517 89, 578 167, 062 31, 755 16, 656 Mount McKinley.—. Mount Rainier. . . Platt . . . Rocky Mountain.... Sequoia . Sullys Hill . Wind Cave . Yellowstone . . Yosemite . . Zion . Total . < 533 161, 796 l 124, 284 i 225, 027 89, 404 19, 921 85,466 187, 807 274, 209 21, 964 <651 200, 051 i 294, 954 i 229, 862 100, 684 22, 632 81, 023 200, 825 490, 430 24,303 <802 219, 531 i 280, 638 i 235, 057 98, 035 24, 979 100, 309 230,984 460, 619 30, 016 1,038 217, 783 i 204, 598 i 274, 408 111, 385 21, 004 108, 943 260, 697 461, 257 33, 383 951 265, 620 i 178, 188 255, 874 129, 221 21, 293 88, 000 227, 901 458, 566 55, 297 771 293, 562 6 825, 000 265, 663 143, 573 (7) 1 85,000 221, 248 461, 855 59, 186 357 216, 065 200,471 282, 980 131, 398 (7) 8 12, 539 157, 624 498, 289 51, 650 1, 930, 955 2, 354, 643 2, 522, 188 2, 680, 597 2, 774, 551 3, 152, 845 2, 948, 507 2,892, 474 1 Estimated. 2 No record. 2 Actual park visitors; some miners and prospectors also passed through park. < Indicated loss in travel from 1921 due largely to better methods of checking and estimating employed. * National park established by act of May 14, 1930. Formerly a national monument. 6 Much of this travel, which is estimated, originated in the locality. 7 By act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1931, this area was transferred to the Department of Agriculture to be administered as a game preserve. * Actual admissions to the Cave. Through travel over the park highway is estimated at 100,000 cars carrying 300,000 visitors. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 195 National Parks Table 3. — Visitors to the national monuments, 1928-33 1 Name 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Arches (Utah) . . . . . 2 500 18, 193 2 400 12,906 2 405 10, 710 2 480 8, 322 4, 164 395 2 25,000 (3) 21, 895 2, 725 4 400, 000 2 18, 000 6,296 11,585 2 2,700 65, 154 3, 844 2 500 2 400 2 14, 000 50, 746 344 2 300 (5) 84,228 14, 238 2 2. 100 2 325 2 45, 000 i 425 7, 546 3,906 435 i 14, 000 (3) 21, 771 5, 817 66, 418 i 20,000 6, 068 11,009 2, 467 44,428 3, 563 i 550 i 425 13, 899 39, 568 654 i 375 (3) 224, 613 9, 957 2, 548 1385 i 49, 500 Aztec Ruins (New Mexico) . . Bandelier (New Mexico) _ 18,359 Canyon de Chelly (Arizona) . 423 2 18,000 (3) 27, 675 1,780 Capulin Mountain (New Mexico) _ Carlsbad Cave (New Mexico) _ 2 7, 600 46, 335 28, 274 1,425 2 12,000 76, 822 37, 244 2 2, 750 2 16,500 (3) 36, 656 2 2,300 Chaco Canyon (New Mexico) _ Colorado (Colorado) . . Craters of the Moon (Idaho) . . . Devils Tower (Wyoming).. . . . . El Morro (New Mexico) _ _ George Washington Birthplace (Virginia). .. Gran Quivira (New Mexico) _ Great Sand Dunes (Colorado) ... _ 2 10,000 7,768 2 8, 000 5, 356 2, 779 2 12,000 7,730 2 12,000 2,625 3, 357 2 13,000 7, 365 14, 720 2 3, 500 2 10, 000 4, 812 2 16, 000 5,885 2 11,000 3, 854 2 22, 500 4, 232 Hovenweep (Utah-Colorado) . . . . Montezuma Castle (Arizona) _ _ Muir Woods (California) _ _ Natural Bridges (Utah) _ _ _ Navajo (Arizona) . . . . . Papago Saguaro (Arizona) _ Petrified Forest (Arizona) _ .. Pinnacles (California) - Pipe Spring (Arizona) _ _ Rainbow Bridge (Utah) _ Scotts Bluff (Nebraska) _ Shoshone Cavern (Wyoming) . . . 2 240 16, 232 103, 571 175 315 66, 450 75, 225 13, 216 17, 321 2 200 2 37, 500 2 300 2 3,000 17, 341 2 15,000 2 450 17, 824 93, 358 2 260 965 2 87, 600 69, 350 10, 756 24, 883 2 450 2 42, 500 2 400 19, 298 77,311 2 300 215 2 « 50,000 105, 433 11, 862 8, 765 325 2 48, 500 2 440 14, 411 73, 717 368 2 300 (5) 93, 898 12, 813 2 2, 300 2 350 2 48, 000 Sitka (Alaska) _ _ _ _ Tumacacori (Arizona) . . . Verendrye (North Dakota) _ White Sands . . . 2 3,500 18, 250 2 11,500 2 3,000 15, 603 2 8,000 2 8, 000 12, 036 2 2,000 2 6,500 13, 758 2 2, 000 i 1,400 8, 869 i 5,000 12,000 i 1,250 1300 Wupatki (Arizona) _ _ _ _ 2 500 174 2 550 2 250 684 2 240 2 650 264 2 850 *240 Yucca House (Colorado) _ _ _ Total _ _ 502, 656 567, 667 472, 095 392,011 806,089 589, 116 1 No records for other national monuments. 2 Estimated. 3 Made a national park by act of Congress approved May 14, 1930. 4 Includes 225,000 attending Sesquicentennial celebration. * National monument status of Papago Saguaro abolished by act of Congress approved Apr. 7, 1930. National Parks Table 4. — Entries of private automobiles to the national parks during seasons 1926-33 1 Name of park 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Acadia 2 . . . . Bryce Canyon _ _ 15, 361 29, 181 31, 998 35,972 5,223 37, 118 10, 007 28, 850 51, 020 13, 924 18, 318 39, 572 4 20, 000 40, 393 11, 734 27,808 56, 189 16, 245 16, 415 39, 844 16, 170 4 51, 000 31,026 13, 394 18, 273 5, 334 74,947 4 100,000 75, 429 44, 701 0 4 25, 000 63, 795 151, 126 18,215 58. 174 10, 469 19, 667 36, 465 12, 773 14,150 33, 103 11, 432 <85,000 32,204 33, 551 12, 910 4, 914 54. 180 40. 174 81, 359 40, 820 (7 8) 84,500 46, 846 161, 909 16. 180 64,953 9, 450 17, 181 28, 443 15, 548 20, 483 27, 562 1 12, 000 4 100, 000 70,221 31,015 13, 349 4, 991 42, 866 40, 925 83, 022 41,855 (7) 3, 500 47,042 99, 423 14, 980 Carlsbad Caverns 3 _ _ Crater Lake _ _ _ General Grant _ Glacier . . . . Grand Canyon . . . Grand Teton _ . . . . 26, 442 12, 869 6,727 22, 849 25, 667 13, 172 7,980 28,479 34, 869 14, 681 9, 860 32,316 39, 043 12, 995 14,320 37, 848 4 16, 200 Great Smoky Mountains 2 _ Hawaii 2 . . . . . Hot Springs 2 . . . . Lassen Volcanic _ Mesa Verde _ Mount Rainier _ _ Platt2 _ _ _ Rocky Mountain 2 _ Sequoia6 _ _ _ ... Sullys Hill 2_ . . Wind Cave 2 . Yellowstone. . . . . Yosemite . . . Zion . . . Total . . . 3 6, 500 5, 423 3, 054 38, 626 45, 796 3 50, 407 26, 503 4, 484 28, 332 3 44, 326 74, 885 4, 796 8, 345 8 1, 559 5, 899 3,315 48, 275 4 75, 000 4 54, 109 30, 165 4 4, 700 26, 879 49, 055 137, 296 6,203 14, 505 3 1, 455 8,137 4, 803 50, 005 4 70,000 4 57, 381 29, 290 5, 229 33,300 58, 186 131, 689 7,532 18, 347 28,290 8, 370 4, 224 51, 998 4 65, 000 67, 682 33, 250 4,936 36, 317 68,415 132, 903 8, 612 28, 251 25, 426 9, 896 5,023 62, 866 4 71, 500 73, 101 39, 631 4, 284 4 20,000 63,588 141, 267 15, 633 417, 380 555, 279 595, 236 689, 945 779, 275 897, 038 810, 780 788,809 1 Automobiles and motorcycles entering parks with or without licenses, to and including Sept. 30, 1932. 2 No license required. 3 National park established by act of May 14, 1930; formerly a national monument. 4 Estimated. 5 Count made only at public camp ground. 6 License required only for Giant Forest Road. 7 By act of Congress of Mar. 3, 1931, this area was transferred to the Department of Agriculture to be administered as a game preserve. 8 Estimated; approximately 100,000 cars went over park highway during 1932 season, but only 4,500 cars (estimated) were used by persons actually entering the cave. 196 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 National Parks Table 5. — Automobile and motorcycle licenses issued during seasons 1929-83 Name of park i 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Auto¬ mobiles Motor¬ cycles Crater Lake . . 23,954 6, 028 7, 577 29, 229 46 37, 595 7, 199 10, 498 33, 780 10 35, 716 7, 397 11, 362 36, 797 51 29, 637 5, 900 10, 712 32, 651 4, 803 4, 382 44, 719 18, 304 52, 597 67, 482 12, 967 19, 924 6, 199 8, 955 30, 104 4,924 4, 262 31, 903 17,045 38, 580 61, 742 12, 194 General Grant . Glacier _ 7 11 10 Grand Canyon _ Lassen Volcanic 2. . . 3 9 Mesa Verde.. . 3, 926 32, 184 16, 799 56, 150 74, 229 6,822 9 61 4,599 35, 498 20,998 63, 853 81, 365 10, 284 4, 863 41, 217 21,802 56, 401 76, 678 15, 754 Mount Rainier . 28 16 Sequoia 3 . Yellowstone . . 159 167 187 186 176 175 155 129 46 118 Yosemite . Zion . . Total . 256, 898 442 305, 669 418 307, 987 418 284, 154 298 235, 832 183 1 No licenses required for Wind Cave, Hot Springs, Platt, Hawaii, Rocky Mountain, Carlsbad Caverns. Mount McKinley, and Acadia National Parks. 2 No license required prior to 1932 fiscal year. 3 License required only for Giant Forest Road. Licenses not required in certain parks because of small road mileage or unimproved condition of roads (see footnote 1). Licenses also not required for travel on unimproved roads in other parks. No charge for license issued for operating cars on official business. National Parks Table 6. — Receipts collected from automobiles and motorcycles during seasons 1929-38 Name of park i Crater Lake _ General Grant _ Glacier . Grand Canyon... Lassen Volcanic 2. Mesa Verde _ Mount Rainier. .. Sequoia 3 _ Yellowstone _ Yosemite . Zion . Total. 1929 $24, 000. 00 3, 014. 00 7, 577. 00 29, 300.00 3, 944. 00 32, 245. 00 16, 799. 00 168, 608. 00 148, 613. 00 3, 431.50 437, 531. 50 1930 $37, 623. 00 3, 599. 50 10, 506. 00 33, 988. 00 4, 644. 00 35, 526. 00 20, 998. 00 192, 218. 00 162, 784. 00 7, 521. 00 509, 407. 50 1931 $35, 803. 00 3, 698. 50 11, 362. 00 36, 950. 00 4, 917. 00 41, 233. 00 21, 802. 00 169, 379. 00 153, 531. 00 15, 400. 00 494, 075. 50 1932 $29,687.00 2, 950. 00 11, 092. 00 32, 764. 00 5, 778.50 4, 396. 00 44, 719. 00 18, 304. 00 156, 537. 00 135, 831. 00 12, 976. 00 455, 034. 50 1933 $19,924.00 3, 099. 50' 8, 965. 00 30, 104. 00 4, 928. 50 4, 262. 00 31, 903. 00 17, 045. 00 115, 786. 00 123, 602. 00 12, 194. 00 371, 813. 00 1 No licenses required for Wind Cave, Hot Springs, Platt, Hawaii, Rocky Mountain, Carlsbad Caverns Mount McKinley, and Acadia National Parks. 2 No license required prior to 1932 fiscal year! 3 License required only for Giant Forest Road. National Parks Table 7. — Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various national parks and national monuments, and expends tures made therefrom during recent fiscal years 1 Name of the national park Appropriations Revenue received Appropri¬ ated Expended Acadia (formerly Lafayette): 1928 $37, 940. 00 39, 000. 00 1,355.00 52, 600. 00 59, 900. 00 61, 600. 00 59, 400. 00 55, 000. 00 26, 100. 00 13, 700. 00 20, 000. 00 14, 800. 00 13, 790. 00 $37, 376. 99 } 40, 014. 00 48, 701. 52 56, 984. 42 2 59, 892. 14 57, 602. 08 1929 _ _ _ _ _ 1929 (deficiency) _ _ _ 1930 1931 _ _ _ _ _ 1932 1933 . . . . . 10. 00 1934 Bryce Canyon: 1930 .. . . 21, 580. 01 13, 700. 00 2 19, 257. 50 12, 455. 43 1931 1932 _ _ 1933 . . . . 1934 _ _ _ _ _ — . - See footnotes at end of table. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 197 National Parks Table 7. — Statement of appropriations made for , and revenues received from , the various national parks and national monuments, and expendi¬ tures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Name of the national park Appropriations Revenue Appropri¬ ated Expended received Carlsbad Caverns National Park: 1928 . . . $30, 000. 00 70, 000. 00 260. 00 $28, 492. 84 $55, 682. 00 1929 . 1929 (deficiency) . . . | 63, 490. 00 84, 983. 45 1930 . . . . 100, 000. 00 165, 600. 00 150, 100. 00 128, 800. 00 68, 330. 00 63, 590. 00 47, 100. 00 850. 00 J i 103, 271. 01 124, 220. 75 136, 241.78 143, 779. 55 113, 677. 43 77, 236. 57 1931 . 1932 . 2 130, 162. 62 1933 . . * 135, 687. 63 1934 . Crater Lake: 1928 . . . . . 62, 382. 53 22, 927. 69 1929 . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . | 3 61,464.00 24, 318. 22 1930 _ l . . . . . . 59, 800. 00 } 67, 938. 75 38, 023. 70 1930 (deficiency) . 12, 000. 00 1931 . 2 73, 300. 00 106, 900. 00 90, 000. 00 63, 479. 00 13, 650. 00 15, 650. 00 500. 00 73, 551. 96 106, 753. 64 86, 554. 37 35,843.15 29, 687. 00 19, 924. 00 1932 . . 1933 . . . 1934 . . . General Grant: 1928 . . . 13, 529. 26 3, 488. 90 1929 . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . . | 15, 802. 00 3, 305. 70 1930 . . . . . . . . . 15, 650. 00 15, 448. 14 3, 868. 28 1931 . 15, 860. 00 21, 900. 00 21, 900. 00 15, 000. 00 163, 300. 00 188, 200. 00 5, 065. 00 219, 400. 00 227, 000. 00 9, 550. 00 256, 500. 00 226, 200. 00 201,803.00 30, 000. 00 15, 841. 07 21,881.86 20, 913. 85 3, 989. 95 3, 973. 22 3,437. 16 1932 . 1933 . . . . 1934 . . . . . Glacier: 1928 . 162, 525. 28 } 191, 061. 00 215, 726. 91 } 223,956.32 14, 652. 59 1929... . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . 18, 436. 18 1930 . . . 22, 146. 16 1931 . . 1931 (deficiency) . . . 17, 866. 46 1932 . 2 246, 002. 11 224, 744. 51 17, 495. 56 12, 006. 64 1933 . 1934 . . . Great Smoky Mountains: 1930-31 (deficiency) . . . . . 25, 193. 31 2 29, 682. 77 27, 959. 52 76. 00 1932 . . . . 30, 000. 00 30, 000. 00 28, 430. 00 128, 760. 00 169, 000. 00 3, 540. 00 145, 000. 00 153, 600. 00 172, 200. 00 5, 220. 55 5, 140. 69 1933 . 1934 . . . . . . . Grand Canyon: 1928 . . . . 128, 268. 33 } 151,813.00 46,097.43 49, 078. 33 1929 . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . 1930 . 141, 389. 56 * 171,670. 11 55, 684. 46 51, 497. 05 40, 221. 18 32, 933. 93 1931 . 1932 . 2 168, 106. 43 142, 656. 15 *1933 . 150, 000. 00 135, 890. 00 1934 . . . . Grand Teton: 1929 . . 25. 00 1930 . 70.00 1931 . 30, 700. 00 76, 750. 00 29, 900. 00 20, 000. 00 18, 250. 00 21, 500. 00 785. 00 29, 048. 47 2 73, 180. 80 26, 243. 06 20.00 1932 . . . 73.80 1933 . . . . . 45.00 1934 . Hawaii: 1928 . . . 18, 119. 10 } 21, 070. 00 1, 450. 00 1, 477. 0C 1929 . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . 1930 . 27, 400. 00 35, 800. 00 54, 600. 00 25, 700. 05 35, 439. 55 54, 594. 06 50, 095. 20 1, 532. 52 1, 500. 00 1931 . 1932 . 1, 493. 41 482. 46 1933 . 51, 100. 00 1934 . 48, 079. 00 69, 800. 00 68, 000. 00 6, 320. 00 70, 900. 00 218, 500. 00 89, 300. 00 87, 700. 00 82. 680. 00 Hot Springs: 1928 . . 67, 433. 19 } 71, 970. 00 47, 695. 50 47, 930. 90 1929 . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . 1930 . 69, 173. 38 194, 760. 18 2 86, 110. 72 82, 359. 03 47, 931. 33 50, 467. 80 43, 243. 22 38, 263. 90 1931 . 1932 . . . 1933 . . . 1934 . . . See footnotes at end of table. 198 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 National Parks Table 7. — Statement of appropriations made for , and revenues received from , the various national parks and national monuments , and expendi¬ tures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Appropriations Name of the national park Revenue Appropri¬ ated Expended received Lassen Volcanic: 1928 . $15, 625. 00 22, 400. 00 460. 00 $15, 448. 52 } 22, 688. 00 $167. 84 1929 . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . _ . 34. 36 1930 . . . . 25, 300. 00 30, 500. 00 50, 300. 00 45, 100. 00 28, 334. 00 25, 061. 16 29, 007. 20 2 49, 774. 20 43, 310. 99 3,089. 55 51. 59 1931 . 1932 . 5, 778. 50 4, 980. 96 1933 . . . . . 1934 . Mesa Verde: 1928 . 50, 750. 00 83, 000. 00 1, 115. 00 48, 343. 59 } 3 78,134.00 3, 342. 80 4, 719. 00 1929. . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . 1930 . . 57, 000. 00 96, 800. 00 57, 300. 00 53, 910. 66 < 95, 799. 70 2 55, 724. 49 } < 91,693.26 4, 870. 62 5, 411. 27 5, Oil. 75 4, 750. 50 1931 . 1932 . . . . . . . 1932 (deficiency) _ _ _ 22,000.00 72, 900. 00 52, 509. 00 1933 . 1934... . Mount Rainier: 1928. . . 108,000.00 141, 000. 00 3, 370. 00 2, 500. 00 122, 600. 00 180,900.00 195, 000. 00 71,000.00 227, 100. 00 143, 884. 00 105, 447. 74 } 3 141, 285. 00 32, 495. 50 39, 233. 17 1929 . . . 1929 (deficiency)... . . 1929-30 (deficiency) _ _ _ } 125,214.00 41, 530. 31 1930 . . . . . . . 1931 . . 174, 823. 33 } 2 263, 233. 48 46, 034. 89 48, 793. 27 1932 . 1931-32 (deficiency) . . . . . 1933 . 214, 501. 02 33, 506. 96 1934 . . Mount McKinley: 1928 . . . . 22, 000. 00 35, 900. 00 740. 00 21, 314. 12 } 3 36, 165.00 63. 04 1.00 1929 . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . . . 1930 . 40, 000. 00 46, 700. 00 31, 100. 00 35, 600. 00 28, 480. 00 37, 680. 26 42, 686. 45 28, 157. 21 32, 165. 49 213. 18 1931 . '292. 00 1932 . . . . . 129. 66 1933 . . . . 25.00 1934 _ Platt: 1928 . 13, 050. 00 18, 000. 00 1, 080. 00 16, 200. 00 18, 500. 00 35,900.00 31, 600. 00 28, 520. 00 12,991. 87 77. 16 1929 . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . . | 19, 053. 00 33. 05 1930 . . . 16, 178. 70 18, 269. 14 « 35, 506. 83 30, 333. 10 1931 . 1932 . 1933 . . . 1934 . Rocky Mountain: 1928 . . 97, 620. 00 95, 500. 00 2, 380. 00 96, 000. 00 105, 950. 00 118, 800. 00 114, 300. 00 98, 007. 00 95, 612. 07 } 3 95,230.00 9p4. 12 1, 537. 07 1929. . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) _ _ _ _ 1930 . . . 94, 871. 34 104, 880. 57 2 117, 909. 55 111, 361. 48 4, 471. 24 448. 45 1931 . 1932 . 749. 58 1933 . . . 1, 046. 41 1934 . Sequoia: 1928 . 109, 000. 00 113, 000. 00 3, 440. 00 130, 000. 00 113, 100. 00 156, 900. 00 131, 800. 00 113, 317. 00 108, 863. 10 } 3 114, 626. 00 35, 105. 83 30,753.00 1929 . . . 1929 (deficiency) . 1930 . . . . . 130, 056. 49 111, 513. 95 156, 713. 93 129, 146. 15 33, 934. 54 35, 694. 49 33, 010. 38 30, 189. 77 1931 . 1932 . 1933 . 1934 . . . Shenandoah (proposed): 1934 . . . . • 80, 000. 00 Wind Cave: 1928 . 10, 850. 00 11, 000. 00 11, 500. 00 } 11, 744. 00 12, 725. 50 13, 178. 17 1929 . . 1929 (deficiency).. _ _ _ _ 760. 00 1930 . 13, 500. 00 54, 900. 00 13, 442. 51 46, 271. 94 16, 715. 01 11, 968. 43 1931 . 1932 . . 25, 200. 00 50, 000. 00 20,600.00 } 2 68,074.68 7, 258. 68 1931-32 (deficiency).. _ _ 1933 . 20,345. 64 5,056. 19 1934 . 1 18,160.00 See footnotes at end of table. 1 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 199 National Parks Table 7. — Statement of appropriations made for , and revenues received from , the various national parks and national monuments , and expendi¬ tures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Name of the national park Yellowstone: 1928 . 1929 . 1929 (deficiency) . . . 1930 . 1930 (deficiency) . . 1931 . . . . 1932 . . . . . 1933 . . . . . . 1934 . . . . Yosemite: i 1928 . . . 1928 (deficiency) . . . 1929 _ _ _ 1929 (deficiency) . 1930 . . 1930 (deficiency) . . . 1931 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1931 (deficiency) _ _ 1932. . . . . . 1933. . . . . . 1934 . . . Zion: 1928 . . . 1929 . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) _ _ 1930. . 1931. . . . 1932. . . 1933 . . . . 1934. . . . . . George Washington B.P. National Monument 1930 (deficiency). . . . 1930- 31 (deficiency) . . 1931.. . . . . 1932.. . . 1933 . . . . 1934.. . . . . Colonial National Monument: 1931- 32 (deficiency) _ _ 1933. . . . . . 1934. . . . . . . Protection of National Monuments: 1928 . . . 1929 . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . 1930 . . . . 1931. . . . 1931 (deficiency) . . . 1932. . . . 1933. . . . . . . 1934. . . . . . National Park Service: 1928. . 1929. . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . 1930. . . . . . 1931. _ _ _ _ _ 1932. . . . . 1933 . . . . 1934 . . . Fighting forest fires: 1922 . 1923. . . . 1924.. . . 1925.. . . . General expenses, National Park Service: 1931 . . 1932 . . . . 1933. . . . 1934 _ _ _ _ Emergency reconstruction: 1925 . . See footnotes at end of table. Appropriations Appropri¬ ated Expended $400, 434, 12, 453, 17, 501, 560, 530, 301, 15, 387, 14, 412, 5, 510, 32, 558, 401, 335, 30, 38, 3, 38, 80, 2, 26, 25, 21, 135, 72, 52, 25, 35, 1, 46, 53, 3, 165, 93, 57, 70, 4, 80, 117, 167, 174, 160, 25, 25, 25, 20, 25, 35, 37, 25, 20, 000.00 000.00 230.00 000.00 000.00 275.00 800.00 800.00 309.00 000.00 000.00 250.00 385.00 360.00 381.00 100.00 500.00 600.00 200.00 309.00 900.00 000.00 295.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 600.00 440.00 996. 18 000.00 500.00 500.00 800.00 250.00 000.00 000.00 030.00 000.00 000.00 225.00 000.00 900.00 000.00 400.00 800.00 060.00 100.00 200.00 660.00 830.00 000.00 400.00 620.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 100.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 Revenue received * $399, 150. 00 $251, 663. 11 } 3 443, 230. 00 289, 388. 95 } 463,306.47 317, 238. 17 500, 026. 39 259, 723. 33 * 536, 739. 83 228, 644. 39 497, 681. 85 149,853.87 } < 257, 363. 73 276, 438. 20 } 3 449, 159. 00 237, 166. 90 } 4 390, 204. 38 280, 355. 45 } 574,302.64 260, 805. 28 J J 535, 376. 25 222, 629. 17 389, 523. 19 196, 319. 94 30, 737. 69 3, 106. 50 } 40, 569. 00 3, 576. 50 3 42,290.11 7, 724. 01 3 32, 589. 60 15, 500. 50 2 53, 145. 65 13, 067. 30 45, 451. 53 12, 194. 00 987. 71 } 78, 782. 34 2 26,050.83 1.00 22, 661. 61 20.00 3 132, 648. 99 299. 95 53, 615. 41 504. 92 24, 042. 56 132.00 } 35,951.00 97.00 <42,634.76 100.00 } 71, 598. 75 269.60 < 147, 585. 89 195. 19 < 86, 978. 64 252. 05 57, 047. 56 20.10 } *75,714.00 81, 864. 36 .25 115, 859. 20 165, 299. 20 174, 547. 94 1.14 9, 618. 30 17, 764. 16 6, 526. 02 20, 000. 00 24, 993. 02 31, 904. 58 33, 914. 87 17, 009. 15 200 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 National Parks Table 7. — Statements of appropriations made far, and revenues received from , the various national parks and national monuments, and expendi¬ tures made therefrom during recent fiscal years — Continued Name of the national pork Appropriations Revenue’ received Appropri¬ ated Expended Forest protection and fire prevention: 1931.. . . . . . $96, 850. 00 170, 000. 00 140, 000. 00 147, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 235, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 29,000.00 20, 000. 00 180, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 55, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 150, 000. 00 1,000,000.00 1, 500, 000. 00 2, 000, 000. 00 2, 000, 000. 00 1, 000, 000. 00 2, 500, 000. 00 5, 000, 000. 00 5,000, 000.00 2,500,000.00 5, 000, 000. 00 4, 500, 000. 00 2, 435, 700. 00 2,078,800.00 3, 000, 000. 00 25,000.00 20, 000. 00 7, 500. 00 20, 000. 00 (1 2 3 4 5 6) 5, 000. 00 4, 500. 00 3, 000.00 3, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 50, 000. 00 250, 000. 00 1, 750, 000. 00 1, 000, 000. 00 $95, 856. 95 3 167, 247. 75 132, 491. 82 1932... . . . . . . . 1933 . . . . . . 1934... . . . . . . . Emergency reconstruction and fighting forest fires: 1926 . . . . . } 80, 000. 00 40, 000. 00 228, 647.83 26, 865. 46 4 40, 138. 26 } 180,300.17 40, 481. 49 } 4 169, 950. 35 4 57, 228. 83 1926 (deficiency) . . . . . 1927... . . . . . . . . 1927 (deficiency) . . . . . 1928. . . . . . . 1929 (deficiency) . . . 1930 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1930 (deficiency) . . . . . . 1931.. . . . 1932.. . . . 1932 (deficiency) _ _ _ 1933. . 11 . 1934 . . . . . . Construction of roads and trails: 1925 (deficiency) . . . . . 1, COO, 000. 00 1,500, 000.00 2, 000, 000. 00 2, 000, 000. 00 1, 000, 000. 00 2, 500,000.00 5, 000, 000. 00 }7, 500, 000. 00 5,000,000.00 4, 500, 000. 00 1926. . . 1 . . . 1927 . . . . 1928 . . . . . . . 1928 (deficiency) . . . . . . . . 1929 . . . . . 1930 . . . 1931 . 1931 (deficiency) _ _ _ _ _ _ 1932. . 1933 . . 1934 . . . . . . Emergency construction, roads and trails: 1931 (deficiency) . . . . 2, 078,800.00 3, 000, 000. 00 24, 945. 24 19, 828. 96 7, 379. 35 12,453.27 7, 252. 21 4 3, 887. 13 4 3, 945. 07 4 3, 415. 75 4 4, 172. 45 13, 925. 00 1, 383. 00 17, 233. 93 3 1,983, 718. 06 4 711,688.33 3 238, 396. 19 7, 612. 50 10, 265. 00 3 12. 022. 50 3 477. 50 500, 000. 00 1933. . . . Insect control: 1925-26 (deficiency) . . . 1927 . 1928 . . Southern Appalachian: 1925-26 (deficiency) . . . . . . 1927 . . . . . . . 1928.. . . . . . . . . . 1929 . . . . . 1930 . . . . . 1931 . . . Purchase of lands: 1928 . . . 1929 . 1930. . . . . . . . . 1931 . . . . . . . . . 1932 . . . 1933 . Extension of winter-feed facilities: 1930 _ _ _ _ _ 75, 000. 00 75, 000. 00 1931 . . . . . 1932 1933 Purchase of lands Colonial National Monument: 1931-32 (deficiency) _ _ _ 500, 000. 00 17, 059, 450. 00 2, 145, 000. 00 3.271,000.00 Public works projects, roads and trails: 1933-35 . Public works projects, physical improvements: 1933-35 . . . . . . . Emergency conservation work: 1933-34 (allotments program) 1 For statement of appropriations and revenues prior to 1917 see 1920 Annual Report, pp. 354-358, and for 1918-27 see 1930 Annual Report, pp. 66-72. 2 Appropriation decreased by transfers to emergency reconstruction and fighting forest fires under author¬ ity contained in the appropriation act. (See table 18.) 3 Appropriation augmented by transfers from other appropriations under 10 percent clause. 4 Reappropriated items. (See table 14.) 5 Available until expended. 6 Not available until park is established. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 201 National Parks Table 8. — Statement of accounts reappropriated and made available for expenditure in subsequent fiscal years Appropriated for fiscal year Reap¬ propri¬ ated for fiscal year 1928 . 1929 1928 . 1929 1928 . 1929 1929 . . 1930 1929. . 1930 1929 . 1930 1929... . 1931 1930 . . 1931 1930 . . 1931 1930 . 1931 1930 . 1931 1930— . 1931 1930 . 1931 1930 _ _ 1931 1931... . 1932 1931 . 1932 1931 . 1933 1932 . 1933 1932 1933 Park Amount Purpose Yosemite _ _ Southern Appalachian.... Emergency reconstruc¬ tion and fighting forest fires. Yosemite . $35, 000. 00 1, 112. 87 13, 134. 54 8, 661. 78 Calrsbad Caverns . Southern Appalachian .... Grand Canyon _ _ Acadia . Crater Lake . Mesa Verde . Yosemite . . National monuments . . 4, 950. 00 1, 662. 55 20,000.00 2, 850. 00 1,091,06 1, 652. 18- 32, 662. 70 2,500.00 Southern Apalachian. Glacier . 1, 246. 80 9, 550. 00 National monuments _ 1, 759. 23 Emergency reconstruction and fighting forest fires. National monuments _ Carlsbad Caverns . 7, 434 15 3, 204.50 13, 000. 00 Emergency reconstruction and fighting forest fires. 16, 587. 00 Hospital building. To remain available; general. Do. Construction of water-supply and camp¬ ground facilities. Superintendent’s residence. To remain available; general. Hospital building. Equipment storage building. Ranger station. 2 ranger stations. Physical improvements. Employees’ quarters (2) at Petrified Forest. To remain available; general. One third of cost of constructing a tele¬ phoneline. Water-supply system at Craters of the Moon. To remain available; general. Water supply at Chaco Canyon. Electric system, extension and inprove- ment. To remain available; general. National Parks Table 9. — Summary of appropriations for the administration , protection , and improvement of the national parks and national monuments , together with the revenues received , for the fiscal years 1917 *-83, inclusive Year Department Appropriation Revenues 1917 Interior Department _ _ _ _ $537, 366. 67 247, 200. 00 <£704 Sfifi A7 War Department _ $180, 652. 30 1918 Interior Departmenr _ $ / cy±, ODD. O / 530, 680. 00 217, 500. 00 7 40 ion nn War Department _ * 217, 330. 55 1919 Interior Department _ i‘±o, ioU. UU 963, 105. 00 50, 000. 00 50,000.00 i aio i nr nn War Department . . . . . 196, 678. 03 316, 877. 96 396, 928. 27 432, 964. 89 513, 706. 36 663, 886. 32 670, 920, 98 826, 454 17 703, 849. 60 808, 255. 81 849, 272. 95 1, 015, 740. 56 940, 364. 79 820, 654. 19 628, 182. 06 1920 1, UIo, 1UO. UU 907, 070, 76 1, 058, 969. 16 1, 433, 220. 00 1, 446, 520. 00 1, 892, 601. 00 3,027, 657.00 3, 258, 409. 00 3, 698, 920. 00 4, 889, 685. 00 4 754,015.00 7, 813, 817. 18 12, 113, 435. 00 12, 831, 250. 00 10, 640, 620. 00 27, 728, 240. 00 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1 For summary of appropriations and revenues prior to 1917 see 1920 Annual Report, p. 359. 2 The revenues from the various national parks were expendable during the years 1904 to 1918, inclusive, with the exception of those received from Crater Lake, Mesa Verde, and Rocky Mountain National Parks, the revenues from which were turned into the Treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts. 202 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 National Parks Table 10. — Statement of appropriations and authorizations for road and trail work in the national parks and national monuments Appropriation acts Fiscal year Cash appro¬ priation Authority to enter into con¬ tractual obligations Total pro¬ gram by fiscal year Act Dec. 5, 1924; 43 Stat. 686. . . . . . 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 J 1931 1932 i $1, 000. 000 1, 500, 000 2, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 $1, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 2, 500, 000 Act Mar. 3, 1925; 43 Stat. 1179.. _ _ Act May 10, 1926; 44 Stat. 491 . . . . . . Act Jan. 12, 1927; 44 Stat. 966 . 2 $1,000, 000 2 1,500,000 2 2, 500, 000 2 4, 000, 000 2 2, 500, 000 2 2, 500, 000 2 2, 850, 000 First Deficiency act, Dec. 22, 1927; 45 Stat. 19 _ _ _ Act Mar. 7, 1928; 45 Stat. 237 . . . . . Act. Mar. 4, 1929; 45 Stat. 1601 _ _ _ 3, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 3, 500, 000 Act May 14, 1930; 46 Stat. 319 . . . . Act Dec. 20, 1930; emergency construction.. . . 1 5,500,000 \ 1,500,000 { 578, 800 5, 000, 000 2, 500, 000 4, 500, 000 3, 000, 000 2, 435, 700 $39, 514, 500 Emergency construction funds transferred by the President.. Act Feb. 14, 1931; 46 Stat. 1115 . . . . . 7, 078, 800 Second Deficiency act 1931; Mar. 4, 1931 _ _ _ _ 7, 850, 00C 7, 150, 000 Act Apr. 22, 1932 47 Stat. 126, 127 . . . . Emergency construction and relief.— 1933 3 2, 500, 000 Act Feb. 17, 1933; 47 Stat. 852, 853 . . 1934 64, 300 $39, 514, 500 Total appropriated _ Total program to date _ _ _ 1 Of this amount $4,290.39 was reappropriated Dec. 22, 1927 (45 Stat. 46), and $510 on May 29, 1928 (45 Stat. 933). 2 Funds appropriated in next year. s $64,300 of this amount was not appropriated in 1934. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (Walter Curran Mendenhall, Director) The appropriations made directly for the work of the Geological Survey for the fiscal year 1933 included 12 items, amounting to $2,181,000. Of the balance remaining in the 1932 appropriation for topographic surveys, $150,000 was continued available for expenditure during the fiscal year 1933, and the sum of $284,400 was transferred to the Geological Survey under the provisions of section 317 of the legislative appropriation act of June 30, 1932, making a total of $2,615,400 available for expenditure. In addition, $12,424.50 for miscellaneous supplies was allotted from appropriations for the Interior Department. A detailed statement of the amounts appropriated and expended is given at the end of the report. The balance on July 31 was $192,265.07. The total amount of funds made available for disbursement by the Geological Survey, together with State funds directly disbursed for work administered by the Federal officials, was $4,032,552.62. THE YEAR’S OPERATIONS Geological work. — The geologic work done during the year included economic and general studies of metal-mining districts in Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Virginia; of coal fields in Montana, Utah, and New Mexico; of oil and gas fields in Kansas, California, Montana, Colorado, and Utah; and of phosphate, oil shale, and other mineral deposits in Wyoming. In much of this work State surveys and other organizations cooperated. One of the most notable achievements of the year was the completion and publication of the new geologic map of the United States on the scale of 1 : 2,500,000. Potash investigations were continued as part of the regular work, no special funds being available. Cuttings from oil wells and samples from private core tests on Government permit areas w ere studied mineralogically and petrographically, and the analyses and other tests for potash numbered 2,445. This work disclosed a third source of commercial sylvite in New Mexico. Areal mapping or other general geologic work was done in 30 States and volcanologic work in Hawaii. Explorations in Alaska. — In the season of 1932 eight field projects in Alp ska resulted in the geologic mapping of 2,730 square miles and the topographic mapping of 3,571 square miles. On one of these projects the Alaska Railroad cooperated. Of the total area of Alaska 44.8 percent has now been covered by geologic surveys and 47.8 percent by topographic surveys. The usual general survey of recent mining developments, collection of mineral statistics, and super¬ vision of operations under coal and oil leases on Government lands were continued. Three field projects for the season of 1933 had been started at the end of the 203 16585—33 - 14 204 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 fiscal year. The work done in cooperation with the Alaska Railroad included, in addition to the survey project already mentioned, core drilling to test two coal areas in the railroad belt. This work indicated that the areas do not warrant development under present conditions. In the office a little more than 1,000 square miles of new drainage base was compiled from aerial photographs taken by the Navy Department in 1926 and 1929. Topographic mapping. — The area mapped topographically during the year amounted to 20,191 square miles and the total area now mapped, exclusive of Alaska, is 1,387,207 square miles. Ten States, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii are completely mapped, and the percentages in the other States range from 8 in Florida to 88.9 in Virginia. Of the continental United States, exclusive of Alaska, 45.6 percent has been mapped. Cooperative funds furnished by States for topographic mapping during the year amounted to $370,309.71 and came from 16 States and 2 counties. Cooperation was also rendered by the War Department and the Department of Justice. The office work included the com¬ pletion of stereophotogrammetric mapping from aerial photographs of Bryce Canyon National Park, the mounting of 4,000 multiple-lens photographs for the Guatemala-Honduras Boundary Tribunal, corrections to State maps for use in assembling a map of the Tennessee River Basin, and other routine or special projects. Investigation of water resources. — The work on water resources is done largely in cooperation with other Government organizations, with State, county, and municipal agencies, and with permittees and licensees of the Federal Power Commission. The amount expended by State, county, and municipal agencies for such work during the year, in part directly and in part through the Geological Survey, was $524,988.53. Including the cooperative work, the study of surface waters, which consists primarily of the measurement of the flow of streams, was carried on in 48 States, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii, in which at the end of the year 2,801 gaging stations were being maintained. In this work 40 of the States and Hawaii cooperated. Investigations relating to ground water or power and reservoir sites were made in 19 States and Hawaii. The number of water-stage recorders in operation over observation wells has now reached 125. In the hydrologic laboratory 496 samples of water-bearing material were analyzed. The work on quality of water involved the examination of 1,034 samples of water. Studies of the dissolved and suspended matter in the Colorado River and its tributaries were continued. The investigations of power resources included the preparation of monthly and annual reports on the production of electricity and consumption of fuel by public-utility power plants, a report on the developed waterpower of the United States, and compilations of the stocks of coal held by electric public-utility power plants. The studies of water utilization and flood control included investigations relating to the apportionment of water on inter¬ national streams and studies of the effect of a dam in Canada on the behavior of surface and ground water in the United States. Special field work was done in connection with 120 projects of the Federal Power Commission. Classifying and leasing public lands. — The classification of public lands with respect to their mineral, waterpower, and agricultural value, and the technical supervision of mineral and power development on such lands and of mineral development on Indian lands, were continued in 21 States and Alaska. The number of cases involving land classification, acted on during the year was 12,568, and the results accomplished include net decreases of 597,479 acres in outstanding withdrawals for coal and of 356 acres in outstanding withdrawals for oil and a net increase of 191,851 acres in areas classified as coal land. At the end of the year the total area classified as mineral in character amounted to 37,081, 414 acres in 14 States and Alaska, and the outstanding mineral with- SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 205 drawals to 50,918,765 acres in 14 States. Definition of the “ known geologic structure” ^f producing oil and gas fields was continued, and at the end of the year the net area so defined was 944,951 acres in 7 States. Investigations to obtain information for classifying public land with respect to its value for the develop¬ ment of waterpower were made in 2 States. There was a net increase of 105,625 acres in the area included in power reserves, making a total of 6,682,810 acres in 21 States and Alaska, on which about 15,000,000 continuous horsepower can be developed. The net decrease in enlarged-homestead designations was 4,850,782 acres, making a total outstanding of 309,498,084 acres in 14 States, and the net increase in stock-raising homestead designations was 705,440 acres, making a total outstanding of 124,302,026 acres in 19 States. There was a net increase of 39,365 acres in public water reserves, and the total outstanding is now 487,201 acres in 12 States and Alaska. The supervisory work on public lands subject to the mineral leasing laws was increased by the issuance of 71 leases, 32 licenses, and 1,180 permits, and de¬ creased by 646 cancelations and expirations of leases, permits, and licenses. The production of petroleum on such lands during the year was 24,662,589.46 barrels, of natural gas 56,637,196,000 cubic feet, and of gasoline 91,549,635.62 gallons, on which the royalty, rentals, and bonuses amounted to $3,292,712.38. The production of coal on such lands was 2,947,384 tons, of phosphate rock 1,643.04 tons, of potash 173,563.16 tons, and of sodium salts 37,314 tons, on which the royalty, rentals, and bonuses amounted to $356,264. Supervision over oil and gas operations on naval petroleum reserves was continued, and the total produc¬ tion was 3,672,408.11 barrels of petroleum, 3,917,098,000 cubic feet of natural gas, and 15,876,707 gallons of gasoline, on which the royalty value was $706,107.47. Inspectional, regulatory, and advisory service was rendered in connection with the leasing of mineral deposits on Indian lands in eight States. Publications. — The publications of the year consisted of 53 books and pamphlets of the regular series, 29 guidebooks for the excursions of the International Geo¬ logical Congress, 99 new or revised maps, 149 reprinted maps, 1 geologic folio, and numerous circulars, lists of publications, etc. The total number of pages in the new book publications, including the guidebooks, was 10,572. In addition to these publications, 48 brief papers, several of them accompanied by maps, were issued in mimeographed form as memoranda for the press. The publications distributed numbered 712,904, of which 3,776 folios and 477,867 maps were sold for $29,969.21. GEOLOGICAL BRANCH Geologic work in the usual classes of economic surveys and investi¬ gations and general or special research problems was actively carried on throughout the year, but the amount of field work done was considerably less than in recent years. Rigid economy was necessary because the total available funds for the work of the geologic branch for the year were about $100,000 less than for the fiscal year 1932. Many geologists who ordinarily spend 3 to 5 months of each year in field work remained in the office and prepared reports on projects that had previously been investigated in the field. The preliminary uncolored edition of the geologic map of Texas was printed early in the year and was distributed to geologists and oil companies of the region for criticism and correction. The compilation of the resultant new data for the map in its final colored form is near¬ ing completion, but lack of funds for engraving and printing may 206 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 postpone publication for some time. The publication in June of a new geologic map of the United States on the scale of 1^2,500,000 is one of the most notable achievements of the year. An important continuous service to the public is rendered in the geologic branch by the identification of rocks, ores, minerals, and fossils and by carefully prepared letters in answer to numerous daily inquiries on geologic topics. WORK OF THE YEAR, BY STATES Alabama. — Studies of the brown iron ores of the Russellville district and of the iron ore in the Red Mountain formation in northeastern Alabama, cooperative projects with the Geological Survey of Alabama, were continued. A report on Iron Ore in the Red Mountain Formation in Greasy Cove was issued as circular 1. Arizona. — The guidebook of the Southern Pacific lines, New Orleans to Los Angeles, was completed for publication as Bulletin 845. Geologic investigations included field mapping of the Tucson quadrangle, brief examination of man¬ ganese deposits near Artillery Peak, study of the geology and ore deposits of the Ajo copper district, and examination of a dam site in the San Carlos project for the Office of Indian Affairs. Arkansas. — Field work in the Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma and Arkansas was continued. A preliminary report on the cooperative study of the zinc and lead deposits of northern Arkansas was issued during the year, and work on a paper on recent developments in the Batesville mangenese district was completed. Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies included the Morrow formation and the Batesville sandstone, echinoderm microfaunas from the Mississippian, micro¬ fossils from the Carboniferous, and Wedington flora of the Fayetteville shale and of the Jackfork standstone and Stanley shale. California. — The study of the Kettleman Hills oil and gas field was continued. Field work in the San Pedro Hills was begun, and field work on the siliceous sedi¬ ments and associated rocks of the Monterey group was completed. Studies of source rocks of petroleum in several oil fields of southern California were con¬ tinued. Office work was also continued on the reports on the Ivanpah quad¬ rangle, on the Grass Valley district, and chromite deposits in northern California. Studies were continued on the San Andreas rift and the southern part of Death Valley. Work was prosecuted in connection with the report on the geomorphoU ogy of the upper San Joaquin Basin. Colorado. — Study of the mining regions of the State was continued in coopera¬ tion with the Geological Survey Board of Colorado and the Colorado Metal Mining Fund, though the work -was curtailed owing to decrease of funds. A general report on the geology and ore deposits of the State is in preparation to accompany the geologic map, which is now almost ready for engraving. An intensive field study was made of the Arrastre Basin of the San Juan region, and the report was sent to the Colorado Scientific Society for publication. Field work -was carried on in the Jamestown district, in the Snowmass area and in the Nederland tungsten area. A study of the Independence Pass district was made with special reference to the driving of tunnels for diversion of water from the west to the east slope of the Continental Divide. The geologic mapping of the Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous formations of eastern Colorado, north of the Arkansas River and south of the Platte River, was completed and progress was made on a detailed report. Florida. — Studies were continued of pelecypods and gastropods from the Alum. Bluff group (Miocene) including work on the preparation of the report on the Tampa limestone (Miocene), in cooperation with the Florida Geological Survey. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 207 Hawaii. — The work of the section of volcanology at Volcano House, Hawaii National Park, was carried on during the year and included observing volcanoes, operating local seismographs, doing oceanographic work, especially on tidal waves, measuring horizontal and vertical movements of the ground by surveying methods, building and improving instruments of research for volcano and earth¬ quake study, carrying on special researches for publication suggested by the back records, etc. At Lassen, Calif., other systematic measurements include hot- spring temperatures and land slipping. The Hawaiian Volcano Research Asso¬ ciation has assisted the Geological Survey in the past and carried all the expenses of the Hawaiian station except salaries of the professional staff in 1933. Idaho. — Studies of some mining districts in Idaho were continued in cooper¬ ation with the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology. Field work was done in the Buffalo Hump, Elk City, and adjoining districts, and several reports were prepared. Work in the Boise Basin in the Yellow Pine, Edwardsburg, and Thun¬ der Mountain districts was prosecuted. A report on some lode deposits in the northwestern part of the Boise Basin is ready for publication. Illinois. — Work on the Pottsville fossil floras of the eastern interior coal basin of Illinois, including small areas in adjoining States, which is being carried on in cooperation with the Illinois Geological Survey, was well advanced. Indiana. — The Survey continued its work on new crinoid genera from the Mis- sissippian, Devonian, and Silurian. Iowa. — Studies of the typical Kinderhook fauna were continued. Kansas. — A report on the origin of the shoestring oil sands of Greenwood and Butler Counties and adjacent areas was completed. This is a cooperative project between the State and Federal surveys. Kentucky. — A report on fossil flora of the New Providence shale with notes on a new representative of the Calamopityeae from Junction City is in preparation. Louisiana. — Studies of the cap rock of salt domes of southern Louisiana were continued. The Southern Pacific Guidebook is noted under Arizona. Maine. — The Geological Survey cooperated with the State geologist of Maine in the preparation of a State geologic map, which will be issued by the State. Maryland. — Work on the geology of the Appalachian Mountain region of Maryland, in cooperation with the Maryland Geological Survey, was continued. Massachusetts. — A field and office review of the stratigraphy and structure of the Taconic quadrangle were made in connection with general geologic studies in the region. Michigan. — The preparation of material for a revised report on the Lake Su¬ perior iron-ore region was continued. Minnesota. — See Michigan: Lake Superior iron-ore region. Mississippi. — A report on the geology of the Jackson, Florence, and Pela- hachee quadrangles is in preparation. A study of Cretaceous volcanism and structural history of the Jackson gas field was inaugurated. Missouri. — Informal cooperation with the Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines in the identification of fossils was carried on. Paleontologic studies were continued on some early Paleozoic fossils, on echinoderm microfauna from the Mississippian formation, on the Kinderhook fauna, on the Warsaw fauna of the Boone limestone from the Joplin district, and on the fauna of the Louisiana limestone of northeastern Missouri. The Geological Survey in cooperation with members of the Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines discovered outcrops of fossiliferous Upper Cretaceous beds near Ardeola. Montana. — Reports on the geology of the Rosebud Creek coal field, Rosebud and Custer Counties, and of the Richey-Lambert coal field, Richland and Dawson Counties, have been approved for publication. A party extended the detailed mapping of the coal beds of a portion of Custer County begun in 1932. A report 208 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 for survey publication on the Mizpah coal field of Custer County was almost completed. A reconnaissance areal and structural geologic survey was made of parts of Hill, Choutean, and Liberty Counties. The report on the lignite fields of McCone County was advanced, and the report on the geology of the Little Rocky Mountains and the surrounding plains was completed. Studies of the glacial geology and physiography of western Montana, northern Idaho, and eastern Washington were continued in connection with a comprehensive report on the subject. Field and office studies of the gold placers of the Pioneer district were continued, including the examination of phosphate lands near Marysville. Areal mapping and study of mines in the Libby and Troy districts of northwestern Montana were continued and considerable progress was made on detailed reports on the districts. Travertine deposits were examined near Gardner, the report on which will appear as a circular under the title “Some Deposits of Ornamental Stone in Montana.” An examination and report on the Mission Creek dam site, Lake County, was made for the Office of Indian Affairs. A geologic map of the State is being compiled in cooperation with the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. A correlation chart in two sheets was issued. Work on Fort Union fossil plants is noted under North Dakota, and on source sediments of petroleum under “General studies.” Nebraska. — A reconnaissance of certain Pleistocene deposits in Nebraska was made in connection with a cooperative study of ground-water supplies by the water-resources branch and the State conservation and survey division. Nevada. — In cooperation with the Nevada Bureau of Mines investigations of some mining districts in the State were continued. Field work was conducted in a resurvey of the Eureka district begun last year and examinations were made in the Tuscarora district and in the Mountain City district in Elko County. The geysers near Beowawe were also studied. A report on the Mountain City district was transmitted to the State bureau. Work was continued on the geology and ore deposits of the Tonopah and Tuscarora areas. Field work in the Chief and Delamar mining districts near Caliente was carried on including the collection of specimens for the purpose of determining the extent of magnesite at the brucite deposits. Examinations were made, in cooperation with the Nevada Bureau of Mines, of the effects of Cedar Mountain earthquake of December 1932 and its bearing on the genesis of Basin Range structure. The report on the Tybo area for publication by the Nevada Bureau of Mines was completed. Progress was made on the detailed reports on the geology and ore deposits of the Ivanpah quadrangle, California and Nevada, and on the geology of the Great Basin. Several investigations were made for the Office of Indian Affairs including an examination and report on the Rio Vista and Weber Dam sites, in the Walker Indian Reservation, a preliminary examination of two dam sites in the western Shoshone Indian Reservation, and a final examination and report on these sites. A special examination of mining claims in the Duck Valley project was also conducted. New Jersey. — Several localities in New Jersey for the purpose of collecting Cretaceous and Tertiary Foraminifera were visited. New Mexico. — The report on the geology and mineral resources of the Santa Rita district was completed and submitted for publication as a survey bulletin. Work was continued on the report of the geology and ore deposits of the Magda¬ lena district. The Geological Survey continued its studies of the Central mining district, Grant County, in cooperation with the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. The report on the Mount Taylor coal field, which will form part of a bulletin on the geology and fuel resources of the southern San Juan Basin, was completed, and a report on the coal fields of that part of the San Juan area extending from the Nacimiento Mountains westward including portions of SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 209 McKinley, Sandoval, and San Juan Counties, is nearing completion. A map showing the geologic structure of an area in the basin covering parts of McKinley, San Juan, Sandoval, Bernalillo, and Valencia Counties, was issued during the year. Preparation of the report on the Mount Taylor volcanic field, which com¬ prises a study of the structural geology, was continued. Further field studies in the San Juan Basin region begun early in the summer of 1933 and consisting of detailed mapping for the purpose of determining the coal resources and oil possi¬ bilities of an area along the east flank of the basin from Cuba north to the State line were prosecuted. The work on the Abo fauna of the Sacramento Mountains was continued during the year. Studies of the Permian of eastern New Mexico are included under Texas. New York. — Work in the Taconic quadrangle is noted under Massachusetts. North Carolina. — The diatoms, mollusks, and foraminifers from test water wells in and near Elizabeth City are being studied, the results to be published in an unofficial medium. North Dakota. — Work was continued in the preparation of a report on fossil plants from the Fort Union and associated formations, based on collections from North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. Oklahoma. — Revision of the report on the geology and economic resources of the McAlester coal field was completed during the year and work was also con¬ tinued on a report on the Howe-Wilburton field. A preliminary map showing the coal beds and mines of the McAlester district was issued. Studies of the fossil flora of the coal fields of eastern Oklahoma were continued. A paper on the Moorefield fauna is in the course of preparation. Desirable drilling sites for gas wells in an area in Osage County, for the Office of Indian Affairs were reported upon by the Survey. Oregon. — Several reports were in course of preparation or publication during the year as a result of studies previously carried on in cooperation with the Oregon State Mining Board. The report on the Robertson, Humdinger, and other mines of southwestern Oregon was issued as Bulletin 830-B. The report on the Takilma- Waldo and Blue Creek districts is in press as Bulletin 846-B, and the report on copper deposits in the Squaw Creek and Silver Peak districts and at the Almeda mine, southwestern Oregon, with notes on the Pennell & Farmer and Banfield prospects, will appear as circular 2. A report on some mining districts of eastern Oregon with a chapter on the Ochoco district is in press as Bulletin 846-A, and a bulletin on quicksilver deposits of southwestern Oregon has been submitted for publication. A report is also nearly finished on the geology of the Baker quadrangle including a short paper on greenstones of eastern Oregon. The report on metalliferous mineral deposits of the Cascade Range in Oregon was completed for official publication. Studies of diatoms of eastern Oregon were continued. Pennsylvania. — Work on cooperative projects with the Pennsylvania Topo¬ graphic and Geologic Survey included preparation of a report on the geology of the York and Hanover quadrangles, and field work in a study of the structure of the Reading and Boyertown Hills, for a detailed report in preparation on the geology of the Reading and Boyertown quadrangles. Progress was made on the reports on the geology and mineral resources of the Butler and Zelienople quad¬ rangles and the geology and mineral resources of the Tyrone quadrangle. Stud¬ ies on the effect of progressive metamorphism in the Lower Kittanning coal beds of Pennsylvania were continued. South Carolina. — Manuscript of report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina was completed. 210 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 South Dakota. — A paper on a lower Lance florule from Harding County was completed for survey publication. Tennessee. — In connection with the studies of the Appalachian lead and zinc deposits, visits were made to some zinc mines at Mascot and Jefferson City. A map showing the mineral resources of the Tennessee River Basin has been compiled and is in press. Texas. — The compilation of the cooperative geologic map of Texas progressed during the year. A monograph on the Midway fauna of Texas was completed and transmitted to the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology for publication. Stratigraphic studies in the Tertiary near Laredo were also continued in coopera¬ tion with the water-resources branch. Further studies of the geology of the Diablo Plateau region, southwestern Texas, are in progress. Work on source sediments of petroleum is noted under “General studies” (Trask), on the genus Diploschiza under Alabama, and on the Southern Pacific guidebook under Arizona. Utah. — Reports on the geology of the Salt Valley anticline and the northwestern flank of the Uncompahgre Plateau, Grand County; on the Monument Valley- Navajo region of San Juan County; on the geomorphology of the north flank of the Uinta Mountains; and on the Gold Hill quadrangle were completed for survey publication. A preliminary map showing the geologic structure of parts of Emery, Wayne, and Garfield Counties was issued. Work was continued in preparation of the report on the Green River Desert and the eastern flank of the San Rafael Swell and the field work necessary for the preparation of a preliminary geologic structure contour map of southeastern Utah was completed. Additional field mapping of the geology of a portion of the Wasatch Plateau, with special reference to the coals, was done. Field work was conducted for a short time in connection with studies on correlation of the geologic formations of the Colorado Plateau region of southern Utah. A corre¬ lation chart in two sheets was issued. Work on the Paradox formation is noted in other sections of the report. Vermont. — Studies were continued on the geologic structure of the State. Field work was conducted and study made of certain problems in metamorphic geology in east-central Vermont. Work in the Taconic quadrangle is noted under Massachusetts. Virginia. — In cooperation with the State Geological Survey further field and office studies were made for a report on the geology of the Appalachian Valley in Virginia to be published by the State. Detailed mapping of the Abingdon quadrangle was continued and a brief field examination in southwestern Virginia was made in connection with investigations of the lead and zinc deposits, the report on which has been transmitted to the State. Preparation was continued of a paper on the titanium deposits of Nelson and Amherst Counties. Washington. — A chapter on copper in Washington was written for the volume on copper by the International Geological Congress. Investigations of the glacial geology and geomorphology of eastern Washington are noted under Montana. Wisconsin. — Work in the Lake Superior iron-ore region is noted under Michigan. Wyoming. — Field and office work were continued on the geology of the Afton quadrangle with special reference to the occurrence of phosphate. The work of preparing the report on the Tertiary rocks of the Green River Basin was also continued. In the summer of 1933 a field study was started of the oil-shale de¬ posits of the Fossil and Washakie Basins of southwestern Wyoming. Studies of the Tempskyas of the Wyan and Aspen deposits of southwestern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho were prosecuted during the year. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 211 WORK IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS The work in chemistry and physics includes the chemical analysis of rocks, ores, and minerals collected by geologists, tests necessary to identify specimens received by the Survey, descriptive mineralogy, including studies of the physical and chemical properties of minerals and ores, their genesis and geochemical relationships, and measure¬ ments of deep earth temperature. Among the materials analyzed in the laboratory during the year were 15 igneous rocks from mining districts in Colorado and Nevada, 2 tallow clays from Arkansas, 7 siderites from Idaho, and about 30 dolomites, 14 clays, 29 phosphates, and 40 separate minerals, including potash minerals, from different localities throughout the country. During the year 5,464 examinations were made by the section of chemistry and physics, of which 1,722 were identifications of potash and related minerals by the petrographic microscope. The potash work also required 437 qualitative tests and 286 quantitative analyses, making in all 2,445 tests for potash. Identifications of specimens submitted by persons not officially connected with the Survey num¬ bered 1,051. The remaining 1,489 qualitative tests and 479 quanti¬ tative analyses were made chiefly in response to direct requests by geologists and partly in connection with chemical and physical studies involving methods of analysis and geochemical investigations. ALASKAN BRANCH The Geological Survey’s work in Alaska has two rather distinct phases — one of a general investigational and research type and the other of a semiadministrative type in connection with the technical supervision of the leases granted by the Government covering coal, oil, or other mineral lands. Manuscripts and publications. — During the year 5 reports and 1 map have been published and the following maps were issued in preliminary photolitho¬ graphic editions: Wrangell district (55°26'-56°31'; 131°45'-133°15'). Tonsina district (61°2'-62°; 144°55'-146025'). Anthracite Ridge (61°46'31"-61°51'1"; 14803,52,'-148i iii lll^ll- : : is : iii :: iii ii • ii ii : : 1 ! ; ; CS § V Revi¬ sion 1 « $ \ Of ! 1 • : : : j : j js- j j i j • i i i i i iiii i i i i i i • • i : : i j i i • ■ 1 1 250,000 1 1 1 . . . : i j i j j j j i . . i i . • .■ ! ! ! ! ! i i i i ii i 1 Id I 1 1 1 i i j i i i i • i i i i ! : H H . 125,000 | 1 oo ! © ! : : i i i j | j • . . . ii i j j j j j j : i i i i i i ; j ; ; j ■ i i i i Iiii ii ! i i i i i i i i 62,500 212 711 o 425 29 i is 1 j i i3l i - : i is ii ! ! ! rH 11 1 1 Is iii iSas i i i i iii al . 48,000 j : 1 1 1 1 if 1 • j i i i i i i i : i i i i i i i :::::::::: :::::::::: iiii; iiii -iii : : Mill Mapped in fiscal y< publication unless ol on scale of 1 to— 31,680 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ij ; | | i i i : : : j j • • lilliii !*!!!! - . i i iiii • i « i i i i i III! III! 24,000 i j 1 1 1 1 1 i j j j jfi ; j j S ;! j j i j j j js I ; ; ; : :« i i i i i i® iiii:: Mill » ■ • • 12,000 or larger 1 ■ 1 i i : ; • 1 | : i i ; : : : : : i : : ; j j j j ; j j ; j i i i i i i S i iw i i i||| I 1 ! : : i ; : : i i i i i i !!!!! iiii Publication contour in- I 1 ; j 25, 100 5, 10, 50 5, 25, 50, 100 50 j j j . 1 . ig§ • ^ c 1 1C J i i i isg is is is f I ; ; I to' 1 1© JO rill! 1 !ef I us j j i j ill till 1 l 1 03 001 001 !§as 1 1 1 lo2 1 1 1 i : ; 1 III ♦ iii J Alabama . . j ; California Colorado . . . _ Delaware . District of Columbia _ Florida . . . Georgia . Idaho . . . . Illinois Indiana _ Iowa . . . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana iviaine _ _ Maryland.. . . . . IVTnssnphn softs Michigan _ _ _ Minnesota- . Mississippi.... . Missouri _ Montana . . Nebraska..... _ _ Nevada . New Hampshire . - New Mexico . . . New York . . . North Carolina . . North Dakota . . Ohio _ _ _ _ Oklahoma _ examination. New topographic surveys of the United States, July 1, 1982, to June 80, 1988, and total area surveyed in each State — Continued 214 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 E"1 03 '*■ 2 S' “ OT £ ® ® &I1 fa q«s §*3 iiSgil ^ ggSo'B O 03^2 w h 9^ -o a Sg a os 3 3 a o* a^ C .S2 ”E s g§ CO , CO .3-2 o «8 ® T3 « c3 ® 5? 3 >> «3 Ph ofl' Ph NNOCOOONWWr-iOSOOONCO NTfd'tTfdMco^cocod^d COXO^> 3 S'S.3^ 2 a£l-| 93«g§ bt K m j O i. [3 ® “ >i a °flg fl^o .2 JS^ J BC 3 £ ° 3 a ® as « 0 o' ® ,H n “ "2 £3 9 aco o ?3 C0Ti »-§& ««s 33£ SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 215 FIELD SURVEYS Arizona. — The survey of the Camp Verde 30' quadrangle for the Forest Service was completed. The survey of the Quartzite No. 3 15' quadrangle was begun for the Office of Indian Affairs. Arkansas. — In cooperation with the United States Army district engineer at Vicksburg, Miss., the survey of the Felsenthal, Moro Bay, Ingalls, and Dilolo 15' quadrangles was begun. For the Forest Service the survey of the Mount Judea 15' quadrangle was begun. California. — In cooperation with the State engineer of California the survey of the Healdsburg 15' quadrangle, the No. 39, No. 40, No. 41, Treadwell, Guijarral Hills, Huron, Corona 1-a, Corona 1-b, Corona 1-c, Corona 1-d, Cucamonga No. 2, Cucamonga No. 3, and Cucamonga No. 4 7^' quadrangles was completed, that of the Tobias Peak 30' quadrangle, the Lakeport 15' quadrangle, and the Cucamonga No. 1 7}i' quadrangle was begun, and the revision of the Colfax, Truckee, and Bartle 30' quadrangles was completed. In cooperation with the county surveyor of Los Angeles County the survey of the Mint Canyon, Bear- trap Canyon, Fairmont, Hughes Lake, Lake, Neenach, Quail, Palmdale, Man- zana, Black Mountain, and Gorman 6' quadrangles was completed and that of the La Crescenta, Sierra Madre, La Verne, and Glendora 6' quadrangles was continued. At the request of the Forest Service the survey of the Hoaglin 30' quadrangle was completed, that of the Yreka 30' quadrangle was continued, and that of the Dixie and South Fork Peak 30' quadrangles was begun. Colorado. — In cooperation with the Colorado Metal Mining Fund and the Colorado Geological Survey Board, the survey of Independence Pass and vicinity was completed and that of the Como No. 1 and Como No. 2 15' quadrangles was begun. For the Forest Service the survey of the Mount Powell No. 2 15' quad¬ rangle was continued. Idaho. — The survey of the Trout Creek 30' quadrangle was completed at the request of the Forest Service. In preparation for geologic mapping the survey of the Irwin 30' quadrangle was completed. Illinois. — The survey of the Pecatonica, Harvard, Marshall, Lomax, Nashville, Keokuk, Jacksonville, Orion, Potomac, Virginia, Prophetstown, and Fort Madison 15' quadrangles and the Collinsville, O’Fallon, Lebanon, and New Athens No. 2 7}ir quadrangles was completed, that of the Morrison, Lacon, Petersburg, Mendon, Toledo, Camp Grove, Mount Vernon, Hoopeston, Carthage, and Genoa 15' quadrangles was continued, and that of the Toluca 15' quadrangle was begun. This work was done in cooperation with the Department of Registration and Education of Illinois, Geological Survey. Louisiana. — The Louisiana Board of State Engineers cooperating, the ground control, field examination, and preparation from aerial photographs of culture, drainage, and woodland was completed for topographic base maps without contours for the 7 ){' quadrangles within the New Orleans, Cut-Off, Houma, Hahnville, Thibodaux, Lac des Allemands, Gibson, Schooner Bayou, Bossier, Shreveport, Plain Dealing, Hosston, Boyce, Abbeville, and Colfax 15' quadrangles and begun for the 7%' quadrangles within the Pecan Island, Redfish Point, Hayes, Bayou Bois Courier, Port Arthur, Sabine Pass, Johnsons Bayou, Hack- berry, Lake Arthur, Lake Charles, Orange, Vincent, Marsh Island, Lake Miserie, BBB, CCC, and FFF 15' quadrangles. In cooperation with the United States Army district engineer at Vicksburg, Miss., the survey of the Felsenthal 15' quadrangle was begun. Maine. — In cooperation with the Public Utilities Commission of Maine, the survey of the Nicatous Lake, Allagash Falls, Umsaskis Lake, Musquacook Lakes, Dover-Foxcroft, Kennebago Lake, Presque Isle, and Guilford 15' quadrangles 216 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 was completed and that of the Rangeley 15' quadrangle was begun. In coopera¬ tion with the War Department the' survey of the Frenchville, Arnold Pond, and Fort Kent 15' quadrangles was completed and that of the Grand Isle and Mars Hill 15' quadrangles was begun. Massachusetts. — In cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Public- Works, Division of Waterways, the survey of the Sagamore 7 quadrangle was begun. Michigan. — In cooperation with the Department of Conservation of Michigan, Geological Survey, the ground control, field examination, and preparation from aerial photographs of culture, drainage, and woodland was executed in 7}i' quad¬ rangles for topographic base maps without contours for Mackinac County, within the St. Ignace and Bois Blanc 15' quadrangles and the county parts of the Ozark, Rudyard, Pickford, Beavertail Point, and Raber 15' quadrangles; for Lake County, completing the county parts of the Baldwin, Chase, Peacock, Freesoil, and Luther 15' quadrangles; for Mason County, completing the county parts of the Manistree and Freesoil 15' quadrangles; for Delta County, completing- the Burnt Bluff, Peninsula Point, Escanaba, Gladstone, Rapid River, and Garden 15' quadrangles and the county parts of the Bark River, Whitney, Rock, Trenary, and Skeels Lake 15' quadrangles; for Marquette County, completing the Helena and Harvey 15' quadrangles and the county parts of the Rock, Skandia, and Whitney 15' quadrangles and beginning the Ishpeming, Michigamme, Eagle Mills, Witbeck, Marquette, and Humboldt 15' quadrangles; and for Wexford County beginning the Mesick 15' quadrangle and the county parts of the Cope- mish, Manton, Tustin, Kiqgsley, Thompsonville, Fife Lake, Luther, and Peacock 15' quadrangles. Minnesota. — At the request of the Forest Service the survey of the Ely 15' quadrangle was continued. In cooperation with the Department of Justice the site of a proposed Federal detention farm near Sandstone was surveyed. Missouri. — The survey of the Piedmont and Iberia 15' quadrangles and the Granite City and Cahokia 7%' quadrangles was completed, that of the Manches¬ ter, Sleeper, Long Lane, Upalika, Buffalo, Grove Spring, Thornfield, Niangua,. Steelville, Topaz, Gatewood, Edgar Springs, and Big Piney 15' quadrangles was continued ,and that of the Springfield No. 1, Springfield No. 4, Tuscumbia No. 1, Tuscumbia No. 4, Versailles No. 4, Sullivan No. 3, Sullivan No. 4, Morrison, Linn, Stone Hill, Berryman, Mokane, Canaan, Richland. Grandin, and Marble Hill 15' quadrangles and the West St. Louis No. 1, West St. Louis No. 2, West St. Louis No. 3, and West St. Louis No. 4 7 quadrangles was begun, in coopera* tion with the State geologist of Missouri. Montana. — The survey of the Trout Creek 30' quadrangle was completed and that of the Thompson 30' quadrangle was begun at the request of the Forest Service. The Bureau of Mines and Geology of Montana cooperating, the com¬ pilation from aerial photographs of the culture and drainage was completed for the Nye No. 1, Nye No. 2, Red Lodge No. 1, and Red Lodge No. 2 15' quadrangles. Nevada. — The survey of the Sonoma Range 1° quadrangle was completed and that of the Morey Peak 1° quadrangle was begun in cooperation with the Bureau- of Mines of Nevada. New Hampshire. — In cooperation with the Highway Department of New Hamp¬ shire the survey of the Keene, Monadnock, Newburyport, Winchdendon, War¬ wick, Brattleboro, Berwick, and Newfield 15' quadrangles was completed. New Mexico. — For the Forest Service the survey of the Talpa 30' quadrangle was continued. At the request of the Office of Indian Affairs the survev of the Shiprock No. 2 15' was continued. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 217 New York. — The survey of the Tarrytown No. 4 7}4' quadrangle was com¬ pleted and that of the Catskill and Rhinebeck 15' quadrangles was begun in cooperation with the Department of Public Works of New York. In cooperation with Monroe County and the Department of Public Works of New York the survey of the Spencerport, Brockport, Churchville, Clifton, Webster, Fairport, Hilton, Hamlin, Honeoye Falls, Caledonia No. 1, Caledonia No. 2, and Canandai¬ gua No. 2 7^' quadrangles within Montoe County was completed. North Carolina. — The survey of the Sassafras Mountain 15' quadrangle was completed and that of the Ranger 15' quadrangle was begun at the request of the Forest Service. Oregon. — The survey of the Medford 30' quadrangle was completed in coopera¬ tion with the State engineer of Oregon. In preparation for geologic mapping the survey of the Dayvilie 30' quadrangle was completed. Pennsylvania. — In cooperation with the Department of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania, Topographic and Geologic Survey, the survey of the Susquehanna and Genesee 15' quadrangles was completed and that of the Smethport and Coudersport 15' quadrangles was begun. Tennessee. — The survey of the Sassafras Mountain and Ranger 15' quadrangles was completed at the request of the Forest Service. Texas. — In preparation for geologic mapping the survey of the Guadalupe Peak No. 2 15' quadrangle was begun. Utah. — The survey of the Bryce Canyon National Park and an extension of Zion National Park was completed for the National Pane Service. In prepara¬ tion for geologic mapping the survey of the Sevier 15' quadrangle was completed. Vermont. — In cooperation with the State geologist of Vermont the survey of the Littleton, Keene, and Warwick 15' quadrangles was completed and that of the Guildhall 15' quadrangle was begun. Virginia. — The survey of the Lexington, Blacksburg, Peterstown, and Pearis- burg 15' quadrangles and the Yellow Tavern 7}{' quadrangle was completed and that of the Radford, Pulaski, Waiteville 15' quadrangles and the Gaines Mill, Cold Harbor, and Mechanicsville Battlefields was begun in cooperation with the Conservation and Development Commission of Virginia, Geological Survey. Washington. — For the Forest Service the survey of the Eatonville 30' quad¬ rangle was continued. In preparation for geologic mapping the survey of the Metaline 30' quadrangle was continued. Wisconsin. — The survey of the Harvard 15' quadrangle was completed. Wyoming. — The survey of the Savery Creek 30' quadrangle was continued at the request of the Forest Service. WATER-RESOURCES BRANCH Work in the branch is largely conducted in cooperation with Federal bureaus; State, county, municipal, and other governmental agencies; and permittees and licensees of the Federal Power Commis¬ sion. A major part of this cooperation is set forth below. States. — The following amounts were expended by States and municipalities, from cooperative allotments for surface- and ground-water investigations. In addition, it is estimated that data valued at over $141,000 were furnished by cooperating officials. 218 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Cooperative funds expended by States and municipalities for work on water resources State State expenditures Municipal expenditures Total Surface water Ground water Surface water Ground water Arizona _ $20, 977. 08 1, 091. 62 34, 990. 02 7, 890. 60 2, 980. 74 22, 947. 83 8, 915. 53 3, 999. 11 3, 191. 44 7, 240. 83 887. 63 6, 348. 47 6, 716. 34 4, 345. 10 2, 006. 61 1, 378. 20 1, 000. 00 7, 462. 29 9, 430. 24 14, 470. 38 1, 344. 16 3, 277. 50 11, 471. 49 12, 919. 50 9, 019. 28 9, 857. 80 3, 739. 38 15, 250. 86 32, 302. 10 19, 464. 85 3, 993. 96 14, 961. 86 ..27,543.99 $20, 977. 08 1, 492. 41 54, 793. 75 7,890.60 9, 142. 23 22, 947. 83 8, 915. 53 4, 427. 42 3, 191. 44 7, 240. 83 887. 63 6, 348. 47 8, 267. 10 4, 345. 10 4, 712. 33 1, 378. 20 1, 000. 00 7, 635. 69 9, 430. 24 18, 040. 53 1, 344. 16 3, 277. 50 18, 035. 85 14, 977. 17 25, 023. 33 11, 295. 14 3, 739. 38 17, 259. 94 35, 440. 66 19, 788. 24 4, 311. 73 15, 256. 25 50, 734. 38 13, 995. 32 5, 625. 65 20, 521. 32 13, 759. 53 3, 500. 99 6, 758. 95 11, 472. 52 25, 806. 11 $400. 79 $6, 050. 73 $13, 753. 00 Connecticut _ 3, 522. 53 2, 638. 96 Illinois _ 428. 31 Maryland _ 1, 550. 76 M assachusetts _ - _ Michigan _ 2, 705. 72 Minnesota _ _ Mississippi _ Missouri - _ 173. 40 Montana _ Nebraska - _ 3, 321. 70 248. 45 Nevada _ _ New Hampshire _ New Jersey. . _ 6, 564. 36 2, 057. 67 2, 502. 14 1, 437. 34 New Mexico _ _ _ New York _ _ 10,501.91 3, 000.00 North Carolina _ North Dakota _ _ _ Ohio.. _ 2, 009. 08 670. 55 Oregon.. _ 2, 468. 01 323. 39 Pennsylvania _ South Carolina _ 317. 77 Tennessee _ 294. 39 23, 190. 39 Texas. _ _ _ _ _ Utah _ 6, 017. 90 5, 625. 65 18, 907. 75 8, 491. 28 3, 500. 99 6, 758. 95 11, 472. 52 19, 973. 06 180. 18 7, 797. 24 Vermont _ Virginia. _ 1, 613. 57 Washington _ 5, 268. 25 West Virginia _ _ _ Wisconsin _ Wyoming _ Hawaii _ _ _ _ 5, 833. 05 414,164.89 56, 235. 05 30, 038. 35 24, 550. 24 524, 988. 53 The study of surface waters, which consists of the measurement of the flow of rivers, has been conducted in 48 States, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii at selected gaging stations where the volume of water is measured and records of stage and other data are collected, from which the daily discharge of the rivers is computed. In the maintenance of the regular gaging stations 40 States, the Territory of Hawaii, and several Government organizations and individuals cooper¬ ated. At the end of the year 2,801 gaging stations were being main¬ tained. Records for about 129 additional stations were received, ready for publication, from Government bureaus and private persons. The division of ground water investigates the waters that lie below the surface in the zone of saturation (from which the wells and springs are supplied); the source, occurrence, quantity, and head of these waters; their conservation; their availability and adequacy for do¬ mestic, industrial, irrigation, and public supplies and as watering SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 219 places for livestock and desert travelers ; and the methods of construct¬ ing wells and recovering water from them and of improving springs. Each year surveys are made of selected area were problems of water supply are urgent, and the results are generaly published in water- supply papers that include maps showing the ground-water con¬ ditions. The investigations relating to the chemical composition of the water are made in cooperation with the division of quality of water. Projects involving large expenditures for drilling wells to develop water supplies are considered each year by the several de¬ partments of the United States Government, and the ground-water division is called upon to furnish information and advice on many of these projects. During the fiscal year about 50 investigations relat¬ ing to ground water and reservoir sites were in progress, and work was done in 19 States and the Territory of Hawaii, nearly all of it in cooper¬ ation with State or local governmental agencies. In the hydrologic laboratory 496 samples of water-bearing material were analyzed. The work on the quality of water included the analysis of the mineral content of 1,034 samples of water from surface and under¬ ground sources with reference to the suitability of the waters for industrial and agricultural uses and for domestic use (not related to questions of health), so far as such use is affected by the dissolved mineral matter. The analyses included some for nearly all the studies of ground water in the different States. The work of the division of power resources comprised the prep¬ aration of monthly reports on the production of electricity for public use and the consumption of fuel in generating the electricity reported, an annual report containing revised figures of the monthly production of electricity and consumption of fuel in 1932 previously published in the monthly reports, a report on the developed water power of the United States, and compilations of stocks of coal held by public-utility power plants for inclusion in reports of commercial stocks of coal undertaken quarterly by the Bureau of Mines. The annual report on the capacity of water wheels in water-power plants in the United States was released January 20, 1933, and the final report on the monthly and annual production of electricity for public use in 1932 was released April 27, 1933. The division of water utilization investigates problems affecting the utilization of the waters of streams and performs administrative work relating to supervision and investigation by the field organiza¬ tion of the water-resources branch and of power projects of the Federal Power Commission and of the Interior Department. The field work is generally conducted by personnel otherwise assigned to the division of surface water. The operation of about 300 gaging stations was conducted by the branch or was performed by permittees and licensees under the 16585—33 - 15 220 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 supervision of the branch in connection with 120 projects of the Federal Power Commission. Engineers of the branch have had general supervision of operations under permits and licenses of the Federal Power Commission in connection with 105 projects. WORK OF THE YEAR BY STATES Alabama. — The report on Ground Water in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northern Alabama, prepared in previous years by the survey, was published by the Geo¬ logical Survey of Alabama as Special Report 16. Arkansas. — The investigation in the Grand Prairie region was continued in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Survey and the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Records were obtained of water levels in numerous obser¬ vation wells, and these records were released to the public in manuscript form. California. — Water levels were measured in selected wells in southern Cali¬ fornia. The record now covers a period of 29 years. The investigation of the ground water in the alluvial fan of the Mokelumne River was continued with the financial support of the East Bay Municipal Utility District. A detailed report on the geology of the area and other results obtained in the investigation were released in manuscript form. Florida. — Investigation of ground-water resources was continued in coopera¬ tion with the Florida Geological Survey. Explorations of artesian wells were made in Sarasota County and other areas by use of the deep-well current meter, salinity apparatus, and samplers. An investigation was made of the ground- water conditions in the Lake Okeechobee area. Hawaii. — The survey of the ground-water resources of the Hawaiian Islands was continued. A comprehensive report on the Island of Oahu was nearly completed, and a concise statement of results was released in manuscript form. Ground-water work was begun on the Island of Maui. Idaho. — Progress was made on the final reports on ground water in the Mud Lake region and in the Snake River plain. Kansas. — An investigation and report on a ground-water supply for the- Federal prison at Leavenworth was made. Maryland. — A brief investigation and report was made to the Bureau of Standards in regard to a ground-water supply for that Bureau at Beltsville. Michigan — An investigation was conducted in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Conservation in regard to ground-water conditions in Roscommon County, with special reference to protection from forest fires. Montana. — Progress was made on a report on ground water in Fergus County. Observations were continued on water levels in observation wells at the north end of Flathead Lake. Nebraska. — The investigation of the ground- water resources of the Platte River Valley was continued in cooperation with the Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division. New Jersey. — Investigation of ground-water resources was continued through cooperation with the New Jersey Water Policy Commission. A report on Ground-water Supplies in the Camden Region, New Jersey was published a& bulletin 39. New Mexico. — Cooperation was continued with the State engineer in studies of ground-water resources. A comprehensive report on the Roswell artesian basin is in press as Water-Supply Paper 639. New York. — The investigation of the ground-water resources of Long Island was continued in financial cooperation with the joint legislative committee on. water resources and with Nassau and Suffolk Counties. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 221 North Carolina. — Observations were continued on fluctuations of water levels in wells with special reference to their effects upon stream flow, and an investi¬ gation of the ground-water resources of Elizabeth City region was made in cooperation with the North Carolina Division of Water Resources and Engineering. Oregon. — Investigations of ground-water resources were continued in co¬ operation with the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. Progress was made on the final report on the Harney Basin, and work was begun in the Milton-Freewater area. Pennsylvania. — Cooperation was continued on ground-water investigations with the Pennsylvania Topographic and Geologic Survey. Weekly records were obtained of water levels on about 35 observation wells and were released in manuscript form. Tennessee. — The project of obtaining records of ground- water levels and pumpage in Memphis was continued in cooperation with the Tennessee Division of Geology. Texas. — Investigations of ground-water resources were continued in coopera¬ tion with the Texas Board of Water Engineers. The Texas Department of Health and the Engineering Experiment Station of the Agricultural and Mechan¬ ical College also continued to cooperate. Work was continued in the Houston- Galveston, Winter Garden, San Antonio, and west Texas regions, and an investi¬ gation of ground-water problems was undertaken in Jim Wells, Kleburg Brooks, Kennedy, and Hidalgo Counties. Utah. — The investigation of the ground-water resources of the Jordan Valley with special reference to an increased water supply for Salt Lake City was con¬ tinued in cooperation with Salt Lake City. An investigation of the Ogden artesian basin was begun in cooperation with the city of Ogden. Virginia. — The investigation of ground-water resources was continued in cooperation with the Virginia Geological Survey. An investigation of the ground-water resources of the Shenandoah Valley was begun. Water-stage recorders were in operation on four observation wells in Arlington and Fairfax Counties and on the ebbing and flowing spring near Marion. CONSERVATION BRANCH SUMMARY OF CASES The activities in the Washington office with respect to land classi¬ fication include the preparation of reports in response to requests for data or action on specific cases, the preparation of orders of with¬ drawal and restoration of lands not involved in specific requests, and the promulgation of broad areal classifications. The following table summarizes activity with respect to requests for data or action on specific cases. The terms “gain” and “loss” signify, respectively, decrease and increase in the number of cases pending. The number of cases received was less by 2,492 (18.6 per¬ cent) and the number acted on was less by 545 (2.7 percent) than during the preceding year. The number of cases pending at the end of the year was decreased by about 52 percent. 222 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Summary of cases involving land classification Class of cases Record for fiscal year 1933 Record since receipt of first case Pend¬ ing July 1, 1932 Re¬ ceived during fiscal year Total Acted on during fiscal year Pend¬ ing June 30, 1933 Gain or loss during fiscal year Re¬ ceived Acted on General Land Office requests: General . _ . 327 1, 203 1,530 1,223 307 +20 2,313 2,313 Oil development . 24 130 154 144 10 +14 17, 216 17,206 Concurrence _ 12 766 778 759 19 -7 Section 27 cases _ 39 39 39 +39 39 39 Committee cases— Oil and potash . 147 113 260 257 3 +144 9,418 9, 415 Applications for classification as to mineral: Oil... . 460 2,619 3,079 3,005 74 +386 23, 812 23, 738 Miscellaneous— . 4 37 41 34 7 -3 907 900 Applications for mineral permits _ 776 3, 240 4, 016 3,938 78 +698 57, 747 57, 669 Applications for mineral leases . . 2 133 135 130 5 -3 1,877 1, 872 Applications for patent, potassium _ 124 124 Federal Power Commission cases: Preliminary permits . 6 54 60 43 17 -11 283 266 Licenses _ 28 28 Determinations under section 24 _ 8 73 81 59 22 -14 425 403 Applications for classification as to power resources. . . . 21 22 43 33 10 +11 513 503 Applications for agricultural classifica¬ tion _ _ _ _ 74 145 219 182 37 +37 1,352 1,315 Application for rights-of-way . . 15 127 142 104 38 -23 6,876 6,838 Irrigation project reports _ 11 11 9 2 -2 935 933 Applications under enlarged home¬ stead acts _ _ _ 76 118 194 178 16 +60 57, 789 57, 773 Applications under stock-raising home¬ stead acts . j . . 1, 137 2, 144 3,281 2, 422 859 +278 139, 452 138, 593 Applications under ground-water rec¬ lamation act . . . 1 10 11 9 2 -1 981 979 Indian Office requests for information.. 9, 547 9, 547 Total _ _ _ _ 3, 129 10, 945 14,074 12, 568 1, 506 +1,623 SUMMARY OF FIELD OPERATIONS BY STATES Alaska. — Supervised 1 power project. Expended $7,000 through the Alaskan branch for supervision of 4 leases, 2 licenses, and 18 prospecting permits for coal, and 91 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Alabama. — Examined 8 tracts in Conecuh, Madison, Morgan, Winston, Tuscaloosa, Marion, and Colbert Counties for mineral classification. Investi¬ gated in the field the status of oil and gas prospecting operations throughout the State. Supervised 1 coal lease. Arizona. — Supervised 11 power projects and prepared for publication maps of 196 miles of river. Examined 34 tracts for agricultural classification and began a cooperative land-classification study for the State. Supervised on public land 1 lease and 3 prospecting permits for sodium, 6 prospecting permits for potash, and 68 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Arkansas. — Examined 1 tract each in Crawford and Johnson Counties for mineral classification. Supervised 1 prospecting permit for coal and 15 for oil and gas. No production reported. California. — In cooperation with the geologic branch continued geologic investigation of the north, middle, and south domes of the Kettleman Hills anticline in Kings and Kern Counties. Supervised 31 power projects and pre¬ pared for publication maps of 58 miles of river. Examined 19 tracts for agri¬ cultural classification and entered into a cooperative agreement with the city of Los Angeles to continue detailed studies of grazing conditions in Mono Lake SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 223 and Owens Valley as an aid in administration of lands withdrawn by the act of March 4, 1931 (46 Stat. 1530). Supervised on public land 3 prospecting permits for coal, 9 prospecting permits for sodium, 4 leases and 5 prospecting permits for potash, 222 leases, 5 suspended rights to leases, and 568 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Prospecting for sodium borate deposits was continued during the year. Drilling was done on 4 holes to a total depth of 2,703 feet. Supervised on naval petroleum reserves 24 leases for oil, and gas. Colorado. — Made stratigraphic, structural, and economic survey of the North and South McCallum anticlines in Jackson County and prepared structure- contour map of the area examined. In cooperation with the geologic branch completed a stratigraphic and structural reconnaissance of the southern part of the Denver Basin. Supervised 11 power projects. Examined 56 tracts for agri¬ cultural classification. Supervised on public land 84 leases, 8 licenses, 49 pros¬ pecting permits, and 14 awarded lease applications for coal; 1 prospecting per¬ mit for potash; and 25 leases, 3 suspended preference rights to leases, and 428 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Florida. — Examined 1 tract in Walton County for mineral classification. In¬ vestigated in the field the status of oil and gas prospecting operations throughout the State. Idaho. — In cooperation with the geologic branch continued a detailed geologic survey of the Afton quadrangle, Caribou County. Supervised 6 power projects. Examined 69 tracts for agricultural classification. Supervised 11 coal prospecting permits, 2 phosphate leases, and 71 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Kansas. — Investigated the status of oil and gas prospecting operations affecting certain Federal lands in Scott and Wallace Counties. Supervised 1 prospecting permit for oil and gas. Louisiana. — Examined 1 tract each in Beauregard and Calcasieu Parishes for mineral classification. Investigated in the field the status of oil and gas pros¬ pecting operations throughout the State, with particular reference to operations affecting Federal lands in Caldwell, Caddo, and Grant Parishes. Supervised 10 leases and 1 prospecting permit for oil and gas. Mississippi. — Examined 1 tract each in Harrison, Holmes, and Lamar Counties for mineral classification. Investigated in the field the status of oil and gas prospecting operations throughout the State, particularly operations affecting certain Federal lands in Amite, George, Jackson, and Wilkinson Counties. Montana. — Examined parts of 7 townships in Flathead County for coal classi¬ fication. Completed detailed areal, structural, and economic surveys of the Cedar Creek anticline in Fallon and Carter Counties and of the Sweetgrass Hills in Toole and Liberty Counties. In cooperation with the geologic branch made areal, structural, and economic surveys of 72 townships in Liberty, Hill, and Chouteau Counties for oil and gas classification and of 13 townships in Custer County for coal classification. Supervised 29 power projects and prepared for publication maps of 120 miles of river. Examined 64 tracts for agricultural classification. Supervised on public land 86 leases, 65 licenses, 40 prospecting permits, and 11 awarded lease applications for coal; 1 prospecting permit for potash; 6 phosphate leases and 3 awarded phosphate leases; and 77 leases, 1 suspended preference right to lease, and 551 prospecting permits for oil and gas. The first shipment of phosphate from Government lease land in Montana was made during the year. Supervised on Indian land on 2 reservations 126 leases for oil and gas. Nebraska. — Supervised 1 prospecting permit for potash and 1 prospecting permit for oil and gas. Nevada. — Supervised 6 power projects. Examined 26 tracts for agricultural classification and completed regional investigations of agricultural utility prec- 224 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 edent to grazing classification in the northeastern part of the State. Supervised 5 prospecting permits for coal, 2 leases, and 6 prospecting permits for sodium, 1 lease for phosphate, 10 prospecting permits for potash, and 51 prospecting permits for oil and gas. New Mexico. — Examined parts of 8 townships in Taos County and of 2 town¬ ships in McKinley County for coal classification. In cooperation with the geologic branch resumed surveys for coal classification in the eastern part of the San Juan Basin in Rio Arriba and Sandoval Counties. Supervised 3 power projects. Examined 37 tracts for agricultural classification. Supervised on public land 21 leases, 36 prospecting permits, and 1 awarded lease application for coal; 10 prospecting permits for sodium; 9 leases and 160 prospecting permits for potash; 68 leases, 24 suspended preference rights to leases, and 1,054 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Supervised on Indian land 1 coal lease, 13 Indian agency coal mines, and 13 leases for oil and gas. Prospecting for potash in New Mexico resulted in drilling of 20 holes to a total depth of 15,706 feet. Two shafts were started for potash, and one was completed. The total depth of shafts sunk during the year was 1,250 feet. A refinery was completed in September 1932 for treating potash gaits, and the first shipment of muriate was made September 22. North Dakota. — Completed a detailed areal, structural, and economic survey of the Cedar Creek anticline in Billings and Bowman Counties. Supervised 69 leases, 20 licenses, 1 prospecting permit, and 4 awarded lease applications for coal, 1 prospecting permit for sodium, and 19 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Oklahoma. — Investigated oil and gas prospecting operations affecting certain Federal lands in Cimarron, Dewey, Ellis, Harper, Kingfisher, Major, and McClain Counties. Supervised 1 power project. Supervised on public land 17 leases and 13 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Supervised on Indian lands on 21 reserva¬ tions 65 coal leases, 7 coal prospecting permits, 41 lead and zinc leases, and 5,003 leases for oil and gas. Made 6,588 investigations of oil and gas leases on Indian lands for regulatory, inspectional, and appraisal purposes. Oregon. — Examined and reported on the geologic features of two dam sites on the Walla Walla River in Umatilla County. Prepared manuscript report on water-power resources of the Walla Walla River and prepared for publication maps of 80 miles of river, investigated power and storage possibilities of the White and Hood Rivers and surveyed 75 miles of river. Made reconnaissance investigation of power possibilities of the Chetco River. Investigated depth to bedrock at three dam sites by geophysical methods. Supervised 4 power projects. Examined 37 tracts for agricultural classification. Supervised 2 leases and 10 prospecting permits for coal, 1 lease for oil shale, 2 prospecting permits for potash, and 24 prospecting permits for oil and gas. South Dakota. — Completed a detailed areal, structural, and economic survey of the Cedar Creek anticline in Harding County. Examined 1 tract in Perkins County for oil and gas classification. Supervised 4 leases, 2 prospecting permits for coal, and 25 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Utah. — Made detailed areal and structural survey of the Harley dome, Grand County, and of the part of Petroleum Reserve No. 7 in Washington County, and prepared and published a structure-contour map of the Harley dome. In cooperation with the geologic branch continued areal and structural surveys in Emery and Wayne Counties. Supervised 8 power projects. Examined 68 tracts for agricultural classification. Supervised on public land 41 leases, 2 licenses, and 75 prospecting permits for coal; 43 prospecting permits for potash; 11 leases, 2 suspended preference rights to leases, and 513 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Supervised on Indian land on 1 reservation 3 agency coal mines, and under Navajo Executive order 1 lease for oil and gas. Washington. — Investigated status of oil and gas drilling operations. Super¬ vised 10 power projects and surveyed 175 miles of river. Investigated storage SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 225 and power possibilities on the Queets, Clearwater, Duckabush, Dosewallips, Hamma Hamma, and North Fork of Nooksack Rivers, Wells Creek, and Glacier Creek. Investigated depth to bedrock at two dam sites by geophysical methods. Examined 4 tracts for agricultural classification. Supervised 22 prospecting permits for coal, 1 prospecting permit for sodium, and 5 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Wyoming. — Examined 1 tract each in Sublette and Teton Counties for phos¬ phate classification and 1 coal area in Johnson County for leasing-law adminis¬ tration. In cooperation with the geologic branch continued a detailed geologic survey of the Afton quadrangle, Lincoln County. Supervised 4 power projects. Examined 163 tracts for agricultural classification. Supervised on public land for coal 41 leases, 22 licenses, 51 prospecting permits, 9 awarded lease applications, 402 leases, 16 suspended preference rights to leases, and 945 prospecting permits for oil and gas. Made 231 analyses of water, 45 of oil, 14 of gas, and 25,750 determinations of oil gravity. Made periodic inspections and pressure test of wells shut in on Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 and supervised operations for mudding and plugging certain wells that were in an unsatisfactory condition. Supervised on Indian land on 1 reservation, 41 leases for oil and gas. MINERAL CLASSIFICATION DIVISION The work of the mineral classification division includes field deter¬ mination of the economic geology of lands belonging to the United States and office conversion of the technical data obtained into forms adapted to the needs of public land law administration. Field investigations made for purposes of mineral classification during the fiscal year 1933 by division personnel or on a cooperative basis by personnel of the geologic branch are included in the preceding summary of field operations by States. Office activities show a decrease of 1,318, or 15 percent, in the number of requests for mineral determination received and an increase of 745, or 9 percent, in the number of such reports rendered. Progress during the year in classifying the vast areas of public land still withdrawn for mineral classification is shown in the following table: Summary of outstanding mineral withdrawals and classifications , June SO, 1933 , in acres State Coal Oil Withdrawn Classified as coal land Withdrawn Classified as oil land Alaska 56,993 Arizona 139, 415 Arkansas 61, 160 8, 720 3, 082, 272 4, 603 California 17, 603 4, 142, 233 11, 520 1,178,392 215, 370 Colorado _ _ Idaho Louisiana _ _ - _ 466, 990 1, 336, 697 4, 233 67, 651 Montana _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ 6, 442, 830 83, 673 5, 061, 011 5, 954, 364 4, 361 i 9, 254, 927 Nevada New Mexico 579, 638 11, 178, 286 18, 887 250, 093 1, 267, 697 141, 444 2 6, 740, 594 North Dakota 84,894 Oregon South Dakota Utah 3, 404, 043 691, 801 2, 260, 604 1, 341, 264 W ashington Wyoming . . . . . 541, 777 Total . . 28, 213, 458 32, 645, 314 5, 165, 384 71,884 i Includes 3.151 acres of coal land reserved for use of the United States (coal reserve no. 1). 1 Includes 2,078 acres of coal land reserved for use of the United States (coal reserve no. 2). 226 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Summary of outstanding mineral withdrawals and classifications, June SO, 1988, in acres — Continued State Oil shale Phosphate Potash Withdrawn Classified as oil-shale land Withdrawn Classified as phos¬ phate land Withdrawn California _ 90,324 Colorado _ 1, 172, 778 952, 239 Florida _ 66, 796 276, 239 279, 944 120 270, 036 3, 833 Idaho. . . . . . . . . Montana _ Nevada _ 123 39,422 9, 282, 160 New Mexico _ Utah _ _ _ 2, 737, 274 2, 328, 370 2, 703, 755 406, 003 277, 344 989, 149 2,937 25, 293 Wyoming _ _ _ Total . . . . . . . 6, 238, 545 4, 061 997 1, 889, 472 302, 219 9, 411, 906 Action required during the year on original filings under the mineral¬ leasing laws is indicated in the following table and shows an increase of 3,294, or 425 percent, in the number of reports rendered on such filings. Applications under the mineral-leasing laws , fiscal year 1 938 [Includes cases pending July 1, 1932] Mineral Prospecting permits Leases Received Acted on Received Acted on Oil and gas _ _ _ 3,650 236 3, 578 231 Coal . . . . . . . . 123 119 Phosphate _ _ 6 6 Sodium _ 17 17 2 2 Potassium _ 86 85 4 3 Sulphur _ _ 27 27 4,016 3, 938 135 130 Pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 25 (k) of the Oil and Gas Regulations (47 L.D. 437), definitions of the “known geologic structure” of 22 producing oil and gas fields were prepared and promulgated during the year, as follows: Definitions of “ known geologic structure” , fiscal year 1983 State Field Date promulgated | Acres California [Buena Vista Hills (revision) . Kern River (revision) . . . Kern Front _ _ _ Feb. 14,1933 Feb. 28,1933 . do _ 29, 123 11, 772 4,640 1.400 2,800 3, 951 680 360 1, 738 3,691 1,757 11, 431 76, 351 4, 520 3, 956 1, 323 926 6,780 3, 841 4.400 1,404 440 26, 919 West Kern Front _ _ . _ . do . . Mount Poso _ . do _ Round Mountain . _ _ . do _ Dominion _ ________ . do. . Dorspiv _ _ _ do . (Thorn berg _ July 1, 1932 July 6, 1932 _ do . Hiawatha. . . . . . . Colorado _ _ ..... _ _ Montana _ West Hiawatha _ _ Piceance Creek _ _ _ do. . Cut Bank . . . . Mar. 15, 1933 Dec. 2, 1932 _ do _ Ngw Mexico _ ........ _ (Bloomfield. _ . . . . . . Utah . \Kutz Canyon _ Harley _ _ May 29,1933 July 6, 1932 Nov. 2,1932 _ do . . Wyoming _ [Hiawatha. _ _ Garland (revision) . . . I Byron (revision) { Badger Basin. _ _ Nov. 3,1932 Nov. 26, 1932 Dec. 2, 1932 Jan. 12,1933 [West Mule Creek _ (Bison Basin. _ [Salt Creek (revision) . . . SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 227 The aggregate area of outstanding definitions of the “known geologic structure” of producing oil and gas fields on June 30, 1933, was 944,951 acres in California, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming. POWER DIVISION The work of power classification consists primarily in obtaining and making available for use in the administration of the public- land laws information as to the water-power resources of the public lands. The extent of this task is indicated by the fact that areas aggregating nearly 7,000,000 acres are now included in power reserves whose use will be required for the development of about 15,000,000 continuous horsepower. The field projects undertaken during the year are included in the preceding summary of field operations by States. River surveys to the aggregate length of 250 miles were made of the White and Hood Rivers, Oreg., and the North and Middle Forks of Nooksack River, Wells Creek, and Glacier Creek, tributary to North Fork of Nooksack River, Queets River, and Clearwater River, Wash. Geologic examinations were made at two dam sites in Oregon. The depth to bedrock was investigated at 2 dam sites in Washington and 3 in Oregon. Five dam sites and three reservoir sites were surveyed in Washington. Administration of the field supervision of power projects for the Federal Power Commission is carried on in this office. Investigations and reports have been made on 10 projects, construction and opera¬ tion are supervised on 129 projects, and cost accounting is being supervised on 8 projects. Pursuant to instructions of the Secretary of the Interior, dated August 24, 1916 (45 L.D. 326), reports were obtained on field inspec¬ tions of 24 power projects under permit from the Interior Department and permittees under the act of February 15, 1901 (31 Stat. 790), and grantees under the act of March 4, 1911 (36 Stat. 1253), were called upon for detailed reports of the operation or development of their power systems during the calendar year 1932. The total installation of the reporting companies is 3,540,000 horsepower, of which 2,407,000 horsepower is at hydraulic plants and 1,133,000 horsepower at fuel plants. The total energy generated was 7,150,000,000 kilowatt-hours, which was 546,000,000 kilowatt-hours less than in 1931 and was the smallest output since 1925. The energy generated by water power increased 1,214,000,000 kilowatt-hours, or nearly 23 percent; and that generated by fuel decreased 1,760,000,000 kilowatt-hours, or nearly 74 percent. The changes from year to year in the percentages of the total power generated by water and by fuels are due principally to changes in run-off in wet or dry years. 228 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 AGRICULTURAL DIVISION The principal functions of the agricultural division consist of the classification of lands as to irrigability, timber character, grazing value, and capacity for crop production under the enlarged and stock-raising homestead laws and the Nevada ground-water reclama¬ tion law; the preparation of reports on irrigation projects that require some form of Federal approval in connection with the administration of public-land laws ; the initiation of withdrawals of land for reservoir sites and for public watering places; and the preparation of reports showing the agricultural utility of lands in important public-land regions, including a classification of the grazing lands as to forage types and yields and suggestions as to the proper use thereof to maintain a natural ground cover, prevent waste of the forage growth by overgrazing, and incidentally eliminate avoidable erosion losses, especially in grazing districts on the public domain. Classifications are based on the results of field examinations by members of the division and on information obtained from other sources. The work is planned with the primary purpose of acting on pending applications for classification under the above-mentioned laws and of providing in advance the basis for appropriate action on new applications. There was a decrease of nearly 34 percent in the number received, and the arrearage was nearly 41 percent less at the end of the year than at the end of the fiscal year 1932. Substantially all of the decrease was in applications under the enlarged and stock- raising homestead laws. Public Water Reserve No. 107, of April 17, 1926, embraces all vacant, unreserved public land that contains a spring or water hole needed or used for public purposes. This order requires a determina¬ tion with respect to all entries of public land whether any of the sub¬ divisions involved are affected by it. On the basis of such determina¬ tion, orders of interpretation are issued from time to time, listing by legal subdivisions of the public-land survey any tracts found to con¬ tain a water supply affected by the order. New public-water reserves covering lands along streams and for special public purposes are also made from time to time. In the field, broad areal studies were completed in northeastern Nevada. Intensive grazing studies were continued in Mono Lake and Owens Valleys, Calif., in connection with the administration of lands withdrawn under the act of March 4, 1931 (46 Stat. 1530). A land- classification report and map was completed for western Colorado, showing irrigated and dry-farming land, together with different range types and a summary of the aggregate forage resources as compared with the livestock population. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 229 During the fiscal year the area designated under the Nevada ground- water reclamation act was increased 14,160 acres, to a total of 1,720,695 acres. Outstanding withdrawals under the act of October 2, 1888 (25 Stat. 527), on the basis of a selection by the Director of the Geological Survey, aggregating 61,397 acres, remained unchanged. Other results of the division’s work are tabulated in the summaries of enlarged and stock-raising homestead designations and the general summary of cases. MINING, AND OIL AND GAS LEASING DIVISIONS The work of the mining and oil- and gas-leasing divisions is super¬ visory (both inspectional and regulatory) with respect to operations on the public domain for the discovery and development of petroleum, natural gas, oil shale, coal, phosphate, sodium, potassium, and sul¬ phur; on certain land grants for gold, silver, and mercury; on naval petroleum reserves for petroleum and natural gas ; and for all minerals on tribal and restricted allotted Indian lands subject to lease. During the fiscal year there were 251 leases, licenses, and prospect¬ ing permits issued covering 241,843.14 acres. The number was less by 28 and the area less by 83,387.14 acres than in the preceding year. Cancelations, relinquishments, and expirations numbered 183 for 1933, compared with 180 for 1932. Leases , licenses , and permits issued, fiscal year 1933 Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Licenses: Coal _ Leases: Coal _ _ _ 32 1, 360. 25 Permits: Coal 84 78 14 176 48, 175. 03 161, 724. 78 15, 665. 34 225,565.15 35 3 4 1 43 3, 316. 13 8, 478. 71 2, 482. 90 640. 00 14, 917. 74 Potash. . Sodium _ Potash . . . Phosphate . . Sodium Grand total . 251 241,843. 14 There were 951 mining leases, licenses, and permits involving 838,025.49 acres of public land that were under supervision at the end of the year, an increase over the previous year of 68 leases, li¬ censes, and permits and of 72,962.95 acres. Prospect wells numbering 29 and drilled to a total depth of 21,472 feet, were supervised during the year, as compared to 39 wells, with a total depth of 29,931 feet, during the preceding year. The number of operating mines was greater by 69 than in 1932. Production of coal was less by 28,945 tons than in 1932. The number of coal mines increased from 432 to 498, or 15.3 percent. The value of the coal produced was $6,156,200, a decrease of $366,104. The condi¬ tion of the wagon mines has shown continued improvement. More 230 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 orderly mining plans have increased the life of mines and reduced the cost of mining. The value of phosphate mined on public lands was $5,203.66, a decrease of $100,602.34 over 1932. Production decreased 31,455.99 tons. In Montana, a 1,300-foot crosscut tunnel, started last year to intersect the phosphate rock on a Government lease, was completed, and the initial shipment of phosphate rock was made. From the potash leases there were produced and sold sodium salts valued at $533,324.85 and potash valued at $1,023,232.05. The production of potash increased 127,596.38 tons. During the year drilling was done on 20 test holes for potash in New Mexico to a total depth of 15,706 feet, and in Utah 1 hole was deepened 1,495 feet. Two mine shafts in New Mexico were started during the year. One was completed at a depth of 1,000 feet and the other sunk to a depth of 250 feet. The capacity of the New Mexico potash mines will be ample to meet the American demand for potassium muriates for many years. The accident rate of the United States Potash Co. was reduced 82 percent. Active prospecting for sodium borates was conducted in the Kramer district in California by a geophysical survey of about 2 square miles and by 3 test holes completed and 1 partly com¬ pleted; total depth of tests, 4,703 feet. Prospecting for anhydrous sodium sulphate was continued in the Verde Valley, Ariz. Twenty-five applications for sulphur prospecting permits in New Mexico involving about 15,308 acres, have been received, but no permits have yet been issued. MINING OPERATIONS ON INDIAN LANDS The greater part of the mining on Indian lands is in Oklahoma, where there are zinc and lead mines on restricted Quapaw land; coal mines on segregated Choctaw and Chickasaw coal and asphalt lands and on restricted Indian coal lands ; and scattered deposits of volcanic ash, building stone, gravel, lead, zinc, and other minerals of less value on other Indian lands. The Geological Survey functions as an agent for the Indian Service in the engineering phases of supervision over these operations. OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS ON PUBLIC LAND Engineering and geologic details were completed and depart¬ mental approval obtained for the cooperative or unit plan of develop¬ ment of the Pitchfork oil field, Wyoming, pursuant to the act of March 4, 1931 (46 Stat. 1523), amending the Mineral Leasing Act of February 25, 1920. Detailed consideration was given to a proposed SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 231 unit plan of development of the Middle dome, Kettleman Hills oil and gas field, California. Investigations were made regarding the matter of computing Government royalty oil on the basis of 100-percent volume measure¬ ment, and engineering reports were submitted to the department. On the basis of reports made by the Geological Survey, the Depart¬ ment September 10, 1932, modified the minimum price requirements for royalty settlements on crude oil produced in the Oregon Basin field. Studies were made in the matter of computing reduction of royalties on crude oil authorized under section 17 of the Mineral Leasing Act of February 25, 1920 (41 Stat. 437), and of allowances to cover the cost of treating emulsified oils. Oil and gas leases and 'permits on the public domain Received during fiscal year 1933 Under supervision of the Geological Survey June 30, 1933 State Leases Permits Leases Permits Suspended pref¬ erence rights to leases Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Num¬ ber Acres Alaska _ 8 6 18, 250. 24 12, 483. 88 91 68 15 568 428 71 1 551 1 51 1, 054 19 13 24 25 513 5 945 184, 602. 63 161, 389. 62 23, 502. 60 447, 289. 41 754, 472. 73 134, 904. 77 40.00 545, 618. 36 280.00 122, 861. 74 2, 230, 767. 14 22, 913. 70 4, 902. 91 45, 932. 92 25,966.42 1, 059, 333. 58 8, 690. 46 1, 609, 037. 53 Arizona _ Arkansas _ California _ 6 1 1, 081. 61 640. 60 159 82 12 117, 739. 05 118, 946.80 20, 807. 06 198 25 52, 740. 48 18,953. 37 5 3 3, 526. 21 5, 610. 82 Colorado. _ Idaho _ _ Louisiana 10 77 770.82 15, 995. 17 Montana _ 3 716.23 159 1 5 243 8 8 9 12 48 5 239 158, 473. 87 280.00 12, 671. 27 453, 114. 94 2, 201. 29 3, 220. 91 14, 253. 46 10, 922. 66 65, 387. 33 8, 690. 46 386, 116. 63 1 1, 358. 82 Nebraska _ Nevada _ New Mexico _ 8 5, 204. 75 68 44, 532. 06 24 40, 099. 03 North Dakota.... Oklahoma ... _ 17 730. 20 Oregon South Dakota Utah . . 11 3, 740. 74 2 3, 720. 00 Washington Wyoming. . 5 3, 440. 00 402 120, 600. 52 16 15, 507. 40 Total 23 11,083. 19 1,004 1, 403, 559. 85 808 258, 063. 36 4,443 7, 382, 506. 52 51 69, 822. 28 WORK ON PUBLICATIONS Geological editing and drafting oj maps and illustrations. — The geologic map of the United States, scale 1:2,500,000, was read in plate proof and color proof, and the printing was directed by the editor. The map was published during the year. The final drawing of the geologic map of Colorado was begun and about a quarter of the map was drawn. The compilation of the geologic map of Montana in cooperation with the State Bureau of Mines was well advanced. The Somerset-Windbar (Pa.), Monte- vallo-Columbiana (Ala.), and Hollidaysburg-Huntingdon (Pa.) folios are in hand, and a little progress on them was made during the year. 232 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 The geologic map of the Valley of Virginia, scale 1:250,000, prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Geological Survey, was edited, engraved, and read in color proof, and printing was begun. The map of the Tennessee Basin, showing mineral resources, scale 1:500,000, compiled in the fuel section, was drawn for photoengraving, and color proof was read; the map was approved for printing. DISTRIBUTION A total of 331 publications, comprising 82 new books and pamphlets (including 29 guidebooks for the excursions of the International Geological Congress), 99 new or revised topographic and other maps, 1 geologic folio, and 149 reprinted topographic and other maps, were received by the division of distribution during the year. A number of special pamphlets and forms for administrative use were also delivered and distributed. The total units of all publications received numbered 148,553 books and pamphlets, 3,776 geologic folios, and 660,456 topographic and other maps, a grand total of 812,785. The division distributed 109,511 books and pamphlets, 4,285 geologic folios, and 599,108 maps, a grand total of 712,904, of which 3,187 folios and 477,867 maps were sold. The sum received for publications and deposited in the Treasury was $29,969.12, including $29,372.52 for topographic and geologic maps and $596.60 for geologic folios. In addition, $1,640.85 was repaid by other establishments of the Federal Government at whose request maps or folios were fur¬ nished. The total receipts, therefore, were $31,609.97. DIVISION OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING During the fiscal year 90 newly engraved topographic maps were printed, including 2 revised maps, and 8 new maps were photolitho- graphed and printed, making a total of 98 new maps printed and delivered. Corrections were engraved on the plates of 133 maps. Reprint editions of 149 engraved topographic maps and 10 photo- lithographed State and other maps were printed and delivered. In addition, 44 new topographic maps had been engraved and were in press June 30, and the engraving of 30 other new topographic maps was nearly completed. Of new and reprinted maps, 257 different editions, amounting to 659,429 copies, were delivered. One new geologic folio was printed, its edition amounting to 3,776 copies. The geologic map of the United States (4 sheets), scale 1:2,500,000, was printed, its edition (first printing) amounting to 1,087 copies. A large amount of work was done for 47 other units of the Govern¬ ment and 11 State governments, including many reprints, and the charges for it amounted to about $138,000, for whcih the appropria¬ tion for engraving and printing geologic and topographic maps was reimbursed. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 233 The output of the photographic laboratory consisted of 14,744 negatives (including 4,483 wet plates for photolithographs, 900 wet plates for photographic prints, 13 paper negatives, 2,683 dry plates, 555 lantern slides, and 6,110 field negatives developed), 27,824 prints (including 2,548 maps and diagrams, 24,628 photographs for illustra¬ tions and records, and 648 bromide enlargements), 3,944 zinc plates, 320 intaglio etchings, 19 celluloid prints, and 13,238 prints mounted. LIBRARY The outstanding feature of the year in the library was the acquisi¬ tion, through the friendly intercession of Mr. Walter E. Reid, of the great collection of works on precious stones, gems, and jewels assem¬ bled by the late George Frederick Kunz, of New York City, who for many years was associated with the Geological Survey. This acquisi¬ tion was made possible through the generosity of Mrs. Opal Logan Kunz, of New York City, and Mrs. Hans Zinsser, of Boston, to whom the library was bequeathed by Dr. Kunz. The collection is by far the most comprehensive in the world on this subject. The accessions dur¬ ing the year comprised 11,197 books, pamphlets and periodicals, and 1,091 maps. Amounts appropriated f or , transferred to, and expended by the United States Geological Survey pertaining to the fiscal year ended J une 80, 1988 234 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Balance $57. 98 73, 770. 26 13, 577. 34 701.85 49. 62 " 9,934.41 27, 386. 03 6, 731. 69 * 43, 129. 27 289. 67 7,836. 53 8,800.42 192,265.07 : :g : g :$? : fs g £ Mi ! S r ! * i * : : : «* : : - v ; ; : «* ; ; Expenditure Total $150,938. 36 822, 718. 35 409, 129. 30 50, 449. 06 2, 200. 38 9, 000. 00 59,112. 50 960, 907. 68 183,465. 73 94, 882. 65 23, 696. 95 290, 106. 89 250,352.69 3,324,960.44 16, 214. 00 173.28 561. 48 400.00 56, 118. 11 61.78 246. 57 2, 750. 00 3,537.98 21, 608. 34 582.30 Outstand¬ ing liabili¬ ties ills! ill 46, 643. 62 | 68. 06 176. 72 58. 38 2.52 Disburse¬ ments $150,938. 36 819, 131. 24 407,397. 63 60, 439. 22 20, 175. 67 9, 000. 00 57, 437. 40 950, 913. 56 181, 447. 26 68, 876. 90 23, 696. 95 289, 170. 46 249, 692. 17 3,278,316.82 16, 145. 94 173. 28 561. 48 400. 00 55, 941. 39 61.78 246. 57 2, 750. 00 3,479. 60 21, 605. 82 582. 30 Funds available Total $150,996. 34 896, 488. 61 422, 706. 64 51, 150. 91 20, 250. 00 9, 000. 00 69, 046. 91 988, 293. 71 190. 197. 42 138, Oil. 82 23, 986. 62 297. 943. 42 259, 153.11 3, 517, 225. 51 | 16, 214. 00 173. 28 800. 00 400.00 57, 428. 41 61. 78 250. 00 2, 750. 00 4,016. 55 25,701.84 583.00 Repayments on account 1 of work performed To be made IHN 1 1 • 1 03 1 • iO l IHN • 1 1 1 O • 1 1 O 1 i§e i i i Is i i ii 1 js1'' j j 1 jsT I ; jsf : ! !ii! 1 ! ! ! 145, 537. 93 38.24 15.05 Made $7, 246. 34 290, 864. 50 41, 342.87 5, 150. 91 3, 000. 00 9, 046. 91 239, 158. 72 197. 42 11.82 986. 62 158,878.36 403. 11 756, 287. 58 527. 21 400. 12 36. 79 8,00 Amount of appropria¬ tion $143, 750. 00 554,400.00 373, 750. 00 46, 000. 00 17, 250. 00 9, 000. 00 60, 000. 00 675, 000. 00 190, 000. 00 138, 000. 00 23, 000. 00 126, 500. 00 258, 750. 00 |« 2, 615, 400.00 S 88 8 388 g S 8 0 i m i i?i i § 1 g s £ - f £ SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 235 ^a ® bJO a . a 8 S/3 'gja o o c ^ .3 03 a & co *S © © OO 4S *3 aa§2«§ 1 . co « £2 £3 £5 O R5 ^ © .2 5 fc3 ‘S'O 2.2 9 O ■°I © o §1 >> ce -o ® © E •3 3 •££cq §1 — o c,® aO 3-0 “a is 2 ’S'O o_> §« pi a' o « © •gS.* ^ S Ph C*3 2 a^- oo 03 ,^3o mm art © O o *2 > £ 3 © “ts ••ag s-a* >° g o o o © > _o| § o'0 q. — • co ©°| 3 u © _ _ « “ • ° O 3 go © 2 © > i'Sfc'aSSggfcaS “ ^ *■' *' g g g-e © 3 - w -c "E © £?.§ © 3 §.q §"5 g 3^5 O’Ow _ flrt©M---wwoQaS |&-2.HQfl-fe.2cg'g §■§>•§ S^II^-cS-o a“&3^^-S®o.MSn* E^£^©og£oogS >2 a gaSS^-o gg-s- gxi 03 £oogfl £o p.2 S3=®'g'2,n§a^8g. t®£ooassSfl,D'0 £.2'S®53~£'Ss£2 5-° P ^ n fl 9 ?X3_W - — w rJ) © 03 C m:z2 3 Cr 0) w a a-o o3 © ©*To3>©©2(nc5 oa a qJ3 S"2 ^ O 2.3 oo 2 o §+* o’ 2 0 £ aS 2 O B SlSfllfs^iSflSP o o o 3oi2 ©2^n 3.S 5 -a 2 - S^'Z ® © ® ©’-3 a o 'h So-2 § s § g § a g * a ^osflSis^ofio® |o||-3©g©a§s^ ~%t S^SSS-gJg -w ©aa^N ot°^»®N«3| °>2.2i:!S'l§-caO'o 5S3 2 g £;« o © a” ,o42'ac©©©©'3'3 a” ^^as-a^ssaa a^®,3iu1fl^«'3 0 2 So^koo^o a 5»| 16585—33 - 16 Classification of expenditures by the United Stales Geological Survey pertaining to the fiscal year ended June 80, 1933 236 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 237 OFFICE OF EDUCATION (George F. Zook, Commissioner) Dr. William John Cooper, the eighth Commissioner of Education^ terminated his period of service in the Office of Education on July 10, 1933, very soon after the closing of the year for which this annual report is prepared. It is therefore a report of the activities of the office under Dr. Cooper’s administration. EDUCATION DURING THE DEPRESSION To a very great extent the whole program of study of the office has been modified by the present economic situation in the selection of problems, the program of service, the types of publications issued. It has been the serious intent to give prompt, specific, practical help in today’s pressing problems. While the effects of the depression were reflected in school budgets a year or so after they were felt by the industrial and commercial world, this past year has been a critical one for schools of all types and in all parts of the country. Budget reductions for the year averaged about 7 percent in city school systems and 5% percent in rural schools, representing a reduction of at least $112,000,000 in current expenditures at a time when enrollments were still increasing rapidly. Budgets for capital outlay, such as new grounds, buildings, and equipment, were cut more than 40 percent. This means spend¬ ing approximately $108,000,000 less this year on school buildings, although there are still more than a quarter of a million children going to school on a part-time basis or being housed in portables. These reductions have been reflected in shorter school terms, the closing of many schools, larger classes, employment of about 14,000 fewer teachers this year than last, elimination of many school depart¬ ments and services, and reduction in teachers’ pay ranging from 5 percent to 50 percent or more. Along with these curtailments there has been evident a widespread spirit of criticism of the schools, their programs, and their officials which has expressed itself in demands for drastic cuts and changes. To be of service to school officials, legislative committees, and lay¬ men interested in education the Office of Education has carried on a series of investigations and issued publications of various types*. They have been of three principal kinds: 238 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 239 1 . Investigations to discover what the situation is, how the schools are affected, and what they are doing. — Of this type have been the four reports on the current situation in city schools, in rural schools, in colleges and universities, and in schools in foreign countries. These studies made early in the year are now being repeated as a retrospect of this year and a prognosis of next. Others have reported on what schools and colleges are doing for the unemployed, both of a relief and a rehabilitation nature. A series of legislative circulars have reported current legislation both completed and pending in Congress and in the State legislatures. The results of these studies have been issued as Office of Education publications, as news releases, and as periodical articles in order to give them widespread publicity. 2. Investigations of desirable 'practices for effecting economies. — School officials are having to act rapidly; they want information on what others are doing in similar circumstances, on how savings can be made without injuring the fundamental educational possibilities. For this purpose the staff has prepared a series of circulars on econo¬ mies in school administration. They cover such topics as class and school organization, techniques for teaching large classes, corre¬ spondence courses for high schools, the elimination of very small schools, the better utilization of school buildings, the care and upkeep of the school plant, centralized purchasing and distribution of supplies, the use of adequate school accounting systems. In each case the report has consisted of reports on how these recommended economies have actually worked out in the city school systems. 3. Investigations of school practices which have long-time permanent value and to which school officials and the general public should be looking forward. — Schools will be slow to reconstruct. It is not their hope to build back to where they were but to build for the changing needs and conditions of the public which they serve. A continuous study of the desirable size of the unit for school administration paral¬ leling similar ones of the desirable size of the civil administration unit is under way, parts of which have already been issued. Another problem requiring continuous study is that of the participation of the State and the Federal Government in the financing of education. How is it done? How does it work? How should it be done? These are questions which required continued investigation. PUBLIC SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION For many years authorities on school administration have been advocating a unit of school administration and support larger than the small district employing only a few teachers. A few years ago it became evident that the adequacy of the school administrative units provided throughout the country would not only be questioned further but would also be given a severe test with regard to their 240 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 ability to maintain good schools. Interest manifested in the various types of administrative units indicated that a study to supplement the recent one on “Administrative Units” was needed to show how economies may be and are being effected through larger units of administration and support. Such a study has been prepared by the office and is now in press, treating of several types of units larger than the small district common throughout the country. Another study in the field of administration treats of systems of centralized purchasing and distribution of supplies. In many sec¬ tions of the country supplies are purchased by each of the small school districts independently of one another. The study contains data showing the economies effected when small districts cooperate in the purchase of supplies. The practice in certain cities of releasing public-school pupils during the school day to enroll in classes in religious instruction conducted by the churches was the subject of a study designed to answer these questions: How extensive is the practice of releasing public-school pupils for religious instruction? How is the plan administered? No attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of the plans. Since the finances of the schools have been seriously affected within the past year or two, studies were made to show what the effect has been in regard to current expenses, teachers’ salaries, capital outlay, length of school term, school building construction, size of classes, and services and activities. Additional studies showing the effect of decreased school support on the school are in progress and will be issued some time this fall. EDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION The past year has been particularly prolific of legislation affecting education. The Office of Eduaction, while it has not been able to supply all the information requested, has been for more than a quarter of a century publishing reviews of educational legislation enacted within each biennium. Such a review was made of legisla¬ tion enacted in 1931 and 1932 and published in Bulletin, 1933, No. 2. The review shows changes affecting State school administrative organization, State school support, local school administration, higher education, etc. When the State legislatures are in session the office issues a series of circulars concerning legislative proposals and enactments affecting education in the various States. During the year four such circulars were issued, and others will follow to complete the summary of educational legislation enacted in 1933. A study completed and in press treats of the legal and regulatory provisions affecting secondary education, including junior colleges. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 241 This study deals with State and local administration of secondary education, and includes reviews of high school standards prescribed not only by State laws and by school administrative authorities but also those prescribed by regional accrediting associations. Other studies completed in the field of school law include an analysis of the principal features of free textbook laws in the various States, with data on textbook adoption laws and textbook costs (Circular No. 60), and a summary and digest of statutory laws and judicial decisions pertaining to the releasing of pupils from public school for religious instruction (Pamphlet No. 39). STATISTICS OF EDUCATION One of the major responsibilities of the Office of Education is the collection and interpretation of statistics showing the condition and progress of education throughout the country. The program of collection, tabulation, interpretation, and publication of educational statistics has always been an extensive one and as education grows in numbers of persons concerned, and extent of investment the pro¬ gram of the office for this phase of service continues to grow. It embraces two major aims and fields of service. The first one is that of reporting accurately and adequately the educational statis¬ tics for the Nation. This requires a continuous program of inquiry, tabulation, and reporting. The following table shows the fields of inquiry included in the past year’s program and indicates to some extent the details which this collection of statistics must give to satisfy the requirements of adequacy. Table 1. — Review of statistical work , 1932-33 Subject of study Type of study 1 Biennial Periodic j Special State school systems: Personnel and finances C-T City school systems: Personnel and finances . _ _ _ C-T Per capita costs _ _ _ C-T Effect nf economic situation _ C-T Small school systems _ _ _ T Rural schools: Age-grade table for negro pupils _ T T,i hr arias _ T Effect nf economic situation - _ C-T Higher education: Statistics of universities, colleges and professional schools _ C-T Pralim inarv statistics 1931—32 _ _ T Teachers anil ay as and normal snhnnls _ T Raelryrnnnd study of neyrn cnllas'e studants T Effect of economic situation _ C-T Expenditures in liberal arts colleges _ - _ T Exceptional children: Residential snhnnls for the blind - _ _ _ T Residential snhnnls for the deaf __ _ T Residential schools for delinquents _ T 1 Residential schools for mentally deficient and epileptic... _ T 1 Residential and public schools and classes . C-T i C is collected; T is tabulated. 242 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Table 1. — Review of statistical work , 1932-33 — Continued Subject of study Type of study Biennial Periodic Special Elementary schools: Buildings—. . . . C-T C-T C-T C-T C-T T C-T C Case studies of pupils _ _ _ _ Private schools . . . . . . Part-time and continuation schools _ _ _ . Trade schools . . . . . . . Textbooks: Per capita cost of . . . . Sales _ _ Teaching staff: Physical care of teachers . . These inquiries must be extensive in the completeness of the returns as well as in the coverage of types of education. To that end the statistical staff must be meticulous in securing as complete returns as is possible from as far-flung an educational system as is ours. A field staff of four assistant statisticians helps very greatly in securing complete returns, as is evidenced by the fact that during the past year they made more than 1,650 reports for schools which had not reported by mail. The second major job is that of helping to improve methods of educational accounting throughout the country so that improvement in educational reporting is continuous. The Office of Education continues to assist in this work through the definitions established in its inquiry forms, through the details of its inquiry forms which indi¬ cate the items a good accounting system must include, and by the service rendered to State departments and other educational account¬ ing offices by members of its staff. NURSERY-KINDERGARTEN-PRIMARY EDUCATION Reports of school budget cuts have challenged the generally accepted notion that kindergartens are an integral part of the elementary school. To show the status of kindergartens in cities of all sizes, a complete summary has been made of kindergarten enrollments, attendance, and numbers of teachers for the years 1930 and 1932. Effects of kindergarten opportunity upon the placement of children in the kindergarten-primary grades and of kindergarten attendance upon their promotion progress have also been indicated. An experimental section of a long-term study of the promotion- progress of first grade children has been completed. General grade supervisors in 7 city school systems and 1 private school have cooperated in reporting for approximately 1,200 first-grade pupils, mental and chronological ages, promotions, scores on tests to detect tendencies to reversal in reading and to show reading achievement at the end of the school year. Interrelationships of these factors as related to the progress of first-grade children are being summarized. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 243 ELEMENTARY CURRICULUM Since interest in curriculum construction and materials continues throughout the country, the office has under way a series of publi¬ cations designed to be helpful to curriculum committees and school superintendents in developing new courses of study. These publi¬ cations will cover various phases of the elementary curriculum. One number of the series has been issued, “Safety Education — Helps for Schools in Constructing a Course of Study.” During this year one other publication has been completed supplying mate¬ rials for the development of curriculum material on conservation. Although this bulletin gives particular attention to problems of con¬ servation in Alaska, it contains materials designed for the use of curriculum committees and teachers not only in Alaskan schools but also in the public elementary schools in general. In addition to this series of elementary curriculum studies a num¬ ber of service publications have been prepared, designed to give aid in problems of curriculum development. These include circulars listing Government materials in history, civics, and other social studies; an annotated list of recent city and State courses of study available for examination in the Office of Education; a circular detailing language activities for primary grades; and bibliographies on the elementary-school auditorium program and other phases of elementary-school work. COLLEGIATE AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION The self-criticism of institutions of higher education has increased markedly during recent years. This criticism has been accentuated by the financial depression. The public has begun to join in this to such a degree that now the criticism threatens to become destructive rather than helpful. Certain special studies carried on during the past year by the Office of Education have been designed to shed light on the questions at issue in these criticisms. The following three are among the most important of these questions: 1. What is the State’s responsibility jor higher education t Through its governmental machinery the State, as a political unit, creates its public institutions of higher education and provides for their control and support. Through its corporation laws, the State decides the terms under which private institutions shall be estab¬ lished and conducted. Each State would seem to be accountable, therefore, for the adequacy or inadequacy as well as for the eco¬ nomical administration of its entire program of higher education both public and private. 244 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Three studies were completed during the past year bearing upon this question. One of them described the present status of higher education in 10 selected States as disclosed by the number, types, and location of institutions, the methods of their control, and their curricular offerings. The institutions listed included all public and private universities, colleges, technical institutes, teachers colleges, normal schools, and junior colleges so that a clear picture is obtain¬ able of the State’s higher educational facilities. The methods by which the State exercises control over its public institutions, the sources of financial support from the State, and the powers of the State budgetary agencies in determining the funds furnished to the institutions were described. For the private institutions were pre¬ sented the legal provisions under which they obtained their charters, together with the jurisdiction retained over them by the State after their incorporation, and the particular organizations controlling them, whether religious or nonreligious. The curricular offerings of each institution were shown in tabular form so that it was possible to ascertain the number of institutions offering the same curricula. The 10 States represented were: Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Michi¬ gan, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, and Washington. The second study dealt with the growing tendency to unify the control of all State-supported institutions in a given State under a single board and a single executive officer. The historical develop¬ ment of higher -education in the several States shows in general that as diverse types of higher education were needed new institutions were created by the States with little reference to those already in existence. A practice of creating a new governing board for each institution prevailed generally. The final result was that there was a multiplicity of governing boards each devoting itself to the advance¬ ment of the interests of its particular institution rather than for a State-wide coordinated and integrated system of higher education. Because of this situation a trend toward unified control developed, and central governing boards for all institutions supplanting indi¬ vidual boards for each institution. This movement for centralized control was described for 13 States where such coordination has been most completely achieved. The States considered were: Flor¬ ida, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, and West Virginia. The third study presented statistical data for use in answering in part many questions such as the extent to which higher education is regarded as a function to be supported and controlled by the public; the effectiveness of the appeal of the institutions within a SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 245 State to the young people of that State; and the percentages of young people who carry their education to the college level. Because of a lack of funds available for printing in the Office of Education these three studies were published by the Carnegie Foun¬ dation for the Advancement of Teaching, New York City, under the title, “The State and Higher Education.” 2. Can institutions of higher education be maintained on smaller budgets without serious loss of efficiency? With heavy reductions in their annual income due to the financial depression, both publicly and privately supported institutions of higher education have been compelled to adopt radical programs of retrenchment. The problem confronting them has been and still is one of making internal fiscal adjustments with a minimum impair¬ ment of the educational efficiency of the institution. In conjunction with Dr. David S. Hill, staff associate of the Car¬ negie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, a study was made of the most practical methods of economizing in higher edu¬ cation. This study was devoted not only to the general principles to be utilized in reducing expenditures but also to specific means which have been found most serviceable in effecting retrenchments. It contains suggestions and proposals for economies in administra¬ tion, courses and curricula, instructional practices, research, mainte¬ nance and operation of physical plants, and business management. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching published this study. Another study (published in the Bulletin of the Association of American Colleges) dealt with the grouping of institutions according to type of control and size of student body. This gave certain basic statistical data bearing upon the question of the relative unit costs of small colleges and large colleges. A third study (mimeographed) dealt with the 1932-33 salaries of college faculty members in institutions classified according to types. Distribution of salaries by ranks and the percentage of decreases from the previous year were tabulated. These two bodies of data make it possible for any institution to compare its salary schedule and its salary decreases with those of comparable institutions. A fourth study (published in the Educational Record) dealt with certain specific effects which the depression was having upon the colleges and universities during the passing months. A limited num¬ ber of institutions were addressed, the main data having been assem¬ bled from the current literature. Reductions in appropriations, in student fees, and in income from endowments were reported, as were instances of unfavorable legislation. A fifth study (rotoprinted) dealt with the effects of the economic depression on the fiscal affairs of the institutions of higher education 246 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 for the year 1932-33 as compared with 1931-32. Data were collected in this study showing the percentages of decrease in tuition fees, receipts from public sources, educational and total expenditures, and salaries for the various ranks of faculty members. 3. Are colleges and universities tending to expand their offerings unduly? Recent decades have witnessed great expansion of programs in many colleges and universities. No adequate distinction has been made among the objectives and standards which should prevail at the different levels. This expansion is having the most marked effect at present in the graduate field. Many universities are adding cur¬ ricula leading to advanced degrees. The cost of equipment and staff necessary to carry these advanced courses and research is very great. Two studies have been undertaken to shed light on this question. One on the subject of objectives of graduate education has been done in cooperation with Dean Thompson, of Howard University, and the other, nearing completion, deals with general standards and practices now prevailing in graduate schools. Two other special studies have been made: Because of the growing interest in student personnel activities, a study was made of the functions performed by deans of men; one additional leaflet (home economics) was completed for the series of guidance leaflets. EDUCATION OF SPECIAL GROUPS Recent developments, world-wide as well as domestic, concerned with the education of native and minority groups have disclosed more fully the significance of old problems as well as revealed new ones — new at least in the sense that they have not heretofore been generally recognized and understood. A comprehensive, selected bibliography on the education of native and minority groups has been prepared with special reference to the education of groups under the jurisdic¬ tion of the United States. It would, however, be incomplete did it not include also, as it does, references on educational undertakings in progress in territories governed by foreign countries whose experience has extended over a longer period of years than ours, as well as those which help the student to acquire a general background of information and understanding of racial traits, abilities, environmental influences, and the like, which underlie successful theory and practice in education. Another study, completed after a period of 2 years’ inquiry, of the intelligence, social traits, and environmental resources and influences of the natives of Alaska has been made available during the year. It was planned to offer a scientific basis for reorganization of the schools for the natives of Alaska, particularly those phases of education which are concerned with curricular adaptation. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 247 A manuscript completed this year and now being printed deals with the education of bilingual children and is a result of more than a year’s study of the education of Spanish-speaking children in our Southwestern States. Such children attend our public schools in large numbers, where because of language difficulties, foreign customs, and tendency to live in isolated communities, numerous and often serious problems arise concerned with their attendance and satisfac¬ tory progress. This study shows conditions, summarizes progress in research and experimentation pertinent to the problems involved, and gives practical suggestions for improving teaching materials and practices. A study of the present status of the education of migratory chidren has been made, chiefly for the purpose of keeping in touch with recent developments and maintaining our informational service. It supple¬ ments studies reported in the White House conference publications. A study of general conditions and educational facilities in the Southern Appalachian Mountain regions, extending over a period of about 2 years and made in cooperation with the Department of Agri¬ culture, has opened up problems for continued study. This pioneer effort to consider underlying relationships of social and economic conditions and popular attitudes to the provision and utilization of schools should be of value in guiding future procedures in other backward regions as well as the one directly under investigation. EDUCATION OF EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN The aim of the Office of Education is to build up a comprehensive well-balanced program providing service for all types of exceptional children and for all phases of the problems involved in their education. All studies and publications have been directed toward the realiza¬ tion of practical service to administrators, teachers, and parents. State administration is represented by a study of organization for -exceptional children within State departments of education. A manuscript giving its findings is now in press. City administrative practices are involved in the published study of Adjustment of Behavior Problems of School Children, which describes and evaluates the clinical program set up within a given city school system. This investigation represents a cooperative project of the Office of Education and city school administrators. A second project of co¬ operative type is now under way in association with another city. Teachers’ problems with exceptional children have received con¬ sideration from two points of view. First, a series of pamphlets is in preparation dealing with practical classroom problems met by teachers in rural and small urban districts where little special help is available. Two of these are in press, one dealing with blind and partially seeing, the other with gifted children. The series is planned 248 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 to include a pamphlet for each of the remaining six major groups of exceptional children. The second study for teachers describes group activities for mentally retarded pupils. It is a compilation of activity units and projects contributed by successful special class¬ room teachers throughout the country. A similar compilation of instructional activities for gifted pupils is planned for the coming year. Fundamental to a sound policy of service is a knowledge of condi¬ tions as they are. Statistics of special schools and classes are therefore indispensable in the scheme of work. During the past year statistical surveys have been made of four types of residential schools: For the blind, the deaf, the mentally deficient, and the delinquent. The results appeared in mimeographed circulars and will be summarized in the printed biennial survey of education for the period 1930-32. An extensive statistical study was also made of day schools and classes for exceptional children in city school systems, the results of which will appear in the biennial survey. EDUCATION OF NEGROES Service to the education of Negroes has centered during the year in the completion of two large projects carried on as part of the Na¬ tional Surveys of Secondary Education and of Teacher Education made by the Office of Education. Special studies of secondary edu¬ cation among Negroes and of the education of Negro teachers were made as integral parts of the respective surveys. Each is being issued as a separate monograph of the respective series. Two other compre¬ hensive studies were undertaken during the year, one on education of Negro children in schools under the Jeanes supervisors in certain rep¬ resentative rural districts of the South ; the other a background study of Negro college students. All four of these were completed during the year and are now in press. Another study under way investigates the availability and accessi¬ bility of schools and the quality of education furnished to Negro children in rural communities. This is an intensive study of educa¬ tional conditions in representative counties in six States, selected as reasonably typical of social and economic situations among Negroes in the South. The State supervisors of Negro schools and the county superintendents in the respective States cooperated with the office in the collection of the necessary information. This study, while under¬ taken in part as the result of experience and of demands made on the office for information concerning the problems under consideration, was inspired in part also by the findings of the four studies mentioned above. The findings of these studies in the elementary school field add evidence to the lack of availability of schools to Negroes; inadequacy in the quantity and quality of education offered in terms of curricula, SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 249 equipment, term length, modern methods and procedures; inade¬ quacy of the training of teachers; disparities between educational opportunities for children in rural as compared with those in other localities; disproportion between the salaries of Negro and white teachers; lack of relationship between the teacher-education pro¬ grams of Negro colleges and the practical needs of the schools. SCHOOL HYGIENE . PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND RECREATION Those responsible for conditions which may influence the safety and health of the child are interested in learning the shortcomings of their own school. To this end the office has prepared a self-survey form, consisting of a series of questions covering the matters of fire prevention and escape, general housekeeping, air conditioning, light¬ ing, seating, water supply, toilets, playgrounds, lunches, mental conditions, instruction in hygiene, bodily conditions of the child, personnel and health of the teacher. If the questions can be answered in the affirmative the school is, according to our present knowledge in this field, doing what it should. Requests for this survey form have necessitated repeated editions. While health education has been loudly proclaimed as the most important obligation of our schools, health instruction in grades IX to XII has been very much neglected. This fact is pointed out in a publication which also attempts to furnish assistance to those desiring to meet the health educational needs of the students in these import¬ ant years of their public schooling (pamphlet no. 43). In 1926 this office made a thoroughgoing study of the health of the teacher, and what was being done about it. This year we have sup¬ plemented this work by an investigation of what schools in cities of 5,000 population and over are now doing to preserve and promote the welfare of teachers and other employees by way of health examina¬ tions, the granting of sick leave and sabbatical leave, etc. GUIDANCE AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION For the purpose of aiding in the development of school programs having for their aim the educational and vocational guidance of youth and the training of the individual for occupational employment, the office conducts investigations and renders informational and advisory services in the fields of guidance and industrial education. During the past year a siudy was completed and issued as a publi¬ cation of this office, describing in detail the various State programs. The study, made in cooperation with the National Committee on State Guidance Programs, a standing committee of the National Vo¬ cational Guidance Association, includes information relative to the administrative organization of guidance in State departments of edu- 250 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 cation and the guidance services rendered by them to the public schools of their respective States in organizing guidance programs. A mimeographed report of the States’ progress in guidance work during the past year was prepared for distribution at the meeting of the National Vocational Guidance Association and a summary published in the Industrial Education magazine. Continuation schools, which are primarily part-time schools for pupils who early leave school to go to work, are at the present time affected by unemployment conditions. In some places there has been a decrease in enrollments, in other places there has been a modification of the program to include other types of classes. In order to obtain in¬ formation as to the work carried on by these types of schools, a study was made of 206 part-time and continuation schools throughout the country. Information was compiled on enrollments, teachers, types of classes, subjects of instruction, and the report printed for distribution. Renewed interest in technical schools and classes has been mani¬ fested during the past few years. At the present time questions growing out of the unemployment situation are being raised relative to provisions for training in both technical and trade subjects. To meet requests for information in these phases of education, a study was made of 160 technical and trade schools relative to subjects of instruction included day and evening classes, length of term, library facilities, etc. The manuscript for this study is in press. EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT A good barometer of the state of the scientific attitude in the school system is the extent to which tests and measurements are used. To encourage the more accurate methods of evaluation and direction of education, certain studies in the test and measurements field have been undertaken during this last year. For example, State departments have need for information at this time regarding the experience of others in carrying on cooperative testing programs. To satisfy this need a survey of the existing cooperative testing programs, both State and national, has been made. The good points of the programs have been summarized and suggestions for their improvement made. The survey is now available as a bulletin of the Office of Education. A second major problem which has received attention is that of the admission of students to college. The problem of the use of tests in admitting college students is pressing at the present time because of the tendency, just beginning, to disregard the marks and units ob¬ tained in high school in considering college entrance. An intensive study of this problem is under way. Other studies of the use of tests for the guidance of college students both on entering and during their SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 251 college course are under way in cooperation with authorities in sev¬ eral colleges in order to extend the technique which has been developed. The results of the first of these cooperative studies will be published early this fall. The third series of problems has to do with the use of tests and test results in the administration of various aspects of the school system. A study of the school life expectancy of failures in the ele¬ mentary grades has been published in the American School Board Journal. Another of the methods of applying research techniques to radio experimentation has recently been published in the Junior- Senior Clearing House. SCHOOL BUILDING PROBLEMS During the past year, the phases of the work in the school building field that have been particularly stressed to have been (1) the tech¬ niques of educational planning with relation both to new buildings and existing buildings, (2) methods of utilizing existing plants so as to secure greater capacity, and (3) the importance of long-range school building planning in the present emergency. The summary of the study on the Functional Planning of Elemen¬ tary School Buildings has been of particular significance to school superintendents at this time of economic stress because of the sugges¬ tions it contains for constructive economies not only in the planning of new buildings but in the use of existing buildings. Although school building construction decreased approximately 40 percent from 1930 to 1932, there has been a greatly increased school enrollment during the same period. In order that the experi¬ ence during the World War may not be repeated — that is, too long postponement of school building — followed by a sudden orgy of school- house construction with no scientific study of needs, the Office of Education, in cooperation with the National Advisory Council on School Building Problems, is now undertaking a study, on a national scale and with a long-range view, of present school building needs and estimated school building needs over a 5-year period so that future needs may be met on the basis of scientific, long-range planning. ADULT AND PARENT EDUCATION Two major studies have been conducted in this field during the past year. One of these reports in detail the progress of adult education under public auspices in this country. It includes the report of the programs of State departments of education and of city school sys¬ tems, vocational education for adults under State and Federal aus¬ pices, civilian rehabilitation, extension work as carried on by colleges and universities, the work of various opportunity schools, educational 16585—33 - 17 252 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 programs for State prisons, illiteracy and its relation to adult educa¬ tion, and the contribution of the public libraries to adult education. The second study is a continuous one on programs of parent edu¬ cation. The parent education work of the Office of Education was instituted at the request of organizations of parents for service to meet their particular educational needs. Materials and methods for parents’ discussion groups have been reported from time to time and accounts given describing the methods and results of various parent education projects. As part of the cumulative study of the methods and practices of the various agencies carrying on the programs and projects in parent education, several sectional reports have been made during the year relating to parent education activities of universities and colleges, of State boards of health, of State departments of edu¬ cation, and of various religious organizations which have continuing programs. PREPARATION OF TEACHERS AND OTHER STAFF MEMBERS Within the past few years the major work of the office in this field has been the National Survey on Teacher Preparation. However, several studies other than those prepared by the survey staff have been published. One, a manuscript on the preparation of junior high school teachers, treats not only of the actual scholastic and profes¬ sional preparation and experience of junior high school teachers, but of the adequacy of their training for the work they are to do, as shown by the number of subjects they are required to teach, the number of classes, the number of distinct preparations, the number and character of the subject combinations taught, and other pertinent topics. Another publication issued during the year is a status study of the elementary school principalship. Data are presented showing the preparation of elementary school principals in cities of various sizes and in the open country, how much experience they have had, what their salaries are, etc. COMPARATIVE EDUCATION Studies of educational affairs of importance in foreign countries have a double value other than their news value. They depict growth toward the fairly common objectives in education and they offer much of value to educators in this country in the way of sugges¬ tions for improvement of our own educational systems and endeavors. The office regularly undertakes studies of important educational movements in other countries, attempting to bring out these two values. During the past year, with the help of the Department of State, an inquiry was made into the effects of the economic depression on education in other countries. The returns from the inquiry and data from other official sources were sifted and organized and will be published as Bulletin, 1933, No. 14. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 253 A second type of study undertaken by the office in this field may be illustrated by the investigation of institutions of higher education in Norway. This summarizes for practical purposes the require¬ ments of institutions in Norway, the credentials issued, and gives an indication of the method by which such credentials may be evaluated in this country for entering students. A similar study of institutions of higher education in Denmark is in progress. Circulars on the chief education offices in the various countries of the world, and the certificates issued by the Scottish Education Department were revised and brought up to date. An inquiry into the literature on higher education in foreign countries, its history and present status, resulted in a bibliography of material relating to that subject. VISUAL EDUCATION AND EDUCATION BY RADIO In recognition of the present and potential uses of radio, talking pictures, and other sight and sound aids in education, the Office of Education (1) maintains an informational service; (2) initiates and cooperates in national and State projects and investigations; and (3) participates in the study of international and governmental prob¬ lems pertaining to these fields. The widespread and rapid develop¬ ments in these comparatively new and interesting fields require co¬ operative endeavor among broadcasters, motion-picture producers, sound-recording producers, and educators in the utilization of these marvels of science for the happiness and well-being of the American people. Informational service.- — The Office of Education collects, evaluates, compiles, and disseminates information about the present uses of radio, motion pictures, and sound recordings in education. During the past year a Government bulletin entitled “The Art of Teaching by Radio ”, a circular entitled “College Courses in Radio”, and several articles and releases, have been issued to assist in the dissemi¬ nation of the information that has been collected and to stimulate the use of available broadcasts and films. National and State projects and investigations. — During the past year this office has been cooperating with the American Home Economics Association in a study of home economics broadcast series; with the National Committee on Education by Radio and the United States Department of Agriculture in a survey of the radio activities of land- grant colleges; with the National Advisory Council on Radio in Edu¬ cation in studying the use of radio by voluntary organizations and in stimulating interest in the council’s broadcasts; to a lesser extent with the Payne fund in its motion picture appreciation experiment ; and with other national, State, and local groups. 254 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 THE NATIONAL SURVEYS OF EDUCATION The National Survey of Secondary Education, begun on July 1, 1929, had completed the first two stages by June 30, 1932, and had progressed well into publication at that time. The year just closing has witnessed accomplishment of the major portion of editorial work and actual printing as well as the beginning of the fourth stage, namely, follow-up. The survey report comprises 28 monographs, 11 of which have been issued as this is written ; most of the other mono¬ graphs either are in various stages of printing or are awaiting their turns at the Government Printing Office. The follow-up work has been accomplished, in the first place, through circulation of the survey reports to State departments of public instruction, libraries, educational periodicals, and individuals who have special interests in certain specific monographs. In the second place, the survey findings have formed the basis for program presentations before a number of educational organizations operating nationally, regionally, or within States; some of these programs have been made up entirely of presentations on the survey ; more frequently one or more discussions based on the survey were included with other program materials. The Office of Education has participated in 12 such conferences during the year. The national survey of the education of teachers, begun in 1930, is nearing completion. Despite curtailed appropriations, the first volume of the survey, containing an extensive bibliography on the education of teachers, has been published, and the complete report, comprising approximately 1,300 printed pages in six volumes, will be ready for distribution during the year 1933. It will contain the fol¬ lowing parts: Teacher supply and demand; student personnel; staff personnel; curricula for the education of teachers in normal schools and teachers colleges, and in colleges and universities ; training schools and student teaching; summer sessions; graduate work; educational theories; education of negro teachers; history of teacher education; measurement of teaching ability; library facilities; reading interests of teachers; student welfare; in-service education of teachers; educa¬ tion of rural teachers; comparative practice in teacher education; digests of cooperative studies; and general summary and recommen¬ dations. The office is planning to cooperate in any way possible with educa¬ tional associations and institutions in making use of the findings of the survey, in extending the studies made, or in further study of the numerous problems discovered during the course of the 3-year inves¬ tigation of the education of teachers. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 255 OTHER EDUCATIONAL SERVICE CONSULTATIVE AND ADVISORY SERVICE On the whole a very considerable amount of time is given by the members of the staff to consulting with or in other ways assisting members of the staffs of organizations having common educational interests or problems. This service includes, among others, prepa¬ ration of study outlines on educational subjects, providing selected bibliographies on special subjects, preparing programs for group meetings, reviewing or revising manuscripts, securing or preparing material for special purposes. Recently the office has attempted to foster conferences in parent education at different universities and colleges for the purpose of bringing groups of parents there for intensive study of parent- teacher and other organization problems. A member of the staff took part in the 1932 summer school parent-teacher conference at Yale University during July and cooperated actively with the State University of Maryland in organizing and developing the program for the 1933 summer school parent-teacher conference. Materials have been prepared and distributed for this work. At the request and under the auspices of the State departments of education and the State universities in Georgia and North Carolina, respectively, members of the staff have conducted short courses for county superintendents in the two States named. Continuing, advisory service is rendered by members of the staff to various organizations which they serve as officers or committee members. COMPARATIVE EDUCATION PROBLEMS In assisting college and university registrars and committees of admission to evaluate the credentials of foreign students, the office handled 626 requests with 1,642 separate documents in 33 languages for cases numbered serially 3485-G to 4110-F, inclusive. This was a decline of 193 from the 819 cases cared for in the previous fiscal year. In addition 118 cases were, for one reason or another, reviewed. As to countries of origin, 56 came from 15 countries in Latin America; 154 from 18 divisions of the British Commonwealth of Nations; 134 from 9 Germanic language countries; 83 from 6 Slavonic language groups; 23 from 9 Near East and 55 from 5 Far East countries; 90 from 7 European Latin-language nations; 21 from 5 Finno-Ugric language countries; and 10 from 3 of the outlying parts of the United States. Students of comparative education write regularly to the office for aid, and the number desiring help is increasing annually. Bibliogra¬ phies, loans of books and letters of direction and explanation were used in connection with studies 329-E to 461-S, inclusive, a total of 133 distinct studies as compared with 102 for the year 1931-32. 256 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 LIBRARY SERVICE Besides serving the research staff of the Office of Education the library to a very large extent provides reference and research service to students of education outside of the office. There were 3,569 visitors using the reading room facilities during the past year while 4,196 volumes were charged for use outside the library. The con¬ tinued improvement of the facilities for reference work is one of the major responsibilities of the library staff. With the augmented space allowed the library, the service to specialists, both inside and outside the office, has been carried on with marked increase in efficiency during the past year. The card catalog, the current file of college catalogs, and the reference collection have been made more accessible, and check lists of materials are available. A further constant activity of the library staff is the develop¬ ment of adequate book collections in certain specialized fields bearing upon education. This past year the course of study collection has been amplified, catalogued, and made available in the reading room for very extensive use. Work has been begun on the collection of text¬ books, probably more complete than in any other library in the country. INFORMATION SERVICE Distribution of published material. — Like many other enterprises, the Office of Education faces two problems, production and distribu¬ tion. How did the Office of Education distribute during the last fiscal year the facts which its research produced? Distribution requires two processes: (1) preparation of the facts for easy transportation and hospitable reception, (2) actual dissemination. 1. Work in preparing facts for distribution Num¬ ber Pages Manuscripts read and edited: For printing. . _ _ _ 52 f 6,488 \t 12, 089 240 School Life issues _ _ 10 For mimeographing _ _ _ 56 1,008 7, 655 210 Number of galleys and pages of proof read _ __ _ _ _ News releases condensing facts for newspapers and magazines _ _ _ 42 Eadio releases for distributing facts by air._ - . - - 6 24 i Bibliographical entries. 2. Dissemination Free Sales Number of copies of printed publications _ 155, 000 14, 450 17, 400 30, 000 82,200 4, 150 243, 895 i 234, 854 2 84, 638 School Life (monthly average, 1,445), annual _ _ _ Eeprints from School Life, extra editions, and index to School Life _ Pricelists. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Circulars (mimeographed) _ .... _ _ . _ Good reference series (mimeographed) General informational notices 1931 fiscal. » 1933 fiscal. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 257 Making maximum use of facts. — The aim of the Office of Education is to disperse facts widely. To do this we use as many avenues as possible. For example: Pamphlet No. 34, School Administrative Units, contains these important points: United States has 127,000 school districts; one school board member to each two teachers. Following are the avenues used to put this before the people: 1. Three thousand copies of Pamphlet No. 34 were sent free to State libraries, public, college and normal school libraries, State superintendents of education, State supervisors of rural education, ministers of education and foreign exchanges, legations and embassies of the United States, educational periodicals. 2. Two hundred and fifty-five copies have been sold through the Superintendent of Documents. 3. News release April 14, 1933, condensing facts in the pamphlet went to 250 Washington correspondents, 374 newspapers outside of Washington, 400 educational magazines. It was sent out on Asso¬ ciated Press wire to 1,500 newspapers and quoted in Hearst editorial. Also used in Time (400,000 circulation). 4. Condensed article in School Life, 20,000 readers. 5. Reprint made for American Legislators Association; 200 sent to leading State legislators. 6. Reported in columns prepared for The Instructor (140,000 circulation), and Journal of the National Education Association (200,000 circulation). 7. Radio releases, 249 stations. Organized use of the radio as a medium for distributing Office of Education facts was started during the year. A specimen 5-minute radio release designed to be read at local stations was prepared and sent to all stations, with an offer to supply similar releases regularly. Two hundred and forty-nine stations responded requesting radio releases. Frequently the stations ask local school officials and teachers to present the release before the microphone. Directories. — With 48 States and 127,000 separate and independent school districts, it is natural that educators, citizens, and business people turn to the central service of the Office of Education for direcior information. During the past year the following directories were published: Educational Directory in three parts — Part I, Principal State and County School Officers and Other Educational Directories; Part II, Principal City School Officers and Catholic Parochial School Superintendents; Part III, Colleges and Universities (presidents and deans of schools) ; Supplement to List of Accredited Secondary Schools; Supplement to List of Accredited Higher Institutions; Schools of Commerce and Bureaus of Business Research. 258 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Exhibits. — Exhibits of Office of Education publications and services were prepared for 25 educational association meetings. Writings and addresses. — One hundred and sixty-nine articles were written for publication in periodicals and year books. During the year members of the staff made a total of 349 addresses before Na¬ tional, State, regional, and local groups. Eighteen radio talks were prepared and given, Correspondence. — During the past year approximately 145,000 letters have been answered by the office. APPROPRIATIONS The following tabular statement gives a birdseye view of the funds available to the Office of Education from 1930 to 1934, a period of 5 years. The statement is arranged so as to differentiate the funds available for the regular and continuing work of the office from the funds provided for the special studies which have now been completed. Table 2. — Funds available to the Office of Education Object 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Salaries _ $230, 960 11,000 47, 000 $253, 880 30, 000 55, 000 $280, 000 25, 000 62, 000 i $252,714 17, 600 34, 000 2 $210, 000 12, 500 30, 000 General expenses _ Printing _ _ Total, regular work _ 288, 960 14,365 50, 000 338, 880 367, 000 304, 314 252, 500 Investigation of land-grant colleges . . Investigation of secondary education _ 100, 000 50, 000 75, 000 80, 000 50, 000 Investigation of teacher training _ 50, 000 Investigation of school finance _ Grand total _ 353, 325 488, 880 572, 000 354, 314 252, 500 * The appropriation for salaries was $250,000, to which were added transfers of $30,000 from National Park Service and $2,400 from general expenses, Office of Education, making a total of $282,400. This amount was reduced by legislative furloughs and leave without pay to $252,714. 2 The appropriation for salaries' was $250,000, but the amount that may be expended has been reduced to $210,000. These data show that for 1932 the amount available for the regular work of the office was $367,000, while for 1934 the amount is reduced to $252,500, a reduction of 31.2 percent. This includes a reduction in the printing funds of more than 50 percent. The amount avail¬ able for 1934 is less than the amount that was provided for the year 1925. This drastic reduction has rendered necessary the elimination of members of the staff and a considerable curtailment in the output of printed material so necessary to enable this office to function in an effective manner. STAFF At the beginning of the year the regular staff of the office numbered 100; during the year 35 temporary and part-time workers were employed on the national surveys. Because of the reduction in the salary appropriation it was necessary to close out 1 position in SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 259 February, 7 positions on April 15, and 1 position on June 30, and to require members of the staff to take a short furlough. Thus the office roll numbered 91 at the end of the year, with no temporary employees after June 30 when the national survey of teacher educa¬ tion closed. This is a small staff, unable to report in detail on educa¬ tional conditions of such varied complexity as are those of this country, and to render the service needed by States and municipalities in the educational readjustments which are taking place. It will be neces¬ sary in the very near future to supplement the regular personnel with the service of experts called in for temporary service on particularly pressing problems. REPORT ON HOWARD UNIVERSITY Howard University was inspected in accordance with the law during the months of May and June 1933 by a committee of special¬ ists of the Office of Education, appointed for this duty by the Commis¬ sioner of Education. For the first time the university has felt seriously the effects of the depression. This is shown by a considerable decrease in enrollments. The depression has also checked somewhat the plans of expansion of the university in the enlargement of its teaching staff and in the development of the building program. Notwithstanding these difficulties the 10-year program of development has been followed as closely as the finances of the university would permit. In order to meet the situation the administration has reduced the teaching and administrative staffs. The relative cost of administra¬ tion and physical plant maintenance of the university has been con¬ siderably lessened during the past year. Institutional policies. — The board of trustees at the meeting in April 1933 recommended a number of important administrative changes in the interest of economy and efficiency to take effect in the year 1934-35. The more important of these include the establish¬ ment of the graduate school to take the place of the present graduate division, and the consolidation of the college of education and the college of applied science with the college of liberal arts. It is also planned to discontinue the theological college, the correspondence courses, and evening courses in theology after this year. The grad¬ uate school of theology will be continued. STUDENT BODY Enrollment. — The grand total enrollment of the university for 1932-33 was 1,893, of whom 1,094 were men and 799 were women. For the year preceding the enrollment was 2,464, of whom 1,464 were men and 1,000 were women. This indicates a net loss of 571 students, or more than 23 percent. This loss was distributed quite evenly 260 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 among the several major divisions of the university, although the college of applied science and the theological schools registered slight gains. THE TEACHING STAFF The teaching staff of the university in 1932-33 included a grand total of 263 members of whom 152 were full-time and 111 were part- time teachers. These are the equivalent of a full-time staff of ap¬ proximately 173 teachers. This shows a decrease of 13 full-time teachers and 5 part-time teachers from the number of teachers employed in 1931-32. These reductions have been found necessary in view of the decrease in enrollments and curtailments of the income of the university. FINANCIAL STATUS OF THE UNIVERSITY In 1932-33 the total income of the university was $1,090,844.79, of which $661,422.27 was from the Federal Government and $429,- 422.52 from private and institutional sources. In 1931-32 the income from the Federal Government was $1,277,380.50 and from private and institutional sources $564,070.49, a total of $1,841,450.99. This indicates a loss of $750,606.20 in total income for 1932-33 as com¬ pared with the year preceding. However, this loss does not affect to so great an extent the income for operation and maintenance of the university for 1932-33, as $602,380.56 of the 1931-32 income was for building construction, while for 1932-33 only $29,891.35 was available for that purpose. In 1932-33 the total operating expenditures were $1,046,328.47, as against $1,745,195 in 1931-32, certain amounts received from gifts for land each year being still unexpended. PHYSICAL PLANT During the year 1932-33 there was constructed a new reinforced concrete walking tunnel system for the distribution of heat, light, and power. This tunnel is 1 mile in length and consists of 5 by 7 feet and 4 by 4 feet tunnels for the distribution of heat, and a sep¬ arate and distinct concrete-encased terra cotta system of distribu¬ tion for the new high tension electric distribution service; also the installation of a new system of piping in the above-mentioned tunnel for the distribution of heat. There was also completed the emer¬ gency construction project which consists of new highways and the landscaping of the science quadrangle area. REPORT ON LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES The Secretary of the Interior is authorized by Congress to require annual reports in detail from the treasurers of the several land-grant institutions of the disbursements of the annual income received by SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 261 them under the Land-Grant Act of 1362 and supplementary acts, and annual reports from the presidents regarding the general operations of the institutions. This duty has been assigned by the Secretary of the Interior to the Office of Education. Land-grant colleges and universities, generally known as agricul¬ tural and mechanical colleges, were established following the passage of the first Morrill Act of 1862. By the terms of this act, each State was entitled to receive an amount of public land (or land scrip) equal to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress to which such State was then entitled for the “endowment, support, and maintenance of at least one college where the leading object shall be to teach such branches of learning as are related to agricul¬ ture and the mechanic arts in order to promote the liberal and prac¬ tical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.” This land is being gradually sold to create an endowment fund which in 1931-32 totaled $22,497,000. In addi¬ tion there remained more than $6,000,000 w^orth of unsold land. The income from such fund and lands amounted to $1,090,407 for that year. By the second Morrill Act of 1890 and the Nelson amendment of 1907, the Federal Government aids these institutions further; since 1911 each State has received from the United States Treasury in accordance with the Morrill-Nelson Acts $50,000 annually to be applied to salaries and facilities for instruction in specified subjects. Of the total appropriations in 1931-32 ($2,550,000) 17.6 percent was spent for instruction in agriculture, 28.6 in engineering and the mechanic arts, 11 percent in English language, 8.1 percent in mathe¬ matical science, 26 percent in natural and physical sciences, 7.6 per¬ cent in economic sciences, and 1.1 percent in teacher preparation in agriculture and mechanic arts. Thirty States and three Territories — Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico — maintain 1 land-grant institution each; Massachusetts main¬ tains 2; and each of 17 Southern States maintains 2, 1 for whites and 1 for negroes. About 185,000 regular students of college grade enroll annually during the academic year in the land-grant colleges, about one out of every six college students in the United States. The latest inventory of the land-grant institutions (1931) revealed that more than $390,000,000 was invested in the 52 institutions for white students, of which 58 percent was in buildings. In 1930-31 the total receipts of the 69 institutions amounted to more than 165 million dollars, of which there was derived from State sources 50.8 per¬ cent, Federal funds 10.7 percent, student fees 11.5 percent, and miscellaneous sources 27 percent. 262 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 NEEDS OF THE OFFICE 1 . Previous sections of the report have called attention to the fact that the staff has been reduced considerably during the past year in order to keep within the salary appropriation. Further reductions in the staff are necessary during the present year 1934. Together these reductions involve curtailments in our work in elementary-school curriculum, rural-school supervision, education of physically handi¬ capped children, home economics, commercial education, physical education, and statistics. At the same time that these reductions in the staff and in the fields of service provided by the office have been made, educational problems have increased rapidly in number and in complexity. It is evident that the rather small research staff of the office will soon have to be supplemented. This may be done in two ways: It is possible by appointing a specialist for temporary service — that is, for 1 or more than 1 year — to the Office of Education’s staff to secure expert research and service in a field which does not justify the crea¬ tion of a permanent position. It is possible to secure the best special¬ ists in the field for such temporary appointment due to the special professional opportunities which work in a Federal office provides. In the long run this type of appointment may be considered a de¬ cided economy since it avoids the necessity of adding rapidly to the permanent staff. A second means of supplementing the work of the permanent staff is through conferences of specialists held for the consideration of specific problems and for the purpose of making definite recommenda¬ tions on educational policies. In conferences of this sort the office can avail itself of the most expert service through the work of persons who could not under any circumstances be added permanently to the staff but who are more than willing to cooperate with the office on the study of problems which are of common interest. Plans for these temporary services should be worked out as soon as possible and provisions made for them through the salary and general expense appropriations. 2. Probably at no time have the problems of State educational officials been greater than they are at the present time. Problems of organization, administration, coordination of the various educational units, educational support, curriculum changes, and many others are demanding study and prompt administrative action. Part of the charge laid upon the office in the Organic Act of 1867 was “to promote the cause of education.” It seems probable that in no way could the Federal Office of Education do more to promote the cause of education than to grant the requests for service which come to us from the State officials. Illustrations of those calls are numerous: assistance in re- SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 263 vising the accounting system, in holding training courses for county superintendents, in reviewing educational legislation, in surveying higher education facilities, in service to State-wide curriculum com¬ mittees, and so on. To answer these requests adequately, additional funds should be provided for traveling expenses. 3. It is evident that a research staff is fairly limited in its means of reaching the public which it hopes to influence or the school officials which it hopes to serve. This can only be accomplished through personal contact or through written communications. Additional funds for publishing studies of the office are greatly needed if the results of important and expensive investigations are not to be lost or minimized. The publication fund, now less than half of what it was 2 years ago, is quite inadequate for the printing of the office studies. FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, 1933 (Dr. J. C. Wright, Director) (By Executive order of June 10, 1933, effective on August 10, the functions of the Federal Board for Vocational Education were transferred to the De¬ partment of the Interior, and the Board made an advisory board to act without compensation. On October 10, 1933, the Secretary of the Interior assigned the functions of the Board to the Commissioner of Education, the necessary personnel under the Board to be organized as a subdivision of Education under the general supervision of the Commissioner of Education, who was directed to proceed with the necessary reorganization of the Office of Education.) REPORTS FROM THE STATES The Board is required by the vocational educational and rehabili¬ tation acts to include in its report to Congress the reports made by State boards on the administration of the acts by each State and the expenditure of the money allotted to each State. In compliance with this requirement data reported by the States have been compiled covering in detail by States, expenditures of Federal, State, and local money under State programs, enrollments in vocational classes of different types — evening, part-time, and all-day classes in the fields of agriculture, trades and industries, and homemaking — and number of disabled persons retrained and returned to self-supporting employ¬ ment, or rendered other vocational rehabilitation services. ENROLLMENT IN VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS Under the State plans for voluntary cooperation of the States with the National Government, local programs have continued during the year in each of the 48 States, and in Hawaii and Puerto Rico, and have expanded in some States even under the extraordinary pressure for retrenchment in every branch of public expenditure. For the first time in the history of the program, however, the total enrollment under State plans fell off from the total of the preceding year. This decrease is one inevitable consequence of reduction in Fed¬ eral, State, and local revenues available for vocational education. In this year as compared with the year preceding some $3,276,000 less money was invested in these schools. Opportunities offered for voca¬ tional training were correspondingly reduced, and funds were not available for promoting vocational education in new areas, however urgent the need might be in such areas for widening the range of vocational training to embrace new occupations. Decreases are, nevertheless, found principally in enrollments of employed workers in evening courses for vocational training and in¬ struction supplementary to their daily employment, and in enroll¬ ments of young workers for part-time instruction. These decreases reflect principally the widespread condition of unemployment in 264 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 265 trades and industries. Obviously workers unemployed cannot take vocational courses “supplementary to their daily employment”, since they have no such employment. As regards young workers, it is found that when unemployment increases, some of them who would under normal conditions enroll for vocational training during a part of their regular working day, return to the all-day schools for full-time attendance in vocational or other courses. But many can¬ not or at least do not do this. They continue for the time being neither at work nor in school of any sort. It may be noted further that during the past year, in New York City and in many other com¬ munities adult unemployed workers have enrolled in all-day schools for which no enrollments were reported under State vocational programs. Enrollments in agricultural and home-economics schools, which have not been so directly affected by the unemployment situation, have continued to increase during 1933. For the year ended June 30, enrollment in vocational schools and courses of all types conducted by local communities under State plans, totaled 1,149,495 boys and girls and adults of all ages, dis¬ tributed as shown in table 1. Table 1. — Enrollment in vocational schools operated under State plans: Year ended June SO, 1983 1 Type of school Total Agricul¬ tural Trade and industrial Home eco¬ nomics All types... . . Total 1, 149, 495 381, 349 299, 685 82, 513 217, 172 458, 461 10, 000 265, 978 83, 372 12,558 12, 558 537, 512 155, 594 255, 397 38, 225 217, 172 126, 521 346, 005 142, 383 31, 730 31, 730 Evening _ _ _ _ _ Part-time _ _ _ _ Trade extension. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ General continuation All-day _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 160, 048 10, 000 171,892 Day-unit All types _ _ _ _ _ In schools federally aided 1, 031, 571 342, 171 299, 492 82, 352 217, 140 379, 908 10,000 264, 105 81, 689 12, 558 12, 558 489, 900 123, 777 255, 204 38, 064 217, 140 110, 919 277, 566 136, 705 31, 730 31, 730 Evening _ .... _ _ Part-time _ _ _ _ _ . . Trade extension. _ _ _ _ _ ... General continuation. . . _ _ _ _ All-day _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 159, 858 10,000 109, 131 Day-unit— . _ _ _ All types _ _ _ In schools not federally aided 117, 924 39, 178 193 161 32 78, 553 1, 873 1,683 47, 612 31,817 193 161 32 15, 602 68, 439 5, 678 Evening _ _ _ _ _ ... Part-time . . _ Trade extension _ _ _ _ . General continuation _ _ All-day.. _ _ _ _ 190 62, 761 Day-unit All types .. . _ _ _ Increase or decrease (— ): 1933 compared with 1932 -26, 667 -19, 556 -66, 862 -12,531 -54, 331 60, 941 -1, 190 8,723 -6, 030 1,766 1,766 -42,079 -3, 465 -61,540 -7, 209 -54,331 22, 926 6, 689 -10,061 -7, 088 -7,088 Evening . . .. _ Part-time .. _ Trade extension. . .. _ _ General continuation All -day _ _ _ 14, 177 -1, 190 23,838 Day-n nit _ _ _ __ 1 Provisional figures. 266 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 As in other recent years enrollment during 1933 has been made up (1) of employed adult workers in evening classes for training along the lines of their daily employment, (2) of young workers who have dropped out of regular full-time day school and have enrolled in a vocational course for part-time instruction, and (3) of boys and girls taking vocational courses as regular full-time pupils in day schools. Classified by broad fields of vocational training, enrollments for 1933 included 265,978 farm boys and girls and adult farmers enrolled in vocational agriculture courses, 537,512 boys and girls and adult workers in trade and industrial courses, and 346,005 girls and women in home economics courses. Total enrollments in agricultural, trade and industrial, and home economics courses in each of the 16 years since initiation of the pro¬ gram in 1917 are shown in table 2. Table 2. — Enrollment in vocational schools operated under State plans , by years: 1918-33 Year Total Agricul¬ tural courses Trade and industrial Home eco¬ nomics Number Increase 1933 i . 1, 149,495 -26, 667 265,978 537, 512 346,005 1932 . . . 1, 176, 162 58, 606 257, 255 579, 591 339, 316 1931 . . . . . . 1, 117, 556 53, 020 237, 200 602, 755 227, 601 1930 . . . . . 1, 064, 536 16, 560 193, 325 633, 153 238, 058 1929 . 1, 047, 976 48,945 171, 466 627, 397 249, 113 1928 . . . . . 999, 031 87, 405 147, 481 619, 548 232, 002 1927.. . . . 911, 626 26, 351 129,032 564, 188 218, 406 1926 . 885, 275 92, 851 111, 585 537, 738 235, 952 1925 . . . . . . 792, 424 102,369 94, 765 490, 791 206, 868 1924.. . . . . . 690,055 153, 527 89, 640 428,473 171, 942 1923 . 536, 528 60, 700 71, 298 325, 889 139, 341 1922 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 475, 828 151, 581 60, 236 296, 884 118, 708 1921 . . . 324, 247 59, 189 43, 352 217, 500 63, 395 1920 . . . . . 265, 058 70, 163 31, 301 184,819 48, 938 1919 . . . . . 194, 895 30, 772 19, 933 135, 548 39, 414 1918 . 164, 123 15,450 117,934 30, 799 J Provisional figures. Diagram I shows enrollments each year by types of schools — evening, part-time, and all-day schools — for all schools operated under State plans. EXPENDITURE OF FEDERAL , STATE, AND LOCAL MONEY Total expenditures of Federal, State, and local money under State and Territorial plans for salaries of vocational teachers, salaries of State directors and supervisors of vocational agriculture and home economics, maintenance of vocational teacher training, and for voca¬ tional rehabilitation of disabled civilians, during the year ended June 30, 1933, are summarized in table 3. No Federal money is available for plant and equipment of vocational schools, and no expenditures of State or local money for plant and equipment of such schools are included in expenditures reported to the Federal Board and summarized in table 3. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 267 Diagram I. — Enrollment in all schools operated under State plans, including federally aided and nonfederally aided, by years: 1918-33 Table 3. — Expenditure under State plans, year ended June 30, 1933 1 Field of expenditure Expenditure State and local, per dollar of Federal money Total Federal money State and local money Vocational education _ $30, 126, 784 2, 176, 126 1 $7, 728, 141 1, Oil, 440 $22, 398, 643 1, 164, 686 $2.90 1. 15 Vocational rehabilitation _ Provisional figures. 16585—33—18 268 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 That the States and local communities have exerted every effort to maintain their programs of vocational education during the past 4 years of extraordinary pressure for economy will be apparent from the totals of expenditure for these years, as shown in table 4. In 1933 for the first time in the history of the program, expenditures both of Federal and State and local money fell off over the year. Diagram II. — Expenditure of Federal , Stale , and local money for vocational education, by years , 1918-33 Diagram II shows total expenditure and expenditure from Federal funds each year, 1918-33. Table 4. — Expenditure of Federal , State, and local money understate plans for vocational education, 1929-33 Year Expenditure Increase or decrease (— ) in expenditure From Federal funds From State and local funds From Federal funds From State and local funds 1933 _ _ _ _ $7, 728, 141 8, 414, 834 7, 978, 729 7, 404, 223 6, 878, 530 $22, 398, 643 24, 987, 569 24, 164, 463 22, 504, 675 20, 595, 776 -$686, 693 436, 105 574, 506 525, 693 57, 078 -$2,588, 926 823, 106 1, 659, 787 1, 908, 900 1, 701, 467 1932 . . . . . . . 1931.. _ _ _ _ _ _ 1930 . . . . . . . 1929 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 Provisional figures. In 1933 the States expended 97.3 percent of all Federal funds avail¬ able for vocational education. Each year since 1920 the States have used over 90 percent of these Federal funds, and in recent years the small amounts unexpended have represented budgetary margins, and balances in special funds. The percentage expended each year is shown in Diagram III. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 269 [Diagram III. — Percentage of Federal appropriations for vocational education used by States, by years, 1918-33 Table 5 shows expenditures of State and local money per dollar of Federal money expended under State plans in the several fields of vocational education and for vocational rehabilitation of disabled civilians, by years, 1918-33. Table 5. — Expenditure of State and local money per dollar of Federal money expended, by years, 1918-33 Year ended June 30— Vocational education Vocational rehabilita¬ tion Total Agriculture Trade and industry Home eco¬ nomics Teacher training 1933 _ _ _ _ $2.90 $1. 81 $4. 92 $3. 19 $1.38 $1.15 1932 . . . 2. 97 1.77 5.06 3. 52 1.41 1.20 1931 . . . . . 3.03 1.88 4.74 4. 42 1.45 1. 19 1930 . . . . 3.04 1. 76 4. 69 5. 47 1.35 1. 30 1929 _ _ _ _ 2.99 1.90 4. 17 7.11 1.33 1.24 1928 . . . . 2.77 1.67 3. 90 6. 56 1.29 1.36 1927 . . . . 2.65 1.67 3. 67 5.88 1.33 1.53 1926 _ _ _ 2.54 1. 70 3. 43 5.28 1.25 1.50 1925 . . . . 2.73 1.72 3.85 6. 36 1.30 1.58 1924 . . . . . 2.90 1. 77 4. 38 7.27 1.26 1. 25 1923 . . . . . 2. 98 1.78 4.58 8. 61 1.21 1.26 1922... . . . . . 2.85 1.83 4. 48 7. 62 1.22 1.36 1921 . . . 2.76 1.85 4. 26 8. 47 1. 19 1920 . 2.45 1. 74 3. 85 5. 77 1.25 1919 . 2. 17 1.67 3.08 3.78 1.31 1918 . . . 2. 65 1.71 4.00 4. 79 1.21 1 Provisional figures. ANTICIPATED UTILIZATION OF FEDERAL FUNDS UNDER STATE PROGRAMS Under the vocational education and vocational rehabilitation acts, the States are required to plan out their work each year in advance, and the Federal agency for administering these acts is required “to ascertain annually whether the several States are using or are prepared to use the money received by them in accordance with the provisions” of the acts. The Federal agency is required further to submit to the 270 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Bureau of the Budget estimates of expenditure of Federal funds under State plans early in each year for the succeeding fiscal year. In compliance with these requirements an inquiry was addressed to State directors of vocational education in July 1932 to ascertain whether the States were prepared to use the full amount of Federal funds appropriated or authorized to be appropriated by Congress for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1934. A similar inquiry was addressed to State directors in August 1933 covering the fiscal year ending June 30, 1935. State directors were requested to state what would be the probable effects upon vocational programs in the States if the George-Reed Act, authorizing appropriations for agricultural and home- economics education should not be continued after June 30, 1934. Answers to these inquiries have been received from the State directors of vocational education in the 48 States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The directors report that they are prepared to use Federal funds in 1935, including funds under the George-Reed Act. They call atten¬ tion to the fact that State and local appropriations must be made in advance, that already in a number of States appropriations for 1935 to match Federal funds have been made, that these funds are essential to maintain established departments, and that emergency programs of relief and recovery necessitate not only continuance of all established vocational departments supported through the George-Reed Act, but a further extension of these programs. State directors indicate the following consequences as inevitable if the George-Reed funds should be discontinued: (1) That many departments of vocational agriculture and a majority, if not in some States all departments of home economics will be eliminated; (2) that State funds already appropriated and contingent on the receipt of Federal funds will of necessity lapse; (3) that it will not be possible to utilize buildings and equipment specially provided for vocational departments of agriculture and home economics representing large expenditures of public funds; (4) that elimination of vocational work will result in still further overloading of academic courses with the consequent impairment of the work of the entire school system; (5) that rural communities will be even more severely taxed than they are now to meet the increased load if Federal support is withdrawn; (6) that contributions made by vocational departments under the George-Reed Act to relief and recovery programs in farming and homemaking will be abandoned; (7) that States will be unable to provide vocational training for large numbers of the unemployed; (8) that unemployment will be increased by discharge of vocational teachers now working under the act; and (9) that the morale of the State and local personnel will be seriously injured. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 271 During the past year States and local communities have experienced serious embarrassment as a result of the reductions in the amount of Federal funds made available below the amounts originally appro¬ priated or authorized by Congress to be appropriated for 1933. They have been further embarrassed by the uncertainty attaching to these appropriations, which has extended up to the beginning and even after the beginning of the fiscal year of the State or local com¬ munity. Appropriations by the vocational education act of 1917 for allotment to the States for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1932, were reduced by the Economy Act of June 30, 1932, from $7,157,977.62 to $6,442,179.81, and the appropriation under the George-Keed Act for this same fiscal year was reduced by the Independent Offices Appropriation Act of June 30, 1932, by $500,000 below the amount authorized to be appropriated for this year. Similar uncertainties as to the amounts of Federal money which would be available for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1933, developed late in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1933. On June 16, the Bureau of the Budget advised that section 18 of the Executive order of June 10, 1933, “providing for abolishing of 25 percent of the functions of cooperative vocational education and rehabilitation, is to be construed as providing for a reduction of 25 percent in the appropriations which were made for your Board for the fiscal year 1933.” Subsequently by Executive order of July 26, 1933, the effective date of section 18 of the Executive order of June 10 was deferred until 60 days after the convening of the second session of the Seventy-third Congress in January 1934. These uncertainties have meant that local com¬ munities could not be informed what amounts of Federal funds would be available for paying in part salaries of vocational teachers until after the beginning of their school years, when all budgetary commitments should have been consummated. The States have been kept fully informed of these developments and have appreciated the extraordinary character of the emergency situation. In the interests of economy and efficiency, however, in the expenditure of local and State as well as of Federal funds under approved State plans, such uncertainties extending over into current fiscal years in these communities must obviously be eliminated to the full extent possible. The States cooperating with the Federal Government in the voca¬ tional rehabilitation of disabled persons have appropriated State and local funds for 1934 in excess of the Federal funds available, indi¬ cating by these appropriations their intention of continuing their sup¬ port of the program, and the anticipated utilization of all available Federal funds. 272 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 THE STATE OF WASHINGTON ACCEPTS THE VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION ACT During the last session of its legislature, the State of Washington accepted the Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Act. Service for the vocational rehabilitation of disabled persons was accordingly initiated July 1, 1933. Forty-five of the forty-eight States are now cooperating in this work. THE PROBLEM OF THE PHYSICALLY DISABLED Among the principal causes of unemployment, even in normal times, must be included disabling accidents to workers, disease, and congenital defects. In periods of widespread unemployment all the difficulties confronting the physically handicapped worker are accen¬ tuated. In many thousands of cases, however, the physically dis¬ abled man or woman can even in such periods be trained for and placed in some useful employment, and be thereby rendered econom¬ ically self-supporting. During the past year under State programs nearly 11,000 such men and women have in fact been so qualified for employment in some occupation for which their particular physical disability does not any longer constitute a vocational handicap, and more than half of these vocationally rehabilitated men and women have been placed permanently in employment. At the close of the year some 25,300 other physically disabled men and women were reported on the rolls of the State rehabilitation services as in process of being vocationally rehabilitated. All of these dependent, disabled, and unemployed men and women on State rolls, when reported as rehabilitated, will have received expert vocational guidance leading to the selection of some occupation in which their disability will not be a vocational handicap, will have been thoroughly prepared for this occupation, placed in employment- in it, and followed up for a period after placement to insure permanent restoration to self-supporting status. Our national program of vocational rehabilitation of the physically disabled dealing with one aspect of the unemployment situation, has continued during the past year to report steady gains in its achieve¬ ments. More disabled men and women have been rendered self- supporting during the past year than in any earlier year, although the conditions under which the program has operated have been much more difficult than in any earlier year. It is significant that even under these conditions of extraordinary difficulty the States generally have succeeded in maintaining their services, and that steady development of the national program has continued. All of the 45 States cooperating with the Federal Government in this program of vocational rehabilitation and occupational readjustment SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 273 for disabled men and women have indicated their intention to con¬ tinue their joint support of the program and to expand their services further through provision of additional State and local funds. As a further indication of development, it may be noted that the Federal act providing for the establishment of a national system of employment offices, becoming effective July 1, 1933, requires State employment office systems to cooperate with State vocational-rehabil¬ itation departments. Plans have already been formulated in a number of States for giving effect to these cooperative relationships, and as the employment system is developed this cooperation between employment and vocational rehabilitation services will expand. Such cooperation will serve not only to prevent overlapping and duplication of service to the disabled, but also to facilitate adminis¬ tratively a unified and constructive service. In the field of emergency relief for the unemployed, also, plans for cooperation of the national and State vocational-rehabilitation services with the National and State Emergency Relief Administra¬ tions are being developed to the end that during the present period of economic depression and unemployment a larger proportion of disabled persons may be taken off the rolls of those dependent upon public relief, and be prepared for and placed in some employment in which they will be self-supporting. SERVICE TO THE STATES Rendering service to the States for the promotion of vocational education and of vocational rehabilitation, the conduct of research in these fields, and administration of the several acts defining the purposes for which Federal money may be expended under approved State plans, are major functions of the Federal office. The Federal acts expressly provide for cooperation with the States in the promotion of vocational education in the fields of agriculture, trades and industries, and homemaking, and for promotion of voca¬ tional rehabilitation of persons disabled in industry or otherwise and their return to civil employment. All of this service during the past year, as in other years has been rendered in response to requests from State boards. It may be noted that service of this character does not imply any assumption of administrative responsibilities in the States or local communities in the organization or conduct of any vocational schools or classes. All such schools or classes which receive financial aid under the Smith- Hughes Act are organized and conducted by State and local authorities under State plans formulated in each State by the State board for vocational education, and all teachers are employed by State and local communities, and are paid out of Federal, State and local funds under reimbursement policies formulated by the States. On requests 274 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 from the States, assistance is given by Federal agents in the develop¬ ment of programs. Inquiries and requests for service from the States each year necessitate a large volume of correspondence on educational and technical problems, and in some cases the preparation of reports by the agents. During the past year Federal representatives have assisted State officers in perfecting State plans under which local vocational pro¬ grams are conducted; participated in conferences with State directors, supervisors, teacher trainers, local administrators, teachers, em¬ ployers, and employment and placement agencies; prepared, as¬ sembled, and distributed material to aid the States and local com¬ munities in building up their programs; assisted in making surveys and special studies within the States; and cooperated with national associations and committees interested in vocational education. In Hawaii an agent of the Trade and Industrial Education Service conducted two professional improvement courses for vocational teachers extending over a period of 3 weeks, and in a number of States trade and industrial agents have conducted, in response to requests originating in local communities, instructor-training courses for fire- department officers. They have cooperated with the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs in planning out a survey to formulate a vocational education program for Indian girls in the Northwest; with the Department of Justice in planning for organization of voca¬ tional classes for women in penal institutions; and with bureaus in the Departments of Agriculture, Labor, and Commerce, interested in the promotion of vocational education. Accompanied by State supervisors or other State officials, Federal agents have visited voca¬ tional schools in every section of the country to assist these schools with expert advice in improving their vocational programs. These services, although they have been exceedingly varied, have been nevertheless essentially similar in character to services rendered in other years. The trade and industrial staff has, however, during 1933 responded to numerous requests for service of an emergency character in assisting the States and local communities to develop vocational programs of emergency training and relief in the unem¬ ployment situation. In the field of agriculture, as in other fields, Federal agents have assisted State supervisors to formulate their annual programs of work, have devoted much effort to helping States organize emergency programs, assisted State supervisors in putting over their programs with local teachers, and have surveyed teacher-training institutions in a number of States, making recommendations for improvement. They have assisted in the formulation of special courses of instruction to prepare persons who have for one reason or another abandoned other occupations to enter farming under the local conditions obtain- SUMM ABIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 275 ing in their respective communities. Up-to-date subject matter has been made available and organized for vocational courses, and special phases of the program, such as part-time and evening instruction for farmers have been promoted. Funds made available under the George-Reed Act of 1929 have made possible some expansion of the home economics education staff to meet more adequately the needs of the rapidly expanding programs being developed in this field. School administrators have during recent years been attempting to build up programs in home- making which would function effectively in the homes of their com¬ munities, and their demands for assistance in this effort have greatly exceeded the capacity even of the expanded staff. Nevertheless, the expansion of the service has made it possible to build up more effec¬ tive plans for cooperation with the States, to participate more gener¬ ally in State and local conferences of homemaking supervisors and teachers, and to cooperate more effectively with State supervisors and teacher- training staffs. Information required in dealing with local needs and problems has been prepared, compiled, and dis¬ tributed to each State, and aid has been extended to State and local staffs in dealing with the homemaking problems of families of reduced incomes, and of those living on relief funds. Services have been rendered also in helping the States to develop programs to meet the needs of special groups, such as the foreign-born, and certain native- born groups whose social and economic status has made their home problems unique and difficult. In nearly all States, also, the increase of adult education in homemaking under the George-Reed Act has been reflected in increasing demands for service. Special services rendered to the States in the field of commercial education have included aiding the Wisconsin State Board for Voca¬ tional Education in developing its experimental pioneer programs of training for workers employed in stores and in selling occupations; making a brief survey of the classes for unemployed commercial workers, and outlining a plan for organizing additional classes for unemployed salespeople and store workers in New York City; aiding the State supervisor of trade and industrial education in Delaware in improving a local program of vocational education in Wilmington for store managers and salespeople; aiding the Pennsylvania State Board for Vocational Education in developing a cooperative class in retail selling in Williamsport; conducting a 1-week conference for commer¬ cial teachers in the part-time schools of Tennessee; aiding the Office of Indian Affairs in developing in Haskell Institute, Kans., experi¬ mental classes for commercial pupils; aiding the director of the De¬ partment of Vocational Education of Ohio State University in organiz¬ ing a program for training commercial teachers ; and organization and conduct of a conference on reorganization of commercial courses in rural and small-towm high schools. 276 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Services rendered by agents of the Rehabilitation Service have included participation in State rehabilitation staff conferences, and in general conferences on programs for cooperation between, for ex¬ ample, State emergency relief administrations, State employment services, agencies for service to crippled children, and State boards for vocational education. They have assisted in promoting programs in the States generally; in formulating State plans; in promoting local participation in the State program under plans of cooperation between individual cities and the State; in interpreting rehabilitation policies in terms of individual cases; in promoting needed legislation in the States; and in improving the record, accounting, and bookkeeping systems in State offices. In each case the service rendered has been in response to a request from the State for assistance, and the par¬ ticular service rendered has been determined by the problems and needs developing in the State. RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION An inquiry undertaken at the request of the American Vocational Association has been in progress throughout the year. The executive committee of this association, at a meeting held in New York City in December of 1931, approved a recommendation for appointment of a committee of the association to study changing economic and social conditions, and problems involved in adapting programs of vocational education to these changes. In February of 1932 the executive com¬ mittee voted to request the Federal service to assume responsibility for making this study, on the understanding that a committee of the association would serve in a cooperating and advisory capacity. In the following March the standing committee of the Federal service approved the proposal of the association and in June a conference of the committee members and others was called to discuss the projected research. Subsequent conferences with the advisory committee of the association were held in October 1932 and May 1933. Social and economic changes surveyed in this study, as they affect vocational requirements being imposed upon wage earners, farmers, and homemakers, include the increasing mechanization of processes and increasing utilization of mechanical power in industry and agri¬ culture, with the resultant displacement of labor, changing demands for skill, and insecurity of job tenure. Among other tendencies of significance for vocational programs are the increasing adoption by large corporations of scientific practices of personnel selection; the increasing demand for, and the rising standards of efficiency; the in¬ creasing specialization of processes and jobs; the increasing difficulty for workers of learning on the job in highly mechanized industries; the increasing demand for broad technical knowledge; the increasing need for interpretation in terms of trade techniques and farm practices SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 277 of the cumulating results of technological research; the increasing re¬ sponsibilities of vocational programs in dealing with such large popu¬ lation drifts as the migration from farm to city, and from city to farm; the increasing need for development of live-at-home programs, especially in a period of reduced incomes and of widespread unemploy¬ ment ; the increasing educational disability of rural areas ; the increas¬ ing urbanization of the home, socialization of the homemaker’s job, and rising standards of efficiency in homemaking; and the rising age of entrance into employment, with the very serious resultant social problem of what to do with the 14- to 18-year-old boy or girl who is being barred from employment to a more advanced age. In its larger aspects the problem presented in this inquiry may be defined as the problem of determining in what ways vocational pro¬ grams can be made to function effectively in maintaining for our workers continuous occupational adjustment, thereby avoiding as far as may be possible displacement and unemployment in the face of an intensely dynamic economic situation. In this matter of vocational training and adjustment the obligation of society extends to workers of all classes. And it is not limited to youth. It extends to workers of all ages, employed and unemployed, more particularly in the pres¬ ent situation to adult workers being thrown out of occupational adjust¬ ment by the continuous economic, technological, and social changes. These changes present unlimited possibilities for advancing society’s welfare, but they present at the same time serious problems of eco¬ nomic insecurity of our workers, with which society and specifically our programs of vocational education supported out of public funds must deal. Other research in progress during the past year has included a survey of the pulp and paper industry and elaboration of a scheme for train¬ ing workers in this important industry. This study has been checked by officials in 23 establishments as regards the processes of manufacture and the analysis of jobs in the industry, and instructional units for training personnel have been outlined on the basis of the survey. A similar study has been made of the foundry industry in 15 plants in 12 cities of one State. An analysis and compilation of Census data for States and local communities has been made showing occupational changes and the significance of these changes for vocational programs. A follow-up study, begun in 1927, to determine what becomes of the trade-school graduate has been continued. A bulletin on “ Vocational training for aviation mechanics” has been completed and made avail¬ able for distribution ; and material has been prepared on new types of industrial classes, on special problems in vocational education, on training workers in oil fields, and on procedures to be followed in organizing and maintaining a vocational program in line with local ^community needs. 278 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 In the field of vocational agriculture a study has been in progress to determine the needs of out-of-school farm boys for vocational train¬ ing. Also a study of placement opportunities for farm operators en¬ rolled in agricultural part-time schools — the first systematic study of placement in the field of agricultural education of less than college grade. A follow-up study of former students of vocational agricul¬ ture now engaged in farming as operators has been in progress. One cooperative research has dealt with the organization and conditions essential for successful functioning of agricultural programs in small rural high schools. The results of research conducted in the Depart¬ ment of Agriculture have been analyzed and organized in separate publications for utilization by teachers giving vocational instruction in farm forestry, in grading feeder and stocker steers, in marketing poultry products, and in controlling loose smuts of wheat and barley. Two bulletins have been published, one on the organization and con¬ duct of agricultural part-time schools; and one on the earning ability of farmers who have received, as compared with those who had not received, vocational training. In the Home Economics Education Service a bulletin entitled “The home project in homemaking education” was prepared during the year, dealing with the selection, planning, and conduct of such proj¬ ects in connection with systematic instruction in homemaking. Home projects provide practical training in homemaking, supplementary to the classroom instruction, as do the supervised practices or projects of students enrolled in vocational agriculture. The bulletin is based on a broad survey of experience in the States. These projects afford unique opportunities for adapting homemaking instruction to the needs and resources of individual families in planning and preparing food for the family that is adequate and can be provided within the food allowances of reduced incomes or grants of relief to dependent families ; in preserving home-grown fruits and vegetables ; in making clothing from materials on hand; or in planning recreation for the family at little or no cost. Superintendents and teachers generally bear witness to the outstanding values of home-project instruction given under the cooperative guidance of parents and teachers. Much effort during the past year has in this service been devoted to the coordination of the extensive research being conducted in the field of homemaking throughout the country. A preliminary draft for a bulletin on trends in commercial occupa¬ tions was partially prepared during the year. It has become apparent on a survey of trends in employment of clerks, sales people, and other commercial workers, that the number and proportion of workers in these employments have been increasing rapidly in recent decades. In 1930, 1 in 8 workers was engaged in some recognized commercial pursuit. Research in the commercial field during the past year in SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 279 response to requests from the States has included a brief survey of classes being conducted for unemployed commercial workers in New York City and outlining a plan to be followed in expanding this pro¬ gram; and two reports, one for the superintendent of schools in Wis¬ consin, and one for the director of vocational education of Kentucky, on the relation of high school commercial courses to commercial occu¬ pations in the State. Tentative drafts of objectives for commercial courses on a vocational level were prepared, one for the commercial section of the American Vocational Association, and one for the Department of Business Education of the National Education Association. During the year material was compiled by the Rehabilitation Service for a bulletin on “Office procedure in vocational rehabilita¬ tion”, which discusses forms, files, and procedures employed. A bulletin entitled “Administration of vocational rehabilitation — A statement of policies”, published originally in 1926, was revised to bring the material therein up to date, and to include additional poli¬ cies formulated since the original publication. Material was collected in the States on cases of physically handicapped persons rehabilitated by the States during the fiscal year 1931-32, the purpose of the study being to ascertain the means by which these disabled persons have secured employment after having been prepared for it through reha¬ bilitation procedure. Material was collected also on rehabilitation cases undertaken in the States and subsequently closed without effecting complete rehabilitation; and some material was gathered for a study of small business enterprises as providing suitable under¬ takings for rehabilitated persons. ADMINISTRATION OF THE FEDERAL ACTS Administration of the several acts under which Federal money is allotted to the States — in the total amount under all acts in 1933 of $9,161,000 — for expenditure under State plans constitutes, as has been noted, a third major function of the Federal staff, in addition to its functions of service and research. Allotments under the several acts for the year ended June 30, 1933, were in the following amounts: Funds appropriated for allotment to the States ; year ended June SO, 1938 Act Basis of allotment Amount Total . . . . . . - $9, 161, 300 6, 450, 300 2, 724, 300 2, 745, 000 981,000 Vocational education: Smith-Hughes Act, total _ _ Vocational agriculture _ Rural population _ Vocational trade and industry _ -• _ Urban population _ Vocational teacher training _ Total population _ George-Reed Act, total _ _ 1, 500, 000 750, COO Vocational agriculture _ _ Farm population _ Vocational home economics _ _ _ Rural population _ 750, 000 1, 097, 000 Vocational rehabilitation _ _ _ Total population _ Hawaii. _ _ _ _ _ _ 27, 000 75, 000 12, 000 Puerto Rico.. . . . . . - . . - . . District of Columbia, vocational rehabilitation _ _ 280 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Allotments of these appropriations involves determination of the amount of allotments to which each State is entitled on the basis of its total, urban, rural, or farm population at the last census; deter¬ mination of unexpended balances in State treasuries carried over from allotments in the preceding year; verification of State financial reports of expenditures during the year, and disallowance of any expenditures found to have been made not in accordance with the- provisions of the acts making the appropriations ; and finally certifica¬ tion to the Treasury of the quarterly or semiannual payments to be sent to the States under each act. These procedures necessarily involve a very considerable amount of clerical work in computing allotments, balances, and payments, and in preparing certifications to the Treasury. They involve, also, auditing of State reports by agents and other members of the staff who are entirely familiar with the statutory provisions under which the Federal money is made available for expenditure under State plans. Finally they involve each year a very considerable amount of correspondence with State officials incidental to the distribution of report forms, the securing of reports, the auditing of the reports, and the notification of payments certified to the Treasury. THE PROBLEM OF THE 14 TO 16 YEAR OLD BOY OR GIRL Undoubtedly the most serious problem emerging during the past few years in the field of education has been the problem of what to do with the 14- to 16-year-old boy or girl, who has completed the requirements of compulsory full-time school attendance and is still too young for vfage-earning employment. The period of compulsory full-time school attendance has been extended in some States to 16 years, with provision for part-time attendance in continuation schools for employed young workers even beyond that age, but in a majority of States there is a gap between the age of release from compulsory full-time school attendance and the minimum age of employment as fixed in child-labor legislation, or as determined independently by industry, which of its own initiative has been more generally refusing to employ workers under 16, and even in some occupations under 18 years of age. This gap comes at precisely that age of adolescence when guidance and direction are most essential for the future welfare of the boy or girl. Opportunities for employment of these youths, freely, or under work permits requiring part-time attendance at continuation schools, have been gradually diminishing over a period of years, but during the past year codes prepared under the National Recovery Act have been so drawn as practically to eliminate all employment in these ages by fixing the minimum age of employment at 16 years. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 281 As regards the minimum age of employment, the policy written into these emergency codes will, it may be assumed, be continued as a permanent policy after the present emergency has entirely passed. So that the 14 to 16 year old boy or girl will not be permitted in the future to enter upon any wage-earning employment in competition with older workers. These young workers are not any longer wanted in industry. They are too immature for profitable employment. There is no economic necessity for their employment, and society has at last determined to eliminate the evils of child labor. Under the vocational education act one third of the Federal funds provided for trade and industrial education, if expended in the States, must be expended for part-time schools, that is to say, for schools providing instruction during a part of the regular working time for young workers over 14 years of age. It would appear that these schools must in the future be operated almost exclusively for workers over 16 years of age. Also, it would appear that the 14 to 16 year old boy or girl must in the future continue on in full-time attendance at the regular day school, since it is inconceivable that public opinion or the interest of parents in the welfare of their children should toler¬ ate complete denial of all opportunity to these 14 to 16 year old boys and girls either of employment or of continued education. Obligation rests directly upon school authorities to face the problem of providing for this group of future citizens, who cannot benefit by further formal academic instruction, some alternative educational discipline from which they may be reasonably expected to derive benefit. THE NEED FOR CONTINUOUS SERVICE FOR ADULT WORKERS As regards training for skilled trades, vocational programs through¬ out the country have been largely developed on the traditional ap¬ prenticeship theory that a worker could be trained once for all in the technic of his trade, by serving a regular apprenticeship in it. For some of the training provided under indentures of apprenticeship, organized training in vocational courses has been substituted under conditions developing in our mechanized industries to which tradi¬ tional apprenticeship methods of training could not be adapted. But the theory that the worker could be trained once for all, either as an apprentice or as a pupil enrolled in a vocational course or by some combination of apprenticeship and organized training, has persisted. This theory assumes a static condition of the industrial arts, which was true of these arts over a long period preceding the development of our power-driven machine industries, and preceding the progressive and accelerating applications of science in developing new processes and in improving the technics of production. But it is not valid under present-day conditions. 282 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Conditions of production are different today from conditions in any earlier period. For vocational programs the more significant fact is that no assumption that they are static can be justified. Rather it is true that technological advance is proceeding at such a rapid pace that the thoroughly trained artisan of today may be con¬ fronted tomorrow with the demand for a new trade skill or technic for which his past training and experience has little or no value. Technological advance is continuously devaluing and eliminating the need for the acquired skills and technics on the one hand, and on the other continuously setting up new requirements for the workers. While changes of this character are continuously taking place in one or another industry or line of employment, they are as regards individual industries and individual workers accidental and un¬ predictable, being dependent upon the accidental progress of inven¬ tion and science in the field of production. Obviously no vocational course can take account of these changes before they occur, and train young workers for the new technics which are certain to develop from time to time during their life period as adult workers. The need for additional training may develop for the adult worker at any age, and this need can be met only by maintaining a training service paralleling developments in the trade, and made available to the adult workers on occasion as the need for training develops. While technological advance resulting from the application of science and the progress of invention is more commonly thought of in connection with our manufacturing industries, changes of this character extend over into other fields of vocational training, develop¬ ing in these fields corresponding needs of training service for adult workers. In all fields, moreover, the need of the adult for continuous training service is urgent for other reasons. In agriculture, for example, many millions of dollars are expended out of public funds each year for technological research. As reported by the Department of Agriculture, research of this character being conducted by experi¬ ment stations in 1931 included over 5,000 separate projects in agricultural chemistry, soils, fertilizers, crops, genetics, horticulture, forestry, plant diseases, animal production, dairying, agricultural engineering, foods, and other lines. On the basis of this research an immense volume of literature is prepared each year. It is no reflection whatever upon the farmer to say that he is finding it impossible to keep up with this research even in his own particular line of farming. His full-time job is farming rather than following the advance of technological research. Nevertheless, the single pur¬ pose of the research is to help the individual farmer, and one principal responsibility of the vocational teacher is to render continuous serv¬ ice in his community to the adult farmer in interpreting the results of this research in terms of everyday farm practices. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 283 In the field of homemaking, also, the need of the adult for service Is a continuing need. Science is continuously occupied with dis¬ covering new ways and means of safeguarding the family health which, if they are to benefit society, must be carried over from the field of science into the field of everyday homemaking. Obviously the home¬ maker cannot unassisted follow the progress of medical science and modify her homemaking practice accordingly. In this business of safeguarding health — which has been estimated to cost the community some $3,500,000,000 a year — as well as in many other phases of the business of safeguarding the family welfare, the homemaker needs every aid that can be extended to her. INCREASING NEED FOR TRAINING TECHNICIANS With the increasing mechanization of industry and use of mechani¬ cal power, and the rapid accumulation of the results of scientific research of vocational significance in many lines of employment, the demand for technical experts has increased corresponding^ in recent years, and increased, it would appear from recent surveys, out of proportion to the increase in provisions being made in vocational programs for training such workers. The increasing value of broad technical knowledge in industrial fields is generally recognized. For the industrial technician the train¬ ing is of a subprofessional grade, as compared with the training of the industrial engineer, and the demand for this subprofessional training appears to have been in general less adequately met than has the demand for training industrial engineers. It may be added that the training required by the technician is a type of training which can commonly be most advantageously provided in organized courses, and a type of training also which industry can seldom provide economically if at all. THE BACK-TO-THE-FARM AND FARM-FACTORY MOVEMENT Each year hundreds of thousands of urban workers with their families, voluntarily or under pressure of economic necessity, leave the city for the country, and other hundreds of thousands of farm boys and adult farmers with their families leave the farm for the city. This interchange of population between city and country is always running in large volume. The urban worker moving out into the country must learn to five there by farming or possibly by some other trade — probably not his old one. He and his family must learn to five in the country, where all the conditions of earning a living and of living in the home are different from those to which they have been accustomed. It is, of course, not the net population drift either into or out of the city that measures the dimensions of the adjustment problem set up 16585—33 - 1 284 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 for vocational education, but is rather the mass population change both ways. In the present situation of widespread unemployment in industrial centers, however, and for several years back it happens that the net drift has been away from the city — a net back-to-the-farm movement. Moreover, in this emergency the National Government has set aside a large sum of Federal money for the express purpose of moving families out of certain industrial and mining centers where they could not be self-sustaining, and establishing them in homesteads organized in small rural communities where they can become self-sustaining. As an initial move under this national program a small group of West Virginia coal miners, proved by adequate tests to be “potential farmers”, have been selected with their families “as the pioneers on the first Federal farm-factory project.” The homes of these selected miners were visited and the homemaker interviewed, since it was realized that it was essential that she, as well as the miner himself, should be fit for the undertaking. Society has definitely assumed responsibility for enabling these miners to become self-supporting in a rural community to be organized by them under Government supervision and with the aid of Federal funds. They are “potential ” farmers, and are to become real farmers. This means that they must be taught how to farm for home consump¬ tion. But more than this, since it is a “farm-factory” rather than simply a farm project they must be taught also to engage in some subsidiary craft or trade, suitable for the rural community or the home by which they can supplement the family income. This national enterprise may present to vocational teachers an opportunity for cooperative service of far-reaching social value. The conditions with which the present emergency program proposes to deal are not essentially emergency conditions. They obtain more or less generally in all periods in some localities, and the problems pre¬ sented to vocational education are essentially permanent rather than emergency problems. PART-TIME FARMERS AND GARDENERS The drift of population away from urban centers during the past few years has not been altogether — although it has been in some large measure — a going-back-home or a back-to-the-farm movement of un¬ employed workers with their families. It has embraced also in increasing volume a drift out of congested urban areas into nearby suburban districts, where the worker could secure a piece of ground for farming on a small scale or for a home garden. Even the worker who has held his job in the city continuously has in many thousands of instances moved his family out into the country. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 285 He may have continued to be an urbanite, working at bis regular job full time or part time, or employed casually at odd jobs, but be has planted “one foot in the country”, and has in many instances become a part-time farmer or gardener. In a majority of these cases be has probably brought with him bttle if anything in the way of capital resources, or knowledge either of farming or gardening. He has planned to cultivate bis small plot of land mainly for home consump¬ tion, and has in many instances received the cooperative assistance of social agencies in planning to do this. The problem presented to local programs of vocational agriculture by such part-time workers in agriculture, whose number has been rapidly increasing in recent years, is obviously different from that presented by the adult farmer or the farm boy engaged in or preparing to engage in some type of farming as a full-time business. The need of the suburbanite taking on gardening or small farming as a side line is for the development of a live-at-home program, rather than of a technical farming or farm-marketing program. This dispersion of urban populations, and development of part- time gardening or farming in suburban areas as a means of eking out family incomes, may be expected to continue in increased volume in the future. Improved facilities for transportation may be indi¬ cated as one condition justifying this expectation. The automobile and other means of transportation are bringing a wider range of suburban areas within the residential district of urban centers, and making it possible for the urban worker to live in the open country where the conditions of bving for his family are more favorable than those of the city. COOPERATIVE EFFORT UNDER LIVE-AT-HOME PROGRAMS For these urban families bving in the country the problem of developing live-at-home programs breaks over into the field of home economics, since in any rational procedure the first step in farming for the family, even on a part-time basis, must be to formulate a budget of family needs in terms of foods that can be economically produced at home. Defining these family needs is a problem in home economics, while supplying them from the home farm or garden is an enterprise in the field of vocational agriculture. In this situation a chabenging opportunity is presented to voca¬ tional teachers of home economics and of agriculture for cooperative effort in helping these hundreds of thousands of urban famihes with “one foot in the country” to plan out and successfuby carry out feasible live-at-home programs. The farm-factory projects, being undertaken by the National Government, are even more broadly cooperative projects in voca¬ tional education under public supervision and with Federal aid. 286 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Each such undertaking is a joint project in vocational agriculture, vocational trade or industry, and vocational homemaking. In the case of each family the industrial worker must be taught to farm for home consumption, and to work in off seasons at some new trade, while the homemaker must be taught to budget her needs for food and other necessities, and generally to conduct the home under a live-at-home program. THE WAGE-EARNING HOMEMAKER At the census of 1930 over 3,000,000 married women were reported to be gainfully employed. This total does not include all married women who were contributing to the family income, but only those reporting some gainful employment as a principal source of income. On comparison with earlier years the census found that the propor¬ tion gainfully occupied among married women had been increasing markedly over a considerable period in all sections of the country. It ranged in 1930 from 5.9 percent in North Dakota to 24 percent in South Carolina, and in cities of 100,000 or more population, from 4.6 to 33.4 percent. Separate returns were made at the census of 1930 for “home¬ makers”, including in this class the woman member of each family, exclusive of hired housekeepers, who was responsible for the care of the home. Of these homemakers nearly 4,000,000 or 13.8 percent were reported to be gainfully occupied (3,923,516 in a total of 28,405,294). Four out of five of the wage-earning homemakers were employed away from home as professional workers (388,000); office workers (501,000); industrial workers (737,000); servants, waitresses, etc. (958,000); saleswomen (272,000); or workers in other occupations (298,000). Surveys in different localities of families with earning wives or mothers have found that in many instances young children must be left to their own devices, while the homemaker under the pressure of economic necessity is working away from home. Mothers of very young children may attempt to solve the problem of combining home¬ making with wage earning by securing wage-earning employment at home, but such employment is not available in all cases. The homemaker who must combine wage earning employment at the home presents a difficult problem to homemaking programs. In the local situation the problem may be of large or small dimensions according to the economic status of the homes in the given community, but the needs of the wage-earning homemaker for expert assistance in safeguarding the welfare of the family may be very different from those of other homemakers, and may be at the same time extremely urgent. The increasing tendency of homemakers to add wage earn¬ ing to their homemaking responsibilities is one to which those respon¬ sible for developing local programs must give serious consideration. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 287 VOCATIONAL TRAINING AS A MEANS OF INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY During the past year emergency vocational programs have been organized to meet the needs of unemployed workers, and during the last months of the year plans were formulated for extending these programs on a nation-wide basis, under arrangements for cooperation of established national, State, and local agencies of vocational edu¬ cation with the newly organized National and State emergency relief administrations . A fact of large significance for industrial recovery programs in the present situation is that even trained workers, who have been dis¬ placed or let out in the period of recession, can in a large proportion of instances never be taken back on the pay rolls of industry at their old jobs, either during or following the period of resumption. For industrial recovery their training and experience will have become misfit training and experience as a result of technological advance in all industries. Following any period of depression industrial recovery is always on a new basis. Old processes and equipment have been permanently discarded, and more economical processes calling for new trade skills are being introduced. Vocational training for these new technics is as important an item in the program of industrial recovery as it is in the program of emergency unemployment relief, since industry cannot possibly resume activities on the new basis with a labor force untrained in these technics. It follows that as business resumes in the immediate future, the problem of recovery both for industries and for workers will be not a problem of getting the millions of unemployed workers back on their old jobs, or on any other jobs for which their acquired training and experience has fitted them. For millions of those now unemployed traditional trade skill and occupational experience, acquired in the predepression period, will very generally have gone into the discard as part of the price society must pay for resumption of activities at all under the intensified competitive pressure for economy which always characterizes a period of recovery. Industrial recovery and elimination of unemployment will accordingly be not simply a place¬ ment procedure of returning labor to jobs for which they are fitted, but rather a training procedure- of preparing labor for the new jobs that have become available. It is highly essential that State and local administrators of voca¬ tional programs and vocational teachers throughout the country shall realize that this retraining of workers of all ages in new technics is bound to become in the near future — is in fact already becoming as unemployed workers are being put back on the pay rolls of indus¬ try — a prime responsibility of these programs; and that vocational education must, if it is to justify itself to the community which has provided financial support out of public funds for such education, function effectively as one social agency oj industrial recovery . 288 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 MAINTENANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL ADJUSTMENT It has been noted that science and technology “have helped form a society in which chronic insecurity is such a factor in the lives of the majority of men and women that insecurity and the fear it en¬ genders have come to be counted as the chief motives which drive men to work, achievement, and thrift.” Many factors undoubtedly enter into this situation. The problem is not a simple one, but the evidence is conclusive that insecurity for the worker has developed more or less in proportion, as under rapidly changing conditions, his past training for and experience in his occupation has become in¬ adequate or misfit training and experience, and has tended to get out of line with the new requirements being imposed upon him by scien¬ tific and technological advance. To this extent the indicated remedy must be found in more adequate and practical vocational training based upon these new requirements. Maintenance of occupational adjustment — which means avoidance, so far as possible, of the displacement and unemployment of labor commonly consequent upon scientific and technological advance and upon other social and economic changes in the conditions of employ¬ ment — is in its technical aspects one large responsibility of vocational education. In its broader aspects the problem of maintaining occu¬ pational adjustment throughout our working population is, of course, a problem to the solution of which many other agencies, public and private, as well as vocational education must contribute. But what¬ ever the contribution of other social agencies may be, it will always be true that keeping labor Jit for useful employment under constantly changing conditions and requirements being imposed upon the worker will be the special job of vocational education. THE NEW DEAL IN SECONDARY EDUCATION The increasing economic insecurity of the adult worker in practi¬ cally all fields of employment, and the careless abandonment of the youth of the country, at least in some communities, to idleness and aimless drifting or at best to misfit educational discipline during the years when they particularly need aid, guidance, and a discipline that will have a life-long practical as well as cultural value for them, un¬ doubtedly present the more serious problems emerging in our present economic order. With these problems vocational education has been continuously dealing since 1917, the year in which Congress enacted and President Wilson approved the vocational education act providing for national cooperation with the States in the promotion of vocational education under public supervision and adapted to the needs of the wage earner, the farmer, and the homemaker. As a general proposition there can be no economy or assurance of welfare for the worker in any policy of leaving the worker untrained SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 289 for his job, or in taking chances that he may drift into some job fo-i which he is or can eventually become fitted. Inefficiency is a waste of potential capacities of the worker, and the cost of this waste by and large undoubtedly exceeds the cost of rendering labor efficient. The aimless drifting of workers into certain fields of employment, whether or not there is a demand for their services in these fields, results in overcrowding of certain occupations and deficiency of workers in other occupations. The untrained worker is in the most overcrowded group of all — the group of unemployables. Vocational guidance and training is the rational social method of stopping this aimless drifting into overcrowded occupations, of drawing off surplus labor from these occupations into new and expanding fields of em¬ ployment, and of eliminating the unemployable worker by fitting him or some useful employment. INCREASING NEED FOR FEDERAL AID Reports received from the 48 States indicate that the need for Federal aid to vocational education in practically every State is greater today than in any earlier period. In part this need reflects today emergency conditions under which local and State funds available for public education have been very materially reduced, and vocational along with other educational programs correspondingly curtailed. Under these conditions the States and local communities have been forced to appeal to the National Government for increased cooperative assistance in pre¬ serving our public school system throughout the country. Not to respond to this appeal would be a national calamity. In the field of vocational education the increasing urgency of the need for Federal aid reflects the rapidly changing social and economic situation, which during the past few years has been imposing upon local communities heavier burdens for occupational adjustment of workers being displaced by technological and other changes. All problems of administration and supervision of vocational schools, as well as of organizing instruction in them to enable them to function effectively in training our wage workers, farmers, and homemakers under rapidly changing conditions have become increasingly difficult. Much has been achieved under cooperative national, State, and local leadership during the past decade and a half. Much more remains to be achieved. It is highly essential that our cooperative vocational program shall continue unimpaired, and that to assure continuous achievement in the future the appropriations provided in the Federal acts be continued in full amount. It is of vital importance that the period of the George-Reed Act, providing funds for agricul¬ tural and home economics education, be extended in accordance with the original intention of Congress. ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL (Dr. William A. White, Superintendent) On June 30, 1933, 4,981 patients remained in St. Elizabeths- Hospital as compared with 4,930 on June 30, 1932, an increase of 51. This low increase is due mainly to the transferring of 115 Veterans' Administration patients to Veterans’ Administration facilities during the month of June 1933. The total number of patients under treatment during the year was 5,841, as compared with 5,579 for the preceding year, an increase of 262. The total number of admissions during the year was 911, the greatest number since 1923, as compared with 858 for the preceding year, an increase of 53, or about 6 percent. The total number of discharges for the year was 582, as compared with 401 for the preced¬ ing year, an increase of 181, or 31 percent. The total number of deaths for the year was 278, as compared with 248 for the previous year, an increase of 30, or about 12 percent. The total number of discharges and deaths, combined, was 860, compared with 649 for the preceding year, an increase of 211, or 32.36 percent. There were 61 burials in the hospital cemetery, as compared with 43 the preceding year. With the cooperation of the War Department the bodies of 7 honorably discharged (indigent) service men were buried in the Arlington National Cemetery without direct money outlay; and 42 bodies were buried in Arlington Cemetery either at Federal or private expense, by outside untertakers. The remaining 168 bodies were removed by outside undertakers for private burial. The daily average population was 5,036, an increase of 238 over the 4,798 for the preceding year, there having been an average increase of 196 for 1932, 212 for 1931, and 188 for each of the fiscal years 1930 and 1929, or a total of 1,022 patients since July 1, 1929. Movement of patient population, fiscal year 1988 Male Female Total White Colored Total White Colored Total Remaining on rolls June 30, 1932 _ 2, 651 760 3, 411 901 618 1, 519 4,930‘ Admitted during year ended June 30, 1932... 443 179 622 177 112 289 911 Total number under care and treat¬ ment during year ended June 30, 1932. 3,094 939 4,033 1,078 730 1,808 5, 841 Discharged as— Not insane _ 11 10 21 2 1 3 24 Recovered . . . 76 18 94 17 23 40 134 Improved . . 126 28 154 22 9 31 185 Unimproved . 165 47 212 25 2 27 239 Total discharged... . . 378 103 481 66 35 101 582 Died . . . . 91 83 174 58 46 104 278 Total of patients discharged and died.. 469 186 655 124 81 205 860‘ Number of patients remaining on rolls June 30, 1933 . . . . . . 2,625 753 3, 378 954 649 1,603 4, 98L 290 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 291 ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT Supplies. — The supplies produced on the hospital reservation, including farm and garden products, shoes, brooms, articles made in the sewing and mending rooms, output of the bakery, laundry, power, heat, and lighting plant, mattress shop, etc., were valued at about $775,000 during the year 1933, slightly less than during the previous year, due to the reduced prices both commercially and on account of reduction in salaries entering into the manufactured articles. In¬ cluded in this amount were 290,000 gallons of milk, 23,000 gallons of ice cream, 14,500 dozen eggs, 4,550 pounds of chicken, 150,500 pounds of fresh pork, 939 bushels of tomatoes, 921,000 loaves of bread, 3,297,000 rolls, 48,000 pounds of pastry, 9,900,000 pieces of laundry, 5,900 brooms, 3,500 brushes, 2,387 mattresses, 2,153 pillows, 14,500 pairs of shoes and slippers; in addition, large quantities of farm and garden supplies, items of clothing, silage, steam, electricity, water, ice, and refrigeration, and many smaller items. Diet. — The hospital continues the study of the diet. Not only is a greater variety of food being served to the patients and a larger variety of greens continued throughout the year but, also, efforts have been made to see that the food is served in a more appetizing manner. The general kitchen has been equipped with 10 sections of gas ranges and 2 gas baking ovens. These replace the old worn-out coal-heated ranges and ovens. A cafeteria has been equipped adjacent to the general kitchen and is used for the patients from several of the wards of the center building. Classes in dietetics for the student nurses were taught by two of the dietitians. These classes consisted of 22 hours of lecture work and 22 hours of laboratory work. Fifteen hours of lectures for the student nurses, on diet and disease, were given by one of the dietitians. The dietitians visit the dining rooms in each service at meal times ; at this time complaints made by patients are immediately given attention. Laundry. — The work of the laundry continues to increase. The number of pieces laundered during the past year was 9,900,000, about 1,500,000 increase over the previous year. Notwithstanding this increase, during the year there has not been an increase among the paid employees, there being two vacancies that have not been filled. Two presses and six double-sleeve ironers have been added to the equipment in order to meet the increased production. At the end of the year the work of the linen-exchange room was combined with the laundry, the forewoman in charge of the exchange room having retired. Shoe shop. — Work in the shoe shop furnished employment to about 35 patients for about 5K hours each day, except Saturdays and recre¬ ation days. During the past year there were manufactured in this 292 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 shop 6,624 pairs of house slippers; 3,189 pairs of men’s oxfords, and 2,851 pairs of men’s other shoes; 794 pairs of women’s oxfords, and 1,012 pairs of women’s strap slippers. There were 2,717 pairs of shoes repaired. In addition to that, in the same shop, there made 3,500 brushes of all classes. Lawns and grounds. — The construction of new buildings, rearrang¬ ing of roads, changing of elevations, and building of tunnels will result in completely changing the lawns and grounds and the general landscaping of the institution. Where there was formerly level ground there are now terraces; on what was formerly farm land, buildings have been erected. This will result in new lawns around these buildings and new walks and roads approaching same. It is necessary to sod and plant the lawns, lay out flower plots, plants, foliage and trees, and hedges, where feasible. Some small trees are in the nursery, and it is hoped to set out over 200 trees during the winter of 1933-34. Approximately 750 feet of new fencing was put up on the south boundary of the cemetery. New ground has been laid out to take care of the increased number of patients who are buried at the hospital. Fires. — There were 11 small fires during the past year with approxi¬ mate damage of $805. From July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1933, the total loss from fire at the hospital was approximately $4,042, an average of about $250 a year. Fire extinguishers have been installed in the new continuous treatment buildings and tuberculosis building, and 15 replaced throughout the center building basement. During the year regular inspections have been made of fire hydrants, stairways, fire escapes, basements, hose closets, and attics, and where repairs were needed they were made. Six hundred and twenty-five soda fire extinguishers are regularly inspected and repaired, and once a year all extinguishers are refilled. The 155 Pyrene-type extinguishers are inspected, repaired, and refilled if needed. The fire siren is tested monthly, also the fire-alarm system. The fire pumps at the power house are tested weekly. The triple combination pumper is tested daily and put in service once a week. Tests are made of all fire hose once a year. Fire drills are held monthly, and weekly inspections are made with officers and privates of the District of Columbia Fire Department present. Disbursements. — The total amount of money disbursed by the hospital from various appropriations and trust funds during the year was $3,827,000. The total collections, including reimbursements to the regular appropriations, personal funds of patients, and pension trust funds, were $2,551,000. Supplies. — Orders were placed for supplies during the year amount¬ ing to $1,441,000. Of this amount, $830,000 was covered by formal contracts entered into by the hospital directly with the contracting SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 293 parties. These formal contracts entered into by the hospital included the male receiving building and furnishings for the continuous treatment buildings. There were 256 open-market contracts entered into by the hospital. Personnel. — The total number of employees on the hospital rolls June 30, 1933, was 1,507, of which 1,414 were permanent employees and 93 temporary employees, there being a decrease in the permanent force of 52 and a decrease in the temporary force of 10, or a total of 62. During the year legislation was enacted putting into effect what was known as the “legislative furlough”, in accordance with which each employee had 2 % days’ pay deducted each month and was per¬ mitted to take 2 days’ vacation for the same period. Additional legislation was enacted terminating the legislative furlough at the end of March 1933 and in lieu thereof directing that 15 percent should be deducted from each employee’s salary and the employee should be permitted to have not exceeding 15 days’ vacation each year, said vacation being cumulative, such part as is not taken during one year to be placed to the credit of the employee, who could have the additional time off the following year or years. The limitation on the filling of vacancies was continued and legis¬ lation was enacted directing that in reducing personnel such employees who had served the Government for a period of 30 years would be permitted to retire under the retirement act, if their services were no longer required. The legislative bill of 1933 pertaining to married employees was continued in force. New construction. — The new tuberculosis building for 80 patients, completed at the close of the fiscal year 1932, was completely equipped and occupied. The two continuous treatment buildings nos. 1 and 2, dining hall and kitchen building, were completed, equipped, and occupied during the early months of the year. These buildings are provided with many improvements over former buildings. They are 2-story buildings containing about 160 beds each, with large day-rooms and porches. In continuous treatment building no. 1, temporarily occupied as a male-receiving building, the basement contains a hydrotherapy department, occupational therapy outfit, and barber shop. The kitchen in the continuous treatment buildings was built large enough to cook for about 1,600 patients. Only half of the equipment is installed at the present time. This kitchen contains the most modern up-to-date equipment of the various classes — gas ranges, electric ovens, and other equipment — has refrigerating rooms on the main floor as well as in the basement, adequate storing space, and the necessary utilities. 294 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Plans and specifications for the male-receiving building were com¬ pleted, advertisements placed, and an award made for the construc¬ tion of this building. Its construction is now under way, and it is approximately 50 percent completed as of June 30, 1933. This building will have facilities for 400 patients and the necessary equip¬ ment for a male-receiving building. RECREATIONAL, VOCATIONAL, AND OCCUPATIONAL WORK Occupational therapy. — During the year this department furnished occupation for 964 patients, slightly less than during the previous year. This work included weaving, sewing, toy-making, woodwork, basketry, etc. In the industrial department there were made 27,772 sheets, 9,430 pillow cases, 14,277 towels, 2,626 dresses. The woven articles consisted of 6,868 bath towels, 227 dresser scarfs, 1,200 rugs, and numerous other items, totaling 68,789, with an approximate value of $25,156. Many of the articles made by these patients are for general use in the hospital, such as bed linens, dresses, etc. Red Cross. — The Red Cross continued to maintain a hospital unit during the past fiscal year, consisting of 3 psychiatric social workers, one of whom is the field director, 3 recreation workers, and 3 secretaries The psychiatric social workers are primarily concerned in case corres¬ pondence, and contact work. During the past year that office sent out 2,676 and received 3,667 letters concerning patients and their affairs. The letters and reports primarily were to secure psychiatric histories and to verify facts furnished by patients and relatives; to make previsit or predischarge investigations; to secure reports of the adjustment of patients on visit outside the District of Columbia; to secure information about and to effect the adjustment of financial problems in the patients’ homes which might have been connected with or incidental to the patients’ mental breakdown; to contact the local Red Cross chapters in the towns in which the patients’ families live, so that they can take care of any social problems which may exist in the patients’ homes; to locate missing relatives of patients; to establish patients’ legal residences; to see that the children and wives, resident outside the District of Columbia, may have blood tests when advisable; to have patients’ families visited by a social worker with a view to explaining the advantages of having unrecov¬ ered patients remain in the hospital when they are requesting dis¬ charge. Assistance is given to patients when it is for their benefit and they are visited in the wards and efforts made to see that they are furnished with magazines, books, tobacco, etc. It seems that during the past year there were an unusual number of cases where emotionally upset patients had received distressing letters from people at home. Efforts in every case were made to contact SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 295 some local representative of tlie Red Cross, or others, to visit these homes in an attempt to relieve the condition at home, and in this manner relieve the unpleasant contact with patients. The psychi¬ atric case work staff has continued filing pensions and the referring of other types of claims to the proper authorities for action. During the past year Red Cross representatives participated in the handling of 332 Government claims. Tickets of all classes amounting to 3,428 were donated for the use of patients, 100 more than during the previous year. These tickets covered the Coast Guard and Marine football games, the American League baseball games, and the weekly shows at the Earle Theater. During the year there were 90 moving-picture shows in Hitchcock Hall on the hospital reservation. The Red Cross has supervised and arranged 171 general parties and entertainments, exclusive of dances and band concerts on the lawn. They have supervised and arranged 198 ward events, including occasional moving picture shows in Howard Hall and retreat wards. The athletic director has organized, super¬ vised, and participated in 76 athletic events. The Red Cross House is kept open every day in the year. On Sundays and holidays it is open from 10 o’clock in the morning until 8 o’clock in the evening. The daily population visiting this house ranges from 750 to 800 patients. Patients’ library. — The total number of volumes in the patients’ library is now 15,800. Seven hundred and fifty books were bound and repaired. Six newspapers (daily and Sunday) are subscribed for, as well as 19 popular magazines. Five thousand five hundred magazines, mostly surplus received from the Library of Congress, were distributed to the wards. Approximately 150 books were issued daily, and the number in constant circulation was about 3,500. The number of patients interested in the library work varied from time to time, the maximum number being about 25 patients employed in various capacities in the library and in the bindery. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT Social-service department. — The work of this department during the past year included training of students from the hospital training school and from the social-service school. The social-service report from July 1, 1932, to June 30, 1933, showed the following: Number of out-patients on rolls July 1, 1932 - 167 Number of out-patients on rolls June 30, 1933 - - - 149 Average number on rolls per month _ 160 Number of patients discharged from the hospital - 80 Number of out-patients under care during the year - 238 Interviews at the hospital pertaining to this work - 647 Number of visits made in regard to this work - 2, 789 296 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Training school. — Forty-two students graduated in the nurse and psychiatric-aide class during the year — 20 graduates from the nurse class and 22 from the psychiatric-aide class. This was the largest graduating class in the history of the hospital’s training school. The total number of students on the rolls July 1, 1932, in the senior class was 32, 3 of whom separated from the service, leaving a senior class of 29 who graduated. The junior class consisted of 32, of whom 10 were separated due to various causes, leaving 22 enrolled at the end of the year. On September 1, 1932, 39 students were admitted to the freshman class, of whom 18 were separated from the hospital, leaving 21 in this class. On July 1, 1932, there were 17 affiliate students and 8 postgraduates enrolled in the hospital. There have been 71 post¬ graduates enrolled since that period. Fifty-seven separated or com¬ pleted their enrollment, leaving 38 on the rolls. Since July 1, 1932, 103 affiliates have been enrolled, 80 of whom completed the course, 2 were transferred back to their home schools, and 21 remained on the rolls. Thirty attendants began class work October 1, completing the course March 31. Twenty-three employees enrolled for the course given psychiatric aides and 22 are still enrolled. It has been decided not to admit a class in the fall of 1933. Medical and surgical wards. — During the past year there have been admitted to the service 1,881 cases. Of these 1,611 were admitted to the medical and surgical wards, 252 to R Building, and 18 to Isolation Building. There were admitted to the various dispensary activities of the service 16,450 patients, who received 35,215 treatments. During the year the use of quartan malaria was added to that of benign tertian malaria in the treatment of paresis. The quartan malaria seems to possess the advantage of a greater percentage of takes, a more persistent continuation of the paroxysms, and more consistently high temperatures and is more successful with the colored patients who are so frequently immune to inoculation with the colored strain. Furthermore, it has been easier to carry the strain along. The strain was obtained early in the fall and is still available. The attacks of malaria produced by the quartan parasite are just as easily controlled as those produced by the tertian type. During the year the medical and surgical service received an inspection by the director of the hospital section of the American College of Surgeons and his assistant. As a result of this inspection the medical and surgical service was awarded the approval of the College of Surgeons and a certificate of that approval now hangs in the lobby of the medical and surgical building. One of the features instituted in the service in connection with the American College of Surgeons, requirements is a weekly clinical meeting of the staff at which cases are presented by the internes. This meeting occurs every Saturday morning. Generally two cases are presented. They are SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 297 thoroughly worked up beforehand and presented concisely and briefly in all their aspects. Following this presentation the cases are discussed by various members of the staff, criticisms being made and constructive suggestions offered. These meetings have proved to be very desirable stimulants to the internes’ initiative and activity. These meetings are attended by the entire medical and dental per¬ sonnel of the service and visits have been made by other members of the staff and by some outside practicing physicians. Basal metabolism tests have been added to the routine admission procedures in cases of functional psychoses, and use of the sedimenta¬ tion test has been discontinued. The Oaks hydrotherapy department gave 35,099 treatments during the year. In the C hydrotherapy room there were 34,218 treatments for the year, a total treatment average of 69,317 in the women’s department. Occupational therapy classes are held in Toner and L Buildings all day, and in K and J Buildings half days. Classes are held in C and Q Buildings all day, and half days in M and N Buildings. Psychotherapy. — A monthly average of 17 selected patients were afforded psychotherapy. With a few exceptions all admission con¬ ferences on the male services have been conducted by the clinical psychiatrist, who has tried, in addition, as far as possible to utilize the material for the instruction of attending internes. The admission conferences on the female services have been attended regularly and have been occasionally conducted by the clinical psychiatrist. Psycho¬ metric tests and personality studies have been made, numbering 146. Special mental examinations for psychiatric opinions have numbered 312. Hours of consultation on cases from other Government depart¬ ments referred to the clinical psychiatrist numbered 56. Laboratory. — The work of the laboratory has increased in nearly all respects, chiefly through greater diversification. This is par¬ ticularly notable in the department of chemistry, including electro¬ cardiography. The feature of training the internes in laboratory work has increased their efficiency in intelligently requesting ex¬ aminations. Major changes in the set-up of the laboratory consist in enlargement of the chemistry department and the transforma¬ tion of the old X-ray department into an excellent serologic labora¬ tory. The doctor in charge of the chemistry department resigned in order to take a place in the Department of Biochemistry at Duke University. The work of the individual departments is summarized as follows: Pathology. — Each Tuesday clinicopathologic conferences are held upon the cases coming to necropsy during the preceding week. At this time the diseased organs are demonstrated, and microscopic sections are presented by means of a projector. This conference is attended by the medical and surgical staffs, and is considered of 298 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 much value. The autopsy percentage has been maintained at a high level by the efficiency and interest of the medical staff. One hundred and ninety-two autopsies have been performed, the largest number since 1925. A eurology. — Neurologic examinations are now established as part of the laboratory procedure, all new admissions with positive serology, all over 60 years of age, and all with suspected organic disease of the brain being submitted. The internes have worked diligently and effectively at this phase of the service. Serology. — The study of colloidal gold promises to be an outstand¬ ing contribution from this laboratory. The progressive improve¬ ment of the gold reaction in treated paretics has been studiously observed over the past several years, and its prognostic value is considered notable. Research. — Continuation of the work on catatonic patients is reported. Some very striking phenomena have been observed and occasional improvements are lasting. During the past year a grant from the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation to the Department of Neu¬ rology, George Washington University, has made possible a statistical study of the biometrical material that has been collected during the past 9 years at St. Elizabeths Hospital. This work has been done in conjunction with the department of biology, Johns Hopkins University. Owing to financial stringency the continuation of this work has been interrupted, but significant data upon the endocrine glands in relation to the psychoses are expected to be forthcoming. NEEDS OF THE HOSPITAL An estimate of $1,182,600 for the support, clothing, and treat¬ ment of the patients in St. Elizabeths Hospital for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1935, was recommended. This amount was based on 1,800 patients. The hospital at the present time has 4,981 patients. The average for the fiscal year 1933 was 5,036, as com¬ pared with 4,798 the previous year, an increase of 238. The average for the fiscal year 1935, it is estimated, will be 5,418, which will be 437 more than the present number. The 5,418 are divided as fol¬ lows: 1,800 Federal patients, appropriated under the title of St. Elizabeths Hospital in the Interior appropriation act; 3,200 benefici¬ aries of the District of Columbia, and appropriated for in the District of Columbia appropriation act; 160 beneficiaries of the United States Veterans’ Administration, and carried in its appropriation; 122 bene¬ ficiaries of the United States Public Health Service, and provided for in the appropriation for Treasury Department, under Public Health Service; 36 beneficiaries of United States Soldiers’ Home, and pay¬ ment for these to be received from that service. There is a new item of 100 estimated to be received from the Indian hospital and from SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 299 Indian reservations, and which will be chargeable to Bureau of Indian Affairs (conservation of health among Indians). Legislation has so changed the conditions under which patients are committed to St. Elizabeths Hospital and the manner in which some of its funds are received that it is difficult to use precedents as a basis of the future needs. The act of March 20, 1933, practi¬ cally repealed all laws governing the admission of service patients to St. Elizabeths Hospital, and the payments of funds due in the way of compensation, pension, etc., to the inmates of the hospital. This not only may affect the number of admissions, but it resulted in the transfer of a number of the beneficiaries of the United States Veterans’ Administration from St. Elizabeths Hospital to hospitals and institutions of the Veterans’ Administration. Similar action has been taken in reference to hospitals of the Army and Navy, and by transferring patients from those hospitals to Veterans’ Administration hospitals left vacant beds in such hospitals, some of which may be filled by retaining mental cases which otherwise would be sent to St. Elizabeths Hospital. The changing of the method of sending funds to the hospital affects, particularly, such funds commonly known as “pension moneys” received by the Superintendent under the acts of February 20, 1905, and February 2, 1909. Under the said acts all pensions of inmates of St. Elizabeths Hospital were sent to the hospital in the name of the Superintendent, who deposited the same directly, or through the disbursing officer of the hospital, in the Treasury of the United States under the account of Pension Money, Trust Funds. Accounts were opened with each patient, one sixth of all money being placed to his benefit on the books for his sole use. Of the balance a certain part would go to any dependent relatives, and if after paying their share any further balance remained would be used for reimbursing the hospital for any expenditure for the care and maintenance of the patient. In case of no dependent relative, the balance, after deducting one sixth, would be used to reimburse the hospital for the payment of care and maintenance. Should any moneys received for such pensioners be from the class that could be considered beneficiaries of the United States Soldiers’ Home or indigents of the District of Columbia, those sources would receive credit for the accounts received from the individuals from their pensions when rendering monthly board bills. Thus this change in law will affect to some extent the amount to be paid to the hospital by the District of Columbia and the United States Soldiers’ Home. The hospital authorized for the Prison Bureau of the Department of Justice, at Springfield, Mo., has just been completed, and St. Elizabeths Hospital has been notified that the Department of Justice would remove about 31 patients and transfer them to its hospital at 16585—33 - 20 300 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Springfield. This will result in some reduction in the number of patients in the hospital. On the other hand, the hospital has been advised by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that the Secretary of the Interior has ordered the transfer of approximately 100 Indians from the Canton Asylum for Indians at Canton, S.Dak., to St. Eliza¬ beths Hospital. The hospital at Canton, S.Dak., will be closed and the Indians — who are wards of the United States Government — who hereafter will require mental treatment will be sent to St. Eliza¬ beths Hospital for such treatment. If the Commissioner should complete this transfer, arrangements would have to be made for taking care of 100 additional patients, probably to be chargeable to the appropriation of the Indian Bureau. The rate estimated for the care of patients during 1935 is $1.80 per capita per day. This includes the basic salary without the 15 percent deduction at present in effect, and a slight increase on account of higher prices. At the present time the rates of food supplies, forage, textiles, etc., seem to be on the up grade. The effect of the N.R.A. action in providing codes for all industries seems to have a tendency to increase the cost of various items, and part of the esti¬ mated increase will be required for this purpose. Included in the estimate is $200,000 that is essential to keep up the repairs and necessary improvements to buildings and grounds. This is the same amount as authorized for 1933 and 1934. Out of these repairs will come the funds for keeping approximately 100 buildings in repair, repairing and widening some of the roads, the maintenance of the railroad track, various outbuildings, etc. REVISION OF LAWS FOR ADMISSION OF PATIENTS TO ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL A bill was introduced in the House of Representatives and in the Senate of the United States to change the method of admissions to St. Elizabeths Hospital. The main changes from the existing legisla¬ tion were: Provision for voluntary commitment for treatment, on request of patients, with provision for discharge on 3 days’ notice. Provision that insane persons taken into custody by the police or other officials shall not be subjected to trials as are criminals, but may be held in the hospital and treated, and not tried except upon their requests or requests of their relatives, guardians, or friends. If a trial is de¬ manded by an insane person, his guardian, or friends, or by court, upon petition, the insane person shall be heard by the court, and not subjected to trial by jury unless the insane person, his relatives, guardian, or friends demand it. Temporary commitment or detention is provided for, with pro¬ vision that during such temporary commitment, and prior to formal commitment, the person may be released upon certificate to the SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 301 District of Columbia by the superintendent of the hospital or by two physicians in regular attendance at any other hospital where the patient may be detained, that the person is not insane or has recovered his or her reason. Provision for the automatic restoration of the civil rights of patients discharged from the hospital on certificate of the superintendent that they are cured or that further treatment is unnecessary or undesirable. The proposed legislation recommended, it is believed, would for the most part make unnecessary writs of habeas corpus and would make the release of patients to those competent to care for them simpler, and it would be in keeping with previous attempts to secure legislation amendatory of those portions of the District Code which deal with the admission, detention, and release of patients in the Government Hospital for the Insane (St. Elizabeths Hospital). In the report of the Comptroller General of the United States (H.Doc. 605, 69th Cong., 2d sess.), suggestion is made that additional legislation on this subject is desirable. A committee of medical advisers which made a survey of the hospital under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior made a number of recommendations for remedial legislation, but did not undertake to draft a measure for this purpose. The design of the bill suggested was to provide a method more in keeping with the modern humani¬ tarian and medical attitude toward this class of patients, and along lines which have proved effective in several of the States and in other countries. Provision for emergency commitment is included. Authority is given the superintendent to consider paroling of patients as a therapeutic measure, and to permit the return of patients to their homes under the supervision of the hospital. There was a hearing before a subcommittee of the District of Columbia Committee of the House of Representatives during a previous year. There were present at this hearing representatives of the hospital and a representative of the corporation counsel of the District of Columbia in favor of the bill, and two parties, a man and a woman, opposed to it. As a result of this hearing we are more than ever of the opinion that the laws pertaining to the admission and treatment of the pa¬ tients at St. Elizabeths Hospital should be revised, but we believe that the initiative should be taken by representatives of the District Government; and the Interior Department, through representatives of the hospital, should cooperate with the District authorities in securing the enactment of the proposed bill into a law. The District is primarily interested in such legislation, as it affects the welfare of its residents, and we believe if the initiative is taken by them heartier cooperation would result and the bill perhaps would receive better consideration. HOWARD UNIVERSITY (Mordecai W. Johnson, S.T.M., D.D., President) The year 1932-33 was the second of the 10 years involved in the program of development approved by the Government. During this year the university suffered heavily from the depression. Enroll¬ ment fell 571 below 1931-32. The university also suffered loss in income from the Government and from private sources. Heavy cur¬ tailments of planned expenditures were made in materials and sup¬ plies and in educational and scientific equipment. Teachers’ salaries were reduced. At length, also, reductions in teaching personnel be¬ came imperative. In spite of the difficulties, however, the budget was kept at balance, with a surplus accruing at the end of the year, and the percentage relation between Government and private funds was maintained at the balance provided for in the agreed-upon program of development. The university continued to receive help from the General Educa¬ tion Board and the Julius Rosenwald Fund for the development of the libraries, the further improvement of the teaching staff through fellow¬ ships, for research in zoology, for the extension of university grounds, and for teachers’ salaries, although most of the latter could not be used on account of loss in the supporting structure of current funds. The teaching staff of the university, strengthened by 3 years of far¬ sighted Government help, was numerically adequate for the student body for the first time since the university abolished its secondary division in 1919, although this adequacy was not equally distributed throughout the university and the number of mature teachers in the professorial rank was still less than half the number required for an adequate teaching staff. The teachers continued their eager self- improvement, fully one eighth of the entire full-time number being away on leave for further study during the year. The area of research was expanded, especially in the biological sciences, and scholarly publications continued. The Journal of Negro Education, established 1 year ago, was widely welcomed as an educa¬ tional organ of national significance. Though current funds were reduced, there was substantial improve¬ ment in educational and scientific equipment and in the libraries. Through the use of emergency construction funds, made available by the Government, the entire south end of the main university campus was graded for use as a science quadrangle, terraced, sodded, finished, and otherwise beautified. The heat, light, and power tunnel, pro- 302 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 303 vided by the Government, was also completed. Plans for the chemis¬ try and classroom buildings were finished and substantial progress had been made on the plans for the library and the heat, light, and power plant. Important actions were taken by the board of trustees looking toward the improvement of the university. Trustee bylaws were revised and simplified. Trustee committees were limited in number and their functions redefined. The university financial system was thoroughly surveyed by experts in educational finance. The offices of secretary and treasurer, hitherto united in the office of secretary- treasurer, w~ere separated. Publications, publicity, and promotion were merged with the secretarial duties of the board of trustees and of the university, in one office, while a new treasurer was elected and all financial and business administration was concentrated in his office. The accounting system was reorganized on the basis agreed upon by the American Association of Universities and the American Associa¬ tion of Colleges. The educational organization of the university was thoroughly sur¬ veyed by experts from Columbia University and a consequent simpli¬ fication of organization was voted by the trustees on the basis of this and other studies as follows: All undergraduate studies to be com¬ bined in one undergraduate college of liberal arts, beginning 1933-34; a graduate school to be organized in 1934-35, with a separate dean; engineering branches and architecture to be discontinued at the end of 1933-34 and committees appointed to study the adjustment of other applied-science divisions, education and music, to the undergraduate and graduate units; the position of university architect to be discon¬ tinued at June 30, 1933, and architectural services to be related to future buildings as and when appropriations are made; the semester system to be established throughout the university 1933-34; the sum¬ mer school to be discontinued; the theological college, evening school, and correspondence courses in religion to be discontinued, and the school of religion established on a graduate basis beginning 1933-34. During the year three needs of the university emerged as primary and urgent. First, the need for advancing the maturity of the teaching staff by increasing the number of competent teachers in the professorial rank. Secondly, the need for a library building, with an enlarged staff and a substantial increase in the number of books. Thirdly, the urgent need for large increases in the amount of money available for student scholarships and fellowships. REGISTRATION The following table shows the net total enrollment at Howard University during the school year 1932—33, including summer, au¬ tumn, winter, and spring quarters, and excluding duplicates, as compared with 1931-32. 304 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Summary of students enrolled in Howard University for the years 1932-33 and 1931-32 Net enrollments Divisions of the university 1932-33 1931-32 Total gain Total loss Total Men Women Total Men Women The colleges College of liberal arts _ 540 375 165 678 480 198 138 523 113 410 746 163 583 223 College of applied science _ 77 50 27 68 35 33 9 School of music _ _ _ 41 16 25 61 22 39 20 Graduate division _ __ 170 83 87 194 80 114 24 Total . . __ 1, 351 637 714 1,747 780 967 9 405 Professional schools Theological college _ _ _ 40 32 8 39 33 6 1 Graduate school of theology _ 10 10 5 5 5 Law school—. 44 44 61 61 17 School of medicine: College of medicine _ 206 200 6 221 215 6 15 College of dentistry _ 38 37 1 52 49 3 14 College of pharmacy _ 24 22 2 33 28 5 9 Total in professional schools . 362 345 17 411 391 20 6 55 Total in regular courses _ 1, 713 982 731 2,158 1, 171 987 15 460 Special students in music, religion, law, dentistry _ _ _ _ 96 30 66 24 12 12 72 Correspondence students, religion _ 84 82 2 282 281 1 198 Total special students _ 180 112 68 306 293 13 72 198 Grand total (net) _ 1, 893 1,094 799 2, 464 1,464 1,000 87 i 658 » Net loss 571. This table shows that the total enrollment for 1932-33 was 1,893 students, of whom 1,094 were men and 799 were women, as compared with the total of 2,464 for 1931-32, of whom 1,464 were men and 1,000 were women. A net loss of 571 students, or 23 percent, is indicated. The heaviest losses (372) are indicated in the undergraduate divi¬ sions, where the college of education led with a total loss of 223, or 30 percent. The degree students of applied science, however, proved an exception, showing a gain of 9. The graduate division showed a loss for the first time since its organization, though the total percentage of loss in this division (12 percent) was little more than half the prevailing percentage of loss in the university as a whole. The professional school showed a loss of 49 students, or only 12 percent. In medicine, the losses were slight in number and percentage, while the theological college and the graduate school of religion registered gains of 1 and 5, respectively. When it is considered that Negro students and their parents con¬ stitute the poorest tenth of the American population, being the first to suffer from depression and generally the last to recover, this decline in enrollment at Howard University must be considered remarkably small. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 305 There is ample evidence, however, that many students are remaining in school under the severest strain. The university is making every possible effort to help students by increasing the number of small scholarship grants and work opportunities, awarded on the basis of high scholastic standing accompanied by manifest need. Resources for such relief, however, are painfully limited. There is no possibility of rendering help to more than a small percentage of even the most deserving. Geographical distribution. — Forty States sent 1,590 candidates for degrees to Howard University in 1932-33 as compared with 42 States sending 2,015 candidates for degrees in 1931-32. It -is to be said that 25 States sent 10 or more candidates for degrees to the university during both these years. Seventeen foreign countries sent 123 candidates for degrees to Howard University during the school year 1932-33 as compared with 16 foreign countries with a total of 143 candidates for degrees in 1931-32. GRADUATES in 1932-33, a total of 319 students were graduated, as compared with 361 in 1931-32, a decrease of 42. The divisions of liberal arts, education, law, and medicine shared these losses. Increases in the number of graduates are shown in the college of applied science, the school of music, the graduate division, the theological school, the college of dentistry, and the college of pharmacy. Summary of students graduated by Howard University for the years 19S2-83 and 1981-82 Divisions of the university 1932-33 Grad uates 1931-32 Total gain Total loss Total Men Women Total Men Women The colleges College of liheral arts 64 44 20 96 75 21 31 College of education _ 122 25 97 131 22 109 11 College of applied science 7 3 4 6 5 1 2 School of music ... 4 1 3 3 0 3 1 Graduate division .. 34 17 17 18 11 7 16 Total. . . . . 231 90 141 254 113 141 19 42 Professional schools Theological college 10 6 4 8 8 2 Graduate school of theology _ Law school g 8 18 18 10 School of medicine: College of medicine 42 42 55 53 2 13 College of dentistry 18 17 1 17 17 0 1 College of pharmacy _ _ _ 10 9 1 9 6 3 1 Total in professional schools _ 88 82 6 107 102 5 4 23 Grand total (net) _ 319 172 147 361 215 146 23 165 1 Net loss, 42. 306 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Of the 34 who received degrees from the graduate division, 23 were awarded the degree of master of arts, while 11 received the degree of master of science. Of the 64 graduates in liberal arts, 41 received the degree of bachelor of arts, 19 the degree of bachelor of science, and 4 the degree of bachelor of science in commerce. Of the 122 graduates in the college of education, 96 received the degree of bachelor of arts in education and 26 the degree of bachelor of science in education. Of the 7 graduates in applied science, 1 received the degree of bachelor of science in architecture, 1 in civil engineering, 1 the degree of bachelor of science in electrical engineering, and 4 the degree of bachelor of science in home economics. Four graduates received the degree of bachelor of music. In the professional schools, 42 graduates received the degree of doctor of medicine and 18 the degree of doctor of dental surgery. Of the 10 who received degrees in pharmacy, 3 received the degree of bachelor of science in pharmacy and 7 the degree of pharmaceutical chemist. In the school of law, 8 degrees of bachelor of laws were awarded. Honorary degrees. — One honorary degree of doctor of laws was conferred, the recipient being Oswald Garrison Villard, editor of The Nation. TEACHING STAFF 1. Number of teachers. — There were 265 members on the teaching staff during the year 1932-33, of whom 153 were on full time and 122 were on part time, representing together a full-time equivalent of 174% teachers. This represents a reduction of 16 in the faculty as compared with 1931-32, made necessary by decreasing enrollments and reduced financial income. These reductions were distributed over the following colleges: Liberal arts, education, applied science, music, law, and dentistry. 2. Teaching hours, class size, and class-hour loads. — In the profes¬ sional schools and colleges there were no marked changes in hours of teaching with the exception of the preclinical branches of medicine where teaching hours were increased on account of the necessary subdivision of classes. By reason of the decreased enrollment in dentistry, pharmacy, and law, class sizes showed a reduction for the professional group, with a corresponding increase in the number of teachers carrying clock-hour loads below 300. In the undergraduate and graduate divisions where loss in enroll¬ ment was accompanied by reduction in the number of teachers, there was a shift of 14 teachers from the groups rendering 1 to 15 hours of service per week to the groups rendering from 16 to 30 hours of service per week. Class size, however, showed a decided shift from SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 307 the group of classes ranging from 16 to 50 students in number toward the groups ranging from 1 to 15 in number. Clock-hour loads ranging from 1 to 200 showed a gain of only 5, however. The loss of 13 teachers from the groups ranging from 201 to 500 clock hours was due, in part, to the reductions in staff made by the board of trustees. 3. Improvement oj staff. — The teachers continued their work of self-improvement through further study. During the year, 25 of them continued study at other universities. Twenty- two of this number were on leave of absence for the purpose. Four of these earned the doctor’s degree and returned to the staff. There were 6 important appointments, which strengthened the intellectual standing and maturity of the staff. Of the 22 teachers on leave of absence and on scholarships for further study, 12 were from the college of liberal arts, 2 from educa¬ tion, 3 from applied science, 1 from music, 2 from law, and 2 from medicine. The university is deeply indebted to the Rockefeller Foundation and the General Education Board for funds which have made much of this study possible, and to the Julius Rosenwald Fund for annual assistance. 4. Maturity oj the staff. — While during the current year it became apparent that the faculty of Howard University was for the first time numerically adequate for the student body, it was all the more clear that by reason of the limited number of teachers in the professorial rank this staff had not yet passed the half-way mark toward maturity. Of the 175 teachers (exactly 174% full time and full-time equivalent) at Howard University during the school year 1932-33, only 34, or 19 percent, were in the professorial rank; 26, or 15 percent, were in the associate professorial rank; 33, or 19 percent, in the assistant professorial rank; while 82, or 47 percent, were in the instructors’" rank and below. On the basis of the 10-year program of development which calls for a percentage distribution in the four leading ranks of 40%-10%-20%-30%, the present staff (full time and full-time equivalent) should have a distribution as follows: 70 professors, 17% associate professors, 35 assistant professors, 52% instructors. On the quantitative basis alone it appears that the university has yet more than half way to go in the development of an able staff of mature professors. An examination of university salaries confirms this judgment. The university is spending approximately $175,000 less in salaries than would be necessary to obtain and hold the services of a sufficient number of mature professors at the salary scale planned in the 10-year program. The securing of 36 mature capable scholars for important positions on the professorial staff of the university is- the outstanding educational need. All other improvements are sub¬ sidiary to and wait upon this for their fullest effectiveness. 308 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 5. Salaries of teachers. — The salaries of the teaching force, adminis¬ trative staff, and employees of the university during the school year 1932-33 were cut by percentages of 8% and 6% successively. This was an especially hard burden for the teachers to bear, for in all of the four ranks of instruction the average salary, before the cuts were made, was still far below the normal average set forth in the 10-year program of development. The university is mindful of the fact that prompt curtailment in the number of teachers on educational and financial grounds increases all the more the obligation to afford adequate salaries for those who remain on the staff. With the return of normal conditions, it is the purpose of the trustees to move toward the averages set up in the 10-year program as swiftly as the resources of the university will permit. GRADUATE DIVISION 1. Student enrollment. — During the year 1932-33, there were 170 graduates in residence in Howard University, including 83 men and 87 women, 141 of whom were registered as pursuing graduate degrees in 18 departments, as shown in table 6. The registrants for advanced degrees showed a decrease of 16 as compared with the school year 1931-32, but the percentage reduction of 13 was much less than the general decrease in student attendance throughout the entire university (about 23 percent). In spite of this decrease in enroll¬ ment, incident to distressing economic conditions, the total enroll¬ ment of 141 was 1 student in excess of the enrollment of 140 planned in the 10-year program for the graduate division during the year 1932-33. 2. Degrees awarded. — The number of students who received ad¬ vanced degrees in 1932-33 was 34, as compared with 18 in 1931-32 and 13 in the year 1929-30, the highest preceding peak years. Of the 34 graduate degrees awarded, 23 were masters of arts, awarded to 9 men and 14 women, and 11 were masters of science, awarded to 7 men and 4 women. Ten of the degrees were awarded in educa¬ tion, 4 in French, 6 in English, 3 in history, 3 in mathematics, 2 in chemistry, 3 in psychology, 1 in physics, and 2 in zoology. 3. Teaching staff. — The teaching staff of the graduate division during 1932-33 included 48 members as compared with 49 in the year 1931-32. Of this number, 39 were from the faculty of the col¬ lege of liberal arts, 7 from the faculty of education, and 2 from the faculty of the school of religion. 4. Research and publication. — With the aid of the Julius Rosenwald fund, research in zoology was continued, this being the last of 5 years, under the grant of $15,000 for the purpose. Grants to Asso¬ ciate Professor Harris and Assistant Professor Lewis, in the depart- SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 309 ment of economics, enabled them to continue their projects in this field. Three members of the college of education engaged in four research projects. Four members of the faculty of medicine engaged in significant research. One member of the faculty of dentistry undertook research in pathology. During the school year members of the university teaching staff published 57 scholarly articles and 2 books. 5. Future of graduate work. — The 6-year experiment with a graduate division at Howard University, under the control of a committee of instruction appointed by the president from the several faculties of the university, has proved that the project to develop graduate work at the university is soundly based on a real and growing need. Enrollment has steadily increased and in spite of the depression, has passed the point of growth planned for normal years. The number of degrees has increased from 3 to 34. Increased resources of the university have made available a stead¬ ily advancing number of competent teachers with time available for careful attention to the individual student and to the pursuit of inde¬ pendent reflection and research. At the end of the school year 1933-34, the experimental period will end and the university will formally organize a graduate school under a separate dean. This forward step was provided by the unanimous passage of the follow¬ ing recommendaton by the board of trustees at their meeting on April 28, 1933: That all graduate study be offered in a graduate school beginning with the year 1934-35, and that this school have an organization and administration analogous to that of the other separate schools and colleges of the university and with a dean at its head. COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS General trends. — The outstanding development in connection with the college of liberal arts during the current year was the action of the board of trustees under date of April 28, 1933, combining all the departments of undergraduate study in the college of liberal arts at the end of the next academic year (1933-34). As a result of the con¬ tinuing economic depression, the enrollment of the college declined by 138, or 20.4 percent, entailing drastic reductions in every item of the budget, including teachers’ salaries; the loss of secretarial, admin¬ istrative, clerical and technical assistants; and the placing of others on half time, during the year. Inasmuch as this loss was accompanied by a decrease of 223 students, ©r 30 percent, in the college of education, the trustees were obliged at the close of the year to reduce the faculty of the college of liberal arts by 22 members, to discontinue 2 fellows and an educa- 310 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 tional caretaker, and to place 1 other teacher on half time. These changes were worked out in the closest cooperation with the faculty, however, the members of which maintanied excellent esprit de corps under the difficult circumstances. Student enrollment. — The enrollment of students in the several de¬ partments is shown in the following table and is based on the average quarterly registration of students for autumn, winter, and spring of the school years 1931-32 and 1932-33. The table shows that every major department in the college experienced a loss of students during the year. The net enrollment of 540 is 110 below the planned enrollment of the college of liberal arts for the normal conditions expected in the 10-year program. Enrollments in the college of liberal arts by departments Departments Number of students Gain Loss 1931-32 1932-33 Military training — men . . . 257 232 25 Physical education — men _ 246 163 83 Physical education — women _ 276 219 57 Freshman orientation _ 46 46 English _ _ _ _ 530 438 92 Mathematics _ 102 97 5 Botany _ _ 65 54 11 Chemistry _ _ _ _ 205 179 20 Physics _ _ _ 77 61 16 Zoology _ _ _ 101 74 27 German _ 104 103 1 Latin . _ 21 12 9 Romance languages _ _ _ 263 172 91 Greek _ _ _ 6 6 Commerce _ 83 70 13 Economics _ _ 98 34 64 History 288 227 61 Political science _ _ _ 113 71 42 Sociology _ 124 120 4 Philosophy 58 45 13 Psychology _ 207 196 11 Graduates. — The college of liberal arts awarded 64 degrees in the year 1932-33. This indicates a net loss of 32 graduates over the number for the preceding year. Of the 64 graduates, 41 received the degree of bachelor of arts, 19 the degree of bachelor of science, and 4 the degree of bachelor of science in commerce. Forty-four of the graduates were men and 20 were women. Teaching staff. — The following table shows the teaching staff of the college of liberal arts for 1932-33 as compared with the staff for 1931-32. A net loss of 11 teachers is indicated. Five teachers re¬ turned from leave of absence, 3 of them with the doctor of philosophy degree. There are now 26 members of this faculty who hold the degree of doctor of philosophy. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 311 Teaching staff of the college of liberal arts Twelve members of the faculty were on leave of absence during the year for the purpose of carrying on graduate studies. At the April meeting of the board of trustees, in view of the decreasing enroll¬ ment of this college and the college of education, the services of 22 members of this faculty were terminated and 1 other member was placed on half time. One of the most painful elements in the loss of teaching service was the temporary discontinuance of native teachers of high quali¬ fication in the department of German and romance languages. It is the purpose of the administration to reappoint such teachers at the earliest possible opportunity. THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION General trends. — The most significant development in connection with this college during the year was the vote of the board of trustees that all departments of undergraduate study be combined in the college of liberal arts at the end of the next academic year (1933-34). This vote of the board is not interpreted to mean any lessening of interest in the preparation of teachers, as it was accompanied by a further vote of the board providing that the courses in education be so reorganized that there shall be offered in the college of liberal arts and in the form of undergraduate majors sufficient courses and of a character to afford adequate concentration to prepare for graduate or professional study in this field. Student enrollment. — The enrollment in the college of education declined from 746 in 1931-32 to 523 in 1932-33, a loss of approx¬ imately 30 percent. This decrease is a continuation of the drop which began in 1930-31 after the peak in enrollment of 919 in the year 1929-30. This decline can be ascribed primarily to the general economic situation, the published reports of an oversupply of teachers, together with the manifest difficulties attending the teach¬ ing profession during the depression and the increased competition from colleges where the costs are less. 312 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 The following table exhibits the enrollment in the college of education, undergraduate and graduate, for a period of 7 years, beginning 1926-27. The table also shows the growth in the number of full-time teachers. Number of full-time teachers and undergraduate and graduate enrollment of the college of education for the 'period 1926-27 to 1932-33 Year Full-time Undergraduate Total Graduate teachers Male Female students 1926-27 . 2 144 508 652 0 1927-28 . 3 162 579 741 1 1928-29 . . . 4 193 643 836 2 1929-30 . . . . . 8 206 713 919 15 1930-31 . . . 11 175 633 808 25 1931-32 . l 15 163 503 746 77 1932-33 . 2 14 113 410 523 51 1 1 on leave of absence. 2 2 on leave of absence. Graduates. — In 1932-33 there were 122 graduates of the college of education. Ninety-six degrees of bachelor of arts and 26 degrees of bachelor of science in education were awarded. These figures show a decrease of 19 graduates under the number for the year 1931-32. In the graduate division 51 students were working for the master’s degree in the field of education. Of 34 master’s degrees granted, 10 were in the field of education. Teaching staff. — There were 12 members of the faculty of education during the year 1932-33: Professors, 3; associate professors, 2; assist¬ ant professors, 2; instructors, 4; assistants, 1. The college was assisted by 10 other part-time teachers belonging to the faculties of liberal arts, applied science, and music. One member of the faculty resigned during the year to accept the leadership of the State side of Wilberforce University. Two teachers were on leave of absence for graduate study. The dean returned from a year’s sabbatical leave during which he studied as a Rosenwald fellow at Columbia Univer¬ sity. The members of the faculty published 20 scholarly articles during the year and carried the Journal of Negro Education through its first successful year. That this journal is meeting a real need in the literature of education is indicated by the comments received from both American and foreign educators. At the end of the year three teachers were discontinued as part of the university’s necessary financial retrenchment. Student teaching. — During the current year, student teaching has been particularly satisfactory. Sixty-one student teachers did prac¬ tice teaching in nine of the public schools of the District of Columbia and two in Howard University. These students practiced in a total of 15 different subjects as majors. The university is much indebted to the officers and teachers of the public-school system for their cordial cooperation in the matter of practice teaching. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 313 COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCE Organization and curricula. — The college of applied science has customarily offered 6 curricula in 4 major departments as follows: Architecture, art, home economics, and engineering — including the curricula of civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering, and build¬ ing construction. By vote of the board of trustees, the courses in electrical engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and architecture are to be dropped at the end of the next academic year, 1933-34, and the course in home economics is to be so reorganized that there shall be offered in the college of liberal arts and in the form of undergraduate majors sufficient courses and of a character to afford adequate concentration to prepare for graduate or professional study in this field. Enrollment. — During the year 1932-33, 177 students enrolled in the classes of the college of applied science as compared with 180 for the previous year, representing a net loss of 3. The 77 students seeking degrees in applied science during the year 1932-33, however, represented an actual increase of 9 over the 68 candidates for degrees in 1931-32. Teaching staff. — The faculty of the college of applied science in¬ cluded 15 full-time and 3 part-time members during the year 1932- 33, distributed as follows: Professors, 0; associate professors, 3; as¬ sistant professors, 4; instructors (full time), 8; instructors (part time), 3. The members of the faculty were distributed among the depart¬ ments as follows: Architecture — 1 associate professor, 2 assistant professors, 1 instructor (full time), and 1 part-time instructor; art — 1 associate professor, 4 instructors; engineering — 1 associate professor, 1 assistant professor, 2 instructors; home economics — 1 assistant pro¬ fessor, 1 instructor (full time), 2 instructors (part time). Two members of the faculty were on leave of absence for further study. Three teachers received distinction during the school year 1932-33 as follows: 1 in local architectural competition and 2 in national art competitions. Two members of the faculty were released without prejudice at the end of the school year as part of the univer¬ sity’s financial retrenchment program. One associate professor in the department of architecture returned from 2 years of study and travel in the United States and in Europe, devoted primarily to the study of housing for workers with low income. MUSIC Organization. — As a consequence of their vote to establish a single undergraduate college beginning with the school year 1933-34, the trustees are to appoint a special committee to study and report upon the readjustment of the courses in music to the graduate and under¬ graduate schools. 314 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Enrollment. — The average enrollment of students in the school of music per quarter during the school year 1932-33 was 118 as compared with 121 for the school year 1931-32. There was a total of 27 degree students, 10 men and 17 women, 24 less than the number enrolled in 1931-32. This decline in enrollment was undoubtedly due to the same factors as those operating in the college of liberal arts and education, plus the additional consideration that the fees in music are much higher. Graduates. — In 1932-33, there were 4 students who were graduated with the degree of bachelor of music — 2 in the department of piano and organ, and 2 in the department of voice. This is an increase of 1 over the number of graduates for 1931-32. Teaching staff. — The faculty of the school of music for the school year 1932-33 included 10 members, as follows: Professors, 2; assistant professors, 2; instructors, 6. One member of the faculty returned from leave of absence during the year to resume instruction in piano and methods. Two members secured leave of absence for further study during the school year 1933-34. MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS 1. Enrollment. — The enrollment in military science and tactics dur¬ ing the year 1932-33 was as follows: Autumn quarter, 246; winter quarter, 231; spring quarter, 219; average for the year 232. 2. Courses. — The work is divided into two courses. The basic course, which is compulsory, and the advanced course of the juniors and seniors, which is elective. 3. Commissions. — Twenty-four students were awarded commissions as second lieutenants of infantry, Army of the United States. 4. Teaching staff. — The teaching staff of the department of military science and tactics includes 5 members as follows: Professors 1, assistant professors 1, assistants 3. SUMMER SCHOOL The summer school of 1932-33, continued for 6 weeks, registered 291 students from 26 States and 2 foreign countries, of whom 231 were women and 60 were men. These students were distributed as follows: College of education 170, college of liberal arts 60, college of applied science 9, school of music 4, graduate division 40, special students 8. Forty-nine courses were offered by 26 teachers, all of whom were regular members of the faculty of the university. At the end of the session there were 24 graduates: 13 from the col¬ lege of education, 7 from the college of liberal arts, and 1 from the college of applied science. Beginning with the school year 1933-34, by vote of the board of trustees, the summer school will be discontinued. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 315 SCHOOL OF MEDICINE The school of medicine is the entire medical unit of the university. It includes the colleges of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy. Freed- men’s Hospital, an independent institution built on grounds owned by the University, is functionally a part of the university medical unit. THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE General trends. — Effort was concentrated upon continued[improve- ment in the preclinical departments. Two full-time, well-trained teachers were added to the faculty — 1 in anatomy, 1 in pediatrics. Improved facilities for instruction were provided in some of£the smaller rooms and laboratories. Many essential pieces of scientific apparatus and equipment were provided. Instruction was improved by dividing classes into two sections for laboratory work. The circulation of books and periodicals in the medical library for the year was 36,986 ; the number of readers was 57,474. These figures more than doubled over the previous year. Enrollment. — In 1932-33, 206 students were enrolled in the college of medicine; of these, 6 were women. The depression had little effect upon the enrollment for the year. The losses were chiefly due to the dropping of poor students at the end of the previous year. Graduates. — In June 1933, the degree of doctor of medicine was conferred upon 42 candidates as compared with 55 in 1932. Internships. — All of the 42 graduates of this year’s class have been appointed to internships approved by the council on medical educa¬ tion, licensure, and hospitals. Twenty-three of this number secured internships in the Freedmen’s Hospital. Faculty. — The faculty of the college of medicine in 1932-33 included a total of 102 teachers of all ranks, a decrease of 2 under the total of 104 for 1931-32. Of these 102 teachers 16 were on full time and 86 on part time, together representing a full-time equivalent of 28.9 teachers. During the year, 4 members of the staff engaged in signifi¬ cant research in anatomy, pharmacology, bio-chemistry, bacteriology, preventive medicine, and public health. Five scientific papers were published and seven others accepted for publication. Hospital relations. — The relation of the college of medicine with the Freedmen’s Hospital continues to be most cordial and to improve in functioning. The medical council of the hospital is now composed of the surgeon in chief of the hospital, the dean of the school of medicine, and the heads of the clinical departments. The heads of the pre¬ clinical departments in the school of medicine are members of the hos¬ pital staff. With one exception, every member of the hospital staff is a member of the university faculty. The new out-patient depart¬ ment of the hospital adds greatly to facilities for clinical teaching. 16585—33 - 21 316 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 These facilities are still defective for teaching tuberculosis and acute contagious diseases. It is hoped that these needed teaching resources may be provided at some early date by additions to the Freedmen’s Hospital. COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY General trends. — There is a manifest and urgent need for an in¬ creased number of dentists to serve the Negro population of the United States. The State of Mississippi, for example, with over a million Negro population has only 29 Negro dentists. In spite of this need, the attendance of Negro students in dental schools in the United States has not only not increased in recent years but has de¬ creased steadily from 213 in 1928 to 86 at the present time. The faculty of dentistry recognizes the working of retarding factors here which were in existence before the depression came. They are under¬ taking to counteract these tendencies and to reestablish a normal stream of able students entering the profession of dentistry. Further improvement has been made in the curriculum by expan¬ sion of the didactic course in orthodontia to include laboratory and clinical instruction. Oral pathology has been widened in scope to include a laboratory course. Enrollment. — Thirty-eight students enrolled in the college of den¬ tistry during 1932-33, one of whom was a graduate student who devoted the year to clinical operative dentistry. This number indi¬ cates a loss of 15 as compared with 1931-32. The freshman class, however, was short by only two. The greatest decrease has been due to failures. Graduates. — Eighteen candidates were awarded the degree of doctor of dental surgery as compared with seventeen in 1931-32. Graduates of the college have shown steady improvement in the State board dental examination during recent years. This is undoubtedly an out¬ growth of the recent reorganization of the college, the raising of its entrance requirements, and the general improvement of its curricu¬ lum and morale. Teaching staff. — The teaching staff of the college of dentistry con¬ tinued to include 14 members in 1932-33, 11 of whom were on full time and 4 on part time. The trustees postponed possible reductions in this faculty until 1933-34, after further study. One member of the staff pursued graduate study during the year and the dean was awarded the degree of master of science in dentistry by Northwestern University for research in dental pathology. Further improvement. — The college of dentistry stands in very great need of improvements in the physical plant to enable the faculty to make use of available space for educational laboratories and classroom. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 317 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY General trends. — Students registered for the first time in the 4-year course in pharmacy required by the American Association of Col¬ leges of Pharmacy, of which this college is a member. The physical equipment of the college was greatly improved by the installation of new and modern laboratories for pharmacy and pharmaceutical chemistry, as well as research and preparation laboratories with necessary store rooms and offices. Important additions were made also to the scientific apparatus of the college. Enrollment. — Twenty-three students registered in the college of pharmacy for all classes as compared with thirty-two during 1931-32. Graduates. — There were 10 graduates in 1932-33 as compared with 13 for 1931-32. Seven students were graduated from the 3-year course leading to the degree of pharmaceutical chemist and 3 from the old 4-year course leading to the degree of bachelor of science in phar¬ macy. Faculty. — The faculty still consists of 5 members, 4 of whom are on full time and 1 on part time, as follows: Professors 2 (full time), associate professors 1 (full time), instructors 2 (1 full time, 1 part time). Future of the college. — In considering the reorganization of the uni¬ versity, the trustees were uncertain about the future of the college of pharmacy, postponing the question of its continuance until the October meeting, 1933. SCHOOL OF LAW Enrollment. — Student enrollment in law took a further drop from 63 in 1931-32 to 42 in 1932-33. There were no special students in the school. The decrease in enrollment, it is believed, was due wholly to the economic depression. Offsetting the decrease in enrollment is a decided improvement in the caliber of the student body. Of the 16 students entering the freshman class, 10 held degrees and 2 others had had 4 years of college training. The school is now in position to do more intensive and scholarly work. Graduates. — Eight degrees were awarded for the year 1932-33 as compared with eighteen during the previous year. Eight of the thir¬ teen graduates of the new day class of 1931 are in the active practice of law and 10 of the 14 graduates of 1932 are in active practice. These graduates are located in eight States and the District of Columbia. Library and 'physical equipment. — The library of the school contains 14,411 volumes as of June 30, 1933, an increase of 563 volumes over 1932. The physical plant is outgrown and otherwise inadequate. The trustees have voted to move the school into the building on the main campus formerly devoted to a dining-room commons as soon as money is available for alterations. 318 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Faculty . — The faculty of the school of law for 1932-33 included 10 members, 4 of whom were on full time and 6 on part time, distributed as follows: Professors 5 (2 full time, 3 part time), associate professors 1 (full time), assistant professors 2 (1 full time, 2 part time), lecturers 1 (part time). SCHOOL OF RELIGION The school of religion receives no aid from Government appropria¬ tions. It is entirely supported from a small endowment and from private gifts. The dean reports that the year 1932-33 was in some respects the best of several years. Students. — The total number of students in the school of religion was 64, an increase of 13 over last year. This was the largest enroll¬ ment in many years. Of this number 16 were enrolled in the graduate department and 48 in the theological college. The evening classes were conducted, as usual, with a registration of 16 students. The extension department was also maintained, giving aid by correspond¬ ence to more than 100 persons, mostly pastors. Only one extension institute was held during the year, largely because the schools at Fayetteville and Sedalia, N.C., were unable to finance their part of the program, as they had formerly done. Class work was reported satisfactory and the students were enthusiastic over their studies, but the strain of meeting their economic problems was very severe. Faculty. — There was one death on the faculty. Two full-time members were added. Total faculty for the year: 11 — 4 on full time, and 7 on part time. Together these faculty members represented a full-time equivalent of 6% teachers. The school needs a minimum of 8 full-time teachers to continue its graduate division alone. Organization and curricula. — For many years this school has con¬ ducted five divisions of work: Graduate, theological college, evening school, correspondence, and extension institutes. Beginning with the school year 1933-34, by vote of the board of trustees, the corre¬ spondence, evening school, and theological college courses will be discontinued, and the school of religion will thereafter proceed solely as a graduate school. PERSONNEL The registrar. — The registrar of the university conducts all of the correspondence incident to the appraisal of the scholastic standing of all students desiring to enter Howard University and issues cards of admission when it has been determined that students have met the entrance requirements of the school or college concerned. He keeps an accurate record of the work of all students in the university, stores the same in fireproof safes, and makes them available through tran¬ scripts upon demand. He also keeps a careful record of the graduates of the university and renders invaluable service to the educational life and problems of the student. During the school year 1932-33 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 319 the personnel of the registrar’s office consisted of 1 chief clerk and 7 clerks. University health service. — The Howard University health service was operated during the school year 1932-33 by 1 full-time physician and 2 part-time physicians, 1 of whom was a woman; 2 nurses, a secretary, and 3 part-time student orderlies. In addition to the central office in the Gymnasium Building, the department main¬ tained an infirmary in both the men’s and women’s dormitories, the men’s infirmary being an addition of this year. The department also enjoyed the cooperation of the staff and the use of the facilities of the Freedmen’s Hospital and the Howard University medical, dental, and pharmaceutical colleges. Special use was made of the X-ray unit in the medical school and of a basal metabolism testing booth set up there just as the school year closed. Complete physical examinations of entering students were made with a tuberculin skin test for tuberculosis with X-ray follow up, and a hearing test was made on all incoming male students. The hearing test and the Wassermann work were new this year. The athletes of the university were examined at the beginning of each sport season and a physician was present at all contests for advice and care of accidents. Twenty-five applicants for the summer camp of the Reserve Officers Training Corps were inoculated against typhoid and para-typhoid fever, and vaccinated against smallpox. The care of illnesses in the university included 4,000 office consul¬ tations with treatment, 30 women in the women’s infirmary, 25 men in the men’s infirmary, and 10 hospital cases. The health of the university presented few outstanding problems. Mild epidemics of influenza and chicken pox were controlled. Ill¬ nesses were definitely confined to early stages of disease through vigorous care. Contagion was isolated, whenever it appeared, and only one death was caused — scarlet fever — in which case the parents furnished medical care. The staff of the university health service is allied with the American Association of School Physicians and the American Student Health Association. Deans of men and women. — The dean of men and the dean of women supervise the housing of students, both in the dormitories and in the city, and undertake programs of social guidance related to all the extra-curricula activities of students and their choice of careers. They also endeavor to help students with their personal problems. Both of these offices report acute distress among the students on account of the depression. Both endeavored, as usual, to relieve this distress by securing part-time employment for students in need. The efforts of the dean of women this year were successful within the walls of the university alone, where, in various divisions, approxi¬ mately 100 part-time positions were available. The dean of men 320 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 found himself confronted with a drastic reduction in work opportun¬ ities available for needy students outside the university walls. During the years 1927-29 he was able to secure an average of $40,000 worth of work per year for male students. During the year 1932-33 it was possible to secure only $1,200 worth of new work for students. Many of the male students continued on old jobs at greatly reduced wages. In many cases where students once received $20 a month and board, during the past year they received board only. Both the dean of men and dean of women report a superior scholastic record among students occupying the dormitories and both draw attention to the need for greatly increased amounts available for scholarships and student aid. Staff . — The staff of the office of the dean of women for the school year included 2 directors of residence, 1 housekeeper, and 1 dietitian. The staff of the dean of men included 1 part-time assistant to the dean of men, 1 social director, and 1 housekeeper (part time). THE LIBRARY During the year 1932-33, 7,387 volumes were added to the library of the university, bringing the total library accessions in all divisions up to 78,849 volumes, exclusive of pamphlets estimated at 35,000. Four hundred and ninety-eight periodicals are currently received by subscription. Moorland Foundation. — The Moorland Foundation, completing a very successful year of library service in the field of Negro literature, has outgrown its present quarters and has extended its shelves into the third-floor stacks. There are now 6,499 items, including 3,528 books and 2,971 pamphlets. On March 7, 1933, 883 volumes had been added. Many were contributed by the founder. The main room was used by 784 readers. Use oj the library. — The general library circulated 54,797 volumes during the year, with a daily average circulation of 182. The medi¬ cal library reported a circulation of 36,986 volumes. The law library loaned 164 volumes. Dentistry circulated 2,032 volumes. In the Moorland room, 1,182 books were used. Veterans’ Bureau gift. — From the generous gift of books from the war-time Veterans’ Bureau collection made by the Federal Govern¬ ment, 8,357 volumes have been loaned during the year to 10 educa¬ tional institutions. Further development of the library. — The general library has need of more space, more help, and more money for books. The present building has reached and passed capacity for accommodating the books, staff, faculty, and students of the university. This is now a matter of common knowledge in the educational world which is in¬ terested in the growth of Howard University. SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 321 BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS The following table shows the building projects by number, author¬ ized by the Government, and in process during the year 1932-33. Building 'program, in process, 1932-33 No. Description of project Date author¬ ized Authorized limit of cost Total amount ap¬ propriated 2 Construction and equipment of a chemistry building _ May 4,1929 $399,000 $390, 000 4 For excavation, grading, walks, walls, fencing, landscaping, etc., of university grounds. Feb. 6, 1931 200, 000 200, 000 5 Construction and equipment of a general library building. Feb. 14,1931 800,000 800, 000 6 Reconstruction of underground system of distributing beat, light and power, etc. Feb. 14,1931 225, 000 225, 000 7 For completing the construction of an educational class¬ room building. Feb. 14,1931 460, 000 460, 000 8 For the construction and equipment of a heat, light, and power plant. Feb. 17,1933 460, 000 460,000 FINANCES Financial administration. — The administration of university finan¬ ces was thoroughly reorganized during the year. The office of secre¬ tary-treasurer was divided into the two offices of secretary and treasurer, the secretarial office being retained by the former secretary- treasurer, and a new treasurer was elected. All finances and business administration of the university were concentrated in the treasurer’s office which was re-defined by trustee statute. The entire financial system of the university was surveyed by experts and the system of accounting revised to conform with a system agreed upon by the American Association of Colleges. All trustee committees formerly engaged in financial supervision of any sort were combined in the finance committee, whose duties and powers were re-defined. The total assets of the university at June 30, 1933, were $6,277,- 982.25 exclusive of unexpended balances of Government appropriations for the chemistry building, the classroom building, the library, and the heat, fight, and power plant, all temporarily impounded by the Federal Government. Of the total assets $1,073,453.72 represented assets in a physical plant-extension fund made available from private sources; $860,884.47 represented endowment; $4,078,422.87 repre¬ sented plant-fund assets. The remainder represented assets of the current fund. Economical administration made possible an excess of income over expenditures in the amount of $23,654.88, applicable to the retire¬ ment of the accumulated deficit. The auditing of all of the university’s accounts has been done by certified public accountants. All moneys appropriated by the Congress were expended under the supervision of the Department of the Interior. FREEDMEN’S HOSPITAL (W. A. Warfield, M.D., Surgeon in Chief) During the last fiscal year, the wards of Freedmen’s Hospital were filled to capacity and frequently applicants in need of hospitalization could not be received, there being no beds available. The same administrative difficulties experienced in former years on account of the Saturday half-holiday still exist. The hospital must function 24 hours a day and seven days a week, and with the present force it has been found impossible to comply literally with the terms of the law. This condition is most acute with the force of employees in the power plant during the winter months, and with the nursing department during the entire year. PATIENTS At the close of the last fiscal year there were 230 patients remaining in the hospital. During the year, 4,909, including births, were admitted, making a total of 5,139 indoor patients under care, as against 4,928 the preceding fiscal year. Of the number admitted, including births, 738 were pay patients, 1,326 were indigent residents of the States, and 2,845 were indigent residents of the District of Columbia. There were discharged during the year, including births, 4,888, of whom 2,388 had recovered, 2,016 improved, 168 unimproved and 316 died, leaving 251 in the hospital July 1, 1933, of which number 31 were pay patients, 73 indigent residents of the States, and 147 indigent residents of the District of Columbia. Notwithstanding 32 percent of the deaths occurred within 48 hours after admission, the mortality rate was only 6 percent for the year. Autopsies were performed on 32.2 percent of all deaths. There were 2,019 surgical operations, of which number 967 were major in char¬ acter. In the dental department 1,951 received treatment. Nine thousand three hundred and nineteen were treated in the out-patient department and 7,191 in the emergency department, making a total of 16,510. 322 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 323 The following table shows the number of visits to the various clinics: Clinic Number of visits Clinic Number of visits Dermatology _ _ 3, 650 333 279 2, 146 1,442 7, 866 3, 186 5, 474 910 Oral surgery _ 248 3,261 2,010 263 1,334 9, 327 250 Ear _ . _ _ Orthopedic _ Nose _ Pediatric. . ... _ Throat _ _ - Prenatal _ Eye . . . . Postnatal _ Urological _ Surgical _ G ynecological _ Tubercular _ Medical Total . . . Neurological _ _ _ 41, 979 The total number of patients receiving the benefits of the hospital was 21,649, or 1,437 more than the preceding year. SOCIAL SERVICE In reviewing the work of this department for the past year, it appears that much has been done toward strengthening the founda¬ tion laid in its first 2 years of existence. In September a new educa¬ tional program began to function with two or our recent graduate nurses. Both students adjusted themselves admirably to the pro¬ gram in teaching prevention and health conservation. DIETARY DEPARTMENT Considerable progress has been made in this department, especially along educational lines in the Out-patient Department Clinic. The interne dietitian’s course was approved by the American Dietitian Association. The demand for dietary service is far greater than the present force can satisfy. Two additional dietitians are urgently needed. NEEDS The outstanding and most urgent need of the hospital is a larger personnel. It is a problem of long standing and is steadily becoming more acute. This is particularly true in the nursing service and power plant. The graduate and student nurses work from 44 to 52 hours a week, exclusive of class and hours of study. The remedy can only be found in the employment of 17 additional graduate nurses at $21,420 per annum, who should carry the greater part of the nursing load if the patients are to receive the best of care and the training school is to measure up fully to the present-day demands of nursing education. The service is greatly in need of an electrician at $1,680 per annum. There are more than 60 motors of various sizes and many electrical appliances — lighting and power circuits — in the institution requiring 324 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 the attention of an electrician. The engineer, who has some knowl¬ edge of electrical work, has labored many extra hours in this kind of service to keep the plant going, which takes him from the engine room many times when he is needed there. Two additional firemen at $2,640 per annum would enable the hospital to comply with the 8-hour law. A clerk at $1,440 is urgently needed in the social service department. This branch of the hospital service has two workers with no regular clerk. When possible a clerk is detailed from some other department for an hour or so each day, which is in no way satisfactory to either service. THE SCHOOL OF NURSING The nursing service during the past year has been good. The addition of the pediatric ward and the new clinical building have greatly increased the facilities for the training of student nurses. This service has been considerably handicapped on account of the great amount of illness among the student nurses. This has been attributed to the heavy nursing load, long hours on duty, and a large class schedule. Statistical summary 1933 1932 Colored White Colored White Total Total Male Fe¬ male Male Fe¬ male Male Fe¬ male Male Fe¬ male Tn hospital July 1, 1931 24 18 1 42 In hospital July 1, 1932: Pay patients _ 16 18 34 Indigents: United States _ 38 41 79 30 38 68 District of Columbia.... 64 53 117 31 47 78 Total _ _ 118 112 230 85 103 188 Admitted: Pay patients _ 253 418 1 672 274 442 2 718 Pay patient births _ 32 34 66 46 32 1 1 80 Indigents: United States . . 407 761 3 1,171 2, 319 553 671 3 1 1,228 2, 147 District of Columbia _ 878 1,429 10 2 892 1,248 5 2 Births: United States _ 74 81 155 131 98 1 230 District of Columbia.. .. 252 273 1 526 164 173 337 Total admitted — . 1,896 2, 996 14 3 4,909 2,060 2, 664 12 4 4, 740 Total indoor under care. 2, 014 3, 108 14 3 5, 139 2, 145 2, 767 12 4 4, 928 Stillbirths: Pay patients _ 1 2 3 3 3 6 Indigents . 30 27 57 33 25 58 Total 31 29 60 36 28 64 Discharge, including births: Pay patients: Recovered _ ... 397 390 Improved.. _ 283 335 Unimproved _ 9 21 Total . 689 746 Indigents: Recovered _ 1,991 1,733 159 1,866 Improved _ 1,591 148 Unimproved _ Total . . . 3,883 3, 605 — - 1- - — SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 325 Statistical summary — Continued 1933 1932 Colored White Colored White Male Fe¬ male Male Fe¬ male Total Male Fe¬ male Male Fe¬ male Total Deaths: 27 24 1 52 34 26 60 Indigents _ 137 127 264 133 152 2 287 Total . . 164 151 1 316 167 178 2 347 Grand total discharges. ... 4,888 4, 698 In hospital July 1, 1933: Pay patients _ 13 18 31 16 18 34 Indigents: United States _ 26 46 1 73 38 41 79 District of Columbia _ 62 85 147 64 53 117 Total _ _ _ 88 131 1 220 102 94 196 Grand total remaining. 101 149 1 251 118 112 230 Day’s maintenance: Pay patients _ 11, 237 24,498 49, 301 19, 616 25,897 36, 110 Indigents: United States _ District of Columbia.... Total.. _ 85, 036 81, 623 1933 1932 Cost per patient per day _ _ _ $3. 10 249 $3. 56 232 Largest number of indigents at any one time _ Smallest number of in digents at any one time _ 168 130 Daily number of patients, pay and indigent.. _ _ 232 225 Average number of days’ hospitalization per patient _ 16. 48 15.28 Daily average number of patients, outdoor _ _ _ .... 138 113 Number of indigent, s admitted from District, of Columbia, including births _ _ 2,845 34, 297 2,480 Number of prescriptions compounded: Indoor... _ _ _ _ 32,043 Outdoor _ 22, 397 18,083 FINANCIAL STATEMENT Receipts and disbursements on account of pay patients 1933 1932 RECEIPTS Private-room patients, at $2 per day. _ $6, 332. 00 7, 128. 00 7, 134. 25 168.00 209.00 1, 407. 00 1, 155. 00 453.00 $7, 076. 00 8, 884 00 8, 333. 50 168.00 299.00 1,322.00 1, 447. 00 755. 00 Ward patients, at $2 per day (Veterans’ Administration).. _ _ _ Ward patients, at $1.75 per day _ _ _ _ Children, at $1 per day __ _ _ _ __ Babies, at 50 cents a day _ _ _ _ Use of operating rooms.. _ _ _ _ _ X-rav photos (including $520 for Veterans’ Administration patients) _ Other charges (including $278 for Veterans’ Administration patients) _ Total _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ 23, 986. 25 28, 284. 50 DISBURSEMENTS Subsistence _ _ . .. _ 2,979.98 4, 163. 04 20, 278. 46 282.25 Medical and surgical supplies _ _ _ _ _ - 4, 051. 35 18, 030. 17 209. 25 Miscellaneous (dry goods, repairs, fuel, etc.) _ Refund of overpayment by patients _ Total _ 22, 290. 77 27, 703. 73 Unexpended balance _ 1, 695. 48 580.77 326 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 Receipts and disbursements , 1933 RECEIPTS Appropriation, Interior Act: Salaries . . . . . . . . . . . $198,980.00 For support . . . 94, 500. 00 293 480 00 Second Deficiency Act, 1932 . . . . . . . 75, 052. 59 From pay patients . 15, 418. 25 From Veterans’ Administration . 8, 568. 00 From Howard University . . . . . . . . . 37, 279. 15 Total . 429,797.99 DISBURSEMENTS Miscellaneous, appropriation (fuel, light, clothing, medicine, etc.) . - 44, 885. 29 Miscellaneous, pay patient (fuel, light, clothing, medicine, etc.).. . . . 14,426.54 Miscellaneous, Veterans’ Administration (fuel, light, clothing, medicine, etc.) . 7, 654. 98 Miscellaneous, Howard University (fuel, light, clothing, medicine, etc.) . 35, 898. 97 Subsistence appropriation.. . 48, 732. 13 Salaries . . 171,623.45 Clinical addition _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 74, 698. 12 Refunds, pay patients . . . 209. 25 Total . 398,128.73 UNEXPENDED BALANCE Miscellaneous appropriation . . . . . . . . . . . 614.71 Subsistence appropriation . . . . . 267. 87 Salaries (including $24,383.49 furlough and compensation deductions) . 27, 356. 55 Pay patient _ _ _ _ 782. 46 Veterans’ Administration . . . 913. 02 Howard University . . . . . . 1, 380. 18 Clinical addition (including $304.82 furlough and compensation deductions) . . . 354. 47 Unexpended balance, total. 31, 669. 26 COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF (Perciyal Hall, M.A., Litt.D., President) During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1933, there were under instruction in the advanced department of the institution, known as Gallaudet College, 85 men and 64 women, a total of 149, representing 33 States, the District of Columbia, and Canada. This is an increase of one as compared with the preceding year. In the primary and grammar department, known as the Kendall School, there were under instruction 38 boys and 27 girls, a total of 65. This is an increase of one as compared with the preceding year. Of the total in this department 63 were admitted as beneficiaries of the District of Colum¬ bia. There were admitted to the institution 32 males and 30 females; discharged, 24 males and 23 females. The health of students and pupils during the year has been excel¬ lent. Preventive measures are taken regularly in connection with more serious contagious diseases which have kept our student body free from most of such troubles. One case of tuberculosis was dis¬ covered during the year and sent to a sanitarium for private treat¬ ment. A few surgical cases, including 1 fractured clavicle and 1 fracture of the small bone of the leg, were successfully treated. Continued care was given to the production of our milk supply. A modern outfit for the sterilization of all cans and bottles used at the dairy was installed, and regular weekly examination of the milk product for bacteria was continued. The usual physical training of all students was continued under competent instructors. The regular courses of study both in Gallaudet College and in the Kendall School remained unchanged during the year. NEEDS OF THE INSTITUTION Attention has been called during the past few years to the need of a building for library and instruction purposes, which would relieve crowding in the men’s dormitory, provide more recitation rooms, and better accommodations for our print shop and our valuable library. It has been 15 years since any serious building project has been under¬ taken. This building should be erected in the near future, and an addition made to the gymnasium, which is now about 50 years old, so that it may accommodate modern basketball contests. There is further need for dormitory space for the pupils of the Kendall School, 327 328 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, 1933 a new shop building, and an addition to the laboratory; also a new primary recitation building. The grounds should be surrounded by a modern steel fence on all except the Florida Avenue frontage. The salary scale of the employees has never been as high as it should be. Many of our workers are experts in the instruction of the deaf, and could command higher salaries in other institutions. The restoration of the old wage level should be made as soon as possible, and readjustments in addition to this should place our teaching force at least on a par, in this respect, with any similar institution. A research department should be established to study problems of the deaf as urged by the Conference of Executives of American Schools for the Deaf, the Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf, and the National Research Council. At the present time one research worker, supported by the National Research Council, has been making important studies as to the motor coordination of deaf children compared with hearing persons. This, however, is only a temporary arrangement. Combined statement of the disbursing officer and the treasurer of receipts and expenses for the fiscal year ended June SO, 1933 RECEIPTS Appropriated funds Special de¬ posits Total United States appropriation. _ _ _ _ $128, 000 $128,000.00 31, 500. 00 14, 237. 38 Pavment. hv Dist.rint. nf Columbia $31, 500. 00 14, 237. 38 Sundary receipts _ Balance on hand July 1, 1932 _ Total . 128,000 45, 737. 38 173, 737. 38 EXPENSES Appropriated funds Special de¬ posits Total Personal services _ Supplies and materials . ... Subsistence and support of persons _ Subsistence and care of animals, etc... . Communication service _ Travel expenses _ _ Transportation of things . . Printing and binding... . . . . Advertising and publication of notices. Furnishing heat, light, etc . . Rents... . . Repairs and alterations . Special and miscellaneous. . . Equipment . . Stores purchased for resale . . $75, 787. 16 27, 785. 68 1, 503. 64 28.00 51. 25 346. 70 12, 643. 03 1, 986. 57 257. 26 $23, 117. 83 7, 253. 49 47.00 11. 25 292. 91 172. 28 37. 34 234. 62 4. 24 48. 79 319. 77 7, 924. 62 278. 50 2, 568. 96 1, 289. 62 $98, 904. 99 35, 039. 17 47.00 11. 25 1, 796. 55 200.28 88. 59 234. 62 4.24 395. 49 319. 77 20, 567. 65 278.50 4, 555. 53 1, 546. 88 Total. 120, 389. 29 43, 601. 22 163, 990. 51 Total . . . Impounded in Treasury _ Reserve returned to Treasury. Balance on hand July 1, 1933- 120, 389. 29 7, 109. 18 501. 53 43, 601. 22 2, 136. 16 163, 990. 51 7, 109. 18 501.53 2, 136. 16 Grand total. 128, 000. 00 45, 737. 38 173, 737. 38 SUMMARIES OF BUREAU REPORTS 329 INVESTED FUNDS General fund: Balance on hand July 1, 1932 . . . . . $1, 047. 18 Receipts from coupons and interest . . 201. 10 Total . . . - . 1,248.28 Expenses for bond of treasurer and tax on checks . . . . . 113. 23 Balance in banks June 30, 1933 . . . . . . . . . . 1, 135. 05 Manual-labor fund: Balance on hand July 1, 1932 . 1, 446. 10 Interest on savings account and receipts from coupons . 153. 60 Total in banks June 30, 1933 . 1, 599. 70 Memorial art fund: Balance on hand July 1, 1932 . 251. 95 Interest on savings account and receipts from coupons . 13. 54 Total in banks June 30, 1933 . . . . . . . . . 256. 49 A. B. Greener fund: Balance on hand June 30, 1932 _ _ _ _ _ 4. 83 Interest and receipts from coupons . . . . . 1. 02 Total in banks June 30, 1933 . . . . . . . 6. 85 GALLAUDET MEMORIAL BUILDING FUND The assets of the Gallaudet Memorial Building Fund, in the hands of the treasurer of the institution, are as follows: Cash in banks: Restricted . . . $1,591.40 Conservators account . . . . 611.00 2, 202. 40 Mortgage notes receivable, face value . . . . . 23, 722. 50 Bonds, par value . . . 28, 000. 00 Total . 53,924.90 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF EDUCATION 3 L533 □05S7fl0t