DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN, 1919, No. 91 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION 1916-18 IN FOUR VOLUMES VOL. IV NATIONAL LIBRARY OF EDUCATION — ■ .i FtB 2 6 1998 US DEPT. OF EDUCATION THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION. Created as a Department March 2 , 1867. Made an office of the Interior Department July 1, 1869. COMMISSIONERS. Henry Barnard, LL. D., March 14, 1867, to March 15, 1870. John Eaton, Ph. D., LL. D., March 16, 1870, to August 5, 1886. Nathaniel H. R. Dawson, L. H. D., August 6, 1886, to September 3, 1889. William T. Harris, Ph. D., LL. D., September 12, 1889, to June 30, 1906. Elmer Ellsworth Brown, Ph. D., LL. D., July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1911. Philander Priestley Claxton, Litt. D., LL. D., July 8, 1911, to June 1, 1921. John James Tigert, M. A. (Oxon), LL. D. June 2, 1921 , to date. . o c i r f. : q •? , & | L 111 . A323 1916-18 v.4 Biennial survey of education CONTEXTS OF VOL. IV. Chapter I.— Statistics of Normal Schools. Page. Types of schools represented . 9 Table 1 . — Review of statistics of all normal schools . 10 Table 2. — Review of statistics of State normal schools . 12 Table 3.— Review of statistics of city and county normal schools . 14 Table 4.— Review of statistics of private normal schools . 16 Table 5. — Number of normal schools reporting . 18 Table 6. — Distribution according to length of school year . 22 Table 7.— Distribution according to number of instructors . 28 Table 8.— Distribution according to number of instructors in normal courses . 28 Table 9.— Comparisons on enrollment, 1900-1918 . 31 Table 10. — Distribution according to number of resident students . 31 Table 11. — Distribution according to number of resident students in normal courses . 32 Table 12. — Distribution according to number of resident students in other than normal courses . 32 Table 13.— Distribution according to number of attendance or enrollment weeks, in resident normal courses . 32 Table 14.— Distribution according to number of nonresident students in extension and correspond¬ ence courses . 33 Table 15.— Distribution according to number of hours of practice teaching . 36 Table 16. — Distribution according to number of pupils in model and practice schools . 36 Table 17.— Distribution according to number of volumes in libraries . 37 Table 18.— Distribution according to total value of property . 39 Table 19.— Average receipts per school . 39 Table 20.— Distribution according to total current expenditures . 44 Table 21. — Distribution according to annual salaries of presidents and principals . 44 Table 22. — State normal schools arranged according to number of attendance weeks . 46 Table 23. — Expenditures for various purposes in State normal schools . 48 Table 24. — Expenditures per attendance week for various purposes in State normal schools . 50 Table 25. — Ratios between expenditures per attendance week in State normal schools for various pur¬ poses, and the corresponding median amounts spent for those purposes . 52 Table 26.— Current expenses and salaries of principals of State normal schools . 61 Table 27.— Per cent of current expense of each State normal school expended for different purposes . 62 Table 28.— Percentages of current expense of each State normal school expended for different purposes, arranged in order of magnitude . 65 Table 29. — Distribution according to number of weeks in summer sessions . 67 Table 30. — Distribution according to number of instructors in summer sessions . 67 Table 31 .—Distribution according to number of students in summer sessions . 68 Table 32. — State normal schools— Number and personnel . 72 Table 33. — State normal schools— Property . . . 74 Table 34. — State normal schools— Receipts . 76 Table 35. — State normal schools— Expenditures . 78 Table 36.— City and county normal schools— Personnel and property . 80 Table 37.— City and county normal schools— Receipts and expenditures . 81 Table 38. — Private normal schools — Personnel . 82 Table 39— Private normal schools— Property and receipts . 84 Table 40.— Private normal schools— Expenditures . 86 Table 41. — State normal schools— Items of general information . 88 Table 42. — State normal schools — Instructors and students . 94 Table 43.— State normal schools — Property and income . 100 Table 44.— State normal schools— Expenditures . 106 Table 45. — City and county normal schools — General information and personnel . 112 Table 46. — City and county normal schools— Property, receipts, and expenditures . 114 Table 47.— Private normal schools— Items of general information . 116 Table 48. — Private normal schools — Instructors and students . 118 Table 49.— Private normal schools— Property, receipts, and expenditures . 120 3 4 CONTENTS, Chapter II.— Statistics of Public High Schools. . Page. Classification of high schools . 123 Table 1. — Review of statistics, 1890-1918 . 127 Table 2. — Review of statistics, 1907-1918 . 129 Table 3. — Data used in construction of curves in figure 2 . 133 Table 4. — High schools enrolling certain numbers of students . 135 Table 5.— Significant points relating to enrollment . 137 Table 6. — Data used in constructing curve of actual distribution in figure 4 . 140 Table 7.— Grand summary of instructors in various types of high schools . 145 Table 8. — Distribution of students by sex, by grade, and by type of school . 151 Table 9. — Per cent of schools offering and of students enrolled in various courses of study . 1GS Table 10.— Per cent of graduates of 1917 who attended other schools in 1918 . 175 Table 11.— Value of property . 182 Table 12. — Grand summary of the expenses of instruction . 188 Table 13. — Average salary of principals and per capita cost of instruction . 195 Table 14.— Instructors . 200 Table 15. — Students and teachers . 202 Table 16. — Average number of students to a teacher . 204 Table 17. — White and colored students enrolled— Percentage distribution by grades . 205 Table 18. — White students enrolled— Percentage distribution by grades . 200 Table 19. — Colored students enrolled — Percentage distribution by grades . 207 Table 20. — White and colored students enrolled . 208 Table 21 . — White students enrolled . 210 Table 22.— Colored students enrolled . 212 Table 23.— Students enrolled in fully accredited high schools . 213 Table 24.— Students enrolled in partially accredited high schools . 215 Table 25.— Students enrolled in nonaccredited high schools . 217 Table 26. — Students enrolled in four-year high schools . 218 Table 27. — Students enrolled in three-year high schools . 220 Table 28. — Students enrolled in two-year and in one-year high schools . 221 Table 29. — Students enrolled in high schools of cities of 5,000 or over . 222 Table 30.— Students enrolled in village high schools in places of 2,500 to 4,999 . 224 Table 31. — Students enrolled in rural high schools . 225 Table 32 . — Student s enrolled in j unior high schools . 227 Table 33.— Students enrolled in senior high schools . 228 Table 34. — Students enrolled in high schools which have not been organized as junior and senior high schools . 229 Table 35. — Distribution of students according to length of the school term . 230 Table 36. — Students enrolled in four-year and in three-year high schools, distributed according to length of school term . 231 Table 37. — Students enrolled in two-year and one-year high schools, distributed according to length of school term . : . 232 Table 38.— Number of graduates, of graduates continuing their education, and of students in military drill in all high schools . 233 Table 39. — Same in fully accredited high schools . 235 Table 40.— Same in partially accredited high schools . 237 Table 41. — Same in nonaccredited high schools . 238 Table 42. — Same in four-year high schools . 239 Table 43.— Same in three-year high schools . 241 Table 44.— Same in two-year and one-year high schools . 242 Table 45.— Same in city high schools . : . 243 Table 46.— Same in village high schools . 245 Table 47.— Same in rural high schools . 246 Table 48.— Percentage of graduates going to other institutions . 248 Table 49. — Miscellaneous percentages relating to high school graduates . 249 Table 50. — Students in the academic course of all high schools . 4.. 250 Table 51. — Students in academic course of fully accredited, partially accredited, and nonaccredited high schools . 251 Table 52. — Students in academic course of four-year, three-year, two-year, and one-year high schools. 252 Table 53.— Students in academic course of city high schools, village high schools, and rural high schools . 253 Table 54. — Students in commercial course of all high schools . 254 Table 55.— Students in commercial course of fully accredited, partially accredited, and nonaccredited high schools . 255 Table 56. — Studentsin commercial course of four-year , three-year, and two-year high schools . 256 Table 57. — Students in commercial course of city, village , and rural high schools . 257 Table 58. — Students in technical or manual training course of al 1 high schools . 258 CONTENTS. 5 Page. Table 59. — Students in technical or manual training course of fully accredited, partially accredited, and nonaccredited high schools . 259 Table 60. — Students in technical or manual training course of four-year, three-year, and two-year high schools . 260 Table 61. — Students in technical or manual training courses of city, village, and rural high schools. . 261 Table 62. — Students in teacher training course of all high schools . 262 Table 63. — Students in teacher training course of fully accredited, partially accredited, and nonac¬ credited high schools . • . 263 Table 64. — Students in teacher training course of four-year, three-year, and two-year high schools. . 264 Table 65. — Students in teacher training course of city, village, and rural high schools . 265 Table 66. — Students in agricultural courses of all high schools . 266 Table 67. — Students in agricultural courses of fully accredited, partially accredited, and nonaccred¬ ited high schools . 267 Table 68. — Students in agricultural courses of four-year, three-year, two-year, and one-year high schools . 268 Table 69.— Students in agricultural courses of city, village, and rural high schools . 269 Table 70. — Students in home economics courses of all high schools . 270 Table 71. — Students in home economics courses of fully accredited, partially accredited, and nonac¬ credited high schools . 271 Table 72. — Students in home economics courses of four-year, three-year, two-year, and one-year high schools . 272 Table 73. — Students in home economics courses of city, village, and rural high schools . 273 Table 74. — Students in trade training courses of all high schools . 274 Table 75. — Students in trade training courses of fully accredited, partially accredited, and nonaccred¬ ited high schools . 275 Table 76. — Students in trade training courses of four-year, three-year, and two-year high schools en¬ rolled . 276 Table 77. — Students in trade training courses of city, village, and rural high schools . 277 Table 78. — Value of buildings and grounds classified as to grade and credit . 278 Table 79. — Value of buildings and grounds classified as to courses and to units of taxation . 280 Table 80. — Average value of buildings and grounds . 282 Table 81 . — V alue of scientific apparatus, furniture, and other equipment, classified as junior and sen¬ ior as to credit . 284 Table 82.— Value of scientific apparatus, furniture, and other equipment, classified as to courses and units of taxation . 286 Table 83. — Average value of furniture apparatus, and equipment . 288 Table 84. — Expenditures, permanent improvements, in all high schools, classified as junior and senior and as to credit . 289 Table 85.— Expenditures, other permanent improvements in high schools, classified as to courses and units of taxation . 291 Table 86. — Volumes in libraries of all high schools, classified as junior and senior and as to credit _ 293 Table 87. — Volumes in libraries of all high schools, classified as to courses and as to units of taxation. 294 Table 88. — Average number of volumes in libraries . 296 Table 89. — Expenses of instruction . 297 Table 90. — Cost of instruction in all high schools, distributed as to function, and the average salary of principals . 299 Table 91. — Cost of instruction in fully accredited and in partially accredited high schools . 300 Table 92. — Cost of instruction in nonaccredited and two-year and one-year high schools . 302 Table 93. — Cost of instruction in four-year and in three-year high schools . 304 Table 94. — Cost of instruction in city and in village high schools . 306 Table 95. — Cost of instruction in rural high schools . 308 Chapter III.— Private High Schools and Academies. Table 1. — Review of statistics, 1900-1918 . 310 Table 2.— Review of statistics, 1900-1918— Denominational control . 311 Table 3— Review of statistics, 1907-1918 — Distribution of students . 312 Table 4.— Method used in securing the data used in figure 4 . . 316 Table 5. — Denominational high schools and academies . . 328 Table 6. — Schools, instructors, secondary students, and elementary pupils . 344 Table 7.— Enrollment of secondary students by years . 345 Table 8. — Distribution of students according to length of course . 346 Table 9. — Military drill . 347 Table 10. — Percentage distribution of enrollment of secondary students by sex and by enrollment . . 348 6 CONTENTS. - Page. Table 1 1 .—Graduates . 349 Tables 12 and 13. — Enrollment of students by courses of study . 350 Table 14. — Comparative data on schools, teachers, students, and graduates, and on high schools for boys only, for girls only, and coeducational . 352 Table 15. — Classification according to control . 353 Table 16.— Distribution of students according to length of school term . 356 Table 17. — Distribution of students according to length of school term in one-year schools . 357 Table 18. — Similar distribution for two-year schools . 358 Table 19.— Similar distribution for three-year schools . 359 Table 20.— Similar distribution for four-year schools . 360 Table 21.— Four-year schools— Schools, instructors, students, and graduates . 361 Table 22. — Four-year schools — Distribution of enrollment by years, and by number of graduates going to college, etc . 362 Table 23. — Property, equipment, and expenditures for permanent improvements . 363 Table 24.— Available income . 364 Table 25. — Benefactions, per capita, income and tuition . 365 Tables 26 and 27. — Private high schools for the Negro race . 366 Table 28. — Private high schools and academies which enroll 100 or more pupils . 367 Table 29.— Private secondary schools for the Negro race . . . 382 Chapter IV.— Private Commercial and Business Schools. Table 1. — Statistics of all schools reporting, 1900 to 1918 . 389 Table 2. — Derivation of data used in figure 3 . 392 Tables 3 and 4.— Method of computing index numbers and moving averages . 395 Table 5.— Shorthand systems taught and students in stenographic courses . 414 Table 6.— Comparison of 10 systems of shorthand . 421 Table 7.— Instructors, students, and attendance . 428 Table 8.— Instructors, students, and attendance in private nondenominational schools . 429 Table 9. — Instructors, students, and attendance in Y. M. C. A. and denominational schools . 430 Table 10. — Students in day and night courses and average daily attendance . 431 Table 1 1 —Enrollment by course of study . 432 Table 12. — Enrollment by course of study in private nondenominational schools . 434 Table 13. — Enrollment by course of study in Y. M. C. A. and denominational schools . 435 Table 14. — Students, tuition fees, and length of course in wireless telegraphy . 435 Table 15. — Students, tuition fees, and length of course in accountancy . 437 Table 16. — Students, tuition fees, and length of secretarial course . 440 Table 17.— Students, tuition fees, and length of course in salesmanship . 445 Table 18.— Teachers, students, and attendance in private nondenominational schools . 448 Table 19. — Teachers, students, and attendance in Y. M. C. A. and denominational schools . 471 Table 20.— Enrollment by courses of study, tuition fees, and length of course in private nondenomi¬ national schools . 477 Table 21.— Y. M. C. A. and denominational business schools . 502 Chapter V.— Summer Schools. Table 1.— Instructors, lecturers, students, and average cost . 509 Table 2. — Derivation of index numbers . 513 Table 3. — Enrollment according to length of term . 515 Table 4. — Per capita cost per week . 520 Table 5. — Method of obtaining enrollment percentages . 524 Table 6. — Summary of statistics . 526 Table 7.— Summer schools conducted by universities, colleges, and normal schools . 528 Table 8. — Summer schools conducted by secondary schools and other institutions . 530 Table 9. — Summer schools of colleges, universities, and normal schools . 531 Table 10. — Summer schools of secondary schools and other institutions . 544 Chapter VI.— Nurse Training Schools. Table 1. — Comparative statistics, 1879-1918 . .' . 551 Table 2. — Method used in computing certain data . 554 Table 3.— Distribution in general hospitals according to capacity and average number of patients treated . 560 Table 4.— Distribution in hospitals for the insane according to the capacity (beds) and average num¬ ber of patients . 561 Table 5. — Distribution in general hospitals according to the average number of patients per nurse pupil . 562 CONTENTS. 7 Page. Table 6— Distribution in hospitals for the insane, according to the average number of patients per nurse pupil . 563 Table 7. — Minimum age requirements for admission to schools in general hospitals . 567 Table 8. — Minimum age requirements for admission to schools in hospitals for the insane . 568 Table 9. —Summary of hours of duty required . 570 Table 10. — Hours of duty required in schools in hospitals for the insane . 571 Table 11. — Hours of duty required daily, 1896, 1911, and 1918 . 571 Table 12. — Summary of remuneration to pupils in schools in general hospitals . 572 Table 13. — Summary of remuneration to pupils in schools in hospitals for the insane . 574 Table 14.— Distribution of schools and pupils according to the requirements for admission and the length of course . 579 Table 15. — Distribution of schools, nurse pupils, and graduates according to requirements for admis¬ sion . 584 Table 16.— Distribution of schools in general hospitals and of the nurse pupils and graduates according to requirement for admission . 586 Table 17. — Distribution of schools, nhrse pupils, and graduates according to the educational require¬ ments for admission in hospitals for the insane . 588 Table 18. — Summary of school s for nurses, including schools in hospitals for the insane . 596 Table 19. — Summary of general nurse training schools . 597 Table 20. — Summary of schools in hospitals for the treatment of the insane . 598 Table 21.— Nurse training schools in general hospitals . 599 Table 22.— Nurse training schools in hospitals for the insane . 643 Chapter VII.— Schools and Classes for the Blind. Table 1. — Review of statistics, 1900 to 1918 . 647 Table2.— Per capita expenditures and per capita value of property . . . 658 Table 3. — Summary of statistics . 659 Tabl e 4.— Summary of receipts, expenditures, and property . 661 Table 5.— General statistics . 663 Table 6.— Receipts and expenditures . 666 Chapter VIII.— Schools for the Deaf. Table 1.— Review of statistics, 1900-1918 . 669 Table 2.— Per capita value of property . 684 Table 3. — Per capita expenditures in State and in private schools . 685 Table 4.— Summary of instructors and pupils in State schools . 686 Table 5. — Summary of graduates and miscellaneous items in State schools . 688 Table 6. — Summary of receipts and expenditures of State schools . 690 Table 7.— Summary of instructors and pupils in private schools . 692 Table 8.— Summary of graduates and miscellaneous items in private schools . 692 Table 9.— Summary of receipts and expenditures of private schools . 693 Table 10. — Summary of instructors and pupils in city day-school classes . 693 Table 11. — Summary of graduates and miscellaneous items in city day-school classes . 694 Table 12.— State schools . 695 Table 13. — Receipts and expenditures of State schools . 699 Table 14.— Private institutions . 702 Table 15.— Receipts and expenditures of private schools . 703 Table 16.— City day classes . 704 Table 17. — Expenditures in city day schools . 706 Chapter IX.— Schools and Classes for Feeble-minded and Subnormal Children. Table 1— Review of statistics, 1900-1918 . 707 Table 2.— Per capita value of property . 718 Table 3. — Per capita expenditures . 721 Table 4.— Summary of statistics . 724 Table 5.— Receipts and expenditures . 726 Table 6. — Summary of city day schools and classes for backward and subnormal children . 727 Table 7. — State institutions . 728 Table 8.— Receipts and expenditures of State institutions . 730 Table 9 .—Private institutions . 732 Table 10. — Receipts and expenditures of private institutions . 734 Table 11. — City day schools and classes for backward and subnormal children . 735 Table 12. — Schools for nervous and backward children . 740 8 CONTENTS. Chapter X.— Industrial Schools for Delinquents. Page. Table 1.— Summary of statistics, 1900-1918 . 743 Tables 2 to 6. — Method of computing index numbers and moving averages . 750 Table 7.— Endowed industrial schools for delinquents . 772 Table 8. — Teachers and inmates . . . 773 Tables 9 and 10. — Parentage of inmates . r . 774 Table 1 1 .—Education of inmates . 776 Table 12. — Items relating to enrollment . 778 Table 13. — Property, per capita value, etc . 779 Table 14. — Receipts and expenditures . 780 Table 15. — Per capita cost based on average enrollment . 782 Table 16.— Teachers, assistants, and inmates . . 783 Table 17. — Inmates, property, receipts, and expenditures . 789 Index . 795 CHAPTER I. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-18.1 Prepared under the Supervision of H. R. Bonner, Specialist in Educational Statistics. Contents. — Types of schools represented — Number of schools reporting — Length of sessions — Number of instructors — Number of students enrolled — Graduates from normal courses — Practice teaching and facilities for it — Libraries — Property — Income — Expenditures — Accuracy — Summer sessions in 1917 — Changes in the normal-school list — General summary. TYPES OF SCHOOLS REPRESENTED. This report includes data on public and private normal schools. It does not include data on the State teachers’ colleges of Colorado, Iowa, and New York. These institutions are included under sta¬ tistics of universities, colleges, and professional schools in another chapter of the Biennial Survey. The normal schools have been classified chiefly on the basis of control. Those under State control are State normal schools. The State normal schools of Pennsylvania were, prior to 1911, only partly under State control. They were owned by corporations. Of the 18 trustees for each institution, 6 were appointed by the superintendent of public instruction. The code of 1911 provided for the purchase of the institutions by the State.2 Six of them have become the property of the State under this act. A city normal school is one under the control of the city board of education. The definition of a county normal school varies somewhat in the different States.3 Wisconsin has the only true county normal schools. They are separate from the regular public schools in control, school plant, and all other respects. In Michigan the county training classes have their own boards. In Ohio the county normal schools are operated in connection with first-grade high schools. They are under the supervision of the county superin¬ tendent, and he nominates the director of the school. The county normal schools of Wisconsin and Ohio are included here, as are also several from Michigan. Eighteen other States make provision for the training of teachers in a number of secondary schools. Private schools are under private control. On this basis several schools formerly included under public normal schools have been included with the private schools for the purposes of this study. 1 Mr. L. E. Blauch assisted in the preparation of statistics of normal schools. 2 School Code of Pennsylvania and Other Laws. Act of May 18, 1911, Harrisburg, 1911, p. 101. 3 See “ Rural Teacher Preparation in County Training Schools and High Schools,” by H. W. Foght. Bu. of Educ., Bui., 1917, No. 31. 9 Table 1. — Review of statistics of all normal schools, 1900-1918. 10 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, 1917-18 - 308 3,166 5,386 8,552 r-Tco' * 4,949 21,287 116,887 132,177 | 138,174 13,231 96,822 110,053 2,170 22,331 24,501 57,580 83,602 1915-16 o 279 2,700 4,606 7,306 30,591 101,586 22,940 88,732 111,672 3,085 1 21,449 8 CS 1913-14 St 281 2,505 4,243 6,748 1,772 3, 127 668 ‘t 1 26,826 88, 190 115,016 19,247 76,039 95,286 1 2,430 18,228 00 lO CO o' C* 53,001 1911-12 00 277 2,294 3,982 6,276 1,631 2,834 4,465 28,745 80,541 109,286 19, 860 70, 124 89,984 | 2,325 15,953 18,278 | 42,338 1909-10 264 2,195 3, 719 5,914 1,360 2,400 3,760 37,823 94,615 00 CO CO 19,746 68,815 88,561 2,151 13,279 15,430 66,180 1907-8 CO 250 2,031 2,982 5,013 1,273 1,985 3,258 32,599 76,714 co CO s 16, 146 55, 721 71,867 1,984 11,095 13,079 51,060 1905-6 l© 264 2,057 3,345 cs § 1C* 1,525 2, 131 3,656 46,316 86,876 © 172 1,902 3,072 4,974 1,515 2,386 I CO' 21,717 74,232 © © lO © 17,165 64,907 82,072 2, 194 14,516 o r- CO CM CM o' co 1911-12 cc 161 1,696 2,651 4,347 1,373 2,116 1 1 co' 21,758 64,245 8“ 16,965 57,788 CO 2,073 12,085 00 IO CM iO CM S3 1909-10 1,503 2,337 3,840 1,000 1,598 00 r- lO csT 25,690 68, 453 CO © 16,628 54,819 71,447 1,692 9,497 oo 37,887 1907-8 © 142 1,284 1,766 3,050 890 1,358 cm csT 19,911 53, 100 © CO 12,478 43,663 56,141 1,459 7,965 CM cT 26,082 1905-6 ns 137 1,166 1,852 3,018 1,092 1,488 cm' 24,374 56,055 8 8“ 12,119 38, 587 CO g S' 1,127 6,297 CM 28,211 I o> ** 137 1,101 1,777 2,878 1,025 1,355 o s 1 CO csT 21,428 47,427 ‘O «o 00 cc CO 10,768 33,498 CO •o CM 1,250 5,750 7,000 CM 00 cm' CO 1901-2 vs 135 996 1,447 CO cm' 901 1,118 o> © csT 21,428 44,326 25 1 si 11,662 32, 100 43,762 1,556 5,285 6,841 24,880 1899-1900 Ol 127 899 1,300 g> csT CO cm CM OOOi I - 19, 834 40,475 si 11,801 29, 854 41,655 1,800 5.545 7,345 20,921 Number of schools reporting . Number of instructors: a. Total in all courses — Men . Women . Total . b. In normal courses— Men . Women . Total . Number of students enrolled: a. Total in all courses — Men . Women . Total . b. In normal courses— Men . W omen . Total . Graduates from normal courses: Men . Women . Total . Enrollment in model schools . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 13 2 S a s? 0> lO S5 1 S IIS 2 g o =T 2” I g S §5 I - © CO 7,889 43 2,096 2,139 20,060 1903-4 27 2 s 81 564 645 61 318 379 180 6, 100 s 58 6,049 6,107 30 1,913 1,943 17,193 1901-2 eo 26 1 1 27 79 561 640 61 275 336 3, 951 10, 807 2 14, 758 99 4,489 00 S ID csT *-T S N © CO co CO 8 oT CO s © 8 © s s §' I -£ y. 8 CO cnT c: cr. CO r- e $30,300 $487, 180 S N ID © CO ID ss CO 8 $100 $485, 715 ID 00 id" X cm gf •D 3 id" T#< 8 8 ID CO U 8“ S? 8“ U cm" © 8 CM CM © £ O N 1 N 8 * 1 22 § i i i ID 2 iD CM CM ©" Receipts for the year: a. From State, city and county for improvements. 5. From State, city, and county for current ex¬ penses . c. Total receipts from State, city, and county . d. Total receipts, all sources . Number of volumes in libraries . Table 4. — Review of statistics of private normal schools, 1900-1918'. 16 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916—1918, 1917-18 It 57 U- i-l O I- CO lO 948 tO L- O lO CC 2,827 6,742 9,569 533 4,462 4,995 142 1,339 1,481 2, 976 1915-16 © 47 05 05 %% oo s 4,633 7,193 11,826 2,396 5,567 7,963 1 II g l °° l Si 3 © 48 r-H CO lO 05 944 o CO CO 00 00 O 1,336 | 507 415 922 | 20,567 19, 780 Tt« CO cT 7,932 8, 786 16,718 591 863 1,454 | 1899-1900 148 ss 00 t - 1,618 | tO 5 §8 05 26,639 22,036 to 1^ CC oo 12, 208 11,096 23,304 1,170 1,179 2,349 3,839 - Number of schools reporting . Number of instructors: a. Total in all courses— Men . Women . Total . b. In normal courses— Men . Women . Total . Number of students enrolled : a. Total in all courses — Men . Women . Total . b. In normal courses— Men . Women . Total . Graduates from normal courses: Men . Women . Total . Enrollment in model schools . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917—1918, 17 Table 5. — Review of the number of normal schools reporting, 1900-1918. 18 STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 19 20 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS REPORTING. The number of normal schools reporting since 1900 is shown in Tables 1-5 and in figure 1. One fact to be noted is the steady 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 STATU - 127 135 137 157 142 131 161 172 174 172 PRIVATE. . 148 119 103 90 70 73 60 43 47 57 CITY . 27 26 27 34 34 32 34 36 37 34 COUNTY.. . 3 1 2 •3 4 8 22 25 21 45 - * STATE SCHOOLS. - - COUNTY SCHOOLS. — - CITY SCHOOLS. Fig. 1.— Number of normal school reporting, 1900-1918. increase in the number of State normal schools. This is the case despite the fact that several States have abandoned their State nor¬ mal schools as separate institutions and that a number of State STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 21 normal schools have become State teachers’ colleges, and conse¬ quently are now reported under “Universities, Colleges, and Profes¬ sional Schools.’ ’ The institutions located at the following places were transferred to the latter list at the respective dates: Cedar Falls, Iowa, 1911; Greeley, Colo., 1912; Albany, N. Y., 1913. In several States normal schools are organized as part of a State college or university. The statistics of such State normal schools are included in the data of these higher institutions since they have become so organized. The following States, with the respective numbers of institutions, are cases in point: Florida 1, Nevada 1, Ohio 2, Utah 1, Wyoming 1. The two universities in Ohio which do this work were included in the data cited herein for the years 1908, 1910, and 1912. The State Normal and Industrial College for Colored Persons at Tallahassee, Fla., was included in the reports on normal schools until 1911 and at the same time under the “Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges.” A similar statement applies to the Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Persons, Savannah, Ga,, until 1907. There has also been an increase in the number of city normal schools. In 1918 there were 26 per cent more reports than in 1900. The corresponding increase in the number of State normal schools is 35 per cent. Nearly all of the county normal schools have been established since 1900. Those in Wisconsin were established under a law enacted in 1899. Twenty-five reported from Wisconsin in 1918. Those of Ohio are of more recent date and reported for the first time in 1918. Twenty-one of the latter are included in the data of Tables 1-5 and in figure 1. Another observation to be made is the decrease in the number of private normal schools. Table 5 shows this decrease to have occurred in most of the States having such schools. The increase in 1918 is partly due to including 25 kindergarten training schools in 1918, while in 1916 only 14 reported. The decrease in private normal schools is probably largely accounted for by two causes, first, increased cost of conducting schools; and, second, the increased public pro¬ vision for higher education and for this type of training. The 57 private normal schools reporting in 1918 are classified as follows : Kindergarten training schools . 25 General normal schools and colleges . 19 Normal schools of physical education . 8 Industrial and technical normal schools . 5 22 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. The data for 1918 include 24 normal schools for colored persons distributed as follows (see Tables 32-39): State normal schools . 15 City normal schools . 2 Private normal schools . 7 From Table 5 one may gain a fair knowledge of the change in the number of the various kinds of normal schools in the different States. Of course a number of schools fail to make reports at times, but, in general, the data given indicate the increase or the decrease. LENGTH OF SESSIONS. Table 6. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of weeJcs of school in the year, 1917-18.1 Number of weeks in school year. Number of schools. Number of weeks in school year. Number of schools. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. 30 . 2 42 . 44 2 6 32 5 43 . 4 1 33 . 1 44 . 16 1 1 34 . . . 7 45 . 6 2 35 . 3 46 . ., . 22 2 1 36 . 11 6 19 17 47 . 3 37 . 1 1 48 . 21 2 38 . 14 6 2 2 50 . 1 39 6 3 40 . 1 19 18 19 6 Total number of re¬ 41 . 3 1 ports . 171 34 45 57 1 Including summer session of 1917. The length of time which the normal schools were in session during the year 1917-18 is shown in Table 6. For State normal schools the most common number of weeks is 42. This usually includes a sum¬ mer session of 6 weeks. The most common length of session for city normal schools is 40 weeks, for county normal schools 40 weeks, and for private normal schools 36 weeks. NUMBER OF INSTRUCTORS. The number of instructors in normal schools since 1900 has steadily increased, as is shown in Table 1. This increase, as is quite evident from figure 2, has been in public normal schools. In 1918 there were more than twice as many instructors reported in State normal schools as in 1900. In the same time the number in city and county normal schools increased approximately 78 per cent, while the num¬ ber in private normal schools decreased approximately 41 per cent. From figure 3 it is observed that the average size of faculty in State normal schools has increased regularly and rapidly. This indi¬ cates that those institutions are becoming larger and are doing more STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 23 Fig. 2.— Number of instructors in normal schools, 1900-1918. 24 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. work. The data seem to indicate that the faculties of city and county normal schools are becoming smaller. This is due largely to the increase in the number of county normal schools, most of which have small faculties, as will be noted later. The average size of faculty in private normal schools is increasing. Since it was noted above (see fig. 1 and Table 5) that the number of 40 30 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 STATE. . . . 17-3 18.1 21.0 22.0 23,0 25.4 27.0 28.9 31.2 38.6 CITY AND COUNTY. . . 18.3 23.7 22.2 23.* 19.2 21.1 16.1 13.6 15.7 12.5 PRIVATE. . 10.9 11.1 13.7 16.9 17.6 16.9 17.2 19.7 20.6 17.2 STATE SCHOOLS."" - - CITY AND COUNTY. - PRIVATE SCHOOLS. Fig. 3. — Average size of faculties in normal schools 1900-1918. these institutions is decreasing, it is obvious that the smaller schools are going out of existence, while the larger ones are surviving. The decrease in the size of faculty in 1918 is partly due to including more kindergarten training schools, which generally have small faculties. With those eliminated in 1918 which were not included in 1916 (13 schools, with a total of 96 instructors) the average size of faculty in private normal schools was 20.3 in 1918. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 25 4500 4000 5500 5000 2500 2000 1500 1000 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 STATS.,.. 1775 2019 ■2380 2580 2248 2998 3489 3901 .... 4158 PRIVATE. . 983 922 755 649 535, 589 410 359 .... 262 CITY ART COURTY. . . 325 536 379 427 47 5j 573 566 639 .... 529 SCHOOLS. - - - CITY A SB COURTY, PRIVATE SCHOOLS. Fig. 4.— Number of instructors in normal courses in normal schools, 1900-1918. 26 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-18, The number of instructors in normal courses in State normal schools shows an increase since 1900 (see fig. 4). So does also the number in city and county normal schools, except from 1916 to 1918. The number in private normal schools shows a general rapid decrease. Figure 5 is of interest as showing the relative average number of instructors per school in normal courses in the different kinds of institutions. The average is highest in the State schools and lowest in private schools. With the 13 kindergarten training schools, as STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 27 above mentioned, eliminated in 1918, the average number in private schools for that year is 9.8. The decrease in the city and county schools since 1910 is probably due to the increase in the number of county normal schools, which have small faculties. The total number of instructors and the number in normal courses are compared in figure 6.1 There is not much regular change in the Fig. 6. — Percentage of instructors in normal schools who were teachers of students in normal courses, 1900-1918. percentage of State normal school faculties which are giving normal courses. In city and county normal schools the percentage increased from 1900 to 1914. In private normal schools the percentage de¬ creased, thus indicating that those which survived tend to devote more energy to instruction in other than normal courses. 1 In these ratios for 1918 only those schools are used which reported both sets of data. 28 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 7. — Distribution of normal schools according to the total number of instructors, including the presidents and principals, 1917-18. Number of instructors. Number of schools. Number of instructors. Number of schools. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate: State. City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. 1 . 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 15 12 5 1 1 46- 50 . 8 6 11 5 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 . 51-55 _ 1 1 3 . 56- 60 4 . 4 61-65 . 5 . 66- 70 . 1- 5 . 71- 75 7 5 3 6 1 5 1 1 2 38 6 6 16 9 8 8 3 1 2 76- 80 . 6-10 . 3 13 13 20 24 14 22 16 81-85 . 11-15 . 86- 90 . 1 16-20 . 91- 95 21-25 . 96-100 . 26-30 . More than 100 1 1 31-35 Total number of re¬ ports . 36-40 . 172 34 44 55 41-45 . The size of faculty in the various normal schools in 1918 may be noted from Table 7. The county schools generally have the smallest faculties, and the State schools the largest. The typical size of the State normal school faculty is from 21 to 40. Table 8. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of instructors engaged half time or more in instructing resident students in normal courses , 1917-18. Number of instructors. Number of schools. Number of instructors. Number of schools. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. State. City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. 1 . 1 1 16 4 26-30 . 14 2 2 . 1 3 4 4 31-35 . 10 3 . 1 10 4 36-40 . 13 1 4 . 2 2 4 6 41-45 . 11 2 5... 1 2 1 1 46-50 . 7 51-55 4 1 1-5 . 5 9 35 19 56-60 . 5 6-10. 12 2 2 9 More than 60 . i 8 11-15 13 3 5 16-20 . 12 5 2 Total number of re¬ 21-25 . 19 2 2 ports . 133 27 37 37 i 64, 66, 70, 74, 87, 90, 94, and 108. Table 8 is similar to Table 7 in its make-up. The summer school faculty is included in the total for the year, which tends to increase the size of the faculty represented in this table over the average number in the faculty during the regular year (for the size of summer school faculty see Table 30). NUMBER OF STUDENTS ENROLLED. Since 1912 there has been an increase in the total enrollment (see Table 1, item 3 a). Figure 7 shows that the increase was largely in State normal schools. The total enrollment in private normal schools shows a decided falling off. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 29 Fig. 7.— Number of students enrolled in normal schools, 1900-1918. 30 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. A more reliable set of data than the total enrollment for the period 1900-1918 is the enrollment in normal courses (see fig. 8). The curves of figure 8 are fairly regular. Again, it may be observed that the number in State normal schools increased rapidly, the number in Fig. 8.— Number of students enrolled in normal courses in normal schools, 1900-1918. city and county normal schools almost as rapidly, while those in pri¬ vate normal schools decreased. From this figure the relative num¬ bers in each type of school may be easily noted. The State normal schools are by far the most important in the training of teachers, and their relative importance has been rapidly increasing. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 31 Table 9. — Comparisons on enrollment in normal schools, 1900-1918. ( For data see Tables 2-4.) 1900 1902 1904 j 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 U918 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Average number of students enrolled per i school: State . 475 487 502 i 587 514 623 534 553 646 699 City and countv . 250 547 217 510 397 424 141 125 137 106 Private . 332 339 368 ! 377 311 293 257 239 253 177 Average number of students per school enrolled in normal courses: State . 328 • 324 326 j 370 395 473 464 477 551 582 Citv and county . 153 170 211 213 182 194 141 121 151 104 Private . 158 140 129 115 126 128 122 122 169 93 Average number of students per instruc¬ tor: State . 27.5 26.9 23.7 26.7 23.9 24.5 19.8 19.3 20.7 18.0 City and countv . 13.7 23.1 9.7 21.7 20.7 20.0 8.8 9.2 8.7 8.5 Private . 30.1 30.2 26.8 22.4 17.1 17.3 14.9 12.1 12.2 10.1 Average number of students in normal courses per instructor in normal courses: State . 23.5 21.7 18.6 19.7 25.0 27.5 21.4 21.0 17.4 City and county . 14.1 13.8 16.1 18.5 14.5 13.6 14.0 11.5 14.7 Private . 23.7 18.1 17.1 15.9 16.5 15.8 17.9 16.3 15.8 Percentage of all students who were in normal courses: State. . . 69.2 66.6 64.4 63.1 ! 76.9 76.0 86.9 85.4 85.1 83.0 City and county . 60.7 31.1 97.3 41.8 45.6 45.8 100.0 96.6 99.5 99.0 Private . 47.8 41.4 34.9 30.5 41.6 43.8 47.6 51.1 67.3 56.4 i In computing the data for this year only those schools were used which reported both sets of data which were being compared. A number of comparisons are made in Table 9 between the number of schools, the number of instructors, and the number of students enrolled. Marked changes occur with regularity in only a few cases. Item 5 of this table seems to indicate that from 1906 to 1916 private normal schools devoted an increasing amount of attention to training teachers. This tendency seems different from that noted above in figures 3, 5, and 6. Table 10. — Distribution of normal schools according to the total enrollment of resident students , 1917-18. Number of schools. Number of schools. Number enrolled. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri- j vate. | Number enrolled. State. City. Coun¬ ty*. Pri¬ vate. 1 25 . 7 21 11 901-1,000 . 10 26- 50 . 3 8 7 1,001-1,100 . 4 1 51- 75 . 3 3 9 5 1,101-1,200 . 4 76-100 . 3 5 6 6 1,201-1,300 . 3 1 1 301-1 400 1-100 . 6 18 44 29 l’, 401-1*500 . 1 101-200 . 16 6 1 13 1 501-1 600 . 2 201-300 . 19 5 4 | 1 601-1 700 1 301-400 . 17 1 2 i 1,701-1,800 . 3 401-500 . 21 2 More than 1,800 . i 9 501-600 15 l 601-700 . 14 1 Total number of 701-800 . 6 1 . reports _ _ . 172 34 45 54 801-900 . 16 1 ! 1 1 i 1,803. 2,050, 2,094, 2,144, 2,480, 2,526, 2,700, 2,840, and 2,846. 32 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. The status of enrollment in 1918 is shown in Tables 10, 11, 12, 32, 36, and 38. The total enrollment for the year includes the enrollment m the summer session of 1917. This means that some schools, especially those with large summer schools, are likely to have a much larger total enrollment than they would have had if the data only for the regular year, not including the summer, had been used. Similar remarks apply to the data of Tables 11 and 12. Table 11. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of resident students enrolled in normal courses , 1917-18. Number of schools. Number of schools. Number of students. Number of students. State. City. Coun- Pri- ty. vate. State. City. Coun- Pri- ty. vate. 1- 25. 26- 50. 51- 75 . 76-100. 1-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 1 4 6 3 22 6 22 8 6 3 10 5 4 5 5 2 15 18 27 15 21 11 10 17 6 5 1 43 1 37 11 2 1 3 1 1 701- 800 . 801- 900 . 901-1,000 . 1,001-1,100 . 1,101-1,200 . 1,201-1,300 . 1,301-1,400 . 1,401-1,500 . More tnan 1,500 . Total number of reports . 54 i 1,563, 1,566, 1,777, 2,017, 2.050, 2,280, 2,526, 2,700, 2,846 Table 12. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of resident students enrolled in other than normal courses, 1917-18. Number of students. Number of schools. Number of students. Number of schools. State. Private. State. Private. 1-100 . 25 10 601-700 . 1 101-200 . 22 2 701-800 . 3 201-300 . 14 1 More than 800 . 1 2 2 2 301-400 7 2 401-500 . 4 Total number of reports .... 81 17 501-600 . 3 1 1,036 and 1,755. 2 1,041 and 1,042. Table 13. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of attendance or enrollment weeks , in resident normal courses, 1917-18} Number of weeks. Number of schools. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. 0- 499 . 1 8 12 500- 999 . 1 4 9 9 1,000- 1,499 . 3 3 3 3 1,500- 1,999 . 4 5 1 2,000- 2,499 . 3 3 3 4 0- 2,499 . 11 11 28 29 2,500- 4,999 . 19 9 3 9 5,000- 7,499 . 22 2 7 7,500- 9,999 . 16 1 2 10, 000-12, 499 . 21 1 12, 500-14, 999 . 10 1 15,000-16,499 . 13 17, 500-19, 999 . 13 2 Number of schools. Number of weeks. State. City. Coun- Pri- ty. vate. 20,000-22,499 . 22.500- 24,999 . 25,000-27, 999 . 27.500- 29,999.. . 30,000-32,499 . 32.500- 34,999 . 35,000-37, 499 . 37.500- 39,999 . More than 40,000 . Total number of 3 6 5 1 1 2 3 2 2 I reports . Number reporting at¬ tendance weeks . . 150 78 27 7 31 18 47 20 1 In a number of cases where attendance weeks were not reported the enrollment weeks were computed by multiplying the number of weeks per term or semester by the number of students enrolled during the term or semester. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 33 A better means of comparing the amount of service which the schools render is the number of attendance weeks. Table 13 gives these for resident students in normal courses. For a number of schools not reporting this item the enrollment weeks were computed and the results included in Table 13. The number thus computed is somewhat higher than the actual number of enroll¬ ment weeks, the difference being greater in the cases of the longer terms. This number is also higher than the number of attendance weeks, but it is nevertheless a rough approximate means of compari¬ son and is more nearly correct than the enrollment. Table 14. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of nonresident students enrolled in extension and correspondence courses, 1917-18. Number of students. Number of schools. Number of students. Number of schools. State. City. Pri¬ vate. State. City- /ate. 1- 50 21 3 251-300 . 2 51-100 . 13 1 301-350 . 3 . 101-150 . 9 i 1 More than 350 . 16 2 i . 151-200 . 2 l 1 201-250 . 1 Total number of reports. . j « 3 ; 6 1 401, 460, 611, 635, 647, and 652. 2 735. Extension and correspondence courses were important phases of activity in a number of schools in 1918. Some knowledge of the situation may be obtained from Tables 14, 32, 36, and 38. The number of State normal schools reporting on these courses is as follows: Correspondence courses only . 25 Extension courses only . 17 Correspondence and extension courses . 15 Total number reporting . 53 Three city normal schools reported extension courses, as did also five private normal schools. One private normal school gave corre¬ spondence courses. GRADUATES FROM NORMAL COURSES. Table 1 shows that the number of graduates from normal courses in normal schools increased with fair regularity from 1902 to 1916. Figure 9 indicates that this increase has been in public normal schools and chiefly in the State institutions. It also shows the relative importance of the three types of institutions in the training of teachers as measured by the number of graduates from norma] courses. 59872°— 21 - 3 34 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Whether the number of graduates is keeping pace with the demand can not be ascertained since the number of new teachers entering the profession annually is not known. To determine the relative numbers of men and women who gradu¬ ated from normal courses in normal schools, index numbers were computed (see fig. 10). The index numbers of the number of men graduates were found by dividing the number for each year con¬ sidered (see Table 1) by the average number for the years 1900-1918. 25000 20000 0? 15000 § i a 0 f*. ° 10000 I 5000 0 - S' - 7“ 7~ / / r / / / y y y / x y - " - ^ — -»■ - _ _ 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 -1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 TATS SCHOOLS. - CITY AND COUNTY . - PRIVATE SCHOOLS. Fig. 9.— Number of graduates from normal courses in normal schools, 1900-1918. In the same way the index numbers were computed for the number of women graduates. The relative increase or decrease in the number of graduates is shown by the steepness of the slope of the curves between the dates considered. Thus, for example, from 1906 to 1908 both curves have practically the same slope, thus indicating that the increase in the number of men graduates and in the number of women graduates was relatively about the same. From 1908 to 1910 the number ol women graduates increased relatively much more than did the num¬ ber of men graduates. In general the number of women increased STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 35 more rapidly relatively than did the number of men. The number of men decreased rapidly from 1900 to 1906, then increased until 1916. The falling off from 1916 to 1918 was likely due to the war. Fig. 10— Index numbers of the number of men and women graduates in all normal schools, 1900-191S. The number of women shows a fairly regular increase from 1902 to 1916. The variation in the curve from 1916 to 1918 was also prob¬ ably due to the war. 36 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 15. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of hours of practice teaching which each student receives in the normal courses , 1917-18. Number of hours. Number of schools. State.1 City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. Total. 1-49 . 10 1 17 3 31 50- 99 . 23 4 23 10 60 100-149 . 34 2 3 10 49 150-199 . 39 1 2 42 200-249 . 13 2 2 17 250-299 . 6 1 7 300-349 . 5 2 1 8 350-399 . 6 1 4 11 400-449 . 5 2 2 9 450-499 . 5 3 1 9 500-549 . 3 7 3 13 Nunfber of schools. Number of hours. State.1 City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. Total. 550-599 . 1 3 4 600-649 . 6 1 1 8 650-699 . 1 1 2 700-749 . 2 1 1 4 750-799 . 1 1 800 or over . 2 5 7 Median horns .... 180 462 54 180 Total num¬ ber of re¬ ports . 159 32 43 48 282 1 The five most common numbers are the following: 180 hours, 24 schools; 120, 16; 200, 8; 600, 6; 60, 6. PRACTICE TEACHING AND FACILITIES FOR IT. The amount of practice teaching and the facilities for it are impor¬ tant items in normal schools. From Table 15 it is clear that there is considerable variation in the importance attached to it. Thirty-one schools require fewer than 50 hours per student completing the normal course, while in 7 schools each student received at least 800 hours. Much emphasis is placed on practice teaching in a .relatively large proportion of city normal schools. The large numbers of hours in private schools generally occur in kindergarten training schools. In State normal schools the variation is not so marked. The county schools give less attention to it than do the others. It is to be noted, however, that the normal courses in the county schools of Ohio and Michigan are only one year in length. Table 1 S. —Distribution of normal schools according to the number of pupils enrolled in model and practice schools, 1917-18. Number of pupils enrolled. Number of schools. Number of pupils enrolled. Number of schools. State.! City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. State. City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. 1 CA 7 1 11 18 551-600 . 3 1 ri i nn 8 1 3 601-650 . 1 1 iai un 27 2 5 651 700 . 2 1 i onn 21 1 701 750 . 1 101— zuu . - . om OKA 18 1 2 751-800 . 1 3 zui— zou . - 22 1 2 801-850 . 2 6 301 350 . 11 1 More than 850 . 11 7 351-400 . 401-450 7 2 5 2 ! i Total number of 4^1 *00 9 ! 1 i reports . 158 30 ! 17 31 501 550 . . 2 : 3 The practice teaching facilities are measured largely by the enroll¬ ments in model and practice schools. Here again there is much STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 37 variation, as is shown in Table 16. As is to be expected the city normal schools have large model and practice school enrollments, due to the fact that the whole city system is available for it. County normal schools generally have small model and practice schools. LIBRARIES. The number of volumes in libraries of normal schools rapidly increased from 1900 to 1918 (see Table 1). In Tables 2-4 this increase is seen to have occurred chiefly in the State normal schools. The number in city and county schools also increased, but the num¬ ber in private schools decreased. The average size of libraries in the State schools was more than doubled from 1900 to 1918 (see fig. 11). That of private schools also increased. Table 17. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of bound volumes in libraries, 1917-18. Number of volumes. Number of schools. Number of schools. State. | City. Coun- 1 ty. Pri- i vate. { Number of volumes. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. 1-500 . 6 5 18 14 12,001-13,000 . 4 501-1,000 . 5 2 12 8 13,001-14,000 . 2 14 001-15 000 10 1-1,000 . n 7 30 22 15,*001-16)000 . 4 1 001-2 000 9 10 _ 2,000-3*000 . 12 i 1 4 More than 16,000 . 32 2 2 3 001-4 000 12 4 3 4* 000-5* 000 . n 1 (a) 16,001-20,000 . 10 5,001-6,000 . 1 1 (b) 20,001-24,000 . 8 2 6,001-7,000 . 15 2 3 (C) 24,001-28,000 . 1 7 001-8,000 . 9 1 2 (d) More than 28,000. 1 6 2 1 8 001-9 000 11 1 9)001-10000 . 5 1 Total number of 10 001-11,000 . reports . 166 28 42 45 11,001-12,000 . 5 i 30,000; 43,831; 45,300; 57,412; 76,623; and 90,000. * 40,187. The data on the number of volumes in the libraries of normal schools for 1918 are exhibited in Table 17. This makes clear the great variation in the size of libraries. A number of the State institu¬ tions are very well provided, 32 having more than 16,000 volumes each. A number of them, however, are inadequately provided. The libraries of county normal schools are generally small. VALUE OF PROPERTY. The total property valuation of normal schools may be noted in Tables 33, 36, and 39. The variation in this item is shown in Table 18. From this it appears that a number of the institutions are well-to-do in this respect. The valuation of more than half of the schools falls between $200,000 and $550,000. 38 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Fig. 11. — Average number of volumes per school in the libraries of normal schools, 1900-1918. STATISTICS OF FORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 39 Table 18. — Distribution of normal schools according to the total value of property , including endowment , 1917-18. Number of schools. Number of schools. Value of property. State. City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. Value of property. State. City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. SO- $9,999 . 10,000- 19,999. 20,000- 29,999. 30,000- 39,999 . 40,000- 49,999. 0- 49,999. 50,000- 99,999 . 100,000-149,999 150,000-199,999 200,000-249,999 250,000-299,999 300,000-349,999 350,000-399,999 400,000-449,999 $450,000-$499,999 . 500,000- 549,999 . 550,000- 599,999 . 600,000- 649,999 . 650,000- 699,999 . 700,000- 749,999 . 750,000- 799,999 . 800,000- 849,999 . 850,000- 899,999 . 900,000- 949,999 . 950,000- 999,999 . More than 1,000,000 . Total number1 of reports . 10 168 25 34 1 1,013,440; 1,064,043; 1,087,531; 1,143,857; 1,150,000; 1,315,000. * 1,292,085. • 3,765,022; 3,812,203. INCOME OF NORMAL SCHOOLS. The receipts of normal schools have increased very rapidly since 1900. (See Tables 1-4 and fig. 12.) The data show that this increase has occurred very largely in the State schools. From figure 13 it is evident that the State normal schools in more recent years are securing a smaller percentage of their income from public appropriations than was the case from 1900 to 1908. This means that more is being received from such sources as fees, gifts, productive funds, etc. Table 19. — Average receipts of normal schools per school , 1900-1918. Sources. 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 State . $30,721 29,677 9,807 $33,506 39,219 14, 165 $40, 568 41,691 17,553 $47, 421 33,248 18,146 $65, 001 60,159 43,898 $70,041 62, 853 49,699 $71,424 17,086 31,926 $88,854 19,056 47, 114 $102,004 19,731 56,340 City and county . . . . Private . i Expenditures. • The average income of normal schools shows a rapid increase in the State and in the private schools. (See fig. 14.) The drop in the curve for private schools in 1912 was due partly to the fact that several large schools were included in 1910 but not in 1912. The decrease shown in the city and county schools occurred largely because fewer large schools and more small schools reported their income in later years. The derivation of the income of State normal schools in 1917-18 is set forth in figure 15. These percentages were obtained by com¬ paring the total receipts, less the income from public funds for 40 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. increase of plant, with the amount received from public funds for current expenses. In Wisconsin the income from fees, etc., is turned over to the State. The State appropriations, therefore, in Wisconsin cover all receipts for State normal schools. In com¬ puting these percentages the State plan was not followed. The Fig. 12.— Total receipts of normal schools, 1900-1918. receipts from the various sources were considered as in other States for the reason that the State in reality appropriated so much less from public funds, since such receipts really contribute to the State appropriations. A similar remark may be made in the case of sev¬ eral other States. (See Table 34 and footnotes.) It is obvious STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 41 from figure 15 that there is much variation in the policies of the different States in the support of their State normal schools. In California almost all of the income for current expenses was received from public funds, while in Pennsylvania only 20 per cent was so obtained. In the latter State a number of the schools are yet semi¬ private. 90 CO i 80 o M g 70 i. CO g 50 8 g AO * o H 30 o < 10 A is- X < 0 PER CHIT 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 79.4 87.7 83.7 87.0 80.9 76.2 76.6 77.0 76.3 75.3 Fig. 13— Percentage of total receipts for State normal schools which was appropriated from public funds, 1900-1918. EXPENDITURES. The variation in total expenditures of normal schools in 1917-18 is set forth in Table 20. One State school spent less than $7,500, while 54 spent more than $100,000. The county schools are the smallest as measured by expenditures. Only two private schools expended more than $60,000. 42 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. — - STATE, ALL SOURCES. - CITY, ALL SOURCES. # EXPENDITURES. . . PRIVATE, ALL SOURCES. Fig. 14— Average receipts of normal schools per school, 1900-1918. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 43 PERCENTAGES. 0 10 CALIFORNIA . 97-5 Maine . . 94.2 OKLAHOMA . 93.7 Indiana . .MISSISSIPPI . 92.4 RHODE ISLAND . 89.2 NEBRASKA . 88.5 MICHIGAN . 88.3- NEW JERSEY . 82.6 WISCONSIN . ..... 82.1 82.0 OHIO . . 81.0 Washington . 80.8 MASSACHUSETTS . 7 9.7 KANSAS . 79.4 COLORADO . 79.3 IDAHO . 78.6 SOUTH DAKOTA . 78.3 MINNESOTA . 78.1 WEST VIRGINIA . . 75,5 MISSOURI . . 74.9 VERMONT ............ 70.8 MARYLAND _ _ 69.0 MONTANA . . 68.8 ARIZONA . . . . 67.4 TEXAS . . 4 67.4 KENTUCKY . 66.2 NEW v0RK . 65.8 OREGON . 61.0 CONNECTICUT . 60.7 GEORGIA . ., . 60.6 ARKANSAS. . . . . 59.3 TENNESSEE . 56.3 NORTH DAKOTA . 54.6 Vyn MV.X ' C 0 . . . . 55.5 NEW HAMPSHIRE . 49.4 NORTH CAROLINA . 46.0 ALABAMA . 40.1 VIRGINIA . 40.1 LOUISIANA . . . 35.5 SOUTH CAROLINA . 34.3 PENNSYLVANIA. . . . 20.0 AVERAGE. . . . 67.5 Fig. 15. — Percentages of total current expenses of State normal schools •which were appropriated from public funds, 1900-1918. 44 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 20 .—Distribution of normal schools according to the total current expenditures, 1917-18. Expenditures. Number of schools. Expenditures. Number of schools. State. City. Comi¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. State. City. Coun¬ ty. Pri¬ vate. $0-82,499 . 4 21 4 $80,000-889, 999 . 12 2,500- 4,999 . 1 9 6 90,000- 99,999 . 13 5,000- 7,499 . 1 3 9 5 100,000-109,999. .. 8 1 7,500- 9,999 . 6 2 110,000-119,999. .. 14 1 120 000-129 999 5 1 0- 9,999 . 1 8 45 17 130’ 000-139’ 999 . 8 10,000- 19,999 . 10 5 2 12 140, 000-149, 999. . . 2 1 20,000- 29,999 . 9 5 8 150,000-159,999. 3 1 30,000- 39,999 . 4 3 2 More than $160,000.. >14 2 2 40 000- 49 999 21 1 1 50’000- 59' 999 . 15 1 3 Total number of 60,000- 69,999 . 14 reports. . 168 24 47 45 70,000- 79,999 . 15 1 1 161,440; 165,645; 174,644; 179,746; 191,780; 198,202; 199,212; 207,075; 226,407; 240,391; 252,600; 253,564; 272,759; 313,167. 2 315,908; 397,360. Table 21. — Distribution of normal schools according to the annual salaries of the presi¬ dents and principals , 1917-18. Annual salaries. Number of schools. Annual salaries. Number of schools. State. City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. State. City. Coun¬ ty- Pri¬ vate. $1- $499. $4, 500-$4, 999 . 6 2 500- 999 . 1 8 2 5,000- 5,499 . 21 4 1 1,000-1,499. . . 4 2 12 8 5,500- 5,999 . 4 1 1,500-1, 999. 4 4 8 13 6,000- 6,499 . 3 1 2,000-2,499 . 15 6 10 4 6,500- 6,999 . 0 2,500-2,999. . . 10 6 3 2 7,000- 7,499 . 1 3 000-3 499 33 2 l 3* 500-3’, 999. 34 1 2 • Total number of 4,000-4,499 . 31 reports . 166 30 41 33 Table 21 shows the distribution of the salaries of principals and presidents of normal schools. Here, too, considerable differences obtain. No county normal school principal received $3,000. Most of the county normal school directors in Ohio received $950 and $1,000. Of the State normal school principals and presidents, 133 received $5,000 or more. Eleven city normal school principals received $3,000 or more. The corresponding figure for private normal school presidents and principals was four. Classification of expenditures. — In the tables which follow the items are made up as follows : (1) Business administration includes salaries of boards, their traveling expenses, and similar items. (2) The salary of the principal needs no explanation. (3) Other expenses of educational administration include the salary of office assistants (clerical) and other office expenses. (Items 1, 2, and 3 constitute the cost of administration.) STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 45 (4) Salaries of deans and teachers need no explanation. (5) Textbooks, supplies, etc., include such supplies as are used in instruction. (Items 4 and 5 constitute the cost of instruction.) (6) Operation of school plant includes wages of janitors, engineers, etc., and wages paid persons connected with demonstration farms and with dormitories; cost of fuel, water, and light; janitors’ supplies; and similar expenses of operation. (7) Maintenance of school plant includes repair of buildings and upkeep of grounds, repair and replacement of equipment, and similar items. (8) Auxiliary agencies include salaries of librarians (sometimes reported under salaries of instructors), books and library supplies, athletics and promotion of health, lunches, lecture courses, printing, etc. (9) Fixed charges include rent, insurance, contributions, and con¬ tingencies. (Items 8 and 9 constitute the expenses for miscellaneous items.) Detailed expenditures of 58 State normal schools. — For a detail study of expenditures of State normal schools, 58 schools were selected. Those chosen reported the total number of attendance weeks and distribution of their expenditures. Several other schools reported these data, but due to the nature of the method used only a limited number could be included. The list is thought to be a fair sample. It contains schools from 27 of the 42 States which have State normal schools. From Table 22 it appears that they fairly represent the situation with regard to the number of attendance weeks, since the schools included therein have from 1,558, in the smallest, to 39,116 in the largest school. The greatest possible variation on this score, as indicated in Table 13, is limited to a little over 40,000 attendance weeks in the largest school. The schools selected are also representa¬ tive with regard to the total current expenses, since the total current expenses vary from $12,576, in the school having the lowest amount, to $199,212 in the school having the largest amount, as shown in Table 26. The highest corresponding expenditure incurred by any State normal school is $313,167, as shown in Table 20. The general tendencies in the distribution of expenditures can be noted from a study of the practice in these schools. Any other school can easily be compared with these data if the number of attendance weeks and the distribution of expenditures are known. 46 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 22. — Fifty-eight State normal schools arranged in order of magnitude accord¬ ing to the number of attendance weeks , 1917-18. l 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Location of institution. 2 Los Angeles, Calif. - . Normal, Ill . Warrensburg, Mo . . . Prairie View, Tex. 2. Kent, Ohio . Carbondale, Ill. . Springfield, Mo . Pittsburg, Kans. . . . Aberdeen, S. Dak. - . San Marcos, Tex . . . . Farmville, Va . Cape Girardeau, Mo. Kearney, Nebr . St. Cloud, Minn . Stevens Point, Wis. Cheney, Wash . Shippensburg, Pa. - - La Crosse, Wis . Oneonta, N. Y . Buffalo, N. Y . Durant, Okla . Kutztown, Pa . Slippery Rock, Pa . . Pine Bluff, Ark.2 _ Whitewater, Wis... . Millersville, Pa.. _ Livingston, Ala . Fitchburg, Mass. . . . Menomome, Wis.. - . Number Non¬ of at¬ resident tendance stu¬ weeks dents.1 3 4 39,116 611 33, 421 310 32, 196 460 28, 344 26, 944 88 26, 647 26, 250 26, 192 112 25,963 401 24,253 22,489 20, 267 91 18,905 18, 888 IS, 741 37 18, 274 332 17, 854 5 17, 760 17,664 17,577 16, 814 15,909 15,243 14, 456 14,116 13, 621 12,000 11,854 11,594 Location of institution. Number of at¬ tendance weeks. Non¬ resident stu¬ dents.1 1 4 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Providence, R. I . Lock Haven, Pa . Edinboro, Pa . . Fredericksburg, Va . . Ellensburg, Wash . Platteville, Wis . . Richmond, Ky . Bowling Green, Ohio . Fayetteville, N. C.2 . Oswego, N. Y . Minot, N. Dak . Lowell, Mass . Ellendale, N. Dak . Chadron, Nebr . Springfield, S. Dak . Albion, Idaho . Fresno, Calif . Duluth, Minn . Cullowhee, N. C . Worcester, Mass . . Shepherdstown, W. Va . Lewiston, Idaho . Keene, N . H . Commerce, Tex . Westfield, Mass . Willimantic, Conn . North Adams, Mass . Presque Isle, Me . . . . . Johnson, Vt... . 11,090 10, 994 10,670 10, 222 10, 088 9,896 183 112 11 9, 618 8,766 8,478 8, 463 8, 164 7,914 7,570 7,481 635 49 20 7,253 7,200 6, 960 6,805 6,560 6, 560 6,389 6,370 6, 249 6,091 4, 021 4, 010 2,309 1,558 10 114 27 1 These students were enrolled in extension and in correspondence courses. They are not considered in any ratios which are used in this discussion of expenditures. 2 For colored persons. In this study of expenditures of 58 State normal schools each insti¬ tution is assigned a significant number. Table 22 shows the scheme of numbering used. The schools are here arranged in serial order according to the number of attendance weeks, the one with the largest number of attendance weeks being number 1, etc. The number of a school, therefore, denotes the relative size of the insti¬ tution which it represents. Thus school number 29 is about the average size, school number 4 is large, school number 57 is small, etc. This scheme is to be kept in mind as the reader follows the discussion and reads the accompanying figures. In this study no account is taken of the nonresident students in extension and in correspondence courses. The number so enrolled is given in Table 22. These, of course, add to the amount of current expenditures, but there is no convenient means of including them in the ratios which are used. Possibly the exclusion of nonresident students may explain why certain schools have relatively very high expenditures per attendance week. The data of Table 24 were derived from the corresponding data of Table 23 by dividing each item for each school by the number of STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 47 attendance weeks reported for the school, that is, by dividing for each school the data in columns 3 to 16, inclusive, of Table 23 by the data in column 2 of the same table. Table 23 also shows the median cost and the upper and the lower limits of the middle half of the costs for the various purposes. To obtain the median here used the various costs per attendance week for the same purpose in the different schools were arranged in serial order, the largest being first. The middle cost was then taken as the median. When there was an even number of costs in the series so arranged, the higher one of the two middle costs was taken as the median. In a similar manner the upper and the lower limits of the middle half of the costs were obtained, the series being divided into four nearly equal parts, instead of into two parts as in the case of the median. The middle half is frequently called the “zone of safety. ” Table 24 is to be read as follows: School No. 58 spends per attend¬ ance week $18.25 for all current expenses, $1.35 for the salary of the principal, $0.34 for other expenses of educational administration, $9.82 for salaries of deans and teachers, $0.68 for textbooks and sup¬ plies for instruction, etc. In order to facilitate comparison, the data of Table 25 were com¬ puted. These were obtained from Table 24 by dividing each item in it by the median for the corresponding item. Table 25 is thus a table of ratios as is indicated by its heading. The median ratios and the upper and the lower limits of the middle half of the ratios are given. These aid in interpreting the data of the table. Table 25 is to be read as follows: School No. 58 spends per attend¬ ance week 2.84 times the median amount (see Table 24 for median amount) for all current expenses, 4.66 times the median amount for the salary of the principal, 2.12 times the median amount for other expenses of educational administration, etc. Table 23. — Expenditures for various purposes in 58 State normal schools, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 49 SSSgS sSSIS Bliss 15183 S381S iisis ill s's's's's' g'sfga'g sfssss' s'sss's' ssWsf ssssfs as'10' 88818 88888. S8888 8IS1S 88888 coni' V nnV qo” ■■r'lo'ca io Vo'so‘ei'>-r 3,203 9,992 1,500 4,059 ii BSSS8 88888 SsiaS 13131 HISS S ill IS S3^ « O • ^ 32111 SHIS 38188 ii!!! 81182 13889 III 28822 C* CO CO CO CO CO CO T-H j ,062 ,171 ,016 957 Sills S3 !§g IIS !S 38811 12 ill jig ^ \ CO CO CO CO hu: • c* co co co • ^ 10 CO CO c* 50 N • 1-t • If? mis SIS!! sills 83183 Hill llils Ill 8c$g£2 §££32 10,278 1,000 14,760 1,167 1,724 7,087 480 2,710 1,346 790 1,638 7,160 2,800 3,572 2,618 6,170 3,838 1,275 3,772 4,053 3,400 5,978 4,675 1,100 2,200 1,680 1,589 780 1,000 2,832 818 ,900 ,000 .500 , 250 ,600 Ilf!! 11118 11111 Hill ,000 ,000 ,000 ,100 ,000 III MWNMCO WMM e* CO >« -'J- T U3 TJ< CO CO - CO CO C<» CS -h~ §g i°§ ills? Sill! jilli is n i i is.-, i is i ;h(NNh 59872°— 21 - 4 The data on expenditures which the 58 schools reported are assembled in Table 23. The numbers in column 2 refer to the ranking numbers used in Table 22. The data in column 13 are the sums of the data in columns 4, 5 and 6. In a similar way the data of column 14 combines columns 7 and 8; those of column 15, columns 11 and 12; and those of column 16, columns 5 and 7. Table 24.— Expenditures per attendance week for various purposes in 58 State normal schools, 1917-18. 50 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Total. Salaries of prin- eipais, deans, and teachers. ■ $11.17 9.20 6.01 8. 25 4.71 7.08 7.37 6.43 7.95 5.93 5.98 3. 24 5.37 4. 58 5. 78 2.20 3.66 3.96 5. 10 4.64 4.86 5.57 1.96 1.89 4.G7 j miscel¬ laneous. 2g :82 82£3 sr j . : 88833 8 232 82833 i $10. 50 8. 65 5.84 8.03 4.66 7.39 8.27 6. 26 7.51 5.87 5.29 3. 17 5.32 4.48 5. 88 1.98 3.55 4.23 4. 50 4. 91 4.74 5.26 2.01 2.03 3.93 j istra- tion. M 88383 £58g$oS5 8S838 88322 £3838 'rA • . rH- . « Miscellaneous. Fixed charges, as rein, insur¬ ance, etc. 'N :=! : :8 : : : : ;SZ j ; ' j j : j i o j j j o :S3 : Auxil- iaryie J* 22 !§2 32S3 8 ■ i . : 38883 8 222 22283 Mainte¬ nance. © $1.35 3. 16 .97 .67 .28 .13 .10 .09 .33 .16 .22 1.67 1.17 .81 .15 4.04 .89 .60 .55 .29 .26 .13 2.53 2.03 .26 Opera¬ tion of school plant. © $2.31 2.48 7.00 1.89 4.83 2.95 .46 2. 18 1.03 1.72 3.01 2.85 1.70 2.31 1.51 1.08 2.47 2.04 1.23 1.54 1.27 1.29 1.87 1.89 1.72 Instruction. Text- 00 8 .:333 88828 82282 £2328 £8888 8 : " ‘ - . - Deans and teachers. $9.82 8.65 5.20 7.38 4. 19 6. 53 6.89 5.94 7. 33 5.48 5.03 3.02 4.92 4. 12 5.39 1.91 3.13 3.62 4.38 4.28 4.47 5. 17 1.77 1.65 3.58 Administration. j 14 © 38S828 28288 88 :82 82888 2g :22 8 . - . : . : ' ’ 1 Salary of prin¬ cipal. es 88s5SoS3 82282 88328 88388 82282 •» Busi¬ ness. : : 3 :2 :! : : |8 • ' : ’ j » • 8 3 8 • 8 j : j j :288 Total current ex- i $18. 25 16.42 15. 45 12.47 11.41 11.24 10.58 10.30 10. 23 9.57 9.54 9. 46 8.84 8. 72 8. 20 8.05 7.84 7.58 7.49 7.48 7.40 7.23 6.96 6.96 6.95 Num¬ ber of school (see © 83888 88823 32883 83838 88832 Name of school. Johnson, Vt . Lewiston, Idaho . North Adams, Mass . Willimantic, Conn. Menomonie, Wis . Keene, N. H . Commerce, Tex . Bowling Green, Ohio . Fresno, Calif . Eiiensburg, wasn . Presque Isle, Me . Minot, N. Dak . Oswego, N. Y . Albion, Idaho . Lowell, Mass . 3BSFS&?::::::: . Fitchburg, Mass . Duluth, Minn . Providence, R. I . Platte ville.Wis . Chadron, Nebr . Kutztown. Pa . Lock Haven, Pa . Worcester, Mas? . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 51 S2SS8 88S2& 53 888SS3 S8S8So 83S2S 88888 SS§ 8S8 co co co co co coc4eoe4r4 .4 co co co co -4 co oi co c4 oieicicoei e4i4e>j,4e4 <4,4 ' -4 co c4 38288 28882 2£S£8 28323 £2828 . ,4 . 8888 .07 .05 .42 .25 .13 3. 25 2.94 2.82 3.04 3.57 3. 14 2.05 4.09 2.52 1.94 1.38 3.34 2.96 3.77 3.74 4.02 3.38 2. 16 3.65 2.95 2.92 2. 45 2. 51 3. 13 2. 78 2.94 1.16 2.47 1.70 1.97 1.37 1.27 .50 4. 74 3. 34 2. 51 88888 S3£oo3 88388 33888 88S£8 ££288 £82 £88 • c4 . SB :£ : :2S :B : : :8S :88 :2 : : : i : 8 :3 : 88 080 332£g 28888 2£S88 28828 £2828 .18 .31 .13 .24 08 882 28888 28222 88222 28S3£8 88228 4 • ' • • 4 • • ‘ • 4 . £ :©S S8 £82 1 I 88SS2 SR3£B 8388B oSSRS ?8 38£88 882 888 ’,4^ ^04^04^ <*,4,4 • • • •« • • ’r4r4 * * '4 . CS i4 • 8322 : 28388 B£ :23 2£S ig 38282 82 :83 :RS 382 oSBS&B 8R83S SB88B 882288 38B8S 333SS ££3 8B3 co c4 c4 c4 co oi .4 co ei .4 4co coc4 *h4 • c-Sri * • • 10 • • * * rH rH * * rn'rH * 'CO IhH ' • *c4 c4 1-5 5 §3828 23oo22 3 00 8 3 3 88883 61 80 91 40 51 36 00 16 39 38 42 19 11 383 ’rH 'rtrH *.O0 OCDrfi CDCDCDt>CD CDCOCDiOI> (N^iOcOCD CD - CD ^ 05 ^ CJ r-H r-H y—i y—\ r-H t-H »-H — 1 <45 fti Fixed charges as rent, insur¬ ance, etc. a inr i rri i ti Auxili¬ ary agencies and sun¬ dry ac¬ tivities. o 00 • CO >0 10 00(0 00 • NWNIO^ t> • ^ 1-H SO t>» t'- ■»*< SO g co ^ .»oeo r-n^ t* . o mh eo so^oi^ £ : : : Mainte¬ nance of school plant. as ^ CO CO CO lO rH 05 05 Cl CO CD CD CO 00 Cl CO O CO O iO 00 CO CO 00 Sn®(OiON J ' 'n<-i (Nt^coojrt O (30 1> MH»®W £ Opera¬ tion of school plant. GO Per cent. 12.7 15.1 45.3 15.2 42.3 26.4 4.4 21.1 10.1 18.0 31.5 30.1 19.2 26.5 18.4 13.4 31.6 26.8 16.5 20.5 17.2 17.8 26.9 27.1 24.7 Instruction. Text¬ books, supplies, etc. Per cent. 3.7 4.2 5.2 4. 1 7.6 13.1 3.1 1.7 4. 1 2.7 1.6 4.5 4.1 6.0 .9 5.3 8.1 1.6 8.4 3.7 1.2 3.4 5.1 5.0 Deans and instruc¬ tors. CD Per cent. 53.8 52.6 33.6 59.2 36.7 58.2 65.2 57.6 71.7 57.3 52.7 31.8 55.6 47.3 65.8 23.6 39.8 47.8 58.5 57.2 60.4 71.5 25.3 23.8 51.6 Administration. Educational. Salary Other of prin- ex- cipal. penses. Per cent. 1.9 4.2 5.4 1.4 1.3 10.1 1.0 2.4 5.1 .6 2.3 .4 1.9 .5 5.2 3.5 5.1 3.0 2.4 .4 2.6 2.3 OJUOOOr-ir- ONHMN t- 00 - ^ td cd oo cd td 7.31 5.42 4.04 : | : lO CM 05 05 1C cdoo i-5 oo r-5 CO CM Tt<00 to cdo5^5 *05 lONlOCO^ cd ^5 05 cd rd 00 t~ 05 t> 00 cd id td cd oo 00 00 t^ ^*4 CO id cd id cd i-5 ■ CO oo 00 CO • cd 05 td oo 5 oo t-h • cd cd 3.9 COiHOCON td cd cd td rd T}< Tf ^ lO ONN005 i-5 cd oo cd cd lO CO CO ^ CO COiOrt^OO cd td cd td ,-5 CM IOIO COt>- CO lO T- ^ 00 cd cd Tj5 r-5 co ^ l> co 63.1 53.9 56.2 74.5 70.8 05 ^ CO (M (M o cd td as o 00 CO l> lO 60.2 67.8 33.5 57.7 HCOHHCC Hooooid 0 05HM05 © cdididoo H CO CO lO CO 05 t^ 05 t^OOHO 00 td ON cd o> CO t~ CO CO cdcdtd cdoo ON(NO^ « (M 05 5 CO CO • lO • lO co ^ i * i-5 • cd • •cd * • i-5 • i-5 * * cd r-5 • cd | 05 CM 05 t>-iO co © co oo cm lO N lO (N N OOiOONiO oo oo ^ co o oo CO CO 00 00 00 | id td r-5 id 1-5 cd cd ^ * oo cd rj5 05 id cd cd ^tdcdid idcdidcdi-5 id 05 ^5 oo cd rd ^ 1 COt>»CM icoo 10 t^-CM oo© NiCiOOO^ ioo co 05 CO t- Tt< 05 co 00 jo5 1C CO 05 cd© i-5 ^ ooidcdcdcd cd 05 cd cd cd CM cd id © ^ cdtdcdcd cd id • cd r-5 ^3 ^ ! 00 t>« 05 CM t>- 22 §5213 si 23288 HOOH00 3S822 t> CO rH tJ4 05 CO CO O CO o HOO'tMCO cd cd cd oo td neo th t^iO CO SS* Oit^COO CM i-5 CM CM ONOOQO cd ^ cd i-5 id CM t> • 40 CO 1-5 ^ ■ CM cd (N Tf^ H N O 05 CO CO >COt>- CO lO 00 CO i-H ^OOr^iOOO ' « CM (M lO 1C c « CO ^ t- 05 lO r > cd *•* id cd 05 c 5 ^ l> iO l OHCOOH CO CO c •<*5 oo td oo oo O cd c t- cm t- 10 co co rr c cm co co »— 4 co o»on»ooo cd 'hcoh i-5cdcd^cd t^C5 ^ cd O 1C 00 r-4 05 lOCM cd cd cd id cd i-5 cd 00 lO 00 05 0 i-5 cd * cd cd H^co lO cd cd cd cd OOCOOOt^i-4 cd tj5 id cd cd ^ oo ioo co ^ ^ cd td id CM 00 05© iO r-5 cd t}5 »d tj5 OOOChh rjHcdcdcd h^OOhh ^ cd cd id *d N(N050^ ^ cdcdo5 cd 05 coo oo cd td 05 W* 05 co *oco • lO co 1-4 CO 05 • • • • • • H O * • 00 • • • • • iO • • • CO • CO * cd • "cd id cd H ••it • • rH CM * •CO • • • • • i-5 • • • cd • cd CM COO CM CO COCM ^ CM CO CO lO 00 00 lO 1-4 ^4 o CO 05 10 050 t”» t''* CO t** i-H 00 ^ 00 * 1-H CO lO^CO *— < CM ^ CO hh(NH HrH 1-H 1-4 CM 1-H CM CM ^ CM CO > 1 The institutions are named in order of current expense per attendance week, the one with the highest rate being named first, etc. See Table 24, column 2, for the current expense per attendance week. The institutions at Kutztown, Pa., and Lock Haven, Pa., had the same current expense per attendance week. 64 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. To show what proportion of their total current expenses the schools spend for the various purposes the data of Table 26 were computed. This table is to be read as follows: The institution at Johnson, Vt., expended 7.4 per cent of its total current expense for the salary of the principal, 1.9 per cent for other expenses of educational adminis¬ tration, 53.8 per cent for deans and teachers, etc. Fig. 17.— The salary of the principals in 58 State normal schools. Explanation of figure 17. The salary of the principal in 58 State normal schools. To read curves observe: Schools are numbered as in figure 16. (See Table 22.) Beginning with school No. 2, schools are arranged around the circle in the decreasing order of their total current expenses. Thus, school No. 2 spends 2.61 times as much as the median, or school No. 31; school No. 1 spends 2.51 times the median, etc. The salary of the principal in school No. 2 is 1.39 times the median salary, which is indicated by circle No. 1. The salary of this principal is above the “middle half” since the “dotted” curve meets this radius above the outer “long-dash” circle. This school, being No. 2, is second in size as measured by the total number of attendance weeks. Con¬ sequently a higher salary than would be indicated by the “middle zone” is to be expected. The total current expenses in this school are higher than those in any other of these 58 schools. The large amount of money expended is another index as to the importance of this principalship and tends to justify a salary above the “middle half.” The salary of one principal may be compared with that of another by noting the relative distances of the “dotted” curve from the “0” line. Thus, the salary paid the principal in school No. 1 is 3 times as much as the salary of the principal in school No. 4. These two schools are nearly equal in size and incur about the same current expenses. School No. 4 is for colored persons. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 85 Table 28. — Percentages of total current expense of each of 58 State normal schools, which were expended for the different purposes, arranged in order of magnitude. [Brace indicates middle half of the percentages.] Administration. Busi¬ ness. Educational. Salary of prin¬ cipal. Other ex¬ penses. Instruction. Deans and teach¬ ers. Text¬ books, sup¬ plies, etc. Opera¬ tion of school plant. Mainte¬ nance. Miscellaneous. Totals. Auxili¬ ary agen¬ cies and sundry activi¬ ties. Fixed charges as rent and insur¬ ance. Ad- min- istra- tion. Instruc¬ tion. Mis- cel- lane- ous. Salaries of prin¬ cipals, deans, and teach¬ ers. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 40. 1 80.9 8. 15 50.2 18.9 78.3 7.88 41.9 28.2 15.2 77.6 29.5 7. 78 36.3 13.1 15.1 76.3 13.1 7.78 29.3 10.3 14.7 74.5 10.8 7.75 26.7 9.8 14.6 74.4 9.8 7.71 19.3 9.5 14.3 73.4 9.5 7. 49 18.5 8.6 12.6 72.7 9.2 7.45 17.6 7.6 12.4 71.8 8.9 7.31 16.3 7.2 12.3 71.0 8.8 7.24 15.8 7.0 12.3 70.8 8.6 7.23 13.3 6.7 12.0 70.2 8.2 7.05 11.3 6.6 11.9 68.7 7.9 6.97 10.7 6.0 11.9 67.8 7.8 6.95 J 10.3 5.9 11.1 1 67.0 7.7 6.81 9.5 | 5.8 10.9 65.8 7.6 6.70 9.3 | 5.7 10.6 65.6 7.4 6.62 i 8.0 5.7 10.6 64.5 6.6 6.55 J 7.7 I 5.5 3.5 10.6 64.4 6.5 6.44 7.4 5.3 3.3 9.8 64.1 6.3 6.43 7.3 5.2 3.2 9.7 63.1 5.8 6.38 6.6 5.0 3.2 9.7 61.8 5.7 6.31 6.3 1 4.8 1.5 9.5 61.4 5.7 6. 27 5.7 | 4.8 1.4 9.3 60.7 5.5 6. 24 5.6 ! 4.7 1.3 9.3 60.2 5.3 6.20 5.3 4.5 1.3 9.1 60.1 5.0 6.20 4.9 4.4 1.3 8.9 60.1 4.8 6. 12 4.5 4.3 1.2 8.9 59.2 4.7 6. 07 14.4 14.3 il.l 18.7 157.7 14.6 15.88 4.0 3.7 1.0 8.7 57.5 4.4 5.86 3.8 3.7 .9 8.5 57.5 3.9 5.80 3.5 3.5 .9 8.3 56.6 3.8 5.73 1 3.4 3.5 .8 8.3 1 56.2 3.7 5. 69 3.4 3.4 .7 8.1 56.2 3.5 5.59 3.2 2.8 1 .7 7.9 55.9 3.5 5. 56 2.9 2.8 .6 7.9 55.4 3.4 5. 42 2.9 2.7 .6 7.8 53.9 3.1 5.30 2.8 2.5 .5 7.7 52.4 2.8 5.29 2.8 2.3 .4 7.6 51.6 2.8 5. 26 2.5 2.3 .1 7.5 51.4 2.5 5.22 2.5 2.1 7.5 47.3 2.3 5. 20 2.5 1.9 7.3 47.3 _2.1 4.86 2.3 1.8 7.3 45.1 1.9 4.72 j 2.3 1.8 7.1 43.1 1.8 4.66 2.3 1.7 6.9 42.9 1.7 4.64 2.2 1.6 6.9 42.7 1.6 4.64 2.0 1.5 6.7 42.6 1.5 4.57 ! 1.8 1.4 6.6 40.8 1.4 4.12 ! 1.8 1.4 6.6 37.8 1.4 4.04 ! 1.7 1.4 6.6 33.7 1.4 3.88 I 1.5 .8 6.2 33.5 .8 3.43 1.2 .7 6.2 33.4 .7 3.43 1.1 .6 6.0 32.9 .6 3.40 .9 .5 6.0 32.4 .5 3.24 | .9 .2 6.0 28.9 .2 2.80 .8 5. 1 28.7 2.73 4.6 24. 5 2.73 4. 1 23.6 2.36 9.1 6.4 5.1 5.0 3.9 3. 8 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 12.6 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 _1. 6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 13.0 77.6 10.0 34.3 74.6 9.6 10.1 74.4 9.6 7.4 73.8 9.0 6.5 71.7 7.6 6.2 71.5 7.4 6.0 69.8 7.0 5.4 68.1 7.0 5.2 67.8 7.0 5.1 67.3 6.8 5.1 65. 8 6.7 5.1 65.2 6.4 4.7 64.5 6.2 6.1 4.5 4.2 61.8 60.4 6.1 3.9 60.4 5.8 3.9 60.2 5.6 3.5 59.2 5.3 3.5 58.5 5.3 3.2 58.2 5.2 3.1 58.0 5.1 3.0 57.7 5.1 2.9 57.6 5.1 2.9 57.3 5.1 2.8 57.2 5.0 2.8 55.7 4.9 2.7 55.6 4.9 2.6 53.9 14.8 12.5 153.8 4.8 2.4 53.1 4.8 2.4 52.8 4.7 2.4 52.7 4.7 2.4 52.6 4.5 2.3 52.4 4.5 2.3 51.6 4.5 2.3 49.5 4.4 2.1 48.6 4.4 2.0 47.8 4.3 1.9 47.3 4.2 1.9 46.6 4.1 1.8 45.3 4.0 _1. 5 44.4 4.0 1.4 42.6 3.9 1.4 41.6 3.8 1.3 41.4 3.8 1.3 40.6 3.7 1.3 39.8 3.5 1.1 36.7 3.4 1.0 33.6 3.3 1.0 31.8 3.1 .8 30.8 3.1 .6 29.5 2.8 .6 28. 1 2.8 .5 27. 1 2.7 .4 25.3 2.5 .4 23.8 2.2 23.6 1.2 22.4 21.2 13.1 9.2 8.4 8.1 7.6 6.9 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.3 _5. 2 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 4. 1 4. 1 14.1 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.5 _2. 5 2.3 2. 1 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 45.3 44.5 43.1 42.3 38.6 36.8 33.1 31.6 31.5 30.2 30.1 29.7 28.0 27.7 27. 1 27.0 26.9 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.4 24.7 24.7 23.3 21.1 20.5 19.6 19.2 U9.0 18.8 18.4 18.2 18.0 17.9 17.8 17.6 17.2 17.0 17.0 16.5 16.3 15.2 _15. 1 14.1 13.9 13.5 13.4 13.1 12.7 12.6 10.8 10.4 10. 1 9.7 9.6 7.3 6.4 4.4 Median. 59872°— 21 - 5 66 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 28 shows the percentages of Table 25 arranged in serial order. This gives some idea of the variation among the different percentages expended for the various functions. It also shows the middle half of each group of percentages. With its use the rela¬ tive expenditures of an institution can easily be compared with the general practice of the 58 schools. Thus, for example, school No. 2 falls below the middle half on the percentage expended for busi¬ ness administration, below the middle half on the salary of the presi¬ dent, below the middle half on other expenses of educational ad¬ ministration, above the middle half on the salaries of deans and teachers, above the middle half on textbooks and supplies of instruc¬ tion, within the middle half on operation of school plant, below the middle half on maintenance, within the middle half on auxiliary agencies and sundry activities, and below the middle half on fixed charges. ACCURACY. Every precaution was taken to secure accuracy in this study of normal schools. There may be, however, some errors in the com¬ puted data. There seem to be a few errors in certain reports as- has been noted above in the discussion of the wide deviation from the median in the cost of maintenance. There is also a slight error due to using the median instead of the arithmetical mean as the average. The median is a counting average and is not much affected by extremely high or low cost. Thus, in Table 24 the sum of the median amounts in columns 3-11, inclusive, is $5.76, while the median amount in column 2 is $6.43. To be ideal a school would spend $6.43 per attendance week and at the same time to be ideal on the distribution of its expenditures the total cost per attendance week would be only $5.76. The variation here, it will be noted, is restricted to about 10 per cent. A similar error may be noted in Table 28. The sum of the median percentages in columns 1-9, inclusive, is 96.6, instead of 100. This is due to the fact that the median is a counting average and is not mathematically exact, which means that extremely high and low cost do not materially affect it. In the case of the arithmetical mean or common average, extremely high cost or low cost affects the average very materially. In this chapter, in this study of expenditures, it is thought best to use the median rather than the arithmetical average because extremely high costs for any purpose may be due to erroneous reports. By its use the general effect of an erroneous distribution of expenditures in a few schools is minimized. The median, there¬ fore, shows the central tendency better than the arithmetical average in studying expenditures. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. SUMMER SESSIONS, 1917. 67 Table 29. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of weeks in the sum¬ mer sessions of 1917. The summer sessions of normal schools are an important item. There were 130 reported in State normal schools and 16 in private normal schools for the summer of 1917. From Table 29 it is evident that the most common length of summer session was 6 weeks, and the next most common was 12 weeks. Table 30. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of instructors in the summer sessions of 1917. Number of instructors. Number of schools. Number of instructors. : Number of schools. State. Pri¬ vate. State. Pri¬ vate. 1-5... . 4 2 41-45 . 10 6-10 . 13 4 46-50 . 2 11-15 . 16 4 51-55 . 3 16-20 . 18 2 56-60 . 4 21-25 . 17 2 More than 60 . 1 8 26-30 12 ] 31-35 . 9 1 Total number of reports .... 125 16 36-40 . 9 1 61, 70, 74, 79, 81, 88, 92, and 98. From Table 30 some knowledge of the size of faculty in the sum¬ mer sessions may be noted. A total of 3,582 instructors, an average of almost 29 per school, was reported by 125 State schools, while 16 private schools reported a total of 240 instructors, an average of 15 per school. 68 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 31. — Distribution of normal schools according to the number of students enrolled in the summer sessions of 1917. Students enrolled. Number of schools. Students enrolled. Number of schools. State. Pri¬ vate. State. Pri¬ vate. 1-25 . 1 4 501-600 . 12 1 26-50 . 6 1 601-700 . 51-75 . 5 2 701-800 . 5 76-100 . 4 3 801-900 . 3 901-1 000 1 1-100 . 16 10 1,001-1,100 . 4 101-200 . 25 3 More than 1,100 . i 9 201-300 17 301-400 . 13 Total number of reports. . . . ; 116 I 15 401-500 . 4 1 1 1,254, 1,333, 1,377, 1,505, 1,606, 1,700, 1,731, 1,960, and 2,255. The size of the student body is shown in Table 31. A number of summer schools are very large, 13 enrolling more than 1,000 students. A total of 52,810 students was reported enrolled by 116 State schools, an average of about 445 per school, while 15 private normal schools reported for the summer an enrollment of 1,814, an average of about 121 per school. CHANGES IN THE NORMAL SCHOOL LIST. I. State normal schools: Reporting in 1916 but not in 1918 — Mound ville, Ala., State Normal School. El Rito, N. Mex., Spanish- American Normal School. Memphis, Tenn., West Tennessee State Normal School. Murfreesboro, Tenn., Middle Tennessee State Normal School. Athens, W. Va., Concord State Normal School. Reporting in 1918 but not in 1916 — Commerce, Tex., East Texas Normal College. Eau Claire, Wis., State Normal School. No longer rated as a normal school — Pembroke, N. C., Indian Normal College. Transferred to the list of private normal schools — Tuskegee, Ala., Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. Hampton, Va., Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. II. City normal schools: Reporting in 1916 but not in 1918 — Shenandoah, Iowa, Western Normal College. Cohoes, N. Y., Cohoes Training School. Reporting in 1918 but not in 1916 — Albert Lea, Minn., Albert Lea High School. Pittsburgh, Pa., Pittsburgh Training School for Teachers. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 69 III. County normal schools: Reporting in 1918 but not in 1916 — Ludington, Mich., Mason County Normal School. Manistee, Mich., Manistee County Normal School. All of the county normal schools of Ohio which reported. IV. Private normal schools: Reporting in 1916 but not in 1918 — Pea Ridge, Ark., Pea Ridge Masonic College. Madison, Fla., Florida Normal Institute. Marion, Ind., Marion Normal Institute. Muncie, Ind., Muncie National Institute. Bloomfield, Iowa, Normal and Scientific Institute. Boston, Mass., Boston Normal School of Gymnastics. New York, N. Y., Jenny Hunter Kindergarten Training School. Philadelphia, Pa., Froebellian School for Women. Memphis, Tenn., La Moyne Normal Institute. Richmond, Va., Richmond Training School for Kindergartners. Reporting in 1918 but not in 1916 — Chicago, Ill., Normal School of Physical Education. Chicago, Ill., Technical Normal School of Chicago. Ammendale, Md., Ammendale Normal Institute. Cambridge, Mass., Lesley Normal School. Santee, Nebr., Santee Normal Training School. Newark, N. J., Newark Normal School for Physical Education and Hygiene. Bridgeport, Conn., Connecticut Froebel Kindergarten and Primary Training School. Hartford, Conn., Culver-Smith Kindergarten Training School. Washington, D. C., Columbia Kindergarten Training School. Miami, Fla., Miami Kindergarten Normal School. Chicago, Ill., Pestalozzi-Froebel Kindergarten Training School. Springfield, Mass., Springfield Normal Kindergarten Training School. Grand Rapids, Mich., Grand Rapids Kindergarten Training School. Cincinnati, Ohio, Cincinnati Kindergarten Training School. Oberlin, Ohio, Oberlin Kindergarten Training School. Harrisburg, Pa., Froebel Kindergarten Training School. Dallas, Tex., Dallas Kindergarten Training School. Fort Worth, Tex., Fort Worth Kindergarten and Teachers’ Training School. GENERAL SUMMARY. State normal schools. — Of the types of normal schools herein dis¬ cussed the State schools are by far the most important in the train¬ ing of teachers. These institutions have increased in number in the period 1900-1918. They have also increased in size as measured by the average size of faculty, the average enrollment, the average size of library, and the average income. The distribution tables on the number of instructors, the enroll¬ ment, the amount of practice teaching, the model and practice school 70 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. enrollment, the property valuation, the size of library, and the total expenditures indicate that there is great variation among the differ¬ ent State normal schools in these respects. Wide differences exist in the policies of the different States regard¬ ing their State normal schools. Several States provide many institu¬ tions, while a number of States provide only one or two. Only 42 States have State normal schools separately organized; 3 States have State teachers’ colleges. The policies of administration and control are very different in the different States. In Wisconsin, for example, all receipts which the schools received from fees, productive funds, etc., are turned over to the central State authorities. All available receipts for the schools come directly from State appropriations. A somewhat similar policy of centralized control obtains in several other States, as in Massachu¬ setts and Connecticut. In most States, however, administrative con¬ trol is not so highly centralized, the individual schools having greater freedom in this matter. A third difference in State policies pertains to the financial support of the State normal schools. Figure 15 shows that the proportion of total income for current expenses which comes from public funds varies in the different States, it being over 97 per cent in one State and about 20 per cent in another. It is a notable fact that in later years a smaller percentage of the income of State normal schools was appropriated from public funds than was the case in the earlier part of the period 1900-1918 (see fig. 13). The study of expenditures shows that there is great variation in this item as to the total amounts spent by the different schools, as to the proportionate amounts spent for various purposes. The summer schools are a very important feature in the work of the State normal schools. City and county normal schools. — The number of city normal schools remained almost the same throughout the period considered. Several of these are large institutions, as was noted in the discussion of the distribution tables. Others are not so large, the instructors being few in number and the enrollment frequently small. These schools usually have large practice schools and give much attention to this phase of training. The county normal schools are of more recent development than are the city normal schools. In late years they have increased rapidly in number. They are becoming an important factor in the training of teachers. Private normal schools. — The number of private normal schools decreased rapidly in the period 1900-1918. In general, the average private normal school of later years is larger than was the average STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 71 private normal school of earlier years. This means one of two things, either that the larger schools tend to survive or that the schools which continue are becoming larger. Private normal schools tend to become a less important factor in the training of teachers. They are yet, however, important in training teachers, especially teachers for special phases of work, such as physical education and kindergarten teaching. Table 32. — State normal schools — Number and personnel , 1917-18. 72 -1918. Enroll¬ ment in model schools. a 1 s Igssg gfsgg Hi gg S2|sg §|S|g i-T co t* lllll SIsSI 3838888! i-Tth i-Tio- i-T n n ci j | SSS3 SS Ml I : U! 3 oh3h |co moo : Jm : 3 83888 88588 1838838 eoMr4\-T«o' o' cTof o' cT i-T o' S8SB*8 S1S8IS 5,301 510 472 242 143 1,727 40 1,337 10 330 471 270 1,626 146 212 526 1,458 sar^i 3IH32 1,905 |SSS2§ h(nx(nc^ ! ^ ^ ^ t>, ! C3 SS38S S8®$8SS| ocoj-j^Om; ; ® : s £8322 2S2&3 2 :2~ :3 20Cg32S2 : 0 2&38S ,°8®Se§ ’ CO ^ • 'N 1-0 N Ci c I gg£22 ;?2£g£g| 22S332 s S2S3S38 gg^SSSg £22^2£ 2223^2 1 WO^fHN HLOnNTf (NCCSWW^O ^ H H H -CO HHHHH • CO CCT^INN hcchW^ (NC NHrtrHrtM 2 3 1 1 «r 5 1 § Table 33. — State normal schools — Property, 1917-18. 74 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. H s-9 > ft^ o rt 3&lss 8 8 8 & 8 o ^cTcsToo i-h CM T-H o C5HCOIO £o^§§ 88S23 888 OOOOiOOiO OtJJOOCO a o CO iO h Tf 00 CM *—< CM iD 03 CO fcC 05 lO t>- 05 ^ (M ^ CO co'cfcsT * So ft COO •si it (NOODO( HC^OOOH 00 05 CM H O O O O O O-^OOO O 00 CD CM O r-To'i-TcM' r-T OODCD^OO i-h 00 CO CD 05 COCOCMiOi-H COCOt-hiOCO OS^iDrHiD s a II p p ll ft«H ft « ce >, 11 gs >8 S 8 8 jocoooo 7 cm' co'lo'io* gjgjsss g'co'oo'oo'r^ O 00 CO 00 ^ iODOOOOO CD ^ CM Tf O O O CM l> t ^ co cm co oo i O^iOiOCM lONOWD CO CO rH lO CM cDCOiOi-H^O If II °.s •gi fr n 8 8 Jo c CM CD kO c SET®! 1888 co 2 8 8 00 CO 05 05 CD i(NOH ) CO lO lO IHOCM O h o CO o CM N o rh o CM iO O t- O I CD iO CD CO CO 05 i •COCM-^H CO CM H lO CO ^COM^OH CO CO T-i iO CO O^iO- |§lo| •§.sJ*3,3 -2 u U os o 5.93 : b'S ;t3 all Jl § g |-q * 3 J5*S : ififg 5Q.*S 9 w co : : >> o os^ig’g Jawss s £ £ £ £ o © © © © STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 75 4.267.989 1,257,319 1,673,312 1,489,913 1,289,869 235,002 6, 823, 950 800,000 1,419,531 2,379, 166 463,489 2 070, 113 66, 712 1,657,707 1,343,705 1,557,388 5.359.989 269,300 90,037 133,372 34,500 209,636 157,495 182,000 332,000 163, 489 368,950 258,862 286,000 2,485,641 OOC2 'o OOOOtJ* ■ O • to o o o 8 * : S : :s I f : S ; : -7 : oo ; ; ;° ; ; ; joo O HCOHH(N OHOWH^iO VMg tt.-jj-ggjgd- 176, 133 NONUJCOOO rH 103, 767 19,455 27,892 31,000 39,970 6,320 104, 241 23,600 21, 199 26, 980 4,452 70,323 10,528 23,685 48,000 30, 932 191, 289 SSgSSS ISSill oo'esTw ecbi* i-T .-T 25,651 Ci <0 -'J< HNHNM' (MOC-IOMcOO WHr-(HHCO HHHHHH to O O -f © ©0©^H.H .H©,-IW© HNtJOH OOHHH 1 Board, room, etc. Amount. © $2,702,525 i !ISi° :111s 1 :S :l §ls^3 ggfs" i s is jsf sYasjC Num¬ ber of re¬ ports. k® © to CM CM CO O CM CM CM to ^ OCOHCMH CO O CO O H t-H CO CM CM CM i 1 ^ Tuition, etc. Amount. $1,417,099 3§§§l ISIS! §11°§ HsgS 111 :§ gojfmg-.-- gV-jf Num¬ ber of re¬ ports. 09 CM CNNtOH ^COCMIOH COCOHIMH OO ^ H LO HCOIMON Schools in the State. ©1 © j r- 00 CM CM 00 rH CO CM to T-C CO CO t-C to CO O^tOHC ^ ^ CM CO CM States. - United States . lltll lllll lllll lllll IIIII STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. §r31S ISiil ISlissl Ifflf SlXlSli ssillS IsSSSi s's's's's's gss'g's'i 1 i (N C W *0 CO C C WHHHHCO HHHHHH ».o Sills §s is i IggllSf fsfs"” as :s ; a'sci3 s' s-isiii sails! g's's "'s'a'a's's I 1 HICNHIN r-H ^ O r-H O H^HIONC^CO lllll allll SSIISsl l¥l¥l S|S3V spi'ggi iliiii siisiii j s s OCTfNN MCNIOKCC NHHHHCO HHi-IHrHrt lo §1131 11 is§ is iisli s'sKg's as' ;s'| ;§ :sfe's'g :° : : :° :g :g|® : : : : ¥ jg" 1 o lOWNN^ HNONW OCOMMNC C^HOOO^H j ill i° ig i°S Sl»SSeg : S : :•=' ; g' ~S' M °I i i is i i if i° i i i i i i- i 1 r-H ON^Ch OWOhc? hmhNhhN O O O ^ O — < lO isISI ii ill lllglg! :SgSS :S S'g'sgSS'S II! : :S liilil S j is S°~S§¥:S 1 1 Oe^NN ONONM (N CO (M lO CO ^ HHHOOM HrtHrtHH > 1 f I i ■s 1 g 2 I I * .Q 3 O a 1 i T3 3 CO l oT 3 Table 35. — State normal schools — Expenditures , 1917-18. 78 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Pay¬ ment of in¬ debted- . I r- CO CO g : : :g j§ : : ^ ; r-T • • ; ; ; ; ; ; : i ! : jS. j j * • • • • 10 • • Outlays, (capital acquisition and construc¬ tion.) $2,944,174 33388 3SSS8 1 111 -gss- SgS'SR S' 149,000 121,375 5, 784 10,000 8,000 54, 000 230, 823 2,244 19 1 Total current expenses. o 1^. § saass iss§s siaia ssiss aassa Sill® l§¥s¥ SSW ggW KB3|| 1 P -L’ iai'u charges (rent, insur¬ ance, etc.). 5 t OC & 1SI :i : ills : ig (m' cm’ co j j j j • | j§ j § j • . . ; O ^ • ■ i-T • I?I ports. Ol 20 ©©©©© ©©©©© ©©©F EDUCATION, 1916-1918. tO CO © CM !>• 05 © 00 CM ^ CO CM 00 ^ 05 00 © CO rH © | CM CM g H ^H^rHr-HCOrt< Men. os 142 • CO CM CM • ^ • CO ^ to to »tH • rH H rH rH CM Summer session. Women. i a 1 1 1,471 CD Tf< lO • • © rH • CO ^ • rH • • CM • • • 03 © • to CO 3 Men. 343 tO 00 • CD • • • CM CM • 05 • * • • © • • • CO © • 00 CO Total for year (resident). Women. 13 6,742 600 132 260 6 8 1,024 1,501 35 25 824 171 114 45 49 146 207 276 85 180 137 144 44 596 89 44 Men. 2,827 461 £ 254 655 8 161 1 84 ©CM 00 00 • CO© © to I-IT? • rH CM rH 629 63 93 Num¬ ber of re¬ ports. 11 56 H N ^ H rt O NNHH HIOrtM-H -r-l N M rH OiHN 0 CS Num¬ ber of re- ports. ** 55 HN'tHiH NNHHH HNNHN Sum¬ mer ses¬ sions report¬ ing. cc OOHO© rt-C5©rH,H . 8 150,000 jpl ii 6,532 8,300 »o © 88 io'cT Re¬ ports. © 12 —- • -CO C3 T-H t^Tcd' • • o' csT CO CO • ■ CM © CO csT • lO • co ; CsT © f 1 00 oo Re¬ ports. © CO * AO 52 8 CO © 3,528,634 13, 000 109, 700 450,500 303, 505 119,000 205, 000 82, 500 30,000 88,000 83, 800 100,000 179,054 76, 000 76, 000 452,458 91,000 Re¬ ports. © 32 HH^lOO (N^HHW HHQHH H CO Hd H Library, appa¬ ratus, machin¬ ery, furniture. Value. A© r - 8 cT 8 236,388 1,200 26,241 1,000 32, 732 76,901 2, 100 5,000 2,000 18, 200 12,325 800 16, 285 1,000 15, 525 4,500 ! 20,000 3,000 7,000 Re¬ ports. T* 35 a 1’ib III > Number. CO 153, 872 24,000 1.500 1,205 600 40 9, 107 16,567 2,006 1,850 900 9,045 3. 500 400 2,000 1,000 6, 100 1,584 3,256 4, 785 3,000 Re¬ ports. ©1 1 HINHHH rH 03 CO MHHHH CO CO 2 OQ - United States . Alabama . California . Connecticut . District of Columbia. . . Florida _ Illinois . Indiana . Kentucky . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri _ Nebraska . . New Jersev _ North Carolina . Ohio . Oreexm _ Pennsylvania . South Dakota . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS 1917-1918, 85 9,775 900 164,918 11,178 11,593 §83ggSS l^oo-ooTg^ 1 s 1 il ig o';® ; 150,000 675 6,532 11,575 6,625 149,054 I 1 1-HOrHOO* HHHHHHC © 1 :§S1 " ir' 30,514 9,031 10,000 3,069 205,351 1,193 § 1 t-H o T-H r-< o 3,600 2,240 2,487 a i ji jss ; ;*cT 13,852 OHHHQ rH O O O -i ^4 j 6,786 2,000 108,552 10,427 8,727 6,786 108,552 10,427 134,492 hhhhC ® O © -H -H 11 i il •- CO T-H rH s 2.Q Hill ill li 87 STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 77,606 1,500 6,900 199 • CM . to 88, 157 O O iO 397,360 4,264 37,632 22,905 21,524 315,908 17,392 816,985 siiSili 601,058 96,058 122 2,536 2,590 630 CM § 102,888 CO 60,508 3, 134 6,705 6,022 12,948 9,742 99,059 rtHHHHOH CO 5,180 800 1,500 3,000 2,000 OOS'l 13,980 Table 41. — State normal schools — Items of general information , 1917-18. 88 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. § i-2 o|l.§J 8oS$?g; r-H CO CD t-H tO CM O ‘O CO OC CM 00 Soi-g A a S MCOOIN CM CO 00 CM l> 88 CM CM rH CO CO 1 • r-T 1 ^.£2 1 J-T o o o^q 2 Ph-^ o s'"' Q ^c3 ^.S £ N-^ o oo +*< lO CJ ^CW 'RrtOiO 10 eo co *< OSCO O • oiocio +h 2g.| fl 0^3 co be c3 >> > ® a 6 ® 2 S § a s-s ®MINN® CD CO CO • IN a>.y 'D'rl & 3 pi 2. 2 &|~gHwss CM OC 00 00 CM 00 O OC CM < < CM CM O 00 CO CM O ' •<*< CO Tf CO ^ *-0> ■sa § .§ 8 o2 § &'S £-2 ■§ o g go A Q< "§ 2 O O £&n EjS o'o 0’S «s a CO o §•§ II ■<« O o £ o ©■s Si 00000 .8 5 _ „ a o tJ "O 'O x) 'O © o sH . Wai £a II o W 2I = gtes faille Ra°0.pooo gQhiStJSSfc § :i © . g sis s-..»w» .o«X2§W . ,-&OTte^©+»oC2f| s i g §.s | sars § g § § § HO£nE-'aOP-'.«20 fO CM H >0 OOCDNOION rHCOCOH(M(M 285 1 474 277 275 61 202 489 28338 IO CO O O CM ^ •SS§§ 1 rr l> CO 00 • 0 0 00 • 0 CM r-H • »0 ^ O cc CM cJ 360 225 OOO CO^OO HHCOWH 120 108 144 90-180 100 100 180 O O 10 0 0 0 OO CO O CM H H CO 00 CO O O 0 00 8 3 8 8 ■ fSKttPQ « <1 A A, B -J hm r-4 00 CM 00 HHCOCOO " CM rH rH 00 sO • TP w i •§•3 8 j g o si ste a :8 'V 03 • fee £ o S “p xsxj-o ^5'° is'C ^ 'O'O’O • • • *&> &£g § m : .50 ; © m . wa H ?w x . H o . . w OOOOO £ co o OO ■fl bfl a •a §" 3 a y cm co »— i »-h — < CM © CO CO *0 SC 0000)00(75 a* *o oc *-r cm co cm lo cm os co cm — < CM CM CM CM CM CO ^ ,-H r-< r-H r-H r-H B£Sg BS BBS? 28 BSBBSB8SBS BBS?? ■*T ■'T rr Tf ry CM O ^ GO so ^ cm so *c *o SO CC^ H H ss sbbb 11 §!ii BB RR rrr R<10 • 05 CO !>• ’§ -a CO o XJ'O to o o o TJ'd’O .§ , 8 Eg «oo .« g-g XJ’3'3 .sf§;8 .a5 Wn w w 2^3 8 yj o ^ oooooooooo : bco bjo . CMCMCM CM CMCM CM CM C1CJC1 coco OINHH IH (NC1C1(NHH(MH(N. efef (N tjT cocm'cm' cm" c COCO CO c cm © © cm © ©©tO©©©©©©© CMCMr^CMCMCMCMCMCMCM o5 •C_ M.g *3 to £*6 ©n3 S S ra_ ' o E* W>~ O S 03 CO li 1 111 I --j bo’s © © 2 ^ Q; d h h ^ JSlss | ^’S 3 % S ® 2 rt m ~ © ©02 3’S Jjvg o o o o o o o •d^d ©dddddd • ■ ots . gV *xs II g I gl © .. h agi’l 3ooPW& .2 8 Ja § a ,3 S^.2 - • to v : a o £ ®J3 saitt §* CO go a -s1 a *res e WPimEm §3 00 CO 'll KPlh a .. © fl-s. r£..s §g- as _ a I I fa a ^ slSs cs2m a _ VI/ • 0 o I > 2 a ^g|c?|s|^Sa3| P oWi^SSOPhPhoqco ? 93 Public schools. Of these 2,400 are in public schools. 14£ high-school units admit to the 4-year college course, 7 units admit to the 2-yoar normal course. Table 42. — State normal schools — instructors and students , 1917-18. 94 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Attendance weeks of resident stu¬ dents. Other courses. 00 :3 • CO rH . C > ©o' • 1- 5 • 05 Tt« © Cl • • • • • t) • CO 00 . . # . . 5 • CO rH © • • • • • h • co © co • • • • • Cl 8 : Teachers’ training courses. 14,069 2 1, 640 12, 000 7, 668 D • lO 00 Cl ^ M*©©©^ - • ©GO © rH H 00 © H Tf 0 • to© rH 05 © to Cl rH © i © 00 eo oo t-: © © a 10, 104 | Cl oo CO Cl ©r 00 - | 0 | 4,021 1 r Non- resi¬ dent stu¬ dents in exten¬ sion and corre¬ spond¬ ence courses. «© NOMO • *0 O • © © © • to H * H • © © • CO • Cl »0 • rH • 135 79 Resident students. In other courses. is OHOC3 Ic rH 05 ■ C o ^ oo ci • © • . . . . o © HN • CO • • • • • 127 In normal courses. Women. r^tocico tc CO O 05 . L © Tt< Cl • un 00 05 eo eo (N-^eOeOeo-f-^Oi i© ©t-05© o eo © eo rt«eoN^eo»M co Tj._i.-irH Men. » CO © © H . c ©rHCOt^- • r o • to© ©00 ©CliOt^tOtO©© to CO H • tO 00 Cl rH to ^ r* Cl © 1 t- Summer. Women. ei 00 O *00 • < lOH • Cl • C Cl ; rH . © • Tt« • to© to Cl© • ^ M • rH • CO Tt< ^ CO © • © | Cl | Cl rH • CO S 325 346 Men. S ©co • •( M • © • to *H rH©© 'to • »H • iH CO © 25 103 g O *3 a Whole year. Women. © Cl r* © Cl • l »h © ^ ^ • «o© coco eo e© © eo -et< h* 05 eo ©c-050 >-oo co co co© -H^i<^Tf.oo© eo oooon-O -c -o*eo oje co eo co co © oo eo ti< Men. © OOt^©rH 05 rH CO ^ • C z> • ©© © © © ci to toto ©© to co O • ©Cl OO'* Cl rH tO ^ * 00 © Instructors engaged half time or more. Exten¬ sion and corre¬ spond¬ ence courses. oc OOO • •' «r© ho ©hh • i-h •© • © o © 11 5 ^ Women. - H © t >.05 • < N-eti CO 05 OCO t^Tf<©p05H<0»0 eo © CO hh t-i i— i co c- r-i eo io co eo © ® 2 o Men. © — <©eo»o •> co io eo© tmco noooo©»^® © co Tt< Instructors, including principal. Summer. Women. K5 .h o © oc n- !i t© °o co • © • to rH © £2 8° Men. WH®oa HN Cl • © • © to to • 00 t>co. ^ © Whole year. Women. eo TJ'HOWO •< rH rH Cl • > ©00 00 05 ON t>. TjH CO P 05 -»< © -H eo CO 00 lo CO i- 1 >-< <-i r-t i-i co t- »-( eo © >-( co -u< co co Men. as CO rH © CO • ' lOI> * © rH rf t>» 00 Cl© © © *CI * Cl to ^ to pH rH rH HH H Cl rH rH Cl Location of institution.1 - Alabama: DnTAllW/l i/apiuic . | Florence . Jacksonville . Livingston . Montgomery . Moundville . Normal . Troy . Arizona: Flagstaff . Tempe . Arkansas: Conway . Pine Bluff . California: Areata . Chico . Fresno . Los Angeles . San Diego . 1 i] 2 * ; 1 **« 3 s' 8 © i • 05 • ^ jl : © ; c 5 1 • i ; O' ; j ; Sll 11 ggl§3 g g asY aa's'ss' sf sf 1 s' S3 I 83388 1 ©© ^ «nVhn ig leSgeSsBsi i§§3 :£•' S'sVa'?vr'f's'"” S3SS3" S : : £2 ° : in 222 ° : • ^ ° ! ; O O O O O © S3lg 3 : § S S i is i 1 s °l | i ° : • >o OOOO . © j 695 815 218 380 449 883 906 836 670 2,623 1,367 1,962 8 s§§ 1 ss!§”§ sag|33|3gs gggg © • j S" §sssS 1 S | 382 | M,°®2N £2® :S i :S° 8933 § s S8883 1 Sal 3 2 js i is • ^ • . - . - © §SSi : 3 SS82S8 | §8g 2S 3 !< © © © 3SS8 ^ 00 23 19 11 23 45 32 43 16 40 16 13 12 15 *-H r*< 00 • « »o ©© © «22?8 8SS 28 SS&S8 2 S33 S22 3 22222 M002 283S2SS3'02 888S t Table 42. — State normal schools — instructors and students , 1917-18 — Continued. 96 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Attendance weeks of resident stu¬ dents. Other courses. CO 18,206 15,364 4,000 6, 948 1 1, 428 3,370 6,261 0 _ Teachers’ training courses. r* • • • ©©©OOGO © *©rt<©00 H H* •© © © •© © © !>• 00 00 O © 'HNiCrP © HT}1 ■ o 00 © •© © CO © 00 CM L- CM • 00 Tf CM CM rH rH © • © COCO H ; O VTefio rrcf •©' ©oo r-T • CO i-H r-t rH r-» rH CM • rH rH CM CM ^ rH ■ rH ^ CM | CM Non- resi¬ dent stu¬ dents in exten¬ sion and corre¬ spond¬ ence courses. <© • tF •© •© • rH ' © 1^- •© • © •©© ©© © © ; © CM j© • CM |©© Resident students. ' In j other 1 courses. ( j : :° © CO CO © © hF CM OOt^CO • ©© oo oo © tf ©©CO • TF CM CO CM rH ©l> ■ In normal courses. Women. r 352 722 913 921 665 745 881 26 910 500 800 1,182 451 295 739 211 610 180 94 592 810 612 Men. eo • ( D 00 00 CM COrHt^CM©Tf< CM CM © rH VO © -H CO © CM © © rH rH VO VO CO rH r-H © CO CO CM CM CM CM rH 00 © © In all courses. Summer. Women. 01 © CO !>• tN» © hf © rr CO *h co©©co 607 897 494 850 1,104 228 200 780 543 400 Men. c © rH ©00 rH CM 50 *050005 r lOOOtnO t» *COMip(N t— H •©©© CM COCO©CO © HHHH rH rH • CM H CO CO rH tH W W H rH Men. © © CM rH © CO ’ L- rH © © 00 CO 00 © © © rH rH rH rH CM r-i r-i Whole year. Women. « ©©t>»COCM rH HHNIOHO ^ rH CO © CO L- © rH © ^ rH CO CM CO CO rH N HWrH^CO rH XT (N W H TF rH CM © CO Men. NTfN»OrH © CO N H lO © CM GO © © 00^ tF © © HHHH rH CM rH CM CM CM TF rH CO rH rH rH Location of institution. - Minnesota: Duluth . Mankato . Moorhead . St. Cloud . Winona . Mississippi: Missouri: Cape Girardeau . Jefferson City . Kirksville . Maryville . Springfield . Warrensburg . Montana: Dillon . Nebraska: Chadron . Kearney . Peru . Wayne.., . New Hampshire: Keene . Plymouth _ New Jersey: Montclair _ hi III STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 97 11 1 t'-'oT © :!f!i jt-V-'VTco § SI ©el 3,653 3,804 • • : :$5 : -J Isl 1,729 U,116 1,920 ii j Ul,008 M,292 4,964 17,677 i 10,400 i 3,900 i 12,212 i 7,999 17,664 8,463 13,358 7,838 6,805 1§ el© seal ii §111 si ecejoo'oo oo'© io^jcoo^v 115,480 13,183 i 8,353 i 11,784 8,750 34,043 15,909 10,664 i 16,431 13,621 S3 j : jg j j . ° : • 0 49 0 635 88 0 87 3 F » •O • • •O 291 298 170 116 190 127 104 |S » 213 92 1,036 S§ j' © ° ii 1,755 418 739 3S F§ ! 05 IS sll8s8l§sl SSSsI sSSl §1 SSSI1I 1 S§Sillsgli 82 'oS2t-2c,-S0°" 85485?' gS SSg§g8 S KSSSSSSgggg §1 £§§111 sill llllsIS § S5 •SSS" S S^-g g SgSgSKS » §S glsSgggggl SISgIS EIS8 as gSSfsiS I ISSSISsilS rM rH ef II §£Sl I §S2£ 83 gg|S5|| ? §g2S§§SS2S OO •© COCO ©>-< S^SIS 22 ^H^coot. S«*SS ;© ©oo £23 ©© eo • oorH©© eo© jh©© eooow ;oo »» S3 2 :2 ,WW2S3*° t-»«s S 253SS32 2 >e0^2 © J>t^©£ 8 &23S228 10 82 53888828228 ®328£S 2^28 2$ 2238232 § S3232&2322 >© ©00©00©t>.|>©©C5 CCCOOONO 232.22*8 £8 £288228 00 22*OSO°22222 1 35. ii & ^ m iiiii W PQ O fc O& o O PU P^ : i ;« t-^'h !V¥ o o 1|h§|o: gg Sfct 59872°— 21- 3 Includes 42. — State normal schools — instructors and students , 1917-18 — Continued. 98 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Attendance weeks of resident stu¬ dents. Other courses. CO • • • • CM CO • • • • OG O 05 ' CO to | CO • tp • CO • • IO 'N • * tp | CO • • S ! ! * Teachers’ training courses. S O CO 00 tO to 05 05 00 CO tp 00 CM CC O H(N to 1-T rHOO tp* H H CO tH rH CC CM 1 11,175 6,691 U4,625 00 • rH • O CO • O 'HON rH • CO CM CO • CM jo o • In normal courses. Women. 399 344 V43 471 310 1,971 975 rH tO CM HH 05 tp CM CO 57 416 263 2, 102 996 932 720 247 147 Men. CO 00 00 co O co CO ^ 00 ^ 1-1 tp o CC Hi o toto tp rH to lOrJiTf-OOiO • • rH H H CM 050 05 • • CM rH TP CM CO rH • • In all courses. Summer. Women. 40 90 190 153 1,040 474 116 211 83 400 125 127 1,488 604 js a ® a 11 00 • O OOCO I'-CO^OO o ' rH TP Tp o • too CM rH • ^WHC5 • CM rH :s§ 1 : Whole year. Women. © 399 344 743 471 489 2,098 1,005 320 471 237 692 252 416 417 2,102 1,012 932 720 247 147 Men. © 00 00CD O tP co OOOtOCO O 00 Tp tH OOtP CCh*CC tp tH rH CM CM rH rH O to rH TP rH O to CO rH 05 CM O O 05 tH CM rH Tji CO CO rH • Instructors engaged half time or more. . Exten¬ sion and corre¬ spond- ence courses. 00 0 1 11 9 1 7 00 ; ;00 •© • Resident normal courses. Women. 14 12 24 19 CO • to CM ; rH TP 00 CM 'nhO CM I> rH HH • CM rH rH HH Men. © 11 16 11 23 CM • CO rH CM 00 • 00 rH TP CM Tp rH CM rH • CO CM Instructors, including principal. Summer. Women. CM CM 00*0 rH 05 to to rH CM rH rH rH CO OOONOHO *"• !>• CM HHCMCMHH tH Men. TtH CO *>• C5 !>!>- totooo !>• CO 05 CM CO tP CC TP tO CM CO CMrHCOCMCMrH 1 < i 1 r' 3 3 Women. eo *>■1000 tH OCO CM CM CO CO *0 HHH CO rH CO tO CM CM t-H rH CO 00CMt^t>*rHO TPt>* CM ■ H tH CM CM H CM HH Men. SI HOO tH S *>■ CMOHCOHCM CM tP rH CM CM CO CO CM CM Location of institution. - Pennsy 1 vania— Cont d . Shippensburg . Slinnerv Rock West Chester . Rhode Island: Providence . South Carolina: Orangeburg . Rockhill2 . South Dakota: Aberdeen . Spearfish . Springfield . Tennessee: Johnson City . Memnhis _ Murfreesboro _ Nashville . Texas: Canyon . Commerce . Denton . Huntsville . x xaxiiu v . . San Marcos . Vermont: Castleton . Johnson . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 99 88528 S ;i JO ” • 1 *0 1000 :&2E : i2SS2 10 7 9 13 3 22 27 14 00 ^ :g?2S : Includes all student fees. *This is less than the reported expenditures. « Not included in total of receipts for the institution, s Data are approximates. 7 Includes library apparatus, furniture, etc. 4 This is half of the amount for the biennium 1916-18. 8 Appropriation covers period from Dec. 1, 1917, to Dec. Table 43. — State normal schools — Property and income, 1917-18 — Continued. 102 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 103 ill ISISsIl SSiggS ggli IS mills I 833SS133S§3il gffsfg || 33‘88“sW Sf iliSli 3S 1 I S 1 :° i Is 1 i s IIS ililllliS | 4 :« -rac' ;!S : 88' : I 83 "'"'S'" : : : g : ill! a a 118838 Sill II ;° i il sss'sss ISslil sa'sWg' SB I18SI1 3183 S' -f-T «>g~ o'cfofo.' 1 oooooo 1 I SsSIlllllglii ■*' ”* gas's^sasss'sf^s iiiiiiiii! iiisn mi si siiiiii i siisiigiiii=i s¥s¥llll¥§ soli's n¥f §§ s¥Sa¥s¥ S' Ss¥s¥l¥l¥si¥l iilisiiiil isil i ii gigiisg i iiiisiiiiiiii 00 §sC)§ sa" as ss^a" 8“ s¥¥¥¥s8“88fe¥'‘s8“ ii til m a §!!%!»!! tJ iSillislilli i Not included in total receipts for the institution. 8 Includes equipment. * This is less than the reported expenditures. 4 Of this amount, $39,354 was for payment of debt. Table 43. — State normal schools — Property and income, 1917-18 — Continued. 104 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 191^1918. 105 ggllis Si3Sl§SIIS as: § s; s s" s | as" § s¥ ; g; s § ggiiil ISggsiigli gfSBSSS 3¥£ggf2SSS3‘ 111 3SI89SSS§§ II sis siis iiiissisis -t«r OO ■© "O O ■<© •© ■© •© llliii IsglliSIII §ll¥§s iiigl¥ll§¥ mill igiimiii | ■a s's'ss |r§s|¥ i | llllsl IllSllillg oo-^tC tcio TjT^'cit^'oo'e^ffl'c^'oo'^' £ iliiiiii 3aSg^§ajlloE2l5S Table 44. — State normal schools — Expenditures , 1917-18. 106 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Payment of indebted¬ ness. so 000 'l$ 0 3,135 0 0 1,016 Outlays (capital acquisition and con¬ struction). 0 $1,650 3,161 73,600 56, 112 69, 545 914 7,000 15,000 16,486 0 20,000 1,500 21,201 1,750 90,033 o> X rj< oT oo Total current expenses. - $82, 176 25, 433 34, 459 19,825 25,531 44,129 123, 800 156,402 76, 899 26, 922 26,578 60, 105 .73, 645 191, 780 85,416 84, 176 130, 940 46, 816 81,031 49, 166 62, 888 44,458 50,126 79,208 00 s ccT ■agl (D bD P 6 s $618 1,200 985 2,274 3,500 400 0 400 &■§! § : i j Auxiliary agencies and sundry activities. a> $634 1,310 1,500 1,468 3,600 50,563 1,381, 630 3,603 2,700 3,500 7,000 3,894 2,639 6,506 1,511 7,210 l! 131 1,103 2,644 3,565 [ llV i Mainte¬ nance. oo $18, 188 930 1,000 1,524 2,479 8,800 7, 844 17,685 610 2,000 2,200 2,364 8,425 13,622 10,321 2,975 1,307 5,500 1,041 4,389 575 2,674 3,143 8 CO Operation of school i $11,940 4.576 6,270 1.576 10,736 14,301 22,800 20,653 14,118 3.642 2,422 8,950 7,411 20,030 8, 159 8. 643 15,206 5,518 6,037 3,461 8,335 3,145 7,602 12,641 CO* Instruction. Textbooks, supplies, etc. <£> $4,662 750 400 1,443 15,000 9,179 0 5,704 9,000 1,286 827 2,821 4,077 5,404 2,800 3,268 2,535 927 2,602 CO s Deans and teachers. »© $19,516 12,749 19,989 13,340 11,690 18,370 58,600 56, 936 34,190 12,546 13,588 33, 397 52,785 142, 683 52,535 53, 050 87,736 27,656 43,655 34,285 41, 157 34,077 29,685 54,199 3 CO c3 Administration. Educational. Other ex¬ penses. $1,720 1,400 1,000 400 1,305 1,200 2,500 3,345 2,567 650 965 1,350 1,800 3,772 600 900 8, 140 3,009 2,415 900 700 400 700 1,700 8 CO Salary of principal. CO $3,000 3,100 3,100 2,000 1,800 3,100 5.500 4,400 3,000 2,040 4,000 2,508 ' 4,500 6,000 4,000 4,000 5,000 4 2,411 4,050 3. 500 3, 500 3, 500 3,500 3,960 8 lO of Business. ©i COO • S • c3 £ : €© ! 1 1,768 7,000 1,208 458 700 3,870 1,779 1,802 1,300 8,964 1,013 1,141 731 719 1 085 Location of institution.1 - Alabama: Dnntme _ Florence . Jacksonville . Livingston . Montgomery . Normal _ _ Troy . Arizona: Flagstaff 3 . Tempo . Arkansas: Conway . Pine Bluff . California: Areata . Chico . Fresno . Los Angeles . San Diego . San Francisco . San Jose . Santa Barbara . Colorado: Gunnison . Connecticut: Danbury. . . New Britain . New Haven . Willimantic . Georgia: % Valdosta . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 107. ills! 1 II -ss R s'-' l§ SIESS 8 iSS IIS § §I§S1 183 s's g'g'g's'g' s' g's's s's's' s' s'a's's'a" t-'s's' §1 81 68S38 g 111 of o' r-foV-^Too of Tijeoco' li 1 S* §g§ « II iiigl g o'© «TcittV4V «T li in i in (NcrT cTlo" o' I g»8 tiT g§ illll g gss ill s mu ggg s's' s's's's's' s' ass' “'as' s' «'-'s' 8SS18 a ill is ^"ci eJeoeo' o' eo'cTeo' oTt-T s ggggg ssg n? CO §1 HISS I gig Ss! a Hill 8S3 s's s's's's'g' s' g's'e 8's‘a' s' s's's'®'a' "'“'s' 88 88888 1 IIS 888 3 8888S eo ■"T'V-fo'ef o' o“c>fs> t^N-Ti-T eo *6 68 88888 § 888 888 § 88888 III coco oo'o'o'o t>T io’ioV Tjfefeo" ^ cicfcicSef t-T of'*' L- • I © : : i i is 8 a i j 8 is 8 ; "o' 54 142 366 • - • - M i Ms ills «{ 6 §§§§ fl" o'oo'^Tc-r s’-!, " "If _ 838388838 8888 fi © !> ejVN ,-TcoV oh oVTeoV' IlisilSIS sIHs e's'as'a'sss'a s's's's' 188688818 CONCOr-iCONONN 333688888 8g§§ s'as's'sfs'a's'a' gs'g's isilSIiSi SHI .. co'co eo" T-Ti-reoVrc^'t-r eociefp? ®r 818888888 fill mi CO ^ co'co'co'co'o'co co" o' .5 -~ £ 'C III! IIS- fell r°’i ililllllli Table 44. — State normal schools — Expenditures , 1917-18 — Continued. 108 BIENNIAL. SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. .Payment of indebted¬ ness. 2 $4,315 |E : © : ; : : ; 1 (capital acquisition and con¬ struction). 1 Mi j j s 2,956 5,599 1,524 387 Location of institution. - Minnesota: 1 7 U.ILll/11 . Mankato . 1 Moornead . St. Cloud . Winona . Mississippi: Hattiesburg . Missouri: Cape Girardeau . Kirksville . Maryville . Springfield . vv arrensourg . Montana: Dillon . Nebraska: Chadron . Kearney . reru . Wayne . ! . New Hampshire: Keene* . Plymouth 2 . New Jersey: Montclair _ Newark . Trenton . New Mexico: East Las Vegas . Silver City . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 109 ; ; ; ; ; ; ;0 0 ; : 2 : : : : : ::::::: . Ill :151I :ii : : : : : : ::::::: : Sg- :”=3S‘ :g : : i ; i i il i i il ig°SIS III i II j ill! |s 1 IIS ills i isi ii miNMi : 38 S'SS : B" ■ ; ® oTcT | o' go' eooT ;sw : ■ eo'r-T I kISIsIISIS illlsl ills 11 llilfis S SsS§Hls§glSRl sss'ssss'sss aaasss sfsfc'g' sg sssssss s §ss8g|sssssg‘a ii i ill is 1151 ; i ; i ; iiii i iisiiisiiiii i : : : : ^vr «* : : : : : : : : : : ooVh ^ : lllll g§§§ IS S 11 ill I I llil§silllill ssssaissss sum sm is muss s inssisssisig »-«v«v.vsv.- s-s-a-a- ®'g" «v«ev«v 3 ssfsssWsVssss llllliSIS co"~(M oLco lo eo^cvT co" tt' tt~ uo~ IfiSSiSsil ^-» CO 00s CD 8 47, 235 108,890 2 93,000 119, 174 60,990 i i! ill : is: Total current expenses. S $83,000 74,328 252,600 117,917 75, 100 92, 109 42,984 45,053 102,757 66,087 141,925 95,396 165, 645 115,945 18,222 28,437 63,440 113,489 69, 715 97,691 87,047 Fixed charges (rent, insur¬ ance, etc. © ! ; w • • CO ; ; • • O |8 i :i 1 : 552 1,091 676 962 (3) Auxiliary agencies and sundry activities. © $1,700 778 67,540 3,259 1,625 2,975 344 s co (N 8 :: • i is mis Mainte¬ nance. 00 $3,300 11,763 26, 457 9,090 4,700 19, 83,1 1,202 i mm m ussi -si' ©foo^io" i-i ©7 oo~ -tjT tjT C of school plant. D* $17,000 18.819 40, 128 27,500 25,625 19. 819 16,560 13,548 6,500 2,900 7,600 9, 146 71,495 20,780 3,606 15,013 37,530 20, 704 47,969 14,558 1 - Textbooks, supplies. etc. © $7,000 3„ 309 8,336 5,280 5,050 3,169 444 1 $£8£i8 es8 SSSSK CO t>»0 LQ H H CO lO OONU5 HN tH tH co* 1 Deans and teachers. $47,500 36,299 71,340 58,381 34,000 41,635 17,889 17,600 59,943 43,033 117,000 60,050 37,071 64,551 7, 187 15,300 16,661 48,348 28, 882 25,658 13,513 dministration. uonai. Other ex¬ penses. $2,500 1,360 4,858 5,978 1,100 1,680 1,346 1,900 1,000 6,711 ill as 8§iis n.auca Salary of principal. ©5 $4,000 2,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 1 ill 111 §§ illli of c4'c«o'eo'co'c4'«r nn co' c©~ co r-T <1 ' Business. i/i p 3 1 Murfreesboro . Nashville i . Texas: Canyon . Commerce . Denton . jciuntsvine . Prairie View . San Marcos . Vermont: Castleton . J UILLLSUJLL . Vi’ giipa: East Radford . Farmville . . Fredericksburg . Harrisonburg . Petersburg . STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 111 ;° ; ; : • o ; : • ; O ; 37,000 9,500 14,415 r o 23,255 1,626 10,330 131,453 90,000 2.000 :§ ii rSf 131,423 103,010 90, 442 llsilg issiSSSIls 5 8 sV S3 K 3 gg ! SS§888S5 g j s : 750 702 0 1,128 780 1.100 is ii 13, 150 9,830 llllls S838ISSSSS COi-7^h'i4' <0-^00 CO ■vr'-vr 9,618 2,580 1,584 1,600 500 10,000 ii ssssessssa eoeo'eo'rHcft^'io in' 18,670 28,800 17,394 S8S8S8 111 SI Is 111 tcestxjotoV*' t^'o'goTw'efo'o'^'jH 1 5,492 3,976 II 1,000 1,016 1,030 3,020 3,072 5,384 4,978 6,121 2, 700 4,075 3,989 3,695 2,008 SIS KSS' llilll IllllilSSI 811 m'nV 650 240 2, 380 1,920 14,760 90 3,240 2,618 0 7,531 5,280 1,770 3,975 3,838 3,620 3,572 4,800 5,000 4,500 mill iiiimm eo'pi'co'i-Tcq co'tj- co'co tjT 3,224 1 001 ’6 968 ‘8 Washington: 1 Balllnerham . ioi Hillonsburg . West Virginia: Athens Fairmont . Glenville . Huntington . . il Shepherdstown . West Liberty . Wisconsin: Eau Claire . La Crosse . Menomonie . Milwaukee . Oshkosh . Platteville . River Falls . Stevens Point . Superior . 1 Whitewater . Table 45. — City and county normal schools — General information and personnel , 1917-18. 112 1916-1918, BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, Number of attend¬ ance weeks. ©9 iO t- CO O 00 IcOCC'f CO r-l r-l Th r-l CO • r-l Men. a o ^ ^ • o • © • to ^ ^ • •© • i © * oo co co • •© • •© • cq • eq • • Different stu- lents attending. Women. o 00 © b- © CO C © © to © © *©©©©tH©I^.^ to©. 1 CO O rH O © • • i • i i i i i pCj • .' ! o . . o v - . .^0000000000^0^,2 ! • •r}pC$rCpOrCT3r^rCJrOrOrO • • bjO . . • • « o I • • M ••••••••II m ! • • |-H •••••••••• t«h Hh . o . • £; o. MooooooooooooScsowoc xi 'O TJ rd X3 T3 TO TO TO X3 TJ TO 8; .« OjO ' M :::::::::: : :w« 0 : Length of normal courses in years. eq eq eq cq eq eq cq cq cq eq co cq .-h i-h rH eq cq eq cq eq cs eq eq eq cq cq cq eq rH r-< rH rH rH eq Num¬ ber of weeks of ses¬ sions in year. 09 COCOIIJOWOCONIOOOOOOOCO >OOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOcOeOCOcO corf j co co -cti co co eo co hji -rf co -cfi eo -t* co Hf rti rfi Tji co hji hji co co co co co co eo Institution. (N James Ormond Wilson Normal School . Myrtilla Minor Normal . Chicago Normal College . Fort Wayne Normal School . Normal Training School . . Louisville Normal School . New Orleans Normal School . Normal Training School . Colored Training School . Teachers’ Training School . Boston Normal School . Detroit City Normal School . Mason County Normal School . Manistee County Normal School . Albert Lea High School . Harris Teachers’ College . Teachers’ Training School . Citv N ormal School _ Albany Teachers’ Training School . Brooklyn Training School for Teachers . Jamaica Training School for Teachers . New York Training School for Teachers. . . . Rochester City Normal School . Schenectady Teachers’ Training School. . . . Syracuse Training School for Teachers . Watertown Training School . Yonkers Training School for Teachers . Perkins Normal School . Shelby County Normal School . Darke County Normal School . Erie County Normal School. . Franklin County Normal School . Geauga County Normal School . Cleveland Normal School . Location. - W ashington, D . C . Do . Chicago, Ill . Fort Wayne, Ind . Indianapolis, Ind . Louisville, Ky . New Orleans, La . Lewiston, Me . Baltimore, Md . Do . Boston, Mass . Detroit, Mich . Ludington, Mich . Manistee, Mich . Albert Lea, Minn . St. Louis. Mo . Jersey City, N. J . Paterson. N. J _ Albanv, N. Y . Brooklyn, N. Y . Jamaica, 1ST. Y . New York, N. Y . Rochester, N. Y . Schenectady, N. Y . Syracuse, N. Y . Watertown, N. Y . Yonkers N. Y . Akron, Ohio . Anna, Ohio . Ansonia, Ohio . Berlin Heights, Ohio. . . . Canal Winchester, Ohio. Chardon, Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio . no STATIC Tics OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 19r7-1918, 113 :S8 :£££ • ^ CO • © CO CO • m of • 89*! 8 ■ •’f C5 0C lO • 00 ! © ©©00© © M ^ N © C3 CO © i-T t-T ^-Tof co' r-T © . . . .© • • r>» • © © • © • • • • ococirHco(Nrr«wiOLO(Nio • C H X -H H 1-H i-H T-i NHrH»-lCSWr^»H(MC • i0©iC©Q©OtQi0OHHC5W00C0i©00O©NC00 coco©t^©©oooocooo©t^t^©co©^c^©^©©©co O y* t . w v m be » ^ ~ «3 ,0 ~l ' ey> r—i • * iOcO • • (M P-Teo • •«~T .-2 ® “a 05 (NiO iCNiO CO 1C Oi0COiC»0 T^co 2 rQ"-’ M % o g all bS § •►r ,Q 2* o3 c3 © 3 5 *8 :S 88 kO CO ;88 > c^o U i|S°° -i >» *3 3 3. ___ ^ o > 6 3 § ro — •-< o OOiONOONCRO Cl'CcDOOQCtC MNO00(NrH05*- © o coo c^< >0 10© C(Nrf > C^CO’O* ^ co CO - 8 w Hi 11111 1'iililifi ill igtiil .3 o ■Sfi o J s .f* ^ivX-2^ |^1qS liisilliiillilll J ggS K p^S ?>«? f^Sl°Sl0««s £ misil'l l^’ijs^gsssgss^ssssca J^-go 3 ■'2 ■£ o >, ights. Ohi< STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 115 (NCOrONOOOiO O WO ^ ZD OJ to O? t-, < icroiooooooiN iN^^OilNOir-r? O O —< O O * rHO^OllOI^C O J HOCOOONOOOOWOOOWOO^ OCOHOOID^COCO^OOOUCNOON lOHCOCOWCOOOJ^ CO(M^COGOG^t OiOlCOOCCO COCOliOi-.- *C 10 O r- T- I- O»0C0NC0 1-T of of of of of r-f of o o o o o o o o oo o o o o OHCCr-HOOO 228S8' NHiCNiO o o o o o o »o »~ . - O HOOOCO OOONNCr^O^OOJ X'lOiOOJNCOJCO^N CO I> O Tt- O GO o^o^ioVV oooox o^' ^ rfWVf co'oVf o' ; irf ^ io ^ «o _ _ ..OOlOOOOOO . . 00—<000lC00— :88 o o o o o o . o o o o « o o o o • »o o OLOO ONO CS CO , ^B^oogsgS-g^^-S !^go|cOO§||o oSgl-pigslgo^o* W fa O O C> P-1 P P) f=4 S k K P-, o C— ® — __ •C e3>? ® o O ig*!p § 2®’c3 • ** S S • --« rp — r; .3 «» h cwwrw w <^"3 — ex tr.3 .2 &a$l llltjzly lit =i:s?lllll~e-= 'S e? B ~ s «p— ^’§ '§£•£<« is ^ a g 2 >>>£ g >* o 0 15 -E?-£a^ ^ 3 § o£“ >> P p >>o “i“| 1 1 IMlJSife 1 ! 1 1 1| |s« § §iim J||| glUlllf llglSe^ssillf ! Iffilf ll? 8 .-og ^-2 -a 03 3 £■§ g 5j® o s Jj.g ca 3.5|5'S § c a~3'~ ' *" >>>• c « ^ c ScO p 03 O s gs'E^i§a,§s358ea,i3iai«iSfl,aia|g,8^g^sEgi * £ o-g’S ®i5,p,c o p § £-3 g es j® op^® « 3.S;5‘n g a cso 3 ® 1915. 2 Estimate. 3 Included in grounds and buildings. 4 Includes $490 for loans, interest, and insurance. 3 Data are approximations. « Includes $767 payment of debt. Table 47. — Private normal schools — Items of general information , 1917-18. 116 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Total number of hours of practice required in teachers’ courses. 9> 00 00 O OOlCOOOOO ••sOOOOOO OOCO CO GO ^ OO O O CO ■•O’T'T OOO ^H05 OHH 05 H CO • *0 r-H y-i 5 8§K82 : T-( ^ CO CO CM • O O O to o C 05 f t'* CM CO Graduates from teachers’ training course (1918). Women. 00 hNW ^ 05 05 CO CO CM H U- ig CO CM CM if *hC5 CM CM CM COOOOCON 05 o co Men. l> • rH i o • • O *0 CM • • • • CM i-H 91 I ZI II j. g~ g « . 3 ■ § e_. .0.2 O O lO 00 05 cc O 00 ■s.sl §l« 1 a*a cr £ o G> sa | o c V-; 2^-ag a-g, g .a 0 co go e.9 g£2lS«-sU§^a ®e o.S-H— a_e‘K 30 O' K *§•2 .bsa o g«5 e l-g-sS s£0& occ *■+3 fc/Q c5 rf 0.£ 11 § e .. ® . s Sa — ® c3 O’V O ,Sgu 5 § £ AS-gJ-g :«bi *9 ®(» o §t2 * i ^3 "o 02 g gj. © J® 35 'o 'rt ^ igimiiiiii o®og® |-0^ S 9 euo^s ooR © »L trJ 's _ ° khknci o £ cs 73 -S^’i q S‘e g *. I a‘g g g.ill 8£q | 3-| 2 O^1 os's ®cg SSfl| "® o’fl ® P rH-,?s;®n£W^ho^«c-3 fi£®q jJM g tq « O OS £;3hH''£,“,2 _. q’Sq!=!£b$T,§®fte0 Ja> C? C3 0 tS b !2 'ot Sf'C £< M ,® -e e«a ® p»2> ® i-3 cq bX SaS I a o e3’C epQfkffl go g<3« ogjcjs -a- % afo oW S.HMOOO® a 0 gpqqq f J\0M o oP. ea ® « .S 3 «>rf w c§ <3 oT^ --=- cs .°c s. . . .2 6c^” sS a omScroo o’E sSlsi «-SBlsooo-g ■0 rt q « ^ oo<:Qq ® Ed O : :S • t».2 '■%£ :S « ;cQ C.C8 STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. ICO OJ O • • O 'ti^O^O^NCDO CO > g gfbC :§ ; : :SSSS K*^ * (N ! .’hi ’. 1 ! cs «Sk :S : £ 82 O-G W) £ "-S © • » C o Pi c-g u -g^J dog® *8 liS^Sg 3,.* G Sh gOQ Bl| l&a S§llsB ■S^T- 5 5 8 -i> ojz; :.§!-§£ s ■ -8^|! « t- n» .© ■gjqo® “gS=l s-sgg» P3 I? ,. Se ll 2'3'S^« g g E iff eP •sSs^lg 111 tea sllSllS 2 bO 3 5 3 £ T? <^-d o *2 . V o o C3 0Q <2 W>— 8 .c-1 r g«o I|lF gl^as 3 2! O ,2 • - C His s C ~ __ go >1 rn fcjCG bJD gwica 3.5 s’ .2 "s s«-5© febg “II^E 2 02 llJgQ Its-’ -is ^ >1 O 3-5 oE-i S2; • <- CuO ., _ sfaig 2 .3 c o o W . C o - ^ v SSoOdi^ sb£.5»«sz:e,§5 !< >£ ° 3 § J£}>*3 o la"5l-lsio ' o £ 2 gj 3 Is o3« So£cidSd£ K^SSo • 3 ° w“g nS ~-=3 sS&itfg §q^ o I 2 o 3 ■§.,gd o ^og.2 6o3oi^i«aDQ"^ * - «o 3 ®“ 3 " Sf^ 2 4 g £ t^3^3T3 SH 3 0-‘3 .. o^w gs «.5^o°o^ Phoocei^So •ofe^c; ■'S’O'g 3 e i;t| ° O « 5 O Ort _ _ _ ~ w u o3o.ee ^p-osSQPh PC^: ^ W w 3jd S g\£ 3.|fi is •I! 5 o3 PiPh •3^5 C M ill 3» 2 O <33 13 8-2^ s- o o 2 M o 8 o 117 Table 48. — Private normal schools — Instructors and students , 1917-18. 118 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Attendance weeks of resi¬ dent students. Other courses. 00 o ^ xji to r-T 204 Teach¬ ers’ training courses. !>• O 03 »0 O 00 H al. Summer. Wo¬ men. k® r-H 05 to co 00 03 Men. •>* CO »o 00 03 is EH ^ CO 0> • *COr-H 05 lOMOOiW 40 ; «T d • ; ; a- : © • CO • • o fl :a :••§ • c3 il •sjss" :§ o„-a .W :o CO O OjJrt i*© i1© . © • o : 02 : g il •pwsg js | sgS fl 2 £ Bd®.© g>® « ® sai :& © C3 bX) ( .Sffl'S'oS WSo-Sfe • a j| o o o 1 ©•©T" “HO 1 ^ S m c3 C? o > c 'J ®C & 1 3 « © c o ^ "oa OS O ® 0'S S®o.S S?-2«W i*fi S Ijasglga- H3 Bo I 3 o »* £2 o •© *= .2 <33 2 ^&S-S*8Siseg 8®s®ggrgoc STATISTICS OF NORMAL. SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 119 1 For colored persons. « Year October, 1917-August, 1918. 2 Includes only instructors in academic subjects. a 1918-19. 3 Enrollment weeks. a Not included in summary and total tables. Table 49. — Private normal schools — property, receipts, and expenditures, 1917-18. 120 BIENNIAL SURVEY OP EDUCATION, 1916-1918. co < 5, o a; fl fl . © ® co °1 ® 'O a 03 .2 .o go a-2 13 X! X 6 * £ C — i A g « osogaCo Eh o3 O t?*' •a^-S* 02 o O K3NH 8 888 § $ lO CO CO CO lO 00 o cTcsT °£8S TT lOCO oTcsT HO-t HOLOlOCO '^DC^CCOt^-TOOCO NO^«»OHCOOi 1 >0 ( ■(NlO( ■ cm oo c ! S 3 § § > CO Id O 00 CO LO ooooooi^oooo -saafisaggg O CO tO CM » oVTr-Too'' lOOOiOi r t> o' co' co' ‘O' LO O 00 N O •lOOCOrHlO r- io csuo co co cm co c Oi CT> CM C CC O *— i CM ' 00 iO ' ■*r io < CO t- J >§ Current ex¬ penses. 03 In¬ crease of plant, endow¬ ment. oo CO §So © o © PQ 2 o o o o o o oS 8S8R ioef 00 05 cm O lO TJ 1 05 csP^h^Tio" ’-h i-h CM CO ooior^ooooo CMOW^HfhiO — T oo' cT io' co' O COCM ccio o" of 0rs a © fl'S-S 5 p 9^3 03 n c3-h Value of library, appa¬ ratus, machin¬ ery, furni¬ ture. 09 Bound vol¬ umes in the library. O O O 888 - o ; ■S’S ^ ^ P c3 O 0 a a J? i & •-xi K bp SSOO «|gSg| ® *£ ^ o .2 rj'd c3 ©{Jh*2 «.S H’i^r £ §5 ||3^cc| <^h 2 ® a w) . a, g^4.2 fl<< 02 r2 5 " ^ o oH 1 >.,2 -K tv© 05 — ■fl fl „ „ W O-S ,£.3 its © i3 §j o rS © o H.fl~ © ^ ©rQ O 13 5 5 O a A— « &© ° " ;_; Soo; M «P3 ^ ©X _ w c3^ ^ «rO C aS,g^S«Sf|>ag •2§'flo-~:=:,256 aj’TiX) C ct-tOoSHc ©PQ-S M 03 S^EgHgo Eh^PPO Pm flW'go.Sfeao^^oE Kssiiiiiiisi >fe!£fc3 6;§-2.§i0?-s 3 1^.2 a^s^ ® © §•« s STATISTICS OF NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 121 £ in ^ Is •- < b c SfrH ?? d .g ° g£§|* “•gEQ- E tx.a— cs s s 3 g g-2 ■as s SSjS&I Eh 5^+iCH US I* 1 1 3 oa!>^a2tt! ~ ° sa2 ta .3 2 a -oE-i § W d' _r '.^ c Hi =a|5S .2 cs c « f_, tsfc » w>2 — ^ d O 3gs2 S'fra osi o w 075 o ■81* 2£s 111; SS-3 £C^i: uti'g « "S S'Jg § g g _,.S £ o .£y °z .2 :o '5.2- • -O ^ o • C’o'°^3 i 2c*° ^^2 g^- .=1 %%% OSsc^d1 g 3 «g CB|o 3|£c&*, <3 « Ph^ -. ■ d d .-a d -.5 a>* £ — £h <» o_~g Cn O 2 life. cr • •*> C c< O hh i*jsS|2. . ■ list'll •2 w> d S d h > 5^5 .S « — ^ -a 2 fc 2 £ § " g-e >.£ o > s te g ; £ i.| Y^-oiA c OwliC-^ tjs-g^g ^C§£flsMfl 'cis'3^— « ■TjCd § C.S g OGG^-g xi~ g£ 2-r+-|-3 g O Cr MfC OrH ""nS“5lSg, S“Sl“S-3§ ' iocSs'S"""' : Z '3 o 2 1’3'S'S g a^i-s525 gi^ ◄ feGgSsSja^'s g£ «H 2-g S^.§ •I's.^'snfe. 1 e-e'a i££.S 2*4 - o" ■3.8 t- o 302 •3 M •g-a 52 " ji's' l§rf2 d +S > o figf^Ss : c-§ sTg 3 >-5 c Sfg fe i ^ .3 ® 8, ° s||-2| 1 03 o © cS'g :8 : . cs • o • 8 : o" • 2 • cs • • ■ CC O jSR ■ co" «T ^H««D n ci~ O L- 88 ,*r" s • X • co" • cs . X o o CO O o — 1 NCQCJiO rH CS" CS" CO 8 NCSOO SwnS cs" r-T co" *o" • X • 0 • 05 • *0" ; co • X X 0 • 05 r- -r . _ ^ 10 • *0" x" 0" ill ; CSpi-T ill o *o 2 CO i j cs" • 35 O 0*0 HNOO NNtCH o g cs" O X CO o O *0 X CO 0 ! i CS -ti i .ICO • • 05 cs • ! cs" • • o o :gg ; O^CS" co cs W«N CS X h oo" t»" o *o x *o r-Tcs" to • o • I>- • co" * ■o -r O O »COOO x o *o *o n" *o" cs" r-" CS T1 O CO O 05 X o o • — OC X -r X CS • O CS lO 05 CS L- • I>"co"cs"cs"cs" • • CS 050 • -r O *o ■NCSO j 05"x"cs" ;° ; • o • o . zD o o o o L- CS o • 2 ' o o o o 2288 -Ti-Tcfi-T o o o CO COO't o-^ o • c COO cs o cs o • c 05 ‘O X o cs o • c §888 s *0 X X ;° • • *o *o CQ o o o s o" 8 j • o o o • x *o • Tfi 05 CO l> o" 05 • X • x" • • *o • r- • I> • 05" 82 05 05 3 OOHCS *o ^ 05 CO ^"0" ;0 ; CS • 8 : : :°g • • CO • • x" LO *o 0 0*0 X o cs O CO co' o' co" *0 0 05" • X X . 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C' cs" hV • 5 :8SS2 5 • CO CO CS cs ; COCO 0*0000 ON 0 1-000 ^ X ^O CS O O CS t— < ^h" coco o" 888 000 L-" 05" cs" J cd • ;cT csToc a O O O O O ; ‘""‘I s £ d d d d d d o as s s s I s *- o+^oooood nd S_ -d 'd ns >c t5 ” do c d c C 3^ otJ ojidoooh BSddBCdo c3^c3c3c3o3cdrO c^'d M tr m m w w OOOOOOQPOJ rd'dT3rOT3'0'T3Hd c^ iO © -H HN oo oo th © ft ft if© © © © © © oo©©©© 09 cc oo ®9 if -!> f © ft 09 -t< oo ft © © © 09 ft ft ft 09 i—l © 09 ©ft Carotins Table 4. — Number of high schools enrolling the number of students indicatea in t*\ie headings , 1917-18 — Continued. 136 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION. 1916-1918, Over 1,000 22 Ot'M ^NMOO HOOMOM OO IN -H< © rH 951- 1,000 & OHO OrH©©© rHOOO© OOWO 901- 950 © 0 Ht"ti N00N COIN © IN IN 101- 150 HNCO OiOCOt^-CO C^ONNiO C5 CD O CO H CO ?H t>. rH «CO HH i 51-100 8® ©eo© ©ooeOHt'tr toNON® ©tTTtioo © ^ 00 \ 1 INDIANA^ . VIRGINIA _ _ .... WEST VIRGINIA . . MINNESOTA..,. . . IDAHO /it 4 v . * »- ■ •*« ..o' / / i x WASHINGTON .... at r i J t SOUTH CAROLINA . KANSAS . . . DELAWARE . . . <*■ • r * y* ■ ** 4 / WISCONSIN . . \ \ / MISSISSIPPI. . NEW HAMPSHIRE.. COLORADO ^ ; ■f taa. * j / s * OREGON . . OKLAHOMA .... T\ s \ % — \ \ MARYLAND .... ... TENNESSEE... .. _ DIST,_OF COLUMBIA ARKANSAS. . . MICHIGAN .... 7/ f/ f »\ 1 > V f s ''V,. -- _ KENTUCKY _ _ _ VERMONT T 4. > ► TEXAS. . >> «. - ‘jr 1 \ 1 i MAINE \ 1 / NORTH. CAROLINA. MISSOURI. _ ILLINOIS \ p •» <1 — i CALIFORNIA _ . OHIO . . . .... ■ — — ... ... ) - _ v; — CONNECTICUT UTAH S V RHODE ISLAND - NEW YORK . MASSACHUSETTS N % — PENNSYLVANIA L 1 — ^ NEW JERSEY / ALABAMA . .... GEORGIA iv- V — - - i- *>. ■*« — UNITED STATES _ 1 [L — — ** In all high schools. — — — jn p0rriolly accredited schools. In fully accredited schools. ' — /n non- accredited schools. Fig. 9. — Average number of students to a teacher in the different types of high schools, classified as to grade, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 149 states. I STUDENTS TO A TEACHER . _ _ _ 5 _ 10 15 20 25 _ 30 NEVADA . _ \ NORTH DAKOTA - S. Si — .4. ..r ** ***-. MONTANA . . \ -- - ,• ’’ NEW MEXICO . . L LOUISIANA _ s ‘s WYOMING Li _ _ _ — j f -’}* ■ L ARIZONA . SOUTH DAKOTA T * K -J V IOWA FLORIDA ... — — m mm *•' ... -- - NEBRASKA — *■ INDIANA . . . ... VIRGINIA f • WEST VIRGINIA \ O- ^ ,4 * MINNESOTA . - IDAHO N * ^ ... ... WASHINGTON y / ** * SOUTH CAROLINA ... \\ ■r' KANSAS r if ^ DELAWARE -f WISCONSIN “*! c~ — / .. MISSISSIPPI . NEW HAMPSHIRE \ 4--: — "" H — 7 r- — COLORADO . . X ... / OREGON . \ s \ 1 ‘ *. OKLAHOMA . . . — X j T MARYLAND . r TENNESSEE . . . \ v 1 ** *. DIST. OF COLUMBIA ARKANSAS _ / " ■ ^ -* .. • " i MICHIGAN r_ . _ . \ | 1 +-» KENTUCKY * Ti 1 1 ' VERMONT _ 1 u T TEXAS 4 1 MAINE \ 'J ' yf 1 7 J NORTH CAROLINA It m 1 > MISSOURI L it ■ ILy A ILLINOIS ~7\ / ! Ml ■< CALIFORNIA JJ \ OHIO _ J _ CONNECTICUT < V UTAH T- ** .. L RHODE ISLAND l _ ... • • r NEW YORK 7 ■** — ... MASSACHUSETTS r\ .. r PENNSYLVANIA _ r 1 N. .. NEW JERSEY. . . \ J ALABAMA . GEORGIA UNITED STATES *♦ L * 7 r - . . In a!/ high schools — » In village high schools. ........ In c/Vy high schools. — — In rural high schools • 0“^>— O lr> four-year high schools . Fig. 10. — Average number of students to a teacher in the different types of high schools, classified as to support and length of course, 1917-18. 150 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. By this standard the average fully accredited high schools in Georgia and North Carolina would not be recognized. Possibly, if the average daily attendance, instead of enrollment, had been used in ascertaining the teaching load, the average fully accredited high school in these States might not fall beyond this “dead line.” In general, the teach¬ ing load in partially accredited and in nonaccredited high-schools is comparatively small. In figure 10 it is shown that the number of students to a teacher in four-year schools is only slightly higher than the average for all high schools, the “ circled ” curve falling just beyond the continuous heavy curve. Rural high schools have, generally, small teaching loads, as is shown by the tendency of the “dash” curve to fall to the left of the average for all high schools. The teaching load in city high schools quite frequently extends beyond the “dead line” of 25, indicating that large high schools have a tendency to overload the teaching force. The data on which the curves in figures 9 and 10 depend are given in Table 16. Table 8 —Distribution of high-school students by sex and by grade and by type of school in which enrolled, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 151 Total of preceding columns. Total. 5 III! igf? 11 211 is! ssl 1 Ig'sf gsSf §§§' sa sVg - s' ss'g' g ,-T ~ -T t-T t-T rn' Girls. « 826,464 109, 973 51, 404 939,904 34, 448 13, 228 261 500,992 78,702 408, 147 973,014 14,827 61,062 24,313 887,639 622 153 14,052 61,684 24,466 901,691 987,841 Boys. 637,311 76,365 34, 102 714,696 24,073 8,817 192 402,852 56,315 288,611 740,635 7, 143 54,086 16, 779 669,770 427 98 6,618 54,513 16,877 676,388 747,778 Fourth year of high school. Girls. 129,645 12, 245 4,451 146,341 72,340 12, 671 61,330 144,556 1,785 6,673 137,883 r-T II S *¥ s Boys. 2 83,287 6,946 2,586 92,819 49, 768 7,354 35,697 92, 109 710 4,126 87,983 ag SI s -88' 8' Third year of high school. Girls. 2 151,832 21, 593 8,879 173,618 8,686 87,661 14,556 80,087 179,925 2,379 7,206 172,719 CS O' H «-d r* W ^ Za — In firsb year . - fn ihird year. . - In second year. — • — In fourih year. Zone of Ideal grade disfribufion . Fig. 15.— Per cent of students enrolled in each year of the high school course, 1907-1918. theoretical lines is termed in the figure “the zone of ideal grade dis¬ tribution.” When high-school mortality no longer exists, the actual curves will fall within this zone. The fact that they are approaching it is hopeful indeed. The first year of high school still contains its undue share of students, or rather the last three years of high school do not enroll their proportionate share. HOW MUCH SCHOOLING EACH STUDENT GETS. Almost unanimous practice prevails in giving to each boy and girl enrolled in the secondary schools an opportunity to take a four- year high-school course, as shown in figure 16. In fact, only about 160 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 5 percent of the student body is not so fortunately situated, and by far the greater proportion of this small percentage have the advantage of a three-year high school. Of the students enrolled in a four-year high school, nearly one-half (47.3 per cent) are in schools maintained longer than 180 days annually. Almost all of the other one-half of this group of students (48.8 per cent) are found to be enrolled in schools running from 161 to 180 days each year, only 3.9 per cent Fig. 16. — Distribution of 1,645,111 students, enrolled in public high schools, according to the amount of schooling afforded them, 1917-18. Elementary grades in junior high schools are not included. being enrolled in the four-year high schools having a term of 160 days or fewer. In the three-year high schools over one-third (392. per cent) of the students have a term as short as 160 days. Over one-half (56.6 per cent) of the students enrolled in these three-year high schools have a term of 161 to 180 days. Only a few (4.2 per cent) of these students are enrolled in high schools which are in session longer than 180 days. The large “open” area in this graph portends that the length of the high-school term is destined to increase. When ‘ STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 161 a four-year high school has been established, the next vital problem confronting school administrators is how to get still more schooling. The solution seems to lie partly in an extension of the school term. The junior college, also, has come in certain sections of the country to satisfy this demand for increased educational opportunities. A very important factor tending to promote the adoption of a longer school term is that great waste results if the high-school building is not utilized the year around. Many of the new high-school buildings cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. To use this property for only 180 days out of 365 days is bad management. To keep boys and girls in school for 180 days during the year, and to allow most of them to spend their time idly during the other months in the year, is likewise poor judgment. To solve these vital school problems a longer school term is unmistakably foreshadowed in the diagram. FOUR-YEAR SCHOOLS. Every high school begins with one year of high-school work. Gen¬ erally, the next year the program of studies is expanded to cover an additional unit of work. Possibly, the following year another year’s work is added. Soon the work is again expanded into a four-year curriculum. If the number of high schools “born” annually in¬ creases more rapidly than the number “promoted” from three-year to four-year high schools, an excessive number of short-course schools will accumulate. If this condition prevails, the lower curve in figure 17 would run downward instead of upward. The steady rise in the curve implies that more schools are “graduated” annually into the four-year group than are initiated into the one-year and two-year groups. The rise in the curve is desirable if all of the necessary high schools have been established. It would seem logical to assert that the curve should descend until a high school is brought within the reach of every boy and girl. It is doubtful, therefore, whether we should boast that the percentage of high schools offering a four-year course has increased from 62.9 per cent to 76.2 within the last eight years. It may be much to our discredit. On the other hand, it is creditable to have the upper curve in figure 17 extend upward. The number of students in newly established high schools is relatively small, while the number enrolled in three- year high schools is comparatively large. Consequently, when a three-year school is converted into a four-year school the whole student body, from freshmen to seniors, is immediately registered in a four-year high school. The chances are at least 4 to 1 working in favor of an increased enrollment in four-year high schools. It is almost impossible to conceive of an actual condition where this curve would descend, unless four-year high schools should begin to shorten their course. It is highly creditable, therefore, that within 59872°— 21 - 11 162 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. the last eight years the percentage of students enrolled in four-year high schools has increased from 88.2 per cent to 95.1 per cent. RATE OF INCREASE IN HIGH-SCHOOL ENROLLMENT. One can not judge from consecutive figures alone whether the rate of increase is high or low. Comparisons are necessary. Thus a message may be sent by courier, by stage, by boat, by rail, by air, 300P 9°’ - « — y - « (I* - a? rs4 cd B cr cd 00 »» — ■ - « » & tm » a u- ON tv - tr - cr - Pv - £ IS — m 60 c h ! 2 50 ■ 7 v£ < NO \ u o (X 40 ■ kJ a 5o- 20 ‘ lA . 10 s : Os i H t —oj — o} S i ■ slue sc ho 4 : ?N < -t > /enls oh y/V $ -» i enrol, 7 nq fo HI f Os C ^ r led m ur y ec (\ V *1 * Tv < ■4 r /our- irs oj o 1 -i ( ■< < y ear . ^ work ^ s jv ON H i-i schools Fig. 17. — Percentage of high schools offering four years of work and the percentage of high school students enrolled in such schools, 1910-1918. or by ether. The efficiency of any one of these means of communica¬ tion is largely determined by comparing its rate of transmission with the rate at which the message may be sent by other known means. If no other way is known judgment falters and fails. To judge wisely concerning the phenomenal growth of our public high-school enrollment, a standard rate of growth must be established. If every child reaching the age of 14 years since 1890 had had access to a pub¬ lic high school and had enrolled in such a school and continued in it STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 163 for four years, an ideal high-school enrollment would prevail. The increase in high-school enrollment from year to year under such ideal conditions would depend wholly upon the increase in population. The population rate of increase and the high-school rate of increase would then be equal, barring lag in the curves. Fortunately, we know the rate of increase in the population from census reports, Fig. 18. — Relative rates of increase in the total population and in the number of students enrolled in public high schools, 1890-1918. The index numbers are found by dividing the total population and the total high-school enrollment for each date by the respective averages for the 15 periods considered. (See Table 1.) which also represent the ultimate ideal rate of increase in public high-school enrollment. This rate of increase in the population is shown by means of index numbers in figure 18. These index numbers are secured by dividing the population each biennial year (see Table 1) by the average population for the period considered (1890-1918). 164 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Similarly, index numbers have been computed for the actual high- school enrollment for each biennial period (1890-1918). The slope of each curve indicates the rate of increase, the one having the steeper slope between any two consecutive periods having the greater in¬ crease. Throughout the entire period considered the high-school curve shows the steeper slope. It must be concluded, therefore, that high-school enrollment has advanced very rapidly within the last quarter of a century. The curve representing it ascends with phenomenal speed, as if to atone for its past neglectfulness. The corresponding curve for private high schools takes the same general direction as does the population curve. PER CENT OF POPULATION IN HIGH SCHOOLS. The high-school efficiency of a State may be determined by com¬ paring the number of students in high school with the total population. Of course it is not expected that the total population will ever enroll at one time in the secondary schools. The States will fall in about the same order as if the number of persons of high-school age had been used instead of the total population in determining the rank of each State. As the high-school age varies somewhat in the same school and considerably in the different States, the total population forms a comparable basis on which to secure comparative indices. Even with 1,645,171 children in high schools, only a very small fraction of the entire population is so enrolled. In 1890 only 3.2 persons in each 1,000 of the population were enrolled in public high schools. In 1918 the corresponding number is 15.6, or almost five times as great a proportion. It is found, as shown in figure 19, that in California 27 persons out of each 1,000 in the population are found in high schools. Almost as great a proportion is found in the high schools of Kansas. Thus it has been demonstrated that it is possible for as much as 2.7 per cent of the population to be enrolled in high schools. In the whole country only 15.6 persons in a thousand are attending high schools — a number considerably below the average for the leading State. In South Carolina the correspond¬ ing number is only 5.3 persons. It is seen, therefore, that California has over five times as great a proportion of its population getting a high-school education as has South Carolina. Similar ratios for Arkansas and Mississippi are less than one-fourth of those for Cali¬ fornia or Kansas. Clearly, the States at the bottom of the array in figure 19 are not reaching a very large percentage of boys and girls of high-school age. The foregoing considerations are subject to the following errors: First, it is shown in the chapter on State school systems that the true high-school enrollment is 1.175 times the number of students represented in this report; second, any inacuracies in census estimates for the different States will be re¬ flected in this chart. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 165 STATES. STUDENT8 IH HIGH SCHOOL TO BACH 1000 IH THB TOTAL POPULATION, o 5 10 i? 20 25 30 CALIFORNIA . 27.0 KANSAS . 26.5 LOWA. . . 24.9 INDIANA . 23.1 MAINE . . . 22.9 22.3 VERMONT . 21.7 MONTANA . 21,5 MASSACHUSETTS . 20.8 IDAHO . 20.7 Washington . 20 .7 MINNESOTA . 20.5 MICHIGAN . 20.4 OREGON . 20.2 UTAH . 20.2 OHIO . . . WISCONSIN. . . 19.2 HEW HAMPSHIRE. ...... 18.7 DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA 18.5 COLORADO . . 18.2 CONNECTICUT . 17.4 ILLINOIS . . . 16.6 HEW JERSEY . 16.? MISSOURI . . 16.4 south Dakota . 16.3 WYOMING . . 15.8 NEW YORK . 15.3 north Dakota . 14.7 PENNSYLVANIA . . 14.4 ARIZONA . 13.9 TEXAS . . . 13.4 NEVADA . 13.3 OKLAHOMA . . 13.3 RHODE ISLAND . 15.0 VIRGINIA . 11.9 DELAWARE . 11.8 WEST VIRGINIA . 11.4 MARYLAND . 9.8 FLORIDA . 8.7 KENTUCKY . 8.5 GEORGIA . 8.1 LOUISIANA . 8.1 ALABAMA. . . 7.7 NEW MEXICO . 7.7 NORTH CAROLINA . 7.2 TENNESSEE . 7.2 ARKANSAS . . . . . . 6.? MISSISSIPPI......... 6.3 SOUTH CAROLINA . 5.3 UNITED STATES. . 15.6 Fig. 19.— Average number of students in high schools to each 1,000 persons in the total population, 1917-18. Pupils in the elementary grades of junior high schools are not included. 166 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. WHAT THE SCHOOLS OFFER. Since 1911 the Bureau of Education has collected statistics show¬ ing the number of high schools offering each curriculum and the number of students enrolled in each curriculum. In collecting these data, from 1911 to 1916, the schools were asked to report the number of students enrolled in each course — academic, commercial, etc. In 1918 the meaning of the term “course” was defined on the blank as “not a single subject of study but subjects organized in groups.” The reasons for making this term more specific arose from the fact that in 1915, when enrollment by subjects of study was also asked for, considerable ambiguity resulted as to the meaning of the terms “subject” and “course.” This lack of uniformity in replying is clearly in evidence in figure 20, where the curves have a decided “hump” in 1915. The term “course” in this schedule has always implied a group of subjects organized around some central subject, such as agriculture, home economics, etc. The term “course” is here used in the sense of a program of studies or a curriculum. Practically all of the high schools offer the academic course. The number of students taking this course, however, has decreased from 80 per cent to almost 70 per cent since 1911. The decrease indicates the ascendency of vocational courses. The superiority of the “academic” curve over the others indicates that our public high schools are still preparing students to meet college entrance requirements. In discussing the other curves running near the bottom of the figure, the data for the year 1915 must be omitted from consideration, since the questionnaire used at that time was evidently misconstrued. In general, there has been a greater tendency for the schools to offer vocational courses than for students to enroll in such courses, since the curves in the first part of figure 20 are higher, in general, than the corresponding ones representing enrollment. Preceding practice appears to deter students from entering the new vocational courses. Possibly the failure of certain colleges to recognize for entrance requirement the work in vocational courses done in high school prevents boys and girls from “taking a chance” with the vocational courses. Among the vocational courses the commercial course has led, enrolling almost twice as many students each year since 1911 as any other vocational course. Relatively few students are pursuing an agricultural or a teacher- training course. The manual training and the home eco¬ nomics courses enroll about the same percentage of students. The enrollment by course of study in 1918 includes junior high-school statistics. As relatively few junior high-school pupils have chosen a course of study, the trends are not materially affected by this inclusion. The slight drop in the vocational curves in 1918 is 100 167 : Ci I UU« 8100H08 10 mo HU ACADEMIC OOURHK •■•••• COMMERCIAL CO UR RE. — • * — — TECHNICAL OR MANUAL TRAINING COURSE. AGRICULTURAL COURSE. - HOME ECONOMICS COURSE. - TEACHER TRAIHINO C0UR8E. Fig. 20— Courses of study offered and students enrolled in each course, 1917-18. 168 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. probably due to two factors: First, the term “course” being more rigidly defined in 1918 than in the preceding years; second, the addi¬ tion of junior high-school data in 1918. Table 9. — Per cent of schools offering and students enrolled in the various courses of study, 1917-18. ACADEMIC COURSE. Type of high school. Schools offering. Per cent of all schools. Students enrolled. Boys. Per cent of total num¬ ber hoys. Girls. Per cent of total num¬ ber girls. Total. Per cent cf all stu¬ dents. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fully accredited . 6,429 93.64 422,415 66. 28 588, 126 71.16 1,010,541 69.04 Partially accredited . 4,585 97.16 69,112 90.50 98, 706 89.75 167,818 90.09 Nonaccredited . 2,254 • 95. 27 26, 813 78.63 41,351 80.44 68, 164 79. 72 Four-year . 10,043 94.41 487,363 68.19 682, 150 72.58 1,169,513 70.68 Three-year . 2,044 96.64 22,595 93.86 33,726 97.90 56,321 96.24 Two-year . 1,144 98. 71 8,215 93.17 12,081 91.33 20,296 92.07 One-year . 37 94. 87 167 86. 98 226 86.59 393 86.75 City . 1,217 87. 87 231,290 57.41 277,421 55.37 508,711 56. 28 Village . 775 99. 87 44,941 79. 80 59,220 75.25 104, 161 77.15 Rural . 11,276 95. 65 242, 109 83.89 391,542 95.93 633,651 £0.94 All schools . 13,268 95. 12 518,340 69.32 728,183 73.71 1,246,523 71.82 1 COMMERCIAL COURSE. Fully accredited . 2,347 34.18 98,981 15.53 165,834 20.07 264,815 18.09 Partially accredited . 445 9.43 2,971 3. 89 4,302 3. 91 7,273 3. 90 Nonaccredited . 161 6. 80 2,466 7.23 3,721 7.23 6,187 7.24 Four-year . 2,801 26.33 103,421 14.47 172,212 18.32 275,633 16. 66 Three-year . 97 4.59 561 2. 33 629 1.83 1,190 2.03 Two-year . 54 4. 66 424 4. 80 1,008 7.62 1,432 6. 50 One-year . 1 2. 56 12 6. 21 8 3.07 20 4.42 City . 887 64. 04 78,450 19. 47 134,423 26.83 212,873 23.55 Village . 325 41. 88 5, 868 10. 42 8,754 11. 12 14, 622 10.83 Rural . 1,741 14. 77 20, 100 6. 96 30,680 7.52 50,780 7.29 All schools . 2,953 21.17 104,418 13. 96 *o oo F£ 17.60 278,275 16.03 TECHNICAL OR MANUAL TRAINING COURSE. Fully accredited . 1,315 19.15 79,896 12. 54 7,759 0.94 87,655 5.99 Partially accredited . , 359 7. 61 3,728 4,88 312 .28 4,040 2.17 Nonaccredited . 157 6. 64 3,496 10.25 1,642 3. 19 5, 138 6.00 Four-year . 1,732 16.28 86, 199 12.06 9,602 1.02 95,801 5.79 Three-year . 68 3. 22 642 2. 67 61 .18 703 1.20 Two-year . 30 2.59 276 3.13 50 .38 326 1.48 One-year. . 1 2.56 3 1.56 0 3 .66 City . . . 520 37.55 63,016 15. 64 7,738 1.54 70,754 7.83 Village . 152 19. 59 4,484 7. 96 278 .35 4,762 3.53 Rural . i 1, 159 9.83 19,620 6. 80 1,697 .42 21,317 3. 06 All schools . 1,831 13. 13 87, 120 11. 65 9,713 .98 96,833 5. 58 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 169 Table 9. — Per cent of schools offering and students enrolled in the various courses of study , 1917-18 — Continued. TEACHER-TRAINING COURSE. Type of high school. Schools offering. Per cent of all schools. Students enrolled. Boys. Per cent of total num¬ ber boys. Girls. Per cent of total num¬ ber girls. Total. Per cent of all stu¬ dents. 1 1 2 * 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fully accredited . 833 12.13 2,224 0.35 19,942 2.41 22, 166 1.51 Partially accredited . 330 6.99 715 .94 3,264 2. 97 3,979 2. 14 Nonaccredited . 62 2.62 118 .35 412 .80 530 .62 Four-year . 1,191 11.20 2,996 .42 23,462 2.50 26,458 1. 60 Three-year . 27 1.28 44 .18 113 .33 157 .27 Two-year . 7 .60 17 .19 43 .33 60 .27 One-year . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 City . 205 14. 80 989 .25 9,781 1. 95 10, 7^0 1. 19 Village . 154 19.85 279 .50 2,714 3. 45 2,993 2.22 Rural . 866 7. 34 1,789 .62 11,123 2.73 12,912 1.85 All schools . 1,225 8. 78 3,057 .4! 23,618 2.39 26, 675 1.54 AGRICULTURAL COURSE. Fully accredited . 1,098 15.99 18,778 2.95 6,648 0 80 25.426 1.74 Partially accredited . 615 13.03 5,356 7.01 3,534 3.21 8,890 4.47 Nonaccredited . 299 12.64 2,791 8.18 1,621 3.15 4, <±12 5.16 Four-year . 1,653 15.54 24,612 3.44 9,630 1.02 34, 242 2.07 Three-vear . 217 9.18 1,414 5.87 1,426 4.14 2,8-0 4.85 Two-year . 141 10.26 '887 10.06 741 5.60 1,628 7.38 One-year . 1 2.56 12 6.21 6 2.30 18 3.97 City . • . 166 11.99 3,813 .95 1,614 .32 5,427 .60 Village . 122 15.72 2,174 3.86 1,161 1.48 3,335 2.47 Rural . 1,724 14.62 20,938 7.25 9.028 2.21 29,966 4.30 All schools . 2,012 S 14.42 26, 925 3.60 11,803 1.19 38, 728 2.23 HOME ECONOMICS COURSE. Fully accredited . 1,916 27.91 1,081 0.17 82,736 10.01 83,817 5.73 Partially accredited . 636 13.48 160 .21 10,985 9.99 11.145 5.98 Nonaccredited . 313 13.23 75 • .22 6,950 13.52 7,025 8.22 Four-year . 2,646 24.87 1,235 .17 97,570 10.38 98,805 5.97 Three-year . 147 6.95 81 .34 2,127 6.17 2,208 3.77 Two-year . 72 6.21 0 974 7.36 974 4.42 One-year . 0 0 0 0 0 City . 534 38.56 642 .16 44,713 8.92 45,355 5.02 Village . 242 31.19 0 9,225 11.72 9,225 6.83 Rural . 2,089 17.72 674 .23 46,733 11.45 47,407 6.80 All schools . 2,865 20.54 1,316 .18 100,671 10.19 101,987 5.88 TRADE-TRAINING COURSE. Fully accredited . 200 2.91 9,353 1.47 3,757 0.45 13,110 0.90 Partially accredited . 34 .72 291 .38 286 .26 577 .31 Nonaccredited . 16 .68 1,406 4.12 1,521 2.96 2,927 3.42 Four-year . 230 2.16 10,941 1.53 5,479 .58 16,420 .99 Three-vear . 11 .52 62 .26 41 12 103 .18 Two-year . 8 .78 42 .48 39 .29 81 .37 One-year . 1 2.56 5 2.60 5 1.92 10 2.21 City . 124 .90 9,058 2.25 4,643 .93 13,701 1.52 Village . 23 2.96 463 .82 193 .25 656 -49 Rural . 103 .87 1,529 .53 728 .18 2,257 .32 All schools . 250 1.79 11,050 1.48 5, 564 .56 16,614 .96 170 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. The present status of high-school curricula is shown graphically in figure 21 for all schools combined and for each type of school. The group of bars under the heading “ academic” shows that rela¬ tively few students are enrolled in academic work in the fully ac¬ credited, in four-year, and in city and village high schools. In the lower-grade schools, in the shorter-course schools, and in the rural high schools most students take the academic work. Only in the rural high schools is there a much greater tendency for girls than boys to take academic work. From the “pins” shown in this part of the diagram it appears that only a few city high schools have ventured to depart from the purely academic work. Practically all other types of schools are academic. Rather large percentages of fully accredited schools, four-year schools, and city high schools offer a course in teacher training. Relatively few students in any type of high school enroll in this course. Few boys are enrolled in this course. Quite large per¬ centages of fully accredited, four-year, and city and village high schools offer a commercial course. These high schools also enroll relatively large percentages of students. A slightly higher per¬ centage of boys than of girls take this course. Relatively large percentages of high schools offer courses in agriculture, but only a small percentage of students take such courses. The home economics courses are usually taken by girls and the manual training courses by boys. Many of the fully accredited, the four-year, the city, and village high schools offer home economics courses, but they enroll comparatively small percentages of students in such courses. The “pins” project considerably beyond the bars in this part of the diagram. Relatively speaking, few lower grade schools, shorter course schools, and rural high schools offer a course in home economics, but in such courses fairly large percentages of students are registered. The manual training work is confined very largely to the fully accredited, the four-year, the city, and the village high schools. Few high schools offer trade courses, and correspond¬ ingly few students take these courses. GRADUATES. From a historical viewpoint it is interesting to note from figure 22 that the number of high-school graduates has increased from 21,882 in 1890 to 224,367 in 1918. The increase has been over 925 per cent in this period. In other words, we are now turning into our popula¬ tion over 10 times as many high -school graduates as we did a quarter of a century ago. Considering the increase in population within these 28 years (62,622,250 in 1890 and 105,253,300 in 1918), it is found that we are becoming over six times as well educated. The STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 171 Type of high school. rally accredit¬ ed. Par! tally accred¬ ited. Non -occredt led. PER CENT. Acoc/emtc . 20 30 40 50 60 Teacher Train my . 80 90 100 0 10 20 ) Commercial '. ^Agricultural. \home economics. Ylanuoltraminffffff 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 0 5 Fully accredit¬ ed. PariiaHy accred¬ ited . Non -accredited, tour -year. Three-year. Tuio-year. One-yeor . City Village . Rural. All schools. Per cent of schools. Per cent of " all boys . i I Per cent of all students . Per cent of a// girls . Fig. 21.— What courses the schools offer and what courses the students take in high schools, 1917-18. 172 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. number of girls graduating has always exceeded the number of boys, of all high-school graduates became teachers and remained in the pro¬ fession for three years each, they would be sufficient in number to supply a teacher for every elementary and secondary school in the land. A better notion, however, may be gained as to the degree to which we are becoming an educated nation by noting the bars in figure 23. Fig. 22.— Number of high school graduates reported, 1890-1918. (For data see Table 1.) The States have been ranked on the percentage of the population 18 years of age graduating from a four-year high-school course, either public or private. From this graph it will be seen that 10.32 per cent of the population of this age graduate annually. Thus about one-tenth of the people in the United States are now receiving the benefits of a complete high-school education. That the private high school plays an important part in its contribution in certain 173 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. States may be noted from the “concreted’’ part of the bars. The population 17 years of age might have been used as a basis of com¬ putation, but the results would not be essentially different. Some per care of populatioh as years ) graecatiho US i^E % % o 5 io 15 PUBLIC EIGH SCHOOLS. 01553 private high schools. Fig. 23.— Percentage of population 18 years of age graduating from four-year public and private high schools in 1918. will graduate earlier than the age of 18 and a few later, but the total number 17 or the total number 18 years of age should graduate annually. The degree to which each State should come up to this 174 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. ideal standard is shown in the figure. Thus Vermont ranks first and Maine second. Over one-fourth of the youth of Vermont are now completing a high-school course. In Maine almost as many, 23 per cent, reach this standard. In South Carolina only 1.44 per cent of its population is now completing a high-school course. In Arkansas the corresponding percentage is 2.88. In general the Southern States rank low in this respect. Judged from this standard the high schools of the country are only 10 per cent efficient. Possibly a very few children are not capable of receiving a high-school educa¬ tion, and possibly it would not he wise to give every child a high- school education as such now exists — unrelated as it often is to the requirements of certain vocations. But as the modern high school develops, offering a wide variety of subjects, it should come to make its contribution to the special need of every boy and girl who is not mentally incapable of receiving it. The bars representing the different States in figure 23 are in general shorter than they should be for this reason: It is found in the chapter on State school systems that the true high-school enrollment is 1.175 times the enrollment represented in this report. Presumably the number of graduates shown in this report from four-year schools is correspondingly too small for each State. Any inaccuracies in esti¬ mating the population 18 years of age, due to the unusual shifting about of the population since 1910, will be reflected in this graph. Table 10. — Per cent of graduates ( class of 1917) from the various types of high schools going to other schools in 1918. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918o c tr ; 2!3 ■ o o . <3 w .-g jS " • m -© g -2 ° ti v • a! ■art • .s 8 1 Sill CmPn £ m islg o o xi S 8 & * £>>£g £ p o i o,c £ c t/5 • o.3 co O C C:^ O 2 mo 0^3 w « tKp ■csS-SP mh 2 •p •2 be— to .g "3 c Per c.ent. SI S3 1 00 42.9 44.9 41.9 47.2 33.4 6.3 40.6 41.9 43.6 42.0 s . O 00 "3 o SI o 55 05 05 **- t*» 05 TP —4 CM 00 05 OOJH XCt- 05 to 1~< TP TP g CD cm" O CO 00 05 o CO TP r-" 00 2 s © CM O TP TP o to H CD CO ^8 00 CO ow 00 CD CM CD 05 o CO ^ CO i-l CO CO TP 38 s' ® Girls. a 40,003 6,257 2,341 45, 181 2,746 672 2 21,036 4,401 23,164 48,601 i| ■ceg 2 Per cent. 06 47.0 tO TP t> r- 47.3 49.0 35.0 46.4 46.1 48.2 47.1 | '3 o H Boys. r» 32,907 4,722 1,438 36,783 1,845 439 18,452 3,300 17,315 39,067 o •CJ o Per cent. © 13.0 O 50 05 oc CO 00 05 CO O 1-H CM CO CO CM CD si CO CD rH CM CM T-H r-H T-H 14.0 o bp Total. 2 22,729 4,864 1,569 26,082 2,318 760 2 11,672 2,404 15,086 29,162 bCCC t£2 os !3 Per cent. 3 16.4 21.5 20.7 16-7 25.7 22.8 ll.l 15.2 16.2 19.5 CO ^ oo o o m2 “•§ Girls. 03 17,190 IS CO" rH 19,659 1,535 472 2 8,756 1,818 11,094 00 CD CD CM 'o 60 t-4 -*-> o q SI O rH 05 CO OC o CO CM 1-H ° x? © *§ ** to 00 © CO CM CM t^OO H 05 c3 □ £ O i Boys. - 5,539 1,504 451 6,423 783 288 CD CD CM HXO 05 US 05 cm" CO TP 05 I>" | & © c 1 Per cent. 10 00 00 CM 23.9 26.3 28.6 23.4 10.5 28.6 28.8 27.4 o 1 oo CM 1 o w> Total. © 50, LSI 6,115 2,210 55, 882 2,273 351 27,816 5,297 25,393 CD O *o 1 s Sj 00 . a> S Per cent. oo 21.8 18.5 22.7 21.7 20.3 9.7 21.4 23.1 21.2 1 * lz o.g TJ 53 u- CO 05 CM 00 CM 838 »C CM CM CM to O co ! CO i 05 ! CO jg o CM CM CM" r-T CM cm" cm" cm cd" CM 'o © Per cent. © 39.1 CM CM CO CO 39.0 28.2 12.0 39.1 37.9 37.1 oe M i Cu 3 £ o Boys. LS 27,308 3.218 987 30,360 1,062 151 15,536 2,714 13,323 CO I to co 05 23 03 & ®1 CM s CO TP CO CO 05 O CO TP to r- CD to rH 00 CM ooS 05 o 05 O ® P3 oT cO aTco NCOH N 05 to" CO CO sT oo c s O C3 o „ «« ft O ■p'd a ft •2 g m fc4 ® m - 3 05 'P "3 >2 ■§i « p, a §* 175 176 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. GRADUATES GOING TO COLLEGE. Iii 1918 the Bureau of Education asked the high schools to report the number of graduates from the graduating class of 1917 who went to college or to other institutions, such as business, normal, or pro¬ fessional schools, in 1917-18. While no statistics were collected by the Bureau of Education in 1916-17, yet the number of graduates in that year can be reliably estimated from the number graduating in 1916 and in 1918, as shown in Table 49. The summary of these computations has been assembled in Table 10 and shown graphi¬ cally in figure 24. From this figure it is evident that the term lt college” may have been misinterpreted by certain principals, since it is hardly likely that any graduates of two-year high schools will enter college. It should be noted that there were only 3,576 graduates from two-year schools in 1918. It is altogether possible that grad¬ uates of three-year, of partially accredited, and of non-accredited high schools should be admitted conditionally to collegiate work in certain institutions. The bars shown in the diagram admit of a number of comparisons. Thus, a greater percentage of boys than girls will go to college from any type of high school. On the other hand relatively more girls than boys will attend other schools than colleges or universities. In only one unimportant instance does this not obtain, viz, among graduates of two-year high schools. Evidently the girls must com¬ plete immediately a course in some noncollegiate institution to enable them to pursue some vocation. Boys go to college rather than to minor institutions. Without doubt most girls who continue their education in a noncollegiate school attend a commercial school or a teacher- training school. More girls go to college, however, than attend these purely vocational schools of minor rank. One very astonishing condition disclosed by the graph is that partially accred¬ ited and nonaccredited high schools send almost as large a proportion of their graduates to college as do those schools whose work is unques¬ tionably recognized for meeting entrance requirements. Little differ¬ ence exists between the percentage of graduates going to college from city, village, or rural high schools. The total percentage of rural high-school graduates continuing their education is slightly greater than that of city and village high-school graduates. It must be concluded, however, from an inspection of the bars in the last column of figure 24 that the type of high school exerts very little influence on the total percentage of graduates who will continue their education in some other form of institution. In this whole consideration it should be remembered that the data presented relate onfy to the members of the graduating class in 1917 who continued their education the following autumn. Other members of this STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 177 Type of high I pE* CENT OF GRADUATES. ^ I j Going +o college . j Going to other sc/£!6.| Total continuing education. 0 10 2 0 30 40 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 X////A Boys Fig. 24. — Per cent of high school graduates, class of 1917, continuing their education in 1917-18. 59872°— 21 - -12 178 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. class may not resume their schooling for one or two years or even for a longer period. The great majority of them, however, will undoubt¬ edly continue their education immediately or thenceforth stay out of school. At this point it is entirely appropriate to compare the influence of public and private high schools in sending their graduates to other schools.3 In private high schools 56.2 per cent of the graduates will continue their education, while in public high schools only 42 per cent will do so. The corresponding percentage for boys in private high schools is 68.1, while that in the public high schools is only 47.1. For girls in private high schools this percentage is 46, while in public high schools it is 38.7. Private high schools send 39.2 per cent of their gradu¬ ates to college, while the public high schools send only 28 per cent. The private schools send 58 per cent of their boy graduates to college, while the public schools send only 38.1 per cent. From these private schools ‘24 per cent of the girl graduates go to college, while from public high schools only 21.4 per cent go. The private high schools send 1 7 per cent of their graduates to other schools than colleges, while the public high schools send 14 per cent of their graduates to such schools. From private high school 10.1 per cent of the boy graduates and 22 per cent of the girl graduates go to these vocational schools, while from public high schools these respective percentages are 9 and 17.3. It is seen, therefore, that private high schools make relatively greater contributions to enrollment in higher institutions or in vocational schools than do the public high schools. This condition undoubtedly prevails, because the children who can afford financially to attend private high schools can also afford to attend a college or a vocational school later. The percentage of graduates from public high schools going to college is shown by States in figure 25. The order of the States around the circle is determined by the total percentage of graduates going to college. The curve representing this ratio is almost a perfect spiral with Texas at one end and Maine at the other. In general the Southern States lead and manufacturing States come last. It has been shown above that the Southern States have proportionately few high-school graduates. It is shown here that a very large pro¬ portion of these few graduates go on to college. On the other hand some of the New England States graduate relatively large numbers of high-school students but send relatively small percentages to college. Maine, Vermont, and Massachusetts are in this class. In Texas almost 48 per cent of the high-school graduates go to college; in Maine less than 18 per cent go. In every State a greater percent¬ age of boy graduates than girl graduates goes to college. In Mississippi and Utah these percentages are nearly equal. 3 See chapter on private high schools. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 179 Figure 25 does not tell the whole story about the subsequent edu¬ cation of our high-school graduates. Some of these graduates go to business schools, normal schools, trade schools, etc. The percentage of graduates going to these vocational noncollegiate institutions is shown for each State in figure 26. On this score New Mexico leads and Mississippi comes last. In other words, 22.2 per cent of the graduates in New Mexico go to noncollegiate schools, while in Missis¬ sippi only 6.8 per cent go to such schools. In every State except Fig. 25.— Per cent of high-school graduates, class of 1917, going to college in 1917-18. Maryland the percentage of girl graduates going to these vocational schools is greater than the percentage of boy graduates. The “boy’7 and the “girl” curves in figures 25 and 26 are reversed. These facts would seem to indicate that girls must equip themselves quickly for a vocation — the high school itself usually failing to give the desired vocational work — and do so by entering a school offering a shorter course than that usually given by a college or university. The boys want collegiate training. The girl may expect to follow her vocation 180 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. for only a few years, the boy for a lifetime. The boys are preparing for “ bigger jobs” than the girls. It is desirable to combine the curves shown in figures 25 and 26 to show what percentage of the high-school graduates in each State continue their education in some kind of school. In this array of States Texas leads, North Carolina comes second, and Kentucky, third. Rhode Island, Maine, Connecticut, and Nebraska come last, ranking 46th, 47th, 48th, and 49th, respectively. It is highly sig- Fig. 26.— Per cent of high-school graduates, class of 1917, going to other-than-collegiate institutions of learning in 1917-18. nificant that in Texas over 60 per cent of the high-school graduates continue their education. This standard has been set by the largest State (in area) in the Union. Other States could unquestionably attain it. u Sixty per cent to college” is no longer an ideal, but a reality. It should be observed that great differences between boys and girls do not exist in this graph. These curves representing the sexes criss-cross considerably. More generally, however, the boys excel. The motive for making a living operates about equally with STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 181 boys and girls. The desire expresses itself in different ways as shown in figures 26 and 27, the boys going to college and the girls to a vocational school. The boys are willing to pay the price for recogni- Fig. 27. — Per cent of high-school graduates, class of 1917, continuing their education in the different States, 1917-18. tion; the girls are content to occupy temporarily mediocre positions. True, exceptions are found, but the tendency of the curves unmis¬ takably establishes the practice. Expenditures for sites, Buildings and grounds. Scientific apparatus, furniture, etc. buildings and new, High school libraries. equipment. 182 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. g§&8 < ° ” 5^ © ^ Cq £3 © < Cq ^ © © 00 ( 00 Cq Cq CO © < tO © 00 © HION ) 05 ^ ^ lO © l©C^N © ^ CO gg © © © N(NCO© ©00t>- tO© © © © cq i-H (M TfOOO ©CO CO (M © r^OO© (M©© 1C 00 © T* L- to *-H ^ 00 to ©CO rH to © tp © COO(NH r-T© rH CO N tJH © © isss §88 ■ I- CO rH I CO 00 ^ © ^ *H © I> © rH Cq © © C* cq to oo © © co (Nr-i co" > cq © hn©io 1 t- rH Tt< CO © ^ ■ rH © © © cq 538S3 © H(NH r- ^ co co cq to TJ1 C5 »0 sss ©"cq to cq h oo © 00 tffcO © cq rH © © cq cq CO © f- to © 00 © © cq cq © cq © cq »-h © I"- © T— 1 cq © ^ oo cq »0 t-H © > © 00 ^ CO rH 00 ssi §8 15 c5 ?3£g3 ej'-To' 88 S3 oi cd cd o O ■'*' IN 05 - 'S'3 • £«3 8 >>£ til 3 cjO |!ii 3 £ o © >*2 0-3 i 3 -“"■ l- 5- o o S S 5m <: STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 183 HIGH-SCHOOL PROPERTY. Probably no single factor, outside of the teaching staff itself, con¬ tributes more to a successful high school than the value of property and equipment. The investment measures public interest in the welfare of boys and girls. The high-school building is, at once, a monument to ignorance and a light-house to progress. The relative importance of these beacons in the different States is shown in Tables 78 to 83. Figure 28 presents the facts for all high schools reporting them. The average value of buildings and grounds is shown at the left; that of furniture, apparatus, etc., at the right. As the same schools did not always report both facts, the corresponding bars could not be properly combined. This figure shows wide differences between the different types of schools. The average building of a fully accredited high school is worth about $75,000, while that for partially accredited and non-accredited schools is less than one-fourth this average. High- school buildings of four-year schools are about five times as valuable as buildings of three-year high schools. The average value of a city high-school building is over $200,000, while the average value of a rural high-school building is about $25,000, or less than one-eighth the value of a city high-school building. Presumably junior high- school buildings are modern and of recent construction, as their aver¬ age value is over $100,000. The average value of all types of high- school buildings is over $45,000. The fully accredited, the four-year, the city, the village, and the junior high schools have relatively greater average values of furniture and apparatus than do the other types shown in the diagram. City schools are especially fortunate in this respect. In interpreting this figure it should be remembered that only 1,049 schools did not report the value of high-school buildings and grounds. The averages shown, therefore, are especially dependable. The average value of all school property per high school for a period of years is shown by the continuous heavy curve in figure 29. There has been almost a steady increase in this average since 1896. At that time the average .value of property was about $20,000. In 1918 the corresponding average was almost $50,000. Within this period of 22 years the average value of high-school buildings, grounds, and equipment has more than doubled. The increased cost of new buildings and equipment has, undoubtedly, caused a part of this increased valuation. The curve therefore exaggerates the actual progress made. The increase in the value of equipment alone is shown for the past 10 years by the u dotted” line in the same figure. The increase for this purpose has been about proportional to the total increase. 184 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. ' Fig. 28.— Value of high-school property per school, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 185 HIGH-SCHOOL LIBRARIES. Figure 29 also shows the average number of volumes in high- school libraries. The curve representing the average exhibits con¬ siderable irregularity, but the general trend unmistakably denotes larger library facilities. This hopeful tendency has been established despite the fact that new high schools with practically no libraries come into existence annually. This de-averaging factor indicates that the large high schools have been unusually active in increasing their library facilities. As these averages conceal a multitude of variations from the usual high-school library a better conception of this condition may be gained from a study of the library facilities in each State for each significant group of high schools. The results of this study are exhibited in figure 30. From this graph it will be seen that the District of Columbia has the largest libraries. California ranks second, and New York third. Maine has the smallest libraries, with Delaware just above it. California has over eight times as many volumes in its average high-school library as has the State of Maine. While the public library may serve instead of a school library, its books may not have been selected for this purpose. The 186 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. STATES. VOLUMES ' 500 TO A 5CH001 1,000 u L. jOQ 2,< yoo -2,500 3000 DIST. OF COLUMBIA CALIFORNIA . NEW YORK... . 1 MINNESOTA.—--.- WISCONSIN •- / NEW JERSEY ..... . RHODE ISLAND / f 7» / COLORADO • - CONNECTICUT > - * MICHIGAN \ n, ‘*v / WASHINGTON . . \ _ MISSOURI \ — WEST VIRGINIA . . . / OKLAHOMA. ...... \ NEVADA. ILLINOIS , . . . > / \, MONTANA \ / OHIO . 1 *> V. MASSACHUSETTS ''' UTAH 1 ’ MARYLAND. \ / ARIZONA . . . ”S — — NORTH DAKOTA KANSAS ✓ * «... IOWA — -r * IDAHO a r SOUTH DAKOTA . 1/ \ — OREGON . . ..... / t jL .. . -- — INDIANA \ TEXAS / y; NEW MEXICO ..... WYOMING _ ... PENNSYLVANIA _ i 9 ^ VERMONT -* ■ NEW HAMPSHIRE. . y MISSISSIPPI . i N X1 GEORGIA . . \ -- TENNESSEE / LOUISIANA r . . ' 7 FLORIDA . . . ... . ALABAMA . . . . ! / ARKANSAS. . . . / i * > SOUTH CAROLINA.... NEBRASKA y VIRGINIA i\ i J KENTUCKY / | NORTH CAROLINA.. * + / PEI AWARE MAINE . UNITED STATES. .. — — mammm—m. m UU Wyu OCf/U \ji*j » — — — In rural high schools. - in juuy . - In city high schools . O—O — 0 If) four - year schools Fig. 30.— Average number of volumes in the libraries of high schools reporting, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 187 curves in figure 30 undoubtedly represent very accurately, therefore, the real library facilities of high schools. The average high-school library in the United States has 694 volumes. Fully accredited high schools average 1,047 volumes; four-year high schools, 825 volumes; city schools, 1,980 volumes; village high schools, 1,000 volumes; and rural high schools, only 524 volumes. The “rural” curve in figure 30 shows that rural high schools generally are not so well equipped with libraries as are the other types of high schools represented in this chart. City high schools in certain States have fairly large libraries. The States particularly fortunate in this respect are the District of Columbia, California, New York, Minne¬ sota, Wisconsin, Colorado, Washington, Utah, Kansas, Idaho, and Oregon. At any rate, these States average over 2,000 volumes to a city high-school library. The average number of volumes in four- year high schools and in fully accredited high schools falls generally just above the average line for all high schools. Table 12. — Grand summary of the expenses of instruction in high schools , 1917-18. 188 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, ; STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 189 THE COST OF HIGH-SCHOOL EDUCATION. It is desirable to measure the cost of high-school education. To ascertain this average and the corresponding one for elementary education is the purpose of these few paragraphs. Unfortunately, the schedules used in gathering the data which have been summarized herein did not ask for a complete statement of high-school expendi¬ tures, it being thought that the high-school principal would not have at hand a complete statement of high-school finances, but would know his own salary and official expenses, the salary and expenses of his supervisors devoting all or part time to high-school subjects, the salary of his teachers, the cost of high-school textbooks, and the amount spent for supplies used in instruction. The func¬ tions of expense just enumerated are technically known as “expenses of instruction.”. The other general functions not mentioned are treated elaborately in the chapter on State school systems. It becomes necessary, therefore, to resort to the State report to supple¬ ment the information summarized in this report. The first of these functions, general control, can not be easily divided into elementary and secondary school costs. Neither can interest paid on indebted¬ ness. The others can. They are: First, operation of plant, includ¬ ing the wages of janitors, firemen, engineers, etc., and the cost of fuel, water, light, power, and janitor’s supplies; second, maintenance of plant, including all up-keep or repair costs; third, auxiliary agencies, including library, health, recreational, and other miscellaneous activi¬ ties; fourth, fixed charges, including annual fixed expenditures, such as rent, insurance, contributions, etc.; and fifth, outlays, including cost of new buildings and of grounds and of new equipment. In the chapter on State school systems of the Biennial Survey it will be found that the following States made a fairly reliable separa¬ tion of expenditures between elementary and secondary schools for the functions named above, except for general control and for interest on indebtedness : Arizona, California, Connecticut, District of Colum¬ bia, Louisiana, Maine, LTtah, Vermont, and West Virginia. The expenditures in these States aggregate $76,940,194, or over 10 per cent of the corresponding expenditures for the United States ($763,678,089). These States enroll in school almost 10 per cent of all the pupils in the public schools of the country (2,031,878 out of 20,853,516). Our “ sample,” therefore, represents about one-tenth of the Nation. The average length of the school term in these nine States is 160.7 days, exactly the same as it is for the United States. The States are also located in the East, South, and West. They are also distributed at intervals in figures 31, 32, and 33. The total per capita cost of education for the United States based on the total enrollment is $36.62; for these nine States, $37.86. The correspond- 190 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. I COST Of INSTRUCTION PER STUDE1NT .(dollars.) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 NEVADA. ... _ MONTANA . *** ARIZONA . . CALIFORNIA . — NORTH DAKOTA — , — 9* WYOMING . NEW MEXICO . i *•* •' -- WASHINGTON . . NEW JERSEY. . MINNESOTA : KANSAS L bk-' r NEW HAMPSHIRE PENNSYLVANIA ... MARYLAND _ *k. 11 - r Ifl : MICHIGAN , \ A NL OHIO . . . ! CONNECTICUT _. FLORIDA ... . __ OKLAHOMA _ WISCONSIN -* 1 £ j" . ... -■ L .. MISSISSIPPI. _ L* _ — i “ ARKANSAS _ .„ UTAH . ,. _ :I v J JL- .MISSOURI .. OREGON. KENTUCKY _ I _ ssr 2! VIRGINIA ..... J 1 v4 VERMONT. ;1 f / MAINE _ _ JL/i -i — - — TENNESSEE .. . . ALABAMA. . . 1 in — .. GEORGIA .1 SOUTH CAROLINA NORTH CAROLINA UNITED STATES. .. 4fr; ' s — In all. high schools In Jour -year schools. - In three -gear schools, two and one -gear sc ho 'o7. j. Fig. 32.— The average cost of instruction per student in four, three, two, and one year high schools, 1917-18. 192 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. states. ICOST or INSTRUCTION PER O 25 50 75 li stude: pO li NT .(Po/far 25 15 ■J.) 0 NEVADA _ MONTANA . . . ARIZONA \ - 1 CALIFORNIA ... ... — — ‘\ NORTH DAKOTA ri. ... • WYOMING . s NEW MEXICO \ s y WASHINGTON . . NEW JERSEY ...... ._ .** ■ . \ MINNESOTA NEW YORK . . .. \ i ) SOUTH DAKOTA. COLORADO .. - li K \ , s IDAHO _ . ILLINOIS . / ; 1/ r LOUISIANA 1 s N IOWA 0 $ / 7 DIST. OF COLUMBIA NEBRASKA . . 7 / f MASSACHUSETTS DELAWARE . . INDIANA *, 4' WEST VIRGINIA TEXAS /it* ‘’vj , / “ / RHODE ISLAND. 1. KANSAS. . . NEW HAMPSHIRE PENNSYLVANIA f v M / r ! 7\ > > s MARYLAND MICHIGAN ... OHIO .. CONNECTICUT ! FLORIDA . . . OKLAHOMA k*«- < . WISCONSIN ,, \ ! ) MISSISSIPPI \ .. v ARKANSAS _ T — UT AH ^ • T L «=■ **• • 7. i ! MISSOURI '*>2, OREGON .... ... KENTUCKY .... 1 L ! / v r ! VIRGINIA 77 \ > VERMONT N/ / MAINE . . . t ; ! TENNESSEE k 1 ■ ! ALABAMA • 1 rk GEORGIA ..... _ / r v SOUTH CAROLINA . NORTH CAROLINA UNITED STATES - s*, >> ... r 7 ( In all high sc/ In city high : 70C sc/ )fs 70( ?4s — . //> — In * Vi ro ;Ha re y* ?/ • /; /7> ”9 ¥ h 7 v •sc ?c, /be ho >0/ >o/ 5 . :> . Fig. 33.— The average cost of instruction per student in city, village, and rural high schools, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 193 ing per capita for the United States for current expenses only (out¬ lays omitted) is $30.91, for these nine States, $32.56. In the State report it is shown that out of each $1 spent for education 3.3 cents goes for general control, 58.2 cents for instruction, 15.5 cents for outlays, and 23 cents for other miscellaneous purposes. In these nine States it is found that a school dollar is distributed as follows: For general control, 2.9 cents; for instruction, 62.6 cents; for outlays, 14.1 cents; and for other purposes, 20.4 cents. As corresponding figures in each series of computations are practically equivalent, our “ sample” of States should be fairly dependable. Of the $76,940,194 spent for education in these nine States, $2,246,207 went for general control and $919,534 for interest on the school debt, neither of which can be reliably separated into elemen¬ tary and secondary school costs. The per pupil cost for general control and interest in these States, therefore, is $1.56 and is assumed to be the same for elementary and secondary school pupils. On the other functions of expense it was found necessary in only a few minor instances to prorate an amount between elementary and secondary. These nine States spent for instruction in the elementary schools $35,714,450 and in secondary schools $12,467,234; for outlays in the elementary schools $7,330,484 and in the secondary schools $3,452,761 (the total amount spent was prorated in the ratio of 138 to 65); for operation of the elementary school plant $7,069,241 and of the secondary school plant $2,792,243; for maintenance of ele¬ mentary schools $1,717,091 and of secondary schools $385,533; for auxiliary agencies in the elementary schools $1,467,339 and in sec¬ ondary schools $529,726; and for fixed charges incident to elementary schools $639,870 and to secondary schools $208,481 . Of the 2,03 1 ,878 pupils enrolled in the schools of these States, 1,792,681 were regis¬ tered in elementary schools and 239,197 in secondary schools. From these data significant relationships may be computed. Ex¬ cluding the cost of general control and interest on indebtedness the total amount spent on the 1,792,681 elementary school pupils was $53,938,475, or a per capita of $30.09. With the same exclusions the total amount spent on the 239,197 secondary school students was $19,835,978, or a per capita of $82.93. If the per pupil cost of gen¬ eral control and interest, viz, $1.56, is added to these per capitas, the average cost of elementary education is found to be $31.65 and of secondary education $84.^9 per year. These aggregate per capitas include per pupil costs for outlays amounting to $4.09 and $14.43. respectively, which should be deducted if it is desired to secure an average expressing the per capita current expenses only. These remainders are $27.56 and $70.05, respectively. Thus it is shown that it costs annually 2.67 times as much to keep a high-school student in school as it does an elementary-school pupil. It should be remem- 598720— 21 - 13 194 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. bered, however, that the elementary-school year is not so long as the high-school year. Estimating for Vermont only (using the New Hampshire ratios), it is found that the average length of the elemen¬ tary-school term in these 9 States is 158.7 days, while that of the high-school term is 176.2 days. The total 'per pupil cost per day in elementary schools is therefore 19.91+ cents and in high schools 1+7.95 cents, or only 2.1+0 times as much. It is also found that the average annual cost of instruction only for pupils in the elementary schools is $19.92, while the corresponding average for secondary-school students is $52.12. These averages imply that the quality of instruc¬ tion in high school is 2.62 times as great as that in the elementary school. The ratio, therefore, expressing comparative instruction costs (2.62) is about equivalent to that expressing total costs (2.67). The near-equality of these ratios implies that for other costs than instruction costs a difference exists between the elementary and the secondary school. In the elementary schools this amounts to only $11.73, while in the secondary school it totals $32.37. It is often difficult to differentiate between elementary and secondary school costs for operation, maintenance, fixed charges, auxiliary agencies, and outlays. Considerable guessing and prorating are -necessary, especially when elementary and secondary schools occupy the same building. To ask principals to go into all this detail would have re¬ duced the number of replies and would have made the costs of instruction shown in the figures much less reliable, since fewer schools would have reported the facts desired. As practically all high schools reported the cost on instruction, the deductions made below are sound. From the foregoing it is found that 61.7 per cent of all high-school costs goes for instruction, while 62.9 per cent of all elementary-school costs goes for this purpose. In Tables 90 to 95 the average cost of instruction in each type of high school considered is shown. The average for all schools is $58.96. This amount represents only 61.7 per cent of the total cost for all high-school purposes. If this per¬ centage has been accurately established, the total cost per student is $95.56, instead of $84.49, as deduced from the reports of 9 State superintendents. This difference may be due to several factors: First, principals report contractual salaries rather than the amount actually paid; second, they may give the entire salaries of super¬ visors who devote only part time to high-school work — business agents being more likely to credit such employees to the elementary school; third, principals may report under 'supplies used in instruc¬ tion” a variety of expenditures, if they do not heed the technical limitation. As these possibilities of error are all on one side, it must be concluded that the $84.49 comes more nearly representing the STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 195 average annual cost per student than does the $95.56. The average cost of instruction for all high schools ($58.96) is therefore about 69.78 per cent of the total cost. Consequently, any per capita costs appearing in this report represent about seven-tenths of the total per capita cost. Since the multiplier is constant, the per capitas given in Tables 90 to 95 may be compared directly. Likewise the curves in figures 31, 32, and 33 may be compared. The curves show that the per capita cost of high-school education in fully accredited high schools is less than it is in partially accredited schools; in city schools, less than in rural schools; and in four-year schools, less than it is in shorter-term schools. Where large schools are maintained, per capita costs are relatively low, and vice . versa. Small, short-term, partialty-accredited rural high schools are main¬ tained at high cost. This factor alone does not argue that they are better schools than those more fortunately situated and conducted at a lower average cost. These conditions prevail in nearly all the States, the “dotted” curve in figures 31 and 32 failing to the left of the average for all schools, and the city and village high-school curves in figure 33 occupying much the same relative positions. The high schools of Nevada, Montana, Arizona, and California are maintained at high cost; while those of Vermont, Maine, Alabama, Georgia, and the two Carolinas are comparatively inexpensive. In 5 States the average cost exceeds $75. In 14 States the average is less than $50. In each case, of course, these averages represent only seven-tenths of the total annual cost of maintaining the high schools. Table 13. — The average salary of high-school principals and the per capita cost of instruc¬ tion , 1917-18. . Type of school. Schools report¬ ing. Students Salaries and expenses of principals. Cost of instruction. in these schools. Total Amount. Average amount. Total amount. Per capita amount. 1 o 3 4 5 6 7 Fully accredited . Partially accredited . Xonaccredited . 6, 514 4, 497 2,246 1,393,497 179,647 79,563 $10, 139,425 4,549,399 2, 175,759 $1,557 1,012 969 $81,337,561 11,551,648 4,537,918 $58.37 64.30 57.04 Four-year . Three-year . Two-vear and one-year . 10, 166 1,929 1,162 1, 573, 210 57,812 21,685 14,004,348 1,828,799 1,031,436 1,378 948 888 92, 157,216 3, 763, 169 1,516,742 58.58 65.09 69.94 City . . Village . ■Rural . 1,269 731 | 11,257 856,902 125,053 670,752 3,084,362 999, 134 12,781,087 2,431 1,367 1,135 48, 680,350 6, 277, 531 42,479, 246 56. 81 50. 19 63.33 All schools . 1 ! 13, 257 1,652,707 16,864,583 1,272 97,437,127 i 58.96 1 Ofthis amount 91.9 per cent is spent for salaries, 2 per cent for textbooks, and 6.1 per cent for other expenses of instruction. 196 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. SALARIES OF PRINCIPALS. From the data submitted it would have been possible to compute the average annual salaries of teachers. This study will appear in another bulletin including a study of the qualifications and experience of teachers in the different types of high school. As this special bulletin will not contain anything concerning the salaries of princi¬ pals, the average annual salaries (including expenses) of these ad¬ ministrative officers have been shown in Tables 13 and 90 to 95 and in figures 34 and 35. In this study it should be remembered that three- fourths of these principals have charge of schools enrolling not Qver 100 students. The average high-school principal receives $1,272 per year, or about $100 per month for the entire year. Principals in fully ac¬ credited high schools get on an average $1,557. In four-year schools the corresponding average is $1,378. In city high schools the princi¬ pal receives an average salary of $2,431, or over $200 per month. Rural high-school principals get only $1,134. Principals in low-grade schools and in short-term high schools get relatively low pay. This inequality in pay makes it difficult for one of these schools to get recognition in the fully accredited group, since so small a salary will not attract the best principals. Principals in the District of Columbia, California, Arizona, Massa¬ chusetts, and New Jersey receive the highest salaries, in the order named. Nebraska pays the lowest average salary. Maine, Michi¬ gan, Indiana, and Iowa, together with several Southern States, also pay relatively low salaries to their high-school principals. An in¬ spection of the individual* reports reveals the fact that high-school principals are poorly paid. Few capable college graduates will con¬ descend to accept such paltry amounts as are sometimes given when other more remunerative vocations are open to them. If we wish to attract the strongest young men and women to the teaching pro¬ fession, we must outbid competitors. EXPENDITURES FOR SITES, BUILDINGS, AND OTHER PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. In Table 84 it is shown that 4,598 schools incurred expenses for capital outlays or permanent improvements in 1918. The amount so spent aggregates $39,713,848. Similar data have been collected from high schools since 1910. In that year, 2,596 schools reported out¬ lays amounting to $19,366,049; in 1912 the corresponding expendi¬ tures by 2,645 schools amounted to $21,530,142; and 3,668 schools reported expenditures in 1916 totaling $30,220,656. From these comparative figures it does not appear that war conditions interfered to any great extent with the high-school building program. From STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 197 STATES. C AVERAGE ANN 500 1,01 UAL SA DO 1,5 ARILS . ( Dollar, 00 2/)00 2,5 5.) 00 3000 DIST. OF COLUMBIA CALIFORNIA . ARIZONA r MASSACHUSETTS . NEW JERSEY . / $ UTAH . . . V ‘T NEVADA . . . RHODE ISLAND . . . 1 jll *. — * y CONNECTICUT ..... . C * f /' ILLINOIS * K MONTANA NEW YORK COLORADO j * J.** r> V 1 WASHINGTON . . A WEST VIRGINIA K NEW MEXICO N s 7 LOUISIANA WISCONSIN iS 1 WYOMING \ \ IDAHO . NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT . , . MARYLAND /■ j | 1 ✓ / \ K < ALABAMA . . . OREGON . . MISSISSIPPI > \ \ / A i f >/ ARKANSAS....:..... . . V A OHIO .. . ■/ MINNESOTA . . . GEORGIA Ct. X*** NORTH DAKOTA \ r . PENNSYLVANIA -• SOUTH DAKOTA ... r7’***" DELAWARE FLORIDA 4 **• .. KANSAS It TENNESSEE £ * MAINE % MICHIGAN-. . . . TEXAS . \ $ p- 9m L : J INDIANA. L . OKLAHOMA \ h v IOWA 4 SOUTH CAROLINA.. ✓ / K VIRGINIA N k \\ MISSOURI L r- KENTUCKY r \ NORTH CAROLINA . «•* NEBRASKA s», IINITFn ftTATFS \ J* S - m an high schools — — >n partially accredited schools . • — •— h fully accredited schools. - In non~accredited schools . J o—o—o in four - year schools . Fig. 34. — Average annual salaries (and expenses) of principals in accredited, recognized, nonaccredited, and four-year high schools, 1917-18. 198 BIENNIAL. SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. STATES. JAVtRA GL ANNUAL SALARIES . {Dollars.) 0 1,200 1,800 2,400 3,000 3,600 DIST. OF COLUMBIA CALIFORNIA ARIZONA . . . . MASSACHUSETTS,... NEW JERSEY w / ,/ ✓ UTAH S, s NEVADA . . _.... RHODE ISLAND ^ I ✓ J— — * CONNECTICUT . ILLINOIS Hn -L .. z V / Y MONTANA t - f 1 NEW YORK - ' COLORADO \ ... 1 WASHINGTON / / L L WEST VIRGINIA J7J NEW MEXICO... . . LOUISIANA L. / . . -** 1 •* ... / \ WISCONSIN / WYOMING v l IDAHO . . NEW HAMPSHIRE .. tr i \ VERMONT . MARYLAND . . J y *> / ALABAMA . . y OREGON f MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS . — j— : OHIO jL r .... MINNESOTA . . GEORGIA NORTH DAKOTA PENNSYLVANIA SOUTH DAKOTA DELAWARE . \ it S A If • «*9 FLORIDA •• KANSAS "•y .* it ^ .. TENNESSEE ~~im -- 1 »• MAINE / "" 5; MICHIGAN * / V ■•j TEXAS i INDIANA - -1 OKLAHOMA 7 • ,•> IOWA jS. SOUTH CAROLINA VIRGINIA Y • ii— ... > .m i MISSOURI t KENTUCKY - NORTH CAROLINA ■•j ■ V NEBRASKA h V . V- •• ... .. UNITED STATES . r ss ... - - In all high schools . - In city high schools . — • In Village high schools . - In rural high schools . Fig. 35.— Average annual salaries (and expenses) of principals in city, village, and rural high schools, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 199 the statistics of State school systems it is found that the following amounts were spent for outlays for both elementary and secondary schools: In 1910, $69,978,370; in 1912, $78,018,967; in 1914, $91,*- 606,460; in 1916, $103,507,315; and in 1918, $119,082,944. Assum¬ ing that these corresponding reports are correct, the proportion of all outlays going for high-school purposes may be ascertained. Thus, in 1910, this ratio was 27.7 per cent; in 1912, 28 per cent; in 1914, 23.5 per cent; in 1916, 29.2 per cent; and in 1918, 33.4 per cent. It is seen, therefore, that from one-fourth to one-third of the total amount spent in the United States for new buildings, grounds, and new equipment goes for high-school purposes. The high percentage is significant in view of the fact that only 8.3 per cent of the total public-school enrollment is found in high school. In other words, in 1918 we spent for permanent improvements in our elementary schools $79,369,096 for the 19,117,897 children enrolled in such schools, or a per capita of only $4.15. For the same purpose in our high-schools we spent $39,713,848 for the 1,735,619 children registered in such schools, or a per capita of $22.88. These average costs show that we spent in 1918 for capital outlays over 5.5 times as much for a high- school student as we spent on a child in the elementary schools. Of course, some of the high-school buildings are often used to accom¬ modate elementary school pupils, and this fact tends to reduce slightly the disproportionate ratio of 5.5. These facts do not imply that we are spending too much on high-school buildings, most of which have been recently constructed along modern lines, but that we are spending too little on our elementary school buildings. The rural school child in particular quite often uses an old building which was constructed many years ago and which can not usually be called modem in any sense of the term.4 * Strayer, George Drayton. “A statewide school building survey.” In Journal of Educational Research, March, 1920. 200 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 14. — Instructors in 'public high schools in 1917-18 — Part I. Instructors in all high schools. Instructors classified accordin to the grade of high schoo f. States. In junior high schools. In senior high schools. In regular high schools. Total. In fully accredited high schools. In par¬ tially ac¬ credited high schools. In non- accred- ited high schools. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 13 14 15 United States . 776 3,012 947 2,299 27,058 50,730 28,781 56,041 21,819 45, 100 4,703 7, 715 2,259 3,226 264 532 264 532 181 402 49 82 34 48 6 16 6 11 62 159 74 186 168 5 18 Arkansas . 14 27 14 36 212 330 240 393 117 263 73 71 50 59 53 207 1,507 2,486 1,560 2,693 1,356 2,381 97 207 107 105 Colorado . 16 64 17 36 305 614 338 714 262 587 25 40 51 87 3 25 4 13 275 712 282 750 270 713 12 37 45 97 45 97 30 63 15 34 122 215 122 215 122 215 Florida . 7 45 8 28 158 308 173 381 66 206 28 39 79 136 2 350 523 352 528 175 260 94 150 83 118 30 27 46 186 315 218 391 151 282 67 109 Illinois . 6 35 16 41 1,775 3,029 1,797 3, 105 1,520 2,724 244 352 33 29 Indiana . 31 113 69 133 1,399 2,307 1,499 2,553 1,435 2,494 26 31 38 28 Iowa . 8 62 23 92 852 2,455 883 2,609 580 1,928 293 664 10 17 Kansas . 25 147 51 143 757 1,810 833 2, 100 365 1,012 366 893 102 195 Kentucky . 5 51 9 32 374 582 388 665 173 390 98 150 117 125 Louisiana . 315 664 315 664 229 523 67 128 19 13 Maine . . . . 2 5 2 3 249 592 253 600 235 559 18 40 1 Maryland . 253 416 253 416 217 368 31 42 5 6 Masssachusetts . 25 162 80 210 1,002 2,157 1,107 2,529 1,069 2,449 38 80 Michigan . 66 318 84 218 960 1,914 1,110 2,450 899 2,148 205 295 6 7 Minnesota . 24 144 77 224 778 1,674 879 2,042 689 1,743 11 21 179 278 Mississippi _ 7 2 8 222 463 224 478 158 376 30 47 36 55 Missouri . 4 26 4 24 906 1,723 914 1,773 647 1,418 214 310 53 45 Montana . 2 7 4 11 216 454 222 472 165 381 57 91 L. .. Nebraska . 6 1 58 15 78 380 1,245 401 1,381 167 594 174 568 60 219 Nevada . „ . 44 82 44 82 36 73 6 6 2 3 New Hampshire . 5 j 29 21 39 103 291 129 359 127 342 2 17 Npw Jersey . 30 99 44 81 708 1,299 782 1,479 756 1,435 26 44 New Mexico . . 18 8 30 67 119 75 167 52 129 23 38 New York . 11 1 89 63 187 2,407 4,520 2,481 4,796 2,298 4, 479 183 317 I f North Carolina . 291 540 291 540 55 133 233 405 3 2 North Dakota . 10 43 12 38 281 519 303 600 137 337 81 168 85 95 Ohio . 224 537 91 184 1,595 2, 380 1,910 3, 101 1,477 2,579 416 511 17 11 Oklahoma . 23 104 33 88 545 970 601 1,162 344 786 59 92 198 284 Oregon . 9 46 21 58 284 552 314 656 173 440 127 200 14 16 Pennsylvania . 68 232 58 85 2,228 3, 123 2,354 3, 440 1,691 2,788 597 593 66 59 "Rhode Island . 119 245 119 245 116 242 3 3 South Carolina. . 167 316 167 316 55 129 76 137 36 50 South Dakota . 2 . 3 4 5 233 507 239 515 138 12 14 89 132 Tennessee . 2 17 7 5 339 512 348 534 194 362 75 101 79 71 Texas . 20 1 41 1,110 1,801 1, 130 1,842 693 1,355 230 273 207 214 Utah . . 26 59 25 27 206 213 257 299 224 265 33 34 Vermont. . j 25 8 15 104 277 119 317 105 291 14 26 Virginia . 449 1,050 449 1,050 218 568 30 56 201 426 Washington . . . | 1 4 741 1 166 742 1 170 618 1,012 38 53 86 105 West Virginia. 19 ! 68 18 21 300 568 337 657 234 526 103 131 Wisconsin . 10 41 20 44 747 1,768 777 1,853 683 1,692 76 146 18 15 Wyoming' . 1 8 66 136 67 144 48 121 16 23 3 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. Table 14. — Instructors in public high schools in 1917-18 — Part II. 201 Instructors in high schools, classified ac¬ cording to the length of school course offered, 1917-18. Instructors in high schools classified according to control. States. In four- year schools. In three- year schools. In two- year schools. In one- year schools. In city high schools. In village high schools. In rural high schools. Men. Women. Men. Women. d o << Women. d © Women. Men. Women. Men. d 0 a Men. O a 0 * 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 U.S . 26,059 53,033 1,829 2,205 870 781 23 22 12,206 23,378 1,734 4,609 14,841 28,054 216 468 33 51 15 13 63 194 16 32 185 306 74 186 43 113 4 11 27 62 175 344 46 42 19 7 54 133 22 54 164 206 1.560 2,693 823 1.452 65 119 672 1,122 331 712 1 1 6 1 137 297 46 104 155 313 280 744 1' 5 1 1 212 506 70 244 37 84 4 H 4 2 18 39 5 10 22 48 DiSt. of Columbia 122 215 122 215 Florida . 152 359 6 6 15 16 10 29 27 67 136 285 255 388 97 139 1 99 153 29 48 224 327 Idaho . 198 369 8 12 10 9 2 1 26 42 26 59 166 290 Illinois . 1,671 2.994 61 74 65 37 752 1.249 45 169 1,000 1,687 Indiana . 1.461 2,521 22 19 16 10 3 434 868 100 236 965 1.449 Iowa . 792 2,459 43 84 46 63 2 3 156 481 87 351 640 1,777 Kansas . 797 2,061 18 27 18 12 171 498 80 219 582 1,383 Kentucky . 355 632 12 18 21 15 129 265 24 65 235 335 Louisiana . 305 648 2 1 8 15 56 165 18 58 241 441 Maine . 245 589 1 7 7 4 68 203 6 15 179 382 Maryland . 245 404 5 8 3 3 1 120 141 133 275 Massachusetts. . . . 1,099 2,519 3 1 5 9 847 1.778 260 751 Michigan . 1,033 2,379 11 7 66 64 524 1.142 88 233 498 1,075 Minnesota . 843 2,013 13 9 22 20 1 329 766 55 . 166 495 1.110 Mississippi . 174 402 41 69 9 7 27 141 11 41 186 296 Missouri . 732 1,594 91 120 90 59 1 385 670 44 160 485 943 Montana . 198 441 12 16 10 15 2 36 109 2 10 184 353 Nebraska . 354 1,247 35 94 12 39 1 73 222 22 81 306 1,078 Nevada . 40 78 2 2 2 2 2 19 5 8 37 55 New Hampshire. 127 342 2 8 9 64 158 6 32 59 169 New Jersey . 768 1,455 10 16 *4 8 608 1.000 42 124 132 355 New Mexico . 68 158 4 5 3 4 10 36 4 23 61 108 New York . 2,404 4.685 25 50 46 57 6 4 1,776 2,749 92 411 613 1.636 North Carolina... 231 468 49 60 11 11 1 50 106 13 49 228 385 North Dakota _ 248 550 30 29 23 20 "2 1 25 60 12 37 266 503 Ohio . 1,672 2,879 200 207 38 15 933 1,576 75 196 902 1.329 Oklahoma . 508 1,077 44 54 47 31 2 95 250 80 208 426 704 Oregon . 308 650 4 5 2 1 99 249 26 65 189 I 342 Pennsylvania .... 1,883 3.040 413 350 ' 58 50 1.294 2.000 204 418 856 1.022 Rhode Island _ 116 242 1 3 3 102 197 17 48 South Carolina. . . 81 180 82 133 1 4 3 35 ' 91 12 35 120 190 South Dakota.. . . 218 493 13 22 6 2 32 92 20 50 187 373 Tennessee . 263 455 51 54 34 22 3 48 126 18 42 282 366 Texas . 891 1.624 213 198 26 20 348 764 91 148 691 930 Utah . 242 289 5 3 8 5 2 2 65 135 56 61 136 103 Vermont . 108 297 1 3 10 17 28 90 10 27 81 200 Virginia . 359 882 66 129 24 39 132 320 18 48 299 682 Washington . 697 1,119 24 30 21 20 1 302 409 51 110 389 651 West Virginia. . . . 294 623 21 22 22 12 114 256 23 58 200 343 Wisconsin . 771 1.845 6 8 317 787 52 138 408 928 Wyoming . 58 137 4 4 4 3 1 13 37 2 13 52 94 202 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 15. — Students and teachers in high schools, 1917-18 — Part I. States. In all schools. In fully accredit¬ ed schools. In partially ac¬ credited schools.' In nonaccredit- ed schools. In junior high schools. Teach¬ ers. Students. Teach¬ ers. Students. Teach¬ ers. Stu- | dents, j Teach¬ ers. Stu¬ dents. Teach¬ ers.1 Stu¬ dents.2 3 • 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United states. 84,822 1,735,619 66,919 1,463,775 12,418 186,338 5,485 85,506 3,787 90,448 796 18.532 583 14,821 131 2,213 82 1,498 260 4,159 237 3,981 23 178 22 390 Arkansas . 633 12,844 380 8.763 144 2,065 109 2,018 41 1,118 California . 4,253 92.100 3,737 77, 159 304 4,432 212 10,509 260 7,900 Colorado . 1,052 20,342 849 17,617 65 871 138 1,854 80 1,868 1,032 23, 103 983 22, 282 49 821 28 ! 751 142 93 1,875 49 691 337 6,926 337 6,926 Florida . 554 9.207 272 5,265 67 724 215 3,218 52 1,047 880 23.739 435 14.065 244 6,554 201 3,120 609 11,023 433 8,980 176 2.043 35 1,464 Illinois . 4,902 106.087 4,244 96,945 596 8,345 62 797 41 1,254 Indiana . 4.052 70,411 3,929 69,001 57 656 66 754 144 4,387 Iowa . 3.492 56,199 2,508 44,866 957 11,076 27 257 70 831 Kansas . 2,933 54, 823 1,377 31,687 1,259 19,107 297 4,029 172 5,063 Kentucky....... 1,053 21.876 563 13,731 248 4,826 242 3,319 56 1,501 Louisiana . 979 15,281 752 12,855 195 2,035 32 391 Maine . 853 18,121 794 17.282 58 820 1 19 7 223 Maryland . 669 13,554 585 12,377 73 1.019 11 158 Massachusetts. . . 3,636 83.724 3, 518 81,764 118 1,980 187 4,031 Michigan . 3,560 73,845 3,047 65,674 500 8.055 13 116 384 9,899 Minnesota . 2,921 52,937 2,432 46.818 32 373 457 5,746 168 4,851 Mississippi . 702 13.421 534 10,613 77 1,367 91 1.441 37 787 Missouri . 2,687 57, 786 2,065 48,118 524 8,304 98 1,364 30 1.109 Montana . 694 10,669 546 9.293 148 1,376 9 233 Nebraska . 1,782 30,332 761 15,864 742 10,850 1 279 3,618 64 1,314 N evada . 126 1,530 109 1,388 12 94 5 48 N- Hampshire. . . 488 9,386 469 9.171 19 215 34 1,015 New Jersey . 2,261 52.920 2,191 51,650 70 1,270 129 2,180 New Mexico 242 3.750 181 3.081 61 669 18 411 New York . 7,277 167,187 1 6, 777 161,996 500 5,191 100 4,260 North Carolina.. 831 17, 852 188 5,188 638 12,601 5 63 North Dakota... 903 12,816 474 7,538 249 3.113 180 2,165 53 1,196 Ohio . 5,011 112,159 4,056 98.727 927 13,117 28 315 781 6,958 Oklahoma . 1,763 35,632 1,130 25.770 151 2,237 482 7,625 127 4,007 Oregon . 970 19, 401 613 14,776 327 4,319 30 306 54 1,449 Pennsylvania . . . 5,794 134.518 4,479 110,968 1,190 20,884 125 2,666 300 7,907 Rhode Island . . .. 364 8,304 358 8,254 6 50 South Carolina . . 483 8,770 184 3,498 213 ! 3.778 86 1.494 South Dakota. . . 754 12,138 507 8,672 26 276 221 3,190 5 160 Tennessee . 882 17,963 556 13,180 176 2,540 150 2,243 19 1,333 Texas . 2,972 63,049 2,048 47,313 503 8.288 421 7,448 61 1,306 Utah 556 12, 699 489 11,653 67 1,046 85 3,525 Vfvrmrmt 436 9,237 396 8,750 40 487 32 1,302 Virginia . 1,499 26,640 786 17,208 86 1,252 627 8,180 Washington . 1,912 34,902 1,630 32, 164 91 915 191 1,823 «5 555 West Virginia. . . 994 17,863 760 14,901 234 2,962 87 1,519 Wisconsin . 2,630 49,949 2,375 46,355 222 3,263 33 331 51 1,001 Wyoming . 211 3,347 169 2,952 39 361 3 34 9 343 1 Included in preceding teacher columns. 2 Included in preceding student columns. 3 Errors in tabulation; 15 teachers omitted. * Error in tabulation; 5 teachers omitted as well as all part-time teachers. 203 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. Table 15. — Students and teachers in high schools, 1917-18 — Part II. States. In city schools. In village schools. In rural schools. In four-year schools. In three-year schools. In two-year and one-year schools. Teach- Stu- Teach- Stu- Teach- Stu¬ Teach¬ Stu¬ Teach¬ Stu¬ Teach¬ Stu¬ ers. dents. ers. dents. ers. dents. ers. dents. ers. dents. ers. dents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U. S . 35,579 903, 844 6,343 135,017 42,891 696, 758 79,083 1,654,600 4,034 58,521 1,696 22,498 Alabama . 257 7,297 48 921 491 10,314 684 16, 790 84 1,386 28 356 156 2 786 15 169 89 1,204 260 4,159 Arkansas . 187 4,495 76 2,015 370 6,334 519 10,977 88 1,489 26 378 2, 275 62 527 184 3 569 1,794 26, 004 4, 253 92, 100 Colorado . '434 10, 130 150 3’ 234 468 6,978 1,043 20,223 2 14 7 105 Connecticut . . . 718 16, 935 314 6, 168 1,024 22,982 6 86 2 35 Delaware . 57 L251 15 210 70 1,105 121 2, 296 15 190 6 80 Dist. Columbia 337 6, 926 337 6,926 Florida . 39 1,802 94 470 421 6,935 511 8,736 12 i68 31 303 Georgia . 252 8,906 77 2,238 551 12,595 643 20,572 236 3,155 1 12 Idaho . 68 1,958 85 2, 135 456 6,930 567 10,625 20 160 22 238 Illinois . 2,001 55,566 214 4,515 2,687 46, 006 4,665 102, 846 135 1,833 102 1,408 Indiana . 1,302 29,512 336 6, 681 2,414 34,218 3,982 69, 710 41 373 29 328 Iowa . 637 13,329 43S 7, 669 2,417 35, 201 ' 3,251 53,438 127 1,389 114 1,372 Kansas . 669 16,852 299 6,544 1,965 31,427 2,858 53,934 45 512 30 377 Kentucky . 394 9,634 89 1, 871 570 10,371 987 20,957 30 382 36 537 Louisiana . 221 5, 075 76 1,418 682 8,788 953 14,950 3 34 23 297 Maine . 271 6, 829 21 588 561 10, 704 834 17,866 8 106 11 149 Maryland . 261 6, 649 408 6,905 649 13,322 13 141 7 91 Massachusetts. 2, 625 65, 116 1,011 18, 608 3,618 83, 475 4 119 14 130 Michigan . 1,666 38,641 321 6,507 1,573 28, 697 3,412 71,889 18 210 130 1,746 Minnesota . 1,095 24,410 221 4,748 1,605 23,779 2,856 52, 049 22 287 43 601 Mississippi.... 168 4,344 52 1,047 482 8,030 576 11,482 110 1,722 16 217 Missouri . 1,055 27.241 204 4,576 1,428 25, 969 2,326 51,890 211 3,374 150 2,522 Montana . 145 3,178 12 185 537 7,306 639 10,251 28 230 27 188 Nebraska . 295 6,905 103 2,408 1,384 21,019 1,601 27,842 129 1,745 52 745 Nevada . 21 400 13 170 92 960 118 1 ; 452 4 48 4 30 N. Hampshire. 222 5,507 38 343 228 3,536 469 9,171 10 111 9 104 New Jersey. . . 1,608 39,475 166 3,896 487 9,549 2,223 52,367 26 366 12 187 New Mexico. . . 46 907 27 461 169 2,382 226 3,601 9 87 7 62 New York. . .. 4,525 127,094 503 9,048 2,249 31,045 7,089 165,650 75 673 113 864 North Carolina 156 4, 434 62 1,543 613 11, 875 699 15,338 109 2, 103 23 411 North Dakota. 85 2,023 49 980 769 9, 813 798 11,614 59 615 46 587 Ohio . 2,509 66, 219 271 7, 075 2,231 38, 865 4,551 106, 425 407 4,954 53 780 Oklahoma. . . . 345 8,529 288 7,467 1,130 19,636 1,585 33,373 98 1,256 80 1,003 Oregon . 348 8,966 91 2,026 531 8,409 958 19,281 9 92 3 28 Pennsylvania . 3,294 86,560 622 13,783 1,878 34, 175 4,923 118, 953 763 13,420 108 2, 145 Rhode Island . 299 7,016 65 1,288 358 8, 254 6 50 South Carolina . 126 2, 867 47 929 310 4,974 261 5,002 215 3,626 7 142 South Dakota. 124 2,360 70 1,436 560 8,342 711 11,643 35 404 8 91 Tennessee. . . . .' 174 5,206 60 1,125 648 11,632 718 15,577 105 1,595 59 791 Texas . 1,112 28, 135 239 5,660 1,621 29, 254 2,515 55, 973 411 6,506 46 570 Utah . 200 5, 880 117 2, 190 239 4,629 531 12, 2S3 8 112 17 304 Vermont . 118 2,847 37 1,010 281 5,380 405 8, 873 4 52 27 312 Virginia . 452 11,596 66 1,515 981 13,529 1,241 23, 526 195 2,319 63 795 Washington. . . 711 17,936 161 3,036 1,040 13,930 1,816 34,055 54 458 42 389 West Virginia. 370 8,006 81 1,621 5*3 8, 236 917 16, 8b6 43 563 34 434 Wisconsin . 1, 104 22,484 190 5, 772 1,336 21, 693 2,616 49, 818 14 131 Wyoming . 45 1,103 15 213 1*2 2,031 186 3,218 8 56 8 73 204 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 16. — Average number of students to a teacher in high schools, 1917-18. States. In all schools. In fully accred¬ ited schools. In partially ac¬ credited schools. In nonaccredited schools. In city schools. In village schools. In rural schools. In four-year schools. In three-year schools. In two-year and one-year schools. In junior high schools. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States . 20.5 21.9 15.0 15.6 25.4 21.3 16.3 20.9 14.5 13.3 23.9 Alabama . 23.3 25.4 16.9 18.3 28.4 19.2 21.0 24.5 16.5 13.7 16.0 16.8 7.7 17.9 11.3 13.5 16.0 17 7 Arkansas . 20.6 23.1 14.3 18.5 24.1 26.1 17.1 21.1 16.9 14.5 27.3 California . 21.7 20.6 14.6 49.6 27.5 19.4 14.5 21. 7 30.4 Colorado . 19.3 20.8 13.4 13.4 23.4 21.5 14.9 19.4 7.0 15.0 23.3 22.4 22.6 16.7 23.6 19.7 22.4 14.3 17.5 26.8 18.7 20.2 14.1 21.9 14.0 15.8 19.0 12! 7 13.3 District of Columbia . 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 Florida . 16.7 19.4 10.8 14.9 46.2 5.6 16.5 17.1 14.0 9.8 20.2 27.0 33.8 25.9 15.5 31.4 29.1 22.9 32.0 13.4 12.0 Idaho . 18. 1 20.8 11.6 28.8 25.2 15.2 18.7 8.0 10.7 41.8 Illinois . 21.6 22.8 14.0 12.8 27.2 21.1 17.1 22.1 13! 6 13.8 30.6 Indiana . 17.4 17.6 11.5 11.4 22.3 19.9 14.2 17.5 9.1 11.3 30.5 Iowa . 16.1 17.4 12.3 9.5 20.9 17.5 14.6 16.4 10.9 12.0 11.9 Kansas . 18.7 23.0 15.2 13.6 25.2 21.9 16.0 18.9 11.4 12.6 29.4 Kentucky . 20.7 24.4 19.5 13.7 26.8 21.0 18.2 21.2 12.7 14.9 26.8 Louisiana . 15.6 17.1 10.4 12.3 23.3 18.7 12.9 15.7 11.3 12.9 Maine . 21.2 21.8 14.1 19.0 24.3 28.0 19.1 21.4 13.5 13.5 31.9 Maryland . 20.3 22.8 14.0 14.3 25.5 16.9 20.5 10.8 13.0 Massachusetts . 23.0 23.2 16.6 24.0 18.4 23.1 29.8 9.3 40.6 Michigan . 20.7 21.6 16.1 8.9 23.3 20.9 18.2 21.1 11.7 13.4 25.8 Minnesota . 18.1 19.2 11.6 12.6 22.3 21.5 14.8 18.2 13.0 14.0 28.9 Mississippi . . 19.1 19.9 17.8 15.8 25.9 20.2 16.7 20.0 15.7 13.6 1112.5 Missouri . 21.5 23.2 15.8 13.9 25.8 22.5 18.2 22.3 16.0 16.8 37.0 Montana . 15.4 16.5 9.3 21.9 15.4 13.6 16.0 8.2 7.0 25.9 Nebraska . 17.0 20.9 14.6 13.0 23.4 23.4 15.7 17.4 13.5 14.3 21.0 Nevada . 12.1 12.7 7.8 9.6 19.0 13.1 10.4 12.3 12.0 7.5 New Hampshire . 19.3 19.6 10.6 24.8 8.9 15.5 19.6 11. 1 11. 6 29.9 New Jersey . . 23.3 23.6 18. 1 24.5 23.5 19.6 23.5 14. 1 15.6 16.9 New Mexico . 15.5 17.1 11. 1 19.8 17.1 14.1 15.9 9. 7 8.9 22.8 New York . 23.0 23.9 10.4 28.1 18.1 13.8 23.4 9.0 7.6 42.6 North Carolina . . . 21.5 27.6 19.8 12.6 28.4 24.8 19.4 21.9 19.3 17.9 North Dakota . 14.2 15.9 12.5 12.0 23.7 20.0 12.8 14.5 10.4 12.8 ”22.' 6 Ohio . 22.4 24.6 14.1 11.3 25.5 26.3 17.4 23.4 12.2 14.7 9.2 Oklahoma . . . 20.2 24.8 14.8 15.8 24.8 25.5 17.4 21.0 12.8 12.5 31.4 Oregon . 20.0 24.1 14.3 10.0 25.8 22.3 15.8 20.1 10.2 9.3 26.9 Pennsylvania . 23.2 24.8 21.0 21.3 26.4 22.2 18.1 24.2 17.6 19.9 26.4 Rhode Island . 22.8 23.1 8.3 23.5 19.9 23.1 8.3 . South Carolina . . . 18.2 19.0 17.7 i7. 4 22.8 19. 8 16. 1 19. 2 16. 9* 20.3 South Dakota . 16.1 17.1 10.6 14.4 19.0 20.5 14.9 16.4 11.5 11.4 32.6 Tennessee . . . 20.4 23.8 14.4 14.9 29.9 18.9 17.9 21.7 15.2 13.4 70.1 Texas . 21.2 23.1 16.5 17.7 25.3 23.7 18.1 22.2 15.8 12.4 21.4 Utah . 22.8 23.9 15.6 29.4 18.7 19.2 23. 1 14.0 17.9 44.8 Vermont . 21.2 22. 1 12.2 24. 1 27.5 18.9 21.9 13.0 11.5 40.6 Virginia . 17.8 21.9 14.6 13.1 25.6 23.1 13.8 19.0 11.9 12.6 Washington . 18.2 19.7 10.1 9.5 25.2 18.9 13.4 18.7 8.5 9.3 2111.0 W est V irginia . 18.0 19.6 12. 7 21.6 20.0 15.2 18.4 13. 1 12.8 17. 4 Wisconsin . 19.0 19.5 14. 7 10.0 20.4 30.4 16. 2 19.0 9.4 19.6 Wyoming . 15.8 17.5 9.2 11.3 24.5 14.2 14.3 17.3 7.0 9.1 38.1 1 Error in tabulation; 15 teachers having been omitted. 2Error in tabulation; 5 teachers omitted as well as all part-time teachers. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 205 Table 17. — White and colored students enrolled in all types of public high schools — Per¬ centage distribution by grades , 1917-18. Elementary grades Secondary grades (above elementary grades). States. organized as a part of junior high schools. Students enrolled. First year (ninth grade). Second year (tenth grade). Third year (eleventh grade). Fourth year (twelfth grade). Seventh grade pupils. Eighth grade pupils. Total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total . 1 2 3 4 * 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U. S . 48,831 41,617 90,448 1,645,171 654,935 39.8 441,868 26.9 309, 208 18.8 239, 160 14.5 18,532 7,378 39.8 5, 151 27.8 3,627 j 19.6 2,376 12.8 Arizona . 237 153 390 3,769 1,512 40.1 996 26.4 697 18.5 564 15. 0 Arkansas . 732 386 1,118 11,726 4,894 41.7 3,271 27.9 2,157 18.4 1,404 12.0 California . 4,121 3,779 7,900 84,200 33,923 40.3 22,016 26.1 14,632 17.4 13,629 16.2 Colorado . 1,014 854 1,868 18,474 6, 780 36.7 5,113 27.7 3,643 19.7 2,938 15.9 Connecticut. . . 454 297 751 22,352 9,447 42.3 5,209 23.3 4,158 18.6 3,538 15.8 2,566 1,114 43.4 685 26.7 453 17.7 314 12.2 6,926 2,929 42.3 1,925 27.8 1,164 16.8 908 13. 1 Florida . 545 502 1,047 8,160 3,233 39.6 2,355 28=9 1,488 18.2 1,084 13.3 23, 739 9, 254 39.0 6, 775 28.5 4,960 20.9 2,750 11.6 Idaho . 817 647 1,464 9,559 3,921 41.0 2,463 25.8 1,784 18.7 1,391 14.5 Illinois . . 655 599 1,254 104,833 43,750 41.7 28,039 26.8 17,970 17.1 15,074 14.4 Indiana . 2,356 2,031 4,387 66,024 23,912 36.2 16,861 25.5 13,397 20.3 11,854 18.0 Iowa . 487 344 831 55,368 20,436 36.9 14,920 27.0 11,046 20.0 8,966 16.1 Kansas . 2,672 2,391 5,063 49, 760 18,572 37.3 13,034 26.2 9,670 19.4 8,484 17.1 Kentucky . 772 729 1,501 20,375 8,735 42.9 5, 140 25.2 3,655 17.9 2,845 14.0 Louis ana . 15, 281 5, 724 37.5 4,245 27.8 3,162 20.7 2,150 14.0 Maine . 121 102 223 17,898 6,544 36.5 4, 774 26.7 3,561 19.9 3,019 16.9 Maryland . 13, 554 5, 705 42.1 3,453 25.5 2,408 17.7 1,988 14.7 Massachusetts. 2,354 1,677 4,031 79,693 28,335 35.6 21,603 27.1 15,919 20.0 13,836 17.3 Michigan . 5, 106 4,793 9,899 63,946 25, 599 40.0 16,807 26.3 11,825 18.5 9, 715 15.2 Minnesota . 2,567 2,284 4,851 48,086 17,907 37.3 12, 823 26.7 9,388 19.5 7,968 16. 5 Mississippi .... 437 350 787 12,634 4,628 36.6 3,736 29.6 2,659 21.1 1,611 12.7 Missouri . 647 462 1,109 56,677 22, 729 40.1 15,370 27.1 10,365 18.3 8,213 14.5. Montana . 112 121 ! 233 10,436 4,600 44.1 2,640 25.3 1, 830 17.5 1,366 13.1 Nebraska . 708 606 i 1,314 29,018 11,027 38.0 7,597 26.2 5,832 20.1 4,562 15.7 Nevada . 1,530 651 42.5 422 27.6 254 16.6 203 13.3 N. Hampshire. 508 507 ; 1,015 8,371 2,921 34.9 2,296 27.4 1,764 21.1 1,390 16.6 New Jersey.... 1,259 921 2,180 50, 740 21,782 42.9 13,263 26.1 8,802 17.4 6,893 13.6 New Mexico... 216 195 i 1 411 3,339 1,339 40.1 911 27.3 616 18.4 473 14.2 New York . 2,174 2,086 | 4,260 162,927 72,113 44.3 45, 180 27.7 27,245 16.7 18,389 11.3 N. Carolina _ 1 17, 852 7, 548 42.3 4,949 27.7 3,482 19.5 1,873 10. 5 N. Dakota _ 669 527 . 1,196 11,620 4,750 40.9 3,044 26.2 2,179 18.7 1,647 14.2 Ohio . 3,887 3,071 6,958 105,201 39,014 37.1 28,077 26.7 21, 081 20.0 17,029 16.2 Oklahoma . 2,203 1,804 4,007 | 31,625 13,233 41.9 8,799 27.8 5,497 17.4 4,096 12.9 Oregon . 764 685 ! 1,449 17,952 6,342 35.3 4,999 27.9 3,718 20.7 2,893 16.1 Pennsylvania.. 4,449 3,458 7,907 126,611 51,637 40.8 34,472 27.2 24,210 19.1 16,292 12.9 Rhode Island. 8,304 3,546 42.8 2,269 27.2 1,396 16.8 1,093 13.2 S. Carolina _ 8,770 3,636 41.5 2,573 29.3 1,941 22.1 620 7. 1 South Dakota. 84 76 160 11,978 4,634 38.7 3,066 25.6 2,381 19.9 1,897 15.8 Tennessee . 727 606 1,333 16,630 7,008 42.1 4,549 27.4 3, 107 18.7 1,966 11.8 Texas . 573 733 1,306 61, 743 24,840 40.2 16, 805 27.2 12, 228 19.8 7, 870 12.8 Utah . 1,805 1, 720 3,525 9,174 4,095 44.6 2,489 27.1 1,518 16.6 1,072 11.7 Vermont . 725 577 1,302 7,935 2,854 36.0 2,091 26.4 1,572 19.8 1,418 17.8 Virginia . 26,640 10, 527 39.5 7, 331 27.5 5,364 20. 1 3,418 12.9 Washington... 308 247 555 34,347 14,041 40.9 9,040 26.3 6, 150 17.9 5,116 14.9 West Virginia. 861 658 1,519 16,344 6, 761 41.4 4,439 27.1 2,956 18.1 2,188 13.4 Wisconsin . 502 499 1,001 48,948 17, 805 36.4 13,002 26.6 9, 746 19.9 8,395 17.1 Wyoming . 203 140 343 3,004 1,270 42.3 801 26.7 551 18.3 382 12.7 206 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, Table 18. — White students enrolled in all types of public high schools — Percentage distri¬ bution by grades , 1917-18. Secondary grades (above elementary grades). States. organized as a part of junior high schools. Total students enrolled. First year (ninth grade). Second year - (tenth grade). Third year (eleventh grade). Fourth year (twelfth grade). Seventh grade pupils. Eighth grade pupils. Total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ft 10 11 12 13 U.S . 48,338 41,231 89, 569 1,624,080 645,243 39.7 436, 459 26.9 305,713 18.8 236,665 14.6 17,762 7, 047 39.7 4, 964 27.9 3, 447 19.4 2,304 13.0 Arizona . 237 153 390 3,757 1,506 40.1 992 26.4 697 18.5 562 15.0 Arkansas . 732 386 1,118 11,167 4, 629 41.4 3, 133 28.1 2,087 18.7 1,318 11.8 California . 4,071 3,710 7,781 84, 024 33, 788 40.2 21,956 26.1 14,593 1 17.4 113,597 16.3 Colorado . 1,014 854 1,868 18,235 6,704 36.6 5,078 27.7 3,617 | 19.7 2,926 16.0 Connecticut. . . 441 297 738 22,293 9,425 42.3 5,186 23.2 4, 148 18.6 3,534 15.9 2,467 1,089 44.2 647 26.2 440 17.8 291 11. 8 5' 799 2,346 40 5 1,651 28.5 1,026 17.7 776 13 3 Florida . 545 502 1,047 8; 106 3,211 39.6 2,342 28.9 1,478 18.2 1,075 13.3 23,568 9,164 38.9 6,734 28.6 4, 920 20.9 2,750 11.6 Idaho . 817 647 1,464 1 9, 559 3,921 41.0 2,463 25.8 1,784 18.7 1,391 14.5 Illinois . 611 561 1,172 1 103,531 43,044 41.6 27,721 26.8 17, 820 17.2 14,946 14.4 Indiana . 2,299 2,002 4,301 1 65,308 23,584 | 36.1 16,660 25.5 13,278 20.3 11,786 18.1 Iowa . 487 344 831 55,273 20,397 36.8 14, 893 27.0 11,034 20.0 | 8,949 16.2 Kansas . 2,625 2,359 4,984 48, 601 18,045 37.1 12, 754 26.3 9, 482 19.5 1 8,320 17.1 Kentucky . 745 713 1,458 19,898 8,545 36.8 5,014 27.0 3,540 20.0 2,799 16.2 Louisiana . 15, 119 5, 671 37.5 4,217 27.9 3,126 20.7 2, 105 13.9 Maine . 121 102 223 17, 891 6,543 36.6 4,772 26.6 3,560 19.9 3,016 16.9 Maryland . 12, 975 5, 448 42.0 3,311 25.5 2, 308 17.8 1,908 14.7 Massachusetts. 2,350 1,670 4,020 79, 220 28, 155 35.5 21,478 27.1 15,830 20.0 13,757 17.4 Michigan . 5,076 4,773 9,849 63,720 25,492 40.0 16,751 26.3 11,790 18.5 9,687 15.2 Minnesota . 2, 565 2,282 4, 847 48,042 17, 892 37.3 12, 811 26.7 9, 380 19.5 7,959 16.5 Mississippi .... 437 350 787 12,327 4,499 i 36.5 3,633 29.5 2,584 21.0 1,611 13.0 Missouri . 647 462 1, 109 54, 466 21,507 39.5 14,923 27.4 10,095 18.5 7,941 14.6 Montana . 112 121 233 10, 429 4,597 44.1 2,638 25.3 1,828 17.5 1,366 13.1 Nebraska . 708 605 1,313 28,966 10, 999 38.0 7,583 26.1 5, 824 20.2 4,560 15.7 Nevada . 1, 525 647 42.4 ! 421 27.6 254 16.7 203 13.3 N. Hampshire. 508 507 1,015 8,371 2,921 34.9 ! 2,296 j 27.4 1,764 21.1 1,390 16.6 New Jersey _ 1, 239 906 2, 145 | 50,114 21,542 43.0 13,065 26.1 8, 686 17.3 6, 821 13.6 New Mexico. . 216 194 410 | 3,332 1,336 40.1 1 909 1 27.3 614 18.4 473 14.2 New York. ... 2,169 2,080 4,249 162, 241 71,814 44.2 45,002 27.8 27,121 16.8 18,304 11.2 N orthCarolina 17, 852 7,548 I 42.3 4,949 1 27.7 3,482 19.5 1,873 10.5 North Dakota. 669 527 | 1,196 11,618 4,749 | 40.9 3, 043 26.2 2,179 18.8 1,647 14.1 Ohio . 3,776 2,994 6,770 104, 262 38,672 37.1 27, 809 26.7 20,891 20.0 16, 890 16.2 Oklahoma. . .. 2,203 1,804 4,007 31, 419 13,155 41.9 8, 741 27.8 5,455 17.4 4,068 12.9 Oregon . 763 684 1,447 17,891 6,333 35.4 4,980 27.8 3,699 20.7 2, 879 16.1 Pennsylvania . 4,371 3,396 7,767 125, 241 51,049 40.8 34, 138 27.2 24,003 19.2 16,051 12.8 Rhode Island . 8, 206 3, 502 42.7 2, 243 27.3 1,377 16.8 1,084 13.2 South Carolina 8, 364 3,450 41.2 2, 433 29. 1 1,880 22.5 601 7.2 South Dakota. 84 76 160 11,976 4, 634 38.7 3,065 25.6 2,380 19.9 1,897 15.8 Tennessee . 727 606 1,333 15,845 6,563 41.4 4,339 27.4 2,991 18.9 1,952 12.3 Texas . 573 733 1,306 58,453 23,389 40.0 15,933 27.2 11,603 [ 19.9 7,528 12.9 Utah . 1,803 1,716 3, 519 9,165 4, 089 44.6 2, 487 27.1 1,517 16.6 1,072 11.7 Vermont . 724 575 1, 299 7,931 2,853 36.0 2,089 26.3 1,571 19.8 1,418 17.9 Virginia . 25, 747 10,111 39.3 7, 102 27.6 5,244 20.4 3, 290 12.7 Washington... 307 246 553 34,292 14,011 I 40.9 9,029 26.3 6, 140 17.9 5,112 14.9 West Virginia. 861 658 1,519 15, 802 6, 565 42.0 4,282 27.0 2,852 18.0 2,103 13.0 Wisconsin. . . . 502 499 1, 001 48, 933 17, 795 36.4 12,998 26.5 9,745 ! 19.9 8, 395 17.2 Wyoming . 203 137 340 2, 997 1,267 42.3 801 26.7 549 18.3 380 12.7 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 207 Table 19. — Colored students enrolled in all types of public high schools — Percentage distribution by grades , 1917-18. Secondary grades (above elementary grades). Elementary grades States. organized as a part of junior high schools. Total students enrolled. First year (ninth grade). Second year (tenth grade). Third year (eleventh grade). Fourth year (twelfth grade). Seventh grade pupils. Eighth grade pupils. Total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. > 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 U. S . 493 386 879 21,091 9,692 46.0 5,409 25.6 3,495 16.6 2,495 11.8 770 331 43.0 187 24.5 180 23.2 72 9.3 12 6 50.0 4 33.3 2 16.7 559 265 47.4 138 24.7 70 | 12.5 86 15.4 California . 50 69 119 266 135 50.8 60 j 22.5 39 I 14.7 32 12.0 149 76 51.0 35 1 23.4 26 ! 17.4 12 8.2 Connecticut... 13 0 13 59 22 1 37.2 23 39.0 10 i 170 4 6.8 99 25 25.2 38 38.4 13 13.1 23 23.3 1 127 583 51.7 274 24.3 138 12.3 132 11.7 22 40.8 13 24.0 10 1 18.5 9 16.7 Georgia . . . 171 90 52.6 41 | 24.0 40 23.4 Illinois . 44 38 82 1,302 706 54.2 318 24.5 150 i 11.5 . 128 9.8 Indiana . 57 29 86 716 328 45.8 201 i 28.0 119 : 16.7 68 9.5 Iowa . 95 39 41.0 27 j 28.5 12 1 12.6 17 17. 9 Kansas . 47 32 79 1, 159 627 45.5 280 i 24 .2 188 ! 16.2 164 14.1 Kentucky . 27 16 43 477 190 ! 39.9 126 26.4 115 j 24.1 46 9.6 Louisiana . 162 53 32.7 28 17.3 36 i 22.2 45 27.8 Maine . 7 1 14.3 2 28.5 1 14.3 3 42.9 Maryland . 579 257 j 44.4 142 24 5 100 I 17.3 80 13.8 Massachusetts. 4 7 11 473 180 38.0 125 26.5 89 1 18.8 79 16.7 Michigan . 30 20 50 226 107 j 47.4 56 24.7 35 15.5 28 12.4 Minnesota . 2 2 4 44 15 34.1 12 27.3 8 j 18.2 9 20.4 Mississippi .... 307 129 ! 42.0 103 33.6 75 24.4 Missouri . 2,211 1,222 j 55.3 447 20.2 270 I 12.2 272 12.3 Montana . 7 3 1 43.0 2 1 28.5 2 •28.5 Nebraska . 0 1 1 52 28 53.8 14 26.9 8 , 15.4 . 2 3.9 Nevada . 5 4 80.0 1 ] 20.0 New Jersey. . . 20 15 35 626 240 38.4 198 ' 31.6 116 18.5 72 11.5 New Mexico. . . 0 1 1 7 3 43.0 2 28.5 2 28.5 New Y ork .... 5 6 11 686 299 43.6 178 25.9 124 18.1 85 12.4 North Dakota. 2 1 50.0 1 50.0 Ohio . 111 77 188 1 939 342 36.5 268 28.5 190 20.2 139 14.8 Oklahoma. . 206 78 37.9 58 28.2 42 20.3 28 13.6 Oregon . : 1 1 2 61 9 14.7 19 31.2 19 31.2 14 22.9 Pennsylvania . ; 78 62 140 I 1,370 588 43.0 334 24.3 207 15.1 241 17.6 Rhode Island. 98 44 44.9 26 26.5 19 19.4 9 9.2 SouthCarolina 406 186 45. 9 140 34.5 61 15.0 19 4.6 South Dakota. 2 1 50.0 1 50.0 Tennessee . 785 445 56.6 210 i 26.8 116 14.8 14 1.8 Texas . 3,290 1,451 44.0 872 ! 26.5 625 19.1 342 10.4 Utah . 2 4 6 9 6 66.7 2 22.2 1 l 11. 1 Vermont . 1 2 3 4 1 25.0 2 50.0 1 25.0 Virginia . 893 416 46.6 229 25.7 120 13.4 128 14.3 Washington. . . 1 1 2 55 30 54.6 11 20.0 10 18.2 4 7.2 W est Virginia. 542 196 36.2 157 29.0 104 19.2 85 15.6 Wisconsin . 15 10 66.6 4 26.7 1 6.7 Wyoming . 0 3 3 7 3 42.8 2 28.6 2 28.6 Table 20. — White and colored students enrolled in all types of public high schools, 1917-18. 208 BIENNIAL SURVEY OE EDUCATION, 1916-1918. g M q ?,c © qp? 'Usg “ o X®” c: >*^3 3 I “NONN O of t-T ,-T r-T teSggjB ei'i-Teo'tfs'eo' o ■ «ToT < 5^8 05 OC CO OCHLOt'N CON CNO f CO 00 .q 3 Ssjs _ _ - . ‘O OOHONv CO CO 1-0 r-H Tf N C 05 05 OHTTN05 cf i-Too'ci' cf of r-T o' n-' o' icT (NCOOIOO (NNNHC5 CO 05 N O OQ H rf 05 lO O 05 00 C (N H o'ioVh'ccVT Tf THC5rf 00 05 < CO r-H -r CiOC5 WNiONh > O -r O O * 0 CO N N IIOIOO N OC C5 (N N CO 05 co 05 00 C* 05 - LO Tf CO 1— » 83 n O © r- 00 ~f< 'f (N X |H X H H (N (MOt-hi-hco -rnco-roi ^ x o o h 01005TT05 05 rr o xr X ^ X N N N co' r-T » t>- O O co'cn'csTg^Tcn' ^(NHLOLO O r-H 00 0 rf NCOH \SS CO N>OM co' of co"' 00 H©iO ^ CO ^ 05 r-H lO lO CO r-H CO C s- • c c ~f A C-E; o o*^ m *-« o io 05 io co hhnioo r-H 05 ss^ssss )OM(N50 ic58°>S$ a o <3 g I s g sill! SM* HssS OflSfeO a d ^o3„ Is. Sts £ T3 53 fl O &g iSS §-§©Jl d’S-S CS S 5 cS cS <3 cl; •I 1 1 5 w rl U C X X g jq > & © © © Etziiz; Hampshire . ! 7G I 200 I 242 ‘ 202 I 245 I 1,350 1,571 I 984 ' 1,312 I 005 ' 1,099 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 209 IB SSIrS g3£!8 5SI8I 1111 8" Ss2°°Sc5 ^rVN" cTr^CO*©; o' si SIS1S iigii nisi gill ocgto'eo^" *o coo SI Sisll 847 703 652 471 238 273 010 591 878 320 8888 CO OhhOXN t-ToT r-T I-Tio" > o n 13 92,109 OOOCOrJiC O O LO i-“i CO to *oV-T r-T t-T ccTio'co'oT r-T to coVT oT r-T Eleventh grade (third year regu¬ lar high school). Girls. & 179,925 2,053 386 1,256 8,484 2,161 2,432 245 560 933 2,921 1,081 10,021 7,388 6,767 5,833 2,190 2,155 2,199 1,374 9,018 6,898 5,845 1,652 6,068 1,151 3,604 142 1,099 Boys. s 125,788 TfHHOCC CO to CD to 05 CO 05 O Is- 05 OHH^N NiOWNN OC*lQ OHCOOlO 1-H05C0^05 00500^ IONCOCDH G5COCOCqr^ OJ ^ CD CO CO 00 r— i l>-r>-OOCacO C005C00500 OOlOOiOO C<1 T-i CO r-T CoV-T r-T t-T t^'to'^Co' H H 0 oT Tenth grade (second year regu¬ lar high school). Girls. 10 249,539 2,880 563 1,803 12,375 2,915 2,929 381 868 1,435 3,863 1,445 15,683 9,129 8,738 7,526 3,041 2,698 2,773 2,524 12,007 9,530 7,806 2,113 8,830 1,564 4,483 222 1,312 Boys. Si 186,920 2,084 429 1,330 9,581 2, 163 2,257 266 783 907 2,871 1,018 12,038 7,531 6,155 5,228 1,973 1.519 1,999 787 9,471 7,221 5,005 1.520 6,093 1,074 3,100 199 984 Ninth grade (first year regular high school). Girls. QO 351,981 3.880 775 2,635 18,539 3,753 4.880 610 1,320 1,906 5,058 2,231 23,279 12,466 11,542 10,240 4,908 3,099 3,510 2,987 15,052 13,880 10,223 2,521 12,136 2,730 6,178 356 1,571 Boys. - 293,262 3,167 731 1,994 15,249 2,951 4,545 479 1,026 1,305 4,106 1,690 19,765 11, 118 8,855 7,805 3,637 2,572 3,033 2,461 13,103 11,612 7,669 1,978 9,371 1,867 4,821 291 1,350 Eighth grade (elementary). Girls. to 21,952 78 221 1,866 455 157 286 385 318 1,075 200 1,297 371 05 • 892 2,521 1,151 204 248 58 330 245 Boys. tS 19, 279 75 165 1,844 399 140 216 262 243 927 144 1,062 342 CO • ; 778 2,252 1,131 146 214 63 275 262 Seventh grade (elementary). m 3 25,061 127 397 2,009 547 236 295 410 312 1,206 264 1,422 399 00 • to • 1,226 2,559 1,216 244 332 58 397 242 >> O ffl 05 23,277 110 335 2,062 467 205 250 407 299 1,093 223 1,203 346 8 j 1,124 2,517 1,349 193 315 54 311 266 Schools report¬ ing. SI 13,808 OW3M10M .HOOKHO f^COCOt-OO .-1 CS C<3 1-1 CO Olt'-OCS'V CO to as 3SSSS3 £3282 5®**- States. - United States . Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Dist. Columbia . Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 211 IS IssSi SS3I3 1I13S SSSi S*" hVWn oT^Wg oocoof se lliel* gggai g§3§ svr g8vr^5‘s‘ “g”w'v 11 S83gg IS1S8 SSiSl iSIJ os' oN-JV-T cTe^T r-ToT r-T r4VaT cP eoVTio ii ssisi sssss sassi isis CS 00 t> T— I i-H Wyoming. Table 23. — Students enrolled in all types of fully accredited high schools , 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 213 Total (seventh td twelfth). Girls. c© o o' 00 8, 619 2,173 5,155 43,562 10,133 12,386 1,060 3,934 3,150 7,970 5,208 54, 010 37, 733 26, 780 18, 797 8,065 8,105 9,930 7,755 45, 352 36, 708 27,585 6,319 28, 388 5,588 9,199 779 5,167 27, 781 1,709 Boys. 637,311 6,202 1,808 3,608 33,597 7,484 9,896 815 2,992 2,115 6,095 3,772 42, 935 31,268 18,086 12, 890 5,666 4,750 7,352 4,622 36, 412 28,966 19, 233 4,294 19, 730 3,705 6, 665 609 4,004 23, 869 1,372 Twelfth grade (secondary). Girls. 129,645 1 1,422 341 741 7,544 1,701 2,122 138 510 411 1,274 738’ 8,378 6,685 5,010 3,176 1,181 1,360 1,803 1,128 7,846 5,385 4,666 959 4,838 807 1,658 127 840 3,911 244 Boys. so N 00 CM 88 0 10 05 0)10 COCOOOI >- CM CO iO TfHONN hhOhO T 1^ lO CM H OO CO CM O HCOOCO’f CM MO rH o M CM CO CD Ci CO t-h CO CM ^ O 00 CD CDrf< HNN lO ^ 00 tT 05 iODh tjT t-T id\o'cmVT r-T icT co'cm' c^T of Eleventh grade (secondary). Girls. 151,832 1,673 356 891 7,390 1,879 2,335 183 658 492 1,662 895 9.111 7,350 5,520 3.338 1,369 1,903 2.112 1,297 8,848 6,174 5,142 1.339 5,382 1,051 1,729 132 1,082 4,713 285 Boys. s 108,145 1,157 300 555 5,277 1,317 1,657 148 506 294 1,273 593 7,231 5,844 3,491 2,005 867 833 l',323 886 6,695 4,462 3,169 767 3,570 620 1,148 101 658 3,881 226 Tenth grade (secondary). Girls. 2 CO s 2,358 532 1,171 10,168 2,546 2, 818 271 1,038 750 2,135 1,170 14,297 9,028 6,832 4,155 1,820 2,295 2,614 2,440 11,786 8,224 6,714 1,629 7,281 1,336 2, 190 205 1,268 7,104 431 Boys. Oi 158,211 1,730 410 890 7,798 1,948 2,169 190 887 494 1,616 822 11,089 7,394 4,701 2,919 1,228 1,271 1,916 716 9,284 6,361 4,404 1,214 4,980 926 1,636 187 965 5, 752 319 Ninth grade (secondary). Girls. QC 293, 167 3,166 739 1,761 14,532 3,218 4,707 468 1,728 971 2,899 1,753 21,627 12,352 8, 981 5,726 3,021 2,547 3,294 2,890 14, 745 12,012 8, 701 1,944 10,307 2,333 3,100 315 1,490 10,912 547 Boys. " j 247,373 2,609 708 1,323 11,940 2,596 4,410 364 1,201 676 2,414 1,343 18,324 10,928 6,739 4,333 2, 321 2,158 2,865 2,299 12, 820 10, 156 6. 647 1,512 7,818 1.648 2,557 250 1,303 10, 280 488 Eighth grade (elementary). Girls. <© 20,733 78 206 1,903 352 157 259 312 301 1,080 190 1,143 329 49 2,451 1,148 204 248 27 219 245 483 104 Boys. lO 18,302 O • 1 i-H • H05CDC0 05 t'- ■ N iO ^ • •© • CM CM CO CO TO O t-h OO CO T-H ■ ■ CM • CM CM O rH O CO • i-H ... 53 779 2,176 1,129 146 214 34 172 262 438 70 Seventh grade (elementary). Girls. 23,656 127 385 2,025 437 247 267 340 296 1,238 247 1,259 345 00 *05 CM ^ CM Tt« CO • CM 00 00 iD 'CM CD »— < Tt* CO CO O -tti O Oi •CM CM CM CO CO • CM O ; r-T CM' r— T Boys. SO 21,993 110 327 2,072 367 207 233 347 284 1,108 201 1,079 300 63 1, 125 2,394 1,347 193 315 32 228 266 601 102 Schools report¬ ing. . ^ tj< oo i-koockoo ONUJCN lO .-1 CO t" ffi(C »HO CO Tf © lO O t^CMO^© t- 1-t © CO CM f* cm eocoeo^H .-Ci-H CM cm cm .-i cm ^ States. - United States . Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Dist. Columbia . Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . 'Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . 1 Missouri . Montana . > Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New Mexico . Table 23. — Students ts enrolled in all types of fully accredited high schools, 1917-18 — Continued. 214 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Total (seventh to twelfth). Girls. SO 84,913 3,064 4,619 54, 329 15, 127 8,686 61,251 4,547 2, 317 5, 253 7,626 27, 647 6,319 5,038 10, 632 18,989 8, 776 26, 427 1,804 Boys. ns 77,083 2. 124 2,919 44,398 10, 643 6,090 49, 717 3,707 1,181 3,419 5, 554 19, 666 5, 334 3,712 6,576 13,175 6. 125 19,928 1,148 Twelfth grade (secondary). Girls. 9,910 440 737 9,113 2,193 1,425 9,093 652 377 928 1,061 4,295 567 863 1,668 3, 139 1,224 4,765 251 Boys. ea 8,076 216 350 6,586 1,173 779 6,185 441 112 513 583 2,429 471 535 786 1,731 693 3,096 101 Eleventh grado (secondary). Girls. 14,726 644 851 10,275 2,502 1,704 11,105 791 477 1,074 1,393 5, 427 806 927 2,218 3,495 1,479 5,318 329 Boys. - 11,767 -392 483 7,921 1,630 1,145 8, 362 605 235 650 905 3,508 628 599 1,320 2,233 982 3,758 168 Tenth grade (secondary). Girls. c 23, 151 755 1,066 13,250 3,681 2, 160 15, 174 1,224 663 1,346 1,839 7,109 1,288 1,113 2,891 4,820 2,148 6,741 406 Boys. ss 20,561 558 671 11,127 2,481 1,586 12, 290 1,019 300 849 1,341 5,124 1,004 796 1,829 3,400 1,507 5,261 291 Ninth grade (secondary). Girls. GO 35,055 1,225 1,509 18,295 5,026 2,609 22,097 1,880 800 1,809 2, 693 10,119 1,931 1,444 3,855 7,264 3,068 9,078 624 Boys. 34,685 958 1,065 15, 654 3,872 1,919 19,386 1,642 534 1,343 2,131 7,996 1,638 1,171 2, 641 5,598 2,281 7,390 439 Eighth grade (elementary). Girls. to 1,023 207 1,576 754 399 1,677 51 299 405 834 295 116 353 276 82 Boys. lO O •© OO O Oi-I • ' lO t^OCiOC* • iOiOCOOO © OO lO • • ©(M©00 • © © O »0 © 'fHCCKO lO • • - ©* • COCQ Seventh grado (elementary). Girls. * 1,048 249 1,820 971 389 2,105 45 341 292 893 396 155 504 249 112 Boys. OS . t 4 • tT • •© NHOOOS • OOt^-O’-H o 'hoch • • co oo © • *-< o © © • S jg Schools 1* > o ffl w o >> o « b >> o m s o >> o W W 3 0 >> o m VI 3 0 o PQ b & O pq 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 li 12 13 14 15 16 United States. 2,366 296 386 247 352 1 16,438 22,490 9,422 14,846 5,113 8,879 2, 586 4,451 34, 102 51,404 Alabama . 36 278 432 114 281 85 207 30 71 507 991 Arkansas . 40 365 576 223 374 132 178 53 115 773 1,243 California . 24 2,602 2,798 1,346 1,543 594 763 473 390 5, 015 5,494 Colorado . 48 41 47 37 52 277 421 150 267 112 221 87 142 704 1,150 14 142 188 96 126 62 104 37 66 337 484 Florida . 57 17 28 15 27 492 748 351 577 206 380 124 253 1,205 2,013 Georgia . 100 578 822 396 567 196 428 46 87 1,216 1,904 Idaho . 56 60 70 41 73 347 478 196 275 110 186 80 127 834 1,209 Illinois . 44 165 218 123 147 36 77 20 11 344 453 Indiana . 34 154 179 114 114 45 71 35 42 348 406 Iowa . 14 52 73 32 58 16 20 4 2 104 153 Kansas . 134 800 980 444 670 271 405 180 279 1,695 2,334 Kentucky . 135 7 20 7 9 615 940 312 598 171 336 100 204 1,212 2,107 Louisiana . 10 64 76 41 59 20 66 21 44 146 245 Maine . 1 5 5 4 5 9 10 Maryland . 7 24 51 14 20 12 27 4 6 54 104 Michigan . 5 35 29 12 23 6 6 2 3 55 61 Minnesota . 180 2 4 3 4 966 1,441 579 1,032 351 657 219 488 2, 120 3,626 Mississippi . 45 273 380 168 308 86 168 24 34 551 890 Missouri . 63 305 395 175 280 54 72 28 55 562 802 Nebraska . 154 3 4 3 6 718 917 419 682 252 409 75 130 1,470 2, 148 Nevada . 2 18 17 3 3 3 4 24 24 North Carolina. . . 4 11 24 11 12 0 4 0 1 22 41 North Dakota. ... 114 28 26 15 15 430 697 190 346 88 222 24 84 775 1,390 Ohio . 19 56 94 50 72 19 24 125 190 Oklahoma . 183 121 164 106 140 1,395 2,005 806 1,268 404 662 180 374 3,012 4,613 Oregon . 20 69 83 38 41 19 32 9 15 135 171 Pennsylvania . 23 592 786 334 546 90 161 62 95 1 07S 1, 588 South Carolina . . . 45 241 432 179 292 110 211 9 20 539 955 South Dakota .... 98 [■■■' 1 524 829 270 539 220 382 138 288 1,152 2,038 Tennessee 69 7 12 12 14 462 679 236 428 : 91 222 21 59 829 1,414 Texas . 189 1, 278 2,008 766 1,378 522 983 176 337 2,742 4,706 Vermont . 17 132 107 73 109 19 27 5 15 229 258 Virginia . 276 1 " 1,486 2, 051 883 1.412 592 980 250 526 3, 211 4,969 Washington . 94 1 10 11 8 12 371 449 216 334, 108 176 49 79 762 1,061 Wisconsin . 10 ! 103 73 54 55 10 6 21 9 188 143 Wyoming _ 2 13 9 4 5 1 2 18 16 1 i 1 . . 1 Table 26. — Students enrolled in all types of four-year high schools — that is, in schools offering four years of work beyond the elementary grades, 1917-18. 218 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 1. !l I Sisgg HISS sues slllS sssss £ o «e I' aTc'fcoV-r y-T iO H 161,451 1,312 499 681 10, 379 1,531 3,483 234 1,201 327 1,501 309 11, 232 4,638 2,201 2, 144 1,692 1,014 1,094 1,322 10,051 6,338 3,809 606 4,716 640 1,417 71 781 8,033 158 Eighth grade ' (elementary) Girls. © 13,351 < 1C N CO lO cs • • • • 05 Oi • lO CO • • • »0 *0 OO CO 03 • • • CO OO ^ • co go o oo ^ • r*. co • i> h • • *h oomo « • • C3 co t-h • a rH • i • • CQ • OO lOiOHH • • • H • H #••• • ••• H • • ' • •••• • ••• ••• « •••• • ••• ••• • •••• • ••• Boys. 12,072 58 63 1,861 79 120 41 207 679 713 199 611 1,374 538 124 137 153 421 12 Seventh grade ■ (elementary). Girls. 15,396 • COHiON *•••• ^ CO O • CO 1C • • • OO t>»COOOOi • • • co 05 • • • • • d)N CO *0 H • • • O NNh-H • • • LONH • H NO rH • • » • CQ OO *00 03 • • • O COCO T-H r- oo oocot'.cooo eoe*5Cfcocf 1121 g Sills 88888 Ills to* 10 co of .-f .-f of 3SSIS |ggss |2|S| ssss «>* - 13121 38338 gggSi 1831 » -00- rf - - of 11311 r1122 1113a 388* cT Iff mentary). mentary). ondary). ondary). ondary). ondary). iweain grades). o o & £ & % & ■ -a o o .h o £ o o o .a o .*3 CO « O o ffl e PQ e W O ffl o m O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 U. S . 776 3,047 3, 282 2,433 2,803 20,109 26, 167 13,558 19,223 9,814 14,556 7,354 12,671 56, 315 78, 702 Alabama . 12 155 246 91 142 59 111 40 77 345 576 Arizona . 2 7 14 17 13 22 25 16 21 9 11 3 11 74 95 Arkansas . 13 39 59 24 43 278 429 222 328 136 218 85 154 784 1,231 13 597 718 384 535 264 413 229 429 1, 474 2,095 Colorado . 13 164 206 133 156 450 553 234 391 196 303 153 295 1,330 1,904 3 40 49 14 33 17 24 12 21 83 127 Florida.. . . 5 54 79 61 103 33 67 33 40 181 289 18 400 401 278 349 226 246 134 204 1, 038 1,200 Idaho . 7 88 82 69 80 308 408 183 295 154 214 89 165 891 1, 244 31 745 902 484 695 360 532 325 472 1,914 2,601 Indiana . 36 84 106 93 114 973 1,179 701 913 594 687 512 725 2,957 3,*724 Iowa . 33 58 49 41 43 1,079 1,550 783 1, 135 603 936 482 910 3, 046 4,623 Kansas . 26 237 249 196 226 945 1, 164 551 835 411 730 332 668 2,672 3,872 Kentucky . 18 29 32 51 55 273 409 174 269 121 222 ~17 159 725 1, 146 Louisiana . 14 221 311 143 243 104 190 64 142 532 886 Maine . 4 96 117 50 94 38 98 29 66 213 375 Michigan . 22 347 452 261 335 794 1,090 592 794 382 591 311 558 2,687 3,820 Minnesota . 20 161 149 150 144 609 851 445 616 324 527 283 489 1,972 2,776 Mississippi. . 9 15 20 22 28 140 220 118 170 59 120 46 89 400 647 Missouri . 27 78 75 65 72 641 921 416 681 338 534 273 482 1,811 2,765 Montana . 1 39 29 11 42 5 27 9 23 64 121 Nebraska . 10 99 128 82 97 313 373 237 317 166 258 116 222 1,013 1, 395 Nevada . 2 37 47 18 19 7 17 6 19 68 102 New Hampshire 5 63 70 32 53 21 42 26 36 142 201 New Jersey . 20 29 26 17 15 677 874 453 579 286 420 186 334 1, 648 2,248 New Mexico. . . . 3 23 21 21 22 57 98 43 63 30 46 18 19 192 269 New York . 57 226 222 173 206 1, 496 1,960 897 1,256 632 878 405 697 3,829 5, 219 North Carolina. 13 265 361 192 258 124 180 48 115 629 914 North Dakota. . 4 48 51 25 45 157 187 86 100 72 101 44 64 432 548 Ohio . 40 50 57 32 42 1,096 1,343 787 1,067 602 769 511 719 3,078 3,997 Oklahoma . 29 514 563 408 472 942 1, 279 566 955 387 620 250 511 3,067 4, 400 Oregon . 7 60 52 28 49 302 386 194 266 137 204 128 220 849 1,177 Pennsylvania. . . 100 270 239 200 214 2,102 2,684 1, 505 2,048 1,087 1, 487 795 1, 152 5,959 7,824 South Carolina . 11 159 189 109 169 82 118 39 64 389 540 South Dakota. . 7 217 290 158 200 127 180 109 155 611 825 Tennessee . 10 30 50 20 40 130 190 120 183 66 147 43 106 409 716 Tax as 45 942 1, 168 651 859 456 692 280 612 2,329 3,331 Utah . 9 234 226 211 189 256 294 177 207 116 140 62 78 1,056 1, 134 V ermont . 6 74 60 42 43 138 153 83 101 63 96 57 100 457 553 Virginia. . 15 244 377 159 230 110 192 68 135 581 934 Washington 15 42 51 22 22 484 688 303 401 213 313 165 332 1, 229 1,807 West Virginia . . 12 272 353 165 265 118 198 86 164 641 980 Wisconsin . 27 41 43 30 38 869 1,100 640 906 469 629 385 622 2,43 4 3, 338 Wyoming . 2 1 32 52 32 37 10 * 6 16 80 133 31. — Students enrolled in rural high schools ( see definition in text), 1917-18. 225 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. Total (seventh to twelfth grades). Girls. 2 1 1 ■ (ills SSMJB 1II8I 8.833.5 gills Sill! f eo «5‘oo'o'oo'<© io to o' cc nuTi-ieo Boys. 3 S i " imm ills! Hiss l|IS§ §3881 llSli f of ©of 01 O4»oof » 53303^' eo^ofaTci' o'eo'o'cfoo •-Tt^^oT Twelfth grade (secondary). Girls. -it 61,330 l*S88 |S5|gS lillj S|Sg| 1|§S| S|g5g OJ ■>* Co' CO CO .-H r-IOI OJ OJ Ol of Boys. « 35,697 478 S*S83 1”SI1 Isiil ISSSl 31133 «§SS! - cVT-T-T -T-T Eleventh grade (secondary). Girls. S3 8 1 s - mm SSliS sills Sails fSIgi sMss f of i-T .-n-T of of ofi-fof of i-f eo Boys. 51,574 80S Fill 8*388 1.S8B8 8E88S 38883 “Ills i-f -T co'ro'cfof l-Ti-T i-T .-T fh of Tenth grado' (secondary). Girls. « all s'|' 1S888 12 Is a 88881. 31111 83888. 35838 i-H^t rtOI O-TjtlO^T^t .-1 .-1 —IOI ^ CoVh Tjfrt CO i-H tjf Boys. a» sis •sell 13311 33888 8SS3I Siggf Sills of «-h locococot-t i-i o>of of^o« O) -h1 eo Ninth grade (secondary). Girls. . x i * I638B 8S888. 3.8.S3S alsss 81883 33338. 1 l-HloVl 1-4 i- lOI-H oftooftooj rH Ol 1-1 CO tff of t> Boys. - 114,903 l sin iaa.88. 88888 IslsS 8.8.388. 8.G.3SS sills f i-T-e< i-f .-i 01 i-f ooio'io^ti-t i-h >-h i-TeoVaf co'i-f'efi-feo' i-T iff Eighth grade l (elementary). Girls. <© 6,024 96 7 214 15 8 j. 3 si2§3 Is |S8 § 24 58 233 3 i®a Boys. KS 4,934 78 8 187 20 CO • 3 : s is ill 1 12 63 194 1 Seventh grade (elementary). Girls. 6,670 97 13 244 35 8-j 245 69 206 215 246 130 58 :gg i 18 58 269 a ;g§ Boys. 99 1 ic 86 11 213 30 1 j 225 42 198 165 183 109 63 • O • • iO CO • • $o t> • lOCM CO © • Tf UO • TfH (M • CO | i-H • *' g eo 689 ‘101 1,032 72,910 40,003 32,907 22,729 17, 190 5,539 50,181 22,813 27, 368 187, 752 114,434 73,318 6,722 03°g° gg i w-hcow® oc ooo oococo OOOOO 000^0 Ills mug ssiii gsm oovr^vr t ~ w\-r « »COO»Ol^ © CuO _c ’3 . ‘■5 es a. 3 O -3 O c3 -2 ® ffl "© © co sliil 8*8S3 llsil £888! .88888 eoN-T 'f ® cs m |S|1§ sagas > o pq Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Grand to¬ tal. Schools re¬ porting. Boys. | Girls. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 u.s . 3,801 10, 412 17,125 27, 537 3,218 2,897 6,115 1,504 3,360 4,864 4,722 6,257 10,979 163 3,936 549 36 87 133 220 23 35 58 6 11 17 29 46 75 Arizona . 5 6 9 15 1 1 2 0 2 2 1 3 4 3 14 0 Arkansas . 46 107 184 291 37 51 88 13 21 34 50 72 ; 122 3 62 0 California . 48 137 292 429 33 42 75 43 60 103 76 102 | 178 8 549 0 10 31 57 88 18 16 34 3 5 8 21 21 42 19 37 86 123 8 4 12 5 18 23 13 22 35 Florida . 16 26 37 63 5 5 10 3 5 8 8 10 18 0 0 0 Georgia . 94 362 665 1,027 107 164 271 19 32 51 126 196 1 322 1 21 0 Illinois . 210 500 861 1,361 154 no 264 85 176 261 239 286 ! 525 9 159 0 Indiana . 18 35 37 72 5 3 8 0 3 31 5 6 11 1 16 0 Iowa . 271 533 973 1,506 174 185 359 69 157 226 243 342 585 3 66 0 Kansas . 288 1,111 1,772 2,883 367 257 624 93 199 292 460 456 916 27 555 0 Kentucky . 82 261 400 661 121 81 202 22 67 89 143 148 291 2 36 0 Louisiana . 46 61 152 213 33 38 71 3 27 30 36 65 101 2 41 0 Maine. w . 22 25 63 88 1 12 13 1 12 13 Maryland _ 20 47 80 127 28 7 35 7 20 27 35 27 1 62 Massachusetts.. 30 110 192 302 25 20 45 6 39 45 31 59 90 4 189 0 Michigan . 208 494 754 1,248 105 81 186 66 222 288 171 303 474 6 171 0 Minnesota . 6 22 37 59 7 4 11 0 9 9 7 13 20 0 0 0 Mississippi . 16 34 91 125 8 41 49 7 16 23 15 57 72 1 68 0 Missouri . 206 514 873 1,387 96 140 236 114 160 274 210 300 510 10 169 26 Montana . 37 43 86 129 19 12 31 15 14 29 34 26 60 1 13 0 Nebraska . 190 664 1,121 1,785 231 163 394 71 149 220 302 312 614 6 121 0 Nevada . 2 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 N. Hampshire.. 4 10 14 24 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 New Jersey. . .. 14 51 79 130 11 6 17 3 14 17 14 20 34 2 79 0 New Mexico. . . 11 23 43 66 5 10 15 7 12 19 12 22 34 0 0 0 New York . 104 169 253 422 62 31 93 35 77 112 97 108 205 7 160 0 North Carolina. 187 463 898 1,361 251 328 579 37 115 152 288 443 731 8 224 0 North Dakota.. 70 102 290 392 35 36 71 6 44 50 41 80 121 Ohio . 363 1,009 1,370 2,379 239 161 400 150 299 449 389 460 849 8 167 0 Oklahoma . 39 82 l 146 228 29 32 61 14 28 42 43 60 103 13 283 523 Oregon . 117 251 I 385 636 119 72 191 10 55 65 129 127 256 8 168 0 Pennsylvania . . 475 1,751 ! 2,600 4,351 343 164 507 404 925 1,329 747 1,089 1,836 13 196 0 Rhode Island . . 1 5 g 13 South Carolina. 64 196 367 563 135 182 317 13 19 32 148 201 349 3 98 0 South Dakota.. 9 13 23 36 4 g 12 0 2 2 4 10 14 Tennessee . 51 118 189 307 52 46 98 13 35 48 65 81 146 1 16 ,0 Texas . 173 442 750 1,192 165 235 400 88 129 217 253 364 617 7 173 0 Utah . 8 12 26 38 7 4 11 0 4 4 7 8 15 1 30 0 Virginia . 28 83 i 144 227 35 40 75 7 28 35 42 68 no Washington.. .. 21 41 66 107 12 8 20 1 10 11 13 18 31 1 28 0 West Virginia. . 56 161 217 378 51 34 85 27 43 70 78 77 155 4 64 0 Wisconsin 70 i74 280 454 55 36 . 91 38 92 130 93 128 221 Wvoming . 10 8 20 1 28 3 3 6 0 1 1 3 4 7 I r ' r " 238 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 41. — Number of graduates, of graduates continuing their education, and of students in military drill in nonaccredited high schools, 1917-18. States. Graduates, 1918. Schools reporting. Boys. Girls. Total. > 2 3 | 4 5 United States. . 1,549 3, 181 5,897 9,078 Alabama . 18 49 113 162 Arkansas . 31 96 145 241 California . 21 40 45 85 Colorado . 43 72 122 194 Connecticut . 12 39 65 104 Florida . 56 120 227 347 Georgia . 69 128 243 371 Idaho . 33 74 103 177 Illinois . 38 43 87 130 Indiana . 21 43 55 98 Iowa . 8 11 18 29 Kansas . 83 166 270 436 Kentucky . 76 120 259 379 Louisiana . 6 8 14 22 Maryland . 4 6 14 20 Michigan . 4 5 20 25 Minnesota . 121 220 475 695 Mississippi . 32 83 159 242 Missouri . 14 97 177 274 Nebraska . 117 220 370 590 North Carolina . 1 2 4 6 North Dakota . 35 32 69 101 Ohio . 16 36 57 93 Oklahoma . no 212 364 576 Oregon . 7 9 16 25 Pennsylvania . 24 111 242 353 South Carolina . 38 76 178 254 South Dakota . 80 140 287 427 Tennessee . 38 78 200 278 Texas . 131 362 663 1,025 Vermont . 10 41 40 81 Virginia . 218 340 706 1,046 Washington . 24 35 59 94 Wisconsin . 9 65 31 96 Wyoming . 1 2 0 2 Graduates, class of 1917. Going to college. Going to other institutions. 10 11 Total students continuing their education. 12 13 11 Students in military drill. 15 16 1,386 987 1,223 2,210 451 ,118 1,438 2,341 3,779 70 1.411 3 58 68 22 242 I 0 144 7 0 50 2 33 46 1 3 12 115 15 21 68 2 17 8 62 2 26 50 50 38 110 16 199 30 11 2 2 19 11 9 2 106 105 49 41 171 208 25 11 249 175 36 23 22 12 113 2 3 12 177 83 42 107 2 29 10 160 4 29 117 118 60 352 34S>i a 316 35 25 3 39 0 - k' - - 1 32 0 1 16 0 2 3 0 49 799 1,358 1 13 0 1 2 1 1 15 51 21 12 0 0 0 0 1 341 0 Table 42. Number of graduates, of graduates continuing their education, and of students in military drill in four-year high schools, 1917-18. STATISTICS OP PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 239 Students in military drill. Girls. 5,271 O^O^O (M -ooo oooooo ooooo ooo^o N W 05 ; 00 o Boys. w 106,359 686 1, 156 402 10,801 1,487 634 962 853 1,351 780 8,653 2,013 1,580 1,832 765 205 239 928 7,991 5,508 1,187 411 2,938 335 Schools report¬ ing. - 1,223 “SSgSiS t~S“5t'*S S8003'° Graduates, class of 1917. Total students continuing their education. > Total. OC 829 166 564 4,033 1, 183 871 83 399 343 849 465 5,025 3, 972 3,150 2,266 1,174 726 797 674 4, 160 3,333 2,619 650 2,756 404 Girls. e* 45,181 463 101 337 2, 406 631 413 33 183 199 473 288 2,579 2,070 1,739 1,202 673 440 412 287 2,369 1,814 1, 523 409 1,563 234 Boys. 36,783 366 65 227 1,627 552 458 50 216 144 376 177 2,446 1,902 1,411 1,064 501 286 385 387 1,791 1,519 1,096 241 1,193 170 Going to other institu¬ tions. Total. = 26,082 197 49 156 1,321 214 310 22 80 64 169 161 1,067 1,283 690 580 329 225 336 190 1,956 1,286 923 72 807 70 Girls. O C5 g oT 133 47 113 1,087 153 259 18 53 43 107 138 781 888 484 403 259 183 252 109 1,509 964 736 47 618 53 Boys. S) 1 o' ^ O* CO Tt< fH ONTfHN (N N lO 05 n CO r^COCO lO *3 | Total. - 380 13 163 1,005 82 3, 126 161 165 1,720 393 194 2.024 140 25 195 189 684 71 124 376 648 228 1,393 26 i o i to other i tions. Girls. © 262 10 140 809 63 2,298 120 133 1,263 283 151 1,617 109 23 154 143 470 51 97 309 513 175 1 1,005 24 § 1 o I o Boys. © 118 3 23 196 19 828 41 32 457 110 43 407 31 2 41 46 214 20 27 67 3*8" Total. oo |»SS3 4,298 640 347 4,565 858 891 3,719 178 197 501 466 2,851 284 239 670 1,389 670 1,582 86 2 I ' o Girls. t> ! 395 27 142 380 53 1,473 351 176 2,200 455 452 1,337 84 137 262 242 1,641 150 82 346 698 314 677 44 Boys. © 491 18 215 739 57 2,825 289 171 2,365 403 439 2,382 94 60 239 224 1,210 134 157 324 691 356 905 42 Total. i® 4,324. 185 1,293 5,912 423 15,873 1,654 1,328 15,798 3,551 IkIII nVh t-T 1,611 6,834 891 1,264 2,751 1883 00 1 a> Girls. 2,720 118 791 3,426 255 9,478 1,110 930 9,112 2,231 1,661 8,668 583 336 1,114 IsSSI Ills JV -r coVInT 2 3 X) 3 o Boys. ©5 1,604 67 502 2,486 168 6,395 544 398 6,686 1,320 945 6,089 417 128 595 526 2,487 379 485 881 1,646 887 3,093 96 Schools report¬ ing. 290 18 65 1 135 30 599 169 149 654 237 159 467 19 43 159 125 387 37 62 252 202 110 345 32 States. - Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . xsew Jersey . New Mexico . lii \ \ pm ilfi! £££00 Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . South Dakota . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . Virginia . Washington . . West Virginia . Wisconsin _ Wyoming . STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 241 Table 43. — Number of graduates, of graduates continuing their education, and of students in military drill in three-year high schools, 1917-18. ■ Graduates, 1917-18. Graduates, class of 1917. Students in military drill. States. Schools report¬ ing. Boys. Girls. Total. Going to college. Going to other institutions. Total students continuing their education. Schools report¬ ing. CO >> O Girls. o m Girls. Total. o fi Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 United States... 1,517 3,946 6,528 10,474 1,062 1, 211 2,273 783 1,535 2,318 1,845 2,746 4, 591 33 443 257 19 50 101 151 11 4 15 8 11 19 19 15 34 Arkansas . 32 82 H9 201 19 29 48 5 18 23 24 47 71 i ! 14 0 3 4 7 11 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 . 2 2 8 17 27 44 5 0 5 3 14 17 8 14 22 Florida . 3 1 9 10 1 9 10 1 1 2 2 10 12 Georgia . 9S 285 555 840 96 151 247 34 58 92 130 209 339 i 21 0 Idaho . 4 6 10 16 Illinois . 58 94 186 280 29 29 58 21 37i 58 50 66 116 Indiana . 14 38 30 68 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Iowa . 45 77 129 206 26 26 52 10 26 36 36 52 | 88 i 25 0 Kansas . 2 6 6 12 4 3 7 3 3 6 7 6 13 Kentucky . 10 14 44 58 6 12 18 0 3 3 6 15 21 Maine 2 1 2 3 Maryland . 5 4 14 18 2 3 5 1 5 6 3 8 11 Massachusetts . 1 2 1 3 Michigan . 9 10 ! 27 37 0 1 1 1 6 7 i 7 8 .... Minnesota . 3 1 17 18 1 13 14 i 13 141 _ Mississippi . 35 102 182 284 46 92 138 12 21 33 58 113 171 ! i 15 0 Missouri . 88 211 362 573 39 65 104 58 73 131 97 138 235 6 96 26 Montana . 5 2 5 7 3 3 6 2 0 2 5 3 8 Nebraska . 59 114 190 304 15 17 32 33 51 84 48 68 116 1 16 0 New Hampshire. . . . 1 5 7 12 .... New Jersey . 7 15 35 50 3 5 8 i o 3 3 3 8 11 .... New Mexico . 1 1 5 6 New Y ork . 12 19 21 40 0 2 2 .... 2 7 9 2 9 11 North Carolina . 33 71 151 222 40 66 106 9 17! 1 26 49 83 132 North Dakota . 10 16 30 46 2 3! 5 ! 0 8 1 8 2 11 13 Ohio . 194 433 607 1,040 81 54 135 75 126 201 156 180 336 1 16 0 Oklahoma . 25 28 67 95 17 23 40 1 14 20 34 31 43 74 10 127 231 Oregon . 3 4 7 11 0 1 1 i o 1 1 0 2 2 Pennsylvania . 330 1,296 1,891 3, 187 258 124 382 336 707 1,043 594 831 1,425 8 J 0 South Carolina . 83 231 ■ 448 679 139 182 321 1 20 45 65 159 227 386 South Dakota . 14 16 32 48 3 11 14 7 15 22 10 26 36 Tennessee . 33 88 162 250 35 24 59 13 25 38 48 49 97 Texas . 165 427 699 1,126 131 208 339 84 115 199 215 323 538 2 37 Utah . 1 0 2 2 Vermont . 1 3 5 8 1 2 3 1 2 3 Virginia . 86 135 283 418 50 58 108 14 77 91 64 135 199 Washington . 3 1 5 6 0 4 4 0 4 4 West Virginia . 12 36 48 84 1 5 6 1 15 21 36 16 : 26 42 1 2 0 59872°— 21 - 16 242 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, Table 44. — Number of graduates , of graduates continuing their education , and of students in military drill in two-year and one-year high schools, 1917-18. States. Graduates, 1917 -18. Graduates, class of 1917. Students in military drill. Schools reporting. g? o P- Girls. Total. Going to college. Going to other insti¬ tutions. Total students continuing their educa¬ tion. Schools reporting. Boys. Girls. Boys. CO 3 | Total. CO o pq 72 3 | Total. o m CO o Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ! 15 16 17 United States . 592 1,333 2,281 3,614 151 200 351 288 474 762 439 674 1,113 21 184 169 4 3 7 10 5 4 9 2 4. 6 7 8 15 Arkansas . , 12 29 42 71 9 13 22 8 8 16 17 21 38 1 3 1 4 Delaware . 5 11 21 32 Florida . 14 3 7 10 i 10 11 1 5 6 2 15 17 1 1 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 Illinois . 68 132 249 381 9 12 21 44 51 95 53 63 116 7 15 16 31 1 0 1 2 2 4 3 2 5 Iowa . 3 42 83 131 214 5 7 12 12 24 36 17 31 48 2 41 0 Kansas . 5 11 15 26 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 Kentucky .... 14 25 52 77 7 19 26 4 6 10 11 25 36 Louisiana . 1 2 3 5 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 3 3 Maine . . 3 2 12 14 0 4 4 0 4 4 Maryland . . 4 1 3 4 7 1 0 1 1 0 1 Massachusetts . 3 4 5 9 Michigan . 69 150 233 383 9 4 13 29 56 85 38 60 98 Minnesota . 7 13 27 40 3 3 6 3 3 6 Mississippi .... 6 6 29 35 0 6 6 1 4 5 1 10 11 Missouri . 93 245 388 633 30 33 63 43 49 92 73 82 155 Montana . - . 5 6 18 24 1 3 4 4 5 9 5 8 13 Nebraska. . . . 5 33 56 110 166 4 6 10 2 17 19 6 23 29 New Hampshire. . . . 3 5 7 12 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 New Jersey . . . 2 H 9 20 New Mexico . . . 1 2 3 5 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 4 New York . 6 7 24 24 48 0 3 3 14 5 19 14 8 22 1 36 N orth Carolina. . . 7 15 20 35 9 10 19 1 8 9 10 18 28 North Dakota.. 2 3 5 8 0 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 4 Ohio . . . 1 38 91 1 2 3 4 5 6 * 8 ! 142 233 3 1 7 11 21 32 14 25 39 Oklahoma . 17 29 71 100 6 20 26 12 20 32 18 40 58 15 43 169 Oregon . . 1 1 1 1 2 Pennsylvania 49 181 358 539 4 3 7 34 76 110 38 79 117 ■Rhode Island 1 8 13 1 South Carolina 2 6 30 36 15 29 44 15 29 44 1 13 6 South Dakota- 1 1 3 4 2 0 2 1 1 2 3 1 4 Tennessee. ^ 12 30 64 94 12 7 19 5 14 19 17 21 1 38 Texas 12 20 43 63 18 24 42 13 9 22 31 33 | 64 Utah. . 1 30 Vermont. . . 6 33 20 53 1 1 1 4 9 13 5 9 14 1 21 Virginia . 18 19 42 61 9 4 13 8 21 29 17 25 i 42 Washington . 3 3 8 11 3 1 4 1 1 2 4 2 6 West Virginia.. 9 16 30 46 2 1 3 2 6 8 4 7 11 Wisconsin 5 34 18 52 7 9 16 9 16 \V yoming 82 2 * 3 5 1 I '"T" 1 Includes 1 one-year high school reporting 2 girl graduates. 2 Includes two girl graduates from a one-year high school going to other institutions. 3 Includes 1 one-year high school reporting 4 boy and 1 girl graduates. 4 Includes 1 one-vear high school reporting 3 boy and 4 girl graduates. 5 Includes 1 one-year high school reporting 5 boy and 7 girl graduates. 6 Includes 1 one-year high school reporting 2 boy and 3 girl graduates. 2 Includes 1 one-year high school reporting 4 boy graduates. 8 Includes 1 one-year high school reporting 3 girl graduates. Table 45. — Number of graduates, graduates continuing their education, and students in military drill in city high schools, 1917 -18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 243 Students in military drill. Girls. 1,031 °o©»° © ; © ; © © © © © © <=> ;© © © ©ooo© Boys. © 70,639 S838S 1 |8 ;3 S38I8 1 ;SSS 11*88 ko • IC 1-H • CO CM Schools report¬ ing. 12 3 ©©CMtH© CO •!> • -S' 12,280 SSSgg |»§2S S2S2| 1SS2S SggSS Boys. © 1 SS8S1 *S5S*S *1188 §83E§ IS^gs Graduates, 1917-18. 104,658 88838. 83888. 88883. 88883. S.3SSB ©1-1 CM I-H ©COCM.-H I-H © TJ.CO CO Girls. 62,935 83888 8*8*8 33838. 1II3| 88883 eo* i-T TjTeTi-Ti-r © cm cm i-T Boys. 80 41,723 Ssail l“»"l ®ssb§ ISS1S ISSSS c,vr "vr - Schools report¬ ing. 1 SI 1,327 Is^SS SSSSsS SSSS*0 States. United States . Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . District of Columbia . Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana. . . . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Montana . Table 45. — Number of graduates, graduates continuing their education, and students in military drill in city high schools, 1917-18 — Continued. 244 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Students in military drill. Girls. - ° !c 200 °° :SS 00000 ooc :° 0000 . * © 1,078 1UO 855 177 15,479 348 4,469 1,136 477 4,115 1,303 57 331 176 3,518 1,211 120 457 235 619 255 Schools renort- ^ • c MOJM Tt< ■ jij OC 04 CO • rH iO 04 IV CO Graduates, class of 1917. Total students continuing their education. Total. g j; is* |i»|i §|§s§ sis** iga* Girls. CO S \l 38* 83*88 S8S8S *18!?8 3*SS of 1-f r-H £ Ol n is ||8 g££2?S§ SrgSSg gig05 Of rf r-f Going to other institu¬ tions. Total. 8 j? S|2S SgSgS s|S8fc ggS10 of r-f Girls. © 2 ii : a/ 544 17 1,432 27 8 491 97 42 1,068 79 57 16 25 190 18 17 67 170 56 397 5 Boys. Si !N 3 S’” §“”3® ®gaw8 ?2S° Going to college. Total. ! c© 3 j; igs ggi=ig gsgsg *8§B5 111- CO of of r-f Girls. i IV SI j< si- 5sa°i ssr Boys. © 1 f' Sga gessg igsas gSl05 Graduates, 1917-18. Total. IQ |8g|S §§*§§ SSlil Sljsg gggs tjT r-f OCT i-H O' BO H Of CO* Girls. gssss ||§|| g||gs |il|g §||s e? to us > jUHIlllg - - - -- -- -- - 1 i These schools include one 1-year high school in which there were enrolled 12 boys and 6 girls. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 269 Table 69. — Students in city, village, and rural high schools enrolled in agricultural courses, 1917-18. In city high schools. In village high schools. In rural high schools. States. Schools Schools Schools report- Boys. Girls. report¬ Boys. Girls. report¬ Boys. Girls. ing. ing. ing. 1 2 8 4 5 6 8 9 10 United States. . 166 3, 813 1,614 122 2,174 1,161 1,724 20,938 9,028 2 15 19 33 846 550 3 15 9 40 o 4 62 32 25 342 Do California... . . 13 307 488 3 15 126 18 308 26 Colorado . 1 22 6 3 28 1 8 114 36 1 12 0 2 61 10 1 16 6 2 13 6 1 3 14 6 64 27 23 606 151 1 16 0 16 268 12 Illinois . 13 505 23 2 12 0 42 669 78 Indiana . 8 165 46 16 197 2 95 914 137 Iowa . 7 99 106 8 133 165 116 843 888 Kansas . 3 58 68 12 145 182 125 1,145 1,043 Kentucky . 5 34 2 34 396 25 Louisiana . 37 561 16 Maine . 12 175 17 Maryland . 12 217 51 Massachusetts . 10 239 15 9 166 28 Michigan . 15 431 162 6 151 15 44 578 291 Minnesota . 13 432 35 6 120 92 59 877 233 Mississippi . 4 106 67 39 1,381 147 Missouri . 8 108 128 7 59 76 196 1,400 1,612 Montana . 1 11 7 21 233 76 Nebraska . 1 6 0 4 50 46 47 351 462 Nevada . 1 16 0 New Hampshire. . . . 20 247 21 New Jersey . 2 22 0 2 12 New Mexico . 9 87 70 New York . 6 113 67 4 78 0 46 692 65 North Carolina . 21 228 55 North Dakota .... 1 0 5 30 218 135 Ohio . 11 262 126 3 60 14 120 1,129 764 Oklahoma . 5 96 12 7 154 179 56 621 271 Oregon . 4 31 13 Pennsylvania . i 0 1 4 69 1 36 542 122 South Carolina . i 13 41 1 7 7 17 134 49 South Dakota . 2 19 0 2 109 68 3 20 10 Tennessee . 1 25 0 4 51 27 j 46 546 286 Texas . 12 268 121 8 103 58 90 809 608 Utah . 1 2 35 j 0 4 226 0 10 394 24 Vermont . 18 343 12 Virginia . j 1 1 11 1 6 12 49 427 187 W ashington . 3 71 15 3 j 73 4 30 347 19 West Virginia . 1 3 I 9 16 167 62 Wisconsin . 7 262 7 7 I 234 43 65 1,296 212 Wyoming . ; 2 25 3 5 64 25 1 270 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 70. — Students in all high schools enrolled in home economics courses, 1917-18. States. In junior high schools. In senior high schools. In regular high schools. In all high schools. 1 Schools re¬ porting. Boys. Girls. Schools re¬ porting. Boys. Girls. Schools re¬ porting. Boys. Girls. Schools re¬ porting. Boys. Girls. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 United States 161 73 7,505 159 29 4,307 2,667 1,214 88,859 2,865 1,316 100,671 101,987 Alabama . 45 5 1,838 45 5 1 838 1,843 Arizona . i 0 15 1 0 7 9 0 415 10 0 437 437 Arkansas . 1 0 70 2 0 64 40 13 1,390 42 13 1,524 1,537 California . 10 21 388 2 0 96 64 225 2,876 74 246 3,360 3,606 Colorado . 4 0 298 3 0 55 28 3 1,366 32 3 1,719 1,722 Connecticut . 3 g 95 3 8 95 103 Delaware . ’. . 2 0 58 2 0 58 58 7 0 627 7 0 627 627 Florida . 1 0 118 1 0 51 26 0 756 27 0 925 925 Georgia . 2 0 75 44 44 1,674 46 44 1,749 1,793 Idaho . 3 7 70 3 0 39 25 2 572 28 . 9 681 690 Illinois . 4 0 337 5 0 114 98 21 3,753 104 21 4,204 4,225 Indiana . 6 0 252 4 0 166 165 0 3,086 171 0 3,504 3,504 Iowa . 6 0 131 7 0 106 176 55 3,393 185 55 3,630 3,685 Kansas . 7 0 361 9 0 264 136 110 2,800 145 110 3,425 3,535 Kentucky . 3 0 415 4 0 90 48 0 1,395 52 0 1,900 1,900 Louisiana . 119 0 3,726 119 0 3,726 3,726 Maine . . 1 12 o 179 12 0 179 179 Maryland . ;;;;;; 18 0 1,159 18 0 1,159 1,159 Massachusetts .... 1 o 22 1 0 6 42 18 1 2, 320 43 18 2,348 2,366 Michigan . 9 10 683 i 9 7 259 39 12 1,898 48 29 2,840 2,869 Minnesota . . 10 12 550 | 16 0 531 108 202 3,491 124 214 4,572 4,786 Mississippi . 1 0 86 51 3 2,383 52 3 2,469 2,472 Missouri . 1 0 20 1 0 28 80 o 3,280 81 0 3,328 3,328 Montana . 2 0 32 1 0 7 35 1 956 37 1 995 996 Nebraska . 6 0 82 8 0 124 85 10 1,728 93 10 1,934 1,944 Nevada . 4 o 50 4 0 50 50 New Hampshire. . 2 1 0 68 6 0 110 38 0 835 44 0 1,013 1,013 New Jersey . 2 0 62 9 22 332 11 22 394 416 New Mexico . 3 o 59 6 0 105 7 0 140 13 0 304 304 New York . 6 0 236 4 0 73 53 2 2,027 59 2 2,336 2,338 North Carolina 48 o 1,568 48 1, 568 1,568 North Dakota. ... 8 13 67 10 6 93 48 2 ; 501 59 21 661 682 Ohio . 12 10 766 10 14 439 137 320 4,897 149 344 6,102 6,446 Oklahoma . 13 0 430 7 0 218 91 0 2,719 104 0 3,367 3,367 Oregon . 2 0 125 3 0 125 36 0 1,206 39 0 1,456 1,456 Pennsylvania . 2 0 66 3 0 188 82 69 4,067 85 69 4,321 4,390 Rhode Island . 3 0 j 533 3 0 533 533 South Carolina. . . 18 0 1 524 18 0 524 524 South Dakota. . . . 1 0 41 1 0 13 30 o ! 859 31 0 913 913 Tennessee . 4 0 115 6 2 266 74 24 2,493 81 26 2,874 2,900 Texas . 2 0 318 135 22 6, 927 137 22 7,245 7,267 Utah . 6 0 320 1 6 0 195 14 1 0 890 20 0 1,405 1,405 Vermont . 9 0 314 5 0 96 20 2 652 29 2 1,062 1,064 Virginia . . 40 8 984 40 8 984 992 Washington . 4 0 53 3 0 25 102 0 3,283 106 0 3,361 3,361 West Virginia .... 1 0 295 1 1 0 40 30 li ! 949 31 11 1,284 1,295 Wisconsin . 9 0 303 ; 5 0 71 132 o 4,940 141 0 5,314 5,314 Wyoming . 2 0 85 1 1 0 20 11 0 269 13 0 374 374 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS,. 1917-1918. 27 1 Table 71. — Students in fully accredited , partially accredited , and nonaccredited high schools enrolled in home-economics courses , 1917-18. States. In fully accredited high schools. In partially accredited high schools. In nonaccredited high schools. Schools report¬ ing. Boys. Girls. Schools report¬ ing. Boys. Girls. Schools report¬ ing. Boys. Girls. * 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States. . . 1,916 1,081 82,736 636 160 10,985 313 75 6,950 Alabama . 36 3 1,616 4 2 74 5 0 148 8 0 405 2 0 32 Arkansas . 17 0 945 13 3 174 12 10 405 California . 58 240 3,040 13 6 236 3 0 84 Colorado . 25 3 1,560 *7 0 159 Connecticut . 3 8 95 Delaware . 2 0 58 Dist. Columbia . 7 0 627 Florida . 14 0 618 5 o 47 8 6 260 Georgia . 21 0 1,184 16 30 406 9 14 159 Idaho . 17 2 403 11 7 278 Illinois . 95 3 4,084 9 18 120 Indiana . 161 0 3', 374 5 0 45 5 0 85 Iowa . 98 38 2,798 84 17 808 3 0 24 Kansas . 41 95 1, 868 94 10 1,453 10 5 104 Kentucky . 16 0 1,193 15 0 333 21 0 374 Louisiana . 87 0 2,998 31 0 623 1 0 105 Maine . 12 0 179 Maryland . 10 0 925 8 0 234 Massachusetts . 43 18 2,348 Michigan . I 40 29 2,636 6 0 179 2 0 25 Minnesota . 93 214 3,995 3 0 84 28 0 493 Mississippi . 38 3 1, 823 9 0 471 . 5 0 175 Missouri . 62 0 3,013 11 0 148 8 o 167 Montana . 28 1 906 9 o 89 Nebraska . 31 0 802 52 6 984 10 4 148 Nevada . 3 0 46 1 0 4 New Hampshire. . . . 40 0 966 4 0 47 New Jersey . 11 22 394 New Mexico . 7 0 225 6 0 79 New York . 57 2 2, 274 2 0 62 North Carolina . 7 0 511 40 o 1,048 1 o i 9 North Dakota . 25 15 355 18 6 183 16 123 Ohio . 105 304 5,448 44 40 654 Oklahoma . 49 0 2,453 12 0 197 43 0 717 Oregon . 24 0 1,220 15 0 236 Pennsylvania . 67 47 3,805 7 22 95 11 0 421 Rhode Island . 3 0 533 South Carolina . 4 0 159 10 0 175 4 0 190 South Dakota . 17 0 670 1 0 24 13 o : 219 Tennessee . 45 21 2,111 21 0 385 15 5 378 Texas . 92 0 5, 575 22 0 431 23 22 | 1,239 Utah . 16 0 1,263 4 0 142 Vermont . 24 2 972 5 0 1 90 Virginia . 23 0 761 4 0 66 13 8 157 Washington . 83 0 3, 155 6 0 59 17 0 147 West Virginia . 17 11 1,031 14 0 253 Wisconsin . 123 0 4,979 14 0 268 4 0 i 67 Wyoming . 11 0 337 2 o 37 272 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, Table 72. — Students in four-year , three-year , two-year , and one-year high schools enrolled in home economics courses, 1917-18. In four-year schools. In three-year schools. In two-year schools. States. Schools Schools Schools report- Boys. Girls. report¬ Boys. Girls. report¬ Boys. Girls. ing. ing. ing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States... 2,646 1,235 97, 570 147 81 2, 127 72 0 974 Alabama . 38 3 1,685 3 2 124 4 0 29 10 0 437 Arkansas . 28 13 1,283 9 0 175 5 0 1 66 74 246 3,360 32 3 1,719 3 8 95 2 0 7 0 627 Florida . 22 0 860 2 0 43 3 0 22 37 10 1,606 9 34 143 Idaho . 25 9 649 1 0 12 2 0 20 103 21 4, 197 1 0 7 Indiana . 165 0 3; 455 3 0 22 3 0 27 Iowa . 163 50 3,413 15 5 91 7 0 126 Kansas. . 142 110 3, 401 3 0 24 Kentucky . 45 0 1,784 5 0 2 0 23 Louisiana . 115 0 3,645 4 0 81 Maine 12 0 179 . . Maryland 17 0 1, 139 1 0 20 Massachusetts 43 18 2,348 . Michigan . . . 44 29 2, 765 4 0 75 Minnpsnta 123 214 4, 564 1 0 8 Mississippi 48 3 2,297 4 0 172 Missouri . 74 0 3,274 3 0 28 4 0 26 Montana 37 1 995 Nebraska 89 10 1,889 4 0 45 Nevada 4 0 50 New Hampshire. . . . 40 0 966 2 0 37 2 0 10 Npw Jersey 11 22 394 New M^xioo 13 0 304 New Vnrk 58 2 2,284 1 0 52 North Carolina . 46 0 1, 554 1 0 5 1 0 9 North Dakota . 50 21 604 7 0 46 2 0 11 Ohio . 131 331 5,900 17 13 193 1 0 9 Oklahoma . 92 0 3, 246 6 0 75 6 0 46 Orognri 39 0 1,456 Pennsylvania . 79 47 4, 240 4 22 23 2 0 58 Phndp Tclcmrl 3 0 533 J.V11UUC loKUIU. ...... South Carolina . 8 0 359 9 0 124 1 0 41 Snnth 31 0 913 Tennessee . 67 21 2,526 11 5 272 3 0 76 Texas . 119 22 6,981 13 0 202 5 0 62 Utah 20 0 1,405 Vermont 26 2 1,020 3 0 42 Virfriiiia 36 8 955 4 0 29 V 11 51111a Washington . 96 0 3,291 5 0 39 5 0 31 West Virginia . 27 11 1,209 3 0 65 1 0 10 Wi 1 11 Ill 5 . STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 273 Table 73. — Students in city, village , and rural high schools enrolled in home economics courses, 1917-18. In city high schools. In village high schools. In rural high schools. States. Schools Schools Schools report- Boys. Girls. report- Boys. Girls. report¬ Boys. Girls. mg. mg. ing. 3 4 a 6 7 8 9 10 United States . . 534 642 44,713 242 0 9,225 2,089 674 46, 733 Alabama . 6 0 420 4 0 75 35 5 1,343 0 327 5 0 110 Arkansas . 7 10 550 3 0 216 32 3 758 California . 27 134 2, 441 1 0 10 46 112 909 Colorado . 10 3 1,249 7 0 198 15 0 272 2 8 62 1 0 33 2 0 , 58 7 0 627 Florida . 2 0 41 2 0 38 23 0 846 Georgia . 5 0 345 5 0 317 36 44 1,087 2 0 74 26 9 607 Illinois . 27. 3 1,969 9 0 244 68 18 1,991 Indiana . 20 0 1,417 26 0 424 125 I 0 1,663 Iowa . 12 0 977 9 0 452 164 55 2, 201 Kansas . 7 0 724 11 0 402 127 110 2,299 Kentucky . 16 0 1,128 5 0 207 31 0 565 Louisiana . 6 0 438 11 0 482 102 0 2,806 Maine . 2 0 35 10 0 144 Maryland . 3 0 419 15 0 740 Massachusetts . 21 18 1,747 22 0 601 Michigan . 17 10 1,838 7 0 243 24 19 759 Minnesota . 21 186 1,773 4 0 158 99 28 2,641 Mississippi . 9 0 486 2 0 64 41 3 1,919 Missouri . 20 0 2,255 7 0 168 54 0 905 Montana . 3 0 300 34 1 695 Nebraska . 3 0 185 5 0 138 85 10 1,611 Nevada . 4 0 50 New Hampshire. . . . 8 0 333 2 0 96 34 0 584 New Jersey . 8 22 314 1 0 51 2 0 29 New Mexico . 1 o 7 12 o 297 New York . 21 j 0 1,374 8 0 273 30 2 689 North Carolina . 4 ; 0 313 7 0 364 37 0 891 North Dakota . 1 0 11 2 0 23 56 21 627 Ohio . 47 179 4,370 6 0 262 96 165 1,470 Oklahoma . 8 » 1,242 12 0 597 84 0 1,528 Oregon . 8 0 777 4 0 127 27 0 552 Pennsylvania . 46 47 2,965 11 0 436 28 22 920 Rhode Island . 2 0 468 1 0 65 South Carolina . 3 0 155 3 0 86 12 0 283 South Dakota . 3 0 221 3 0 165 25 0 527 Tennessee . 10 0 755 6 0 171 65 26 1,948 Texas . 44 22 4,811 18 0 679 75 0 1,755 Utah . 3 0 200 6 0 478 11 0 727 Vermont . 3 0 186 1 0 130 25 2 746 Virginia . 7 0 446 33 8 538 Washington . 14 0 1,572 9 0 355 83 0 1,434 West Virginia . 5 0 541 3 0 67 23 11 676 Wisconsin . 29 0 1,830 18 0 910 94 0 2,574 Wyoming . 2 0 76 1 0 38 10 0 260 59872°— 21 - 18 274 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 74. — Students in all high schools enrolled in trade-training courses , 1917-18 . States. In junior high schools. & c ■S& CO ^ In senior high schools. 3.9 In regular high schools. ■sg. co ^ In all high schools. Boys. Girls. Schools re¬ porting. ^ Boys. Girls. Total. 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 9,838 5, 261 250 11,050 5, 564 1 16,614 139 76 6 139 76 215 73 71 4 73 71 144 40 45 2 63 52 115 1,895 2,217 27 2,206 2,313 ! 4,519 54 57 2 54 57 111 171* 0 3 171 0 171 0 82 1 0 82 82 1 15 7 1 15 16 116 99 7 116 99 215 1,072 275 8 1,072 275 1,347 368 84 17 386 90 476 139 44 13 139 44 183 63 29 6 63 29 92 27 0 3 57 0 57 62 0 2 62 0 62 49 0 2 49 0 49 39 27 1 39 27 66 667 393 12 682 397 1,079 1,143 213 8 1,143 213 1,356 323 90 14 485 143 628 36 70 2 36 70 106 119 40 4 119 40 159 72 2 3 72 2 74 142 78 4 142 78 220 671 258 3 671 258 929 0 14 2 0 14 14 227 72 11 482 145 627 7 2 1 7 2 9 463 420 19 541 420 961 72 0 4 90 0 90 499 323 13 673 339 1,012 106 0 2 106 0 106 45 2 1 45 2 47 14 6 3 104 40 144 201 0 6 201 0 201 *79 0 5 92 14 1Q6 1 25 0 25 105 113 3 105 113 218 462 35 10 462 35 497 18 9 3 18 9 27 49 0 3 49 1 0 49 10 0 2 10 0 10 United States. 20 812 178 18 400 125 Alabama. Arizona . . Arkansas . California. Colorado. . .1 1 • I 7 17 162 Connecticut. ... Delaware . Dist. Columbia. Georgia . Illinois . Indiana.. . Iowa . Kansas.... Kentucky. Louisiana. Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi. Missouri.... Montana.. . Nebraska... New Jersey. New Mexico... New York . North Dakota. Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania. . . . Rhode Island . South Dakota Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . Virginia . Washington . . . West Virginia. 18 104 255 ..... 174 30 Wisconsin Wyoming. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 275 Table 75. — Students in fully accredited , ‘partially accredited, and nonaccredited high schools in trade-training courses, 1917-18. In fully accredited high schools. ‘ In partially accredited high schools. In nonaccredited high schools. States. Schools Schools Schools report- Beys. Girls. report- Boys. Girls. report¬ Boys. Girls. ing. ing. ing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 * 8 9 10 United States. . 200 9, 353 3,757 34 291 286 16 1,406 1,521 6 139 4 73 71 2 63 52 California . 24 977 853 2 29 28 1 1,200 1,432 Colorado . 1 35 48 1 19 9 3 171 0 Delaware . 1 0 82 7 1 15 Georgia . 4 107 61 1 0 20 2 9 18 Illinois . 8 1 072 275 Indiana . 17 386 90 Iowa . 8 111 19 5 28 25 Kansas . 1 a 5 5 63 24 Kentucky . 1 25 0 2 32 0 Louisiana . i 21 0 1 41 0 Maine . 2 49 0 Maryland . 1 1 . . i 39 27 Massachusetts . 12 682 397 Michigan . 7 1,143 212 i 0 1 Minnesota . 11 472 99 3 13 44 Mississippi . 2 36 70 Missouri . 4 119 40 Montana . 2 62 2 i 10 0 Nebraska . 3 141 71 i 1 7 New Jersey . 3 671 258 New Mexico . 1 0 12 i 0 2 New York . 10 477 140 i 5 5 North Dakota . 1 7 2 Ohio . 11 487 364 . 7 48 56 1 6 ! 0 Oregon . 3 88 0 1 2 0 Pennsylvania . 12 658 339 1 15 0 Rhode Island . 2 106 0 South Dakota . 1 45 2 Tennessee . 1 90 34 1 8 0 1 6 6 Texas . 4 131 0 2 70 0 Utah . 4 77 14 1 15 0 Vermont . . . 1 25 0 Virginia . 2 102 103 1 . 1 3 10 Washington . 10 462 35 West Virginia . 1 11 0 2 7 9 Wisconsin . 3 49 0 . Wyoming . 2 10 0 . 1 I 276 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 76. — Students in four-year , three-year, and two year high schools enrolled in trade¬ training courses, 1917-18. In four-year schools. In three-year schools, j In two-year schools. States. Schools report¬ ing. Boys. Girls. Schools report¬ ing. Boys. Girls. Schools report¬ ing. Boys. Girls. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States. . 230 10, 941 5,479 11 62 41 9 47 44 6 139 76 4 73 71 2 63 52 California . 27 2,206 2,313 Colorado . 2 54 57 Connecticut . 3 171 0 1 0 82 1 15 6 113 81 1 3 18 8 1,072 275 Indiana . 17 386 90 Iowa . 9 119 19 1 4 4 3 16 21 Kansas . 5 56 29 1 7 0 Kentucky ... . 3 57 0 Louisiana . 2 62 0 ::::::::: Maine . 2 49 0 Maryland . 1 39 27 Massachusetts . 12 682 397 Michigan . 7 1,143 212 1 0 1 Minnesota . 14 485 143 Mississippi . 2 36 70 Missouri . 4 119 40 Montana . 3 72 2 Nebraska . 4 142 78 New Jersey . 3 671 258 New Mexico . 2 0 14 New York . 10 477 140 1 1 5 5 North Dakota.. 1 7 2 Ohio . 13 514 395 5 23 17 1 4 8 Oregon . 4 90 0 Pennsylvania . 12 658 339 1 15 0 Rhode Island . 2 106 0 South Dakota _ 1 45 2 Tennessee. . . 2 96 40 1 8 0 Texas . 5 191 0 1 10 0 Utah . . 5 92 14 Vermont . 1 25 0 Virginia. . 3 105 113 Washington . . 10 462 35 West Virginia. . . . 1 11 0 2 7 9 Wisconsin . 3 49 0 Wyoming . 2 10 0 JThis school offers only a one-year course. 277 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. Table 77. — Students in city, village, and rural high schools enrolled in trade-training courses, 1917-18. In city high schools. In village high schools. In rural high schools. Schools Schools Schools report- Boys. Girls. report- Boys. Girls. report¬ Boys. Girls. ing. ing. ing. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 124 9,058 4,643 23 463 193 103 1,529 728 2 45 0 1 30 50 3 1 64 26 1 73 0 3 0 71 2 63 52 22 2,141 2,285 5 65 28 2 54 27 3 171 0 1 0 82 1 15 1 0 14 2 . 12 . 45 4 104 . 40 1,058 275 1 14 0 5 254 57 3 17 14 9 115 19 1 3 12 12 136 32 1 0 5 5 63 24 1 30 0 1 25 0 i 2 0 2 62 0 1 29 0 , 1 20 0 . 1 39 27 9 620 393 3 62 4 4 1,069 193 2 66 15 2 8 5 9 426 63 5 59 80 2 36 70 4 119 40 . 3 72 i 2 1 87 0 3 55 78 3 671 258 2 0 14 6 377 122 3 100 0 2 5 23 1 7 2 7 457 333 1 6 0 11 78 87 2 28 0 1 60 0 1 1 2 0 9 589 270 1 0 69 3 84 0 1 17 0 1 89 0 1 45 2 1 90 34 2 14 6 5 193 0 1 8 0 1 20 0 4 72 14 1 25 0 2 102 103 1 3 10 4 292 35 3 55 0 3 115 0 3 18 9 1 8 ... 0 2 41 0 1 6 0 i 4 9 States. United States,., Alabama . Arizona. . . Arkansas . California. Colorado.. Connecticut Delaware . Dist. Columbia . Georgia . . Illinois . Indiana.... Iowa . Kansas.... Kentucky . Louisiana. Maine . . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota - Mississippi.. Missouri. . . . Montana.... Nebraska... New Jersey. New Mexico.. . New York _ North Dakota. Ohio . . Oregon . . Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. South Dakota . Tennessee. Texas . Utah . Vermont . . Virginia . . Washington - . . West Virginia. Wisconsin. Wyoming. Table 78. — Value of high-school buildings and grounds, 1917-18, classified as to grade and credit. 278 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Classified as to credit. Nonaccredited schools. Value. eo $27, 901, 815 150.250 950,500 569. 250 756,667 290,600 1,077,950 726,000 909,950 294,925 262, 400 231,500 1,268,700 884,380 147, 420 91,200 130,254 4,696,140 255,590 511,510 Schools report¬ ing. 01 2,076 rH Tjl CO ; CO CM r-H • t'- o 00^0*^^ ^ co *co • to cm co • rr o cohh cm • • co ^ to ; Fully accredited Partially accredited schools. schools. Value. - $76, 163, 973 487, 900 223, 000 800, 225 1,803,237 316,935 173,250 386, 400 1,170, 400 3,767,733 515, 300 7, 747, 489 5,569,200 1,186,600 852, 304 151, 700 319, 700 599. 200 2,986,250 519, 000 432, 600 2,588,650 968. 200 Schools report¬ ing. © O CO CO lO CO CO 1 lO lO tO Tf r-H • iH COCO 'OrfcOO COt^r^cOtO r^iOCMOOCM CM CO • CM CO CO L- CO to CO CM CO CO CM CO •CM CO CM CM CM Value. a> $480,547,092 2,992, 115 1,625, 000 3,114,600 23,489,725 5,526, 468 5, 137, 632 627, 019 2, 889, 206 1,594,000 3, 161, 000 2, 770,516 36, 170, 995 23,774,070 17,912,000 7,483,293 3,214, 131 4,516,895 4,024,700 3,675, 300 31, 799, 553 22,071,663 21,611,507 3,230, 769 14,733,408 3, 889, 855 Schools report¬ ing. 00 6,456 O COH NONMIO ON(NCOiO H«OOhO> to h CO to lOOOHO ON ^ ICO to r-H Oi Tfi to CM CO to CO HH CM CM CM CM All high schools, classified as junior and senior. Total. Value. $584,612,880 3,630,265 1,848,000 4,865,325 25,862,212 0, 600, 070 5, 428, 232 800, 269 2,889,206 3,058,350 5,057, 400 3,680, 466 40,233,653 24,551,770 25, 890, 989 14,321,193 5,285,111 5,516,619 4, 176, 400 4,086,200 32,398,753 25, 188, 167 26,826,647 3,918,959 17,833,568 4,858,055 Schools report¬ ing. © 12, 902 COCMcOt^OO 1-iiOt^COOO Tf NOHOO ON 05 000 MOCOOH 00 CO CO CM CM Oh OWCOON O 00 CO CM r-H H CM H r-H CM H O O O ^ CM H r-H CM W H LO H Senior and regular high schools. Value. t.O $575,066, 126 3,630, 265 1,754,000 4, 848, 825 24,017,015 6,523,070 5,428,232 800,269 2, 889, 206 3,058,350 5,057, 400 3, 680, 466 39, 819, 383 24,511,770 25, 710, 989 13,678, 193 5,203,111 5,516,619 4, 176, 400 4,086,200 31,177, 432 24, 658, 858 26,651,647 3,918,959 17,758, 568 4,858,055 Schools report¬ ing. CO 12,811 OOO^OOtO HiOt^tOOO ^ C5 00 CO 00 CM O* 00 CM to N CO lO H 00 CM to CM CM O^h O CO N tO N OC5N 00 CO 00 1^- cO CM rH HNH rH CM HCOCDO^ CM r— 1 r-H CM ^ CO H lO H Junior high schools. Value. 05 $9,546,754 94,000 16, 500 1,845,197 77, 000 414,270 40, 000 180,000 643,000 82,000 1,221,321 531,309 175,000 75,000 Schools report¬ ing. Cl o> ; rr Ol © CO ; ; • • CO r-H CO tC CM • • • 00 00 CO 1 rH -G S '55 cn £2 O g oi 00 3 STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 279 SSSS II SgYgf || ZT'cJ' II is s¥ II 12 I s¥ l :5S' SS s8 - iiiii g§ggi ssiis Hi il¥i¥ g¥a§¥ l¥l I iiii a' §¥s¥ gTSSS S|?2S5? S|”83 S§< 8 sss; iiiei -sin iiiii ggg§g isii SS¥§¥ SSSSa g¥g¥¥ £§¥g¥ ll¥¥ ® efoVT f «\g«S* « *o;gW«V ef«S-T gsssfjs ssssss §££2 iiiai gg§i§ iiiii iiiii i§g§ i¥l?¥ is's'si i¥il¥ §¥§§¥ s¥l¥ of C*WVT CO^iOCgO? IfJVTf-Tt-f 1 05 co co ^ r^- 1 3SRa° ialll SsgSS Sl”Rs SS1S ills! HISS ISSls §Iais llsl sgfii s¥ii¥ fiiis iljp¥ §¥§¥ 2 CO ^ CO CO CO rH h hh^ 111 ll . W( .in kirns gilt iz;^ZOO ofctfmt 111 &>> Table 79 .— Value of high-school buildings and grounds, 1917-18, classified as to courses and as to units of taxation. 280 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Rural schools. Value. i© $272, 114, 481 2, 073, 900 709,000 2,801,825 10, 172,446 2,630,467 1,201,550 469, 400 2,535,350 3,051,400 2, 868, 966 19, 862, 129 15,730, 006 19, 254, 889 8, 822, 900 2, 667, 480 3.103,619 2,091,400 1,680,200 7,859,755 10, 140, 004 15, 775,386 2,557,290 7,524,760 3,376,613 Schools report¬ ing. 0*1 10, 874 03 lO C C CO HH LOHNCC3 lO C-4 -sin ass^s sisss Village schools. (2,500-5,000). Value. e® $42,667,300 332, 000 100,000 523, 000 1,025, 775 1,023,935 43,000 394,000 573,000 268.500 1,457,800 1,424,400 2,929,000 1.347.500 462.500 867,000 110,000 2,805,392 1,962,000 398,000 1.257.500 100,000 Schools report¬ ing. 709 « SgsgS :i 76 22 41 209 1 2 78 23 18 $60, 180 27,667 50, 000 40, 231 78, 906 73, 138 1 is S ; o 40’ 929 53,700 48, 593 50,871 81,361 58, 587 33,036 61, 929 27, 500 . 133,590 109, 000 39,800 52, 396 100, 000 78, 000 37. 500 48, 750 82, 150 57. 500 City schools. « g I nisi sign issis gggii gg g§i a i§ a'8'S'Si' SsW Si ;1§3 §¥ss¥ f ;s‘ 230, 210 99, 167 Nonac- credited schools. US $13,440 4,847 23,859 28,463 17, 197 20, 757 i :§ i ;? 7,’ 260 18, 955 6,703 8,747 16, 536 11,127 7,132 18,428 il • iO 26,051 28,989 5. 944 8, 974 11, 194 14,000 Ilf l|f $17,429 giill ii i ii s' IS j! is" ;sss ggggs nisi sgggg 2288 28222 83082 Fully accredited schools. $74,434 ssgss sms esiii mis sssss sms ggfc2£ SSSfeS 83888 £3838 £3832 All high schools. SI $45,312 19, 518 58, 000 33,324 96,862 51,563 76,454 32,011 412, 744 is issis saaaa inn iisii fsf 8s¥s's' SSSS3 Bg'sfsV Sica's States. - United States . Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . jueiaware . Dist. Columbia . TTlnnYla Georgia . Idaho . TU in mo Indiana Iowa . Kansas Kentucky . Louisiana . Maryland . massaonusens . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New Mexico . STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 283 S§i IS ili§ ill |sss sg's 11! lfrf“ I i I ! SIS Is 11111 Islll list e^T o' oT o' o'o£~"c50 o o o' SilSa slISS SlsSS S§sa r's'ssV s's's'a's a'ss&W s's's's 11631 Hill §§§is §lsl s'ss'a's a'ss's's sas's's a's's'a' Sells is sssss as Is lllls gill s§ a'gte'sfa' ass's' 18838 11118 33318 iSSS I's's'a'l g'gs'aV s'i'k's'i s's's'g' ills • 3! tffc ;s 38 ill li is si 3 ii » f-j ;S® od ;; o |S sslgg HISS 381 asa's's' a's'^'a'a' sag it 8823. gist! llsIS IsllS ills s's'3's's saga's' ste's's's" s's's's ISSSI 11113 Hail nil esses' a's'g'ss' ss's's's s's's'a New York . North Carolina . North Dakota . WI11U . Oklahoma . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . South Dakota . Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . Virginia . Washington . west, virgmia . Wisconsin . £ Table 81. — Value of scientific apparatus, furniture, and other equipment in high schools, 1917-18; classified as junior and senior and as to credit. 284 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Classified as to credit. Nonaccredited schools. Value. CO $1, 828, 810 10, 700 41,225 67, 662 55, 793 8, 550 52,340 41,565 58, 550 18, 626 17, 750 13, 994 92, 258 33, 754 12,079 2, 180 7, 614 332, 814 9, 127 27,290 Schools re¬ porting. 1,794 »-h io rf« ! ■(NW^ i-H . • co NOJ oo^o ' •COO *0 COM H H o * : ,°S?3§ : Partially accredited schools. Value. 3 $4,749,421 64,200 20, 100 48, 190 178,691 12,350 13,315 136 isili fills illsl •OirH • 00 00 i> ooo>»ocjio °°£ SSSS® Junior high schools. Value. e© $782,017 i! • : 1181 3,150 13,075 1,000 6,900 68,000 12, 144 :l SI i! i itf ST»' ; Schools re¬ porting. 51 § HO 00*1 C* C ©C^©rH rH hNOh Value. e© $47,379,174 435.280 210, 783 263,283 3,222,074 725,970 447,861 36,355 812,500 194, 180 381,391 314,450 3,975,659 1,421,134 1,430,507 1,295,110 350,010 539,770 389,985 589, 413 2,360,695 2,067,034 2,142,305 261,857 1,608,060 369.280 Schools report¬ ing. 9,589 OO ON-#-j 52222”"' || w | SSS SSSBS IliSI 83118 Sill s¥s i«|| sfgfsV 5SS8S g'g'ss c£ *-T of GC j 23" sa^sss SSSS'* 58*^2 2^8^ : : ! PI is l ; ; ; S : Mi § M M s i Is • • • OCHN |h r-i [ j : : : : : i : : SL’ill ISSil 8111! SSSBi isslS n nwco oTe*t-ofg j£N- e* o aTci'cTaT '■o'^jjVT ®*^ Sligg 88818 11 88 £1118 IS i Sg'g'g'Sf "8 s's sfs'-'-V 3's oc3 Sg^g C$2 1IIIS Slgi§ IIISs Ills! §§si lsW§ iirn iWl §l¥s¥ IIP 'J' M CO 1-1 1-T r-T S2SSS |SS|1 SfSSS §|SSg §2i§ 288 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 83. — Average value of furniture , apparatus , and equipment of high schools, 1917-18, States. U. S. Alabama. . Arizona. .. Arkansas. . California. Colorado . . Connecticut. . Delaware . Florida.. Georgia. Idaho . . . Illinois. . Indiana. Iowa. . . . Kansas.. Kentucky _ Louisiana. . . . Maine . Maryland .... Massachusetts Michigan.. Minnesota. Mississippi . Missouri. . . . Montana . . . Nebraska . Nevada . N. Hampshire New Jersey _ New Mexico... New York. North Caro North Dakota. Ohio . Oklahoma Oregon.. . . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. South Carolim South Dakota Tennessee. . . . Texas . Utah . Vermont . Virginia . Washington.. West Virginia. Wisconsin _ Wyoming.... All schools. Fully ac¬ credited schools. Partially ac- cridited schools. Nonaccred- ited schools. City schools. Village schools. Rural schpols. Four - year schools. Three - year schools. Two - year schools. 2 * 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 i $4,044 $6, 745 $1, 172 $1,019 $20,577 $4, 945 $1,946 $4, 941 $737 $656 3,012 4,707 1,566 446 11, 793 2,791 2, 139 3,400 1,862 920 6,587 7, 062 4,020 7,379 7, 500 5,673 6,587 2, 323 4', 043 1,004 1,421 6, 292 3,790 1,681 3,061 948 555 12, 160 14, 878 4,061 3, 222 34, 213 9, 781 6, 717 12, 159 5, 795 9,595 L029 1,240 23, 410 6,518 2,314 5,951 1,000 1,066 7, 142 9,009 611 20, 374 2,252 7,591 366 1,000 2, 192 3', 149 1,332 9, 750 875 1,360 2,597 950 1,500 116, 071 116, 071 116, 071 116, 071 2, 569 5,234 982 1,495 4, 260 2,450 2, 485 3,263 755 623 2,461 6, 060 1,278 630 10,804 2, 101 1,441 3,703 669 25 2, 971 4, 598 1, 126 21,333 6,804 2,206 3, 345 1,325 529 6,284 10, 043 1,045 478 31,016 3,360 3,470 7,935 660 423 2, 300 2,476 584 634 12, 501 3, 792 1,417 2,425 328 513 2, 421 3,505 1,446 1,000 12,614 1 5,588 1,846 2, 767 914 1,045 2, 772 8,840 1,573 839 18,436 5,378 1,677 2,937 492 370 1,578 4,650 686 371 6,122 4,036 571 1,733 308 453 2,931 3,591 1,597 1,726 14, 020 8,030 1,826 2,999 450 1,894 2,402 2, 758 495 15, 693 2, 300 1,139 2,516 625 637 7, 223 10, 438 640 1,090 53,452 1,523 7,858 525 125 10, 154 11, 746 833 23,367 4,005 10, 492 125 962 4, 795 8,069 879 1,523 20, 158 9, -644 2,068 5,617 1,133 943 6,032 8, 858 12, 220 2, 161 26, 104 8, 462 3,884 6,612 815 584 2,393 2,590 4,112 415 7,963 2, 183 1,730 3,010 821 394 3, 189 6, 472 635 487 26,569 3,906 1,070 5, 121 578 357 3,329 5,758 1,061 14,868 2,400 2,921 4,345 423 625 2, 336 5, 362 2, 146 907 16,084 6,014 1,944 2,938 785 349 3.946 5, 320 555 300 3,000 4,046 4,511 750 175 2, 049 2,325 547 4, 713 1,466 1, 566 2, 325 788 409 12, 523 14,291 1,077 29, 984 3,609 2,537 13, 791 1,042 740 2,819 4,404 1,153 8, 192 2,000 2, 394 3,207 233 1,150 6, 226 8, 197 1,054 29, 141 5,895 1,881 6,990 647 672 1,133 1,922 1,043 500 .3,801 1,414 902 1,266 885 251 2, 331 4, 802 1,876 807 8, 700 17,000 2,010 2,599 2,806 341 3,603 5,919 906 860 20, 713 6, 567 1,287 4,794 700 293 3, 192 6, 392 1,392 1,243 28, 759 4,529 1,797 4,096 831 736 2, 527 7,325 1,095 699 14, 742 8,917 1,287 2,627 540 195 4,001 9,406 713 3, 396 17,171 4,160 1,704 7, 241 594 j 1,733 8,669 10, 213 433 13, 390 3, 422 10.213 . ! 433 1,097 2, 125 904 516 2, 003 1,850 911 1,620 762 1,000 1,905 2,978 2,745 836 10,342 8,205 1,484 2,092 740 125 2, 186 3,637 1,191 712 15, 892 1, 331 1,335 2,733 1,213 507 2,515 4,457 1,074 896 9, 271 3,327 1,687 3,376 854 729 6,114 7, 242 2,231 16, 180 4,666 4, 159 6,516 1,000 1,240 2,539 2,931 945 3,811 1,938 2, 431 2, 816 525 | 1,142 1,222 2,633 643 587 9,470 802 736 1,563 36tf 399 5,515 8,376 1,571 870 49, 330 8,823 2,388 6,479 553 838 3,977 6,482 1,506 . 13, 094 4,504 2, 610 5,015 748 810 4,234 5,050 1,068 5,798 15, 270 6,615 2,063 4, 284 794 2, 856 4, 325 757 9, 350 1,700 2,000 3, 147 1,250 150 12 $1,245 525 505 $7,898 2, 250 2,000 24,424 1,300 788 2, 179 1,000 2,300 13,600 6,072 10, 250 1,100 18, 193 1,000 25,000 ,000 289 59872°— 21 - 19 Table 84. — Expenditures during the year for sites , buildings , and other permanent improvements , 1917-18 , in all high schools, classified as junior and senior and as to credit — Continued. 290 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Classified as to credit. Nonaccredited schools. Amount. ®9 $362, 071 5,000 93,985 50,612 489,892 1,970 56,576 112*289 53,493 91,328 41,950 113,953 75,880 9 QA3 ! i r ; Schools re¬ porting. £4 3 • *. • • • tH 05 lO CO COOO • Is • • • 34 24 69 ,000 g H * ; Partially accredited schools. Amount. a co • CO • 05 i !rf : 4,486 58,750 602,614 305,983 251,582 611,714 188,650 24,197 528,686 10*382 101,340 111,806 45,200 2,880 30,705 211,475 162,465 114,916 Schools re¬ porting. © • CO N • lO r- rHO^C0>O 00 00 • 0 CO 05 CO 05 rH 04 ^ J f- AO 5 24 84 4 Fully accredited schools. Amount. © $461,961 260, 100 37,232 704,064 191,580 1,180,793 12, 707 379,456 1,567,252 700,174 92,525 1,914,960 31,999 10,371 397,278 300,442 997,664 57,549 117, 134 141,832 1,964,619 354,718 1,161,895 83,476 Schools re¬ porting. oo COOOQlOO O5t*000OsO HfNCOOO^ CO 05 r- CQ O 04 rH 00 05 CO WWH CO O ^ HO) t-H • 04 CO 04 • r-4 • States. - Nebraska . Nevada . New HamDshire . New Jersey . New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota . Ohio . Oklahoma . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . oouin uaroima . South Dakota . Texas . Utah . . Vermont . Virginia . Washington . West Virginia . w is coris m . Wyoming . STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 291 Classified as to duration of courses. Classified as to units of taxation. BIENNIAL SUBVEY OF EDUCATION 1916-1918. Rural schools. Amount. »a $1,191,437 259, 900 37, 963 429, 130 249, 830 1,216, 782 273, 240 468, 191 1,368,263 809, 952 67,867 1,056,909 1,000 17,783 418,449 340,310 956, 498 80,104 158, 834 191,458 202,447 468, 098 760, 482 198,392 Schools report¬ ing. CMt^-COcOCO OtONNOO hONNO ON *0 H(NH CO OC OO 30 — < 00 CMcO CM * * * ® © ® © ® S =3 zt ®Oo2i( zzzoo 'Sa3° lull _ g-O^Ja gf g o-e-s o o 02 OQ © C c ® C rt .£5 S' C X c3 C ©©•<->©• |>gl STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 293 Table 86. — Volumes in libraries of all high schools in 1917-18, classified as junior and senior and as to credit. All high school libraries. High schools classified as to credit . States. Junior high schools. Senior and regular high schools. Total. Fully accred¬ ited schools. Partially accredited schools. Non- accredited schools. Schools re¬ porting. Volumes. Schools re¬ porting. Volumes. Schools re¬ porting. Volumes. Schools re¬ porting. Volumes. Schools re¬ porting. Volumes. Schools re¬ porting. Volumes., * o 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 **l 13 United States.. 95 56,937 12,536 8,709,926 12,631 8,766,863 6,360 i sf N tjT tjT 10 50 10 to" esp S-0'0'* S«Noo C.OOCO 83888 !|s_3k gg II 88883 SI ; ^ 00 t^'t>Tco'o 1-4 05 s‘" ®'s' s' 0| 67 22 35 190 1 2 74 23 18 03 8SEIS £1838 line SSSIS §£§1 sssgs i's'igi' s“§sW sgVstf §|2s issgs sgggg gg^ssg Si“sS 8§Sa 295 296 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 88. — Average number of volumes in high-school libraries, 1917-18 . States. In all high schools In fully accred¬ ited high schools In par¬ tially accred¬ ited high schools In non- accred- ited high schools In city high schools In village high schools In rural high schools In four- year high schools In three- year high schools In two- year high schools 1 In one- year high schools In junior high schools * 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u. s . 694 1,047 343 323 1,980 1,009 524 825 244 252 302 599 Alabama . 364 509 171 145 883 394 313 435 128 199 Arizona . 652 722 276 563 313 787 652 144 343 532 221 223 695 725 266 425 226 95 106 1,966 2,394 762 609 3,802 1,496 1,521 1,966 2,016 Colorado . 983 1,490 456 348 2, 669 1,355 647 1,021 50 206 . 183 970 1,146 266 2,435 500 1,014 326 28 1,442 Delaware . 254 401 120 250 979 174 348 60 98 3 026 3,026 3,026 3,026 367 343 304 440 494 350 421 216 181 372 725 329 159 1,577 421 248 482 229 ! . Idaho . 582 790 352 2,398 1,219 494 653 230 275 108 150 727 1,070 277 212 1,864 965 585 886 222 202 632 Indiana . 547 '579 274 208 1,517 848 454 568 253 235 80 800 Iowa . 591 825 390 205 1,299 944 545 663 304 265 575 170 Kansas . 600 1,710 443 211 2,356 1,019 460 640 151 121 740 Kentucky 302 819 205 101 882 1,079 170 340 110 72 50 Louisiana 368 448 111 253 1,477 758 270 378 80 222 Maine. . . 231 267 67 1,059 134 160 245 69 59 50 Maryland 672 877 268 427 1,850 515 730 256 130 Massachusetts. . 685 767 161 1,428 279 698 97 283 190 Michigan.. 848 1,371 299 354 2,318 2, 157 592 991 350 254 789 Minnesota 1,263 1,761 849 670 3,577 2, 241 1,012 1,331 367 979 Mississippi 373 470 212 151 1, 198 656 230 471 151 167 j 350 Missouri... 801 1,322 429 268 2,478 1,419 637 1,143 400 279 Montana 726 1,111 333 1,835 450 678 880 239 280 j 251 Nebraska . 311 576 320 158 1,307 459 289 368 187 110 50 183 Nevada 729 855 492 15 750 726 776 408 510 N. Hampshire. 391 431 142 1,008 694 237 431 244 74 i New Jersey 1,075 1,186 435 L609 755 835 1,163 285 500 950 New Mexico. *464 655 232 538 800 437 522 180 238 216 New York 1 459 1,794 575 3,834 1,857 968 1,600 517 435 575 619 North Carolina. 267 667 235 53 784 408 234 301 167 134 30 North Dakota.. 651 1,167 675 281 1,315 1,733 626 794 325 260 165 450 Ohio 725 991 433 232 2,024 984 541 882 371 252 503 Oklahoma . 771 766 255 909 1,620 648 751 1,033 229 190 36 375 Oregon . 560 1,229 374 308 2,328 1,392 410 578 185 210 500 1,173 Pennsylvania . . 459 896 212 328 1,295 .597 267 586 196 172 150 Rhode Island. 1 057 1 162 163 1,527 535 1,162 163 1 South Carolina. 344 *767 242 179 ’467 883 275 603 201 256 1 South Dakota. . 570 876 378 328 3,022 1,417 485 631 250 136 145 Tennessee 369 613 201 168 1,117 355 325 461 173 179 200 Texas 492 843 256 225 1,246 859 374 652 205 159 551 Utah 679 829 211 2,012 552 403 724 50 132 295 V erm on t 397 402 387 721 300 367 385 125 534 Virginia 309 596 266 187 1,267 560 238 382 174 161 600 Washington.... 817 1,138 452 295 3,205 1,194 626 931 263 251 152 j Wpct VircHnip 782 1 127 477 1,605 1,743 594 929 382 337 » * col v H giiila - . Wisconsin 1 155 1367 439 596 2’ 470 1*353 906 1,168 399 1,200 Wyoming . 462 ’678 153 1,550 550 309 531 208 111 100 Table 89. — Expenses of instruction in all high schools reporting, 1917-18. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 297 Cost of supplies and other expenses of instruction. In regular high schools. 00 I 1 » IlilE 115sl ssssS sslli slgSI ssaga s-sas ssggg aaaag ggsss u . zn r-.2'§fo o m r* 1 8 s 1111 j: »-h oc • • 1,500 3,074 3,534 24,471 5,030 10,575 4,030 j |S S8ISI • • r>7 oTo co ^ ~1 CO | O o CO » 2 CO 8 fill ;; "8” : : j ;B- 88888 1 ;§ nV 00 ; i :g si :is :s S- J” Cost of textbooks. S.e<3 S smS ** CO - | 3198$ §§§§! E1S3S 83898 sSSSl o r-'ssjgo 3g:“--?!S u* d O 1-1 i' C co •S CO 1 § ;§ |i jj : : i 8*818 ; ;I ; ; ; co ** ; ; 1 11 : j! ; S ecTf-T • ■ -.2' CO si o CO - § i 3*38 j: CO 1-H • • : : : 1111 j s ig \ jl sl ill ; ^ co’' ; SalaVies and expenses of teachers. S-. ~t: JW Sfl I. OI l sills lills Hill Hill llsli liiSi i'sill ipil 81138 laisl ^ iCWWfH CO (NO* rH '-.S' w Sfl s-s CO - i § U Sill :: ssss ; : i is eiiii § -I i'1’ sggaV 8 ^ | |S 81133 Ut ^ c; a CO “1 - o CO © e i 8 sils : ; saga j j i !3 IllSi 1 :1 ; a'afe'as s ; il lliii 1 Salaries and expenses of super visors. Cj 1-1 §50 CO 11 CO © I 1 U 11115 88113 §S§§§ 18I1S 88831 °"'S|s s^ass saps’ s^sas se-ss s* f 1 CO - 1 £2 El X 1 8 S :81 i ! i : 3 : : ; ; ; i 38BS3. j j ; ; ; NM^O ; ; is is i ; :S S3 :«•' : ^02 _ ^co 1 si o CO a I : ill :: : : : 83883 1 :g :g is il i ! ! ^ ** ; ; : : : -'-S-" ^ : j '*• io c6 | rc • Salaries and expenses of principals. ?? <» c a’S’l ^ 5c 2 S "S » § SSIIS IS18S 83831 Hill 98388 ps|g ssssi igsii ig’ilg lil'gs ►S'Hifo SB co o CO vs 1 cc :i ills :: :| sssgl 1 i| iS 38888 • < ^2*°^ : : ■ HXHICH 05 • ^ • 1-H CO 1-H C^l :2 S2HW” S- CO sl£§ CO « 8 i :i HIS : : *■*“8® : : :1 fills 1 :f : j- :3 sill i ;s a's-' i Stu¬ dents in these schools. ee g 1 iHsli £§111 siisS illsl Hill 2*333 «««ToToo gsgse §®2SS EG • 1 o 5P •g eT" § CO asigg ss-sa §§§§§ gsgs§ ||s|a States. 03 ^ t> J *• <• Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut. . Dolaware . Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas _ Kentucky .... Louisiana _ Maine . i mil Table 89. — Expenses of instruction in all high schools reporting , 1917-18 — Continued. 298 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Cost of supplies and other expenses of instruction. In regular high schools. 00 $115, 709 18, 529 35,403 178,801 12,985 375,395 32,067 60,023 216,095 86,596 44,409 361.605 7,760 6,972 38,581 24,893 145, 754 4,623 20,029 36, 182 108,655 63,908 237,483 16,200 In senior high schools. CO CO 2,805 600 5,500 12,399 1,883 5,300 10,963 3,750 2,413 S • § § ’ • §> © ; ^ In junior high schools. <© CO o 60 300 600 36,823 2,220 1,760 1,700 1,650 10,943 150 9,000 375 200 892 608 1,425 Cost of textbooks. In regular high schools. $120,801 4,584 26, 444 103,329 1.755 355,663 6,351 38,759 45,147 9,531 2. 755 268,213 8,343 540 3,593 1,258 10,325 4,577 8,232 9,329 40,376 10,440 48,954 7,926 In senior high schools. r>- O n UO 1,291 1,500 112 941 1,390 10,810 125 3,467 • ■§« • • g § In junior high schools. so $5,860 375 2.700 10 736 ICO 1 *00 O • • CO C5 1>- • • rr CO | •!> 6,000 1,733 250 1,171 73 694 595 Salaries and expenses of teachers. In regular high schools. 12 $1,071,647 100.205 274.205 2,699,876 155,565 7,817,908 329,903 424,370 3,755,979 891,485 518,397 4,548,624 250,173 . 163.049 436,743 470,885 2,352,965 368,232 233,613 615,230 1,728,255 602,879 1,662,754 155,420 In senior high schools. $53,211 31,932 17,750 12,375 80,350 13,143 275,240 69, 132 64,220 83,835 O ■ O • ■ o O '00»0 • • CC » o kO • CO CO ; | lO O 30 • of CD • • t^t-T ; • $750 6,700 2,700 3,284 2,000 4,995 13,300 750 1,925 250 7,075 1,885 Salares and expenses of principals. In regular high schools. sc $379,293 40,585 94,116 272,496 50, 720 1,067,842 286,815 247,011 929, 117 343,221 218,907 1,108,506 31,039 121,713 218,958 245,055 684,132 50,441 99,529 352,459 415, 192 212,406 508, 798 47,670 In senior high schools. $14,878 9,400 6,700 5,600 21,450 10,055 33,440 9,250 8,615 5,527 g :gg : :2£ CO ^ r-i tCWC^NCO HO rH »-H (N cC CO C* f-4 CO States. - Nebraska . Nevada . N. HaniDshire New Jersey. .. New Mexico.. New -York.. .. N. Carolina... N. Dakota _ Ohio . Oklahoma.... Oregon . Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. S. Carolina. . . South Dakota Tennessee .... Texas . Utah . Vermont . Virginia . Washington . . West Virginia Wisconsin.... Wyoming. . . . STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 299 Table 90. — The cost of instruction in all high schools, distributed as to function , and the average salary of all high-school 'principals in 1917-18. States. Total cost of in¬ struction. o £ d 8.3 St Total ex¬ pended for salaries. t-i £ <3 ca ft.® co Total cost of text¬ books. S-i fl cn P-O C/2 O Other U, "S § Q. <0 w a Salaries and ex¬ penses of prin¬ cipals. o.2 g| Ph d'cs geo £ si r expenses. Sj o Total. j Aver- ! age. * o 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States .... $97, 437, 127 $58.96 $89,512,588 91.9 $1,997, 378 2.0 $5,927, 161 6.1 $16, 864, 583 $1,272 Alabama . 772, 841 42.34 723, 818 93.7 7,753 1.0 41,270 5.3 253, 672 1,328 Arizona . 374. 104 94.69 313, 233 83.7 4,809 1.3 56, 062 15.0 48, 915 2,223 Arkansas . 628, 441 49.22 590, 103 93.9 6,597 1.0 31, 741 5.1 183,790 1,242 California . 7,621,589 83.01 6,572,500 86.2 80, 673 1.1 968, 416 12.7 685,309 2, 483 Colorado . 1,327, 948 65.60 1,218.825 91.8 19, 751 1.5 89, 372 6.7 206,038 1,549 Connecticut . 1,235, 378 51.97 1,114,011 90.2 44,705 3.6 76,662 6.2 127,610 1,823 Delaware . 140, 792 57.54 133,573 94.9 6,179 4.4 1,040 . 7 30, 198 1,161 Dist. Columbia . 424, 195 61.25 404,575 95.4 150 .0 19, 470 4.6 20, 100 2, 871 Florida . 438, 741 50. 96 416, 726 95.0 470 .1 21,545 4.9 137, 629 1,157 Georgia . 751, 582 41.18 680,060 90.5 16,936 2.2 54,586 7.3 271,823 1,213 Idaho . 622, 952 64.61 578,659 92.9 11,452 1.8 32,841 5.3 151,975 1,394 Illinois . 6, 910, 371 63.68 6, 406, 651 92.7 44,064 .6 459,656 6.7 1,091,000 1, 656 Indiana . 3, 542, 277 57.45 3, 302, 527 93.2 16, 695 .5 223,055 6.3 735, 081 1,076 Iowa . 3,451,134 61.83 3, 195, 194 92.6 67,999 2.0 187, 941 5.4 694, 245 1,036 Kansas . 2,761,587 53.90 2,553,547 92.5 10,979 .4 197,061 7.1 581,965 1,148 Kentucky . 971, 276 46. 61 904,954 93.2 8,975 .9 57,347 5.9 294, 131 980 Louisiana . 883, 428 62.94 851,695 96.4 4,912 .6 26,821 3.0 277,058 1,406 Maine . 703, 136 43.66 636, 473 90.5 37, 164 5.3 29,499 4.2 209,570 1,127 Maryland . 620, 863 53.29 573, 512 92.4 25,329 4.1 22,022 3.5 116,930 1.360 Massachusetts . 4, 802, 558 60.07 4,435, 156 92.4 116,802 2.4 250,600 5.2 484,528 2,098 Michigan . 3,666, 410 52.93 3, 344, 884 91.2 62, 124 1.7 259, 402 7.1 560, 185 1,120 Minnesota . 3, 322, 369 68.66 3,013,999 90.7 114,064 3.4 194, 306 5.9 476, 759 1,216 Mississippi . 623. 783 49. 73 576, 875 92.5 5,367 .9 41,541 6.6 208, 748 1,250 Missouri . 2, 696, 038 48. 77 2,550, 847 94.6 22,649 .8 122, 542 4.6 551,258 984 Montana . 1,021,787 96.95 878,450 86.0 63,314 6.2 80,023 7.8 200,800 1,646 Nebraska . 1,857,882 61.25 1,599,694 86.1 132,458 7.1 125, 730 6.8 400,706 930 Nevada . 163,903 150. 78 140, 790 85.9 4,584 2.8 18,529 11.3 40, 585 1,933 New Hampshire . 501, 184 53.69 434, 806 86.8 28, 110 5.6 38,268 7.6 104, 216 1,371 New Jersey . 3,510,028 69.04 3, 222, 798 91.8 107, 529 3.1 179, 701 5.1 284, 146 1,946 New Mexico . 257, 972 72. 36 237,010 91. 9 1,877 •7 19,085 7.4 59, 120 1,408 New York . 10, 708, 650 66. 71 9,926,693 92.7 357, 340 3.3 424, 617 4.0 1,097,942 1,589 North Carolina . 663,010 37.63 624, 592 94.2; 6, 351 1.0 32, 067 4.8 286, 815 979 North Dakota . 860, 799 77. 74 755,549 87.8 41,124 4.8 64, 126 7.4 267, 441 1,189 Ohio . 5,607,320 52. 77 5, 324, 508 94.9 59,657 1.1 223,155 4.0 980,272 1,231 Oklahoma . 1, 506, 778 50. 62 1,397,988 92.8 9,531 .6 99,259 6.6 357, 746 1,037 Oregon . 942, 681 48. 75 889,992 94.4 2,880 .3 49,809 5.3 234, 512 1,261 Pennsylvania . 6,912,439 53. 36 6, 258, 360 90.61 279, 118 4.0 374, 961 5.4 1,119,839 1,189 Rhode Island . 315, 469 56.06 299,366 94.91 8,343 2.6 7,760 2.5 31,039 1,826 South Carolina . 294, 934 40. 16 287,422 97. 4; 540 .2 6,972 2.4 121,713 998 South Dakota . 714, 655 65.73 672, 481 94. l! 3,593 .5 38,581 5.4 220, 668 1,180 Tennessee . 762,321 43.13 735, 570 96.5 1,258 .2 25,493 3.3 246,255 1,135 Texas . 3,359, 197 56.26 3,188,118 94.9! 16,325 . 5 154, 754 4.6 690, 932 1,092 Utah . 541, 835 48. 81 525,977 97.1 6,710 1.2 9, 148 1.7 62, 146 1,942 Vermont . 407,831 45.00 377, 170 92.5| 9, 782 2.4 20, 879 5. 1 104,129 1,370 Virginia . 1,068,244 46.08 1,021,562 95.6 10,500 1.0 36, 182 3.4 355,053 997 Washington . 2,423,888 70.05 2, 273, 892 93.8 40,449 1.7 109,547 4.5 417, 127! 1,469 West Virginia . 980, 035 56.64 901,689 92.0 11,337 1.2 67,009 6.8 220, 571 1,442 Wisconsin . 2, 530, 776 50.23 2, 240, 124 88.5 50,144 2.0 240, 508 9. 5 514, 623 1,402 Wyoming . 229, 716 74.51 205, 590 89.5 7,926 3.4 16,200 7.1 47,670' 1,402 Table 91. — Cost of instruction in fully accredited and in partially accredited high schools, 1917-18. 300 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Average salaries of principals. 05 81,012 1,071 1,558 1,115 1,912 1,234 i IS Ills SHIS 8 slilg IIS 1 Salaries of principals. T >-i oo © Schools reporting. 00 4,497 CO i Average salaries of principals. $1,557 56581 ISMS SSSS8 lllii B83S8 851 HNHNH »— < 0} i l ,-1 IN ri HHHHN hhhhN i-HN-T Salaries of principals. • S § o' £ SiiSS 38815 S51I8 liggg §ifss §85 s'a'aW sfggg ssggsg ggg'g'a §s8' i § 1 Cost per student. is CO 1 gS&SS 355388 S8333 fcSSkS SiSSSS S'SSSS 838 j Instruction costs. ■*« $81,337,561 599,072 349, 814 401,607 6,924,150 1,125,313 1,198,403 102,323 424, 195 259,991 358,485 439,947 6,297,170 3,439,179 2,554,301 1,358,080 579, 880 674,729 664,132 544,798 4,684,545 3,241,290 2,817, 158 495,502 2,189,361 847,332 878,261 144,270 483, 165 Students in these schools. 94 1,393,497 gfg§s Isial ISIss iilSI ISIgg Ii§ S"“'E:V -'SSSfS asa'sV 3' Schools reporting. 6,514 SS^SSB 8£g28 £§288 ||S|S S52S - United States . Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Dist. Columbia . Florida . Georgia . Idaho . . ilil mil III) III STATISTICS OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 301 85 111 11 S8SB5 III 2 1 222 11 §§§§! 88185 5SS as §W S¥~ss s‘S“ 6 IlSi 8 888S5S 68.96 92. 88 94. 35 38.21 85. 56 55. 36 60. 46 42.93 50. 91 104.11 40. 36 105. 61 48. 01 111.37 66.07 $ ssss g §s5SS 85, 435 62, 165 480,910 473,683 241,878 797,568 112, 749 182, 721 1,014,592 2, 915 136,253 29,147 135, 248 882, 143 42,480 65,598 97,958 222,341 214, 173 34,420 11 §g§§8 §§»§§ Sal lOcfeiWf ■^'oT os oft* 2 If?il .-T Of OS' 20 21 198 268 75 319 47 122 591 2 65 12 69 200 7 3 II 8S9EB 11111 8S5S8 UU CI ^ T-. r-^ C* l- — < II gggSS 18lgg sills £S$S § s' g's'ffgs' f2“ggTs“s sgssg" ggssf S3 5*Smo S3 SSSS3 S8SS8 23SSS gs&f* II gmi 8S33S ggggg ilil ss pli g‘s¥s¥ isiii i¥is co o' 't' o' of of of ii ism giiss nisi img s^sa 3V“3e0t*r 2£2°°2 gs®** §3 |33£2 3§2g£ x|Sl?ffi SSgS 61 6SII: ZZ ZZZO; Nonaccredited high schools. I Two and one year high schools. 302 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. i . . os c -2 w-m a 6 2-S1 «'h o > a cl <1 a'fl m a, © 2& 5*5 £ a a-n m g, O M 1 § m © a © o42 a 2 P. >S’a ^ g'S. 0^5 c/3 «? © P. *G © 2 c P, 05 o5 O 03 o s p & M.tiS O.S ®ti © R a>io 0* CO 88 88 L- t— CO oo CO CO § ill! Siiii SsiSsl Is > t ~ OC O O L* 8” 8 88: JO CO N -vO O NiC'OOO rH lO iO OOfMQC 8S88S 28882 8888! n»c««3 -f o- ( f'- rH .H IQ 05 MOlOON 00 Ol Ui 05 00 CO l© rH CO H«N«® >-l ^HttCO Tt> rr 00 CO W030NCO •w®ONh l© t-» 00 i-c 03 !?$£ 00 03 03 03 I© rH §53 SSSSR > O lOl - >,•«. 1 ^ lO O CO ip c > cO t>» 1-t 05 c c»o»» cocofi- * sCstfss s“swa assays §100005 03 tr£r.o0O3rH MOO^O 0 03N e© rH -h .h woovifl 05 oo 05 1- 03 “ " rH 05 03^050505 lO 03 rH rH 03 D- >-l £ ' rH r i© i-i -h ■ 03 05 rH 05 rH 82§§ 0‘ON-H OtTICW co c4 ;8S8 1C CO ®®8S 05 03 0- rt< «88£ 888 88SS88 38 L- T-H lOiOCOOCO CO Tf« 38 S“g?8S3S 22 S2 88883 88 8S© "8888^ 88 28 888S3 88 05© © 03 -h lO CO ir © 88 8S3Si?2 28 r*»C5 rH O O *-H rH 32 8SS855 a o .22;. S W pT5 o ^ 63 2 dC§s ©>;o-S © a ^ o S a E fc ~ ©’S’o o'SR © <3<300 uQfeO 00 TJ. 00 03 828S >|8: CO CO CO 00 ON XONhh CCHNOOCOt* t-H CO CD Tf O NNOMN rH Hrt-^OH t>» 1 1 1 1 1 Average salary of principal. 00 N CO 5 5M88 88883 38315. 1338.8 383SS 111 -H ^ 335 87 11111 r-T >> ££££ 59872°— 21 - 20 Table 94. — Cost of instruction in city and in village high schools, 1917-18. 306 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Village high schools. Average salary of principals. 13 CD CO CO ic t>- CO OCCOHHH (N^COIOCO HHHNH 868 896 1,450 1,852 1, 197 1,278 1,318 1,413 803 1,655 1,400 1,625 1,350 1,450 1,023 2,700 1,147 1,580 1,800 Salaries of principals. -H OOOOgH C* ^ City high schools. Average salary of principals. - CO 1,631 3, 171 1,519 3,681 2,542 3, 204 1,975 2,871 1,217 1,968 2,000 3,014 2,420 2,081 2,347 1,281 2,021 1,944 2, 106 3, 100 2,337 2,558 1,248 2,045 2,980 3,325 38 O of Salaries of principals. «e $3,084,362 26, 102 22,200 21,265 206, 114 45, 763 54, 472 3,950 20, 100 7,300 35,430 4,000 183, 846 113,746 45,784 53,976 46, 133 22, 233 27,210 18,950 238,737 130, 863 71, 630 18,723 85,875 14,900 26,600 Ol 8 8 Average cost of instruction. $56. 81 34.14 82.63 20.08 65.15 63.36 52.32 55.43 61.27 23.91 22.38 45.41 62.23 54.19 59. 18 44.64 45.43 46.08 39.21 52. 17 61.43 53.45 64!97 40.81 48.94 81.65 60.39 1 45. 68 1 Instruction costs. $48,680,350 244,620 230, 299 989, 126 4,075,514 640,742 919, 855 69,325 424, 195 21,265 149,062 -61,444 3,459,748 1,317,227 798,432 704,783 436,456 218, 136 238,577 280,854 3,745,562 1,944,649 1,395,876 150,947 1, 296, 977 259,478 416,975 1 242,691 Students in these schools. ©9 856,902 7, 166 2.786 4,495 62,527 10, 130 17,581 1,251 6,926 889 6,663 1,353 55, 619 24,340 13,498 15,780 9,620 4,742 6,082 5,385 60,974 36,381 21,485 3,699 26,483 3, 178 6,905 1 5,313 1 Schools reporting. 1,269 cct>Tt-r §1 §!§§£ §§§§§ 11S1I igsi 85 I^S*^ §M SS^S 253^ 308 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 95. — Cost of instruction in rural high schools, 1917-18. I Rural high schools. States. Schools report¬ ing. Students in these schools. Instruction costs. Average cost per student. Salaries of principals. Average salary of principal. 1 2 3 5 6 7 United States . 11,257 670, 752 $42,479,246 $63.33 $12,781,087 $1,135 Alabama . . . 163 10, 166 483,437 47.55 212, 133 1,301 Arizona . 14 1,077 132,830 123.33 25, 230 1,802 Arkansas . 121 6,257 355,063 | 1 56. 75 145,400 1,202 California . 207 25,717 3,235,464 1 125.81 446,474 2, 157 Colorado . 102 6, 878 508,141 ] 73.88 139, 301 1,366 Connecticut . 53 6, 191 315, 523 50.96 73, 138 1.380 Delaware . 21 986 61, 864 62.74 23,645 1,126 Florida . 100 7,068 372, 470 52. 70 118, 679 1,187 Georgia . 192 9,739 514, 896 52.87 216,087 1,125 Idaho . 102 6, 737 483, 176 71. 72 138, 715 1,360 Illinois . 568 48,176 3,226,768 66. 98 871, 259 1,534 Indiana . 607 33,068 1,959,375 59. 25 584, 276 963 Iowa . 616 34,305 2, 267. 713 66. 10 606, 281 984 Kansas . 461 29,551 1, 806, 265 61.12 495,479 1,075 Kentucky . 245 9,683 466, 040 48. 13 232, 738 950 Louisiana . 172 7, 877 589, 404 74.83 231,653 1,347 Maine . 168 9,435 443,309 46.99 176; 760 1,052 Maryland . 77 6,266 340,009 54.26 97,980 1,272 Massachusetts . 154 18,975 1,056,996 55. 70 245, 791 1,596 Michigan . 424 26, 793 1,352,055 50.46 396,814 936 Minnesota . 346 22, 715 1,688,243 74.32 380,824 1,101 Mississippi . 142 7, 798 424, 808 54.48 175, 525 1,236 Missouri . 492 25, 570 1,222,339 47.80 438, 779 892 Montana . 116 7,176 745, 589 103. 90 183.200 1,579 Nebraska . 411 21,019 1,343,533 63.92 360,341 877 Nevada . 19 917 144,853 . 157.96 37,425 1,970 New Hampshire . 60 3,300 222, 570 67.45 71,957 1,199 New Jersey . 76 9,306 589,925 63.39 113, 544 1,494 New Mexico . 37 2.382 186,047 78.11 50, 025 1,352 New York . 543 29; 046 2, 127, 256 73.23 709,075 1,306 North Carolina . 266 11,644 455,967 39. 16 251, 288 945 North Dakota . . 219 8,839 738,543 83.56 253, 761 1.159 Ohio . 663 37,696 2,043,746 54.22 689, 749 1,040 Oklahoma . 301 15, 609 900,319 57.68 300,860 1,000 Oregon . 166 8,346 398, 435 47.74 195,442 1,177 Pennsylvania . 707 35,224 1,762,303 50.03 692, 729 980 Rhode Island . 8 736 42, 395 57.60 8,950 1,119 South Carolina . 103 4,377 190, 701 43.57 102,468 995 South Dakota . 177 7, 950 536,583 67.49 202, 718 1,145 Tennessee . . . 193 11,554 542, 553 46.96 213, 223 1,105 Texas . 534 28, 158 1,922, 137 68.26 539, 662 1,011 Utah . 20 ■ 4,070 227, 364 55.86 34, 762 1,738 Vermont . 65 5, 380 246, 285 45. 78 81, 769 • 1,258 Virginia . 325 11, 749 637,934 54.29 309,100 951 Washington . 251 13, 630 1,122,942 83.39 329, 824 1,314 West Virginia . 124' 7,708 545,347 70.75 153,919 1,241 Wisconsin . ' . 297 22,053 1,334,886 60.53 382,465 1,288 Wyoming . 29 1,855 164, 845 88.87 39,870 1,375 CHAPTER III. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMES, 1917-18. Contents. — Schools — Length, of course and term — Instructors — Students — Amount of schooling offered— Graduates — Military drill — Property — Income — Four-year high schools — Statistical tables. SCHOOLS INCLUDED. The schools represented in this chapter are either private secondary- schools or schools ranking higher than secondary schools hut not offering a four-year collegiate course or not classed as junior colleges. Only a very small percentage of them offer any work beyond the secondary grades. A large number offer elementary as well as secondary" work; in fact, the number of elementary pupils exceeds the number of secondary students, as will be noted in Table 6. The statistics in this chapter, however, relate only to private secondary schools unless elementary schools are specifically designated. The private secondary schools offering only a commercial course have been included in the report on private commercial and business schools. About 60 schools, formerly included in this chapter, have been transferred to the chapter on commercial schools, thereby tending to reduce the list of schools represented herein. No school has been included which does not enroll at least 10 secondary students. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS REPORTING. The number of private secondary schools reporting since 1900 shows considerable variation, as will be noted in figure 1. It is doubtful if the total number of such schools in the United States has decreased during any interval represented in the graph. There was apparently a rapid decrease from 1900 to 1909, but the very abrupt rise in the curve after that date seems to indicate that a decreasing number of schools submitted a report within this period. Many private secondary schools are organized each year, and many go out of existence annually-. A frequent and thorough revision of the mailing list maintained by the Bureau of Education is necessary in order to insure comparable returns from year to year. It -is evident that a thorough revision of the list was made in the years following 1909. A slight decrease is shown for 1916, and a decided decrease for 1918. It is not possible from the inquiries sent out to ascertain how many of these private secondary schools were closed on account of the war. The greatest number of schools reported in 1915 and the 309 Table 1.— Review of statistics of private high schools and academies , 1900-1918 310 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION. 1916-1918. 1918 2,058 5,411 8,788 661 ‘n 72,238 86,507 158,745 3,086 6,021 9, 107 10,218 13,614 23, 832 532 31,532 390 732 936 42, 696 45,043 71,006 6.9 77.1 11.3 1,671 3,696 | 2,122 1916 2,203 5,82] 8,137 13,958 73,215 81,920 155, 135 2,634 4, 545 7,179 10,768 12,223 22,991 134 10,324 439 787 977 39,675 46, 655 68,805 6.3 70.5 11.1 1,616 3,034 1,877 1915 2,248 5,776 8,250 14,026 j 73,208 81,836 | 3 no' lO j 2,222 4,316 6,538 10,419 11,806 22,285 113 8,836 451 799 998 39,543 46,945 68,556 6.2 70.0 11.1 1,577 2, 817 1,786 1914 2,199 5,820 8,070 13,890 72,871 81,986 154,857 2,372 4,280 6,652 9,613 10,690 20,303 6,835 444 784 971 38,421 46,683 69,753 6.3 70.4 11.1 ' 1,448 2,461 1,699 1913 2,168 - . 5,656 7,698 13,354 69,542 78, 696 148,238 2,280 3,856 6,136 8,939 10,104 19,043 441 782 945 36,941 45, 553 65, 744 6.2 68.4 11.1 1,449 2,404 1,659 1912 2,044 5,307 7,076 12,383 66,742 74,725 141,467 1,817 3,202 5,019 8,254 9,522 17,776 423 749 872 34,533 43,258 63, 676 6.1 69.2 11.4 1,405 2,343 1,668 1911 1,979 4,986 7,087 12,073 61, 298 69,351 130, 649 2,291 3,036 5,327 7,586 8,875 16,461 388 602 989 30, 268 34, 135 66, 246 6.1 66.0 10.8 1,373 2,341 1,710 1910 1,781 4,.512 6,634 11,146 55,474 61,926 117, 400 1,408 2,480 3,888 6,876 7,533 14,409 OO t-H > cH Cn H r-» ‘ ^ a? — S vu H / 1 1 H O vO co CO / V -L - C7 -h hr — \°° f °S \ 0 Q I \ / fN •v. CO f c s f\ ft zzs CC CO Cf si - ' O Cl in O - 71 r i> / / CO * s ro co / cc (> / vC ru IN f\J IT — k* ,-r — i= tr (N CC f V oc Cs CO iH i V V If . N- vc K . * - -S Sj v vO / of V ^ S' IT / cr V rH c 0 IT 17 'T 0 A % rf -t ** - H c vT / O c - - t 0 o«- <\j *r» xr\ vo co 00 i-tfM w»*t-\r\\Oc^cg 8 a- § § & 88 88 S 5^ S S' ? S' o^S'CT' r-t rt H r-t i-i r-t r* r4 H r< OOOOOOOQrH#-lr-l.-*r-l«-IH.-lrt QN QN OS Q\ Q\ Q\ Q\ ON Q\ 0s (T* QN Qs Q\ 0s iHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHrlH IN COEDUCATIONAL SCHOOLS. IN GIRLS* SCHOOLS. b.... IN BOYS’ SCHOOLS. O NO DATA PRIOR TO 1902. Fig. 9. — Distribution of students in private high schools and academies among coeducational, boys', and girls’ schools, 1900-1918. 324 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, Fig. 10.— Distribution of students in private high schools and academies according to the year in which they are enrolled and the number graduating, 1900-1918. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 191*7-1918. 325 the relative distances of the curves from the base line. In 1918 the enrollment in the third year is about equal to the enrollment in the fourth year, both curves on this year being about equidistant from the zero line. The enrollment in the first year in 1918 is proportion¬ ally greater than that in preceding years, probably accounted for by the fact that unclassified students are tabulated in the first year and by the fact that a greater number of special students were enrolled in private secondary schools, especially in military schools, during the period of the war than in preceding years. The number graduating is less than the number in the fourth year and the relative distances between these two curves is becoming greater year after year. It should be added in this connection that the curve repre¬ senting the number of graduates has in it two compensating errors. Schools which offer a course extending a year or two beyond the usual secondary course will report fewer graduates than they would have reported if their course ended at the completion of the twelfth grade. This factor tends to reduce the number of students complet¬ ing the secondary course and at the same time to increase the enroll¬ ment in the fourth year, since all collegiate students in these schools are classed as fourth-year students in the tabulation. Schools which offer only a one, two, or three year course often report graduates which are included with the graduates from four-year schools. This factor tends to increase the number of graduates and to decrease the enrollment in the fourth year from what it would be if all schools offered a four-year course. As these factors counteract each other, the relative positions of the curves in figure 10 are essentially correct. The greatest inaccuracy is found in the enrollment in the first year, since it includes all special and unclassified students. In Table 3 the percentage of students enrolled in each year of the course since 1907 is shown. For example, 34.9 per cent of the students in 1912 were enrolled in the first year, 26.8 per cent in the second year, 20.9 per cent in the third year, and 17.4 per cent in the fourth year. Since 1907, when these data were first collected, the proportion of students enrolled in each year of the course has not changed materially. In the first year there has been an increase from 33.1 per cent in 1907 to 36.6 per cent in 1918; in the second year a slight decrease, from 26.5 per cent to 25.7 per cent; in the third year a more pronounced decrease, from 22.4 per cent to 19.5 per cent; and in the fourth year a slight increase, from 18 per cent to 18.2 per cent. These slight proportional changes are not readily apparent from the figure. A comparison between the curves in figure 10 indicates fairly accu¬ rately the school mortality. The enrollment in the first year in 1907 becomes the enrollment in the second year in 1908, the enrollment in the third year in 1909, and the enrollment in the fourth year in 1910. 326 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. The enrollment of 21,856 in the first year in 1907 reduces to 17,674 ‘in the fourth year in 1910. The mortality within these secondary schools is therefore 4,182, or 19.1 per cent for students entering in 1907. This percentage does not include the number enrolled in the fourth year who fail to graduate. If these are included the mortality increases to 7,447, or to 34.1 per cent. It is desirable to secure a series of stable percentages showing the mortality of students as they advance in the course from the first to the second year, from the second to the third, from the third to the fourth, and from the fourth year to graduation. To ascertain these percentages the progress of a single class through school would not give a dependable ratio ; it would he subject to variation with different classes entering the private secondary schools in different years. A more stable group of ratios, unaffected by variable reports, may be computed by securing the average enrollment for a period of con¬ secutive years for the number of students in each year of the course and by ascertaining the mortality percentages between these averages. It is necessary to observe that the average enrollment in any class (first year, second year, etc.) lags one year behind the average enroll¬ ment in the class next above it. The averages must be computed, there¬ fore, for different consecutive periods as follows: The average enroll¬ ment in the first year from 1907 to 1915 was 39,187; in the second year from 1908 to 1916, 32,887; in the third year from 1909 to 1917, 26,672; and in the fourth year from 1910 to 1918, 24,833. The aver¬ age number graduating from 1910 to 1918 was 19,638. The loss between the first average and the second is 6,300, or 16.1 per cent of the number in the first year; between the second and the third is 6,215, or 18.9 per cent of the number in the second year; between the third and fourth is 1,839, or 6.9 per cent of the number in the third year; and between the average fourth-year enrollment and the average number of graduates is 5,195, or 20.9 per cent of the number in the fourth year. The total loss between the first-year average enrollment and the fourth is 14,354, or 36.7 per cent, and between the first-year average and the average number who graduate is 19,549, or almost 50 per cent. In other words, only four-fifths of the students enrolled in the fourth year graduate and only half of those who enter privato secondary schools graduate. Considering the average enrollment in the drst year (39,187) as the base, it is found that 16.1 per cent of this number will not enter the second year, an additional 15.9 per cent will not enter the third year, an additional 4.7 per cent will not enter the fourth year, and an additional 13.3 per cent of those who do enroll the fourth year will not graduate. Care should be taken not to confuse these mortal¬ ity percentages, viz, 16.1, 15.9, 4.7, and 13.3, with the percentages given above, viz, 16.1, 18.9, 6.9, and 20.9, which are computed respec- PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 327 tively on the average enrollments for the first, second, third, and fourth years of the course. The former series when added give the total mortality of 50 per cent, while the latter series can not be accumulated. The methods suggested above for estimating school mortality are only approximate. Students attending schools offering a course shorter than four years often have no opportunity to continue their school work after they have completed the course offered. These students are counted, by the methods employed above, as among those who drop out of school. Possibly they may complete the secondary course in a public high school. Students who transfer from a private high school to other types of schools not represented in this chapter have been considered among those dropping out of school. On the other hand, pupils completing a public high school offering a short course may enter private secondary schools. Also some transfer from public to private secondary schools. It is assumed that these two factors compensate for each other, or are of minor im¬ portance. Since all appreciable errors likely to occur are compen¬ sating, it is held that the mortality percentages given above are essentially correct. If there were no school mortality, the four curves representing enrollment would fall nearer together, and the enrollment in any class in any year would be equal to the enrollment in the class below it for the year just preceding. A line joining these hypothetical points representing the enrollment of the same class for four con¬ secutive 3^ears would run parallel to the base line. The negative slope or declination of any line joining the actual enrollment points representing the same class in different years indicates approximately the mortality rate. If there is no mortality, such lines will run parallel to the zero line. The greater the incline the greater the mortality. For example, the line joining the point 21,856 in 1907 with 21,403 in 1908 is not so precipitous as the line joining 'the latter point with the point 18,086 in 1909. The mortality between the second and the third year is greater, therefore, than that between the first and the second year for the class entering in 1907. Caution should be used in employing this method of comparing mortality rates since the same declination on widely different parts of the scale does not give close approximations. STUDENTS IN DENOMINATIONAL AND NONSECTARIAN SCHOOLS. An inspection of figure 11 shows that the enrollment in denomi¬ national schools has exceeded the enrollment in nonsectarian schools since 1900. The increase in enrollment since 1909 has been almost wholly due to students in denominational schools. The enrollment in nonsectarian schools since 1900 has decreased from 57,173 to 328 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 50,721, while the enrollment in denominational schools has increased from 53,624 to 108,024, or has more than doubled. An inspection of Table 2 shows that the increase in enrollment in denominational schools has been due almost wholly to the increasing number of students in Roman Catholic schools. The Baptist, Episcopal, and Lutheran schools show slight gains for this 18-year period. -The curves in figure 11 are very similar in outline to those in figure 2, which represent the number of schools reporting. Table 5. — Denominational high schools and academies , 1917-18. Religious denominations. Schools. Instruct¬ ors. Stu¬ dents. Baptist . 99 559 8,129 1,256 157 Christian . 19 105 Christian Science . 2 21 Church of the Brethren . 4 22 329 2,086 5,826 115 Congregational . 28 212 Episcopal . 78 745 Evangelical . 1 9 Friends . 28 227 2,289 Jewish . 1 H 226 5,483 3,981 497 Latter Day Saints . 19 256 Lutheran . 53 333 Mennonite Brethren . 5 30 Methodist . 69 489 6,367 Methodist Episcopal South . 25 142 2, 090 14 Methodist Protestant . 1 2 Moravian . 2 17 | 70 Nazarene . 6 44 346 New Church . 3 25 112 Norwegian Evangelical Free Church . 1 2 19 22 Pentecostal Holiness . 1 1 Pillar of Fire . 1 6 40 Presbyterian . 56 367 3,531 710 Reformed Church . . 64 Roman Catholic . 940 5,591 61,823 1,805 80 Seventh Day Adventist . 20 141 Unitarian . 1 8 United Brethren . 4 22 208 United Evangelical . 1 5 52 Universalist . 3 26 361 Total . 1,478 9,482 108,024 A complete distribution of instructors and students in private high schools and academies as to denominational control is given in Table 5. A distribution of schools, instructors, and students for the lead¬ ing denominations is shown by States in Table 15. STUDENTS TO A SCHOOL. The average number of students in private high schools and acade¬ mies has increased from 56 in 1900 to 77.1 in 1918, or an increase of 37.7 per cent. A marked increase in the size of schools occurred be¬ tween 1916 and 1918, when the average was raised from 70.5 to 77.1. The relatively high averages occurring from 1903 to 1909 are proba¬ bly due to the fact that the larger schools continued to report while a number of the smaller schools did not report or were discontinued as has been explained elsewhere. It is doubtful, therefore, if these high averages (1903-1909) are consistent with the averages for other years. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 329 Fig. 11.— Students enrolled in denominational and non-sectarian private liigh schools and academies, 1900-1918. Fig. 12.— Average number of students in private high schools and academies, 1900-1918. 330 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. WHITE AND COLORED STUDENTS. The distribution of students as to sex and color is shown graphi¬ cally in figure 13. The number of colored students enrolled in pri¬ vate high schools and academies is only 5.7 per cent of the total num¬ ber. In white schools the number of boys equals 45.5 per cent of the total, but in schools for colored youth the number of boys equals only 33.9 per cent of the total. It is evident therefore from figure 13 that private secondary schools for colored students do not enroll as large a percentage of boys as is characteristic of private schools for white students. COLORED STUDENTS. Figure 14 shows over a series of years the distribution of colored students in private secondary schools as to sex. The number of col¬ ored girls has exoeeded the number of colored boys each year since 1900, except in 1903. Until 1911 the boys and girls were about PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 331 equally divided. Since that date the two lower curves diverge, indicating that there is a tendency for these private schools to enroll a much larger percentage of girls than boys. The total number of colored students enrolled has increased from 2,390 in 1900 to 9,107 in 1918, or 253 per cent. This percentage is significant in view of the fact that the corresponding increase in the number of white students TOTAL. GIRLS. oo r\i Si £ i? (\J Cvj «"> vO *- w O fV ro O CO c — VF CM 8 8 8 vO C'- CO O' O 8 8 8 8 8 Fig. 14. — Number of colored students in private high schools and academies, 1900-1918. enrolled in private secondary schools has been only 38 per cent within the same period. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS EXCLUSIVELY FOR COLORED STUDENTS. The statistics of private high schools exclusively for colored youth are shown in detail in Table 29 and in summarized form in Tables 26 and 27. Altogether, 133 schools of this type reported. Of these schools, 105 offer a four-year course. The total number of instruc¬ tors was 780 and the total number of students 9,032. Of this num¬ ber, 7,885 students are enrolled in four-year schools. An additional number of 75 colored students were enrolled in other private sec¬ ondary schools. The total number of graduates reported was 1,189. The total number of colored students in military drill was 850. The 332 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. distribution of enrollment by course of study is shown in Table 26. The total number of volumes in the libraries of these schools was 122,765, and the total valuation of all property was $6,036,849. In all, 129 schools reported a total income of $999,765. DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS AS TO ADVANCEMENT AND AS TO SEX. The vertical scale in figure 15 shows the distribution of students as to the class in which they are enrolled. Over one- third of the stu- Fig. 15. — Distribution of students in private high schools and academies as to the year in which they are enrolled and as to sex, 1917-18. dents (58,143) are in the first year; about one-fourth (40,751) are in the second year; almost one-fifth (31,016) are in the third year; and 18.2 per cent (28,835) are in the fourth year. The horizontal scale shows the distribution of boys and girls in each year of the course. A very striking feature of this sex distribution is that the percentage of boys and girls remains about the same as students advance in the course. Some force must operate in private secondary schools to keep the boys in school. The number of girls, however, constitutes over half the total enrollment in each year. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 333 AMOUNT OF SCHOOLING OFFERED TO STUDENTS. By noting the vertical axis in figure 16 it is found that 90.1 per cent of the students in private secondary schools are enrolled in four- year schools; 3.2 per cent in three-year schools; 1.6 per cent in two- year schools; and 5.1 per cent in one-year schools. These percentages should be compared with the corresponding percentages for the number of schools in figure 5. While 85.6 per cent of the schools Fig. 16 —Distribution of 158,745 students enrolled in private high schools and academies according to the amount of schooling offered, 1917-18. offer a four-year course, they enroll 90.1 per cent of the students; while 7.1 per cent of the schools offer a three-vear course, they enroll only 3.2 per cent of the students; while 3.8 per cent of the schools offer a two-year course, they enroll only 1.6 per cent of the students; and while 3.5 per cent of the schools offer a one-year course, they register 5.1 per cent of the students. It is evident, therefore, that the larger schools offer a four-year or one-year course. The exact average size of schools in each class may be obtained by dividing the number of students in each group of schools by the corresponding number of 334 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. schools. The average size of the four-year schools is 81 ; of the three- year schools, 35; of the two-year schools, 32; and of the one-year schools, 111. The horizontal scale of figure 16 shows the percentage distribution of students according to the length of the school term. A very small percentage of students in four-year schools have a term of 140 days or fewer, as indicated by that part of the diagram colored black. About half of the students in four-year schools have a term of 161 to Fig. 17.— Rate of increase in the number of students in private high schools and academies as compared with that in the total population 5 to 18 years, 1900-1918. (The average enrollment since 1900 is 121,215. The enrollment for each year since 1900 is divided by this average to get the index numbers for students. The similar method used in securing the population indices is given in detail in the chapter on “ Indus¬ trial Schools for Delinquents.” The “moving average” is secured by averaging the indices for seven consecutive years and plotting the average for the fourth year of the series. The moving average shows the general trend.) 180 days. Over one-fourth have a term of 181 to 200 days. Combin¬ ing the last two groups, it is found that about one-third of the students in four-year schools have a term exceeding 180 days. For all schools combined, it is found that 1.8 per cent of the students have a term of 140 days or fewer; that 7.8 per cent have a term of 141 to 160 days; that 47.7 per cent have a term of 161 to 180 days; that 27.7 per cent have a term of 181 to 200 days; and that 15 per cent have a term exceeding 200 days. The corresponding percentages appearing on PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 335 the graph should be compared with these percentages for all types combined. Thus the percentage of students in three-year schools having a term of 161 to 180 days (28.5 per cent) is not nearly so large as the corresponding percentage (47.7 percent) for all groups combined. The students in one-year schools have either a very short term (20.6 per cent of the students) or a very long term (38.1 per cent of the students.) COMPARATIVE RATES OF INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF SECONDARY STUDENTS IN PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND IN THE TOTAL POPULATION 5 TO 18 YEARS. By reducing the population 5 to 18 years and the enrollment in private secondary schools to index numbers, it is possible to compare rates of increase. The method used in securing the indices is to divide the population each year by the average population for the period 1900-1918, and to divide the enrollment each year by the average enrollment for the same period. The respective curves are then plotted according to the indices appearing at the top of the figure. The population curve shows a fairly steady increase, but the enroll¬ ment curve takes the same general course as that representing the total enrollment in figure 8. The sudden fluctuations in this curve have been eliminated by applying a moving average to the index numbers for enrollment, as explained above. The rate of increase between any two consecutive years is indicated approximately by the slope of the curve joining these points. Thus from 1914 to 1915 the population curve has about the same slope as the moving average, indicating that rates of increase are about equal. Since 1914 the enrollment and the population have also increased at about the same rate. If the extremities of the two curves are compared, it is found that the moving average has increased a little more rapidly than the population curve. The drop in the enrollment curve from 1900 to 1909 has been explained elsewhere. This part of the enrollment curve and the corresponding moving average should not be compared with the population indices. It would have been impossible to compare graphically the absolute enrollment with the total population 5 to 18 years without reducing the actual numbers to indices. Any relation¬ ship existing would have been imperceptible, since the totals would have occupied widely different parts of the scale. NUMBER OF GRADUATES. A distribution of graduates according to sex is shown graphically in figure 18. Until 1909 the number of boys graduating was about the same as the number of girls. Since that date the number of girls graduating has increased more rapidly than the number of boys, as indicated by the divergence of the two lower curves in the figure. 336 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. There was a slight decrease in the number of boys graduating in 1918. This is probably accounted for by war conditions, many of the older boys probably coming within the draft age or leaving school to accept positions made vacant by draftees. The number of girls graduating continued to increase regardless of war conditions. GRADUATES GOING TO OTHER INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING. In 1916, and in years preceding, data were collected to show the number of graduates from private secondary schools who were pre¬ paring to enter college or other institutions of learning. The replies to this question did not show how many graduates actually went to higher institutions. In 1918 the inquiry was changed so as to secure the actual number who go to other schools after graduation from the private secondary school. At the time these reports are furnished, just after the close of the school term, graduates have not yet entered college or other institutions. Consequently, prin¬ cipals were asked to give the number of graduates from the class of 1917 who went to college or to other institutions of learning in 1719-18. The replies, therefore, to this inquiry are not directly com- O H CM Tt- lr\ VO V- CO O' 8888 8888 88 O' O' 21 » 5 £ 2 S- 3 ON 0s (T' (T' (Tv ^ i ■■■ TOTAL. GIRL8. - BOYS. Fig. 18. — Number of graduates from private high schools and academies, 1900-1918. GRADU- , i NUMBER OF GRADUATES 337 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 59872°— 21- - -22 Fig. 19.— Graduates from private high schools going to other institutions of learning. 338 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. parable to the number graduating in 1918. Since the Bureau of Education collects statistics only for even-numbered years, the exact number of graduates in 1917 is not known. It can be estimated, however, from the number graduating in 1916 and 1918. In 1916 the total number of graduates was 22,991, including 10,768 boys and 12,223 girls. In 1918 the total number of graduates was 23,832, including 10,218 boys and 13,614 girls. The average of these respect¬ ive numbers gives approximately the number of graduates in 1917, viz, total, 23,412; boys, 10,493; and girls, 12,919. It is found from Table 11 that the total number of graduates (class 1917) who went to college in 1917-18 was 9,186, including 6,091 boys and 3,095 girls, and that the total number who went to other institutions, such as normal schools, business schools, trade schools, etc., was 3,981, including 1,056 boys and 2,925 girls. Assuming that the estimates made above are correct, it is found that 39.2 per cent of the graduates in 1917 went to college in 1917-18 and that an additional 17 per cent went to other schools, making a total of 56.2 per cent who continued their education after graduating from the private secondary school. These percentages are not essentially different from those shown in Table 11, columns 11 and 15, which are based on the number graduating in 1918. It is of special interest to compare the percentages of boys and girls graduating from private secondary schools who go to other institutions of learning. Of the 10,493 boys graduating in 1917, 58 per cent went to college in 1917-18 and an additional 10.1 per cent went to other schools. Altogether, 68.1 per cent of the boys continued their education after completing the work of the private secondary school. Of the 12,919 girls graduating in 1917, 24 per cent went to college in 1917-18 and an additional 22 per cent went to other schools. Altogether, only 46 per cent of the girls graduating in 1917 continued their education after completing the secondary school. By comparing the percentages of boys and girls going to college it is found that 2.4 times as great a proportion of boys as girls, graduating from the private secondary school, will attend college, while almost 2.2 times as great a proportion of girls as boys will go to other schools. The great influx of girls to private commercial schools during the war, shown elsewhere in this report, may partly account for the large percentage of girls graduating from private secondary schools who go to other schools not of collegiate rank. The small percentage of boys enrolled in normal schools and private commercial schools indicates that teaching, bookkeeping, steno¬ graphic and secretarial work, etc., are not so attractive to boys as to girls. Consequently, boys go to colleges and universities, while a proportionally large percentage of girls go to other schools, such as normal schools, business schools, etc. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 339 It has been estimated above that 50 per cent of the students enter¬ ing private secondary schools do not remain to graduate. It has just been shown that onl}- 56.2 per cent of those graduating con¬ tinue their education in other institutions. There is an additional loss, therefore, of 43.8 per cent after graduation from the secondary school. Of 100 students entering private secondary schools, only 50 will graduate and only 28 or a little over one-fourth the original number will enter college or other educational institutions. Con¬ sidering only the graduates going to college, it is found that only 20 students out of the 100 entering the secondary school will enter college four years later. In other words, four-fifths of the students entering high school will not enter college. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS REPORTING THE VARIOUS COURSES OF STUDY. It will be observed in figure 20 that practically all schools (2,019) offer the academic course. Until 1918 all schools were considered as offering an academic course. The number of schools offering a commercial course has increased from 614 in 1911 to 872 in 1918. The number of schools offering a course in home economics has increased from 186 in 1911 to 411 in 1918. The high point in the curve in 1915, viz, 511, is probably an error. The number of schools offering a teachers’ training course has remained practically the same, increasing only from 259 in 1911 to 281 in 1918. The number of schools offering a course in agriculture has increased from 100 to 152 within the same period, and the number offering a technical or manual training course from 102 to 194.1 The number of students enrolled in each course for each year since 1910 is given in Table 3. Only a small percentage of students in private secondary schools are enrolled in these special courses, outside of the commercial. Only a small percentage of schools offer a course in manual training, in home economics, in agriculture, or in teacher training. The private high schools are largely academic. STUDENTS IN MILITARY DRILL. As will be noted in Table 1, no data were collected from 1907 to 1913, inclusive, from private secondary schools concerning the number of students in military drill. Since 1913 the enrollment in this subject has increased. In 1914, 86 schools reported 6,835 students in this subject; in 1915, 113 schools reported 8,836 students; in 1916, 134 schools reported 10,324 students; and in 1918, 532 schools reported 31,532 students in military drill. Within the last two years the num¬ ber of schools offering military drill has increased almost four-fold 1 As shown in Table 13, 118 schools offer trade training courses in which 3,834 students are enrolled, including 1,875 boys and 1,959 girls. The purely trade training schools, public and private, will be treated in another chapter. 340 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. and the number of students enrolled in this subject over three-fold. By reference to Table 9 it will be noted that 65 schools offer military drill for girls, enrolling 2,639 girls in this work. Previous to 1918 no ACADEMIC course. HOME ECONOMICS COURSE. TECHNICAL OR MANUAL TRAINING COURSE. • . COMMERCIAL COURSE. — — TEACHER TRAINING COURSE. o-«> AGRICULTURAL COURSE. Fig. 20. — Private high schools and academies offering the various courses of study, 1900-1918. girls were reported as being enrolled in military drill. The boys taking military drill number 28,893 and are enrolled in 474 schools. About one-fourth of the private secondary schools offer military drill and about one-fifth of all secondary students in all private secondary PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 341 schools are enrolled in this work. The effect of the war in stimulat¬ ing private secondary schools to offer military training is clearly evident. LIBRARIES. The average number of volumes in the libraries of private high schools and academies has increased from 1,264 volumes in 1900 to 2,122 volumes in 1918. The relatively high averages from 1904 to 1909 are probably due to the fact that only the larger schools reported during this period. The data for 1904 are probably erroneous. Fig. 21.— Average number of volumes in the libraries of private high schools and academies, 1900-1918. PROPERTY. By reference to Table 23 it will be found that 1,680 schools reported grounds and buildings valued at $176,897,467. If each of the other schools had the same average valuation ($105,296), the aggregate for. all 2,058 schools would be $216,699,168. It should be remem¬ bered that the property is used by both elementary and secondary pupils. Altogether, 1,638 schools reported the value of scientific apparatus, furniture, machinery, libraries, etc., amounting to $15,568,693. If each school not reporting this information had the same average valuation ($9,505), the total valuation of such property in the 2,058 schools would be $19,561,290. Only 336 schools reported endowment funds, aggregating $34,179,242. In all, 788 schools reported expenditures for sites and buildings during the year amounting to $5,052,289. 342 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. INCOME. As shown in Table 24, only 168 private secondary schools received money from public appropriations. The total amount thus appro¬ priated was $441,463. The total amount received from tuition and other educational fees was $13,662,413, as reported by 1,393 schools. The total amount received from productive funds was $1,945,781, as reported by 331 schools. The number of schools reporting this information agrees fairly well with the number reporting the value of productive endow¬ ment funds, viz, 336 schools. Assuming that the $1,945,781 is the income on the total amount of productive funds, $34,179,242, the rate of interest received is 5.69 per cent. Altogether, 977 schools reported an income from" other sources” amounting to $6,602,372. The total income available for use was $22,652,029. The total number of schools reporting income was 1,761. These schools enrolled 126,720 students. The average in¬ come per secondary student, therefore, was $179, as shown in Table 25. This average should be used with care, since the income reported includes receipts for both the elementary and the secondary school. The income from tuition fees per secondary student was $108, as shown in Table 25. Pupils in the elementary grades contribute also to this tuition fund of $13,662,413. The total per capita income of $179 and the per capita income of $108 from student fees, while not strictly accurate, in that elementary pupils are not considered, are probably equally erroneous. The ratio between them, 60 per cent, indicates the extent to which student fees support private secondary schools. Altogether, 186 schools received endowment funds amounting to $1,748,258. FOUR- YEAR HIGH SCHOOLS. For several reasons it is desirable to show separately the statistics of four-year private secondary schools. Of the 2,058 schools report¬ ing, 1,760 offer a course of at least four years. Of the 14,199 instruc¬ tors in private secondary schools, 13,011, or over 91 per cent, are employed in four-year schools. These four-year schools enroll 143,027 secondary students, or 90.1 per cent of the total number of students reported. In 1918, of the 23,832 graduates reported, 21,256, or 89.2 per cent, were graduates of four-year schools. Strictly speaking, these are the only graduates who are eligible to attend college. The number of graduates from these four-year schools is 73.7 per cent of the enrollment in the fourth year. In other words, 26.3 per cent of students in the fourth year of four-year schools fail to graduate. As pointed out elsewhere, the fourth-year enrollment often includes students registered in grades beyond the secondary school. This condition tends to increase the graduation mortality PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 343 percentage (26.3 per cent) above what it really should be. It is impossible to compute mortality percentages between the enrollment of one year and another in four-year schools, since statistics of such schools have not been segregated in preceding reports. If the total number of graduates reported for all schools (23,832) is divided by the total number of students in the fourth year (28,835), a quotient of 82.6 per cent is obtained. This quotient, indicating a loss of only 17.4 per cent, is erroneous, since one-year, two-year, and three-year schools also report graduates but have no fourth-year enrollment. The method used in connection with a discussion of figure 10, in estimating mortality between the fourth year and gradu¬ ation, is likewise probably erroneous to the same degree, since a similar method has been used in ascertaining it. Expressed mathematically, 17.4 per cent is to 26.3 per cent as 20.9 per cent is to an unknown quantity, which is found to be 31.6 per cent. This result means that 31.6 per cent of students enrolled in the fourth year of private second¬ ary schools, from 1910 to 1918, did not graduate, a loss of almost one- third instead of one-fifth (20.9 per cent) as computed above. Both percentages, however, have value, the one showing the graduation mortality for all schools combined and the other for four-year schools only. The decrease in graduation mortality from 31.6 per cent for a nine-year period to 26.3 per cent in 1918 is very commendable. From the 1917 class 8,378 graduates of four-year schools went to college and an additional 3,647 graduates went to other institutions. Assuming that the same number of graduates from the class of 1918 will continue their education in 1918-19, it is found that 39.4 per cent will attend college and 17.2 per cent will go to other schools. In other words, 56.6 per cent of the graduates of four-year schools will continue their education. Of 100 students registered in the fourth year of four-year schools, only 74 will graduate and only 42 will enter college or other institu¬ tions of learning. A high mortality rate is, therefore, shown between the last year in high schools and the first year in college. By reference to Table 22 it is found that 32.4 per cent of the students enrolled in four-year schools are in the first year, 26.6 per cent in the second year, 20.8 per cent in the third year, and 20.2 per cent in the fourth year. The corresponding percentage distribution of enrollment for all private secondary schools is 36.6, 25.7, 19.5, and 18.2 per cent for these respective years. Since the first percentage in the latter group (36.6) includes unclassified and special students, the first percentage in the former group (32.4) comes more nearly representing the correct percentage in the first year. Since the last percentage in the former group includes students enrolled beyond secondary grades, the latter percentage comes more nearly represent¬ ing the correct percentage enrolled in the fourth year of the secondary school. For all schools combined the following distribution percent- 344 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. ages are estimated to be essentially correct: First year, 34 per cent; second year, 27 per cent; third year, 21 per cent; and fourth year, 18 per cent; the fourth year including all students in these schools doing collegiate work. Table 6. — Private high schools and academies — Schools, instructors, secondary students, and elementary pupils, 1917-18. States. Schools reporting. Secondary instructors. Secondary students. Elementary pupils not included in secondary grade. Colored secondary students included in columns 6, 7, and 8.i Men. Women. Total. ID o n Girls. I Total. Schools re¬ porting. Boys. Girls. Total. Schools re¬ porting. Boys. Girls. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 14 15 United States . . 2,058 5,4118,788 14, 199 72,238 86,507 158,745 1,517 87,495 120,030 207,525 16613,086 6,021 Alabama . 42 63 125 188 896 1,398 2,294 32 1,542 2,684 4,226 11 253 392 Arizona . 7 18 18 36 230 286 516 2 110 285 395 Arkansas . 15 32 29 61 357 424 781 13 595 873 1,468 6 146 178 California . 83 151 399 550 1,645 3,007 4,652 70 3,831 5,545 9,376 1 0 3 Colorado . 13 15 65 80 143 652 795 11 567 949 1,516 Connecticut . 45 209 216 425 2,312 1,937 4,249 22 217 486 703 3 3 3 Delaware . 6 15 32 47 199 142 341 4 51 123 174 Distric t of Columbia 28 71 197 268 831 1,875 2,706 17 808 1,941 2,749 1 0 25 Florida . 18 37 55 92 303 476 779 12 990 1,423 2,413 5 131 186 Georgia . 58 100 215 315 1,332 2,294 3,626 43 2, 147 3,706 5,853 22 211 838 Idaho . 13 49 58 107 647 765 1,412 8 187 309 496 Illinois . 94 210 425 635 2,915 4,645 7,560 65 4,592 5,918 10,510 2 0 7 Indiana . 36 101 120 221 1,430 1,257 2,687 30 1,901 2,690 4,591 1 1 1 Iowa . 86 91 285 376 1,126 2,568 3,694 70 4,073 . 5,287 9,360 1 0 1 Kansas . 24 59 87 146 706 1,248 1,954 14 545 709 1,254 Kentucky... 66 101 226 327 1,372 1,791 3,163 55 2,209 3,601 5,810 3 38 38 Louisiana . . 39 91 109 200 1,083 1,200 2,283 32 2,059 2,099 4,158 12 287 623 Maine.... 31 76 93 169 1,287 1,414 2,701 11 204 76 280 1 1 0 Maryland . . . 41 143 186 329 1,471 1,311 2, 782 28 1,161 1,436 2,657 Massachusetts.. 97 334 581 915 5,034 5,611 10,645 65 4,033 8,615 12,648 8 16 7 Michigan... 58 64 268 332 1,474 2,865 4,339 47 5,797 6,772 12,569 1 4 0 Minnesota . 54 176 234 410 2,439 2,922 5,361 45 2,354 2,974 5,328 1 1 0 Mississippi . 27 82 98 180 1,010 855 1,865 18 1,142 1,096 2,238 9 184 431 Missouri . 54 141 255 396 2,013 2,161 4,174 26 1,151 2,187 3,338 1 21 44 Montana . 10 28 53 81 341 555 896 8 678 833 1,511 2 2 0 Nebraska .... 25 40 92 132 415 892 1,307 17 886 1,135 2,021 New Hampshire.. . 23 126 67 193 1,859 813 2,672 10 1,140 1,036 2,176 2 2 1 New Jersev. . . . 63 277 257 534 3,033 1,728 4, 761 50 3,180 3,321 6, 501 1 1 0 N ew Mexico .... 7 11 34 45 95 158 253 7 402 760 1,162 New York . 222 645 1,158 1,803 8,509 9,489 17,998 178 12,092 14,214 26,306 5 2 11 North Carolina.. 66 160 194 354 2,407 2,644 5,051 48 1,818 2,638 4,456 22 466 948 North Dakota.. 9 16 40 56 132 356 488 9 455 529 984 Ohio . 78 91 402 493 1,519 3,802 5,321 61 5,453 6,994 12,447 2 3 2 Oklahoma .... 23 29 64 93 269 580 849 20 1,120 1,436 2, 556 Oregon... 16 35 87 122 237 577 814 11 517 1,051 1, 568 Pennsylvania 140 477 728 1,205 6,384 7,116 13, 500 108 8,021 10,016 18,037 Rhode Island 10 42 52 94 730 432 1,162 6 172 341 513 South Carolina . 27 70 70 140 1,031 912 1,943 21 1,069 1,370 2,439 13 475 601 South Dakota 11 35 43 78 250 479 729 7 374 403 777 Tennessee . 58 174 125 299 3,027 1,904 4,931 48 2,241 2,608 4,849 6 246 389 Texas . 64 177 203 380 2,153 2,384 4,537 58 2,093 3,519 5,612 9 401 699 Utah 16 128 96 224 1,661 2,621 4, 282 7 330 565 895 Vermont 16 31 80 111 752 1,019 1,771 6 62 176 238 Virginia . 60 169 194 363 2,587 1,613 4,200 44 1,154 2,105 3,259 13 189 592 W a sh i ngtnn 27 58 116 174 421 1,016 1,437 19 752 1,488 2,240 West Virginia 14 32 75 107 389 495 884 11 494 493 987 Wisconsin . 35 125 169 294 1,688 1,672 3,360 22 704 1,109 1,813 2 2 1 Wyoming . 3 6 13 19 94 146 240 1 22 106 128 i ' For colored students enrolled in schools exclusively for colored youth, see Table 29 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 345 Table 7. — Private high schools and academies — Enrollment of secondary students by years , in the 2,058 schools reporting, 1917-18. States. First year. Second year. Third year. Fourth year. Schools re¬ porting. Boys. A 'C Schools re¬ porting. Boys. 1Z Schools re¬ porting. GO c 4 | tic 'c 2 c Z ,c c c U1 Boys. 09 > 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States . . . 2,044 26,633 31,510 1,959 18,500 22,251 1,874 14,263 16, 7.53 1,760 12,842 15,993 Alabama . 42 386 491 38 210 352 38 165 313 33 135 242 Arizona . 6 85 108 7 59 80 7 46 57 7 40 41 Arkansas . 15 180 188 14 79 91 15 64 83 12 34 62 California . 83 585 934 83 443 852 79 315 641 75 302 580 Colorado . 13 74 244 13 36 182 13 24 125 11 9 I 101 Connecticut . 44 683 866 39 645 384 38 470 350 38 514 337 Delaware . 6 54 50 5 35 31 5 42 28 4 68 33 District of Columbia . 27 471 892 25 118 290 25 111 301 24 131 i 392 Florida . 17 100 202 17 78 97 17 47 91 17 78 86 Georgia . 58 526 845 51 344 1 625 47 262 451 44 200 ! 373 Idaho . 13 310 347 10 152 201 9 118 143 8 67 74 Illinois . 94 1,111 1,643 91 791 1,202 87 558 839 80 455 961 Indiana . 36 383 436 36 439 296 35 364 298 33 244 i 227 Iowa . 85 505 957 84 282 1 618 73 178 474 67 161 1 519 Kansas . 24 ! 262 429 24 201 | 358 22 90 218 22 153 243 Kentucky . 64 1 529 723 64 357 i 470 60 259 335 59 227 1 263 Louisiana . 39 430 479 38 294 ! 288 36 224 262 28 135 1 171 Maine . 31 400 403 31 334 1 340 31 297 321 31 256 1 350 Maryland . 41 685 307 38 334 | 422 37 234 285 36 218 297 Massachusetts . 94 2,366 2,184 88 984 1,290 89' 899 1,035 85 785 1,102 Michigan . 58 568 939 58 376 1 728 56 290 619 54 240 j 579 Minnesota . 54 967 1,036 52 681 848 50 467 558 49 324 | 480 Mississippi . 27 372 306 27 282 221 27 212 196 23 144 132 Missouri . 54 ; 720 817 51 505 602 47 429 396 44 359 346 Montana . 10 142 214 10 94 134 10 60 102 10 45 105 Nebraska . 25 199 294 24 75 1 227 23 53 212 22 88 159 N e wHampshir e . 23 1 389 238 23 487 219 22 454 185 20 529 171 New Jersev . 63 1 829 519 62 828 411 61 728 389 58 648 409 New Mexico . 7 34 60 7 36 42 6 13 29 6 12 27 New York . 221 3,301 3,202 204 2,231 ! 2,319 199 1,629 1,854 197 1,348 ! 2,114 North Carolina . 65 942 923 62 613 ' 707 58 455 546 53 397 468 North Dakota . 9 55 164 9 32 1 94 9 26 60 8 19 38 Ohio . 78 615 1,488 76 408 j I 1,005 72 308 737 61 188 572 Oklahoma . 23 114 209 23 60 159 20 54 98 20 41 114 Oregon . 16 ! 90 197 16 66 163 16 51 112 15 30 105 Pennsylvania . 139 2,188 3,023 131 1,582 1,643 123 1,254 \ 1,157 110 1,360 1.293 Rhode Island . 10 223 121 10 179 116 10 147 103 10 181 92 South Carolina . 26 449 464 24 280 181 22 173 177 17 129 90 South Dakota . 11 115 183 11 66 136 11 34 94 10 35 66 Tennessee . 58 1,001 761 56 736 459 50 651 367 48 639 317 Texas . 64 726 916 61 600 639 59 447 463 60 380 366 Utah . ! 16 591 791 15 525 1 1,069 15 306 421 15 239 ! 340 Vermont . 16 273 263 16 209 288 16 137 242 16 133 226 Virginia . 60 767 560 56 673 | 424 52 599 319 47 548 310 Washington . 27 163 343 27 105 ; 268 27 92 207 24 61 | 198 West Virginia . 14 104 139 14 120 140 14 86 117 14 79 99 Wisconsin . 35 j 544 571 35 413 ! 498 33 323 313 32 408 290 Wyoming . 3 27 41 3 23 42 3 18 30 3 26 33 346 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-191S. Table 8. — Private high schools and academies — Distribution of students according to the length of course offered , 1917-18. States. One-year high schools. Two-year high schools. Three-year high schools. Four-year high schools. Num¬ ber re¬ port¬ ing. Stu¬ dents. Per cent of total. Num¬ ber re¬ port¬ ing. Stu¬ dents. Per cent of total. Num¬ ber re¬ port¬ ing. Stu¬ dents. Per cent of total. Num¬ ber re¬ port¬ ing. Stu¬ dents. Per cent of total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States. . . . 73 8,082 5. 1 79 2,531 1.6 146 5, 105 3.2 1,760 143,027 90.1 Alabama . 2 97 4.2 3 62 2.7 4 136 6.0 33 1, 999 87.1 Arizona . . 1 7 516 100.0 .1 3 85 10.9 12 696 89.1 California . 1 36 | .8 7 203 4.4 75 4,413 94.8 Colorado . 2 26 3.3 11 769 96.7 5 472 11.1 2 134 3.2 38 3,643 85.7 Delaware . 1 21 6.2 1 18 5.3 4 302 88.5 District of Columbia. 2 900 33.3 1 35 1.3 1 20 .7 24 1,751 64.7 Florida . 1 40 5.1 17 739 94.9 Georgia . 3 185 5. 1 5 106 2.9 6 103 2.9 44 3,232 89.1 Idaho . 3 72 5.1 1 14 1.0 1 128 9.1 8 1, 198 84.8 Illinois . 3 53 .7 4 170 2.2 7 194 2.6 80 7, 143 94.5 Indiana . 1 10 .4 2 88 3.3 33 2,589 96.3 Iowa . 2 157 4.2 5 115 3.1 12 302 8.2 67 3, 120 84.5 Kansas . 2 206 10.5 22 1,748 89.5 Kentucky . 1 11 .4 4 168 5.3 2 34 1.1 59 2,950 93.2 Louisiana . 1 176 7.7 2 46 2.0 8 245 10.8 28 1,816 79.5 Maine . 1 . 31 2, 701 100.0 Maryland . 3 255 9.2 1 15 .5 1 35 1.2 36 2,477 89.1 Massachusetts . 6 1,880 17.7 6 267 2.5 85 8, 498 79.8 Michigan . 0 0 .0 . 1 1 16 .4 3 99 2.3 54 4,224 97.3 Minnesota . 1 373 7.0 3 64 1.2 1 202 3.8 49 4, 722 88.0 Mississippi . 4 178 9.5 23 1,687 90.5 Missouri . 3 132 3.2 4 84 2.0 3 98 2.3 44 3,860 92.5 Montana . 10 895 100.0 Nebraska . 1 20 1.5 1 17 1.3 1 30 2.3 22 1,240 94.9 New Hampshire . 1 27 1.0 2 76 2.9 20 2,569 96.1 New Jersey . 1 13 .3 0 0 .0 4 171 3.6 58 4, 572 96.1 New Mexico . 1 11 4.3 6 242 95.7 New York . 14 509 2.9 6 118 .6 5 128 .7 197 17,243 95.8 North Carolina . 3 319 6.3 2 38 .8 8 247 4.9 53 4,447 88.0 North Dakota . 1 47 9.6 8 441 90.4 Ohio . 1 58 1.1 4 182 3.4 12 561 10.6 61 4,520 84.9 Oklahoma . 1 24 2.8 2 35 4.1 20 790 93.1 Oregon . 1 1.8 2.2 15 796 97.8 Pennsylvania . 7 1,350 10.0 9 509 3.7 14 719 5.4 110 10,922 80.9 Rhode Island . 10 1,162 100.0 South Carolina . 3 418 21.5 7 309 15.9 17 17216 62.6 South Dakota . :::::: 1 24 3.3 10 705 96.7 Tennessee . 1 138 2.8 6 117 2.4 3 68 1.4 48 4,608 93.4 Texas . 1 210 4.6 1 23 .5 2 21 .5 60 4,283 94.4 Utah . 1 125 2.9 15 4, 157 97.1 Vermont . 16 1,771 100.0 Virginia . 3 98 2.3 4 75 1.8 6 97 2.3 47 3,930 93.6 Washington . 3 57 3.9 24 1,380 96.1 West Virginia . 14 884 100.0 Wisconsin . 2 91 2.7 1 54 1.6 32 3,215 95.7 Wyoming . 3 240 100.0 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 347 Table 9. — Private high schools and academies — Military drill in 1917-18. States Total secondary students in military drill. Boys in military drill. Girls in military drill. Boys in military drill in 1915-16. to o a, o o o ai Total enrollment in these schools. Number in mili¬ tary drill. o - f-t cn o o I Total number of boys in these schools. N umber of boys in military drill. | Schools reporting. Total number of girls in these schools. Number of girls in military mill. Schools reporting. i ° ® zn 0 111 Number of boys in military drill. 1 o 3 5 6 4 8 9 10 n 12 13 United States . 532 39,908 31,532 474 36,380 28,893 65 3,528 ! 2,639 1 134 11,977 | 10,324 Alabama . 9 575 485 8 475 410 1 100 i 75 3 286 222 2 127 127 2 127 127 330 206 286 176 1 44 30 California . 15 879 747 13 684 ! 597 3 195 150 7 327 1 327 1 27 27 1 27 27 1 . .. Connecticut . 18 1,721 1,624 17 1,683 1,586 1 38 38 2 172 1 147 1 47 47 1 47 47 4 376 374 4 376 374 1 : i48 i 112 Florida . 6 189 172 6 167 161 1 22 11 3 157 130 Georgia . 18 946 605 14 600 453 5 346 152 6 556 556 Idaho 4 185 94 4 185 94 Illinois . 18 1,200 948 14 1,023 806 5 177 142 3 305 1 305 Indiana . 5 876 864 5 876 864 3 610 534 Iowa . ! 14 364 230 13 285 151 1 79 79 Kansas . 6 370 231 6 370 231 1 14 14 Kentucky . 1 11 481 409 11 481 409 3 247 236 Louisiana . 10 358 328 10 358 328 Maine . 2 111 ! 105 2 111 105 I . Maryland . 10 488 i 451 9 422 388 1 66 63 4 205 192 Massachusetts . 23 2,192 | 1,849 20 1,951 1,647 3 241 202 3 733 225 Michigan . 12 645 i 503 12 645 503 Minnesota . 14 1,383 | 1, 120 14 1,362 1,118 1 21 2 3 617 617 Mississippi . 10 716 694 10 716 694 6 316 316 Missouri . 9 1,064 1,034 9 1,064 1,034 5 517 517 Montana . 3 165 120 3 137 108 1 28 12 Nebraska . 5 129 96 5 129 96 1 15 : 15 New Hampshire . 1, 255 611 7 1,255 611 2 386 i 179 New Jersey . 29 2,916 1,933 24 2,612 1, 740 5 304 193 7 348 1 295 New York . 97 7,220 4,783 79 6,399 4,171 18 821 612 24 1,852 1 1,628 North Carolina . 22 1,419 906 21 1,331 818 1 88 88 6 CO £ 334 North Dakota . 1 10 10 1 10 10 Ohio . 9 . 569 483 7 356 316 3 213 167 1 142 142 Oklahoma . 4 76 36 2 9 5 2 67 31 Oregon . 297 235 4 163 160 3 134 75 1 30 30 Pennsylyania . 38 3,244 2,594 32 2, 796 2,152 6 448 442 9 847 685 Rhode Island . 1 140 136 1 140 136 3 248 202 South Carolina . 519 507 519 507 1 153 97 South Dakota . 2 57 43 2 57 43 2 79 51 Tennessee . 15 1,557 1,468 14 1,530 1,441 1 27 27 4 431 393 Texas . 16 1, 145 1,064 15 1, 138 1,062 1 7 2 5 364 339 Utah . 3 213 79 ! 3 213 79 Vermont . 4 208 161 1 4 208 161 Virginia . 16 1.857 1.809 16 1,857 1, 809 9 873 | 873 Washington . 5 104 86 3 42 40 2 62 46 West Virginia . 4 286 285 4 286 285 3 267 267 Wisconsin . . . 8 872 813 8 872 813 3 404 344 348 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 10. — Private high schools and academies — Percentage distribution of total enroll¬ ment of secondary students by sex and by enrollment in each year of the course, 1917-18. States. Total number of second¬ ary stu¬ dents. Per cent of total number. In first year. In second year. In third year. In fourth year. Boys. Girls. Total num¬ ber. Per cent of total. Total num¬ ber. Per cent of total. Total num¬ ber. Per cent of total. Total num¬ ber. 11 Per cent of total. 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States . 158,745 45. 5 54. 5 58, 143 36.6 40,751 25.7 31,016 19.5 28,835 18.2 Alabama . 2,294 39.1 60.9 877 38.2 562 24.5 478 20.9 377 16.4 Arizona . 516 44.6 55. 4 193 37.4 139 26.9 103 20.0 81 15.7 Arkansas . 781 45.7 54.3 368 47.1 170 21.7 147 18.9 96 12.3 California . 4, 652 35.4 64.6 1,519 32.7 1, ,295 27.8 956 20.6 882 18.9 Colorado . 795 17.9 82.1 318 40.0 218 27.4 149 18.8 110 13.8 Connecticut . 4,249 54.4 45. 6 1,549 36.5 1, ,029 24.2 820 19.3 851 20.0 Delaware . 341 58.4 41.6 104 30.5 66 19.4 70 20.5 101 29.6 District of Columbia. . . . 2, 706 30.7 69.3 1,363 50.3 408 15.0 412 15.5 523 19.2 Florida . 779 38.9 61.1 302 38.8 175 22.5 138 17.7 164 21.0 Georgia . 3,626 36.8 63.2 1,371 37.8 969 26.7 713 19.7 573 15.8 Idaho . 1,412 45.8 54.2 657 46.5 353 25.0 261 18.5 141 10.0 Illinois . 7, 560 38.6 61.4 2,754 36.4 1, ,993 26.4 1,397 18.5 1,416 18.7 Indiana . 2, 687 53.2 46.8 819 30.5 735 27.4 662 24.6 471 17.5 Iowa . 3,694 30.5 69. 5 1,462 39.6 900 24.3 652 17.7 680 18.4 Kansas . 1,954 36.1 63.9 691 35.4 559 28.6 308 15.7 396 20.3 Kentucky . 3,163 43.4 56.6 1,252 39.6 827 26.1 594 18.8 490 15.5 Louisiana . 2, 283 47.4 52.6 909 39.8 582 25.5 486 21.3 306 13.4 Maine . 2, 701 47.7 52.3 803 29.7 674 25.0 618 22.9 606 22.4 Maryland . 2, 782 52.9 47.1 992 35.7 756 27.2 519 18.6 515 18.5 Massachusetts . 10, 645 47.3 52.7 4, 550 42.7 2, ,274 21.4 1,934 18.2 1,887 17.7 Michigan . 4,339 34.0 66.0 1,507 34.7 1, ,104 25.5 909 20.9 819 18.9 Minnesota . 5, 361 45.5 54.5 2,003 37.3 1, ,529 28.5 1,025 19.2 804 15.0 Mississippi . 1,865 54.1 45.9 678 36.4 503 27.0 408 21.8 276 14.8 Missouri . 4,174 48.2 51.8 1, 537 36.9 1, ,107 26.5 825 19.8 705 16.8 Montana . 896 38.1 61.9 356 39.7 228 25.5 162 18.1 150 16.7 Nebraska . 1, 307 31.8 68.2 493 37.7 302 23.1 265 20.3 247 18.9 New Hampshire . 2,672 69.6 30.4 627 23.5 706 26.4 639 23.9 700 26.2 New Jersey . 4, 761 63.7 36.3 1,348 28.3 1, 239 26.0 1,117 23.5 1,057 22.2 New Mexico . 253 37.6 62.4 94 37.2 78 30.8 42 16.6 39 15.4 New York . 17,998 47.3 52.7 6, 503 36.2 4S ,550 25.3 3, 483 19.3 3,462 19.2 North Carolina . 5,051 47.7 52.3 1,865 36.9 1, ,320 26.2 1,001 19.8 865 17.1 North Dakota . 488 27.1 72.9 219 44.9 126 25.8 86 17.6 57 11.7 Ohio . 5,321 28.6 71.4 2, 103 39.5 1. ,413 26.6 1,045 19.6 760 14.3 Oklahoma . 849 31.7 68.3 323 38.1 219 25.8 152 17.9 155 18.2 Oregon . 814 29.1 70.9 287 35.3 229 28.1 163 20.0 135 16.6 Pennsylvania . 13, 500 47.3 52.7 5,211 38.6 3. ,225 23.9 2,411 17.9 2,653 19.6 Rhode Island . 1,162 62.8 37.2 344 29.6 295 25.4 250 21.5 273 23.5 South Carolina . 1,943 53.1 46.9 913 47.0 461 23.7 350 18.0 219 11.3 South Dakota . 729 34.3 65.7 298 40.9 202 27.7 128 17.6 101 13.8 Tennessee . 4,931 61.4 38.6 1,762 35.7 1. ,195 24.2 1,018 20.7 956 19.4 Texas . 4,537 47.4 52.6 1,642 36.2 1, ,239 27.3 910 20.1 746 16.4 Utah . 4, 282 38.8 61.2 1,382 1 32.2 1. ,594 37.2 727 17.0 579 13.6 Vermont . 1,771 57.5 42.5 536 30.3 497 28.1 379 21.4 359 20.2 Virginia . 4,200 61.6 38.4 1,327 i 31.6 1, ,097 26.1 918 21.9 858 20.4 Washington . 1,437 29.3 70.7 506 35.2 373 26.0 299 20.8 259 18.0 West Virginia . 884 44.0 56.0 243 27.5 260 29.4 203 22.9 178 20.2 Wisconsin . 3,360 50.2 49.8 1,115 33.2 911 27.1 636 18.9 698 20.8 Wyoming . 240 39.2 60.8 68 28.3 65 27.1 48 20.0 59 24.6 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 349 Table 11. — Private high schools and academies — Graduates , 1917-18. Graduates in 1918.1 Graduates, class 1917, who went to college or university in 1917-18. Graduates, class 1917, who went to other schools in 1917-18. States. Schools reporting. Boys. Girls. Total. Per cent of total en¬ rollment. Schools reporting. Boys. Girls. Total. Per cent of graduates in 1918.2 Boys. Girls. Total. Per cent of graduates in 1918.2 Graduates, class 1917, to higher institutioi (columns 10 and 14), 1 2 . 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 United States . 1,852 10, 218 13, 614 23.832 15.0 1,326 6, 091 3,095 9,186 38.5 1, 056 2,925 3,981 16.7 13, 167 Alabama . 36 92 218 310 13.5 19 54 51 105 33.9 3 32 35 11.3 140 Arizona . 7 35 36 71 13.8 4 6 2 8 11.3 5 3 8 11.3 16 Arkansas . 13 32 57 89 11.4 4 10 1 11 12.4 1 6 7 7.9 18 California . 76 268 476 744 16.0 53 162 183 345 46.4 18 161 179 24.1 524 Colorado . 11 9 89 98 13.1 9 6 25 31 31.6 1 32 33 33.6 64 Connecticut . 43 482 342 824 19.4 34 271 82 353 42.8 82 13 95 11.5 448 Delaware . 5 23 21 44 12.9 5 28 13 41 93.2 2 3 5 11.4 46 District of Columbia. . 22 52 171 223 8.2 15 40 50 90 40.4 5 20 25 11.2 115 Florida . 17 36 75 111 14.2 8 12 9 21 18.9 0 15 15 13.5 36 Georgia . 48 117 300 417 11.5 35 75 79 154 36.9 59 58 117 28.1 271 Idaho . 10 68 74 142 10.1 10 27 16 43 30.3 2 6 8 5.6 51 Illinois . 86 540 680 1,220] 16.1 62 560 141 701 ! 57.4 mi 242 353 28.9 1,054 Indiana . 35 241 236 477 17.8 28 131 54 185 38.8 26 63 89 18.6 • 274 Iowa . 76 198 470 668 18. 1 56 89 83 172 25.7 23 127 150 22.5 322 Kansas . 24 119 205 324 16.6 21 31 42 73 1 22.5 14 ■ 28 42 13.0 115 Kentucky . 53 161 233 394 12.5 37 73 61 134 34.0 18 67 85 21.6 219 Louisiana . 34 119 117 236 10.3 24 68 47 115148. 8 28 27 55 23.3 170 Maine . 30 200 272 472 17.5 23 98 42 140] 29.7 16 34 50 10.6 190 Maryland . 36 244 207 451 16.2 26 124 56 180 39.9 12 35 47 10.4 227 Massachusetts . 90 674 1,042 1,716 16.1 64 457 203 660 38.4 68 214 282 16.4 942 Michigan . 50 217 451 668 15.4 38 99 120 219 32.8 27 98 125 18.7 344 Minnesota . 49 309 433 742 13.8 48 211 6 217 29.2 16 137 153 20.6 370 Mississippi . 24 116 113 229 12.2 17 68 27 95 41.5 9 12 21 9.2 116 Missouri . 51 268 313 581 13.9 36 118 83 201 34.6 10 1 87 97 16.7 298 Montana . 10 52 92 145 16.2 9 33 31 64 44.1 5 20 25 17.2 89 Nebraska . 20 56 147 203 15.5 13 17 18 35 17.2 9 17 26 12.8 61 New Hampshire . 23 342 146 488 18.3 16 202 15 217 44.4 20 34 54 11.1 1 271 New Jersey . 60 476 373 849 17. 8 46 304 97 401 47.2 24 93 117 13.8 518 New Mexico . 6 12 14 34 13.4 3 3 7 10 29.4 2 5 7 20.6 17 New York . 200 1,135 1,422 2,557 14.2 150 528 327 855 33.4 150 420 570 22.3 1,425 North Carolina . 58 287 366 653 12.9 45 210 64 274 42.0 24 36 60 9.1 334 North Dakota . 9 15 49 64 13.1 6 8 9 17 26.5 3 29 32 50.0 49 Ohio . 75 249 625 874 16.4 20 138 141 279 31.9 9 168 177 20.3 456 Oklahoma . 16 30 52 82 9.7 11 7 17 24 29.3 2 14 16 19.5 40 Oregon . 15 27 90 117 14.4 9 24 30 54 46.2 13 30 43 36.7 97 Pennsylvania . 125 1,064 1,657 2,721 20.2 94 701 373 1,074 39.5 44 205 249 9.2 1,323 Rhode Island . 10 87 75 162 13.9 7 73 7 80 49.4 2 17 19 11.7 99 South Carolina . 21 88 93 181 9.3 18 84 40 124 68.5 11 17 28 15.5 152 South Dakota . 10 39 62 101 13.9 8 12 11 23 22.8 15 20 35 34.6 58 Tennessee . 53 399 245 644 13.1 36 228 74 302 46.9 43 35 78 12.1 380 Texas . 60 288 333 621 13.7 44 170 121 291 46.8 33 48 81 13.0 372 Utah . 14 155 226 381 8.9 9 32 48 80 21.0 7 18 25 6.6 105 Vermont . 16 111 226 337 19.0 14 50 19 69 20.5 10 21 31 9.2 100 Virginia . 51 325 197 522 12.4 38 241 59 300 52.4 37 32 69 13.2 369 Washington . 25 49 118 167 11.6 15 28 1 36 64 38.3 6 53 59 35.3 123 West Virginia . 14 76 77 153 17.3 11 44 10 54 35.3 1 16 17 11.1 71 Wisconsin . 33 226 273 499 14.9 25 132 59 191 38.3 30 54 84 16.8 275 Wyoming . 2 9 17 26 10.8 3 i 4 6 1 10 38.5 0 3 3 11.5 Ll3 i Many of these graduates did not complete a 4-year course. See Table 21. » These percentages are essentially correct. No data on the number of graduates in 1917 were collected 350 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 12. — Private high schools and academies — Enrollment of secondary students by courses of study, 1917-18. States. In academic courses. 1 In commercial courses.1 In technical or manual training courses. Schools reporting. J Boys. Girls. Total. Schools reporting. > o ffl O Total. Schools reporting. Boys. Girls. Total. 1 *2 3 4 * 6 7 8 ! 9 10 11 12 13 United States . 2,019 61, 587 71,034 132, 621 872 9 ,157 14,644 23,801 194 3,301 2,479 5,780 Alabama . 42 799 1,117 1,916 8 49 89 138 3 153 21 174 Arizona . 7 204 264 468 2 26 18 44 1 38 2 40 Arkansas . 15 314 401 715 7 35 44 79 1 5 0 5 California . 83 1,537 2, 689 4,226 38 157 408 565 4 41 20 61 Colorado . 13 143 643 786 6 29 155 184 0 0 0 0 Connecticut . 45 2,066 1,629 3,695 7 155 319 474 2 44 22 66 Delaware . 6 156 129 285 3 43 13 56 0 0 0 0 District of Columbia . 27 698 1,781 2,479 12 104 175 279 1 10 20 30 Florida . 17 265 354 619 4 44 51 95 3 51 22 73 Georgia . 54 1,178 2, 098 3, 276 13 87 113 200 8 33 141 174 Idaho . 12 441 560 1,001 i 7 45 129 174 6 203 17 220 Illinois . 94 2, 507 4,098 6,605 j 49 459 1,019 1,478 5 18 141 159 Indiana . 35 1,299 1 , 139 2, 438 21 140 208 348 2 15 0 15 Iowa . 86 1,037 2, 409 3,446 1 35 289 411 700 6 82 107 189 Kansas . 24 586 942 1,528 16 103 211 314 1 12 0 12 Kentucky . 62 1,274 1,620 2,894 23 148 270 418 7 44 22 66 Louisiana . 37 91 895 986 18 231 247 478 4 69 49 118 Maine . 31 1,107 912 2,049 12 95 142 237 12 31 14 45 Maryland . 41 1,240 1, 136 2,376 15 223 174 397 3 21 50 71 Massachusetts . 95 4,585 4,312 8,897 43 427 1,321 1,748 8 310 67 377 Michigan . 58 1,403 2,661 4,064 31 191 465 656 5 69 37 106 Minnesota . i I 51 1,887 2, 660 4,541 32 641 526 1,167 9 116 42 158 Mississippi . 1 I 27 757 741 1,498 14 266 67 333 6 112 29 141 Missouri . 54 1,822 1,918 3,740 29 251 286 537 4 131 46 177 Montana . 10 232 377 609 8 129 205 334 3 56 72 128 Nebraska . 25 363 736 1,099 14 73 128 201 3 17 53 70 New Hampshire . 23 1, 654 548 2,202 11 178 200 378 2 19 2 21 New Jersey . 62 2, 889 1,484 4,373 16 144 273 417 9 78 268 346 New Mexico . 7 95 158 253 2 2 39 41 0 0 0 0 New York . 221 7,149 8,425 15,574 77 1; ,240 1,050 2, 290 10 166 203 369 North Carolina . 60 1,945 1,978 3,923 13 133 85 218 12 167 231 398 North Dakota . 8 61 199 260 7 30 66 96 0 0 0 0 Ohio . 76 1,346 3,125 4,471 47 332 940 1,272 6 46 265 311 Oklahoma . 22 260 484 744 12 35 106 141 3 16 16 32 Oregon . 16 197 497 694 8 28 95 123 1 3 2 5 Pennsylvania . 133 5,478 5,059 10, 537 67 1. ,167 2,223 3,390 12 475 168 643 Rhode Island . 10 667 319 986 7 63 109 172 0 0 0 0 South Carolina . 26 746 457 1,203 10 83 119 202 5 59 121 180 South Dakota . 11 153 256 409 7 85 64 149 0 0 0 0 Tennessee . 57 2, 767 1,640 4,407 13 81 122 203 3 55 31 86 Texas . 63 1,717 1,961 3, <*78 27 281 237 518 4 81 37 118 Utah . 16 1,112 1,368 2, 480 7 302 707 1,009 9 323 26 319 Vermont . 16 569 748 1,317 10 155 238 393 2 85 0 85 Virginia . 59 2, 459 1, 254 3,713 20 97 241 338 1 4 0 4 Washington . 27 371 J 926 1,297 10 50 82 132 | 1 7 0 7 West Virginia . 14 360 419 779 10 43 92 135 3 0 41 41 Wisconsin . 35 1,514 ! 1,340 2, 854 23 187 359 546 4 36 74 110 W yoming . 3 93 1 138 231 1 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 Schools offering only the commercial course have been included in the chapter on private commercial schools. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 351 Tablk 13. — Private high schools and academies — Enrollment of secondary students by courses of study, 1917-18. States. Teacher training courses. Agricultural courses. Home economics courses. Industrial or trade training courses. Schools reporting. Boys. Girls. Total. Schools reporting. Boys. O Total. Schools reporting. CO >> O n Girls. ’S o Eh | Schools reporting. o Total. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12 13 14 15 16 United States. . . 2S1 1,324 4,884 6,208 152 2,299 1,324 3,623 411 698 11,447 12, 145 118 1,875 1, 959 3,834 Alabama . 5 10 54 64 6 167 217 384 5 57 275 332 2 57 87 144 Arizona . 0 0 0 0 1 18 22 40 1 0 50: 50 0 0 0 0 Arkansas . 5 8 38 46 3 16 17 33 6 0 46 46 3 2 27 29 California . 3 3 54 57 1 4 0 4 10 0 159 1 159 4 15 124 139 Colorado . 1 2 5 7 2 18 0 18 1 0 14 14 1 4 2 6 Connecticut . 1 2 23 25 2 28 0 28 4 o1 192 192 0 0 0 0 Delaware . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 District of Columbia. 2 0 9 9 1 0 6 6 6 1 0 17 771 1 0 3 3 Florida . 1 13 11 24 2 13 1 40 , 53 4 4 94 98 1 9 0 9 Georgia . 14 7 147 154 9 62 185 j 247 23 24 744 768 7 40 64 104 Idaho . 4 23 45 91 4 204 0 ' 204 7 o 412 412 2 7 18 25 Illinois . 11 2 99 101 0 0 0 0 17 25 ; 504 529 2 14 15 29 Indiana . 1 0 15 ' 15 1 6 0 ' _6 6 3 188 191 0 0 0 0 Iowa . 17 2 1 161 163 5 32 23 55 25 o 472 472 3 13 46 59 Kansas . 7 8 84 92 1 7 j 10 17 2 j 0 35 35 0 0 0 0 Kentucky . 19 181 ; 271 452 7 53 41 94 14 3 | 244 i 247 3 23 6 29 Louisiana . 10 16 126 142 4 55 29 84 10 30 , 258 288 8 95 128 223 Maine . 10 4 ' 255 259 6 75 0 75 7 5 162 167 2 32 34 66 Maryland . 1 0 10 10 3 24 10 34 7 i 0 221 221 2 30 34 64 Massachusetts . 6 25 2(30 285 3 61 ! 0 61 15 12 ! 608 | 620 3 60 35 95 Michigan . 5 76 ! 244 320 2 9 0 i 9 4 7 i 4i> 52 0 0 0 0 Minnesota . 7 0 ! 133 133 0 0 0 0 11 1 0 259 259 1 79 0 79 Mississippi . 8 24 120 144 6 90 1 61 151 11 1 2 457 459 3 86 58 144 Missouri . 4 27 i 53 80 3 38 1 22 ! 60 11 319 0 319 0 0 0 0 Montana . 1 i ° i 3 3 0 0 i 0 0 2 29 46 ! 75 0 0 0 0 Nebraska . 15 28 195 223 5 21 42 63 j 14 17 209 226 1 0 14 14 New Hampshire .... 0 0 0 o 1 8 85 0 85 ! 11 1 0 159 159 0 0 0 0 New Jersey . ; 3 0 23 23 2 17 1 18 | 9 ! 0 171 3.71 3 32 56 88 New Mexico . i 2 0 ; 20 20 0 0 0 0 2 0 52 52 0 0 0 0 New York . 10 30l 1 U8 178 4 234 12 246 30 j 78 1,142 1,220 7 116 179 295 North Carolina . 1 20 81 436 517 15 187 339 526 27 i 30 . 818 848 ii 208 202 410 North Dakota . 4 1 24 25 2 1 17 46 63 4 ! o 50 50 i 14 7 21 Ohio . 3 0 i 54 54 2 5 20 25 12 ° 1 404 404 i 24 34 58 Oklahoma . 3 2 21 ’ 23 4 14 23 1 37 1 7 1 0 74 74 2 23 6 29 Oregon . 8 2 81 83 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 177 , 177 1 2 3 5 Pennsylvania . 10 393 259 . 652 8 88 0 88 11 0 j 245 245 1 284 95 ( 379 Rhode Island . 0 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 25 I 0 0 0 1 o South Carolina . 9 128 319 447 5 ; 82 1 34 116 5 ; 21 66 87 6 55 74 1 129 South Dakota . 5 13 177 190 o 0 0 0 4 ' 0 78 78 ! 2 29 32 1 61 Tennessee . 7 59 , 121 180 : 9 ; 233 31 264 11 ; o 296 296 1 4 0 4 Texas . 9 59 1 261 320 i 5 ’ 83 49 132 18 0 486 486 i 3 41 131 172 Utah . ' 7 67 159 226 7 179 0 179 12 25 846 j 871 15 204 154 358 Vermont . 5 0 44 44 1 34 0 34 7 0 191 191 0 0 0 0 Virginia . 9 17 204 221 5 27 i 34 61 9 7 177 184 10 273 271 1 544 Washington . 2 0 55 55 0 * 0 0 i 0 8 0 141 | 141 0 0 0 0 West Virginia . 4 ' 9 31 ! 40 1 4 : 3 | 7 , 1 0 20 20 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin . ' 3 2 27 j 29 2 9 4 1 13 4 0 58 58 1 0 20 20 Wyoming . 1 0 1 i 5 i 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 i 0 i 0 0 0 0 352 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 14. — Private high schools and academies — Comparative data on schools, teachers , students, and graduates , and on high schools for hoys only , for girls only, and coeduca¬ tional, 1917-18. States. Second¬ ary teach¬ ers to a school. Second¬ ary stu¬ dents to a school. Second¬ ary stu¬ dents to a teach¬ er. Grad¬ uates to a school. Private high schools for boys only. Private high schools for girls only. Coeducational private high schools. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States.. . 6.9 77.1 11.2 11.6 390 42,696 732 45,023 936 71,026 Alabama . 4.5 54.6 12.2 7. 4 6 406 16 735 20 1,153 Arizona . 5. 1 73.7 14.3 10.1 1 20 1 28 5 468 Arkansas . 4.1 52.1 12.8 5.9 1 75 2 72 12 634 California . 6.6 56.0 8.4 8.9 20 1,306 48 2,615 15 731 Colorado . 6.2 61.2 9.9 7.5 2 26 6 412 5 357 Connecticut . 9.4 94.4 9.9 18.3 20 1,760 17 1,322 8 1,167 Delaware . 7.8 56.8 7.3 7.3 1 105 2 52 3 184 Dist. Columbia . 9.6 96.6 10.1 7.9 5 476 19 1,144 4 1,086 Florida . 5. 1 43.3 8. 5 6.2 4 135 6 190 8 454 Georgia . 5.4 62.5 11.5 7.2 5 355 14 931 39 2,340 Idaho . 8.2 108.6 13.2 10.9 0 0 1 41 12 1,371 Illinois . 6.8 80.4 11.9 12.9 18 2,248 46 3,665 30 1,647 Indiana . 6.1 74.6 12.2 13.3 7 1,286 20 1,019 9 382 Iowa . 4.4 42.9 9.8 7. 7 3 187 17 858 66 2,649 Kansas . 6.1 81.4 13.4 13.5 2 137 8 553 14 1,264 Kentucky . 5.0 47.9 9.7 5.9 5 713 23 974 38 1,476 Louisiana . 5.1 58.5 11.4 6.0 10 709 13 478 16 1,096 Maine . 5.5 87.1 15.9 15.2 3 121 1 54 27 2,526 Maryland . 8.0 67.8 8.5 11.0 16 1,051 15 1,022 10 709 Massachusetts . 9.4 109.7 11.6 17.7 24 4, 109 54 4,691 19 1,845 Michigan . 5.7 74.8 13.1 11.5 3 259 13 1,084 42 2,996 Minnesota . 7.6 99.3 13.1 12.4 11 1,333 16 1,678 27 2,350 Mississippi . 6.7 69.0 10.4 8.5 9 706 6 266 12 893 Missouri . 7.3 77.3 10.5 10.8 13 1,596 21 1, 465 20 1,113 Montana . 8.1 89.6 11.1 14.5 2 121 3 232 5 543 Nebraska . 5.3 52.3 9.9 8.1 4 193 9 538 12 576 New Hampshire. . . . 8.4 116.1 13.8 21.2 5 1,145 1 40 17 1,487 New Jersey . 8. 5 75.6 8.9 13.4 24 2,608 24 1,297 15 856 New Mexico . 6.4 36.1 5.6 4.9 2 93 4 143 1 17 New York . 8.1 81.1 9.9 11.5 56 6,249 90 6,437 76 5,312 North Carolina . 5.4 76.5 14.3 9.9 9 697 8 748 49 3,606 North Dakota . 6.2 54.2 8.7 7.1 1 37 1 47 7 404 Ohio. 6.3 68.2 10.8 11.2 6 480 35 511 37 4,330 Oklahoma . 4.0 36.9 9.1 3.6 2 60 7 260 14 529 Oregon . 7.6 50.9 6.7 7.3 3 166 8 436 5 212 Pennsylvania . 8.6 96.4 11.2 19.4 28 4,091 54 3,809 58 5,600 Rhode Island . 9.4 116.2 12.4 16.2 2 540 5 342 3 280 South Carolina . 5.2 71.9 13.9 6.7 4 531 5 117 18 1,295 South Dakota . 7.1 66.3 9.3 9.1 1 520 2 136 8 73 Tennessee . 5.2 85.0 16.4 11.1 10 1,398 12 508 36 3,025 Texas . 5.9 70.9 11.9 9.7 9 881 24 975 31 2,681 Utah . . 14.0 267.6 11.7 23.8 0 0 3 118 13 4,164 Vermont . 6.9 110.7 15.9 21.0 1 73 3 120 12 1,578 Virginia . 6.1 70.0 11.6 8.7 17 2, 133 19 1,040 24 1,027 Washington . 6.4 53.2 8.3 6.2 3 207 14 657 10 573 West Virginia . 7.6 63.1 8.3 10.9 4 286 5 311 5 287 Wisconsin . 8.4 96.0 11.4 14.3 . 8 1,068 11 852 16 1,440 Wyoming . 6.3 80.0 12.6 8.7 0 0 0 0 3 240 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 353 Table 15. — Classification of private high schools and academies according to control, 1917-18— Part I. States. Total number of schools report¬ ing. Total number of instructors. Total number of students. Baptist. Christian. Congregational . Schools. Instructors. Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. 1 o 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States . 2, 058 14, 199 158,745 99 559 8,129 19 105 1,256 28 212 2,086 Alabama . 42 188 2,294 4 24 391 1 2 10 3 22 144 7 36 516 15 61 781 7 25 426 83 4, 652 13 80 '795 45 425 4,249 6 47 341 28 268 2, 706 18 92 779 1 8 91 1 4 26 Georgia . 58 315 3,626 16 76 1,320 1 6 117 4 22 212 13 107 1,412 94 635 7', 560 36 221 2, 687 Iowa . 86 376 3', 694 Kansas . 24 146 1,954 Kentucky . 66 327 3, 163 6 34 280 3 12 180 Louisiana . 39 200 2,283 6 21 221 1 12 208 Maine . 31 169 2,701 5 43 773 1 7 54 Maryland . 41 329 2,782 M sissanh i i setts . 97 915 10,645 1 16 170 Michigan . 58 332 4, 339 Minnesota . 54 410 5,361 2 13 269 3 38 347 Mississippi . 27 180 1,865 3 21 210 1 8 44 1 13 159 Missouri . 54 396 4,174 2 13 203 1 6 47 2 8 157 Montana . 10 81 896 Nebraska . 25 132 1,307 1 6 61 New Hampshire . 23 193 2.672 1 9 175 2 12 135 New .Tersev . 63 534 4; 761 1 17 225 New Mexico . 7 45 253 New York . 222 1,803 17,998 1 4 37 3 19 169 North Carolina . 66 354 5,051 16 72 1,228 1 6 20 4 20 166 North Dakota . 9 56 488 Ohio . 78 493 5,321 Oklahoma . 23 93 849 1 7 51 1 8 181 Oregon . 16 122 814 Pennsylvania . 140 1.205 13,500 2 20 126 Rhode Island . 10 94 1,162 South Carolina . 27 140 1,943 4 25 253 South Dakota . 11 78 729 1 4 24 Tennessee . 58 299 4,931 5 16 278 3 22 316 1 7 36 Texas . 64 380 4,537 5 39 682 1 2 46 1 12 95 Utah . 16 224 4,282 Vermont . 16 111 1,771 Virginia . 60 363 4, 200 7 45 588 1 2 12 "Washington . 27 174 1,437 West Virginia . 14 107 884 3 16 204 Wisconsin . 35 294 3,360 1 8 98 2 16 146 Wyoming . 3 19 240 1 5 60 59872°— 21 - 23 354 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 15. — Classification of private high schools and academies according to control !, 1917-18. — Part II. States. Episcopal. Friends. Latter Day Saints. Lutheran. Methodist. Methodist Episcopal South. Schools. | Instructors. Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. Schools. | Instructors Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. | Schools. Instructors. Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. • 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 United States.. 78 745 5,826 28 227 2,289 19 |256 5,483 53 333 3,981 69 489 6,367 25 142 2,090 2 7 70 4 17 330 2 10 150 3 19 434 2 10 82 1 2 48 2 18 206 1 8 41 Colorado . 1 .... 5 73 5 41 311 1 7 76 1 10 87 District of Columbia 3 39 208 2 9 86 2 12 166 2 10 60 5 15 118 5 39 609 1 5 41 3 41 908 1 10 32 Illinois . 2 14 63 1 3 41 ... 1 8 94 2 16 110 Indiana . 1 15 162 1 5 69 2 13 195 Iowa . 1 14 66 1 2 32 _ 4 37 353 2 10 56 Kansas . 1 10 67 2 6 100 1 12 141 1 3 189 Kentucky . 1 ! 10 43 4 18 307 I 3 14 117 Louisiana . 1 2 26 2 7 186 1 5 68 Maine. . 1 5 66 1 7 141 Maryland . 5 31 296 1 13 107 1 4 33 Massachusetts.. . 3 48 295 . Michigan... 2 8 64 1 6 54 Minnesota .... 10 77 1,086 6 44 Mississippi . 2 10 155 2 15 149 Missouri . . . ... ... 1 8 131 2 14 127 1 Montana . 1 7 78 Nebraska, 1 4 37 1 4 55 ' | 6 39 350 New Hampshire. . . 3 44 482 1 12 257 New .Tersev 3 19 106 1 4 40 2 28 226 New York 10 113 904 4 30 171 3 18 141 4 44 316 North Carolina. 4 16 280 4 27 349 2 12 231 North "Dakota 2 13 100 Ohio. 1 7 23 1 5 60 1 Oklahoma 1 3 29 Oregon . 1 11 54 1 2 18 Pennsylvania 3 23 133 8 119 1,197 1 8 27 2 34 207 Rhode Island. 1 11 140 1 15 171 South Carolina 1 10 170 1 2 22 6 42 708 South Dakota . 1 14 61 2 15 199 7 103 Tennessee 5 38 359 1 3 46 4 26 478 4 14 296 Texas 2 14 181 1 1 11 3 10 119 6 42 907 3 14 165 Utah.. 1 10 26 11 184 3,950 Vermont 1 8 19 1 13 180 Virginia.. 6 58 492 1 2 18 2 7 60 1 1 9 217 2 17 257 Washington 2 25 136 ... 2 12 117 ! 1 8 62 West. Virginia. . 1 8 52 . 1 1 7 21 "Wisconsin 4 J 477 4 26 1 458 ! Wvoming l ; 7 118 1 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 355 Table 15. — Classification of private high schools and academies according to control, 1917-18— Part III. States. Presbj terian. Roman Catholic. Seventh Day Adventist. Other de¬ nominations. Nonsectarian. Schools. Instructors. Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. Schools. | Instructors. Students. Schools. Instructors. Students. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 United States . 56 367 3,531 940 5,591 61,823 20 141 1,805 45 322 3,486 580 4,717 50,721 5 27 11 37 250 10 42 694 Arizona . 3 12 62 5 20 Arkansas . . 4 20 167 1 4 58 California . 44 272 2,548 l 8 1 106 1 2 10 90 33 234 1,661 Colorado . 9 57 490 1 5 ! 74 1 2 13 158 Connecticut . 5 43 311 35 341 3,627 Delaware . ;;;; 3 26 160 .. 1 4 , 18 District of Columbia. . . 11 76 640 1 23 . 185 I 13 130 1,673 Florida . 1 7 50 26 207 4 26 153 Georgia . 6 45 204 24 288 14 78 698 Idaho . 3 11 71 3 12 170 j 2 1 26 1 231 9 87 Illinois . 1 6 40 63 429 5, 676 24 159 1,536 Indiana . 24 113 1,388 1 4 48 I 2 1 5 121 5 66 704 Iowa . 74 288 2,835 1 10 1 138 3 15 214 Kansas . 1 10 62 13 919 5 28 1 476 Kentucky . 26 177 25 142 1,104 1 1 | 25 16 70 930 Louisiana . 22 123 1,157 6 30 417 Maine . 1 9 76 1 10 i 73 21 88 i 1,518 Maryland . 13 88 619 1 7 44 20 186 1,683 Massachusetts . 33 246 3, 191 1 10 215 1 3 16 58 592 6,758 Michigan . ... 1 46 241 3, 107 2 12 111 65 1,003 Minnesota . 28 186 2,699 1 12 64 1 2 19 8 76 833 Mississippi . 3 1 20 226 10 40 437 1 5 50 485 Missouri . 1 1 4 53 36 233 2,215 l 18 1 143 8 92 1,098 Montana . 8 69 763 1 5 55 1 Nebraska . l 16 1 79 804 ! 1 New Hampshire . 4 13 215 1 8 80 11 95 1,328 New Jersey . 1 ; 15 j 234 20 142 1,628 1 6 40 34 303 ! 2,262 New Mexico . 1 ; 2 | 32 6 43 221 New York . 117 823 10, 514 2 21 277 78 731 5,469 North Carolina . 1 u 83 862 1 ! ! 2 2l 2 3 36 21 113 I 1,858 North Dakota . 1 6 37 328 1 1 6 60 Ohio . 62 340 4,064 ! 1 6 j 24 1 13 135 Oklahoma . ! i | 6 56 18 i 63 482 1 6 50 1 | 1,150 Oregon . 10 84 536 .... .... 1 8 ! 45 3 17 161 Pennsylvania . 2 1 9 81 70 419 5,688 ^ .... 87 869 i 45 486 i 5,172 Rhode Island . 6 53 753 ! :::: 1 7 45 1 1 8 j 53 South Carolina . 5 | 20 236 4 13 84 6 28 ! 470 South Dakota . 5 31 268 ' ... 1 7 1 74 Tennessee _ 2 1 16 421 6 22 214 2 I 11 143 25 124 1 2,344 Texas . 1 13 58 27 147 1,017 1 1 ] ! 9 210 1 3 37 » 74 1,009 Utah . 2 16 154 1 6 63 1 8 89 Vermont . 4 19 206 1 13 i 269 9 58 1,097 Virginia . 3 1 20 199 13 74 449 1 4 30 4 u 168 19 | 106 1,710 Washington . 18 105 830 2 12 240 2 12 52 West Virginia . J 22 131 5 41 369 2 13 107 Wisconsin . 1 19 140 1,627 1 8 94 1 4 I 38 3 I 35 422 W voming . 1 7 62 1 356 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, Table 16. — Private high schools and academies— Distribution of all students according to the length of school term , 1917-18. States. Term 120 days or under. Term 121 to 140 days. Term 141 1 to 160 days. Term 161 to 180 days. Term 181 to 200 days. Term over 200 days. o c rC o m Students. Per cent of total. | Schools. Students. 1 Per cent of | total. 1 ■§ GQ Students. Per cent of total. [ Schools. Students. 1 Per cent of total. W § ,g oa Students. | Per cent of total. [ Schools. Students. Per cent of total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 United States. . . 6 1,694 0.7 17 1,070 1.1 196 12,386 IS 985 75, 748 47.7 593 44,035 27.7 261 23,812 15.0 Alabama . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 11 496 21.6 23 1,307 57.0 4 127 5.5 4 364 15.9 Arizona . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 70 13.6 2 246 47.7 3 62 12.0 1 138 26.7 Arkansas . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 4 66 8.5 7 547 70.0 2 72 9.2 2 96 12.3 California . 0 0 .0 1 12 0) 3 107 2.4 34 1,941 41.8 31 2,061 44.3 14 531 11.5 Colorado . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 2 89 11.2 9 527 66.3 2 179 22.5 0 0 .0 Connecticut . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 6 376 8.9 22 2,394 56.3 9 735 17.3 8 744 17.5 Delaware . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 139 40.8 1 76 22.2 2 12C 37.0 Dist. of Columbia . . . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 6 469 17.3 14 998 36.9 1 82 3.0 7 1,157 42.8 Florida . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 188 24.2 9 336 43.1 3 106 13.6 3 149 19.1 Georgia . 0 0 .0 2 38 1.0 10 643 17.8 35 2,253 62.1 2 62 1.7 9 630 17.4 Idaho . 0 0 .0 1 442 31.3 1 128 9.1 8 659 46.6 2 80 5.7 1 103 7.3 Illinois . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 109 1.4 40 2,515 33.3 40 3,880 51.3 11 1,056 14.0 Indiana . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 22 .8 12 629 23.4 17 916 34.1 6 1,120 41.7 Iowa . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 2 62 1.7 55 2,347 53.5 25 991 26.8 4 294 8.0 Kansas . 0 0 .0 1 58 3.0 0 0 .0 16 1,415 72.4 5 344 7.0 2 137 17.6 Kentucky . 0 0 .0 1 11 .3 2 37 1.2 34 1,496 47.3 22 1,185 37.5 7 434 13.7 Louisiana . 1 21 .9 0 0 .0 6 504 22.1 11 484 21.2 13 578 25.3 8 696 30.5 Maine . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 34 1.3 25 2,080 77.0 5 587 21.7 0 0 .0 Maryland . . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 223 .8 17 894 32.0 11 1,102 40.0 8 563 20.0 Massachusetts . 1 1,243 11.7 0 0 .0 18 1,757 16.5 37 3,609 33.9 23 1,909 17.9 18 2, 127 20.0 Michigan . 0 0 .0 1 12 .3 1 55 1.3 18 1,660 38.2 34 2,468 56.9 4 144 3.3 Minnesota . 1 373 6.9 0 0 .0 3 82 1.6 33 2,960 55.2 12 1,144 21.3 5 802 15.0 Mississippi . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 7 449 24.1 8 783 42.0 9 464 24.9 3 169 9.0 Missouri . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 30 2,448 58.7 15 1,150 27.5 9 576 13.8 Montana . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 7 624 69.6 3 272 30.4 Nebraska . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 20 1. 5 16 943 72.2 7 305 23.3 1 39 3.0 New Hampshire . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 11 920 34.4 10 1,148 43.0 2 604 22.6 New Jersey . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 9 523 11.0 29 1,934 40.6 19 1,552 32.6 6 752 15.8 New Mexico . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 32 12.7 4 110 43.4 2 111 43.8 New York . 0 0 .0 2 74 .4 24 .1,727 9.6 86 7,587 42.2 89 6,942 38.6 21 1,668 9.2 North Carolina . 0 0 .0 4 87 1.7 16 1,022 20.2 29 2,567 50.8 5 389 7.7 12 986 19.6 North Dakota . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 160 32.8 5 302 61.9 1 26 5.3 Ohio . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 126 2.4 34 2,357 44.3 32 1,964 36.9 9 874 16.4 Oklahoma . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 16 598 70.2 3 82 9.7 4 171 20.1 Oregon . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 42 5.2 3 117 14.3 11 578 71.0 1 77 9.5 Pennsylvania . 1 27 0) 1 147 1.1 13 795 5.8 63 5,524 41.0 40 4,293 31.8 22 2,714 20.1 Rhode Island . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 53 4.6 1 171 14.7 5 714 61.4 3 224 19.3 South Carolina . 1 18 .9 1 60 3.1 10 584 30.1 9 890 45.8 2 86 4.4 4 305 15.7 South Dakota . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 24 3.3 8 597 81.9 2 108 14.8 0 0 .0 Tennessee . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 203 4.1 33 3, 067 62.2 11 835 17.0 9 826 16.7 Texas . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 562 12.4 38 3,058 67.4 11 432 9.5 10 485 10.7 Utah . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 2 232 5.4 10 3,735 87.2 2 177 4.2 2 138 3.2 Vermont . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 32 1.8 7 599 33.8 7 1,121 63.3 1 19 1.1 Virginia . 1 0 .3 1 73 1.7 6 290 6.9 40 2,617 62.3 5 248 5.9 7 960 22.9 Washington . 0 12 .0 1 56 3.9 0 0 .0 14 777 54.1 12 604 42.0 0 0 .0 West Virginia . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 8 437 49.4 3 265 30.0 3 182 20.6 Wisconsin . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 67 2.0 22 2,274 67.7 10 796 23.7 2 223 6.o Wyoming . 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 118 49.2 2 122 .50.8 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 i Per cent, 0.002. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 357 Table 17. — -One year private high schools and academies — Distribution of students accord- ing to the length of the school term, 1917-18. States. Term 121 to 140 days. Term 141 to 160 days. 1 Term 161 to 180 days. Term 181 to 200 days. Term over 200 days. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States . . . 5 1,665 12 704 28 2,037 14 594 14 3,082 Alabama . 0 0 0 0 1 57 0 0 1 40 Connecticut . 0 0 2 17-4 1 195 1 38 1 65 Delaware . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 21 Dist. of Columbia. . 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0 1 800 Florida . 0 0 0 0 1 40 0 0 0 0 Georgia . 0 0 1 $5 2 1-50 0 0 6 0 Idaho . 0 0 0 0 3 72 0 0 0 0 Illinois . 0 0 0 0 1 28 1 12 i 13 Iowa . 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 146 0 0 Kentucky . 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Louisiana . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 176 Maryland . 0 0 0 0 1 25 0 0 2 230 Massachusetts . 1 1 1,243 2 275 2 172 0 0 1 190 Minnesota . 1 1 373 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri . 0 0 0 0 3 132 0 0 0 0 Nebraska . 0 0 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 New Jersey . 0 0 1 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York . 0 0 0 0 4 76 9 281 1 152 North Carolina . 1 20 0 0 1 145 0 0 1 154 Ohio . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 58 0 0 Pennsylvania . 0 0 2 30 1 20 1 59 :} 1,241 South Carolina . 1 1 18 1 T4 1 386 0 0 0 0 Tennessee . 0 0 0 0 1 138 0 0 0 0 Texas . 0 0 0 0 1 210 0 0 0 0 Utah . 0 0 1 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia . 0 0 1 18 2 80 0 0 0 0 i This school has a term of 120 days or fewer. 358 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 18. — Tv'O-year 'private high schools and academies — Distribution of student $ according to length of the school term, 1917-18. States. Term 121 to 140 days. Term 141 to 160 days. Term 161 to 180 days. Term 181 to 200 days. Term over 200 days. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "T] 9 10 11 United States . . . 4 118 ■ 8 143 35 1,262 24 636 8 372 Alabama . 0 0 2 36 1 26 0 0 0 0 California . 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 36 Connecticut . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 134 District of Columbia. 0 0 0 0 1 35 0 0 0 0 Georgia . 0 0 1 11 4 95 0 0 0 0 Idaho . 0 0 0 0 1 14 0 0 0 0 Illinois . 0 0 0 0 1 14 1 33 2 123 Indiana . 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 Iowa . 0 0 0 0 3 61 2 54 0 0 Kansas . 1 58 0 0 1 148 0 0 0 0 Kentucky . 0 0 0 0 4 168 0 0 0 0 Louisiana . i 1 21 0 0 1 25 0 0 0 0 Maryland . 0 0 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 0 Michigan . : 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16 0 0 Minnesota . 0 0 1 19 0 0 2 45 0 0 Missouri. . . . ' 0 0 0 0 3 66 1 18 0 0 Nebraska . - . 0 0 0 0 1 17 0 0 0 0 New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 27 0 0 New Mexico . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 New York . 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 104 1 14 North Carolina . 0 0 1 27 1 11 0 0 0 0 Ohio . 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 140 1 42 Oklahoma . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24 0 0 Oregon . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 18 0 0 Pennsylvania . 1 1 27 1 17 5 396 2 69 0 0 Tenessee . 0 0 1 11 2 29 3 77 0 0 Texas . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 23 Virginia . 1 1 12 1 22 2 41 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin . 0 0 0 0 2 91 0 0 0 0 1 This school has a term of 120 days or fewer. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 359 Table 19. — Three-year 'private high schools and academies — Distribution of students according to length of the school term , 1917-18. States. Term 121 to 140 days. Term 141 to 160 days. Term 161 to 180 days. Term 181 to 200 days. Term over 200 days. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States... . 5 207 20 681 50 1,452 55 2,115 I 16 650 Alabama . 0 0 1 21 3 115 0 0 0 0 Arkansas . 0 0 2 27 1 58 0 0 0 0 California . 1 1 12 0 0 1 56 4 125 1 10 Colorado . 0 0 1 16 1 10 0 0 0 0 Delaware . 0 0 0 0 1 18 0 0 0 0 District of Columbia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 1 20 Georgia . 1 18 2 40 1 11 1 21 1 13 Idaho . 0 0 1 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 Illinois . 0 0 1 37 2 22 4 135 0 0 Indiana . 0 0 0 0 1 48 1 40 0 0 Iowa . 0 0 1 32 4 96 7 174 0 0 Kentucky . 0 0 0 0 1 22 1 12 0 0 Louisiana . 0 0 1 41 2 50 4 91 1 63 Maryland . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 0 0 Massachusetts . 0 0 0 0 2 76 4 191 0 0 Michigan . 1 1 12 0 0 1 47 1 40 0 0 Minnesota . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 202 0 0 Mississippi . 0 0 0 0 1 94 3 84 0 0 Missouri . 0 0 0 0 1 29 1 24 1 45 Nebraska . 0 0 0 0 1 30 0 o 0 0 New Hampshire .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 76 0 0 New Jersey . 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 161 1 10 New Y ork . 0 0 0 0 1 13 3 78 1 37 North Carolina . 1 18 4 98 0 0 0 0 3 131 North Dakota . 0 0 0 0 1 47 0 0 0 0 Ohio . 0 0 0 0 4 166 7 225 1 170 Oklahoma . 0 0 0 0 2 35 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania . 1 1 147 0 0 6 208 5 279 2 85 South Carolina . 0 0 4 199 2 42 1 68 0 0 South Dakota . 0 0 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tennessee . 0 0 0 0 2 39 0 0 1 29 Texas . 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 11 Virginia . 0 0 1 18 4 53 0 0 1 26 Washington . 0 o 0 0 3 57 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 54 0 0 1 This school has a term of 120 days or fewer. 360 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 20 .-^-Four-year private high schools — Distribution of students according to length of the school term , 1917-18. States. Term 121 to 140 days. Term 141 to 160 days. Term 161 to 180 days. Term 181 to 200 days. Term over 200 days. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. Schools. Stu¬ dents. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 11 United States. . . 9 774 156 10,858 872 70,997 500 -40, 690 223 19, 708 8 439 18 1,109 4 127 3 324 1 70 2 246 3 62 1 133 2 39 6 489 2 72 2 96 3 107 33 1,885 27 1,938 12 485 1 73 8 517 2 179 0 0 4 202 21 2, 199 8 697 5 545 0 0 2 121 1 76 1 105 Dist. Columbia . . 6 469 12 863 1 82 5 337 3 188 8 296 3 106 3 149 Georgia . 1 20 6 557 28 1,997 1 41 8 617 Idaho . 1 442 0 0 4 573 2 80 1 103 Illinois . 0 0 2 72 36 2,451 34 3,700 8 920 Indiana . 0 0 1 22 10 571 16 876 6 1,120 Iowa . 0 0 1 30 47 2,179 15 617 4 294 Kansas . 0 0 0 0 15 1,267 5 344 2 137 Kentucky . 0 0 2 37 29 1,306 21 1,173 7 434 Louisiana . 0 0 5 463 8 409 9 487 6 457 Maine . 0 0 1 34 25 2,080 5 587 0 0 Maryland . 0 0 5 223 15 854 10 1,067 6 333 Massachusetts . 0 0 ' 16 1,482 33 3,361 19 1,718 17 1,937 Michigan . 0 0 1 55 17 1,613 32 2,412 4 144 Minnesota . 0 0 2 63 33 2,960 9 897 5 802 Mississippi . 0 0 7 449 7 689 6 380 3 169 Missouri . 0 0 0 0 23 2,221 13 1,108 8 531 Montana . 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 624 3 272 Nebraska . 0 0 0 0 14 896 7 305 1 39 N ew Hampshire . 0 0 0 0 11 920 7 1,045 2 604 New Jersey . 0 0 8 510 29 1,934 16 1,391 5 742 New Mexico . 0 0 0 0 1 32 3 99 2 111 New York . 2 74 24 1,727 81 7, 498 72 6,479 18 1,465 North Carolina. . 2 49 11 897 27 2,411 5 389 8 701 North Dakota . 0 0 0 0 2 113 5 302 1 26 Ohio . 0 0 3 126 30 2,191 21 1,541 7 662 Oklahoma . 0 0 0 0 14 561 2 58 4 171 Oregon . 0 0 1 42 3 117 10 560 1 77 Pennsylvania . 0 0 10 748 51 4,900 32 3,886 17 1,388 Rhode Island . 0 0 1 53 1 171 5 714 3 224 South Carolina . 1 60 5 371 6 462 1 18 4 305 South Dakota . 0 0 0 0 8 597 2 108 0 0 Tennessee . 0 0 4 192 28 2,861 8 758 8 797 Texas . 0 0 5 562 36 2,838 11 432 8 451 Utah . 0 0 1 107 10 3,735 2 177 2 138 Vermont . 0 0 1 32 7 599 7 1,121 1 19 Virginia . 1 1 73 3 232 ?2 2, 4 13 5 248 6 934 Washington . 1 1 56 0 0 11 720 12 604 0 0 West Virginia . 0 0 0 0 8 437 3 265 3 182 Wisconsin . 0 0 1 67 20 2, 183 9 742 2 223 Wyoming . 0 0 1 1 118 2 122 o ! 0 0 0 i This school has a term of 120 days or fewer. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 361 Table 21. — Four-year private high schools — Schools, instructors , students, and graduates , 1917-18. States. Four- year schools report¬ ing. Instructors of secon¬ dary students. Secondary students. Graduates. Men. Wom¬ en. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Per cent of total en¬ roll¬ ment. Per cent of enroll¬ ment in fourth year. • 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1:1 United States.. 1,760 4,969 8,042 13,011 65,321 77,706 143,027 9,118 12, 138 21,256 15. 6 73.7 Alabama . 33 51 108 159 775 1,224 1,999 86 183 269 13.5 71.3 Arizona . 7 18 18 36 230 286 516 35 36 71 13.7 87.7 Arkansas . 12 29 23 52 330 366 696 32 53 85 12.2 88.5 California . 75 147 373 520 1,603 2,810 4,413 255 419 674 15.3 76. 4 Colorado . 11 11 65 76 117 652 769 9 89 98 12.7 89.1 Connecticut . 38 186 157 343 2,140 1,503 3,643 362 295 657 18.0 77.2 Delaware . 4 15 27 42 192 110 302 23 19 42 13.9 41.6 Dist. Columbia . . 24 64 186 250 531 1,220 1,751 52 158 210 12.0 40.1 Florida . 17 37 52 89 303 436 739 36 73 109 14.8 66.5 Georgia . 44 86 189 275 1,172 2,060 3,232 98 277 375 11.6 65.4 Idaho . 8 35 49 84 554 644 1,198 63 69 132 11.0 93.6 Illinois . 80 191 386 577 2,683 4,460 7,143 436 642 1,078 16.5 76.1 Indiana . 33 99 114 213 1,399 1,190 2,589 238 218 456 17.5 96.8 Iowa . 67 72 255 327 845 2,275 3,120 141 397 538 17.2 79.0 Kansas . 22 51 86 137 604 1,144 1,748 94 182 276 15.5 69.7 Kentucky . 59 96 214 310 1,273 1,677 2,950 142 216 358 12.1 73.1 Louisiana . 28 79 91 170 940 876 1,816 97 102 199 11.0 65. 2 Maine . 31 76 93 169 1,287 1,414 2,701 200 272 472 17.5 77.9 Maryland . 36 133 183 316 1,210 1, 267 2,477 170 194 364 14.7 70.7 Massachusetts.. . . 85 302 516 818 3,631 4,867 8,498 657 843 1,500 17.6 79.5 Michigan . 54 61 260 321 1,434 2,790 4,224 213 445 658 15.6 80.3 Minnesota . 49 154 226 380 2,017 2,705 4,722 260 433 693 14.7 86.1 Mississippi . 23 76 93 169 929 758 1,687 110 100 210 12.4 76.2 Missouri . 44 124 228 352 1,880 1,980 3,860 245 284 529 13.7 75.1 Montana . 10 28 53 81 341 555 896 53 92 145 16.2 96.6 Nebraska . 22 34 88 122 367 873 1,240 56 147 203 16.4 82.3 N ew Hampshire. . 20 123 62 185 1,816 753 2,569 327 130 457 17.8 65.3 New Jersey . 58 269 246 515 2,947 1,630 4,577 465 351 816 17.8 77.1 New Mexico . 6 11 28 39 95 147 242 12 22 34 14.1 87.2 New York . 197 593 1,107 1,700 8,111 9,132 17,243 1,015 1,279 2,294 13.3 66.3 North Carolina... 53 136 169 305 2,073 2,374 4,447 243 424 667 15.0 77.1 North Dakota.... 8 13 36 49 132 309 441 15 36 51 11.6 89.4 Ohio . 61 77 373 450 1,210 3,310 4,520 172 542 714 15.8 93.9 Oklahoma . 20 29 59 88 261 529 790 30 52 82 10.4 52.9 Oregon . 15 35 86 121 227 569 796 24 85 109 13.7 80.7 Pennsylvania.... 110 443 625 1,068 5,530 5,392 10,922 850 1,168 2,018 18.5 76.1 Rhode Island.... 10 42 52 94 730 432 1,162 87 75 162 13.9 59.4 South Carolina. . . 17 52 39 91 749 467 1,216 73 52 125 10.3 57.2 South Dakota. . . . 10 32 42 74 234 471 705 39 62 101 14.3 100.0 Tennessee . 48 164 104 268 2,921 1,687 4,608 390 215 605 13.1 61.2 Texas . 60 169 194 363 2,057 2,226 4,283 279 315 594 13.9 79.7 Utah . 15 122 94 216 1,601 2, 556 4,157 147 216 363 8 7 62.7 Vermont . 16 31 80 111 752 1,019 1,771 111 226 337 19.0 93.9 Virginia . .47 161 162 323 2, 541 1,389 3,930 316 169 485 11.5 56.5 Washington . 24 56 110 * 166 412 968 1,380 49 117 166 12.0 64.2 West Virginia.... 14 32 75 107 389 495 884 76 77 153 17.3 86.0 Wisconsin . 32 118 153 271 1,652 1,563 3,215 226 270 496 15.4 71.1 Wyoming . 3 6 13 19 94 146 240 9 17 26 10.8 44.1 3(>2 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION 1916-1918, Table 22.— Four-year private high schools — Distribution of enrollment by years, and number of graduates going to college, etc., 1917-18. States. • First year. Second year. Third year. Fourth year. Graduates, class 1917, who went to college, 1917-18. Graduates, class 1917, who I went to other schools than colleges or univer- | sities. Students. Per cent of total. c a 1 5q Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Students. Per cent of total. Number. I Per cent of number of graduates in class of 1918. > 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States.... 46,313 32.4 38,075 26.6 29,804 20.8 28,835 20.2 8,378 39.4 3,647 Alabama . 683 34.5 492 24.6 441 22.1 377 18.8 97 36.1 33 Arizona . 193 37.4 139 26.9 103 20.0 81 15.7 8 11.3 8 Arkansas . 308 44.2 156 22.4 136 19.6 96 13.8 11 12.9 7 California . 1,420 32.2 1.201 27.2 ' 910 20.6 882 20.0 345 51.2 174 Colorado . 301 39.1 213 27.7 145 18.9 110 14.3 31 31.6 33 Connecticut . 1,053 28.9 919 25.2 820 22.5 851 23.4 312 47.5 112 Delaware . 78 25.8 62 20.5 61 20.2 101 33.5 40 95.3 5 Dist. Columbia _ 435 24.8 385 22.0 408 23.3 523 23.9 90 42.8 25 Florida . 262 35.4 175 23.7 138 18.7 164 22.2 21 19.3 15 Georgia . 1,061 32.8 904 28.0 694 21.5 573 17.7 133 35.5 112 Idaho . 523 43.6 304 25.4 230 19.2 141 11.8 37 28.0 7 Illinois . 2,518 35.2 1,858 26.0 1,351 18.9 1,416 19.9 633 58.7 339 Indiana . 782 30.2 703 27.2 633 24.4 471 18.2 185 40.6 83 Iowa . 1,091 35.0 771 24.7 578 18.5 680 21.8 147 27.3 118 Kansas . 580 29.8 464 ! 23.9 308 15.9 396 20.4 59 21.4 39 Kentucky . 1, 123 38.1 746 ! 1 25.3 591 20.0 490 16.6 120 33.5 77 Louisiana . 605 33.3 480 ! 26.4 425 23.4 306 16.9 97 48.8 43 Maine . 803 29.7 674 25.0 618 22.9 606 22.4 140 29.7 50 Maryland . 717 20.0 732 29.5 513 20.7 515 20.8 179 49.2 47 Massachusetts . 2,562 30.1 2,173 25.6 1 1,876 22.1 1,887 22.2 627 41.8 252 Michigan . 1,457 34.5 1,060 25.1 888 21.0 819 19.4 209 31.8 119 Minnesota . 1,4 5 31.7 1,445 30.6 978 20.7 804 17.0 168 24.3 153 Mississippi . 598 35.4 445 26.4 368 21.8 276 16.4 90 42.9 19 Missouri . 1,322 34.3 1,028 26.6 805 20.8 705 18.3 186 35.2 92 Montana . 356 39.7 228 25.4 162 18.1 150 16.8 • 64 44.1 25 Nebraska . ' . . 450 36.3 283 22.8 260 21.0 247 19.9 34 16.8 26 New Hampshire. . . 572 22.3 669 26.0 628 24.4 700 27.3 216 47.3 44 New Jersey . 1,250 27.3 1, 192 26.1 1,078 23.5 1,057 23.1 375 46.0 110 New Mexico . 86 35.6 75 31.0 42 17.3 39 16.1 10 29.4 7 New York. . 5,862 34.0 4,468 25.9 3,451 20.0 3,462 20.1 806 35.2 454 North Carolina. . . . 1,427 32.1 1,223 27.5 932 20.9 865 19.5 219 32.8 43 North Dakota . 201 45.6 110 25.0 73 16.5 57 12.9 17 33.3 25 Ohio . 1,644 36.4 1,199 26.5 917 20.3 760 16.8 239 33.5 167 Oklahoma . 299 37.8 199 25.2 137 17.4 155 19.6 24 29.3 14 Oregon . 278 34.9 220 27.6 163 20.5 135 17.0 54 49.5 38 Pennsylvania . 3,204 29.4 2,832 25.9 2,233 20.4 2,653 24.3 786 39.0 237 Rhode Island . 344 29.6 295 25.4 250 21.5 273 23.5 80 49.4 19 South Carolina . . . . 376 30.9 364 30.0 257 21.1 219 18.0 90 72.0 24 South Dakota . 289 41.0 193 27.3 122 17.3 101 14.4 20 19.8 33 Tennessee . 1,520 33.0 1, 130 24.5 1,002 21.8 956 20.7 361 59.7 67 Texas . 1,409 32.9 1,221 28.5 907 21.2 746 17.4 270 45.4 75 Utah . 1,257 30.3 1, 594 38.3 727 17.5 579 13.9 73 20.1 24 Vermont . 536 30.2 497 28.1 379 21.4 359 20.3 69 20.5 31 Virginia . 1, 143 29.1 ! 1,031 26.2 898 22.9 858 21.8 291 60.1 59 Washington. _ _ _ 482 34.9 352 25.5 287 20.8 259 18.8 60 36.1 59 West Virginia. . . .. 243 27.5 260 29.4 203 22.9 178 20.2 54 35.3 17 Wisconsin . 1,041 32.4 846 26.3 630 19.6 698 21.7 191 38.6 84 Wyoming . C8 28.3 65 27.1 48 20.0 59 24.6 10 38.5 3 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 86 3 Table 23 —Private high schools and academies — Property , equipment, and expenditures for permanent improvements , 1917-18. States. Libraries. Grounds and buildings. Scientific ap¬ paratus, furniture, etc. Total money value of endowment. Expenditures for sites, buildings, and perma¬ nent im¬ provements. Schools reporting. Volumes. Schools reporting. Value. Schools reporting. Value. | Schools | reporting. A mount. Schools reporting. Amount. > 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 9 ioS 11 United States. . . 1,742 3,695,742 1,680 $176,897,467 1,638 $15,568,693 336 $34,179,242 788 $5,052,289 Alabama . . . 30 32,502 38 1,692,273 37 148,295 4 191,651 15 28,846 Arizona . 6 4,785 6 216,500 5 17,800 0 0 1 1,000 Arkansas . 12 22,854 15 886,000 14 29,300 3 60,500 10 46,651 California . 69 108,276 62 3, 948,628 59 358,556 1 5,000 30 65, 715 Colorado . 11 30,430 10 1,598,500 10 33, 750 1 1,250,000 3 5, 550 Connecticut . 36 80,812 41 5,671,064 33 500,761 10 2,224,500 14 88,437 Delaware . 6 6,300 5 400,000 4 12,000 2 115, 000 2 4,600 Dist. Columbia . 19 43,375 17 2, 695, 241 18 125,379 0 0 8 89,125 Florida . 13 19,450 18 1,469,375 17 90, 870 2 10,803 8 15, 179 Georgia . 46 55,805 56 2,431,643 49 177,429 8 206, 342 24 118,812 Idaho . 12 15, 959 9 732,050 8 46,411 1 2,000 7 129,061 Illinois . 78 206, 204 70 7,083,194 72 534,606 10 1,097,445 28 89,329 Indiana . 48 75,843 24 3, 664, 993 27 383, 953 6 476,000 11 202,425 Iowa 71 90,258 60 3, 048, 950 70 251, 080 5 256,668 23 33 241 Kansas . 22 51,489 21 1,511,680 23 129, 725 4 162,650 11 28,475 Kentucky . 56 82,971 58 3,935,167 56 71, eoo 10 793,476 25 76, 576 Louisiana . 29 52, 149 28 3,564,465 28 3,564,465 28 55, 455 13 39,052 Maine . 28 52, 111 28 1,755,475 29 135, 829 24 458,817 11 26,688 Maryland . 33 97,070 35 8,399,534 17 192,072 7 2, 143, 589 12 216, 182 Massachusetts . 82 241,863 75 16,511,070 73 1, 206, 147 24 6, 423, 217 33 263, 152 Michigan . 51 68,964 40 2, 802,319 42 115,295 2 55,000 19 520,023 Minnesota . 47 98,654 50 6,248,178 49 78,629 9 649, 956 31 232, 773 Mississippi . 24 39,766 24 501, 118 25 42,048 5 243, 148 18 45, 082 Missouri . 46 161, 746 42 5, 136, 100 47 253,639 8 234, 800 23 322, 040 Montana . 9 25,900 9 875,000 10 40,565 2 96,000 5 96, 370 Nebraska . 23 32,345 23 1,449, 750 23 16,230 5 133, 105 14 15,544 New Hampshire. . . . 21 69,633 23 3,616,625 21 178,655 18 3,365,640 7 27,073 New Jersey . 54 90,024 46 3,896,244 44 329, 113 9 166, 718 11 95, 427 New Mexico . 6 7,533 5 269,500 5 25,895 0 0 3 3,300 New York . 199 544,585 189 29,477,380 194 2,566,399 28 4,784,118 111 759, 701 North Carolina . 52 121,544 60 2,838,278 54 209,726 7 142, 108 40 96,596 North Dakota . 9 8,990 7 326,489 8 65, 978 2 45,500 6 17,210 Ohio . : . 63 138, 111 51 5,428,842 56 364,063 6 623,000 24 164,414 Oklahoma . 20 28,311 19 1, 301, 000 19 15,691 4 222,200 11 44,000 Oregon . 13 35,856 14 631,000 14 84,350 1 65,000 3 4,800 Pennsylvania . 105 269, 127 104 17,216,492 98 1,350,063 20 4, 357,541 48 373,654 Rhode Island . 9 25, 428 8 1,649,763 6 26, 525 1 250,000 4 16,423 South Carolina . 22 26,295 25 1,375,700 19 106,800 4 329,300 9 51,574 South Dakota . 10 15, 817 9 807,000 11 74, 752 2 153,000 5 31,400 Tennessee . 49 1105747 54 3, 166,679 46 150,008 6 169,787 20 65,883 Texas . 58 106, 187 58 5,212,998 60 355, 128 8 599,500 13 84,594 Utah . 15 57, 802 15 491, 858 14 256,206 0 54, 926 8 22,851 Vermont . 12 18,017 15 842,400 14 74,850 13 812,044 5 1,440 Virginia . 48 63, 829 47 3, 356, 028 44 316, 935 7 125,650 19 119,675 Washington . 25 40,968 24 2,049,400 22 74,378 6 62,400 16 101,844 West Virginia . 9 26,750 10 734,866 8 62,800 4 79,910 4 7,100 Wisconsin . 33 89, 756 31 3,922,658 34 321, 144 8 410, 778 21 133, 402 Wyoming . 3 2,550 2 58,000 2 2,500 1 15,000 1 30,000 _ 364 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 24. — Private high schools and academies — Available income, 1917-18. States. From public appropriations. From tuition and other educational fees. From tive . produc- i funds. From all other sources and | unclassified. | Total working income from aii sources .i Schools report¬ ing. Amount. Schools report¬ ing. Amount. Schools report¬ ing. Amount. Schools report¬ ing. Amount. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States.... 168 $441,463 1,393 $13,662,413 331 $1,945,781 977 $6,602,372 $22,652,029 Alabama . 1 600 36 126, 008 4 7,983 22 114, 209 248, 800 0 0 5 9,410 5 20, 295 29, 705 Arkansas . 4 8,080 4 20, 776 1 650 9 39, 556 69,062 California . 2 13, 000 55 497, 401 4 1,624 28 89, 353 601, 378 Colorado . 0 0 8 60, 411 1 58,000 3 22, 789 141, 200 Connecticut . 3 12, 700 36 552, 220 11 112,333 15 97,316 774, 569 Delaware . 0 0 5 59, 836 1 1,500 4 13, 150 ' 74,486 Dist. of Columbia _ 18 222, 802 1 470 7 45, 402 268, 674 Florida . 2 510 17 55, 317 2 500 10 62, 342 118,669 Georgia . 7 9,253 49 225,994 8 11,923 34 153,493 400, 663 Idaho . 2 16, 500 10 34,354 2 4,200 8 59, 700 114, 754 Illinois . 0 0 69 490, 428 13 37, 634 39 200, 161 728, 223 Indiana . 0 0 28 495, 592 5 16,343 12 89,415 601,350 Iowa . 1 650 49 109, 913 42 125, 068 235, 631 Kansas . 0 0 24 93, 460 7 12,312 8 ■ 62, 136 167,908 Kentucky . 2 1,778 51 193, 513 10 34, 655 30 165,546 395,492 Louisiana . 1 100 27 106, 663 6 10, 450 14 52, 859 170, 072 Maine . 23 44,063 28 94, 621 24 68, 346 18 46,426 253, 456 Maryland . 2 12,500 30 460, 499 5 86, 967 13 114.725 674, 691 Massachusetts . 6 7, 292 69 1,286, 908 24 317, 233 36 472, 152 2,083,585 Michigan . 1 1,000 32 245, 562 4 7, 441 30 138,252 392,255 Minnesota . 1 1,000 44 491, 590 12 64,008 31 324, 204 889, 802 Mississippi . 5 5, 369 24 61, 407 5 12, 485 16 127, 772 207, 033 Missouri . . 0 0 40 398, 491 7 14, 206 26 172,837 585, 534 Montana . 0 0 7 14, 638 1 4,500 4 15,615 34,753 Nebraska . 0 0 20 68,591 5 4, 913 13 92, 091 165, 595 New Hampshire . 2 4,075 19 264, 424 18 147, 476 11 48, 857 464, 832 New Jersey . 0 0 44 601, 320 7 18, 777 17 66, 298 686,395 New Mexico . 0 0 3 7, 425 1 1,500 1 4,000 12, 925 New York . 55 226, 529 60 2, 783, 292 34 353, 295 121 840, 882 4,203,998 North Carolina . 10 9,236 60 171,420 8 22, 051 44 321,733 524, 440 North Dakota . 0 0 8 16, 258 2 30, 884 3 15, 859 63, 001 Ohio . 1 2, 500 38 421,028 6 16, 350 31 196, 266 636,144 Oklahoma . 0 0 17 44,836 4 12, 390 11 41, 400 98, 626 Oregon . 0 0 13 47,965 2 3,950 5 6, 150 58,065 Pennsylvania . 1 9,000 79 1,226, 015 23 243, 590 62 999, 736 2,478,341 Rhode Island . 0 0 8 114, 628 1 15, 000 4 62, 614 192, 242 South Carolina . 7 3,380 21 67, 658 5 11, 692 16 92, 401 175, 131 South Dakota . 0 0 11 52, 708 2 8,982 8 50, 808 112, 498 Tennessee . 16 20, 286 50 276, 598 7 4, 100 28 162, 425 463,409 Texas . 4 5, 605 42 256, 565 10 41, 131 37 153, 357 456, 658 Utah . 1 14,000 14 100, 684 4 12, 552 14 257, 497 384, 733 Vermont . 4 3, 452 14 68, 160 12 36, 883 13 49, 338 157,833 Virginia . 3 7, 505 49 327, 600 6 16, 950 26 149, 221 501, 276 Washington . 0 0 20 93, 521 8 30, 008 19 59, 111 182,640 West Virginia . 0 0 9 49, 201 1 672 3 15, 840 65,713 Wisconsin . 1 1,500 27 190, 332 7 26, 872 24 85,115 303, 819 Wyoming . 0 0 1 2 | 4, 370 0 0 2 ! 6,600 1 10, 970 1 For the total number of schools reporting income see Table 25, column 4. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 365 Table 25. — Private high schools and academies — Benefactions , per capita income, and tuition, 1917-18. States. Benefactions received during the year. Data cn per capita income and total estimated income.1 Income from tuition and other educational fees. Schools report¬ ing. Amount. Schools report¬ ing work¬ ing in¬ come. Second¬ ary stu¬ dents in these schools. Total working income reported. In¬ come per sec¬ ond¬ ary stu¬ dent. Estimated income for all private high schools. Amount. In¬ come per sec¬ ondary stu¬ dent. • 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States.... 186 $1,748,258 1,761 126,720 $22,652,029 $179 $34,025,276 $13,662,413 $108 Alabama . 3 2,479 38 2,130 248, 800 117 268, 398 | 126, 008 59 Arizona . 0 0 5 468 29, 705 63 32, 508 9, 410 20 Arkansas . 2 50,400 14 722 69,062 96 74,976 1 20, 776 29 California . 2 8,039 61 3, 506 601, 378 172 800,144 497, 401 136 Colorado . 0 0 10 677 141,200 209 166, 155 60, 411 89 Connecticut . 5 241,913 39 3,619 774, 569 214 909,286 552, 220 153 Delaware . i 100,000 6 341 74, 486 218 74, 338 59, 836 175 Dist. of Columbia _ 2 410 18 2, 016 268, 674 133 359, 898 222, 802 111 Florida . 2 4,103 17 733 118, 669 162 126, 198 55,317 66 Georgia . 1 1,365 73 3,407 400, 663 117 424,242 225, 994 66 Idaho . 1 4,000 12 1,380 114, 754 83 117,196 34,354 25 Illinois . 3 9, 296 78 5,295 728, 223 138 1, 043, 280 490, 428 93 Indiana . 2 34, 566 32 2,200 601, 350 273 733, 551 495, 592 225 Iowa . 5 139, 644 66 2,935 235, 631 80 295, 520 109, 913 37 Kansas . 3 145,000 24 1,954 167, 908 86 168,044 93, 460 48 Kentucky . 8 21,810 55 2, 619 395,492 151 477,613 193,513 73 Louisiana . 1 140 29 1,770 170,072 96 219, 168 106, 663 60 Maine . 5 55,411 31 2,774 253, 456 91 245, 791 94, 621 34 Mar viand . 2 56,000 33 2, 026 674, 691 333 926, 406 460,499 227 Massachusetts . 16 51,397 88 9, 192 2, 083, 585 227 2,416,415 1,286,908 140 Michigan . 2 5, 654 53 3,316 392,255 118 512, 002 245,562 94 Minnesota . 5 40, 127 48 5,015 880, 802 176 943, 536 491, 590 98 Mississippi . 2 2,332 25 1,741 207, 033 119 221,935 61, 407 35 Missouri . 10 64, 536 48 3, 870 585, 534 151 630, 274 398, 491 102 Montana . 1 2,000 9 688 34, 753 51 45, 696 14, 638 21 Nebraska . 4 38,450 21 1,099 165,595 151 197,357 68,591 62 New Hampshire . 4 60, 829 22 2, 561 464, 832 182 486, 304 264, 424 103 New Jersey . 3 18,000 47 3, 359 686, 395 204 495, 144 601, 320 179 New Mexico . 0 0 5 1,100 12, 925 12 3, 036 7, 425 7 New York . 24 151, 684 192 6,094 4,203,998 690 12,418,620 2, 783, 292 457 North Carolina . 6 44, 452 64 4,765 524, 440 110 555, 610 171, 420 35 North Dakota . . . 1 800 8 352 63,001 179 87, 352 16, 258 46 Ohio . -. . 6 28,200 54 3,968 636, 144 160 851, 360 421 ; 028 106 Oklahoma . 1 85,000 18 713 98, 626 138 117, 162 44, 836 63 Oregon . 1 25,000 13 608 58, 065 96 78, 144 47,965 79 Pennsylvania.. . 8 116, 605 105 10, 279 2,478, 341 241 3,253,500 1,226,015 119 Rhode Island . 1 2.000 8 1,056 192, 242 182 211,484 114, 628 109 South Carolina . 5 14,895 23 1,815 175, 131 96 186, 528 67, 658 37 South Dakota . 5 3,959 11 729 112, 498 154 112,266 52,708 72 Tennessee . 6 13, 697 53 4,685 463, 409 99 488, 169 276, 598 59 Texas . 6 17, 175 58 4, 161 456, 658 110 499, 070 256, 565 62 Utah . 4 10,400 16 4, 282 384,733 90 385, 380 100, 684 23 Vermont . 1 180 14 1,666 157, 833 95 168, 245 68,160 41- Virginia . 6 47, 213 50 3,833 501,276 131 550,200 327,600 85 Washington . 7 27, 770 23 1,207 182, 640 151 216, 987 93, 521 77 West Virginia . 1 1,012 9 563 65, 713 117 103, 428 49, 201 87 Wisconsin . 2 315 33 3,253 303, 819 93 312, 480 190,332 59 Wyoming . 0 0 2 178 10,970 62 14, 880 4, 370 25 1 This computation is more or less vitiated by the fact that elementary pupils, in schools having such, are not considered in securing the per capita income, nor in estimating the total income for all schools. There is no better basis, however, for making these estimates. 366 biennial Purvey of education, 1916-1918. Table 26. — Statistics of private high schools for the Negro race , 1917-18. Instruc¬ tors. Secondary students. Enrollment by courses of study. States. Schools reporting. s | Women. Boys. Girls. Grad¬ uates. Num¬ ber in mili¬ tary drill. Academic. Commercial. Technical or man- | ual training. Training courses for teachers. Agricultural. Home economics. Trade courses. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United States . . . 133 322 458 3,048 5,984 1,189 850 5,755 644 1,190 1,787 1,542 2,724 1,363 Alabama . 11 25 28 253 392 85 120 408 5 174 24 308 211 57 Arkansas . 6 13 8 146 178 55 68 291 11 0 40 24 22 29 Dist. of Columbia . . . 1 0 3 o 25 0 0 25 13 0 0 6 17 3 Florida . 5 17 14 131 186 47 52 183 27 73 24 88 96 9 Georgia . 22 34 87 211 838 230 111 966 38 143 128 209 497 104 Kentucky . 3 8 6 38 38 18 1 65 10 20 3 5 35 11 Louisiana . 12 20 29 287 623 70 44 642 204 104 122 77 243 168 Mississippi . 9 38 55 184 431 87 50 468 80 94 142 129 280 113 Missouri . 1 3 4 21 44 7 0 23 14 0 5 0 37 0 North Carolina . 22 46 76 466 948 202 75 709 60 289 289 382 595 254 South Carolina . 13 39 38 475 601 88 103 415 63 112 447 116 85 119 Tennessee . 6 23 28 246 389 73 144 415 35 78 112 20 132 0 Texas . 9 31 38 401 699 137 2 694 72 103 237 126 341 172 Virginia . 13 25 44 189 592 90 80 451 12 0 214 52 133 | 324 Table 27. — Statistics of private high schools for the Negro race , 1917-18. States. Colored students in four-year schools for the Negro race. Vol¬ umes in library. Value of grounds, buildings, furniture, and scientific appara¬ tus. Receipts. ».g O -2 U 02 Boys. Girls. Schools re¬ porting. From public funds. From tuition fees. From produc¬ tive funds. From other sources. Total income for the year. * 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 United States... 105 2,690 5,195 122,765 $6,036,849 129 $26, 825 $154,088 $50, 703 $768, 149 $999,765 Alabama . 7 232 312 5, 700 417,350 11 0 10,398 1,002 63,447 74,847 Arkansas . 4 140 157 3,102 145,350 6 5,080 7,006 650 24,517 37,253 Dist. of Columbia... 1 0 25 5,000 67,003 1 0 3,000 470 15,619 19,089 Florida . 5 131 186 4,350 469, 050 5 510 5,096 300 44,315 50,221 Georgia . 16 177 749 16, 120 134,868 21 4,285 27,968 4,391 116,812 153, 456 Kentucky . 2 33 32 325 91,700 2 0 158 150 2,650 2,958 Louisiana . 9 239 429 7,932 460, 750 11 100 10, 110 5, 200 44,059 59,469 Mississippi . 9 184 431 16, 665 798, 181 9 2,049 11,091 8,885 113, 185 135,210 Missouri . 1 21 44 3,000 76,500 1 0 1,721 0 5,520 7,241 North Carolina . 20 452 925 15,373 790, 199 21 3,816 13, 705 5,360 99,245 122, 126 South Carolina . 7 255 281 5,774 703,500 13 3,380 16,403 7,792 83,781 111,356 Tennessee . 5 246 379 8, 700 255, 660 6 300 18,445 1,200 19, 101 39,046 Texas . 9 401 699 15,800 972, 700 9 1,400 16,304 9,803 54,344 81,851 Virginia . 10 179 546 14, 924 654, 038 13 5,905 12, 683 5,500 81,554 105,642 Table 28. — Statistics of private high schools and academies which enroll 100 or more pupils. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 367 Trade courses. 00 tH o o o o o o ooooooooo oo f 1 o B o5 MOOU5 50 o ^tj*000*0^000 oo CO W ®a:2 O CO a> i o « t>> •Q Agri¬ cul¬ tural. © ©oo© s° ©©©©©©©o© oo Train¬ ing courses for teach¬ ers. oooo OO oc*ooooooo oo 1 Tech¬ nical or man¬ ual train¬ ing. ooo o 5° ©0^0000©© ©o a ^ooo ON ejHoooooNjo 8° w -I- o CO CO ^ »ooo o ^ b 1 §-§ CJ P m ki Boys. X °£§o 00 L- io O oot^ooo»oi^o CO CO O OO L- HN rH 27 0 e o 8 d Wom¬ en. OOCONO c* c* CO*OC*OOOC*COOO T-i r-4 rH C* £ m a Men. © 1 ^ CO *00*0000^000 CO o Years in course. i® Board¬ ing school. Yes.. Yes.. No... Yes.. Yes.. No... W'WJWWJ'M ©Oa>o©ooa> No... Yes.. S„- »o a ^ 8,3 cc 1 :! i * T race 1 j I i : • • • 4-9 • o lw’l| fid fidfid |d |dd dl 1° dd taddtfldildd diz; *2 >i° ra rj S ca 'S JE2 "d Oco.fcj ° a CG © ^ j-. Ma © lens's ffiW jjs 03 t>> w a S-o o mS o o h & d r a o c3 20 © CUO ~ o n c Jo &g|s|g HhHr^ d> .Cj 2 > Jj to O X 3 © a o 3 © ® J- 3 H 8 a o s oog w O. © a M3 © 'i“lss2 e-*" I- © © .3 8 . 3 — .s W o « (T» 03 2 w g-a°gag.g X § c3 6 So oooooooooooooo o o o o o o o oooooooooooooo^ oooooooooooooo oooooooooooooo OOOOOOOOOOOOO' § S CJ OOOOOOOOOCOOOOO OlOcO’f(Ni0^cDcO(NcDNM^ HNHHNCOIOICOOOJ^O^O HHHHHINHHNINHHNH ooooooo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ooooooo >000000 oo^^o^o O O O 0 I|s- ICS o £>h!>h o o o , o o • a* o o # o a • w w wr. w wr, §gg^§§^ 8 ■,3 H <0 §1 oo.3faMgs5 a£“£.2s.i'S ©oeho g^i^Slsisi^sss >>" o %ZoB Ms& >>,« ©CQC Qr& 2Z0o.iga 'S'diju © ®o >>>>§ ^ao m 35 N im >.o gll ilniail iliii PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS A^D ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. O© OOOOOOO© © © © © © © ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© © ©O >°° OOOCJCCO© "SS^S © ©©© oc ©©©©©©©©©©© © ©© © © ©©©©©©©© ‘5S88 ©©OOOC'- ''>©©©©©©©©©© ©< © © ©©©©©©co© © © © C* 30 ©©©©©©©©© ^ ©©©©©©© L- ©© © © ©©©©©©©< ;c$38§ oooosocoooooooooco 88‘ 00 °3g0002§ 82§ 33 32§§S3S« ** 00 oooogcooo °g°§° §0000.0^000000000, “333 °8§ S3 °3g223£fe SSSSgj 02S§2§i°l30g00S003 °§ 288 °S 3Sg8888£ 38222 |°8*0S0|02|0||0^|0 82 < >0 •*< co »c (N i-i eo i»«icoH»oeioopoox 0=0 y-m m «o< •<* eo co co im >0 NO«C'#aOONHOOO*S>OOOMH C IN cSo 0 S 00000000 Soo do So ddddddcdddddSSSS So 369 59872°— 21 - 24 Table 28. — Statistics of private high schools and academies which enroll 100 or more pupils — Continued. 372 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Eh o i 8 is ® a*’" tc 3 < ® 1 a 1 of 2 H Cj »“H Sh * §! sl s*a a*- eh a aP£-a S Si’S a ij. ooooooooooooo oooo ooooooooooooo oooo OOWCOOOOOOOONO oooo ooooooooooooo oooo ooooo«dooowm«ono oooo ShhOON^OOhhNoo^ ^ rH O 00 o T-H CM O 2 10 ooooooooo ooooooooo ooooooooo OOOOOOCMOO 8 ooooooooo ooooooooooooo coooeooocMOco< NO^*0 03CCN00( g.Sjj >>3 Hiss ©pOOOWO® OOOOOO OOO; ■go oortior^oooi-i^oot^ CM CO CO ^ rH CM O 00 O T-H 00 Sri* o^icojca-oooooojc »COOO*OWO)iO(X)^OOO^Tfi OOt-^C (OOO^OOrHrHOOO O O O 00 ifsi3g°8ss; ©©©iOO-h-hOO £ ® >■< § in in • 'wwcowwj'taw • • » oo OOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOO) a_; 2 13 a i2 ft a o o oooo o oooooo . © K ,v C/3 C/3 CO C/3 C/3 C/3r>1 • ?3 rv^r-i bWOO q a a a a cOfl a uoo q o ..oooooo. o ...o O qOO qO-gOO g 8 .l-S "Icq 11' :3 -a ^3 §§S || 1 . S igSWIllSSiSfiSSl . 0.2KST3 •scq © >>':n a>>— 1 §r2i3 w OrC*n C3^cfl§ iss^sl^si ! g m o . a q<;+3 . o g I llllllilillii a « §b I S3 o g CQ O ^3« tuoCQ 8 ©ffi 5s <5 3 g g qj Sea} w.tJ b o 2 co o 1^2 3 ^ OQ I I p.ap5 «o « . £ O o.Sfo^.S^ OQfecaMMfflUOCQ alia •a . SJrtS • • HH • • Sail5?<5(5 •S-Sll § [ary ’s Academy MINNESOTA. PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 373 000000000000000000 ooo CO ocooooooo ©o© o © © OOOONOOOOOOOXOOOOO ooo ©©©©©©©©© 05 IDO CD rH o 0 21 oooooooooooooooooo s°° 3©©©£©©o© OOO o oo 00000^0000000000000 O © ©©© ONO © © © ONONOONOOOOOOICIOOOOO ID ^ CO o O Cl COHCDCO OOO OOOOOiDiDiDiD CD CM CO rH rH 1-4 O CD O rH |> 209 o o (N(N(NiCOOrt<(M^Oa5CO^cOOiOOOcON ^OOOCOOOINCJOOhOOWCCOCh 1-4 HH H r-4 (NiOrJH CM 1-4 iDCDCMcDCOCMt^OCO CO CM rH rH i-4 CO ^ ID CM CO rH 00 ID CO 000 . .J . 3 . . . pb . . a> , 5ohwPco .oPtoo .ooao 3pp'p‘^^PmP^'mPPmPP^P Nonsect. . . . Presb . M.E.S.... Nonsect. . . Ev. Luth. R.C . R.C . Cong . Nonsect. . . Bapt . Nonsect... R.C . Nonsect.... Chr. Sci. . . . R.C . R. C . Ev. Luth. . Ev. Luth.. “ s i S'S © C3 XS © • >. :a >1 js ■S*wg W«t ® ©3 2 5 53 POoqgc w4jb^eSP • o ^ !_? o .2} • T5 S , = 8r< S)iM o t^i’S IIS'S £6^5.s-gSglm © « ® J ojj © © © a g 3 © ; 3.3 ©S • §=3-3 • © g.j •■£ iPPPScGOPocoPooiGGO gdn'goddjjgggSdddg Sog|ooo|i5|£oQog 3 fej .gj^PPP A SOCGGGGQ s b* : a a & © © © C3 eg o <<% sli (S ■ ^ K a fl •SC8 0 fi| <» ,Q rh w jh<~> H -g ot ro Uj Sop 5-2 . 2b° Q)4jH 5p © >. Up > - i« sllI*iso£3 S^lSl'sS^-a I!”! slS Iff "IU I&p-gS'SSSE-gpSi -dH '•■j'S C3 a.aw •Sab H E 52 o K ec© a 8 “P'S .S3 JJw Bills feta© 6 3 .2 O’a « © o o o ppp C3 b£ CD © sS pp Table 28 —Statistics of private high schools and academies which enroll 100 or more pupils — Continued. 372 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. E-i o | 8 | 8 a ® 8~ gel ho i >000000000000 0000 lOOOOOOiOW^OiCO 0000 0000000000000 0000 OOM00OOOOOOONO OOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOO OOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOO ©*00000-H <30‘oehJ*£!z;>h>h>h>h>h £££>< PI -4 go as 11 000000 o , . . w 000000 . 0 . , ,0 w *--s OT CO CO CO CO CO — * CO W fiWOOcflflascOpfi coos o.*«oooooo« o ...o o guo gO-gOO c 7L © o CQO '0 13 •©OQ 'S « 32 6 8 §| Jg~ STS© or O ^ H o 'Tt O ^ a SS-i riflH 00 g .S'© +3 ^rC.h"x3’0 !WW « S-jM- w „ § cJxjwPH I «,•?>3^WvlS 3 1 g Pi §3 ssgggggig^j gg-s £ 3 3-e 5 *-3 a 3 n *3 s ■a . ■S.s^l § 1 «jpq<3Q O S PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 373 oooooooooooooooooo g°° ocooooooo 000 O 00 oooo^oooooooooooooo ooo ooooooooo 05 100 COH 0 0 21 oooooooooooooooooo s°° 3000.30000 000 0 OO oooooooooooooooooo 00»0^«»CcDN050HH rHH(NWCON^HWCOWHrtW I> rH 22 15 4 jOOC^COCOCJt^OOC CM to CO OOOINOOJOOOONCMNOC«OMN O O CO OO^CCCOWCD OOCH rH CM T-H H CO rH CM O O CO co OOOOjHOgOO rH CO IO cm 00 CM CM 179 0 0 ^TfOCMHTj-CM^ONCcDO^iCOOO g^ss50 s°°” °°8 i COJOO CM !h °° (NHHOOIOOC5C5 OOO 125 O CM rH to CCO»CH»OOOH(NN(NC«NOiO^»0 HOO OOOOCMOCOOO CO CO CO CM rH rH O rH CO iCOOOWOOO^OOCDNOWCjOHO CO coco tOOOOOOCCMCMCMCMt^ rH CM O O to ^ ^ ^ Tf Hj< CO ^ ^ ^ Tf H* ^ Tt< ^ ^ ^ Hf< ©o©©©oooo©©o©ooooo . Yes.. . Yes.. . Yes.. MKJJWWCOWJ © © 0 0 © © © © 0 . No... . Yes . . . No... . No... . Yes.. . Yes.. • • • • 43 '"P • ^ • • 0* • • • ■ ■ • 1 -T-> W • —A • • I 1 W 1 1 U | • • • • p © • £3 • • . CQ • »® • SoHK^cU .OJ&OO .COcO Nonsect. . . . Presb . M. E. S.... |S : : if if : Pj g o’ d*43 S3 S&mgPSwtf P5?Itf « >■ > ww >> 1*3 ■o » - ~ — ■ »» C QJ >> „ a O ® '■JS&SISSJ&ii ip s, I b2®<;S g* ®S^5tl®e>bx,q o t‘l'ilillt'1 g© 03^3^ cst^ s^cg-SSSo 3U5! Ss ^ “*3 fea® 3" P a'C ® o 0^ ^ 73 2 p o 05 • ® §S^?“ §GG i-S ;M :*§> Sa.g Sep; Si L~t: n 111 I ®I! ®; llil= *ooo2co®3o6c§ 1 J^OoqmS ^ Is §1 ?2o PQAh a p c OQ 2 ® S 1 • -13 „ o !s m® o ® r 5 c a o ? § 3 3^,o p. £5w sJl&S o o o ? *3 Table 28. Statistics of private high schools and academies which enroll 100 or more pupils — Continued. 374 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Enrollment by courses of study. Trade courses. QC oooooooo© ooooooooooooo© Home eco¬ nom¬ ics. PS00S®22° ooooooooooooo* • Agri¬ cul¬ tural. CO OOOOSOHOO 00000.000000000 Train¬ ing courses for teach¬ ers. l® ooooooooo ooooooooooooo o Tech¬ nical or man¬ ual train¬ ing. OCMOOOOOOO oooooooooooooo ^ CO lO Com¬ mer¬ cial. OS 0^00000^0^00. Aca¬ dem¬ ic. ~ =3^CQ © 2iao|5b§& •S3 -.a g . §>5 Sri"- i O IX . o • o j il I •§ “ a *13 k C/) O W P* ~ /r* r> d rr> ~ CD t-i < p ®-0 ‘S fl'C «S® wopm x • p SP ill ;^i-g q g» gj cd Millie igj> ob® gsS aQW sj aT) • O a • t, d C3 o ' o |a^g| ■g||sS £ 6 tx'P “843 ^^3>ogl§| g-g§2 pqtnt3w®^sa ofSp-^ PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 375 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCN O «000gg0000000°000®000i ooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooo ^OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOO oooooooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooo ^ ^NOOOOOOOOOOHOOg'OWNO O*Ct^-Oi-'OO co co o W^NNCOOhhNOOXN^OOOOO^OOCOOCOC^ *-(N»0H^J0dN05HHOWW0'.NClC HHCCr-n HiNrtHHHCSH r-4 ^ f-H «-< r-< O *100000000000000 oooooooggocg® g owooo*occo ^ocnoooojoqonowho - - rr CO 'O’ CS Oi P lO CSI C' O T-4 i-t O H I -OSOWHOONHkCOOOONOOOHONOiO r-lrtMHCC(NCNMN CN^r,(NC^W(NCOri NNu?!?ooloooo«5oco90^SSo«3o2!oo)t. 'COCO r-^CO HN. OC»COXOOC»CCO^OWOOOCCNOOhON Ojas to oa o r-H o o co ^ ^ r-j oo oo OiOnOINOCOOfNOCJ^^OOOOOXO'OOOO OO t>- O O O *0* O to ^ O^XiCOOOOCOOINiOOOONXlNHO TfOCC -rr to CO<6oo0 p»>® 2 3 Iss "3 ® © k 'd 3 C3 C3 ” ffi ® o ©-73-3.3 •f? «a •ssij oo|-2®I^b£M9onj2'^lyj(-,©gSK0's> ©l^'-S ® ©^ S3 a 3 2'3-2^'g-S.B gSfenra ■3 c-p) o g<< te S : >>— :S§ :§2 *g :© :m§'§®> :“2gig|2>..-g“3g i §5 oai >>£ ® s 3 8f § •^.so-g'Sl >.g 2 3 T3 ^ ^ o-73< W CO co^CO «§! J J~ iCOco^PQHoQcBoapqylug^^caQori^g •?§«!* I £ w ^ sz: boo §Qft 2-0 flO? u teb1 : Sk *■§ ?® sis 'Hoooo^ooddoo ^OOOO tsnononn 1^0000000 ®gro . » |000000||!||| H O _ ~ s § c3 ® -5 OOOl -o ~ jb* 3®>HOOOOOOOOOO.Sfli>g Z% OXJOWOHOWO •s s g-s o § n oo n co o 5jMO®HqOJONMOJ^H OOOtDHOrtNOO t" Hid (COO 00 8 -*8' oooi'Nioooi'iooooeow OOOOi-HOOOt^iO oocsi a s.a ►* §.al CQ 8 © o’ © o’ o’ o’ © o’ o‘ ^zwzzz^zz OOOOOO flOO P3P3 jlrt’p? O © .00 .no O . . . Ore ©©_©<© ,"© . . . ©^ Vj 73 r~ CO OT4J_* OT4J^>rJ 73 * 73 4^ g a g a a ft w a ft ftis a w a ft oogoocj • O C3 d p o . O o3 z z pm £ fc n s Jz; ffl w j £ S £ « c o I oa a si «3 Cij'g.g 0 c3 4-> ^ O ^ ^ Ti liifiMH! ft 73 g*oS8 25nOftl^ ft § 2 < o 0+3 O®2 02 tuo+^^ft 2oOr| ssj^sgasilssi SSPl^^.aglP'g® vf HQ.H Wft w ^ J- h jr O w r *H s. o • w n o Sq 2 a oq . fsin 03 OSoqgo E-i E> PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 377 o oooooooo ©t> ooooooooo S3 oo oooooooooooooooo CD oo °g OOO*OO$DC0^OO0COO0*00O OC r-H OOO CO COHH CD J^cDOt^OOOOOOOO*OOOOOt^C^OOO 8 oo OOOOgOgMOHgJOOOO^i ^ ^ ^ *° 00 2 § S 2 2 onhhq3?5 2 ^iQC^^O^iOCC^OOOONCjN-^cDN 0 24 0*0*00*0c0c00*0*00*0000c0 CN1 >5 >5 >5 >H >H {iH >H >H >5 >5 ^ ^ 1 :,dm~l 1 'MOTJ , © B s 2 <3 ,w a o ®a cl S ai o oJ dM ^6>>2S>g-3g£p3^tft) l.b O O S 3 ” cr © o • • • • OffiW!z;HPb'>g |-g >> ; o.a © ® j^s g m © Sm a o b o o‘ o o dodo OQQOQOO «£§"•* -s® d.2 t3 0,0 O O IS K2 cr* • d 3 © s Es :g s 9 8 bfl W 2 7j ^2 lajfllilillss? 73 dQ-S Bd SP-3 ® ^ - ® a3 O ° d S g srs s;mo5P® © © & dJjajSaa.Sdo t>c3 «mw oowotSKMS^ofe Table 28. — Statistics of private high schools and academies which enroll 100 or more pupils— Continued. 378 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. HU 000005000 OOOOOOOO OOOOO oooo oooooooo OOCOOOOOOOOOOO oooo « 3 OOOOOOOO 00000000000-^0 oooo •g Mg ! 2 s S' *-8 CO- 00000000 OOCOOOOOOOOOOO oooo 11 8 Pit oooooooo ooooooooooooo oooo is® 'HN (NlOH. CrS 2^ oooooooo ooooooooooooo O O CO c l§ 'OOCDO^O ONN»0»0^C0OWHO05- °iO^OO°t- tqcDHOOOOWNOOOHO < »-0 rf ^ CO ^ ^ ^ (N ’ *§ Mg l-i oooo®ooo oooooooo®a>o®o ® o a> o oSSSaddd gadodadS^adSo .■CfCS ... -n 5 . . . o . 5 > 5 .-a . T3 KO'SO M 2 2 .d = .2 ila -o) -S :-§.Sftg « :om m jam's « :,§~ lo'S'co «0 j ot) ’ tuOjj +;> o o I o 2 a ;s w <3 £ a- »-iS ocdoe :W-433 i _ >rr\* ph ... f-vrr iHfH.irH W/-J o O .H+J a _rt <© S — CQ-C loP-a o'SkhSSS who o'o/ri O 9-^° III III eS l^'SS-s'S “wwH^ggPH'SaS^bb® s§°-s -Saigas § ^P-iwSoq^ Of*< a ® cfl o . •s® “w :■§ b£f® C3 ■£ &£_• ® *" • el c.® oM ^1 "o Sta o 2-? Biliks ssii m I CD CO y » w 9 rrlOOOOOOO ft gfiPQfi ;§§£,§ ■e S o-doo £'£PQ « 2 SOUTH OA1 PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 379 oo oo oooooooooo oo ooooo O oooooooo • OO OOCOO o© oo oooooooogoooooooo O OOC-. ooot*-o — °8888° oo oo OOOOOJOOO — OOOOOjHOO o ooooooooc °8823c oo ^ O Oi o ooooooooooooooooo o NOOOOOOOO 0®2N°C o o oo oooooooooooo ooooo o oooooooo© ONOONOC cm 1-1 cm 2g 47 24 ooooocoooooeoococo 8 ^OOOON®OjO oooooo O CN £8 WNcOiCCN^^N^WrfOiCOOCN O CO OiCNCHOCOOC 1-1 Tf O'. 0C lO' O O O CM . CO 0C i—4 co »o CO C001C00CC O *C £8 COH *oco S?3|8§gS8$SgS5§SSgg 150 OO^OCMOHOg 00 CO 0C CO O W W N C T? oo CO o HHOHOO«HiCO»fiCCWN^CH o hONC^NNC^ ^ CO CO CM (M o 1 10 1 10 WDNCCNCiH«cCCOCC^CCW«rtC 4 >4 £ £££££££££ *1 •5 .E © — © . P mi \m m \ u © ^ © C © /-s • • ©©-*-»©© . .© c r. • k k w rg r Vt> K t: w • cr. w m r g^ggggJ-«P-igg-Cfigg^Hg t? § g M. E . Nonsect . P. E . Nonsect . M. K . S. D. A . Bapt . Nonsect . Bapt . CO* C0 C0 C0 CO 00 fiCfifiCC S3 ■ n "I If c r. cr> II >. a : >V§ o :J3 O • f (- m :> Ji fill >> E ■ r CE • .005* -acgSmoo. > S -* o !“o & (- ^ I §! I 33 >> S'a ss S|§l2fi 1-252. 0 .g §©'3 E® 3r§5 ^!^pM^ooKJSlS)§flciQ —"13 tx O CE = gsa^ ''"eJKOCos k. C & © oSE* ” o‘ c 5 S 2 03 2 PstS3§ s 3^3 :®^<5Ss- e-3u2— © cj~ m ® i a «•§ o-^-a^ " £ « >.%u © § © 2 ^8 f S«"3h © •= ^ g- : : : : : .9 : : : : : m :|& : : ^b-ga : : ■g a g o >> • “SS^-iS § 8.9 II co :a * e s S?c > o/> g- ^ ~ £ Q § o3 r3 5 >>diC | o3 c3.S F.a *® s 3 *§ *§ c3 c5 c3 S j* q § q. coco coco m •as o o •isjolsf^s III 1*1 9 1 P3 — — C^PScoco all a> <» a><^Q>a>a><£>a>0 Management or control. so L.D.S . Presb . L. r>. S . L. D. S . L. D. S . L. D. S . Nonsect . Nonsect . Nonsect . M. E . Nonsect . P. E . M. E. S . Nonsect . P. E . M. E. S . Bapt . Nonsect . M. E. S . Nonsect . Nonsect . P. E . Nonsect . School. Brigham Young College . Wasatch Academy . Weber Normal College . Brigham Young University . Latter Day Saints’ High School . Uintah Academy . . . Brigham Academy. . . Lvndon Institute . Burr and Burton Seminary . Troy Conference Academy . St. Johnsbury Academy/. _ Episcopal High School . Randolph-Macon Academy . Blackstone Military Academy . Chatham Episcopal Institute . Randolph-Macon Institute. . . Fork Union Military Academy . Augusta Military Academy . Randolph-Macon Academy . McGuire’s University School . Staunton Military Academy . Stuart Hall . Fishboume Military School . Location. - Utah— continued. Logan . Mount Pleasant . Ogden . Provo . Salt Lake City . Vernal . . . VERMONT. Bakersfield . Lvndon Center . Manchester . Poultney . St. Johnsbury . VIRGINIA. Alexandria . Bedford . Blackstone . Chatham . Danville . Fork Union . Fort Defiance . Front Royal . Richmond . Staunton . Do . Waynesboro . PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918, 381 oo o o o oo oooo OOOOOOO oo 54 0 oo oooo ooooooo ° oo ooo o oo oooo OOOOOOO o oo 0005 CO 8 ICO oooo ooooooo ° o o ooo o oo oooo ooooooo o oo ooo CO 05 0 21 iO OlO 05 (N^rlrH OCMOOO^OCM © §§ ^0CC5 05 127 100 87 5 oc o8c§ — CM — ih C5 C5 W tO C5 t*** 0C 05 TT OC ^ O 05 118 o ^ C CM ooo o O 00 o NCOO »CCJ CO T-i Z5I 0 0 0 q 0 0 o O 05 05 O 00 05 05 12 25 05 eo co CO 00 1-3 05 HCC5CCC5NN 05 05 CO CO 05 i-t 8 0 0 120 0 127 127 g° NOhC o o O 05 05 CO if O O 05 0C 00 *0 05 109 130 96 114 0 o ic 00 N«000 *C 05 CO 1-3 HOCOOtpON 0C rr NC05 § o o 5 0 12 o coo oooo 00 05 05 OOO 0 10 loeoo 05 - f-4iO 05NOC5 a>© ^ o o — 'J* CO # ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Yos.. Yos. . Yo s . . Yes. . Yes. . co kC V H o’ o’ • W 01 CO O c o a> 00 * * CO * CO 60 © o c © c © © r* £ £ ^ Z r* r* ...No. g | §§ <1 fiOO 1°. P3P? OW 1 b ~ • S .O . CUOO . . . w > . > o . . . § 2 ®-g 31 |a §■§ : :^i ■ : :S • : >> O :S J>&8 « O o<: c3^ ro :=: w 2 *gS . > -2 <3 — = 3 >.-§-3 ^ • CCG as* c — , 6 2 •a a cco ■ =J ';Z II is II :& It Is : > is® .3x3 :e~ ^ . ggoa^wc, C ^ * © ^ U c3 Jff- GjO l|p till! S3 S^Ig.S-gs'jolg cr'S:/:Sc:3tjCn^Ji/3^0 S £-9 aS fl B-X a :X e3 o . ® a o — '2x1 §•3 8x3 3 5 -2 go go 33^^^ ScGOlZ O —t — J3 CG IX Cfi 31 £ O M |o £ o p< 111 U-OQ S K .5 g^'js! & 11 a £rr^ G3 % 1*5 « o” O "ooooZm £§fs S»e««gs SSI'S a ss b : I II § c3 ft >. t Table 29. — Private secondary schools for the Negro race, 1917-18. 382 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Receipts. •jcaA eg; joj euiooui ibioj, 25 $6, 733 8,099 3,650 1,729 4,692 3,339 7,254 1,200 8,691 18,664 10. 796 5,110 4,300 2,788 10,500 12,519 2,030 19,089 •saojnos jeq}o uio J j c' $5,626 7,072 3,500 1,215 3,500 3,069 4,607 400 6,383 17,671 10, 404 0 3,500 0 8,000 11,431 1,586 15,619 •spun; eAi^onpojd raojj ©5 o© ©ooo© ©go© ©oo ©o® P d •saoj uonm^ mojj 22 $1, 107 1,027 150 514 1,192 270 2,647 800 1,306 993 392 610 800 2,088 2,500 608 400 3,000 •spunj o 1 1 q n d tuoj j fix ©© ©©©©© ©©©© g©§ ogo £ •sn^'ej'eddB ogipneios pun ‘ejn^nunj ‘sSmpfmq ‘spunojS jo onp3A 20 $73,950 32,000 15,600 10, 800 14,000 7.500 40,000 3,000 42, 000 103, 000 75.500 1.500 27,000 12.500 77.500 21, 700 5, 150 67,003 •£rejqi[ ui saraniOA 10 300 600 0 50 600 400 950 300 500 2,000 0 115 288 1,000 1,674 25 5,000 Enrollment by courses of study. •sosjnoo epcjx 2 OO OOOOO OOOt- © © ^ lOO© CC to rH rH •soiraouooa emon - i- © io © © © *h © © cm cm CO © © 1- © CO HH CM © rH iH •['ejn^jnouSy « © © ©©©^© 0©HN ©©CM ©(M© © ^kO rH rH •sjoqoBo^ joj sosjnoo Suimcix 15 ©© ©©OO©© ©©©© © © © © © o •auiumj^ jBiureui jo iBoiuqoox 14 © © ©©©©© ©r-©t- © © © ©©© © CM ©© •IBioJouiraoo 22 OO OOOOO 00*00 OOM U)WO CO •otmopBoy a rfr^ © »H OO © © OOt^TtH^ t^HkO CM © © kO ©CO W* CO CM HHCOH© CM CM © CM CM rH CM © rH CO •U0K © kO rH CMiHtHtHCM © rH OO CO »H © CM © ^ iH © •0SJUOO UI SJB9A *0 Tf CO CM ^ Tf CM CO ^ ^ ^ CO ^ ^ ^ ^ CO ^ Board¬ ing school. ** ww xn t/i • x/i • • • w w cococo wmm tn *0©© ©©© ©©© © Manage¬ ment or control. ©5 C. M. E . . . P. E . U. Presb.. Bapt . Cong . Christ . Cong . A. M. E... R. Presb. . Bant . Presb . Bapt . M. Bapt. . . M. Bapt. . . M. Bapt. . . A. M. E... M. Bapt. . . Bapt . | School. ■ SI Miles Memorial College . St. Mark’s Academic Industrial School. Camden Academy . North Alabama Baptist Academy... Burrell Normal Academy . Alabama Christian Institute . Emerson Normal and Industrial In¬ stitute. Zion Institute . Knox Academy . Selma University . Stillman Institute . Arkadelphia Baptist Academy . Brinkley Academy . Southeast Baptist Industrial Acad¬ emy. Arkansas Baptist College . Walter’s Institute . Wynne Normal and Industrial In¬ stitute. National Training School . Location. r* ALABAMA. Birmingham . Do . Camden . Courtland . Florence . Lum . Mobile . Do . Selma . Do . Tuscaloosa . ARKANSAS. Arkadelphia . Brinkley . Dermott . Little Rock . Warren . Wynne. . DISTRICT OF CO¬ LUMBIA. Washington (Lincoln Heights). PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 191*7-1918. 383 10, 892 1.120 7, 490 17, 866 12,853 15,507 woe 88 50,035 28,546 3, 619 6,021 3, 240 3,125 9,925 2,400 2, 200 2,605 3,000 5,900 175 1,700 249 2,803 1,581 1,025 1,770 S 4,000 4,000 1,050 450 6,432 9,420 1,500 CS CS © © © © oo oo CS 00 HN CT- 8. ss ^ CO C> CO 05 000C«0 sssssis ooggg^oo © © © © £538 *0 0)0 1 © 8. ,600 0 525 450 689 000 ,000 cT io- SWISS' 550 000 800 1-H o o o 00 40 o CO CO 88 :g§gg ^ O - CS lO 1C 1-H • © © © © • © :gSSg : : 1 :| 100 © CS CS ggcgg£g CO © H lO H CO • . ^CO • rH : ” ** : : ~ : CS r-T © oooo oooio rHOO© ^PO o CS ooioooujon 0 11 0 ^oo otnoogg g g°°g OhWO CS CO h © © © 02 05 © 05 © !> rH lO ©©rH©rHlO©CO CS CO CNI 1H HOO i” CO rH Tp -p r- CS 8°°S oooo 0000*000 ©©CO©©©©tP CS 0 11 0 © © © ©©©©©©© rH Tp rH O °o°S oooo 01-00000 o«ocohooo 00 © CO CO rH © CS rH CO © © © CS © tP rH CS CO CO Tp © O © CO 000*0 ccoonoo cooooiraow ©© CS ih a 2 © COOOHOO o CO w o o°g° oooo ncccgoc oooooooo © ©© © © © O O O O O *« t- • © CS CO (N O O CS © 00 Tp CO oc oc CO CS CO CS H 05 N © CO H CS OC © CS CO CS CO CS T— 1 ©o©oci^©©cs rH H TP H 00 CS H CO CS © ^ CS © CS CO © rH egio-Mwo I'- O © O © CO 00 ;CO £ © £ © CO © © CS CO CO ©©©©©©CO© © © CO © © rH O i* © CO © rH N CO 0C H rH TP O CO CS 2 ■^iOtOiO rH CO CO OC CS lO lO © co h ic to © n CO © cc © r- © oc ^P CS rH CO CS CO IO ©l- © TP CS H CS © V. t-rH CS CO CS rH -t- CO CS CO CO lOCSHrf t'- CC CO lO CS rH © iH©CS-prPCOCSCS © CO r-i -1 i rH w w i1 h*oco m HCO'tlO CO 1-H CO CO © ^P rH rH CS H CS hhhCSCShhh rH © CS i-H <£ 5 rH hhCShOCSCS -r Tp TP TP TP TP ^ - rp rp rp 'rp -p Tf 'rp -rp ^p CS’PCSCO^P-PCSCO TP CS ^P iH Tl 4 TP T T T T T TW Yes. . W M MW a> © © © Jh>h^>h W W M M © © © © !*><>*(* WWW J W W M © © © O ©

>5 i g|i® £ o£l h c/3 ro 2 111 | 0-0 2 G ■g 03 ;C0 — 'jcQ ®'e3 03 SS = gg ! O' 1' g o C G «1A£W II?* Im _ 5g CO £ ■fc. cn.c -6 g - Gh3 ►» 2 c3 • "2 ^ ..„ J, ^ „ a goiiSgc'^tS'^ r" feg fl’a^-g? ® js^’Sr-S'a a^l.S.gjgg.g&SMs coPh^cogqOW IJkSSPaggg WPnlzipqpqc^o "go 3§sg, S.gjp'g 42 H 22 G cl1^ G ® o ® l— *S ®,G >® ^."G ® •ell gig s®.g §ia f^GO"^ 2 o fc e3 | ’sS&slJ of sif^-g a *2 § So 8 ® S2«3S** gill ill c3 7^3 c3 J-. 'o O O JOfq^oZZ G o ° ° l^fiP 81 ® rt ®® 0 £5 «*j 2 & Q «*!*< (35 O s esIsJ! s _ w • n3 %%> e-l# g g'O S o* OPS •q • s.2 -T3 'g.S^5 g”® S 5 cj^ 3=n ® SssSIl’S ■O CS C3 ®S; ^cacqccioSa Industrial School. Table 29. — Private secondary schools for the Negro race, 1917-18 — Continued. 4 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916- 1918. •j^eA eq:} joj euiooui pjox 1® , 'SIJTO os 17 154 CO O CO HI OH 0 CS H CO Tt< C5 10 cs CM CO H co O 10 CO Tf CM CO CO UO H CM IO H ragS | •sAog 00 00 £ CO OO CO H © CO O CM CM © © © ©H In¬ struc¬ tors. •uaraoA\ J-i H O t- H 01 CO CM OO (N CM 05 CO 00 *** CM ^ 00 © •uapt © i-H H ouocs CM CM CO CO H ^ ^ 40 7* CO H rl ^ CO •esjnoo m sibsa l® CM H '* ■>* -f ""f T” Board¬ ing. school. ©do®® >h££>h>h Yes.. w w w w w w w 1 CO CO CO CO OOOO Manage¬ ment or control. so Bapt . Nonsect. . . Ev. Luth. Cong . Bapt . Bapt . Christ . A. M. E... Bapt . R. C . , Bapt . Cong . Nonsect. . . Presb . M. E . : itf : s S 0 ct PnfL^cq §3 a tC O ^5||g to goo c8 a So*, g © c3 ®'m'5S 033150 WOJoDlJ © W S o o .25 wfl H c3 •3 n6?®onS O • fjSO’o,0 o o "o 5 ® a °^i Ufll!i!l: a raO^ra^E-it) • &£+■ £> • c ci © C3-S C ^ d g~ SSEHc flK g| 3 .2 o « S’ g 3 § flaZp: ! u 1 |Jdd& PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES, 1917-1918. 885 NOONOOtO t>-Q rHCO©©cO 00 © © ©CO COCO II Q005HC5NICOO OOOt-OOWOW 05 iO 1C O) tp lO rH N r-H © CM CM 00 MW®OoS gii © © O © 888S 8© © oo © ©CM © © t^O © © T^OO CO co © © sasa © CM rH ©" rH P^CCf cief co'cicicococo cico’ ^OOtH HkSH ©" r-T CO'^ rH of CM* 00 ’^©'nT cmV-Tco'©' NOOOOO OHN 050CC05000(N OOOOON'VOO gg (NOIMOOOOO iCOOiCiOOO-H WOONOnCC® g°°gKS? © rH TT CM © r-© © © © tji ||88 88 CO CO © CO CM © C CO NO © tN© © 605 0 ,200 ,000 rH 00 50 cs © CM Cfrlf TP © 00|°|00 oo 00^0 OJOOO looio CO lO © © © P- kO © rH P'- 00 kO © © © © © © © ©©©© 1° © © O © ccoo© 8 8 rH cf *** co' * oo 8°KSS2S§ © lOHCOiOW 591 100 OOCCDHOfNiCOO c^oc^jo goo kC rH © lO kO © CM CM kO ^ rH kO CM 00 © © rH 8S8 rH © CO ooo© 500 502 8^88 © © PQwphK £ . :S; i Q) O- £al° g ©2 g^? w-f3 fl 2 o3 4J ^ ©•a a cr «<■>£ o . o-g g 31 g* If 11% 3 g &3 ®£7%f gt a Bgif'ea g £15 ag® 032? &§ ££ 6 S3 — a S s >?!i a s-i © ©'Jj m i, « 'S'S § 3?Jp iH 6f O 0.-B ©2«5 o-S 5 so .a fc ©^.2 sS § a b^j-© » 'H5-Sg'g§s6S'Soga 2s « gfi ©^s^;c g HScq> S „ tH © Si5 s esS §.273 © t2*s <3' g© 032 fl+3 §g®ijJ« g I 3 g ■sfslgf g O © W O ^ £ sO cO © ISs ^ 335 o o 2 0 ^>+3™ SgJS-2 MEhSEsi .9 s So So© g •9 . _D 710 WOfl)3 rniiri o KWSU fc . S»4J . r} : I'H :| © g»2 : m ©m s ©oj g * x g.Ss’cg OWWWra? .a cS O i_ © s © « o (H’O+3 C 2 c r, C3 o o .2 a ©5 g g <688*3 o 0£ 111 I If Sow (.: c3 83-2 gag 02 oq Eh g.a J*rg © S c k-3 M f~H ^ ^ tjO-gM >> .a o ©js iElg5® ^S«M ..J 59872°— 21 Table 29. — Private secondary schools for the Negro race , 1917-18. Continued. 386 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. •jboA aqj joj oxnoonr jbjoj, 1ft CO © *C tt O O O o o©oo©Sco § “ a © •gutniBJj jBnuBxn jo iBoinqo oj, ■># O O o o CO o OOOO© o oooooo o U •[Btojanmioo ©s Ot^-OOO ©©©»H© © ©©©©©© s oimepBoy •SWO © HOOVOO HiONO NCDOhO O *0 H 00 CO CO O 00 O oa TP HrHCCOCrnH ® d t. CQ 5 c3 •sAog 00 CO O h CO *C L-H»Orr rH C CO N (N CO CO i-H CO o C5CMOCMC •namoAV t- 00 CM th CO rH CM CO CM CM CM CM CM a & j$ •napi © tp o CO O CM TH H *0 CM h CM r~ CM O CM O H H '9SJC100 HI SJB9A. iffl TP tT tP rf CM •'tf' TP TP TP Tp TP TP i-< TP TP CO TP Board¬ ing school. co in co a: w £££££ Yes.. W l/l Vi ' C/5 O * 0> Yes.. m ' w to co • Q O O O > \ § a :g :►*§ :£ ©*S o • § t.r> «ft » if © s M (j g w. . © Sfl c a© .^2.2 © is ° ^ !M5| &3il 5 spja^ aS'o tSoE-taW © ,5* a , Eh ,mc © », sag *a © ■» !.B3 tL O P '.ho § >» O q &p <2 >> I EH £ _ a © ^.2r2 ©=3 111 It 3 2 ^ 53 ® moooM n ys jh w q . , s a § a 1 ©g 2 2>-2j=&P £ JUs-s^ q S&AiPSmcq CHAPTER IV. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-18. Contents.— Biennial statistics— Schools included— Classification of schools— Graduates — Number of schools reporting— Size of schools — Enrollment— The moving average of index numbers— Average attendance in day and night schools — Enrollment by course of study — Instructors — Average number of students per instructor — Length of daily session — Tuition fees — Shorthand systems taught. BIENNIAL STATISTICS. Throughout the following report it will be observed that no his¬ torical statistics are given for the school year 1916-17. After the statistical report for the scholastic year 1915-16 had been compiled the Bureau of Education adopted the plan of collecting statistical reports biennially instead of annually, as had been done the preceding years. The changes in the totals of corresponding items for consecu¬ tive years are very slight, and for most purposes biennial statistics will suffice. SCHOOLS INCLUDED. In corresponding preceding reports certain statistics of commercial departments of public high schools have been included in the chapter on private commercial and business schools. This year this chapter will be published before the high-school reports will have been tabulated. A report on the larger commercial departments in public and private high schools will appear in the chapter on “High Schools’ ’ in the Biennial Survey. Statistics on commercial depart¬ ments in colleges and universities will be found in the chapter on “Colleges, universities, and professional schools” of the Biennial Survey. CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOLS. This chapter contains statistics of two types of schools hitherto tabulated together in alphabetical order: First, the purely private commercial and business schools not connected or affiliated with any religious organization and, second, the Y. M. C. A. commercial departments and schools conducted by religious organizations. In the following pages the two types will be referred to for convenience as nondenominational and denominational schools, although it is well understood that the Y. M. C. A. schools are not “denomina¬ tional” in the usual sense. The statistics of these two types of schools are so unlike that it is thought advisable to separate them and to make summary tables for each group. The historical graphs and the graphs on shorthand systems taught, as used herein, embrace both types of schools, while the graphs showing “students per 387 388 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. ins true tor,” and “ hours per day/’ and showing tuition rates include only nondenominational commercial schools. This classification, therefore, separates the schools which are conducted on a purely commercial basis from those having a religious or denominational trend and warrants certain deductions concerning the former which would be more or less vitiated if the latter had not been placed in a separate tabulation. GRADUATES. So unsatisfactory have been the returns designating the number of graduates that this inquiry was omitted from the statistical schedule for 1917-18. A large number of commercial school students leave school before they have finished the prescribed course or just as soon as they can qualify for a position. In many schools students are permitted to leave at any time and no regular graduation exercises are held. Consequently, it is difficult for commercial schools to keep accurate records on the number of graduates. Further, graduation from a 3-months’ course is not equivalent to graduation from a 12-months’ course, and the total number of graduates is without special significance. Fig. 1.— Number of private commercial and business schools reporting, 1900-19 is. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS REPORTING. This year a slight decrease is shown in the number of private com¬ mercial and business schools reporting. In 1916, reports were re¬ ceived from 912 schools, while in 1918 only 890 schools submitted reports which could be used. This decrease may be due to the dis¬ continuation of a number of smaller schools on account of war con- PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 389 ditions, but many schools this year either refused to report or sub¬ mitted an inconsistent report which could not be included in the detailed tabulations. The Bureau of Education maintains a mailing list of private commercial and business schools which contains 1,329 schools, as indicated in columns 2 and 11 of Table 7. This list has been revised annually, and probably includes a large percentage of such schools in the United States. It can be seen, therefore, that this chapter is not a complete presentation of private commercial school statistics, but it is representative in that it contains 67 per cent of all schools listed. Table 1. — Summary of statistics of all private commercial and business schools reporting , 1900 to 1918. Schools and students. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Schools reporting . 373 407 520 516 499 525 477 445 558 Instructors: Men . 1,413 1,596 1,996 1,979 1,898 2, 016 1,825 1,720 1,979 Women . 699 838 1,092 1,132 1, 124 i;260 1.163 1,136 1,386 Total . 2,112 2,434 3,088 3,111 3,022 3,276 2,988 2,856 3,365 Total students, day and night schools: Men . 58, 396 68,519 1 81,344 79, 175 80, 596 84,621 74, 366 75, 589 82, 921 Women . 33,153 41,512 55,903 58, 804 57, 767 61,465 55, 719 61, 775 72, 042 Total . 91,549 110,031 137, 247 137, 979 138, 363 146, 086 130, 085 137, 364 154,963 Total students in day schools . 70, 978 81 694 109, 107 106, 989 105, 967 113,255 100,995 96, 100 124, 730 Total students in night schools . 16,094 2o' 470 27, 597 30, 994 32, 120 34, 205 33,404 32,643 39, 031 Average attendance, day schools . J55, 162 1 61,577 1 58,339 46, 534 40, 988 39, 687 51,317 A verage attendance, night schools . 15, 676 13, 180 14,524 16,840 Total students in commercial or book¬ keeping course . 50,382 68, 280 72,953 68, 980 67, 654 72,804 71,488 57,271 62, 075 Total students in stenographic or amanuensis course . 34,505 39,070 58,734 62, 748 61,923 65,370 64,857 53,991 58,479 Total students in combined course .... 19,217 Total students in telegraphy course (wire) . . 1,319 1,974 4,227 2,577 2,934 3,923 3,083 3, 724 Per cent of attendance, day school. . . . 41 40 41 41 Per cent of attendance, night school. . . 45 40 43 42 Schools and students. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1918 Schools reporting . 574 541 600 519 618 704 843 912 890 Instructors: Men . 1,923 1,736 1,926 1,758 1,878 2,019 2,396 2,604 2,310 Women . 1,377 1,200 1,379 1,262 1, 505 1,731 1,913 1,987 2,930 Total . 3,300 2,936 3,305 3,020 3,383 3, 750 4,309 4,591 5, 240 Total students, day and night schools: Men . 78, 652 72, 887 ' 82, 775 72,258 82,775 85,432 94, 870 99, 134 96,449 Women . 67, 636 61,891 72, 469 65, 532 77, 782 82,631 88, 416 93,254 193, 130 Total . 146, 288 134, 778 155, 244 137, 790 160, 557 168,063 183, 286 192,388 1289, 579 Total students in day schools . 112,522 100, 746 115, 565 102,407 117, 881 119, 572 130,431 128, 736 !l82, 614 Total students in night schools . 34, 160 34, 032 39, 679 35,383 42,676 48, 491 52, 855 63, 652 106, 965 Average attendance, day schools . 49,186 44,290 52,008 43,451 52, 697 56,396 60, 894 56, 992 79, 675 Average attendance, night schools. . . . 14, 550 14, 593 16,343 15, 714 18,274 20, 579 22, 670 28, 530 43, 013 Total students in commercial or book¬ keeping course . 55,482 47,703 51, 022 43, 295 49,643 56,894 60, 801 61,315 69, 520 Total students in stenographic or amanuensis course . 49,441 44, 868 52,405 48, 069 55,649 63,915 72,362 70, 554 152,402 Total students in combined course. . . . 20, 590 17, 720 22, 768 22, 613 27, 051 31,443 38, 291 40, 486 48, 481 Total students in telegraphy course (wire) . 3,413 2,094 2,713 2, 134 2,047 3,648 3,059 3,341 4,915 Per cent of attendance, day school. . . . 44 43 45 42 45 47 45 44 43 Per cent of attendance, night school. . 41 43 41 43 1 42 43 42 42 40 1 Includes attendance in night schools. 390 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. The increase in the number of commercial schools reporting each year since 1900 is shown in Table 1 and in figure 1. A decided in¬ crease is shown since 1912. Previous to this date a certain irregu¬ larity in the curve exists, an abrupt rise being evident in 1901 and 1902 and a falling off in 1906 and 1907. Presumably in the past few years a more thorough method has been used in procuring reports than was used in the years immediately preceding, or possibly there has been a growing interest on the part of private commercial schools in submitting reports. The general rise in the curve can not be attributed wholly to these two factors, but chiefly to the rapid multiplication of schools of this type throughout the country. NUMBER SCHOOLS 250 200 150' 100 50 OF . 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 . 44 5 5 77,607 77,607 26.8 26.8 2 . 45 5 10 39,976 117,583 13.8 40.6 3 . 44 5 15 27,895 145, 478 9.6 50.2 4 . 45 5 20 23,085 168, 563 8.0 58.2 5 . 44 5 25 18, 948 187,511 6.5 64.7 6 . 45 5 30 16,504 204,015 5.7 70.4 7 . 44 5 35 13,411 217,426 4.6 75.0 8 . 45 5 40 11, 760 229, 186 4.1 79.1 9 . 44 5 45 9, 764 238, 950 3.4 82.5 10 . 45 5 50 8,817 247, 767 3.0 85.5 11 . 44 5 55 7,717 255, 484 2.7 88.2 12 . 45 5 60 6,999 262, 483 2.4 90.6 13 . 44 5 65 6,034 268, 517 2.1 92.7 14 . 45 5 70 5,347 273, 864 1.8 94.5 15 . 44 5 75 4,305 278, 169 1.5 96.0 16 . 45 5 80 3,692 281, 861 1.3 97.3 17 . 44 5 85 2,936 284, 797 1.0 98.3 18 . 45 5 90 2,328 287, 125 .8 99.1 19 . 44 5 95 1,583 288, 708 .6 99.7 20 . 45 5 100 871 289, 579 .3 100.0 * Total . 890 100 289, 579 100.0 1 The groups are arranged in order of magnitude, i. e., group 1 includes the 44 largest schools; group 2, the 45 next largest, etc. Table 2 shows the method ascertaining the location of the curve just described. The 890 schools were divided into 20 groups, com¬ posed alternately of 44 and 45 schools, the total not admitting of an equal division. Group 1 includes the 44 largest schools, group 2 the 45 next largest schools, etc. Approximately 5 per cent of the schools are in each group. The number and percentage of students in each PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 393 group of schools are determined as shown in columns 5 and 7, and the corresponding accumulated totals in columns 6 and 8. The curve is then located at the points on each 5 per cent line indicated by the percentage of students enrolled in each group. Fig. 4.— Total number of students in private commercial schools, 1900-1918. ENROLLMENT. By reference to figure 4 of Table 1 it will be observed that a decided increase in enrollment has taken place since 1916. This increase of 97,191 students, or over 50 per cent, has not been due to an increase in the number of schools reporting, since it has been shown above that there was an actual decrease of 22 schools reporting. Assuming that there are 1,329 private commercial schools in the United States, one can readily see that the 912 schools reporting in 1916 and the 890 reporting in 1918 constitute fair samples of the total number. It is unlikely, also, that larger schools reported in 1918 than did in 1916. The increase of 50 per cent in enrollment within the past two years has undoubtedly been due to war demands. The call for clerks, stenographers, bookkeepers, and telegraph operators has 394 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. caused many students to enter private commercial schools where the necessary training could be secured in the shortest time. This conclusion is further warranted by the fact that the large increment in enrollment is due wholly to the increase in the number of women students. It will be noted that there has been a decrease of 2,685, or 27 per cent, in the number of men students enrolled and an increase of 99,876, or 107 per cent, in the number of women students enrolled. In other words, the enrollment of women students has more than doubled within the past two years. From the graph it will be observed that there has been a more rapid increase since 1900 in the number of women than in the number of men. The rate of increase, while gradual, does not become pronounced until 1918. The figures warrant, therefore, the further conclusion that an increas¬ ingly larger number of women than men are attending private com¬ mercial schools. The demand for stenographers, the large percentage Fig. 5.— Students and average attendance in day and night courses in private commercial schools, 1900-1918. of whom are women, may account for the rapid rise in the curve representing the enrollment of women. Eliminating from considera¬ tion the abnormal statistics for 1918, it is found that from 1900 to 1916 the number of women enrolled shows an increase of 60,101, or 181 per cent, while the number of men enrolled shows an increase of PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 395 only 40,738, or 70 per cent. All this indicates a shifting in the personnel of the student body. The slight irregularities in the curves are undoubtedly due to the fact that the Bureau of Education must depend entirely upon the good will of the presidents of commercial schools to submit a report, and consequently at no time do the statis¬ tics present the whole situation. ENROLLMENT IN DAY AND IN NIGHT COURSES. This year 716 private commercial schools reported night courses. This means that over 80 per cent of such schools maintained night courses. It is of interest to note the very rapid rise in enrollment in night courses as depicted in figure 5. The increase has been very pronounced since 1912, and especially so within the past two years. In the day courses there has been a corresponding increase for the same periods, but the rate of increase has not been so great. This fact can not be readily determined from the graph, but is very apparent in figure 6, in which the enrollment for each year has been reduced to index numbers. Table 3. — Method of computing the index numbers and the moving averages used in figure 6. Years. Enrollment. Index numbers 1 for— Total indices for 5-year periods. Moving average of index numbers. Day schools. Night schools. Day schools. Night. schools. Day schools. Night schools. Day schools. Night schools. 1 £ 3 4 5 6 8 9 1900 . 70,978 16,094 63 40 2 359 2 237 2 72 2 47 1901 . . . . 81.694 20, 470 73 50 2 391 2 273 2 78 2 55 1902 . 109, 107 27,597 97 67 3 422 3 312 4 84 4 62 1903 . 106, 989 30,994 95 76 460 356 92 71 1904 . . 105, 967 32, 120 94 79 477 388 95 78 1905 . . U3, 255 34,205 101 84 466 401 93 80 1906 . 100, 995 33,404 90 82 482 421 96 84 1907 . 96, 100 32,643 86 80 488 426 97 85 1908 . 124, 730 39,031 111 96 477 426 95 85 1909 . 112,522 34,160 100 84 490 441 98 88 1910 . 100. 746 34,032 90 84 495 448 99 89 1911 . 115,565 39,679 103 97 489 458 98 91 1912 . 102, 407 35,383 91 87 496 494 99 99 1913 . 117,881 42,676 105 106 522 540 104 108 1914 . 119,572 48,491 107 120 534 600 107 120 1915 . 130,431 52.855 116 130 582 717 116 143 1916 . 128, 736 63,652 115 157 640 862 128 172 1917 . 2 139 * 204 2 696 2 993 2 139 2 198 1918 . . 182,614 106, 965 163 251 *743 2 1,114 2148 2 223 Average _ 112, 239 40,247 % 1 Obtained by dividing enrollment for each year by the average enrollment. 2 Estimated. * This is the sum of the index numbers from 1900 to 1904, inclusive, etc. 4 Columns 6 and 7 divided by 5, respectively. The method used in securing these index numbers is shown in Table 3. The enrollment for each year is divided by the average enrollment for the years under consideration, giving the index num¬ bers shown in columns 4 and 5 for day and night Gourses, respee- 396 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 191&-1918. tively. By means of these index numbers the two curves are brought nearer each other in such a way that comparisons showing the rates of increase may be made. The relative steepness of the slopes of the two curves between any two consecutive points indi¬ cates the rate of change. Thus between 1916 and 1918 the curve for the night school enrollment shows a steeper slope than the curve for the day schools. Consequently a more rapid change in night school enrollment within this period has taken place. — ENROLLMENT - DAY COURSE. — - — — MOVING AVERAGE - DAY COURSE. - ENROLLMENT - NIGHT COURSE. - MOVING AVERAGE - NIGHT COURSE, Fig. 6.— Index curves showing the rates of change in enrollment in day and night courses in private com¬ mercial schools, 1900-1918. THE MOVING AVERAGE OF INDEX NUMBERS. In botlf curves certain irregularities will be observed. Undoubt¬ edly these low points are due more to the failure of commercial schools to submit reports than to any other factor. If all schools had reported each year presumably a more gradual rise would have appeared in the curves. To eliminate these fluctuations in the index curves, moving averages have been applied. The method employed in securing the points used in locating these moving averages is shown in Table 3. For example, to secure the point PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 397 for the day school moving average in 1910 the corresponding index numbers for 1908 to 1912, inclusive, are added. In other words, 111, 100, 90, 103, and 91 are added to give the corresponding total for 1910 in column 6. This total of 495 is divided by 5, since 5 consecutive numbers have been used in securing it. The quotient, 99, is placed in column 8 and is used in locating the moving average for the day school in 1910. In a similar manner the other points are determined. It is necessary in computing the first two and the last two points in the series to repeat the index numbers at each end a sufficient number of times to secure the interval of 5 years. The two points on each curve at either end may be fictitious, there¬ fore, since the data beyond the limits of the period under con¬ sideration have not been or could not be secured. It is assumed that the terminal numbers are repeated. By reference again to figure 6, it will be noted that the moving averages have only slight fluctuations and that the one for the night school rises more rapidly throughout the period under discussion than does the moving average for the day school. This means that the enrollment in night schools is increasing much more rapidly than enrollment in day schools. In fact, the enrollment in night schools since 1900 has increased 560 per cent, while the enrollment in day schools has increased only 157 per cent. Without doubt these percentages would not have been so large had not the war demands for commercial school gradu¬ ates been so great. AVERAGE ATTENDANCE IN DAY AND NIGHT SCHOOLS. In figure 5 it is difficult to ascertain whether the per cent of average attendance is greater in day or night schools. To answer this ques¬ tion the per cent of average attendance for each year since 1905 has been computed for both day and night schools and the results inserted in Table 1. By reference to this table it will be found that the average attendance in the day schools varies from 40 per cent in 1906 to 47 per cent in 1914. Since the latter date a gradual decrease is shown. These percentages are significant, yet likely to be misconstrued. They do not mean that each student attends only 47 per cent of the time while he is in school. Of course, absence while in attendance cuts down the percentage, but it is doubtful if such absence amounts to as much as 10 per cent. On the other hand, these small percentages mean that in the “ average” private commercial school the time required to complete the course is very short, even less than 6 months. Assuming that the capacity of an “ average” commercial school is 200 students and an average attend¬ ance of 200 is reported and the total enrollment for the year is 400, evidently the “turnover” in the school during the year is 100 per cent. In other words, the student body must change once during 398 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. the year. Consequently the “ average ” student would remain only 6 months in the institution. Allowing for absence while students are actually enrolled, the percentages given in Table 1 would un¬ doubtedly be less than 50 per cent, and consequently the “ average” student in private commercial schools does not remain longer than 6 months. The fact that some students are enrolled for a part of two consecutive years does not modify this conclusion, since consecutive reports show approximately the same percentages of “turnover” and since “leftovers” will be counted both in enroll¬ ment and average attendance. It is true that some students enter commercial schools but do not complete the course. This tendency makes the “turnover” greater than if all should remain to graduate. A sufficient allowance has probably already been made to com¬ pensate for withdrawals. A casual glance at columns 22, 23, and 25 in Table 20 will convince the reader that this conclusion is sound. An inspection of the graphs herein on tuition rates for all courses except the combined will reveal a central tendency in the bars representing 3| to 6 months or 6J to 9 months. These will be dis¬ cussed later in this chapter. It is gratifying to note that in general there was a gradual increase in the percentage of average attendance from 1905 to 1914. After this date a decrease is evident. 160000 140000 120000 CO E-4 1 100000 1 0 80000 60000 40006 20000 J ~ — i # # * ^ * is # H 1 •4 4 I • IT IT <\ u c ; 1 • •c s •<» 0 I IT! u- O' O' H O W S3 2 § Tf •H K • # & 00 5 f\ & ^S8 vO $ 2 H Cv- rH 0 $ O § ? CM In vO l sd in 4 cn 5 **•. •S ' O. vC j rrr — \r XT CC CM CM q & CM tn CS O' - ^5 \r H H' 0 / § £ g s \T l l * p- \v K3 r / y M3 cr $ 4 fCl 4 tV / io vO — & If u h- CO . ir A $ 0 f H K*1 CN s tO V c r'g -- c i C $ tO H sO ir> O CM 3 tC X X** u * 6 H ► . \ r S - 6 5 — tv £ — Ki <->-• cm tv cm -<-< CM OJ ^ 230 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 TUITI0H PER H0HTH (D0LLAR8). fHHH BOOKE3EPIEO C OUR S3 - 528 SCHOOLS. STHHO GRAPHIC COURSE - 550 SCH0018. V///aA< OOlfBIHKD COURSE - 270 SCHOOLS. I' I TELEGRAPHIC COURSE lWIRB)-28 SCHOOLS. Fig. 13.— Tuition fee per month in the night course in private com mercial schools, 1917-18. A number of schools charge $7 to $10 for each course. It is of interest to note that the longest black bar, cross-hatched bar, and single- hatched bar, which represent the commercial, stenographic, and combined courses, respectively, fall in the same group of bars, viz, in the $5 group. One must conclude, therefore, that in general the 408 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. same monthly charge is made for each of these three courses. The same conclusion might be made for the “ telegraphic’ 7 bars, but as only 28 schools offer a night course in wire telegraphy, any deduc¬ tion made might be subject to question. Any school charging tuition rates of $3, $7, $8, $9, or $10 falls in a “danger zone” in the graph. TUITION RATES FOR ENTIRE DAY COURSES. It was found more difficult to show graphically the tuition rates charged students for the entire course in the day school than it was to show the rate by the month, since the time required to complete the entire course varies in different schools and with the course pursued. For example, in one school it takes 12 months to complete the stenographic course, while in another it takes only 3 months. Evidently the former school will make the higher charge for tuition. To evade difficulties like these, the schools offering each course were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 includes all schools in which it was estimated that the course could be completed in 3 months or less; group 2, from 3J to 6 months, inclusive; group 3, from to 9 months; group 4, from 9J to 12 months; and group 5, from 12^ to 15 months. This grouping has not been done arbitrarily, as the schools seem to fall readily into this classification. For example, many schools estimate that 6 months are necessary for the completion of the course, others 6 to 8 months or 6 to 9 months. Where two limiting numbers have been reported, the average of the two has been used in locating the school in the graph. It will be noticed in the figures which follow that the majority of the schools fall in groups 2 and 3, the former group including the larger number for the commercial, the stenographic, and the telegraphic (wire) courses, and the latter leading in the combined course, as would naturally be anticipated. These facts verify the deduction drawn above that the average time required to complete a course in a private commercial school does not exceed 6 months. In this connection it must be remembered that a school does not always fall in the same group in each graph. A school might fall in group 3 when the tuition charge for the entire stenographic course is considered, but in group 5 when the charge for the combined course is considered. TUITION RATES FOR THE ENTIRE COMMERCIAL OR BOOKKEEPING DAY COURSE. A remarkable symmetry is evident in figure 14 in groups 2 and 3, showing that almost as large a proportion of schools charge a tuition rate in excess of the usual charge as charge a lower rate. A slight irregularity toward the right of the graph, in group 3, is apparent. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 409 If lines were drawn joining the tops of corresponding bars, two almost perfect curves would be seen, each possessing remarkable symmetry. The slight rise at the right in the curve for group 3 shows that a few schools charge unusually high rates. The curve is slightly skewed in this direction. The highest curve represents the number of schools which offer a course requiring from 3J to 6 months for completion and charge the tuition rates inserted just below the base line. This means that the largest number of schools (217) are included in group 2, and that the most customary charge for the entire bookkeeping course, covering a period from 3^ to 6 months, is from $60 to $69, inclusive. Schools charging higher or lower rates can not justify their charge on the ground that they offer a longer or a shorter course. In a similar way it is evident that the most usual charge made for this course by schools offering Fig. 14. — Tuition fee for the entire commercial or bookkeeping course in private commercial schools for the day course, 1917-18. a course covering a period from 6^ to 9 months, inclusive, is from ..$70 to $79, inclusive. No central tendency is evident for schools falling in either groups 1, 4, or 5. The small number of schools in each group, viz, 11, 44, and 7, respectively, does not justify any deductions. It is evident, however, that several schools charge unusually high rates; 11 schools charging $130 or more for the course. 410 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Altogether, 454 schools reported the tuition rate charged for the commercial or bookkeeping course. Of this number, 217 schools, or 48 per cent, offer a course extending from 3^ to 6 months; and 85 of these, or 39 per cent, charge a fee ranging from $60 to $69. Again, 175 schools, or 39 per cent of the total number reporting, maintain a 6J to 9 months’ course; and 48 of these, or 27 per cent, charge a fee of $70 to $79. Only 44 schools, or less than 10 per cent of the total number, offer a 9J to 12 months’ course, and the charge for tuition in most instances is over $100. TUITION RATES FOR THE ENTIRE STENOGRAPHIC DAY COURSE. Figure 15 contains two very symmetrical distributions similar to the corresponding ones in figure 14. In other words, groups 2 and 3 in this graph have almost the same number of schools charging lower or higher tuition fees than the rate indicated by the longest bar in Fig. 15.— Tuition fee for the entire stenographic course in private commercial schools for the day course, 1917-18. the group. In the 3| to 6 months’ group the most common rate is $60 to $69, 88 schools charging this fee. In all, 64 schools charge a lower and 70 schools a higher rate than this. In the 6^ to 9 months’ group 49 schools charge a tuition fee of from $70 to $79. Altogether, in this group 53 schools charge a lower and 95 a higher rate than this. Greater variation from the central tendency is shown in this group than in group 2. In other words, the distribution is slightly skewed PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 411 in the direction of higher tuition rates. Any school falling in this group and charging $110 or more for the course should be able to justify its action. The single-hatched bars representing group 4 in this graph show the same irregularity as the corresponding bars did in the next preceding graph. Likewise, groups 1 and 5 are small and consequently show no marked central tendency. Altogether the tuition rates for the stenographic course in 463 schools are represented in this figure. Of this total, 222 schools, or 48 per cent, offer courses requiring from 3J to 6 months for com¬ pletion; and 197 schools, or 43 per cent, offer courses requiring from 6^ to 9 months for completion. In other words, 91 per cent of the schools represented in this graph fall in these two groups. This tendency to centralize around a 6 months’ course further supports the statement made above that the “average” graduate from a private commercial school has had only six months of training. TUITION RATES FOR THE ENTIRE COMBINED DAY COURSE. As it takes about twice as long to complete the combined course as either the bookkeeping or the stenographic course, a higher scholar¬ ship fee is necessarily charged. In figure 16 it will be observed that Fig. 16.— Tuition fee for the entire combined course in private commercial schools for the day course, 1917-18. no schools undertake to give this course in three months or less, consequently, group 1 is not represented. There are relatively fewer schools in groups 2 and 3 than in the two graphs next preceding. The majority of the schools are found in group 4; that is they require 412 BIENNIAL SUKVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. from 9J to 12 months for the completion of the course. Altogether, 321 schools reported the scholarship fee charged for the combined course. Of this number, 172 schools, or 54 per cent, fall in group 4. The customary fee charged students in schools of this type for this course is from $100 to $139, inclusive. Only 30 schools charge a higher rate, while 33 charge a lower rate. In the schools in group 5, that is in schools offering a course requiring from 12^ to 15 months for completion, the largest group of schools charge from $140 to $149. Two other groups almost as large, consisting of 12 schools each, charge $100 to $119 and $120 to $139, respectively. It will be noticed that remarkable symmetry is evident for the single- hatched, double-hatched, and black bars. A tendency for a few schools to charge an unusually high fee is shown in the isolated bars at the right. In addition to the schools listed in figure 16, 12 schools offer a combined course extending from 16 to 42 months and charge tuition fees varying from $60 in one school to $270 in another. Only 3 schools have a course longer than 18 months, and 5 offer an 18 months’ course. The usual charge for the course ranges from $110 to $180. TUITION FEE CHARGED FOR THE ENTIRE DAY COURSE IN WIRE TELEGRAPHY. As will be noted in figure 17, only 25 schools reported the scholar¬ ship fee charged for the entire day course in wire telegraphy. No schools appear in groups 1, 4, or 5. In all, 19 schools offer a course requiring from 3| to 6 months to complete it, and 6 schools give a Fig. 17.— Tuition fee for the entire telegraphic (wire) course in private commercial schools for the day course, 1917-18. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 413 6| to 9 months' course. In the former group 3 schools charge from $50 to $59 ; 7 schools, $60 to $69 ; 8 schools, $70 to $79 ; and 1 school, $120 to $129. The most usual fee is from $60 to $79. The fee charged for the longer courses varies from $50 to $130 and over, no central tendency or customary fee being evident. TUITION FEES CHARGED FOR OTHER COURSES. By reference to detailed Tables 14, 15, 16, and 17, the tuition fees charged by individual schools for courses in wireless telegraphy, accountancy, secretarial course, and course in salesmanship, respec¬ tively, will be found. Since these groups are small, nothing would be gained by presenting the data graphically. In these tables the tuition fee charged is shown for both day and night courses by the month and for the entire day course. The number of months usually required for completing the entire day course is given in these respec¬ tive tables. A casual inspection of these detailed tables shows that there is no customary charge for the entire day course and no usual time required for completing it. In fact, these courses have not become generally standardized, and time required for completing them may be either long or short and the tuition rate low, high, or even exorbitant. Frequently no data have been submitted. SHORTHAND SYSTEMS TAUGHT. On the schedule used in collecting data for this report the following question was asked, “What systems of shorthand do you teach ?” On the blank the schools also reported the total number of students taking the stenographic course. From the replies to these two ques¬ tions and from the published tabulation of the replies to the first question in 1916, Table 5 has been made and the following graphs have been constructed and conclusions drawn therefrom. Table 5 represents a mass of data which is very difficult to comprehend without the use of the graphic presentations following. In 1918, 53 different systems of shorthand wTere reported. Four¬ teen systems which were reported in 1916 were not reported in 1918, and 11 new systems were reported in 1918. It may be added that this study of shorthand systems taught includes all schools reporting, both nondenominational and denominational. As it is impossible to ascertain from the blank used in collecting the data just how many students are taking each system of shorthand in all schools reporting it is thought advisable to consider in the fol¬ lowing pages the schools teaching one system only as well as those teaching one or more systems. From the one-system schools the number of students enrolled in each system can be ascertained, while this information is not available for the different systems iu schools teaching more than one system. Figure 18 enables the reader to ascertain at a glance the relative number of schools included iu each classification. Table 5.— Shorthand systems taught and students in stenographic courses in 840 private commercial and business schools in 1917-18. 414 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916 -1918. 03 0 ® 2 O .s © 0 m “ o o co «a «T3 0 O ® © co fl +? ■rJ o co 02 CO fl © ■ g I g §> O X) O tuO§ © 8.0.2 § . i§i®i 3® 0 o2 02 §1 . 2 co o ‘fl © S -fl CO ^ 4J _C3 , _C0 (M © So |3 Rrv o wr*. 60 So 6 rt ">:S 2+2 . a'3 0'S w & &s co w & r w iSsliifftS'lfl: 0 «- g-~i © fl£ pH gv-,C a“ is < fl fl fl g^' , • „ t .2 co' ^©oSfiflRRS^ |-g*Sss-9||g a £*°- _ S fl gafl ^ © w io Ko 1-° Ssl^laS^S © c* pH g E (NCO^HiOOlNWCOONN 05 ^ iO (N^Hl.HOH(NWHCUO r-( t IHHN H H CO N^hO>hOh(NNH(NcO ) CO co 00 L- OCOHHONHOOOOIN O O O O ' (NH l-H cy r— < ^ rQ R a1 22s 02 :ph 1x3 * i2 ■a wi.2t3 o fl O co Ph fl* ®0, «3 <3 5 fl’S" 1 g si S £ ® © -S fl 30. , ©.2 CO CJ ►h ►h rn "j 'C c3 © O P >» >> 3 2 S ® ®.H f5N O0<»^00 ■Hffli9NNrtO0CvC'(MOO*O ©rH • HOMO Mt>lC»«t'CH § : ** o^** s® 877 119 132 698 1,586 2,285 383 33 13,094 3,791 100 94 CO N TJ4 S? £ ChhhOhhMMOuOhMXONhOOOhOOONHhXCIMhMChh • 05 CO rH f-C- Ht. *OrH 1,071 54.8 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .3 .1 6.0 .1 .1 1.1 9.7 12.1 .1 3.1 9.3 O ' 1-H ! CO 1-H CO CO CO i-4 j*-4 h # * i *w ' '6ih • co • • 1-H co ; . ; a H joi 40 ? rf HHHHHHN^OOiHlOO^OlHHlOHHMWHHHOO^HNNHH ! : S 10 ^ ~C'-° WS ^ HH» II s— H> O M gs m"3 §3 ■i ***-3 C 73 sgll o a 05 f'Jjjl !|S1 £-3 c 3 •Sg.2 8 io cog o eo o'5 ,a » !D t3 ft e o g d e3~° cai J w oc w o a o^>-S © is cs G © -r5 O da ©0^3 a -3 © 1 •oSfiS g o—>t3 Sasa t, © > m o >’32 ■§2 >3 c3.Si«r Hi? Oc d o nfl £l’“u) gS^S gg j2 xg ^§5 o 9 . O © co 2 G m 2 fe+? o “ W o aijlllf ;K|lll o ^ ijisss-i :©o®1?s3 !||.aS83 ’S&iSw.Sq :^8|| iollull *• M® 72 g- , © © 8 , K .O 416 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. NUMBER OF SHORTHAND SYSTEMS TAUGHT IN EACH SCHOOL. By reference to this figure it will be noted that 50 schools reporting did not teach shorthand in 1918; 547 taught only one system; 202, two systems; 38, three systems; 11, four systems; 2, five systems; 1, six systems; 8 replies were indeterminate; and 31 schools did not report the names of the systems taught, although they offered shorthand courses. Eliminating from consideration all schools not reporting the exact number of systems taught or not offering steno¬ graphic courses, it is found that 68 per cent of the 801 schools report¬ ing such information offered only one system of shorthand In NUMBER or O INDETERMINATE. ® NOT REPORTING SYSTEMS TAUGHT. Fig. 18. — Number of systems of shorthand taught in 890 private commercial schools, 1917-18. 1916, out of a total of 701 schools reporting corresponding data, 480 schools, or 68 per cent, taught only one system. Apparently, there¬ fore, there has been no change since 1916 in the relative number of schools teaching only one system of shorthand. Eliminating the 50 schools not teaching shorthand, the 8 schools whose replies were indefinite, and the 31 schools not reporting the systems taught, it is PRIVATE COMMERCIAL, AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 417 found that 93 per cent, or practically all commercial schools in 1918, teach only one or two systems of shorthand. WHAT SYSTEMS THE LARGEST SCHOOLS TEACH. It is of special interest to know what systems of shorthand the largest schools teach. To answer this question figure 19 has been prepared. It was found that 76 schools enrolled 500 students or more in the stenographic course and these schools were arbitrarily chosen for the construction of this figure. Of the 76 schools, 44 taught only one system, and 32, two or more systems of shorthand. It should be remembered, however, that the number (500) is about twice as large as the number actually present at any one time in the schools chosen for this graph, since the student body in the steno¬ graphic course usually changes twice during the year. Consequently, Fig. 19.— The systems of shorthand taught by the 76 private commercial schools enrolling 500 students or more in the stenographic course, 1917-18. all private commercial schools enrolling approximately 250 students or more at any one time in the stenographic course have been in¬ cluded. The black section of the bars contain many duplicates, since a school may teach the Gregg, one or more of the Pitman sys¬ tems, and possibly a machine system. This statement applies only to the schools represented by the black section of the bars, which 59872°— 21 - 27 418 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. indicates schools teaching this system and one or more other systems. Thus, the 31 schools teaching the Gregg, shown by the black bar, are duplicated in the other systems specifically indicated and many of them also in the bar, “All Pitman Systems.” The bar, both black and white, representing “All Pitman Systems,” is wholly duplicated in the Pitman systems definitely named above it or in the “catch¬ all” phrase, “All other systems.” The white section of the bars represents schools teaching only one system of shorthand and con¬ tains no duplication except in the second bar from the top as just explained. The Gregg is taught in the largest number of large schools; viz., 48 schools. If all duplicates are eliminated from the systems con¬ sidered as Pitmanic, as indicated in Table 5, it is found that 40 different schools teach a Pitman system or a system based on Pitman Among the Pitman systems the Benn Pitman and the Isaac Pitman lead with 10 and 9 schools respectively. In all, 17 schools teach the Gregg exclusively and 13 others a Pitman system. It is found that the machine shorthand systems are also repre¬ sented here, 5 schools teaching the stenotype and 2 schools the National shorthand machine. The machine method is not used exclusively in any school reporting. All systems which are taught in 2 or more of these large schools have been named specifically in the graph. Six schools grouped together in the last bar teach one system each, viz, the Barnes- Pitman, Dement-Pitmanic, Pitman-Schoch, the Modern Pitmanic, and Sloan-Duployan, each of which is taught in connection with some other system, and the Byrne Simplified which is taught exclu¬ sively in one large school. The first four systems just named and considered herein as Pitman have been included also in the second bar, “All Pitman Systems.” AVERAGE ^ENROLLMENT IN THE STENOGRAPHIC COURSE IN SCHOOLS TEACHING ONE SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND. It is not sufficient to show the number of large schools teaching each system, since only the exceptional schools are considered. To show the average size of classes in shorthand for the 12 leading sys¬ tems, figure 20 has been prepared. It should be remembered, how¬ ever, that these averages are almost twice as large as the average enrollment in shorthand courses at any one time, since the student body changes approximately twice during the year. In Table 5, column 9, the average enrollment in stenographic courses offered in one-system schools is shown. These averages are obtained by dividing the total enrollment in such courses by the cor¬ responding number of schools teaching each system. It is almost PRIVATE COMMERCIAL, AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 419 impossible and not very desirable to show graphically the average en¬ rollment in stenographic courses for all the different systems of short¬ hand taught. Consequently, the 12 systems most generally taught by all private commercial and business schools have been selected for study. These 12 systems are the only ones taught in 1 or more than 1 per cent of the schools teaching one system only as shown in Table 5, column 2. It is found, as will be observed in figure 20, that the Isaac Pitman system ranks highest in this score, with an average enrollment of 281 students in shorthand courses in one-system schools. Fig. 20.— Average enrollment in the stenographic course in private commercial schools teaching only one system of shorthand— for the 12 systems most frequently given, 1917-18. The Graham-Pitman shows an average of 219; the Munson, an aver¬ age of 173; and the Gregg, an average of 164. The average for all Pitman systems is 177, and for all systems is 164, the same as that for the Gregg. Undoubtedly, the average is determined very largely by the Gregg, as 53.8 per cent of all students in stenographic courses in one-system schools are taking the Gregg system of shorthand. From column 1, Table 5, it is found that the averages used in this graph have been secured by using the total number of one-system schools reporting. In the case of the Pitman-Howard, only 7 schools reported one system of shorthand. It is possible that the average 420 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. used for this system is not representative. Similarly, the averages for the Barnes-Pitman, the Boyd, the Byrne Simplified, and the Spen¬ cerian may not be accurate, since only 8, 8, 8, and 9 schools, respec¬ tively, reported these systems only. In securing all other averages at least 11 schools were used. In each case, however, the total number of schools reporting enrollment in one system only was used, and, ‘Consequently, it is doubtful if more representative averages could be secured. AVERAGE ENROLLMENT FOR THE YEAR IN STENOGRAPHIC COURSES. It has been remarked above that the average enrollment for the year in stenographic courses in one-system schools is 164. It is of interest to compare this average with that of two-or-more-system schools. If the total enrollment in the stenographic courses in such schools, 66,712, is divided by the number of such schools (262) a quotient of 255 is obtained. It is seen, therefore, that the average enrollment in the stenographic course in two-or-more-system schools is 55 per cent higher than the corresponding enrollment in one- system schools. The average for all schools teaching shorthand is 184 students (149,124 students divided by 809 schools). In general, it is shown in the following pages that any conclusion drawn from the data on either type of school applies also to the other. PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS TAKING AND OF ONE-SYSTEM SCHOOLS TEACHING THE 12 SYSTEMS OF SHORTHAND MOST GENERALLY TAUGHT IN 1918. The black bars in figure 21 show the percentage of schools teach¬ ing each of the 12 leading systems of shorthand in schools offering only one system in 1918. Altogether, 547 schools teach only one system of shorthand. It is found in Table 5, column 2, that 53.2 per cent of these schools teach the Gregg system; 37.7 per cent, some Pitman system; 8.4 per cent the Benn Pitman; 8.2 per cent, the Isaac Pitman; and so on as shown in the graph. In all, 83,412 students in stenographic courses were reported by these 547 schools teaching only one system of shorthand. Of this number 53.8 per cent were taking the Gregg; 39.72 per cent, some Pitman system; 13.10 per cent, the Isaac Pitman; 7.92 per cent, the Benn Pitman, etc. It will be observed that the 12 systems are ranked in the order of magnitude of the black bars representing the number of schools. It is preferable to have the percentage of schools rather than the percentage of students determine the order of precedence since in figure 23, where only the number of schools is used, the same order will be maintained and the same systems represented. It is remark¬ able that the black and the open bars show so much similarity in their relative lengths. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 421 SYSTEMS. PER CENT TOTAL.* 53.20 53. Oo PITMAN BEEN . 8.40 7.92 PITMAN, ISAAC . . 8.20 13.10 GRAHAM . . . 5.70 5.36 MUN80N . . . 2.40 2.69 PJTVA11. . . . 2.20 (TEXT NOT STATED). 1.36 ORAHAM-fclTHAN . 2.00 2.89 SPENCERIAN. «.•»*•»«» 1.60 .64 BARWTtn-PTTlfAB. ...... 1.40 1.06 BOYD . 1.40 1.18 BYRNE SIMPLIFIED.... 1.40 1.69 PITMAN-HOW ARD . 1.20 *05 ALL OTHER SY8TJM8... 10.90 7.46 ALL PITMAN SYSTEMS.. (SEE TABLE 5). O CM SCHOOLS. 8TUDENTS . •ALTOGETHER 547 SCHOOLS TEACH ONLY ONE SYSTat OF SHORT HARD. THESE SCHOOLS ENROLL 8J412 STUDENTS IN THE STENOGRAPHIC COURSE. _ __ Fig. 21. — Percentage of private commercial schools teaching and of students taking the systems of short¬ hand most generally taught in schools offering only one system, 1917-18. Table 6. — Comparison of the 10 systems of shorthand most widely taught in private , commercial and business schools in 1917-18} Systems of shorthand. All schools teaching this system. Schools teaching this system only . Percentage of all schools reporting systems taught. Per cent of in¬ crease (+) or decrease (-)• Percentage of all schools teaching one system only . Per cent of in¬ crease (+) or decrease (-). In 1916. In 1918. In 1916. In 1918. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Graham . Graham-Pitman . Gregg . 10.3 2.0 54.8 6.0 8.7 12.1 3 1 9.3 3.1 10.3 9.2 2.6 64.4 5.0 8.5 9.9 2.1 10.5 2.8 6.7 -10.7 +30.0 +17.5 -16.7 -2.3 -19.0 -32.2 +12.9 -9.7 —34.9 6.7 1.7 42.1 4.6 2.3 12.5 2.5 8.1 2.5 .0 47.3 5.7 2.0 53.2 2.4 2.2 8.4 1.2 8.2 1.6 .0 37.7 -14.9 +17.6 +26.4 -47.9 -4.4 -32.8 -52.0 + 1.2 -36.0 Munson. . Pitman (text not stated) . Pitman, Benn . Pitman-Howard . Pitman, Isaac . Spencerian . Stenotype . All Pitman systems . -20.3 1 Each system is taught in at least 17 schools, or in 2 per cent of all schools reporting the systems taught. 422 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. INCREASE OR DECREASE SINCE 1916 IN THE PERCENTAGE OF ONE- SYSTEM SCHOOLS TEACHING THE 12 SYSTEMS MOST GENERALLY TAUGHT IN 1918. In 1916 no statistics were published showing the number of stu¬ dents taking each system of shorthand offered in one-system schools. It is more desirable to show whether each system has gained or lost students since 1916 than to show whether there has been an increase or decrease in the percentage of schools offering each of the 12 lead¬ ing systems. The former condition can not be shown, as compara¬ tive data are not available. In the preceding paragraph, however., it was pointed out that a great similarity exists between the per¬ centage of schools offering and of students taking each system. Fig. 22.— Percentage of private commercial schools (teaching only one system) which teach the systems of shorthand most generally offered, 1917-18. As comparative data in the number of schools offering only one system of shorthand for the consecutive biennial reports, 1916 and 1918, are available, this information has been used in the construe- PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 423 tion of figures 22, 23, and 24. In figure 22 it will be observed that the Gregg system in 1918 (black bars) was taught in 53.2 per cent of the 547 schools teaching only one system and in 1916 (open bars) in 42.1 per cent of the 480 one-system schools reporting at that time. The Gregg has gained the difference between 53.2 per cent and 42.1 per cent, or 11.1 per cent, in the number of one-system schools. This means an increase of 11.1 per cent on 42.1 per cent, or a gain of 26.4 per cent. This increase is shown by the open bar in figure 24. During this interval a decrease of 20.3 per cent is shown for all Pitman systems. It will be observed in figure 22 that the black bar is longer than the white one in only four instances, viz, Byrne Simplified, Graham-Pitman, Gregg, and Isaac Pitman. The other 8 systems show a decrease in the percentage of schools teaching each exclusively. It will be observed that the percentage of schools rather than the total number of schools teaching each system exclusively has been used and the percentage of increase or decrease computed therefrom. A different but erroneous result would be obtained by computing the percentage of increase or decrease from the total number of schools reporting, since, in 1916, only 77 per cent of the schools (701 schools out of a total of 912 reporting) indicated the systems of shorthand taught, whereas in 1918, 90 per cent (801 out of 890 reporting) indi¬ cated the systems taught. In other words, this year replies wrere received from 100 more schools than reported the systems of short¬ hand taught two years ago. It should be noted also that 22 more schools reported in 1916 than did in 1918. Undoubtedly, these 100 schools taught shorthand in 1916 but did not name the systems taught, since the question, “What system of shorthand do you teach?” was asked for the first time two years ago. Presumably, 68 of these 100 schools, in 1916, taught one system only and 32, two or more systems, if the ratio between one-system and more-than-one- system schools holds as indicated in figure 18. It would be erroneous, therefore, to count such schools, not reporting in 1916 but reporting in 1918, as increases in the number of schools teaching the respective systems of shorthand, either for one-system schools or for more-than- one-system schools. The reliability of this percentage method of computing rates of change is based on the assumption that the same relative percentage of schools taught each system in 1916 as in 1918. INCREASE OR DECREASE SINCE 1916 IN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SCHOOLS TEACHING EACH OF THE 10 SYSTEMS OF SHORTHAND MOST GENER¬ ALLY TAUGHT IN 1918. In considering the total number of schools teaching each system of shorthand the 10 leading systems, as indicated in Table 5, column 13, have been chosen for comparison. It will be observed that each of 424 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. * these 10 systems is taught in 17 schools or more, or in at least 2 per cent of all schools reporting shorthand courses. The Barnes-Pitman, Boyd, and Byrne Simplified systems do not appear, therefore, in figures 23, 24, and 25, while the Stenotype, which deos not appear in the discussion of one-system schools, has been added. If the three systems dropped from consideration had been included it would have been necessary to add the Eclectic, which is taught in 9 schools. PER CEHT 0 7 TOTAL. * ALL PITMAH SYSTEUS. . (SEE TABLE 5) . IH 1918. □ 15 1916. •IH 1918 809 SCHOOLS AHD IH I9I6 701 SCHOOLS REPORTED THE SYSTOiS 07 SHORTHAND TAUGHT. Fig. 23. -Percentage of all private commercial schools which teach the systems most generally given, 1917-18. In 1918, altogether 809 schools reported the system or systems of shorthand taught. As shown in figure 23, 64.4 per cent of these schools offered the Gregg; 10.5 per cent, the Isaac Pitman, etc. In 1918, 381 different schools, or 44 per cent of the total number reporting, offered a Pitmanic system, but in 1916 this information was not tabulated, so that the percentage of increase or decrease for all Pitman systems since 1916 in all schools can not be ascertained from the data at hand. In 1916, 701 schools named the system or systems taught. Figure 23 shows that 54.8 per cent offered the Gregg; 9.3 per cent the Isaac Pitman, etc. The same condition prevails as was pointed out in the preceding graph, viz, that the Gregg, Graham-Pitman, and the Isaac Pitman in 1918 show an increase over 1916 in the percentage of all schools teaching these systems. The other 7 systems show a decrease. The method used in computing the change in percentage is the same as that used for schools teaching only one system of shorthand. For example, the Munson was PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 425 taught in 1916 in 6 per cent of the schools and in 1918 in only 5 per cent of the schools. The decrease is, therefore, 1 per cent on a hase of 6 per cent, or 16.7 per cent as shown in figure 24. CHANGE SINCE 1916 IN THE PERCENTAGE OF PRIVATE COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS TEACHING EACH OF THE TEN SYSTEMS OF SHORTHAND MOST GENERALLY TAUGHT IN 1918. As explained above, figure 24 shows whether a system of short¬ hand has “ gained” or “lost” schools within the past two years. The Graham-Pitman system has gained the largest percentage of schools, showing an increase of 30 per cent in the relative percentage of schools teaching this system. This does not mean that this system is being learned by 30 per cent more students than studied it in 1916. It shows only the increase in the percentage of schools teaching this system. The Gregg system shows the greatest gam in the number of schools teaching one system exclusively, while the Graham-Pitman ranks second. The Stenotype shows the greatest loss in the total number of schools teaching this system, and the Pitman-Howard the greatest loss in one-system schools. It must be remembered that the other systems not chosen for study, and, therefore, not included in the graphs, also show increases or decreases. In fact, the systems not taught in 1916 but reporting only a few schools in 1918 would show infinite gains. Likewise discontinued systems show loss of 100 per cent. The percentages of increase or decrease similar to those shown in figure 24 can be readily ascertained for other systems of shorthand from Table 5, columns 3, 5, 14, and 16. The exact method used in computing the length of the bars used in figure 24 is given in Table 6. It should be added that since 1916 the Barnes-Pitman and the Boyd Syllabic have decreased 39 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively, while the Byrne Simplified has increased 56 per cent in the percentage of schools teaching each system. As the number of schools reporting each system is small, * these percentages may not be authentic and consequently have not been inserted in figure 24. OPPORTUNITY OF STUDENTS TO ELECT THE TEN LEADING SYSTEMS OF SHORTHAND. It is unfortunate that the total number of students taking each system of shorthand offered in all private commercial schools is not known. Fairly accurate deductions have been drawn already from schools teaching only one system. It is of interest to note the opportunity which students have to elect the different systems taught. In other words, how many students are “exposed” to each system? The richness of a curriculum is determined by the oppor¬ tunity afforded students to choose among a variety of subjects. 426 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Fig. 24.— Percentage of increase or decrease, since 1916, in the number of private commercial schools teaching the 10 systems of shorthand most generally given, 1917-18. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 427 It is found in Table 5 that the total number of students enrolled in stenographic courses in schools reporting the names of the systems taught was 149,124. Of this number, 106,083 students were enrolled in schools teaching the Gregg only or the Gregg and one or more other systems. This means that 71.14 per cent of all stu¬ dents enrolled in the stenographic courses were “ exposed” to the Gregg. This percentage is somewhat higher than that representing Fig. 25.— Percentage of students enrolled in the stenographic course, having opportunity to take one or more of the 10 systems of shorthand most generally taught in private commercial schools, 1917-18. the actual percentage of students taking the Gregg in one-system schools; viz, 53.8 per cent. This apparent discrepancy is explained by the fact that the two percentages represent different things — the former “ opportunity” to take, the latter, the percentage actually taking. Altogether 87,062 students, or 58.3 per cent of the total number in stenographic courses, were enrolled in schools offering a Pitman system. This percentage also is higher than the 39.72 per cent given for Pitman systems in figure 21, for the reasons just cited. The same variance is shown for other systems as well. The fact that a student may have chosen a school because a certain system of shorthand is taught has not been considered since schools are more generally selected because a certain course of superior quality is offered, because the tuition rates are reasonable, or because a position is guaranteed upon graduation. In figure 25 the relative rank of the 10 leading systems is shown. By comparing the ranking in this graph with that shown in figure 21, it will be observed that the four leading systems — the Gregg, Isaac Pitman, Benn Pitman, and Gra¬ ham — maintain their relative positions on both scores in the order just named. In general, the same relative ranks are maintained in both figures. It should be noted that the total number of students 428 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. “ exposed” in the second column of figure 25 exceeds the total enroll¬ ment in stenographic courses. Likewise the corresponding per¬ centages exceed 100. This apparent discrepancy is explained by the fact that a large number of students have an opportunity to take more than one system. COURSES NOT CONSIDERED. It should be remarked that -the foregoing study of shorthand systems does not include the total number of students pursuing the subject of shorthand in private commercial and business schools. The students in the combined and secretarial courses offered by many schools are not included in this study. However, the con¬ clusions reached above undoubtedly will hold for the total number of students in private commercial schools taking shorthand in all courses in which it is a requisite. It should be remembered also that no attempt has been made to determine whether one system of shorthand is better than another, nor to ascertain the usual time required to complete each. These two factors, however, may function in producing the situation just presented, but no data are available to warrant conclusive deductions relative thereto. Table 7. — Instructors, students , and attendance in all private commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18. States. Schools report¬ ing. Instructors. Students enrolled. Aver¬ age daily attend¬ ance. Enroll¬ ment in schools report¬ ing av¬ erage daily attend¬ ance. Schools not re¬ port¬ ing. Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States. . . 890 2,310 2,930 5, 240 96,449 193, 130 289,579 122,688 261, 836 439 Alabama . 11 15 27 42 937 2,635 3,572 932 3,189 7 Arizona . 1 2 4 6 91 319 410 126 410 2 Arkansas . 7 16 18 34 504 1,310 1,814 854 1,814 2 California . . 32 102 134 236 5,848 12, 675 18, 523 10, 149 18, 344 23 Colorado . 14 35 62 97 1,520 3,191 4, 711 1,924 4, 711 2 Connecticut . 26 55 83 138 1,333 3, 667 5,000 2,825 4, 758 7 Delaware . 3 22 15 37 1,073 1,025 2,098 897 2,098 1 Dist. Columbia . 6 47 46 93 2,349 3, 764 6,113 1,167 4,168 8 Florida . 8 10 23 33 565 1,479 2,044 776 1,894 1 Georgia . 12 35 25 60 1,159 2,030 3,189 1,513 3,189 10 Idaho . 4 4 6 10 89 325 414 200 297 2 Illinois . 62 159 223 382 7,241 15, 034 22, 275 7, 486 16, 372 29 Indiana . 36 58 77 135 2, 627 6,360 8, 987 3,980 8, 835 11 Iowa . 21 39 78 117 1,993 5,012 7,005 2,065 5, 411 11 Kansas . 21 60 72 132 2,315 4, 821 7, 136 2,833 7,075 6 Kentucky . 12 51 35 86 1,539 2, 563 4, 102 1,565 4, 107 10 Louisiana . 7 21 26 47 1,383 1,757 3,140 1,923 2,994 9 Maine . 11 19 29 48 450 1,118 1,568 604 897 3 Maryland . 10 57 17 74 1,421 • 1,281 2,702 718 2,256 10 Massachusetts . 36 125 139 264 4,177 6,394 10, 571 5, 359 9, 956 29 Michigan.. . 33 77 95 172 3, 209 6,073 9, 282 3,794 8,731 13 Minnesota . 33 88 95 183 3,110 5,342 8,452 3,651 8,062 10 Mississippi . . 2 5 4 9 120 365 485 25 60 3 Missouri . 32 73 105 178 4,338 6,660 10, 998 4,737 . 10, 785 21 Montana . 6 10 12 22 340 1,280 1,620 398 1, 620 2 Nebraska . 13 27 48 75 1,178 3,519 4, 697 1,797 4,091 2 Nevada . 1 2 2 25 150 175 69 175 New Hampshire . 4 7 17 24 347 593 940 412 864 2 New Jersey . 25 74 95 169 3,674 6,594 10, 268 3, 815 8, 250 15 New Mexico . 2 1 5 6 91 266 357 98 357 1 PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 429 Table 7. — Instructors, students, and attendance in all private commercial and bus¬ iness schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. Instructors. Students enrolled. Enroll¬ ment in schools report¬ ing av¬ erage daily attend¬ ance. States Schools report¬ ing. Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Aver¬ age daily attend¬ ance. Schools not re¬ port¬ ing. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 New York . 95 ! I 311 423 734 13, 778 26, 215 39,993 17,042 36,886 51 North Carolina . 9 17 17 34 530 1,191 1,721 654 1,299 5 North Dakota . 5 9 6 15 415 502 917 428 917 1 Ohio . 62 144 163 307 5, 185 12,299 17,484 8,127 15, 787 29 Oklahoma . 10 16 26 42 1,210 1, 698 2,908 905 2,558 4 Oregon . 7 18 21 39 1,234 1,902 3,136 1,168 3,166 1 Pennsylvania . 82 220 272 492 7,406 15, 899 23,305 12,484 21,131 32 Rhode Island . 8 43 52 95 1,120 2, 167 3,287 1,530 2,906 3 South Carolina . 4 4 8 12 125 433 558 225 558 4 South Dakota . 5 6 14 20 240 620 860 440 860 2 Tennessee . 9 24 29 53 835 2,271 3,106 10,967 1,091 2,304 8 Texas . 32 81 93 174 4, 291 569 6,676 4,672 656 10, 524 15 Utah . 4 12 15 27 1,422 1,991 1,991 2 Vermont . 3 3 8 11 168 389 557 236 557 1 Virginia . 11 22 36 58 738 1,885 2,623 1,208 2,623 4 Washington . 19 33 56 89 1,765 4,946 6,711 2,002 6, 209 7 West Virginia . Wisconsin . 7 10 18 28 528 1,614 2, 142 1,102 2,142 4 25 40 . 55 95 1,186 3, 209 4,395 1,886 3,450 14 Wyoming . 2 1 3 4 80 190 270 140 270 Table 8. — Instructors, students, and attendance in private nondenominational commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18. States. Schools report¬ ing. Instructors. Students enrolled. Aver¬ age daily attend¬ ance. Enroll¬ ment in schools report¬ ing average daily attend¬ ance. Schools not report¬ ing. Men. Women. Total. Men. W omen. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States. . . 780 1,819 2,802 4,621 81, 744 188, 779 270,523 j 115,696 247, 369 422 Alabama . 9 ! 12 27 39 852 2,635 3,487 863 3,104 5 Arizona . 1 | 2 4 6 91 319 410 126 410 2 Arkansas . 7 16 18 34 504 1,310 1,814 854 1,814 2 California . 30 89 134 223 5,099 12, 675 17, 774 9,994 17, 595 22 Colorado . 13 30 62 92 1,430 3,191 4,621 1,900 4,621 1 Connecticut . 24 47 83 130 1,107 3,637 4,744 2, 735 4,502 7 Delaware . 2 15 15 30 1,020 1,025 2,045 875 2,045 1 Dist. Columbia . 4 32 46 78 1,589 3,746 5,335 1,167 4,168 8 Florida . 8 1 10 23 33 565 1,479 2,044 776 1,894 1 Georgia . 11 30 25 55 999 2,030 3,029 1,373 3,029 10 Idaho . 4 4 6 10 89 325 414 200 297 2 ‘ Illinois . 52 124 • 202 326 5,955 14,804 20, 759 7,082 15,475 29 Indiana . 32 56 73 129 2,395 6,326 8, 721 3, 792 8,569 11 Iowa . 21 39 78 117 1,993 5,012 7,005 2,065 5,411 11 Kansas . 21 60 72 132 2,315 4,821 7,136 2,833 7,075 6 Kentucky . 7 12 25 37 719 2,016 2,735 1,223 2,740 10 Louisiana . 7 21 26 47 1,383 1,757 3,140 1,923 2,994 3 Maine . 11 19 29 48 450 1,118 1,568 604 897 9 Maryland . 6 10 14 24 378 1,069 1 , 447 432 1,001 9 Massachusetts . 25 65 127 192 2,916 6,000 8,916 4,430 8,795 28 Michigan . 29 53 92 14 5 ! 2,313 6,028 8,341 3,596 8,499 13 Minnesota . 30 78 95 173 1 2,763 5,342 8,105 3,515 7,715 10 Mississippi . 2 5 4 9 120 365 485 25 60 3 Missouri . . . 28 72 101 173 4,123 6,441 10, 564 4,717 10, 564 21 Montana . 6 10 12 22 340 1,280 1,620 398 1,620 2 Nebraska . 12 24 48 72 1,078 3,519 4,597 1,755 3,991 2 Nevada . 1 2 2 25 150 175 69 175 New Hampshire . 4 7 17 24 347 593 940 412 864 2 New Jersey . 20 59 90 149 3,169 6,361 9,530 3,628 7, 970 14 New Mexico . 2 1 5 6 91 266 357 98 357 1 New York . . . 85 198 404 602 10, 675 25,411 36,086 15,250 33, 459 48 North Carolina . 8 15 17 32 514 1,191 1,705 646 1,283 5 North Dakota . 5 9 6 15 415 502 917 428 917 1 430 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 8. — Instructors, students, and attendance in private nondenominational commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. States. Schools report¬ ing. Instructors. Students enrolled. Aver¬ age daily attend¬ ance. Enroll¬ ment in schools report¬ ing average daily attend¬ ance. Schools not re¬ port¬ ing. Men. Women. Total. Men. W omen. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ohio . 46 101 142 243 4,271 11,922 16,193 7,292 14, 730 24 Oklahoma . 10 16 26 42 1,210 1,698 2,908 905 2,558 4 Oregon . 5 10 20 30 579 1,902 2,481 997 2,511 1 Pennsylvania . 72 212 258 470 7,229 15,620 22,849 12,095 20, 686 30 Rhode Island . 7 36 52 88 1,030 2,167 3,197 1,530 2,906 3 South Carolina . 4 4 8 12 125 433 558 225 558 4 South Dakota . 5 6 14 20 240 620 860 440 860 2 Tennessee . 9 24 29 53 835 2,271 3, 106 1,091 2,304 8 Texas . 29 74 93 167 4,185 6,676 10,861 4,613 10, 418 15 Utah . 3 4 7 11 215 507 722 192 722 2 Vermont . 3 3 8 11 168 389 557 236 557 1 Virginia . 9 20 34 54 717 1,871 2,588 1,175 2,588 4 Washington . 17 32 55 87 1,324 4,946 6, 270 1,993 6,199 7 West Virginia . 7 10 18 28 528 1,614 2,142 1,102 2,142 4 Wisconsin . 25 40 55 95 1,186 3,209 4,395 1,886 3,450 14 Wyoming . 2 1 3 4 80 190 270 140 270 Table 9. — Instructors, students, and attendance in Y. M. C. A. and denominational commercial schools in 1917-18. States. Schools report¬ ing. Instructors. Students enrolled. Aver¬ age daily attend¬ ance. Enroll¬ ment in schools report¬ ing average daily attend¬ ance. Schools not report¬ ing. Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States... 110 491 128 619 14,705 4,351 19,056 6,992 14,467 17 Alabama . 2 3 3 85 85 69 85 2 Califomi a . 2 13 13 749 749 155 749 ] Colorado . 1 5 5 90 90 24 90 1 Connecticut . 2 8 8 226 30 256 90 256 Delaware . 1 7 7 53 53 22 53 Dist. Columbia . 2 15 15 760 18 778 Georgia .... 1 5 5 160 160 140 160 Illinois . 10 35 21 56 1,286 230 1,516 404 897 Indiana . 4 2 4 6 232 34 266 188 266 Kentucky . 5 39 10 49 820 547 1,367 342 1,367 Maryland . 4 47 3 50 1,043 212 1,255 286 1,255 1 Massachusetts . 11 60 12 72 1,261 394 1,655 929 1,161 1 Michigan . 4 24 3 27 896 45 941 198 232 Minnesota . 3 10 10 347 347 136 347 Missouri . 4 ] 4 5 215 219 434 20 221 Nebraska . 1 3 3 100 100 42 100 New Jersey . 5 1 5 5 20 505 233 738 187 208 1 New York . 10 113 19 132 3, 103 804 3,907 1,792 3,427 3 North Carolina . 1 2 2 16 16 8 16 Ohio . . 16 43 21 64 914 377 1,291 835 1,057 5 Oregon 2 8 1 9 6 55- 655 171 655 Pennsylvania . 10 8 14 22 177 279 456 389 445 2 Rhode Island . . . 1 7 7 90 90 * Texas . 3 7 7 106 106 59 106 Utah . 1 8 8 16 354 915 1,269 464 1,269 Virginia. . . 2 2 2 4 21 14 35 33 35 Washington . 2 1 1 2 441 ; . 441 9 10 PRIVATE COMMERCIAL. AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 431 Table 10. — Students in day and night courses and average daily attendance in all private commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18. States. Day courses. Night courses. Average daily attend¬ ance. Schools reporting. Students. Schools reporting. Students. Schools reporting. In day schools. Schools reporting. In night schools. Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. * 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States.. . 841 50,329 132, 285 182,614 716 46, 120 60,845 106,965 699 79,675 602 43,013 Alabama . 10 658 2,383 3,041 8 279 252 531 7 768 6 164 Arizona . 1 50 269 319 1 41 50 91 1 89 1 37 Arkansas . 7 417 1,173 1,590 5 87 137 224 1 7 755 5 99 California . 30 3,170 8,406 11,576 30 2,678 4,269 6,947 27 6, 109 27 4,040 Colorado . 14 925 2, 279 3,204 13 595 912 1,507 13 1,416 12 508 Connecticut . 24 380 1,737 2,117 25 953 1,930 2,883 23 1,282 22 1,543 Delaware . 2 311 653 964 3 762 372 1, 134 2 400 2 497 District of Columbia. . 5 447 1. 268 1,715 6 1,902 2,496 4,398 3 460 3 707 Florida . 8 384 1,253 1,637 8 181 226 407 7 586 7 190 Georgia . 12 1,071 1,905 2,976 4 88 125 213 11 1,452 4 61 Idaho . 4 63 254 317 3 26 71 97 3 165 2 35 Illinois . 58 3,552 9,469 13, 021 52 3,689 5,565 9, 254 44 4, 731 43 2,755 Indiana . 34 1,642 4,450 6,092 32 985 1,910 2,895 31 2,700 29 1,280 Iowa . 21 1,577 4, 192 5,769 15 416 820 1,236 16 1,679 13 386 Kansas . 21 1,915 3, 982 5, 897 14 400 839 1,239 20 2, 427 14 406 Kentucky . 12 415 1,606 2,021 8 1,124 957 2,081 7 1,028 6 537 Louisiana . 7 632 1,346 1,978 7 751 411 1,162 6 1,071 6 852 Maine . 11 322 936 1, 258 8 128 182 310 9 477 5 127 Maryland . 8 256 789 1,045 8 1, 165 492 1,657 2 366 3 352 Massachusetts . 32 1,553 3,647 5,200 29 2, 624 2,747 5,371 24 2,820 23 2,539 Michigan . 32 1,782 4, 387 6, 169 24 1,427 1,686 3,113 29 2,810 22 984 Minnesota . 31 1,987 3,857 5,844 26 1,123 1,485 2,608 26 2,653 20 998 Mississippi . 2 105 355 460 1 15 10 25 1 25 Missouri . 30 3, 066 5,114 8,180 27 1, 272 1,546 2,818 27 3, 609 24 1,128 Montana . 6 201 974 1,175 6 ’ 139 306 445 6 282 6 116 Nebraska . 12 861 2,949 3, 810 8 317 570 887 10 1,543 5 254 Nevada . 1 10 125 135 1 15 25 40 1 54 1 15 New Hampshire . 4 145 328 473 3 202 265 467 3 197 3 215 New Jersey . 24 1,252 3,496 4, 748 23 2,422 3,098 5,520 18 1,978 18 1,837 New Mexico . 2 64 220 284 2 27 46 73 2 80 2 18 New York . 90 4,806 15, 708 20,514 85 8, 972 10,507 19, 479 78 8, o85 74 8,157 North Carolina . 8 430 1,086 1,516 5 1 100 105 205 7 547 4 107 North Dakota . 5 408 481 889 2 7 21 28 5 415 2 13 Ohio . 57 2,536 8,501 11,037 49 2,649 3,798 6,447 41 5, 288 37 2, 839 Oklahoma . 10 934 1,361 2,295 8 276 337 613 9 717 7 188 Oregon . 7 740 1,507 2, 247 6 494 395 889 4 894 4 274 Pennsylvania . 75 3,263 9,223 12,486 69 4,143 6,676 10, 819 61 7,048 61 5,436 Rhode Island . 8 465 1,061 1,526 6 655 1, 106 1, 761 6 678 5 852 South Carolina . 4 111 418 529 2 14 15 29 4 197 2 28 South Dakota . 5 177 510 687 3 63 110 173 5 348 3 92 Tennessee . 9 721 2,106 2,827 2 114 165 279 7 1,091 Texas . 30 3,569 5,909 9,478 24 722 767 1,489 26 3, 991 20 681 Utah . 3 205 905 1,110 4 364 517 881 2 421 3 235 Vermont . 3 87 232 319 3 81 157 238 3 153 3 83 Virginia . 11 585 1,670 2,255 4 153 215 368 9 1,061 4 147 Washington . 17 847 3, 743 4,590 18 918 1,203 2,121 15 1,477 15 525 West Virginia . « 287 1,225 1,512 7 241 389 630 7 749 7 353 Wisconsin . 25 900 2,692 3, 592 17 286 517 803 22 1,603 15 283 Wyoming . 2 45 145 190 2 35 45 80 2 100 2 40 Table 11. — Enrollment by course oj study in all private commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18. 432 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. S3 O 00 c CM O • »0 O O O I"** • O 00 oco t-h to CD CD CD H CO 00 CD CD CD t-H CO 00 g 3 S O t>- rf co oo ^Scm^ 00 »0 rH O to CM i- cm u- oo ) O o GO C5 th NNO co cd ^ co !as°°5; s O O O ^ CO to CD O O to O cm jh co n- t>- £ © s_x w rC O PhO 3 3 rH . O CD £ 2 Q<3 s? rgws ^ 11 o CO CD CO CM CO tig 00 to oc co 05 < to rH ^ D CO to O < cm o CO -T ^(NNN CD ^ CO oo co 05 o * NOOhO to H 02 to O CMCMCO 05 CM CD CM to CM OO 00 r-H to r-H CM CO ^ CO 05 NOHTtdO COONCO' S'* 3*- 8 2wo»o g w M >00O5f^N- C CD CM CO N ' -H iO N CM to 05 to to to « t- CD GO to CM CO O to to ) O CO 05 CD ^ CO to CD ' )O5K00t^ -ocoK^S ' CO 05 05 CM O CM CO O i-H CD t-H CM CM CM COCO , hhco^h I'- rt< CM CO ^ O^OOrHCO CO T-i OC CO OO CM I— CON- CMTf^r^t-CO ^H05CM^05 co^rHN-to TtH ^ CO rH CD CD TtH U- CD ^ IS- 05 CD CONOOX O tip 00 CO GO NXIOOO CO ^ CM N- N- to 05 rH si l« o T* CO 05 CM CM 00 CO I - CM l - CM CM 00 to r-H O 00 CM HCMCD05H ^ to COOCOHO T-H T-H CM HDOODN . CD 00 tH to CO O CM CO N- < 00 O 05 to 00 00 to to CM ) rH CM Tfi CO to 05 CM ^ IS- 00 N- 05 CO CO CD to oo to CM -T HHlOCO^i 00 O O to ^ O O CO Cl N Tf 05 05 CO CM CD to t— l CM CM CD 05 H O O rH CM CO to O to rH CM CD CD oo 00 rH CO 0 N CO ^ CO to CO CM O CO 00 05 CM oc to cm co CM 05 to to CO rH 00 isl $ I § :o «j 03 O 35 c3 O oo g*3 .S3 8 ofififeO || lit S'S|g| fSjrg.g 3§-s8^ ,53;§1h^§ § § ^ ^ 03 .Sh.S^h-^hO q) o ® qj q; £££££ « p, 'jsS O 1 g'g C3 . i-s i Night school. h CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM *D CM Day school. 05 H Id H|C* «H« IHHI *D *D CO t"» CO *D *D CO CO CO 00 CO t*** CO cO iD CO CO CO CO *D »D Average daily attendance. Night school. CM O CO ID CO rH CO CO ID iD ^ kD 1-H CO CM © I> *D l-H © 1-H © *D© *D© co ^ id >>2 53 2 P'S in 11 ID (M ID ID O 05 (M CO tT (N CM rH 30 *D 05 000*0*0 ID OCM *D © © © *D 00 CM O *D CM 00 ^ CM tTIDOCMN h CM CO CM CO Students enrolled. Total b © CM CO ^*< © t'- OCUD 05 000(NCOCC(N ^HOOCS OO CO IQ 05 CO tH OOi-h i-h 05 >D ID ID GO ^ CO rf05^CO Is* CO T— i tF CM CO CO WHIDH NHTJ1 to i Ob O 00 ^ CO 00 »D ©05*0 1-H (NO X bC— ,a! ®,Q rfo1 | gjg 1,2.8 1st “dm s&J Ill | rCj >. :A «>£> !o d 55 c/2 b/) c/2 g as s .So s go g mam o rtoai SgS QJ <0 ® -h Sew'd d as.2 g' o o !PS 282006 2 9 ooOo -- W Vh W rfi CO r/3 w ^ O ^ co ^ tUO gCLoP g g ^ .3 cn _J-1 ai.d-d-rl | flS pj a a ft pS'sSpp'* w beOT bo M w H ® d+* g g 2 c3 i&jjjg .2 o® o m ppS geo d t5 5 o Oh §S«a Oo5.2 o 2 5g coQ as 2 d d ® o 9 5o S d d Sill A ® ” M’S as rbrd,d PH P.2P ^«S .go PhOT a d d'O tiigls PQOPOP Angeles (625 S. Hope St.).. I CaliforniarBrownsberger Commercial College PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AXD BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 449 CM CM CM CC CM CM CM CM to OC 50 so to ■ lo'sC SO to toiOOC to so lo so so Iso tO SC so1 SO Si'io'Io'f- Io'Ig’Ic'io'sC SC SO to to £ WS£ § L° | £25 CSp 8 :8 S»gsgSS3S 8282 a *°SS* ! - §sgss§§ssg lip ccT • § :5 8g§8§gSgi22582 1 sggs £ E |S||SfgSS| I gi3§ |5|S |SB5||g|S8SSS co t-T § 2§§2 ; £ » 33§|5gsg:s : g §58 £S?g£ S28e58§2g2gg§5 ; co' £ iss 2 ^ 8§Sg«S®8SS2S | sss £23 S®B3§8SS8 2«§2 £ - : | £58 2SS3 S^S^SggS 8^52 8 S§6S 2 S5||sssgs§ 1 s S §§S8§ g$-§8§828:S££§g C5 G *OjC JO 1 S 2 £828 §8*3S2§ggiSS38Sg CM »CCH ft t» rt t> tO ri t- to -sr C* to O oc ^ trs^e^lco MNsCNOt'WMsOMNOrt 59872°— 21 - 29 ilorado State College of Bi Table 18.— Teachers, students, and attendance in private nondenominational commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 450 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Hours per day. Night school. dec dddddddddddd d d CO CO d d d C?C? d Cl Day school. as H & Ml* Httf-t* Average daily attendance. Night school. iO 'OHLOO^OO^O^OH ONOLOO iO»CO © »0 CO I>- <0 ^ 05 IO iO • CO ^ O d • r-H rH rH • d d d Day ! school. a COOOLOOOOO^O»OIOONOO(N ^ a a O • ^ iO lO QO ^ O H w W'C ^ o H ^ h N W CO CO O O CO • i-h d CO © © rH d HH * H Cl d Students enrolled. Total. Wom¬ en. © eOMOtONOt-Nt-NosO©^ NO>HH®MMCN © © NO«®rfiflt'®MNOP5WOt. ©INCSHfuOHfOO©© 1' © •— » -oiio o»ooo *©Tr©iovo ocoio • O 2 cs 2 ^ co CONNO ; cc co co . CONi-icOt^T-rCODCi^ODC JCOOCiOh Men. VO 100 WiOODOtCNCDid^N iONOOOhOOOJiO *1>vo^»-hOO CO Cl ^ CO CD 10 CS C CO CD CD Tf LOrfHOiHCOHTTHH 'Hd’S'CO CO CO rH fH i-H In day courses. Wom¬ en. © 123 517 896 153 219 1,554 1 253 242 410 47 218 108 rtCCXlNiCOCNCCONNNNCO co^r O rr CD icor-co vo »Cttoo•'§ — ' M *H O rrH M M c ^CC^o^Coo C H m O = « a2 is is g is a $ SJ§ £ X5 22°s|>^g2 O F3 PQ _3 PC o W ? O P3 •c< 9oq<1 fl > — " T3 • — ! s’ w. si^papjg«ir.!| M^-Jo 0«OWOr 2 O^X-'H . s S 2 a $s 3 2 s ~ “ " ■§§ _ iooooooooooo©,,: OO feDfcuObJObSbJObDbObfbfbftx: by b£-r< £ % CQ !5ggggggggggS8«8gS5g°« Esw O O O; 60 MU £ S c3 <3 08+3 W ^PhOW^i-4 PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS. 1917-1918. 453 C^'cc . S'Ttc’t'- Sf oc to rS’toV- Niocet'C ; :88S88 a S8S8-S*8i5!®SSSSSS ::2S8 :^88S i88§8 15 20 i :£888 8SRSg jls S£8S£8S|8:!;g82SS8 igSSSSSSSgSggg S8 SSSSS’-SSSSggSiS SSSSSSgkg* gS3ggS88iS3r ; 88 :sggsgs jss |SS3 8SS8808^8§288S2S2:S8 47 12 £fr L ZH 96 tootccjo :«*| o 00 F^OC O O o * uisoS'iss ^o o' occ o# SO SO ICO IcIcIcO O OOOia :gS jg^ggg ;:3£g £ :g£gS2 75 15 n o 3 gS jwg j i j j jg :§£2g§g§ggg:g§ ssgggggs gg j H £ oa gg :°g§2 :ggg *§S3§gS8Ss8?S S3|§lg§ I2S 81 727 £ i £o£~S~Sg:S3S gs^ggggggggg g^ggggg BSg «§ s s ssa^ss-ssss :3g ;3X33S :g2g 2 :ggggg 65 1 18 30 ”1 2 ^cjo.^oo >;;< ; jo :2g j:2228g :ggg | jggSSS £S2 *8 o s oco^j. j ;s S|gSSggg§|£§§§ ssggSSI is* 48 529 2 i gg^g^&gSgS SgS«§ggg3S§§S g^gggSS 12 430 8 aas^g-s js-sss N^MNrt^O-nwrt^eOW SC CO ^ CO 00 Cl Tt« COC* H f-H tO CO CCH(NH^iOHNCO(NlN i-» i ■ CO t-4 CO WHH * (N »> '3< ect- «o o too »o »« »c o'© dTus Average daily attendance. Night school. • O O *00 to to too O O to CO • co co • th x^wwoonw • ?H • CO r—t to -(NcOOOtOOOtOX co ; h co x D- tO (N rr O ^ N O O • CCXXMl-NOHN I> HH • rH i-i Students enrolled. Total. sL- © OO 05 TTLOH WOsOOWOhOOHHO^OMOiOiOiOHiO X O NOOCOtNO^X^iOCOiO'NO)'^ i— t O HH 5-H r-t r-H CO HlCHHHHHf 1 CS rH ’H* rH O Men. © ■■H to CO CO .tO— < x/l O © o .5 A ” o T3S c o oSO o £ ,3 .5 00 g 3m <50 w ! U) 3 cQ • « £ ■'3 •§> :o § 3 ■c'a s cq — < o £ oo T3 >> - § «& .s s Pfl®cs tprs £ o tao • ■ ~ '- £*f.S' e 9 ' -.^3 co'C .3 "§ § ® 2 H fa pm 11 J ■Sgj'g 1 rO 3 O ^ i2«-S I §£s=Nq ,’StJCOF^-< © -> . c3 >>3 ©"1 ° ©93 53 CO 3 So C5.B 1| W'2' © 5 05 JO o o S3. ! co SS-^3 d S I ga If §f p g c3 ^ hW® 4^CQ+i'S'---CO0OCOCO “d^^SdBCB 3 0—3 3 o o o o o -4-> W r- 4J 4J -p -i-i vi ^ ^ Pn ^oo ^ m vi *“* Yk ® K*"> K*^ >* O © ^ 7^ o o o o ocQfx^ g-eqpqpqeq gocO^X BSBBBBBBS‘,3 oooooooo ow 1 © : :2 • g'2 = 2 © : gm ® a«2!S) © £ §2 £ c3 O.tS Q, co PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 457 • 05 05 ?T 05?? CM CM CM CM 05 05*05 05 05 05 CO 05 05 oT 05 CO 05 CO 05 CM CM 05 0? 05 CM CM CM CO •^OIOIO 3? tO CO*?? to io* 155 I-O to* to i to to io S*>o,io*Io* oo to t'- to to*®* inloecc .3W CO c » CO CO CO l> SNgS 0$8 8838 888828 28382228*° 8 2 i^05 88 : 8 131 18 27 220 88a2S§gg88832;?!3g8g8S822888g§g SS 50 52 20 50 200 is KSSg ^S88Sg8'sas?|gSS§|8-S58'|§!9SSffSSo!S| £8$33!|S§8 8o583 283£§|;S2g2g828228£8s;8S2£i??3c088 $8 8**8 ?52 i :g8K8 882228 :883S&8882 : ;8 2 : ^8^ j8a*° :& 8288 28 : ;83SS; gS^S"3® :05^®tgM05OW05 : jo 8 : :8N :83°° :8 2SS8 Sg382|Sgg222S3g£88ggg28883&3£ S3 2238&3,(582 1 School two nights per week. Table 18. — Teachers , students , and attendance in 'private nondenominational commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 458 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. j f] u a, . 0 >> 3 a 1 Night school. 05 CM 05 • CO CO CN CO 05 CO 05 CO 05 05 05 05 • • 05 CO Oi Day school. 09 to [r-'-t Hl-M HCISfe»r4Hr4N Hn r4N ©© 00 CD t> CD CD to CD to CD tO iO CD lO CD CD 00 CD t>* 00 Average daily attendance. Night school. 12 31 10 20 091 92 ^ 05 © rH tO © to tO 05 CO © • • tococo X©C005rH05^4 . . HN Day school. 76 45 85 24 10 50 195 10 42 43 tO to © © © to © tO * ©0505 05 X © © CO *0 05 • tONH Students enrolled. Total. Wom¬ en. 0 T-H 05 © CO © 05 to ©oci^oor^o^c^© to© © ^ CD ©00 © © rH 05 r^^CO Tt* CO©^-4CO CO to 00 ^ 05 • © © © 44 5 ejjoc^ojNooc^ jio In day courses. Wom¬ en. W HN O-^N to hh(N © © 00 rH CO rt< © tO f>- © to© © 05 to ©»o r^©r-i © ©coco co© octo oa©co©rH ^ t-h hnco »-H rH t-H HHHCO rH CO rH ! Men. l© to to C*rH CO 00 04 rH Ol Tj* CC hJh r-l Ol rH CO rH h* rH Men. 09 CCW © -H w -r > g e a a © a _ a 0,0 .S oo 03 a 43 s P3-£43 © 2“ |£g bo bfit _© bo^ O V !| 'oK o 00 :«2 © .S w M BlDM -g ®00 til ® • -g "3 £ o 2^ O rt to -3 gm.® §u§8« !*S © ?3 K SSS " ;.S g ^SSSl^ :§■ ■s cal; § >r£ S :oQ| | 2 | : s « .c 2°©^©S£Sc +3 «cp 2fl°®S2 i .is I a :§?£ ; ® OS o3 m a 2 © a «2 pq g .2 o3 .2 a OKOmPhPh ® § > a* « T-H O <2>S © ©P5 t> > bo n«ra oo§ 2 2 O CO 05 05 2S CL rC 4J1O 435 ■guo o d .) 75 © (N T3 co oa CQ 1 o o < .P a a<- SS a ow oc ■ co c3 3 g CO _H O.S ®3 1« a a' •2 8 JSf 3®! 11 Isfl KQ Corn 3 o o o a Qflfi £ SEE § s o ra II Iss J3 4«i a ® K£ a ©5 |ai CQcjo PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 459 c? jlMIN _’cO£N(N COWNM (N CO CO CON CS CM (N ■ (M CS CM CS CS CS CM ^ .* .’ .* CM CM CO CM CM HC^ . rtiNHM C0500<0c0t-u3 • cciocico 100-0 00 o~ O lO K3 N N t» e OOOOOO OOSHUJO® S-<.N rlN rsN ©© rr 00 © o • lO o • © © O T*< iO lO©i-H r-H *t>.00© r-H G © to • eo Hrf!H CM© COt^©rH©rH © © © © CM ©© rH © CM ©© rH 00 ©© rH 00 CO CO ©CM © Tf! CM CM CM © CM © rH l- © XT CO©©©^CM©CO©COOO rH CM CO CM HTTI'- CM TT CO r-H ^ ®« H 05 rf H H N^.CONX^© Ol't C1©IC lOO^C-OO © LO 'CCtO^OO 00 CO © © GO t-h ©©t^©00^CQr-<©©O4© ^N^iHCOiO W»0 QWNCC-iOONiH ©t^ ■ hNQ5« rH NhtMC © »-h t-h l>- © 00 htt CO . CM • CM -MO -HO Hiooaot- OOSOCS'IOM iCOHiONOXNOOCiOrH COM3- 050 OrtN-l'NM N M a m Tf O MNOC-rnNHON® HHN rH CO t>* 1-H CS CO rH Ht- COCO iH 50 CO H rH M Tf iO XN>C M CO CO CO © r-H^CM©©©^CM© ©© •©©©©© © Oi CM rH CM 1- 0 05N05X r?CMH© •©© OMrHN©rtCOO 00 TT . T^t^OCrH © © rH CM rH © t- © 30 H4 ■ CM CM rH rH • rH rH rH r-H CM | ^ CO © CO W (N © © • © CM CO ^ ^ rH CO CM© H H © 00 H CM CM CM CO rH CM cs^HCSsoiQr-icooscocoeo 6 So®« 5? oO c - B w C3 • - > : >> foil Jj?i ;© o J Sf-SPSa* ® ^ ° y S § S— X O -- rri X y? cc ^ S2 §'§?§! ?! ooO < it OSCfiffitjjj i •o.2 go * « =s g ; *2 ta a g .! ?2 2 © n s 3 §s Pc^POiPWW b£ , •££ io® : ^o§>a°® * lsSJBs&S i£goK ! a § gg 1 1 - g :ES2»BSc :a||^f3 bo , P< PiC oi i 05 bC i P .9’ — ^ bo CD I®0 w O m ..Jlltl* ;g||^J§2 : IDQg^CDttiMfQ . d a «s CO O flO fe CO II &3go CQ-O gtt'OO "2 p ^’oj co Sa-fSSS astg CD a>ur bJJ © jor" 3 O .5~ CO S . o I— I w .2 *rj o> o ^ g sis|3g p ^ a to .2 d.S -g fl 3 r2 £ >- a> co OQ P H CO tX— c3 lo’Ss^ | ^ ^ e^a s 3 § S I 3 § •S!6dgH |«3pw lj«3M iii-igl pqpqoHpS ,®«.S E w O w • c ■ ■ WJ n w n b£®.S O q a>.£ rf rX t£ £ txj gr ^ 55 w .S © 5,3 ©o :f526l^H| Ipilillpli O cn^^CQ rsPQrC O 2 pj b£ £ id ^ j, ^ ST* ° ^ £ 5 r-^ n 5 w 3g 25 §!§ O 2 8 ojgCQtf m oo“^.5oo oois^o O ZtciW^gS^pq>ffi^ c >> o £ :=siad = OSS , s«° o«l!o|IIJfJJIJIIlo« ZJ PPM CDCDCDCD COCCI COCGGGOQ t> “ a CS > ®73 §-< § 111 CZ) ^ ^ o oPP W CO ^ • B ii 53 ISto g# § 43 ffl 03 n • PSP Ocm® O oo oo co “ -' '3 '3 '3 ® 5 '3 §i : P'S gogfr 03 5|'SS|| ass®l-s ppqoWpS cEg^o -S'£££8« ® ‘s £ 3 pppMp ^■a 4-3 ® cojx 1 School, two nights each week. Table 18. — Teachers , students, and attendance in private nondcnominational commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 460 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Hours per day. Night school. sgl-Sssgs In night courses only. Wom¬ en. 00 25 17 190 58 69 90 32 382 35 120 572 500 104 12 77 168 152 2 75 124 45 427 89 1 !>• 15 22 126 54 : 882888288 j10 In day courses. Wom¬ en. © g $888 ggsgsg S § IS 2 8$88 888888888 l* 21 53 146 7 123 24 23 283 14 Teachers. Wom¬ en. COOO©.-< CO CO *» I«0 8* tfTc© 3TlO LO lO iO lO dT» o' 12 6 125 15 »© OC asgsg3 -III l«§ *§ I- gs« 82 88882 :828 88 §8 8288£§0C§£ 8888 §88 88 8 8 8 5! co Si*|S§8828882 §§ 8888S8g8§§38 §1^1 HI |g g* gg2Sg§8gegS-S86gSSg 8§88 ISs *2 S3 gg£2832£gg!3;g&S8Si3 82 82822 888888 8828 Sgg S8 8^ 8|8 8S 8S888 82 18 49 20 7 71 5 45 12 1 8880Cg2 8888 f§§ 82 88 23°* S300 38222 36 8 21 §gSS282§g£2£ 2888 88 | ggSSjggSgSSgS-’&SSg 8S ;28Mg~ 2888 S^g? Sg 2 jcg^^joooc^gg-gjqog^gooo 00 ^~H^CO*-4CO-**Cr-T*Tf.-H C^ *0 CO *0 lO sO tOO Tt^CO OO CMO CM CO CM 0 D- 00 ^ CM CO CO CO CM CM rH Day school. - tCOOOO^OO too St-«^g00«D oco too coo r- 0 to to 0 0 0 h to 0 to CMI>OOhO(NW(M I>tO CO rH CO CO ^ 2^ Students enrolled. Total. Wom¬ en. © OOcOtOOOOt^ to to NhiOOhOJh (Nh CMCM rH rH CM ^ Nt^ 122 125 297 1,123 92 1,423 124 290 160 50 357 2 151 1,104 301 2 294 250 Men. © CM tJ< 00 tO O OC 00 ^ 00 N05 01N rH CM rH >« © © 'NON®isooo *o 00 © os ^ a «a — © CM COOO ■(NO-^iClMt-.© Nio^f 00 O'l'XC •«f Tf •r-t- CO ■'t* T— rH ' rH t» rH 00 H CM Men. »is ri*ti •& ■© (N«o 00 .H • »0 r-t CO © CT>© 'CO© rt ^>© CO MOOHCOM ® © corf • CO © 1-f I— C^l © t~ n ci 'co (M “8 CM Teachers. Wom¬ en. tH (MtOrHCCf-^^ OCO CO -C0»0 X H H CO • rH rH O * tO CM ^ CM rH • rH • • rH tOCO Men. M Nhh ••^eoeo t- rH CO C^l CO © i-( CO ' 'iH NHNHO (M o±; 2 s ®£ §> X J,® 00 flx! ,-,c<<'3a' iz *h ® 3 *o .h xj co ^ +i*cj w g CO «>+» !>^ tfOQ uiii; go g+j ^Js EeS*s >> O feO cO C3 (Sg£ H«<| C» © £££££££ - . - - — - - - — ' U * ^ feco^^!-^^ o '©£•£: 7 : o.°S o o o o S o o o ojnfl o o S o>( 3 c o i £>«><►«•* g>H><> . (D 0)H ®©©©®^©©< £2 ££££;z;£££££ £££££ £22 PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1&17-1918. 463 WNNNNN • C* C* .(N(NM(NC^CO(N NN «COC* 0 Q CO »C »C - NNtOiCCOt^^l lO CO CO 1C lO > to to t> to to © to to *o OlONNiOOOO UO — - HNIO HO to • O to o c C* • C*© c* 8%\ tOtO»OH^cOCOC CO Wc lOtOONCO^ (NONOCS co oc t- co csr © © © 50U5N rHHiNNN NNOh-^iO O to r* T-H 00 to to CO CO O ^ 00 SS8S !$8S8S38 8 g IH'HHHWIO CO I>* r^cjtOH^ooo toto^i>cotoeo CO 00 r-<4< r-i N ^HHHHNCO tO *rtt C* to ^©looeoaocNco r^cooooi t-ooT^oicoOocoo co © to tOOO!N^ t- © OOOOOO^C^ ©©COINCO©© to -H T-4 T-4 r-l t-H CO NcOOONOOOOi to NNLO H to H co CO OOOOXON to O Tj< y~A t^ CO cs © !>. to 8 34 CO 3 8 5 r-4 ^ CS T— 4 CO CONOi^HOtOCS to CO ^ C^ CN to 1-4 8 3 S • CO • c« *- JS g I^NOO^OCOO OtO^tOCOOcOOi I CO CS © to ^ CO COhNNhOcOCOC IH CO nN « 8SS8: Nfli«H«OWC rf T-H ' C* CO rH ©a NNh .-h CO • (N C* -PQ*m.3 ■' ' "S 'S'S o >J=3 5,0 ^ s xt s is : S jl : a . ® I’O I’S :| :s a . §?« MO ‘ MO ® § a M “ § ® £ bfvg.2^ w> S'3 2-5 3 os §.S p ® ® S MO *3 ® 073 3. a ffl § jb t* • © A £,g •g-g* g .a -3 <3fflO fi H« © .fe S §>sA § .a S 2 3 eq^o 3 at wS oSJs'Ca^^Aa g p 3 ^ -© ® .5 .5 -a .5 p»— i cq ^ rj cj o O _ M 3|lg.s.aw.sai < o ■ 'iooo • © • -COCO • © — 1 s © © © © X © t- CM »D OCOiOONNiO'vD'tXTj'CJTrO^NCOOWCO^ -^ONce WON WOOCUOTT'D © CM O *D H 05 05 ^D CM ir CM N CO h 05 © CM H H tP H CM CMr-^rH O^HID TP rH CM CM T-H HH d (B a id 1DC005© X *

n II : c i cc J « !l > J- ( Pt la > > » j > > u ic jc II !! >1 2 •? !.c ; ? IS Pennsylvania R. R. Y. M. C. A., Philadel- nhifi i | a c c j: e a < c ! . IS >■ Holy Infancy Parochial School, South Bfithlehpm b P •E a | i c c j: c a b F P jl )< jc !» > b « i i i l ; . p - a « r z <- l 3 i 1 s | 2 W c 0 o a 5 g a g .5 i * 3 1 1 ! I < a ! i 1 i \ » I 1 C. 3 x a 2 g ft 2 e P P P ! g £ ) c ! c > . j ^ St. Anthony’s Business College, Fredericks¬ burg . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 507 CHAPTER V. SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918. Contents: Biennial report— Classification of summer schools— Number of schools— Instructors— Stu¬ dents— Length of term— Cost of maintaining summer schools— Courses accredited for degrees— Lecturers— Observation or practice schools— A comparison of enrollment in summer schools— Statis¬ tical tables. BIENNIAL REPORT. After compiling educational statistics for 1916 the Bureau of Edu¬ cation adopted the plan of collecting statistics biennially instead of annually as in preceding years. Consequently, no special statistics on summer schools were collected for 1917. However, the number of students in such schools in 1917 is given in the Biennial Survey in the chapters on colleges, universities, and professional schools, and on normal schools, and are roughly comparable with the corre¬ sponding statistics for such institutions appearing herein. CLASSIFICATION OF SUMMER SCHOOLS. It was thought advisable this year to divide the summer schools into two classes; one consisting of summer schools more or less closely identified with standard colleges, universities, and professional schools, and normal schools; the other made up very largely of independent summer schools and schools conducted by private high schools and academies and by institutions of higher rank which do not offer a full collegiate or normal school course. This classification makes possible a comparison of the enrollment in summer schools of the first group, as summarized herein, with the enrollment in 1917, as given in the preceding chapters of the Biennial Survey on colleges, universities, and professional schools, and on normal schools. Con¬ sequently, by means of this classification, annual statistics on the enrollment in summer schools of colleges, universities, and normal schools are obtainable. Table 1. — Summer schools — Instructors , lecturers , students , and average cost, 1911-1918. 1911 1912 1913 i 1914 1915 1916 1918 Summer schools reporting . Instructors: Men . Women . Total . Lecturers: Men . Women . Total . 477 569 673 704 674 734 480 5, 572 2,477 6,140 3,166 7,516 4,206 8,607 4, 829 9,200 5,527 10, 646 6, 954 7,472 4,488 8, 049 9,306 11,722 13,436 I 14, 727 17, 600 11,960 1,371 303 1,429 319 1,517 393 1,773 442 1,961 551 1,899 438 1,331 431 1,674 1,748 1,910 2, 215 2, 512 2, 337 1,762 509 510 BIENNIAL SURVEY. OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 1. — Summer schools — Instructors , lecturers, students, and average cost, 1911 - 1918 — Continued. 1911 1912 19i3 1914 1915 1916 1918 Lectures, recitals, etc., given _ Number of students enrolled: Men . 2,939 3, 122 4,201 4,104 4,905 4,747 3,568 38. 140 80, 167 46,657 95, 560 62,625 118,663 77,455 141,339 86, 581 155, 230 107,955 190,264 33,445 126, 977 Women . Total . 118, 307 142,217 .181,288 218,794 241,811 298, 219 160,422 Average cost per student . 818. 00 180 815. 51 217 $18.40 268 $17. 48 269 $16. 99 263 $14.85 295 1 $24. 14 272 Institutions offering courses ac¬ credited for degrees . 1 Average cost in colleges, universities, and normal schools only is $24.36. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS. Hitherto all types of summer schools have been included in this report. As many of these were more or less temporary in nature, comparative statistics of such a heterogeneous group of schools have limited application and are of doubtful value. Consequently, no attempt was made in 1918 to secure a report from Y. M. C. A. schools, from summer camps, from summer schools organized for the expressed purpose of preparing persons for examinations for teachers’ certificates, from summer schools conducted by cities, or from special summer schools for training teachers of the deaf, blind, and feeble¬ minded. For the benefit of persons who desire to know the name, location, and date of session of such schools, this information will be included in each annual educational directory published by the Bureau of Education and will answer most inquiries satisfactorily. This change in the plan of collecting statistical data from summer schools has caused a noticeable variation from the corresponding statistics collected in preceding years. It is desirable therefore to point out by means of comparative tables and graphs the variation in certain fundamental data. The total number of summer schools included in this report is 480. This number includes 358 schools conducted by the colleges, uni¬ versities, and normal schools listed in Table 9, and 122 other summer schools listed in Table 10. The 358 schools of collegiate or normal school rank include 104 summer schools of standard universities, 119 schools of standard colleges, and 135 schools conducted by normal schools. Comparative data on the total number of schools reported in preceding years are given in Table 1. In 1916 the number of summer schools reporting was 734. Of this number, 231 schools were not asked to submit a report this year. The actual decrease, therefore, in the number of schools is only 23, which may be accounted for by the failure of certain schools to submit a report this year. In fact, it has been found extremely difficult to secure statistical reports, because of war conditions and the epidemic of Spanish influenza. It SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918. 511 has been assumed throughout the following discussion that the list of schools reporting this year has been as representative as in pre¬ ceding years, barring the exclusions enumerated above. INSTRUCTORS IN ALL SUMMER SCHOOLS REPORTING INSTRUCTORS. In the summer schools of colleges, universities, and normal schools, 10,564 instructors were reported, including 6,713 men and 3,851 women: and in the second group of summer schools 1,396 instructors were reported, including 759 men and 637 women. The total number of instructors in all summer schools reported in 1918 was 11,960, including 7,472 men and 4,488 women. Comparative statistics on the teaching staff in summer schools since 1911, the date when the Bureau of Education began systematically to collect reports on sum¬ mer schools, are given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows graphically the increase or decrease in the teaching staff in summer schools since 1911. The upper curve represents the total number of instructors, and the lower curves the number of men and women composing the total. To secure comparable data for 1916 and 1918 the number of instructors in the 231 schools not included in this year’s report has been ascertained. The vertical distance between the corresponding disconnected lines in figure 1 represents this elimination. The sup¬ plementary points, indicated by “stars” on the graph, show the 512 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. teaching staff in ail other schools reporting in 1916 and are directly comparable with the corresponding data for 1918, to which they are connected. The drop, therefore, in the two upper curves between 1916 and 1918 can not be attributed to the exclusion of certain schools from the report this year, but must indicate an actual decrease in the total teaching force and in the number of men instructors. In these 231 schools included in the 1916 report, but eliminated from the 1918 report, 1,839 men and 2,689 women instructors were employed. If only the same type of schools as are included in this report had been included in the 1916 report, the statistics would have shown 8,807 men and 4,265 women instructors, instead of 10,646 and 6,954, respectively. Consequently, the report for 1918 shows a decrease of 1,335 men instructors and an increase of 223 women instructors in summer schools. This increase of 5 per cent in the number of women instructors and decrease of 15 per cent in the number of men instructors since 1916 has undoubtedly been caused by war conditions. On the whole there has been an actual decrease of 1,112, or 7.7 per cent, in the teaching staff in summer schools of the types included in this report. STUDENTS. The total number of students enrolled in summer schools in 1918 was 160,422, consisting of 33,445 men and 126,977 women. Of the total number reported, 90 per cent, or 144,686 students, were enrolled in summer schools of standard colleges, universities, and normal schools. Twenty per cent of the total collegiate or normal school enrollment, or 28,666 students, were men, and 80 per cent, or 116,020 students, were women. In the summer schools of other institutions 15,736 students were enrolled, of whom 4,779, or 30 per cent, were men, and 10,957, or 70 per cent, women. Comparative historical data on summer-school enrollment are shown in figure 2. As in the case of the teaching staff, so in figure 2 supplementary points representing the enrollment in 1916 have been ascertained and are indicated by “ stars7 ’ on the graph. These points are directly comparable to the corresponding points for 1918, to which they have been connected. The vertical distance between the corresponding disconnected lines in 1916 represents the elimination incident to the exclusion of certain schools from the report. The enrollment in 1916 in the 231 schools not included in the list this year was 39,608 men and 56,241 women. If these numbers are deducted from the total enrollment reported in 1916 in Table 1, remainders of 68,347 and 134,023 are obtained respectively for men and women. In other words, in corresponding types of schools reporting in 1916 and in 1918 there has been a decrease of 34,902 in the number of men stu¬ dents and of 7,046 in the number of women students enrolled. It SUMMER SCHOOLS IX 1918. 513 can be safely assumed that this decrease of 51 per cent in the number of men students and of 5 per cent in the enrollment of women students, or a combined decrease of 21 per cent, has been due to war conditions. A comparison with the percentages obtained above for the teaching staff shows that the student body has been more affected by war conditions than the instructing force, a fact which might have been anticipated. ENROLLMENT IN ALL .SUMMER .SCHOOLS REPORTING fj Enro//neni- - - To fa/. — - - - Hen. - IVemen. fa ‘f/roidsatrcfj) /$// /S/Z /S/J /&/+ /9/S /9/e /9/0 Enrollment /OO 90 40 % 30 1 ^ 20 Vj ct ft * $ S * £ N f> ^ V <\l K.' — I — | — ; — r- $ 6 L K v ? % ^ v?' ^ — i - ; - ; - : - 1 - * & 1 * 1 * a £ $ - !c\l A) h u L eg end: 1=1 / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S /O // /2 /J /4 /S /6 /7 /C *^.rHi>oMX>©i-HTt©oO’^oooiooco 5 2.99 Enroll¬ ment weeks.1 388 2,007 10, 972 4G, 620 366, 486 8, 701 172, 144 125, 154 120, 840 211,585 98, 916 5,603 3, 510 21, 392 6, 494 47, 106 2,800 1,250,718 Cost. $5, 348 14, 250 40, 616 139, 244 1, 419, 455 35, 418 366, 110 310, 792 341, 026 797, 929 164, 851 13, 143 5,000 39, 193 6,401 42,000 1,000 © r— co Students. 194 669 2,743 9, 324 61, 081 1.243 21, 518 13, 906 12, 084 19,235 8. 243 431 234 1,337 382 2,617 140 155,381 Schools report¬ ing cost. \ 1 \ a??, i? >c t \sr r 1 Si 9 N% \ r°. T > 63 S \ \ 5 \ 5 f ■V, Q/>. - \ crv/ z ±*7j ^ 89. 9 \ \ ~9t3 -3t9 rjm \ S&9 99.4 &=* A tool _ _ _ _ L _ . -J _ . _ L__J _ _ _ _ 1 - /r_._ r 1,1' i£i ^ O to ZO 30 *0 SO 60 70 <90 &O / QO _ Percent of schoo/s. _ _ _ Table 5. — Showing method of obtaining enrollment percentages in summer schools used in figure 10. Groups.1 Per cent of schools in each group. Accumu¬ lated per¬ centages of schools.2 Enrollment in schools of each group. % Per cent of total enrollment in each group. Accumu¬ lated per¬ centages of en¬ rollment. 1 2 3 4 5 6 li . 5 5 46, 793 29.2 29.2 2i . 5 210 23,996 17, 168 15.0 3 44. 2 3 . 5 15 10. 7 54.9 4 . 5 20 13,873 10,982 8,982 7,279 5,825 8.6 63. 5 5 . 5 25 6.8 70.3 6 . 5 30 5.6 75.9 7 . 5 35 4. 5 80.4 8 . . . • 5 40 3.6 84.0 9 . 5 45 4,939 4,060 3,329 2,792 2, 424 2,120 1,816 3. 1 87. 1 10 . 5 50 2. 5 89.6 11 . 5 55 2. 1 91.7 12 . 5 60 1.7 93.4 13 . 5 65 1. 5 94.9 14 . * . 5 70 1.3 96.2 15 . 5 75 1.1 97. 3 16 . 5 80 1,402 1,053 796 .9 98.2 17 . 5 85 . 7 98.9 18 . 5 90 . 5 99.4 19 . 5 95 557 .4 99.8 20 . 5 100 236 .2 100.0 Total . . 1 . 160, 422 100.0 1 Group 1 includes the 24 schools having the largest enrollment; group 2, the 24 schools having the next largest enrollment, etc. 2 Includes per cent of schools in and preceding this group. 3 Includes per cent of enrollment in and preceding this group. SUMMER SCHOOLS IX 1918. 525 Figure 10 enables the reader to grasp the idea that a very few summer schools enroll a very large percentage of the total number of pupils attending such schools. Reading from the vertical scale it will be observed that half of the total summer school enrollment is found in about 12.5 per cent of the schools. Reading from base line it is found that half of the schools enroll almost 90 per cent of the total student body. This condition prevails because such a large number of summer schools as shown in figure 9 have a very small enrollment. Reading the curve conversely from the viewpoint of the smaller schools represented, it is noted that 50 per cent of the schools enroll only a little over 10 per cent of the students. In this group the 240 smaller schools are included. For the purpose of showing the dispersion in the distribution of enrollment, a “line of equal distribution” has been drawn diagonally across the figure connecting the extremes of the ordinate and the abscissa. If the enrollment were equally distributed in summer schools the points locating the curve would fall on the “line of equal distribution” in such a way that 30 per cent of the schools would enroll 30 per cent of the students ; 50 per cent of the schools, 50 per cent of the students, etc. The “bowing” of the curve away from this “line” indicates that great inequality in enrollment exists. The farther the curve recedes from the “line of equal distribution” the greater is the dispersion. The curve does not give a numerical measurement of the dispersion but indicates that it exists. It also enables one to read readily the percentage of enrollment in any given percentage of schools. The curve forms a very valuable supplement to the dis¬ tribution bars represented in figure 9. Table 6. — Summary of statistics of all summer schools reporting in 1918. 526 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. I •ISOQ a O s sms igiii mu §iiii n§ii boss's sf^sssfgf a'i'g'gs' §ss“'f| sssfs' "Sul -jjodaj s[ooqog 00 3 *<*'*' *>° COOOOO^C^ Observation or practice schools. •^uamnojua - 18,345 |S|g| gs g|i§| agasg ||sg| ;■ r-T r-T •Sui -jiocIoj ja'qtunjq o s ©rHCSMM HN |(N^H NNOltSM CS'*r-<,-l^ Students. 160, 422 lllsl 1S1S1 13111 SlsSI 3S1SS of os' t-hV-T mToo'-©' in co in •namoM •*> 126,977 pill aasas flip §i§3s iiip cs" «oV-T r-T oin'inin es" c* -^co -*F •uepi to 33,445 lsils rial “Ills SSSSl mgs rn" V2 j© •U8H © 1,331 S | 2 © m ‘°2W2S Instructors. •moj, OC 11,960 1 — 33 «3S2 §1111 SgSSg i!slS r4~ •patno M 1 22£gS? ggSgS •U8J\[ © 7,472 ||S8SS8 Summer school courses — •pagpads jojvj 1 O tH •OH lOHH(NH H H CO CO • (NNOOHO iOHHtH j •S09JS -ap a^np'BJS joj pajipajoay 5NO NX O O CO ^ 03 02 ^ 1 : il 3 13113 §1 coi-T eg 31—1 gg§8 • -HN 1-0 ^ 02 02 t-H CO 03 03 02 03 03 iO CO ^ *H S*388 Bills 31 CO r-i CO 04 ON H CO is iglBS Ills i -T'oT r^cT^r eo «oV4VT I3SSI 33321 il eo oo oT oo oT i-H 2 £3 §3 £2g« eo 3SSS3 §S82S S§ SS IS—s IBS- g30'^^ ggsgg £S SS Sg^S §3S2 |o«|| £g 8S 3§333 . • t-h »0 • OOOi^Tf O i-l 03 • ; ^ :nn . 03 OHHrfN CO ^ r-H t-4 HIOHC3C3 CO rH 03 j 2'JrtHN '*'<* 03 iO CO 03 1-0 lONOOH G »— < 03 w 03 ® 2 ° § 2 03 02 © ^ CO 03 02^^0i-h r-» 03 !"• HH Table 7. — Summary of reports of summer schools, conducted by universities, colleges, and normal schools. 528 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Estimated cost. •*soo 22 $3,472,875 56,834 8,000 10, 398 122, 850 76, 097 8,900 4,343 31, 900 11.700 22.700 12, 637 576, 033 172, 775 161,020 125, 600 22,933 42, 633 8,850 136,122 153, 325 74, 400 •gutpiodaa sjooqog 21 00 co OHNHO M i-l CO CO iO COOit^OOGO CO ^ • O 05 05 Observation or practice schools. •^uamnojug; o m 17,082 HOCMC O GO -iCOO M H Tf« 05 M H05INH05 ^ CO O5i-HOOCOM IOIN • 1-4 TJ1 t< (NCONXN OO M H 1-4 CDIOCOIN M M r-4 05 CO •Suijjodaj iaqum^ e> 165 T-i CM CO CO i—4 rH |HH M CD I> C5 CO (M CM r-( i-H (M t* Students. •[Bioj, 18 144, 686 2,854 231 586 6,748 2,255 878 192 732 971 1,634 691 9,924 6, 142 6,447 5,859 941 2,344 j 536 326 3,198 5,443 3,982 •uamoAl 5 116,020 2,502 210 293 5,580 1,984 271 190 461 844 1,178 663 7, 358 4,590 5, 459 5,242 810 1,799 223 1,312 4, 30S 3,431 •U9JS $0 28,666 352 21 293 1,168 271 607 2 271 127 456 28 2,566 1,552 988 617 131 545 138 103 1,886 1,135 551 •o^9 ‘sjBpoaj OTsnm ‘so-in^oo! aepdodrniag kO 3,142 30 CO CO ^ CM ' Tf »0 CD lO 00 O 1-4 lOXCM-^N XO rf CM 05 • CM CM CM CMOCCOCO r-4 CO i— IHCO O ^ (M ; CM CM rH Lecturers. 1,450 00 CO NCMN 00 CO CO CO CO r-4 CO O CO DO H ^ CO — CD 1-4 CO r-4 CO T»4 00 Tf4 CM r-4 ,-4 CO CO CO •uauiOAi e® 336 ^ooco COCO ; CM M ^ 00 ;C^iO CO oc •U9Ji a 1,114 CO 1 COrf H lOHCO't^ CO CO 05 00 1-4 00 T—l CM 00 ID 00 i—4 ^D CO 1-4 CM M O M M r-i M CM CO 1 Instructors. •i«;ox - 10, 564 M M 05 00 00 CC CO 05 00 CD 05 CO CO 00 00 CD O O COCO CO M ^ GC rr COHOSH 05 CO tP CC CO O ^OO l>-r CM Tfi CM 1-4 ^ ^ CO CM 1-4 CO •uauioAV 10 3.851 1 C^ONMCO OOtOlOM Of <£> X OHHf O i-< i-l T-i CO CS ' - rNM M®MHf IrtrH ^ i-l •naj^ A 1 6,713 (M CM iO CO O CM 00 CM CM CM b- 05 t>« i-l M D^tOrTO GO CO 1-4 CM -r CM lOCOOO 1HX05NCM M M 00 OC5 j i-l CO 1-i *0 M M M T-4 rH CO i—4 Summer school courses— •paijpads ;o^ 00 104 hi^ -»OH CM j i rH rH HCO | J J CM rH CO '<£> CM *0 •saaiSap aiB -npBjg joj pappaiooy 86 CM H^4iO • • r-4 1-4 'lOCO^H r-4 CO • rH CM CO 1-4 •saaoSap aiBnpBjg -japun aoj pappajooy «e 252 CO CM 00 • i-4 CO CM TT MCO00 00 00 HCOHHiO t>* ^ Summer schools of— •SIBUUOJ^ i® 135 CDHHfOCM CM ' ' HH MNN ; CO CM i-4 CO • CO LOlO •saSanoo 05 CO ■ 1—4 ^4 • HHHH r— 4 LO TJ4 CO ■ • r— 1 • lO MM •sai^isjaAiufi - 1 ^ 1 o HCO^ ' M 1-4 CO ■ CO tJ4 M HCO | rH CO MM •Sxnpiodej siooqog 00 OHCJMO O COtNH 111 l°2il Slip. i-Tua co* i-T c^of oV-* i-T c* 1,269 ! 2,012 4,041 9,223 864 737 3,044 3,553 1,134 5,064 276 1 ES SSasS gSSSS Is Tr" eo- *--« oo'to’ 1-Tr-T 1 1,214 1,838 3,549 7, 409 727 701 2,794 3,141 922 4,085 254 |gs g»S|S gssgi 2S TT tH i-H ss Isa”! sal- 888 82S88 S8SS| SS S3 82SS8 8883 388 ^CO SJgSgg £8 83 38WS8 S00^00 coci® «o 88 38 ££W058 SSS 3SSRS |S3|i Sg l!SR! 832* sss g*”-- gssss SS5 8S3 2|8S2 8383 83 193 48 126 5 13 51 20 558 83 38 403 215 77 193 853 33388 £883 HH • • • ; C4 ■ ^OiOrr ;»0 HCO • ^ rt< i-i • (N tT rt« ; O* ■ ®,-l,-I^O* COt}i HH HiOH(N(M COHN ; HO^ OHHHN OCOH^ © - io co 05 05 102 ■ c© © *0 • (N 05 CO © ■ ■ 50 • to • • 57 14 23 ’Sui -jjodoj ja'qum^ 25 (M ! j : H CO CQ OOiNH y}< hhM x 00 1,396 1C CO 03 50 00 NOOOON OWr-IMM N 00 I"- 50 if1 OO 03 OO - TJ1 lO O H 1-H IM MH H ‘nemo m I> 637 00 r-» CO e* -T 05 Tf< rH (N 00 lO Tf (N (M W(NHY}1 COrHCS cs co 05 CO Tfi O NIOMHH H 30 CO CO H 03 i-l if CO 5C H CO CO ^ HOlNM | CO | *S08j3 -8P OJ'Bnp'BjS joj pojipajooy : o j| ;|z New York . North Carolina . Ohio . a, P IS II Tennessee . Texas . Utah . West Virginia . Table 0. — Summer schools of colleges , universities , and normal schools reporting sessions in 1918. SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918, 531 Esti¬ mated cost. »C iigiiis ill i ii iiiiii i i gNOSicn (N -TL-O OC 'HO 'T © «-I £ © *c B 5 a P Ill O o SSSS : ! : SSS 2 S5§ : 3 : i* § i £ : | B 1 X ig H ?? ISIsSS8 MSS § Is. ° I «T s s oi 32282^ cJ CO | ifii - ■ ’THNCS 00 t-I oi g'-'-SS 00 : Lecturers. II © • i-H • r 0 CO ** : 1 a , • CS| ^*coi W 8^*° : Instructors. is X ioswwaooL'5 oonm c © — o g a NOOONO®«J =>£« N 2« «©«««« -r 1- d If ill x : :x X x : x x : i«I XX :x XX XX :xx x : \ i y : ® CC-^!NHOC ^ O O OC OCO 0»®«000 — : O still# infill it j J ? Oj o o o 5XX o^S c c Xo X£ 5a g X I o i x; > • a o 3 X • > > • 5 a a a o t> X i Rummer school. 31 -5 | 'c 1 < i j ! ; : ; ) * M 11 iHc HI G • • State Normal School (Negro) . Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. State Normal School . . uonvhv,u . University of Alabama . i ; I- ! f §: i X < -g o m >* 1 1 g | University of California . Pomona College, Marine Laboratory . 1 if ii- 2 o: ^ >f si i|; i | O u ! 1 > v- e a d .2 o 1 a m 11 - S 3 £•* I*fl ford Junior University). State Normal School . . - < % 3 < £ 1 £ < : r . ill III g • ‘ M il II II : : < . . !? Ii 1 : >> < 11 1 rz | &: : a 6f 1 °i 1 S' 2 ■< ill i ii a g Is ! £ : 2 : cj o o 1 J I 1 The cross denotes yes. Table 9. — Summer schools of colleges , universities, and normal schools reporting sessions in 1918 — Continued. ■ 532 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. © © O © co O O 00 CO c ° ° £ s 83 3 eo« g? 00 CO i-l «ON co c '838 3 3 6 © 6 d £3 t>- _ X : x :x : :x :x x xx xxxxx xx OOO OOOON ©" O § d CC3CT £ r^a§ S ® © ' M >> CO fl 3 ; • > . ; ; •> - o 3 ^ 'q 3 o 3 888zp > ; t3 Po 0202 § 3 3 © 3 fl 5 fcfcf © ffl O mcQ £ 3‘ || ^ £■. sSi “o ; 1 1; mO o m 02 <3 la l| f£| O Sd o|§. •■efc’s'g ,j2oo p) S-go t»PcQ ! © Sl|| fSfl . - _ © o3 ?“8|g 'ogio o ® 3 ® 8a. 2 2 02 02 hO ©_ §|0§ Sg'Sg ^ o >-m ^ o’g|S^ O r* e*. & O U1 •sga £>02 ' S3 0202* 1—1 HH iC-a S« a g •ess gs o o d o f^OOOH is 3 02 ■< sity of SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918. 583 ii ill iiiii mm iiiii ii§si§s§s m tsT id* *cT OHHn(N iO^TcT OONNw' i^Tco'- cfr-T jgVT TjTjH'^'cfoO oTcgicT 1-0 S8 S3 42 117 2 2 gig ;. 1 NCCO (M 21 4 Hi 301 257 105 357 020 43 2 97 110 93 §* SStliS^S3 181 ef §3 S3S !§ScS a00 issas^sgs 20 18 CM lO o • —1 Cl S'** S8 12 10 21 8 21 16 . CM O CM r-4 CM rH o CM Cl • 8 CM CO CM O CO ■ Cl Cl o Cl ^ o • O CO 00 o iO 6 12 14 3 23 22 4 2° $?2 S°2N °gN 03 ONH OfflNOM OOOCO gj 2 £ 2 *° °®N - gS«*SS5-fc- -8S X X XX X •j X :x : XX X X xxxx XX X XX XXX X XX XXXX XXX GC 00 00 a o •l. fee 8 £-8 Pa £ O O I CO ^ OO'O U- lO^CO^^t^COCO^OOOGO 05 o^co wi^^NOCOQO ;.>• o oooo^Soa^g O OOOOhJOPOhlOH ! S p ® > P- b£-5 2 P p.g 1 a •c<5 2 2 hi sol? cc P >CG a p PJ3 '55 a o," 8 &p ^ .IL p P C £ p a £ 3 b£+^ I-. l{§ i* c3 o3 ' ?U o oZ a p c c S >>0.2.2 gpl^H opga'H opKffiflSz o 'ea’2 pIs^W a >, 5 8>o2 >’| ® O >\2[D 2 d a 02 S?_\02 SP c3 aSg 03 3|1 ;~-t= “S >> ■-I w o t»Prg So+j.oj • c3 2 c3 znOS>> . £0 0-2 !|® ii §3.12* cspsyd^^^Ra®,? pb SSfl”^3 >P5 P.2 go ~£ o J - <3—, c3.Zi CpQqW 2g O 3 © w Q3 g o _ q driOcJo 53? ® o P3 Pi c3 c3 . n hP5S|iigd & ^.a^pp p.| TSTJ g g "S >>T3 aspp S c3 OP’P C3 03 fe •s 32S Wesleyan College SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918. 535 liiiii liiiiiii 2§g sill iliilii ; ill! toV-To'ci'to' t-T of o' o' o' -f r-T oo'Sao hoV .-00* • of of V-T : :S :2§ : : 8 :88 : : : : : : : :.B 2 26 . 227 . 94 222 170 . 199 57 2,069 500 522 440 1,474 76 104 378 92 340 297 . 734 753 15 . 113 . 75 . 34 . 76 . 40 . 60 . 223 62 . 170 . 17 . 20 . oocot~«^« 2 62 72 103 7 82 47 :OtOtO- • T-H • MM ** coco | CS 00 05 CD CD CO 2°°^ ‘ 2S2H ^OOOt-iDCD j CD : TUN jrH ^N«©oto o 10 © 05 oo to oo ©toto osoosco co co «o co eo o oo to tuoNH Posse Normal School of G Table 9. — Summer schools of colleges , universities, and normal schools reporting sessions in 1918 — Continued. 536 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. rfOOOOOOO hQQOWNO»CO ©©< ^COOO^IO iO © © © -rr 40 © t— © © lO < OOOCiOOCO-^ ©©©40©©00c0© rnnNl- 1'NOK' :S 8? CO O ^ 40 §.j®a £ o « 09 61 • • N • lO "•tf* 40 • CO • • t— < . r>- © © • ^ 00 LZ 18 56 • • • H CQ CO ' H 6 d ^a (N © CO H LO © CO •gB’ • • • • > . > • „ o 0-3-3 Soooooooo oPoZJzioo PZooZZZPZ > . .> Oo3oo3 ^w- oolz; ® 2 c 'o’3i= op g e'S-i’ S s pp _ eS gP So ^ °*S> 8„ ^M a > a cs SW) 1 a ^•d © 03 I'd S.aJP'o i'w>S) 6W1 C3 2 g P « M a sm ft z g § as s 'Svh o t~ o£ a o-g °a^ S«.2.S ^ ®£;S ® ■SOS bJO'Jg -3 -2 ”3 -3 >>0 J |20Seg2l9 ■a%£2go$a£ O o sj§ 3«a >,a S o & CQ ® o o o © dj o <» +3 ^ §>^ “ > ® T! t> M ® © ® pM •'£> MOM • . 3 .jjj q S S5-o 5 ow p 111 MO M . o m ^ ®‘S.S ,§ 2 CQ fl S .■= 9 rl « c3®Ph'2'S •< js 2 ^ a Es a Jj O o3 © oM > •a 5a i d es .a o • • o fi o Q op I SUMMER SCHOOLS IS' 1918. 537 s 1 igilil §§§!§ 1 ill iiiiigilii i i c-f o' gVoV laefjHO 'r' c-i <-i £ §3 U;" O ® " i» o o MS MSMiSsiSzS 15 a °£ II .3 mX S3 rn P gp So > p c3 -£ ® © © 3 coZ « •a p ij is ji Ii & ® © <5 CO >>b”2 ill jii •5o|5 ■ae^«2 ^ 2 •ggS-S (3,3,0 o S3 3 3 GO O o ■s* m ^ a ;m® 1|5>. !!«££! m *S."S O >3 ° £ o+5 q 4)^ M fe ^ sQ.| §J-a“ 8 os-3^|gp'3^^ap ^ Op'S ©^.Su fe is o © 2^=3 ©E-t ©’2 3 #! IIiUp?! g O © w z © £ M CQ S3 3 SS^ooooo ol" : - O O ®K, ° 1 - g 2 ? ? © 2 si ©,C © © pqOPZJz; S3 O co lullowhee . ! Cullowheo N ormal and Industrial School. . I SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918. 539 IOOOO III S 8 eo* • ‘CO f-H o • CM ^ t>- lOCO lO i> CO CO CO CM CO CM 05 'OOCOCOHC < LO CJiOhOJN^Nh' ;NXC.^^rrN^OLO(N*vO x :x :x x :x XX xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx ®®OU5!ONH®® cOt^C ZZZUV & > o o o'S > > ^3 c IS j£ ® 'o o ® ' ^?’o>2’o3^h5'o,of5'o1jC'3 o £■§ ©02 ft © tcH 3 co ft B jS ©3? _ &%iz § S '3’oa 2 -g So ^ ES^gS .3 C O 2.00 « •S'S §2 © © § © © fla CQCOW^OQ CQ B C ft ft B © 03 c3 E E :’§> . a ;H :I :£ £ “«>>&§ So ft tc.t?±; =2 fcoP H^vo © m w ft —< 02 gf ft. < !€9 o ® Cft .ft btr*r ft ja “U'-' d .ft fc-a "^=2 83=221^30 O O _ ©^©ft > § ® c3 c3 . ^ I£2 c3 02 02 ■ P 02 ft &£-" c©®>C£ft02pgft, •aS so > £ §- ©,§ ® c g. c .S-d c c c c°a a fcfo^app-gSS©©^® o ft mP ~ooftft®>n?®Bo 2|.SP'gS2’3 3g§|rtSS ca' 5<5COfflPo2c6 Sm . ■ wM& ® :&bj£j?i3 ^Hrc S>E.§ ° ° S o £ Ec-d ©•§ gp-g © o Spg-g g^P ®£ c S^p Sc o ® -Eft-0 ft ©•§£ C PcoSO^PfS^E-i ESI? ©ft ft > c o *3P° p © B ■deft 5 H >> o d *3 S3 S-§ ■§**« 1 B ft llg! HOO?? I| © •33 ft ft •a o .Jfl ft ©ft a G5 ©5 ^2ftM2ft ft ft B3 OT -U © ft tO CO x^oSo! 10 10 10 10*0' lo'oo'oo' s' CO w £ a ® Ph ° 4g O O o o o 00000*0 »oco to co e* oo co i> H CQ C CO CO hOOC^X (NHTTINC^ COO*OOMNCONNOOHO CO CO {=>o o o : > • ; > ■S’S o-g’S : :> : : • : > > > • ; • oofioo^ofi^o^o OOpCO^Ok^PISoZ o o .d I! &«* £ *3 8 T3 GQ §J 73 o r/iffl sg a^i ^ m ^ c3 p o -5? 3 .a ' ! O to 1 O ° I* os d § GO Ji «” .Sisal c. - ^ 2 a .£ ,s> o -g -£ 3 O § hPO Km ®3 o ®- GO O f 3 ® *3 S £02 •30-3 .si o a ® o L* . b tuO , 60 >> O as >> "21 aol o ® ® bo ^ bx/g 2-a g s a Ot>OP4£ 60 6/W3 •FT. ■ ® O S2 ?„P4a2 .2163. f^'o’S o >i S F oc 0 £■&!?*• 5 ®.Sf.S > ® •a s-b ®oh o ® O a ~ . a stj a 03 03 S| '.'b •§| &3 © is 'S © lift o b® o OW^Ph g£ gsags- , hii& 'Jfa>r2bjo©f2r2/-ipHwp< SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918, 541 a i li ill 1111 Ills mi §1111 iiiii fill 1 s' OC CO • co of« escort' -'■'"S' csTgo" Vjo'acT ^'eosTr^'oi' ion jo co cq 2 :2 ;8 j : : *|2S |S2 | : i igg S is® j :2S : S 1 li 53S8S*® ssss nil |gs§8 sgss9.8sss g o 2 £2 cs iqccous^o^ ! SSS2 88S35 S| :22 44 51 1 ;s IS : S32S : s o LOCO NHNOCO CCO^O O ^ 8 *2 9 Of- 2 CO o 2 • csi 1-H CSJ • -CO • CM ’ t-H * t-H H o O OOCJONO O O O lO »o h 88 8 TT CQ T-l 00 oo g S 2 -5 « co do® t£ ©. « ® W00O • x x : :x xx xx xx x : :x xxxx ££0 PoKoZZ > o o "3 £6 t> ‘3 .5 . m & §E ii if co 3 55 .2 > bo 3 <5^ 3 3 §5 Is* ^ ber t* O fc. .0=3.0 °S- - P>3 cu 3.0 ^ >2-^T3T-i^ .s §■§ 0'S g a >;ScG SCC 0 S3 3 g v-r3r3bH32 o o>p 0 OiS C3|-? s- c3 fc; .sSg'Sg^fgg. | §£ p.©^ 3 ^'3 >®^o® a-gs-ag-a ^occWocPh cc> > •3 e j Iff SI .33 © CO 03 33 73 c 33 3 m 33 ^ 3*3 d 2 Q +» . ts . 2 Q SC o -3 ^ £* S Ph .2 2 33^209 h © Bellingham . 1 State Normal School . I Nor . 1 91 . 1 . 1 22 1 34 1 12 1 1 6 1 45 1 805* . 1 20,000 SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918, 543 ggpg gg gg ICOWO oo oo ciooVVo ^co ocsT ggggggggs OiOOt^OiOfN^: cieicf ^ c*faT >0000000 . O 1C Q O © O rr )OiO(NONOiO '^aowoiiocoiOTP^co : : : : : oeo : : ; ;l00 ; ; • • »OU5 • • • • O N CC >C O • 3 ! .’ '. '. ! 1-1 1 ! • • r-H O • • • • »H • • • * • t • • "^OONCOO • HOOOW ION r-1 ^ O w X 00 N- COO i0NO50 00CCN^o® oe®o®»w®'f®®»ioe« > ; : > ooo3 'So Ss £ZZP <56 15 S c3 «n H .2 o csPi j3 ©' §1 Occ 6 ® 03 ffi o c3 os I? ,C MQfi fl rr *** r-* .a C3 (V»M n j£o|>3 S M'S C S 5f tfl ►£ 2 O O tjj • m5> ® q &►§? 02 C3 tEs§&> sojg“a &H COCO ^ ‘£6 1W 1 gi* Ills 6oSpm cc 00 C c c c c o fcOOOZ^ZPZZ coooococooooooo ZZZZZPZPZZZZZZZ m g PC c5 © • © c r2 • mo § :S mxs ® Ol o 02^ M-d £ _, >vS fl O S c> ®z O X! ’0»^p,2 II 3 3 PPn © a Si l| CO E-1 «o :® COCO'S 02 “SCO w> .S cxi.S .Sc5.S 2 g bog ; co ; K. e-<£ SpP c : j$v~ >»^3h8 8 : « 8 | Sh sto^ ^0^0 2 C5P 2 ,§ ® c ,® S >41 ® § j'S° §'5'i£:s6 HQ0 S'2' ©’H OOOOOO ® il-* 03 ® > a cr ® ■tS'CC'C'C'd £ § oS^'Ss 2 CWtf OcopcoSco c gltT °3.s g ®P ®^^.S S g+S bc'S,-g ■S* 3^-s ® 5 O ® ® s— gS-5^ 1 g S §8; <;npqwpc:J 50 £a §10,8^ ®^®- feicgrtig.li op^coco^ The cross denotes yes. Table 10. — Summer schools of secondary schools and institutions of higher rank hut not offering a full collegiate course, not included in Table 9 , report¬ ing sessions in 19 IS. 544 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. o fro > P 4 ©: p-t w S 88 CO -*> 2 ^ a INNH CO t- w S '2 43 9 k> "2 ** > 45 oWPP tfo s 2 oS 5© a .02:0 M >>£ §‘gs Sgw Jh.£ © ^ PA oPe c — it pW 15 fifl PQP o .2 S § a£ £ a P3 02 o bjO S g oM g to 2 C3 © O SUMMER S' ggSggg£S88 :£ ggggggg ioo«25coooonco ;t-< 10 to O O O O COrrtOcO G CM CM CO * CO h h O 10 N CHOOLS IN 1918. ggoo OOO OOJC 0 CM CO to O CM 05 CO to O CM © co cm' t-T cm' ^ cm'co' cm' tO 1 M r° i N8 i § M to CM • GO CO G 78 24 g^SSSg^gggg 828SS2S G ^ CM TTHH hh cm CO t-h CO CO tO rH O G G CO O CO ^ O C HCOCO't 00 too OOGt-h to H 00 CM CM T-H > CM OHION ■ 0 (M CO CO to 00 lO ^ to to to CM CO OCOhOO h« • O CM rH t-H CM th t>. G CO • G CM 00 O rc CO G t-h rr •CO '00 05 1 to co to 00 • *CM 00 th ! co G • CM CO tO tO CM I 9 te 8 I T 00 j G t-h ! •TfHHrr • O CM • CM CM ^ t-H • • • CM ' 1 2 12 32 : « O >0 O -=J< t- ^ >0 COt- 00 CO K3NO G ^ ^ HHCO^O CO to co COCOO CM CM T— 1 t-H CM CM h O CO ^ to • O CO CO CO 00 CM to H ^ to CO to G to T-H rH 05 t-H CM 1^ H 05 : : : : :x : : : : : ::::::: - X x X :xx xx : x tO CO O G G tO G tO G CO CO HH5CM1 CO CM CM G G to O COO GOOG G CO TT Is o-S s~£: G.S o co Sm _< o g 3 o’! =_ _ ujj.a S3 a .— s g£ g o Ss °-e' cg^-s g |S oog-l SCO o g 5 g-S'S £ o o.2®3S'wocoo o h-3 g.S t: 3 <33 © 22 d S >,02 o.5£ ~8' .all §>§,§>§, ail £-32 M a rt a a C3 C C C On" 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 B fti-aSaacoo » gSilllS bC., g •' 3 :o 1*2 :-3 ll^jl a “"2 jsjjL lilli e'E-a 'g’o So m a —S3 £*> ® G a o 3 ?.S ©Q a J3 S-G — S 333 © a o c 5— s GGhiCG O ©a; JS ■S-g fc-S CO'S i! OhMN o ;-i co op g 3 2^0 li ar o es oo • . (M "8* A o fl £a o © §.a -u ■s P> ^ o •■sa e °o ^ <3 .£>•§ ►s; CO 'o'-l 88 s •-l00f"4,000 £.a'3 CJi ^3 e 3 o o r*S •sl 3 © o b bl |4 li 0«4< t>> CO •rt m II t M •§ >>0 _ o ■“ ^S- °0 2 o o £ " o >> _ W) If 8*2 8 If ilSl&li P 2 2-d h 5 ® as m © -M <£> r£j C/D #-H w . — |56§wcg,s§® l^s-a-s a§®» 2b'-^^ 2 I >J3 -3 § 1 3 © ® a ® afl o-S . o <1® . be o.g si 5 § g* fl^S *&.g 2 Si3 ©.fl^p ll-flj im >a ” Pn o co -gp g fc *5 § a © © u, a E^ft Occ m be . . _ .a : :§,§£S ©**<;£ fl fl fl ts o 2 a .a .a OQ g Q & h : : H • • ;PQ . © 1 o 3 § «! a pe . Anne . . . l ; i o • • . . w • © co .p S i£ pp &.g rt§ p? g 'g gj .sp-s a a WOOaj 1 |a fl g* 5 §oo ■S flfiO School (West Central Scho< SUMMER SCHOOLS IN 1918. 547 s 8 O O CO OOOOr O b- O O (N O 05 (N W I §•2 ’3 - .02 8 ^ ■S 02 v/j *p< j o a1" §s°® SMS ®§§S .5 >>B o 52 sA© g a«£ 8“ S^sJ-S H 8§ al § 5 *00^ ■§ g o oj g mgpqpq g *^o . | ©| 03 02 3 © t, s © 2 H O O gfH,3>> «wofl H) 002 s "ra O 3 c3 Eg =r ^ "S 3 &< <$ |© ,2co lE £ 2 f-« ^ pC3 C3 <5«o^; oOO 2 Ct3.£ ^ o® ©X! 3 02i3ca ■mS b 0^-2 (*®1 £ j; «' © 3 O &Ph£- V o« ° 9 8 o © X3 O 3 ©43 •J302 © CO <£ ^ f—t f-4 b£ O o jas Isa ,^>44 3 IO2O2 0Q .a .a ® S|3S a .3 c ® S PH ® 3 a||l Ph£ 3 <44 02 C3 3 O — X2 O o2 — < f-4 (h r> ; a <1 —02 § ..02 02 >*3.3; g3 2S «e 21 . H > fe P^CO^H o ® Sis ® ft 03 O 33 ?pe8 i§S4?k © S3 il ^ o 88 «! •3 2 isisi .a I|1 c oo? 1 The cross denotes yes. ? Four terms. 3 State and city control. 4 Two sessions of 6 weeks each. 6 includes interest on equipment. Table 10. — Summer schools of secondary schools and institutions of higher rank hut not offering a full collegiate course , not included in Table 9, report¬ ing sessions in 1918 — Continued. 548 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. O O O O O O >-0 < o o o o o < ^lOC^OCiOi IS s s “esc h8° p d ®-3 d 6 c 3 d ’§2f? © o o d 'o ® p i ^ O INHMN(N O 3 o • O* y-* lO C '55 fcfli 3 2 ,s< a„ dd|M £ d-£\S Og g d ■q t3 O SCO a® ra.S»S S|E? g§2 c3 Sffi § ,3 “ & S M fc* .2 -9^ S 5 O ® 22 C +3 '£a8|*c^c2d oSgt^n©©®!^ ■c xi © O ® co SB P SdO o'* >.2 O OH 0 >>' C»> (N !N CO n eo>oio g.C'C ®. gggO! E^Jj s- o Oo, >> o'S o' 3 o-c * c3 t-, SgT) 9 O C jP *7 l— 1 cf; « .S3 » v. p- a§ •C^ c J3 0,2 OoaS ^ . ■ £S>>' ■SSCC3 C c3 2-C Phi0S(1i vrt O O O i!qqq • •!! oo-S-g O £ Phcq © x §| OO1 o ° > dE§ >3 ^

cv) M 'O ^ O tv of schools- ”* -* M CO CO * * toms! 55 0>O O o ~ ~ o OcOift If) tv IOUU 1600 1400 1200 1000 600 600 400 200 0 • l f A \ y / h i / / / / f / i t / f A ** / 5ch Cho / < I « 00 D 0 2 h n fr of on, ' r 1 1 2 CO r> j XV '/e, na ng (or ' ) ■ 1 1 2 cor lo ft Fa sc >o o! y* y 9a ec 1 rs *r < at rn < < • i 5 ft no F in c/i l ( yo | 'ea /. < < 0 A 1 j 2 3 0 < 2 maintained in the Bureau of Education, cut down the aggregate sta¬ tistics for those years as will appear below. If a school did not report for two consecutive years it was deemed a “dead school.” The result of this procedure is shown in figure 1 . CLASSIFICATION OF SCHOOLS. As in preceding reports, all schools have been divided into two classes : First, schools maintained in hospitals which are more or less of general character and function, and second, schools maintained in hospitalsfor the treatment of insane patients. It should be remarked, however, that many schools classified in the first group offer highly specialized training courses, but for the sake of convenience in NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 551 referring to them they all have been designated as nurse training schools in “general hospitals.” These two types of schools have been treated separately throughout except in figures 1 to 5, which are historical in nature and in which the totals for both types of schools have been combined. The reasons for continuing this classification are self-evident, as will appear in the comparative figures which follow. Postgraduate and special training schools have not been grouped in a separate table, but have been inserted in their proper places in the table giving the detailed statistics on general hospitals. They, however, can be readily ascertained by glancing down the column on “educational requirements for admission” where they have been definitely indicated. Possibly several other schools offering short courses are also graduate or special training schools, but the reports did not so indicate. In all, there are only nine graduate schools and five special training schools with short courses of instruction. In addition, four other schools offer a special course to pupils registered in other hospitals. Table 1. — Comparative statistics of nurse training schools, 1879-1918. Years. Schools.1 * 3 Nurse pupils.1 Gradu- uates.’ Capacity of hospitals (beds). ' Average daily num¬ ber of patients. 1 1879. 1881.... 1882- 83. 1883- 84. 1884- 85. 1885- 86. 1886- 87. 1887- 88. 1888- 89. 1890- 91. 1891- 92. 1892- 93. 1893- 94. 1894- 95. 1895- 96. 1896- 97. 1897- 98. 1899- 1900. 1900- 1901. 1901- 2. .. 1902- 3. .. 1903- 4.... 1904- 5... 1905- 6. .. 1906- 7... 1907- 8... 9908-9... 1909- 10.. 1910- 11. . 1911- 12. . 1912- 13. . 1913- 14. . 1914- 15.. 1915- 16. . 1916- 17A. 1917- 18 3., 11 298 141 15 323 157 17 414 133 22 475 124 33 579 221 34 793 218 29 837 349 31 989 335 33 1,093 421 33 1,248 431 35 1,552 471 34 1,613 527 36 1,862 582 47 2,338 786 66 2,710 970 131 3,985 ' 1,498 177 5,094 1,773 298 7,263 2,498 377 8,805 3,027 393 10,018 3, 132 432 11, 164 3,456 448 11,599 3,710 545 13, 252 4,015 552 13, 779 4,206 724 17, 713 5,333 862 19,824 5,795 974 21,052 6.400 1,023 21, 119 6, 759 1,026 26, 457 6.759 1,096 29,320 7,017 1, 129 32,636 8, 140 1, 121 29,805 7, 720 1,057 32,389 8,062 1,094 34,417 9,937 1,327 39,597 10,234 1,509 46, 141 11, 118 1,520 47,611 11, 520 1, 776 55, 251 13, 751 84,227 95,180 108, 435 112, 467 130,930 145, 506 166,063 176, 026 185, 932 199,012 214,597 194, 236 199, 172 202, 887 233, 748 256,325 265, 332 158,606 158,389 173,640 185,408 198,174 13, 751 303, 193 225, 1 In so far as reported to this office. 3 Statistics were not collected for the school year 1916-17. 3 For general statistics for the school year 1917-18, see Tables 21 and 22. 552 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS. The total number of schools represented in this chapter is 1,776. Of this number, 1,692 are schools maintained in general hospitals, and 84 are schools maintained in hospitals used exclusively for the treat¬ ment of insane patients. Of the 1,692 schools in general hospitals, 65 did not, or could not, report, and only 2 schools in hospitals for the insane failed to make statistical reports. Altogether, 1,709 schools made a report, nearly all of them giving in full the data requested on the statistical blank. By reference to figure 1 it will be observed that the number of nurse training schools has multiplied rapidly since 1903. The increases in 1914, 1915, and 1918 are pronounced. The evident decreases in 1912 and 1913 are not due to an actual decrease in the number of schools, but to the fact that if a school had failed to report its statistics for two consecutive years it was dropped from the list of schools maintained in the Bureau of Education, and consequently was considered a “ dead school.” From 1879, when this bureau first collected the statistics of nurse training schools, to 1893 the number of schools reporting did not exceed 100. Since the latter date the number of schools has increased from 66 to 1,776. The curve, however, represents the total number of such schools throughout the country which were known on the respective dates to be in existence, and not at any time the total number reporting for the current year. The curve shows graphically the rapid multiplication of schools of this type throughout the United States, which has been almost phenomenal within the last five years. Assuming that there were 1,250 schools instead of the low number of 1,094 in 1913, as accounted for above, there has been an increase of 526 schools, or 42 per cent, in five years. Approximately 100 new schools are being organized annually. SIZE OF SCHOOLS. In figure 2 the nurse training schools have been classified according to the number of nurse pupils enrolled in each school. It is found that 804 schools have from 1 to 20 pupils each, and about one-half as many, 470 schools, have an enrollment between 21 and 40 pupils, inclusive. In other words, 76 per cent of the 1,680 schools reporting enrollment do not have more than 40 pupils. The school most fre¬ quently found does not enroll more than 20 pupils, as will be noted by the longest bar in the diagram. One very large school enrolls more than 300 pupils. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 553 554 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 2. — Method used in computing data used in figure 3. Groups. Schools in each group. Per cent of schools in this group and. in all preceding groups. Nurse pupils in these schools. Per cent of pupils in each group. Per cent of pupils in this group and m all preceding groups. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 . . . 84 5 12, 465 6, 832 22.6 22.6 2 . 84 10 12.3 34.9 3 . 84 15 5, 215 9.5 44.4 4 . 84 20 4,322 3,599 3, 182 2, 771 2,459 2, 194 7.8 52.2 5 . 84 25 6. 5 58.7 6 . 84 30 5.8 64.5 7 . . . 84 35 5.0 69.5 8 . 84 40 4.4 73.9 9 . 84 45 4.0 , 77.9 10 . 84 50 1,940 1,718 3.5 81.4 11 . 84 55 3- 1 84.5 12 . 84 60 1,541 1,386 1,243 1,102 2,8 87.3 13 . 84 65 2.5 89.8 14 . 84 70 2.2 92.0 15 . 84 75 2.0 94.0 16 . 84 80 975 1.8 95.8 17 . 84 85 810 1.5 97.3 18 . 84 90 655 1.2 98.5 19 . 84 95 514 .9 99.4 20 _ 84 100 328 .6 100.0 Tntn.1 1,680 55,251 100.0 DISTRIBUTION OF PUPILS IN NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS. From the preceding figure it is impossible to tell just how many pupils are enrolled in each class of schools represented. Conse¬ quently figure 3 has been arranged to show just what percentage of pupils are enrolled in any desired percentage of schools, or vice versa. Reading from the vertical line, it is found that 50 per cent of the pupils are enrolled in about 18 per cent of the schools and 80 per cent of the pupils in about 48 per cent of the schools. Reading from the base line, it is found that 10 per cent of the schools enroll about 35 per cent of the pupils and 70 per cent of the schools enroll about 92 per cent of the pupils. If the pupils were equally distributed among all of the schools, the curve would follow the “line of equal distribu¬ tion^ in such a way that 50 per cent of the schools would enroll 50 per cent of the pupils, etc. The “ bowing’ ’ of the curve away from the line of equal distribution shows the degree of inequality in the dis¬ tribution of pupils among the schools. The greater the tendency of a few schools to enroll a large number of pupils the farther the curve “bows” away from the straight line and recedes toward the lower left corner of the figure. As the curve does not bend far from the line of equal distribution, it is shown that pupils in nurse training schools are rather equally distributed. The method used in locating this curve is shown in Table 2. The enrollments in the 1,680 schools reporting such data are arranged NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 555 in order of size from the largest to the smallest and are placed in 20 groups, so that each group contains 84 schools, or 5 per cent of the total number. It is found that group 1 contains 22.6 per cent of the total enrollment in these 1,680 schools and that groups 1 and 2 combined contain 34.9 per cent of the total. These percentages are then plotted on the vertical 5 per cent and 10 per cent lines, respec¬ tively, at the points indicated on the curve. The other points are obtained and located in the same manner. NURSE PUPILS AND GRADUATES. In figure 4 the number of nurse pupils and graduates is shown for each year since 1879, except for the years 1882 and 1917 when no statistics were collected. The curve representing the number of pupils shows the same general fluctuations as were shown in figure 1, in which the total number of nurse training schools in the United States was represented. A decrease is shown for the years 1911 and 1912, but very rapid increases appear since 1912. In 1911 and 556 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 1912 each school known to be in existence was asked to make a report, but if it failed to report, statistics more than two years in arrears were not included. The data for 1911 are particularly significant for two reasons: First, the only comprehensive study of nurse training school statistics containing data comparable to the data included herein was made by Miss Nutting in 1911. Second, these reports are all the more comparable since in 1911 the statistics are practically all for the year 1910-11, the reports two years in arrears having been rejected as explained, and since in this report no “arrearage” data whatever have been used. The dotted curve represents the number of graduates from nurse training schools. The relative percentage of graduates to nurse pupils enrolled has not been so great in the more recent years. In the period 1894 to 1898, inclusive, 35 per cent of all pupils enrolled graduated; in the years 1899 to 1903, inclusive, 31 per cent of all pupils graduated; in the years 1904 to 1908, inclusive, 29.2 per cent of the pupils graduated; in the years 1909 to 1913, inclusive, NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 557 25.8 per cent of the pupils graduated. In the last five years the total number of graduates has been only 24.7 per cent of the total number of pupils enrolled. Within recent years about one-fourth of the pupils enrolled graduate annually, whereas from 25 to 30 years ago over one-third of the pupils enrolled graduated. It is seen, therefore, that the increase in the number of graduates has not been proportional to the increase in the number of pupils enrolled. The explanation of this tendency is probably due to the fact that many schools have lengthened the number of years in training from two to three years, thereby obliging pupils to remain longer in the hospital school to complete the required course. A smaller per¬ centage of pupils will remain to complete a three-year than a two- year course. The small number of nurse training schools, nurse pupils, and graduates reported prior to the year 1893 would indicate that few professional nurses were being trained in nurse training schools. The movement for the training of professional nurses seems to have received its most marked and permanent impetus about the year 1893. CAPACITY OF HOSPITALS AND AVERAGE PATIENTS DAILY. It is important that a nurse training school have a sufficient capacity and an average number of patients daily to make the training course have most value. It is a rather generally accepted principle that a thoroughly efficient nurse training school should have, at least, a capacity of 50 beds with a daily average of 25 patients. In fact, with certain accrediting bodies a school is not recognized as a standard school unless it meets some such requirement.1 Already a movement has begun looking to the consolidation of small nurse training schools. Therefore it is desirable to give to the statistics bearing on this phase of nurse training some consideration. As will be observed from figure 5, the total number of beds, or the capacity of the hospitals in which nurse training schools are maintained, has increased rapidly since 1900, the year in which the Bureau of Education began to collect this class of statistics. Since that date the total number of beds reported has increased from 84,227 to 303,193. Out of the 1,709 nurse training schools reporting only 14 did not give the number of beds. If each one of these schools had the same average number of beds as did the schools reporting this item, viz, 180, the total capacity of all hospitals maintaining nurse training schools would be 305,713. Each year preceding 1918 also needs a corresponding corrective increment. This number still is low, since 5 of these 14 schools are in hospitals for the treatment of the insane, in which the average capacity is much greater than in i See Bulletin No. 7, 1912, Bureau of Education, p. 19. 558 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 559 the general hospitals, and since 67 schools failed to submit a report. It is possible that this very great increase in the capacity of hospitals in which nurse training schools are maintained may be misunder¬ stood, since, with the increase in the number of schools, new hospitals are not necessarily organized; but hospitals which previously main¬ tained no nurse training school, and therefore were not asked to make a report, are now included in the list of such hospitals, thereby apparently greatly increasing the capacity of hospitals in general throughout the country, but in reality not doing so in any marked degree. These total statistics imply the correct intent when they are used in the sense that nurse pupils are now trained in hospitals having the capacity indicated for each year. Therefore, the totals as given are germane to the subject of training professional nurses. It is of interest to note that, since 1900, the total number of nurse pupils has increased 395 per cent, while the capacity of the hospitals in which they are being trained, as shown in figure 5, has increased only 260 per cent. These facts, however, do not necessarily indicate that the opportunity afforded for a variety of training has been lessened for each individual pupil, since with the advent of larger schools, due to consolidation as well as to actual growth, a decrease in the per capita capacity does not lessen the variety of observation or practice. By comparing the curve representing the average number of patients with that for the capacity in beds for the same year, it is found that the highest percentage of the capacity was utilized in 1912, the per cent being 79.5, and the lowest percentage was utilized in 1915, when only 72.3 per cent was shown. In 1918 the daily average number of patients was almost 75 per cent of the capacity of the hospitals. This percentage needs modification in view of the fact that annually a number of schools do not report the average number of patients, but do, generally, give the capacity of the hos¬ pital with which they are affiliated, it being much more convenient to report accurately the latter fact than to make an estimate of the former. In 1918, 70 schools in general hospitals and 10 schools in hospitals used exclusively for the treatment of insane patients did not give the average number of patients, but each one did give the capacity in beds, aggregating 28,216. Of this number, 7,018 were in general hospitals and 21,198 were in hospitals for the insane. Only 3 schools reporting the average number of patients, totaling 1,429, failed to give the number of beds. Only 11 schools, 6 in general hospitals and 5 in hospitals for the insane, gave neither capacity nor average number of patients. Altogether, 1,615 schools reported both the capacity and the average number of patients, the capacity aggregating 274,977 beds and the average number of patients aggregating 224,470. From these corresponding totals it is found 560 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. that 81.6 per cent of the capacity of hospitals maintaining nurse training schools was utilized in 1918. Owing to world war condi¬ tions, this percentage may be higher than in preceding years, but it is doubtful if it exceeds the average of preceding years. If the per¬ centages for these years could be accurately determined and plotted on the graph, the curve representing the average number of patients would fall nearer to the “capacity” curve than it does now. Table 3. — Distribution of nurse training schools in general hospitals according to capacity (beds) and the average number of patients treated daily. Grouped according to capacity (beds) and the average patients daily. Distribution as to capacity. Distribution as to average number of patients daily. Number of schools. Per cent of total. Number of schools. Per cent of total. 1 2 3 . 1 4 5 500 or fewer : 1-25 . 162 10. 1 426 27. 5 26-50 . 470 29. 0 455 oq 51-75 . 313 19.3 214 13. 8 76 100 . 187 ll! 6 159 io! 2 101-125 . 115 7.1 88 5.7 126-150 . 112 6.9 56 3.6 151-175 . 50 3.1 24 1.6 176-200 . 52 3.1 28 1.8 201-225 . 19 1.2 20 1.3 226-250 . 26 1.6 18 1.1 251-275 . 14 .9 5 .3 276-300 . 26 1.6 9 .6 301-325 . 7 .4 8 .5 326-350 . 7 .4 9 .6 351-375 . 2 .1 2 .1 376-400 . - . 12 .7 4 .2 401-425 . 4 .3 2 .1 426-450 . 5 .3 5 .3 451-475 . . . 2 .1 1 .1 476-500 . . 7 .4 3 .2 Total . 1,592 98.2 1,537 98.9 Over 500: 501-600 . 6 .4 3 .2 601-700 . 4 .3 701-800. . . • . 2 !i 3 .2 801-900 . 2 .i • 1 .1 901-1,000 . 2 .i 1 .1 1,001-1,100 . 1 .i 1 .1 1,101-1,200 . 1 . i 1,201-1,300 . 3 .2 1,301-1,400 . 1 , i 1,401-1,500 . 1,501-1,600 . 1,601-1,700 . 1 .1 1,701-1,800 . 1 1,801-1,900 . 1 * j 1,901-2,000 . 2 .1 2,001-2,100 . 2 .1 2,101-2,200 . 2,201-2,300 . 2,301-2,400 . 1 . 1 2,401-2,500 . 1 . 1 Total . 26 1.8 14 1.1 Grand total . 1,618 100.0 1,551 100.0 NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 561 Table 4. — Distribution of nurse training schools in hospitals for the insane according to the capacity (beds) and the average number of patients daily. Grouped according to capacity (beds) and the average patients daily. Distribution as to capacity. Distribution as to average number of patients daily. Number of schools. Per cent of total. Number of schools. Per cent of total. 1 2 3 4 5 2,000 or fewer: 1-100 . 1 1.4 4 5.9 101-200 . 5 6.6 4 5. 9 201-300 . 2 2.6 2 3.0 301-400 . 401-500 . 501-600 . 601-700 . 1 1.4 1 1.5 701-800 . 2 2.6 1 1.5 801-900 . 1 1.3 2 3.0 901-1,000 . 1 1.3 3 4.5 1,001-1,100 . 6 7.9 1 1.5 1,101-1,200 . : . 3 3.9 4 6.0 1,201-1,300 . 3 3.9 4 6.0 1,301-1,400 . . . 8 10.5 7 10.4 1,401-1,500 . 7 9.2 5 7.4 1,501-1,600 . 4 5.3 3 4.5 1,601-1,700 . 4 5.3 4 6.0 1,701-1,800 . 4 5.3 4 6.0 1,801-1,900 . 1 1.3 4 6.0 1,901-2,000 . 4 5.3 Total . : . i 57 75.1 | 53 79.1 Over 2 000: 2,001-2,500 . 9 11.8 6 8.9 2,501-3,000 . 4 5.3 3 4.5 3,001-3,500 . 3 3.9 3 4.5 3,501-4,000 . 4,001-4,500 . 1 1.3 4,501-5,000 . 1 1.3 1 1.5 5,001-5,500 . 1 1.5 5,501-6,000 . . . i' 1.3 Total . 19 24.9 14 20.9 Grand total . . 76 100.0 67 . 100.0 DISTRIBUTION OF NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY IN BEDS. By reference to Table 3 it will be noted that practically all schools in general hospitals have a capacity less than 500 beds, 1,592 schools, or over 98 per cent of the total number, falling in this large group. If all schools are classified as shown in Table 3, it is found that the most common group, that of schools having from 26 to 50 beds each, contains 470 schools, or 29 per cent of the total number. Altogether, 632 schools, or 39 per cent of the total number of such schools, have capacity of 50 beds or fewer — the minimum standard often set for an efficient nurse training school. In hospitals for the insane, as will be observed in Table 4, three- fourths of the schools have a capacity of 2,000 beds or fewer. The most common group, that of schools having from 1,301 to 1,400 beds, has 8 schools, no central tendency for these schools, however, being evident. Only one school has fewer than 100 beds, and only eight as few as 300. 59872°— 21 - 36 562 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. DISTRIBUTION OF SCHOOLS ACCORDING TO THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAILY PATIENTS. Table 5. — Distribution of nurse training schools in general hospitals according to the average number of patients per nurse pupil , 1917-18. States. Schools having an average number of patients per pupil of — Schools not giving average patients or enrollment. Total schools. | Less than 1. j 1-1.9. 2-2.9. 3-3.9. °i °i i 05 3 N *1 05 00 Jb OJ % | 10-10.9. | 11-11.9. | 12-12.9. | 13-13.9. | 14 and over. | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 u 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 United States . 99 615 443 186 59 42 23 13 9 6 8 2 4 3 13 102 1, 627 3 5 9 2 2 21 1 1 5 4 1 1 2 1 1 3 18 12 31 12 6 2 2 "3' 1 1 4 74 2 8 5 3 1 1 20 8 9 3 1 2 2 25 2 1 3 4 3 2 .... ....| 1 10 i 4 2 7 2 12 7 4 1 1 1 1 4 33 Idaho . 1 1 2 3 1 1 9 7 42 22 13 3 4 1 1 2 7 102 Indiana . 3 19 7 4 1 1 4 39 Towa _ 2 34 6 1 “i‘ i 3 48 Kansas . 4 20 6 4 2 1 2 39 Kentucky . 2 7 7 2 1 2 21 Louisiana . 1 3 2 2 2 2 12 Maine .... 2 8 7 1 1 1 1 21 Maryland... 8 5 7 2 1 1 2 26 Massachusetts . 6 46 18 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 91 Michigan _ 4 16 16 5 1 1 1 1 45 Minnesota . 2 28 10 8 2 2 52 Mississippi . 2 7 5 1 2 1 18 Missouri . 3 20 10 7 “ 2 3 1 1 47 Montana*. . 5 7 1 1 1 15 Nebraska. . 11 7 1 4 1. 1 4 29 Nevada . 1 • 1 New Hampshire . 2 11 5 2 1 1 1 1 23 New Jersey . 2 9 13 10 5 ”2' 1 2 1 45 New Mexico . 1 1 New York . 5 49 <2 18 4 5 6 2 1 1 2 3 9 147 N orth Carolina . 2 16 12 5 l ■* 2 37 North Dakota . 10 2 1 1 2 16 Ohio . 24 26 14 3 1 1 1 1 7 78 Oklahoma . 2 11 2 2 2 3 22 Oregon . . . 5 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 17 Pennsylvania . 4 42 82 19 8 6 ”i" 2 1 1 1 1 1 8 177 Rhode Island . 6 2 2 1 11 South Carolina . 1 4 6 1 1 3 16 South Dakota . 5 2 2 1 1 11 Tennessee . 2 3 3 1 1 1 18 Texas . 4 11 7 5 1 28 Utah . 3 2 2 7 Vermont . 1 8 3 12 Virginia . 15 . 10 4 1 1 1 3 35 Washington . 5 9 7 2 2 25 West Virginia . 1 13 14 3 1 1 1 34 Wisconsin . 3 15 7 4 1 1 2 1 2 36 Wyoming . 2 1 .1 4 1 1 The capacity of hospitals is not so important as is the average daily number of patients, when the facilities for the training of professional nurses are considered. For this reason it is thought advisable to NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 563 include in distribution Tables 3 and 4 the number of schools reporting the average number of patients. By reference to Table 3 it will be noted that 426 general hospitals, or 27.5 per cent of the total number of hospitals reporting this item, do not report more than 25 daily patients. In 1911, 25 per cent of these schools reported 25, or fewer, daily patients, according to Bureau of Education Bulletin No. 7, 1912, prepared by Miss Nutting. It will be further noted that 455 schools, or 29.3 per cent of the total number, report from 26 to 50 patients daily, and 214 schools, or 13.8 per cent, report from 51 to 75 patients daily. By combining these percentages it is found that 70.6 per cent of the total number of schools reporting do not have a greater number than 75 daily patients. In 1911 the corresponding percentage was 60. Altogether, 1,537 schools have 500, or fewer, patients daily, only 14 schools exceeding this average. It is found from Table 4 that only 4 hospitals for the insane main¬ taining nurse training schools have 100 or fewer daily patients. Altogether, 14 schools have 2,000 or more daily patients. Table 6. — Distribution of nurse training schools in hospitals for the insane, according to the average number of patients per nurse pupil, 1917-18. 564 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. AVERAGE NUMBER OF PATIENTS PER NURSE PUPIL. A better index as to the variety of training offered in nurse training schools is the average number of patients per nurse pupil. It is, however, assumed in the consideration of this phase of the question that the care of patients, in the main, is left wholly to the nurse pupils. By reference to figure 6, which relates solely to general hospitals, it will be observed that the largest group of schools, 615, have from 1 to 1.9 patients daily for each nurse pupil in training. The actual number of patients cared for by a nurse pupil at any time is two or three times this number, since, as is shown below, ordinarily a nurse pupil is required to be on duty about 10 hours each day. It will be further noted that 443 schools have from 2 to 2.9 patients to each nurse pupil. Referring to the extreme instances, it is found that 13 schools have 14 or a greater number of patients to each nurse pupil and that 99 schools do not have one patient daily to each nurse pupil in training. In figure 7, representing hospitals for the insane, no central tend¬ ency is shown, no bar being noticeably longer than the other ones. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 565 The most outstanding feature is that practically all schools have a greater average of number of patients to each nurse pupil than do the schools in general hospitals. In other words, 88 per cent of the hospitals for the treatment of the insane have 10 or a greater number of daily patients to each nurse pupil, whereas 98 per cent of the schools affiliated with general hospitals have fewer than 10 daily patients to each nurse pupil. MINIMUM AGE REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION. Since the publication of the “Educational Status of Nursing/’ containing statistics for the year 1911, a considerable change is manifest in the minimum age requirements for admission to nurse training schools. In 1911, out of a total of 692 schools in general hospitals reporting, 255, or 36.8 per cent, required 21 years of age for admission, while in 1918, out of a total of 1,682 schools reporting, only 158, or 9.4 per cent, required this age for admission. As will be observed in figure 8, the largest group for 1918 requires 18 years of age for admission. In other words, 721 schools, or 42.9 per cent of all of the schools reporting this information in 1918, gave 18 years as the minimum age requirement. It should be added that only 91 schools, or 13.2 per cent of the total number of schools, had this requirement in 1911. Further, in 1911, it was found that 241 schools, or 34.8 per cent, required 20 years as the minimum age for admission. In 1918, 465 schools, or 27.6 per cent, required 19 years of age for admission. 566 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Combining these percentages for the two largest groups in these respective years, it is found that 71.6 per cent of all of the nnrse training schools maintained in general hospitals required 20 or 21 years as the age for admission in 1911, whereas, 70.5 per cent required either 18 or 19 years in 1918. It is evident, therefore, that the usual age requirement for admission has been lowered two years within the last seven years. As yet, there appears no decided tendency to admit nurse pupils under 18 years of age, since only 13 schools are enumerated in this group. This tendency to lower the age requirement for admission in the various hospital schools of nursing undoubtedly, in a large NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 567 measure, has been due to the inability of schools to enroll the necessary number of nurse pupils to staff the hospitals. In hospitals for the insane the most common age requirement for admission is also 18 years. The number of schools having the various age requirements for admission has been shown by States in Tables 7 and 8. In only a few States do training schools admit pupils under 18 years of age. Table 7. — Minimum age requirements for admission to nurse training schools in general hospitals in 1917-18. States. Will admit under 18 years. Per cent. 18 years. Per cent. 19 years. Per cent. 20 years. Per cent. 21 years. Per cent. 22 years or over.1 Per cent. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | lg United States . 13 0.8 721 42.9 465 27.6 316 18.8 158 9.4 9 ! 0.5 1 5.0 12 60.0 1 5.0 6 i 30.0 1 100. 0 6 33.3 10 55. 6 2 11.1 i i.4 34 47.9 22 31.0 10 1 14.1 4 5.6 9 47.3 3 15.8 6 31.6 1 5.3 9 33.3 10 37.1 5 I 18.5 3 11.1 3 100.0 District of Columbia . . 20.0 3 30.0 2 20. 0 1 3 30.0 Florida . 2 28.6 4 57.1 1 14.3 Oeorgia . . 17 50.0 5 14.7 9 26.5 3 8.8 Tdaho . 5 55.5 3 33.3 1 1.2 Illinois . l 1.0 12 11.4 79 75. 2 10 9. 5 3 2.9 Indiana . 14 40.0 13 37.1 5 14.3 3 8.6 Iowa . 29 54.7 12 22.6 10 18.9 2 3.8 Kansas . l 2.5 15 37.5 7 17.5 13 32.5 3 7.5 i 2.5 Kentucky . 5 21.8 15 65.2 1 4.3 2 8.7 Louisiana . 7 58.4 1 8.3 3 25.0 1 8.3 Maine . 6 26. 1 4 17.4 7 30. 4 6 26. 1 Maryland . 10 35.7 11 39.3 3 10. 7 1 3.6 3 10.7 Massachusetts . 34 34.0 22 22.0 23 23.0 20 20.0 1 1.0 Michigan . 24 48.9 17 34.7 6 12.3 2 4. 1 Minnesota . 11 20.0 24 43.6 17 30.9 3 5.5 Mississippi . 11 57.9 4 21.0 3 15. 8 1 5.3 Missouri . 3 6.4 14 29. 8 17 36. 1 9 19. 2 4 8.5 Montana . 6 40.0 8 53.3 1 6.7 Nebraska2 . 4 13.8 22 75.9 3 10.3 Nevada . i 100.0 New Hampshire . 4 16.7 3 12.5 10 I 41.7 29. 1 New Jersey . 30 61. 2 4 8.2 8 16.3 rj 14.3 New Mexico . 1 100.0 New York . 1 .6 71 45. 2 34 21.7 30 19. 1 21 13.4 North Carolina . 18 47. 4 3 7.9 13 34. 2 4 10.5 North Dakota . 10 62.5 1 6.2 4 25. 0 1 6.3 Ohio . 57 69.5 16 19.5 4 4. 9 4 4.9 1 1.2 Oklahoma . 14 60.9 1 4.3 6 26. 1 2 8.7 Oregon . 2 11.8 2 11.8 8 47.0 4 23.5 1 5.9 Pennsylvania . 99 54. 1 29 15. 8 33 18.0 21 11.5 1 .6 Rhode Island 5 50.0 2 20.0 10. 0 2 20.0 South Carolina . 9 52.9 5 29. 4 3 17.7 South Dakota . 1 9.1 6 54. 5 3 27.3 1 9. 1 Tennessee . 7 41. 1 4 23.5 3 17.7 3 17.7 Texas . 1 3.6 17 60. 7 5 17.8 4 14.3 1 3.6 Utah . 2 28. 6 4 57. 1 1 14. 3 Vermont . 4 30. 8 2 15. 4 5 38.4 2 15. 4 Virginia . 1 2.8 17 47.2 6 16.7 19. 4 5 13. 9 Washington . 1 4.0 11 44.0 3 12.0 8 32.0 2 8.0 West Virginia . 1 2.9 22 64. 7 1 2.9 17.7 3 8.9 1 2.9 Wisconsin . 10 27.0 20 54. 1 6 16. 2 1 2.7 Wyoming . 4 100.0 1 One school reports minimum age entrance requirement as 23 years, and 1 school reports minimum age entrance requirement as 25 years. 2 One school reports minimum age entrance requirement as 18J years. 568 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 8. — ■ Minimum age requirements for admission to nurse training schools in hospitals for the treatment of the insane in 1917-18. 18 Per 19 Per 1 20 Per 21 Per years. cent. years. cent. years. cent. years. cent. 1 2 S 4 5 6 7 8 9 United States 1 . 56 69.1 9 11.2 8 9.9 7 8.6 Alabama . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Connecticut . 2 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 District of Columbia . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Georgia . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Illinois . 3 60.0 1 20.0 0 0 1 20.0 Iowa . 4 80.0 0 0 1 20.0 0 0 Kansas . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kentucky . - . 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 1 50.0 Maine . 1 50.0 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 Maryland . 2 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Massachusetts . 7 63.6 1 9.1 1 9.1 2 18.2 Michigan . 2 50.0 2 50.0 0 0 0 0 Minnesota . 3 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mississippi . . 0 0 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 Missouri . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska . 0 0 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 New Hampshire . 0 0 0 0 1 100.0 0 0 New Jersey . . 2 66.6 0 0 0 0 1 33.4 New York i . 10 71.4 1 7.1 1 7.2 1 7.1 North Carolina . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ohio . 3 60.0 0 0 1 20.0 1 20.0 Oklahoma . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania . 5 62.5 0 0 3 37.5 0 0 Rhode Island . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Carolina . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vermont . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia . ; . 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wisconsin . 0 0 1 100.0 0 0 0 0 1 One school reports minimum age requirement as 17 years. HOURS OF DUTY REQUIRED. The number of hours of work required daily in nurse training schools maintained in general hospitals has a vital bearing on the efficiency of the course offered. Figure 9 shows the distribution of schools according to the number of hours of duty required daily. Tables 9 and 10 show the number of hours of duty required in the various schools by States. Comparable data for the years 1896 and 1911 on the hours of duty required are available in the “Educa¬ tional Status of Nursing/’ so that comparison may be made between the years 1896, 1911, and 1918. By reference to Table 11 it is found that 37.9 per cent of the nurse training schools reporting in 1896 required of their pupils fewer than 10 hours duty; 56.9 per cent in 1911; and only 49.1 per cent in 1918. Therefore it is evident that in the more recent years there has been a tendency to require 10 or more hours of duty rather than fewer hours. It will be observed from figure 9 that a greater number of schools, viz, 42.7 per cent of the total number reporting this item, require 10 hours of duty. The next largest group, includ ing 434 schools, or 26.9 per cent of the total number, requires 9 hours. Altogether 232 schools, or 14.4 per cent of the total number, require 8 hours of duty daily. A slight tendency toward an 8-hour day may be foreshadowed in the increasing percentage of schools requiring NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 569 n <0 (o n «\j >§■ STOOWDS ^8-

a)Q)OO~~'M 'MtOO'T'-r 1 _ n m o iop)mm«on 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 United States . 38 232 64 434 22 689 4 17 112 1 1 2 10 7 1 1 3 9 4 32 41 1 1 8 1 7 3 6 15 3 3 5 2 3 4 2 Georgia . 1 1 5 17 8 Idaho . 1 6 3 Illinois . 14 3 33 2 50 1 Indiana . 6 1 14 12 5 Iowa . 4 1 13 3 25 2 Kansas . 7 1 9 20 1 Kentucky . 3 1 3 12 1 Louisiana . 1 3 4 1 2 Maine . 2 4 10 3 2 Maryland 6 6 11 3 Massachusetts . 1 12 2 29 2 33 1 3 6 Michigan . H 4 13 1 13 3 Minnesota . 8 1 9 1 28 4 Mississippi _ . . . 1 1 16 Missouri . 6 2 14 19 1 4 Montana . 3 7 5 N ebraska . 8 2 H 6 1 Nevada . . . 1 New Hampshire . 4 2 12 5 New Jersey . 2 14 23 6 New Mexico . 1 N ew Y ork . . 1 5 9 44 1 75 2 ' 9 North Carolina . 1 5 1 11 19 North Dakota 1 1 7 7 Ohio . 15 4 26 31 3 Oklahoma . . 4 1 3 12 2 Oregon . 5 2 5 4 1 P ennsyl vania . 9 12 61 6 77 1 1 8 TfchodA Tslsmri 2 2 2 5 Smith Parnlina _ 1 11 1 2 South Dakota 4 3 3 1 Tennessee 3 3 9 1 Texas . 4 2 9 10 2 2 Utah 2 4 1 V ermont . 1 7 i 3 Virginia . 7 2 6 1 18 1 W nshin gton . . 4 8 2 9 * 2 West. Virginia . . 4 1 3 22 1 3 W isconsin . . 6 4 10 1 13 2 Wyoming 2 1 1 NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 571 Table 10. — Summary of hours of duty required in nurse training schools in hospitals for the treatment of the insane in 19 17^-1 8. States. 8 9 10 10J 11 HI 12 12! . 13 13! 14 14! hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 United States . 5 2 5 16 3 2 2 18 2 8 7 6 2 1 2 1 * . 1 Illinois . 5 . . 1 Iowa . 1 I 4 Kansas . 1 Kentucky . . i 1 Maine. . . . 1 1 . i Maryland . 1 1 Massachusetts . 1 8 1 . i Michigan . 2 1 . 1 1 Minnesota . 1 2 Mississippi . 1 Missouri . 1 N ebraska . 1 . N ew Hampshire . 1 New Jersey . 1 1 1 New York . 1 1 1 9 2 North Carolina . 1 Ohio . 3 1 Oklahoma . 1 1 Pennsylvania . 1 1 2 3 1 Rhode Island . 1 1 V ermont . 1 Wisconsin . 1 Table 11. — ■ Hours of duty required daily in general nurse training schools in 1896, 1911, and 1918. Hours of work. 1896 1911 1918 Schools. , Per cent of total. Schools. Percent of total. Schools. Per cent of tcftal. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Under 8 . 38 2. 4 8 . 2 1.8 69 10.4 232 14.4 8! . 0 .0 43 6.5 64 4.0 9 . 11 9.9 239 36.1. 434 26.9 n . 29 26.2 26 3.9 22 1.4 10 . 14 12.6 220 33.2 689 42.7 10! . 32 28.8 0 .0 4 .2 11 . 3 2. 7 22 3.3 17 1.1 Hi . 14 12.6 0 .0 0 .0 12 . 3 2.7 44 6.6 112 6.9 More than 12 . 3 2. 7 0 .0 .0 Total . 111 100.0 663 100.0 1,612 100.0 In hospitals for the treatment of the insane the hours of duty required are usually much longer than in the general hospitals. In all, 16 schools require 10 hours of duty; 18 schools, 12 hours; and 25 schools require more than 12 hours of duty daily. Two schools require 14 J hours. The long hours of daily duty required in many of these schools must be viewed with apprehension, since practically all schools now offer a course covering a period of three or more years, whereas until 1904 no school had offered a three-year course. To require long hours of duty for a period of three years must necessarily work a hardship, if not a positive harm, on the nurse pupils in training.1 1 See Bulletin 1912, No. 7, p. 29. ile 12 .—Summary oj remuneration granted to pupils enrolled in nurse training schools in general hospitals in 1917-18. 572 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Per cent of to¬ tal. 8 iO CM©©rHN» © # © © © oo o-o© ©© o©o©!-i r-ioco© ©oooo - - s ' ’ s - - - . En roll- ment same. S 1 sooos sooog: ooo°^ ^o©©© ©©©©o $200 and over. S & i-H © O CO »"H rH©©©rH CM©00 1 $100 to $199. 1C 11 0 9 27 6 © CO CM CO CO CM N N O iO 00 O t'- © 00 »-H N- © Per cent of to¬ tal. OS 69.1 24.4 100.0 51.3 66.7 68.5 ©OO©00 rH o © © © HCOOMW © 00 © © 00 O ©-*-*© 4 *5 538 33883 82888 88388 3 *S8S ' En¬ roll¬ ment in Cl § s' S8Slf$ s?is3 siiii sign s8Rsi s°ii° T* © © ©> cm cm © © © © © CO cm n oo cm’ © CO CO ^ CO © © © < CM CM O 00 CO © rH © H -^ © rH CO COCO co t* 00 © -<£ 00 HCOtJIt^ 00 00* i— i © T* CM CM H © t* ©© ©©* CO ©CM © © © t* © n- 00 CO CM © © 00 CM © tH CM 00 00 © © 139 269 34 160 272 n- t* H of ooco © CM* O t* CO* © T* © © © CO CM ©©CM CM © © © T* JH © 1— l © © CO CO^NHH co i-T co' N- CO^OM a>oo'000S NOO^^N © CO © rH © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©©©©© ©©©©© CO © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ©CM ©©© © © © © © © © © © © © © CM © t* © CO © CM © T* © © © © CM T* H © *!>■*© CM i-H CM © © r-1 © CO ©’ 00 CM CM © COH 21 942 5 134 6 SS^iSg 135 89 8 74 * bo © © © oo cm COCOniOn CM CO T-i CM © © N- CM CO ^ t* © 00 © © © oo © © © i-H © ^ 00 © © © cm © cm' © r^» © © oon- %$%%% ih(nhnoo © © © © © 3S3SSS? © © CO ©CM CO CO oo <-< ^ 441 869 264 155 420 N- N- © CO N CM t* © T* © rtT r-T §8S:S3 CM © 00 00 © 20 24 21 1 New York . North Carolina. . . North Dakota.... Ohio . Oklahoma . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina. . . . South Dakota. . .. Tennessee . Texas . Utah . Vermont . Virginia . Washington . West Virginia. ... Wisconsin . Wyoming . a*2 !“ Il , The remuneration granted to nurse pupils in the first, second, and third year for all schools reporting such information is graphically shown above for general hospitals and for hospitals for the treatment of the insane. Very few general hospitals pay over $200, as is shown. In the first year 84 per cent of the schools pay less than $100, while only 15.7 per cent pay from $100 to $199. In the second year a higher remuneration in general is paid, since 34.1 per cent of the schools pay from $100 to $199, and only 65.1 per cent pay less than $100. A still higher remuneration is indicated in the third year, where almost one-half of the schools, 44.4 per cent, pay from $100 to $199, and only 53.9 per cent less than $100. Therefore, it is evident that a higher remuneration is generally granted as the pupils progress 576 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 577 in the course and as their services necessarily become more valuable to the institution. By comparing the two longer bars in each year in figure 10 it will be noted that the “pin” representing the percentage of the total pupil body, paid the remuneration indicated, projects beyond the open bar in every instance in which the remuneration is less than SI 00 and does not extend to the end of the bar in schools granting $100 to $199 per annum. In the latter instance the percentage of pupils does not equal the percentage of schools, while in the former one the percentage of schools is less than the percentage of pupils. These inequalities indicate that the largest schools pay in general the lower remunera¬ tion, in other words the larger schools have less difficulty in securing nurse pupils, presumably, because the variety of training neces¬ sarily offered is correspondingly attractive. On the other hand, smaller schools are obliged to pay a higher remuneration that they may secure the services of nurse pupils as aids in carrying on the work in a well-regulated hospital. In hospitals for the treatment of insane patients, as indicated in Table 22, the remuneration granted to men is much higher than that granted to women in all cases where any difference in remuneration is specified, as is done in 10 schools. Only 5 schools report a fee for any year in the course which is less than $200, and these are so varia¬ ble in amount and so few in number that they have not been given separately in figure 10. They are definitely specified, however, in both Table 22 and Table 13, and have been included in the $200 group in the graph. As indicated in figure 10 the salary, for such it might he correctly termed, which is paid the nurse pupils in hospitals for the insane is much higher than the remuneration granted to nurse pupils in the general hospitals. In the first year in hospitals for the insane 50.8 per cent of the hospitals, or over one-half of them, pay $300 to $399; 18.4 per cent pay $400 or a greater sum. In the second year 45.2 per cent of the schools are placed in the $300 group, and 40.3 per cent in the $400 group. In the third year the $300 group has decreased to 39.5 per cent and the $400 group has increased to 51.2 per cent. In other words, as nurse pupils progress in their training course and thereby become more valuable to the hospital, a higher remuneration is awarded them. In the third year only 4 schools in hospitals for the insane. pay as low as $200 to $299. The relative length of the “pins” and the open bars representing respectively, pupils and schools in hospitals for the insane, has been reversed from that shown for schools in general hospitals. The ‘ ‘ pins ” are longer than the bars in the high salary group, viz, $400 and over; about the same length in the $300 group, and shorter in the $200 group, pointing out very clearly that the higher remuneration is 59872°— 21 - 37 578 BIENNIAL SURVEY OE EDUCATION, 1916-1918. granted by the larger schools. It should he remarked, however, in this connection that higher salaries should be paid to nurses in the hospitals for the insane than to those in the general hospitals for the reason that the hours of duty required in the former are ordinarily much longer than those required in the latter, and the duties are necessarily of a much more strenuous character, by reason of the pos¬ sible violence of the patients. Therefore, it may he added inferen- tially that the increased responsibility in caring for a large number of patients induces the larger schools to offer a higher remuneration with a view to securing a more advanced group of aids. It does not appear from a casual inspection of the detailed reports that longer hours of duty are required in the larger schools. It does appear, however, that in the larger schools there is usually a large average number of patients daily to each nurse pupil enrolled which, in nearly every instance, equals or exceeds 40. TUITION. An inspection of all the reports received from nurse training schools reveals the fact thal only 42 schools, or 2.4 per cent of the total number reporting, charge tuition. All of these schools are maintained in general hospitals and charge a fee only for the pre¬ liminary course. Altogether, 26 of these schools grant no remunera¬ tion, or at any rate they do nor report a remuneration fee, and pre¬ sumably give none. The other 16 schools grant a remuneration which usually exceeds the tuition charged. The usual tuition fee is either $20 or $25, this charge being made by 12 schools. Two schools charge $100. 1 school $155> 1 school $225, and 1 school $250. One of the schools charging a tuition fee of $100 grants a remuneration of equal or greater amount. The other 3 schools reporting these high tuition fees offer no remuneration whatever. In 1911 only 6 schools charged a tuition for the preliminary instruc¬ tion given in the first year. A fee of $25 was charged by 4 schools, and a fee of $50 was charged by 1 other school. One school at that time charged $250 for the first two years in the course. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 579 Table 14. — Distribution of nurse training schools and pupils according to the educational requirements for admission and the length of course offered. Educational requirement for admission. Course in years. General hospitals. Hospitals for the insane. Schools. Nurse. pupils. Schools. Nurse pupils. Less than 1 6 126 1 to 1.9 8 144 2 to 2.9 31 440 25 724 3 to 3.9 141 3,008 16 674 4 2 10 188 3,728 41 1,398 Less than 1 1 11 1 to 1.9 4 75 2 to 2.9 80 1,808 6 256 3 to 3.9 583 19, 170 24 1,088 4 0 0 0 0 608 21,064 30 1,344 Less than 1 0 0 0 0 1 to 1.9 1 14 0 0 2 to 2.9 20 324 0 0 3 to 3.9 239 9,431 3 89 4 0 0 0 0 200 9,769 3 89 Less than 1 0 0 0 0 1 to 1.9 0 0 0 0 2 to 2.9 1 8 0 0 3 to 3.9 8 296 2 66 4 0 0 0 0 9 304 2 66 Less than 1 0 0 0 0 1 to 1.9 1 22 0 0 2 to 2.9 27 717 0 0 3 to 3.9 410 15,417 0 0 4 1 7 0 0 439 16, 163 0 0 Not given. 2 29 0 0 .. .do . 2 23 0 0 1 2 0 0 5 54 0 0 1 to 1.9 1 6 0 0 2 to 2.9 2 9 3 97 3 to 3.9 16 322 0 0 19 337 3 97 1 to 1.9 1 0 0 3 to 3.9 1 1 2 to 2.9 3 0 0 3 to 3.9 8 0 0 3 to 3.9 3 1 3 to 3.9 7 0 0 23 2 (2) 1 17 0 0 (2) 1 0 0 14 782 0 0 0 0 1 39 1 1,627 52, 218 82 3,033 Eighth grade. Do.. . Do . Do . Do . Total. One year high school . Do . . Do . . Do . Do . Total. Two years high school . Do . Do . Do . Do . Total. Three years high school. Do . Do . Do . Do . Total. High school. Do . Do . . Do . . Do . Total. Partial reports: Eighth grade . One year high school . High school . Total. Not given. Do!!! Total. Eighth grade . Do . One^year high school . . Two years high school. High school . . . Total. 0) . (1) . Graduate and special training schools . Examination . Grand total. Educational requirement for admission not given. 2 Length of course not given. 580 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. YEARS IN NURSE TRAINING COURSE. In view of the fact that practically all courses in nurse training schools maintained in general hospitals have been lengthened from two to three years within almost the last decade, this subject deserves consideration. Altogether, in 1918 the length of course offered was reported by 1,606 training schools in general hospitals, and in 1911 by 688 schools, as follows: Length of course. Years in course. Schools. 1911 1918 Less than 1 year . 7 From 1 to 1.9 years . 16 From 2 to 2.9 years . 185 164 From 3 to 3.9 years . 502 1,416 A four years’ course . 3 Total . 688 1,606 In 1918 nearly all of the schools in the 2 to 2.9 years group offer a two-year course, only a few giving a fractional part of a year addi¬ tional. Similarly nearly all of the schools falling in the 3 to 3.9 years group offer only a three-year course. Only three schools report a four-year course, viz: College Hospital, Talladega College, Ala.; Evangelical Saint Lucas Deaconess Hospital, Faribault, Minn.; and Scudder Infirmary, Alcorn, Miss. The greater number of schools by far offer a three-year course, 88 per cent of all the training schools in general hospitals falling in this class. Only 10 per cent of these schools offer a two-year course. A decided tendency toward a three-year course is evident when a compari¬ son is made between these percentages and the corresponding ones in 1911. In 1911 a course of three or three and a half years was offered by 73 per cent of the schools reporting, as against 88 per cent in 1918; and a course of two or two and a half years was offered by 27 per cent, as against 10 per cent in 1918. Practically all nurse training schools have extended their course to three years within the last few years. Long hours of duty, lack of facilities for imparting the technical training which should accompany the practical work of the hospital, or low educational entrance requirements may prevent nurse pupils from receiving the equivalent of a college education. The fact that training courses have been lengthened may partly account for the increased difficulty in getting qualified pupils to staff the hospitals. In schools maintained in hospitals for the treatment of insane patients only two and three year courses are offered, 34 schools offer¬ ing a two-year course and 47 schools offering a three-year course. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 581 ENROLLMENT OF PUPILS IN TRAINING SCHOOLS OFFERING THE VARIOUS COURSES. By assembling the corresponding groups in Table 14 it is found that 7 schools, enrolling 137 pupils, offered a course of less than one year; 15 schools, with 261 pupils, a one-year course; 161 schools, with 3,306 pupils, a two-year course; 1,397 schools, with 47,644 pupils, a three-year course; and 3 schools, with 17 pupils, a four-year course. These 1,583 schools enroll an aggregate of 51,365 nurse pu¬ pils. The schools offering a course shorter than one year are four- tenths of 1 per cent of the total, but enroll only three-tenths of 1 per cent of the pupils; those offering a one-year course are 1 per cent of the total, but enroll five-tenths of 1 per cent of the pupils; those offering a two-year course are 10.2 per cent of the total, but enroll only 6.4 per cent of the pupils; but those offering a three-year course are 88.2 per cent of the total and enroll 92.8 per cent of the pupils. It is seen, therefore, that, in general, the larger schools offer the longer course of three years, since these schools enroll a correspondingly larger percentage of pupils than the percentage of schools in this group would indicate. Reducing these percentages to absolute numbers, it is found that the average enrollment in a training school of less than one year is only 20 nurse pupils; in a one-year school only 18 pupils; in a two- year school, 20 pupils; but in a three-year school it is 34 pupils. In other words, the schools offering a three-year course enroll 70 per cent more pupils on an average than schools offering only a two-year course. These very great differences are not apparent from a casual inspection of the reports. Two facts appear from these figures: First, that practically all professional nurses are now taking a three-year course of training; second, the larger schools are giving generally -a three-year course of training. 582 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. MINIMUM EDUCATIONAL ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS. By summarizing the corresponding groups in Table 14 it is found that, altogether, 1,592 nurse training schools reported the educational entrance requirement for admission in the year 1918. The following summary compares the requirement of that year with corresponding requirement in the year 1911 : Educational requirement for admission. Educational requirement. 1911 1918 Schools. per cent. Schools. Per cent. Eighth grade . 252 31.7 192 12.1 One year of high school . 190 24.0 681 42.7 Two years of high school . 26 3.3 263 16.5 Three years of high school . 3 .4 9 .6 Complete high-school course . 323 40.6 447 28.1 Total . 794 100.0 1,592 100.0 The most usual requirement in 1918 was one year of high-school work. About two-thirds as many schools, however, required a full high-school course for admission. Few schools require three years of high-school work. Considerable shifting in the educational requirements for admission to nurse training schools has taken place since the year 1911, as will be noticed from the comparable data given above. The percentage of schools requiring a full high-school course for admission has de¬ creased from 40.6 per cent in 1911, to 28.1 per cent in 1918, while the percentage requiring one year of high school has increased from 24 per cent to 42.7 per cent during the same period. During this period the percentage requiring only an eighth-grade education for admission has decreased from 31.7 per cent to 12.1 per cent and the percentage requiring two years of high-school work has increased from 3.3 per cent to 16.5 per cent. It is evident, therefore, that there is a tendency on the part of nurse training schools not to require either the completion of a high-school course or of the elementary grades only, but to require either one or two years of high-school work for admission. It should be distinctly understood that the minimum educational entrance requirement by no means indicates the average educa¬ tional qualifications of pupils who are admitted to nurse training schools. Many nurse pupils have a college education, and perhaps most of them the equivalent of a full high-school education. The standard set for admission governs only the admission of nurse pupils who have the lowest educational qualifications which the school will consider. With the rapid multiplication of public high schools NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 583 throughout the country there should be in the future little reason for nurse training schools to lower their educational standard for ad¬ mission. A decided tendency away from only an eighth-grade re¬ quirement is evident already. It is to be regretted that so large a percentage of schools have been obliged to retract from the full high- school requirement. EDUCATIONAL ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS TO NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS IN HOSPITALS FOR THE INSANE. In hospitals for the insane, 42 schools for the training of nurse pupils require the completion of the eighth grade for admission; 30 schools require one year of high-school work; and only 6 schools a two or three year high-school course. No school requires a four-year high-school education. In 1911 it was found that of the 49 schools reporting educational requirements for admission, 38 schools required a “ common school” or the equivalent of an eighth- grade education; 6 schools required one year of high-school work, and 5 schools a full high-school course. It is evident here also that there is a tendency away from the requirement of a full high-school course, as no school reporting in 1918 holds to it, and also away from the eighth-grade requirement, as 77.6 per cent of the schools of this class in 1911 held to this requirement and only 53.8 per cent in 1918. The educational requirements for admission to nurse training schools is summarized by States in Tables 15 and 16. These tables show how many pupils now in training have met these minimum standards and how many graduates completing a nurse training course in 1918 presumably met these requirements when admitted to train¬ ing. As State legislation often governs the educational requirements for admission, it is thought advisable to summarize these minimum requirements by States. Table 15. — Distribution oj nurse training schools, nurse pupils, and graduates according to the educational requirement for admission, including schools in hospitals for the insane, in 1917-18. 584 BIENNIAL SUBVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Per cent. © 51 29.5 © © CO 00 *0 00 O d OC O 00 05 00 to Cl T-H *0 68.4 25.2 36.0 24.7 49.0 CO 00 00 05 T-H Tji cd Tl5 t-H CO CO CO 05 co f-OSf' MM o a § Total grad¬ uates. *0 Cl 3,830 *0 O d CO CO S'Ha®g co oo r- co -a®! 72 N OOOCOCO CO ^ £: £r d CO Is- co © co cd CO CO CO CO d 1 i w ’o £ Per cent. 24 29.8 4.1 .0 14.1 63.3 27.9 COONCOH c4 oo co i-H HCO 76.5 34.4 32.9 22.8 39.0 13.9 6.0 36.9 89.0 33.1 44.7 31.6 52.1 11.2 I 54.1 Total nurse pu¬ pils. CO 16,100 19 0 32 2,088 192 COIOO^CO (M CO Cl C5 (NCOO5N00 iQ C5 ^ HCO'td 73 27 148 993 1,442 O d CO C5 O GO cd H H H •siooqog 22 446 3 1 1 1 20 NC0005»0 d d l> ■ d CO d CO O Tf< 05 CO o Per cent. - Tti *d 05 O T-H T-H t-H d o rd o CO rd 1 Total grad¬ uates. SO 2,226 d © © © © t-H hhiO d Cl O CO ’f 00 Tt co 05 ci JO Tf co Cl © © © t-h *g © to CO CO © -H (N •£f ra o a w Per cent. o 00 13.0 .0 19.4 31.4 42.6 d o O co 00 d d *d 06 r-H 05 00 N05005N ^ © d oc t-h Cl CO Cl O O 05 00 T-H #^g^C5 CO T-H 10.0 13.6 5.4 54.8 18.9 © >> O P Total nurse pu¬ pils. 13 9,683 59 0 44 1,036 300 HMNN05 1^ iO CO co CO O 00 05 *C 05 »-H d CO — f 00 l> CO H H OOOOCOHi *o eg *o o *o CO CO 05 05 t-h id CO T-H d 05 •siooqog (N 266 | TfO^OOO d dC5 CO d HgOCO^ O O 00 d 00 00NhOH< Per cent. ! 2 42.6 CSOOOOOO uj c?1-1 ?i d O O CO Cl 05 * *ooo CO T-H O 05 O O 05 ' 00 05 Tji Cl CO d *0 tH 56.0 23.1 30.4 1.0 43.1 ira © OC © -H t— © -H IN »— i co o o A © CO Enrollment. Total grad¬ uates. © 5,545 8°S*~8 000^2 O Cl >0 ^ 05 to co t-h CO Cl ONIOCOC5 co d co 89 116 1 62 22 A W> 2 Per cent. © 41.5 *0 © NOO *d ’oOiHH CO d d hOO^CO 8 ' .0 39.8 25.1 55.3 12.9 co *o d co ^ 24.3 27.8 7.1 22.8 41.6 § o Total nurse pu¬ pils. 00 22,346 S002ic CO CO Cl o 424 173 165 14 1,932 473 592 20 383 145 •siooqog 703 ^ O CO coco COOOHCO i® 00 H N TH 05 t-H CO 0C rH — 1 CO Per cent. © 6‘6 24.5 100. 0 36.1 3. 4 7.4| COO^OON co * ^ cd ci HCOH 10 050HH 0^05 cd cd t-H t-H d 9.4 70.1 Tf *o cd d CO *o CO CO CO c3 a © a Total grad¬ uates. 1,295 *0 CO CO *0 05 d d d O d O O CO T-H 00 T-H d -tj 00 05 COIN ja 2 to 3 1 Per cent. 10.0 37.4 100.0 38.3 3.4 8.0 Tt< O CO Tt< Cl t> * CO 05 cd H d H OOCOOTji 00 ^ O Tfi 05 *o *o O d 00 *djd * ci ci *o 21.0 20.4 21.8 11.2 5.4 Total nurse pu¬ pils. SO 5,415 CO 05 CO IO 00 CO O ^ d 05 o o *o ^ d co d d d T-H ^ T-H •siooqog 243 05 rH CO CO d .-1 tp © i> co 05 o t-h d NTtCOOH in o • • .2 • • States. "§ ZO 2 ’3 0 Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut Delaware . Dist. of Columb Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa _ Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Montana . NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 585 NOTfOOO Q CO CSOlO CO W} 00 00 OJOHOH ) 1-4 ^ CO 00 i os od ^ ) r-H NN 05 ^ © 1-? t>^ c4 WO rH CO (M cdr^ *05 ^ CO CO rH CO s^s ' wo co oo co © t>- r-( ^ wo rH (M 1,253 367 34 463 36 253 1,317 54 133 41 O CO O rH rH co i> WO co CO CO CN 488 144 104 0 TfHUOMO O 05 rH 05 CO CO 05 rH 05 CO C* (M O ^ Tt« 0 0^0 oo-^oo ooooo o-^ooo O O O O oooo TH OOCO oo o o o o o O co o o o OOOOOO oooo 000500 ooooo o c* o o o O O OOCO oooo ** WO oooooo ooooo ooooo OOOOf| oooo ©0>-<0© ooooo O rH O O O O O O O rH oooo CO O O CO o rH O O O O* oo 05 m *c us ON^OOO (M 00 CO O CO CO oo cd * * cd rH H 05 *05 CO rH rH rH ^ c4 rH 00 NOOCOO H05000 WO rH oi e* oo © (N ^ L- t^ cd oo tjh cd cd CUONW3H cd cd O rH cd CO 05 00 CO oo * o rH CO !>■ s°w° CO 1,239 58 45 477 57 WO 00 05 U- CO (N^(^wo r— oo rf rH wo wo CO sg01' 05 O wo 05 O 00 © rH C* 00 ^NHOOO NhOOOCO OjNOCO co # wo oi CO CO oo o4 oo wo oc 05 CO CO WO CO 00 oi oo o c^i 05 T * cd cd 05 rH r-H o rH CO O O CO ^ 1-H c5Sh CO 00 ° cogo^© OOOONO CO 00 CO th rH O O ^ ^ ^ 3-0.93 3 o 3 « 2^ > « e3gl a) © o o o id o tn o>a-i q 5 o> o> a> -p C kJ £££££ Zttoo OftPSmm HeP>> ££££: o' Ss. §1 S-s •S“ li «3 © 03 S© • il .fc! ® 2 §3 § -© O-.fcj ® ^ o' g§® § S~ £ 2 s go| j: © 43 rt— 03 3 S S III o 'u >: w ° .. -£33 ass G K W -H © Stats -33 HlO^ TJpdrd ssa &&§• p,a,a © © © WWW 05 ^ ^ MHH ,0,0.0 III o o o o o o ,£3 ,£3,0 o a PI OOO 586 a •« e &S se a o, £ °o I ^ «* >h V OS r< >H Cl § o1^ 'ts o e-S « So «o v- s S SS .© s 1-0 •g CO s CD W J « -1 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. High school. Enrollment. •tUOOJOd | £ 31.2 C^OcDGOiO OCOOO^ ^OOCON H0OHC M © NCOO^CO ©* * © © rH © © 05 © CO 06 CD CO OC 06 © 06 © rH CO 06 HCDCS Hco ©CMCOCM^ CO CO©^< © CO © CO •so^BnpBJo 30 3,830 lOONCDD *-h CM © CM CO OO © CM NOOOCOCD N CO O CO CO rH X CM CM rH O HCSOON CO ^ t- 1- CO CO CO CO CM Tji rH CN rH CM CO 04 rH •^uoo JOJ «s • O *-l 1-H 0 0 0 I'-’ rH •nomo m II 304 30000 OOOOO OOOOO 0000£ 03^00 •UOJ\[ JH -H •pioo jo<£ 00 oc OOreitO COOON N 10 0 O O -H O CO CO 00 Tji OS s 'sss ssisis05 ^3^82 •uouioav so 9,480 3S8SS S883S °°^S23 os CO 1-H lO t>COi-Hi-H 1-H 00 i-HCSj os^ •uok 114 OOIMOO OOOSOO OOOO-H OOOCOCN) O O O H o ■^r hh CM •siooqog CM CM ^OrfOOcO CN (M 05 CO CS i-H ® 0° OOOOCNOO ONhO^i One year high school. Enrollment. •jneo jOjj 05 42.9 61.5 .0 33.3 1.0 29.8 71.3 :2 10.6 9.9 .0 41.2 29.0 59.1 12.8 61.9 23.1 23.8 1.0 34.4 20.2 27.6 2.0 17.4 36.7 •S9fBnpBJ0 ei 5,279' °|S|S •;uoo JO• 7.4 0C © rH Tf 00 © © 00 10 © © © © ©1—1©©© ^ CM © CO CO ©©•©coc^ CO * ’© JO © CM © CO *© * * CM jg©T^CMCO •sot'enp'BJO so 914 © © 5 P iP © ©©©^© CM t- 00 © ©CM©©cO OOrM^COCM rH CM CM rH rH CM CM rH rH CO 00 CM © © r* •;uao jaj; IQ 7.9 rf © CO © © O © © 00 © 00 00©©©© ^’ © 00 CO 06 Tt<* * * ^ 06 CM © © rH © * * CO CO © H © •namo^Y H< 100 00 © t'* CM © 00 © © © l'* © rH © rf CM © © © © rfi HXh^6 ^ CM 00 rH © ^ TJ1 CM ©©rHH © CM rH © © X rH rH rH rH HHH CM rH CO CM rH •uapi 05 sl rH©©©© ©©©©© ©rH©©© ©©©©© CM©©©© •siooqog 51 201 X rH © © CM CO © © CM Ur H^DCOCO rH © © © CM ©H©©H 03 1 JS GO -• United States . Alabama . Arizona . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . District of Columbia . Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Montana . NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918, 587 000050 O C 05 w ssssis oooocso xwooo S3 2g O M «®H05M 2050^S 10 10 4 0 o o o o o • ’d • • ooooo O Hi* o o o 0000*0 oooo oooo© ooooo ©000© oooooo 0 .0 .0 2.1 .0 .0 OOOOO owoco ooooo OOOO 0 0 8 0 0 ooooo ooooo OOOON oooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo oooo oo-moo ooooo O-HOOO oooo-H OOOO r*- o o o CO * * CO * o o o odd • •« 20.8 10.3 63.0 7.1 55.5 O ^ o X eo^05 2 11.2 4.8 80.9 .0 0 81 0 0 a — 05 o o o 3 £cr°°g ■a-OCt-C 05 * T*«' TTt-O^-O ©d" 05 r}1 WhhO GOO* O O to '2 11.4 5.3 87.1 .0 goooo 639 48 0 9 32 gg§8| 1 150 110 9 0 132 90 31 862 0 ooooo O-HOOO NHOOO ooooo OONO NOO-HO nnohm ©00(MC>5© H0 05-HO00 CO CO or o eb o o -t< o S c5 ao 68.5 38.7 51.7 74.2 74.3 23.6 59.7 25.0 58.1 16.7 6.2 36.2 90.6 84.4 33. 5 17.8 68.3 .0 70.0 © O -T o o s' *££ ‘ 66.1 37.3 55.1 70.1 81.0 Hf HJ> O N O 7.7 35.1 97.0 77.7 37.6 15.9 56. 7 1.0 59.6 ^ rH 3,951 2G8 216 1,749 291 99 3,520 114 82 35 40 343 288 178 283 si05” cc o o o o ooocg© ooooo C}CNO1 40 © * © * CM 8—i © * CM CO | ©00© © l> 00 NOO ©46 •nemo AY U9 1,213 = - •}U90 J9J z 0 11.5 31.8 .0 2. 6 12.2 25.0 20.0 .0 5.5 .0 10.4 8.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 7.9 12. 7 •o| *U9p{ 99 185 O^^OCO 0^00 00*0910 •Sfooqog 04 CM HHH©lO TfrHCM©»H © CM CO H © © © CM 00 © States - United States.... Alabama . Connecticut . District of Columbia. Georgia . Illinois . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Nebraska . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New York.3 . North Carolina . NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918, 589 ooooo O O cooco o o ooooo o o ooooo oo ooooo o o ooooo o o ooooo o o ooooo o o coco© o o o o o c* o o o iO o '§ OOOOO O CM 000^0 o o £ 0 0 0^0 o o ©00 ? a | ‘3 m © fc/3 « c3.iT c3 m ^ t, o M P< -£ ^ E,® £-a -T o [=r £Or 590 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. ENROLLMENT OF PUPILS IN NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS REPORTING BOTH PUPILS AND EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENT FOR ADMISSION. The relations between percentage of pupils enrolled in the corre¬ sponding percentage of schools having the various educational require¬ ments for admission is significant. Assembling the corresponding data for schools and pupils given in Table 14, it is found that 1,569 schools report both the educational requirements for admission and & total enrollment aggregating 51,082 nurse pupils, distributed as follows: Requirement for admission (1918). Schools. Per cent. Nurse pupils. Per cent. Eighth grade . 190 12.1 3,757 21,087 9,769 304 7.3 One year of high school . 670 42.7 41.3 Two years of high school . 260 16.5 19. 1 Three years of high school . 9 .6 .6 Complete high-school course . 440 28.1 16, 165 31.7 Total . 1,569 100.0 51,082 100.0 When the educational requirement for admission is low, i. e., the eighth grade or one year of high school, the percentage of schools exceeds the corresponding percentage of pupils, and when this re¬ quirement is high, i. e., two years of high-school work or a full high- school course, the percentage of pupils exceeds the corresponding percentage of schools. To state this condition in averages, it is found that schools requiring the completion of the eighth grade for admis¬ sion have an average enrollment of 19 pupils; those requiring one year of high school for admission, 31 pupils; those requiring two years of high school for admission, 37 pupils; and those requiring a full high-school course for admission, 37 pupils. Thus it is seen that the larger schools on an average have the higher requirements for admission. Combining the schools requiring only the completion of the eighth grade or one year of high school for admission and the pupils enrolled in these schools, and also adding the schools requiring two years of high-school work or a full high-school course for admis¬ sion and the corresponding pupils enrolled in these schools, it is found that the average enrollment in the former group is only 29, as against 37 in the latter. In other words, the schools with high admission requirements are more than 27 per cent larger than those with low requirements. This condition implies that schools having high edu¬ cational requirements for admission enroll more than the average number of pupils. Therefore, it may be said that the larger schools generally have the higher educational requirements for admission. In training schools in hospitals for insane patients it is found that the schools requiring an eighth-grade course for admission aggregate 54 per cent of the total number of schools reporting, but they enroll NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 591 only 48.3 per cent of the nurse pupils, while the schools requiring a one-year high-school education for admission aggregate 39.5 per cent of the total and enroll 46.4 per cent of the nurse pupils. Considering only the two larger groups of schools, i. e., those requiring the com¬ pletion of the eighth grade or of one year of high school for admission, it is found that schools having the former requirement enroll on an average only 34 nurse pupils, whereas schools having the latter requirement enroll 45 nurse pupils. It is seen, therefore, that the schools requiring one year of high-school work for admission are 32 per cent larger than those requiring only an eighth grade for admis¬ sion. It is evident, also, as in the case of the general hospitals, that the larger schools generally have the higher educational require¬ ment for admission. In other words, smaller schools must generally maintain lower educational entrance requirements to secure a suffi¬ cient number of nurse pupils to care for their patients, while the larger hospitals offering exceptional and varied facilities for profes¬ sional training can maintain higher educational standards for admis¬ sion and still secure a sufficient number of pupils to carry on the work of the hospital. RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF COURSE AND ENTRANCE REQUIREMENT. An inspection of Table 14 reveals the fact that only the schools appearing in the first five general groups made a complete report on the educational entrance requirement, the length of the course in years, and the number of nurse pupils enrolled. These statistics for these 1,640 schools for both general hospitals and hospitals for the insane are shown graphically in figure 11 for several specific purposes: First, to show the number and percentage of schools having the various requirements for admission, as indicated by the cross-lined bars. The “pins” inclosed in these bars represent the percentage of students who have presumably met these requirements. This distri¬ bution of schools and pupils according to the requirement for admis¬ sion has been discussed above, where every school making a report on its educational entrance requirement, as indicated in Table 14, was added to make a complete summary which would be comparable to the corresponding statistics for 1911. Second, to show that the larger schools generally have the higher entrance requirements since the “pins” project beyond the cross-lined bars for schools in general hospitals requiring a two-year high-school or a full high-school course for admission and for schools in hospitals for the insane requiring two years of high school work for admission, both of which tendencies have been pointed out above for all schools which give, as shown in Table 14, both the educational requirement for admission and their enrollment. 592 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. | | -S3 | $ ^SS**5 § 10 <•) CR o vtll list QQi3Q$ NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 593 Third, to show graphically by means of the last group of bars, “Total of all groups above/ * just how many schools offer courses varying from less than one year to four years in length. Almost nine times as many schools offer a three-year course as offer a two-year course in general hospitals, and about one and one-half times as many in schools in hospitals for the insane offer a three-year as offer a two- year course. This situation has been indicated for all schools re¬ porting the length of course offered, as shown in Table 14, and the data were compared with corresponding data for 1911. Fourth, to show that the larger schools generally have the longer course of three years. This condition was pointed out in the dis¬ cussion of Table 14, wherein all schools reporting both the length of course and the enrollment are assembled. In figure 11 this situation is shown graphically. By reference to the last group of bars, “Total of all groups above,” it will be seen that the “pins” project beyond the open bars only in bars representing schools hav¬ ing a three-year course, indicating that these schools enroll more pupil nurses on an average than do schools offering only a two-year course. Fifth, to show that the schools having high requirements for admission more generally offer the longer course. By comparing the lengths of the two bars in figure 11 representing two and three year courses in general hospitals under the different subdivisions for the respective requirements for admission, it will be observed that the three-year bar is over four times as long as the two-year bar in the first group, representing schools having the eighth grade require¬ ment for admission ; over seven times as long in the second group, repre¬ senting schools with the requirement of one year of high school work for admission; nearly twelve times as long in the third group, repre¬ senting schools with the requirement of two years of high school work for admission; and over fifteen times as long in the fifth group, repre¬ senting schools with the requirement of a full high-school course for admission. The schools in the fourth group requiring three years of high school work for admission are omitted from this comparison since only 9 schools have this requirement. Thus it will be seen that the higher the minimum requirement for admission the greater the proportion of schools offering a three-year course. In other words, more than three times as great a proportion of nurse training schools in general hospitals having the minimum requirement of a full high-school course for admission offer a three-year course as do schools having only the eighth grade requirements for admission. By making similar comparison for the bars representing hospitals for the insane, it will be noted that the same situation prevails. Since practically all schools of this type require only an eighth grade or one year of high school for admission the few schools having a 59872°— 21 - 38 594 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. higher requirement should not be considered, as they are so few in number that they are not representative of these higher groups. Where only an eighth-grade education is required for admission, . about two-thirds as many schools give a three-year as give a two- year course, while four times as many schools requiring one year of high school for admission give a three-year as give a two-year course. This reversal in the relative lengths of the two and three year bars clearly implies that the higher the educational requirement for admission the longer the course offered in hospitals for the treat¬ ment of the insane. To state this relationship numerically, over six times as great a proportion of nurse training schools in hospitals for the insane, having as a minimum requirement for admission one year of high-school work, offer a three-year course as do schools with the lower requirement of an eighth-grade education for admis¬ sion. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS AFFILIATED WITH COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. One of the very essential features of an efficient nurse training course is that adequate facilities be available for giving the pre¬ liminary academic instruction incident to such a course. A few schools meet this problem by a carefully planned course given within the hospital, but frequently nurse training schools have no regular instructors and no available laboratory properly equipped for im¬ parting the academic instruction so essential to every well organized course. Often the instruction is left entirely to the superintendent of nurses, and not infrequently to some of the more mature pupils in training. Frequently the laboratory is not well enough equipped to give the instructor, either physician, paid instructor, superintend¬ ent of nurses, or nurse pupil, an opportunity to present the pre¬ liminary instruction in the most efficient manner. Many nurse training schools have solved this difficulty by having regular college or university instructors, usually in the school of medicine, give these general science courses to the nurse pupil in training. Wherever such an arrangement exists the hospital which maintains the nurse training school is affiliated with the college or university. A de¬ cided advantage accrues to the training school from this affiliation, since the teaching is left entirely to specialists who are not only thoroughly familiar with their special work but who are also profes¬ sionally trained for presenting the instruction in the most effective manner, and since a well equipped laboratory is always at the dis¬ posal of the instructor. By this plan the academic training is placed on a college basis, and collegiate credit is generally given for it, thereby tending to elevate and dignify the professional training of nurses. The following colleges and universities offer nurse training NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 595 courses of the character just described. Only those institutions have been included in which nurse training courses have been made an organized part of the curriculum, and which are affiliated with one or more hospitals in which training course is given: Talladega College, Alabama. University of California. Leland Stanford Junior University, Cali¬ fornia. University of Colorado.1 George Washington University,1 District of Columbia. Washington Missionary College, District of Columbia. Northwestern University, Illinois. Indiana University. State University of Iowa. University of Kansas. Berea College, Kentucky. Simmons College, Massachusetts. University of Michigan.1 the practical work of the nurse University of Minnesota.1 University of Missouri.1 Washington University.1 State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (University of Montana). Columbia University, New York. Syracuse University, New York. Ohio State University. University of Cincinnati, Ohio. Wilberforce University, Ohio. University of Oklahoma. University of Pennsylvania. Temple University, Pennsylvania. University of Texas.1 University of Virginia.1 University of Wyoming. This institution offered a nurse training course in 1911. 596 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 18. — Summary of statistics of schools for the training of professional nurses, includ¬ ing schools in hospitals for the treatment of the insane , in 1917-18. States. Total number of schools. Nurse pupils. Gradu¬ ates. Capacity (beds). Average daily number of patients. Schools not report¬ ing. Men. Women. Total. * 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 United States . 1,776 622 54,629 55,251 13,751 303, 193 225, 899 67 Alabama . 24 4 470 474 104 2,985 2,359 2 Arizona . 1 0 20 20 6 75 45 0 Arkansas . 18 2 228 230 75 1,066 690 0 California . 74 58 3,285 3,343 732 9, 852 7,060 0 Colorado . 20 6 741 747 129 2,038 1,395 0 Connecticut . 27 12 1,003 1,015 296 7,050 6,209 0 Delaware . 4 0 62 62 11 320 193 1 Districc of Columbia. . 11 36 611 647 136 7,200 6,314 0 Florida . 7 0 136 136 38 430 254 0 Georgia . 35 1 781 782 196 2,577 1,599 1 Idaho . 9 0 68 68 19 520 238 0 Illinois . 110 8 3,659 3,667 1,065 22, 192 14,563 3 Indiana . 41 2 1,071 1,073 190 2,868 1,890 2 Iowa . 54 22 1,805 1,827 418 8, 641 6,290 1 Kansas . 43 15 657 672 157 1, 798 1,233 3 Kentucky . 27 5 521 526 107 4,901 4,049 4 Louisiana . 13 0 460 460 117 2,580 1,822 1 Maine . 27 3 458 461 115 3,068 2,596 4 Maryland . 29 8 1,113 1,121 297 5,429 2, 778 1 Massachusetts . 103 134 4,378 4,512 1,160 27,403 20,551 1 Michigan . 50 * 25 1,922 1,947 477 12, 177 6,646 1 Minnesota . 56 14 2,113 2, 127 455 8,826 7,601 1 Mississippi . 22 0 280 280 52 1,119 697 3 Missouri . 48 3 1,727 1,730 351 7,092 5,360 0 Montana . 15 1 348 349 60 1, 131 788 0 Nebraska . 31 13 725 738 128 3, 180 1,575 1 Nevada . 1 0 16 16 5 40 5 0 New Hampshire . 25 0 425 425 136 2,448 1,942 1 New Jersey . 48 10 1,379 1,389 412 9,851 8,262 0 New Mexico . 1 0 3 3 1 90 90 0 New York . 169 116 6,926 7,042 2,275 61, 034 60, 805 8 North Carolina . 42 2 729 731 150 3,037 2,622 4 North Dakota . 17 0 392 392 87 970 517 1 Ohio . 90 19 2,631 2,650 685 16,848 12,885 7 Oklahoma . 24 0 374 374 76 2,068 1,446 1 Oregon.'. . 17 2 439 441 106 1,505 1,152 0 Pennsylvania . 189 81 6,294 6,375 1,464 32, 150 23,936 4 Rhode Island . 13 5 477 482 123 2,972 2,548 0 South Caro'ina . 18 0 373 373 112 3, 164 596 1 South Dakota . 12 0 185 185 36 603 381 1 Tennessee . 20 1 534 535 116 1,810 1,043 2 Texas . 28 2 1,021 1,023 218 3,321 2,253 0 Utah . 7 0 297 297 64 861 562 0 Vermont . 13 7 258 265 66 1,352 1,118 0 Virginia . 39 1 754 755 161 3,984 3, 188 3 Washington . 26 0 812 812 213 2,714 2,099 1 W est Virginia . 36 0 589 589 127 2,230 1,314 2 Wisconsin . 38 4 1,002 1,006 217 3,333 2, 188 1 Wyoming . 4 0 77 77 10 270 152 0 NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. . 597 Table 19. — Summary of statistics of general nurse training schools in 1917-18. States. Schools. Nurse pupils. Gradu¬ ates. Capacity (beds). Average daily number of patients. Men. Women. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 United States . 1,692 290 91,928 52, 218 12,966 176, 747 123,070 Alabama . 23 4 449 453 98 1,485 909 Arizona . 1 0 20 20 6 75 45 Arkansas . . 18 2 228 230 75 1,066 690 California . : . 74 58 3,285 3, 343 732 9,852 7,060 Colorado . 20 6 741 747 129 2,058 1,395 Connecticut . 25 9 968 977 282 3,190 2,378 Delaware . 4 0 62 62 11 320 193 District of Columbia . 10 9 553 562 115 3,700 2,984 Florida . 7 0 136 136 38 430 254 Georgia . 34 0 746 746 161 2,377 1,429 Idaho . 9 0 68 68 19 520 238 Illinois . 105 6 3,584 3,590 1,016 12,095 8,654 Indiana . 41 2 1,071 1,073 190 2,868 1,890 Iowa . 49 2 1,668 1,670 389 3,885 2,715 Kansas . 41 11 645 656 148 1,798 1,233 Kentucky . 24 1 505 506 97 2,033 1,039 Louisiana . 13 0 460 460 117 2,580 1,822 Maine. . . ✓ . 25 2 397 399 105 1,268 858 Maryland . 27 5 1,061 1,066 287 3,689 2,638 Massachusetts . 92 54 3,673 3,727 1,022 10,964 6,390 Michigan . 46 13 1,818 1,831 441 5,085 3,796 Minnesota . 53 0 1,962 1,962 421 5,726 3,197 Mississippi . 21 0 270 270 50 1,009 605 Missouri . 47 3 1,701 1,704 350 5,787 4,059 Montana . 15 1 348 349 60 1,131 788 Nebraska . 30 13 718 731 124 2, 430 1,572 Nevada . 1 0 16 16 5 40 5 New Hampshire . 24 0 377 377 120 1,098 688 New Jersey . 45 0 1,303 1,303 387 5,301 3,783 New Mexico . 1 0 3 3 1 90 90 New York . 155 10 6,427 6,437 2,102 24,014 18,099 North Carolina . 41 2 719 721 150 1,987 1,672 North Dakota . 17 0 392 392 87 970 517 Ohio . 85 14 2,528 2,542 647 8,818 6,105 Oklahoma . 23 0 359 359 74 1,038 562 Oregon . 17 2 439 441 106 1,505 1,152 Pennsylvania . 181 46 6,011 6,057 1,377 23,977 17,812 Rhode Island . 11 5 399 404 100 1,322 978 South Carolina . 17 0 333 333 103 1,008 596 South Dakota . 12 0 185 185 36 603 381 Tennessee . 20 1 534 535 116 1,810 1,043 Texas . 28 2 1,021 1,023 218 3,321 2,253 Utah . 7 0 297 297 64 861 562 Vermont . 12 2 229 231 64 582 375 Virginia . 38 1 754 755 161 2,584 1,963 Washington . 26 0 812 812 213 2, 714 2,099 West Virginia . 36 0 589 589 127 2,230 1,314 Wisconsin . 37 4 987 991 215 3, 183 2,038 Wyoming . 4 0 77 77 10 270 152 598 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 20. — Summary of statistics of schools in hospitals for the treatment of the insane , training pupils for professional nurses , in 1917-18. States. Schools. Nurse pupils. Gradu¬ ates. • Capacity (beds). Average daily number of patients. Men. Women. Total. 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 United States . 84 332 2,701 3,033 785 126,446 102,829 Alabama . 1 0 21 21 6 1,500 1,450 Connecticut . 2 3 35 38 14 . 3,860 3,831 District of Columbia . 1 27 58 85 21 3,500 3,330 Georgia . 1 1 35 36 35 200 170 Illinois . 5 2 75 77 49 10,097 5,909 Iowa . 5 20 137 157 29 4,756 3,575 Kansas . 2 4 12 •16 9 Kentucky . 3 4 16 20 10 2,868 3,010 Maine . 2 1 61 62 10 1,800 1,738 Maryland . 2 3 52 55 10 1,740 140 Massachusetts . 11 80 705 785 138 16,439 14, 161 Michigan . 4 12 104 116 36 7,092 2,850 Minnesota . 3 14 151 165 34 3,100 4,404 Mississippi . 1 0 10 10 2 110 92 Missouri . 1 0 26 26 1 1,305 1,301 Nebraska . . 1 0 7 7 4 750 3 New Hampshire . 1 0 48 48 16 1,350 1,254 New Jersey . 3 10 76 86 25 4,550 4,479 New Y ork . 14 106 499 605 173 37,020 32, 706 North Carolina . 1 0 10 10 1,050 950 Ohio . 5 5 103 108 38 8,030 6,780 Oklahoma . 1 0 15 15 2 1,030 884 Pennsylvania . 8 35 283 318 87 8,173 6,124 Rhode Island . 2 0 78 78 23 1,650 1,570 South Carolina . 1 0 40 40 9 2,156 Vermont . 1 5 29 34 2 770 743 Virginia . 1 1,400 1,225 Wisconsin . 1 0 15 15 2 150 150 Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals , 1917-18. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of pa¬ tients daily. NURSE TR ^OOOIOO H H (N N lO AINING S iCOiCiCiCN ClOhtN rH CH00LS, 1918. OOOiCiO, *010 lO COCOiOCOC* .00 Tt< 5! 888S82 *il OOOOO CO CO lO o o CO 8th grade . lyr. H. S . 8th grade . lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . H. S . 8th grade . 2 yrs. H. S _ Sth^rade . 8th grade . 2 yrs. H. S.... 2 yrs. H. S - . . 8th grade . 8th grade . 8th grade . 3 yrs. H. S _ 2 yrs. H. S _ H. S . lyr. II. S . 8th grade . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . H. S . H. S . Age, years. © 00 O • 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2882288 8 2222228 Grad¬ uates. l® © • m "o' oo • HNHH CO CO ^ CO CS O CO • NO5iC00M 00 00OOCq i COOCONNO-sOOO > Ca uaviLj (beds). 60 70 63 75 175 200 30 18 60 25 25 50 25 38 50 40 35 310 102 80 30 15 150 100 175 90 86 1,283 90 140 120 35 Remuneration. Third year. os • ' cq ' • • • CO • • ^CD^OOOOO 05 . . ^ 05 00 CO CO CS CO o oo • ccoccNcoeociNioci^ dl>- Remuneration. Third year. so OOOOOOOONOOO^ O O Cl O 00 OJ OI $S8§ ill • OOOOOOO oo • Cl Cl C3 C3 (M OO Cl C3 Cl Second year. _ i _ 01 OOOOOOO^NOOOOO O O 03 O 00 00 O Cl Cl 03 00000000 ;©©©©©©©©©©© O© a 1 1 0 a ■s 1 si *1 ”3 a S W > ! | i ^ !§ !| i w Jl 3M82£ = S§°°8$$8 : 23 S80Oc522g8838833 883 oo OOOO o jooooooooooooooo | OO oooooooooooooo ©©<= i No report. 2 Affiliates, $5 per month; postgraduates, $10 per month. 3 A fee of $25 is required. * 8 hours the first year; 10 hours the Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals, 1917-18 — Continued. 606 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. g SoB n g aa > C3 3 P.® c3 <, dP -R'O ©©©©©©©©C^©©©© • ©© • © © O • © -* OiOcOM WOiQHiC< .1-1- • 00 CO »-h -CDCS M»OOJW(N»OH t-, CO HHHHCON • • C* r-1 > o © © o © O O O O O O f'- © © O .©*0*0 • 10(NCMOH©C«00 0(NCOCOC00500 -HNiO ^ H(NH(N^(N rH >H(NH li ^OOO^^XO© • © © © t- OO © © I* ssoos > >©©©©OG©© .©C*©©©©©H 8 cococococoeoeoeoeoeoeoeoeoeocococoeocoeo coco eo co co c* c* co co eo co eo o O 3 w ^ *- 3 ,2 C10)»00 00®«0js)000!000®0ffi00)» >050©00>< 0) "H a. 2 II si sa Si o . <© . H.W . 52 “fflffi 52 tJcQ t* ,rcQ CQOQ ww WKWg^^H . taco co co .•xrnxi oimm www CQCQ WW :WW(NrHMHrHWHTHHO0(N(N(NHRM u j e ^ t>> E»>. • . : • >»>> hnMMhhhMhh Ot'NWCOOOeOWHON © cq it fc & ©rf©t—t— © •3 a 60 •0.3 © > O a POO a>j» ■agsa.f - - • -k M M .c3 WWW £ ooWWl NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 607 WINNiOOOOQOOlN OO-T-P'-ICOCOt^OOt-I^H^-l lOOOJOONNC* 'OOOHttSOiOONOOOh 0000*00 • iO O >DC0 05H10(NH10 .OUNIOHOOOOOOOCOCOO* lO H H H rf CO • *>•*© . o* • NO© »c»c ©HCOON OMiCkOOOOcDWiOO OICIOCOIOIOOOHCOCOM 00»0i00i0i000000000»0»000^0c* OlOHOOOOiOOC* XOCJC*NCO(NcOHCO^OOHONOOMOrrcOH OHOOH cOiOcOON o o o o o O* 0*10 0* CO O O ^ • cO O CD CO O O • 0*00 '03 0^05 0)10 03 • cOO*TfOcOO 'COcOcOCOOOcOcOTfOOOcO • 05*^0000050 . 05 05 05 05 O* O 05 05 00 CO O* 05 . COcOCOrfOCOOO 05 05 05^J00500* oooo o 00 O O 05 OOINCOCOOONCOIOCOCO 05t^-05050t''-050*0505 «NO(N^cOOOO(Nf*(NcOOOcOcO(NOcOONO Nc0t^(N05C0t^^Nt^05C0O 05 05Nc00) O* 000*00000 o COCDN0005CO(N ooooo 0* OO 05 OcOOcOcOcOOOOOOOOcO 05 CO 05 05 05 Tf rf rr 05 OOCOIO^COOOOOOOOOOCOOOCOCOOIOOOOOO CO ^ O* 05 COI> T}i 05 CO O 05 05 CO TF CO ^ o* 00000*0000 WO^NOOSOO) ooooo* o o o ooooooooooo ooooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooo ooooo H|© cococoo*cocococococoo* CO CO CO CO CO CO O* CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 2? CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO • CO CO CO ooooooooooooo 00 05 05 O 00 05 O O 05 O O O O 05 O 05 00*0 O* O O 00 O* 05 O 05 0* O* 05 05 00 0* O 05 05 8th grade . lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . 2 yrs. H. S _ lyr. H. S . 2 yrs. H. S.... lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 2 yrs. H. S - lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. & . 2 yrs. H. S - 2 yrs. H. S.... lyr.H. S . 2 yrs. H. S _ lyr.H. S . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr.H. S . lyr.H. S . 2 yrs. H. S.... lyr.H. S . 2 yrs. H. S - 2 yrs. H. S.... lyr.H. S . 2 yrs. H. S _ lyr. H. S . 8th grade . H. S _ 2 yrs. H. S _ 2 yrs. H. S _ H^ S H S ‘ lyr. H. S . 8th grade . lyr. H. S . lyr.H. S . 8th grade . 8th grade . H. S . H. S . CO 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 O »-H rH H rH i-H i-H i-H i-H ^H 0* 222222222222222222222 §2 ‘22nn22 00 O 05 05 05 HO *HHH O’^CC’f COHO^ONCO N © «o eo eo © ■ NM?o>N>c©cO''r-'3*co ’ o oo © 00 .ThjS C3 ftWft ft.p>>& o w ;ft ^gM> fe i'S m8’2^4 flS Sw 2 > u £■£ £ s s 2*3 d “h oO § ®.9 SS g“ >c3 • 8.2o o • • -fa -3 o i 50 CG S gq S h-3 S S S S PQ O ^ O O Ph ^ $2‘Pn PQ Ph Ph 35 35 GQ oQ 3q Ph ^ jm_. .£>« & 3"!§§w :§1 . ■^agili|i^!3fi| flI|gl|SSHiS|aaB 2i!!oWiSjS§flw§ts d S 2 ^ 4ft> rj C3 l2 Sh o >iW) o'aS"|^l|| S°|| Slli%22|slla2§ ccWPQftWWftaii^PlftftOccW . ®rft oflflo P g SO ^2 £ MS 2 ® o o 3 .900 |-B o§ o o o _ w w as ssaao o ots liaaS*I«ss'>w5ls*f* «* s *M fall II 111 I •> a M'S ft lllli fc 9 9 >3 Tl O n p SS-ig^ >«3 ftp -W i No report. Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals , 1917-18 — Continued. 608 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 3 <3 ft.® c3 3 .Q U3 -o > 00 C*CO CO * 88; o § © OrHOOOOOlN ^ o o r>- o )t^NO5 00O5«OcONO>CON ^(MOO • O i ^ t> oooooooor^ooooooooooooooo ooooooo 03 pj £ 0> *rH £ ‘COCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOC^COCOC^COCO co co co co co co co O 03 2*5-3 W ^ 5^ 0000«005 05 00 000C50000000 0)05(N0500005 OOOOJINOOO S j§ ’S'S C3 © PS 83 J- -a §1 :2 jW j1^ WW ylyWa :WWMWp4W “02 “02 “02 5 lJ 5 1_2 >» >» >> >> >».; >» >> >» >> t>» >vj t>> 00W(»WNWlNHHWrM00HNH|Il(NNHOIHMHw cu ^ ^ . > • OOHrtNOOrtW ©“£ I 05 O 00 8 •s s 03 t 133 O 3 iOO«0010h®!OChN-»'OOONOONMONNi lOON'O'iONlO © CO CO «— • S’S. ^ a NiCcDHOWh-TTCiCHCiCD •OOiCiCOOOCJCDN H-r^OCCiHcO ^ (M • CO C0 1""1 CO »-« 'COOrHlOMO i rH CO CM vS ag.S &K.-2 5 1 1511 il^lflpf BifJ II I assfgg S ©'3tri 53 3 3 &.90 §M “ Sft-2 M 3/S 5 I S J o c3i?^ S-H S o u 03'3 a • ShOOcsi p^p^p g©p^p Mo WqHphWo2P>op50p JSS :! -2 ® H ■^£,23 “2 8 8§®aVS-W Mg §8 §8-“ ^b'SWSW.S "c s 0 t>> a t>i 3 § §-2 £< £3 +3^ 3 © .j ® • < WPQ^02^02 3 flddoddddSbOrt2of!®8“fl1!owCflom 8 .gOPPPQQfi o£p S^«.2 §0-2 0£p © a -3 r feS aQ s £-33 •§ 3 pi 3: -a a as© op W0 S?d~ « . w ■g’S 3 3 _„0 _ £hP3gg ISIfilgS So3 g’g *Ot^C0*O*O»»O*D ^ 0 CO CO ^ OOOCCON O OOOO OOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO CO OOOOOOO OOOOO cocococococococo cococococococococococococococococococococococococococococoeocococo CO CO CO CO CO (M 1000 05 0500 |0 0000)050000N0 0500000 00«0000 00«00 00 00 ) o o o o o OQOQOQCO \WU1W WWWW -WWW mmm \mmm > >> • R ■ >» R >> ►> t>> >» • >>• t>» >> >» >»>»>. WHHHWHHHMNHHWHWNHHHNNWNWwHrtHHW(NNH bbbOj^ & ooooWoo loooosooo i w i-i e* i-i OOONiOWUSOOOWMiOiOHOWiO^-iTCWMOiftOiONMHlOOONCiO I0010HH , ^CONiCOOOWO - • o bo • g ® J £ fl S » • ® r wcc<1co^WSoW«WmP°p w ^ Q)r_ a) OW JQ PI 2^-P w _ _ S f > ^ 2°^ 9f et £ £ ©.a •W • a ca g © • • > • s g >£i caW • s ©••.!? sL WPcct^ajpoaWW^cBWcoPMtS'^WOccP^cocQ^cQc 5‘Ew° « a ao t,® o ca 8W-2-SW g W Q S'd “Is 111 ©>9 03 O OtJ W^ooWh •SSo^OnSoaOoSooo o'o'Sq ^ o o 03 o 2 ol-jjS o 6 5 ow 6 6 o.5r ® ©op §p§3fl SppWppp 5P'S« &e8OO^W'SP 5 8 rf^P SO Kpppg® SSM 000 ’.o^s-es & 3 C8 O « § P fe^Wn E" 2 m 2 © © m a wawo o B w > >1 O . © £! C3 © g^o 3lS£gU IIS0 <5oooQ 59872°— 21- -39 No report. 2 Young women are trained to care for infants. 3 Training school temporarily suspended during the war. Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals, 1917-18 — Continued. 610 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, Aver¬ age num- berof pa¬ tients daily. *0 (N»COiiOOO H H CO CO OWOONN (NNHH t-H ooo*oc.o*ooooco»ooorHioooo*oo VHCiHHT^CO V^OCNOl CO^iOHfNOCOOClO Ca- ti w o'O 03 ® o<3. -f 0 0 00*000 vcoHHdco oco*o*oo*ooo*co*oooooo 'on*oo*o COH(NH^h.*OiOCO^M(NCO*OCO(M • ‘O CO (N *0 N • TH Remuneration. Third year. 03 • t* O • O • OO CO • CO ■ • CO (M • OJN • • o 00 ' f5WO>C10W*OClC10)Cl^X H t-H HCO HH 1-H Tf CO CO MlOHTfHH Men. OS ooooo oooooo OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi-iOOOOO Hospital with which nurse training school is affiliated. » • • • • • • (H • • • I • • pj • . CD * : : : : : ft : • • 72 • • .2 • •9 c n p 2 • P< 3 ■3 8-c .••sswgS rs g-§1l88 "I s >> wl 22 o 03 • P p, rS1" oi c\'S’e3§ Sa.|oBa^®§as|■g|'§, I^|£SS-SS.?-S11bw rtspl g’Ht' _ c 9 ^ - n.„ |!l!f“'g..g£g!l| ki © ® cc c3 9 hrt P< >»L § -i at BWflO SrSS'SiS a S> o > . H«S£tfWM£pS!&GQ a : a • '3 if JL ^ a O P a o o o o o it 2 8S8S||i 2S 8^® pq pqpqwoHWH OAh < ea 5 "o o .......... . a cls o o o o o o o o o o o 3 a <3m m © NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 613 CO CO • • ^ ^ COO( iN^oooicooiogo^o iH'^cDClONiO’^NOO'tcCO lOiOiO^OkO *o c lOiO^COOSN (N T OOOOOOCCMMOOOOCOO 00 <& M(NlNcD05N05tD(N(Ni0 CO OCN^OOOOO OOO^CD • O (NN^OCDO cDOCiOOQ • rH rH - CD O CD ^0 CD OOOOOOOO OOcOrfcOOO (NOO(N(NCOC< CD O 05 CO 02 CD § OONNNCO 0 84 120 OOOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOO 0000000 0 OOOOOO OOOO ^ 10 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO . hncvjhm wh r;co hn r; CO (M CS (M CO CO 0 -sCO COCOCOM»h ^ s^eT e CO r hn I CO CO CO CO CO5 CO cocococo 005000 05 05000050(N( 00005 05005 00 OJOOOOOJON' Oi-hOOOOOO 00.J ' CQ *S W02GG 222 tl 02 iw 0202 2*02 rtww«ti£ km£h i S S < eocooocciMLfjocOTficooorot^ HH’tOO ONCON HCOHIO 1-t 0 (NCO COOON CO OcDcD' Wo O <5 £> ft ^KPh ^ ftft 3|2J^.0-Uww •&g $g © w+3 o «>g §1 Vft|t§ &W-9 W, 8 P ^ ^ ?9 ^ rX [V, J ft^ c3 .-*3 03 ft ft S 3 1S£&§ §.-§ |o : fto _ .43 J" ra O -2 ft -2 § .-iw ft5 8| ft o o ft “ ^ — ft Wg»W"-H O r— I ri , - Q) 03 td ggS-gg.-s " ® d 8+3 p ft g sloft^s ' :& :H \M • tt> :-9ft :ft.-§ :_. a ~ M : «rt ;Sjp IP bfl I ■%&S2ISII Jh+J 9 ^-O'S OOOO <1^02W>gg 8 Fj a §2ft feSgft aw>| Sft w d3d ©^ a “ c333»(a®dnO" OOOBhhhHdl^ SSSI’S’S «wa^ "w~ - ' 3 3 t»cbc&j> ga-ivl rj ri Cj Cl k-8 § sWww g£ sSft os cSc3c3G3o5ital NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. NiO(NNQiOCO»OvOOO oio»o o 05 ^ 05 05 oo 05 oo e* COOON 05 CO CO OCCONO 88888 00 5;(N(NOOCOCOOT}0 05 0 05 kj ^ ^ E • E-5 E • E E • E • NrtWHHHHHNBNHWHNNM«N«rtP4rtHMHW 8th grade . H. S . 2 yrs. H. S - H. S . 8th grade . H. S . lyr.H.S . 2 yrs. H. S - 8th grade . 8th grade . 8th grade . 2 yrs. H. S - 8th grade . 2 yrs. H.S.... IT S _ h.s.!!. . 8th grade . 1 yr. H.S . H.S . lyr.H.S . 1 vr. H.S . O00H 00 00OOO)00O00 0>Hrt®ffiO»««®00X<3)OH NHNHHOKMHrtNrtHOINHHNrtrtHHHHHNN 22222222So2 2§22hhhhhhh c^'-ioooajrHoootOt-tosr^TiiooMojosoioocoeo^joooai N^C0N05HlQ^05H CO 0 CO hOOhMNcOhiolqoo r-H CO »0 t-H (N HXNO®HIMHIO»®NN®M»OMMN®(NNO!00 ®< OOCO®t NrHNHrtlOMiHlOOH M«-h C/I rj C3 c3 o S C3 C 3^ a p-, 'm fto-s a I’H >>§ a 0 g-s ! Oir? c3 SiSS-fti 03 E~ s. — ,o ills'll gaWSrtl o ffl «"o - -HH O O w ■ □ (-( r/M ^ -T" ^ W — - K*. ’H&s a 1 g-g $ l^'g-9 a g g s^. 1 1-rH r~* U? 83W|4» Ht 2 O g > : ph i a :a”3 :M'a : cj.-s islllf Sfs'SSw. ftS > a'SEE .sa^S^Ss.' 'E s M*ft -a tl CA <2 3 o £ ,03 03 ca’SIU.-S o §■ §" e3 a 2 'E'E'E'E'E §£•? g«Wtta ft sl?S 8 8 8 8® » fa 8* a2| HIS gul^WWWMsS gS«| &2-S« §po > .0 o o o q~2 o g<>S 2 a'S a h p a •ta -S © js js'sjs s a & 2 • § ® 3 pqppHmWfcmSSSSoOoafflpHaaM^W :ga§ 3 o s£W «00 O O O ftp a .till E 03 O Grmwi nasi a S3 ®.S ns . . hSooo M a o o il o d o’ IS <("< 8 o :alo-g|j . .osogdcjSXtioooaoo •a £ g.sf’il.gs pp n mwoouQ 1 No report. Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals , 1917-18 — Continued. 616 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, O rt’S pf°. rO ^ § & 11 IB >} 3 °,3 E'3 « W * &•« ® d® © ©CQOQ ®CQ . .®mwww ;W«1! :llwlw'?|wwlw mm WJbCoQ Ulbfico bed botuo . • M . kh'm ^ >> >>5 5 5 5 ^5 ^56 >>>>5 >> W3HNrtHfHiHflHHOO©W»OONQOHOoSHHOOTH ®22222222222®222hSSh2hS2h22h2®®2?5 82 ®®NNNrHN«»OMo:NrtN'tMeONM«m3M oooooooooooooooooooooooo 0-2 • 03 C3 o 1 £« 3 — W.ti-s >og-2 g aw,$E© 3 g3«W S-3W |o w«7 3 I b£ fl fl « 3tj£”W_® 0.3 t»W g >>3 £ bl j 8 s 8® $5 g.a >4 gis §| 2 3 SuO® te 3~ Oj O P'S o-t-=-3^< 3 ISSg:-|||j§SSSSslKl^glIsl CQ +3 ; 0^5 HOOO OQ lO 1C ■ 00 IOCOM 0-0 o >>>• NrtW M rt B 1»» 1-1 CO IN 1-1 1-H -H 1-1 » l ^ w <3 o ^ o ce <© 0^00»0^0»0000i0c00 WWCO 385 (NOtOrfOOOOOO'XlO CO 05 00 CD (N (N C4 * s ^COCOCOMCOCMMCOCOeOCOCOM COCO>5 00 00 MOO \tn ffjcQcora w :w| :|5|www gmgMCQ&g^ggg ^5 m 5 ^5 ^ >» > nHnooWoonoonnci |H0000010( INNHNHNi OrtMOOOMOrttrtNn.^ lOWOM ■ 00 CD CO 00 2 & » a oooooooooooooo ooooooooooo b2w +3 © (5® 3 .© c3 ®3!Q ■2 3 £2 5 mOW • M aS < 3" e a O co a&tiSS^K*1 O C3f 03 . W K S -3 b.3 '.L ■ d <» m £ .3 S2 -3 2 b fa's "E 53 W m g .2 1— i 2 3 •£ © 2 5 'Sa^'S i Wm’Smm N N .& 3 3 © © cor; o 3X3.23 raw ©© 55 AS AS 33-22.2.2 ££S;>!> S| Jill¬ 'S J8 Iga, ’S'cS.'t g'C I w|! a 3 I . rl3«>> .« <03 P,.g 2 — © 'H Q 1 ® n'S o f?Ois m ss*|.»S-”icS2 •§I!s|2|Sl © ©5 s2®eP® s^&ssj® © si OP-1 fl > O ir c 2S22°sa>®50300 05S0500 200 :0O222O5Oi OSOOOOiOlOJOOOiOOOSO 1 yr. H. S _ lyr. H.S..:. 2 yrs. H.S... 1 yr. H. S _ 2 yrs. H.S... 2^yrs. H.S... 8th grade. . . 8th grade.... 2yrs.H. S... 2 yrs. H.S... 1 yr. H. S _ 2 yrs. H.S... 2^yrs. H.S... 8th grade.... 2 yrs. H.S... 2 yrs. H.S... 8th grade.... 2 yrs H. S. .. 8th grade.... 2 yrs. H.S... 1 yr. H.S — 2 yrs. H.S... Special train¬ ing. 1 yr. H. S . 2 yrs. H.S - 1/&H-S . 8th grade . . . 8th grade.... 1 yr. H. S _ 2 yrs. H.S... 1 yr. H.S - 2^yrs. H.S _ 2 yrs. H.S _ 1 yr. H. S . Hys.H:s::::: 1 yr. H. S . 2 yrs.H. S - 2 yrs. H. S _ 8th grade . 22gg2gS2S2£2222Sg2222£g22 : 322° 21 18 18 21 18 £22222222222 t'OtDMlOfflNOMTfOVOOWt-OlOOOOffllOMOO^O ’tCOOOeOHOSOO^ OOOOi-HOOOOOOOO(MOOOOOOOOOOOO ooooooooo OOOOOOrHOOOOO 1 Fourth year, $45. 2 Temporarily suspended by reason of the war. * No report. Table 21.— Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals, 1917-18 — Continued. 620 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. eoolS-iflOijddoo^Soooooooooooo'Oo • « aSlii 1 il ||5 621 NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. A bonus of $5 per month, for the whole term, is paid to tho nurse pupils who complete the three years’ course. a No report. 3 Hospital Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals, 1917-18 — Continued. 622 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Aver¬ age num- ber of pa- - tients daily. iOOOOOOOOOiOOCOO^OiCiCiONOOOINOcDiCONOO © ^^WOOWOWO^OHOONOO^WMiOOHCOOiOOl^HCC O C3 o pacity (beds). OOMCONOO»COOOO^OOOONiOM»CW5W5»0 0»CO O iO^C^C^iOU-OQOt—OjOjOaiO^OOiO^r-HC^COcDCDL-L-OCvlOO o Remuneration. Third, year. 05 ©© 'O O N N o • © ©00 .©(N^t^t^CN • 05 ©Si-» • HH rH . OOOOOOOOOOTf ! CKO O (N CO >-( Nurse pupils. Women. HNOOCOOOOOHNNO^iOOOOiCO^^OON^iO^ • CO COOOWi-H©l0*0©t^ NcOGOCOOTfT^rHjOOOC^aiGO ^ © lO © 137 Car pacity (beds). 14 oiocoo»o © 04 © 00 © ©oooot^iooocooo ^O^OOCOcOcOCOCO^ 76 100 100 80 1,700 45 75 140 1,000 204 1 150 112 135 ©COC4 © © 167 1 Remuneration. Third year. eo 04 ’ O CO O -INOJIN ^ • rH r-H 04© © ^t<© • O CO O MN(N^(N *04©04 ^ CO 00 © CO © © ^ • © © ^ -^ © © 04 © 04 • 00 CO 0-4 00 T* ! © • 04 1 168 1 Second year. IN m y-i r-\ O4©00©©^©©00 © © 00 © © ©*© ^ T* © © ^ h^hh^h 2Jj2JOO©CJOO © © rf 04 © 0® o First year. _ a 04 © © © 04 t'- © © 05 1>* ©©©©^©©04© ©©©©"^04©t^© ©04 04©©©©00©^©©CO ©1^1^04©© © 04 00 © 04 © © © Cl © 04 i-H 0® Tui¬ tion. 10 ooooo ©©©©OOOOO ooooooooooooo ooo o Years in course. as NN OICOCO Hco HCO x/1 Hc*H« 04O4O4COCOO4CO04COCOCOCOCO040404 O 04 04 CO CO 04 CO a 03 HC4h|C£> 04 04 CO eo Hours of duty re¬ quired daily. CO 0000 05 S^SSSSSSS^S^S^^SSSh^S05050 © © © rH i-l © r-i Requirements for admission. Education (minimum). !>• lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . lyr. H.S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . Util CXU.C. ..... 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . 1 yr. H. S . H.S . 1 yr. H.S . 8th grade . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H. S . lyr. H.S . lyr. H.S . CO a t-i >> i-H Age, years. «o 05 00 00 00 00 00 05 ©00©©00 0500 00 © 00 00 O00© 00 00i-HC0i-l00 hhh(NhM(NhhhhNhhinh(Nhhnhnh © © © HINH oe Grad¬ uates. MS lO iO 05 00 CO T^rHlCLO'^lOTt<©^'^t^'^©(N^H©^OO5(Nr-Ht^C0(N hhcO rj* 04 y-i r-H r-i to 03 50 © Nurse pupils. Women. O 00 CO ^ ^ CO 04 CO 04 (NOOHO»H^NOO«OCO d NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 625 58872° — 21 - 40 1 Temporarily suspended. 8 Conducts a three months’ special course to nurse pupils registered in other hospitals. 8 No report. * First 6 months, $72; second 6 months, $90; third 6 months, $108. Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals , 1917-18 — Continued. 626 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of pa¬ tients daily. 'OiOHT^NOtOO H Tt< •NHCONWHHlO •NHH H H 00000 05 05 05 0 05 05 O ffioooooooooo®ffl O 05 05 O Requirements for admission. Education (minimum). t> lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . H. S . TT. S _ 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr.H. S . lyr. H. S . lyr.H. S . 2 yrs. H. S.... H. S . lyr.H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . ait. n coco WW HH U U tH U4 >>>» Age, years. © 8 O 00 00 05 05 05 00 05 05 00 '0000505000000HHH005X (NHHHHHHHHH ,(^HHHHHH!N h *0 -r^-^cs^05C 05 NOO^OOOt^OO(NOTf< 0 00 co 05 05 00 00 05 r-» ^(NOCOCOCDCOO 00 N (N 05 05 05 05 05 OOOOCNOO CD CD CO ^ 0000000000000 00000 00000000000 00000000 0000*00 HfrO cococococococococococococo CO CO CO CO CO COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO cocococococococo CO CO CO CO CO CO 0050050000500501^000 O 05 05 0 O 00000000000000 000500050050 05 05 05 O 05 O H. S . 1 yr. H. S . H. S . H. S . H. S . lyr. H. S . H. S . H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S...... lyr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . H. S . 1 yr. H. S . H. S . H. S . 8th grade . H. S . H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 2 yrs. H. S _ H. S . 2 yrs. H. S.... H. S . lyr. H. S . H. S . H. S . H. S . H. S . H. S . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . H. S . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . OOOOOOi-HOOOOOOOOOOOOO (NhhWWWhnhwhhh OOOOOO H HWC^HCS OOOOOOOOiOOOOOOHO OOH00 0000500 HTti •H^MiO«W005CO»00^ ;cO* CO H H ^ Tt* •OOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOO OOOOO 1-HOOOOO HOOOOOOO OOOOOO 33^ ill .-3 O O &.t3 O o MM « atdM •-000 Sftfi s & , . . . : H & ; oooos- O o. ^00002 ® Q -2t3 § p ”2 *2 .p x § _§ p% S^.SBSo'a 1 a"S °T3 0 11^ ‘If « § .ss O o >,2 Sm5° >»o$S g o t.c*S Q Q »c3 ^ SoS^ss^agSool §o Ofe oooWHMWMjiJSSpS q?Ph © • ofl o r^L '+J k-P H3 X tL 3 bjo 1 filial feifi P "c3 fe c3 ® 25 S .9 PnCQOiCQEH|>J>^|> !> I |«.|«aQ w fi 1 No report. Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals , 1917-18 — Continued. 628 ‘ BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of pa¬ tients daily. M3 OOiOiOlMMM H^^CC CO CO CO CO CO CO CO cococo cocococo CO CO CO CO CO CO co coco HN hh rH CO CO rH Hours of duty re¬ quired daily. CO ooo8,©o>©os© © © © © © © © CM © © C3 00 © 00 © © o ooooo Requirements for admission. Education (minimum) t> 8th grade . 8th grade . H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 8 th grade . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . 8th grade . lyr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . lyr.H.S . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H. S . Age, years. © hooooooooo (N(NHH(NHh 00 © CO ©oooooo HCM H HHHH oooooooooooooo oooo 00 ©00 © Grad¬ uates. US CO CO O CO H d NIOO ONOlO ©© © rH lO rH CM ^ rH © oo © • rH CO • Nurse pupils. Women. CO O CO Tt< o ^ COCOHHHH 1 23 6 37 30 12 26 ©© CM © ION © ©Ht< CO © 00 CO rH © CM © rH © • rH CO CO • Men. e© ooooooo OOO oooo oo © © © ■ © © © © © © Hospital with which nurse training school is affiliated. t^© © 00 © CM © ^ © © 00 | Is" CM 00©©©© ’©CM ^ © iO CM © CM • CM r>- ^ © © © © *cDOO©iO© H CO CM OO H ■ © ^ © ^ 2 ©00'*- CM © © CM CM i-H CM CO i-» rH CO © CM t^^OO T— 1 oocac^t»r-j©jooo©^f ©©©©©©©©©t-H© © ©oo©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© OhOChOCINOO C3 - 3 a- rs © ft II aw >>>> d'J, U.-gS'S .9 S&S. Sr' a 0.-S 52 wgS feS-g o S js i««I iPlUIlliuiij ! sfafij =---3 !„•- ; £** g*8 gtt §8 80 o'E^WS' g| §1 S?7S §Wtiw m Sfhl _ 52 ® ©+5M «rs £_«3 M t; Ehr! 52^: S’r* M |1Sr 5ga^ ® e-gw^ j5» ga © s |g|fw«f 1 l||li |1«1 feaMKriM 6 gill ijlif II S|Ill3l|3 IllBlSli •a £s 3 j, ."£« ^ 03 , >-m tlsfliH **gg«gfi| 3 © o ipH^ag 3 s gr©3 S £•- a © © r W CTtrl-P fflCS-P-P t- ^ W fc£ , •/_ 2 b K K r< ; 2 ^ I c3 O O o o — OOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOOOOOoSog OQfiQPPPfififlOCOP Bppppppppo°fi * hP 03 *5 5 ' ra [> ifi ? ”9 Qg S g q o3 O O c3 c<3 O ^ o oO qohhSw^^.-; s M O C ar b :§ fe :S OT ©^ ll|Q| HI I ik 629 N « K » O Temporarily suspended. « A special course is given to nurse pupils registered in other hospitals. Nurse pupils are given a partial course in this hospital. 7 Training school will reopen May 1, 1919. Hospital in process of reorganization. 8 Training school temporarily suspended; new hospital building. No report. 9 First 8 months, $64; second 8 months, $80; next 20 months, $240. First 6 months, $30; $84 for the remainder of the term. Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals, 1917-18 — Continued. 630 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of |t& 3 K5 883 : i&S :3g§gS88§Sg 50 30 35 100 33 125 50 ion. Third vfiar ‘ 2 $144 120 60 144 120 96 84 !§§ !00£383838K 3gSSS8828K8£g lunerat Second VftflT. a $120 120 60 120 96 96 72 !3S :0088K§K3gS gSgKggSSSSjgSg Ren First $96 120 0 108 72 72 on 588 :0083^8S8Sg g33jgg§£^§K§ Tui¬ tion. © ©oooooc >oo joooooooooo oooooooooooo Years in course. © 3 3 3 3 3 3 a 5 CO CO ; *-> CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 05 00 • O© 05 05 05.0 C5 05 05 OO 05000000005' 10 8 . 12 8 s 11 fid lj r- 2 yrs. H. S . . 1 yr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S... 8th grade — 1 yr. H. S _ h. s . H.S . !i'rs.'!:.s: 1 yr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S .. . 1 yr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S .. . 1 yr. H. S .. . lyr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S 1 yr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S... 2 yrs. H. S . . 1 yr. H.S... 1 yr. H. S... 1 yr. H. S... H.S . 1 yr. xl. o _ H.S . H.S . 1 yr. H. S.... r 1 • oo 2 2 2 2 2 £ Grad¬ uates. l® > © f- joiownMOOcooN ricooo joooooooooo oooooooooooo Hospital with which nurse training school is affiliated. j Salem Hospital . Good Samaritan Hospital . Providence Hospital . Springfield City Hospital . Gill Hospital . Ohio Valley Hospital . East Side Hospital . Flower Hospital . Lucas County Hospital » . Maternity arid Children’s Hospital . Robinwood Hospital . St. Vincent’s Hospital . Toledo Hospital . Van Wert County Hospital . Warren City Hospital . St. Elizabeth’s Hospital . Youngstown Hospital . Bethesda Hospital . Good Samaritan Hospital . Hardy Sanitarium . Blackwell Hospital . Chickasha Hospital . Clinton Hospital . El Reno Sanitarium . Enid General Hospital . University Hospital . Oklahoma Methodist Episcopal Hospital . uenryetta Hospital . Huffman Hospital . Comanchie County Hospital . All Saints Hospital . Location. - Ohio— continued. Salem . Sandusky . Do . Springfield . Steubenville . Do . Tiffin Toledo . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . Van Wert . Warren . Youngstown . Do . Zanesville . Do . OKLAHOMA. Ardmore . Blackwell . Chielrashn. Clinton . El Reno . Enid . Do . Guthrie . : ; : : ill! NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 631 1 No report. Table 21. — Statistics of nurse training schools in general hospitals, 1917-18 — Continued. 632 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Aver¬ age num¬ ber of pa¬ tients daily. 0 000«5N10 10 ICCOON 1C lOHiN lO kO CO ^ t0©©©©©^©t0©-^t000t0»0t0©t0t0»0 NiOOOO^COCOOJ^C4MCDNNG500iONCJ Remuneration. Third year. eo $144 144 OOrPTf O © O ^ -t^© First year. - e© -h NNOO (M O O O L* Is* 05 05 t'* 05 05 05 0(NO(NO> .j >> Ki hhooKhnW Age, years. 2hS2c^222S2 o oc o oc tooooocooooccoooooc&ocgaoogogoo Grad¬ uates. Its CDOiOlOW WiOCD NhOW OCCl0(N01-ClClt^tOtO©©tO©C George F. Geisinger Memorial Hospital . Du Bois Hospital . Easton Hospital . Hamot Hospital . ’. . St. Vincent’s Hospital . Franklin Hospital . Westmoreland Hospital Association . The Greenville Hospital . Harrisburg Hospital . Harrisburg Polyclinic Hospital . State Hospital . Homestead Hospital . J. C. Blair Memorial Hospital . incnana Hospital . Conemaugh Valley Memorial Hospital . The iSercy Hospital . Kane Summit Hospital . Nesbitt West Side Hospital . Lancaster General Hospital . St. Joseph’s Hospital . 1 0 o c3 8 -5 - PENNSYLVANIA— con. Butler . Cambridge Springs. . . Carbondale . Dn Carlisle . Chambersburg . Chester . Do . Clearfield . Coaldale . Coatesville . Columbia . c g ) C )C Danville . Du Bois . Easton . Erie . Do . Franklin . Greensburg . Greenville . Harrisburg . Do . Hazleton . Homestead . Huntingdon . Indiana . Johnstown . Do . Kane . Kingston . Lancaster . Do . G33 NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. 888K ££8$S3S8§ 8S|88S83S82§SkggS g 88 fegog|ooooooggSFHC,8to^g £°>£©© 02 02 ©0202 ;0202CQ0Q ; GO 02 m CG 02 02 U1 HmIhM :WHHK iWKKWKHK ©cggq ;ggcg ;coc ti : xji ; Iwk :aK law ;« w : 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. II. S . 1 yr. H.S . 2yrs. H. S . 1 yr. H.S . IL S . H.S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H.S . 1 yr. H. S . 1 yr. H.S . It. S . H. S . lyr. H.S . ^ C cm c cm c cm Em cm ^g2gS2?32SS2222 ®»S52a>22SS'HHMOOa,ON2® i-neo©'i’eo©e0i-i©©©r-©0 -'f co © i-t eq oo e«5 © 'OOoo^ho© SS8f|gg33g53,,-g3S5;85S SSS^g^S^SSgSSSfeS OOOOOi-HOOOOOOOOOi-HOO oooooooooooooo ©©©©©©©0©©©0©©00 1 i 3 years for women; 2 years for men. 2 No report. 8 No training school at the I'able aZx. — Statistics oj nurse training schools in general hospitals , 1917-18 — Continued. 636 BIENNIAL SURVEY OE EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Aver¬ age nnm- ner oi pa¬ tients daily. vO :§ £888 888S8 88 2888 :3 :S288882§8 m 8|3888 88008© 88 8§88 8888§838883 Remuneration . Third year. s g°g83S 888 : : 8° 8388 88888888083; Second year. a g°888S 88g: 8 : 8° 88£8 88888S8808£ First year. a g°888oS 888: § : 8° 88Sg 88g0gg88088 i tion. © ooooo© © o o © ■ © o o © © © ooooo©©©oo© Years in course. a e?eo co co oo c® co«CcomoooiooH OIN(N(NH(NHMHIOO iO CO O 00 o CO 05 t'* CO CO IW^OIOIOIO S S c NOCOCOOOOO C0CDO5O5 O O O (M 00 O O O CO 00 ' ^COOOO^C ) cO ^ cO CO cO lOOOOO^O ! S § § < O CO (N ^ (N cO (N » 05 1> SSS< ooooooo ooooooo oooooo COCOCOCOCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO COCO COCO CO CQ C* CO CO CO CO CO CO 0000 OOO 'N050000 ®“®ai ;«a® : ; «i“ ; uj i i y jy WWWh • ; W« i law : : :W W 1 : ICG COCO CGCG S2 2 2 t: rn ^ g C “com u £302 m g g ai coco g CCOQCQCQOQaaDQ cm : :awaaw »>> * t>> hnMM H> c3 rJ g_; a-g8J CO CO O O “WM pi if S-gS © iCS.XdS 2 n cs i 1*3 02 S 1-5 Ph 02 Of* O -t5 G *5 K 8*^ ^ «CQ CO •* g.-§ §3 a jwlwg-g^^ oiM w i_h g c3 • m ° w oj-H £ q. • a> ca g5 §5,1 ia-s.-=5sBt§ s?w tsiE gjl Jo-jj 1-2 g.a O p ^ £ ca 03 ^ o W o-gO 0,2 •g-C!0 o-pH m'm'd s ©S-9 M * 's£L3 © gW-g."3 ca^lf? 03 £,2 n-Pi 03 d © © . 03^-a eS,® PP H > P O W P-I Ph P 1-3 a £ Pi m O £ to H > P m 8 £H| g.t5«S 50 *§ pi .2^ •fSJ IJJ ©rd f£ awgoo §i& PWto 60 o.a . o L, CdlOfe O & O0115>0000 U30000U310«1010NO“3>010 O O O U5 t- O O O -fa OO OO C— CO CO CO lO Ot^»OCOH?OCl 1-H HOO^H r-H CO H H H r-i 0s! rH r-i rH H NHH Remuneration. Third year. eo $84 150 120 CDO^OO^O TfiOO • ^ • -00*0000000 O OI 04 O - CO C4 | 00 • | O Tti C5 O C4 O 04 O Tji o o o o 0^0400^0 Second year. si o oo oo cq O ^00^000 ^OOOO^^OOOOOO'fO 00004 000040 00040000^0400000^0 OO 04000 OOlNOOiO First year. a $84 90 96 0400^000 00000^000000400400 t>OOOOOO^i NOOOOOOC'lOOhOt^WO o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0*0 ooooooo oooooooooooooo ooooooo s.s co eo eo co eo cs co co cc e-s co co co co n co 1 ip £-2 '3 iOOINOlOOOlOOOO 0®0)OH»0)00(»C100000Ci 0 00 0>0>00©i P o 2 '55 S.3 og if ■§| w a CG ®GGGG •d . . 'MM g g lyM g W) ko 5 5 i-j ^ ^5 ujS >> >> SooBh^ShKoohh aiaiai MMM . 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Third year. eo • © © ^ © ^ © -^ © O © ^ © © ; CM CM oi 05 ©^j©© ©©©CMCM©©00 •©©©©© CM© to CO©©©© • CM © © CM © Second year. £1 ' © © © ^ © © © © © © © © © • CM CM © 00 CM © © © © © © ^ Tji ^ e,TCOrrvtiCOiO©iO©© TTOOl^OO 00 © © © r-H CM CO Men. ec OOO ooooooo oooo ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 12 & '3’H. |w O — 23 ftM 2 IIS I w <3 3 3 Q) O ^ -P Tl'Sfi $ 2 9 tort Sjfjrl W|2^-a3 a'Sa -"S eL gww. Sum m 2 O w I §3 •°p+s+J*>+i > c3 QJ5 +* O .[_lc3ftcs3:Ohj£Jc'3do sw-sss.sfcefi&ssS !«W g *t«W £w ficncoco6?ioQcooco o° 8 l| ® o too— 2 =3 < PQ COH flgf P.2<- o' o o c ow § o o a> os 223 ££££ 2 ££££>>£>>£>>>. HHWKcqH^rtSrtBNrH^rtOoH-HrtOONaWH-HwrHrH W N N - © a o , -g >> g So a >- s ps 03 3 © •> O d o © © >» S PI h-B geiE 8 oOS ®'3'd IS w a || ■ss o d 3 9* O JO g © to lO iO Tf< op iO O *0 © CO© ■ ICO lO CSI (N O ■ CO l — CO H CO H N H W C5 as ooo^oooiooo»oor^.ooo Nioooo ioooow ioHOHiococoiod^c^oocoa50 cot^coioN oohhh O O • o o o o o ooooooooooo z oooo oooo °°8m8 i S S °°g° g°g£g °°g° g^ar1 oooo ooooo as eo eo co co co cs co co co co i-h co co co co coeocococo mmcom 00 O Os O 00 00 00 03 O O O O 00 05 00 (N O OS 00 o o >>>>>>!>>• • >»>»>>>>• l>>v£3 5 (M (N 00 CM (MfNOOr © © 05 00 05 © 00 < > as 05 0 0J00 05 © 00 00 00 C^OOC^OO^O^OCOC > CO lO O to ION' 2>s p o PS sS .© eJ S to £g II ooooeq oooooooooo o o o cs o oooo : cj’S ° p =3 ; 03 g .tn M 3 "d "d i- HJ t! CU-..P Ph-S 03 > s i & &s -JS O d 2 ucc & ~3 &SSg*5 ^isa l!|gg rt M • 03 03 ■M’SSj 03 S 5 03 ss-bs&I'8-S^§sm * Iffffw^slis^ o T B si ^dWSS'S-S^-£°^a 8l 8“ a 'J’SW I gs ^ii-s,ss3i'«5s>»s £ 3 P|£ o® • • * T! cl .CT CD O 42 'jg c3 42 42 3jS Si P CO Q. CO d OgSftOO W°S2g«o pW~ot 8 b§3 co ^ faSS’sJSt? | |Pg^jfc ^^cio M 02 Ph 02 S cS^ Sw rq • • i • • • • = 00000000 Jflpflflflfififi ^ s I IS ! d • SS’P rM H W /I) OOOIOIO asaa 02 d W £ goo S{§ww P< C a> a> o q a M2 w © oo pit; p a ill! ..0 >»>. Is’i pi a s .= -S 88l£§ diOOfiHtf ; d 3 d 5 -2 « ^ d C3 5 d C8 3 02 02 02 S 2 1 1 2a &g|‘S ,d c3 o_n Hope to open training school in 1919. Table 22. — Statistics of nurse training schools connected with hospitals for the treatment of the insane, 1917-18. NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS, 1918. >2 t, c3 S © P<® 03 oo rtOO 3888B • 03 O 'U5U5WO ' O • 03 CO 00 CO ■ coof • —f »— r r™r* i«OtO ■ tH »0 QCO t»N®< >oo< $8§8888§g of of co of i-T .-T r-f i-T •o ^ 2 § ^ >> 0(N0 CD O O Tf NO) 00 O cm co Tt« r.cM ^ co CO ^ Tf CO *o ooooooooc o ^ CM co O kO C CO ^ CO CO ^ " 138 8888 >-l TJH rjt rt< •"* 00000(00 OIOCIOMOIN Tf CO Tf CO Ol ■>3"0< ^15 o p o >p eooioioicooiwovioicocoeococooi oi oi V rdMrOfcrdf^rT3rT3ro*r C'd 2 2 2 2 2 2 2® 2 2 Sow U)&jQW)bAW;exW)« U/fcJO 5 ^5555655 ^55 OOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO^HOOOO o3 qJCQCQ TDTJ • •rd>rH • g 2M.E d fc/,2 d ^ K*"> K*i XXHHOOCOrH mxfimmuixfi WWWMWW C* t-I »-! ^ C « 00 00 Oi CO 00 00 ONOOJHOOOOHOOOCOIN OOO *-H HO oooooo HM(NXiO(NiOXrH050XCCOO CM CM i-H *0 CO i— » HNHTf HOri > Oi CM CM O 00 CM CO ^ Oi lO r-i CM CO CO CM CM CO CD iO ocoo^i-ht-hooot-hooO' O^OHCOON oooooo q fl HH C3 S|fl S u 2 hcAj g _ ■ -42,8^ ■a£8Be* rt^-i CL- 5 -2 .2 u- -&a a 8 g %'§ s s a a |®||J o = O o | OftSM OMO^MOaSg -s^w^a zsssv^ ^a^Sawg^wg s-a^ss-a ® 05- © q £0 Sf g O S'S'C 2-9 a &9 £ ©-£-£-£ ? mb •c 1 o • o « g § S’S’gjg 8 ■ft «-8, SS|g| -2 ^ © q a: ““m &0Q ?!§!§ ill!! 1 g ’o • q • . ca 33gfi« Lfl§q^" ca o.-q1^ ^ q r,'t3/v t> : os ^ : 1 i«i ""i* ?e3^„-qq • "-o :-q m ^ 3 •> I |i9 1 2 of ! am B 8 :s^2 SjfogK -1 2 - S S -q .-q _rS 5 .-VH ° § « c3 8! 'A a a a ;s e o > wd> ©3 oTj'l'cr >TJ 0’S O q g g^-| os^q g-gb-q ^ q fl „• ga>-S'2 S g'J^-g o q gg-g sgs | © % eiS^:^saHigapHOQo2So&Ha^^<;«Me« rs, 8 0“^ aSalaa -s'ssa^. § C3 c3 O 0*3 3 KKSSfgg 643 1 First year, men, $315, women, $255; second year, men, $375, women, $315. 2 Training school suspended during the 3Tear 1918. 3 First year, men, $360, women, $84; second year, men $420, women, $120. Table 22. — Statistics of nurse training schools connected with hospitals for the treatment of the insane , 1917-18. — Continued. 644 BIENNIAL SUBVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. > s’- © a® 3 O lO o o o o > i— » O 1C o o »o 'rHCONCOOON OOOiOi-HCOOCO^OClCOONrfO^N of cf Xjf r-T of T-f Iff of CO rf t-T of T-f r-f H T3 • 2 g H ►> I ■OOOONN ■ O ^ M O CO . lO ^ CO ^ CO 62 <3? G C/2 o O O G © CO OC ) ^sCO LC CM O 05 00 ' ^ CO ^ ’'f CO CO 04 ^ ^ ^ oo oo o t-h , CO CO CO CO - 04 CO CO CO CO CO ^CM £ o O O © cC o O ^-sO QOICO^ ^ r^co co Tt* co co oi © © 823 < 04 !>• I o o © , > CM CM CM ; 0 0^01 04 04 ^OCC »0 ^-sio 'O ^04 04 CO CM 04 *> CM 04 « 04 CO 04 CO CO CO CO 04 CO CO 04 CO 04 04 CO CO 04 04 COCOCOC004 01COCOCOCOCOC00404COC00404 of of of of of of of of of 003 w ^ a a 11 Sg fs § 1 “I OCOOOOO^OOTOlHOOlOlOOl^ OC0C004 01040404O04 04^h04 0ICJC1^C0 CQCQOiod a}00, ©^ © © © ©CQCGO) • • • •’T3>-nrC3HHrC3rOrC3rC3 • • • KWWW c3^ c3*-H c3 c3 c3 • • • • G of fee of fee fcl feb fee • • • 555 ^ ^ ^ ^^H^H^oOC^Soc^OOoOOOOOi-HT-HrH © q3 qj © ©CGGQ © CQ © ©GQ © q3 cq 02 CO © © 'O'C'd'd, •rd, • t; t3 •ti'D c, • •'O'O c3 c3c8c3riy^c3^c3c3^c3rt-^![xl^cje8 U) ubSobCM • -to -Mti ,• bisi9 • • tiw 00 00 00 OC 00 rH H 00 rH OC 00 rH OC OC W ,-h H 00 00 00000000005000000000C500050 0CH OOOOrHNOOOOOOOOOOOOCCOOOOOC5COOOT 104 HH04HH1NHHHHHHHHHHH04 NOC5WiCOO^OOh004h^cOOh O CO lC 05 C iCDCO^iOOhCO-hiO ■ *0 04 OcDCMOOOhOOCOCMOOOOCOt-h OOOOI'OWOOOOiO^OO •©» © co iO 3^ CM O CO 040 O OOrHLOiOOONOOOOO OKMiOOC5iOhOOhiOOhO)C1(MONN © CM tt* CO tN» t-h CM TT*T-HTr t-h CM CO hhcOCO(NON^^W(Nhh(N OlOOOTfOOOOiDiO OWOhOOW^hOCO(M^NOOOM 2 03 a gfe* sS&g a CO J3 — .n ft3 8-2 • ■3® ft^-'S « o'^a ft'E,OM.-§ • r2 C3 GO O -H W o O w Ph o, • <3 <3 oh cl±^ ^ n r< PH „ rrr-H -h lb _ _ ® :©s|sf5Wg& 3nt5McHs3.2H.S ® • I II |c& “m ® Ufll!lla|21^g« «o®°« © § g fe © «.a ® ® ® SO^mi Sw'- oi o j3‘ft£ ®^a « "w ®5W ©-sswEsi m _j «4S ® ®^M^; >> o m ^ ^cq ^Eticc^a!®5r’, • M'S o3 S o'S 03 ©"Sm^ §| csi? «o a 2 45 a o fl a ja ^ rH ^ O »vH fZl >—4 ^ kT£ O S O Ph -T ^ H Sib'S HH 2 S o c3 >i • • • ->h • :>-i ^ • bn • ‘ ^ • >H0 J* rPlF>-. . __ ■^wjOjgii-S &f3 9 >Sm| g^'53 §g ®.9 si fess S I’Sg ® -a B7i>53 Sa s : Cleveland State Hosniti NURSE TRAINING SCHOOLS. 1918. 645 to s 1,836 884 1,103 1,697 83 CM »0 1,500 1,420 150 743 1,225 150 HOOO^O lO lO C CO CO o OJIMCCOHN 88 CM *D 1,950 1,500 1,450 200 2,156 770 1,400 150 • • • CM O i . • M' CO • « • o • • O • O O © • • CM i . • CD CO 00 • • ^ • CM • CO C0 • • CD CM CD O • O CO IOCD • CD r^» CO • CO CM O^-^CD ^ O CD O O CM 00 00 05 /-> 00 CO CP ^ CO »-4 CO CO 00^ CO CM CO 3 CM CD O • O CM CD O • O iO CO CO • CO CM 8S8S ^ S8$22 CO CO CO CM co^ CO CO 1-H CM CO O CM CMCMCMOOCOCMCOCMCMCO CM CO CO CO CM CM CO CO CO •COCOOi^OOCM CMO CM o^Oi-H^ CM 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . 8th grade . 1 yr. H. S . lyr. H. S . lyr. H. S . 8th grade . 8th grade . lyr. H. S . 8th grade . lyr. EL S . lyr. H. S . 2 yrs. H. S _ 8th grade . 8th grade . 02 !w i(N 00 O 00 00 00 o 00 O O 00 00 0000 'ooooooo H CM H H H CM H CM CM H i-H HH -HHHH lONCDCMOiOiOiOHN CD O^iOOCM CM OOWOHNOCMOCM CO COO^OO o OOiOOiODON^ON 00 OOtJM^OD »-lCMi-Hf-H'«*TtHCMi-H'^rH IO CO CM CM iO OOCMOHCMOCMOO COOOOW5 o : : : : "3 ; : : ; : «* si „ I si &, <8 •- ftffl © •£ g M s-s,gS|5gaK “s'SsM-SS « ©•^^-S’S s«i s|S8ii|w ■S ga I §W S ■§•§■§ |>j|a|§‘£'ss •3 m«.p55.o.o ^ *3 a -a «mcq‘S cue 0 p 3 ,§|3§ I IS:9 3 © © - .„ •“ n ' " P- +* E7 m h"i O O f-< ’ocj'cj^os.Soo'e; oQ^OMcofl^^h ■—> q; ^ |slt| 1*5“ I* S!i§3§||§ il^^if Oil 02 ^02W02>^C ►02 S3 cSp PfV -■2° £« s'Jb^ -r- 0.2 3 O ^ o° o^o i & pa; a ^flCRn“C°0« ifilssiil'sC;- mill's a c3 o o3>S o p ^Mpo^oqS 00 Tf S8 «>e£ a aa o o oo'cl' 50 CO -f Tj< mm O' fl © © aa a a >>£> '2’g lo3 (M ^ C'l (N 33SSS § © s' s' aaaa O O O o ■^otoo Clciiog 3SUSS? s' s' s' § aaaa o o o p 33s?«. S' S 8 S aaaa ssss s © s s aaaa ©©©©©©©©«» >%>»>> ^> >> >» >> *P ^ TJ "P T) '£) T) T) CS 00000000© oooooooo a>oo)a>a)a)a)^2 WWWWWWWW,P 11 mi ■‘'oo O of oUr bn .-. JNNioMh rt ^sssjm&I s" S' s' S" s' s' s' aaaaaaaa^g O O O O O O O Oh KKKKK* KK% o' orT cL o' X- 3 . s Q cv sr ^ L* x j-^»a « K * r#4 1 (V PC t^ 00 — ti¬ er ' i — tr 0 0 O JT K" - lr VC - O 00 CO 0 c\ — n — ^ — tv 3 u * r- ■ vC 1 - 1 - •*••• women. M3N# 1 O *“ fM X-J ' & O' S' S' £ * £ vo r^. co 0 c ^ ^ S' S' 0 * O' O' O' O' O' O' O' fa - 0 r — SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOE THE BLIND, 1917-18. 651 NUMBER OF PUPILS. The number of pupils in schools and classes for the blind in 1918 was 5,386. In 18 years, as shown in figure 3, the number of pupils has increased from 4,021 to 5,386, or over 31 per cent. The “total” curve in this figure follows in general the same course as that shown in figure 1, representing the number of schools. In a preceding paragraph it was shown that the number of teachers increased 66 per cent within this same period of 18 years. These percentages imply that teachers are not obliged to instruct so many pupils at present as they did several years ago. The average num¬ ber of pupils per teacher in 1900 was 9, as against 7 in 1918. The number of boys slightly exceeds the number of girls in schools for the blind. This difference has been practically the same since 1900, as shown in figure 3, indicating that the data within this period have been remarkably consistent. The data on the number of graduates prior to 1910 are not very reliable, since the blank used in collecting this information did not specify that only graduates from the secondary school should be reported. This indefiniteness in the question accounts for the zigzag nature of the curve in figure 4 prior to that date. In general, since 652 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 1910 the number of graduates has increased. The relatively high numbers, 111 and 119, respectively, reported in 1912 and 1913, are due largely to the high points in the curve in figure 1 representing these years, when an unusual number of schools reported. The number of graduates has been about equally divided between boys and girls. The interweaving of the curves representing boys and girls in figure 4 is probably due to the small number of graduates reported annually. ENROLLMENT BY GRADES. The distribution of pupils by grade groups is shown in Table 3. In the kindergarten, 498 pupils were enrolled; in grades 1 to 4, 2,138 pupils; in grades 5 to 8, 1,614 pupils; and in classes corresponding to the high-school grades, 1,005 pupils. Only 2 of the 62 schools reporting did not make this distribution by grade groups. Of the 5,245 pupils represented in this distribution, 9 per cent were in kin¬ dergartens, 41 per cent in grades 1 to 4, 31 per cent in grades 5 to 8, and 19 per cent in high school. About one-fifth of those in high schools graduated. One-half the pupils are below the fifth grade and the other half are in the fifth grade or above. ENROLLMENT BY COURSES OF STUDY. The number of pupils enrolled in the different courses of study in schools and classes for the blind are represented graphically in figure 5. The number reported in 1918 was 3,164. Of this number, 1,686 pupils were boys and 1,478 girls. Since 1900 the curve for the number of pupils in industrial or trade training courses has stood above the curves for the enrollment in music courses. The trend of this curve follows that in figure 1, showing that the enrollment in trade courses is proportional to the number of schools reporting. The highest number of pupils in these courses was reported in 1914, when the greatest number of schools reported. The decided drop in 1918 is probably due to war conditions. Presumably most of the trade courses are taught by men, and the draft would necessarily deplete the male teaching force. Further, there was a special demand for men who could teach trade-training courses. In corresponding courses in the other chapters of this Biennial Survey a decrease is shown for 1918. The number enrolled in music courses is also shown in figure 5. In general the number in instrumental music exceeds the number in vocal culture. A decided drop in the number in vocal culture is noted in 1910 and a decided increase in 1914, which are both probably due to erroneous reports. In general these two curves do not rise so rapidly as the upper curve for enrollment in trade courses. This tendency indicates that increased emphasis is placed on industrial work. SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOR THE BLIND, 1917-18. 653 HUMBER 0? PUPILS IH MUSIC AFP IF IFPUSTRIAL COURSES IF SCHOOLS FOR THE BLIFP. PIG. 5. 4000 3500 3000 2500 3 S * 2000 O 1 1 * 1500 1000 500 0 a / \r \ / V > s. * c C\ S. - N- r y \ CO _ \ | f. 9 l/ \r s* c\ O' u s « / O' /j\§ / / 1 Y v£ / 1 > IT \f : t> 0 tv / a 4 J V + x.- /d % >3 ** i w —J £ n ' a c\ * 0 r V r <\ nj — tx c % S vC K - W / / * \ 0 A l\ \ \ \c ' c fj n£ / CC — ^ G — t' K" N cq 1 { & N ft V > '/J -.L O" — c \ - E- > CHPUSTRIAL COURSES. - ] - - - - IESTRUMENTAL MUSIC. - — VOCAL CULTURE. 0 « & 1 - eg *0 its vO co O O r\i in vO n co ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ O' O' (7s ^ ^ O' 0s 0s O' ’ VALUE OF PROPERTY. Altogether, 54 schools reported the value of property as follows: Buildings and grounds, $11,586,064; apparatus, furniture, library, etc., $1,378,231; permanent endowment or productive funds, $3,306,964. In 1915-16, 48 schools reported for these items $10,152,802, $916,426, and $3,590,278, respectively. A slight decrease in productive funds is shown. The 6 additional schools reporting the value of property in 1918 may account largely for the increased value of buildings and grounds and for apparatus, etc. Assuming that the 8 schools not reporting the value of property in 1918 had the average value of $214, 557 for buildings and grounds, and $25,523 for apparatus, etc., the total value of the former item for the 62 schools reporting would be $13,302,520 and for the latter item, 654 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. S 1,582; 415. These amounts are probably high, since city schools for the blind usually do not report the value of property, inasmuch as separate buildings for blind pupils are seldom provided. PER CAPITA VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN SCHOOLS FOR THE BLIND.® FIG. 6. STATES. * INDIANA . 8615 KANSAS. . . . . 5379 CALIFORNIA . 4927 SOUTH DAKOTA . 4 722 MISSISSIPPI . 4560 MASSACHUSETTS.. . . 4459 MARYLAND . 3808 OHIO . . . 3724 TOW A . 3484 MISSOURI.. . 3358 PENNSYLVANIA . 3195 MONTANA . 3168 NORTH DAKOTA . 3036 WASHINGTON . 2885 MICHIGAN . 2749 COLORADO . 2718 WISCONSIN . 2706 NEBRASKA . 2366 TEXAS. . . . 2224 MAT ME . . 2132 UTAH . 2113 NEW YOHK.Q. . 2073 ILLINOIS . '. . 2036 CONNECTICUT . 2004 KENTUCKY . 1990 OKLAHOMA . 1987 GEORGIA . 1776 OREGON . 1614 MINNESOTA . 1577 NORTH CAROLINA... 1487 NEW MEXICO . 1262 IDAHO . 1156 SOUTH CAROLINA... 1132 ALABAMA . 921 NEW JERSEY?! . 851 WEST VIRCINIA. . . . 419 TENNESSEE . 230 UNITED STATES.’... 2669 10006 SCHOOLS AND CLASSES EOR THE BLIND, 1917-18. VOLUMES IN LIBRARIES. 055 In schools for the blind two kinds of libraries are usually found, one with books in raised type and the other with books printed in ink. The statistics on the number of volumes in libraries are not very reliable, since dual schools sometimes reported the number of volumes printed in ink with the library used by the department for the deaf, and since often a school reported the total number of volumes interchangeably, under one nomenclature or the other. As shown in Table 1 the data on the number of volumes in ink vary considerably from year to year, being the lowest in 1910, when 34,754 volumes were reported, and highest in 1916, when 60,622 volumes were reported. The number of volumes in raised type shows a more stable tendency, rising almost steadily from 88,493 volumes in 1907 to 149,621 volumes in 1918. The data on libraries previous to 1907 do not distinguish between these two types. The totals for each year more nearly represent the general tendency to increase the number of volumes. In Table 5 it will be noted that in several instances the library statistics in dual schools have been included in the chapter on schools for the deaf, thereby decreasing correspondingly the number of volumes reported in this chapter. The average total number of volumes in the libraries of the 48 schools reporting is 4,270. HOW THE STATES PROVIDE FOR THE EDUCATION OF THEIR BLIND. An index as to the interest manifested by a State in educating its blind is the per capita investment for each blind person in its institutions. In figure 6 it is seen that Indiana has property valued at $8,615 for each person in its school for the blind. Kansas ranks second, with a per capita valuation of $5,379. The corresponding average per capita for the United States is $2,669. In the construc¬ tion of this figure, only those schools were used that reported both the valuation of property and the total enrollment for the year. A State having large schools necessarily has a lower per capita valua¬ tion than a State with a small school, where the per capita cost of housing, etc., is necessarily high. This fact must be considered in judging a State near the bottom of the list. The data on which figure 6 is based are shown in Table 2. In the case of dual schools the valuation of property has been prorated between deaf and blind in proportion to the enrollment in each as shown in the detailed tables of this chapter. It should be remembered that the schools included in the construc¬ tion of this figure are not all State institutions. The school repre¬ senting New Jersey is a private school. Only one of the four schools for New York is a State institution. In all other instances the State is represented by State institutions. 656 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. RECEIPTS. In all, 49 schools for the blind reported their receipts aggregating $2,385,049, or an average of $48,674 per school. Of this total, $2,304,278 was itemized as follows: $1,724,969, or about 75 per cent, came from public funds; $89,101, or over 4 per cent, from private benefactions; $267,336, or over 11 per cent, from endowment funds; and $222,872, or almost 10 per cent, from other sources. The sig¬ nificant implication of these data is that about three-fourths of the income of all schools for the blind comes from public sources, usually from the State. Thirteen schools represented in this report did not give a statement of their income. If these schools each received the average indicated above, the total receipts of all 62 schools reporting would be $3,017,81 1. This total is only a gross estimate and should be used with caution. The schools not submitting any report whatever for 1917-18 have not been considered in estimating this total. EXPENDITURES. Altogether, 52 schools for the blind reported their expenditures, amounting to $2,459,252, or an average of $47,293 per school. Of this amount $2,404,169 was itemized by function as follows: For buildings and other lasting improvements, $393,032, or over 16 per cent; for teachers’ salaries, books, etc., $547,663, or almost 23 per cent; and for other salaries and all other current expenses, $1,463,474, or about 61 per cent. If the average for the 10 schools not reporting expenditures was the same as that for those reporting, the total expenditures for the 62 schools represented in this report would be $2,932,182. This amount is almost equal to the estimated total receipts for the same schools given above, viz, $3,017,811. This comparatively slight difference signifies that these totals are essen¬ tially correct. The validity of these estimates is further supported by the fact that receipts usually exceed expenditures. Figure 7 shows the amount of money spent in 1918 on each person in schools for the blind in the different States represented. The States are arranged in the order of the per capita cost for current expenses. Montana spent $1,178 for each person for current expenses and $556 additional for buildings, sites, or other permanent improvements. Maine ranks second with a per capita of $865, and Massachusetts third with a per capita cost of $845. The corresponding per capita amount going for current expenses for the United States is $428 and for outlays $82. This graph is a good index as to the importance which a State attaches to the education of. its blind. In the case of dual schools the expenditures have been prorated between deaf and blind in proportion to the enrollment in each type of school as shown in Table 6. SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOE THE BLIND, 1917-18. 657 PER CAPITA EXPENDITURES ito SCHOOLS FOR the BLIND.® It should be kept in mind in reading this figure that New Jersey is represented by a private school and two city schools for the blind; New York by one State, one city, and three private schools; and Ohio by one State and two city schools. It is altogether proper, however, to include these municipal and private schools in ranking the States, since it is evident that these city and private schools are patronized by State pupils, and, therefore, reduce the responsibility of the State in providing for these blind pupils in a State institution. All the private schools represented in this report receive public funds and usually pupils are admitted at the request of some State officer. They serve, therefore, in several ways as State schools and are properly included in the graph. 59872°— 21 - 42 658 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 2. — Per capita expenditures and per capita value of property in schools for the blind , 1917-18. Per capita expenditures. Per capita value of property. States. Schools re¬ porting. Enroll¬ ment in these schools. Total current expenses. Outlays. Current ex¬ penses per capita. Out¬ lays per capita. Schools re¬ porting. Enroll¬ ment in these schools. Value of property in these schools. Value per capita. United Stat 52 4,805 $2,054,743 $392,942 $428 $82 48 4,854 $12,955,780 $2,669 2 115 29,737 259 1 115 105, 935 921 California . 1 99 41,580 5,807 420 59 1 99 487,760 4,927 Colorado . 1 46 24,426 9,476 531 206 1 46 125,028 2,718 Connecticut . 2 54 20,999 389 2 54 108, 223 2,004 1 76 30, 750 405 1 76 135, 000 1,776 Idaho . 1 22 10,380 1,000 472 15 22 25,000 1,136 Illinois . 1 206 88,000 12,000 422 58 1 206 419,400 2,036 Tnriiana . \ 119 53,858 449 1 119 1,025,229 8,615 Iowa . 1 101 63,000 20,000 624 198 101 351,900 3,484 Kansas . 1 103 38,000 369 1 103 554,000 5,379 Kentucky . 2 148 38,451 855 260 6 2 148 295,632 1,990 Maine . 1 27 23,365 321 865 12 1 27 57,565 2,132 Maryland . 2 135 47, 622 438 2 133 506, 500 3,808 Massachusetts.... 1 312 263,758 1,794 845 6 312 1,391,058 4,459 Michigan . 2 195 115,981 43,676 594 224 2 195 534,907 2,749 Minnesota . 1 157 48, 123 5,320 307 34 1 157 247,630 1,577 Mississippi . 1 58 25,251 2,000 435 34 1 58 264,500 4,560 Missouri . 1 125 46,618 373 1 125 419, 724 3,358 Montana . 1 24 28,272 13,344 1,178 556 24 76,039 3,168 Nebraska . 1 67 31,000 2,000 478 30 1 67 158,500 2,366 New Jersey . 3 76 25,189 1,168 331 15 1 47 40,000 851 New Mexico . 1 52 31,376 7,500 603 144 1 52 65,600 1,262 New York . 5 723 278, 744 59,649 386 83 4 594 1,232,597 2,075 North Carolina. . . 2 224 65,544 106,300 293 474 2 224 333, 196 1,487 North Dakota.... 1 28 14,950 450 534 16 1 28 85,000 3,036 Ohio . 3 257 107,084 5,000 417 19 1 200 744,800 3,724 Oklahoma . 1 111 43,500 50,000 392 450 1 111 220,600 1,987 Oregon . 1 35 56,500 1,614 Pennsylvania .... 2 408 171,119 419 2 408 1,303,480 3,195 South Carolina. . . 1 61 69, 077 1,132 South Dakota. . . . 1 18 12,000 667 1 18 85,000 4,722 Tennessee . 1 207 45,853 222 1 207 47,600 230 Texas . 1 73 21,024 22,119 288 363 2 304 676,072 2,224 Utah . 1 39 19, 110 490 1 39 82,417 2,113 Virginia . 1 64 20,000 313 1 64 44,470 695 Washington . 1 59 28,920 21,000 490 356 1 59 169,212 2,885 West Virginia. . . . 1 76 21,888 608 288 8 1 76 31,800 419 Wisconsin . 2 201 79,271 1,555 395 8 1 140 378, 829 2,706 Table 3. — Summary of statistics of schools for the blind , 1917-18. SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOR THE BLIND, 1917-18, 659 Pupils in— Industrial department. •pnoj. 28 3,164 50 • 03 *3* 05 C X X 50 CD 50 X X 50 CM CM 05 CO •sAog 26 CD 00 CD U- CO • O ID 05 CD CO O CM rH CO t-H ' c<* rH rH^CO'f 50 ^ rHl>XX»DX 05 C* CD X 50 T-H rH (MHH HH X CD NNhXH XWOOh* H Tji rH HH CD tH •sAog 18 512 Xt^HTjMD CD CD X X Tf CJN H X t-H HH I>X X(MH H CM H cm HH rH CD C* In classes corresponding to grades 5 to 8. •IBJOJ, 17 1,614 50 rH x O 50 T-H ID CD 05 L- 50 T-H cohcohth oottx cm L- rH 50 • CM TfT t>- OOP*Tf lO XX I> | M 50 HX J1J CO 'SWD 16 786 C^t^XrJrCD OHrfXh XC5 CM •SDTO | 2,519 X Tf 05 05 50 CD CD 05 CD O lOHlOHO 50 tH 00 t'*- 05 CD X 50 05 O 50 rH rH (M X rH 50 50 TtH> t> CD O CD d 50 - 05 50 50 50 05 05 XcDtNX^ XOt^-rHO TH rH rH rH X H H rH rH rH rji C* H H H rH OO X •uouiOjW. 527 | XXTfNOO 05 X Cl X H h CM CM CO rH h (M H CO — i 1H © CN CO © rH NHHCO •s^oa Cl rr 00 © © © NH©HCD © CO 00 CO rH I> tH HJ4C0 HHNTT Pupils in the kinder¬ garten. 11 © (M © © rH © CO © O © © © rH 3< i-l O -CHOVCON -T N N 00 TH N T-< •sijoa © 13 201 67 19 207 1 44 6 114 165 17 24 33 51 116 Instructors. 'ICJOJ, I ©©©©rH HtT N©N CN GO © CO ©rH © rH rH CO rH rH i -i Expenditures. Total. • $2,385,049 28,290 47,520 35, 742 126,846 30,000 9,794 100,000 54, 100 83,200 38,000 39,351 19, 559 1 45,438 263, 513 .1212,702 53,443 600 46, 619 (2) From other sources. $222,872 375 0 ■ %8 :S3 3° :° : ; C* • CO ; 10 CO • Co" • cf 'H ifT ' r-4 T-H • CO From pro¬ ductive endow¬ ment funds. us $267,336 : : : 1,909 0 0 009 0 0 891" *811 66 . From private bene¬ factions for perma¬ nent equip¬ ment and current ex¬ penses. O cT 00 • • jj 5,973 0 : : : : : : :g 0000 : • • • • • • 1 cO • • • • ' • • CO From State, county, or city. ©5 $1,724,969 28,290 47,520 35, 742 11.500 30,000 9,794 100, 000 53,859 70,000 38,000 38,992 6,975 37.500 134,998 53,443 0 46,619 (2) •3tn ■qjodoj S[ooqos jo jaqnm^ 1 O (M | *0 • (N j T"H •2m -;jodai spoqos ’ jo jaqranjs[ 00 HMrt > |g ,2-q •^ui uj •ad^+ pasiBi ni 8 8 HOS CM CM £8 663 ! 8 S > © CM §§ii 838; 88c 05 CO © O DC CM O CO 05 co »o > o t*- >8 8 fsf s“ 8S88 OlO ii _ -r> in 'O •£ C. ' O © G •SWO 8 : S3 ■siog I ■& •oisnui iB^uamrujsxtx CO t>* 00 CO •am^pjo [booa •CO © © c® lO CO CScO • IOX5WM 00 ICO !N C«0(N CO lO co X ) CO Ilf o .2 ‘SPIO 2 •s^og O CM CM CM rr CM p 03 o O 6X -2 "2 c. 2 2 si *i a: — on ^ ■SR9 •sioa > (N t> 05 CO M5 CO CO C5 CO tj" • C3 © s25 H o §.2 8 8 2,a§3 -g & C XO-C3 1 1-11 si assess C5g J 2 22-d o 3 o C- ~ _ CCS" 8®m' .■•g 'C.S’O Sea © . ri 'C'O -3 sc a 5m m © © © - x samw c^ffia ^••35 >300 < © 03 ® ‘i-ss® = oS« 0<« °2a--§ oo®3 ooaa catta aim ®.t2 2 "d § 25 035*0 Laos's cal 2 s-am^-a g 1m §l5a 2 3 523* ** 3 c o a _ 02 >5 O © m m o ii . c3 go • 'd c3^h "Sr3 •S o S ■? 5 5 58 ma go .-3 s a > 23 o SSga W ^ O 73 fg.2§ i> o 5Q ♦Prorated. 1 School not graded. 2 Included in chapter on schools for the deaf. 3 Data for 1915-16. 1 Value of library. 3 Approximate. Table 5. — Statistics of schools for the blind, 1917-18 — Continued. 664 BIENNIAL SUKVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Property. •punj eAi^onpojd jo % ueumopue lueuBunej © •§ 5s © > S «Q3Sm Sm-gQ w ^ fc fc £ fc xs a ® 6 •Cfi © > o ■g 5S | as *s ^ bt) ^ 3 d •s Es «o 1 1! f 3 o d 2 „ p& . .. . I ^© C-d c3 >> 1, a- mfl ° V i s £ to <5 pq ~ a. ° 3 I* S School I 01 121 521 771 51 8! 231 241 141 34[ 10! Ill 21 Q| _ | _ [ 371 581 529| . I . I <2,5001 SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOR THE BLIND, 1917- O 3 -18. 665 88 CO o' o' iO M M M o o 8 « 8 £ 1 CO o O 0*00 OO Tt< I> (M "00 0“ CO > rCj £ w Kj W fa ® >1 73 7) fa 73 d 5 0 73 3 ©<< M Mt) 5 || .0 ,oS ® 'd-d'd ® 5 d fa g £££g •fa ® ® ®£5 -fa * o?o5 I 111 0 0 •fa C3«J 1 fa-S ft §,33; w ^ c3 57 ,0^ oH J h fi J -gwcoftco feS o © 2. fa ® 2 5 2 Sffa'SfoSsfa So 2 p^o S SPQ fa (Zi ffl go m m £ ooOfa, PQ gM 43 (D O -S ■s* a «1 offl +3 ® farfa to O £fl <2o5 W I •to © • fa Q I«h r;M S’g'S ■fa.ScQ 03 7? bo, - ( O ® o .l&g '^•2+3 2 Q J«-Sg5 ® •“7373,0 .g SI ,pr !=s° “Wgg c3 2>fa fa 'd a5«^.a CQ o fa's >>1 ■a o.s fa bclfa 00 tn M fa ® fa fa S-w Ph I .■§-•§ •*£ i^d^J 22 fa Safa'S j M^faPQo © 3 rO "o o jfa o 't3 273| “2a°2PP’S'0 i fa c3 fa/~T ® o 3 f^o ®m5' ^Mft2cQ5.2S ®5 ©5 5 fa ^ '*■*'•§ -fa ■§, 2 1 Q faQ faCQ fa x £?fa CQ 03 H&hQ p > £ £ s^tp«a ||p|!II ij-g^K “kTO «2'Z fa fa © •§2-3 fa, P? 0.0 0 1 "fa 10 >>fa « © 0.00S iosi .s-g«^ - §«g - U) O O -T rd,i4 0 fa g fa2 g||«g '© > fa fa fa ©-S' S3oS ehSm S ®'C|C'3 ls|| E-i x ^ © ®E-i lift fa 3 O 03 > (fa ♦Prorated. 2 Included in column 9. 4 Value of library. « Included in chapter on schools for the deaf. 1 Data for 1915-16. 3 Included in column 10. 1 Includes statistics of schools for colored deaf. Table 6. — Statistics of receipts and expenditures of schools for the blind, 1917-18. 666 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. WiON WdO )§0( ss: ©tONNCI >0§oSo§«oS^iO i£S! >* * * - rH U 03-3 ®'-< 03 _ o' 00 CC 05 r lONOONOJOl^^OO !OCOMH®(DO lOHOOiOOlOOONH lO C9 M lO 00 O lOfflOOCONOONOCO 115 t-H CS 00 t*. U5 I't>Tod'e-''oo''e4> t'Tco'oo'io'io'co'od' WNU3NN OI CO* <£> r»< i* rH e<5 »-i i-H -111* oSmS srsCa” !SS 115 1-H ^3 O 115 •'>*< U5 C<5 Isl-^Sd oSS O O O O O Tt< o J-H »0 CM O ^ O iO CO O CO o co" •o'cm' CO CM OOp(N05NO^OO( OCOW^OOiOOOJOCK ^OOiCNONONOH( if iO>0(N CO l> iO CO C 1 ‘O N c£) H lO ^ rj< < UOCOOlO SEX'S O 00 CO lO sf “gf H 2 Pi © **■* S a-S1" d'S ffi “ 1I1sBs-3s|s »»j3&aggSg a -»£*£■ s ^ a "3 feoQ 8 o > O O CM > CO CM ^ <00 Q O CO 00 O 00 CO o cT co'ocT cs g: fl xJ ?r d 03 afflo) g S £.2 fe. «.g 3 ft go gol ss®« C3 C3-S O a a 03 03 O 2 5 a« Ip »3g ®'§|| bo 2 «2 g § £f° g rt o s-o'o'a-a g— •T3 .m.s.a^.a5F2 ,g^ic! JmmwS6 03 ©' §!>.2<2toto.-3 § § §3 o| |1||SS|SS|?- a“|s^s-§’g-ga .saSgSS'jIligm PlSgflflPl.qHfc- 13 _ av X3 w 05 <& PI S'pcS ;-o ®tmt2 £ O © _ +* 2 ^ ©ego TJffl Is 2$ I’S’s’sS ^ O O-H oft^ ago o' -- - - UJ o o 02 aH !**IS MOi oog c3 P K CQ OMU ro C3 CO rt. ! 2 S S'CO OT ”5 O "o : .a .2 S .a .a og’g .-= 6.a w a Spo d .s^g cn b _ro K g13 ;a ■© .sa -s ^ W c3 ^ isiiii^lllsisllsi _/C-*r_' 2,0 w 3o8£3c§«fc> SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOE THE BLIND, 1917-18. 667 * CHAPTER VIII. SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. Contents.— Types of schools included— Dual schools— Schools not reporting— Number of schools— Instruc¬ tors— Pupils— Enrollment by grades — Graduates — Pupils taught speech— Volumes in libraries— Valu¬ ation of property— Receipts— Expenditures— Statistical tables. TYPES OF SCHOOLS INCLUDED. From an administrative viewpoint three types of schools for the deaf are included in this chapter: First, those controlled and sup¬ ported by the State; second, those controlled and financed by private organizations; and, third, those operated as a part of the city public school systems. This latter type is referred to herein as city day schools, since children attend them during school hours generally and are not housed in dormitories as is usually the case in State and pri¬ vate institutions. These three types of schools are kept separate and distinct throughout the chapter. All States, except Delaware, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Wyoming have State schools for the deaf. Some of the schools in Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania included with the State schools are only semipublic, i. e., they are partly controlled by private organizations but serve as State institutions, receiving pupils at public expense. Some of these schools admit pupils at public expense from other States than the one in which the school is located. DUAL SCHOOLS. Altogether, 13 dual State schools are included in this report. The Florida State School for the Deaf and Blind (both white and colored departments), St. Augustine, and the Virginia State School for Col¬ ored Deaf and Blind, Newport News, did not report. Altogether, there are 15 dual schools in 14 different States. South Carolina and Virginia each provide two dual schools, one for white and the other for colored youth. In Florida, white and colored pupils are taught in different departments of the same school. Dual schools are limited to State institutions. For a more detailed discussion of this type of school, see the chapter on schools for the blind-. 669 670 BIENNIAL SUKVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. SCHOOLS NOT REPORTING. In addition to the two dual schools mentioned above, five other schools for the deaf did not report in 1918. They are given here so that this publication may form a complete directory of such schools throughout the United States: St. Joseph’s Deaf-Mute Institute, St. Louis, Mo. The Davidson School of Individual Instruction, Tamworth, N. H. New Mexico Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, Santa Fe, N. Mex. Reno Margulies School for the Deaf, New York, N. Y. Racine Day School for the Deaf, Racine, Wis. Table 1. — Review of statistics of all schools for the deaf , 1900 to 1918. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Number of schools reporting: State . 56 57 57 56 57 56 59 58 55 City day . 41 46 49 54 64 64 60 52 51 17 15 15 17 16 16 16 17 16 Total . 114 119 121 127 137 136 135 127 122 Instructors: State — Men . 344 386 379 384 386 416 436 373 349 Women . 668 709 739 746 780 786 806 828 741 Total . 1,012 1,095 1,118 1,130 1,166 1,202 1,242 1,201 1,090 City day— Men . 5 7 9 5 5 5 6 5 6 Women . 94 100 113 116 130 135 137 136 146 Total . 99 107 122 121 135 140 143 141 152 Private — Men . 17 20 16 19 17 12 10 10 13 Women . 56 59 59 70 68 71 70 67 70 Total . 73 79 75 89 85 83 80 77 83 Pupils: State- Male . 5,389 4,398 5,560 4,509 5,862 4,762 5,800 4,728 5,909 4,869 5,662 4,659 5,848 4,786 5,818 4,759 5,508 4,534 Female . Total . 9,787 10,069 10,624 10,528 10,778 10,321 10,634 10,577 10,042 City day— Male . 409 433 457 469 522 578 574 602 628 Female . 340 347 378 412 460 515 537 522 566 Total . 749 780 835 881 982 1,093 1,111 1,124 1,194 Private- Male . 211 213 202 233 227 256 222 232 245 Female . 267 281 277 290 280 282 303 301 298 Total . 478 494 479 523 507 538 525 533 543 Graduates: State . 393 299 283 226 232 193 238 232 269 City day . 3 6 14 3 15 6 2 15 18 Private . 9 17 22 26 24 23 13 23 26 1 405 322 319 255 271 222 253 | 270 313 SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 671 Table 1. — Review of Statistics of all schools for the deaf, 1900 to 1918 — Continued. 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1 1916 1918 Number of schools reporting: State . 57 57 57 64 68 68 68 69 68 City day . 53 53 55 58 62 65 64 71 69 Private . 17 20 20 19 17 18 18 19 18 Total . 127 130 132 141 147 151 150 159 155 Instructors: State — Men . 385 378 371 410 366 375 468 442 372 Women . 835 830 874 930 941 969 991 1,076 1,003 Total . 1,220 1,208 1,245 1,340 1,307 1,344 1,459 1,518 1,375 City day— Men . 5 5 8 10 9 8 18 17 18 Women . 168 184 210 224 228 249 270 290 305 Total . 173 189 218 234 237 257 288 307 323 Privater— Men . 11 16 14 15 12 14 17 19 20 Women . 85 85 77 69 73 74 84 97 103 Total . % 101 91 84 85 ! 88 101 116 122 Pupils: State- Male . 5,915 5,681 5,887 6,057 5,976 6,106 6,222 6,415 6,070 Female . 4,971 4,718 4,853 5,187 5,094 . 5,240 5,237 5,369 5,246 Total . 10,886 10,399 10,740 11,244 11,070 11,346 11,459 11,784 11,316 City day— Male . 697 780 811 949 1,049 1,130 1,151 1,312 1,300 Female . 622 728 796 979 883 894 958 1,050 1, 182 Total . 1,319 1,508 1,607 1,928 1,932 2,024 2, 109 2,362 2,482 Private — Male . 245 282 274 217 216 232 218 239 326 Female . 321 357 419 301 300 257 294 348 318 Total . 566 639 691 518 516 1 489 512 587 644 Graduates: State . 178 156 72 130 180 150 211 203 206 City day . 1 2 1 1 1 5 Private . 13 7 2 1 1 3 3 191 163 75 133 182 151 212 | 206 214 NUMBER OF SCHOOLS. As will be observed in figure 1, the total number of schools report¬ ing in 1918 was 155. Of this number, 68 are State or semi-State institutions, 69 are city day schools, and 18 are private schools. The highest number of schools reporting in any year was in 1916, when 159 reports were received. The decrease this year is due to the failure of a few schools to report and not to an actual decrease in the total number of schools throughout the United States. The number of State and private schools for the deaf since’ 1900 has remained practically the same. The increase in the number of such schools has been due very largely to the formation of city day-school classes for the deaf. The number has increased from 41 in 1900 to71inl916 and to 69 in 1918. The number of private schools was about the 672 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. same in 1918 as it was in 1900. At no time within this period did the number exceed 20. The number of State schools increases slowly but steadily. It is evident that the drop in the total curve in figure 1 from 1907 to 1911 is due to the failure of a number of city day schools to report, since a corresponding synchronous fluctuation is observed in the “ long-dash” curve representing these schools and classes as is shown in the “total” curve. The number of schools reporting has a marked influence on the summarized data. For example, note the corresponding drops in 1908 in figure 1, repre- TOTAL - . STATE SCHOOLS - — CITY DAY SCHOOLS - - PRIVATE SCHOOLS senting the number of schools; in figure 2, representing the number of instructors; and in figure 3, representing the number of pupils. The deviation from the line of tendency in any year is due more generally to incompleteness of reports than to any other single factor. A truer condition would be presented if lines should be drawn con¬ necting only the highest points in the figures. INSTRUCTORS. Since 1900 the number of instructors in schools for the deaf has increased from 1,184 to 1,821, or 54 per cent, as shown in figure 2. The number of men instructors has remained practically constant, SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 673 the corresponding increase being from 366 to 410 within this period of 18 years. The greater proportion of the increase has been in the number of women teachers. In 1900 there were 818 and in 1918 1,411 women teachers in schools for the deaf. The increase within this period has been over 72 per cent. The teaching “load” in these schools has lessened within the period under consideration. In 1900 the average number of pupils per teacher was 9.3. In 1918 the corresponding average was only 7.9. These figures indicate that the teaching “load” has been IHSTRUCTORS IS SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF. FIGURE 2. decreased about 15 per cent within a period of 18 years. This means that teachers have greater opportunity for giving individual instruc¬ tion. It is an index of increasing efficiency. The number of pupils per teacher is largest in city day-school classes and smallest in private schools. The average number of pupils per teacher in the former in 1918 was 7.7 and in the latter 5.2. The corresponding average in State schools is 8.2. It is evident, therefore, that larger numbers of pupils are taught by a teacher in State schools for the deaf than in city or private institutions. More individual attention is evidently given to pupils in private than in either State or city schools. 59872°— 21 - 43 674 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. PUPILS. A rather unexpected situation is revealed by figure 3. A very large proportion of the pupils in schools for the deaf is found in State institutions; of the 14,442 pupils reported in 1918, 11,316, or 78 per cent, were enrolled in State institutions; in 1900 the corresponding ratio was 89 per cent. While the actual number of pupils in State institutions has steadily increased, these schools are enrolling a smaller and smaller proportion of all such pupils. The reason is found in the increasing importance of city day school classes for the deaf. The enrollment in these classes has increased from 749 in 1900 to 2,482 in 1918. It has increased 231 per cent within this period. The num¬ ber of pupils enrolled in private schools, not serving as State institu¬ tions, has not materially increased within this period. The very rapid rise in the upper curve in figure 3 does not indicate that the num¬ ber of deaf persons in the population has increased so rapidly, but that a greater interest is manifested by States and cities in the educa¬ tion of the deaf and consequently that a greater proportion of deaf persons are enrolled in school. ENROLLMENT BY GRADES. By assembling the data on enrollment by grade-groups found in the summary tables the following distribution is obtained: Enrollment by grades. Grades. Enroll¬ ment in State schools. Per cent . Enroll¬ ment in private schools. Percent. Enroll¬ ment in city schools. Per cent. Total enroll¬ ment. Percent. Kindergartens . 1,312 5,890 3,007 548 12.2 99 15.4 213 8.6 1,624 11.7 Grades 1 to 4 . 54.8 317 49.3 1,513 719 61.2 7,720 3,931 600 55.6 Grades 5 to 8 . 27.9 205 31.9 29.0 28.3 High school . 5.1 22 3.4 30 1.2 4.4 Total . 10,757 100.0 643 100.0 2, 475 100.0 13,875 100.0 This summary does not include the total enrollment in all schools for the deaf, since several schools did not make a complete distribu¬ tion of their total enrollment. The percentages in the last column show very accurately, however, the relative proportion of pupils in the different grade-groups. Over one-half of the enrollment is found in grades 1 to 4, inclusive. Less than one-twentieth of it is found in high-school grades, about one-ninth in kindergartens, and over one- fourth in grades 5 to 8, inclusive. City schools have relatively small percentages of deaf pupils in kindergartens and in high schools. Pri¬ vate schools have relatively a high percentage of pupils in kinder¬ gartens, but below the average percentage in high schools. SCHOOLS FOE THE DEAF, 19ri-18, 675 676 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. GRADUATES. Prior to 1911 the blank on which the statistics were collected did not specify that only graduates from secondary schools should be reported. Consequently, many schools reported the number com¬ pleting the elementary as well as the secondary course as shown in Table 1. Since 1911 a more stable increase in the number graduating from secondary schools is shown, as will be noted in figure 4. Prac¬ tically all graduates are found in State institutions, indicating that city boards of education have not generally provided secondary schools for deaf children. In fact only five cities reported pupils in high-school grades. The reports show that 28 State institutions have 548 pupils enrolled in high-school classes. Altogether, there are en¬ rolled in high-school classes of five city schools for the deaf only 30 pupils, and in four private schools only 22 pupils. Of these numbers, 206, 5, and 3 pupils graduated from State, city, and private schools, respectively. The number of graduates from city and private sec¬ ondary schools for the deaf has been almost negligible, as shown in figure 4. PUPILS TAUGHT SPEECH. The following table shows the number of pupils in each type of school who were taught speech during the year. Pupils taught speech. Items. State schools. Private schools. City day schools. Total. Pupils taught speech . 7,814 0, 992 537 2,406 2,208 115 10,757 9,699 Pupils taught by the oral method . 499 Pupils taught by the auricular method . 282 38 435 Of the 14,442 pupils enrolled in schools for the deaf, 10,757, or 74 per cent, were taught speech during the year. In all three types of schools combined, 9,699 pupils were taught by the oral method, i. e., they were taught to speak and to understand the speech of others by lip reading or speech reading. Only 435 pupils were taught by the auricular method, which consists in attempting to improve the hearing of those not absolutely deaf. VOLUMES IN LIBRARIES. As shown in Tables 5, 8, and 11, the total number of volumes in the libraries of schools for the deaf is 144,281 volumes in State institu¬ tions, 2,225 volumes in private schools, and 7,153 volumes in city day schools. In the case of three dual State schools the number of vol¬ umes given in the detailed tables includes the number of volumes (printed in ink) in schools for the blind. On the other hand, the SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 677 HUMBER 07 GRADUATES FROM SCHOOLS TOR THE DEAF. # FIGURE 4. 678 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. library in another school of this type has been reported with schools for the blind. The total number of volumes reported in all schools for the deaf is 153,659, or an average of 1,652 volumes per school re¬ porting this information. This average in State institutions is 2,531 volumes; in private schools, only 318 volumes; and in city day schools, 247 volumes. It should be remembered, however, that other libraries are also accessible to children enrolled in city schools for the deaf. The library facilities in private schools are not nearly so adequate as those in State institutions. VALUATION OF PROPERTY. The following summary shows the number of schools reporting and the valuation of the property reported for each type of school rep¬ resented : Property. Kind of property. State schools. Private schools. City day schools. Total. Num¬ ber report¬ ing. Value. Num¬ ber report¬ ing. Value. Num¬ ber report¬ ing. Value. Num¬ ber report¬ ing. Value. Buildings and grounds . 63 $18,266, 754 9 $425,913 7 $458,600 79 $19,151,267 Scientific apparatus, furni¬ ture, instruments, etc . 53 1,581,471 8 24, 759 21 49,015 82 1,655,245 Endowment or productive funds . 10 1,838,347 2 87,419 1 8,400 13 1,934,166 Total . 21,686, 572 538, 091 516,015 22,740,678 Only 5 State schools did not report the value of buildings and grounds, and 15 did not give the value of apparatus, etc. Assuming that each State school not reporting had the same average value of property as those reporting, viz, $289,948 for buildings and grounds and $29,839 for apparatus, etc., the total value of the former for the 68 institutions represented in this report would be $19,716,494 and of the latter $2,029,056. In the case of dual State schools, the valuation of property has been prorated between schools for the blind and deaf in proportion to the enrollment in each. The total valuation of prop¬ erty in private schools and in city day schools can not be estimated with any degree of accuracy, since so few schools of each type repor¬ ted this information. In the case of city schools for the deaf, a part of the regular public school buildings is often used as classrooms for the deaf. Consequently few of these schools could supply the data desired. Altogether, 13 schools reported a total endowment of $1,934,166. The greater part of this belongs to State or semi-State schools. SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18, 679 .PER C/PITA VALUATION OP PROPERTY IS SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF.® STATE8. DI8TRICT OF COLUMBIA CALIFORNIA . INDIANA . RHODE ISLAND . MONTANA . MINNESOTA . SOUTH DAKOTA . COLORADO . LOUISIANA . IOTA . MARYLAND . NORTH DAKOTA . UTAH . PENNSYLVANIA . NEBRASKA . . MI880URI . ARKANSAS . OHIO . KANSAS . MISSISSIPPI . WISCONSIN . NET YORK. . NORTH CAROLINA . GEORGIA . MICHIGAN . MASSACHUSETTS . TEXAS . OHSOON . ALABAMA . SOUTH CAROLINA . KENTUCKY . OKLAHOMA. . . MAINE . ILLINOIS . . IDAHO . CONNECTICUT . WASHINGTON . VIRGINIA . WEST VIRGINIA . . ARIZONA.® . UNITED STATES . PORTO RICO . PIG. 5. • IN DUAL SCHOOLS THE VALUE OP PROPERTY HAS BEEN PRORATED IN PROPORTION -TO ENROLLMENT. • BUILDING RENTED. 680 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, .1916-1918; A good index as to how well a State provides for its deaf is found in the valuation of property for each one enrolled in its schools for the deaf. A great variation obtains in this respect, as will be noted from figure 5. The District of Columbia, ranking highest, has an average per capita of $6,296; while West Virginia, ranking lowest, has an average per capita value of only $402. Arizona, with a per capita of $132, rents the buildings used by its school for the deaf. The average per capita for the United States is $1,791 for State or semi-State insti¬ tutions and $1,218 for private schools. California and the District of Columbia seem to form a separate class in the investments which they have made for deaf pupils. The next highest State, Indiana, has only about three-fifths the per capita value shown for California and only about one-half that shown for the District of Columbia. Little infor¬ mation would be derived from attempting to show the per capita value of property in city schools for the deaf, since so few cities report the valuation of property. RECEIPTS. The receipts of city day schools for the deaf are inseparably bound up with the total receipts of city public schools. So few city schools for the deaf reported receipts that it was not thought advisable to tabulate the returns. Amounts received from the various sources for State and private schools. Source of revenue. Amount , for State schools (59 schools reporting). Amount for private schools (8 schools reporting). Amount reported. Per cent of total. Amount reported. Per cent of total. From State, city, or county . From private benefactions . From productive endowment fund . From other sources . $3,420,387 19,800 171,121 206.625 3,817,933 i 4.494,484 89.6 .5 4.5 5.4 100.0 $6,828 41,851 4,340 34.867 87,886 87, 886 7.8 47.6 4.9 39.7 100.0 Total amount distributed . Total amount . 1 Part of this amount was not itemized as to source. In State schools almost 90 per cent of the revenue comes from public sources, and in private schools over half the revenue comes from private benefactions and productive funds. In private schools almost 40 per cent comes from other sources, most of it presumably from tuition fees. In State or semi-State schools only 5 per cent of the revenue comes from private benefactions or productive endow¬ ment. Only 59 State schools reported receipts, the total being $4,494,484, or an average of $76,177 per school. If each of the 9 State schools SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 681 not reporting receipts received the same average amount, the total receipts for State schools would be $5,180,077. This estimate for State schools does not take into account the 3 State schools which submitted no report whatever. Not even a gross estimate is possible in case of private schools, since only 8 out of 18 reported their receipts. EXPENDITURES. Altogether 61 State schools for the deaf reported expenditures, the aggregate amount reported being $4,292,789, or an average of $70,378 per school. If the other 8 State schools not reporting incurred the same average expenses, the total amount spent by the 68 State schools reporting in 1918 would be $4,855,822, which is almost as much as the estimated total receipts for the same schools, viz, $5,180,077. The total amount spent by the 8 private schools reporting was $102,990, or an average of $12,874 per school. The unusual amount of $42,682 spent for buildings by one private institution has materially increased this average. Omitting this one relatively large school from consideration, the average expenditure in the other 7 schools is only $5,525. Distribution of expenditures in State and private schools. Expenditures. Amount spent by State schools. Per cent of total. Amount spent by private schools. Per cent of total. For buildings and lasting improvements . $438,091 10.6 $50,089 48.6 For teachers’ salaries, books, etc . 1,267,945 30.6 20,173 19.6 For other salaries and other current expenses . 2,430,530 58.8 32.728 31.8 Total amount distributed . 4.136, 566 100.0 102, 990 100.0 In State schools about one-tenth of the total expenditures are made for outlays. In private schools the expenditures for the same purpose were unusual in 1918. In State schools about three-tenths of the expense is incurred for instruction. In both types of schools the expenditures made for “ other salaries and other current expenses” are about double the amount spent for teachers’ salaries, books, etc., i. e. for instruction. Presumably, the greater portion of this large group of expenditures is incurred because pupils are housed and boarded in the school dormitories. Only 49 city day schools for the deaf reported their expenditures. Usually, financial accounts for such schools are not kept by the teacher or principal, but by the superintendent or the board of educa¬ tion. Table 17 shows the amount spent by each of the 49 cities reporting. The total amount spent for all purposes was $294,952, or an average cost of $195 per pupil enrolled. Assuming that this 682 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. average applies to all pupils enrolled in such schools, viz, 2,482 pupils, the total cost of maintaining all city day schools for the deaf would be $483,990. The total amount spent for instruction, usually for teachers’ salaries, was $215,330, or an average of $1,080 per teacher. This average represents rather accurately the average salaries of teachers in city day schools for the deaf. It may be slightly too high, since it includes both the salary of the teacher and other ex¬ penses of instruction, such as books, pencils, paper, etc. In many instances the round numbers given in Table 17 indicate that only the teachers’ salaries were reported under this item of expenditure (column 4). The per capita expenditures in schools for the deaf is shown graphi¬ cally by States in figure 6. Montana ranks highest both in the total expense incurred, $1,734, and in the amount spent for current ex¬ penses, $1,178. The District of Columbia ranks second, with a per capita current expense of $713. Texas had the smallest per capita for current expenses, $139. The average per capita for current expenses for the United States is $358, and for outlays, $41. The correspond¬ ing averages for the United States for private schools are $238 and $225, respectively. The “open” portion of the bars represent per capita expenditures for buildings and other lasting improvements. This item will vary considerably from year to year for the various States, and conse¬ quently is not considered in ranking the States. It is shown addition¬ ally to indicate the total per capita expense incurred by any State for the year considered. Where the open bar is long, the State represented evidently incurred an unusual expense for permanent improvements. In the case of dual schools the expenditures have been prorated between deaf and blind schools in proportion to the number of pupils in each type of school. SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 683 PKR CAPITA EXPENDITURES 15 FOR THE DEAF.® PIG. 6. STATES. O {^«| c 1178 713 683 531 522 556 DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. ... 633 11 200 485 m 430 430 43 52 429 15 421 5 11 420 60 418 417 406 16 11 MISSOURI ••«•«•»•••••• 388 435 *70 ILLINOIS* •••••••••»•* 821 16 MINNESOTA ........... « 363 349 346 330 229 328 324 319 312 42 PENNSYLVANIA- ........ 55 15 XOWA , . . . MARYLAND. 7 WASHINGTON* . . SO 29 NEBRASKA* •••**••••••• OREGON . 15. INDIANA- * -,tt, ....... OHIO. . . . . 308 303 5 vnp»ru padhttva . . KANSAS. . 298 288 VEST VIRGINIA. 8 GEORGIA . . 283 278 KENTUCKY . . . OKLAHOMA . « 269 191 MAINS. . , . 265 ALABAMA . . 262 ARKANSAS . 246 MISSISSIPPI. . 229 208 185 139 358 238 144 . . . LOUISIANA. . . 25 VI Rd NIA 5 TEXAS . 226 UNITED STATES. ....... 41 PORTO RICO. _ 225 46 s ■ , _ TTTT STATE SCHOOLS. PRIVATE SCHOOLS. TTTT IH SOUTH CAROLINA DID HOT REPORT EXPENDITURES. EXPENDITURES IN DUAL SCHOOLS HAVE BEEN PRORATED IN PROPORTION TO ENROLliiENT. 684 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 2. — Per capita value of property in schools for the deaf, 1917-18. State institutions. States. Number of schools report¬ ing. Enroll¬ ment. Value of property. Value per capita. United States . 64 10,970 $19,648, 125 $1, 791 Alabama . 2 218 256, 065 1,175 Arizona . 1 38 5,000 132 Arkansas . 2 366 700,000 1,913 California . 1 195 960, 765 4, 927 Colorado . 1 144 380,304 2,641 Connecticut . 2 266 220, 810 830 District of Columbia . 2 162 1,020,000 6,296 Georgia . 2 212 302,000 1,425 Idaho . 1 61 55,000 901 Illinois . 1 377 353, 257 937 Indiana . 1 298 981, 507 3,327 Iowa . 1 191 452, 254 2, 367 Kansas . 1 223 385,950 1,731 Kentucky . 2 316 345,300 1,093 Louisiana . 1 145 351, 500 2, 424 Maine . 1 113 116,720 1,032 Maryland . 2 150 328,000 2,187 Massachusetts . 2 191 244,900 1,282 Michigan . 1 291 396, 660 1,363 Minnesota . 1 242 655,371 2,708 Mississippi . 2 176 299, 134 1,700 Missouri . 2 282 543,000 1,926 Montana . 1 78 247,260 3,170 Nebraska . 1 185 367,000 1,984 New York . 8 1,881 3,086,576 1,641 North Carolina . 2 362 516, 804 1,428 North Dakota . 1 100 205, 664 2,057 Ohio . 1 489 926, 300 1,894 Oklahoma . 2 316 329,255 1,042 Oregon . 1 103 122,000 1,184 Pennsylvania . Porto Rico . 5 1, 135 2,315, 232 2,040 Rhode Island . 1 94 300,000 3, 191 South Carolina . 1 123 135, 423 1,101 South Dakota . 1 60 160,000 2,667 Texas . 2 556 703, 928 1,266 Utah . 1 115 235,583 2, 049 Virginia . 1 211 145, 590 690 Washington . 1 143 118, 113 826 West Virginia . 1 174 69,900 402 Wisconsin . 1 188 310, 000 1,649 Private institutions. Number of schools report¬ ing. Enroll¬ ment. Value of property. Value per capita. 9 382 $450, 672 i $1, 180 1 40 32,000 800 1 131 206,886 1,579 2 1 1 46 18 34 46,000 9,400 45, 843 1,000 522 1,319 1 50 46,943 935 1 24 2 33,000 1,375 1 39 30,600 784 1 1 Per capita value, excluding Porto Rico, is $1,218. 2 Data for 1915-16. SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18, 685 Table 3. — Per capita expenditures in State and private schools for the deaf , 1917-18. I State institutions. Private institutions. States. 1 Number report¬ ing. Enrollment. Current expenses. W % 3 o Current expenses [ per capita. 1 Outlays per cap¬ ita. 1 Number report- 1 ing. I Enrollment. Current expenses. Outlays. Current expenses per capita. I Outlays per cap- 1 ita. United States . 62 10, 779 $3,854,508 $438,291 $358 $41 8 223 $52,901 $50,089 $238 $225 2 218 57, 154 262 1 38 15' 445 0 406 0 2 366 89! 939 0 246 0 1 195 81,909 11,700 420 60 1 144 76! 490 29,592 531 205 1 198 83,385 2,109 421 11 2 162 115! 539 713 2 212 60,000 283 1 61 25! 520 1,000 418 16 1 377 139! 600 6,000 370 16 Indiana . 1 298 92,808 945 312 3 Iowa . 1 191 66, 139 3,000 346 15 Kansas . 1 223 66, 672 0 298 0 Kentucky 2 316 87, 709 278 Louisiana 1 ! 145 30, 249 3,638 208 25 Maine 1 113 29,971 5,526 265 50 Maryland . 2 150 49,561 1,058 330 7 2 46 10,538 4,136 229 90 Massachusetts . 2 191 91,810 692 481 4 1 18 6,805 378 Michigan . 1 291 151,903 3,132 522 11 1 34 6,808 1,473 200 "43 Minnesota . . . 1 242 87, 961 10,500 363 42 Mississippi . 2 | 176 40, 224 0 229 0 Missouri . 2 282 109,500 388 2 52 22,634 42,682 435 821 Montana . 1 | 78 91,856 43,364 1,178 556 Nebraska . 1 185 60,000 324 New Y ork . 8 1,881 807, 222 9,690 429 5 1 34 500 15 North Carolina . 2 362 109, 770 58,349 303 161 North Dakota . 1 100 42,999 5,231 430 52 Ohio 1 489 150, 775 2,500 308 5 Oklahoma . 2 316 85, 075 60,462 269 191 Oregon . 1 103 32, 858 1,510 319 15 Pennsylvania . 5 1,135 395,817 6, 200 349 55 Porto Rico . 1 39 5,616 1,798 ; 144 46 Rhode Island .... 1 94 40, 493 1 430 South Dakota . 1 60 41,000 38,000 i 683 633 Texas . 2 556 77, 549 125,481 i 139 226 Utah . 1 115 55,890 1 485 .... Virginia . 1 211 39,000 1,000 185 5 Washington . 1 143 46,904 4,144 328 29 West Virginia . 1 174 50,112 1,392 288 g Wisconsin . 1 188 77,700 2,076 417 11 Table 4. — Summary of statistics of instructors and pupils in State schools for the deaf, 1917-18. 686 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. In classes corre- sponamg to mgn- school grades. 1 E- 8 1 3 32M 2^^° 2883'° °8°3 5O0023 Girls. © g O SNN 3MOMO 05*030*-. °2°3 ^O^NQ NiOONH i-H 2 383|8 Girls. *3 2,694 S^SSSS £3833 g88fe8 3888 228328 §8382 Boys. Cl 3,196 S3SS3 s^sss 8883 3§88§| 238838 1 s garten. Total. a 1,312 o S§2° 2^82° g0032 2&38° “^Sgg ° :832 Girls. © S 8s00 ®ih£^® ooo©©© cc^ooco© cooco©! © ;^0O© Boys. © 8 O 2^° g^g?000 8°°8°> t'SMS° N0002g ° :S000 Total. oo 11,316 2SIS3 llgsg gsgss sgsgg ggegg SS|SS Girls. t'* 5,246 S222S 32S83 388§g 3$g38 S338$5| 3S3883 Boys. 1 i • 6,070 58832 33832 8s33§3 888g§ 23|3g Total. 1,375 8°°888 388°13 :8883 33838 28SS|j 32832 Wo¬ men. 1,003 822°°3 :228S 328^3 22^28 SS^ggS Men. eo £ t-eocj.000 OOMNHN j^®^ Ml~NS3 2^33^ 1 ber of schools report¬ ing. $ (NHdHH (NNNHH HHHNH HNC1HH N^HHOO NHHCIh 1 s m - United States . Alabama . Arizona . . . . . . Arkansas . California . Colorado . District of Columbia . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maine . Maryland . Michigan . Minnesota . . . Mississippi . . Missouri . Montana Nebraska . New York . North Carolina . North Dakota . Ohio . Oklahoma . Oregon . . . SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1911-1$, 687 S°8' MCN O O lOCJO^H O O )^COO(N ^ » «iCiOrH(X) NINHIOIO CO < NNOlHOJ hwoom COCNCMi-hcO © f-H CM CM > © © oo © e* © c ! c* © co oo © C^© © ^ CO © © OOrHCOrHOJ © CO 1-H © CO ©©©00 00 i-H 00 © CO © ©CO ^HCOH© ©CO*-H©CO © © I3°2 © © 28 8*° »-h © © © © © © © 00 © 00 © © © © © ©CO CM© CO © © © ©rH^rHTf CM © rH CM ) © 1-H CO © 00 CO « oo CO CM © © CO CO © © 1-H © © 00 e* © ©^ i-H oo - ©h^hN CM i 2^ > ^ c3 5$ §|.s >| ini i mm i! Table 5. — Summary of graduates and miscellaneous items in State schools for the deaf, 1917-18. 688 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Property (64 schools reporting). punj aAijonp -OJd jo juaui -Aiopua juauBui -jed jo junomy 03 $1,838,347 0 71,245 0 0 16,000 7,000 3,340 269, 758 0 0 0 ~ sT 8 ■oja ‘XjBjqtj ‘sjuara -tujsui ‘om^iu -JUJ ‘SUJ'BJ'Bdd'B oqijuaios jo ani^A 22 $1,581,471 13, 178 5,000 200, 000 51, 870 72,576 8,000 20,000 2,000 162,907 68,354 26, 650 16,300 1,500 15, 720 12,000 18, 400 91,508 29,043 31, 434 12,000 1 232, 528 •spunojS puc s3ujpjmq jo an[BA (M $18,266,754 242, 887 500,000 908,895 307, 728 212, 810 1,000,000 300,000 55,000 353,257 818,600 383, 900 359,300 329, 000 350, 000 101, 100 316,000 226,500 396, 660 563,863 270,091 543,000 215, 826 355,000 2, 854, 048 •jfjBjq -ij ur saranjoA 20 00 CM tjT 950 450 6,000 3.650 3,050 6, 000 200 1,200 12,225 3,000 6,326 3, 449 2,300 200 800 3. 100 4. 100 5, 066 5,000 3,400 2,500 2,000 1.650 30, 773 Pupils in the industrial de¬ partment. •moj, cs 5,847 H Cl ^ COOiONO oooic»o H(NHOCrt< OC^^COCO ICHHOO^ OO OO CM ^ WHH t-H H HH(NH HH o © p- © T-H CM © CM OO CM t-h © SRO QC 2,751 no^ho ©©r^r^© co oo ^ ^ t-h 'r* © (NCKNINCO © P- CO O • ^ CO © OO © © © T-H CO 1-H © CO © © ‘Sifog; P* 3,096 N^NfHIO ©^©^i-h CO OO rH CO O N0050 HCOHN © C* O* CO (OCOOOOO^ ^ ^ © © © © 00 © CM CM CM © CM 1-H © Pupils taught by auricular method. «C 282 CO (MCOO ©Tt<0^© © © © © • © t-H © © © CO •SRO t-h © O CO 4 61 647 •si£oa 3,741 1 OlOOOOOJ O O ^ O CONNN^ ^ i-H C* P- © CM ’ 00 CM 00 © © © © • © o © © CO rH 05 05 T-H © 00 Pupils taught speech during the year. •moj. o 00 It-hooi^cop- © © © t-h cm M CO CO 05 (NGOCO*OH H HH CM ^H CM ©©Tt<© © © r-H OO M t-h O © ©;*©£ 148 150 53 130 1,649 •swo 1 3,536 © CO O © 00 CO-f H10 05 lOrHCCCO^ CO(NOO(N05 00 © CM • CM © © © ©^H • © © 00 OO H©^HH P- © CM © H* P- © © © OO 00 C* © © •s^oa QC 00 cm (N10N00 05 © © Q0 © CO ©C^OOP-T* 05 CO OO CM r-H © cm © ntjccmoo © © © © © o © S w © w •moi ! ° | o © (M © CM 00 © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © ft +* c fl fc ’S.E ) JO 1 •spio «0 CO o © CM © CM © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © •SiJoa © CO o OOO ONOOO ooooo ooooo o © Graduates in 1918. 206 o O ^ CO © © © © © CO © oo © © © © © © ' T-H M T-H 0 23 5 •SIJTO eo 104 o © CM ©CO©©© ©©COO© © CO 00 05rH05(NO io Q5 co o io < cToTid'o ^ O CO CO 0.2 ofcS -0.2.2 n* CO H CO < !>• t>- 00 05 ’ O O O 05 CN C O 05 O O CO CO 1 O COCO HH00( H^OCOO oooc C00.05C Tj<(N05C0i0 lOfcOt^C < * S CO IO ssss s§ 5 3 @3 S88S lg|! 0ot3p o 3 a a i-iX) © 2 * a woo o i I t- •jH >>» an IOOIOCOO (N O i-h O O CO Tf 00 OOOOI ^ CO iO< 88 00 MiOrfOCO C~ IO )!0®N01 IO N N ® > CO CO 00 (M COCOIONO ^i2 |8** a o 3 W O H KNCIhh hhh!Nh : : : : : :^ : : : : : : : : : ; : : : : : : : : ; : : : ; i i ,* ! i i i i ! i ! w i * ! i \ \ i : : : : : . o : . ^ . ; . . . . ; i ^ ||| llJij s: = jfi ill if -Niil SoSoS S’C^o'o ijg-B§5 53«-a§ -SSoJSv §.2 8^1 ^ISo ■ScacS.2.1 .sj§'©| ^oo oQoSP 3SWWP SESSS SSSfcfc 392,289 1 5,688 I 97,672 I 77, 847 1 2 1, 061, 214 1 9,690 1 227,701' 579,521* 816,921 SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 691 SSBBS Sill! ills s'sgfs gWgs s's'ss mu i ill §811 £3838 8 slsil § ill ISg : s‘s‘s¥*" 8 ;SS a»sf: 33883 1 IS° 1311' r«§v ®" llill 3S8SS IIS! 1 1 lings' sags I I §1 a'-' I°1 S' sr HE llill ISii ggs' g's's'gV sssss' hhhNh |l I i : iiiil i \t ilj k ; : i fill I Ilf if ill 2iZOOO >&>\ 692 BIENNIAL. SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 7. — Summary of statistics of instructors and pupils in private schools for the deaf \ 1917-18. States. 1 O M m Q Instructors. Pupils enrolled. Pupils in the kinder¬ garten. In classes correspond¬ ing to grades 1 to 4. In classes correspond¬ ing to grades 5 to 8. In classes correspond¬ ing to high- school grades. d i d ,1 "3 O >> O in "S O >> 0 in 3 0 w >> 0 4 *c8 O & in *3 O i in 3 O £ S £ EH M 0 E< PQ O Eh PQ 3 Eh PQ b Eh « O Eh i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 16 17 18 19 20 Total . 18 20 103 123 326 318 644 52 47 99 165 152 317 92 113 205 15 7 22 California 1 j 6 7 40 40 20 20 16 16 2 2 Georgia . . 1 4 4 2 12 14 l 4 5 1 6 7 2 2 Illinois . 1 17 17 69 62 131 5 8 13 42 30 72 "23 24 47 0 0 0 Louisiana . 1 ” i 8 9 25 32 57 0 0 0 20 19 39 5 13 18 0 0 0 Maryland . 2 12 12 3 43 46 4 4 2 29 31 11 11 0 0 0 Massachusetts . 1 1 1 8 10 18 8 10 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Michigan . 1 * 3 2 5 22 12 34 0 0 0 18 10 28 4 2 6 0 0 0 Missouri . 2 3 13 16 25 27 52 14 12 26 9 9 18 2 6 8 New York . 2 5 12 17 39 23 62 7 1 8 10 6 16 10 9 19 12 7 19 Ohio . 1 2 3 5 13 11 24 3 2 4 5 3 8 5! 7 12 Pennsylvania . 2 9 9 24 26 50 7 3 10 11 14 25 5 9 14 1 0 1 Porto Rico . 1 6 5 5 17 22 39 0 0 0 6 5 11 11 17 28 South Dakota . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Wisconsin . 1 "5 10 15 "39 37 76 7 4 11 21 20 41 1 11 13 24 6 0 0 Table 8. — Summary of statistics of graduates and miscellaneous items in private schools for the deaf , 1917-18. Location. Gradu¬ ates in 1918. 1 Pupils taught speech during the year. Pupils taught by oral method. Pupils taught by au¬ ricular method. Pupils in the indus¬ trial depart¬ ment. Property (9 schools reporting). Volumes in library. Value of buildings and grounds. Value of scientific apparatus, furni¬ ture, instruments, library, etc. Amount of perma¬ nent endowment or productive fund. 09 t>> 0 pq [ Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. c3 O Eh & 0 PQ Girls. Total. £ PQ Girls. Total. & 0 PQ [ Girls. 0 Eh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 *20 Total . 3 0 3 305 232 537 282 217 499 23 15 38 121 196 317 2,225 $425,913 $24,759 $87, 419 California . 2 2 35 35 25 25 10 10 20 20 500 32,000 Georgia 2 is 17 2 12 14 3 3 Illinois . 0 0 0 90 90 90 90 6 0 0 68 68 400 200,000 6, 886 Louisiana . . 0 0 0 20 27 47 16 25 41 4 2 6 12 22 34 Maryland . 0 0 0 3 45 48 3 43 46 0 2 2 0 0 0 500 42,500 3,500 100 Massachusetts . 0 0 0 8 10 18 8 10 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,400 1,000 87,319 Michigan . 0 0 0 21 12 33 21 12 33 0 0 0 2 8 10 225 43, 570 2,273 0 Missouri . 21 24 45 19 20 39 2 4 6 16 18 34 41, 843 5, 100 New York 21 7 28 21 7 28 0 0 0 7 6 13 300 Ohio . 13 11 24 13 11 24 10 10 20 30,000 3,000 Pennsylvania 1 1 24 26 50 21 25 46 3 , 4 18 24 42 200 Porto Rico . 17 22 39 17 22 39 9 15 24 100 27,600 3,000 0 Smith Oaknt.a 1 1 1 Wjsfwnsjn 0 0 0 30 32 62 26 29 55 4 3 7 27 25 52 SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 693 Table 9. — Summary of receipts and expenditures of private schools for the deaf , 1917-18. States. Num¬ ber of schools report¬ ing. Receipts. Expenditures. From State, county, or city. From private bene¬ factions for per¬ manent equip¬ ment and cur¬ rent ex¬ penses. From pro¬ ductive endow¬ ment fund. From other sour¬ ces. Total. For build¬ ing and lasting im¬ prove¬ ments. For teach¬ ers’ salaries, books, etc. For other salaries and all other current ex¬ penses. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States . . . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Missouri . New York . Porto Rico . 8 $6, 828 $41, 851 $4,340 $34,867 $87, 886 $50, 089 $20, 173 $32,728 $102,990 2 1 1 2 1 1 2,250 2,429 0 0 2, 149 1,933 1,409 5,918 27, 444 500 4,647 0 4,340 0 0 0 9, 674 41 3,507 21,016 0 629 13,857 8,219 9. 425 48, 460 500 7. 425 4, 136 1,473 42, 682 0 1,798 2, 791 2,390 3, 765 10,360 500 367 7,747 4,415 3,043 12, 274 0 5,249 14,874 6,805 8,281 65,316 500 7,414 Table 10. — Summary of statistics of instructors and pupils in city day-school classes for the deaf, 1917-18. States. Number of schools re¬ porting. Instructors. Pupils enrolled. Pupils in the kinder¬ garten. In classes correspond¬ ing to grades 1 to 4. In classes correspond¬ ing to grades 5 to 8. In classes correspond¬ ing to high- school grades. | Men. | Women. | Total. Boys. Girls. Total. & o m | Girls. Total. >> O « | Girls. Total. co >> o PQ S 3 | Total. co >> o cq S Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 United States. 69 18 305 323 1,300 1,182 2,482 8 110 213 792 721 1,513 384 335 719 17 13 30 California . 6 0 20 20 69 85 154 5 7 12 41 54 95 20 21 41 1 1 Georgia . 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 3 Illinois . 3 3 37 40 163 153 316 9 i3 22 120 102 222 34 38 72 Iowa . 1 1 1 4 4 8 0 1 1 4 3 7 Louisiana . 1 2 2 5 9 14 1 2 3 4 7 11 Massachusetts . . 2 2 38 40 162 157 319 10 7 17 87 93 180 66 46 112 Michigan . 13 3 31 34 145 119 264 16 7 23 84 76 160 45 29 74 2 5 7 Minnesota . 2 0 6 6 23 30 53 2 6 8 13 11 24 8 13 21 Missouri . 2 1 10 11 64 43 107 5 2 7 57 37 94 2 4 6 New Jersey . 2 14 14 55 50 105 7 6 13 12 15 27 36 29 65 New York . 1 .... 3 37 40 185 189 374 7 19 26 118 119 237 60 51 111 Ohio . 6 1 28 29 106 98 204 7 8 15 74 66 140 25 24 49 Oregon . 1 2 2 13 12 25 2 4 6 5 4 9 6| i 4 10 Texas . 1 2 2 10 4 14 0 0 0 8 4 12 2 0 2 Washington _ 4 2 10 12 43 45 88 4 7 11 23 22 45 16 16 32 Wisconsin . 23 3 66 69 252 181 433 27 21 48 142 105 247 64 40 104 15 8 23 Table 11. — Summary of statistics of graduates and miscellaneous items in city day school classes for the deaf, 1917-18. 694 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Property. Amount of per¬ manent endow¬ ment or pro¬ ductive fund. 23 $8, 400 8,400 Value of sci¬ entific appa¬ ratus, furni¬ ture, instru¬ ments, library, etc. - co iCrHcocoio oo 05 ^ r- Boys. 00 1,261 HHOOrJfiO N^OCON^ iO CO CO O CO ^ CO CO ^ - o f-H 05 • to 'lOOh • f-H CO I-H l> CO • (M • • O* O o coo o o •s^og o OO t- 1-H O O 1 woo o •S9pBJ§ looqos q§rq ox Sm -paodS9jjoo s9SSBp nj "slJiO ■*< o OO t- O* O COO O CO •siog CO rH s Tt< o 00 f-H to o ^NO 1-H '8 ox 9 S9pBj3 ox Sm -pU0dS9JJ00 S9SSBJD UJ "SIJIO ot CO 4 73 56 36 24 33 5 CO O to •siog 5 oo Tfi CO (M 1^ CO CO CO L- ^ W CO O CO o 05 •f Oi X sapBjS ox Sin -pnodS9JJOO S9SSBP UJ •SIJIO o 2§ 9 57 9 28 43 21 16 ^ 00 to HTfH rH •sAog 05 s 21 85 9 56 51 33 20 NJOH eo •U9XJB3 -j9pnrj[ eqx m s[idnj •SIJIO ao 14 8 6 0 28 8 ^NO ^ •s^oa CO 11 5 7 0 32 7 CO CO O 00 CO •p9noiu9 s[tdn- O CO COCJ 05 N CO •sjo;oiuxsax •narao^V ■*< tOi-H to L- CO to CO CO tOt^t^ c3 S4 m cu ga w ^ A a IS 13 gg ° © ® .C J3 43 >- <-> o CQ^TJ eS e3 J3 aa5 22$ c3 csQ ® 3 3? a ® ^p a <_ ® o I o cL§ P W ill S © a) o qQfi® CO (/I'd ~ KJ § g 1*3° CO ® O a®4 o-s: ■SCO 3 C3 OC0 co co t?. 2 0 2 os'tSgq w m £ 3fd'§T$ 8f§iHvj,2c;!3 § 03 03 § §~«2:S g § o 0<*' a> ©w oo o-d ■S5 ls| s-i^a iS'Sr® s 1 sSS gQ«-io=Mlnas5o|o O O < Eh O j 55 S— ' ® §11 o : 3 i • ©a* I o' A (-1 < s txO J .a § p c3 o adega, A Do _ .N < a o cn le Rock, Do _ •e3 O £ £ s ° £ O Td i 1 P P O O o cf o "Q 1 bio fl 'C 02 O ®P *3 Eh o 3 b* 3 ® pq ■i >§ o H t a 1 > e 3 P Table 12. — Statistics of State schools for the deaf , 1917-18 — Continued. 696 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. •spunj oaij -onpcud jo inauiAvopua juairemjad jo pnoray •oja ‘ajnjromj ‘snjBJ -«ddi3 oyijuaps jo ary^A o $8 88 8 05 CO to OM lO . (NCOiO CM •jf j^jqil m seranpA iO o CM O CM o CM CO COCO CM 8 88 CM 00 rH 8 8888 •jnaurpmdap IBiJjsnpixi in siidng •SIJIO 88 •siJoa 1-4 CO 00 r-8 a ' i> co co oo 2 8‘ •poqjam jbitioij -ne /q jq3n«j sydng •SWO •s^og o o o o o o o o •poqjora [BJO Xq jqSrrej sydng •SIJIO •Si£oa t" CO NO •j«a.£ Suunp qoaads jqSiuy sydnj •SIJIO •s^og i-i ■ «5 CO CO CD 00 'ION •sassiyo Smurejj. -jayouaj m ' sydna •SIJIO o o o o o o •sijoa ■oo oo 3o o o o '8161 HI sajBnpBJO •SIJJ0 005 COCO OO O DM •SiJog OO O O a s 2 23 ,0 03 >-h WW «- 2 ®~ 3 3.2 g2 *ll Is OO ID C Tp o 02 a 1 O O O 8 tP 1 : io’ ufa io ^ a oT 8' 8 8 !' 8 « imooc O CM *-* 02 CM 02 CM : 5:8“ 1-HCD OC o" ' 8 w 1 02" 00 O" O »d" CO 8 : * ‘ 04 * * 1 1 i 8 CM 1 8 8 § 8 8888 OCONr- ! 88 I CM 02 § 300 300 8 CM S N CO ~ o' co: cor ^HCO" ^\*T ? TjT o> CO 61 8 8 S5 8 8 8 150 P” CO 02 ' Tf4 CD CM ; 00 o o TP 00 | 1 - CM 02 CO 8 OC 1 S : 00 e* g£ S S 186 s 45 150 CM O ic CM • P- Tf CO • 42 67 238 OC 43 8 8 ID 02 • iO co o PC O o CM o ; O ; O CM C > o CO o ia c c oc o • o 1 O CM c CO ; CD ? CD 00 s? 128 158 o 168 ic p- 02 CM 37 155 98 14 36 129 26 271 p- tP 1 CO 45 CO c > ID tp CM ID - O ir CD CM CD 1 t^- &5 148 248 o s » P^ 144 31 CMiOCOrf- 1 CO p^ oo f- 47 139 8 323 CD : a 49 28 c : 15 55 c5 CD CM : g s 128 CD oc cc CO 180 lO !> 02 CM P^OC rt 1 CO ID 02 1- 36 129 26 271 Tp : a CO CO c : 25 O) (N O Tf CD CM ■ o 1 00 57 148 253 a s 182 tp — < cm co CO co p^ oo »— < P- 02 i tP CO 323 Tt i s 8 c : ID • CO c CM c o c o . CM • TP 00 O O G O • o O o o c > o 1—4 1 O O C ) 0 ! CO • *"H CM o tH c o o COVOH 00 0 O O c ) O ID CM CM o iO CO c o 0 02 53 0 O O c ^»CM Tj. ko CO o CM 02 o p- ID OO i- i o oo 15 0 O - T* ^ : CD CO *"* oc 00 1 CM HIOCC ; ; co 00 0 0 ID cr 3 - lOiO CD CM CM 2! 75 29 9 20 30 46 19 23 8 2 1 10 271 23 CD 11 38 CO l> CM 25 C2 8 CD 67 85 ) CD ID 02 * ^ CO 23 22 8 CO ) *-H l CM 27 CM c£ co CM CD CM lO Tt< 8 8 59 168 8?S S28 02 05 > CD CO 8 0( CM CD 00 O CM *o 2 4 CD 2 iO CM s 180 00 CD i— i 02 lO 0C O CO M'DN ) CM OO CM O 125 ft i 8 0 24 CD 18 84 CO O lO CD CM CM CM 8 Tf CC : 8 O • TH . oc . cm ; 6 44 8 O: > CO ID O O 02 ■ oc i-H 1C ) CM CO X o ! CM c :« :* > 00 CD TP 95 CC > CM CD O C : ^ : I 39 P- CM oc cs 1 CM 1 OC S 00 C-J 175 CD 00 33 269 104 41 • CM CO co -t* CO ID ' lO CM ^ *H ^ CO CM «— < »— • 26 271 Tp ■ a 45 8 00 CO CM 02 CO 8^ 100 £5 oc 275 02 <£ 272 166 51 ' oocc-t ) TP CD *? »- CM *— l 60 149 g 323 Tt ; a 49 8 ID 27 121 P- c 3 P'- CM CM CO CO CO CM CC i 8 CD o: CM > 02 CD O O O CM CO CM rH CM or 3 cs 1 CM CO CM ftZ! CO CD oc iO CS 1 *-» 02 T* ' tP O 02 CM CM O 4 CO CO TP CM 00 Jg a ° © ® Q ^ fa§ c o*^ SB'S «|1 S-g^o C fl 5 COr^) C V>© 1-1 S O ^ u TO •_ S ^-ga : a OT cq”S > 3 il|ii 3 Q «_ 3 o>~ g £ O c ®Q r9 c C.CM CJ C O T5 is C^g ~aB |g3 aasl H=Q |S|4 3TJ - a ft * a 3 oa fi •3s. 2 g£ 5 i-csg ®£ 3 fl* fl£~ o-g •polcl^l •g§!* ©gfta- ©fc-feCtr*-1-^® S3to o go <5 £ £ 6 °3 ® ‘-3 rC w : fl. o ^ o*< &* m © *d .3^ CO.fi 3 c c © 5.2 .a gq nil •£ c c § 1^,30 £ g° o C33 ” S-etJ • flc o cq 5s £ ©■« -£•3 0^3 «£ Qt^ -S-S.. £S — a S S® . 3 03.2 .3 .Q m S .fl »_ «*-T . 3 > w c3 5 .fl « o C3 ✓— -rC ■ O *1 fl C fl ^e§r! g Ja g^- Sts ® 3s^“ eBft-s^BU sllls8g’Sl£”ll t3^we,®©£§ooogQ MOO O^ W Ph _; T) S3 Si 5ft o bo” • §30 *& 2‘ o © S a ®” « a © at.'g ®-g®-gS8 ,g= cBb ©5 ■a«-s«5“1 £3 2 a 2£ §3 ^oaoao $Q ©a'aaaa § ® q 3 S 3 S 3 d^H w o 53 o 03 O©’** CQ CQ CQH ® • ££ C8 ^ 4= fl II C< co g a ■g • o gZcQ 44 ®-g *2" §>o --2 ilifc'l £ £ OS O fco atz ° « c-fl S be be® * S* •s ft fc; ©03 sit® |ia| ftocoH :| « § 3 :|> 1^' - "g ig ^ S 5 o®. £H fl'Ea || •■ •3^^ 3 a a^aiP CQ CQ tl< Oh P-r t aa-3 fl.” 60 ” fl S Q > X X g s si * Prorated. i Work is done by correspondence. 2 Data for 1915-16. Table 12. — Statistics of State schools for the deaf, 1917-18 — Continued. 698 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Property. •spimj aAixonpojd jo xuauiMop -ua xuauBinjad jo xunouiy ® O o o • o •oxa ‘ajnxinjnj ‘snxBJ .BddB oyjxuaios jo anp3A Ci -HO o o o ® • ■ o ■ • • • *8X61 ui saxBnpBJQ •SIJTD so sOOOOh) © CM 00 CO O THOCO^cOOOiO O ^ CM rHNOiOcOiOCOO CO 00 OhMOCOh(NcO §■3, ~©CO^CO©©CO CO v HiO(NH CO PS-1- £ f5 ^•’3’d“>£ © 3 a s &a rO 03 co cm io ^ © io tjT Co" lO cm" o' o' 1-T HlO < © © < ONN © s aa^s io'^Tco' 00 00 © © cC 00 CO CO g'sssssks a e^es‘«S=J‘!!fa*8‘ a • © CM C KO © © CM CO O CM ih flJljL 2 o © S § all^# 2 > g a § © % a is, a©\&& 2 5 §« fe0Q O * £?£r© ©00 CM 00 © ro CM lO *0 {S r>T icT^tT © ^ oo S 10 © co oo © © © © 1C t>- CO © iONCONh ^ sVa'as* §f rOXJ ftfil g-o §?-9 <3 g © ~ 0 ©_* Q T3 © t> 52 H- P, 1“ 0.-2 51 |Q go t3 O ©•rt Co ’•3’d s © 5 5 O si .2 © £ c3 c3 3300g o rt55|-S © © ._ c& „ BB ggj" SS Bi K H w ot “ “ o ~bl~ a .csS© o 2 O © Kj 33 “-^cr t! ©<«£ £ o S x © ©*" M © .2 g •- Xst; © S go oxi'o SO Hto 5 © w O to <>-5 5 ® o ** © ? a a g_ c5 © Q © £ T3 3 cj T3, il'fi © © 55 5.S v- © 3 a *J}S «2«SE§8,§8?fi£,g nW ^ a p © o fe EsQ © ^ u. CO ~ O X j.O cJfVSH'P 1: o J655 ©'!.-§ ILs © 2 J? !2Sofefe|3|£|5oH 00 ^2ZmC»5o? H •R S 3>h-| §1^ a^s?S5 £'5?5 - — ^ - « o' co o a >.o Pit 33r--,_n can o ►> 9 ►> «*9 C3 ccs (f-< ‘OlHco © T ^ CL^ co rc; ^ 5 «0<1PQ StfQowEHMOQ Ph ©" i.© » a. H . c03 -gxT^xi > a-^ as SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 1917-18. 701 gllllliiii ^©aTcoasio© — — < S^888Sg iC^OC^C OCON r©" CO ^ 00 lO 03 »©©©*-«©< © 00©LO ^Q©^©000^10 )~©ooioco©©r>-oo s;b«!Sp£*** a ~ 3 ■» I s m 08 _ jAm 8s|S eS^^.SS arja -.d'a«H 12 S3 "a 2 bP-Q 3>#** °JUi s| 5 a 5 Table 14. — Statistics of private institutions for the deaf , 1917-18. Property. BIENNIAL SU § ia . 2 g E- « c ® 3 RVE’3 00 a j £ tO CM O O 1 CO 05 CM 3 8 21 1 20 0 21 13 Gradu¬ ates in 1918. •sro 16 0 0 o o o : ° j : •sAoa 1 r o o o o o In class¬ es cor- respond- ingto high school grades. •sro a 1 i o o o o o © fH ! •s£oa 1 s 1 - o o o o o • • • to • • • In class¬ es cor¬ respond¬ ing to grades 5 to 8. 'SRO IN • CM TP CO 05 CM O CM vH tO to ^ L'- 1 w ~ •s£oa to ’ lO ■ 1° ^1-HrHlOUilO In class¬ es cor¬ respond¬ ing to grades lto 4. •SRO 10 6 30 19 23 6 0 10 05 »0 1-1 CO •s^oa l * [ a - $ a 2 0 18 05 © ■>*< U5 Pupils in the kinder¬ garten. •sro l * 1 ' oo o 4 10 0 12 1 1 •Sifoa | I rH *« © • oo © 14 7 3 Pupils enrolled. •SRO * 1 12 62 32 32 11 10 12 1 26 16 7 11 •s&>a | l oj ca rH ci .—I Instruc¬ tors. •U8UIOAY * 1 CO ^ N 00 N »0 H CM rH CM CM O CO •uapt 05 | I-H • • *H . . . CO O CO CM Institution. IN St. Joseph’s Home for Deaf Mutes. Miss Arbaugh’s School for Deaf Children. Ephpheta School for the Chinch uba Deaf-Mute Institute. St. Francis Xavier’s School for the Deaf. Home School for Little Deaf Children. The Sarah Fuller Home for Little Deaf Chil¬ dren. Evangelical Lutheran Deaf-Mute Institute. Joplin Day School for the Deaf. Central Institute for the Deaf. Society for the Welfare of the Jewish Deaf. Wright Oral School . St. Rita School for the Deaf. Location. - Oakland, Calif . Macon, Ga . Chicago, Ill . Chinch uba. La . Baltimore, Md . Kensington, Md . West Medford, Mass. North Detroit, Mich . Joplin, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . New York, N. Y. . . . New York (1 Mt.Mor- ris Park. W.),N.Y. Cincinnati (R. F. D. 11, box 15, Lock- land), Ohio. 703 SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF, 191*7—18. . • o 000 ‘2 27,600 • Q O • © o « ^ TJ1 05 27 25 joo : CO 2 23 22 1 29 7 14 17 26 2 24 22 1 32 30 ’ o ‘ O r-i © 1 O • o '• o : O LI CO tH a C* OJ lO 1-H © • y-i CO r-H r-i CO CO CD CO CO t>. » I CO ^ O* CO •sAoa •ua^JB§ -japupi aq; m s^dna •SUTO •sAoa •HCOO 0000(N r-H -DO 'hOOC0Ot0»0 •panojua siidna ‘SIJTO ) CD O COO5C^^D0rH!N^O5CO CD rr rr CD ^ 1C •sXog U30 OOON lOWUSOv-Ci •sjcqonjpui uaraoAV •uajv © Pm li SCO 0‘S ■3 Qfi xiJii A©. ■S’SS O fj _ ce tj SO G c3 AGO f i! ^ rtOQ X'™’ 03 13-a O’g g o 0.22 8 ! 03 2 §.2£ » “Sis5 GO P-l GO T3 : & 3 © :W ®pgoQ M _ J3-S ® ^ ^ >>^o g£ 8 § o 2 >2 <2 5 © g | !W of£^s»!^°aJs?gPi a 5 I^PM« £ i “s'©0 S'o10 g’SSco'3 l4ls^rHO'ScJOrlc3^©S^ O O c3 7l ◄ ◄StfajfcW^moAO KAfiw «-8 C3 OQ oM ■S'S “6 C3.S AfL •a © A is O TO _ _ «Qo W ~ O W) ©-§ •StoCQ 03=3 (- A^O H W <3 ®0 ^ © - -vW)T3 141 s^o c3 _ °Js «?A r© o s a *as#ia4^i j'i-s 5 (S CT1)-! cf'T! L>r> 2 .if rtW o M'S 2*0 3 o > m /-< rS /n . . ■s a I.sSaa-S'S bl o ^ c3 a <-?Si2Q!lniam6oo S«M1| for Deaf. 705 SCHOOLS FOE THE DEAF, 1917-18. 0 0 •*•• o • • o o o O • • o • : :S8 • • CM CO 100 4,200 S :§°° • CO © 150 115 O O O • o O O • O OO O • lO OO -lO *o icT • • o • ; : S • • cm' ' . . T*1 Ml M i| | © • © • CM • CO • 1,192 325 O CO • 'O' CO • CM • •OjgO ; O O . CO * • c5 ' ■ 88 O kC • CM O * • O or- CM • rH rH . . 00 CM CO | 1-H O 04 N CO CM 8 OM"# »00« o*ococ g O CM ^ ;h lO • 2 51 1 0 ? 7 1 "i oo^r §§ 0 11 52 "a 7 o ©©©© CO O CM CM CM CO 1C • • C O ^ ^ W Ci N *vO TH N CM CO CO ^ lOcCr-N i-H H CM 1-H • 1-H 1-4 i-H o tH iO*ONCOXNOOOJC5 Tt<4*<00CM C* HHHH 4** OC ih 1C HCM^iC(NC50cCi-CONCMCOO-CM • iC CO »h C —i CM CO lO i-h CM lO 0C 1-H 1-H CM CM CM 1C 4t«00©4rCMiOCMCMig CM 00. JO CM O CC C M ■'I '.N N Tp cc to 1-4 i-H CM 1-H ;cOOrhi— ■ CO »— « 00 tO COCO iCChC r-i CM TT r— < Tf* 00 1-ttN. • 1-4 CM i-H • • t-4 t-H l-H i-H O i-H l-H rH ^ xji CM lO lO CM CM N Hr-3»tO i-« CM CM CM i-» UO ^ CO — CM i-t — < h CO CM C5 ^4 CM CM CM ^ h *- CO CM hh CM »h th CM i— i CO t-4 CM ■ O O ©-( CO O O rH o © > • - i 1 ; C i ! 'c • C ! : 'f d1 for the Deaf . Day School for the ' the Deaf . . 0^5 c > 0 7 i ! ) • i : ! :‘S i ■ 2 il 2 -- ! © != !-•-••••■ ^ J :^ay School for Deaf. . . School for the Deaf. . . f iy School for Deaf. . . . ool for the Deaf . hnnl fnr thft Dpn.f ay School for the Deaf. for the Deaf . r School for Deaf and re Speech. ie Deaf and those of h. ral School . Day School for the • • • • . • i ! ! • ) . «_) . 1 :Sg ; i|5 ! ■ t Jh i 1 • Co CQ Si • icQ.o.d © ©7* '0^5 g. P ©!s!2t» 3 o'c.2 SiSasIp-s? CE-icgoqHOoccP-i ".d >. o 03GQ 03 c3 C_ CT3 DM.d 0 £i C O cfl « 8«’S .d fl'eS %£. w- c3 >i ,2 — w o ^QOO PE-» tEo3 «- ®~. OQ ^Q^P 03' : — la' oa r?"*-‘ SO ^ ! >>G o ;Cq c3^i oO d'"' ^ > frt LJ /-s . ^ gflG §M dS^«§<3’2§'2’?5.S .. J '©■§ c3 S’cffl §c Q £o^i S3 k NSII§3|Ssl8i fPlSaiW o^-gr g~ ! ) , cf. S-'Jr' H ^ r S“c«2ra Q3 >>>, g^°o :g«o3 O’-c’C S£ £ £ 2 > © ©,d ©42-2 © 3 e3cec3c333©t3c3P.2.2Pgc: P psp! 33h^^“©»-oP©2®'c‘-^©S;2t-! 3 © m © O S3, wGG,® tl* Eg ©S P .2 | s^-l * M {LjSjog • o ‘H k4- ,£>< 1sl5lJ . c3 0.2' o 2 o Its ..,_„ jisiii i &i »i s?t rfiiiiii i ||?il|| i enSmWm^^; ^ c“.5 £ .52 ® *T) 3 § ' |s| i mn D ? O § ©© ©©&* PP 59872°— 21 - 45 i Data for 1914-15. 706 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 17. — Expenditures in 49 city day schools for the deaf , 1917-18. Location of school. 1 Sacramento, Calif . San Diego. Calif . Aurora, Ill . Chicago, Ill . Rochelle, Ill . Dubuque, Iowa . Boston, Mass . Randolph, Mass . Calumet, Mich . Grand Rapids, Mich. . . Iron Mountain, Mich. . . Jackson, Mich . Saginaw, Mich . Sault St. Marie> Mich. . Traverse City, Mich. . . . Minneapolis, Minn . St. Paul, Minn . Jersey City, N. J . Canton, Ohio . Cincinnati, Ohio . Cleveland. Ohio . Dayton, Ohio . Toledo, Ohio . Portland, Oreg . Spokane, Wash . Tacoma, Wash . Antigo, Wis . Appleton, Wis . Ashland, Wis . Black River Falls, Wis. Bloomington, Wis . Eau Claire, Wis . Fon du Lac, Wis . Green Bay, Wis . Janesville, Wis . Kenasha, Wis . La Crosse, Wis . Madison, Wis . Marinette, Wis . Marshfield, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . New London, Wis . Oshkosh, Wis . Rice Lake, Wis . Richland Center, Wis. . Sheboygan, Wis . Stevens Point, Wis. . . . Superior, Wis . Wausau, Wis . Total . Number of teachers. Number of pupils. Expend! For teachers’ salaries, books, and other expenses, of instruc¬ tion. itures. For all other pur¬ poses. 2 3 4 5 2 16 $2, 904 $193 1 6 1,080 1 13 950 361 38 296 52,953 1 11 1,000 110 1 8 1,100 50 18 156 29,868 13,531 22 163 9,900 129,450 1 12 1,380 6 20 4,738 1,374 1 5 600 1 14 1,200 1 6 1,200 1 9 1,050 1 13 1,215 4 36 4, 175 2 17 1,950 35 2 21 1,497 100 1 12 1,300 8 33 7,200 16 124 18, 894 5,979 1 9 1,600 2 20 2,711 274 2 25 2,200 1 11 1,125 5 26 2,000 200 1 10 1,051 886 2 7 2, 126 65 1 8 1,498 1 7 (2) 1,913 1 2 585 89 7 39 4,676 3,764 2 19 2,627 9 35 (2) 10,478 1 3 1,000 2 15 1,918 2 14 1,310 2 13 1,700 706 1 7 823 632 1 7 930 473 22 158 27,305 6,913 4 11 1,225 482 2 19 1,593 1 8 1,546 1 7 899 2 12 1,693 1 8 1,479 1 6 1,214 297 2 16 2,342 1,267 209 1,513 215,330 79,622 i Includes board and lodging. 2 Included in column 5. CHAPTER IX. SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOR FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. Contents.— Types of schools represented— Number of schools reporting— Instructors— Assistants— En¬ rollment in schools and classes for feeble-minded and subnormal children— What children in schools and classes for the feeble-minded and subnormal study— Pupils per teacher— Per capita valuation of property in schools for the feeble-minded— Per capita cost in schools for the feeble-minded. TYPES OF SCHOOLS REPRESENTED. With regard to administration three types of schools for mentally defective children are represented in this report, viz, State institu¬ tions, private institutions, and city day schools. The State insti¬ tutions reporting are distributed among 31 States. In addition to these, two other States, Maryland and South Dakota, maintain, each, a school for the feeble-minded, but no report on the statistics of these schools was received for the school year 1917-18. These State insti¬ tutions receive and care for those who are mentally defective, but not insane nor juvenile criminals. No statistics were collected as to the type of inmates admitted to these institutions, but the catalogues of many of them indicate that most of the inmates are children, a few institutions admitting older persons. The private institutions are generally very similar to the State institutions, and the statistics of these two types of schools are more or less comparable. The city day schools are controlled by city boards of education and constitute a part of the city school system. Adults are not admitted to these schools and classes. Throughout this report these schools have been designated as city day schools, this term being preferable to the designation “public day schools, ” used in former reports, since the State institutions are also 'public . Children attend these schools only during the day and are not furnished with board and lodging as are the children in State and private institutions. A further distinction much more significant than these should be pointed out, viz, that the children in city day schools are usually retarded or backward school children who have been placed in special classes for special teaching and direction. These classes are usually designated “special classes,” “opportunity classes,” “exceptional classes,” “ungraded classes,” or “classes for defective children.” In only four instances are these schools professedly for feeble-minded children. Usually, children in city day schools are able to take care of themselves, and no “attendants” are necessary. In general, 707 708 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. these children have a much higher type of mentality than do inmates in State and private institutions. For these reasons, it is doubtful whether the statistics of city day schools should he treated with, or should he compared with, the statistics of schools for the feeble¬ minded. These three types of schools have been treated separately where any advantage would be gained by so doing. In many of the graphic illustrations, however, the three types of schools have been shown correlatively, both to make comparisons and to economize space in presentation. NUMBER OF SCHOOLS REPORTING. This year (1918) the statistics show a total of 206 schools or classes for the mentally defective. About one-half of these, or 131, were classes in city day schools, 43 were State institutions, and 32 were pri¬ vate institutions. In figure 1 and Table 1 comparative statistics for these types of schools are shown. Since 1900 the number of State institutions reporting has increased from 19 to 43, and the number of private sohools from 10 to 32. No data on special classes in city day schools for retarded or subnormal children were collected prior to 1913. Since that date the number of cities making special provision for these subnormal children has increased from 52 to 131. The very rapid rise in the curve representing these city day sohools indicates FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 709 the unusual interest manifested by city superintendents and oity boards of education in caring for the subnormal children in their schools. For the sake of promoting the organization of city day schools for subnormal children, the State of Minnesota allows $100 for each child enrolled in such schools. The increase in the total number of schools for mental defectives since 1900 does not show that a greater percentage of children are becoming mentally defective from year to year, but rather indicates a growing interest on the part of cities, States, and private organi¬ zations in making provision for this unfortunate class of mentally retarded or defective children. The very decided jump in the total curve in 1913 is due, of course, to the inclusion of the statistics of city day schools for subnormal children. INSTRUCTORS. The same general fluctuations are found in the curve representing the teaching force as shown in figure 2 as were indicated in figure 1 for the total number of schools reporting. A very abrupt rise is evident in 1913, since in that year city day schools were asked for the first time to submit a report. Figure 2 shows, also, the number Table 1.- -Review of statistics of schools and classes for feeble-minded and subnormal children , 1900-1918. 710 BIENNIAL SURVEY OE EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 1918 ^ CO CO 236 81 344 425 45 1,089 1,134 05 C* 121 767 1,830 2.597 i-H CO 149 18,353 17,615 35,968 1916 00 00 00 COHC^ 184 92 359 Jo 44 895 939 11 117 128 915 1,949 • 2,864 © 17, 196 15, 686 32, 882 1915 N(NOO cot- c* 137 72 304 376 39 758 797 O y u r TOTAL. STATE SCHOOLS. — 1 _ - - CITY DAY SCHOOLS. . an SCHOOLS. vo J “ FnlVAUS Cv / / J / J L— co / If / fs / K £ Q cvj / / iv. c\ vO f ,/ r- N~ Cv O 1 KV| IT 5 ■ r* C\J " t> ■ CO cr c\ Cv Cv y. s IP M t : u — *0 TV - Vf — — cr * Co pj xa p O' OJ CO cr / / c\ 0 \r> nO r-' vC & k f *2> CC 2 ?- s A rv q- 0 Q cv rv 1 0 — 00 XT C K4 XT 0 52 S' vOj ff v£j - \r • - XA — S =^5 ft — ixiS — rn Cv er nr — o ^ ir\ v£) C^CO O' o ■*- C\J to v* VP vo C^OO S' S' S' S' S S S O' O' QS O' usually dropped out of school and no further account was taken of them. With the advent of scientific mental tests a larger per¬ centage of children are placed in classes or schools for retarded and backward children, thereby promoting greater efficiency in the schools from which they are withdrawn and enabling the retarded children themselves to receive the type of instruction best suited to their peculiar needs. Those who can not profit materially from these special classes in city school systems are usually sent to State institutions. FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 715 It should be added that the total enrollment in State and private institutions, as shown in figure 4, includes all inmates on the roll of these institutions during the year. The numbers include, therefore, those not enrolled in the school classes as well as those who were enrolled in such classes, or who were learning a trade. By reference to Table 6 a significant relationship between the rela¬ tive number of boys and girls is shown. Of the total enrollment in city day school classes for backward and subnormal children, only 34 per cent are girls and almost 66 per cent are boys. In other words, there are almost twice as many boys as girls in these city day schools. In the State and private institutions the boys and girls are about equally divided. No data are available by which to explain this very great inequality in the relative number of boys and girls in city day schools for subnormal children. Usually mental tests when properly given do not reveal such great differences in mental ability of boys and girls. It can not be determined from the data at hand whether such schools enroll an unusually high percentage of incorrigible, indolent, indifferent, or truant, rather than mentally defective, boys, whether there exists a certain hesitancy in assigning girls to classes for subnormal children, or whether actual differences in mental attributes of the two sexes exist. Accurate methods of determining the mental characteristics of the two sexes will probably show that the last-named inference is without foundation. WHAT CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOR THE FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL STUDY. Figure 5 shows, graphically, what children in schools and classes for the feeble-minded and subnormal study. In State schools the greatest number of inmates take work in home economics while almost as many are enrolled in manual training courses. Approxi¬ mately, 4,000 children in these schools are enrolled in music, agricul¬ ture, and trade training courses. In private schools music leads with an enrollment of 426 pupils and manual training ranks second with 337 pupils. A few pupils are taught agriculture and almost none are enrolled in trade training courses. In city day schools music and manual training are the leading subjects taught, each study enrolling approximately 16,000 pupils. Home economics ranks third with an enrollment of nearly 5,000 pupils. Relatively few children in these schools are taught agriculture or trade training. It is of greater interest to compare the types of training offered by these three classes of schools or institutions. In city day schools 90 per cent of the pupils are taught music; in State institutions only 11 per cent; in private schools 43 per cent. Home economics is taught to 26 per cent of the children in State institutions; to 27 per cent of the children in city day schools, and to 24 per cent of the 716 BIENNIAL SURVEY OE EDUCATION, 1916-1918. pupils in private schools. Manual training is taught to 86 per cent of the children in city day schools; to only 19 per cent of the inmates in State institutions, and to 34 per cent of the pupils in private schools. It should he remarked that a large number of girls is en¬ rolled in classes in manual training in city day schools for backward and subnormal children. In all three of these types of schools about the same percentage of the pupils is taught agriculture, viz, 11 per cent in State institutions, 10 per cent in city day schools, and 14 per cent in private schools. State institutions teach trade subjects to 13 per cent of their inmates, city day schools to 12 per cent of their EtfKOLlMENT BY SUBJECTS OP STUDY IN SCHOOLS AND CLASSES FOR FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN FIG. 5 NUMBER OP CHILDREN. ft «JQ00 1Q000 15000 200 SUBJE0T8. PUPILS ilr~ i 1 i ■ • • 1 1 1 1 1 * ' ! j J MUSIC 3.824 16 213 426 HOME ECONOMICS 9.064 4.756 235 manual TRAINING 6.897 15.593 337 AGRICULTURE 3,841 1.877 134 '////MM 3 ■ Pf TRADE TRAINING 4.260 2.229 r V////X STATE SCHOOLS. (gg^j CITY DAY .SCHOOLS. 33 1' 1 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. pupils, and private schools to only 4 per cent of their pupils. It is seen, therefore, that the widest divergence in the subjects taught by these three types of institutions occurs in music and manual training, the city day schools emphasizing these subjects very greatly and the State institutions giving little attention to them. PUPILS PER TEACHER. In figure 6 a comparison has been arranged to show the relative number of pupils per teacher in the three types of schools and classes for feeble-minded and subnormal children. The most common number of children to each teacher in city day schools is from 15 to 19, inclusive, 49 cities having this average. The most common FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 717 number in State institutions is from 10 to 14, inclusive, 12 insti¬ tutions reporting this average. The most common number in private schools is less than 5, 16 schools having this low average. It would seem from these comparisons and from a knowledge of defect¬ ive children attending the three kinds of schools, that opportunities for effective care and teaching of very defective children in private schools should be comparatively good. It is not probable that the 718 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. children in private schools are of lower mental ability and more difficult to teach than those in the State institutions. It is to be expected that the number of pupils per teacher would be higher in city day schools than in either State institutions or in private schools, since the children in such schools are very slightly subnormal and very seldom fall in the classes with idiots or imbeciles so frequently found in State and private institutions, and consequently they do not need so much individual attention. Considerable deviation from the usual number of pupils per teacher is found for each type of school. In the group 20 to 24 are found 2 private schools. Altogether, 15 State institutions have 25 or more pupils to each teacher employed. In all, 6 city day schools have 30 or more pupils to each teacher employed. The unusually high aver¬ ages in these extreme instances are not indicative of the highest grade of efficiency in instruction. One State at least (New Jersey) has passed a law limiting the size of classes for subnormal children to 15 pupils each. The result of such legislation enables teachers to give more personal attention to the individual needs of each subnormal child in her charge. Table 2. — Per capita value of property in schools for the feeble-minded , 1917-18. State schools. Private schools. States. Schools report¬ ing. Enroll¬ ment. Value of property. Value per capita. Schools report¬ ing. Enroll¬ ment. Value of property. Value per capita. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total . 35 33,803 $27, 484,676 $813 18 912 $717, 332 $787 California . 1 25 30,000 1,200 Colorado . 1 81 211, 486 261 Illinois . 1 2,432 1,379,067 1,019,989 1, 164, 469 450, 000 567 2 88 116, 000 1,318 Indiana . 1 1,448 704 Iowa . 1 1,730 656 673 Kansas . 1 689 Kentucky . 1 369 258, 479 379, 720 2,064,271 1,008,824 . 1,632, 496 70,000 347, 037 557, 111 700 Maine. . . . 1 290 1,309 665 Massachusetts . 1 3, 106 1,660 1 38 70,000 34,000 1,845 Michigan . 1 608 2 77 442 Minnesota . 1 1,828 589 893 Missouri . 1 119 Montana . 1 i 182 1,907 961 Nebraska . 1 580 New Hampshire . 1 291 360,000 2,323,016 4,333,361 260, 000 284,062 1, 830, 089 1,237 1, 138 New Jersey . 4 2,038 6,331 215 3 85 219, 632 46,500 2,584 New York . 4 684 3 138 337 North Carolina 1 121 North Dakota-. 1 368 772 Ohio 1 2,595 390 705 Oregon 1 350, 550 5,259,865 Pennsylvania . 3 4,201 1,252 2 59 46,000 25,000 4,200 35,000 780 Tennessee . 1 25 1,000 Texas . 1 15 280 Virginia . 1 592 275,666 702, 409 828, 375 135, 000 466 1 100 350 Woshinet.on 1 620 1, 133 Wisconsin . 1 1,132 732 1 262 91,000 347 Wyoming 1 79 1,709 1 Includes 78 and 24 inmates from the deaf and the blind departments, respectively. FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 719 PER CAPITA VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN SCHOOLS FOR THE FEEBLE- MINDED. It is difficult to secure from the cities maintaining special schools for subnormal children a statement concerning either the valuation of property or the current expenditures for the maintenance for such schools. Often a separate building is not used and separate accounts for expenditures are not kept. Consequently no attempt has been made in this chapter to secure such data for incorporation herein. Table 2 shows by States, for both State and private institutions, the total enrollment, the total valuation of property, and the per capita value for each inmate therein. This table measures the degree to which each State maintaining a school for the feeble-minded has provided for this unfortunate class of persons. The measure is not strictly correct, however, since the per capita value necessarily de¬ creases with the increase in" the size of the schools. In other words, a large school with a low per capita investment, say $400, may offer as good an opportunity to those committed to its care as a smaller school with a per capita investment of $500 or $600. The data in Table 2 are shown graphically in figure 7. It will be noted that the State of Montana has an investment of $1,907 for each child committed to its school for the feeble-minded. Wyoming ranks second and Maine third. Possibly the long and severe winters in these three Northern States may necessitate correspondingly larger investments to insure equal facilities to those offered in other States farther south. The average investment for all of the States com¬ bined is $813. Ten States have a higher average than this and 15 States a lower average. The average investment by States in private institutions is only a little less, $787. A greater variation exists among the private in¬ stitutions than among the State institutions, as indicated by the very unequal length of the open “bars. ” New Jersey ranks first on this score, having an average per capita investment of $2,584 per child in three private schools reporting. As Tennessee and Texas have no State institutions for the feeble-minded, and the one State school in California did not report all the items entering into this comparison, no black bars for these States appear on the graph. The heavy vertical line drawn at the extremity of the black ‘ ‘ aver¬ age’ ’ bar for the United States enables each State to determine its location with reference to this average. Any State falling very far short of this average is in a “danger zone” and may not be making proper provision for its feeble-minded. 720 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, PER CAPITA VALUATION OS' PROPERTY M SCHOOLS FOR THE FEEBLE-MUTOEL. FIG. 7 STATES. FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 721 PER CAPITA COST IN SCHOOLS FOR THE FEEBLE-MINDED. The per capita cost of maintaining State and private schools for the feeble-minded is shown by States in Table 3 and figure 8. Only those schools have been included which report both the total enroll¬ ment and the current expenses. Where an additional expenditure has been incurred for new sites, buildings, etc. (outlays), the amount has been inserted both in the table and in the figure. Colorado ranks first in the per capita amount expended for current expenses or main¬ tenance. Current expenses rather than total expenses have been used in determining the order of precedence since the former remains practically the same from year to year, while the total expenses, which may include outlays, varies annually with unusual expendi¬ tures for buildings and sites. Five States would rank ahead of Colo¬ rado if the total expenses were used as a basis of ranking. North Carolina, North Dakota, Montana, and Oregon, each, have almost as large a per capita current expense as Colorado. Table 3. — Per capita expenditures in schools for the feeble-minded, 1917-18. STATE INSTITUTIONS. States. Num¬ ber re¬ porting. Enroll¬ ment. Total current expenses. Total outlays. Current expenses per capita. Out¬ lays per capita. * 2 3 4 5 6 * Total . 36 33, 726 $7,040,045 $1,654, 002 4209 $49 Colorado . 1 81 38, 477 263 475 3 Illinois . 1 2,432 435, 958 4,571 179 2 Indiana . 1 1,448 202,626 5,006 140 3 Iowa . 1 1, 730 281,462 61, 892 163 36 Kansas . 1 656 96, 737 2,654 147 40 Kentucky . 1 369 90, 154 244 Maine../. . 1 290 88, 408 101, 293 305 349 Massachusetts . 3 3, 106 800, 364 17, 158 258 6 Michigan . ‘1 1,660 383, 681 63, 012 231 38 Minnesota . 1 1,828 291,672 75,609 160 41 Montana . 1 182 84,530 15,317 410 84 Nebraska . . . 1 580 136, 114 22,834 235 39 New Hampshire . 1 291 80,604 22, 199 277 76 New Jersey . . . 4 2,038 539, 663 78, 158 265 38 New York . 5 6,442 1,079,645 319, 646 168 50 North Carolina . 1 215 91, 339 41,400 425 193 North Dakota . 1 368 152, 200 5, 969 414 16 Ohio . 1 2,595 364, 396 147,608 140 57 Oregon . 1 390 159,600 48,700 409 125 Pennsylvania . 3 4,201 1,017, 482 491,066 242 117 Rhode Island . 1 381 50,000 4,500 131 12 Utah . 1 99 11,000 111 Virginia . 1 592 112, 779 11,000 191 19 Washington . 1 620 232, 755 114, 147 375 184 Wisconsin . 1 1,132 218, 405 193 PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. Total . 10 459 $216, 896 $7, 412 $473 $16 Illinois . 1 60 25, 300 422 Michigan . 1 19 11,375 378 599 20 New Jersey . 2 80 102, 443 2, 776 1,281 35 New York . 2 38 18,000 1,500 474 39 Pennsylvania . 1 5 3, 980 50 796 10 Texas . 1 15 7,200 200 Virginia . 1 100 19,400 600 194 6 Wisconsin . 1 142 39, 198 2, 108 276 15 59872°— 21 - 46 722 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. The average per capita expenditure for all State institutions for feeble-minded is $209. The vertical broken line at the end of the black bar, representing this average, facilitates a ready comparison between the per capita expenditures incurred by any State and the average amount. Fourteen States expend a greater amount than the average, and only eleven States a smaller amount. The average amount spent for each child in private schools is much greater than the per capita expenditures in State institutions, the former being $473 as against $209 in the latter. This situation might have been anticipated from figure 6, which indicated that the number of pupils per instructor in private schools was much smaller FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 723 than the average number to each teacher in State institutions or in city day schools, thereby necessarily increasing the per capita cost of maintenance in private schools. The very large per capita expen¬ diture of $1,281 shown for two private schools in New Jersey is accounted for by the fact that in one school the children are taken each summer to Maine, thereby increasing the actual cost of main¬ tenance and adding the cost of transportation to and from this sum¬ mer home. The greatest per capita expenditure for outlays was incurred by the State of Maine, aggregating $349. Several States had no capital outlays in 1918. STATE INSTITUTIONS. 72*4 BIENNIAL SURVEY OP EDUCATION, 1916-1918. 00 tl w tl w < Value of property. •o^a ‘am^rnjnj ‘sni -'BJBdd'B bypuaiog 29 $3,463,760 26,320 298,377 159,509 262,806 20,000 9,479 1,556 155,248 168,674 245,823 41,085 97, 131 25,000 382, 757 675,241 10,000 69,654 •spunoi3 pue sSuipiing 00 $24,010,916 185, 166 1,080,690 860,480 901,663 430,000 249,000 378, 164 1,909,023 840, 150 1,386,673 70,000 305,952 459,980 335,000 1,940,259 3,648, 120 250,000 214,408 1,830,089 350,550 •Suyjjodoj sjooqog 8 rtHHHW ^ Libraries . •soumpA 26 31,804 130 1,560 1,727 210 0 52 7,524 300 2,140 21 3,000 980 400 1,970 2,655 50 3,663 'Supjodej spoqog W 9 (M 8 • rH • • i-H rH rH O rH CO rH rH rH rH i-H rH CO Tf • rH rH . Enrollment by subjects of study. •Surarej'). op^Jj, H ©t*- © •ejemaj cc 2,353 • CO »-h CO © ^ N(NO©N CM CO OC 00 00 © o O © . rH © 1^ © ^ . rH OC O O CM CM CM CM 00 © © rH CM © ^ . • CM rH rH CM *®TBH 2,542 © • CM rH CM O rH .co© © CM ^ O rH CM COC N © © CM 'HCO © rH . rH Tf< © © CO CM CM ^ 00 H CO H CM © • rH rH • CO rH rH © rH I Kindergarten. *l«ME « 2,620 © CO Tf O CM t>- © © © I*r © © © © © 00 © 00 GO © ©o© rf CO CM CO © CM rH CM rH © CO CM 00 CO t'* CM rH CM rH rH •oprae^ Iffl 1,196 © © © OC ^ CO © Tt- 00 CM 00 © ©ooooco© © © © CO rH CM © H 00 CM rH CM CO CM rH CO © CM rH ^H«^ H 1,574 © CO © ^ CO CM © CM CO 00 CM t'r © © CM © © t*. © © © rH rHOOCM © rH rH © © "t H rH © Tf H H CO rH CO Inmates not in school. *mox 50 19, 433 1,069 68 1 1,701 1,231 695 606 369 69 698 1,194 1,501 241 0 266 187 887 3,402 72 195 896 t 150 218 •apxnej V* 9,380 © © • © ON-^H© © rH © © © 00 © © rH 00©© CM . © T*< CMHNTf 1C © © ^ rH © ^ T *< © © CONH ^ • 00 1^ CO CO rH CM ©t'rrH rH ^ rH ‘0FK s 10,053 05 05H10N KJOiKJOOM iOtTOO® (N O t— ©©CO © © © © ©©©©CM © © t>- © CM rH © © • I> © © ©Tt«rHrH© © H CM CM HHCOHH rH -rf CM • •u0raojVi * O s * © © 00 CM 00 I>- © CM 00© ^ 00 ©00©© 00©© . ^ ^ © © CO TH© CM T-H rH rH ^ © rH 00 ^ rH • rH rH CO rH CO •nan | KS 767 1 ■ rH © rH rH © CM CC © 00 CM CM © H rf Tf rH 00 © © CO •© 1 • CO CM © CO © NCOrH r- CM CM • In¬ struc¬ tors. •uoraoAi H 1 344 1 00 H r}< Tf N rH CO © CM © CO©©©© rf CO © © ^ ©CO© rH rH C ^ CM rH CM CM© rH •U0H CO 00 | (MOi-hMI- <£> .0>-iC^ HMO ;iO • -h IM • • •Supjodoj sjooqog 01 CO j H rH rH rH rH rH CM rH rH CO rH rH rH rH rH rH © rH H rH rH rH States. - Total . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Maine . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri . Montana . Nebraska . New Hampshire . . New Jersey . New York . North Carolina. . . . North Dakota . Ohio . Oklahoma . Oregon . FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. Q 00*0 O 00800 © 83S* 8 (NCDOO r-H lO'tCOCO o 050 N^IOOCD O O CO 10 rH CO CO CM » Q 8°° o^cooco o « LO O *0 O O c > ^ CO > CO C£ 00^ OONOOO O CM CM t^t^© CM CM r-H CO *-H — < 0 CO OT §0 tDfl P4« 2 c a - a.sa | IgEfSl £>>£* $76, 993 000 ^ 000 01 000 ‘9 11 s'-' 8,000 5,000 200 5,000 6,000 $640,339 000 ‘os 000 09 000 ‘on 000 ‘os C5 O co 0 COO ciVT 05 ^ 38,000 20,000 4,000 30,000 85,000 00 HCM • r-H CM CO CO CM hhhh 9,915 S :8 : CM • *0 • . • • • 0 0 0 CO CO O O • • *0 ^ O • • L- co *0 • • O CM . r-H • CM r-H . .rH 8 O • O O 0 0 CO • •© © • • CO 134 1 1 24 17 °s 31 ...... 25 337 32 27 24 43 8 78 64 a ; 235 <5C CO ^ CO CO CO 00 0 CO H H CM r-H CO *0 *C CO CM Nj 426 H h 05 CM 00 coo rH CO CO O *C CO rH CO co *0 CO HCCOOO^ OO'f-HHN 00 CM r-H CO CO CO CM ION CM THHIO s 228^ 173 r-H CO CM CM CC Th © rH *0 *0 • N- *Jj> 201 OO'tTfH CM 00 *0 CM r-H CM CM CM rH CM CO 05 CM H H CM 101 *0 00 CO rH CM CO r-H CO CO CM N-O 100 CO CO r-H 0 *0 ^ *0 r-H * © 05 366 209 O CM CO CO 05 CM r-H *0 CO CO CM CO *0 rH rH CM O 157 T}H O O r-( r-H © r-H ^ rH • CO CO r-H • CM 1 05 25 88 56 38 77 10 85 138 5 59 25 15 100 262 516 ONOlOH 10 ^ CO CO ^ CO *0 ^ CM CM CO CO CO Tt* *0 *0 CM HHiOCO 467 iO ^h CO CO CO lOHinCMiO CM • CO O *0 CM CO CO 00 CO r-H • ^ CO C5 4 30 4 3 16 10 *0 CM rH rH CM 05 CO r-H CM CM CO COCO coco *0 CM 1— 1 CM Jh O CM Tji O)^ H ; ; | T“* CM T}i r-< 00 COlONHCO TfrHCOCM rH CM rH r-H r-H 05 • • r-H .HTji • r-H . . .CM CM I t-h CM *— < CM CO HCOCDHC h^hCM ” | Total . California _ Illinois . Iowa . Massachusetts . Michigan . Missouri . New Jersey . New York . Ohio . Pennsylvania . Tennessee . Texas . Virginia . Wisconsin . 725 726 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, Table 5. — Receipts and expenditures of schools for the feeble-minded , 1917-18. STATE INSTITUTIONS. States. Schools report¬ ing. Receipts. Expenditures. From State, county, or city. From private benefac¬ tions for perma¬ nent equip¬ ment and current ex¬ penses. From other sources. Total. For building and lasting improve¬ ments. For teach¬ ers’ sala¬ ries, books, etc. For other salaries and other current expenses. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total . 38 $8,987,542 $84, 428 $510,941 $9,582,911 181,654,504 $286,098 $6, 624, 691 $8, 653, 447 Colorado . 1 42,000 0 4,858 46,858 263 505 37,972 38, 740 Illinois . 1 385,200 o 385, 200 4,571 11,500 424, 458 440, 529 Indiana . . 1 207, 626 9,426 217, 052 5,006 11,078 191, 542 207, 626 Iowa . 1 393,859 0 0 393, 859 61,892 12, 000 269, 462 343,354 Kansas . 1 97,000 o 97,000 2,654 1,131 95, 606 99, 391 Kentucky . 1 67,731 0 0 67,731 0 0 0 90, 154 Maine . 1 143, 727 0 2,908 146, 635 101,293 1,308 87,100 189,701 Massachusetts . 3 786, 428 2,050 128,507 816,985 17,660 10, 813 789,049 817,522 Michigan . 1 393, 421 0 34,756 428, 177 63,012 5,779 377, 902 446, 693 Minnesota . 1 345,491 0 88, 057 433, 548 75, 609 12,387 279,285 367,281 Missouri . • 1 0 0 600 2600 0 3,300 0 2 3, 300 Montana . 1 15,317 46,321 38, 209 99, 847 Nebraska . 1 158, 948 158, 948 22, 834 1,790 134, 324 158, 948 New Hampshire... 1 105, 500 0 4,105 109, 605 22, 199 1,684 78,920 102, 803 New Jersey . 4 3 573, 107 70,319 3 39,214 682,640 78, 158 13,786 525,877 617,821 New York . 5 1,826,348 0 12,258 1,838,606 319,646 60,052 1,019,593 1,399,291 North Carolina.... 1 86, 400 0 4,940 91,340 41,400 1,543 • 48,396 91,339 North Dakota . 1 89, 560 0 97, 928 187, 488 5,969 6,851 145,349 158, 169 Ohio . 1 776, 223 776, 223 147, 608 9,066 355, 330 512, 004 Oregon . 1 208, 300 8,051 216, 351 48,700 7,800 151, 800 208, 300 Pennsylvania . 3 1,324,643 12,059 * 175, 333 1,512, 035 491,066 28,012 989, 470 1,508,548 Rhode Island . 1 39,000 39, 000 4,500 25,000 25,000 54,500 Utah . 1 11,000 11, 000 11, 000 11, 000 Virginia . 1 123, 779 123, 779 11,000 1,050 111, 729 123, 779 Washington . 1 538, 286 538, 286 114, 147 7,000 225, 255 346, 402 Wisconsin . 1 238, 965 238, 965 0 6,342 212, 063 218, 405 Wyoming . 1 25, 000 25,000 PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. Total . 11 $0 $55, 194 $173,243 $232, 808 $7,412 $42, 163 $184, 723 $234,298 Illinois . 1 0 0 0 271 0 1,300 24,000 25,300 Michigan . 1 0 516 11,237 11,753 378 2, 837 8,538 11,753 New Jersey . 2 0 4, 868 104,261 109, 129 2,776 25,374 77,069 105, 219 New York . 2 0 0 10,000 10,000 1,500 7, 560 10, 440 19, 500 Pennsylvania . 1 0 0 0 4, 100 50 1,400 2,580 4, 030 Tennessee . 1 18,000 18, 000 Texas . 1 0 0 7,745 7, 745 0 840 6,360 7,200 Virginia . 1 0 0 22,000 22, 000 600 1,800 17, 600 20, 000 Wisconsin . 1 0 49, 810 0 49, 810 2, 108 1,052 38, 136 41,296 1 Includes $21,018 from productive endowment funds. 2 Incomplete report. 3 Includes $1,800 from productive endowment funds. * Includes $25,417 from productive endowment funds. Table 6. — Summary of statistics of city day schools and classes for backward and subnormal children, 1917-18. FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 727 Enrollment by subjects of study. Trade train¬ ing. © 2, 229 . • « . • lO^cO • » • • • *Q ^ CM CD *0 rH • • rH rH . rH • if . . . 05 CO CD * • -H N .00 * CO • . • rH rH • .it N • CM * . . . Z\l e Agri¬ cul¬ ture. ce So ^ ^ I ! I cdcm ! CM 00 • • • !>• • w III • rH 10N0510O *0^0 to CO 05 CO CO 00 00 CD CM CM THrHCM * O HH^ CM CO ^ • rH Manual train¬ ing. 15,593 309 34 32 424 117 188 153 259 16 1,629 513 595 118 118 1,972 4,962 41 762 97 2,119 79 9 29 117 789 112 1 Home eco¬ nom¬ ics. w 4,756 151 34 22 424 49 175 118 101 16 554 230 270 118 4 1,015 841 14 339 190 44 4 14 * . Music. IQ rH 16, 213 oo^io^i-h cot^co (NCO^WH 05 *0 CD co ^ cm hhcs 1,681 285 575 589 83 1,675 4,998 54 1,321 97 2, 168 79 43 N. 00 05 rH rH Pupils in the— Elementary grades. Total. Tf< 15, 950 275 31 43 424 200 170 182 220 16 2,075 218 603 519 113 1,665 4, 886 10 648 71 2,092 445 10 38 05 00 rH Girls. 09 5,445 I— HOU) loot- 704 54 194 175 42 619 1,698 3 204 17 702 169 3 11 P- *0 s 10 Boys. 19,505 196 26 27 320 144 114 117 143 16 1,371 164 409 344 71 1,046 3, 188 7 444 54 1,390 276 7 27 540 64 Kindergarten. Total. 1, 162 is S33 : • • Tj< 05 rH O *D CD *0^t 05CD*0 <05*0 tj N O 00 CM CM CM • CM Girls. © 429 COHH ! lO rH OO • CO • HH • 00 ^ rH CM CO 00 CO rH CM CM O • rH CO *D CM 05 Tf HH . CM j Boys. Si 733 \Z Zl 9 I Z IS CD *0 • 00 CM 00 CM OO ^ *0 • 00 CM rH • lO *^4 CM rH rH CO ' rH . Pupils enrolled. Total, j 00 18, 133 LO Tf lO H CO O CO CO T* 10005 000 C005C0I>05 05 U* CO ^ CM rH 05 rf c IH o NCOOOrHCO 0*0000500 O H ^ H N rH Tf ^ CM rHCMCM I> COOiOHO o O rH lO H00 rH i-T i-T of io of Girls. «>» 6, 196 COONt^H GO 00 '• CM CM CM *0 t'- CD CD 05 CM CO ^ CM 05 *o *0 H o CD CD 00 GO .05 HOOrJirf rH HIOCO to 1-4 rH «*D ^ CM rH N N (N N (N CO Boys. © 11,937 CM OO 00 O O CD CM *0 CD CM CO 00 CM CO CO 00 rH OC CM 0*0 05*0 0 ^ C5 CM CM CM *0 (N lO N rH N OCMONX *OCOOOcD^ rH CM CD ^ CD CM CO rH HHH rH 05 tT CO CM CM ^ 4 CO *0 rf rf CO* r-T Instructors. Total. 1,134 © rH rH CO rH t— 1 Women. 1,089 ^COCOIOOO CMlO*OrHlO CO CM rH 05 05 CM CM 00 ^ rH 05 rH CM 05 P- 05 CO CM HHH CM CD Tf CO rH 05 05 rH CM CM 1— 1 rH CM rH Men. 09 *0 •'Heo CO ■ Schools report¬ ing. co *0rHCMCM*0 CM 05 CM rH Pr O CD CM CM 00 00 CM 00 rH 05 CO 1-H rH CM *0 CM States. - Total . California . Colorado . Connecticut . District of Columbia . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kentucky . Maryland . . . . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri . Montana . New Jersey . New York . North Carolina . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . Texas . Utah . Virginia . Washington . Wisconsin . Table 7. — Statistics of State institutions for the feeble-minded , 1917-18. 728 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Value of prop¬ erty. Scien¬ tific appa¬ ratus, furni¬ ture etc. 28 . O • t- 05 co • -xs •Sur -UTBJ1 epmj. 25 oo o o • • CO ! ^ 0 0 196 0 448 647 0 •am^iuoiaSy 24 or- io o • CO • 0 20 39 0 658 290 50 120 r 'o W •2m -utbj$ luhuuH 23 co ^ oo 05 o o co o © o ico o r- *0 CO CO CO r- 1— i COH 00 00 1-1 00 05 05 rH lO lO *05 lO 00 O 1-t CM lO r*4 © 05 co co oo r- -00 050IC0O hco 05 © *0 00 co • CM 1-H ^cOt>i-4 Inmates in institu¬ tion during year. •eiBragj; 00 599 39 1,147 835 856 40 344 174 174 51 625 789 768 836 320 •z\W - 704 42 1,285 613 874 OI *0 CO 00 rH oi OI CM 05 rH 05 rH Tt4 0105 05 CO CO rH rH 05 CO 00 05 OI Assist¬ ants caring for in¬ mates. •uauiOjA • co o oo cm ^ ^ o co oo o o co co oo o CO rH OI OI OI t'- rH •U9H ... 30 21 61 30 OI CO co O O 00 OI OI o C5 CO rH In¬ struc¬ tors. •u9mojA ■H 00 -f -H iH (N C (M (M J-H COW © CO •U9H eo CM O 1-4 CO co ; O rH o lO rH CO O Institution. Sonoma State Home . State Home and Training School for Mental De¬ fectives. Mansfield State Training School and Hospital. Lincoln State School and Colony. Indiana School for Feeble- Minded Youth. Iowa Institution for Fee¬ ble-Minded Children. State Home for Feeble- Minded. State Institution for the Feeble-Minded. Maine School for Feeble- Minded. Hospital Cottages for Chil¬ dren. Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded. Wrentham State School. . . Michigan Home and Train¬ ing School. Minnesota School for Fee¬ ble-Minded and Colony for Epileptics. Missouri Colony for Feeble- Minded and Epileptics. Location. - Eldridge, Calif . Ridge, Colo . Mansfield Depot, Conn. . Lincoln, Ill . Fort Wayne, Ind . Glenwood, Iowa . Winfleid, Kans . Frankfort, Ky . West Pownal, Me . Baldwinsville, Mass .... Waverley, Mass . Wrentham, Mass . Lapeer, Mich . Faribault, Minn . Marshall, Mo . FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN. 729 o oo a 8 05 CO irP co or? OC O IO O © CO thoV 1-h ccT co' LC Cl 583 r©n tjt 28 8 CO 00 1-H Cl i-i g § s s ic O O ICO Cio^ CO CIO o 57 64 106 10 115 119 70 1,200 520 90 510 96 § O 1-t Cl CO H CO OIM^ lO 05C0 o CO COlO T-H d CO CO 80 55 90 8 165 391 1,700 750 100 644 25 40 50 617 45 113 359 653 190 0 20 75 200 433 0 i—i co io CO CO GO CO Sr 8 8 § oo 2 5 CO oo o Cl s c 24 58 o 8 CO a 20 90 OOON CO i-i ic IO d 57 3 106 27 0 23 108 114 o oo CO 05 ; 50 Cl 20 100 70 lO CO i— < c- • CO iO ;d i-« 45 15 40 20 1 40 00 CO O O ^ d i-H CO 28 33 o o C5 ' IO CO o 150 220 O CO 1-t CO 35 15 35 d CO 20 112 10 0 10 CO 60 26 o o 110 95 o 259 09 129 450 350 600 145 ■ 8 S 00 IO CO L- 110 107 262 465 o o o d d 277 00 CO as 20 o 156 8 o 279 160 o 400 600 83 N rH d d ^ d d CO oc »o 108 CO 464 00 CO 133 22 13 231 165 328 37 o 261 143 343 136 74° 1,050 § 8 8 l> CO CO ^ 05 t» co io 1,240 174 220 482 391 1,100 206 45 56 322 00 d d co CO o 319 148 co Tt : § CO § CO o 950 1,120 851 258 S oo o d d 1,355 177 170 574 568 1,086 ic ^ 1^40 CO 270 335 505 00 15 : a 75 45 i 70 8 100 34 £2^ 883 128 IO CO 05 CO 26 93 ■* CO 1 27 00 CO o 50 120 ON rilOlO ” : IO CO ^ d 1-H 05 d oo CO *a iO o 05 a 00 IO ^ ^ CO ^ IO CO iO d d ia d d d 1-H d CO i-H . io • Cl r"H 00 1-H T-i rH ■ i-H d ; d CO ; d • ; oo o for fc-. . o i 3 ! I 3 3, 3d. md a c3 o S3. 5-23 i :® '.’3 3J for the TO &£ © i fl •S3 & g r- - • u* ; o & . © <2 'o §■ -§! 03O fl g £ a a = o .2.2^ +3>h o 3l« 3 > ■gf ® ’’r' q a-§ a >>3 Sfifi g gfe g®.H gfx, csj^ 55 W oq 1.2 £83 !« 5? P-^3 11 S3 o ta ®ftj . ^Sft, m 5 ■gf . i^gs-a agllipl 5? Eh 55 $ PS sl”« StSSh -«gfcS Ota a w>n ^|<2 3 2 a feH.2' a" a "® 2 " ■° ® 3 S' i-IUh a ., © o 3 . a .H +3 a St3 +3 EfJ? 22S.S-S Wm> 5> ta^ ^ •3 § . ^555^ £§* *li ®HH O g Pi .> cQ 8 gS 55** J$$$ -S° 6-* WO Ph ll | J5 OW & H «3> «Pg | c -§ 3 > q |22 kPhW 2S ci ® .2 ^ •8% lo School building only. 2 Included in column 15. * Included in column 27. Table 8. — Receipts and expenditures of State institutions for the feeble-minded , 1917-18. 730 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. NiOtDCOCOHb.' CO 00 CO o lOrr OCOCOHI 00 (N CO CO co oo 05 H CO ^ 1-H CO 1-1 *0 js'sasl I'Sflosft CO 03 O H MOtJiOO 05 ^ lO ^ CO h- rti ^ 05 irS CO Ol 05 CO 05 8HfOiC(Ni0005^00HQN O CO H O CO O O ) (M H rf 5 H HCOHCOOXN CO 05 iO CO CO i-H rC irT oT rj7 oT oo'^ooVT ei^gVo* 00^rfO5t^t^. COCONHOiOH C*COC* rH HWH > eo co co 05 I O H Ol 05 > tT CO CO © .S M n O & «- '3 3 Ph o o © 2? C8J3 iOOOOOh OONOW 1C O O O 1-H 1 05 CO CO CO CO rt^ irT oT co co' r-T i-T > o co co co h ) O '/) O lO 100^10 00 bx) k„i , . s? >% SH3 qta 2 a |05J|a 8“l®° (M CO 05 CO O c »ON^< ! 3S§; !®»8§ l 00 ifl 0 18%81 l»rt®OS®'l,MlO(NMCO IM«M i-H rji c*5 'S' ^ OOlOONHiOO OMOIJO! Hf O i-H CO lO O O QiOOOl'J't OlfflfflOOlOO OH 00 CO 1C 05 CO < O © A, £ £ — • fl f c £ S d 2 o® o o o o o a r°H § ® h“8o © - lO OI < CO CO CO CO CO JO tt co co co !8S3£8S > -^ lO CO ^ lO ^ :-s «2 g^-rs^.s _ © Old o p Os’S '2'?, oOcs aa® o'o.siiia 'agfiig q O •3 o © Eh Ph -*■> SmPh u u {- f © «h£<2'2 tj3>2 q © a ■^o-m c iS fe ®fe’ s >2 A g © T3 . © •q T3 11 It 2 © © Ph &s ssiaii 2|iswi a P rn ‘-13 © + c2® ££ g liilllliilll llSS'§»S?'s'S'i,Sfes«2= SfS1|5P|a^|l|8 iI2ll^3Sa|&felfr5 rlllllUII 8| Sill o T3 •8 = 2 i 3 8 J* >.®' g t-h 04 | CM to osoo oco O 04 • cO •einjv to I z n i -« ; ; ; Tf • -T-HOO T-h hh In¬ struc¬ tors. •uemojA -*< ,,§ c!?Sb o co.SiBfl 2 W ra «-£ S Sfl” Si9.aS-gggI WH O ?i fig logs I o o'-5 l^gg* GQp 2 ofi| ^ 5 £ I § ill § siS o SfflP « &g 1-1 11 I* P3m IS £ © C3 » Op} M gw 2-S o| -4-3 O *» . C9 X3 ® 23 cs y II p o pp 734 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 10. — Statistics of receipts and expenditures of private institutions for the feeble minded , 1917-18. Location. Institution. Receipts. Expenditures. From private benefac¬ tions for perma¬ nent equip¬ ment and current ex¬ penses. From other sources. Total. For build¬ ing and last¬ ing im¬ prove¬ ments. For teach¬ ers’ sal¬ aries, books, etc. For other salaries and all other current ex¬ penses. Total. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Godfrey, Ill . Beverly Farm . $271 11,753 73, 528 35,601 0 10,000 4,100 18,000 7,745 22,000 49, 810 0 $378 2,776 0 1,500 0 50 $1,300 2,837 9,316 16,058 4,000 3,560 1,400 $24,000 8,538 61,885 15, 184 4,000 6, 440 2,580 $25,300 11,753 73,977 31,242 9,500 10,000 4,030 Detroit, Mich. . Haddonfield, N. J — Orange, N. J . Binghamton, N. Y. . . New York, N. Y . Berwyn, Pa . Murfreesboro, Term . . Austin, Tex . Falls Church, Va . Watertown, Wis . The Reed School . Bancroft Training School Seguin School . Binghamton Training School. Florence Nightingale School. The Latshaw School . Bristol-Nelson, School _ $516 4,868 0 0 0 $11,237 68, 660 35,601 0 10,000 18,000 7,745 22,000 0 Texas Training School . . . The Gundry Home . Lutheran Home . 0 0 49, 810 0 600 2,108 840 1,800 1,052 6,360 17, 600 38, 136 7, 200 20,000 41,296 Table 11. — Statistics of city day schools and classes for backward and subnormal children , 1917-18. FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN, 735 Enrollment by subjects of study. •§uinrej;-ap'BJlL ec * CO 00 •sAoa cs S3S22^3 85 oo •*< jo co xr jo a>coa> (M O Low. •SIJIO 1 ^ OHNNH • ^ HO • | •05 CO lOGOiOCl ^ O iO CO ^ O CO 'tOHHNCO^ WGO LQ CS rH rr lO rr • CO HH rH to CO sAog a **S» 328383^1 3 82S2 :§328582 050 2 ICI>- 'ft © d ■3 © ■SRO o 10 85 *0 T~‘ 1 1—1 1 1 ! '»OH 'NONO f-H • ^ ! 1 M S> •sAoa «S coo 00 w | • • j ; cO +; ! | iC Charles M. Gill . Carroll R. Reed . Katrina Myers . Sara J. Morrissey . Julia L. McGrew . Catharine West Ming . Mary Diemer . Henrietta D. Hill . Aaron Palmer . 1 .* c5 : E © c BO ~ H*P 4 {I i 1 > is iS ipa \< Edna M. Decker . 1 Name of school or classes. Special classes for subnormal. . . . Special classes . Child study department of the Oakland public schools. Ungraded primary school . Meeker School . Public school classes . Opportunity class . Special classes for backward and atypical children. Special classes for backward and atypical children (colored). Ungraded classes . Ungraded room _ C c tC S : « c £ 1 v- 1 s b’fe 'fr School for special instruction. . . . Special classes . Ungraded school . Special classes for feeble-minded . Ungraded school . Special classes for defectives . Special classes for subnormal .... Special ungraded rooms for sub¬ normal. _ do _ > o < 1 'C ^ o' c ox: C "C Location. - Fresno, Calif . Los Angeles, Calif . San Francisco, Calif. . . . Ran T.nis Ohisno. Calif Denver, Colo . Norwalk, Conn . Rockville, Conn . Washington, D. C . Do . Decatur, Ill . Freenort. Ill _ £ !l Quincy, Ill . Rockford, Ill . Indianapolis, Ind . Vincennes, Ind . Burlington, Iowa . Davenport, Iowa . Des Moines, Iowa . East Waterloo, Iowa.. . Fort Dodee. Towa Marshalltown, Iowa. . . . c3 ^ cS 3 & To >r. 3 £ g| sc 1 \i 1 O !i Covington, Ky . 1 Table 11. — Statistics of city day schools and classes for backward and subnormal children , 1917-18 — Continued. 736 BIENNIAL SUEVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Enrollment by subjects of study. •guiuiuu-op'Bjjj 23 126 152 O' COO' • O 00050 05 o 15 20 •p3jnunouSv * Jo to • • HI (M OO oo -o o CO o • • rH to • H< H 0 21 •3uture.il i'buubjv 233 16 1,116. • to ION H OO tfWOO 05 to h •to CO 05 rH c3 (M CO c5 H< rH CO (M 41 40 7 •sonnouooo ouioh 20 tO CD CD *• 0 05 ; O Cl HO S^°S to 3 So 00 05 to CO CO rH rH O CO CO 05 05 H* CO CO © © •sAog 15 126 296, ‘ON HrPlN to tH CO 05 CO • 00 (M rH rH (N iH * H< 00 tH rH • NCOOH1 O H> O tO H> CO CD 05 N- CD H1 O O 05 • 00 CD 00 rH H H t>* CO (M CM rH rH H'CKNH • xH HC CQ rH Kinder¬ garten. *SPH) © 8 rH • • • • • rH • • CO rH CO O rH O rH rH • • • • • • t • rH rH • • •sAog os 279 • • C3 rH • • CO rH to • O O »0 ' • • Pupils enrolled. TWOj; 0© CO COcOcOt-HfcO ION oo tJOOO 05 fN O 05 Tji CO rH O COOSH CQ (M CO to -rji ^ rH CO {2 SPSS S P ® • CO • to oo © •sAog to GO CO O CO to ^ to ^ 05 00 CO Tf fOO ^ • 00 CO to t^CO H 1_| ft^ «i!fl 12 & Ul Q) a =3 © c9 IS ad Safi'S .Staw* Ph«8W A tfu a«l|g Sj,; 3 . SSJfj H-S£ ® © J^-d ;g» ;|1 > 03 g 03 rt w J#g w'g eg © > ! © -4 > CO 53 ca-43 # J CO- *s o © a-d © ©. •3 £ © Od ®oSSo © >, ,« aP S a P mP d : “d ss| .a flair? SIIII *3 8 8 1,3 >*3S (flwmoo ppp ©pH ’§ a ® 1 d 5| H d (h ,2 1_( & ■© -d^ft© w g HU ||I-S S.T T' • O ts . • • o »o cs o 'O cs •-?© -0»0 33 © © © O © •© . o •CS • lO CO CO O ^ (M 05 M OP rr O O O rH^HTf^X 'CO iOt-jCS COCOOCOH VO CO i—i O VO OCS lOCOCOOiOUi iOl-iOC. 5COM 1-1 CO 00 1-H 05 CS Li 1-1OCSC0OC5 50 CO Li t- O I-H CS 1—1 1-1 cs i—l CS 1-1 CO 1-H 1-1 CO CO ■r CO C^r-ic O 00*33 -OCSICSJOO Ji HH ICON | «C1H TT • ^ • 00 TjiO 1 OC CO • LO lO OPOOtOOOOOCO^TrH o • * T-H COCO • 1—1 00 ‘COCO CS CO CO l>- t-H tt CO ; | | i-h • co • to xao CO OOO hhtt^Xh o CO • CS HCSO CO iOOCS CO CO oc O ^ N 00 sz 06 iO CO CO © 1C *w©©iO©©©©i-H 1-H r-H © CS ©CP IOCOIOI-© r-HCO © 1-H CS H co ^H CO - • ' CO o ; ;iH CO CO TT CO 1C CO 1^ CO CO CO ^ 1-t 0 10 rl OP 1 15 10 • O CO ' X C2 O ic © rH © CO © CO I- | »-H CS t-H rH CS O ! : 00 CS ^ TT lO CO g ^ 0 23 i-o l"- i lO CO • CS 33 CO © © 04 © co CS H OC | rH CO t-H rH ^ LQ CO IOC5TT CO CO lO O eo rH H rP CO S P " .00 pco Hgi © © CS • CO CO © © £4 CO cs © HlO rH • r-H rH CS CS g 2 CS OTfCS lOCSCI-T 1-1 CO H H 1-1 1-1 CS 05 TJ1 16 20 10 CO LO ^r* CP CS to rH T-H CS CS CS S s 5 • rr O i-H • O • O * r-i I- o CO CS ic T-H o L- •CCS t- • o© CS 33 CS O CS "tji rH CO 1-H • ^ • • »H S • • r-i • CO O CO • o • o • 2 12 1 tt cs o CS OP o 1-H t-H CO • O© CS *©©iH©C0CSt^ co TH © i-H • i-H ; o j O CS CO • 1— l Li CS CS 05 Li -C 00 rn-v ; 1-H 1-H LO LD -S< CS — 1 CS 11 12 35 COT-i^DOOtOOO ©ooco©© • © co • © HF lO 10 CS CS i-H CO H cs ■ ^ • l> 18 12 o OC O • O O CS CS CP lO CO LC CS COH • CSHCSrr CN t-h lO 1—1* 1— « r— J CS OP l - cs 1- cs CO CS CS O CS © l- 1 - CS CS 00 © • CO © • cs H©cO(N»ON CS t-H CO CS © • I> 1-H • CP ; ; O ; co ;oh ! ! 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C 5 CO T-H • cs I I o | lO • o • • • ■ o • ^ cs ^ • cs • • © • • CO 0 50 0 6 6 17 9 "1 2 1 30 3 ira 00050 ■>s< OKI' HrtWOCH l- CO lOO 05 IN 05 lOKBOKJO O O Tf U5 05 id l- c h >-i ■5 C5> HOIC CO 50 OM COCOOOO^l' CO 00 HOS CO I' ~r' hOMCOOC >OWt^NOrt(NrtM 05 3 i-l HNrtif HM 1— l CO 1-1 1-1 eo 0^0 6 32 OP CSCOGC rHcOCSCSCPOC l- 00 Tji »-h CS OC 00 CO— <00001000 OPOO cecs COCO OCOO CP HU T-t r-t CO co ^ xr T-l CS t-H i-H CO M* CO »0 O CS rH CO CO CO lO r-l CP 5 S 25o 50 0COCJ5 otocscsoseo 00 50 HOS 1- vr CSCSCCSOl- l'CS00COLiO5I-CS^H cs CS COi-n-l CSi-lCS'HiLiCS i-h 10 HN CS COCO i-IOwCS i—iiO^CS L'OC tj- CS -SO 1' i— ' 50 ' CS 00 3 ; • ! — o oW £ hh'JS a^ ■Bog •73. . £ -iH _ „ jw eg o fepq^' g1". c 'osa . o3M r3 .cs 1333^ « oad ShsaWh,- M ■ 8 i 33 . •d •d o Ph -°43 >P2 C3-3 03 G l> a Wo 2 H g: w HP <3 a -2^ h a o'd § A o3 M ® O-R _g|SM gradja Gl=3 ts£(-J Ct ■dr s . o © w£ I ■ G ■ ® 1 s 'd : a 3 : o : ;: G ■s g 05 O i 03 1 3 | i'S •a, CO V- m g s is'ovJ | 1 „ ! o ■ c< •_o 0*>. ^ W w C O E SG ■SI’S'SIIS ® 3 K1X3 g-S O 3gt5s3£§2i?.2 b Jr'S cs 43 © © 3 Cl, a POPh 020202 ill ■© t3p OO B 43 S? = § |a ■8 1 J •d ©-£ ; o o «il o W p G >,-S a . o -0 2 8~'|« g* s| » (3 0-R.G W „ - S'Sjo^©^ •3 C|43 o;3 > © '"A “o =:;3 C pH 02 Ph 02 I all , o ;T3 3 :§ £ : , =. . cor3 • a ' 33 43 W5 42 : 8 « g = :wr«£ . r O w n n wC.^rjQOC 88' c. a : P_i 02M .pH rr> O 3 o 1 ? 5 i 1 *23 ^ o' ; rv r-. s.i§ c 2 cc o a ® ili 59872°— 21- <3 G.S 5a « G G - CH ‘ <- — ^ G G.S - C asjss* bS2g^®| a j3 G c”1 G1^ C3 cS .a • C3 J • tfiSSmWa -47 I* >>§ 42 >> m c3 * C-J © i-H U- "c^Vo © © CO~ •spiD •slog I O T-H © © (M •© ' CN TT 00 © © © CO ©T— I© ’©©©COCO * 10 * rH 6 © .2 g S be •SRO ©t^ CS © •sAog j ©lONLO lOCOC^H © a T3 2 Pi'S H c3 W 60 'SIJ?D •sAog ©>-i©f-CO > © © Tf © CS •mo j. X 'spiD 1 »>>e'C 2te,S=-rc3_;< co “ ® 113 — .'So'gcSaica'fciccSajd'cS*® C.'cS "rt — ”3 "c3 2 o S feb‘3 "3 "3 R’S ‘S’O'3 2 § ‘3 o £ ’3 '3 gc.a©©©®©'©© ®^y©®5®© B p.g h g.&c.»c.a. . a— x a q, o a, o. CCXpCOCOCQOoQOi ;X<1WcCir>Dpa!CCl O rl • . C - Jz. • g>>* Msl O w •13z2 1 • c *5 .2 — m ■ • :^°.c'OS.2§°o*2of1' : ^ o p 2 3 - •g o wPh P CO WO go of ^ ■>-»Dc3.g a ■5*5 2 3 ^_rn _r ^ r— i i|g| S3-3.SI feg-as-g ia«a«ai© SWPhm E-iOWooQWPPWeHfL^mHPWCLpHM iranton, Pa . do . I S. E. Weber. FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN, 739 « : ;© CO O CM :S 2S : :c ooc — c© oocstj- £^gSl202 © '«C ; ; oc co "r O S3 2 :5 «» OCCCM ;e» t-00 ^■S|!S- |5 coccus «KS^ i— i tc CttlO © • © CO ■ 0C ce© C^»HC ®CMCM •c « re *-< c ^>cmco f-i ; ®8g«“3 S*g55*-3 -SSS" ;s r- ; *-H CC CM ; r- • 00 CM seg^s CCCCNCNOC ■°" ^ ^ 1 jS — OS 05 — — CM CO cc — cm r- cc — ■ .-i oc ! ! ; ; : Table 12. — Additional information concerning schools that make a special provision for nervous and backward children. 740 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. rt 03 tT a o cfl C3 >, o o A o 02 ^3 o’ a llfllll fs i 1 . ^ at fe 11 .2 bffp M >. 8 '% 2 © ? .2 ~ . ■85 5 jf^s* Ills'! 1 3* 1-2 >t^tcS§OT'«-2:9 8Sbc2 gJ.-lifl w ^ o © -,0--$ =“Ill!s 5-3 0,0 -i83 2 ® Mg bs 03 •P ftto-' ill |8; ©t3 A S a o3 a 'g’3 i 3 :xs .3-0 - ©(g-o.s g-S g -2 m « ^ - 2 3 ^SoPh^.2 jblPSlg* ~Sot£fc.S83 S&lSwIl^ SJ02 {- © ftots aJS i-§$s^asg rl-i.sl.-sff !s*-SSSsl CO 02 © a O 0> How sup¬ ported. _ | 1 r* Mini¬ mum annual charge per pupil. O iff • -a 3-° C -o a (- os a ‘3 ° — ed a a !| js 3 3 §a.i I 2-' 5 -a i £ £ , >d o. -p^-g ® a o ©"3/p, 8 SlSa 0) b£jg gTS , 53 §2 33 :8 ?o2u to s' 03x3 m C h C i'-o ’osl S © 8 s,S° i«o ~g-g.§ - c-ols •3 = ® « ®5 * l!e-s» *a-a« 5 '-3 lass P5 8 bn rt .Sh :.2 •'Op ST8|^ s’gs.gis > o o g £ o plj M -o © © « fcb ® © rt 23 r; X3 ■*S.a S a -So 0/3 3 ® ►/a • +»*35 a ^§■0 -2 02 © 03 *p3 rr4 * &£ © Q a -a -2 P^ce 3 1 Is, sa-s« o >>£•£: 03a *-8a-&sf3 a S3 02 © 3 -*T3 1 « “ a 0 ® to © bO g 0 0 ^ bt) c Pi . w'l l| ■gS t Isl a ® "3,2 S3 w° sl IK S w £_ Hillbrow Sch< FEEBLE-MINDED AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN 741 b© © £? ^ O c C/3 |g6c-§i © Ofl Ti T3 ■to § tJ 2 C =f >.•“ - a x! o £ £ ■£ t4w a O s,3 © “-2 E Jj o » c-g sj£ o © £ 2 CmT) o< fill's^ 3 += g >> rz £■§1 IIS'S 8 8’S SliiS&S C. c O :3 5s £ •a.9 . ® i- © •gas? &£=§ a p.o P 3 ► BO - 05 CO jJ oO cl _ . © 52*svti.= a © S £•- B||g*-&^1|1 y^iiM :«,§ f^g ^ap-o « S’gS q © f§°is 1— “ a « g >,8 mu qi'go I- Srfg-fll- 5 ©-S © c5 cjJbJb'g-sAS iS©: ■SHAH'S ■s-sl’ il!iall*§'Si P* o 5n *-T 0) fl © g3 P *2 • ■g © £ g.|5 © 3^5 s £ o ^TJ © * O c t? -s > o — j © C +» e~ gaad-agij'jsa d ?o = 5^r5^oH i-3'2 © w w w£~.q®g Sg-» 2 o 0.^ il ©„ c P q © o.o’S ■ | 1 1 CHAPTER X. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. Contents. — Schools reporting— Nomenclature— Size of schools— Inmates— Teachers— Parentage of inmates— Illiteracy— Valuation of property per inmate— Receipts— Total Expenditures— Endow¬ ment funds. After the statistical report found in Volume II, 1917, Report of the Commissioner of Education, containing statistics for the year 1915-16, had been prepared, the Bureau of Education adopted the plan of collecting statistics biennially instead of annually, as had been done in preceding years. Consequently, in this chapter no historical statistics for 1916-17 willappear in the comparative studies. Further, corresponding statistics for the year 1918-19 will not be solicited. For most purposes biennial statistics will suffice, since fairly accu¬ rate interpolations can be made for the years not represented in the reports. As only slight changes appear in these statistics from year to year, a biennial report will answer most inquiries satisfactorily. 743 Table 1. — Summary of statistics of industrial schools for delinquents from 1900 to 1918. 744 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, 1908 92 CO § ss 2 2, 323 29, 111 7, 797 36, 908 30, 638 4,803 2 38, 514 24,899 24, 613, 763 990 43, 671 & c. 8 t—4 0> O o CO ^ co s co co CM 00 § CM cm" 27,328 7,903 co CM CO 26, 774 3,995 I 2 37, 151 23,916 24,262,936 921 39, 940 1905 1906 O 00 CO ic CM 29, 289 8,394 co J CO tC co 30, 406 4,284 35, 789 30, 144 23, 792, 723 844 36,592 o o 771 2,013 31,120 6,886 CO o o orT co 30, 881 4,681 36, 580 30, 378 23,410,800 772 36, 095 1904 o o 6X1 ‘Z 29, 805 5, 329 35,134 23, 716 4,001 33, 871 25, 839 23, 028, 748 714 36, 098 CO O O 96 644 CM cm' 27, 602 I 6,820 34,422 26, 576 4,755 31, 468 21,603 22, 655, 001 689 33, 629 1902 05 CM CO Z9 0‘Z 28, 981 6, 266 35,247 29, 007 4,589 29, 612 18, 469 22,261,863 * 642 « 30, 808 1901 Cl o CO 05 CO CO CO ^ 05 © CM oVf CM 8 CM 19, 184 3,485 22, 131 14,582 21, 897, 678 a (608) 3(28,562) 0061 80 538 05 18,968 4,933 © co" CM 20,278 2,695 21,626 15, 946 21,488,011 3 (587) 3 (26, 457) 1 Schools reporting . Teachers: W omen_ I Total . Assistants: Mon . . . . = : c i i> Total . Whole number of inmates: Boys . Girls . Total . . Total white inmates . Total colored inmates . Inmates receiving instruction in school classes . Inmates learning some trade or occupation . Total children 5 to 18 years, inclusive, in United States . Moving average for teachers . Moving average for total inmates . INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 745 00 05 | 13 2 1,937 1,588 § CO* 11 63, 762 6 51,786 8,479 51 , 937 43,410 27, 686, 476 . 3 (1,121) 3 (62, 070) 1915 1916 s S3 s 2,098 1,413 s CO 49,009 12,819 I cO §§§§§sg s'00*' a Ss 1 g§ I 00s 45,794 11,443 sf 46, 730 6,775 44,735 40, 707 26,425,100 1,081 57, 687 05 a 11 1 1,889 1,196 i co' 1 s' SlSISiS s' co 05 1 li 8 1,963 1,187 s co" 40, 324 10, 488 § s" 42, 221 6,709 40, 301 35,575 25, 587, 331 1,038 53, 240 05 458 616 § 1,704 1, 194 1 0-T 41,137 10, 830 8 S s' 1910 1911 Is 1 1,663 1,213 g CnT 39, 696 11,691 S 44,843 6, 544 40, 642 34,616 24, 745, 562 1,070 52, 540 1C II 5 1,649 1,134 8 c^r 43, 702 12, 961 1 s' 45, 741 7, 434 42, 381 39, 391 24,305,932 1,059 49, 759 1 s 11 § 1,327 1,030 § 41,110 10, 761 $5 s 43, 146 5,766 39, 877 36, 262 24,239, 820 1,026 46, 415 Schools reporting . Teachers: Men . . . j i Assistants: Mon . Women . Total . Whole number of inmate.;: Bovs . Girls . Total . Total white inmates . Total colored inmates . Inmates receiving instruction in school classes . Inmates learning some trade or occupation . Total children 5 to 18 years, inclusive, in United States . Moving average for teachers . Moving average for total inmates . . BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. SCHOOLS REPORTING. 7 40 As most schools of this type are established by legislative enact¬ ment, a very large annual increase in the number of schools report¬ ing is not to be expected. In Table 1 the number of schools reporting each year since 1900 is shown. These data are shown graphically in figure 1 . It will be observed that the number reporting has increased from 80 in 1900 to 135 in 1918, representing an increase of 69 per cent. The curve falls below the regular “line of tendency” in 1908, 1913, 1914, and 1915. These drops are probably due to inability to secure reports from all schools. In preceding years no record has been kept of the number of institutions not reporting. This year, as will be found in Table 8, the number of schools not report¬ ing, as well as the number reporting, has been shown. According to the records which are revised regularly by the Bureau of Edu¬ cation, there are 159 public and private industrial schools for delin¬ quents in the United States. Of this number, 135 submitted at least a partial report and 24 did not report. These statistics are fairly representative of the group, inasmuch as almost 85 per cent of such schools are included. The detailed table includes the names of the schools not responding as well as the names of those reporting. This arrangement is desirable, since no attempt is made annually to in¬ clude the list in the Educational Directory published by this bureau. i NOMENCLATURE. The schools whose reports are included in this chapter have been designated heretofore as State industrial schools. They are all, however, reformatory institutions for delinquents receiving inmates committed by juvenile or other court decision. The designation “State industrial schools” is a misnomer, since 31 schools listed in the detailed tables following are private institutions controlled by corporations or associations, but they admit children committed by public authority and receive public appropriations to care for these children. A small number of city and county industrial schools for delinquents are also included in the detailed tables following. It is thought advisable, therefore, to change the title of this chapter from that of “State industrial schools” to that of “Industrial schools for delinquents.” The lists of private, county, and city schools are given below: PRIVATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS RECEIVING CHILDREN COMMITTED BY PUBLIC AUTHORITY. St. John’s School, Deep River, Conn. Connecticut Junior Republic, Litchfield, Conn. Delaware Industrial School, Claymont, Del. Ferris Industrial School, Marshallton, Del. Amanda Smith Industrial School, Chicago, Ill. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 747 Chicago Home for Girls, Chicago, Ill. House of the Good Shepherd, Chicago, Ill. Park Ridge School, Park Ridge, Ill. Convent of the Good Shepherd, Sioux, Iowa. House of the Good Shepherd, Baltimore, Md. House of the the Good Shepherd, Colored, Baltimore, Md St. Elizabeth’s Home, Baltimore, Md. St. James Home, Baltimore, Md. St. Mary’s Industrial School, Baltimore, Md. Plummer Farm School, Salem, Mass. House of the Good Shepherd, Detroit, Mich. Sisters of the Good Shepherd, Detroit, Mich. Hudson County Catholic Protectory, Arlington, N. J. Hudson County Catholic Protectory, Arlington, N. Y. Asylum of Our Lady of Refuge, Buffalo, N. Y. Berkshire Industrial School, Canaan, N. Y. House of the Good Shepherd, New York, N. Y. Inwood House, New York, N. Y. R. C. House of the Good Shepherd, New York, N. Y. St. Vincent Industrial school, Utica, N. Y. Boys Special School, Cincinnati, Ohio. House of Refuge, Cincinnati, Ohio. Glen Mills Schools, Darling, Pa. Glen Mills Schools, Glen Mills, Pa. Philadelphia Protectory for Boys, Phcenixville, Pa. Wisconsin Home and Farm School, Dousman, Wis. COUNTY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS. Fulton County Industrial School, Hapeville, Ga. Hampden County Training School, Feeding Hills, Mass. Essex County Training School, Lawrence, Mass. Middlesex County Training School, South Chelmsford, Mass. Worcester County Training School, Oakdale, Mass. Norfolk, Bristol and Plymouth Union Training School, Walpole, Mass. Luzerne County Industrial School, Kis-Lyn, Pa. Thom Hill School, Warrendale, Pa. Knox County Industrial School, Knoxville, Tenn. County Girls Home, Salt Lake City, Utah. Parental School, Spokane, Wash. CITY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS. Chicago Parental School, Chicago, Ill. Louisville Industrial School, Louisville, Ky. St. Louis Industrial School, St. Louis, Mo. Newark City Home, Verona, N. J. New York Parental School, Flushing, N. Y. CITY AND COUNTY INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, Chicago and Cook County School, Riverside, Ill. Boys Parental School, Seattle, Wash. SIZE OF SCHOOLS. It is of interest to compare the “size” or enrollment of the 134 industrial schools for delinquents reporting such data. It will be 748 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. found in figure 2 that 17 schools have an enrollment less than 100, and one school has over 2,500. The most common size is from 100 to 199 — 25 schools falling in this group. About as many schools, 23, fall in the next higher group. From an analysis of the data used in the construction of this graph, it was found that as many schools had an enrollment less than 304 as had an enrollment greater than this number. The 11 median ” school in the array had, therefore, an enrollment of 304 inmates. Approximately one-fourth, or 33 Fig. 2. — Distribution of industrial schools for delinquents according to enrollment. schools, have an enrollment of 160 or less, and an equal number have an enrollment of 713 or more. In other words, about half the in¬ dustrial schools for delinquents have an enrollment from 165 to 689, inclusive. The average enrollment for all schools reporting is 493. INMATES. The number of inmates has increased much more rapidly than would be indicated by the increase in the number of schools reporting. As will be noted in figure 3, the total number of inmates on the roll INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 749 of industrial schools for delinquents has increased from 23.901 in 1900 to 63,762 in 1918, or an increase of 167 per cent. This very large increase of inmates in reformatory institutions would be an exaggera¬ tion, if a smaller percentage of institutions reported in 1900 than did in 1918. This inference, however, is probably not true, as the curve shows a gradual rise, indicated more clearly by the 11 moving average” in the figure. The method used in determining the location of this “ average” is shown in Table 1. Its use is to eliminate the fluctua¬ tions in the original curve due to the negligence of a few schools to submit a report. It shows a gradual rise from the beginning to the end of the period considered. Any decided irregularity in the total 70000 1 1 1 CN - _ CN NO L 1 ^ 60000 50000 to M S 40000 (N O I | 30000 20000 10000 ca 1 — " X r s LIZ y CN. y* < cm' £ & s 1 ✓ //■ * CO S' y 0 s H / u c - <37 ON < CM > \ / T - ^ fs c S / \ — ^ cr Cn 1 2 r K" / f—j- OJ ►c | ir K . / 3 H rr ' / r- 5 <1 § H a Ti /- C\ / c r# " O / / ■ s U <7 s & q K / % <\l CM C> cv \r / 90 (\ 5 O r r Vp H O \r\ z 0 s NO 5 «> * 3 0 3 r* — p ° & 5s <7 VC fS CM 3 CO ts. CN If NO • oSooSooooSSSSJ 2*0^ H H H ? H H hSTS'S'*7' 1 . t _ _ _ r.Ttn.Q ____ - . __ AVERAGE ^ .ucintpe VVTDAT T Vt?UT cmMVPTTlPfi PTrT5nT5"*Vr» - FOR TOTAL. . . - . . . Fig. 3.— Number of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents, 1900-1918. percentage of inmates reported would tend to show a greater devia¬ tion from the moving average than appears in any year. Since the “ average line” shows remarkable regularity in its incline, it must bo assumed that approximately the same percentage of the total number of inmates has been reported each year, and consequently there must have been the very large increase of 167 per cent as shown above. The “ total” curve has been 11 broken up” to show the number of boys and girls in industrial schools for delinquents. These curves show in general the same fluctuations as are shown in the total, indi¬ cating that the relative number of boys and girls is about the same each year. 750 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 2. — Method of computing the index numbers and the moving averages used in figure 4- Year. Enrollment. Index num¬ bers for— (l) Computing tbe moving average. Total indices for five-year periods. Average index. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1900 . 18,968 4,933 54 53 2 301 2 283 2 60 2 57 1901 . 20, 041 5,296 57 57 2 325 2 303 2 65 2 61 1902 . 28,981 6,266 82 67 3 355 3 307 71 61 1903 . 27,602 6,820 78 73 389 328 78 66 1904 . 29, 805 5,329 84 57 415 361 83 72 1905 . 31,120 6,886 88 74 410 379 82 76 1906 . 29, 289 8,394 83 90 414 390 83 78 1907 . 27,328 7,903 77 85 446 449 89 90 1908 . 29, 111 7,797 82 84 482 514 96 103 1909 . 41,110 10, 761 116 116 511 550 102 110 1910 . 43,702 12,961 124 140 550 583 110 117 1911 . 39, 696 11,691 112 126 582 612 116 122 1912 . 41 , 137 10, 830 116 117 588 620 118 124 1913 . 40,324 10,488 114 113 593 603 119 121 1914 . 43,333 11,465 122 124 620 615 123 122 1915 . 45, 794 11,443 129 123 645 644 129 129 1916 . 49,009 12,819 139 138 671 684 134 137 1917 . 2 140 2 146 2 690 2 713 2 138 2 143 1918 . 49,660 14, 102 141 153 2 702 2 743 2 140 2 149 Average . 35,334 9,232 1 1 Divide the enrollment for each year by the average enrollment. 2 Estimated. * This is the sum of the index numbers from 1900 co 1904, inclusive, etc. To show this relativit}T and divergence more clearly it is necessary to reduce the enrollment to index numbers. Table 2 shows the method used in securing the index numbers used in plotting the curves in figure 4. The average number of boys for the 18 years considered was 35,334. This average is divided into the number of boys on the roll each year. The quotients are the indices given in column 4 and are used in locating the curve for boys in figure 4. In a similar manner the curve for girls is determined. So great are the irregularities in these two index curves that it becomes necessary to compute a moving average for each. The method of computation is shown in Table 2. Consider, for example, the interval between 1916 and 1918. The moving average for the girls shows a steeper slope than the one for the boys, indicating that the percentage of increase for the girls was greater than that for the boys during this interval. In other words, the increase in the number of girls in an “average” institution may have been from 50 to 60, or 20 per cent, while the increase in the number of boys in an “average” institution may have been from 100 to 105, or 5 per cent, only one-fourth as much as in the case of the girls. Because one curve is above another does not indicate . that the upper curve shows the greater increase. Between 1902 and 1903 the upper curve shows a decrease, while the lower one shows an increase. It will be seen, therefore, that the relative slope or steepness of the curves between any two consecutive intervals indicates the relative rate of change. In general, the two INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 751 moving averages show the same slope until 1915, where a tendency to diverge is evident, the average for girls rising the more rapidly. Whether the “ breaking down” of home life is responsible for the increase in the number of delinquent girls within the past few years one can not judge from the curves. In general, a slight tendency in this direction has been evident since 1904, but did not become pronounced until 1915. It must be remembered, however, that 78 per cent of all inmates in 1918 were boys. In other words, there were more than three times as many boys as girls in reformatory institutions. Consequently, the apparent tendency noted above need not be alarming. Fig. 4.— Relative rates of increase in tlie number of boys and girls in industrial schools for delinquents, since 1900. The very large increase in the total number of children committed from year to year may be partly due to any one of four factors — a tendency on the part of courts to construe the laws more rigidly, the enactment of more stringent laws or of laws having wider appli¬ cation, the organization of a more vigilant police force, or a “ breaking down” in the control of children in the home and school. In short, either more children are “ caught” or our methods of building charac¬ ter are becoming more ineffective. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AVERAGE ENROLLMENT. In Table 12 it will be noted that the average enrollment in 130 schools for the year was 26,721 boys and 9,270 girls, or a total of 35,991. This total is only 58 per cent of the total number of inmates 752 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. on the rolls of these same industrial schools for delinquents during the year. This percentage seems to indicate that the average child remains in a reformatory institution only 58 per cent of a year, or almost 212 days. Of course, some inmates remain for a longer period and others for a shorter period, but the average period is only 212 days. The fact that some inmates are counted in the enrollment for two consecutive years does not vitiate this deduction, since pre¬ sumably the same ratio would hold for two successive years. The “ average enrollment” also indicates approximately the num¬ ber found in industrial schools for delinquents at any one time. INMATES COMMITTED AND DISCHARGED. During the year 22,498 boys and 5,525 girls, or 28,023 children, were committed to reformatory institutions, and 20,969 boys and 4,714 girls, or 25,683 children, were discharged. Altogether, 134 schools reported the number committed and 129 the number dis¬ charged. Five schools, not reporting the number discharged, reported the number committed as 959. One school reported neither the number committed nor the number discharged. Deduct¬ ing these numbers respectively from the total numbers committed and discharged, it is found that 27,064 inmates were committed and 25,683 discharged from the 129 institutions reporting this informa¬ tion. The number committed, therefore, exceeded the number dis¬ charged by 1,381, or by 5.4 per cent. This was to be expected in view of the fact that the total number of inmates has increased annually — as shown above in Table 1 and figure 3. No attempt was made to ascertain the number of inmates on parole. Table 3 — Method of computing index numbers used in figure 5. Years. Total population . Inmates. Index for popu¬ lation. Index for inmates. Moving average of index numbers for total inmates.1 1 2 8 4 5 6 1900 . 21,488,011 21,897,678 23,901 25, 337 35,247 34,422 35, 134 38,006 37,683 35,231 36,908 51,871 56,663 51,387 88 54 61 1901 . 90 57 65 1902 . 22,261,863 22, 655, 001 23,028,748 23,410,800 23,792,723 24,262,936 24,613,763 24,239,820 24,305,932 91 79 69 1903 93 77 1904 . . 95 79 77 1905 . 96 85 81 1906 . 97 84 86 1907 . 99 79 93 1908 . 101 83 98 1909 . 99 116 103 107 1910. . . . 100 126 1911 . 24,745,502 25,167,445 25,587,331 26.002,153 26^425,100 102 115 113 1912 . .■ . 51,967 103 116 119 1913 . 50,812 54,798 57, 237 105 114 123 1914 . 107 123 125 1915 . 108 128 129 1916 . 26,846,976 61,828 110 139 133 137 140 1917 . 112 141 1918 . . . . 27, 686, 476 63,762 113 143 Average . I 24,356,573 44,566 1 This moving average has been computed by using seven consecutive index numbers in order to elimi¬ nate all fluctuations. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18, 75*3 POPULA¬ TION. INMATES. 150 1 g l4<> 1 i 130 H S 120 110 100 90 8o 70 60 CO O H tv O' O' o OJ N"> lr\ C>- CO O CM H"» CO O' O O'O'O'O'O'OO'OO o g O O rt « t>- O' P- O' »f\ * O' «■» 'O 'O U\ >0 CO O' *o o-r^co co c^oo ^ ^ ™ ™ J5* ^ ^ ■r < \ / # * / i i 0 — r~ 1 ^ * J 1 ## ™ * 0\n^m0 * r # . y* 1*1 # i ■ POPULATION 5 TO 18 - INMATES. - MOVING AVERAGE - INMATES Fig. 5. — Relative rates of increase in the total population 5 to 18 years, and in the number of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents, since 1900. [The years represented are the same as in Fig. 6, i. e., 1900 to 1918.] 50000 40000 1 vC s Cv c £ 5 H c < u CN ~ — i - 5 03 Cs 3 £ 1 vC > Jr vC c\ fe 30000 1 20000 10000 0 ac o CN § g «t O' CO uJ 3 tv. H M- < - UN o N - O’ o - is cv - ^ • 1 ••••. p0#»« 2 ~ ^tuN'Ot^co o^o*h 2000 o o o o O OHH g g* g* a> CJ ON 2* g* Qv (7 \ ■N TOTAL EKROLUfKWT. 0 ESTIMATED. X PROBABLY THE AVERAOE. ID SCHOOL CLASSES. Q KAWY SCHOOLS UNDOUBTEDLY REPORTED ONLY AVERAGE KHROLL- learhino bomb trade. meet. Fig. 8. — N umber of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents receiving instruction in the school classes or learning some trade, compared with the total enrollment. are based on the assumption that the same percentages of wdiite and colored inmates have been reported annually for the United States. It should be borne in mind that the 11 moving average’’ does not represent actual accurate figures, but only indicates trends, and for this reason is probably more accurate than either index curves or graphs showing actual figures, since both of these contain fluctuations due to variation in the percentage of schools reporting annually. INMATES IN SCHOOL CLASSES AND LEARNING SOME TRADE. The total number of inmates, and the enrollment in school classes or in trade courses, are shown in figure 8. The statistics for 1907 and 1908 are not comparable with the statistics for other years, as 758 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. will be noted from the unusual drop in the curves at these periods. The curve for the enrollment in school classes has been rectified since the schools in these years reported “ average enrollment in the school classes. ” In the case of the other two lines no rectification is warranted, since the reports do not state that “ averages” were asked for. Undoubtedly, many schools reported only the average, since the numbers assumed to be in the school classes during these years exceed the actual enrollment. This drop is not wholly due, how¬ ever, to inaccurate reports, but also to the failure of many schools to report in 1907 and 1908, as will be evident from figure 1. The Fig. 9.— Relative rates of increase in the number of inmates in the school classes or learning some trade as compared with the total enrollment in industrial schools for delinquents, 1900-1918. total number of inmates has increased 167 per cent, the enrollment in school classes 140 per cent, and the number learning some trade 172 per cent since 1900. These percentages show that the relative number in school classes has not kept pace with the increase in total enrollment and that the number learning a trade has increased in greater proportion than the total number of inmates. The falling off of the enrollment in trade classes in 1918 may be due to war conditions. The number in school classes actually increased between 1916 and 1918, in about the same proportion as the corresponding increase in the total enrollment. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 759 By means of the index curves shown in figure 9 the rates of change in enrollment between any two consecutive intervals becomes readily apparent. For instance, in 1918 the steepest slope is shown for the “ total enrollment” curve, the next steepest slope for the curve representing enrollment in school classes. The “ reversed” or “ negative” slope representing the number learning some trade indicates an actual decrease. Possibly the decreases in enrollment in trade courses may be due to the fact that many men teachers were drafted into the Army. The three curves in general show remarkable similarity in slopes throughout the period 1900 to 1918, indicating about the same relative increase annually in the number in the school classes or who are learning some trade. The method used in constructing these index curves is shown in Table 5. Table 5. — Method of computing the index numbers used in figure 9. # Enrollment. Index numbers for. Years. Total en¬ rollment. In school classes. Learning some trade. Total. Classes. Trades. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1900 . 23,901 25,337 35,247 34,422 35, 134 38,006 37,683 21,626 22, 131 29,612 31,468 33,871 36,580 35, 789 37, 151 15,946 14,582 18,469 21,603 25,839 30,378 30, 144 23,916 24,899 36,262 39,391 34,616 33,592 35, 575 39,344 40,707 46,543 54 57 52 1901 . 57 58 47 1902 . 79 78 60 1903 . 77 83 70 1904 . 79 89 84 1905 . 85 96 98 1906 . 84 94 98 1907 . . 35, 231 36,908 51,871 56,663 51,387 51,967 50,812 54, 798 79 98 78 1908 . 38,514 39, 877 42,381 40,646 43,222 40,301 43,283 44,735 83 101 81 1909 . 116 105 118 1910 . 127 112 128 1911 . 115 107 112 1912 . 116 114 109 1913 . 114 106 115 1914 . 123 114 127 1915 . 57, 237 128 118 132 1916 . 61,828 50,320 139 133 151 1917 . 141 135 146 1918 _ 63,762 51,937 43,410 143 136 141 Average. . 44,566 37,969 30,829 It should be remarked that 81 per cent of all inmates reported in 1918 were enrolled in the school classes, and 68 per cent were learning a trade, as shown in Table 1. Since 1900 the average per¬ centage enrolled in school classes is 85, and learning some trade 69. The slight falling off from this average in 1918 may be due to war conditions. These percentages contain slight errors, as some insti¬ tutions reporting total enrollment do not report enrollment in school classes or the number learning some trade. In the summary table (11) only those institutions reporting all these data have been in¬ cluded. It is found that 83 per cent of all inmates are enrolled in school classes and 75 per cent of all are learning some trade. These ale only slightly higher (2 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively) than the corresponding figures given above. These differences, 760 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. however, indicate that approximately the same percentage should be added, respectively, to the average obtained for the period 1900 to 1918. If this is done it is found that on an “ average’’ about 87 per cent of all inmates are enrolled in school classes and 76 per cent are learning a trade in industrial schools for delinquents. These percentages are essentially correct, since allowance has been made for institutions not reporting. TEACHERS. By reference to figure 1 0 it will be noted that the number of teach¬ ers has increased from 538 in 1900 to 1,137 in 1918, or an increase of 111 per cent. This increase has not been so marked as the increase in the number of inmates, 167 per cent. A more detailed discussion of these relative increases will be given below, in connection with figure 12. In brief, it may be said that in 18 years the number of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents has almost been tripled, while the corresponding number of teachers has been only a little more than doubled. The moving average shows more accurately the general trend than does the irregular curve representing the absolute numbers. The method used in computing this average is shown in Table 1. In comparing the relative numbers of men and women teachers, the numbers for the years 1907 and 1908 can not be considered, since they represent only the “average” number of teachers employed during the year. From 1909 to 1918 there has been only a slight increase in the teaching force. It will be noted that approximately the same relative number of men and women are employed from year to year — the number of women exceeding the number of men. In fact, in 1918, about 58 per cent of the teachers were women and 42 per cent were men. The slight decrease in the number of men teachers may be incident to the draft. This decrease in the male teaching force in 1918 may cause the decrease in the number of inmates learning some trade, as shown in figures 8 and 9, since most trades are presumably taught by men. On the blank used in collecting the statistics for this report the “number of assistants caring for inmates not included as teachers” was secured. Figure 11 shows the corresponding statistics since 1900. Within this period an increase of 125 per cent is shown. This percentage is higher than the corresponding increase of 111 per cent in the number of teachers, but lower than that for total inmates, 167 per cent. These percentages indicate that the number of per¬ sons teaching and caring for inmates in industrial schools for delin¬ quents has not been increased in proportion to the number of inmates committed. Combining the figures for teachers and assistants, it is found that there has been an increase of 121 per cent since 1900, as compared with an increase of 167 per cent in the number of inmates. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18, 761 Fig. 10. — Number of teachers in industrial schools for delinquents. - TOTAL. - - USX. ----- WOUEB. O ESTIMATED. X AVERAGE HOT TOTAL. Fig. 11. — Number of assistants in industrial schools for delinquents. 762 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. The average number of inmates for each year from 1900 to 1918 is 44,566, and the average number of teachers and assistants combined is 3,473. The average number of inmates under the “entire charge” of each teacher and assistant is 12.8. In other words the average “load” since 1900 is 12.8. This “load” has increased from 11.3 in 1900 to 13.7 in 1918. The actual average increase in the load has been 2.4 within this period, or an increase of 21 per cent. To state this significance clearly in different words, teachers are obliged in 1918 to teach 6 pupils where they instructed only 5 in 1900, and assistants are obliged to care for 6 inmates in 1918 where they cared for only 5 in 1900. This extra burden thrust upon teachers is even greater than the ratio of 6 to 5 given above indicates, since the increase in number of teachers has not been so great as that of assistants, as shown above. It was thought advisable, in arriving at the deduction made above, to combine the data on teachers and assistants, since it is not always possible for institutions to make an exact distribution of employees when reporting. Table 6. — Method used in securing the index numbers used in figure 12. Years. Total inmates. Teach¬ ers. Assist- ants. Index numbers for— Inmates. Teach¬ ers. Assist¬ ants. * 2 3 4 5 6 7 1900 . 23,901 538 1,569 54 59 61 1901 . 25,337 696 1,966 57 76 72 1902 . 35,247 624 2,057 79 68 80 1903 . 34,442 644 2,275 77 71 89 1904 . 35, 134 707 2,119 79 77 83 1905 . 38,006 771 2,013 85 84 79 1906 . 37,682 824 2,256 84 90 88 1907 . 35,231 913 2,289 79 100 90 1908 . 36,908 1,003 2,323 83 110 90 1909 . 51,871 1,093 2,357 116 120 92 1910 . ; . 56,663 1,117 2,783 126 122 109 1911 . 51,387 1,006 2,876 115 no 112 1912 . 51, 967 1,074 2,898 116 118 113 1913 . 50,812 1,021 3, 150 114 112 123 1914 . 54,798 1,052 3,085 123 115 120 1915 . 57,237 1,035 3,009 128 113 117 1916 . 61,828 1,161 3,511 139 127 137 1917 . 141 126 138 1918 . 63,762 1, 137 3,525 143 125 138 Averages . 44, 566 912 2, 559 1 The index curves given in figure 12 show in detail the relative rate of increase in the number of inmates, teachers, and assistants. The relative slope of the curves between any two consecutive dates indicates the approximate rates of increase. Thus between 1916 and 1918 the curves for inmates and assistants show about the same slope, and therefore about the same rate of increase. The curve for teachers shows a negative slope, and therefore an actual decrease. The number of teachers increased very rapidly from 1900 to 1910, much more rapidly than the number of assistants, but in general not quite so rapidly as the number of inmates, since the curve repre- INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 763 senting the latter begins at a lower point in 1900 and ends at a higher point in 1910. From 1908 to 1910 the “inmate” curve shows a very rapid rise. The method used in determining the location of these curves is shown in Table 6, and of course, is the same as that used in computing similar graphs used above. By means of index numbers curves are placed near together in such a way as to facilitate ready comparisons. Fig. 12. — Relative rates of increase in the number of inmates, teachers, and assistants in industrial schools for delinquents since 1900. PARENTAGE OF INMATES. In figure 13 an analysis has been made of the parentage of inmates, boys and girls. As only 56 schools made a complete and accurate distribution of their total enrollment under the classification shown in the graph and in Table 10, the figure is based upon the data in Table 10 rather than upon Table 9, which is comparable to the corresponding statistics tabulated in preceding years, and which has been retained in the report only for-this reason. It will be noted from the graph that 89. 5 per cent of the inmates are American born Per ceirf . 764 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 191&-1918. Fig. 13.— Parentage of inmates in 56 industrial schools for delinquents. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 765 and 10. 5 per cent foreign born. In other words, only one child in 10 in industrial schools for delinquents is foreign born. Also 59.7 per cent of all American-born inmates have both parents American, and 7. 9 per cent, have one parent American, and 21.9 per cent have both parents foreign born. Combining the foreign-born inmates with those American born, having both parents foreign born, it is found that about 3 children out of every 10 in industrial schools for delinquents are either foreign born or have foreign-born parents. By comparing the number of boys and girls in each group it is found that for all inmates there are 51 boys to every 10 girls (5.1); for all American-born inmates, 50 boys to every 10 girls (5.0) ; for inmates with both parents American-born, 47 boys to every 10 girls (4.7); for all inmates of mixed parentage, 34 boys to every 10 girls (3.4) ; for inmates having both parents foreign born, 74 boys to every 10 girls (7.4) ; and for all inmates foreign born, 56 boys to every 10 girls (5.6). It is noted that the ratio between boys and girls is highest where the foreign-born element enters and lowest in the mixed parentage group. These statistics show that a larger percent¬ age of American girls of American or mixed parentage get into reform schools than do foreign-born girls with both parents foreign born. Conversely, a higher percentage of “foreign” boys than “American” boys are committed. This situation is a very difficult one to unravel, and one can only conjecture an explanation. Possibly, “foreign” girls are kept under closer home supervision than are American girls. On the other hand, a larger percentage of “foreign” boys than of “American” boys may spend their time on the streets and become subject to unusual temptations. The “foreign” child does not always understand our customs and laws, and, consequently, may more often meet with friction from peace officers than do American children. Many means have been provided for the employment, amusement, or recreation of “American” children which are not open socially to the “foreign” child. The low ratio shown between boys and girls of mixed parentage may not be conclusive, as only 7.9 per cent of all children inref ormatory institutions fallin this group. The high ratio between boys and girls in the “foreign” groups can not be attributed wholly to the inequality of boys and girls in the population. From the Federal Census of 1910 it is found that there are only 106 foreign-born boys to every 100 foreign-born girls from 5 to 19 years, inclusive. This slight difference does not account for the high ratio of 5.6 shown in the graph. If the total foreign-born population is considered, it is found that there are 129 males to 100 females, but these figures are not comparable with those for boys and girls in industrial schools for delinquents. According to the census of 1910 the relative number of boys and girls 5 to 19, inclu¬ sive, having foreign-born parents, was 100 boys to 100 girls. It can be seen, therefore, that inequality in the distribution by sexes 766 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Fig. 14.— Parentage of inmates in 56 industrial schools for delinquents, compared with the parentage of the population 5-19 years, inclusive. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 767 does not account for the high ratio of 7.4 shown in the fifth group of bars. The difference in the ratio, therefore, in the third column of figures in the graph can not be explained on the unequal distribution of the sexes from 5 to 19 years, inclusive. PARENTAGE OF INMATES COMPARED WITH THE TOTAL POPULATION 5 TO 19 YEARS, INCLUSIVE. By reference to figure 14 it will be noted that 95.2 per cent of all children 5 to 19, inclusive, in our population are American-born, and that 89.5 per cent of the children in 56 reformatory institutions are American-born. These percentages show that npt as many American- born children as would be indicated by the corresponding population are in reform schools. In the case of foreign-born children, they constitute 4.8 per cent of the population but 10.5 per cent of the total number of inmates in reformatory institutions. These institu¬ tions have an unusually high percentage of foreign-born children; in fact, more than twice as many as the foreign-born population 5 to 19 years, inclusive, in this country would indicate. Comparing the bars representing the distribution of American children according to parentage, it is found that reformatory institutions have a very high percentage of children with Toreign-born parents, a relatively low percentage of children with American-born parents, and about the proportion of children with one parent American as is shown for all in¬ mates combined. The ratios given in the second column of figures in the graph are secured by dividing the number of inmates by the population 5 to 19, inclusive, in corresponding groups. The average ratio between the total number of inmates and the total population is 0.00102, found by dividing 28,426 by 27,824,207. The ratio for all “American” children is slightly lower than this average and for all “foreign” children, considerably higher than this. The American- born children are 6 per cent below this average, and the foreign-born 122 per cent above this. An analysis of the American born shows that children with both parents American born are 16 per cent below this average; children with one American parent, 6 per cent below; and children with both parents foreign born, 41 per cent above. It can be seen, therefore, that the foreign element in our population makes unusually high contributions to our reformatory institutions. ILLITERACY. In Table 11 it will be noted that 10 per cent of the children com¬ mitted to industrial schools for delinquents can neither read nor write. Of the number discharged, 10 per cent can neither read nor write. It appears from the statistics of the 109 schools and 116 schools reporting these facts, respectively, that industrial schools for delinquents do not eliminate illiteracy. It should be noted that only those schools are considered which report both the total number com¬ mitted and the total number of these who could neither read nor 768 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. write and the total number discharged and the number of these who could neither read nor write. These percentages, therefore, seem conclusive. It should be remarked however, that the expression “read and write ” is subject to different interpretations by different schools. Presumably, many schools do not give actual tests to deter¬ mine the per cent of incoming illiterates. At any rate, the same test is not given by all schools reporting. The percentage of illiterates among drafted men for the Army as revealed by the Alpha and Beta tests was much higher than would be indicated by replies to the inquiry of the Bureau of the Census, “can you read and write?” It is possible, therefore, that more stringent tests are held for out¬ going than for in-coming inmates. If this is true, the percentages given above may be questionable. In addition to the per cent of persons committed to industrial schools for delinquents who could neither read nor write, another 8 per cent could read the second reader but could not write. Alto¬ gether, 18 per cent of the children committed to reform schools can not write and 8 per cent can read only in the second reader. VALUATION OF PROPERTY PER INMATE. Altogether, 126 schools reported the- value of property, but only 122 gave both the valuation of property and the number of inmates in average enrollment, as given in Table 13. The valuation of prop¬ erty per child in “average enrollment” is shown in figure 16 for such States as had schools, either public or private, reporting both items. As the “average enrollment” represents the average number of inmates at the institutions and using the school property, it was used in preference to the total number of inmates enrolled during the year. Wyoming ranks highest with an average of $5,069, and Arizona second, with an average of $3,071. The only school in Utah reporting gave “0 ” as the valuation of property. The property used by the school is rented. Possibly some of the States are not fairly represented in this graph, since representative schools did not report the valuation of property. The average investment for the United States is $1,645 per child. Only 13 States have a higher average valua¬ tion than this and 30 States have a lower average. This inequality of 13 and 30 States above and below the average, respectively, is due to the fact that a few States have an unusually high average investment. The most common investment is represented by the bars extending between $900 and $1,000, which are below the average. It should be remarked that the total valuation of property for these 122 schools is $50,660,801. The average valuation per school, therefore, is $415,252. If all schools of this type, numbering 159, had this average valuation of property, the total value of all property owned by industrial schools for delinquents would be $66,025,141. This aggregate, however, is only a very rough estimate and should be used with caution. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 769 5000 6000 WYOMING . . . ARIZONA _ _ NEW YORK . . MINNESOTA . PENNSYLVANIA . IDAHO . . MONTANA . CALIFORNIA _ WASHINGTON . DIST. OF COLUMBIA NEBRASKA . . ILLINOIS . . . WISCONSIN . LOUISIANA . , NEW JERSEY . MASSACHUSETTS FLORIDA - NORTH CAROLINA..-. WEST VIRGINIA . . DELAWARE . . . NEW HAMPSHIRE . INDIANA . 2^...! . . . KANSAS . MISSOURI . . MAINE . . TENNESSEE . 1. . . NEW MEXICO . _ COLORADO..™, _ MARYLAND _ _ _ , VERMONT . . gt MICHIGAN.™.. _ IOWA., _ _ _ _ OHIO _ OKLAHOMA . . ALABAMA . . , OREGON . . CONNECTICUT . . KENTUCKY...™ . GEORGIA _ NEVADA _ VIRGINIA _ TEXAS . _ . UTAH . . . UNITED STATES . . Fig. 15.— Valuation of property per inmate in average attendance in industrial schools for delinquents. 59872°— 21 - 49 770 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. RECEIPTS. As will be noted in Table 14, 130 schools reported receipts amount¬ ing to $13,031,130. Several of these schools reported only the total amount received and did not itemize the amounts received either as to “source” or “function.” The amount received from State, county, or city was $11,099,216, or 85 per cent of the total amount itemized;from private benefactions, $315,473, or 2 per cent; andfrom all other sources, $1,616,441, or 13 per cent. In other words practi¬ cally all money received by these schools comes from public sources. The amount received for permanent equipment was $1,839,861, and for current expenses $10,460,166, in so far as the schools itemized their receipts as to function. In other words, 15 per cent of the receipts are to be used for making permanent improvements, and 85 per cent for meeting current expenses. TOTAL EXPENDITURES. Out of 135 schools reporting this year, 132 gave a statement of their expenditures. As will be noted in Table 14, the amount spent for buildings and lasting improvements in 1917-18 was $1,695,617; for teachers’ salaries, books, etc., $2,778,785; and for other salaries and all other expenses, $7,177,768, or a total of $12,401,067. It will be noted in Table 14 that the total amount spent was not always itemized by all schools. Consequently, the total given above exceeds the sum of the itemized amounts. The average expenditure of each institution was $93,947. If the three schools not reporting expendi¬ tures incurred the same average expense, the total expenditures for the 135 schools included in this report would be $12,682,908. If the 24 industrial schools for delinquents, not reporting, should incur the same average expense, the total amount expended by all such schools would be $14, 937,636. This amount, however, is only a very rough estimate. pER CAPITA EXPENDITURES. By reference to Table 15 it will be found that 127 schools, public and private, reported both their total expenditures and their aver¬ age enrollment. The whole length of the horizontal bars in figure 16 represents this total per capita cost. In all, 120 schools reported the cost of maintenance, as shown in Table 15. This per capita cost includes current expenses, but does not include outlays for new buildings or grounds. The black portion of the bars represents the cost of maintenance only. The open bars at the end of the black ones represent, therefore, the per capita cost of new build¬ ings and grounds during the year. The States have been ranked on the magnitude of the bars representing current expenses or mainte¬ nance only, since “outlays” is subject to great periodical fluctuations and a State ranking very high in this score in 1918 might fall very low in 1920. Not so, however, with the cost of maintenance. Louisiana ranks first in the cost of maintenance, with an average per capita cost of $596, and Texas last with an average of $216. The INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 771 Current LOUISIANA ... . ...._ 596 CALIFORNIA _ 561 MONTANA _ 518 IDAHO _ _ , 461 OREGON _ ; 427 NEBRASKA _ 419 WASHINGTON __ 401 MINNESOTA _ ___ 391 NEVADA 384 NEW YORK _ 373 NEW MEXICO _ 372 RHODE ISLAND. _ 339 MASSACHUSETTS _ 335 VERMONT _ 327 ILLINOIS _ , _ 324 DIST. OF COLUMBIA, 314 FLORIDA _ 300 ARIZONA 294 PENNSYLVANIA 292 MAINE _ _ 289 SOUTH CAROLINA.,,. 279 KANSAS _ 278 MISSOURI _ 276 OKLAHOMA _ 276 MICHIGAN _ 271 WISCONSIN _ 263 KENTUCKY _ 259 WYOMING _ _ 256 NEW JERSEY. _ 253 INDIANA _ 247 DELAWARE _ 245 VIRGINIA _ _ 221 COLORADO. 220 CONNECTICUT. _ 219 IOWA 203 NORTH CAROLINA..,. 201 WEST VIRGINIA _ 183 TENNESSEE _ 172 MARYLAND 171 OHIO _ 171 ALABAMA . . . 167 NEW HAMPSHIRE _ 103 GEORGIA _ 100 TEXAS _ 79 UNITED STATES _ 287 200 400 600 800 1200 39 lllllllllll Current expenses only Outlays Fig. 16.— Amount spent annually for eachinmatein average attendance in industrial schools for delinquents. 772 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. average for the United States is $287 for each child in average attend¬ ance at school. This average would be much lower if the total num¬ ber on the roll during the year had been used in computing it. Since each child in reformatory institutions, as will be shown below, is on the roll only 58 per cent of a year, the actual per capita cost for each inmate enrolled would be 58 per cent of $287 or $166. This latter number should be used with consideration. It means that each child committed to a reform school costs the State $166, while the former number means that the cost of keeping an inmate in a reform school for one year is $287. The highest per capita expenditure made by any State for new buildings or grounds was in Wyoming, the average being $894. The State ranking second on this score was Nevada, with an average of $563. As would be expected, several States made no expenditures for outlays. The highest per capita total expenditures made by any State was in Wyoming, where the average was $1,150, and the low¬ est in New Hampshire, where the average was only $103. If any States have not been fairly considered in this figure, it is because the reform schools within their boundaries did not give the facts necessary for the computation of these averages or did not report at all. For most States, however, the list will be representative. It is evident from the graph that a large number of States are making small per capita expenditures for their reform schools. No attempt has been made, however, to determine the relative efficiency of the schools in the different States, but undoubtedly a greater “reformation” can be effected with $500 than with $100. ENDOWMENT FUNDS. In Table 7 the names of the industrial schools for delinquents having endowment funds are given. It is found that 16 schools have such funds, and only 3 of these received any endowment during the year. The aggregate endowment reported is $780,378. The additional amount received in 1917-18 was $10,750. Table 7. — Industrial schools for delinquents having endowment funds. Institution. Location. Total amount of productive funds. Amount received for endowment during the year. Connecticut Junior Republic ... Litchfield, Conn . $15,000 16,900 100,500 1,300 o Ferris Industrial School . Marshailton, Del . $500 Chicago Home for Girls . Chicago, III . 0 House of the Good Shepherd . do. . 0 Park Ridge School . Park Ridge, Ill . 115,000 700 250 State School for Boys . South Portland, Me . 0 Plummer Farm School . Salem, Mass . 141,547 4, 556 0 Michigan State Public School.. . Coldwater, Mich . 0 Girls Industrial School . Geneva, Nebr . 75,500 0 Berkshire Industrial Farm . Canaan, N. J . •0 10,000 New York Juvenile Asylum . Chauncey, N. Y . 20,000 83,000 100, 000 0 Inwood House . New York City, N. Y . 0 Glen Mills Schools . Glen Mills, Pa . 0 Wisconsin Home and Farm School . Dousman, Wis . 2, 000 0 Wisconsin State Reformatory . Green Bay, Wis . 90, 875 13,500 0 Wisconsin Industrial School . Milwaukee, Wis . 0 INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 773 Table 8. — Teachers and inmates in industrial schools for delinquents , 1917-18. States. fci> G o to J3 o Ch o Teachers. Assistants not em¬ ployed as teachers. Whole number of inmates. Negro inmates included in preceding column. £ 1 •o ro o G CO O o A o U1 Men. Women. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Total. Sch o o 1 s reporting. Boys. Girls. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States . 135 24 482 655 1,937 1,588 49, 660 14,102 63,762 99 6,706 1,773 Alabama . 2 1 1 6 38 9 552 113 665 0 0 0 Arizona . 1 1 3 2 19 1 142 36 178 1 3 0 3 48 20 74 50 1,332 181 1,513 650 3 87 7 2 19 10 6 14 450 200 2 41 15 Connecticut . 3 1 8 5 37 19 993 0 993 1 45 0 2 1 9 5 4 121 113 234 1 40 0 District of Columbia .... 2 5 13 39 19 651 147 798 2 376 106 2 3 8 4 300 65 365 1 90 0 2 0 8 8 0 378 0 378 1 123 0 Idaho . 1 1 2 19 16 189 81 270 1 1 1 Illinois . 8 1 15 51 162 169 4,095 1,526 5,621 6 462 116 Indian^ . 1 3 27 2 16 34 1,613 365 1,978 810 22 129 38 Iowa . 2 1 1 8 24 29 738 72 1 21 0 Kansas . 1 4 23 11 65 36 498 380 878 23 3 239 198 Kentucky . 2 9 18 95 14 1,278 188 1,466 2 501 50 Louisiana . 1 4 2 5 2 146 0 146 0 0 0 Maine . 3 0 10 10 32 181 281 462 3 1 3 Maryland . 6 2 39 9 58 78 2,271 573 2,844 *3 519 287 Massachusetts . 9 44 44 80 116 1,844 542 2,386 3,284 1,433 1,631 237 8 62 30 Michigan . 5 7 57 17 93 1,799 1,485 461 3 47 31 Minnesota . 3 12 59 30 44 972 3 19 10 Missouri . 4 8 25 67 39 1,241 390 3 3 327 104 Montana . 1 5 2 9 6 186 51 1 8 1 Nebraska . 2 12 6 15 9 399 160 559 2 35 5 Nevada . 1 3 2 0 0 25 0 25 0 0 0 New Hampshire . 1 1 4 9 11 223 65 288 1 0 1 New Jersey . 6 17 24 132 78 2,828 489 3,317 5 452 117 New Mexico . 1 0 1 3 2 50 1 51 1 4 0 New York . 15 3 52 105 182 271 6,986 2,606 9,592 11 560 243 North Carolina . North Dakota . 1 1 2 0 9 4 138 0 138 0 0 0 Ohio . 3 3 18 19 177 80 5,084 650 5,734 3 1,152 80 Oklahoma . 1 1 1 1 21 2 302 0 302 0 0 0 Oregon . 2 3 7 9 8 243 89 332 , 1 2 0 Pennsylvania . 7 46 26 258 121 4,560 1,020 1,299 5,859 1,096 248 6 490 236 Rhode Island . 2 7 10 16 18 76 2 18 8 South Carolina . 1 1 3 13 4 248 0 0 0 0 South Dakota . 1 0 5 8 5 130 35 165 0 0 0 Tennessee . 1 3 0 4 5 9 172 102 274 1 48 1 Texas . 2 1 7 22 47 10 1,381 224 1,605 1 442 0 Utah . 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 148 148 0 0 0 Vermont . 1 0 4 8 15 285 104 389 1 25 9 Virginia . 3 2 0 6 22 6 613 67 680 3 2 203 67 Washington . 5 1 4 10 49 28 1,402 179 1,581 4 37 1 West Virginia . 2 2 6 25 27 540 214 754 2 83 6 Wisconsin . 4 1 19 13 31 47 1,000 344 1,344 4 11 2 Wyoming . 1 2 1 7 2 61 0 61 1 3 0 1 One school included here did not report enrollment of white and colored separately. 2 One additional school admitting negroes did not report the number of such inmates. 3 Includes a school maintained exclusively for colored youth. * All maintained exclusively for colored youth. 774 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 9. — Parentage of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents, 1917-18. American bom. States. Schools report¬ ing. Of American parents. With one American parent. Both parents foreign bom. Total. Inmates foreign bom. Per cent for¬ eign bom Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. > 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States . 105 20, 809 6,370 2, 189 1,370 7,119 1,981 30, 117 9,721 4,416 924 12 Alabama . 1 0 113 0 0 0 0 0 113 0 0 0 California . 3 728 36 172 4 91 12 991 52 109 2 10 Colorado . 2 234 159 46 17 102 25 382 201 31 6 6 Connecticut . 2 160 0 7 0 22 0 189 0 16 0 8 1 0 107 0 0 0 107 0 2 2 District of Columbia . . . 2 624 145 1 0 18 2 643 147 8 0 10 Florida . 2 85 63 2 0 2 0 89 63 0 2 1 Georgia . 2 367 0 0 0 5 0 372 0 0 0 0 Idaho . 1 153 61 12 8 19 8 184 77 5 4 3 Illinois . 6 1,202 452 84 312 833 220 2,119 984 228 132 10 Indiana . 1 1 0 336 0 11 0 18 0 365 0 6 2 Iowa . 2 675 12 28 58 26 1 729 71 9 2 1 Kansas . . . j 2 330 380 100 0 68 0 498 380 22 0 3 Kentucky . 1 860 0 0 0 0 0 860 0 0 0 0 Louisiana . j 1 135 0 3 0 8 0 146 0 2 0 1 Maine . 3 155 195 5 52 16 33 176 280 5 28 7 Maryland . 3 743 189 1 0 8 0 752 189 1 0 0 Massachusetts . 7 382 218 197 56 714 212 1,293 486 80 56 7 Michigan . 4 400 696 384 173 324 119 1, 108 988 250 80 14 Minnesota . 3 143 10 20 8 151 97 314 115 67 17 16 Missouri . 2 0 285 0 15 0 25 0 325 0 2 1 Nebraska . 2 223 26 25 11 116 4 364 41 23 1 6 Nevada — . . 1 18 0 3 0 2 0 23 0 2 0 8 New Jersey . 6 1,284 271 142 19 854 218 2,280 508 548 23 17 New Mexico . 1 40 0 2 0 6 0 48 0 2 0 4 New York . 15 3, 238 1,256 457 274 1,578 540 5,273 2,070 892 406 15 North Carolina . 1 138 0 0 0 0 0 138 0 0 0 0 Ohio . 2 3,090 0 116 0 370 0 3,576 0 1,508 0 30 Oklahoma . 1 299 0 0 0 3 0 302 0 0 0 0 Pennsylvania . 6 2,046 616 157 195 943 250 3, 146 1,061 366 102 10 Rhode Island . 2 230 23 130 16 585 22 945 61 75 6 8 South Carolina . 1 248 0 0 0 0 0 248 0 0 0 0 Tennessee . 1 171 102 1 0 172 102 1 0 0 Texas . 1 208 224 0 0 0 0 208 224 0 0 0 Utah . 1 0 39 0 18 0 22 0 79 0 6 1 Vermont . 1 220 50 220 50 35 10 14 Virginia . 2 203 67 0 0 0 0 203 67 0 0 Washington . 5 1,018 36 61 47 33 88 1,112 171 98 6 8 West Virginia . 1 530 0 1 0 3 0 534 0 6 0 1 Wisconsin . 4 229 203 33 76 218 65 480 344 26 25 6 INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 775 Table 10. — Parentage of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents , 1917-18 ( including only those schools making a complete and accurate distribution of their total enroll¬ ment). . . States. Schools report¬ ing. American bom. Inmates foreign bom. Per cent for¬ eign bom. Of American parents. With one American parent. Both parents foreign bom. Total. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls Boys. Girls. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States . 56 13,978 2,978 1,746 509 5,493 732 21,217 4,219 2,536 454 11 Alabama . 1 0 113 0 0 0 0 0 113 0 0 0 California . 1 630 0 158 0 63 0 851 0 94 0 10 Connecticut . 1 50 0 7 0 , 12 0 69 0 6 0 8 District of Columbia. . . 2 624 145 1 0 18 2 643 147 8 0 1 Florida . 1 0 63 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 2 3 Georgia . 1 209 0 0 0 0 0 209 0 0 0 0 Idaho . 1 153 61 12 8 19 8 184 77 5 4 3 Illinois . 3 1,122 409 84 179 433 72 1,639 660 188 53 10 Iowa . 1 675 0 28 0 26 0 729 0 9 0 1 Kansas . 2 120 380 0 0 0 0 120 380 0 0 0 Kentucky . 1 860 0 0 0 0 0 860 0 0 0 0 Maine . 1 155 0 5 0 16 0 176 0 5 o 3 Maryland . 2 502 189 0 0 0 0 502 189 0 0 0 Massachusetts . 4 116 218 133 56 635 212 884 486 28 56 6 Michigan . 2 400 295 384 76 324 32 1,108 403 250 75 , 18 Missouri . 2 0 285 0 15 0 25 0 325 0 2 1 Nevada . 1 18 0 3 0 2 0 23 0 2 0 8 New Jersey . 4 1,284 0 142 0 854 0 2,280 0 560 0 20 New Mexico . 1 40 0 2 0 6 0 48 0 2 0 4 New York . 9 1,365 636 371 155 1, 167 311 2,903 1,102 478 220 13 North Carolina . 1 138 0 0 0 0 0 138 0 0 0 0 Ohio . 1 1,590 0 116 0 370 0 2,076 0 445 0 18 Oklahoma . 1 299 0 0 0 3 0 302 0 3 0 1 Pennsylvania . 5 2,091 117 157 20 943 70 3, 191 207 366 42 11 Rhode Island . 1 230 0 130 0 585 0 945 0 75 0 7 South Carolina . 1 248 0 0 0 0 0 248 0 0 0 0 Virginia . 2 203 67 0 0 0 0 203 67 1 0 0 Washington . 1 286 0 10 0 11 0 307 0 5 0 2 West Virginia . 1 530 0 1 0 3 0 534 0 6 0 1 Wisconsin . 1 40 0 2 0 3 0 45 0 0 0 1 0 11. — Education of inmates in industrial schools for delinquents , 1917-18. 776 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Inmates -learning some trade oi: occupation. Per cent of total enroll¬ ment in these insti¬ tu¬ tions. CM JO © OO © © t-h 05 O CO 05 O NONOO © © CO CM CM co co i- »h oo © co © © oo oo © 10000005 Girls. O 11,182 113 181 200 0 88 147 0 0 81 1,433 365 71 380 0 125 563 535 927 Boys. 19 32, 228 212 96 911 315 113 121 651 100 33 189 2,164 530 631 322 860 0 1,802 1,270 1,358 ' Schools report¬ ing. 00 119 05<-HC005C0 05 05 rH 05 .-1 0- 05 05 CO rH j,H<000>3< Inmates receiving instruc¬ tion in the school classes. Per cent of total enroll¬ ment in these insti¬ tu¬ tions. s§ © ^ © © © © © © © © OOTtiCO©© © tH O © tH ©00 © O OO © 00 © CO © 00 © © P- Girls. «o 9,210 113 t-h © © oor^©©r- 00©00©© © CO 00 CM CM 00© OO^CD CO u- CM 00 05 CO rH CM H ^ CO HCMlOO) Boys. '42,727 CM©©©CO ©©COOO© CDHH05 10 © © CO © © CUO to N H lOiONHN 00 N CJ h © ©^© r-H co CM CO T-H CO CO CO CM H H IN CO O h co" -T cm" r-T i-T Schools report¬ ing. © CM CM t-h CO CM CO CM CM CM CM t-H CM CM CO tH rH CO CO 00 © Inmates who could read and write when discharged. Per cent of total num¬ ber dis¬ charged from these insti¬ tu¬ tions. CO 8 ©©©©© ©00©rH© 00©©©© t^COOO©© © © © © ©©CO© © © © © © © © © © © Girls. CM 4,132 CM I>- CM © *0510©!^ CO © CM 00 © © T-H © © © © • © CM CO CM 00 © CM CO • CO CM CM CO Boys. - 18,234 238 335 194 115 261 100 87 92 2,118 241 246 74 351 59 4 1,056 1,144 653 Schools report¬ ing. © CO 05 © CO 05 05 O 05 05 -H O H 05 CO H rH CO <© 00 Inmates committed who could read second reader but could not write. Per cent of total com¬ mit¬ ments in these insti¬ tu¬ tions. © 00 00©©©t-H ©©©©© CO CM rH © © © © CM rH © CO CO rH CO Girls. QO 163 —<©©©© ©©©©© oo © co © © '©r^©© cm to ; th Boys. 900 ‘I t-h © © © >C © © © © CM CM © © © • © © TH © CM CM © • iO rH • CO Schools report¬ ing. © © CM © CM TH CM HHHHH © rH CM CM rH ©HIOCOH Inmates committed who could neither read nor write. Per cent of total com¬ mit¬ ments in these* insti¬ tu¬ tions. O CM 00 rH CO © © © © tH © CM CM t-H P— CM©HHH( rH t-H CO © rH © © rH Girls. T* 337 © ©CO© © CM CO © © CM © CO © © © © © © r-l © CO CO Boys. 05 2,220 00 ^ © © ©r>-©©t-H © t^-co oo © © © © © cm rH rH CM Schools report¬ ing. 109 CM © CO CM CM H CM CM H H t'- t-H CM CO t-H H CM ^ Nrp States. - United States . Alabama . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . District of Columbia .... Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 777 8888° 88888 S888S 88888 88885? 8 S|3|° S|°|° |°8|S |£g°§ ° Isll° 8§3SS SliiS ls°s° ISlsl s w o' co ei" eo ■<}' cCW«'rt(NiHrHlOrHlOrt States. - United States . Alabama . Arizona . California . Colorado . Connecticut . - . Delaware . District of Columbia . Florida . Georgia . Idaho . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri . Montana . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New Mexico . New York . North Carolina . INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 781 §S§l§!!i§i§gi!i*! §K8S£o f §f S gf 88“ | Sf mirm gVsgs sfsfsf llilli gVS£f[ocr inking gilisi ■-TrAc co t~c•©©10000 ®.fa ea * a •sAog g OOO o ~~o OOO CO © CM •swo OrfOOiOOOO rH OlOO O £J.9”c3 £ a •sAoa lOHOlOOUJCO OHIO O OOOi o 00 hH CO 00 ■SRO OrHOOOOO© COOO tH 0100 O •sAoa CM O ic ^coNOooio; ^ 00 © O U- r © CO ^ CM l > O © © > S 8 •U8UI0A1 OCMOOi'OOOOJ |9§: •U9H SB © © H •ueraoAV •new 'ONCOOCON' CM CM O O »oo O 00 O C c o CJCOXWNOOlO OCOOOOrfiCMCM CM CMHO O ~© *C © CM CM o q p® a 8^ ® JS 02 <3 +3 ,C >> to o «h w 3 TO ^ g^O-g P3 o’SalS © o cu .2 03 © 'o 03 ■£> A 03 -M to W (B o“cCR 0333 a § s g w e g.25 S ® fi o h o ^-=-CTO^ £-3g «8r < < >02 .2 “ 8 • : <2 «s fllUl 8 &5H-H O 0^3 XJ £ O C3GQ O o ® W "-1 *C -h -S to m . h .2 o3 O Sgs-C'0*? g> S'S’S's’l-Sq ■§ o.fa 3 mo'g 5.0 ^^TO«^S-1 5o.oo®^_ _ 5 "S "S "S $5 1—1 1 g »5 a m ® s ® ^.2 s >»3i: OH S S S =3 0---3 c+: o o o® ® ft PR P5 -< -i N M 5 a 3 ^ taO -g-g § ® toto o S 03 "3 CG VHaBS 22 S o fi So 3 S4J 03 b C5 ai« -1° :ds :sa igS-sfifi m** ; csJ^ ^ ^ oflW 1 c5 O bs fl+aWc ® ® hSh ®\.31£®c3^H'a33S3:R-£H "£ ^ 2 fl !e 2 3 © ® -C -a S* h 2 « ^ - 5 2S®t;o5®'-£3-^^ •a .a .c : "8 03 0 o 03 ft g*§ a o -2^ ® ® fa e3 S4 3h law i 1 Includes 17 Mexiean-Indians. Table 16. — Industrial schools for delinquents — Teachers, assistants, and inmates, 1917-18 — Continued. 784 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Could read second reader but could not write. •SRO 28 ° Tf O © • T* © • tO • • • © © © CO© © ; © •sAog 27 ° © © © ; ©CM • ; T-H CM © ©© © ; © •O ©_. © cl T) o-~ 2^3® •SWO 26 ° CO © lO •''+'©© © • ©© coo© © ©© © o-S ® a fe’S «8.-s •sAog 25 © © © • © © © © • co © © ^ © ^ g a Number of persons com¬ mitted during the year. •spio a s © © © © © © ©l- *■ a ©© T*Tf<© © ©©-tO CO© l- Tt •sAog 23 CM 00 © © © © © CO ^ 00© t-H Tf © © © © CO © 338 209 ©©CO 00 © vo 00 00 © Tf CO Tt t-H CM T-H CO TH Average enroll¬ ment for the year. •SJJIO ©© © «© CM Ameri¬ can born with both parents foreign born. ’SRO 00 00 © © CO CM • © © tp © • oo ; O T-H © © ©© © •sAoa o ©©©© ' -h * o © • © © • • © • © © © © ; © X X O'* ooo © © © © ©©© ©© X to©©© • © © o cmo «o ho © OO ; OO ^ tO © ©CM O OO CO ^H © © to © © © CM to © © ©© © X© X X CoS°S3 CM © © © © X CM © © ©©© ©CM ©X©©© ©CM © © x»o^ CO C -t K N LC at c CCOCOf 0 24 oogoo o 817 100 94 S 8 SSS 3° S°°$g §° CO © CM to i“H i-H © © — © X © X © Ht* © ^ X ^ 1-H 16 102 ^ o o p 2< ^ s 2 ooo © ©©© © ©©© © © i-H r^- © © © © o ^ X © X CO ^ i-H CO CM 0 233 40 84 20 101 0 © X X 0 0 172 0 0 690 344 154 tO O CM 'f 00 NCM OO •'J-OOtCOO HO lO CO 05 tO CO •«< lO 00 LC ( ~ ■*»< H CM H I ' CM -^1 506 0 248 0 85 0 221 © X i-H CM 'XiMC | O o . o© : g°° © © © © ^H tO tO © © © i-H CM © © ^-© o COiC ■ o o ■ °H 0 15 10 OHH 1^0 © © © CM to © to x X CM o owow CM XiOC • o . o © • £- tO © ; S © • © © © . © cm x © © © CO i-H © 8 O ; 'CO o CCcC ; © • ©X © CM f ^ ■ r- to to • to to © °°g2 8° O O ;0 tO CM :° . OO : 5g°° 0 "6 0 80 co r- © © -x i-H tO O ; — O o O O to • o • ©1-H : °SS O | H go °°S3 :° X ; w © • © to ! CM X jS7?° :s ; OO © CM © CM © © © © ^ X to © © © © © © i-H CM © O ;N° o OC>C ; O • CM ^H ;.sa; • © © © ■ rr © cm © ©©gx to© ^ 1-1 © 0 0 223 X cm »-h © © © X © © © O OOO * ooo OCO CCOOOO OO ©©© TT i— *0 © 1-H © o - OOhOO © © © tO ^ © CM CM CM ©©Tf oc© CM © © tO X -h © rH CO »-H CO 1-H © ©r^ © x © to Is OO CM CM £ o © © © © gN© © ©©© © Tfi CM X © © © © ^H to to CO^H T$< © X X © © to © X to to to CM i-H 0 64 oooo© o 1,502 0 250 83 0 173 154 94 45 497 85 651 0 429 0 0 1,323 304 649 0 600 0 314 0 178 0 364 25 223 g}8°|8 X ooo O ^O O OOO 0£ O0COOO OH lO »0 CO -M" H © x x — © © g3©©io© 0 65 o°«oo 1,502 502 250 87' 0 175 156 96 45 507 89 689 0 441 0 0 1,358 312 660 0 §°5°«°» CO H •— • CO 25 223 HiOtOCO r-H HCOH o ©©© 50 '»• CM «0 lO CO CM 'I* lO CO h CM CM IO U5 0 03 H*h h CM CM CO h CM h cm © X TJ1 © x© 0 11 o o o o o o 23 21 14 CO OOO-M" eo cm JO CM WO OCONIO CM ©©© ©©2 OC5 CM ©Oh 1-H © CM CO CO 1-H CM CM N w »H CM N ©X 1-H i-< X 1-H CM X © i-H CM tO i—4 CM Tfl o o o o o o ©©CO CO i-H © tO i-1 i-H X © *-H CM CM © © © tO CM ©O X i-H OHr-OiOOCM X i-H • C ’ ; © :-p^ © __ ta ••g sa w 1 ; ;3 i^v is? i i • • u • • • • • • • • •13 tc • : A, LJ “I| •3 3 ’-4 52^2*3 5? o'E-Ht'ChT-h 52 ot t, ' o ' © ^ CC ^ *T? ©- HH V -oiSos >>g«} e 5 S cHHo1S ►rO 5^ o o o oii r. fifiCft ®gg O 59872°— 21- Sjf §^|!pg€^I sS-g °*|§sJ-gJ§^£§ Z$8£6££%'S£zZx 1 Included in St. Mary’s Industrial School. Table 16. — Industrial schools for delinquents — Teachers , assistants , and inmates, 1917-18 — Continued. 786 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Could read second reader but could not write. •siJJO ® 1 O •©© • ■© 'C^OOOOO ®* ; O O • tO CO (N ’sAoa _ 1 O -©CO • •© ' © © © CM © © P* r— ( © rH 6* \ * ... © © © ©© CM • Could neither read nor write when ad¬ mitted. •sijio ^ I O ;OOt).OOiMOOOOOO - rH CO CM CO ©CMCOt'- CO ^ rH tT © ^ © 00 00 © ©© $ s Average enroll¬ ment for the year. •SIJIO - CM ® £ g ° oo 00 CM Inmates foreign born. •s[JiQ 20 © ©©© 00©©©g©©©©© 40 0 0 5 44 205 •sAog © © © ^-*©©CMCM©©© COOO©© © © ^ © n- —< CM CO 1-H CM H ° $ s ° oo Ameri¬ can born with both parents foreign born. •SIJID 00 © © © © oo © © cot^ © © © •© ^ CM CO CM • g © © © • •sAog N © © COg3©00©©©©©CO ;£ CM rH CM • CO 0 340 71 0 "6 Ameri can born with one Ameri¬ can parent. •SRD 16 © ©©©©©©©©©©© •© rH CM © CM S ° ° 00 •sAog © © © © Tt« © 00 CM © © © © CM • -r CM rH 00 •© 0 58 28 0 '6 Ameri¬ can born of Ameri¬ can parents. •SIJID ° 5300S00So§0000 CM CO CM 314 0 0 83 105 199 •sAog 13 © © COCM© rr©©©©CMt^ CMf^ © ©CO © rr © CM O N* r-H © © r-1 © CM T-H ° § S3 ° 00 © Negro in¬ mates. •SDID © oo©©o>©©Ttiin©©©©© CM 00 00 t-H © © © © N- 00 © •sAog £ © © © CM © rH r*© © © © ^ 00© I'- © r-H © t-H rH CM CO © 00 © © © © White in¬ mates. •SIJJD o © fcO©©t^©rH00 00©©©©© r- © © rH © CM CO ^ rH N- © © © 00 CM rH CO N- rf rH Ci© •sAog « O ©00r^©rH©O©©lO©rt<00 © CO 00 © rf lOOOOO CM © © CM T-t©rtni> ° 5B S ° © ^ Total inmates in insti¬ tution. •SIJJD 00 © CO© © ©© rHCM CO© © © ©© © 00 © CO© rH CO CO© 1-H r}H © © tO tn © rH rH CO ^ © rH CM In •sAog N 200 0 1,117 1,249 0 262 50 0 0 0 155 1,030 1,472 724 0 1,685 448' 0 0 0 Assist¬ ants not teach¬ ers. •uerao^vi «e -r OO © © rH lO CM • 00 ^ © 00 © 1-H CM Tf ; rr CM rH ”62 35 0 17 H 31 "uapj © ©r^©©©CO ' © © rt^ CO © N- COt^ rH HHCOH © © t>* © CO© Teach¬ ers. •U8UI0A1 h © rH O© 00 © 1-H CO© T-H CO CM © CO CO Oi O CO (ON •U8K os © ©©©© CO© ©©© rH © rH© rH © CO © ©© ; ; * c §a°a :oq 2 id's1® S ®,oo^ o l> ® ® B o‘3w ^ »3 £ sUfHSIsUli! 1 6KX&sS5!2 Soke'S® g3 gl-5>-5*-5 s'S •o go ^ ^ ^ ^ W «££ £££££«;« ■ >> : ^tuO a°J§-s fpSi >-g g.gcc ►gcof^-g^ gg oo°l^o3» © C3 wv £hZ^co5*h cc S ° ® "o^ P. o+i ® Wom \ i 3 .*5 5 |2§ ogg °c o ° ^ 3 H PP3 ; :^3 : >; : S? * . *-§*^£*3 C rQ Ja g C3 g. c c oc2g.S^o 5a'S®§’i-'£r2f§p223®,§ 0^pHEH>w^PPffiOOWfeOa 5 goE | !W ogo o £,P >rk House of Refuj INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 787 0 0 ;© o , . o © © •©■©•© 04© ■ < 2 50 •cS k.l S 0 OS oz IT ZOI 3 © © • © o o *o o o © o©°© © ©©0^0© ^ 3 ^4©© CO © *C r-H °&g OOlOh rr CCNOON CO 04 N- ^040 i-H ©or>- © © <& o o © Q°° CO OOOOOOO O 04 OO CD O O *0 05 ^ 5 © oo oo © 04 04 04 o 525 164 04 0 1,287 1,180 ^ O O ^ ^ 04 040505010,05 Tf ^roo 04 oo ^ ^ *o oo to hh CO ^ 041001 t-I s 3 © © CO HH © 04 © 0 0 © S°° O O CD CO O O O NOOMOO ^ CD ^ ^ tO fH s 01 04 © i-h t^O Tf< 00 © ' 645 172 001 0 1,258 1,421 XNOOWOO 04 04 o 05 o 04 1004 ^ 05 CD CD 04 ION HH t^fcO FH COkO^ 04 I-H CO 1 765 0 181 200 © 1 250 o o © ©© OOhhOOO O ^ • O CD O o © © © © © 210 41 © 33 © ^ OHOOOjO CO g iS°l20 CO © o o O ; © © COOOO O O ;©040© © 04 •© 04 ; © 467 110 © ;0 ! w CO °°^23 2 ^ :S°S° 1-1 04 H r-H ■ CO kO © ;© © o c © ;° © • kO © © © © •©©©© • N- 04 • T-H 0 81 © 00 N- 05 CO O . c£> © ■©kDcD 00 00 ■ © © © © • © i-H CO ; CO CO 0 0 © 0 0 © © © © ;S©© © ^ :©C0©© ■ kO H • 04 © § ©©© COkO 356 153 138 1,500 1,590 299 •©©oo © oc • © © © oo • 1- © CD © • © CO Tf . © © CO 1 1-n 04 04 § 04 0 220 203 © o o © §°° OOOOOO O OOOOOOO o 04 © © ©©© N- © 91 4 o °88 CD Tf 0040000^ O kOD^OOOO O H CD Tf kO 1-H 04 fH 00 © © kO CO ^8 © © o o © o°° »o OOOOOO O CO O O 00 o O kO 00 ^ 04 CD CO 00 04 © 04 04 © 148 95 0 © © 1,040 337 138 0 1,900 2,032 (NhOONN O HTfHOOJOO O o^ G5 o cio.h o t*h co CO 04 00 00 04 kO 05 CD 0 04 i-t 00 - 04 CO © © i-H © 04 © 4091 O O O §°° © 0005000 O 05 o O CD O O kO 00 kO N» CO O 04 04 © 224 © 148 104 0 CD © 1,131 341 00 CO 0 2,563 2,521 302 243 0 0 1,065 1,061 200 566 1,003 665 0 1,020 248 130 g 00 3 g 0 285 204 © s TH 15 0 lOlOO Tf« CO 04 00 -kOOO 00 CCOOTfTr Tf 10 • CD CO tH h © 00 04 CO kO • 04 \o <35 0 85 92 HC5 *0040 00 O O 00 O CD CO 00 04 00 O Tf< ^ ,-H t-H kO CO © 00 • 04 22 0 o C5 © © H H CD CO O O 04 kOOCDHQ5CO kO Tjl 00 © • 04 20 4 _ >>_ § o O 0 o — O G s ccco gcc m S3 .3 & tc , S-- 5S .S — W) ; .5 "S « oa PC co 8 oh® •g~< ao 1—1 _ cc^ oG>- o •*> >. 3 S fS •SoQOEho2c351O.S o!c .S reZ to toCQWOOOC 1J I O • tx C3 TO 75 G’E 'g.c.G'» i, 'Sm2-o§ 3 mEh cj -C.S © © « G G 03^“ c3 ® 43 02 gfi ■7? © :§£ © o 02 © r_ 7? -G 02 t£ _2 S S ,2 G 3 £ £ ©^ G CStoOOO rS m O'"1, O fc •l-^G £ o h3fH o 3| co T) ._ G © § G S3 -q ■ ■ o ' 3 10 gi|a3°fi °®-°.®v^i * £ ©2^ 0(3k®>0. . . «S8 S ®S 5 2 eBl|Sel|. fissgs^l' H PiP^E-'Oc»i .s ea'Gco a ' i +;fln3 3 c CQ 3iS O l > •“*-; GO . • <3 Sq „ oC'Eu c „ >» e s-cf* § c *.c i 0G3 c ° o 5 00 S3 c.gto §°-pg-g| j? § ©3j?l® ® if-glssl .§ . g s SjSfflJjo 3> . 0 S © g >*g~ g g Gcao3c3^r573'3 flOg§Ofc®l :cu a- « - § — — •© Sia ~Sl % ef >G ” G c3 g © «ir !£®3 a I I Gin'll 8 :qoW W ^ GhBkM Zocooe>! Table 16. — Industrial schools for delinquents — Teachers , assistants , and inmates, 1917-18 — Continued. ■ 788 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Could read second reader but could not write. 'si-no g | °°° ° © ■ S : : : ©o •s^oa 27 o o o o O : ° : : ; *oo CM Could neither read nor write when ad¬ mitted. 'SIJIO 26 o o o o o o CO o oo o o *sj£og 26 O O CM CO o *0 O O 00 o 00 CM O Number of persons com¬ mitted during the year. 'SIJIO 24 o o o o © '"6 79 0 0 100 o o •SXoa 0© Ol oo o o r- *0 00 *0 *C CO g o £ oo CM CM 218 61 Average enroll¬ ment for the year. 'SIJIO 22 OOO G o 0*0 0 o CM 1-H CO i-H CM o© •s&>a 1-H O ^ O O N r-i CM i-4 s 333 0 30 231 0 412 40 Inmates foreign born. 'SIJIO 20 OOO o O CM O 0*0 CM oo •sj£og © 05 OOO CM o ^ CO Ameri¬ can born with both parents foreign born. 'SIJIO 18 O 00 • o 00 • O • O 0*0 . o O I •s^og 17 11 0 22 CO • CO o o • CO 185 Ameri¬ can born with one Ameri¬ can parent. 'SIJIO 16 o • o ^ ! © • © ©o •s^oa a O O • -H IH iO I-H . CM r- o . CO Ameri¬ can born of Ameri¬ can parents. ■SIJIO 14 O coo O CO o 0 0 0 203 O ; •sioa M 1 286 0 521 165 CM © • © © © C5 • Negro in¬ mates. 'SIJIO s O ho o o o O o O CM o o •sAoa OOO CM © CO O Cl o o CO CO CO White in¬ mates. 'SIJIO © O 00 o o o O 00 O O CM O ^ CM CO o o •sjCoa © O O t-h O n c5 M 457 0 45 225 0 o oo Total inmates in insti¬ tution. 'SIJIO 00 ©05© © © ff2 0 0 nz 0 oo •sAoa t— (NCO 00 n S ” 52 540 0 47 231 0 CM CM CO Assist¬ ants not teach¬ ers. •uemoAV o ^ »o o t>- CM 2 S • °CM CM CM •U9K lO *oo o ^ *o o • *o o CM • 26 7 Teach¬ ers. •uemoAl CM ^ O CO CO CO T-t o 05 CO 1-1 •U9K 05 *-1 O 1-H f-i CM O O t^O CM CM Institution. 5) \ State Training School . . do . Washington State Reforma¬ tory. Bovs’ Parental School . Girls’ Parental School . Parental School . Bovs’ Parental School . West Virginia Industrial School. West Virginia Industrial Home. Wisconsin Home and Farm School. Wisconsin State Reformatory. Wisconsin Industrial School. . . State Public School for Neg¬ lected and Dependent Chil¬ dren. Wisconsin Industrial School. W yoming Industrial Institute . Location. - Chehalis, Wash . Grand Mound, Wash . . . Monroe, Wash . Seattle, Wash . Do . Spokane, Wash . Tacoma, Wash. . . . 1 Grafton, R.F.D.,W.Va. Industrial, W. Va . Dousman, Wis . Green Bay, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . Sparta, Wis . Waukesha, Wis . Worland, Wyo . Table 17. — Industrial schools for delinquents — Inmates , property , receipts , and expenditures , 1917-18. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 789 Expenditures. Total. $5G,013 16, 950 55,000 210,000 72, 124 164,345 65,117 35,021 19.020 46,500 108,941 29, 233 Other salaries and all other ex¬ penses. 20 S§S_!_8 :g jT'oo cojT'O jpo ■ t- 40 Teach¬ ers’ sal- ai ic;> , books, etc. » $54,117 16,950 5.500 205,000 769 51,543 54,065 4,026 19,020 1.500 17,808 Build¬ ings and lasting im¬ prove¬ ments. OC $1,896 0 20,000 5,000 8,527 17,439 11,052 30,000 0 9,639 Receipts from public funds, private bene¬ factions, endowment funds, and other sources. Total. $56,575 66,950 45,000 210,000 216,414 243,496 206, 279 37, 482 19,021 50,000 106,312 25, 140 For current ex¬ penses. «e $56,575 16,950 35,000 205,000 72.414 l2) 203,779 36,482 19,021 20,000 106,312 19,390 For perma- equip¬ ment. 0 $50,000 10,000 5,000 144,000 243,496 2,500 1,000 0 30,000 0 5,750 Value of sci¬ entific appa¬ ratus, furni¬ ture, ma- o 3®. 3 b 5?°Joi200t2co0 -©©C?©©© *. • • •sAog a !sS SPSS'S £3 !M6hEhO!Eh>C3P5w H •£« C3 rv. k 2 = a -gS * rf 3 « J2 m & o 3 ~T . «2 5« © -JaJ L .883 I 8 *§£ ?8’3’§©'3 g3 j^§5 3 ©-©S tr®lH ® §“t2 3“m.2S o||S § S o 2 § © as- qc 222'S Cm-3 ^•Ss-gi-O iog 2^“gg-g|£|«f£-s | § § g § 3^4*3 § 2 «£ ® ^<;o<:£5Scom£^M!2:M Table 17. — Industrial schools for delinquents — Inmates , property , receipts , and expenditures , 1917-18 — Continued. 790 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Expenditures. Total. 2 $28,430 110,597 38,438 100,000 23, 484 15,000 74,320 29,347 95,000 85,467 139,757 30,576 410,810 292,000 467,250 142,101 12,000 129,222 146,268 20, 458 60, 252 57, 250 Other salaries and all other ex¬ penses. S $23,250 106,538 32,219 55,000 13,600 1 68,820 ! 26,546 25,000 81,217 133,332 27,076 391,251 20,000 439. 150 6) 104,224 134, 181 0) 58, 812 20, 250 Teach¬ ers’ sal¬ aries, books, etc. $2, 180 4,059 1,859 20,000 1,100 2.500 1,260 65,000 1,000 5,355 3.500 9,425 22,000 22,600 98, 301 12,000 23, 380 * 3,077 20, 401 1, 440 32,000 Build¬ ings and lasting im¬ prove¬ ments. $3,000 0 4,360 25,000 0 3,000 1,541 5,000 3,250 1,070 0 10, 134 250,000 5,500 43,800 1,618 9,010 57 0 5,000 Receipts from public funds, private bene¬ factions, endowment funds, and other sources. Total. $26,220 113,370 40,249 105,000 15,000 86,320 24,787 95,000 91,554 136. 250 33,552 448,273 60,000 467. 250 130,414 129,221 146,646 19, 045 57,028 77,250 For current ex¬ penses. SB $21,220 113,370 35,385 80,000 1 15,000 71,320 24,787 90,000 91,554 134, 100 33,552 434, 273 60,000 86, 614 127,003 137,636 19,045 57, 028 20,000 For perma¬ nent equip¬ ment. 1ft 000 ‘9$ 4,864 25,000 1 0 15,000 0 5,000 0 2, 150 0 14,000 0 43,800 GO© © © © © hoT 57, 250 Value of sci¬ entific appa¬ ratus, furni¬ ture, ma¬ chin¬ ery, etc. $2,950 fS co 14,000 0 48,209 14,248 10,000 30,005 627, 114 6,506 284,895 5,000 85,994 28 3° (NO t»< 8" 25,000 Value of buildings and grounds. 3 $40,000 155,000 350,000 41,695 50,000 253, 547 75,000 650,000 567,005 523, 130 129,900 1,002,465 350,000 866, 595 471,197 387,233 545,375 60,000 250,000 200,000 Vol¬ umes in li¬ brary. 1 ^ O 695 600 180 300 560 2,282 1,200 2.700 1,245 3,875 11,580 1,000 1,000 2,030 11,130 3,787 3,345 112 2, 100 4.700 5,000 Inmates learning some trade or occupa¬ tion. •si-no - O O NOOOO JOOOWOOOOJ2 rH 1-H CO 00 ss cs © r>- •Sj£oa © rH rH OQOCOOOOOOOOcy'OOO cs *o © CO 00 © © H CO H rH OO CO 00 S2 120 ® , c S • t- V w ® H G ^ eg ^ c ® < ® s^= « c3 > 2 C O ® B-gtgr-gS 1 11.1 : ’C’5'2 te ct Sig — " 'El'* •SIJTO ‘syfog •spiQ •s^og ■si-no •s^og •SRO •sAog ggooopooo ©© *l>-00 •OO'fiOOOCC 82 'O^OONOOiC > © © © g ^ © g < OiOiOOONWO( • 8 8 oo cs ooosw'nohooowoooo TTO o ChOJ lO 05 iO CO CS rH CS CO 'rNh ol I’S oCQ M 6j0 II I- al“| £ *-3 rj tS O c« ^ £ • OS • • . £s£C?£ . Isll!"s CQ b>> 2.5 t: S 2 j-s cs 3-1 S3gSo£S“§~g6s o o£ 8“ E ® O a a *c © c o M a 3 — aim 5ta p o £,£ 3 ® To 33a“,§WPH-i’2“§>s rjisis 0 .21-1 §>§>Se-'Ph.‘2 Sj2 c a c,=> f-oSS «22*i fi^feCHOuKaj^HOoi *h © O O 55 S CO G> © © cs c5 o >• o o § 2 ®e ®° i»g“^a “S cs a os c a CPCHS — .2.2.2 o3 > > as zi •3 TJ-O £ g ®T1 1 ds B m <2 §‘S -S3 M3 33 303 5a 9tf al EU Si <3 > e« ,s| b® s 2|S INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS FOR DELINQUENTS, 1917-18. 791 IslSSISs sills i s 1SS IslISsslll^sillSIis essssass sssgg § s aag 43,340 109,478 149, 166 92,514 155,837 74,385 41,270 40, 528 23, 102 S* «S!8 sM § i 1 '-'e? £ eg "n" v'b' -' isI§|glSll§°I§lll a's's's'fsVs'a'gs' ssss-'" 13, 130 100,000 0 80,589 llllllil liilS §111 111 1 PlSWS' Sal'll 11 S' 1 s'sff a IllllSIIllillllil 137,332 363,570 1,325,000 285, 380 1,000 424 2, 500 300 1,248 200 300 350 6,602 5,000 600 350 92 800 1,000 950 500 200 1,948 2, 275 1,865 300 1,000 3, 683 3,506 1,200 2,000 1,800 0 450 1,000 0 900 500 2,000 225 1,000 3,000 518 oo ;§ j § gg000 0 535 O ooc > OOg §g000S°g20£S00S o °°l 11 • O j o 0 0 1,160 502 140 oo 2 96 37 380 0 689 0 00PSOE°S0S0I01 -4 g SS° o o 0 1 125 44 § o :_ooo 0 340 o O O O 005§ggg000£°2 :2g ;°°g? o °°g 26 225 g°° o ° ins 2° 2 s 22 So°n00|nn°o0 :°g :22g 8 OO 0 140 .53 0 2 Eg000 0 535 o OO °°ia !gS0003°g2S£g00g O °°i 198 275 S°°s 1° 0 17 1,502 502 250 $5° g s g£ 89 689 0 315 0 0 1,200 250 395 0 800 0 441 0 186 394 25 223 o 1,117 936 0 OO °MN° 'S E2g000 0 229 * o • oo ’ OOi-< ^OOOOOgOOHNOOW o oojo 74 351 g00rt | o °°gl« g° 2 ! »l° ooissom°^ g 551 513 0 ooac ;°88° 2 coooco 0 I 229 o oo o 0 0^0 cc ^°°° :°gg2S£008 o oow 74 351 144 HOODOO 1 o °®i|S g° 2 2 g 551 513 0 i Included in Table 17 —Industrial schools for delinquents— Inmates, property , receipts, and expenditures, 1917-18— Continued. 792 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1M6-1918. Expenditures. Total. ssSs Sll§s! sill ISs BilOSli ga'sg' x-'ggsg g'ga's' s'jfe' ss'sgsg's Other salaries and all other ex¬ penses. §3 m§M illlil 8~§~ =4iS IS USsl * sw r«r “P M r*w Teach¬ ers’ sal¬ aries, books, etc. as iiii sit sis §i§! ssi ii isiig CO > > Cu-h p! w 3 c5 .9 fe2§§OQ«g 52 ^ g a gxt 43 x S C3 X n n fiC Pi *3 P.£{HOmmmW x SP 2 2 1^ a® II J.5 ®®£ o3 c3 gi mm \U § yiliSi* I g § Sara'S tH - :«52g®3 o»-» _ C T3 O C3 CO O <3 £ *g-a-aa£~ ®“£fass# rs .2 -53 "33 *35 "« ® G G G.H r3 0 0 0 3 §11333* OT fl si? Jijg, Included in preceding column. INDEX. Academic course, public high schools, enrollment, 251-277. Academies. See Private high schools. Accountancy, private commercial and business schools, 437-440. Agricultural education, public high schools, 169, 266. Backward and subnormal children, city day schools and classes, 727, 736-739. See also Feeble-minded and subnormal children, schools and classes; Nervous and backward children, schools. Baptist Church, schools, 314, 353. Benefactions, private high schools and academies, 365. Blind, schools and classes, general discussion and statistics, 647-667. Bookkeeping, private commercial and business schools, tuition fees, 408-410. See also Account¬ ancy. Business schools. See Commercial and business schools (private). Christian Church, schools, 353. City normal schools. See N ormal schools, city. Colleges. See Universities and colleges. Commercial and business schools (private), ac¬ countancy course, 437-440; average daily attend¬ ance, 431; classification, 387-388; daily sessions, length, 404-405; day and night, average attend¬ ance, 397-399; denominational, 430, 471-476; enrollment, 395-396, 399-401, 431-435; enrollment by courses of study, tuition fees, and time required for graduation, 477-501; general discussion and statistics, 387-507; graduates, 388; instructors, students, and attendance, 429-330, 448-476; num¬ ber reporting, 388-389; salesmanship course, 445- 447; secretarial course, 440-445; size, 390-392; stenographic course, 413-428; students, average number per instructor, 402-404; students, distri¬ bution, 392-393; summary of statistics, 389-390; tuition fees, 405-413; wireless telegraphy course, 435-436; Y. M. C. A., instructors, students, and attendance, 430, 471-476. Commercial education, private commercial and business schools, tuition fees, 408-410; public high schools, 168, 254-257. Congregational Church, 353. County normal schools. See Normal schools (county). Courses of study, private commercial and business schools, tuition fees, 405-413; public high schools, 166-170, 251-277; schools for the blind, 652-653; schools for feeble-minded and subnormal children, 715-716. Day and night schools, commercial and business, average attendance, 397-399. Deaf, schools, general discussion and statistics, 669-706. Degrees, summer schools, 522. Delinquents, industrial schools, general discussion and statistics, 743-793. Denominational and nonsectarian schools, enroll¬ ment, 327-328. Denominational business schools, enrollment, 502- 507; enrollment by course of study, 435; instruc¬ tors, students, and attendance, 430, 471-476; months required for graduation, 502-507; tuition fees, 502-507; See also Y. M. C. A. Endowments, industrial schools for delinquents, 772. Enrollment. See under specific schools. Episcopal Church, schools, 354. Feeble-minded and subnormal children, schools and classes, general discussion and statistics, 707-736. Friends, schools, 354. Fully accredited high schools, general statistics, 213-214, 235-236, 251, 255, 259, 263, 267, 271, 275. High schools, summer schools conducted, 530, 544- 548. High schools (private), amount of schooling offered, 333-335; average number of students to a school, 328-329; benefactions, 365; classification according to control, 353-355; comparative increase in num¬ ber of students, 335; courses of study, 339; com¬ parative data on schools, teachers, students, and graduates, 352; denominational and nonsectarian 311, 313-314, 327-328; distribution of students as to advancement and as to sex, 332; distribution of students according to length of school term, 356-360; elementary pupils, 322; enrollment, 310, 320-341, 344-345, 348, 366-368; enrollment by courses of study, 350-351, 367-381; enrollment in boys’ schools, girls’ schools, and coeducational schools, 322; enrollment by years and number of students graduating, 322-327; enrollment by years and number of graduates going to college, 362; equipment, 363; expenditures for permanent improvements, 363; four-year, general statistics, 342-344, 360-361; general discussion and statistics, 309-386; graduates, 335-336, 349; graduates going to college, 362; graduates going to other institu¬ tions, 336-339; income, 342, 364-365; faculty, size, and “teaching load,” 319-320; length of course and term, 316-317; libraries, 341; military drill, 339- 341, 347; Negroes, 830-332, 366, 382-386; number reporting, 309; one-year, statistics, 357; percentage distribution of students, 316; property, 341, 363; review of statistics, 310; size, 314-316; teachers, 310, 318-320, 352, 367-381; “teaching load,” 31£- 320; three-year, general statistics, 359; two-year, general statistics, 358. 795 796 INDEX. High schools (public), academic course, 250-253; agricultural course, 109, 266-269; amount of school¬ ing afforded, 143-145, 159; average number of students to a teacher, 204; classification, 123-125; commercial course, 168, 254-257; cost of instruc¬ tion, 188-195, 297-308; distribution of students by grades, 158-159; distribution of students by sex and grade and by type of school, 151; enrollment, 131-143, 152-159, 162-165, 202-232, 250-278; enroll¬ ment in various courses, 168-169, 250-277; ex¬ penditures, 196-199, 289-292; four-year, general statistics, 161-162, 218-219, 231, 240, 252, 256, 260, 264, 268, 272, 276, 302, 304; general discussion and statistics, 123-308; graduates, 170-181, 233-247, 249; graduates continuing their studies, 233-247; grad¬ uates going to college, 176-181; graduates going to other institutions, 248; home economics course, 169, 270-273; junior, 125-126, 227; libraries, 185- 187, 293-296; manual training course, 168, 258; mil¬ itary drill, 233-247; Negroes enrolled, 207, 212; number, 131-143; number of students, 152-158; one-year, general statistics, 221, 231, 242, 252, 268, 272, 302; per cent of population in, 164; percentage distribution of students by grades, 205-207; prop¬ erty, 183-184; rate of increase in enrollment, 162- 164; review of statistics, 127-130; size, 131-141; teacher training course, 169 , 262-265; teachers, 127-128, 130, 145, 200-203 ( see also Teachers' sala¬ ries); “teaching load,” 145-150; technical course, 168, 258; three-year, general statistics, 220, 231, 241, 252, 256, 260, 264, 268, 272, 276, 304; two-year, gen¬ eral statistics, 221, 231, 242, 252, 256, 260, 264 ,268, 272, 276; two-year and one-year, enrollment, 221, 232; trade course, 169, 274-277; value of buildings and grounds, 278-283; value of scientific apparatus, furniture, etc., 284-288; what the schools offer, 166-170; white students, enrollment, 206, 210. See also Fully accredited high schools; Non-accredited high schools; Partially accredited high schools; Principals’ salaries; Rural high schools; School term; Teachers’ salaries. High schools (public and private), general statis¬ tics, 131. Home economics, public high schools, 169, 270-273. Illiteracy, children committed to industrial schools, 767-768. Industrial schools for delinquents, 754-757. Instructions, public high schools, cost, 297-308. Instructors. See Teachers. Junior high schools, 125-126, 227. Latter Day Saints, schools, 354. Lectures, summer schools, 522. Libraries, normal schools, 37; private high schools, 341; public high schools, 185-187, 293-296; schools for the blind, 655; schools for the deaf, 676-678. Lutheran Church, schools, 314, 354. Manual training, public high schools, 168, 258. Methodist Church, schools, 354. Methodist Episcopal Church (South), schools, 354. Military drill, public high schools, 233-247. Model and practice schools, enrollment, 36. See also Normal schools. Mormons. See Latter Day Saints. Negroes, industrial schools for delinquents, 754-757; private high schools and academies, 330-332, 366, 382-386; public high schools, 207, 212. Nervous and backward children, schools, 740-741. Night schools, commercial and business, average at¬ tendance, 397-399. Nonaccredited high schools, statistics, 217, 238, 251, 255, 259, 263, 267, 271, 275. Normal schools, changes in list, 68-69; enrollment, 28-33; expenditures, 41-47; general discussion and statistics, 9-122; graduates, 33-36; income, 39-41; length of sessions, 22; libraries, 37; number of in¬ structors, 22-28; number reporting, 18-22; prac¬ tice teaching and facilities, 36-37; review of statis¬ tics, 10-11; summer sessions, 67, 528-529, 531-543; types represented, 9; value of property, 37-39. Normal schools (city), changes in list, 68-69; dis¬ cussion, 70. Normal schools (city and county), general informa¬ tion and personnel, 112-113; personnel and prop¬ erty, 80; property, receipts, and expenditures, 114-115; receipts and expenditures, 81; review of statistics, 14-15. Normal schools (county), changes in list, 69; discus¬ sion, 70. Normal schools (private), changes in list, 69; discus¬ sion, 70-71; expenditures, 86-87; instructors and students, 118-119; items of general information, 116-117; personnel, 82-83; property and receipts, 84-85; property, receipts, and expenditures, 120- 121; review of statistics, 16-17. Normal schools (State), changes in list, 68; expendi¬ tures, 45-66, 78-79, 106-111; general discussion, 69-70; instructors and students, 94-99; items of general information, 88-94; number and personnel, 72-73; property, 74-75; property and income, 100- 105; receipts, 76-77; review of statistics, 12-13. Nurse training schools, affiliated with colleges and universities, 594-596; average number of daily patients, 562-563; average number of patients per pupil, 564-565; capacity of beds, 561; capacity of hospitals and average patients daily, 557- 560; classification, 550-551; comparative statistics, 551; distribution in general hospitals, 560, 642; distribution of pupils, 554-555; distribution of schools and pupils according to educational re¬ quirements, 579, 586-589; educational require¬ ments for admission, 582, 584-586; enrollment, 581, 590-591; general discussion and statistics, 549-645; general hospitals, 599-642; hospitals for the insane, 561, 563, 583, 643-645; hours of duty required, 568- 571; length of course and entrance requirement, relation, 591-594; minimum age requirements for admission, 565-568; number and size, 552-554; pupils and graduates, 555-557; remuneration of pupils, 572-578; summary of statistics, 596-598; years in course, 580. Observation or practice schools, 522. Partially accredited high schools, statistics, 215- 216, 237, 251, 255, 259, 263, 267, 271, 275. Presbyterian Church, schools, 355. Principals’ salaries, public high schools, 195-196; State normal schools, 61. Private commercial and business schools . S ee Com¬ mercial and business schools (private). Private high schools and academies, general dis¬ cussion and statistics, 309-386. See also High schools (private). Private industrial schools, receiving children com¬ mitted by public authority, list, 746-747. INDEX. 797 Private normal schools. See Normal schools (pri¬ vate). Public high schools, general discussion and statis¬ tics, 123-308. See also High schools (public). Religious denominations, schools, instructors, and students, 328. See also Denominational schools. Roman Catholic Church, schools, 314, 355. Rural high schools, genetal statistics, 225-226, 246- 247, 253, 257, 261, 265, 269, 273, 277. Salesmanship, private commercial and business schools, 445-447. School term, private high schools and academies, 356-360; public high schools, 230-232; summer schools, 516-518. Secretarial course, private commercial and busi¬ ness, schools, 440-445. Seventh Day Adventist Church, schools, 355. Shorthand. See Stenography. State normal schools. See Normal schools (State). Stenography, systems taught, 413-428; tuition fees, 410-411. Subnormal children. See Feeble-minded and sub¬ normal children. Summer schools, classification, 509-510; conducted by universities, colleges and normal schools, 528- 529, 531-543; cost of maintaining, 518-522; courses accredited for degrees, 522; enrollment, 512-516, 522-525; general discussion and statistics, 509-548; instructors, lecturers, students, and average cost, 509-510; lecturers, 522; length of term, 516-518; number, 510-511; observation or practice, 522; summary of statistics, 526-527; teachers, 511-512. See also Normal schools, summer sessions. Teachers, industrial schools for delinquents, 760- 773, 783-788; normal schools, 22-28; private com¬ mercial and business schools, 401-402 , 44^-476; private high schools and academies, 310-318-320, 352, 367-381; schools for the blind, 649-650; schools for the deaf, 672-673, 686-687, 692-693, 695-699, 702- 703-705; schools for feeble-minded and subnormal, 709-712; summer schools, 511-512; training, 169, 262-265. See also Normal schools. Teachers’ salaries, city and county normal schools, total amount expended, 81, 114-115, 120-121; in¬ dustrial schools for delinquents, 789-793; private normal schools, total amount expended, 86-87; public high schools, total amount expended, 188, 297-307; schools for the blind, total amount ex¬ pended, 661-662, 666,667; schools for the deaf, total amount expended, 690-691, 699-701, 703, 706; schools for feeble-minded and subnormal children, total amount expended, 734; State normal schools, total amount expended, 48-53, 62-63, 65, 78-79, 106-111. See also Principals’ salaries. Teaching, practice, normal schools, 36-37. “Teaching load,” private high schools and acad¬ emies, 319-320; public high schools, 145-150. Technical education, public high schools, 168, 258. Telegraphy, private commercial and business schools, tuition fees, 412-413. See also Wireless telegraphy. Trade-training, public high schools, 169, 274-277. Universities and colleges, summer schools, 528-529, 531-543. Village high schools, statistics, 224, 245, 253, 257, 261, 265, 269, 273, 277. Wireless telegraphy, private commercial and busi¬ ness schools, 435-436. Y. M. C. A., commercial and business course, enroll¬ ment, tuition fees, and months required for gradu¬ ation, 502-507; instructors, students, and attend¬ ance, 430, 471-476. See also Denominational schools. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 11.00 PER COPY (BUCKRAM) V 1 % v . ’ ■

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Hours per day. | Night school. -r . . . . • • CM CM CO CM CM • CM rH CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM Day school. 1 80 Average daily attendance. Night school. • • CM CO © • CM fH CO © CO ^ • © © *o • CO T-H ^ Day school. a • -0001000*000 000*000 • • H *0 O O Q CO N CO CONOOHOO kONONOO NONOU^COMTrOl rt> O h 05 0 0*^00*0*0 0000*00*0 HCO CO *ON rHNNH HHH CM rH *OH CM Men. - 0 05«N*00000 03 CiOOcOrfH rf *0 O O O CO *OHOO®»00 ^ © © CO H © ^ © i-h t-h rH o *o Teachers. Wom¬ en. CO (N ; 8S CO *0 c j 5? OiCiO «,Ic ic « Ic'JS'jc ;o n?'cD lO^CCDC ; O «SS« SS :§ : gg 21 20 i 42 : :ggg& : : : 75 100 : g- 88w°| 8SSBS S :3 U-SS SSBSS§2g2S $2£gg s SS|g 13*§§s§S*g« l"S s§l =§SSSslSE: llasl^s® SSiga §2S§ggggSigS g« ^ 2£g£3322S 1 s 124 142 37 gS :°° : [S'0 g2g : :£££S : : : ssasg-’gs s’ :2?S g£ :S : sg 20 21 40 : :££S3 : j : 60 13 6 26 23 2 14 100 ; g :S« ff | £22 2g&§2§|g£: §SS§SS§ sill |ssagsa|ss3 §8 2S3 2£3£Sg22S 18 20 5 14 6 1 12 iO s 2 s i^cc^cocococ^co^hi-hco CO ^ CO ^ "-'COCOCOCOC’-t^tMCO L- TJ« O 00 «5 — -H — JON«NiI5---j !M — i -H —i M JN f* T}< ■<* CC Table IS.— Teachers, students, and attendance in ■private nondenominational commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 470 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 47 • CM CM CM CM CM r-< CM CM ONiO-h 10 CO 1^- GO r— CO rH O ( WIOCCS CM r-i ChTfC^H 05 C rH CO rr CM -< -< COlO -rH O CM i—i CO CO OH^HOO iO CM O CO I t'- CM COO o cm c CJ o io o CM CM i-i H CM tf) o « l|l& rt.S ^© rt o<~ £ rt_ C © S8og ptd Uri S S'® >> fcj 05 M-ft 0-23.22 '3 w ^oSmoj j c3 rt 5,2& ■>©M S. M c3^3 4dW 3> o5 £S’«5’32r8rt'-,'1>d © © pC ft 002 c rt 3 rt §■2 >>•£ © ® Hours per day. Night school. CO CM CM CM Lssl M c«j 10 «a Average daily attendance. Night school. 12 29 24 30 60 Day school. | O AO O 1-H TT CM Students enrolled. C3 O Eh Wom¬ en. 01 Men. r- oc go § cm In night courses only. Wom¬ en. QO Men. !> i-H AO O CO CO 30 In day courses. Wom¬ en. : Men. rfjo Teachers. Wom¬ en. Men. M < a o rt g ft c-o II ® o s° S.S o® H>H © G 8>g >g a o C o M ° 1 a^ > OC 3 a d O © CO o o OvO *0 CO C^ a j II £ I 33? s a |5 1U ® . •3(J 3 a ©t • a* a ® OQ.S - 3 bcS Bg as C S3 OOQ d £5 J >h"K >H 02 <3 ««! © . a^ la. O . ta ® oo m o WON (M >>W a o TJ.S 03 O OCQ ■£< go S§® §S 2 © Ba-a a . >5 S3 S'-1 bOHK., i| gj[sf wJ3 «J ot § IlliaBir. cg gq m QQ 0Q CZ2 CO K* o 5.R ® o a o B SS> £ .3 30 a s ©a3"< :M $33 :| S3 08 ; Mi o o o o o o o bo bo be M bo bo bo 3 C3 rt S 3 3 3 2 .B .B .B -B -B .B 222222B OQOOOOO PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 473 CM CM CM CM CO CO lo to* r to hh co O O ^ *sO OI to CM T-H i-h CM 1-H CO 1-H rH O to CO to CM • CM CM • CM » CO 00 CD CO co £ S8 "•f 63 c? ^ ■O 1(3 cq (N ©CO S M • ©J m • c t.s;ai 0Q(HO!^ a o © © CC«Sai II” a I IS lid >i£°Hs ScqSm>h C3 . ^ ‘g : § g :■§ q ;cg o <« w O “ © .2 3 1 1 2 8 _ ■S8 raJs^j 03CO O cc-d o q 03 - tfoQ o +s © q c.§g ©4J.S is t; os’s a §£“ © e fe g a .ga£8 c?oS^ £ g • O^OQ -£ C . a o- Cfl "© C> c *3 C' f&l&3 O'0. £ ^CGCGCB aS e 8 S ©,c o i#2 i*J .2-§m • £g®^ 1 1 |d 2 ^ OH oC> £>" « ©“ .." OT © oh » c. .3 * S _ _ 2 . X) SB?* & ^•3 o g son sa^ * i7|T.|, ’S’3 £ § . O jS &.5.2G .3 = >- H 73 § g s i i s & * si o g ; o : so . q :3 . m . C8 :£ | .1 5 | 5 a o e • o - g-gsg-S H ®W*r3 • To >— < *— ■< _ _ a CQ rtCC rt PQ co s ■M 0 x §B§ p !-§! a eq 1 .3 w 3 « COM h 3 a* 3 £"q l b! l-i~ • •h -w n .2 o 1 g S-y So JO'S0 O w co ,H ■S-3 •«§ d 00^02 cSa fe oW o o J3 S3 ccapS 2 § „ fill 60P £ a © © hTa o 2 co « >* a ^ q io js 03 0'S 2 ^ a o C3 C P-5 2 £ 2 £8 P’S s a o3 C ft © © "£ o3 ft a © © 2 S go © aH ■gft M 2 2 03 a S ft 03 *3 *S © £ a 9 © Xim ft- t rt c3 •s a |s its © 9 'O 3 II SI a 2 2 a ® s S 2|a ia-g-e g 3 « c S'®" .9c • c ^3 .£> ©S © ^ c a a .. O . u >-0 8 g ft « GQ ^ 20 3.2 is? o o '-'CO to s ° > a- x 3 >> dSS S’S §SS ||§ ■9 ft *9.2 -9 ■ I is ft.3 ft.S2 w> s s » 5.S o9»9j hH cfl 4*4^ 4*2 CQOQ 023 ft O S5 63 jWf >-2g, s IIP « © © w w PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 475 • • Io'8238: i S« S83 Sg 2 ; S3 :g : : :8 >82383 888 .8 3 II ox^ro 828 Table 19.— Teachers, students , and attendance in Y. M. C. A. and denominational business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 476 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Table 20.- Enrollment by courses of study, tuition fees, and time required for graduation in private nondenommalional commercial and business schools reporting in 1917-18. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 477 © c • Ill •(0JTJA.) AqdRjSaiaj, § 1 ! •asmoo paui qmoo OJ © HN COMO i T t-i i i co M ^ ^ 1C •0SJT1OO IBiojaunnoo o 50 rt- C C C CO ^ ** ^ ^ Tuition foe. Telegraphy (wire;. •qiuora jad ‘asmoo iqSiX j i •asmoo Asp aiijua £ : ! * 'ipuora jad ‘asmoo A«a - ! : i i Combined course. •qjuora aad ‘asmoo tqSiK « * -O 00 © O • •asmoo ARp ajqua r« £ © toe o OC © 1 80 75 100 90 O to to ON00 •qjuora aad ‘asmoo 8 a 15 10 20 15 ooo £r © §8 £ •qjuotn jad ‘asjnooyqSix 2 to cooc 00 00 to to c o • •asmoo ARp ejiqig; © to © CO NCC O O CC IQCIQC CMC to CO © © OC ^ CIO NCNiO •qiuora jad ‘asjnoo Abo; tO ^ tO 33 3 3 33 3333 Commercial course. •qiuom jad ‘asmoo jqSfN to 00 OC 00 to to c o • •asmoo ARp einna “ s © © c© S 2 to © to © CC 00 ©to NONiO •qjuom rad ‘asjnoo Xed - SI 5 2 OU3 O © © CO MiOOC Students enrolled in day and night courses in — Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uarno^w i ss •uapj * : . 73 © E S S c.E = W “ O •pamo\\ t'* O S3 S3 c? 57 3 60 ’-h N- o ^ •uapf to cs 3 '** 10 50 1 T CO CM CO ill •pamo y\ - — ' CS -a* t£ ^ f'. O Cl CS Q W Cl CO >0 S“g * 8 w £3*^ •uaK - goo^ So© 3 © CN COCICS © © S'* 22 r§ •paraojii. « s 8 ** to lO CO C O ^ COON • C^C CO CO © .o 2 ll ^ °o C* <£ 1 I § 'Svl fcl Months required for graduation (day course). •(9JIAS.) 1 i* co ! ! 00 9 8-9 •asjnoo paui qtnoo ->* 9-10 8-12 12 C3 2 *+ *o o • cs cq • *^1 (N 12 12 12-15 •0SJUOO oiqd'BjSouoig 0 Stenographic course. • inuom jad 'asjuooiqSijsi 0(0*0*000 t-H 00 CO *OCO*OCO*OCO'COCOCO o •asjnoo tap aji;u3 »o o o •* o o o o • co cc ^ ;rH o *o X *D J22 o *o o •qiuoTa jad ‘asjnoo .tad M *0*0*0*0 0 0 r-4 i-H t-H CS vH *ow *o Commercial course. •qiueui jad ‘asjnoo iq§iM 0 0*0*000 oc CO CO CO*OCO*OOCOCOCO CD •asjnoo tap ejijna s »o o o r ^ 03 <33 o o *o o '»o O'CO C* 00*0 0*0*0 X-HN *o 1-0 o 1> ^ *o •qtuora jad ‘asjnoo tad c | 222282 *o co coo**o*oobococo *o Students enrolled in day and night courses in — Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uamoAl Oi 00 • • 8 CC rt< CO CO o 2 •uaw 00 o ■ • •05 CO TT f-H 8 Com¬ bined course. uauiOAV L"* ^C5HOO 00 O CO ^ o *o CO i>o HCW 03 28 150 750 •nan <0 HHHHW CO CO ^HQLO CO 00 *o S Steno¬ graphic course. •uarao /a *0 O O (N *0 O C^l 0^00 88 rH 21 586 69 297 I 212 11 320 270 249 o CO of •nayt *Oi> 1-1 t^» rf ONONC1CNO C*3 CO *0 h CO 8 Commer¬ cial course. •naxuojVV SO oor>-*ooooo^ O 00 v-H K CO CO n'OCOXOOHCl *0 t'- to Tt« I ^ ^ OJ 8 •uayf ■ WOOCiTjcot^-* (NMO Institutions. - CALIFORNIA. Berkeley Business College . Heald’s Business College, Chico . Ileald’s Fresno College . Glendale Commercial School . California Brownsberger Commercial College. Central Business College . . . . bj -2 ; O : 9 bj O 1 o O n & - ij 1 « o £ \3 cq c | o Mackay Business College . Santa Fe Teleeranh Schools . . School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance, Southwestern University 6 . Shorthand Institute . . o> bi o 1 3 ; > 3 1 1 Napa Business College . Heald’s Oakland Business College . Pott’s Business College . . . Pomona Business t’ollege . Heald’s Sacramento Business College . California Commercial College . Kelsev-Jennev Conunereial Colleee . 31 CD O 1 4i *s CJ <1 3 c3 aS C 2 bi ca a ri OQ 3 | o 1 )« S :: 'w a o Heald’s San Francisco Business College . 1 PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 479 04 CO 04 O 04 CO 04 *2 :g :'oi 05 04 05 04 04 40 1 1 O 04 o 00 400 ot o 00 04 S3 ® * 00 0090 O CO © © © t>- © I> © . 1 co ! ^ oo CO CO CO 05 00 CO 0000CD00OO04O00OO !>• © 00 oo © 1 40 © © © oi • aooc oooo ©^©r^©ooo- i> cA i>- 0400 CO CO CO 40 00 ^4 6-8 6-8 6 8 8-10 10 O 00 o o 3^3 *" 05 O 00 5-10 8-10 8-10 4 10 40 40 - to !>• CO 40 CD 4T 40 40 *40 40 CO CO 40 40 O co 40 CO 40 © tote o o ^N4C-H o 40 • 40 CO CD 40 CO to 40 40 40 40 CO 40 CO 40 40 to 40 40-40 40 C0 40A0 cOcOcOCO CO 40 40 © 40 •-AO • 05 s 40 000040040 CO 05 40 05 CO t- CO ojog to 04 © 04 o 04 © 04 05,40 LQ 40 40 40 © to r>4 10 04 40 O (N O (N lO 0*0 lO c CC M 1C N «»0»0»0 (N^OXO OXiON lO < CO »o CO 10 1C 10 LO CO lO 10 »o iO lo ICOIOLO CD © 40 »o © 40 40 • © • 40 o -OIOIO 05 40^0 lOiO 1C O 40 04 to 04 40 (N4C40 40 40C ' N iON 04 (N-^040 40 ■40 O 00 OC 4C < g :S •:? NNIC4CC ; or ao o ■ o 04 OirHl^CC to • 04 CO '40 ^t^-coto ©o- • © CO CO © 04 00 © 40 CO © © CO 40 © 40 04 © T-H CO T-H H • 04 CO ©© ■ VChN ; w ©*ooooo^©©4o^i^©^eo© O44Or-4O4ab©©©0Ct-COI^O4t^ 04 04 t-H 05 rH 05 © ^ © 00 © 40 CO '©©©t^rH ©©© ’O©^ • T-H CO © ^t4 : ^ 40 40©©T-HC5Tt<©©400q r-H CO 04 04 04 04 • 04 COf-H r-H CO • 04 CO ^ • r-H 04 04 04 1-H 1-H 04 i-H t-H CO rH i-H © 40 COCO©t-HAO © ^ CC to © -rf 40 CO © -00 00 40 40 CO 40 r-H 04 © ' 40 05 00 04 TH CO • 04 . 04 40 * *04 CO 1-H 04 © © CC 04 © 04 04 CO Tj4 iX^O HHHW^ to 04 04 • 1 Tf 1-* 40 04 04 CCNrfN>0 hNtHCOO©X © © © © 40 © ©©©•’Cfiot^- • 1-H CO 04 © rH 04 CO 04 rt- • OHC4 00 • • 04 rH 04 40 04 © OlH T-H CO T-H Tf CO © Tjl r-H 04 04 CO 04 04 04 i-4 | • CO 04 CO t-h 05 0 .1 *55 ■— i « m ' ^ 3§8?ae i’d’SJ?! • J Q i BzS | §g pigs Isllllfal ■gs^lpc^.g’i slllUlll mogPi£Wo • 3 a g» *3 -C's'5' 3 S2®«F5%8&tj8»S | w 1 g o 9 o § §««J’3oqcq g 3o § § S oj^.g.Scq mOp w'SpqoQ-a •gaSgMmg.SS'i.Sm&lw ^ csa®s no.s- €,Sdq B g §.«5« ».§ >7: c* s p.3 bfflS si - |2|^s-i-s| si §^l£ ® s ^ § & g § S O g| gS S‘g g's £|J I S S § 81 iQPoWS^S^SKoao Phkcg^&S^p;^ •3 : :rg^ :®a3 *P igra^gg^go •S^^S-S^o0 W 'O P o’? Or9^ M 2 3 3 jfSilglsssS i'C ^O-^TJO !5m3 3 3«S«9 © ■S §pqi s S ^ WKl 1 Tuition fee for 8 months. ' 4 For nonresident students, going back and forth, rate of $5 per month is given. 2 If course is completed in time prescribed. b Night school. i Tuition for 6 months. * Show card writing. 6 Tuition fee for 1 year. ^Tuition for 10 months. Table 20. — Enrollment by courses of study , tuition fees, and time required for graduation in private nondenominational commercial and business schools reporting , in 1917-18 — Continued. 480 •' BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1018. Months required for graduation (day course). •(ajrji) ^qdBj’Saiaj, t-O •9s.ro oo pauiqmoo C5005 00 ok 00 to 00 00 t^ •esrooo oiqdBjSouats ©5 (N 9 8-9 10 8-10 lO CO CO ^ 00 CO CO CO to 4 4 •esrooo IBiojamraoo ok O ok Tf< © © © -<*< © Tf©© 4 4 Tuition fee. Telegraphy (wire). •qrooui jad ‘asrooo •asrooo ^■ep ejjitta © •qiuora jad ‘asrooo Acq © Combined course. •qrooux jad ‘asjnoo ^q3iN QO N j 00 00 00 ©CO •asrooo ^Bp ejpua 2a6© 2r2 O to O to O 05 C: O •qiuoui jad ‘asrooo Abo; « O CO to CO WHHH to 1 20 1 15 Stenographic course. •qroom Jad ‘asrooo tUi JSI tg CO 00 OOtOOOOOtOtOtOtO . O • •asrooo jfBp oiiroa ** •qiuora jad ‘asjnoo ^bq ss ! © © O CO to O O to to to Commercial course. •qrooui jad ‘asjnoo iq3iN 0t O to o to ip QC LQ 1^. Ip to to CO •qjuoui jad ‘asanoo Abci © CO CO ^ s ^ T"H ^ C4 O CO to O O to to to CSI Students enrolled in day and night courses in — Teleg¬ raphy (wire). *uamoav\ © •uaK oo Com¬ bined course. uauiOjW - ooco^hoo HHHlCN O NNO CO to T-H CO U8K © C4 to to CO CO to O to to 03 CO T-H Steno¬ graphic course. •uemOjW oo o © oc © o © ■*»< oo © © © © ^ eorf© z!S !5 © © ©l-« ©cm© CO OC OO 04 CO t-H 04 C4 HHH •uajv - CO S (*2 g CO © 10C0N0JC0C0»0^ r^eOtO 2 CO CO £§2?* ^ ^ y- : a : c 1C . . . DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Steward ’<3 P,nllr>w» Temple School of Shorthand and Type¬ writ. inor § c. c y 3 c i fl • y : r > > c : c ?i ’ c itt n S a I E 1 = S' W =1 : c > a" i « g ! 3 § j -C j e 3 c 1 £ > ? ) JZ 3 ^ > 1 ; a Draughon’s Pract ical Business College . Florida Commercial Institute . Pan-American College of Commerce . Southern School of Commerce . 0 E . a : E ii > c iu- ) c i! •f ;cc ! c |! ; J Tampa Business College . GEORGIA. Atlanta Business College . Draughon’s Business College . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 481 0CO5d •© Cl ■ 05 CO CO CO CO cO 4. co 05 05 d ci ^ Nt^COCOOOOOOOOXOCONOOcO ci i> co co co co cOcOcOOCcOt^-OOcOI>-cO kO CO lA Cl o 3" CO 05 05 Cl CO ^ j 00 d • Cl c Cl . d Cl ^ »bo 0^0 g &o - gj W -fl m A bSWibM CO Cj r> fl © „ =3 5 IP!” "flit .•S fl >>.s © ° “ o m 6,0X3 ^ g,Q “033 > CO fl © o O O^Ocqoj ® bcs : — © O . <3 = 0 © O o to coO g ® § g go fl ©-flo ■a .s a ■» SJ«g fflpp *MiS »la §?&£ r- .0-0 “oO oO OT o KI o m © 5>rfl " S3 **««§§ si ©So !5oo o bCfl pc-1 H fl m ix _* »-t cu u n o m *h-h a n ^ ^ 3 k* ►” ^ pq^OfqM^WWooWOS^^^ZiOpHMMEH^oWfq^MraW^O 1 If course is completed within prescribed time. 3 Tuition fee for 1 year. 5 Includes books and supplies. 2 Includes central college and three branches. 4 Tuition fee, $5 to $25 per month. 482 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. e ?> s • ©JO ^ Oi s.s Months required for graduation (day course). ■(aoiAv) /£qd’Bj3e[8j, : : : : : •asjnoo . A’ep Qjtjua O •qjuoni aad ‘asanoo iSBa a: Combined course. •qanom aad ‘asanoo pqSi^j; cc ■ • • • © o • • 00 CO © • © © © © © •esanoo iBp aarjua C'- OOOIOO 'COiOO (NHTj-iNOi *^0G(MNhO CO CD WnN® hh ion CC (M •nan H OOWCOIOOIONCO^^OHCON 'iCiOiOOC^ O O CO 05 HCO^ HHH t-hcoco© co t-h t-h co CD C3 0 w ^ BriSgs-lffl SP3 o » co g® CO ® ®S dC O =3'2k g>.SS 05 'H'o_!:3 § co cow Sn2 C CO §-o.S0 fflOa ® 2 5- =2 Sec co t>c.S .5 .2 M © «> s e w mu v s; a 2c: c 1 "r* "c-1 >5° In cc "h ° > 1-^ C’S P O O 03 O.S O 03 m t. t. p,t.C IhiT o < o ® CO fc MS s <3 ,® ’55 > o ’c5 3 g OfSp co co SI o s 0<0 1 International Business College . Frankfort Business Colleen . Central Business College. . lies De Vor Commercial School . . . Clark School of Business Kokoma Business Colleee . La Fayette Business College . ca I'orte business college . Indiana Business College . Marion Business College . New Albany Business College . Indiana Business College . Peru Business College . Richmond Business College . Seymour Business College . ivouey business scnooi . South Bend Business College . Thomas School of Stenography and Type¬ writing _ _ Brown’s Business College . Wabash Commercial Scnool . Dodge’s Telegraph Railway Accounting and Radio (Wireless') Institute . . . Vincennes Business College . i i 5 i a g C ££ i i 3 P- ; ~ Cedar Ranids Business Colleee . . Chariton Business Colleee “ . Clinton Business College . Boyles Iowa College . Hammill College and Business Institute .... Brown’s Davenport Business College . Valdor College . capital City Commercial College . Bavless Business Colleee _ i I | 1 Fort Madison Business Colleee _ Irish’s Business College . Tn-Ktate commercial college . Hamilton’s University of Commerce . Brown’s Muscatine Business College . Oelwein Business College . Iowa Success School.. . . . 1 Night school. 2 If course is completed in prescribed time. 3 Tuition fco for 1 year. * Tuition fee for C months. schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 484 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. for graduation (day course). •(atiAJi) ifqd'BJSeiQi, 01 | • C5 • CO ' CO * •asanoo paui qmoQ oc cot^ 00 CO 00 •asanoo inioaeumioo d 01 oo do c© i>- co oo o ic oo i (O ® 00 00 CO O 00 co 00 CO 00 Telegraphy (wire). •qmoni aad ‘asanoo }q§i^i . • LO • ; S& ; ; •qiuoui aad ‘asanoo ica; © • ¥& • ; Combined course. •qiuoui aed ‘asanoo ^qSijq ® 1 1 • • cO kO • • • ; ^ : : : •asanoo /Sep earpia: O kO -kOkOOOOOO i— ' • oo • d do o o ko S* 'HHHH ^ kO d kO • kO kC kO kO • 00 d 00 kO oo •qjuoui aad ‘asanoo © ko co 2 2 22 232 i2 12 2 d OOTMCkOO d Stenographic course. •qiuora aad ‘asanoo ;q3t]q KS kO kO 00 • kO co kO ; *• kO •asanoo £np aaipig; 3 OkO • OOkOkOOkOOcO CO • »OhNNCONOD 00 d O d lO co kO ^ rH ,-H ^ HHHHH OiOr-llblOO o Commercial oourse. ■qpioui aad ‘asanoo ^q3itq Ol kO kO 00 • kO CO kC kO kO -CO ■ rfi •asanoo ^Bp eaipia: 3 OkO • OOkOkOOkOOcO CO l> • iOhNNCONOD m • r-H kO O 'kOOkOO TJ1 • kO CO kO o kO • q juoui aad ‘asanoo © O CO 50 © © CO© (MO OJ m co W (N 05 O -H 10 CO© o Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uautOjW © •: ; ; ia is •uajM 00 i i i i i i i 1 d 1 d • d • Com¬ bined course. •uauroAv O rH d kO d CO COO rH kO CO kO o oo coh^h^hh rH r-H 00 CO ^ O CO d CO ^ 00 C5 d d •uapr © kO CO iCOkO^ d d d d rH rH 8 11 217 3 120 CO CO rH 05 kO O o Steno¬ graphic course. •uamo^V iO WWH 00 O O h kO O (M O co Tf CO kO kO (M O COt^kO CO^OCO«^NkOHCOOOTiiCOCO«ON-rHkOkOOOO^rHOOrHkOCl HXO 00 Cl H rH co CO 00 HHN^H -g I v 6C © be — a> OS O O bJO o o _ ■3 So 'ShO 1® a .9 .9 i n« sp^sp-llo's &&&! ® a -a „ - g as?# a=_® © “ a a. Opqfq o sot: 1-S.g oz? CO ®S “ ®-g SgCcl'S.SpQS®®®£5^ g >-S o s-S-3^3 saVn^.a a .9 .©Ms obcS a> S133 2 a® 33 fiV.Pn Wa^ls a os t»~ g§£W«Wb£ © - 4 ® >,gr'9'S±5 © ats 3 <3 $ ^ ®pr S 1 3 O §o -g £ ®s ° £ o S'g303 +2 S 9t2 2 g > S te 03 CO C 2f-£ §•§, ^ gsgSJ §8|Js|5 J| § O <1 0 O O W E«h oa M s J S Z O Ph M O cq PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 485 schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 486 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918, 3 o s_> hO g a o E-» Months required for graduation (day course). •(OJIAi) © •8SJUOO pautquxoo o 9-10 © CM ©CO ^ o 01 © ‘9SJUOO oiqd'BJaOuatS CO 8 CM 8 : CM ; 100 © © • 85 : 150 115 •qiuoui red ‘9SJUOO ABd « 8 : o 5 © © CM CM © © Stenographic course. •qquoni J9d ‘esjnooiqSiN © © -rf . © © rfi © © © ^ © © ^ © © tO © CO •9sanoo Asp 9Jitua Th I 135 O O O O O O © © © © § © 1^ § •qiiioui J9d *9sjnoo Abci 05 OtOM WHH COO O 1-H (MHHHH ©^©©^t U3 SO «5 I0-»I*0*0 CO •9SJUOO Aup erring; s 58 : ^(M ; 8858 :3 S © N % •qiuora red ‘9SIUOO A^d O 8 : ^ ; © CM © CM © © 00 © Students enrolled in day and night courses in— Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •u9taojV\. a ■U9H 00 © Com¬ bined course. •U9TH0AV © o • © • CM © CO i-H © © © rp 8 © •uopt sc CM t-h© 00 05 CM Steno¬ graphic course. •tremo^ ns CM CO CO© t- CO 1-H OHOOHCO '00COM5OINHX CO © CO 00 CH © CO © t>- © | Oi CO 00 o lO N CO 00 © CO OI ^ CO •U9H 00 i-H •OOiCOlO 'IO00HIOIMON HCO^CO COCO •©CM CM • CM (NHrHHCO CO h h to H Commer¬ cial course. •u9xnOjVV 05 o o • O © • © • CM •CMOOCMCMt'-OOQ'^ OCOHO TF i-H CO • CO i-H CO i-H ^ CM CM CM V- 1-H O r-H *U9p{ OiiOHCONCOOOCSCQCO CO CM © CM ©CO »OH^OOCO CM CM CM CM CM t-h i-h © rfr t-h Institutions. - Massachusetts— continued. Chandler School fnr Women & c t c > e T 1 !1 \% J C H t ;cc !£ ! S >c p > u ■> 1 ! ! ! 1 t !> !! ji \£ i ; P : 'ft c c rC c cc a P | 1 J > c If c i a ■ t i‘s l#bj i W Pierce Shorthand and Secretariat School Fall River School of Commerce . Thibodeau Business College . Greenfield Cnmmereinl Sehnnl Lawrence Commercial School . TjVnn Brn.neh "Rnrrlet.1 'Rnslness Cnlleo-e Malden Commercial School . Benton’s Business School . Kinyon’s Commercial and Shorthand School. p ) 1 1 a SI ! c 1C ; Y, i| i “ is ! S K i S- i a iff Pittsfield Commercial School 1 1 S q 1 Ip iff Iff ! > ffl Springfield Civil Service & Commercial School Maltbv School Bristol School _ a ~ c V. _P a |ff ; « i ! c MICHIGAN. Brown’s Business TTniversit.v Alpena Business College . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 487 "T 2 :22 4 22 g£> ;22S2? A* 22; 44 2 2 05 5? 2 '2 4 4 50 4 S !“° igr !— Sgjj-jj- O C5 C C5 ^ c c c o 2 3 :r“r 3i3i:r'52SxSt'®Cii:i2jcrTX0i'f< 0,0 44 4 '~'igTy.., iC^OC^CCOO^O 4 22 S2: 223 88 22 i§S S|| 88§8 :S 2 a !fi 22S :S : : :2S2 S 2 22 2 2 ;2 CO 'lOO •IC'^ICIOIOIO • ■ lO I> *XN ■ lO LO LC - ° II 22 :«i 8833 : :S8§33 : :82 :£S8 38888838 3 :§28 CCCWCCC 2S22332322222222232 22222222 NlflC>«C ” § ll a! 1010*0*^ - LO lO LO lO IQ CO • 1C CD • lO ^ iO lO lO m U- • OC P- • uo iO lO • 10 §2 : : :288838 : :SS888 : :82 :fe£8 3888833822 8 ,22222222222322222422222222 n UCCiSOINNCINO 2222 : :2 : : i i i 10 : :g? igs Ms;;; ! rt< : I1" : :§ :82 £8 :g3£ 8§8222^ 332 CM SS-g 58®“88 T*< 8 8 3 3 § :S :?8'° 28 13 7 7 n2«h0 CM CM O ©CM 0«iH CO O LO 8 © :2|||S3 igSSSSS^KIggSfcS&aSSE; gS^SSgS® g 3 2|83| S«ggaS« jg«> Socoo^«22"5234“5 3 ®,0rt2',,SS2 3 OJChOO So £fi i g§ 11 3ac§30C38832,®42'o22283lc~2t-2$cT’,8 43 :°888co82 ;233 :$ 82|2S2§28322'CCi5S3;S20(N2S2 :38 ^3rtSl°28C5|| >al® 15 a !sa5 I 111 13 is lll| ® seism ssgipi§?g*i II :"illlS«oSffl-S?»Msl”SS|gn| laSgaea^'SssSs^a'3-"" milf iii i if i! if In ii«^il siiimiiifeii ■■ liiiiiliiilliliilliillilli llliillllll .... ill Table 20. — Enrollment by courses of study , tuition fees , and time required for graduation in private nondenominational commercial and business schools reporting in 191 7-18— Continued. 488 Months required for graduation (day course). ^ W a NIAL SUR •(OJIASl) AndeiSoiaj, VEY MS N, 1916-1918. O . so . •osmoo pout qraoo 3 •9SJU00 iniojounnoo 01 si Cl CO CO 00 CO © • *o Combined course. • qpiom jod ‘osmoo ao S1* *o ;*o *o • •osmoo Anp oiling; !§ Cl © *0 © © ^ 00 GO 100 75 100 110 100 •qpioui jod ‘osmoo Ana «® Cl Cl Cl Si*"* ^ *0 ©©Cl CI00 ©*o ©*o • Stenographic course. •qqnoui jad ‘osmoo MS to 0*0 © 100*0 '*0 Tt^TfCOO • • •osmoo Anp 9Jnug; H< 3*0*0 HIOJO m s H © ©© iOI> *0*0 *o © © *o *o OlOCN t>- •muoui J9d ‘osmoo Ana S3 *OCICICICI *0 ©OCI 01*0 00 © iO © *0 • r-4 t-4 i~\ HH ^ ^ • Commercial course. •iliuora jod ‘osmoo ^ 01 1 *0 • ©*0 CO *o *0 • *0 rji co *o • • •osmoo Anp ojiina S o OOlC rH© CO s M3 § M3M? © © © *o *o OWOt-N •iauotn jod ‘osmoo Ana © »C^(N WCI *0 ©CO Cl Cl *0 000^010 • Students enrolled in day and night courses in — Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uomojvv as Cl • • Cl . . ; © ; ■um QO CO • | 00 ! 50 ! . . Com¬ bined course. •uouioay - 38 55 76 o Tt^oor^ ©*o © r-H © rH CO (N (M 00 © 00 -(NCgCO •uoyt © S28 © ©t^rH Cl*0 Cl rH T* iH © 1H 0*0 ^H CO Hdco Cl Steno¬ graphic course. •uouioav M3 ON3|NM © COM3© M3© O 00 Cq 03 CONO-'fOO t~ NIC CO 00 CO © 03 CO N i-H i-H Hfl C-) rH rHM3 •non -r i>-eoi-i©t- © eocortt ©o M3 M3 1— 1 HH rH rz B a CO ~ a 1 Winona Business College . MISSISSIPPI. Hattiesburg Business College . Draughon’s Practical Business College . MISSOURI. Dunkles Business School . Cape Girardeau Business College . Business School . Rude’s Business School . Chillicothe Business College . Jackson University of Business . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918, 489 5 3-6 6 CO jj OH is 7 12 10-15 30 12-16 8-10 8-10 12 12 10 9-10 10-12 00 j :8 9-15 6 9-14 9-12 9-12 12-15 8 11 10-12 jr:rs CO CO O> CO 6-9 6-9 6-9 3 6-8 7 9 6 6-8 6 7 7 6-9 irsr j *o CO <0(00(0(00 2 CO 7-9 6- 9 7- 9 14 6-8 5 9 9 6-8 ICO • CO §8 is 8 8 ;.3 i 2 }2 2 • °° O • • CO • t>-I> • • *o CO 00 • CO CO CO SI :8 issis^iii i 88 I- 8 i :8 8882 c* IS 1 CO CO :3 222®22222 j 2 " 2 2 i :2 °°2 • o 0*0 400 : 2 *0 • 00*0 0 100 i O lO N N N CO *0 CO CO CO CO CD 00 00 • 00 CO CO £8 :888£8 :38888 i 88 888888 8 :88 88£ 88 i C0W»CNCN»O o o O CO •qiuom aad ‘asanoa Ab| : e - 7 ; c !i '55 ! x i C • £ ii Drake’s Newark College I ; a 1 £ ifc Seymour Commercial and Shorthand School . New Brunswick Business College . Drake’s Passaic Business College . p 1 1 1 !- ' c i c :•§ ICC II ; £ 1 Ph G £ c 1 1 ‘x X a § CQ Trainer’s Business College . Heimbaeh’s PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 491 222 2 :2 4 :«!> 22< © £3T !22 n ri v KS—^T* '2Sv ij 22? 2 cA ® cA COOCpoCM fflL,0O^r— 1% WO® CON 40 40 40 CO 40 40 • 10>010»0I0 co j • ^ 40 CO ^ © 40 40 2 ; i 1 i 2 *» • • • ’ ®» 90 100 110 100 2 :2§2§ is is 8 001 S 50 JS3 22 2 © ;£22222222 222222 2 ONOO °°2 22222 40 CO CO ot> 10 40 40 40 40 40 CO 40 O uo 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 CO Tr CO • Tj^ 40 40 40 -.O ■>!< CO lO § : : i i : « ’ V. * ’ 28SS08 : i :8S23gS£g :£§£ ; j is i CO 40 00 loNOOOWOWOWNO 22222222222^2^222222 1222222 ic co co co 40 TT 40 ioi.ok;®io 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 4 6 4 4 5 40 CO rr CO ^ 40 2 : : : : : « ’ ’ 8§S3S : i £3 :gS2 : 8g :2§£ 8 i i is j 14 16 15 18 7 15 05 0 222222 OWNOONOONO 40HONOOO OOO 400 * 83'010£ 2 3 173 4 10 20 47 2 :§8 82SSS3 CQ 2 25 11 10 20 -r wooogjo 882 i§£ |SaSSSS|SSSS 2|ggggg§|2£2§3g8?g2§8g£2222 228 tPO MONChhOO ssg00^: 3 170 24 88 2 :28 iSSSS^S : :gg322£3|SS j :;388S®2S :222 :8^2 13 280 11 43 10 § !«* : 3* ,j|e, in m i cSc 3;s Mil’ll S»i A 3* CO CO CO 00 co A i •9SJU00 imojeuimoo (M o © © to 7-9 ^ t'- OS 00 I-CN A A A N* © © © N~ © © 00 © 1-1 Js ti Tuition fee. Telegraphy (wire). •quioui aad ‘asanoo iqSfN (M • • • • •gsjnoo ^■ep 9Ji^na O Oi •qjuoni jad ‘asanoo ^Bd Cl ^ ! Combined course. ■qjnoxn J9d ‘asanoo iqSjN ac • lO to to LO • CO © © CO to . to to CO • •9SJUOO ^Bp 911^3 t- o © ■ © © ON ; t- © S • JT 100 . to to o • •NNtO • •qmom aed ‘9SJU00 ^BQ ID © CM © O © ^HHHH to Tt< O CM CM • © ©00 • Stenographic course. •qjuom aod ‘asanoo jqSiN tO tO tO to tO to to CO to to to to co to ©©©©©■q, •9SJUOO ABp OJIlUg tO tO • o to © © 'totoio 1 ^ T-H c9© to OOOOOto 00 co to to to to •qiuora aad ‘9SJUOO iBd ec _© CM © © © ©©©©"tf'OTfl© CM CM 0C 05 O © 00 © Commercial course. qiuom aad ‘asanoo pq§IN Ci tO to *0*0 to so to to to to © © © CO CO to to CO '9SIU00 ^Bp eaipig; s tO . o to ; tOtO K o CO • © © © © © © © • N- 00 © © © © © •iduoui aad ‘asanoo jfBd © © o©© to © © Tt< © CM 00 CM 00* OiOiO*HNiOO rr 00 N 00 IH CUO OS CM CO Cl CO 42 198 575 53 1,200 200 34 10 304 -J ^ © -< © © M 00 05 © 05 1—1 rt •U9H • >C O O (D •thNCON o os rji cm to co h JO CO CO 00 CM CM 50 14 3 25 OJCOtOONOS r-4 00 to co CM Commer¬ cial course. •U9raoA\ ! „ cc O to Cl o rHdCO !n to 00 to rji O -rr H OS CM rH O Cl 00 H to CM N CO to Oco 00 ^ OS CM CO ^ rH •U9p{ Cl «• N s O CM IQ N C to CM TP CM CM CO CO rH l^CMrHOSTTNNOXd H CMOCOIO^THH CO Institutions. - new york— continued. Accountants and Secretaries Business School. > > 1 t 3 v 3 o !! 5-5 a i p Bronx Business Institute . Bronx Commercial School . IV/fioc? PonWudo .Q^ornfnrial fichnnl ) 3 > 3 n 3 C 5 e 5 C > s 0 il : C >1 H 3‘s Pa H 5C 3 igj 2 aaO 2 S g jgs 5 op rs ©1- A J.VXlUdai.1 U UOXX1UOO KJVU.V/W1. . . Merchants’ and Bankers’ Business School. . . A/fr\f>*rvT-»rvl 1 1 on .Qr>Vi r»f Rnciuncc 3 P 3 5 3 3 I II i 1 rT c cz g H re N c c X c a a -£ 1 c a 5 0 y P n v 3^ 3 c u 5 > > 1 j 1 * > 2 1 l i l !j > j= E c T c c 3* 5A y M 'Si 2 e « - u : CO C ■- 3§i Is i o e ioa 3 o c a o c i n 22 n: ONO • 00 » 00 2888 *o 3 8 888828 8882 2882888888888 ;.§ 222 22 O CM CO o '§ •(9JIJA.) Ql o> o' © co s a jr graduation day course). •esinoo pani qnioo CM 13-14 10-12 12 12 10-12 12 10-12 CM CM CM CO W CM lo CM T-H 9-12 1 •asjnoo oit[d,ea2ou9jg ec (M CO CO CO CO COXCOON ci NNcOOiCONXOOSCCi ih si A si •esmoo imoagunnoo cO co CO co CO si ii i tl i Tuition fee. Telegraphy (wire). •qinoxn jed ‘asmooxqSlN •osanoo /Sep 9Ji;ug; o fM •qjuoui aed ‘esjnoo OS Combined course. •qxuoui J0d ‘esanoo jsi o e o o 'ox e^r-i > O • *o lie *o to •osanoo £ep 9Ji^ua; o o o o o O O 00 o o 150 o o* o o o o o c* h h ttp *0 CM O* •qxuour J0d ‘0SJL1OO 03 o O O O H CM H H H o o CM t-H *o o s’ a Oco MOM Stenographic course. •muom jad ‘osiiioo iq2ij\T lOlOO • *0 00 rH . O I>0 00 O O *o LO *0 lO CO *o 00 rr •esanoo i'Bp 0Jiina o o o o o O o O I- ^r-H t-H o • a* • §00 Tf IO 1C C C CO O X 1-0 c ■ OONCOCOCOXOOXO ■ •rnuom aad ‘esmoo X^ci to o 2 o jo io jo IOOOWC qjS2t-cq MNMIOO Commercial course. •qinoui j0d ‘0SJnooxq2iN »o lo O • lO 00 1-H • lOMOOCiOiOOLTlfllOlO SO *OX^ •0SJUOO ^■ep eiipia; s • 0 0 0*00 • Oi CM O l- o • • o rf« C* • • CO 00* 0^i0l0<0 0*0 0xi0 0 • TtiCCl^cOCOCOOCOiCOCOO* • •qxuom aed ‘asmoo Ana; o o oj o »o »o »o cq m r~' gOWNOONgWNW M N M s: o Students enrolled in day and night courses in— Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •U0UIO.M. OS 1 1 •H9K 00 00 Com¬ bined course. •U0UIOjV\. - 110 300 330 10 6 o !ohhOhCM^N • CO HtOH ^ § •napi sc O CO 00 • CO ^ CO • loOwos CM *q rt *C Tf ■ LON CO o Steno¬ graphic course. •U9UIOjW lit 0*00000 cr.OH^CJ.o 1-H O i-H ^ O 00 O 00 CO o* t-H rh CO CO *0 CO XJNCOWOihNiOOtplO »O^O5COCM00rH»-tCOt^CM CM r-H T-H T-H rr •U0K O CO o o o HCON CO L- co oo cm t-h *0 T-H T-i T-H O O T-H CM Commer¬ cial course. •nemo ay I . ”^3§S8S^8&3,*S3iSi:'003S?3$*,S33 CO T-H ^ •uopi ^HOiooooHfO’f'f>«'int'»ooifloge>i'HO|2 XHCOIC-I Tfrl-HHir rH 00 r-H t- C<5 *0 CO £H Institutions. - © 1 1 „ T 2 i W o O c c c #{ t p < J c Ohio Business College . Bliss Business College . Columbus Business College . Mann’s Business Training School . Office Training School . . 3 3 C : J i 7 5 a fl i 0 p :: 5 3 f 3 C « < © U _© o ) — JO c3 :P « > S 5 -1 Sf: ] 36s 2 m c 3 OS - O r $ SM © ' 3^7 ftSc: I al > g £ ^ .1-4 ^ - W . : 3 3^ 3CQr. ?,c4 3 © ^ 5o £ H © J tk N !c 3 1 - c n 5a [> ss o.£ 3p 2 £ 3 C 0 >> i *w • a> • c > • b •a ■£ JrH © r ^ rt blCr- j-S4J.S o fc o l 111! 2 o ® c asl-S iii-1 lass 1 .) • jo ; \ 6 j bJD c 5 oP 3-|.£ 3 “ , at3.£ 2 57 h oB a Cl 3 « - ; 5“ y Sandusky Business College . © bo ~ t U 5 1 i J'? co t t m J. XA11JL1 XJ l iOl 1 1COO v i XX \ OXOi VJ .................. Davis Business College . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 495 i 0—12 10 s 00 05 05 12-14 7-9 7-9 10-15 12-15 9 18 15-18 o 32 2 8-12 20 10-20 10 12-15 oc oocoooo CO CD CD CD 1C SU4. ss r~ ©©00 3^ 4-6 10 7 7-9 6-18 5- 7 6- 10 gofl*0i0»ct0*c»00*rtl!5'*»<*0 gEggg ?$g gg £K£ 82 g£ i2 :8S2S§8 g§2££ gg C iC c CM C 1C O cc lc © 2 2 2 12 2°12222222 22222222 ^ CD ^ CD ID 1C iO 1C TT 0»C0 00 CC i-C CD 1C iC iC CD CD iO iC iC iC lOffllOlOtOWlO.JlL'J §Egg£ gggggg g 001 06 09 gggggg gg 212 2 2 2i2 S oco o jcNNjo oa es oconoo eco “>22222222 i i i 113 32 ££ “’SgSSS iC 8 22 15 CM O 28 15 92 S3 £8 'OO58S0Cg 44 1 40 12 29 11 76 C5 O 1C © CO © o •c T-1 A 1-1 © ^ 00 © © CM © © I"1 ft-12 Tuition fee. f Telegraphy (wire). •qiuom aad ‘asmoo +q2iN © • m ; •asmoo A^p aji^ua O i i •qpom jad ‘asmoo £bq; OS Combined course. •muoui jad ‘asmoo X » iC CO © © iC 1C © •asmoo £Bp aoipig; £ Z> © © CM o © OiCOiOlO CM rH 00^l> © © CO© •^nom aad ‘asanoo jSbo; SC © CM S1""1 o © CM © • © © Stenographic course. •qiuotn aad ‘asmoo © 1 Tf © © CO -*< SO iC • iC iC iC >C iC *C iC SC s© eo © © •asmoo £ep aoiaua 3 'OICOO •(MNTfiC ■ m © ©© © © © I> ^ OC © © ©© © © 1 rH © •qiuoui aad ‘asanoo Acq eo ©CMCM©©©CM©00©COCM00©© rH rH T-H i-H H i-H t-H H H H © Tt<© © 00 i-H rH CM i-H © Commercial course. ■qinom aad ‘asanoo 4q2jN 01 CO ^ CO © IO to lO ic id iC SO SO © 1C •asmoo Acp aoi^ua s •OiCNO •(NNCD»0 • ^ © ©© © © © Tt< OC © St28 1 •quioui aad ‘asanoo Xbq c CN(NrfOC(NOOOWNOOOO rH rH rH rH rH 1-1 T-H rH rH 1-1 r-M-H 2382 © Students enrolled in day and night courses in — Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uaxnoAV - © • CO ; •uayf X © • rf • Com¬ bined course. •uaxuOjVi. - 17 43 © CO © © © CM 00 T-UO © © © © i-H © © N CO •nan sc 11 26 00 CO © © 00 i-h © CM CM © © CM © CM Steno¬ graphic course. •uauio_^Y © CKNNteOiCOOOaCt^iO^^aNCOHfqCNOiO «C CO lO I- CO 1C d i-i i i i-H ricsca i> m : 0 lis wo i rH c3 ££ |ls •38} : mPQ-S 03 ® \ 8| \2& i lj \# jil 5 CO r B ®(5 B.y t § Si *£?-« K 3 © fr ijp <35 bfi o O CO > S. 1. o :.S S t c SoC Hi >>,2 E SO; H1-1 E 3 w c jli ; o 15 0 PH M ?• Ip 3 E 3 5 i-i * <35 ' bB : :© : 1*0 ! fi :■ 3.1 i ins 0 4J O 3 co c m lags rtrv U Cl iaai . C . c la • a • V • Q ; c . u y si 3 : y New Castle Business College . American Business College . TT.rio ‘KTiorlrf ftnVinnl a b C 0 0 z 5.E |1 it : c u 5 0 ) 3 3 : 3 s H 5>« : « u Ip lj Ji f; a b C ■j z e (5 3 <7 - c p ) £ ) : ) 3 C \l : - r- J c h5 i il u u 11 2a 5 £ - _ 5 c SI r V : ' H U c 3 « li 3« 2JZ. 1 £ l ^ 1 6 3 c u 51 ft Bowers Private School 2 . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 497 ! ° : is 10 12-18 24 10 12-15 10-12 10 17-20 18 20 8 8-10 loo NOOCO : 2 3-3 2°°2 5- 7 8 10 9 8-10 10-12 8 6- 9 NOO * h® 72 °°efs 00 CO CO s? 00O'^00 00 00©S>OCN|i0c3> ^ " 32 ® CO O 00 ! 7 4 6-8 6 9-11 10 14 5 6 • lO OCOJOCON i4 3 i 10 ■;S i I> *0 CO CO o »o to • • CO CO CO 00 j 1 8g§ 8 : §8 § 1 1 2 110 135 :2 288 »o 11 12 12 is O !M O O O CO j • co 14 20 10 2^22 ON »CC0010^IC»0»0 10 1C lO lO T^i • • iO lO CO 00 CO CO lO CO 00 j iO 22 8 882 : :88 : §8 3S : : :8 j j 88 : : 8888 888 8 CO iO TjtiCHNNNOOCiCNCOO O CC o • • o oc 20C'22 22 822 CO ^ CO i-» a i c 5 it ii ! ii Stoner’s Inter-State Commercial College - Commercial Institute . Sprn.nl nn I ,npt awnnna Business Cnlleere . i . = 1; I’l i| South Bethlehem Business College . §| °c 11 1! 1. ! i 1 il I || West Chester Business School . Wilkes-Barre Business College . Wyoming Valley College of Business . Botts anortnana uoiiege . Williamsport Commercial College . York School of Business RHODE ISLAND. Kinvon’s Commercial School _ Miss Brayton’s Special School . Bryant and Stratton Commercial School Childs Business College . Sweeney School of Shorthand and Type¬ writing..... . ------- . Woonsocket Commercial School . SOUTH CAROLINA. Cecil’s Anderson Business School _ Ij i § % 1~ e l ill -a il I il SOUTH DAKOTA. Aberdeen Business College . Dakota Wesleyan Commercial School . Rapid Citv Business College . Mrs. Muller’s Business School _ South Dakota School of Business . 1 59872°— 21 - 32 1 Rato includes books and stationery a Night school. 3 Tuition fee for 3 months. CO ©§ g Ph fc-t rri 3a“ "(8 JIM.) ^qdBj’Seiei, •8SJTIOO paui qmoQ •8SJT100 oiqd'BjSouaig ■ as jnoo pBiojannnoo 2 ? 05 2 ! 1 CJ O'. © iO CO CO »OCDlO ©CO to 1C COCO CO CO 00 Tf CO CO -cf1 ^ O 4 4 4 4^ lOcOu) 05 CO CO iO iO c CO 4 >5 ,S . P^-s C3 © C-i h © £ •ujnoui jad ‘asjnoo ^q3iN •8SJTIOO ,£ep eji^na •qiuoin jad ‘esjnoo Xbq; •q^uoni jad ‘asjnoo ^qSif^ •esjnoo £ep ajiuig; :S8 1COO O IOC COOOlO • o CO >-1 CO ( © 00 r-H C V' •qiuoni jad ‘8SJU00 /£bq •qpioui jad ‘asjnoo ^qSiN ’8SJC108 j£bp 8Ji^na > CQ ZD I •qinora jad ‘asjnoo Abq[ •mnoiu jad ‘asjnoo iqSijq I ic ic CO © 8 8 c ©■— O- Cl go » §o S«rt o O co 3^3 > % & M a/ S o S g si* CO® CO S ® S3 O © C/5 S3 js *W ^ CO ^ CO ® °p ® O C»l>-®«>10«0000>00 ® <£5 « «5 ® ?0 ® O ub ! 1 t~ « CC<© CO O I' CO O^CO cO ^0C^«OU5«j> 00 ■4* eo -50 ® '’’gti '=‘® «? CM i £ : j 1 :S : 2 : : ! ^ *. *. 8 :8 • ic^cs cO ; lO CO • Tf< 1C CO LO - co co LO 2 SSS s 1 £g£gg2g2 S 2ggg§§ o S 22S2g » O 2 c 8 iflooicc^ lO lO CM LO LO CO LO CM — • iq io lo lo iO LO 00 LO LO C LO iO *2 iO CO IOIOOO ic CO LO «C© CM 00 CO CO LO g gggsss ss glggggSgS 2 2g§ggg§22 222SS22 JO JO O JO © 2 8 o 8 28^22 2 lO ICON »» CO CM JO i2 i2 i2 12 2 52 i2 00 iO co toco lO oo tj< - 1 $75 120 85 gg 8 O ® *-H CO 180 oo ! ® ° ' ^ •q^uoux J9d ‘9SJU00 A'ca; «c 00 i® i® i® CM ® TP ® l® CM CM i® Stenographic course. ■ipnoni jad ‘asmoo^qSi^; cd o 00 CD TP 00 ® . CD ® tP i® ® ® HP O •esmoo ^np en^ua Hj . i® 1® i® o ® o • N N O CO N • ¥=> H O ® ® »® C N O »®OCM *N h 00 CD l>- • 00 •q^uoui jad ‘9SIU00 6®Q ea L® ® 1® 1® CO ©1 ® OCM®000® i® CM CM CM i® Commercial course. qjuora J9d ‘9Sjnoo^qSt>i ©1 | CD O ' 00 CD tP 00 ® ! © i® rP ® i® 155 Ttl 50 •esxnoo Aep eJTtua s • o ® ® © ® o 1 ’t N N O CD N • rH O ® ® i®cDN O O O CM i L- OON *00 •qiuoui J9d ‘gsjnoo iCQ « l® l® 1® L® 00 CM ® S HHHH C CM ® O 00 ® ® CM CM CM ® Students enrolled in day and night courses in— Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uauio^v as ; ! •U9H cc Com¬ bined course. •U9UI0AY 1 " 20 16 23 20 CD *® 00 CMh CM OO u- 100 34 20 76 •U9H ! ! oo ® . hP i-i CM CO o 00 O CM ' O i® . CM Steno¬ graphic course. •ugraoAl | 1® HNNONOOTf © C ODOODXO ® H CO H T-( CO CM iODN © *® CD CM Hp CD U- • t"~ *® I^®CO®tp H CO ’CM CO CM rH 'U9JV 1 O ’ 05 O ^ ^ CO • ® np . i® © CO tP i® *«p CO CM ® • i® CM L® CM CD CM Commer¬ cial course. •U9UI0AV e® CD 1— » © ® CD CO CO © CDX^HH »® tP © CM © © HiCN^C WON CO 00 CM HOO CM CM •U9p{ | (M • L- ® O © TP O '00CIN(NrH CM • TfOOHCW - Hf 1® CO N 1® hNDNhX CM t- TP Institutions. - Washington— continued. Wilson’s Modern Business College . Counselman’s School of Stenography . Bentel Business College . Sf qtb Till s — o ® g r O o £ P IbO > rr fH P : g ® cc o sgf * s !«n i j’ss * a , a c« «c g $ ® i P > f 5 ) 3 3 a ; § 3 "7 3 a ; e si 3 ^ 3P 5 1 % n 3a Capital City Commercial College . West Virginia Business College . Rncfrvoca Sohnnl : l 'c 3 o y 3 2 3 l ia 3 fc u 3 7 Elliott Commercial School, Wheeling . WISCONSIN. ' C ! t .> i r - U 3 o i! n qP 3j i c 11 3 f Gordon’s Business College . Baraboo Business College . Hunt’s Business College . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 501 CO • p- :o CO O TT too 1 tO to o to C NCON 88 tO o O 00 CM O 00 C P- TP 82 05 CM LO CO lO O 05 O to o CM CO CM to CM 00 CM CM tP • tO • lO^fOO lO UJiOOCO^ OCO »ooo»o Is— oo co p— 'lOOOifliO |NOO00N O 00 CM O OOON'f o o O T-H CMCMtOCOtOtOOC5CO©iO CM CO CM to CM 00 CM CM 05 CO TP 3 21 7 66 11 23 05 O 72 00 CM to CM i-H O to CM tO CM P- I CO 00 e3 CM CM to ! CO • CO .coo NOCCOiOCOiOOO P- 05 to nso >-i coi-HooiOrrm oco i O ^ O N rH Cl t- *0 CO -- | C0 05rf O^N rH CM CO 1C 25 83^“*® o£ C05NON 05 COO • CO CM i-t ■ TP 89 XCOrHrHX CM tO rH — • H CO ! P- tO —/© 00 h050^ OOCON CO t-h CM h X £3 S 52 10 ** 52 oo p- 05 CM CO 05 H TP r-H nmercial College and Telegraph Business College . business College . Business University . 'J} B 3 >o 3_g 3*0 5CQ 3-2 1| Business College . Commercial School . mercial College . etropolitan Business College . ’s School of Business . > .P p - w O P o CO 1 o I Commercial Telegraph Institute Business College . School of Accountancy and Ste- isiness College . business College . Ij rr. C/3 -V A 8 g d ' CD 'o Q C/3 V3 O .5 WYOMING. usiness College . siness College . .5-2--OCC g+?r9 ri fs gJalpi+sSalmM P a P%p'w «»* c3 §« c 3 o o K*^ £ ^ 3 pC p, 002 Table 21. — Statistics of Y. M. C. -4. and denominational business schools reporting in 1917-18. 502 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Months required for graduation. •esmoo (ojiav) AqdBjSai'aj, 1 iQ •9SJU00 pour quiO0 ©1 00 O O CM •9SJU00 oxqd'BjSouo^g eo CM 00 CO to ; eo © •asmoo reiojamuioo 0 ' •9smoo Ai3p 9j^ua o § •qiuoxn J9d ‘asmoo A^d © ox ei$ © Stenographic course. •qtuom J9d ‘asmoo tqSiM kffl 0S 0 * C X) *0 ■ asmoo Asp 9ii^ua T* O to to so to CO . €*? § •qproni J9d ‘asmOO A^d ec CM CO O ; © Commercial course. •qtuom jad ‘asjnoo^qSiJsT d 0€& 0 • ‘ © •9SIU00 Asp 9Jijua 3 O to to ] 0 3 » b ii jpjj ?! >[: 5c . 0 CALIFORNIA. Y. M. C. A. School of Commerce and Fi- i i O r o 5 .2 <2 a 1 g j § g « ® s % it ° J j| S h . p 5<1 < N !s : . >* > CONNECTICUT. Y. M. C. A. School, Bridgeport . Hillyer Institute, Hartford Y. M. C. A . DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington Commercial School, Y. M. C. A . . GEORGIA. St. Patrick’s Commercial Institute, Augusta . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 503 1 If completed within the prescribed time. 3 $15 for 30 weeks. o Tuition fee, $29.50 for 36 weeks. * Tuition, $10 for 16 weeks. 2 $15 for 17 weeks. * Time required in night school. 8 Tuition, $250 per year. 8 Tuition fee, night course. Table 21. — Statistics of Y. M. C. A. and denominational business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 504 BIENNIAL SURVEY OF EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Months required for graduation. •asjnoo (ajiM) AqdnjSai'aj, *©>' ©1 CD •asmoo paui qraoo ©1 05 o CM • as. moo oiqdi3j3oua?s e© (M GO CD 05 05 00 •asmoo icioiauiinoo 00 O 05 | 1 CO ©1 CD 05 Tuition fee. Telegraphy (wire) course. ■qinora jad 'asmoo tqSiN ©1 Tf CD •asmoo A^p ejiuig; O ©1 •qquotu aad ‘asmoo A i3 ci OS Combined course. •qquoui jad ‘asmoo iqSi^ 00 8 •asanoo Anp ajijug; s CO to CO •qiuom jad ‘asmoo Aca so CD CM * CD • Stenographic course. •qTuoui jad ‘asjuoo qq§ijs[ ia to /~N •asjnoo Asp ejttua CO CO s to CM 1C CO •qquom jad ‘asjnoo Acd e© o Commercial course. •q}uom jad ‘asjnoo iqSiN ©1 ©5 !>- CO •asmoo A^p ejiqua s CM 3 •qquoui jad ‘asjnoo A^d © CO O Students enrolled in day and night courses in— Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uauiOAV OS 3 •U8K 00 • t- 00 CM CD CM Com¬ bined course. • uauio^V - CM CD 00 CO CO • CO • •uajq so lO *0 Steno¬ graphic course. uauiOAV s© CO CM 3 •uajv CO 05 CM CM CO rH 70 14 14 Commer¬ cial course. •uaxnoAV ee - •uapi ©1 tO(NO CD *0 05 OMH CM oo CO 00 CO Institutions. - MICHIGAN. Institute of Technology, Y. M. C. A., Detroit ) > 1 > > ! i c ► c i| 'g ) ci il ii . c MINNESOTA. Central Branch, Y. M. C. A., Minneapolis. . . Y. M. 0. A. Niffht, School, fit. Paul MISSOURI. Y. M. C. A. School. St. .Tosenh _ Ralph Sellew Institute, Y. Mt C. A., St. Louis. Y. W. C. A. School. St. Louis _ St. Francis Borgia Commercial School, Washington NEBRASKA. Y. M. C. A. Nieht School. Omaha _ NEW JERSEY. Y. M. C. A. Tnstit.ut.fi. fla.mdfin p c Js c c n i £ !c r c s > ! cc \i ; c 1 ' CC > > j> rc 1 a • y. 5 a ii It: ;S ;< >© ;s !a Y. W. C. A. School, Newark . PRIVATE COMMERCIAL AND BUSINESS SCHOOLS, 1917-1918. 505 Table 21. — Statistics of Y. M. C. A. and denominational business schools reporting in 1917-18 — Continued. 506 BIENNIAL SURVEY OE EDUCATION, 1916-1918. Months required for graduation. •asjnoo (8jta0 AqdnjSai’aj, G* •asmoo pauiquioo c3 ® ^ ® w csi © O •asmoo oiqdnjgoua^s CO <01 o 00 •asmoo imojauxmoo (M 20 18 * : Tuition fee. Telegraphy (wire) course. •qjuoui jad ‘asmoo tqSiM •asmoo Anp aji^ua © •qpioui jad ‘asinoo And 31 Combined course. •qjuom jad ‘asmoo iqSiM cc •asmoo Anp oJTtna p* CM 1 •qtnora jad ‘asmoo And © ic Stenographic course. •ipuoin jad ‘asjtioo ^qSijsl £ CO •asmoo Anp ejitug; e§ •qtuoui jad ‘asjnoo Ana; ec Commercial course. •ipnora jad ‘asjnoo ^qgijsl u •asmoo Anp ajitua s iO ^ • •qjuoui jad ‘asjnoo And © : Students enrolled in day and night courses in — Teleg¬ raphy (wire). •uanio m © 'uapt cc Com¬ bined course. •uamo_AV - CO •uapi © 000 CM CM a § CM Steno¬ graphic course. •uauioAV o CO 5i ■uan 05 co o Commer¬ cial course. •uaraoAi e® 22 10 •uaj\[ (01 05 O ^ : Institutions. - PENNSYLVANIA. ■J 7 - c II H ft H C 2