EVELYN  V.  WILLIAMS 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION 


BULLETIN,  1919,  No.  90 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF 
EDUCATION 

1916-18 


IN  FOUR  VOLUMES 

VOL.  Ill 


NATIONAL  LIBRARYOFEDUCATJON 


1-tB  2  6  1998 


U  S  DEPT  OF  EDUCATION 

- WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1921 


THE  UNITED  STATES 

BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION. 

Created,  as  a  Department  March  2 ,  1867. 

Made  an  office  of  the  Interior  Department  July  1,  1869. 


COMMISSIONERS. 


Henry  Barnard,  LL.  D., 

March  14,  1867,  to  March  15,  1870. 

John  Eaton,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 

March  16,  1870,  to  August  5,  1886. 
Nathaniel  H.  R.  Dawson,  L.  H.  D., 

August  6,  1886,  to  September  8,  1889. 
William  T.  Harris,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 
September  12,  1889,  to  June  30,  1906. 

Elmer  Ellsworth  Brown^  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 
July  1 ,  1906,  to  June  30,  1911. 
Philander  Priestley  Claxton,  Litt.  D.,  LL.  D., 
July  8,  1911,  to  June  1, 1921. 

John  James  Tigert,  M.  A.  (Oxon),  LL.  D., 
June  2,  1921,  to  date. 


j  ^  Y" JA’.'OUAVM 

. . 1 


L  111  . A323  1916-18  v.3 


Biennial  survey  of  education 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  III. 


Chapter  I.— Statistical  Survey  of  Education,  1917-18. 

Page. 

Table  1.— School  and  college  enrollment  in  1918 .  8 

Table  2.— School  enrollment  and  estimated  cost  in  1918 .  9 

Table  3.— Distribution  of  teachers  for  four  periods .  10 

Table  4.— Gifts  and  bequests  to  education,  1912-1918 .  11 

Table  5— Gifts  and  bequests  to  education  from  1871  to  1918 .  11 

Table  6.— Average  number  of  days  of  school  attended  by  each  person  who  became  21  years  of  age  in 

1918 .  13 

Table  7.— Comparative  statistics  of  enrollment  and  attendance  of  pupils  in  city  and  in  rural  schools.  27 

Table  8.— School  term  in  rural  and  city  schools . * .  29 

Table  9.— Comparative  summary  of  number  of  teachers  employed  in  city  and  in  rural  schools .  30 

Table  10. — School  property  in  city  and  rural  schools .  31 

Table  11.— Summary  of  elementary  and  secondary  school  expenditures .  32 

Table  12.— Per  capita  cost  of  education .  34 

Table  13.— Distribution  of  pupils  and  students  of  all  grades  in  schools  and  colleges .  36 

Tables  14  to  16.— Pupils  and  students  of  all  grades  in  schools  and  colleges,  1918 .  37 

Table  17.— Miscellaneous  relationships  in  public  and  private  kindergartens  combined .  42 

Table  18. — Statistics  of  public  and  private  kindergartens .  43 

Table  19.— Kindergartens  in  cities  of  2,500  population  and  over .  44 

Table  29. — Kindergartens  in  villages  having  less  than  2,500  population .  45 

Table  21.— Public  kindergartens  in  cities  and  villages . . . .  46 

Table  22.— Private  kindergartens .  47 

Chapter  IT.— State  School  Systems,  1917-18. 

Table  1  .—Review  of  statistics  of  elementary  and  secondary  schools,  1870-1918  .  54 

Table  2. — Enrollment,  by  grades,  in  23  States .  69 

Table  3.— Enrollment  of  white  pupils,  by  grades,  in  23  States .  70 

Table  4.— Enrollment  of  colored  pupils,  by  grades,  in  eight  States .  70 

Table  5. — Enrollment  in  23  States  according  to  year  of  advancement . .  73 

Table  6. — Enrollment  of  pupils  by  sex  and  according  to  year  of  advancement .  74 

Table  7. — Enrollment  of  pupils  by  year  of  advancement,  to  show  the  effect  of  kindergartens  on  first- 

grade  enrollment .  76 

Table  8.— Data  used  in  computing  school  mortality  in  public  schools .  78 

Tables  9  and  10. — Method  used  in  computing  school  survival  percentages .  80 

Table  11 . — Population  and  deaths  in  the  registration  area  of  persons  5-18 .  81 

Table  12.— Number  and  percentage  of  children  of  the  various  ages  in  school,  1910 .  83 

Table  13.— Distribution  of  pupils  enrolled  in  schools  in  eight  States,  according  to  length  of  school 

term .  85 

Table  14.— Attendance  and  length  of  school  term  in  eight  States,  according  to  length  of  school  term. .  87 

Table  15. — Attendance  of  pupils  in  seven  States,  distributed  according  to  length  of  school  term .  87 

Table  16.— Statistics  of  common  schools  in  the  South .  125 

Table  17.— School  term  and  school  attendance  in  the  South .  126 

Table  18. — State  laws  relating  to  school  attendance— School  census  age  and  age  for  free  attendance _  138 

Table  19. — Truant  officers — Conditions  of  exemption  from  attendance ; .  141 

Table  20.— Total  population  and  school  population . .  143 

Table  21.— Per  cent  of  total  population  and  of  school  population  enrolled  in  school .  144 

Table  22.— Analysis  of  population  and  per  cent  of  illiterates .  145 

Table  23.— Pupils  enrolled,  excluding  duplicates . * .  146 

Table  24.— Pupils  enrolled  in  private  and  parochial  schools .  148 

Table  25. — Pupils  enrolled  in  public  elementary  and  secondary  schools  at  different  periods .  149 

Table  26. — Average  daily  attendance  and  aggregate  number  of  days  attended .  150 

Table  27.— Average  daily  attendance  at  different  dates .  151 

Table  28.— Enrollment  by  grades  in  kindergartens  and  first  to  fourth  grade .  152 


3 


4 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Tabic  29.— Enrollment  of  pupils  by  grades  in  fifth  to  ninth  grade .  153 

Table  30.— Enrollment  by  grades  in  high  schools .  154 

Table  31.— Enrollment  in  kindergartens  and  elementary  grades  and  in  secondary  grades .  155 

Table  32.— Enrollment  of  colored  pupils  by  grades  in  kindergartens  and  first  to  fourth  grade .  156 

Table  33. — Enrollment  of  colored  pupils  by  grades  in  fifth  to  eighth  grade .  157 

Table  34. — Enrollment  of  colored  pupils  by  grades  in  high  schools  in  eight  States .  157 

Table  35.— Enrollment  of  colored  pupils  in  kindergartens  and  elementary  grades  and  in  secondary 

grades .  157 

Table  36.— School  term  and  school  attendance .  158 

Table  37.j-Administrative  officers,  supervisors,  and  principals .  160 

Table  38.— Number  and  sex  of  teachers  employed .  162 

Table  39.— Salaries  of  teachers  and  percentage  of  men  teachers .  164 

Table  40. — Schools  and  school  buildings .  165 

Table  41.— Value  of  public  property  used  for  school  purposes .  167 

Table  42.— Permanent  school  funds  and  school  lands .  169 

Table  43. — Indebtedness,  sinking  funds,  and  payments  on  indebtedness .  170 

Table  44.— Percentage  analysis  of  receipts .  172 

Table  45. — Income  from  permanent  school  funds  and  leases  of  school  lands .  173 

Table  46.— Income  from  appropriation  and  taxation .  175 

Table  47.— Income  from  Federal  Government  and  from  other  sources .  177 

Table  48.— N onrevenue  receipts;  grand  total  of  all  receipts .  179 

Table  49. — Percentage  analysis  of  expenditures .  181 

Table  50. — Payments  for  general  control,  maintenance,  and  fixed  charges .  182 

Table  51  a  and  b. — Payments  for  instruction .  184 

Table  52. — Payments  for  operation  of  school  plant .  188 

Table  53  a  and  b. — Payments  for  auxiliary  agencies .  190 

Table  54. — Capital  outlays  and  new  equipment . • .  192 

Table  55. — Recapitulation  of  payments  for  current  expenses .  194 

Table  56. — Recapitulation  of  all  expenditures . .  196 

Table  57.— Miscellaneous  percentages  and  relationships .  198 

Table  58.— Ad  valorem  taxes,  1912 .  200 

Table  59.— Assessed  value  and  school  expenditure,  1902  and  1912 .  202 

Table  60. — Wealth  and  school  expenditure  in  1912 .  203 

Table  61. — Colored  schools— Census  and  pupils  enrolled .  204 

Table  62.— Colored  schools— Attendance  and  teachers .  205 

•  Chapter  III— City  School  Systems. 

Table  1.— Summary  of  school  statistics  for  five  groups  of  cities .  208 

Table  2. — Average  number  of  pupils  per  teacher .  215 

Table  3.— N umber  of  days  the  public  schools  were  in  session .  217 

Table  4. — Number  of  students  per  teacher  injunior  high  schools .  220 

Table  5. — Percentage  of  pupils  under  age,  of  normal  age,  and  over  age .  224 

v  Table  A. — Age-grade  table,  Dedham,  Mass .  227 

Table  B.— Age-grade  table,  Goshen,  Ind .  228 

Table  C.— Age-grade  table,  Donora,  Pa .  229 

Table  6— Pupils  in  80  cities  according  to  normal  age,  over  age,  and  under  age  in  1908  and  1918 .  232 

Table  7.— Pupils  by  ages  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918 .  238 

Table  8.— Ratios  between  the  number  of  advanced  pupils  and  the  total  enrollment  in  80  cities .  242 

Table  9. — Ratios  between  the  number  of  pupils  of  normal  age  and  the  total  enrollment .  244 

Table  10.— Ratios  between  retarded  pupils  and  total  enrollment  in  cities .  246 

Tables  11  and  12.— Ratios  between  retarded  pupils  and  enrollment  in  cities  of  25,000  population  and 

over . .  248 

Table  13. — Ratios  between  retarded  pupils  and  enrollment .  252 

Table  14. — Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  percentage  of  pupils  under  age .  255 

Tables  15  and  16.— Distribution  of  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over  according  to  the  percentage 

of  p  upils  under  age . : . ,  256 

Table  17.— Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  over  age .  257 

Tables  18  and  19.— Distribution  of  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over  according  to  the  percentage  of 

pupils  over  age . * .  257 

Table  20. — Ratios  between  number  pupils  in  first  grade  and  in  largest  age  group  in  80  cities .  263 

Table  21. — Similar  ratios  for  second  grade .  265 

Table  22. — Similar  ratios  for  third  grade .  266 

Table  23. — Similar  ratios  for  fourth  grade .  266 

Table  24.— Similar  ratios  for  fifth  grade .  268 

Table  25. — Similar  ratios  for  sixth  grade .  268 

Table  26.— Similar  ratios  for  seventh  grade .  269 


CONTENTS. 


5 


Page. 

Table  27.— Similar  ratios  for  eighth  grade .  271 

Table  28.— Similar  ratios  for  first  year  high  school .  271 

Table  *29.— Similar  ratios  for  second  year  high  school .  272 

Table  30.— Similar  ratios  for  third  year  high  school .  £74 

Table  31. — Similar  ratios  for  fourth  year  high  school .  275 

Table  32. — Medium  and  average  ratios  between  number  of  pupils  in  each  grade  and  the  average  of 

the  largest  age  groups . . .  .  277 

Table  33.— Survival  percentages  in  80  city  school  systems .  287 

Table  34.— Retardation  and  acceleration  factors .  288 

Table  35. — Percentage  of  children  of  each  age  enrolled  in  public  elementary  and  secondary  schools 

in  80  cities .  293 

Table  36.— Enrollment  of  pupils  by  grades  in  80  cities .  296 

Tables  37  and  38.— Grade  populations  of  certain  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over .  298 

Tables  39  and  40.— Distribution  by  age  of  pupils  in  public  schools  in  certain  cities .  302 

Tables  41  and  42. — Pupils  of  normal  age,  of  more  than  normal  age,  and  of  less  than  normal  age  for 

their  respective  grades .  306 

Tables  43  and  44. — Percentage  of  pupils  of  normal  age,  over  normal  age,  and  under  normal  age .  310 

Tables  45  and  46.— Pupils  under  age . ’ . * .  312 

Tables  47  and  48. — Percentage  of  pupils  under  age . . .  314 

Tables  49  and  50.— Percentage  of  pupils  over  age . .  315 

Tables  51  and  52. — Pupils  over  age . r . , .  316 

Tables  53  and  54.— Percentage  between  the  largest  age  group  and  the  number  in  each  grade .  318 

Table  55.— Distribution  of  cities  according  to  value  of  school  properties  per  pupil  enrolled .  322 

Table  56.— Distribution  of  cities  according  to  tax  rate  for  all  school  purposes .  326 

Table  57. — Distribution  of  night  schools  as  to  average  annual  cost  per  student .  332 

Table  58— Expenditure  of  225  city  school  systems .  336 

Table  59.— Analysis  of  the  current  expenses  per  student  in  average  daily  attendance .  342 

Table  60.— Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance;  ratio  of  this  average  to 

general  average . . .  375 

Table  61. — Average  annual  salaries  of  teachers .  389 

Table  62. — Combined  summary  of  attendance,  personnel,  and  school  buildings  for  five  groups  of  cities .  398 

Table  63.— Summary  of  attendance,  personnel,  number  of  schools,  and  school  buildings .  400 

Table  64.— Percentage  of  enrolled  pupils  in  average  attendance;  ratio  of  men  teachers .  410 

Table  65. — Combined  summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  elementary  schools . . .  411 

Table  66. — Summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  elementary  schools . . .  413 

Table  67. — Combined  summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  secondaryschools  for  four  groups 

of  cities . ? .  419 

Table  68. — Summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  secondary  schools . . .  421 

Table  69  (a). — Combined  summary  of  public  kindergartens,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools 

for  four  groups  of  cities;  (6)  kindergartens . . .  428 

Table  70.— Summary  of  public  kindergartens,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools .  431 

Tables  71  and  72. — Health,  recreation,  transportation, 'truant  officers,  and  junior  high  schools .  438 

Table  73. — Combined  summary  of  public  evening  schools .  449 

Table  74.— Summary  of  public  evening  schools .  451 

Table  75.— Combined  summary  of  receipts .  460 

Table  76. — Summary  of  receipts .  462 

Table  77.— Expenditure  per  capita  for  pupils  in  average  attendance .  470 

Table  78. — Combined  summary  of  current  expenses,  outlays,  and  other  payments .  472 

Taple  79.— Summary  of  current  expenses,  outlays,  and  other  payments .  474 

Table  80.— Combined  summary  of  expenses  of  instruction  in  public  day  schools .  484 

Table  81  .—Summary  of  expenses  of  instruction  in  public  day  schools .  488 

Table  82. — Combined  summary  of  taxation,  bonds,  sinking  funds,  expenses  of  debt  service,  and 

value  of  school  properties .  502 

Table  83. — Summary  of  taxation,  bonds,  sinking  funds,  expenses  of  debt  service,  and  value  of  school 

properties . : .  506 

Table  84. — Summary  of  census,  personnel,  and  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings .  516 

Table  85. — Personnel  and  number  of  kindergarten  and  elementary  schools .  536 

Table  86.— Personnel  and  number  of  secondary,  normal,  vocational,  and  specia.  schools .  554 

Table  87.— Average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days .  571 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics .  581 

Table  89. — Evening  schools .  591 

Table  90—  Receipts .  603 

Table  91.— Expenses,  outlays,  and  other  payments .  620 

Table  92.— Expenses  of  instruction .  640 

Table  93.— Bonds,  taxation,  property  value .  660 


6 


CONTENTS. 


Chapter  IV.— Statistics  op  Universities,  Colleges,  and  Professional  Schools,  1917-18. 

Page. 

Table  1  .—Review  of  statistics . %  679 

Table  2.— Collegiate  and  resident  graduate  students .  686 

Table  3.— Method  used  in  securing  the  data  used  in  figure  2 .  688 

Table  4.— Institutions  conferring  the  Ph.  D.  degree  on  examination .  698 

Table  5. — College  graduates  receiving  first  degrees  living  at  each  decennial  period,  omitting  those 

graduating  prior  to  1870 . * .  699 

Table  6.— Method  employed  in  ascertaining  survival  percentages .  704 

Table  7. — Benefactions .  711 

Table  8. — Per  cent  of  income . 718 

Table  9. — Professors  and  instructors .  722 

Table  10. — Students  in  public  universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools .  723 

Table  11.— Students  in  private  universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools .  724 

Table  12.— Distribution  of  preparatory,  professional,  and  special  students .  725 

Table  13. — Students .  727 

Table  14. — Undergraduate  students .  728 

Table  15.— Students  pursuing  certain  professional  courses . . .  729 

Table  16.— Students  in  engineering  courses . .  .• .  730 

Table  17.— Students  in  summer  school,  short  winter  course,  extension  courses,  and  correspondence 

courses .  731 

Table  18. — Number  of  first  degrees  conferred  on  men .  732 

Table  19. — Graduate  degrees  conferred  on  men .  733 

Table  20. — Degrees  conferred  on  women .  734 

Table  21. — Degrees  conferred  on  men  and  on  women  in  certain  professional  courses .  735 

Table  22.— Honorary  degrees .  736 

Table  23.— Summary  of  degrees  conferred .  737 

Table  24.— Property— Fellowships  and  scholarships .  738 

Table  25.— Income .  739 

Table  26.— Receipts . 741 

Table  27.— Instructors,  students,  and  graduates .  743 

Table  28.— Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees .  854 

Table  29.— Receipts  from  all  sources .  875 


CHAPTER  I. 

STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 

This  volume  was  prepared  under  the  supervision  of  H.  R.  Bonner,  Specialist  in 

Educational  Statistics. 


Contents.— Introductory  statement— Total  school  enrollment— The  cost  of  education— Teachers— Gifts 
and  bequests  to  education— Amount  of  schooling— Men  teachers  in  rural  schools — The  rural  and  city 
school  term — Part  of  school  term  not  attended — Teachers’  salaries  in  rural  and  city  schools — City  and 
rural  school  property— The  per  capita  cost  of  rural  and  city  education— Enrollment  in  elementary, 
secondary,  and  higher  educational  institutions — Kindergartens. 


INTRODUCTORY  STATEMENT. 

The  Biennial  Survey  of  Education  presents  the  statistics  of  prac¬ 
tically  all  the  important  school  systems  in  the  United  States  for 
1917-18.  The  various  chapters  in  the  volume  have  been  previously 
printed  as  bulletins,  as  indicated  below: 

Statistical  Survey  of  Education,  Bulletin  No.  31,  1920. 

Statistics  of  State  School  Systems,  Bulletin  No.  11,  1920. 

Statistics  of  City  School  Systems,  Bulletin  No.  24,  1920. 

Statistics  of  Universities,  Colleges,  and  Professional  Schools,  Bulletin  No.  34, 1920, 

Statistics  of  Normal  Schools,  Bulletin  No.  81,  1919. 

Nurse  Training  Schools,  Bulletin  No.  73,  1919. 

Summer  Schools,  Bulletin  No.  31,  1919. 

Statistics  of  Public  High  Schools,  Bulletin  No.  19,  1920. 

Statistics  of  Private  High  Schools,  Bulletin  No.  3,  1920. 

Private  Commercial  and  Business  Schools,  Bulletin  No.  47,  1919. 

Industrial  Schools  for  Delinquents,  Bulletin  No.  52,  1919. 

Schools  for  the  Deaf,  Bulletin  No.  79,  1919. 

Schools  for  the  Blind,  Bulletin  No.  78,  1919. 

Schools  and  Classes  for  Feeble-Minded  and  Subnormal  Children,  Bulletin  No.  70, 
1919. 

This  plan  of  printing  the  different  chapters  in  the  report  as  separate 
bulletins  permits  a  wider  circulation  of  the  statistics.  By  this 
arrangement  it  becomes  unnecessary  to  send  the  whole  volume  to 
those  desiring  only  the  statistics  of  a  given  class  of  schools  or  in¬ 
stitutions.  Several  thousand  copies  of  the  volume,  however,  have 
been  printed  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  libraries,  colleges,  univer¬ 
sities,  etc.,  with  a  complete  report  more  or  less  comparable  to  that 
issued  in  preceding  years. 

This  chapter  includes  a  general  summary  of  the  statistics,  showing 
the  enrollment  in  public  and  private  schools  and  institutions  of 
various  types,  the  estimated  cost  of  maintaining  these  schools  for 
1917-18,  the  distribution  of  teachers  among  these  schools  and  the 
estimated  length  of  time  the  average  person  attends  school  during 

7 


8 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


his  life.  In  addition  to  these  general  statistics,  this  chapter  contains 
certain  information  which  had  to  be  culled  from  other  chapters  in  the 
report  and  assembled  into  a  unified  whole.  Thus  the  statistics  of 
rural  schools  have  been  secured  by  subtracting  from  the  chapter  on 
State  school  systems  the  corresponding  amounts  in  the  chapter  on 
city  school  systems,  and  securing  from  these  results  certain  relation¬ 
ships.  To  secure  complete  statistics  for  kindergartens,  it  has  been 
necessary  to  bring  together  corresponding  data  from  reports  of  kinder- 
gardens  maintained  by  cities,  by  villages,  and  by  private  organizations. 
Further,  the  enrollments  in  elementary,  secondary,  and  higher  in¬ 
stitutions  of  all  types  have  been  assembled  to  show  the  total  school 
enrollment  in  each  State  and  in  the  Nation.  This  chapter  serves, 
therefore,  the  double  purpose  of  summarizing  and  assembling  such 
data  as  could  not  well  be  done  in  any  other  single  chapter  of  the  report. 


Table  1. — School  and  college  enrollment  in  1918. 


Grades. 

Public. 

Private. 

Total. 

Kindergartens . 

433,377 

18,486,318 

1,925,473 

8,586,601 
12,258,567 
10, 100 
112,046 
9,771 

120,157 

8,348 

46,612 

1,457,044 

158,745 

479,989 

19,943,362 

2,084,218 

Elementary  (primary  and  grammar) . 

Secondary  (high  schools  and  academies) . 

Elementary  and  secondary  (including  kindergartens): 1 2 3 

City  schools . 

Rural  schools . 

Secondary  (preparatory  departments  of  higher  institutions) . . 

Universities  and  colleges . 

34,560 

178,060 

38,882 

}  9,569 

44,660 
290, 106 
48,653 

138,074 

Professional  schools . 

Normal  schools: 

State  schools . 

City  and  comity  schools . 

Total  for  the  above . 

21,105,590 

1,923,472 

2  23,029,062 

City  evening  schools . 

585,413 

585,413 

}  289,579 

51,937 

12,814 

5,749 

17,152 

28,521 

3,635 

3,337 

Business  schools: 

Day  schools . 

182,614 

106,965 

Night  schools . 

Reform  schools . 

3  51,937 

12,170 
i  2,482 
5,749 

16,535 

1 18, 133 
28, 521 
3,635 
3,337 

Schools  for  the  deaf: 

State  schools . 

}  644 

City  schools . 

Schools  for  the  blind . 

Schools  for  the  feeble-minded: 

State  schools . 

}  617 

City  schools . 

Government  Indian  schools . 

Schools  in  Alaska  supported  by  the  Government . 

Other  public  schools  in  Alaska . 

Total  for  special  schools . 

707,297 

290,840 

998,137 

Total  for  all  schools  in  United  States  4‘ . : . . 

21,812,887 

2,214,312 

2  24,027,199 

1  Not  included  in  total  because  of  duplication  in  other  items. 

2  Includes  8,060  students  duplicated  in  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools. 

3  Does  not  include  11,825  inmates  not  in  school  classes. 

4  Does  not  include  miscellaneous  schools,  such  as  art,  music,  etc.,  from  which  no  data  were  collected. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918, 
Table  2.— School  enrollment  and  estimated  cost  in  1918. 


9 


Classification. 

Enroll¬ 

ment. 

Estimated 
per  capita 
cost. 

Estimated 
total  cost 
(including 
outlays). 

18,919,695 

1,925,473 

1,503,656 

158,745 

8,586,601 

12,258,567 

129,096 

246,263 

120,157 
8,348 
9,569 
289, 579 
351,937 

12,170 

12,482 

644 

$31.68 

$599,383,393 

162,875,761 

54,988,700 

34,025,276 

410, 142,715 
353,679,239 

65,315,884 

71,739,531 

17,469,349 

1,418,935 

1,526,405 

24,571,785 

10,157,592 

4,855,822 
i  483,990 
297,425 
2,932, 182 

4,266,030 

84.59 

Private  elementary  schools  (including  kindergartens) . 

36.57 

Private  high  schools . “ . 7 . . . 

214. 34 

Elementary  and  secondary  schools: 1 

47.76 

28.85 

Universities  and  colleges: 2 3 

Public . 

505.95 

Private . 

291.31 

Normal  schools: 

State . 

145. 39 

City  and  county . 

169. 97 

Private . 

159. 52 

Commercial  and  business  schools . 

84.85 

Reform  schools . 

326. 00 

Schools  for  the  deaf: 

State  . 

•  399.00 

City . 

195.00 

Private . 

461.84 

Schools  for  the  blind . 

5,749 

16,535 

1 18, 133 

510.03 

Schools  f  or  the  feeble-minded: 

State . 

258.00 

City . 

(4) 

489.00 

Private . 

617 

301,713 

3,328,115 

208,000 

Government  Indian  schools  .  . 

28,521 

3,635 

116. 69 

Schools  in  Alaska  supported  by  the  Government . 

57.22 

Other  public  schools  in  Alaska . 

3,337 

81.78 

272,905 

Total . 

23,433,726 

45.23 

1,059,934,803 

1  Not  included  in  total  because  duplicated  in  other  items. 

2  Includes  collegiate,  preparatory,  and  professional  departments. 

3  Of  this  number  31,158  is  the  average  enrollment. 

4  Data  reported  was  not  sufficient  for  reliable  estimate. 


Table  3. — Distribution  of  teachers  for  four  'periods . 


10 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


00 

o> 

Total. 

562, 184 

84,010 

44, 153 

14, 199 

3,027 

23,318 

C1) 

0)  , 

10,183 

7,614 

938 

5,240 

2  3,909 

927 

8,844 

1,217 

769,763 

Men.  |  Women. 

486,736 

54,517 

37,972 

8,788 

1,223 

4,960 

228 

4,815 

571 

2,930 

2,744 

577 

8,844 

1,217 

616, 122 

75,448 

29,493 

6,181 

5,411 

1,-804 

18,358 

j  9,955 

}  2, 799 

}  367 

2,310 

1,165 

350 

{ . 

153,641 

o 

o 

Total. 

481,543 

41.667 

34,743 

11,146 

3,932 

14,977 

616 

2,304 

1,453 

1,534 

7,586 

1,546 

815 

351 

3,185 

1,629 

575 

525 

2,936 

3,486 

4, 158 

9,500 

630,207 

Women. 

IrsS  11  is  i 

gas"  —  -  : 

2,080 

1,042 

320 

277 

1,200 

2,352 

2,456 

8,000 

471,633 

Men. 

sis§  si  =§  sasiss  si  aasss  s  i 

hooio'^  <n  co  i-T  t-T  r-T  r-T  i-T  i-ti-Ti-i 

05  rH  rH  • 

158,574 

1 

Total. 

402,690 

20,372 

26,416 

10,117 

3,441 

9,399 

2, 457 

994 

1,004 

4,483 

1,118 

493 

185 

2,171 

744 

917 
540 
2, 1x2 

2,463 

2,982 

8,500 

1 

1 

Women. 

286,274 

10,200 

19,768 

5,842 

1,008 

949 

1,754 

1,236 

611 

382 

283 

699 

1,650 

1,793 

7, 150 

163,999  339*599 

Men. 

|SiS  SS  g  III3IS  S3  |||i§  1  i 

(O'o'oV  Noo1  rn'^p'r-T  y-4  ,-7 

1 

Total. 

ISIS  s  1  SlSSgs  as  §§§§§  |  ; 

418,899 

Women. 

i§§§  1  §  1 

460 

962 

965 

4,950 

267,653 

I 

121,877 

3,648 

6,807 

3,272 

}  5,080 

}  ». 

744 

346 

2,851 

541 

183 

93 

1,133 

564 

644 

}  1,050 

149,428 

Teachers  in— 

Public  elementary  schools . 

Public  high  schools . 

Private  elementary  schools  (estimated) . 

Private  high  schools . 

Universities  and  colleges: 

Preparatory  departments . . 

Collegiate  departments . 

Colleges  for  women: 

Preparatorv  departments . 

Collegiate  departments . . 

Professional  schools: 

Theology . 

.Law . 

Medicine . 

uenustry . 

Pharmacy . 

Veterinary  medicine . 

Mnrmol  -rviiKli/** 

Normal  department . 

Other  departments. . . 

Normal  schools,  private: 

Normal  department . 

Other  departments . 

Commercial  and  business  schools. 

Schools  for  defectives  and  delinquents . 

Indian  and  Maskan  schools. . 

Kindergartens: 

Public . 

Private . . 

Miscellaneous  (music,  art,  etc.) * . 

Total . . 

in  universities  and  colleges.  2  Not  including  63  men  and  1,394  women  teaching  city  school  classes  and  given  above.  3  No  data. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918, 
Table  4. — Gifts  and  bequests  to  education ,  1912-1918. 


11 


Institutions. 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1918 

Universities  and  colleges . 

Schools  of  theology . 

Schools  of  law . 

Schools  of  medicine . 

Public  normal  schools . 

Private  normal  schools . 

Private  high  schools . 

Total . 

§24,783,090 
1,680, 754 
425,  867 
1, 296,  288 
479,  624 
133,  472 
1, 262, 215 

§24,651,958 
2,336,510 
189,453 
1,203,096 
413, 580 
199,  899 
657, 383 

$26,670,017 
1, 558, 281 
203, 067 
1,495,773 
607, 431 
116,283 
706,546 

$20,310, 124 
1,467,055 
90,576 
2,661,076 
449,992 
168, 479 
875, 944 

$30,196,006 
2, 257, 359 
128, 588 
2,253,598 
758, 998 
143, 012 
1,357,719 

1 

>$27, 450, 945 

40,548 
616, 817 
1,748,258 

30,061,310 

29, 651, 879 

31,357,398 

26,023,246 

37,095, 280 

29, 856, 568 

Table  5. — Gifts  and  bequests 


1871  .  $8,593,740 

1872  .  10,072,540 

1873  .  11,225,977 

1874  .  6,053,804 

1875  .  4,126,562 

1876  .  4,691,845 

1877  .  3,015,256 

1878. .  3,103,289 

1879  .  5,249,810 

1880  .  5,518,501 

1881  .  7,440,224 

1883  .  7,141,363 

1884  .  11,270,286 

1885  .  9,314,081 

1886  .  5,976,168 

1887  .  7,512,910 

1888  . 6,646,368 

1889  .  6,942,058 

1890  .  8.011,019 

1891  .  8,519,233 

1892  .  8,721,902 

1893  .  8,207,690 

1894  .  10,855,365 

1895  .  8,240,876 

1896  .  11,677,048 


education  from  1871  to  1918. 


1897  . $10,049,141 

1898  .  10,981,209 

1899  .  25,332,792 

1900  .  15,066,561 

1901  .  21,158,400 

1902  .  20,348,739 

1903  .  17,915,075 

1904  .  17,261,375 

1905  .  21,827,875 

1906  .  23,347,070 

1907  . . .  28,585,780 

1908  .  19,763,421 

1909  . 21,192,450 

1910  .  24,755,663 

1911  .  27,634,029 

1912  .  30,061,310 

1913  .  29,651,879 

1914  .  31,357,398 

1915  .  26,023,246 

1916  .  37,095,280 

1918 .  29,856,568 


Total,  excluding  1882 

and  1917...: .  677,393. 176 


TOTAL  SCHOOL  ENROLLMENT. 

•  Table  1  summarizes  the  figures  which  indicate  the  total  enrollment 
in  each  type  of  school  or  institution.  The  statistics  of  schools  in 
Alaska  and  of  Government  Indian  schools  have  been  taken  from  other 
Government  reports.  All  other  statistics  contained  in  this  summary 
have  been  derived  from  the  succeeding  chapters.  These  data  have 
been  organized  to  show  facts  regarding  enrollment  in  public  and  pri¬ 
vate  schools.  The  statistics  of  private  elementary  schools  have 
been  estimated  very  largely,  but  they  are  in  all  probability  fairly 
dependable.  The  grand  total  enrollment  in  all  types  of  schools  is 
24,027,199.  This  aggregate  includes  21,812,887  persons  enrolled  in 
public  schools  and  2,214,312  persons  enrolled  in  private  schools. 


12 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Excluding  all  special  and  evening  schools,  the  total  enrollment  in 
kindergarten,  elementary,  secondary,  and  higher  institutions  is 
23,029,062,  including  21,105,590  persons  registered  in  public  schools 
and  1,923,472  persons  enrolled  in  private  schools.  The  further 
distribution  of  these  aggregates  among  the  different  types  of  schools 
may  be  ascertained  from  the  table. 

THE  COST  OF  EDUCATION. 

Table  2  contains  statistics  showing  the  total  cost  of  education  in 
1917-18,  the  total  enrollment  in  the  institutions,  and  the  average  or 
per  capita  cost  based  on  the  total  number  of  persons  enrolled  in  the 
various  types  of  schools.  These  annual  per  capita  amounts  do  not 
always  represent  the  same  conditions.  Thus  the  per  capita  expendi¬ 
tures  in  public  elementary,  secondary;  and  higher  institutions  usually 
do  not  include  amounts  spent  for  board  or  lodging,  while  the  corre¬ 
sponding  expenditures  in  private  high  schools  and  academies,  in 
schools  for  the  deaf,  the  blind,  and  the  feeble-minded  quite  fre¬ 
quently  include  these  extraneous-to-school  costs.  Caution  should 
be  used,  therefore,  in  interpreting  the  per  capita  costs  shown  in 
Table  2. 

The  total  amount  spent  for  education  in  1917-18  in  the  schools 
represented  in  Table  2  was  $1,059,934,803.  The  total  enrollment  in 
these  schools  (excluding  city  evening  schools)  was  23,433,726.  The 
average  per  capita  cost  based  on  the  total  number  attending  school 
is,  therefore,  $45.23.  This  average,  as  has  just  been  pointed  out, 
needs  to  be  used  cautiously,  since  it  often  includes  the  cost  of  board 
and  lodging. 

TEACHERS. 

In  Table  3  the  number  of  men  and  women  teachers  in  the  various 
types  of  schools  have  been  assembled.  The  total  number  employed 
in  1917-18  was  769,763,  including  1’53,641  men  and  616,122  women. 
The  men  teachers  constitute  only  23  per  cent  of  the  total  number. 
It  is  thus  seen  that  over  three-fourths  of  all  teachers  in  the  United 
States  are  women.  In  1890  the  corresponding  percentage  was  almost 
36.  From  this  table  it  is  possible  to  ascertain  where  the  loss  of  men 
teachers  has  been  greatest,  but  this  matter  has  been  sufficiently 
discussed  in  succeeding  chapters. 

GIFTS  AND  BEQUESTS  TO  EDUCATION. 

Table  4  shows  the  amount  of  gifts  and  bequests  to  education  in 
1912,  1913,  1914,  1915,  1916,  and  1918.  As  no  statistics  were  col¬ 
lected  from  schools  in  1916-17,  there  are  no  corresponding  data  for 
that  year.  The  total  amount  received  from  this  source  in  1918  was 
$29,856,568,  which  represents  a  considerable  decrease  as  compared 
with  the  corresponding  data  for  1916.  As  the  war  undoubtedly  reduced 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918.  13 

this  source  of  school  support  in  1918,  it  is  not  safe  to  estimate  the 
amount  received  in  1917. 

In  Table  5  the  amount  of  gifts  and  bequests  for  each  year  since 
1870  has  been  assembled.  Omitting  the  amounts  received  in  1882 
and  1917,  the  total  amount  accruing  to  the  cause  of  education  from 
this  gratuitous  support  has  been  $677,393,176.  This  amount  is 
not  sufficient  to  maintain  the  public  elementary  and  secondary 
schools  of  the  Nation  for  one  year.  (The  total  amount  required  in 
1918  was  $763,678,089.)  This  amount  is  equivalent  to  $32.48  for 
each  pupil  now  enrolled  in  public  elementary  and  secondary  schools 
(20,853,516  pupils  enrolled  in  1918). 

Table  6. — Data  used  in  securing  the  average  number  of  days  of  school  attended  by  each 
person  who  became  21  years  of  age  in  1918  ( 5.38  years  of  200  days  each). 


School  year. 

Assigned 

ages 

(years). 

Average 
number  of 
days  atten¬ 
ded  by 
each  pupil 
enrolled. 

Per  cent  of 
persons  of 
each  age 
attending 
school 
(1910). 

Average 
number  of 
days  atten¬ 
ded  by  all 
persons  of 
each  age.1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1902 . 

5  and  under. 

101.7 

19.5 

19.8 

1SC3 . 

6 

102.1 

52.1 

53.2 

1904 . 

7 

105.2 

75.0 

78.9 

1905 . 

8 

106.0 

82.7 

87.7 

1906 . : . 

9 

106.2 

86.2 

91.5 

1907 . 

10 

107.3 

90.0 

96.6 

1908 . 

11 

109.8 

91.  ? 

100.1 

*1909 . 

12 

112.6 

89.8 

101.1 

11910 . 

13 

113.0 

88.8 

100.3 

11911 . 

14 

111.  8 

81. 2 

90. 8 

1 1912 . 

15 

115.6 

68.3 

79.0 

*1913 . 

16 

115.6 

50.6 

59.5 

11914 . 

17 

117.8 

35.3 

41.6 

F1915 . 

18 

121.2 

22.6 

27.4 

[  1916 . 

19 

120.9 

14.4 

17.4 

1 1917 . 

20 

120.4 

8.4 

10.1 

E 1918 . 

21  and  over. 

119.8 

17.5 

20  9 

Total . 

1,075.9 

1 

1  Column  5  was  obtained  by  multiplying  column  3  by  column  4. 


AMOUNT  OF  SCHOOLING. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  schooling 
received  by  the  “ average”  person  now  completing  a  school  course. 
*Tne  data  showing  the  method  of  arriving  at  such  an  average  are 
given  in  Table  6.  In  Table  12  in  the  chapter  on  State  School  Systems 
the  percentage  of  children  enrolled  in  school  at  each  age  in  1910  is 
shown.  These  percentages  are  repeated  in  column  4  of  Table  6  of 
this  chapter.  It  is  assumed  that  all  children  who  are  under  6  years 
of  age  and  who  are  attending  school  are  5  years  of  age.  There  is  prac¬ 
tically  no  fallacy  in  the  results  obtained  in  this  way,  although  it  is 
known  that  some  children  attend  kindergarten  at  the  age  of  4,  since 
the  age  groups  of  4  and  5  essentially  equal.  It  is  found,  therefore, 
that  19J)  per  cent  of  the  children  5  years  of  age,  or  an  equivalent 


14  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

thereof,  are  in  school.  Similarly  for  those  over  20  years  of  age,  it 
has  been  assumed  that  they  are  all  21  years  of  age.  As  the  age 
groups  just  above  20  are  essentially  equal,  it  does  not  matter  if  all 
such  persons  are  considered  21  years  of  age. 

This  enables  one  to  combine  these  scattered  persons  who  are  attend¬ 
ing  school  into  workable  percentages  which  for  all  purposes  are 
reliably  correct.  It  is  assumed,  therefore,  that  the  average  child 
entered  school  at  the  age  of  5  in  1902  and  attended  school  more  or  less 
irregularly  until  he  was  21  years  of  age,  in  1918.  The  average  number 
of  days  attended  by  all  pupils  enrolled  in  school  in  1902  was  101.7; 
in  1903,  102.1  days,  etc.,  as  shown  in  column  3  of  the  table.  The 
“average”  child  5  years  of  age  attending  school  in  1902  went  101.7 
days.  The  following  year  this  “average”  child  went  102.1  days,  etc. 
But  it  must  be  considered  that  only  19.5  per  cent  of  the  children 

5  years  of  age  attend  school  and  that  only  52.1  per  cent  of  those 

6  years  of  age  attend  school.  Consequently,  the  “average”  child 
in  the  population  in  1902  received  not  over  19.8  days  schooling  at  the 
age  of  5  and  not  over  53.2  days  schooling  at  the  age  of  6  in  1903. 
Proceeding  as  shown  in  the  last  column  in  Table  6  it  is  found  that 
this  “average”  child  gets  the  longest  school  term  at  the  age  of  12, 
when  he  attends  101.1  days.  During  his  lifetime  he  will  attend  a 
total  of  1,075.9  days,  or  an  equivalent  of  5.38  years  of  200  actual 
school  days  each. 

At  the  age  of  5  the  complete  expectation  of  life,  as  shown  by  the 
United  States  Life  Tables  in  1910,  as  prepared  by  James  W.  Glover 
for  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  is  56.21  years  of  365  days  each.  The 
“average”  child  as  shown  above  attends  school  after  this  age  only; 
1,075.9  days,  or  an  equivalent  of  2.95  years  of  365  days  each.  By 
comparing  these  figures  it  is  found  that  this  “average”  child  attends 
school  only  one-nineteenth  of  his  life,  subsequent  to  his  fifth  birthday. 
In  other  words  only  1  day  in  19  is  spent  in  scholastic  preparation 
for  life. 

One  error  involved  in  the  computation  of  column  5  of  Table  f 
needs  to  be  pointed  out.  The  average  number  of  days  attended  b; 
each  child  enrolled  in  school  as  shown  in  column  3  includes  the  nuU 
ber  of  days  attended  by  the  older  as  well  as  the  younger  childreij. 
Possibly  the  younger  children  enrolled  in  school  do  not  attend  so 
regularly  as  the  children  coming  within  the  compulsory  attendance 
age  limits.  In  other. words,  the  “average”  child  attending  school 
at  5  may  not  attend  the  average  of  101.7  days,  while  at  the  age  of 
12  he  may  attend  more  than  the  average  of  112.6  days.  As  these 
errors  are  counterbalancing,  and  as  the  range  of  these  averages  is 
narrow,  falling  between  101.7  at  5  years  and  121.2  at  18  years,  no 
great  vitiating  factor  can  be  discerned  herein.  It  is  held,  therefore, 
that  the  method  is  essentially  sound,  and  that  the  results  secured 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918.  15 

are  reliable.  The  fact  that  it  has  been  necessary  to  use  the  percent¬ 
age  of  persons  attending  school  in  1910  does  not  materially  operate 
in  nullifying  conclusions,  since  the  school  history  of  this  average  child 
centers  around  the  year  1910,  and  since  such  minor  errors  as  may 
exist  are  again  compensating. 

MEN  TEACHERS  IN  RURAL  SCHOOLS. 

In  cities  having  a  population  of  2,500  or  over,  25,063  men  and 
216,319  women  teachers  are  employed.  In  rural  schools  (schools 
located  in  the  open  country  and  in  villages)  80,164  men  and  329,196 
women  teachers  are  employed.  From  these  figures  shown  in  detail 
in  Table  9,  it  is  found  that  10.4  per  cent  of  the  city  teachers  and  19.7 
per  cent  of  the  rural  teachers  are  men.  In  all  schools,  both  city  and 
rural,  16.1  per  cent  of  the  teachers  are  men.  The  percentage  of  men 
teachers  in  the  rural  schools  of  each  State  is  shown  graphically  in 
figure  1.  Indiana,  Arkansas,  and  West  Virginia  lead  with  relatively 
high  percentages  of  men  teachers,  while  Connecticut,  Vermont,  Ne¬ 
braska,  and  Colorado  fall  at  the  bottom  of  the  list.  The  scarcity  of 
men  teachers  in  the  rural  schools  in  certain  States  should  be  suffi¬ 
cient  to  give  great  concern.  Unless  more  remunerative  salaries  are 
paid  in  the  rural  schools,  the  exodus  of  practically  all  men  teachers 
from  these  schools  seems  imminent. 

THE  RURAL  AND  CITY  SCHOOL  TERM. 

For  the  United  States  the  average  length  of  the  school  term  in 
elementary  and  secondary  schools  combined  is  about  160  days.  In 
the  city  schools  the  corresponding  average  is  182  days,  while  in  the 
rural  schools  it  is  only  142  days.  The  children  in  the  rural  schools 
have  a  little  over  7  months  of  school,  while  city  children  have  over 
9  months.  The  city  child  has  a  school  term  40  days  longer  than  the 
child  in  the  rural  schools.  Figure  2  and  Table  8  present  these  facts 
for  each  State.  In  the  figure  the  projection  of  the  “ pin”  beyond 
the  ‘‘bar”  is  very  pronounced  id  the  States  falling  in  the  lower  half  of 
the  figure.  Smaller  differences  prevail  among  States  with  respect  to 
t£e  length  of  the  city  school  term  than  to  that  of  the  rural  school 
irm.  The  “pins”  are  more  nearly  equal  in  length  than  the  “bars.” 

PART  OF  SCHOOL  TERM  NOT  ATTENDED. 

The  part  of  the  school  term  lost  by  irregular  attendance  is  shown  for 
rural  and  city  schools  in  Table  8  and  figure  3.  In  the  lower  part  of 
the  diagram  the  per  cent  of  the  school  term  lost  in  the  rural  schools 
is  about  twice  that  wasted  in  city  schools.  In  many  States  near  the 
top  of  the  list  the  loss  is  about  the  same  in  both  classes  of  schools. 
Oregon  and  Ohio  are  outstanding  in  the  relatively  small  proportion 
of  the  rural  school  lost  by  irregular  attendance.  It  should  be  noted 


16 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


8IATS8. 

P  E  1 
< 

INDIANA . 

52.9 

ARKANSAS . 

39.9 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

38.9 

UTAH . . 

36.4 

KENTUCKY . . 

36.0 

MASSACHUSETTS., 

31.0 

TENNESSEE . . 

29.2 

OHIO . . 

29.1 

NEW  MEXICO...., 

26.3 

ALABAMA . . 

25.8 

OKLAHOMA . . 

24.3 

MISSOURI . . 

24.1 

MISSISSIPPI. . . , 

23.4 

-PENNSYLVANIA. . . 

23.4 

FLORIDA . . . 

22.6 

LOUISIANA . . 

20.6 

GEORGIA . . 

19.8 

TEXAS . . 

19.8 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

19.7 

ILLINOIS . 

18.1 

IDAHO . 

17.5 

OREGON. . 

16.9 

KANSAS . 

15.5 

MICHIGAN . 

15.2 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

14.9 

WASHINGTON . 

13.9 

ARIZONA . 

15.6 

RHODE  1 8 LAND. . . 

13.6 

VIRGINIA . 

13.6 

DELAWARE . 

12.6 

NEW  YORK. . 

12.0 

MONTANA . 

11.8 

NEVADA. . . 

11.8 

MARYLAND . 

11.0 

NORTH  DAKOTA. . . 

10.7 

CALIFORNIA . 

10.2 

SOUTH  DAKOTA... 

10.2 

WISCONSIN...... 

9.6 

MINNESOTA . 

9.5 

IOWA . 

8.9 

MAINE . 

8.8 

NEW  JERSEY . 

8.5 

WYOMING . 

7.7 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. . 

6.9 

COLORADO . 

5.8 

NEBRASKA. . . 

4.8 

VERMONT . 

2.1 

CONNECTICUT.... 

0.0 

UNITED  STATES.. 

19»7 

CJHI  0  P 
10 


Fig.  1. — Percentage  of  men  teachers  in  ruralschools,  1917-18. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


17 


AVERAGE  LENGTH  OP  SCHOOL  TERM  (DAYS). 

50  100  150 


CONNECTICUT 
HEW  YORK 
MASSACHUSETTS 
HEW  JERSEY 
SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

HEW  HAMPSHIRE 

wise  aHsm 

RHODE  ISLAHD. . . . 
HE  V  AD  A 
WASHIHGT  OH 
VERMOHT 
NORTH  DAKOTA 
MARYLAND 
UTAH 

maihe 

KANSAS 
MINNESOTA 
NE3RASKA 
MICHIGAN 
PENNSYLVANIA 
CALIFORNIA 
COLORADO 
ARIZONA 
MISSOURI 
HEW  MEXICO 
OKLAHOMA 
DELAWARE 
ILLINOIS 
IDAHO 
OHIO 
MONTANA 
WYOMING 
KENTUCKY 
INDIANA 
TEXAS 

MISSISSIPPI 
TENNESSEE 
IOWA 
OREGON 
GEORGIA 
VIRGINIA 
LOUISIANA 
WEST  VIRGINIA 
FLORIDA 
NORTH  CAROLINA.. 
ALABAMA 
ARKANSAS 
SOUTH  CAROLINA. . 


RURAL  SCHOOLS 


CITY  SCHOOLS 


Fig.  2.— Average  length  of  city  and  rural  school  term,  1917-18. 
59873°— 21 - 2 


18  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


S  I  A 


OHIO . 

OREGON . 

INDIANA . 

ILLINOIS... . 

MICHIGAN . 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

MAINE . 

WYOMING . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. . . . 

WISCONSIN . 

NEW  YORE . 

VERMONT . . 

UTAH . 

MISSOURI . 

KANSAS . 

MONTANA . 

MINNESOTA . 

MASSACHUSETTS.... 

WASHINGTON . . 

IOWA . . 

TEXAS . 

LOUISIANA . 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

NEVADA . 

IDAHO . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

NEBRASKA . 

WEST  VIRGINIA. ... 

TENNESSEE . 

FLORIDA . 

CALIFORNIA . 

MARYLAND . 

GEORGIA . 

VIRGINIA . 

NORTH  CAROLINA... 
SOUTH  CAROLINA... 
COLORADO......... 

ARKANSAS . 

MISSISSIPPI . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

•  SOUTH  DAKOTA..... 

ALABAMA . . 

DELAWARE . 

OKLAHOMA . 

ARIZONA . 

CONNECTICUT . 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

KENTUCKY. ..•••«.. 

UNITED  STATES.... 


PER  CENT  0 P  SCHOOL  TERM  LOST. 
10  20  30 


Fig.  3.— Percentage  of  city  and  rural  school  term  lost  by  each  pupil  enrolled,  1917-18. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


19 


in  this  connection  that  the  States  have  been  arranged  in  the  increas¬ 
ing  order  of  the  percentage  of  the  rural  school  term  lost.  On  this 
score  Ohio  and  Oregon  occupy  the  most  commendable,  and  Kentucky 
and  Rhode  Island  the  most  derogatory  positions.  As  a  general  rule 
the  city  child  loses  39  school  days  annually,  or  21.4  per  cent  of  the 
term  provided,  while  the  child  in  rural  communities  loses  42  days,  or 
29.4  per  cent  of  the  school  term  provided  for  him. 

TEACHERS’  SALARIES  IN  RURAL  AND  CITY  SCHOOLS. 

In  all  elementary  and  secondary  schools  the  average  annual  salary 
of  teachers  is  $618.  As  shown  in  Table  10  the  corresponding  average 
in  city  schools  is  $854  and  in  rural  schools  $479.  The  variations  from 
these  average  practices  are  best  exhibited  in  figure  4.  California, 
Arizona,  and  Washington  head  the  list  on  the  high  salaries  paid  to 
rural  teachers.  Alabama,  North  Carolina,  and  Mississippi  pay  the 
lowest  average  salaries  to  rural  teachers.  Not  infrequently  the  av¬ 
erage  salary  paid  to  city  teachers  falls  below  the  $600  line.  The 
great  inequality  in  the  relative  lengths  of  the  “  bars”  and  the  “pins” 
in  most  of  the  States  suggests  the  query  as  to  whether  the  rural  child 
is  not  entitled  to  as  good  a  teacher  as  the  city  child. 

CITY  AND  RURAL  SCHOOL  PROPERTY. 

The  estimated  value  of  all  school  property  and  the  average  value 
for  each  pupil  enrolled  in  school  are  shown  for  city  and  rural  schools 
in  Table  10.  In  city  schools  this  per  capita  is  found  to  be  $146.69, 
while  in  rural  schools  it  is  only  $60.81.  For  both  combined  it  is 
$96.23.  The  deviations  from  these  general  averages  are  shown 
graphically  by  States  in  figure  5.  Rhode  Island,  Massachusetts,  and 
Montana  rank  first  on  the  values  of  property  in  the  rural  schools.  In 
some  States  little  difference  exists  between  the  average  value  in  rural 
and  city  schools.  In  most  States  the  “pins”  project  far  beyond  the 
“bars,”  indicating  that  great  inequality  exists  as  to  the  “school 
home  ”  provided  for  the  rural  and  the  city  child. 

THE  PER  CAPITA  COST  OF  RURAL  AND  CITY  EDUCATION. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  ascertain  the  annual  cost  of  educa¬ 
tion  in  city  and  rural  schools.  The  results  are  shown  in  Table  12. 
Some  of  the  averages  are  not  precise,  as  the  various  per  capitas  for 
city  and  rural  schools  had  to  be  derived  by  a  process  of  subtraction, 
as  explained  above.  While  the  averages  shown  are  not  precise, 
they  are  nevertheless  fairly  dependable.  In  figure  6  the  per  capita 
cost  for  each  pupil  enrolled  has  been  ascertained.  The  city  schools 
on  this  basis  spend  $40.59,  while  the  rural  schools  spend  only  $23.91 
for  meeting  the  current  expenses  of  each  pupil.  The  States  have 
been  ranked  on  the  magnitude  of  rural  school  costs.  Montana, 


20 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-190.8. 


STATES 


AVERAGE  ANNUAL  SALARIES  (DOLLARS). 


0  200  400  600  800  1000 


CALIFORNIA . 

ARIZONA . 

WASHINGT  Oil ....  . 

HE  W  JERSEY . 

MASSACHUSETTS.. 
CONNECTICUT. • .. 

UTAH . 

RHODE  ISLAND... 

COLORADO . 

IDAHO . 

PENNSYLVANIA... 

NEVADA . . 

NORTE  DAKOTA... 

MONTANA . 

OKLAHOMA . . 

OHIO . . 

MISSOURI . . 

NEW.  YORK . . 

ILLINOIS . 

OREGON. ........ 

NEBRASKA . 

MINNESOTA,....'. 

MARYLAND . 

WYOMING...,. ... 

MICHIGAN . 

INDIANA . . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA... 

KANSAS . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.. 

NEW  MEXICO . 

I  OVA . . 

TEXAS . 

DELAWARE . 

VERMONT . 

LOUISIANA . 

WEST  VIRGINIA.. 

KENTUCKY . 

WISCONSIN...... 

TENNESSEE.. .... 

VIRGINIA . 

FLORIDA . 

GEORGIA . . 

ARKANSAS....... 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

MAINE . 

MISSISSIPPI.... 
NORTH  CAROLINA. 
ALABAMA . . 

UNITED  STATES.. 


Fig.  4. — Average  annual  salaries  of  city  and  rural  teachers,  1917-18.  (Data  based  on  the  total  number  of 

different  teachers  employed.) 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918, 


21 


STATES. 


RHODE  ISLAND . 

MASSACHUSETTS.... 

MONTANA . 

MISSOURI . . 

WISCONSIN . 

NEW  YORK . 

CALIFORNIA . 

UTAH . 

WASHINGTON . 

OREGON . 

IDAHO.. . . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

INDIANA . 

MINNESOTA . 

ILLINOIS . 

OKLAHOMA . 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.... 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

WYOMING . 

KANSAS . 

COLORADO . 

IOWA . . 

VERMONT . 

MAINE . 

OHIO . 

MICHIGAN . 

CONNECTICUT . 

FLORIDA . 

WEST  VIRGINIA.... 

NEW  MEXICO . 

DELAWARE . 

MARYLAND . 

ARIZONA . 

NEBRASKA...., . 

KENTUCKY . 

VIRGINIA . . . . . 

LOUISIANA . 

TEXAS . 

ARKANSAS . 

ALABAMA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA... 
NORTH  CAROLINA... 

TENNESSEE . 

GEORGIA . 

MISSISSIPPI . 

UNITED  STATES.... 


|  AVERAGE  VALUE  OF  SCHOOL  PROPERTY  PER  PUPIL  ENROLLED. 

0  50  100  150  200 


Fig.  5.— Average  value  of  all  school  property  per  pupil  enrolled  in  city  and  rural  schools,  1917-18. 


22 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


STATES 


MONTANA . 

NEVADA . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 

ARIZONA . 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 
WASHINGTON. . . 

IOWA . 

WYOMING . 

NEW  YORK . 

CALIFORNIA. . . 

IDAHO . 

OREGON . 

OHIO . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

NEBRASKA . 

COLORADO . 

VERMONT . 

INDIANA . 

NEW  JERSEY... 

UTAH . 

MINNESOTA. . . . 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
CONNECTICUT.. 

MICHIGAN . 

ILLINOIS . 

KANSAS . 

MASSACHUSETTS. . 

MAINE . 

WISCONSIN . 

HEW  MEXICO . 

MARYLAND . 

MISSOURI . 

OKLAHOMA . 

RHODE  ISLAND... 

FLORIDA . 

DELAWARE . 

TEXAS . 

WEST  VIRGINIA.. 

KENTUCKY . 

LOUISIANA . 

VIRGINIA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

ARKANSAS . . 

GEORGIA . . 

ALABAMA . . 

TENNESSEE . . 

NORTH  CAROLINA, 
MISSISSIPPI..., 

UNITED  STATES. 


Fig.  6.— Current  expenses  for  education  per  pupil  enrolled  in  city  and  rural  schools,  1917-18. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


23 


Nevada,  and  New  Hampshire  rank  first,  and  Tennessee,  North  Caro¬ 
lina,  ai»d  Mississippi  last  in  the  array.  Great  differences  be¬ 
tween  rural  and  city  school  expenditures  are  indicated  by  decided 
projections  of  the  pins  beyond  the  bars.  The  States  seem  to  fall 
into  two  well-defined  groups  in  this  diagram,  the  State  of  Maine 
serving  as  a  dividing  bar.  Those  above  Maine  spend  over  $33  per 
rural  school  pupil,  and  those  below  Maine  spend  less  than  $26  per 
pupil. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  the  per  capitas  presented  in  this 
graph  relate  only  to  current  expenses  and  do  not  include  amounts 
spent  for  new  buildings,  grounds,  and  new  equipment. 

In  figure  7  the  average  expenditures  for  education  in  rural 
and  city  schools  have  been  computed  on  the  basis  of  the  number  of 
pupils  in  average  daily  attendance.  This  method  of  computation 
eliminates  from  consideration  the  absence  of  pupils  from  schools  and 
gives  the  actual  annual  cost  for  the  average  pupil  who  takes  daily 
advantage  of  the  school  term  provided  him.  On  this  basis  the  per 
capitas  become  considerably  higher,  for  city  schools  $51.56,  and  for 
rural  schools  $33.85.  Figure  7  shows  these  facts  for  the  different 
States,  ranking  the  States  on  the  decreasing  per  capita  costs.  Ari¬ 
zona,  Montana,  and  Nevada  lead  on1  rural-school  expenditures,  and 
Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee  come  last.  In  several 
States  the  average  rural  school  expenditures  exceed  those  incurred 
by  city  schools. 

As  the  length  of  the  school  term  varies  considerably  in  the  differ¬ 
ent  States,  the  average  cost  based  on  the  average  attendance  will  be 
comparatively  low  in  States  having  a  short  school  term  and  relatively 
high  in  States  having  a  long  school  term.  To  eliminate  this  factor 
of  inequality  from  consideration,  it  becomes  necessary  to  divide  the 
per  capita  costs  pictured  in  figure  7  by  the  length  of  the  school  term 
in  each  State  for  city  and  rural  schools  respectively.  The  results  of 
these  corrections  are  shown  in  Table  10  and  figure  8.  The  average 
daily  cost  in  rural  schools  ranges  from  57  cents  in  Montana  to  8  cents 
in  Tennessee.  The  average  for  all  rural  schools  is  24  cents  per  day, 
and  for  all  city  schools  28  cents.  It  becomes  apparent  from  these 
figures  that  city  and  rural  unit  costs,  for  the  same  length  of  time,  are 
not  essentially  different.  These  minor  differences  were  magnified 
in  the  two  preceding  graphs,  since  the  length  of  the  school  term  had 
not  been  taken  into  consideration.  This  statement  is  not  derogatory 
to  figures  6  and  7,  since  they  take  into  account  the  fact  that  the  city 
child  goes  to  school  a  greater  number  of  days  during  the  year  than 
the  rural  child.  It  should  also  be  remarked  at  this  juncture  that 
large  city  schools  can  be  maintained  at  smaller  unit  expenditures 
than  can  small  rural  schools,  most  of  which  have  only  one  room. 


24  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


S1ATES 

ARIZONA . 

MONTANA. .  .  ..... 

NEVADA... . 

NORTH  DAKOTA... 

WASHINGTON . 

IOWA . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE.. 

CALIFORNIA . 

CONNECTICUT.. .. 
SOUTH  DAKOTA... 

IDAHO . 

COLORADO . 

WYOMING . 

NEBRASKA . 

NEW  YORK . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

KANSAS . 

VERMONT . 

MINNESOTA . 

UTAH . 

OREGON . 

MASSACHUSETTS.. 

INDIANA . 

PENNSYLVANIA... 
MICHIGAN...... . 

OHIO . 

ILLINOIS . 

NEW  ME Z ICO . 

MAINE.. . 

MARYLAND . 

OKLAHOMA . 

WISCONSIN . 

RHODE  ISLAND.., 

DELAWARE . . 

MISSOURI . . 

FLORIDA . . 

KENTUCKY . 

WEST  VIRGINIA., 

TEXAS . 

VIRGINIA . . 

LOUISIANA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA, 

ARKANSAS . 

ALABAMA . 

GEORGIA . 

TENNESSEE . 

NORTH  CAROLINA 
MISSISSIPPI... 

UNITED  STATES. 


PER  CAPITA  COST  PER  PUPIL  ATTENDING  (DOLLARS). 

10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80 


Fio,  7— Current  expenses  for  education  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  city  and  rural 

schools,  1917-18. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


25 


s  CD  a  a?  e  s 


MONTANA . 

ARIZONA . 

IOV/A . 

NEVADA . 

IDAHO . . 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

WYOMING . 

CALIFORNIA . 

WASHINGTON . 

COLORADO.... . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. . . . 

NEBRASKA . 

OREGON . 

CONNECTICUT . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

INDIANA . 

KANSAS . 

MINNESOTA . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

NEW  YORK . 

OHIO . 

UTAH . 

VERMONT . 

ILLINOIS . 

MICHIGAN . 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

MASSACHUSETTS... . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

MAINE . 

OKLAHOMA. . 

FLORIDA. . 

MARYLAND . 

DELAWARE . 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

WEST  VIRGINIA.... 

WISCONSIN . 

MISSOURI . 

KENTUCKY . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA... 

TEXAS . 

VIRGINIA . 

LOUISIANA . 

ARKANSAS . 

ALABAMA . 

NORTH  CAROLINA... 

GEORGIA . 

MISSISSIPPI . 

TENNESSEE . 

UNITED  STATES.... 


Fig.  8.— Current  expenses  for  education  per  day  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  city  and  rural 

schools,  1917-18. 


26 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Where  large  numbers  of  children  can  be  conveniently  brought 
together  the  unit  cost  may  not  decrease  but  the  educational  ad¬ 
vantages  accruing  from  the  same  cost  can  be  increased.  With  equal 
per  capita  costs,  the  city  schools  should  be  superior  to  rural  schools. 
The  slight  difference  in  the  daily  cost  of  maintaining  city  and  rural 
schools,  28  cents  and  24  cents  respectively,  do  not,  therefore,  represent 
even  approximate  educational  advantages,  when  all  facts  are  con¬ 
sidered.  From  all  of  these  analyses  of  current  expenses  it  does  not 
appear  that  the  rural-school  child  is  getting  a  “ square  deal.”  He  is 
working  under  a  handicap  so  long  as  he  remains  in  the  rural  schools. 
The  movement  for  the  consolidation  of  schools  seems  to  offer  the 
most  satisfactory  solution  to  this  serious  problem. 

In  the  preparation  of  figures  2  to  8  and  of  Tables  7,  8,  10,  11,  and 
12,  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  compare  city  and  rural  schools. 
To  attain  this  end  some  of  the  data  appearing  in  Chapters  II  and  III 
had  to  be  modified  in  order  to  secure  the  comparable  data  for  city 
and  rural  schools,  as  shown  in  this  chapter.  Furthermore,  the  data 
presented  in  this  chapter,  containing  certain  corrections,  are  thought 
to  be  more  nearly  correct  than  the  corresponding  data  appearing 
originally  in  Bulletin,  1920,  No.  31.  It  was  impossible  to  make  all 
the  necessary  corrections  in  the  statistics  until  the  printed  State 
school  reports  for  1918  had  been  received. 


Table  7. — Comparative  statistics  of  enrollment  and  attendance  of  pupils  in  city  and  in  rural  schools,  1917-18. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


27 


Percentage  of  enrolled  pupils 
in  average  daily  attendance. 

Rural. 

CO 

CO 

g 

HlOOOO®  UJO 

•  HH  CONlOOt'  OHIOMM  CO  OO  00  OOlOHCOl 

gtfrffig  4&ggf!  SSSSS 

'6 

a 

g 

OS  C*  i-H  ■«*  CO  OlOOltOO  «®HOH  OOSOOSOO  o  <o  t-  iO 

§££££  sssssg 

State. 

* 

o 

si 

USOOOWN  COCOt-Oit-  WaffltOH  ,-CCOOOOON  OOlOOHO  iooooc-<i<oo 

SSSSSS  Eftfasis  SSSS?: 

;  ■  -.'5  q  ; 

Average  daily  attendance. 

Rural. 

o 

8,674,451 

287, 573 
25,600 
260,657 
171,149 
68,364 

13,714 

12,565 

ill  IsIlS  SHIS  S1ISI  Islll 
i s'ISIS  i'gsss'  S*W*' 

t*. 

+a 

o 

OS 

6,760,314 

IlSSi  Sllll  sllll  §1111  ISIS!  gills 
sssss  tfassss"  sgg&§  ssssssg?  ggs&sf  &”8§s 

State. 

GO 

15,434,765 

Ills!  illll  IS1II  Hiss  sllll  SSSli 
1‘aWS'  s§li¥  MiM  §¥ss'l8  S's'8¥® 

Aggregate  number  of  days  attended. 

Rural. 

1,240,081,456 

32,854,027 
3,908, 161 
29, 184, 443 
26,849,927 
10,614,337 

2,568,309 

1,845,396 

11,625,080 
47, 127,845 

8,298,523 
56, 700, 547 
37,423,544 
35,662,666 
32,220, 880 

35,292, 155 
21,364,293 
9,028,507 
14,002,483 
7,123,081 

42,582,851 
38,184,815 
42,655, 043 
46,408,653 
9, 310, 331 

25,097,958 

1,179,286 

4, 179, 828 

18,349, 432 
6, 828, 420 

o 

« 

1,230,074, 140 

9,354,157 
2,795,092 
6,798,757 
47,258, 066 
12,566,975 

32,070,566 

2,191,197 

8,270,461 

6,226,018 

16,601,710 

2, 892, 527 
96,297,519 
34, 138, 308 
22,555,817 
15,914, 532 

11,837,405 
10,392,876 
10,186,699 
13, 551, 180 
84,326,988 

47,401,701 
24,952,318 
5,138,976 
37, 235, 283 
4, 445, 670 

10,317, 122 
606,330 
4,978,906 
60,084,770 
1,920,301 

State. 

2,470,155,596 

42,208,184 

6,703,253 

35,983,200 

74,107,993 

23,181,312 

34,638,875 

4,036,593 

8,270,461 

17,851,098 

63,729,555 

11,191,050 
152,998,066 
71,561,852 
58,218, 483 
48, 135, 412 

47, 129, 560 
31,757, 169 
19,215,206 
27, 553, 663 
91,450, 069 

89,984,552 
63, 137, 133 
47, 794, 019 
83,643,936 
13,756,001 

35,415,080 
1,785,616 
9, 158,734 
78,434,202 
8,748,721 

Number  of  pupils  enrolled. 

Rural. 

■<*< 

i 

g 

a 

495, 256 
44,524 
408,629 
255,315 
107, 027 

24,273 

21,690 

145,947 
562, 180 

83,615 
463,464 
325, 741 
372, 110 
287,791 

447, 831 
244,521 
67,665 
129,906 
55,632 

323,518 
325, 182 
500, 117 
406,336 
87, 796 

228,440 
10,073 
29, 972 
150, 213 
72, 157 

5 

eo 

8,586,601 

Islll  ISIIS  §§311  Sllll  §3111  Sllll 
eases'  sssss  sssgg  ggsgsf  Basra's 

State. 

- 

20,867,131 

sligg  IsSII  iSSis  SISsl  §3§Is 

gsf§¥  ssssf  §ii§i  ggsii  imm 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois.... 

Indiana . . ! . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana ...  . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

Table  7. — Comparative  statistics  of  enrollment  and  attendance  of  pupils  in  city  and  in  rural  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 


28  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Percentage  of  enrolled  pupils 
in  average  daily  attendance. 

Rural. 

os 

79.0 

64.3 

69.9 

96.4 

57.9 

87.4 

82.6 

55.9 

63.7 

63.0 

67.6 

71.9 

75.7 

76.9 

64.7 

71.9 

68.3 

79.4 

80.7 

City. 

t^0>C0t~05  OOOBH  ONOOl O 

i^oooieoJ  o  ci  rti  r4  .-S  c5  «©o6©g6 

r^t^ooooo  t^oor^t^oo  t~t-ooabt- 

State. 

a 

77.9 

65.4 
71.0 

89.2 

60.5 

81.9 

81.1 

76.4 

64.9 

65.3 

68.7 

71.7 

78.0 

80.2 

67.8 

74.1 

70.2 

79.3 

80.0 

Average  daily  attendance. 

Rural. 

© 

249. 729 
358, 229 
107, 092 
397,694 
260, 468 

80, 181 

525. 729 
3,658 

219,923 

76,696 

340, 537 

610, 257 

46, 499 

25, 468 

245, 563 

101,445 

176, 616 

204, 544 

23, 151 

City. 

© 

1,049,806 
56, 650 

12. 283 
451, 593 

73,046 

48, 172 
702, 192 
68,596 
35,893 
13,780 

65,507 
178, 134 
39,497 

24. 283 

80,733 

93,410 

45, 907 

151,911 

7,468 

State. 

' 

00 

1,299,535 
414,  879 
119,  375 
849, 287 
333, 514 

128,353 
1,227,921 
72, 254 
255, 816 
90, 476 

406,044 
788, 391 
85, 996 
49, 751 
326, 296 

194,855 
222, 523 
356, 455 

30,619 

Aggregate  number  of  days  attended. 

Rural. 

45,952, 517 
41,093,918 

17.781. 345 
56,685,901 
39,300,534 

10,637,691 
82,923, 320 
631, 896 
22, 591, 992 
13,543,296 

45, 535, 822 
84,048,795 
7,683,922 
4, 257, 056 
31, 457, 435 

17, 083,  578 
21, 590, 789 

35. 524. 345 
3, 286, 483 

City. 

© 

196,422,475 

9,728,760 

2,228,834 

81,605,921 

12,878,939 

8,871,549 
131,962, 855 
12, 157, 062 
6,304, 729 
2,452,861 

11,211,450 
31,056,291 
6,837,037 
4,250, 371 
14,643,645 

16, 907, 545 
8,090,056 
27, 844, 021 
1,311,512 

State. 

ia 

242,374,992 
50,822,678 
20,010, 179 
138,291,822 
52, 179,473 

19,509,240 
214, 886, 175 

12.788.958 
28,896,721 
15,996, 157 

56,747,272 
115, 105, 086 

14. 520. 959 
8, 507, 427 

46, 101,080 

33, 991, 123 
29,680,  845 
63, 368, 366 
4, 597, 995 

Number  of  pupils  enrolled. 

Rural. 

316,008 
557, 547 
153, 115 
412, 668 
449,633 

91,741 
636, 789 
6,539 
345, 168 
121, 708 

503,496 
848, 816 
61, 428 
33, 136 
379,692 

141,082 
258, 767 
257, 584 
28, 692 

City. 

to 

1,350,581 
76,703 
14, 919 
539, 292 
101, 732 

65,057 
878, 195 
88,033 
49, 299 
16,777 

87,850 
250, 173 
48,765 
28, 913 
101,447 

121,747 
58, 377 
191, 819 
9, 579 

State. 

1,666,589 
634, 250 
168, 034 
951,960 
551, 365 

156,798 
1, 514, 984 
94, 572 
394, 467 
138,485 

591, 346 
1,098,989 
110, 193 
62,049 
481, 139 

262, 829 
317, 144 
449, 403 
38,271 

States. 

l-H 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 1 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

29 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


Table  8. — The  school  term  in  rural  and  city  schools,  1917-18. 


States. 

Average  length  of 
school  term 
(days). 

Average  number 
of  days  attend¬ 
ed  by  each 
pupil  enrolled. 

Average  number 
of  days  lost  by 
each  pupil  en¬ 
rolled. 

Percentage  of 
school  term  lost 
by  each  pupil 
enrolled. 

State. 

City. 

Ru¬ 

ral. 

State. 

City. 

Ru¬ 

ral. 

State. 

City. 

Ru¬ 

ral. 

State. 

City. 

Ru¬ 

ral. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

United  States . 

160 

182 

143 

118 

143 

101 

42 

39 

42 

26.2 

21.4 

29.4 

Alabama . 

124 

173 

114 

74 

119 

66 

50 

54 

48 

40.6 

31.2 

42.1 

Arizona . 

162 

177 

153 

99 

119 

88 

63 

58 

65 

39.1 

32.8 

42.5 

Arkansas . 

120 

173 

112 

78 

128 

71 

42 

45 

41 

35.0 

26.0 

36.6 

California . 

172 

183 

157 

123 

136 

105 

49 

47 

52 

28.5 

25.7 

33.1 

Colorado . 

168 

181 

155 

116 

134 

99 

53 

47 

56 

31.2 

26.0 

36.1 

Connecticut . 

181 

181 

187 

142 

146 

ro6 

39 

35 

81 

21.5 

19.3 

43.3 

Delaware . 

164 

182 

147 

109 

142 

85 

55 

40 

62 

33.7 

22.0 

42.2 

173 

173 

134 

134 

39 

39 

22.6 

22.6 

Florida . 

130 

158 

119 

91 

123 

80 

39 

35 

39 

30.1 

22.2 

32.8 

Georgia . 

138 

176 

129 

94 

141 

84 

44 

35 

45 

32.0 

19.9 

34.9 

Idaho . 

150 

173 

143 

107 

137 

99 

43 

36 

44 

28.8 

20.8 

30.8 

Illinois . 

168 

182 

147 

141 

154 

122 

27 

28 

25 

16.1 

15.4 

17.0 

Indiana . 

155 

181J 

138 

127 

143 

115 

29 

38 

23 

18.5 

21.0 

16.4 

Iowa . 

1  147 

177* 

133 

110 

143 

96 

37 

34 

37 

'25.2 

19.2 

28.0 

Kansas . 

167 

176 

163 

119 

135 

112 

48 

41 

41 

28.7 

23.3 

25.1 

Kentucky . 

150 

184 

141 

88 

138 

79 

62 

46 

62 

41.1 

25.0 

44.0 

Louisiana . 

136 

174 

123 

98 

128 

87 

39 

46 

36 

28.3 

26.4 

29.3 

Maine . 

169 

174 

164 

137 

139 

133 

33 

35 

31 

19.2 

20.1 

18.9 

Maryland . 

170 

176 

165 

117 

129 

108 

53 

47 

57 

31.0 

26.7 

34.5 

Massachusetts . 

176 

176 

177 

145 

147 

128 

31 

29 

49 

17.6 

16.5 

27.7 

Michigan . 

172 

185 

159 

137 

143 

132 

35 

42 

27 

20.2 

22.7 

17.0 

Minnesota . 

169 

182 

161 

129 

153 

117 

40 

29 

44 

23.5 

15.9 

27.3 

Mississippi . 

138 

179 

134 

88 

127 

85 

50 

52 

49 

36.0 

29.1 

36.6 

Missouri . 

165 

189 

151 

126 

144 

114 

39 

45 

37 

23.7 

23.8 

24.5 

Montana . 

152 

178 

142 

113 

130 

106 

39 

48 

36 

25.8 

27.0 

25.4 

Nebraska . 

165 

180 

160 

118 

144 

110 

47 

36 

50 

28.5 

20.0 

31.2 

Nevada . 

171 

177 

169 

123 

136 

117 

48 

41 

52 

28.1 

23.2 

30.8 

New  Hampshire . 

174 

174 

174 

139 

138 

140 

35 

36 

34 

20.3 

20.7 

19.6 

New  Jersey . 

185 

188 

177 

140 

146 

122 

46 

42 

55 

24.6 

22.4 

31.1 

New  Mexico . 

155 

174 

151 

102 

142 

95 

53 

32 

56 

34.1 

18.4 

37.1 

New  York . 

187 

187 

184 

145 

145 

145 

42 

42 

39 

22.2 

22.5 

21.2 

North  Carolina . 

123 

172 

115 

80 

127 

74 

43 

45 

41 

34.9 

26.2 

35.6 

North  Dakota . 

168 

181 

166 

119 

149 

116 

49 

32 

50 

29. 1 

17.7 

30.1 

Ohio : . 

163 

181 

143 

146 

151 

137 

18 

30 

6 

10.7 

16.6 

4.2 

Oklahoma . 

157 

176 

151 

95 

127 

87 

62 

49 

64 

39.7 

27.9 

42.4 

Oregon . 

152 

184 

133 

124 

136 

116 

28 

48 

17 

18.4 

26.1 

12.8 

Pennsylvania . .. . 

175 

188 

158 

142 

150 

130 

33 

38 

28 

19.0 

20.2 

17.7 

Rhode  Island . 

177 

177 

173 

135 

138 

97 

32 

39 

76 

18.1 

22.0 

43.9 

South  Carolina . 

113 

176 

103 

73 

128 

66 

40 

48 

37 

35.2 

27.3 

35.9 

South  Dakota . 

177 

178 

177 

116 

146 

111 

61 

32 

66 

34.5 

18.0 

37.3 

Tennessee . 

140 

171 

134 

96 

128 

90 

44 

43 

44 

31.4 

25.2 

32.8 

Texas . 

146 

174 

138 

105 

124 

99 

41 

50 

39 

28.3 

28.8 

28.3 

Utah . 

169 

173 

165 

132 

140 

125 

37 

33 

40 

22.0 

19.1 

24.3 

Vermont . 

171 

175 

167 

137 

147 

129 

34 

28 

38 

19.8 

16.0 

22.8 

Virginia . 

141 

181 

128 

96 

144 

83 

45 

37 

45 

32.1 

20.4 

35.2 

Washington . 

174 

181 

168 

129 

139 

121 

45 

42 

47 

25.7 

23.2 

28.0 

West  Virginia . 

133 

176 

122 

94 

139 

83 

39 

37 

39 

29.6 

21.0 

32.0 

Wisconsin . 

178 

183 

174 

141 

145 

138 

37 

38 

36 

20.8 

20.8 

20.7 

Wyoming . 

150 

176 

142 

120 

137 

115 

.  30 

39 

27 

19.9 

22.2 

19.0 

From  printed  State  school  report  for  1917-18. 


30  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  9. — Comparative  summary  of  number  of  teachers  employed  in  city  and  in  rural 

schools,  1917-18. 


States. 

State. 

City. 

Rural. 

Percentage  of 
men  teachers. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men 

Total. 

State. 

City. 

Ru¬ 

ral. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

United  States.. 

105,194 

545,515 

650,709 

25,063 

216,319 

241,382 

80,164 

329,196 

409,360 

16.1 

10.4 

19.7 

Alabama . 

2,957 

9.605 

12, 562 

168 

1,587 

1,755 

2,789 

8,018 

10,807 

23.5 

9.6 

25.8 

Arizona . . 

245 

1,812 

2,057 

42 

521 

563 

203 

1,291 

1,494 

11.9 

7.5 

13.6 

Arkansas . 

4, 421 

7,587 

12,008 

121 

1,116 

1, 237 

4,300 

6, 471 

10, 771 

36.8 

9.8 

39.9 

California . 

2,015 

15, 261 

17, 276 

1,345 

9,376 

10, 721 

670 

5, 885 

6, 555 

11.7 

12.5 

10.2 

Colorado . 

561 

6, 658 

7,219 

295 

2,355 

2,650 

266 

4,303 

4,569 

7.8 

11.1 

5.8 

405 

6, 512 

6,917 

438 

5,934 

6,372 

578 

578 

5.9 

6.9 

0.0 

Delaware . 

99 

962 

1,061 

19 

406 

425 

80 

556 

636 

9.3 

4.5 

12.6 

Dist.  Columbia _ 

219 

1,636 

1,855 

219 

1,636 

1,855 

0 

0 

0 

11.8 

11.8 

0.0 

Florida . 

1.206 

5,065 

6,271 

105 

1,294 

1,399 

1,101 

3,771 

4,872 

19.2 

7.5 

22.6 

Georgia . 

2, 677 

12,377 

15,054 

247 

2,527 

2,774 

2, 430 

9,850 

12,280 

17.8 

8.9 

19.8 

Idaho . 

651 

3, 196 

3,847 

77 

492 

569 

574 

2,704 

3,278 

16.9 

13.5 

17.5 

Illinois . 

4,656 

28,997 

33,653 

1,375 

14, 137 

15, 512 

3,281 

14, 860 

18, 141 

13.8 

8.9 

18.1 

Indiana . 

6, 247 

10, 743 

16,990 

930 

6, 015 

6,945 

5,317 

4, 728 

10, 045 

36.8 

13.4 

52.9 

Iowa . . . 

2,454 

25,178 

27,632 

459 

4,829 

5, 288 

1,995 

20,349 

22,344 

8.9 

8.7 

8.9 

Kansas . 

2,353 

14,045 

16,398 

326 

2,958 

3, 284 

2,027 

11,087 

13, 114 

14.3 

9.9 

15.5 

Kentucky . 

4,414 

9,657 

14,071 

196 

2,152 

2,348 

4,218 

7,505 

11,723 

31.4 

8.3 

36.0 

Louisiana . 

1,319 

6, 589 

7,908 

122 

1,967 

2, 089 

1,197 

4, 622 

5, 819 

16.7 

5.8 

20.6 

Maine . 

614 

6,575 

7,189 

202 

2,328 

2, 530 

412 

4, 247 

4, 659 

8.5 

8.0 

8.8 

Maryland . 

599 

4,966 

5,565 

315 

2, 661 

2, 976 

284 

2,305 

2, 589 

10.8 

10.6 

11.0 

Massachusetts . 

2,089 

16,913 

19,002 

1,547 

15,708 

17, 255 

542 

1,205 

1,747 

11.0 

9.0 

31.0 

Michigan . 

2,975 

20,076 

23,051 

926 

8,646 

9,572 

2,049 

11,430 

13, 479 

12.9 

9.7 

15.2 

Minnesota . 

1,793 

16, 975 

18,768 

502 

4, 622 

5,124 

1,291 

12,353 

13, 644 

9.6 

9.8 

9.5 

Mississippi . 

2,560 

9,051 

11,611 

96 

978 

1,074 

2,464 

8,073 

10, 537 

22.0 

8.9 

23.4 

Missouri . 

4,122 

16,545 

20, 667 

761 

5,958 

6,719 

3,361 

10, 587 

13,948 

19.9 

11.3 

24.1 

Montana . 

645 

5,136 

5,781 

87 

953 

1,040 

558 

4,183 

4, 741 

11.2 

8.4 

11.8 

Nebraska . 

660 

12,098 

12,758 

155 

2,024 

2,179 

505 

10,074 

10,579 

5.2 

7.1 

4.8 

Nevada . 

91 

644 

735 

20 

111 

131 

71 

533 

604 

12.4 

15.3 

11.8 

New  Hampshire . . . 

228 

2,900 

3,128 

94 

1,086 

1,180 

134 

1,814 

1,948 

7.3 

8.0 

6.9 

New  Jersey . 

1,397 

14,411 

15, 808 

1,041 

10,554 

11,595 

356 

3,857 

4,213 

8.8 

9.0 

8.5 

New  Mexico . 

600 

1,934 

2,534 

37 

357 

394 

|  563 

1,577 

2,140 

23.7 

9.4 

26.3 

New  York . 

6,681 

52,508 

59, 189 

4,232 

34,495 

38,727 

2,449 

18,013 

20,462 

11.3 

10.9 

12.0 

North  Carolina . 

2, 767 

12, 474 

15, 241 

123 

1,688 

1,811 

2, 644 

10, 786 

13, 430 

18.2 

6.8 

19.7 

North  Dakota . 

760 

6,400 

7, 160 

45 

415 

460 

715 

5,985 

6,700 

10.6 

9.8 

10.7 

Ohio . 

7,307 

27. 846 

35,153 

1,984 

14,884 

16,868 

5,323 

12, 962 

18, 285 

20.8 

11.8 

29.1 

Oklahoma . 

3,036 

10,760 

13,796 

320 

2,316 

2,636 

2,716 

8,444 

11,160 

22.0 

12.3 

24.3 

Oregon . 

1,017 

5,453 

6,470 

243 

1,634 

1,877 

774 

3,819 

4,593 

15.7 

12.9 

16.9 

Pennsylvania . 

7,818 

36,515 

44,333 

2,682 

19,727 

22,409 

5,136 

16,788 

21,924 

17.6 

12.0 

23.4 

Rhode  Island . 

254 

2, 680 

2,934 

208 

2,389 

2, 597 

46 

291 

337 

8.7 

8.0 

13.6 

South  Carolina . 

1,195 

7, 266 

8, 461 

100 

989 

1,089 

1,095 

6,277 

7,372 

14.1 

9.1 

14.9 

South  Dakota . 

745 

6,600 

7,345 

59 

556 

615 

686 

6,044 

6,730 

10.1 

8.1 

10.2 

Tennessee . 

3,376 

9,571 

12,947 

238 

1,966 

2,204 

3, 138 

7,605 

10,743 

26.1 

10.8 

29.2 

Texas . 

5,229 

23,772 

29,001 

721 

5,523 

6, 244 

4,508 

18, 249 

22,757 

18.0 

11.5 

19.8 

Utah . 

917 

2,532 

3,449 

177 

1, 237 

1,414 

740 

1,295 

2,035 

26.6 

12.5 

36.4 

Vermont . 

123 

2, 852 

2,975 

82 

947 

1,029 

41 

1,905 

1,946 

4.1 

8.0 

2.1 

Virginia . 

1,787 

12, 117 

13,904 

292 

2,622 

2,914 

1,495 

9, 495 

10,990 

12.9 

10.0 

13.6 

Washington . 

1,349 

8,012 

9,361 

532 

2,966 

3,498 

817 

5,046 

5,863 

14.4 

15.2 

13  9 

West  Virginia . 

3,774 

7, 204 

10, 978 

176 

1,543 

1,719 

3,598 

5, 661 

9,259 

34.  4 

10.2 

38.9 

Wisconsin . 

1,642 

15, 103 

16, 745 

563 

4,907 

5, 470 

1,079 

10, 196 

1  11,275 

9. 8 

10.3 

9.6 

Wyoming . 

145 

1,746 

1,891 

19 

227 

246 

126 

1,519 

j  1,645, 

7.7 

7.7 

7.7 

STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 
Table  10. — School  'property  in  city  and  rural  schools,  1917-18. 


31 


States. 

Estimated  value  of  school  property. 

Average  value  of 
school  property 
per  pupil  enrolled. 

Average  annual 
salaries  of  teach¬ 
ers. 

State. 

City. 

Rural. 

State. 

City. 

Rural. 

State. 

City. 

Rural. 

l 

2 

3 

4 

O 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

United  States. 

$2, 008, 141,523 

•11,258,933,000 

$746, 788, 888 

$96. 23 

$146.69 

$60. 81 

$618 

$854 

$479 

Alabama . 

15,501,349 

5,039,000 

10,462,349 

27.02 

64. 19 

21.13 

256 

536 

210 

Arizona . 

5, 115, 802 

3,382, 000 

1, 733, 802 

75.26 

144.  23 

38. 94 

894 

948 

873 

Arkansas . 

13,908,117 

5, 151, 000 

8,757,117 

30. 13 

97.26 

21.43 

819 

537 

294 

California . 

90,091,819 

58, 864, 000 

31,227,819 

149. 47 

169.  42 

122. 31 

1,012 

1,063 

929 

Colorado . 

18,800,076 

10,370,000 

8,430,076 

93.64 

110.63 

78.77 

751 

905 

661 

Connecticut . 

30, 428, 407 

28,995,000 

1,433,407 

124. 93 

132.03 

59.05 

745 

746 

743 

Delaware . 

2,228,220 

1,270,000 

958,220 

60.00 

82. 22 

44.18 

564 

767 

429 

Dist.  Columbia... 

13, 052, 000 

13, 052, 000 

212. 10 

212. 10 

1,037 

1,037 

Florida . 

10,622,257 

3,051,000 

7,571,257 

54.06 

60.47 

51.88 

358 

562 

302 

Georgia . 

15,548,968 

7,180,000 

8,368,968 

22. 88 

61. 12 

.  14. 89 

366 

651 

302 

Idaho . 

11,072,159 

2,212,000 

8,860,159 

105.71 

104.72 

105. 96 

685 

860 

655 

Illinois . 

154, 619, 859 

109,407,000 

45, 212, 859 

142.  06 

175. 07 

97. 55 

778 

1,044 

551 

Indiana . 

67,675,607 

33,530, 000 

34, 145, 607 

119. 96 

140. 64 

104. 82 

587 

730 

488 

Iowa . 

51,693,915 

22,574,000 

29,119,915 

97.  47 

142.  63 

78.26 

492 

720 

439 

Kansas . 

36,251,557 

13, 062, 000 

23, 189, 557 

89.44 

111.  14 

80.58 

513 

680 

471 

Kentucky . 

22,860, 990 

9, 387, 000 

13,473,990 

42.86 

109.63 

30.08 

394 

668 

339 

Louisiana . 

14,071,978 

7,008,000 

7,063, 978 

43.22 

86.47 

28. 89 

471 

694 

393 

Maine . 

12,091,485 

7,012,000 

5,079,485 

85.89 

95.  91 

75. 07 

359 

495 

286 

Maryland . 

13, 800, 000 

8, 426, 000 

5,374,000 

58.  66 

79. 97 

41.37 

1586 

645 

536 

Massachusetts .... 

108,034, 278 

99, 545, 000 

8, 489, 278 

171.24 

173. 05 

152. 60 

2  859 

871 

795 

Michigan . 

71,998,534 

48, 690, 000 

23,308,534 

109.76 

146. 47 

72. 65 

646 

835 

513 

Minnesota . 

63,117,181 

30, 246, 000 

32, 871, 181 

129. 25 

185.  40 

101. 09 

651 

948 

539 

Mississippi . 

4,850,000 

3, 076, 000 

1,774,000 

8. 97 

75.69 

3.55 

291 

606 

259 

Missouri . 

94,216,390 

40,940,000 

53, 276, 390 

141.80 

158. 64 

131.11 

653 

851 

565 

Montana . 

18,269,310 

5, 457, 000 

12,812,310 

149.  75 

159.  54 

145. 93 

670 

1,035 

589 

Nebraska . 

19, 440, 110 

10, 673,000 

8, 767, 110 

64.  80 

149. 12 

38.37 

584 

779 

544 

Nevada . 

2, 419, 645 

166. 67 

693 

973 

632 

New  Hampshire.. 

7,244,229 

4,609,000 

2,635,229 

109.73 

127. 85 

87.92 

547 

685 

465 

New  Jersey . 

79,999, 966 

64, 133,000 

15,866, 966 

142.26 

155. 62 

105. 63 

3  901 

946 

802 

New  Mexico . 

4,446,784 

1,229,000 

3,217, 784 

51.90 

90. 90 

44.59 

500 

727 

448 

New  York . 

262,252, 578 

221,341,000 

40.911.578 

157.36 

163.89 

129.  46 

871 

1,038 

554 

North  Carolina . . . 

14,303,503 

4, 204, 000 

10, 099;  503 

22.  55 

54.  81 

18. 11 

284 

508 

254 

North  Dakota 

15, 500,000 

1,682,000 

13, 818, 000 

92.  24 

112.  74 

90.25 

628 

816 

615 

Ohio . 

128, 261,544 

97,900, 000 

30,361,544 

134.  73 

181. 53 

73.  57 

680 

809 

566 

Oklahoma . 

52, 162, 753 

11,528,000 

40, 634,  753 

94. 61 

113.32 

90.37 

587 

625 

578 

Oregon . 

20,  748, 143 

10, 663, 000 

10,085,143 

132. 32 

163. 90 

109. 93 

689 

1,037 

547 

Pennsylvania . 

183,  447,985 

130, 405, 000 

53,042,985 

121.09 

148.  49 

83. 30 

704 

774 

633 

Rhode  Island . 

12, 159,619 

11,143,000 

1, 016, 619 

128.  58 

126.  58 

155.  47 

736 

743 

684 

South  Carolina . . . 

9, 839, 638 

3, 242, 000 

6, 597, 638 

24. 94 

65.  76 

19.11 

320 

528 

289 

South  Dakota 

13,084,806 

2, 750, 000 

10,334,806 

94.  49 

163. 91 

84. 91 

507 

769 

483 

Tennessee . 

16, 857, 960 

7,758,000 

9,099,960 

28.  51 

88. 31 

18. 07 

369 

636 

322 

Texas . . . 

48, 872, 283 

26, 480,000 

22,392,283 

44.  47 

105.85 

26. 38 

487 

683 

433 

Utah . 

12,865,451 

5, 652, 000 

7,213, 451 

116.  75 

115.  90 

117.  43 

754 

827 

702 

Vermont . 

5, 123, 186 

2,613,000 

2, 510, 186 

82. 57 

90.37 

75.  75 

467 

554 

422 

Virginia . 

18,862,354 

7,610,000 

11,252,354 

39. 20 

75.01 

29.64 

371 

587 

314 

Washington . 

36,596,668 

20,884,000 

15,712,668 

139. 24 

171. 54 

111.  37 

908 

1,006 

849 

West  Virginia. 

20,245, 822 

8,116,000 

12, 129, 822 

63.84 

139. 03 

46.88 

408 

632 

367 

Wisconsin . 

60,000,000 

26,282,000 

33,  718, 000 

133.51 

137. 01 

130. 90 

491 

812 

337 

Wyoming . 

3,486,248 

1,110,000 

2, 376, 248 

91.09 

115.  88 

82.82 

578 

960 

521 

1  As  computed  from  the  total  number  of  different  teachers  employed,  6,525. 

2  As  computed  from  the  total  number  of  different  teachers  employed,  including  teachers  in  evening  and 
vocational  schools,  20,425. 

8  As  computed  by  including  1,054  teachers  in  evening  schools. 


Table  11.—  Summary  of  elementary  and  secondary  school  expenditures,  1917-18. 


32 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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STATISTICAL.  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


33 


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34 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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35 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  13. — Percentage  distribution  of  pupils  and  students  of  all  grades  in  both  public 
and  private  schools  and  colleges ,  1918. 


States. 

Per  cent  of  the  whole 
number  of  pupils  in 
each  grade. 

Per  cent  in  each  grade 
receiving  public  in¬ 
struction. 

Per  cent  of  the  total  population 
enrolled  in  each  grade. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

Sec¬ 

ond¬ 

ary. 

Higher. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

Sec¬ 

ond¬ 

ary. 

Higher. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

Sec¬ 

ond¬ 

ary. 

Higher. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

United  States... 

88.6 

9.3 

2.1 

92.8 

90.9 

52.2 

t 

19.4 

2.0 

0.4 

21.8 

Alabama . 

93.1 

5.8 

1.1 

97.3 

90.0 

66.1 

23.3 

1.5 

.3 

25.1 

Arizona . 

91.1 

6.9 

2.0 

95.6 

89.6 

100.0 

24.4 

1.8 

.  5 

26.7 

Arkansas . . . 

96.7 

2.8 

.5 

99.4 

91.6 

61.9 

25.2 

.7 

.1 

26.0 

California . 

76.4 

20.6 

3.0 

97.2 

96.1 

61.3 

15.7 

4.2 

.6 

20.5 

Colorado . 

84.7 

12.4 

2.9 

98.3 

95.9 

70.1 

17.7 

2.6 

.6 

20.9 

Connecticut . 

88.5 

10.0 

1.5 

85.1 

85.2 

27.1 

20.0 

2.2 

.3 

22.5 

Delaware . 

91.6 

7.6 

.8 

93.1 

88.8 

100.0 

17.0 

1.4 

.2 

18.6 

Dist.  Columbia . 

79.2 

13.4 

7.4 

84.3 

74.8 

22.4 

17.0 

2.9 

1.7 

21.6 

Florida . 

93.7 

5.7 

.6 

96.9 

91.4 

61.3 

20.4 

1.2 

.1 

21.7 

Georgia . 

92.5 

6.5 

1.0 

98.5 

89.2 

49.7 

22.1 

1.5 

.3 

23.9 

Idaho . 

86.0 

12.2 

1.8 

96.9 

89.5 

87.1 

20.7 

2.9 

.4 

24.0 

Illinois . 

87.8 

9.2 

3.0 

82.6 

91.4 

34.6 

18.7 

2.0 

.6 

21.3 

Indiana . 

85.3 

12.5 

2.2 

95.5 

95.3 

50.0 

18.1 

2.6 

.5 

21.2 

Iowa . 

87.2 

10.3 

2.5 

94.8 

91.7 

46.4 

22.6 

2.7 

.6 

25.9 

Kansas . 

83.7 

13.0 

3.3 

97.1 

94.6 

70.1 

19.4 

3.0 

.8 

23.2 

Kentucky . 

94.1 

4.9 

1.0 

95.0 

84.1 

59.6 

22.3 

1.2 

.2 

23.7 

Louisiana . 

91.4 

7.3 

1.3 

92.7 

90.6 

51.5 

17.3 

1.4 

.3 

19.0 

Maine . 

85.4 

12.8 

1.8 

90.8 

86.7 

54.9 

17.3 

2.6 

.4 

20.3 

Maryland . 

91.0 

6. 5 

2.5 

90.0 

78.6 

34.5 

17.8 

1.3 

.5 

19.6 

Massachusetts . 

81.1 

15.8 

3.1 

84.0 

90.1 

14. 5 

16.2 

3.1 

.6 

19.9 

Michigan . 

87.0 

10.7 

2.3 

88.4 

94.1 

83.1 

20.9 

2.6 

.5 

24.0 

Minnesota . 

86.7 

11.0 

2.3 

94.8 

89.1 

69.7 

19.7 

2.5 

.5 

22.7 

Mississippi . 

93.5 

5.7 

.8 

98.9 

92.6 

64.3 

25.9 

1.6 

.2 

27.7 

Missouri . 

88.3 

9.1 

2.6 

92.4 

91.7 

58.1 

18.9 

2.0 

.6 

21.5 

Montana . 

88.9 

9.7 

1.4 

96.5 

92.8 

100.0 

23.5 

2.6 

.4 

26.5 

Nebraska . 

87.2 

9.6 

3.2 

95.4 

93.7 

73.9 

21.9 

2.4 

.8 

25.1 

Nevada . 

87.6 

10.2 

2.2 

98.9 

100.0 

100.0 

11.5 

1.3 

.3 

13.1 

New  Hampshire .... 

80.8 

16.9 

2.3 

76.4 

81.2 

42.3 

15.8 

3.3 

.4 

19.5 

New  Jersey . 

90.0 

9.1 

.9 

91.9 

90.7 

42.8 

17.8 

1.8 

.1 

19.7 

New  Mexico . 

93.2 

4.6 

2.2 

95. 5 

94.0 

100.0 

19.6 

1.0 

.5 

21.1 

New  York . 

87.8 

9.8 

2.4 

87.4 

90.0 

28.1 

16.1 

1.8 

.4 

18.3 

North  Carolina . 

95.1 

3.6 

1.3 

97.1 

74.1 

57.6 

25.7 

1.0 

.3 

27.0 

North  Dakota . 

90.8 

7.1 

2.1 

97.0 

95.5 

79.4 

20.4 

1.6 

.5 

22.5 

Ohio . 

85.4 

12.4 

2.2 

84.8 

94.6 

53.1 

18.3 

2.7 

.5 

21.5 

Oklahoma . 

91.5 

6.4 

2.1 

98.5 

96.8 

92.4 

22.0 

1.6 

.5 

24.1 

Oregon . 

81.4 

15.1 

4.5 

96.5 

95.8 

69. 5 

14.5 

2.7 

.6 

17.8 

Pennsylvania . 

89.4 

8.5 

2.1 

92.8 

87.0 

26.8 

17.0 

1.6 

.4 

19.0 

Rhode  Island . 

89.6 

8.9 

1.5 

83.3 

88.3 

43.6 

15.7 

1.6 

.3 

17.6 

South  Carolina . 

95.6 

2.7 

1.7 

98.2 

79.1 

65.6 

23.6 

.7 

.4 

24.7 

South  Dakota . 

87.0 

9.7 

3.3 

97.4 

91.2 

71.5 

17.5 

2.0 

.7 

20.2 

Tennessee . 

93.0 

5.9 

1.1 

96.7 

83.3 

29.2 

25.0 

1.6 

.3 

26.9 

Texas . 

88.7 

9.9 

1.4 

98.6 

94.7 

68.3 

21.9 

2.4 

.4 

24.7 

Utah . 

86.3 

12.1 

1.6 

97.3 

70.4 

100.0 

22.7 

3.2 

.4 

26.3 

Vermont . 

83.9 

13.9 

2.2 

90.5 

81.4 

65.7 

16.3 

2.7 

.4 

19.4 

Virginia . 

90.8 

6.9 

2.3 

98.3 

83.6 

59.6 

20.6 

1.6 

.5 

22.7 

Washington . 

83.6 

14.0 

2.4 

97.1 

95.4 

95.4 

14.0 

2.3 

.4 

16.7 

West  Virginia . 

93.6 

5.  4 

1.0 

99.1 

93.2 

81.9 

21.1 

1.2 

.2 

22.5 

Wisconsin . 

87.2 

9.8 

3.0 

84.5 

92.9 

81.1 

18.5 

2.1 

.6 

21.2 

W  yoming . 

90.2 

9.3 

.5 

97.2 

93.5 

100.0 

18.9 

1.9 

.1 

20.9 

STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918, 


37 


Table  14. — Pupils  and  students  of  all  grades  in  both  public  and  private  schools  ana 

colleges ,  1918 — Part  I. 


States. 

Pupils  receiving  ele¬ 
mentary  instruc¬ 
tion  (primary  and 
grammar  grades). 

Pupils  receiving 
secondary  in¬ 
struction  (high- 
school  grades). 

Students  receiving 
higher  instruc¬ 
tion  (see  columns 

8  to  16,nextpage). 

Public. 

Private 

(largely 

estima¬ 

ted). 

Public. 

Private. 

Public. 

Private. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6  1 

United  States . 

18,919,695 

1,457,044 

1,943,921 

193,305 

247,044  | 

226, 451 

Alabama . 

542, 529 

14,885 

31,358 

3,467 

4,274 

2, 191 

63, 470 

2,941 

4,503 

516 

1,419 

Arkansas . 

449, 865 

2,635 

11,802 

1,091 

1,560  1 

959 

California . 

475, 845 

13,818 

126,913 

5, 103 

12,020 

7,576 

Colorado . 

176, 523 

3,000 

25, 103 

1,078 

4,392 

1,875 

Connecticut . 

219, 423 

38, 462 

24,506 

4, 255 

1,966 

3,213 

34, 423 

2,561 

2,714 

341 

333 

Dist.  Columbia . 

53',  802 

10,000 

8,049 

2,706 

1,389 

4,813 

Florida . 

185, 784 

5,930 

10,672 

1,008 

726  | 

458 

Georgia . 

639, 510 

10,000 

40,386 

4,899 

3,662 

3,703 

Idaho . 

92,745 

3,000 

12, 165 

1,436 

1,463 

216 

Illinois . 

975, 834 

205, 773 

112,557 

10,658 

13,736 

25,965 

Indiana . 

492, 106 

23, 203 

72,046 

3,556 

6,541 

|  6,530 

Iowa . 

476, 759 

26,370 

54, 572 

4,947 

6,606 

7,641 

Kansas . 

352,165 

10,653 

53, 469 

3,071 

9,895 

4,216 

Kentucky . 

509,844 

26,781 

23,511 

4,437 

3,367 

2,282 

Louisiana . 

302, 135 

23, 750 

23,506 

2, 448 

2,490 

2,345 

Maine . 

123, 157 

12, 429 

17,617 

2,701 

1,574 

1,293 

Marvland . 

221,513 

24,516 

13, 769 

3,750 

2,494 

4,727 

Massachusetts . 

522,088 

99, 109 

108, 790 

11,900 

3,484 

20, 536 

Michigan . 

580,072 

76,184 

75,869 

4,795 

14, 132 

2,875 

Minnesota . 

437, 407 

24, 187 

52,084 

6,383 

8,640 

3,759 

Mississippi . 

511,617 

5,750 

29,139 

2,330 

2,705 

1,502 

Missouri . 

602, 552 

49,828 

61,860 

5,625 

11,183 

8,079 

Montana  . 

110, 440 

4,000 

11, 572 

896 

1,837 

Nebraska . 

270,993 

13, 182 

29,273 

1,961 

7,637 

2,693 

Nevada  . 

12,988 

143 

1,530 

324 

New  Hampshire . 

54,044 

16,653 

11,977 

2,779 

832 

1,137 

New  Jersey . 

512,019 

34,971 

50,300 

5,127 

2,222 

2,974 

New  Mexico . 

81,917 

3,887 

3,939 

253 

2, 106 

New  York . 

1,498,001 

216,909 

|  172,226 

19,229 

13,352 

34, 122 

North  Carolina . 

616,398 

18,228 

17,852 

6,256 

4,843 

3,563 

North  Dakota . 

156, 414 

4,795 

11,995 

559 

2,991 

775 

Ohio . 

819, 158 

147, 195 

132, 802 

7,525 

13, 199 

11,665 

Oklahoma . 

516,261 

7,966 

35,689 

1, 162 

10, 795 

882 

Oregon . 

123,244 

4,456 

22,718 

985 

3,869 

1,701 

Pennsylvania . 

1,390,969 

108,000 

124,015 

18,479 

9,596 

26, 196 

Rhode  Island . 

83, 131 

16,680 

8,733 

1,162 

724 

937 

South  Carolina . 

385,697 

7,000 

8,770 

2,314 

4,496 

2,360 

South  Dakota . 

125, 430 

3,411 

13, 124 

1,263 

3,532 

1,408 

Tennessee . 

560,812 

18,963 

30,534 

6, 110 

2,057 

4,981 

Texas . 

992, 934 

14, 496 

106, 171 

5,890 

11,252* 

5,226 

Utah . 

100, 096 

2,727 

10, 162 

4,282 

1,895 

Vermont . 

53,973 

5, 672 

8,076 

1,841 

979 

511 

Virginia . 

451,982 

7,900 

29, 166 

5,739 

6,795 

4,609 

Washington . 

225,959 

6,813 

37, 118 

1,777 

6, 403 

308 

West  Virginia . 

300, 780 

2,720 

16,364 

1,191 

2,671 

591 

Wisconsin . 

399,992 

73,512 

49,411 

3,784 

13, 143 

3,058 

Wyoming . 

34, 895 

1,000 

3,444 

240 

213 

38  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  15. — Pupils  and  students  of  all  grades  in  both  public  and  private  schools  and 

colleges ,  1918 — Part  II. 


Students  receiving  higher  instruction— 


States. 


In  universities  and 
colleges. 


In  schools  of  theology, 
law,  medicine,  veter¬ 
inary  medicine,  den¬ 
tistry,  and  pharmacy. 


In  normal  schools. 


Public. 

Private. 

Total. 

PuDlic. 

Private. 

Total. 

Public. 

Private. 

Total. 

1 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

United  States . 

108,768 

178,060 

286,828 

9,771 

38,822 

48,593 

128,505 

9,569 

138,074 

Alabama . 

1,686 

1,115 

2,801 

186 

15 

201 

2,402 

1,061 

3,463 

Arizona . 

437 

0 

437 

11 

0 

11 

971 

971 

Arkansas . 

586 

927 

1,513 

52 

32 

84 

922 

922 

California . 

6,988 

6,298 

13, 286 

592 

1,146 

1,738 

4,440 

132 

4,572 

3,704 

1,574 

5, 278 

141 

301 

442 

547 

547 

Connecticut . 

137 

2,649 

2,786 

0 

293 

293 

1,059 

271 

1,330 

Delaware . 

333 

0 

333 

0 

0 

0 

Dist.  Columbia . 

751 

2,858 

3,609 

425 

1,949 

2,374 

213 

6 

219 

Florida . 

680 

450 

1,130 

46 

0 

46 

8 

8 

1,649 

3,204 

4,853 

94 

499 

593 

1,919 

1,919 

Idaho . 

481 

216 

697 

25 

0 

25 

957 

957 

Illinois . 

4,566 

19,927 

24,493 

629 

4,760 

5,389 

8,541 

1,278 

9,819 

Indiana . 

4,041 

3,806 

7,847 

297 

568 

865 

2,203 

2,156 

4,359 

Iowa . 

5,853 

7,434 

13,287 

753 

207 

960 

Kansas . 

3,656 

4,091 

7, 747 

388 

125 

513 

5, 851 

5, 851 

Kentucky . 

1,002 

1,627 

2,629 

55 

612 

667 

2,310 

43 

2,353 

Louisiana. . . . 

737 

1,543 

2,280 

31 

802 

833 

1,722 

1,722 

Maine . 

843 

1,249 

2,092 

34 

44 

78 

697 

697 

Maryland . 

1,502 

3,372 

4,934 

0 

1,169 

j  1,169 

932 

186 

1,118 

Massachusetts . 

495 

16,390 

16, 885 

0 

3,321 

3,321 

2,989 

825 

3,814 

Michigan . 

6,644 

2,197 

8, 841 

1,042 

507 

j  1, 549 

6, 446 

171 

6,617 

Minnesota . 

4,056 

2,984 

7,040 

857 

577 

1,434 

3,727 

198 

3,925 

Mississippi . 

1,755 

1,491 

3,246 

113 

11 

'124 

837 

837 

Missouri . 

3,928 

5,324 

9, 252 

146 

2, 710 

2,856 

7, 109 

45 

7, 154 

Montana . 

1,250 

0 

1,250 

52 

0 

52 

535 

535 

Nebraska . 

3,627 

2,233 

5,860 

440 

371 

811 

3,570 

89 

3,659 

Nevada . 

324 

0 

324 

0 

0 

0 

New  Hampshire . 

558 

1,094 

1,652 

0 

43 

43 

274 

274 

New  Jersey . 

0 

2,251 

2,251 

0 

525 

525 

2,222 

198 

2,420 

New  Mexico . 

280 

0 

280 

0 

0 

0 

1,826 

1,826 

New  York . 

6, 955 

25, 529 

32, 484 

0 

8,593 

8,593 

6,397 

6,397 

North  Carolina . 

1,273 

3,042 

4,315 

140 

196 

336 

3,430 

325 

3,755 

North  Dakota . 

1,027 

775 

1,802 

94 

0 

94 

1,870 

1,870 

Ohio . 

9,665 

9,631 

19, 296 

731 

1, 710 

2,441 

2,803 

324 

3,127 

Oklahoma . 

2,150 

770 

2,920 

212 

112 

324 

8, 433 

8,433 

Oregon . 

2, 843 

1,090 

3,933 

136 

526 

662 

890 

85 

975 

Pennsylvania . 

2,180 

21,639 

23,819 

0 

4,364 

4,364 

7, 416 

193 

7,609 

Rhode  Island . 

243 

937 

1,180 

0 

0 

0 

481 

481 

South  Carolina . 

1,536 

2, 340 

3,876 

43 

20 

63 

2,917 

2,917 

South  Dakota . 

917 

1,251 

2,168 

111 

0 

111 

2,504 

157 

2,661 

Tennessee . 

664 

3,872 

4,536 

179 

849 

1,028 

1,214 

260 

1,474 

Texas. . . .'. . 

3,602 

4,342 

7,944 

425 

840 

1,265 

7,225 

44 

7,269 

Utah . 

1,699 

0 

1,699 

196 

0 

196 

Vermont . 

480 

500 

980 

105 

11 

116 

394 

394 

Virginia . 

2,096 

3,061 

5,157 

480 

323 

803 

4,219 

1,225 

5,444 

W  ashington . 

3,809 

277 

4,086 

182 

31 

213 

2,412 

2,412 

West  Virginia . 

818 

439 

1,257 

85 

0 

85 

1,768 

152 

1,920 

Wisconsin . 

3,989 

2,261 

6,250 

243 

660 

903 

8,911 

137 

9,048 

Wyoming . 

213 

0 

213 

0 

0 

0 

STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918, 


39 


Table  16. — Pupils  and  students  of  all  grades  in  both  public  and  private  schools  and 

colleges ,  1918 — Part  III. 


States. 

Summary  by  grades. 

Summary  according 
to  control. 

Grand 

total. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Secondary. 

Higher. 

Public. 

Private. 

• 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

United  States . 

20,376,739 

2, 137, 226 

473,495 

21,110,660 

1,876,800 

22, 987, 460 

Alabama . 

557,414 

34,825 

6,465 

578, 161 

20,543 

598, 704 

Arizona . 

66,411 

5,019 

1,419 

69,392 

3,457 

72,849 

Arkansas . 

452,  500 

12,893 

2,519 

463, 227 

4,685 

467,912 

California . 

489, 663 

132,016 

19, 596 

614, 778 

26, 497 

641,275 

Colorado . 

179, 523 

26, 181 

6,267 

206,018 

5,953 

211,971 

Connecticut . 

257, 885 

28, 761 

4,409 

245,125 

45,930 

291,055 

Delaware . 

36, 984 

3,055 

333 

37,470 

2, 902 

40,372 

Dist.  Columbia . 

63,802 

10, 755 

6,202 

63, 240 

17, 519 

80, 759 

Florida . 

191,  714 

11,680 

1,184 

197, 182 

7,396 

204,578 

Georgia . 

649, 510 

45,285 

7,365 

683, 558 

18,602 

702, 160 

Idaho . 

95,745 

13, 601 

1,679 

106,373 

4,652 

111,025 

Illinois . 

1,181,607 

123, 215 

39,701 

1, 102, 127 

242,396 

1,344,523 

Indiana . 

515, 309 

75, 602 

13,071 

570,693 

33,289 

603,982 

Iowa . 

503,129 

59, 519 

14, 247 

537,937 

38,958 

576, 895 

Kansas . 

362,818 

56,540 

14,111 

415,529 

17,940 

433, 469 

Kentucky . 

536,625 

27,948 

5,649 

536,722 

33,500 

570, 222 

Louisiana . 

325,885 

25,954 

4,835 

328, 131 

28, 543 

356, 674 

Maine . 

135, 586 

20,318 

•  2,867 

142,348 

16, 423 

158,771 

Maryland . 

246,029 

17, 519 

7, 221 

237;  776 

32,993 

270, 769 

Massachusetts . 

621, 197 

120,690 

24,020 

634,362 

131,545 

765,907 

Michigan . 

656, 256 

80,664 

17,007 

670,073 

83,854 

753,927 

Minnesota . . . 

461, 594 

58, 467 

12,399 

498, 131 

34,329 

532, 460 

Mississippi . 

517,367 

31, 469 

4,207 

543, 461 

9,582 

553,043 

Missouri . 

652,380 

67,485 

19, 262 

675, 595 

63,532 

739, 127 

Montana . 

114,440 

12,468 

1,837 

123, 849 

4,896 

128,745 

Nebraska . 

284, 175 

31,234 

10,330 

307,903 

17,836 

325, 739 

Nevada . 

13,131 

1,530 

324 

14,842 

143 

14,985 

New  Hampshire . 

70, 697 

14, 756 

1,969 

66,853 

20,569 

87, 422 

New  Jersey . 

546,990 

55, 427 

5,196 

564,541 

43,072 

607,613 

New  Mexico . 

85, 804 

4, 192 

2, 106 

87,962 

4,140 

92, 102 

New  York . 

1,714,910 

191, 455 

47,474 

1,683,579 

270,260 

1,953,839 

North  Carolina . 

634, 626 

24, 108 

8, 406 

639,093 

28,047 

667, 140 

North  Dakota . 

161, 209 

12, 554 

3, 766 

171,400 

6,129 

177, 529 

Ohio . 

966, 353 

140,327 

24,864 

965, 159 

166,385 

1,131,544 

Oklahoma . 

524, 227 

36,851 

11,677 

562, 745 

10,010 

572, 755 

Oregon . 

127, 700 

23,703 

5,570 

149,831 

7,142 

156,973 

Pennsylvania . 

1,498,969 

142, 494 

35, 792 

1,524,580 

152,675 

1,677,255 

Rhode  Island . 

99,811 

9,895 

1,661 

92,588 

18, 779 

111,367 

South  Carolina. . . . 

392,697 

11,084 

6,856 

398, 963 

11,674 

410,637 

South  Dakota . 

128,841 

14,387 

4,940 

142,086 

6,082 

148, 168 

Tennessee . 

579,775 

36,644 

7,038 

593,403 

30,054 

623, 457 

Texas .  • 

1,007, 430 

112,061 

16, 478 

1,110,357 

25,612 

1, 135, 969 

Utah . 

102,823 

14,444 

1,895 

112, 153 

7,009 

119, 162 

Vermont . 

59,645 

9,917 

1,490 

63,028 

8,024 

71,052 

Virginia . 

459,882 

34,905 

11,404 

487,943 

18,248 

506, 191 

Washington . 

232,772 

38,895 

6,711 

269, 480 

8,898 

278,378 

West  Virginia . 

303, 500 

17, 555 

3,262 

319,815 

4,502 

324,317 

Wisconsin . 

473, 504 

53,195 

16,201 

462,546 

80,354 

542,900 

Wyoming . 

35,895 

3,684 

213 

38, 552 

1,240 

39, 792 

40  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

ENROLLMENT  IN  ELEMENTARY,  SECONDARY,  AND  HIGHER  EDUCA¬ 
TIONAL  INSTITUTIONS. 

In  Tables  14,  15,  and  16  the  number  of  persons  attending  all 
elementary,  secondary,  and  higher  schools  have  been  assembled 
from  statistics  contained  in  succeeding  chapters.  Certain  significant 
percentages  have  been  derived  from  these  enrollment  figures,  as 
shown  in  Table  13.  From  this  table  it  is  seen  that  88.6  per  cent  of 
all  persons  attending  school  are  enrolled  in  the  elementary  schools, 
9.3  per  cent  in  the  secondary  schools,  and  2.1  per  cent  in  the  higher 
institutions,  such  as  universities,  colleges,  technological  schools,  pro¬ 
fessional  schools,  and  normal  schools.  In  Oregon  4.5  per  cent  of 
the  whole  number  of  pupils  in  school  attendance  are  in  higher  insti¬ 
tutions.  The  corresponding  percentage  for  the  District  of  Columbia 
is  7.4.  On  the  proportion  of  secondary  students  California  ranks 
first  with  20.6  per  cent. 

In  the  elementary  schools  92.8  per  cent  of  the  pupils  are  enrolled 
in  the  public  schools.  In  the  secondary  schools  90.9  per  cent  of  all 
students  are  registered  in  public  schools.  In  higher  institutions 
only  52.2  per  cent  of  the  students  come  under  the  influence  of  insti¬ 
tutions  under  public  control.  From  these  relationships  it  is  apparent 
that  the  private-school  factor  is  most  pronounced  in  our  institutions 
of  higher  education.  In  the  chapter  on  high  schools  the  decreasing 
importance  of  private  high  schools  has  been  pointed  out.  In  the 
chapter  on  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  the  rela¬ 
tively  static  nature  of  higher  institutions  under  private  control  has 
been  demonstrated  over  a  period  of  years  by  means  of  an  index 
curve  showing  comparative  rates  of  increase. 

It  is  significant  to  compare  the  States  on  the  proportion  of  the 
total  population  enrolled  in  school.  These  percentages  are  shown 
numerically  in  Table  13  and  magnitudinally  in  figure  9.  It  is  seen 
from  the  diagram  that  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  and  Tennessee 
have  the  largest  percentages  of  the  total  population  enrolled  in  the 
school.  In  preceding  similar  statistical  reports  of  the  Bureau  of 
Education  it  has  been  shown  that  the  proportion  of  children  in  the 
Southern  States  is  exceedingly  high.  This  fact  means  that  an 
unusually  large  proportion  of  the  population  is  of  school  age  and  is 
presumably  attending  school.  These  facts  are  suggested  as  a 
plausible  explanation  of  the  high  ranking  of  these  three  States  on 
this  point.  Nevada,  with  a  comparatively  large  adult  population, 
has  relatively  few  children  to  attend  school,  and  therefore  ranks 
low  on  the  chart.  These  facts  suggest  an  explanation  as  to  why 
Southern  States  usually  take  low  rank  when  any  attempt  is  made 
to  rate  the  States.  From  this  figure  it  is  seen  that  21.8  per  cent 
of  the  population  attends  school  at  some  time  during  the  year,  19.4 
per  cent  in  the  elementary  schools,  2  per  cent  in  the  high  schools, 
and  0.4  per  cent  in  higher  educational  institutions. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  191*7-1918. 


41 


STATES.  PERCENTAGE  OP  POPULATION  ATTENDING  8CH00L. 


UTAH. 


ARKAN8AS. 
IONA . 


ALABAMA.. 

NEBRASKA, 


SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

TEXAS . 


OKLAHOMA, 


IDAHO. 


MICHIGAN, 


GEORGIA, 


KENTUCKY-. 
KANSAS. . . 


MINNESOTA. . . . , 

VIRGINIA . . 

CONNECTICUT. . , 
NORTH  DAKOTA. , 
W$T  VIRGINIA. 
plcrida. . . 


DISTRICT  OP 
MISSOURI. . . . 


OHIO...., 

ILLINOIS, 

MARYLAND. 


WISCONSIN. , 
NEW  MEXICO. 
COLORADO. . . 


WYOMING, 


CALIFORNIA. 
MAINE . 


SOUTH  DAKOTA.  , 
MASSACHUSETTS, 
NEW  JERSEY. . . , 
MARYLAND . 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

VERMONT . . 

LOUISIANA..... 
PENNSYLVANIA. , 
DELAWARE . 


NEW  YORK. 
OREGON. . . 


RHODE  ISLAND. 
WASHINGTON. . . 
NEVADA . 


UNITED  STATES, 


MONTANA. 


MISSISSIPPI.... 
NORTH  CAROLINA. 

TENNESSEE . 

ARIZONA. . 


|  ELEMENTARY. 


SECONDARY.  1  "1  HIGHER. 


Fig.  9.— Percentage  of  total  population  enrolled  in  elementory  schools,  in  secondary  schools,  and  in  higher 
educational  institutions,  1917-18. 


42 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  17. — Miscellaneous  percentages  and  relationships  appertaining  to  public  and 
private  kindergartens ,  combined ,  1917-18. 


States. 

Estimated 
number  of 
children 

4  to  6  years 
of  age. 

Per  cent  of 
children  of 
kinder¬ 
garten  age 
enrolled  in 
kinder¬ 
gartens. 

Average 
length  of 
school 
term. 

Average 

number  of 
days 
attended 
by  each 
pupil 
enrolled. 

Number  of 
days 
wasted. 

Per  cent  of 
school 
term 
wasted. 

Number  of 
pupils  to  a 
teacher. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

United  States. 

4,575,294 

10.50 

183 

100 

83 

46.0 

48 

Alabama . 

139, 263 

1.02 

185 

97 

88 

47.6 

32 

Arizona . 

12, 606 

6.  66 

181' 

75 

106 

58.6 

52 

Arkansas . 

100, 982 

.19 

163 

128 

35 

21.4 

38 

California . 

89, 552 

31. 70 

180 

87 

•  93 

50.8 

43 

Colorado . 

39,338 

16.  28 

182 

62 

120 

67.0 

56 

Connecticut . 

48,452 

24. 90 

179 

128 

51 

28.5 

43 

Delaware . 

8,159 

3.57 

177 

103 

74 

40.9 

49 

Dist.  of  Columbia. 

11,651 

35.  62 

174 

92 

82 

47.0 

26 

Florida . 

46,434 

2. 06 

168 

100 

68 

40.4 

27 

Georgia . 

166,867 

1.07 

168 

109 

59 

35.1 

30 

Idaho . 

21,465 

.74 

178 

145 

33 

18.5 

40 

Illinois . 

238, 898 

19. 94 

181 

90 

■  91 

50.2 

80 

Indiana . 

111,682 

12. 07 

156 

75 

81 

52.0 

60 

Iowa . 

104, 215 

9. 56 

176 

107 

69 

39.2 

37 

Kansas . 

80, 078 

2. 98 

168 

92 

76 

45.2 

53 

Kentucky . 

117, 768 

3.11 

183 

95 

88 

48.1 

46 

Louisiana . 

101,567 

3.  42 

176 

99 

77 

43.8 

37 

Maine . 

29,348 

5. 56 

164 

93 

71 

43.2 

37 

Maryland . 

57,946 

3. 46 

174 

99 

75 

43.0 

26 

Massachusetts .... 

133, 428 

16.14 

180 

107 

73 

40.6 

33 

Michigan . 

126,766 

28. 22 

185 

102 

83 

45.0 

50 

Minnesota . 

91,089 

14.35 

184 

115 

69 

37.5 

43 

Mississippi . 

119, 481 

.89 

174 

95 

79 

45.4 

30 

Missouri . 

148,621 

11.45 

195 

124 

71 

36.5 

43 

Montana . 

17, 617 

7.32 

178 

94 

84 

47.1 

61 

Nebraska . 

55,367 

11.72 

179 

128 

51 

28.5 

34 

Nevada . 

3,155 

9.45 

176 

108 

68 

38.6 

42 

New  Hampshire- . 

15, 177 

8.12 

174 

117 

57 

32.8 

23 

New  Jersey. . 

121,519 

29. 07 

187 

109 

78 

40.8 

54 

New  Mexico . 

23, 574 

1.12 

178 

120 

58 

32.6 

44 

New  York . 

369,824 

29.70 

185 

86 

99 

53.6 

56 

North  Carolina . . . 

136, 806 

.45 

184 

137 

47 

25.6 

24 

North  Dakota .... 

41,018 

.53 

184 

142 

42 

22.8 

24 

Ohio . 

198, 329 

13.73 

185 

118 

67 

36.2 

47 

Oklahoma . 

132,286 

2. 15 

176 

102 

74 

42.0 

66 

Oregon . 

28,263 

1.80 

191 

80 

111 

58.0 

64 

Pennsylvania . 

375,250 

6.51 

191 

110 

81 

42.4 

37 

Rhode  Island . 

'  23,095 

22. 62 

169 

85 

84 

49.8 

47 

South  Carolina. .. . 

100,900 

.56 

171 

99 

72 

42.0 

51 

South  Dakota .... 

33,901 

2. 71 

170 

107 

63 

37.0 

44 

Tennessee . 

121,750 

.27 

173 

131 

42 

24.3 

27 

Texas . 

242,273 

1. 65 

176 

85 

91 

51.8 

54 

Utah . 

23, 854 

1.  48 

175 

115 

60 

24.2 

27 

Vermont . 

13  693 

2.69 

166 

113 

53 

32.9 

20 

Virginia . 

114’  937 

1.80 

176 

91 

85 

48.4 

37 

Washington . 

57,833 

2. 88 

181 

100 

81 

44.8 

54 

West  Virginia. . .. 

68, 881 

.32 

202 

154 

48 

23.8 

32 

Wisconsin . 

103,228 

23.56 

193 

120 

73 

37.8 

43 

Wyoming . 

7,108 

1.28 

177 

119 

58 

32.8 

31 

STATISTICAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1&T7-1918. 
Table  18. — Statistics  of  'public  and  private  kindergartens,  1917-18. 


43 


States. 

Supervi¬ 

sors. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

!  Aggregate 
j  attendance. 

Average 
daily  at¬ 
tendance. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

United  States . 

404 

10,061 

479,989 

47,778,970 

260,782 

Alabama . 

3 

44 

1,420 

137,418 

743 

16 

839 

62, 676 

347 

Arkansas . 

1 

5 

192 

24,519 

150 

California . 

11 

656 

28,433 

2,472,184 

13,723 

Colorado . 

3 

115 

6,409 

397,916 

2, 191 

Connecticut . 

13 

277 

12,046 

1,537,228 

8,565 

Delaware . 

4 

6 

291 

29,870 

169 

Dist.  Columbia . 

3 

160 

4,151 

383, 564 

2,221 

Florida . 

5 

35 

957 

96,173 

574 

Georgia . 

10 

60 

1,791 

195,081 

1,163 

Idaho . 

2 

4 

158 

22, 832 

128 

Illinois . 

34 

597 

47,568 

4,259,517 

23,501 

Indiana . 

18 

226 

13,484 

1,015, 625 

6,507 

Iowa . 

9 

272 

9,961 

1,066,557 

6,072 

Kansas . 

4 

45 

2,388 

220, 293 

1,309 

Kentucky . 

7 

80 

3,663 

349,038 

1,906 

Louisiana . 

1 

95 

3, 477 

344, 708 

1,958 

Maine . 

2 

44 

1, 633 

151, 691 

923 

Maryland . 

4 

76 

2,006 

198,  689 

1,143 

Massachusetts . 

24 

657 

21,522 

2,294,035 

12,753 

Michigan . 

26 

719 

35,776 

3, 640,549 

19,704 

Minnesota . 

12 

304 

13,071 

1,506,593 

8,190 

Mississippi . 

4 

35 

1,062 

100, 624 

579 

Missouri . 

12 

400 

17,018 

2, 103, 420 

10,801 

Montana . 

3 

21 

1,288 

121, 611 

682 

Nebraska . 

7 

190 

6,493 

827, 891 

4,609 

Nevada . 

7 

298 

32, 216 

183 

New  Hampshire . 

1 

53 

1, 232 

143,584 

827 

New  Jersey . : . ; 

16 

660 

35,323 

3, 846, 872 

20,559 

New  Mexico . 

0 

6 

263 

31,450 

177 

New  York . 

63  i 

1,959 

109,872 

9,430,319 

50,930 

North  Carolina . 

2 

26 

613 

83,897 

457 

North  Dakota . 

2 

9 

219 

31,161 

169 

Ohio . 

17 

583 

27,210 

3,220,363 

17,385 

Oklahoma . 

3 

43 

2,842 

288,541 

1,644 

Oregon . 

8 

509 

40  492 

212 

Pennsylvania . 

26 

652 

24,396 

2,682, 785 

14,031 

Rhode  Island . 

5 

110 

5,223 

444,429 

2,626 

South  Carolina . 

5 

11 

566 

55, 826 

327 

South  Dakota . 

2 

21 

917 

98,024 

577 

Tennessee . 

12 

327 

42  978 

249 

Texas . 

7 

74 

3,990 

337^756 

1,918 

Utah . 

13 

354 

40, 606 

232 

Vermont . 

18 

368 

41  666 

251 

Virginia . 

11 

56 

2,072 

188’  181 

1,071 

Washington . 1 

2 

31 

1,664 

167,113 

923 

West  Virginia . i 

2 

7 

221 

34,009 

168 

Wisconsin . ' 

18 

560 

24,322 

2,925, 607 

15,194 

Wyoming . 

3 

91 

10,793 

61 

44 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  19. — Kindergartens  in  cities  of  2,500  population  and  over,  1917-18. 


States. 

Cities  re¬ 
porting. 

Supervi¬ 

sors. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

Average 
daily  at¬ 
tendance. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

United  States . 

529 

76 

8,257 

412,239 

40,716,918 

320, 891 

Alabama . 

3 

1 

24 

709 

54,261 

325 

3 

14 

720 

48,993 

273 

California . 

37 

3 

575 

25,522 

2,179,756 

11,996 

Colorado . 

6 

1 

108 

6,145 

367,494 

2,016 

Connecticut . 

24 

3 

235 

10,513 

1,312,350 

7,317 

Dist.  Columbia . 

1 

2 

157 

4,089 

377, 684 

2,183 

Florida . 

4 

2 

13 

282 

32, 804 

206 

Georgia . 

3 

1 

28 

829 

91,999 

553 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

21 

2 

493 

42,929 

3,762,446 

20, 673 

Indiana . 

23 

4 

167 

8,328 

898.390 

4,738 

Iowa . 

21 

1 

194 

7,675 

768,375 

4,336 

9 

36 

2,018 

165, 680 

1,022 

Kentucky . 

5 

1 

67 

3,226 

300,968 

1, 627 

Louisiana . 

3 

1 

91 

3,212 

307, 624 

1,746 

Maine . 

6 

37 

1,444 

136, 849 

-  799 

Maryland . 

1 

47 

1,264 

117, 705 

665 

Massachusetts . 

30 

5 

604 

19,951 

2,093,107 

11,749 

Michigan . 

54 

14 

586 

30,033 

2,972, 581 

16,164 

Minnesota . 

11 

2 

245 

10,923 

1, 249, 570 

6,788 

Mississippi . 

5 

1 

26 

817 

69, 174 

390 

Missouri . 

4 

2 

368 

15,844 

1,945, 209 

10,014 

Montana . 

4 

1 

18 

1,161 

106,572 

597 

Nebraska . 

8 

2 

123 

4,616 

570,711 

3,154 

Nevada _ 

1 

4 

221 

21,765 

125 

New  Hampshire . 

6 

48 

1,114 

131,338 

760 

New  Jersey . 

47 

585 

32,723 

3, 545, 907 

18, 917 

New  Mexico . 

1 

66 

5,045 

28 

New  York . 

67 

9 

1,623 

97,277 

8,278,327 

44, 819 

North  Carolina. . 

1 

13 

248 

37, 886 

199 

North  Dakota. . . 

1 

1 

49 

6,300 

35 

Ohio . 

23 

3 

393 

20, 805 

2,503,616 

13,723 

Oklahoma . 

1 

1 

33 

2,535 

251,957 

1,436 

Oregon . 

1 

8 

509 

40,492 

212 

Pennsylvania . 

20 

5 

588 

22, 141 

2,419,213 

12,450 

Rhode  Island . 

5 

1 

100 

4,864 

393,273 

2,340 

South  Carolina . 

1 

1 

45 

5, 220 

30 

South  Dakota . 

4 

14 

514 

61,035 

351 

Tennessee. . . . 

1 

6 

90 

12,018 

77 

Texas . 

13 

2 

61 

3,572 

289, 469 

1,647 

Utah . 

2 

13 

354 

40,606 

232 

Vermont . 

3 

14 

263 

32, 725 

192 

Virginia . 

2 

2 

22 

962 

107,566 

596 

Washington . 

3 

22 

1,348 

138,444 

758 

West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin . 

50 

4 

451 

20,289 

2,464,414 

12,633 

Wyoming.. . 

STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918, 


45 


Table  20. — Statistics  of  kindergartens  in  villages  having  less  than  2,500  population , 

1917-18. 


States. 

Number 
of  villages 
reporting. 

Super¬ 

visors. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Average 
daily  at¬ 
tendance. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

* 

United  States . 

492 

1 

587 

21, 138 

2,612,200 

14, 438 

2 

2 

119 

13, 683 

74 

3 

3 

157 

19,920 

122 

45 

57 

2,037 

205,432 

1,212 

3 

3 

136 

17,662 

95 

Dist.  Columbia . 

4 

4 

152 

18, 759 

123 

1 

1 

26 

3,222 

18 

2 

2 

91 

13,512 

78 

9 

17 

425 

46, 880 

270 

1 

1 

17 

1,600 

10 

59 

61 

1,801 

252, 228 

1,387 

.  4 

4 

159 

20,567 

116 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

4 

4s 

265 

37,084 

212 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

1 

1 

30 

3,060 

18 

Michigan . 

91 

110 

4,105 

566,214 

2,958 

Minnesota . 

21 

1 

39 

1,507 

188,010 

1,027 

Mississippi 

5 

6 

148 

18, 610 

118 

Missouri . 

6 

7 

271 

32,980 

186 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

58 

61 

1,745 

239,453 

1,358 

Nevada . 

3 

3 

77 

10, 451 

58 

New  Hampshire . 

1 

2 

35 

3,843 

21 

New  Jersey . 

40 

47 

1,912 

214,140 

1,164 

New  Mexico . 

3 

3 

170 

22,805 

129 

New  York . 

26 

40 

1,549 

160,596 

858 

North  Carolina . 

1 

1 

40 

5,120 

32 

North  Dakota . . . 

5 

5 

105 

15, 185 

86 

Ohio  . 

3 

4 

131 

17, 664 

98 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

6 

6 

210 

26, 108 

149 

Pennsylvania . 

3 

4 

262 

38,900 

225 

Rhode  Island  . . 

1 

1 

18 

2,928 

16 

South  Carolina  . 

South  Dakota. 

1 

1 

66 

5, 400 

30 

Tennessee . 

1 

1 

93 

13,500 

75 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont  . 

1 

1 

36 

4,050 

25 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

2 

2 

87 

7,700 

44 

West  Virginia 

1 

2 

75 

8,400 

60 

Wisconsin 

72 

78 

2,990 

345,741 

1,925 

Wyoming . 

3 

3 

91 

10,793 

61 

46  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  21. — Statistics  of  'public  kindergartens  in  cities  and  villages,  1917-18. 


States. 

Cities  and 
villages 
reporting. 

Super¬ 

visors. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Average 
daily  at¬ 
tendance. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

United  States . 

1,031 

77 

8,844 

433,377 

43,329,118 

235,329 

Alabama . 

3 

1 

24 

709 

54,261 

325 

5 

16 

839 

62, 676 

347 

3 

3 

157 

19,920 

122 

California . 

82 

3 

632 

27,559 

2,385,188 

13, 208 

Colorado . 

6 

•  1 

108 

6,145 

367, 494 

2,016 

Connecticut . 

27 

3 

238 

10,649 

1,330,012 

7,412 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia . 

1 

2 

157 

4,089 

377,684 

2,183 

Florida . 

8 

2 

17 

434 

51,563 

329 

Georgia . 

4 

1 

29 

855 

95,221 

571 

2 

2 

91 

13,512 

78 

Illinois . 

30 

2 

510 

43,354 

3,809,326 

20,943 

Indiana . 

24 

4 

168 

8,345 

899,990 

4,748 

Iowa . 

80 

1 

255 

9,476 

1,020,603 

5, 723 

13 

40 

2,177 

186, 247 

1,138 

Kentucky . 

5 

1 

67 

3, 226 

300,968 

1,627 

Louisiana . 

7 

1 

95 

3,477 

344, 708 

1,958 

Maine . 

6 

37 

1,444 

136, 849 

799 

Maryland  . 

1 

47 

1,264 

117, 705 

665 

Massachusetts . 

31 

5 

605 

19,981 

2,096, 167 

11,767 

Michigan . 

145 

14 

696 

34, 138 

3,538,795 

19, 122 

Minnesota . 

32 

3 

284 

12, 430 

1,437,580 

7,815 

Mississippi . 

10 

1 

32 

965 

87,784 

508 

Missouri . 

10 

2 

375 

16,115 

1,978,189 

10,200 

Montana . 

4 

1 

18 

1,161 

106, 572 

597 

Nebraska . 

66 

2 

184 

6,361 

810, 164 

4,512 

Nevada . 

4 

7 

298 

32,216 

183 

New  Hampshire . 

7 

50 

1,149 

135, 181 

781 

New  Jersey . ' . 

87 

632 

34,635 

3,760,047 

20,081 

New  Mexico . 

4 

4 

236 

27, 850 

157 

New  York . 

93 

9 

1,663 

98,826 

8, 438,923 

45,677 

North  Carolina . 

2 

14 

288 

43,006 

231 

North  Dakota . 

6 

6 

154 

21,485 

121 

Ohio . 

26 

3 

397 

20,936 

2,521,280 

13,821 

Oklahoma . 

7  ! 

1 

39 

2,745 

278,065 

1,585 

Oregon . 

1 

8 

509 

40,492 

212 

Pennsylvania . 

23 

5 

592 

22,403 

2,458,113 

12,675 

Rhode  Island . 

6 

1 

101 

4,882 

396, 201 

2,356 

South  Carolina . 

1 

1 

45 

5,220 

30 

South  Dakota . 

5 

15 

580 

66, 435 

381 

Tennessee 

2 

7 

183 

25,518 

152 

Texas . 

13 

2 

61 

3,572 

289, 469 

1,647 

Utah . 

2 

13 

354 

40,606 

232 

Vermont  . 

4 

15 

299 

36, 775 

217 

Virginia . 

2 

2 

22 

962 

107,566 

596 

Washington . 

5 

24 

1,435 

146, 144 

802 

West  Virginia. . . . 

1 

2 

75 

8, 400 

60 

Wisconsin . 

122 

4 

529 

23,279 

2,810, 155 

14,558 

Wyoming . 

3 

3 

91 

10,793 

61 

STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918, 

Table  22. — Statistics  of  private  kindergartens,  1917-18. 


47 


States. 

Number  of 
kinder¬ 
gartens. 

Super¬ 

visors. 

Teachers. 

Pupils. 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

Average 
daily  at¬ 
tendance. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

United  States . 

890 

327 

1,217 

46,612 

4, 449, 852 

25, 453 

Alabama . 

11 

2 

20 

711 

83  157 

418 

Arkansas . 

2 

1 

2 

35 

4,599 

28 

California . 

16 

8 

24 

874 

86,996 

515 

Colorado . 

6 

2 

7 

264 

30, 422 

175 

Connecticut . 

27 

10 

39 

1,397 

207, 216 

1,153 

Delaware . 

8 

4 

6 

291 

29, 870 

169 

Dist.  C  olumbia . 

2 

1 

3 

62 

5,880 

38 

Florida . 

9 

3 

18 

523 

44, 610 

245 

Georgia . * . 

22 

9 

31 

936 

99,860 

592 

Idaho . 

2 

2 

2 

67 

9,320 

50 

Illinois . 

60 

32 

87 

4,214 

450, 191 

2,558 

Indiana . 

53 

14 

58 

5, 139 

115,635 

1,759 

Iowa . 

15 

8 

17 

485 

45,954 

349 

Kansas . 

4 

4 

5 

211 

34,046 

171 

Kentucky . 

10 

6 

13 

437 

48,070 

279 

Louisiana ... 

Maine . 

6 

2 

7 

189 

14, 842 

124 

Maryland . 

16 

4 

29 

742 

80,984 

478 

Massachusetts . 

33 

19 

52 

1.541 

197, 868 

986 

Michigan . 

.  19 

12 

23 

1,638 

101,754 

582 

Minnesota . 

15 

9 

20 

641 

69,013 

375 

Mississippi . 

4 

3 

3 

97 

12,840 

71 

Missouri . 

22 

10 

25 

903 

125,231 

601 

Montana . 

3 

2 

3 

127 

15,039 

85 

Nebraska . 

5 

5 

6 

132 

17,727 

97 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

2 

1 

3 

83 

8, 403 

46 

New  Jersey . 

26 

16 

28 

688 

86,825 

478 

New^Mexico . 

1 

0 

2 

27  ! 

3,600 

20 

New  York . 

213 

54 

296 

11,046 

991,396 

5,253 

North  Carolina . 

8 

2 

12 

325  1 

40, 891 

226 

North  Dakota . 

2 

2 

3  1 

65  ! 

9, 676 

48 

Ohio . 

113 

14 

186 

6,274 

699,083 

3,564 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon.. . . 

4 

2 

4 

97  ] 

10, 476 

59 

Pennsylvania . 

52 

21 

60  1 

1,993  ! 

224, 672 

1,356 

Rhode  Island . 

6 

4 

9 

341  ] 

48,228 

270 

South  Carolina . 

10 

5 

10 

521 

50,606 

297 

South  Dakota . 

4 

2 

6 

337 

31,589 

196 

Tennessee . 

5 

0 

5 

144 

17,460 

97 

Texas . 

10 

5 

13 

418 

48,287 

271 

Utah. . 

Vermont . 

2 

0 

3 

69 

4,891 

34 

Virginia . 

20 

9 

34 

1,110 

80, 615 

475 

Washington . 

9 

2 

7 

229 

20,969 

121 

West  Virginia . 

7 

2 

5 

146 

25, 609 

108 

Wisconsm . 

26 

14 

31 

1,043 

115, 452 

636 

Wyoming. . . 

48 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


KINDERGARTENS. 

The  statistics  of  all  kindergartens  reporting  to  the  Bureau  of  Educa¬ 
tion  have  been  summarized  in  Tables  17-22,  inclusive.  The  statistics 
of  all  kindergartens  in  cities  of  2,500  population  and  over  were  col¬ 
lected  with  other  city  school  statistics  and  have  been  shown  in  detail 
for  cities  of  10,000  population  and  over  in  the  chapter  on  city  school 
systems.  The  public  school  kindergarten  statistics  in  villages,  i.  e., 
in  places  having  a  population  less  than  2,500  in  1910,  are  not  shown 
in  detail  in  this  report.  Only  the  summary  is  shown  herewith.  The 
statistics  of  private  kindergartens  have  not  been  printed  in  detail  in 
the  report.  Table  22  presents  the  summary  of  these  890  reports. 

In  figure  10  the  percentage  of  children  of  kindergarten  age  who  are 
enrolled  in  kindergartens  has  been  pictured  by  States.  It  has 
been  assumed  that  the  total  number  of  children  4  and  5  years 
of  age,  inclusive,  in  the  various  States  represents  the  number 
of  children  of  kindergarten  age.  In  the  diagram  it  is  seen 
that  the  District  of  Columbia  ranks  first,  with  ‘over  35  per  cent  of 
its  children  of  these  ages  in  kindergartens.  A  revision  of  the 
census  estimates  in  1920  will  undoubtedly  show  that  this  proportion 
is  too  high.  California,  New  York,  and  New'  Jersey  come  next  in 
the  order  named.  In  eight  States  over  one-fifth  of  these  children 
are  in  kindergartens.  In  the  whole  country  only  10.5  per  cent  of 
the  children  of  these  ages  are  enrolled  in  kindergartens. 

Figure  11  shouTs  the  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  public 
and  private  kindergartens,  combined.  Remarkable  uniformity  pre¬ 
vails  in  the  length  of  the  kindergarten  school  term.  The  average 
term  is  183  days.  In  all  States,  but  one,  the  average  exceeds  160 
days.  This  uniformity  in  the  length  of  the  school  term  seems  to 
imply  that  kindergartens  are  characteristic  of  cities  rather  than  of 
rural  districts,  wThich  often  have  a  relatively  short  school  term. 

The  great  waste  of  the  school  term  in  kindergartens  is  appalling 
to  the  uninitiated.  As  shown  in  figure  12,  in  eight  States  the  children 
attend  less  than  one-half  the  school  term  provided.  In  nearly  all  the 
States  the  loss  is  over  30  per  cent.  The  average  for  all  States  is  46 
per  cent.  Several  reasons  account  for  this  apparently  great  waste. 
Oftentimes  all  city  school  buildings  for  elementary  -schools  do  not 
have  kindergartens.  This  lack  of  kindergarten  facilities  means  that 
the  children  who  do  not  attend  are  often  obliged  to  go  longer  dis¬ 
tances  to  school  than  such  small  children  should  go.  The  distance 
factor,  therefore,  operates  to  reduce  attendance.  During  these 
early  years  the  child  comes  into  contact  with  many  communicable 
children’s  diseases  when  at  school.  His  previous  home  life  has  been 
more  or  less  restricted,  but  now  he  is  exposed  to  any  disease  brought 
to  school.  The  loss  of  a  few  weeks  through  sickness  may  mean  that 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918. 


49 


S  T  A  T  E  8 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 

CALIFORNIA . 

HEW  YORK. . 

HEW  JERSEY . 

MICHIGAN . 

CONNECTICUT . 

WISCONSIN . 

RHODE  ISLAND . . 

ILLINOIS . 

COLORADO . 

MASSACHUSETTS . . 

MINNESOTA . . 

OHIO . 

INDIANA . . 

NEBRASKA . . 

MISSOURI . . 

IOWA . . 

NEVADA . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE . . 

MONTANA . 

ARIZONA. . .  .  . , 

PENNSYLVANIA . . 

MAINE . . 

DELAWARE . . 

MARYLAND . . 

LOUISIANA . . 

KENTUCKY . . 

KANSAS . 

WASHINGTON . . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . . 

VERMONT . 

OKLAHOMA . . 

FLORIDA . ...... 

OREGON . . 

VIRGINIA . . 

TEXAS . 

UTAH . 

WYOMING . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

GEORGIA. . 

ALABAMA. . 

MISSISSIPPI . . 

IDAHO . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

NORTH  DAKOTA. . 

NORTH  CAROLINA. . 

WEST  VIRGINIA. . 

TENNESSEE. .......... 

ARKANSAS. . . . 

UNITED  STATES. ...... 


PER  CENT  OF  CHILDREN  KN RO T.T.K b  IN  KINDERGARTEN. 
10  20  30 


40 


Fig.  10 —Percentage  of  children  of  kindergarten  age  enrolled  in  kindergarten,  1917-18. 

59873°— 21 - 4 


50 


BIFXXIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


8  T  A  T  E  8  . 


0 


AVERAGE  LENGTH  0?  SCHOOL  TERM. 

AO  8  0  120  160  200 


WEST  VIRGINIA, 

MISSOURI . . 

WISCONSIN...., 

OREGON . . 

PENNSYLVANIA. , 
NEW  JERSEY..., 

ALABAMA . 

MICHIGAN . . 

NEW  YORK . . 

OHIO . . 

MINNESOTA...., 


NORTH  CAROLINA, 
NORTH  DAKOTA.., 
KENTUCKY . . 


COLORADO, 


ARIZONA. 


ILLINOIS. 


WASHINGTON... . 
CALIFORNIA. . . . 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
CONNECTICUT.. . 
NEBRASKA. . . . .  , 


IDAHO, 


MONTANA, 


NEW  MEXICO, 
DELAWARE. . 


WYOMING, 


IOWA, 


LOUISIANA. 


NEVADA, 


OKLAHOMA, 


TEXAS. 


VIRGINIA. 


UTAH. 


DI8TRICT  OE  COLUMBIA 
MARYLAND . 


MISSISSIPPI.. , 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
TENNESSEE. . . . , 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
SOUTH  DAKOTA.., 
RHODE  ISLAND. . , 
FLORIDA . . 


GEORGIA. 


KANSAS, 


VERMONT, 


MAINE. 


ARKANSAS, 


INDIANA. 


Fig.  11.— Average  length  of  the  kindergarten  school  term,  1917-18. 


STATISTICAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1917-1918.  51 


PEP.  CENT  OP  8CH00L 
20  30 


THRU  WASTED. 
40  50 


COLORADO 
ARIZONA, 

OREGON 
NEW  YORK. 

INDIANA. 

TEXAS 

California.  . 

ILLINOIS 
RHODE  ISLAND 
VIRGINIA. 

KENTUCKY, 

ALABAMA 
MONTANA, 

DISTRICT  OF. COLUMBIA. 
MISSISSIPPI 
KANSAS 
MI CHI GAM 
WASHINGTON, 

LOUT  SI  AHA. 

MAI  HE 
MARYLAND, 

PEHHSYLVAHIA 
OKLAHOMA 
SOUTH  CARO  LIMA, 
DELAWARE, 

HEW  JERSEY 
MASSACHUSETTS 
FLORIDA 
IOWA 
NEVADA 

Wisconsin 

MINNESOTA. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

MISSOURI 
OHIO 
GEORGIA 
VERMONT 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE, 

WYOMING 
HEW  MEXICO 
CONNECTICUT 
NEBRASKA 
HCBTH  CAROLINA 
TENNESSEE 
UTAH, 

WB8T  VIRGINIA. 

NORTH  DAKOTA.. 
ARKANSAS 
IDAHO 

UNITED  STATES 


Fig.  12. — Percentage  of  the  kindergarten  school  term  wasted  by  irregular  attendance,  1917-18. 


52 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


the  child  will  not  return  to  school  again  that  year.  At  this  early 
age  no  compulsory  attendance  law  operates  to  bring  the  child  back  to 
school.  In  view  of  these  reasons,  a  high  degree  of  regularity  of  attend¬ 
ance  is  not  to  be  expected  of  such  small  children. 

As  shown  in  Table  17,  the  average  number  of  pupils  to  a  teacher  is 
48.  Considering  the  fact  that  46  per  cent  of  the  children  enrolled  in 
kindergartens  do  not  attend,  it  is  found  that  the  average  number  of 
pupils  actually  present  each  day  to  each  teacher  is  only  22.  It  is 
evident,  therefore,  that  the  teaching  load  in  kindergartens  is  not 
very  heavy.  Considerable  variation  from  the  general  average  pre¬ 
vails,  one  State  (Illinois)  having  as  many  as  80  pupils  to  a  teacher, 
and  another  (Vermont)  having  only  20.  In  considering  kinder¬ 
garten  statistics,  it  should  be  observed  that  in  States  having  very 
small  percentages  of  pupils  in  kindergartens,  the  averages,  as  shown 
in  Table  17,  often  exhibit  characteristics  of  a  few  individual  schools 
and  not  generalities.  Due  regard  should,  therefore,  be  given  to  the 
number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  kindergartens  in  judging  the  percentages 
as  shown. 


CHAPTER  II. 


STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTE5IS,  1917-18. 


Contents.— Schools  represented— School  attendance— Enrollment  in  high  school— Length  of  school 
term — Enrollment  of  pupils — School  mortality — Teachers — School  buildings — Value  of  public  school 
property— The  school  debt— Receipts — Expenditures— Statistics  of  colored  schools. 


SCHOOLS  REPRESENTED. 

The  statistics  found  in  this  report  on  State  school  systems  relate 
solely  to  the  public  elementary  and  secondary  schools.  In  no  case 
have  the  statistics  of  standard  colleges,  universities,  and  professional 
schools  been  included.  The  information  contained  herein  has  been 
supplied  by  the  various  State  offices  of  education.  It  has  been 
found  necessary  in  several  instances  to  supplement  the  reports  from 
other  sources  and  to  make  estimates  for  information  not  supplied  by 
or  not  available  in  the  State  office.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to 
separate  the  financial  statistics  of  elementary  and  secondary  schools, 
in  case  the  State  office  did  not  do  so.  In  fact  the  data  furnished  have 
not  warranted  any  very  accurate  deductions  regarding  the  cost  of 
elementary  and  secondary  schools.  The  statistics  reported,  however, 
have  been  included.  It  is  hoped  that  in  the  future  the  statistics  of 
elementary  and  secondary  schools  may  be  kept  wholly  separate  and 
distinct,  as  has  now  been  practically  agreed  upon  by  every  State 
office. 

This  chapter  includes  the  statistics  of  city,  village,  and  rural 
schools  combined.  It  should  be  added  that  it  is  possible  in  many 
cases  to  obtain  rural  school  statistics  from  this  chapter,  by  subtracting 
from  the  totals  given  herein  the  corresponding  numbers  found  in  the 
chapter  on  city  school  systems. 

The  only  statistics  of  private  schools  included  herein  relate  to  the 
enrollment  in  private  elementary  and  secondary  schools.  Wherever 
such  data  have  been  used,  their  inclusion  has  been  definitely  indicated. 

The  statistics  in  this  chapter  include  both  white  and  colored 
pupils.  In  a  few  tables  the  statistics  of  schools  for  white  and  for 
colored  children  have  been  treated  separately. 

The  statistics  of  our  outlying  possessions  have  been  given  in  so  far 
as  reported,  but  have  not  been  included  in  the  totals  lor  the  conti¬ 
nental  United  States,  nor  have  they  been  used  in  any  of  the  graphic 
studies  which  follow. 


53 


Table  1. — Review  of  statistics  of  elementary  and  secondary  schools  combined ,  1870-1918. 


54 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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18, 543,201 

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56, 221, 868 
16,773,190 

11,398,024 

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7,297,529 

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I. — General  statistics. 

Total  population  i . 

Children  5  to  18  years  of  age  > . 

Pupils  enrolled  (excluding  dupli¬ 
cates)  . 

Pupils  enrolled  in  public  high 

schools . 

Average  daily  attendance . 

Total  number  of  days  attended  by 
all  pupils . . . 

Men  teachers . 

Women  teachers . 

Totalteachcrs . 

Number  ofschoolliouses . 

Value  of  all  school  property . 

T I Financia  1  statistics . 

Receipts: 

From  income  of  permanent 

■  funds  and  lands . 

From  local  taxes . 

v  rum  ©uue  taxes . 

^  From  all  other  sources . 

Total . 

Expenditures: 

r\  For  sites,  buildings,  furniture, 

libraries,  and  apparatus . 

C  fFor  salaries  of  superintendents, 

‘  principals,  and  teachers . 

1  For  all  other  purposes . 

J 

III.  Derivative  statistics. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


55 


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56 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1910-1918. 
SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE. 


By  reference  to  Table  1  it  is  found  that  19.81  per  cent  of  the 
estimated  total  population  is  enrolled  in  school.  In  other  words, 
almost  one-fifth  of  the  total  population  is  enrolled  in  the  public 
elementary  and  secondary  schools.  As  will  be  noted  in  figure  1,  the 
highest  percentage  of  the  total  population  was  enrolled  in  1895. 
Since  that  date  the  percentage  has  decreased,  except  in  1918,  when  a 
slight  rise  is  evident.  The  percentage  has  not  shown  any  very  great 
variation  from  the  20  per  cent  line  at  any  date  represented.  The 
slight  decrease  since  1900  has  not  been  due  to  a  smaller  percentage  of 
children  enrolling  in  school,  but  to  the  decreasing  percentage  of 
children  in  the  total  population  as  shown  in  Table  1,  where  the  ratio 
has  decreased  from  31.3  per  cent  in  1870  to  26.4  per  cent  in  1910. 

It  is  shown  in  figure  1  that  the  percentage  of  children  5  to  18  years 
of  age  who  are  attending  school  has  increased  gradually  since  1870, 
except  in  1905.  The  gradual  rise  in  the  dotted  curve  in  figure  1 
shows  that  the  schools  are  enrolling  an  increasing  percentage  of  the 
total  school  population. 

A  further  commendable  condition  is  apparent  in  figure  1,  in  that  the 
children  who  do  enroll  in  school  attend  more  regularly  in  recent  years 
than  they  did  several  decades  ago.  In  1870  fewer  than  60  out  of 
each  100  pupils  enrolled  attended  school  each  day,  while  in  1915  over  76 
pupils  in  100  enrolled  attended  each  day  the  schools  were  in  session. 
The  slight  falling  off  in  school  attendance  in  1918  is  undoubtedly  due 
to  the  war,  since  unusual  opportunities  were  afforded  for  increasing 
school  delinquency.  The  increase  in  the  percentage  of  school  attend¬ 
ance  is  probably  due  in  a  large  measure  to  the  more  effectiveness  of 
our  compulsory  attendance  laws,  which  not  only  cause  more  children 
to  attend  school,  but  also  compel  more  regular  attendance  on  the  part 
of  those  who  enroll.  Better  teaching,  better  supervision,  a  more 
suitable  course  of  study,  transportation  of  pupils,  and  improved 
conditions  in  general  also  tend  to  produce  this  commendable  tendency. 
The  gradual  rise  of  these  two  curves  is  unmistakable  evidence  that 
our  school  systems  are  getting  better.  There  is  still  room  for  improve¬ 
ment,  however,  as  about  one-fourth  of  the  children  of  school  age  are 
still  out  of  the  public  schools,  and  only  three  children  out  of  every 
four  enrolled  attend  daily. 

CHILDREN  IN  AND  OUT  OF  SCHOOL. 

When  the  number  of  children  enrolled  in  private  and  parochial 
schools  is  considered,  it  is  found  that  an  additional  6.9  per  cent  of  the 
children  5  to  18  years  of  age  are  enrolled  in  such  schools.  This  means 
that  only  17.8  per  cent  of  the  children  of  school  age  are  not  enrolled 
in  either  public  or  private  elementary  and  secondary  schools. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


57 


An  inspection  of  figure  2  shows  that  four  States  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  have  more  pupils  enrolled  in  public  and  private  schools 
than  there  are  children  5  to  IS  years  of  age.  This  apparent  incon¬ 
sistency  is  probably  explained  by  the  fact  that  there  has  been  a 
greater  influx  of  population  to  Montana,  Arizona,  California,  "Washing¬ 
ton,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  than  census  estimates  based  on  1910 
can  take  account  of.  Figure  2  shows  the  number  of  children  enrolled 


•  — 

160 

90 

8o 

70 

. 

— 

Jin 

0s 

60 

50 

v 

40 

50 

20 

1  A 

XO 

V  O  ITN  Q  O 

N  r-*  GO  GO  Vs 

GO  00  GO  aO  GO 

—  Per  cent  of  foto/  popu/a  t/on . 

—  p£>r  cent  of  popu/a  f  ion,  5  fold 
years,  /a  school. 

lr\  o  \r\  o  U\  aQ 

O'  Q  O 

CO  O'  O'  O'  O'  O' 

H  H  H  H  H  H 

— —  Per  cent  of  enrollment 
attending  each  day. 

(for  data  see  Tab /el .) 

Fig.  1.— School  attendance  at  various  dates,  1870-1918. 


in  the  public  schools,  in  private  schools,  and  not  in  any  school.  It  is 
shown  that  10  States  have  over  10  per  cent  of  the  children  of  school 
age  enrolled  in  private  and  parochial  schools.  New  Hampshire  and 
the  District  of  Columbia  have  over  20  per  cent  of  the  children  of 
school  age  enrolled  in  such  schools.  Two  States,  Montana  and 
Arizona,  have  more  children  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  than  there 
are  children  between  the  ages  of  5  and  18.  Twenty  States  have  over 


58 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


SPATES. 


to  CENT  OS'  SCHOOL  POPULATION: 
ENROLLED  IN  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 


20  40  60 


80 


100 


KHROLLET 
IN  PRIVATE 
SCHOOLS. 

120  0  20 


NOT  ENROLLED 

IN 

SCHOOL. 

0  20  40 


MONT.  . 
ARI2. . 
D.C.. . 
CALIF. 
V-YO . . . 
CONN. . 
IOPA. . 
MICH. . 
NEBR. . 
UTAH. . 
IDAHO. 
OHIO.. 
TENN. . 
COLO.  . 
MAINE. 
KAS8.  . 
H.H.. . 
KAHB. . 
ILL... 
MI 88. . 
IND.. . 
N.C.  .  . 
ARK. . . 
MINN. . 
N.  J. .  . 
VT... . 
MO..  .. 
KY... . 
N.Yi . . 

ORE... 
NZV. . . 
DEL.  .  . 
N.DAK. 
TEXAS. 
ALA... 
W.v A.. 
OKU. . 
n.i. . . 
WASH. . 
FLA... 
PA. .  .  . 
NIS. . . 
GA...  . 
VA. .  .  . 
MD. . .. 
S.C.. . 
N.MEX. 

s.dak. 
la..  .. 
u.s. .-. 


136.6 

102,0 

82.6 

99.4 
97.-8 
82.7 
91.0 

85.1 
85  .J 

85.6 
86.0 

76.4 

84.6 

84.6 

78.6 

73.7 

66.7 
81.6 
70 .0 
83.O 

79.3 
80.0 
82.0 
76.9 

76.1 

72.8 

73.8 

75.4 
68.6 
74,6 

77.1 

69.2 

75.3 

76.2 

75.4 

76.1 

73-8 

62.3 

72.2 

72.9 

69.1 

64.1 

72.5 

70.9 
64.e 

71.2 

67.6 
63.0 
53.1 

73.3 


NUMBER  OF 
STATES  WITH  OR 
ABOVE  THE  PER¬ 
CENTAGE  INDICA¬ 
TED: 


48 

59 

17 

5 

2 


Fig.  2.— Per  cent  of  school  population,  5-18  years,  in  and  out  of  school,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  59 

one-fifth  of  the  children  of  school  age  out  of  school.  This  condition 
may  signify  that  a  more  effective  compulsory  attendance  law  should 
be  enacted  by  these  States.  In  one  State,  Louisiana,  40  per  cent  of 
the  children  are  not  enrolled  in  school.  In  figure  2  the  States  are 
ranked  on  the  total  percentage  of  children  in  public  and  private 
schools. 

ENROLLMENT  IN  HIGH  SCHOOL. 

With  the  widespread  influence  of  the  modern  second  ary  school  alarger 
and  larger  percentage  of  the  total  school  population  is  being  enrolled 
in  high  school.  It  is  of  interest,  therefore,  to  measure  this  increase. 
In  1918  there  were  enrolled  1,933,821  students  in  the  public  secondary 
schools  of  the  country.  This  number  is  9.3  per  cent  of  the  20,853,516 
pupils  enrolled  in  the  public  schools.  It  should  be  remarked  in  this 
connection  that  the  number  of  students  in  high  schools,  just  given,  is 
the  number  of  such  students  reported  by  the  State  offices  of  educa¬ 
tion,  and  presumably  is  correct.  The  special  chapter  on  high  schools, 
prepared  by  the  Bureau  of  Education  in  1918,  shows  an  enrollment 
of  1,645,171  students,  but  reports  were  not  received  from  all  of  the 
high  schools  in  the  United  States.  This  number,  however,  is  7.9  per 
cent  of  the  total  enrollment  in  both  types  of  schools,  and  is  more 
comparable  to  the  other  percentages  which  are  given  in  Table  1,  and 
which  have  been  ascertained  in  like  manner.  In  Table  1  it  is  shown 
that  the  percentage  of  pupils  enrolled  in  high  school  in  1870  was  only 
1.2  per  cent  of  the  total  school  enrollment.  This  percentage  has 
increased  gradually  since  that  date  to  1.4  per  cent  in  1885,  2.5  per 
cent  in  1895,  4.1  per  cent  in  1905,  and  6.7  per  cent  in  1915. 

While  these  percentages  indicate  an  upward  tendency  for  the  whole 
United  States,  considerable  diversity  exists  among  the  States  with 
respect  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  enrolled  in  high  schools.  By 
reference  to  figure  3,  it  will  be  noted  that  the  percentage  decreases 
from  19  in  California  to  2.2  in  South  Carolina.  In  other  words, 
California  has  almost  nine  times  as  great  a  proportion  of  children  in 
high  schools  as  South  Carolina.  New  Hampshire  ranks  second  with 
a  percentage  of  18.1,  and  Massachusetts  third  with  a  percentage  of 
17.2.  The  striking  inequality  in  these  percentages  for  the  various 
States  indicates  that  secondary  education  is  still  a  minor  factor  in  a 
large  number  of  States. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  SCHOOL  TERM. 

The  average  length  of  the  school  term  provided  in  the  different 
States  is  shown  in  figure  4.  It  should  be  distinctly  understood  that 
the  averages  given  do  not  apply  to  all  the  pupils  attending  school  in 
the  respective  States.  For  instance,  cities  usually  provide  a  school 
term  of  at  least  nine  months,  while  many  rural  schools  in  the  poorer 


60 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


STATES. 


CALIFORNIA . .  ,  . 

NOT  HAMPSHIRE . 

MASSACHUSETTS . 

OREGON . 

OHIO . 

Washington . 

KANSAS . 

VERMONT . 

INDIANA . 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

MAINE . 

COLORADO . 

MICHIGAN . .  . 

IDAHO . 

WISCONSIN . 

NEVADA . 

MINNESOTA . 

ILLINOIS . . 

IOWA . 

NOT  YORK . . 

CONNECTICUT . 

NEBRASKA . 

TEXAS . 

;  MONTANA . 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

MISSOURI . 

UTAH . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

WYOMING . 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

DELAWARE . 

LOUISIANA . 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

ARIZONA . 

OKLAHOMA . 

VIRGINIA . 

MARYLAND . 

ALABAMA . 

FLORIDA . 

GEORGIA . 

MISSISSIPPI . 

TKNNE8SEE . 

WEST  VIRGINIA . 

KENTUCKY . 

ROT  MEXICO . 

NORTH  CAROLINA . 

ARKANSAS . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

UNITED  STATES.. . . 


PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL  ENROLLMEN’ 


IN  HIGH  SCHOOL, 


20 


Fig.  3.— Percent  of  total  enrollment  in  secondary  schools,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


61 


Fig.  4.— Average  length  of  the  school  terra,  1917-18. 


62 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


districts  often  are  in  session  only  a  very  few  months  in  the  year. 
The  averages  given,  however,  represent  tendencies  and  point  out  in 
no  unmistakable  way  the  different  levels  to  which  the  States  have 
risen  in  the  matter  of  providing  for  the  education  of  all  their  children. 

The  map  shows  that  6  States  have  an  average  term  of  180  days  or 
over  and  23  States  a  term  of  161  to  180  days.  Ten  States  have  an 
average  term  less  than  7  months.  The  average  term  provided  in  the 
United  States  is  160.7  days.  Since  the  population  of  the  United 
States  is  unequally  distributed,  one  is  likely  to  gain  an  erroneous 
impression  as  to  the  percentage  of  children  represented  by  the  different 
shaded  areas.  To  rectify  any  such  false  impression,  the  corner  graph 
has  been  inserted  to  show  just  how  many  pupils  are  to  be  found  in  the 
different  shaded  areas.  Thus,  almost  9  millions  of  children  attend 
school  in  the  States  which  have  been  “concreted”  or  “dotted,” 
almost  5  millions  in  the  single-hatched  area,  etc.  Almost  5  millions 
of  children  live  in  States  where  the  average  term  is  7  months  or  less. 
Only  3  millions  live  in  States  where  the  average  term  is  over  180  days. 

While  figure  4  shows  the  length  of  school  term  provided,  it  does 
not  show  how  many  days  each  pupil  attends.  A  better  measure, 
therefore,  of  the  amount  of  schooling  actually  given  in  each  State  is 
shown  in  figure  5.  It  is  found  that  the  average  child  enrolled  in 
school  in  the  United  States  attends  a  little  less  than  120  days  per 
year.  In  10  States  the  children  enrolled  attend  141  days  or  more, 
while  in  14  States  the  average  term  attended  is  less  than  100  days. 
In  other  words,  over  6  millions  of  children  attend  school  on  an  average 
less  than  5  months  each  year. 

PART  OF  SCHOOL  TERM  WASTED. 

From  figures  4  and  5,  it  is  possible  to  ascertain  the  average  part 
of  the  school  term  not  attended.  For  instance,  Indiana  provides 
an  average  school  term  of  155  days,  but  the  pupils  enrolled  attend 
only  144  days.  The  days  not  attended  by  each  pupil  enrolled  average 
11.  In  other  words,  during  7.1  per  cent  of  the  time  the  schools  are 
in  session  the  children  do  not  attend.  In  short,  7.1  per  cent  of  the 
school  term  is  wasted. 

As  will  be  observed  from  figure  6,  this  is  a  comparatively  small  per¬ 
centage  of  loss.  At  the  other  extreme  of  the  array  of  States,  it  is 
found  that  Kentucky  wastes  41.1  per  cent  of  its  school  term.  The 
corresponding  average  for  the  United  States  is  25.4  per  cent.  To 
express  this  average  for  the  United  States  more  clearly,  one  child 
out  of  every  four  enrolled  in  school  will  be  absent  each  day  the  schools 
are  in  session.  We  are  still  wasting  one-fourth  of  the  school  term  by 
irregular  attendance.  Herein  lies  the  proof  of  the  effectiveness  of  a 
State’s  compulsory  attendance  law.  A  good  attendance  law,  rigidly 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  63 


Fig.  5 —Average  uumber  of  days  of  school  attended  by  each  pupil  enrolled,  1917-18. 


64 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATES. 


Indiana . 

OREGON . 

OHIO . 

ILLINOIS . 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

MAINE . 

MAS  s achu  sett  s . 

VERMONT . 

WYOMING . 

MICHIGAN . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE . 

WISCONSIN . 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

CONNECTICUT . 

UTAH . 

NEW  YORK . 

DISTRICT  OP  COLUMBIA 

MINNESOTA . 

MISSOURI . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

IOWA . 

WASHINGTON . 

MONTANA . 

NEVADA . 

LOUISIANA . 

TEXAS . 

CALIFORNIA . 

NEBRASKA . - . . 

IDAHO . 

KANSAS . . . 

north  Dakota . 

WEST  VIRGINIA . 

FLORIDA . . . 

MARYLAND . 

COLORADO . 

TENNESSEE . 

GEORGIA . 

VIRGINIA . 

DELAWARE . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

NORTH  CAROLINA . 

ARKANSAS . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

MISSISSIPPI . 

ARIZONA . 

OKLAHOMA . 

ALABAMA . 

KENTUCKY. : . 

UNITED  8TATES . 


SCHOOL 

TERM 

PRO- 

VID- 

, 

155 

183 

163 
159 
175 
169 

i?6 

171 
150 

172 
174 
178 
193 
181 
169 
187 

173 

169 

165 

185 
180 

174 
152 

171 
136 

146 

172 
165 
150 
172 
168 
133 
130 

170 
168 

140 
138 

141 

164 

155 

186 

123 
120 
113 
138 
162 
157 

124 
150 
160.7 


OF  SCHOOL  TERM  WASTED. 


DAYS 
ACTUAL- 
LY 
ATTEND¬ 
ED. 


DAYS 

NOT 

.AT¬ 

TEND- 


PER  CENT 


144.0 

11.0 

164.2 

18.8 

145.5 

17.5 

140.5 

18.5 

141.8 

33.2 

13$.  5 

32.5 

141.5 

34.5 

137.1 

33.9 

120.1 

29.9 

137.2 

34.8 

138.7 

35.3 

141.0 

37.0 

151.8 

41.2 

142.0 

39.0 

131.8 

37.2 

145.4 

41.6 

134.4 

38.6 

129*  3 

39.7 

125.9 

39.1 

139.5 

45.5 

134.2 

45.8 

129.3 

44.7 

112.8 

39.2 

123.0 

48.0 

97.5 

38.5 

104.7 

41.3 

122.9 

45.1 

118.0 

47.0 

106.8 

43.2 

122.0 

50.0 

119.1 

48.9 

93.6 

39.4 

90.9 

39.1 

H7.3 

52.7 

H5.5 

52.5 

96.0 

44.0 

93.8 

44.2 

95.8 

45.2 

108.7 

55.3 

102.1 

52.9 

121,6 

64, 4 

80.1 

42.9 

78.0 

42.0 

73.2 

39.8 

88.4 

49.6 

98.6 

63.4 

94.7 

62.3 

73.6 

50.4 

83.3 

61.7 

119.8 

40.9 

Fig.  6. — Per  cent  of  school  term  not  attended  by  pupils  enrolled,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


65 


enforced  in  every  State,  undoubtedly  would  reduce  this  enormous 
waste  due  to  irregular  attendance. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  in  figure  7  to  show  what  this  loss  means 
to  each  State  in  dollars.  Of  course  the  larger  States  will  incur  the 
greater  financial  loss,  and  for  this  reason  the  States  have  not  been 
ranked,  but  placed  in  alphabetical  order.  Alabama  fails  to  take 
advantage  of  40.6  per  cent  of  its  school  term,  for  the  maintenance  of 
which  it  spends  $6,066,204,  as  shown  in  Table  56.  It  spends,  there¬ 
fore,  $2,462,879  for  the  maintenance  of  schools  which  the  children 
do  not  attend.  This  loss,  however,  is  partly  theoretical,  since  the 
children  who  do  attend  may  derive  greater  benefit  from  the  school 
work  than  they  would  if  the  schools  were  crowded  to  their  maximum 
capacity.  New  York  spends  almost  18  millions  of  dollars  for  educat¬ 
ing  children  who  are  absent  from  school;  Pennsylvania,  over  13 
millions;  and  California  almost  10  millions.  Altogether,  the  United 
States  wastes  over  190  millions  of  dollars  annually  for  teaching 
children  who  are  out  of  school. 

The  loss  due  to  irregular  and  to  nonattendance  is  not  now  so  great 
as  it  has  been  in  the  past.  From  figure  8  it  will  be  observed  that  the 
pupils  enrolled  attend  more  regularly  than  was  the  practice  30  or  40 
years  ago  and  that  a  larger  percentage  of  the  total  number  of  children 
of  school  age  are  found  in  the  public  school.  The  upper  curve  in 
figure  8  represents  the  average  school  term  provided  at  the  different 
quinquennial  periods.  The  dotted  curve  shows  the  average  number 
of  days  attended  by  the  pupils  enrolled.  The  lower  curve  gives  the 
average  number  of  days  attended  by  each  person  of  school  age,  i.  e., 
from  5  to  18  years.  The  dark  area  shows  the  waste  due  to  irregular 
attendance  and  the  concreted  area  the  loss  of  time  due  to  the  non- 
attendance  of  persons  of  school  age.  The  combined  areas  represent 
the  part  of  our  school  term  wasted  by  children  who  should  be  in 
attendance. 

In  1870  the  children  enrolled  attended  school  only  78  days  out  of 
the  132  days  provided.  In  other  words  the  average  pupil  was  absent 
from  school  54  days,  or  41  per  cent  of  the  time  the  schools  were  in 
session.  In  1918  the  average  pupil  lost  only  40  days,  or  25  per  cent 
of  the  160  days  of  schooling  provided.  Irregular  attendance  has 
been  reduced,  therefore,  from  41  per  cent  to  25  per  cent  within  this 
period  of  almost  half  a  century.  If  the  actual  attendance  of  children 
of  school  age  is  considered,  it  is  found  that  the  average  child  in  1870 
attended  only  45  out  of  the  132  days  of  school  provided.  This 
means  a  loss  of  87  days  of  schooling  during  the  year,  or  almost  two- 
thirds  of  the  school  term.  In  1918  the  average  child  of  school  age 
attended  90  days  out  of  the  160  days  of  schooling  provided.  The 
loss,  therefore,  is  70  days,  or  almost  44  per  cent  of  the  average  school 
59873°— 21 - 5 


66 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


T  A  T  B  8  . 


ALABAMA . 

2,462,879 

ARIZONA . 

1.381,572 

ARKAH8A8 . 

1,748,166 

CALIFORNIA . 

9,723.029 

COLORADO. . . 

3.036,765 

CONNECTICUT . 

2,293.971 

DELAWARE . . . 

295.170 

DISTRICT  0?  OOLUMBIA. 

710,005 

FLORIDA. . 

1, *06,907 

GEORGIA . 

2.435.859 

IDAHO . 

1, *91. 507 

ILLINOIS . 

5.974,701 

INDIANA . 

1,958.017 

IOWA . 

7.436,575 

KANSAS . 

4,976,869 

KENTUCKY . 

3.434,312 

LOUISIANA . 

1,703.222 

MAINB . 

850.773 

MARYLAND . 

1.854.989 

MASSACHUSETTS . 

6,093.206 

MICHIGAN . 

6,488,492 

MINNESOTA . 

5.874,296 

MISSISSIPPI . 

1.535.023 

MISSOURI . 

5,424,596 

MONTANA . 

2,401,480 

NEBRASKA . 

4,098,829 

NEVADA . 

225,516 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE . 

637,084 

HEW  JERSEY . 

7,440,130 

HEW  MEXICO . 

1.320.321 

HEW  YORK . 

17.994,956 

NORTH  CAROLINA . 

2,283.968 

north  Dakota . 

2,879.190 

OHIO . 

5,403.288 

OKLAHOMA . 

5.623.985 

OREGON . 

775.617 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

13,208.847 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

862,588 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

1.747,693 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

2,450,338 

TENNESSEE . 

2,418,452 

TEXAS . 

6.949.827 

UTAH . 

1,178,442 

VERMONT . 

502.282 

VIRGINIA . 

2. 665,747 

WASHINGTON . 

3,922,845 

WE8T  VIRGINIA. . 

2,069.346 

WISCONGIN..  . . 

3,672,571 

WYOMING . 

398,879 

FINANCIAL  LOSS  DUE  TO  IRREGULAR  ATTENDANCE.  (1IZLLI0HS  0¥  DOLLARS) 

$  0  2  4  6  0  10  12  14  »-6  16 


HUMBER  0?  STATES  WITH  OR  ABOVB 
THE  AMOUNT  INDICATED: 


Fig.  7.— Amount  spent  by  each  State  for  the  nonattendance  of  pupils  who  are  enrolled,  1917-18. 


Days . 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


67 


1  Average  /engtn  of  school  term  in  days  . 

.......  Average  number  of  days  attended  by  pup/ Is  enrolled . 

—  Average  number  of  days  attended  by  population,  5  to  Id. 

KSMB  T/me  wasted  by  irregu/ar  attendance  . 

Additional  dime  tost  because  entire  population  5 toid  does  not 
enroll .  (for  data  see  table  1.) 


Fig.  8— The  school  term  provided  and  the  part  utilized,  1870-1918. 


68 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


term.  The  waste  within  these  five  decades  has  been  reduced  from 
66  to  44  per  cent. 

This  general  tendency  in  reducing  the  waste  in  our  public-school 
system  is  clearly  shown  by  means  of  the  corresponding  index  curves 
in  the  supplemental  figure  in  the  corner  of  the  larger  one.  The 
index  curve  representing  the  school  term  has  a  more  gradual  slope 
than  that  representing  the  days  attended  by  pupils  enrolled  or  that 
representing  the  average  number  of  days  attended  by  each  child  of 
school  age.  These  curves  imply  that,  as  the  length  of  the  school 
term  has  increased,  the  percentage  of  pupils  attending  daily  has  been 
accelerated  at  a  more  rapid  rate,  and  the  relative  number  of  days 
attended  by  all  children  of  school  age  has  advanced  at  a  still  more 
rapid  rate.  These  curves  show  very  clearly  that  our  schools  are 
reaching  an  increasing  percentage  of  children  of  school  age  and  that 
the  attendance  is  becoming  more  regular  from  year  to  year.  Without 
doubt  this  condition  has  been  brought  about  largely  by  the  increasing 
effectiveness  of  compulsory  attendance  laws. 

It  should  be  pointed  out  that  this  figure  does  not  take  into  account 
children  who  attend  private  and  parochial  schools.  The  dark  area, 
however,  would  not  be  affected  by  this  consideration,  since  it  deals 
wholly  with  the  irregularity  of  attendance  of  pupils  enrolled  in  the 
public  schools.  If  the  1,915,125  children  enrolled  in  private  schools 
are  deducted  from  the  estimated  number  of  children  5  to  18  years  of 
age  (27,686,476),  the  remainder  (25,771,351)  indicates  the  number  of 
children  of  school  age  who  should  be  enrolled  in  the  public  schools. 
The  total  number  of  days  attended  by  these  children  was  2,498,424,309, 
or  an  average  of  almost  97  days  each.  This  average  of  97  days  is  7 
greater  than  the  average  for  1918  given  in  the  graph.  Corresponding 
corrections  should  be  made  for  each  preceding  period  represented, 
but  unfortunately  the  data  necessary  for  such  a  series  of  computa¬ 
tions  are  not  available.  Furthermore,  the  number  of  children 
attending  private  schools  has  been  largely  estimated,  thereby  reducing 
the  reliability  of  such  computations.  There  is  good  reason  to  believe 
that  from  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  the  children  of  school  age  who 
are  not  attending  the  public  schools  are  attending  private  or  parochial 
schools.  Consequently  the  concreted  area  exaggerates  the  non- 
attendance  of  children  of  school  age  to  this  extent.  In  other  words, 
about  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  the  concreted  area  of  the  graph 
should  be  eliminated  if  a  true  conception  of  absence  from  school  is 
desired.  As  the  graph  stands  it  represents  the  public-school  system 
only.  It  shows  the  extent  to  which  the  public-school  term  is  utilized. 
The  relative  magnitude  of  the  shaded  and  open  areas  is  almost 
astounding. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  69 

ENROLLMENT  OF  TEN  MILLIONS  OF  PUPILS  BY  GRADES. 

All  States  were  asked  in  a  special  inquiry  to  furnish  the  enrollment 
by  grades  for  all  elementary  and  secondary  schools.  Only  23  States 
made  such  a  report.  Seventeen  of  these  States  have  eight  grades  in 
the  elementary  schools,  four  States,  seven  grades;  and  two  States, 
nine  grades.  Each  State  has  four  grades  in  the  secondary  schools. 
The  enrollment  by  grades  has,  therefore,  been  classified  in  accord¬ 
ance  with  these  plans,  as  shown  in  Tables  2,  3,  and  4  and  in  figure  9. 


Table  2. — Enrollment  of  white  and  of  colored  pupils,  by  grades,  in  23  States ,  1917-18. 


Grades. 

In  17  States  having  the 
8-4  plan. 

In  4  States  having  the 
7-4  plan. 

In  2  States  having  the 
9-4  plan. 

Pupils 

enrolled. 

Per  cent  of 
pupils  in — 

Pupils 

enrolled. 

Per  cent  of 
pupils  in— 

Pupils 

enrolled. 

Per  cent  of 
pupils  in— 

Each 

grade. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

and 

high 

school 

sepa¬ 

rately. 

Each 

grade. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

and 

high 

school 

sepa¬ 

rately. 

Each 

grade. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

and 

high 

school 

sepa¬ 

rately. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Kindergarten . 

!  169,779 

2.40 

2.65 

4,377 

0. 19 

0. 21 

41,633 

5.96 

6.97 

First . 

1,415,869 

19.97 

22.09 

621,391 

27.47 

29.57 

91, 147 

13.05 

15.26 

Second . 

869, 555 

12.27 

13.57 

327,710 

14.49 

15.60 

75,090 

10.75 

12.57 

Third . 

839,937 

11.85 

13. 11 

309,630 

13.69 

14.74 

73,036 

10.46 

12.23 

Fourth . 

816, 293 

11.52 

12.74 

286,415 

12. 66 

13.63 

73,066 

10.46 

12.23 

Fifth . 

709, 730 

10.01 

11.07 

233,850 

10.34 

11.13 

70,036 

10.03 

11.73 

Sixth . 

622, 721 

8.78 

9.72 

181, 198 

8.01 

8.62 

62,679 

8.97 

10.49 

Seventh . 

504, 819 

7.12 

7.88 

136,581 

6.04 

6.50 

53, 104 

7.60 

8.89 

Eighth . 

459, 575 

6. 48 

7.17 

45,064 

6.45 

7.55 

Ninth . 

12,393 

1.77 

2.08 

Total  elementary . 

6,408,278 

90.40 

100.00 

12,101,152 

92.89 

100.00 

597,248 

!  85.50 

100.00 

First-year  high  school . 

288,525 

1  4.07 

I  42.52 

73,088 

3.23 

45.44 

36,726 

5.26 

36. 61 

Second-year  high  school . 

177, 802 

2.51 

26.21 

43,457 

1.92 

27.02 

26,750 

3.83 

26  67 

Third-year  high  school . 

117,824 

j  1.66 

!  17.37 

27, 189 

1.20 

16.90 

19,794 

2. 83 

19.73 

Fourth-year  high  school . 

94, 318 

!  1.33 

!  13.90 

17, 108 

.76 

10.64 

17,043 

2.44 

16.99 

Total  high  school . 

678,469 

:  9.57 

100.00 

160, 842 

7.11 

100.00 

100,313 

14.36 

100.00 

Junior  college  and  postgradu¬ 

ate  high  school . 

2,254 

!  .03 

100.00 

1,006 

.14 

100.00 

| 

Grand  total . 

j7, 089, 001 

100.00 

jlOO.OO 

2, 261, 994 

100.00 

100. 00 

698,567 

100.00 

1  100.00 

70 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 
Table  3. — Enrollment  of  white  pupils,  by  grades,  in  23  States. 


Grades. 

In  17  States  having  the 
8-4  plan. 

In  4  States  having  the 
7-4  plan. 

In  2  States  having  the 
9-4  plan.  . 

Pupils 

enrolled. 

Per  cent  of 
pupils  in— 

Pupils 

enrolled. 

Per  cent  of 
pupils  in — 

Pupils 

enrolled. 

Per  cent  of 
pupils  in— 

Each 

grade. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

and 

high 

school 

sepa¬ 

rately. 

Each 

grade. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

and 

high 

school 

sepa¬ 

rately. 

Each 

grade. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

and 

high 

school 

sepa¬ 

rately. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Kindergarten . 

153,792 

2. 30 

2.56 

4,339 

0.26 

0.29 

41, 633 

5.96 

6.97 

First . 

1,284,872 

19.22 

21.38 

1  396,643 

23.61 

25.94 

91, 147 

13.05 

15.26 

Second . 

793,389 

11.87 

13. 20 

229, 325 

13. 65 

15.00 

75,090 

10.75 

12.57 

Third . 

779,430 

11.66 

12.97 

224, 306 

13.35 

14.67 

73,036 

10.46 

12.23 

Fourth . 

768, 239 

11.49 

12.78 

216, 066 

12.  86 

14.13 

73,066 

10.46 

12.23 

Fifth . 

676, 829 

10.12 

11.26 

185, 102 

11.02 

12.11 

70,036 

10. 03 

11.73 

Sixth . 

604,202 

9.04 

10.05 

151,709 

9.03 

9.92 

62,679 

8.97 

10.49 

Seventh . 

494,388 

7.39 

8. 23 

121,441 

7.23 

7.94 

53,104 

7.  60 

8.89 

Eighth . 

454,428 

6.80 

7.57 

45,064 

6  45 

7  55 

Ninth . 

12, 393 

l!  77 

2. 08 

Total  elementary . 

6,009,569 

89.89 

100.00 

1,528,931 

91.01 

100.00 

597,248 

85.50 

100.00 

First-year  high  school . 

286,479 

4. 28 

42.49 

68,280 

4.06 

45.20 

36,726 

5.26 

36. 61 

Second-vear  high  school . 

176,569 

2.64 

26. 19 

40,730 

2.42 

26.96 

26,750 

3.83 

26.67 

Third-year  high  school . 

117, 211 

1.75 

17.38 

25,659 

1.53 

16.98 

19,794 

2.  83 

19.73 

Fourth-year  high  school . 

93,961 

1.41 

13.94 

16,412 

.98 

10.86 

17,043 

2.44 

16.99 

Total  high  school . 

674, 220 

10.08 

100.00 

151,081 

8.99  j 

100.00 

100, 313 

14.36 

100.00 

Junior  college  and  postgradu¬ 

ate  high  school . 

1,953 

.03 

100.00 

_ 

1,006 

.14 

100.00 

1 

Grand  total . 

6, 685, 742 

100. 00 

100.00 

1 

1,680,012 

100. 00 

698,567 

j  100. 00 

100.00 

Table  4. — Enrollment  of  colored  pupils,  by  grades,  in  8  States. 


In  5  States  having  the  8-4 

In  3  States  having  the  7-4 

plan. 

plan. 

Per  cent  of  pupils 

I  Per  cent  of  pupils 

Grades. 

in 

— 

ID 

L  — 

Pupils 

Elemen¬ 

Pupils 

enrolled. 

Elemen¬ 

enrolled. 

tary  and 

tal  and 

Each 

high 

Each 

high 

grade. 

school 

grade. 

school 

sepa¬ 

sepa¬ 

rately. 

rately. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Kindergarten . 

15,987 
130, 997 
76, 166 
60,507 
48,054 
32,901 
18,519 
10,431 
5, 147 

3.96 

4.01 

38 

0.01 

0.01 

First . 

32,48 
18. 89 

32, 86 
19.10 

224, 748 

38.62 

39.28 

Second . 

98,385 
85, 324 
70, 349 
48,748 
29,489 
15, 140 

16.90 

17.19 

Third . 

15.00 

15. 18 

14.66 

14.91 

Fourth . 

11.92 

12.05 

12.09 

12.29 

Fifth . 

8.16 

8.25 

8. 38 

8.52 

Sixth . 

4.59 

4.64 

5.07 

5.15 

Seventh . 

2.59 

2. 62 

2.60 

2.65 

Eighth . 

1.28 

1.29 

Total  elementary . 

398, 709 

98. 87 

100.00 

572, 221 

98. 33 

100. 00 

First-year  high  school . 

2,046 

.51 

48. 15 

4,808 

.82 

49.26 

Second-year  high  school . 

1,233 

.31 

29.02 

2,727 

.47 

27.94 

Third-year  high  school . 

613 

.15 

14.43 

1,530 

.26 

15.67 

Fourth-year  high  school . j 

357 

.09 

8.40 

696 

.12 

7.13 

Total  high  school . 

4,249 

1.06 

100.00 

9,761 

1.67 

100.00 

Postgraduate  high  school . 

301 

.07 

100.00 

I 

. 1 

Grand  total . 

403, 259 

100. 00 

100. 00 

581, 982  | 

100.00 

100.00 

STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918,. 


71 


KINDER-  12  }  4  5  6  7  8  let  2nd  3d  4th  POST- 

CARTEN  CRAD- 

eiekfntary  grades.  high  school  cradds.  uate 


garten 

ELEMENTARY  GRADES.  HIGH  SCHOOL  GRADES. 


IN  TWO  STATES  HAVING  THE  9-4  PLAN. 


ELEMENTARY  GRADES.  HIGH  SCHOOL  GRADES.  UATES. 


TOTAL  ENRO LUCENT  “  "  “  “  COLORED  ONLY.  “™.  WHITE. 


Fig.  9.— Percentage  distribution  of  pupils,  by  grades,  in  23  States,  1917-18. 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


*70 


In  Tables  2,  3,  and  4,  two  series  of  percentages  have  been  com¬ 
puted — the  first  to  show  the  proportion  of  all  children  attending 
school  who  are  enrolled  in  each  grade,  the  second  to  show,  separately, 
the  proportion  of  children  attending  the  elementary  school  who  are 
enrolled  in  each  grade  and  also  the  percentage  distribution  of  high- 
school  enrollment  by  grades.  From  the  former  series  of  percentages 
the  three  parts  of  figure  9  have  been  constructed.  The  first  two  parts 
of  this  figure  contain  three  curves  each,  one  for  white  and  colored 
children  combined  and  the  other  two  for  white  and  colored  separately. 

Two  outstanding  features  are  evident.  First,  the  proportion  of 
colored  children  in  the  lower  grades  greatly  exceeds  the  proportion  of 
white  children,  while  in  the  upper  grades  the  proportion  of  white 
children  greatly  exceeds  the  proportion  of  colored  children.  Second, 
the  proportion  of  all  children  in  the  first  grade  is  strikingly  large. 
In  States  having  the  7-4  plan  of  organization  the  proportion  in  the 
first  grade  (27  per  cent)  is  higher  than  it  is  (19  per  cent)  in  States 
having  the  8-4  plan.  In  the  two  States  having  the  9-4  plan  the  per¬ 
centage  in  the  first  grade  is  scarcely  larger  than  the  percentage  in  the 
second,  third,  and  fourth  grades.  This  unusual  aggregation  of  pupils 
in  the  first  grade  points  unmistakably  to  the  fact  that  it  must  contain 
a  very  large  percentage  of  retarded  pupils — pupils  who  are  repeating 
the  work  of  the  first  grade. 

Only  a  very  small  percentage  of  colored  pupils  ever  reach  the  first 
year  of  high  school,  as  shown  by  the  tendency  of  the  dotted  curves 
to  “run  aground”  beyond  the  elementary  grades. 

In  States  having  the  8-4  plan  almost  10  per  cent  of  the  pupils  are 
enrolled  in  high  school.  In  States  having  the  7-4  plan  a  little  over 
7  per  cent  of  the  pupils  are  registered  in  high  school.  In  States  hav¬ 
ing  the  9-4  plan  over  14  per  cent  of  the  pupils  are  enrolled  in  high 
school. 

In  States  having  the  7-4  plan  almost  a  negligible  percentage  of 
children  are  enrolled  in  kindergartens,  indicating  that  few  kinder¬ 
gartens  exist  in  these  States.  In  States  having  the  8-4  plan  over 
2  per  cent  of  the  total  enrollment  is  found  in  kindergartens.  In 
States  having  the  9-4  plan  almost  6  per  cent  is  found  in  this  grade. 
(As  Maine  included  all  ungraded  pupils  with  kindergarten  pupils  this 
percentage  is  probably  too  high.)  The  small  proportion  of  pupils 
in  the  ninth  grade  in  States  having  the  9-4  plan  indicates  that  not 
all  the  schools  within  these  States  offer  the  ninth-grade  work.  Its 
discontinuation  is  foreshadowed. 

ENROLLMENT  BY  YEARS  OF  ADVANCEMENT. 

It  is  impossible  to  combine  the  three  groups  of  States  shown  in 
figure  9,  since  the  second  group  does  not  have  the  eighth  grade  and 
since  the  last  group  has  a  ninth  grade  elementary.  An  approxima- 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


73 


tion  can  be  made,  however,  by  eliminating  the  ninth  grade  elementary 
from  consideration  and  by  considering  the  first  year  of  high  school  in 
States  having  the  7-4  plan  as  the  eighth  year  in  school,  the  second 
year  of  high  school  as  the  first,  the  third  as  the  second,  and  the  fourth 
as  the  third.  This  plan  is  defective  to  the  extent  that  a  smaller  per¬ 
centage  of  pupils  is  left  for  the  twelfth  grade  than  is  actually  enrolled 
in  this  grade. 


Table  5. — Enrollment  of  white  and  of  colored  pupils  in  23  States  according  to  the  year 

of  advancement,  1917-18. 


Year  of  advancement. 

White  and  colored 
pupils. 

White  pupils. 

Colored  pupils. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

Number. 

Per  cent 
of  total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Kindergarten . 

215, 789 
2, 128,407 
1,272,355 
1,222,603 

2. 15 

199,764 

1,772,662 

1,097,804 

1,076,772 

1,057,371 

931,967 

818,590 

668,933 

567,772 

363,935 

228,978 

153,417 

111,004 

2. 21 

16, 025 
355,745 
174,551 
145, 831 
118,403 
81,649 

1.63 

First . 

21.21 

19. 59 

36. 12 

Second . 

12. 68 

12.13 

17.72 

Third . 

12. 19 

11.90 

14.81 

Fourth . 

1,175,774 

1,013,616 

866,598 

694,504 

577,727 

2  368, 708 
231,741 
154, 726 
111,361 

11.72 

11.68 

12.02 

Fifth . 

10.10 

10. 30 

8.29 

Sixth . 

8.64 

9.05 

48,008 

25,571 

4.87 

Seventh . 

6. 92 

7. 39 

2.60 

Eighth  i . . . 

5.76 

6.27 

9,955 

4,773 

2,763 

1,309 

1.01 

Ninth  . 

3. 67 

4.02 

.48 

Tenth . 

2.31 

2.53 

.28 

Eleventh . 

1.54 

1.70 

.13 

Twelfth . 

1.11 

1.23 

357 

.04 

Total . 

10,033,909 

100.00 

9,048,969 

100.00 

984,940 

100.00 

1  The  eighth,  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh  years  in  this  table  include,  respectively,  the  first,  second,  third, 
and  fourth  year  high-school  pupils  in  States  having  the  7-4  plan  of  organization. 

2  Ninth  grade  elementary  pupils  have  not  been  included  in  this  table. 


Table  5  shows  the  classification  for  white  and  for  colored  children 
separately  and  for  white  and  colored  combined.  It  is  found  that 
over  21  per  cent  of  all  pupils  are  in  the  first  grade  and  that  only  a 
little  over  1  per  cent  have  attended  school  for  12  years.  If  the  white 
pupils  only  are  considered,  it  is  found  that  less  than  20  per  cent  are 
enrolled  in  the  first  grade  and  1.23  per  cent  have  attended  school  for 
12  years,  or  its  equivalent.  Considering  only  the  colored  pupils,  it 
is  found  that  over  one-third  of  them  (36  per  cent)  are  enrolled  in  the 
first  grade,  and  that  only  a  negligible  percentage  (0.04  per  cent)  of 
them  are  found  in  the  twelfth  year.  In  fact,  only  1  colored  pupil  in 
1,000  enrolled  will  be  found  in  the  eleventh  year. 


74  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  6. — Enrollment  of  pupils  by  sex  and  according  to  the  year  of  advancement  in  nine 

States,  1917-18. 


Year  of  ad¬ 
vancement. 

White  and  colored  pupils. 

White  pupils. 

Colored  pupils  (Tex., 

W.  Va.,  and  D.  C.). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Per 

cent 

of 

total. 

1  I  2 

1 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Kindergarten 

First . 

Second . 

Third . 

Fourth . 

Fifth . 

Sixth . 

Seventh . 

Eighth  i . 

Ninth 2 . 

Tenth . 

Eleventh . 

Twelfth . 

Total . 

51,478 
355,314 
220, 468 
212, 512 
207,046 
174, 496 
158,031 
122, 151 
112,140 
76,393 
41,800 
26, 201 
17,022 

2.9 

20.0 

12.4 

12.0 

11.6 

9.8 

8.9 

6.9 

6.3 

4.3 

2.3 
i  1.5 

ML0 

52, 212 
319, 890 
201,876 
206,089 
205, 274 
179, 385 
165, 529 
134, 056 
130, 160 
96,005 
56, 137 
36, 655 
25, 120 

2.9 
17.7 
11.2 
11.4 
11.4 

9.9 

9.1 
7.4 

7.2 

5.3 
3.1 
2.0 

1.4 

50, 874 

1  318,526 
203, 463 
197,316 
195, 203 
166, 165 
153, 714 
118, 767 
110, 604 
75, 284 
41,246 
25, 810 
16, 945 

3.1 
19.0 
12.1 
11.8 
11.7 

9.9 

9.2 
7.1 
6.6 

4.5 

2.5 

1.5 
1.0 

51, 548 
286,660 
185, 558 
189, 526 
191,379 
168, 176 
157,478 
128, 395 
127,236 
94, 409 
55, 016 
36,051 
24, 978 

3.0 

16.9 

10.9 
11.2 
11.3 

9.9 
9.3 
•  7.6 

7.5 

5.6 
3.2 
2.1 
1.5 

604 
36,788 
17, 005 
15, 196 
11, 843 
8,331 
5,317 
3,384 
1,536 
1,109 
554 
391 
77 

0.6 

36.0 

16.7 

14.9 

11.6 

8.1 

5.2 

3.3 
1.5 
1.1 

.5 

.4 

.1 

664 
33, 230 
16, 318 
16, 563 
13, 895 
11, 209 
8,051 
5,661 
2,924 
1,596 
1,121 
604 
142 

0.6 

29.7 
14.6 

14.8 
12.4 
10.0 

7.2 

5.1 

2.6 

1.4 

1.0 

.5 

.1 

1,775,052 

;  ioo.o 

i 

1,808,388 

100.0 

1,672,917 

100.0 

1,696,410 

100.0 

102, 135 

100.0 

111,978 

100.0 

1  The  eighth,  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh  years  in  this  table  include,  respectively,  the  first,  second, 
third,  and  f  lurth  year  high-school  pupils  in  Texas,  which  has  the  7-4  plan  of  organization. 

2  Ninth  grade  elementary  pupils  in  Maine  have  not  been  included  in  this  table. 


Of  the  23  States  reporting  enrollment  by  grades,  only  9  gave  the 
distribution  by  sex.  The  results  have  been  summarized  in  Table  6 
and  shown  graphically  in  figure  10.  In  the  lower  grades,  for  both 
white  and  colored  pupils,  a  larger  percentage  of  boys  than  girls  is 
shown,  while  in  the  upper  grades  a  larger  percentage  of  girls  than 
boys  is  to  be  found.  This  condition  probably  indicates  that  the 
retardation  of  boys  in  the  lower  grades  is  greater  than  that  of  girls 
and  that  the  school  mortality  among  boys  in  the  upper  grades  is 
greater  than  that  for  girls.  It  will  be  noted  that  there  is  only  a  very 
slight  drop  between  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades  for  white  girls, 
clearly  indicating  that  girls  remain  in  the  elementary  grades  until 
they  graduate.  The  tendency  for  boys  to  remain  to  complete  the 
eighth  grade  is  not  so  pronounced  but  is  evident.  In  high  schools 
there  is  a  decidedly  larger  percentage  of  girls  than  boys,  the  ratio 
being  approximately  the  same  in  each  year. 


THE  EFFECT  OF  KINDERGARTENS  ON  GRADE  DISTRIBUTION. 

In  Table  7  the  States  have  been  classified  into  two  groups  showing 
separately  the  7  States  having  an  appreciable  percentage  of  children 
enrolled  in  kindergartens  and  the  14  States  which  have  very  few  or 
no  kindergarten  pupils.  The  grade  distribution  for  Maine  and 
Florida  has  not  been  used  because  in  Maine  1  ‘ungraded  ’  pupils  were 
reported  as  kindergarten  pupils,  and  in  Florida  the  pupils  "in  chart” 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


75 


Fig.  lu.— Grade  distribution,  by  sex,  of  pupils  enrolled  in  school,  1917-18  (in  9  States). 


76 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


were  reported  as  kindergarten  pupils.  In  columns  4  and  7  of  Table  7 
the  kindergarten  pupils  and  all  postgraduate  high-school  and  junior 
college  students  have  been  eliminated  from  consideration,  and  the 
percentages  for  the  remaining  enrollment  have  been  computed  for 
each  grade.  These  percentages,  totaling  100,  have  been  used  in  plot¬ 
ting  the  curves  in  figure  11.  An  inspection  of  this  figure  shows  that 
in  States  having  few  or  no  kindergartens  over  25  per  cent  of  the 
enrollment  in  the  12  grades  is  found  in  the  first,  while  the  correspond¬ 
ing  percentage  in  States  having  kindergarten  pupils  is  only  a  little 
over  15  per  cent.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  great  reduction  in  the  per¬ 
centage  of  retardation  in  the  first  grade  is  due  wholly  to  the  effect  of 
kindergartens.  In  the  upper  grades  the  magnitude  of  the  corre¬ 
sponding  percentages  is  reversed,  indicating  that  the  17  States  having 
few  or  no  kindergartens  have  also  relatively  small  percentages  of 
pupils  in  high  school.  On  an  average  the  educational  status  of  these 
17  States  is  not  so  high  as  that  for  the  7  States  having  kindergartens. 
This  higher  average  status  would  mean  undoubtedly  better  teaching, 
thereby  tending  to  reduce  the  percentage  of  retardation  in  the  lower 
grades.  It  is  clearly  evident  that  by  means  of  kindergartens  and 
better  teaching  the  usual  retardation  in  the  first  grade  can  be  largely 
eliminated. 


Table  7 .—Enrollment  of  -pupils  by  year  of  advancement  in  21  States,  to  show  the  effect 
of  kindergartens  on  first-grade  enrollment ,  1917-18. 


Year  of  advancement. 

In  7  States  having  kindergar¬ 
tens.1 

In  14  States  having  few  or  no 
kindergarten  pupils.2 

Number 
of  pupils. 

Per  cent— 

Number 
of  pupils. 

Per  cent— 

Of  total. 

Of  part 
indicated. 

Of  total. 

Of  part 
indicated. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Kindergarten . 

156,927 
590, 276 
436,876 
433, 257 
431,559 
391,882 
368, 886 
299, 441 
285, 627 
207, 786 
127, 203 
87, 674 
73,376 
3, 260 

4.03 
15. 16 
11.22 
11.13 
11.08 
10.06 
9.47 
7.69 

7.33 

5.34 
3.27 
2. 25 
1.88 

.09 

7, 945 
1,491,050 
797, 614 
751, 154 
707, 721 
592, 138 
472,478 
374, 760 
274, 888 
147, 750 
95,361 
60, 366 
32,676 

0. 14 
25.  68 
13.74 
12.94 

12. 19 

10.20 
8. 14 
6.46 
4.73 
2.54 
1.64 
1.04 

.56 

First  year . 

Second  vear . 

Third  year . . . 

Fourth  year . 

Fifth  vear . 

Sixth  vear . 

Seventh  year . 

Eighth  year  3 4 . 

Ninth  year . 

Tenth  year . 

Eleventh  year . 

Twelfth  year . 

Thirteenth  year . 

15.  81 

11.70 
11.60 
11.56 
10.50 
9.88 
8.02 
7.65 
5. 56 
3.41 
2.35 
1.96 

25. 72 
13.76 
12. 96 
12. 21 
10. 21 
8. 15 
6. 46 
4.74 
2.55 
1.64 
1.04 
.56 

Total . 

4  3, 894, 030 

100.00 

100.00 

5,805,901 

100.00 

100.00 

1  Includes  Calif.,  Conn.,  I).  C..  Ill.  Mass.,  Ohio,  and  Wis. 

2  Includes  Ga.,  Ind.,  Ky.,  Md.,  Mont.,  N.  C.,  N.  Dak.,  Oreg.,  S.  C.,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  Utah,  Wash.,  and 
W.  Va. 

3  The  enrollment  in  high  schools  in  States  having  the  7-4  plan  of  organization  has  been  considered  as 
eighth,  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh  year  enrollment. 

4  This  total  does  not  include  8,657  pupils  in  Massachusetts  enrolled  in  the  ninth  grade  elementary. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  77 

SCHOOL  MORTALITY. 

To  ascertain  even  an  approximate  school  mortality  rate  a  series  of 
tortuous  computations  is  necessary.  The  distribution  by  grades 
given  in  figure  9  does  not  show  the  drop  from  one  grade  to  another 
but  indicates  only  the  percentage  of  pupils  fin  each  grade  in  1917-18. 


Fig.-  11.— Per  cent  of  pupils  enrolled  in  each  year  of  the  school  course  in  21  States,  grouped  so  as  to  show 
the  effect  of  kindergartens  in  reducing  retardation  in  the  first  grade,  1917-18.  (Kindergarten  pupils  and 
postgraduate  high  school  students  have  been  omitted  so  that  the  respective  percentages  may  be  com¬ 
pared.) 


Each  beginning  class  is  larger  than  the  one  which  preceded  it,  since 
the  number  of  children  in  the  population  increases  from  year  to  year. 
In  the  following  study  the  factors  immigration,  duplication,  and 
retardation,  which  tend  to  exaggerate  the  enrollment  reported,  and 
the  factors  of  staying  out  of  school,  private  school  enrollment,  and 
death,  which  tend  to  reduce  public  school  enrollment,  have  all  re¬ 
ceived  consideration. 


Table  8. — Data  used  in  computing  school  mortality,  in  public  schools  only. 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

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Lncludes  junior  college  and  postgraduate  high-school  students. 

have  the  same  ratio  (1.175)  to  the  reported  enrollment  as  the  corresponding  ratio  in  1918  (except  in  1912). 
n  the  class  beginning  in  1911. 
n  the  class  entering  fifth  grade  in  1911. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


The  distribution  of  enrollment  by  grades  was  taken  in  1911,  just 
eight  years  ago.  It  was  shown  at  that  time  that  23.5  per  cent  of  the 
elementary  pupils  were  in  the  first  grade,  14.8  per  cent  in  the  second 
grade,  13.9  per  cent  in  the  third  grade,  13.3  per  cent  in  the  fourth 
grade,  11.3  per  cent  in  the  fifth  grade,  9.2  per  cent  in  the  sixth  grade, 
7.6  per  cent  in  the  seventh  grade,  and  6.4  per  cent  in  the  eighth 
grade.  The  high-school  pupils  were  distributed  as  follows:  42.8  per 
cent  in  the  first  year,  26.7  per  cent  in  the  second  year,  18  per  cent  in 
the  third  year,  and  12.5  per  cent  in  the  fourth  year.  No  pupils  were 
reported  in  kindergarten  or  in  postgraduate  high  school  at  that  time. 
To  secure  comparable  percentages  for  1918,  the  States  having  only 
seven  grades  have  not  been  considered.  The  ninth-grade  elementary 
has  also  been  omitted  from  consideration.  In  1918,  2.71  per  cent  of 
all  pupils  were  enrolled  in  kindergartens,  postgraduate  high  schools, 
or  junior  colleges.  Making  the  proper  deductions  for  this  factor,  it 
is  found  that  in  17  States  the  percentage  of  all  elementary  pupils 
enrolled  in  first  grade  is  22.2  per  cent;  in  the  second  grade,  13.9  per 
cent;  in  the  third  grade,  13.5  per  cent;  in  the  fourth  grade,  13.1  per 
cent;  in  the  fifth  grade,  11.5  per  cent;  in  the  sixth  grade,  10.1  per 
cent;  in  the  seventh  grade,  8.2  per  cent;  and  in  the  eighth  grade,  7.5 
per  cent.  From  the  special  report  on  public  high  schools  for  1918, 
which  includes  returns  from  all  the  States,  it  is  found  that  39.8  per 
cent  of  the  students  are  enrolled  in  the  first  year,  26.9  per  cent  in  the 
second  year,  18.8  per  cent  in  the  third  year,  and  14.5  per  cent  in  the 
fourth  year.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  percentage  of  children  in  the 
first  grade  and  in  the  first  year  of  high  school  has  diminished,  and 
that  the  percentage  in  the  eighth  grade  and  in  the  fourth  year  of  high 
school  has  increased  since  1911.  These  changes  in  grade  distribution 
have  not  taken  place  suddenly,  but  gradually,  within  this  8-year 
period.  In  Table  8  a  series  of  corresponding  intermediate  percentages 
have  been  computed  for  the  years  1912  to  1917,  inclusive,  for  the 
elementary  grades.  The  percentages  for  the  high-school  distribu¬ 
tion  have  been  taken  from  the  annual  reports  on  public  high  schools 
made  directly  to  this  bureau. 

After  deducting  the  estimated  number  of  children  enrolled  in  kin¬ 
dergartens  and  in  postgraduate  high  schools  from  the  total  school 
enrollment  for  the  various  years,  the  remaining  numbers  are  dis¬ 
tributed  between  the  elementary  and  secondary  grades.  The  num¬ 
ber  of  secondary  students  reported  directly  to  the  Bureau  of  Edu¬ 
cation  by  the  public  high  schools  varies  from  984,677  in  1911  to 
1,645,171  in  1918.  In  1918  the  State  offices  for  the  first  time  re¬ 
ported  1,933,821  secondary  students,  or  1.175  times  the  number  re¬ 
ported  directly  to  this  bureau.  Assuming  that  in  preceding  years  the 
number  reported  was  correspondingly  short  and  applying  this  ratio, 
an  estimated  true  number  of  high-school  students  had  been  ascer¬ 
tained.  All  other  pupils  are  enrolled  in  the  elementary  grades.  The 


Tables  9  and  10. — Method  used  in  computing  the  school  survival  'percentages  for  the  class  beginning  in  1907. 


80 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Jlif 

out  OI 

1,000 

begin¬ 

ners. 

1,000 

ililillis 

:  s 

Pupils 

begin¬ 

ning  in 
1907  who 

survive. 

■ 

1,434,738 

1,214,292 

1,058,625 

963,461 

520,  789 

375,587 

272,005 

231, 466 

Esti¬ 
mated 
num¬ 
ber  of 
re¬ 
tarded 
pupils. 

233,561 

165,585 

117,625 

83, 779 

42,835 

28,704 

24, 296 

13, 991 

Per 
cent 
of  re- 

tarda- 

tion. 

!  || 

•OOOOiOHNN 

iSSgfffirSrSPSP 

Esti¬ 
mated 
true  en- 

ronment 
in  public 
schools. 

1,668,299 

1,379,877 

1,176,250 

1,047,240 

563,624 

404,291 

296,301 

245, 457 

Esti¬ 

mated 

num- 

ucr  oi 
dupli¬ 
cates.1 4 

201,991 
167, 070 
142,415 
126, 795 

68,241 

48,949 

35, 874 

29, 718 

Children 
remain¬ 
ing  who 
entered 
school  in 
1907. 

1,870,290 

1,546,947 

1,318,665 

1,174,035 

631,865 

453,240 

332. 175 

275. 175 

Esti¬ 
mated 
num¬ 
ber  of 
these 
in 

public 

day 

schools 

above 

fourth 

grade.3 

. 

4,442 
6,812 
6,985 
6,712 
5, 229 

Esti¬ 
mated 
num¬ 
ber  of 
these 
foreign- 
born 
chil¬ 
dren  in 
school. 

13,326 
20,436 
20,955 
20, 136 
15,687 

Per 
cent 
of  for¬ 
eign- 

uum 
chil¬ 
dren  in 
school.2 

;TfCS|t-CO(Nt-iNOO 

in¬ 

crease 

in 

EX 

due 
to  im¬ 
migra¬ 
tion. 

. 

. 

. 

18,613 
44,235 
88,418 
165,054 
230, 700 

m* 

isii 

is! 

3IS1SISIISI1 

Sslillls¥i‘!¥ 

IH 

public 

schools. 

1,870,290 
1,546,947 
1,318,665 
1,178,477 
638,677 
460,225 
338, 887 
280, 404 

Number 
remain¬ 
ing  who 
should 

be  in 
public 
schools. 

S£3!i318g£gS 

lll¥¥i¥§¥§¥i 

Num¬ 

ber 

lost 

by 

death,  i 

■  «oVT 

5, 101 
5,086 
5,070 
5,055 
5,039 
5,024 
5,009 
4,994 
4,978 

Estimated  population. 

ilffi 

51,917,435 
1,887,687 
1,866,484 
1,820,094 
1,838,943 
1,848,251 
1,871,104 
1,895,618 
1,915,534 
1,954,029 
2,024,994 
2, 084, 986 

fa 

3* 

from 

census 

reports. 

1,902,834 
1,891,575 
1,802,993 
1,868, 533 
1,717,276 
1,966,971 
1,840,225 
1,959,945 
1,815,329 
2,046,636 
1,994,206 
92,243,803 

Year. 

ill 

1910 

1911 

1912 

1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

Status  of  class. 

i 

signed 

age. 

Grade. 

r-l  CO 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  81 

percentages  given  in  Table  8  are  applied  to  the  respective  enrollments 
in  elementary  and  high  school.  In  this  manner  the  number  in  each 
grade  for  each  year  since  1911  has  been  computed  as  shown  in 
Table  8. 


O'*  \D 

CM  -O 

CM  «-* 


1000 


500 


300 


200 


100 


TIT  > 
■  III 

! 

1  1 

! 

1  1  III  II 
IT  It 1  1  1 

234  567 

ELEMERTaRY  GRACES. 


I  II  III  IV  GIj^u- 
ATE8. 

HIGH  SCHOOL  GRACES. 


Fig.  12— Number  of  pupils  out  of  each  1,000  beginners  in  1907  who  reach  the  various  grades. 


Table  11. — Population  and  deaths  in  the  registration  area  of  persons  5  to  18  years  of  age 
( Reports  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  1911-191S). 


Date. 

States  in 
registra¬ 
tion  area. 

Population,  5 
to  18  years  of 
age '(esti¬ 
mated). 

Deaths, 
persons  5 
to  18  years 
of  age. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
popula¬ 
tion  5  to 
18  years. 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

1911 . . . . . 

24 
21 

25 

26 
26 
27 
31 

13, 776, 639 
14,004,118 
14,877,180 
15,586,984 
15, 819, 329 
16,355,994 
20, 128, 285 

38, 346 
36,070 
41,305 
40, 777 
38, 442 
44,709 
97,321 

0. 278 
.257 
.277 
.261 
.243 
.273 
.484 

1912 . 

1913 . 

1914 . 

1915 . 

1916 . 

1918 . 

Total . 

110, 548,529 

336,970 

.304 

59873°— 21 - 6 


82 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


“THE  SURVIVAL  OF  THE  FITTEST.” 

The  method  used  in  securing  the  survival  percentages  exhibited  in 
figure  12  is  explained  in  Tables  9  and  10.  Similar  survival  percentages 
can  be  computed  for  classes  entering  school  in  other  years  than  1907. 
As  it  is  difficult  to  ascertain  the  number  of  survivors  in  each  lower 
grade,  this  computation  omits  the  first  four  grades  from  consideration. 
From  the  survival  percentages  obtained  it  is  found  that  only  86  per 
cent  of  the  beginning  pupils  reach  the  fifth  grade;  73  per  cent  the  sixth 
grade;  almost  64  per  cent  the  seventh  grade;  about  58  per  cent  the 
eighth  grade;  nearly  32  per  cent  the  first  year  of  high  school;  23  per 
cent  the  second;  almost  17  per  cent  the  third,  and  over  14  per  cent 
the  fourth  year  of  high  school  on  schedule  time.  A  little  over  13  per 
cent  of  the  number  entering  the  elementary  school  in  1907  will 
remain  to  graduate  from  a  four-year  high-school  course  in  191 8  v 
Slightly  higher  survival  percentages  obtain  if  the  factor  of  retarda¬ 
tion  is  not  considered,  thereby  showing  approximately  the  number 
eventually  reaching  each  grade. 

•  These  percentages  are  significant,  since  they  show  the  holding  power 
of  the  public  schools  and  indicate  just  what  percentage  of  children 
is  now  reaching  the  different  educational  levels. 

CHILDREN  IN  SCHOOL  AT  THE  VARIOUS  AGES. 

It  is  of  interest  to  know  what  per  cent  of  children  of  each  age  is 
not  attending  school.  The  Bureau  of  Education  collects  no  data  on 
this  phase  of  school  attendance,  as  the  Bureau  of  Census  gathers  this 
information  decennially. 

Table  12,  compiled  from  the  reports  of  the  Census  Bureau  for  1910, 
shows  the  total  number  of  children  of  each  age  and  the  number  of  these 
who  attend  school.  This  is  shown  for  the  total  population,  the  native 
white  population,  the  foreign-born  white  population,  and  the  Negro 
population.  The  same  facts  are  presented  graphically  in  figure  13. 
A  relatively  small  percentage  of  Negro  children  attends  school.  At 
the  age  of  11,  when  the  largest  percentage  attends,  only  72.7  per  cent 
are  enrolled  in  school.  Of  the  total  population,  only  52.1  per  cent 
enters  school  at  the  age  of  6.  This  increases  to  75  per  cent  for  those  7 
years  of  age  and  to  91 .2  per  cent  for  those  1 1  years  of  age,  at  which  age 
the  greatest  percentage  attends  school.  After  children  pass  the  age  of 
14  the  rate  of  decrease  in  the  percentage  attending  school  becomes 
very  pronounced.  This  is  the  age  when  most  compulsory  attendance 
laws  cease  to  operate  effectively,  and  the  result  is  clearly  in  evidence  in 
this  figure.  Only  22.6  per  cent  of  the  children  18  years  of  age  are  to  be 
found  in  school.  Among  our  foreign-born  white  population  the 
school  mortality  is  very  rapid  after  the  age  of  13,  indicating  that  fewer 
such  children  enroll  in  the  upper  grades  and  high  school.  At  the  age 
of  18  only  6.8  per  cent  of  the  foreign-born  white  children  are  to  be 
found  in  school. 


Table  12. — Number  and  'percentage  of  children  of  the  various  ages  who  are  in  school,  1910. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


83 


Negro  population,  1910. 

Persons  attending 
school,  1909-10. 

Per  cent. 

©9 

29.7 

*  47.7 

57. 9 

64.6 

69.8 

72.7 

70.1 

68.4 

62.3 

53.9 

41.5 

29.0 

17.9 

10.9 

*  5. 6 

47.3 

Number. 

78, 124 

120, 104 

146, 186 

144, 540 

169, 155 

141,723 

183,267 

151,816 

146,034 

111,860 

93,055 

59,090 

41,507 

21,110 

12, 128 

O 

8  ‘ 
oT 

Jo 

8 

CO 

Number. 

- 

262,815 

251,742 

252,473 

223,820 

242, 509 

195,048 

261, 300 

221,861 

234,548 

207,555 

224,403 

203,847 

231,307 

193,304 

215,625 

Foreign-born  white  population, 
1910. 

Persons  attending 
school,  1909-10. 

Per  cent. 

o 

55.5 
76.9 

84.2 
87.  5 

90.3 

91.4 

90.2 
87.7 

71.6 

46.2 

23.7 

12.2 

6.8 

4.8 

3.0 

CM 

o> 

CO 

Number. 

- 

oi^CMcoiocooocM^r^co^o^r^o*^ 
o'  o'  ocT  o'  aT co'  co*  ^  cfaTi>r 

604,447 

Number. 

00 

XNNOCCOiOHlNXOS^^XH 
^OX^XOWiCt'H050»0  05iC 

lO^cvTco'co'TjTo'io't^'^io'  aTaTf-Tr^rc vT 
t-  p.  05  H  x  05  1C 
HHHN 

CO 

3 

cm' 

s 

CM 

s 

g 

CM 

8 

© 

lO 

Native  white  population,  1910. 

Persons  attending 
school,  1909-10. 

a 

§ 

u 

Ph 

iC(NNtONXH05NiONCHCOX 

iooicodMMW»H^Hcox^daj 

iCt-XX05050J05XN»0CC(NpH 

Number,  j 

«© 

947,720 
1,293,092 
1,379,800 
1,360,419 
1,439,592 
1,349,010 
1,459,987 
1,358,613 
1,296,913 
1,024, 135 
822, 822 
553,311 
378,405 
222,014 
134, 436 

'  Number. 

' 

1,706,881 
1,632,587 
1,592,371 
1,520,470 
1,543,847 
1,438,281 
1, 568, 288 
1,477,787 
1,531,875 
1,432, 107 
1,533,428 
1,457,241 
1,507,660 
1,364, 194 
1,371,808 

lO 

00 

<xT 

© 

a" 

co 

CM 

© 

Total  population,  1910.1 

Persons  attending 
school,  1909-10. 

Per  cent. 

- 

HCNNCNXXWCOOCO^O^^ 

Number.* 

1,059,353 
1,464, 730 
1,586,572 
1,567,665 
1,681,342 
1,555,301 
1,716,310 
1,574,253 
1,-501,456 
1,175,009 
943,511 
629, 866 
434, 864 
254,421 
155, 551 

27,750,599  ,  17,300,204 

Number. 

2,033,834 
1,954,226 
1,919,357 
1,817,817 
1,868,533 
1,705,081 
1,912,061 
1,773,343 
1,848, 122 
1,721,225 
1,864,711 

1, 786, 240 
1,928,366 
1,763,061 
1,854,622 

Age. 

- 

6  years . 

7  years . 

8  years . 

9  years . 

10  years . 

11  years . 

12  years . 

13  years . 

14  years . 

15  years . 

16  years . 

17  years . 

18  years . 

19  years . 

20  years . 

Total . 

84 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


NEGRO  POPULATION.  - FOREIGN-BOPJT  WRITE, 


Fig.  13.— Per  cent  of  children  attending  school  at  the  various  ages  in  1910.  (Taken  from  the  report  of  the 

Bureau  of  the  Census.) 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  85 

PUPILS  HAVING  A  SHORT  SCHOOL  TERM. 

Only  8  States  reported  a  distribution  of  enrollment  according  to 
the  length  of  the  school  term  provided.  The  results  have  been  sum¬ 
marized  in  Table  13  and  shown  graphically  in  figure  14.  This  study 
is  based  on  the  length  of  school  term  provided  for  2,364,655  pupils  in 
elementary  and  high  schools.  Only  a  very  few  children  have  a  term 
shorter  than  20  days,  or  longer  than  200  days.  Over  9,000  children 
have  a  two  months’  school  term,  over  26,000  a  three  months’  term, 
almost  42,000  a  four  months’  term,  25,000  a  five  months’  term,  etc., 
as  shown  in  the  table.  In  other  words,  4  per  cent  of  the  children  have 
a  two  months’  school;  1.1  per  cent,  three  months;  1.8  per  cent,  four 
months;  1.1  per  cent,  five  months,  etc. 

Table  13. — Distribution  of  pupils  enrolled  in  schools  in  eight  States,  according  to  the 
length  of  the  school  term,  1917-18. 

ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL  ENROLLMENTS 


States. 

1-20 

days. 

21-40 

days. 

41-60 

days. 

61-80 

days. 

81-100 

days. 

101-120 

days. 

121-140 

days. 

141-160 

days. 

161-180 

days. 

181- 

200 

days. 

Over 

200 

days. 

Total 

enroll¬ 

ment. 

» 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Louisiana . 

Massachusetts . 

3,242 

19,960 

35,227 

13,924 

25, 163 

41, 107 

65,271 
23,661 
11,  567 
331,610 

97,330 
327,132 
48, 286 
157,227 
917 
155,093 
69, 476 

911 

171,295 

302,135 
522,088 
!  81, 917 

516,261 
83,131 
225,959 
300,780 

New  Mexico . 

22, 064 
27, 424 

Oklahoma . 

Rhode  Island 

82, 214 
56, 170| 

1 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

18 

15 

10 

4,228 

887 

138,508 

1,943 

48,239 

11,752 

40,329 

71 

Total . 

1 

18 

3,242 

19,975 

35,237 

18, 152 

164,558' 

140, 777 

484, 1901 

1 

855, 461  310,590 

2,032,271 

HIGH-SCHOOL  ENROLLMENT. 


Louisiana. . . 

1,769 

3,627 

7,829 

10,039 

43,809 

3,760 

27,367 

121 

25,848 

16,364 

172 

41,908 

23, 436 
85, 717 
3,760 
35, 104 
8, 733 
36,870 
16, 364 

Massachusetts . 

New  Mexico . 

Oklahoma . 

133 

7, 604 

Rhode  Island 

8,612 

10,634 

W ash  in  gton . 

2 

8 

11 

367 

West  Virginia . 

Total . 

2  8 

1,769 

3, 771  15,800 

1  _1 

127,308  61,326 

i 

. 1 

209,984 

TOTAL  ELEMENTARY  AND  HIGH  SCHOOL  ENROLLMENT. 


Louisiana . 

3. 242*19. 96035. 227 

13,924 

26,932 

44,734 

73,090 
23, 661 
22,515 
11,567 

107,369  1,083 

370,941  21.3,203 
52.927 _ 

325, 571 
607, 805 
122, 400 
85, 677 
551, 365 
91,864 
262, 829 
317,144 

Massachusetts. . 

Montana . 

42 

6, 160 

6,402 

6,460 

6, 845 

!  7,984 

12,665 
22, 064 
27,557 

New  Mexico . 

52,046 
184, 594 

Oklahoma . 

339,214 

Rhode  Island .... 

1,038 

180,941 

85,840 

;  90,826 
|  66,804 

Washington _ _ 

18 

15 

12 

8 

887 

1,954 

12,119 

71 

Was!.  Virginia  .  . 

4,228 

138, 508 

48, 239 

40,329 

. 

Grand  total . 
Percent . 

60 

. 

1 

9,402 

.4 

26,377 

1.1 

41,699  25,005 
1.8  1.1 

174,311 

1  7'4 

157, 213 
6.6 

522,495 

22.1 

1,035,696 

43.8 

371,916 

15.7 

71 

2, 364, 655 
100.0 

1  Classified  according  to  the  number  of  days  the  schools  were  actually  in  session. 


86 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


In  figure  14  these  percentages  have  been  accumulated  in  such  a 
way  as  to  show  the  percentages  of  children  who  do  not  have  a  school 
term  beyond  a  given  number  of  days.  Thus,  18.4  per  cent  of  the 
2,364,655  pupils  do  not  have  a  school  term  exceeding  140  days  and 
40.5  per  cent  not  exceeding  160  days.  The  general  direction  taken 
by  this  curve  resembles  an  ogive  in  architecture.  It  is  doubtful  if 
it  would  be  rectified  to  any  great  extent  if  all  the  children  in  the 


Fig.  14.— Percentage  of  pupils  having  the  advantage  of  a  school  term  equal  to  or  less  than  the  number 
of  days  indicated,  1917-18  (in  8  States)  (e.  g.,  about  40  per  cent  of  the  pupils  enrolled  have  a  school  term 
of  160  days,  or  fewer). 


United  States  were  represented  in  it.  The  States  composing  this 
figure  are  representative,  i.  e.,  chosen  from  every  section  of  the 
country — Louisiana,  Massachusetts,  Montana,  New  Mexico,  Okla¬ 
homa,  Rhode  Island,  Washington,  and  West  Virginia.  The  average 
length  of  the  school  term  in  these  8  States  is  160  days,  as  shown 
in  Table  14,  almost  the  same  as  the  average  for  the  United  States 
(160.7  days).  The  lowest  average  included  is  133  days,  whereas  the 
lowest  average  in  the  United  States  is  113  days. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


87 


Table  14. —  The  aggregate  and  average  daily  attendance  and  the  average  length  of  school 
term  in  the  eight  States  reporting  a  distribution  of  pupils  and  average  daily  attendance, 
according  to  the  length  of  the  school  term,  1917-18. 


States. 

Aggregate  attendance. 

Average  daily  attendance. 

Average  number  of  days 
schools  were  in  session. 

Kinder¬ 
garten 
and  ele¬ 
mentary 
schools. 

High 

schools. 

Total. 

Kinder¬ 
garten 
and  ele¬ 
mentary 
schools. 

High 

schools. 

Total. 

Kinder¬ 
garten 
and  ele¬ 
men¬ 
tary 

1  schools. 

1  High 
schools. 

|  All 
schools. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

* 

8 

9 

10 

Louisiana . 

Massachusetts . 

Montana . 

New  Mexico . 

Oklahoma . 

Rhode  Island . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Total . ‘ 

28,788,396 
76,363, 485 
11,886,798 
8,313,146 
47,582,060 
12,623,820 
29,026,783 
27,571,570 

2,968,773 
12,982,081 
1,869, 203 
435, 575 
4,597, 413 
1,320,060 
4,964,340 
2, 109,275 

31,757,169 
89, 345, 566 
13,756,001 
8, 748, 721 
52, 179, 473 
13,943,880 
33,991,123 
29,680,845 

214, 541 
433, 871 
79,493 
53,889 
305,968 
65, 474 
166,865 
210,470 

18,881 
72,603 
10,805 
2, 489 
27,546 
6, 780 
27,990 
12,053 

233,4221 
506,474 
90,298 
56,378 
333, 514 
72, 254 1 
194,855 
222,523 

134 

176 

149 

154 

156 

193 

174 

131 

157 

179 

173 

175 

167 

195 

177 

175 

136 

176 

152 

155 

157 

193 

174 

133 

242, 156, 058 

31,246, 720 

273,402, 778^ 

1,530,571 

. 

179, 147 

jl,  709,718 

158 

174 

160 

Table  15. — Average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  in  seven  States,  distributed  according  to 
length  of  school  term,  1917-18. 

IN  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOLS  AND  KINDERGARTENS.1 


States. 

1-20 

days. 

21-40 

days. 

41-60 

days. 

61-80 

days. 

81-100 

days. 

101-120* 

days. 

121-140 

days. 

141-160 

days. 

161-180 

days. 

181-200 

days. 

Over 

200 

days. 

Total 

average 

attend¬ 

ance. 

1 

O 

i  ' 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i  8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Louisiana . 

r 

2,754 

14,238 

25,711 

9,970 

17,577 

27,872 

45, 692 
20,365 
7,976 
184,676 

70,060 
273,521 
31,693 
106, 684 
634 
113,321 
54,418 

667 

139,985 

214,541 
433, 871 
53,889 
305,968 
65, 474 
166, 865 
210,470 

Massachusetts . 

New  Mexico . 

14,220 

14,608 

Oklahoma . 

Rhode  Island . 

64,840 

43,382 

Washington . 

12 

11 

6 

593 

90,970 

1,322 

30,627 

8,188 

30,790 

30 

West  Virginia . 

3,665 

Total . 

12 

2,  754 

14, 249 

25, 717 

13,635 

109, 140 

88, 649 

297,687 

650, 331 

248,874 

30 

1,451,078 

IN  HIGH  SCHOOLS. 


Louisiana . 

[ 

i 

1 

I 

1,360 

2,963 

6,016 

8,385 

37,792 

2,489 

21,189 

99 

19,370 

12,053 

157 

34,811 

18,881 
72,603 
2,489 
27, 546 
6,780 
27,990 
12,053 

Massachusetts. . . . 

New  Mexico . 

Oklahoma . 

45 

6,312 

Rhode  Island . 

6,681 

8,343 

Washington . 

2 

6 

7 

262 

West  Virginia . 

. 

Total . 

2 

6 

1,360 

3,015 

12,590 

101,377 

49,992 

168,342 

1 

1 . 1 

IN  KINDERGARTEN,  ELEMENTARY,  AND  HIGH  SCHOOLS. 


Louisiana . 

1 

2,754 

14,238 

25,711 

9,970 

18,937 

30,835 

51, 708 

78,445 
311,313 
34, 182 
127,873 
733 

824 

233,422 

506,474 

56,378 

333,514 

72,254 

194,855 

222,523 

Massachusetts . 

20,365 

7,976 

190,988 

174.  796- _ 

New  Mexico . 

14,220 

14,653 

Oklahoma . 

..... 

Rhode  Island . . 

71,521 

51,725 

Washington . 

West  Virginia.  . . 

1  12 

11 

8 

6 

3,665 

593 

90,970 

1,329 

30,627 

8,450 

30,790 

132,691 

66,471 

30 

Grand  total....1 

12 

i  2,754 

14,249 

'25, 719 

13,641 

110,500 

91,664 

310,277 

751,708 

298,866 

30 

1,619,420 

Enrollment . , 

Per  cent  of  enrolled 

1  18' 

3, 242 

19, 975  35,239 

18,160 

166,327 

144,548 

499,990 

982, 769 

371,916 

71 

2, 242, 255 

in  attendance . ! 

66.7 

■  a-0' 

I  71 ' 3 

73.0 

75.1 

66.4 

63.4 

62.2 

76.4 

80.4 

42.3 

72.2 

1  Classified  according  to  the  number  of  days  the  schools  were  actually  in  session. 


88 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


In  Table  15  the  average  daily  attendance  in  these  eight  States  is 
distributed  according  to  the  length  of  school  term  provided.  At  the 
bottom  of  this  table  the  average  daily  attendance  and  the  corre¬ 
sponding  enrollment  are  given,  from  which  the  percentage  of  attend¬ 
ance  has  been  computed.  These  percentages  are  shown  graphically 
in  figure  15.  In  this  figure  it  appears  that  the  attendance  is  poorest 
in  schools  having  a  six,  seven,  or  eight  months’  term.  The  per  cent 


90 

%  80 

a 

CO 

- ^ 

iH 

m 

c 

• 

vO 

l'' 

[ 

\ 

f\il 

3 

< 

- 

N 

o 

PI 

6 

g  6o 

E-« 

1  50 
o 

^  40 

2 

H 

£. 

O 

|  20 
l 

10 

r\ 

r\i 

\ 

\ 

\ 

vO 

\ 

vO 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\ 

JENT  ATTENDING  DAILY. 

VGE  PER  CENT  ATTENDING. 

PER  C 

“““  aver; 

(for  number  of  pupils  represented  in 

EACH  GROUP,  SEE  CORRESPONDING  TABLES) 

l- 

20  21-40  41-60  61-80  81-100  101-  121-  141- 

120  140  11 

DAYS  SCHOOLS  WERE  ACTUALLY  IN  S ] 

-  161-  181-  OVER 

So  180  200  200 

ESSI0N. 

Fig.  15.— Per  cent  of  pupils  enrolled  who  were  in  average  daily  attendance,  1917-18  (in  8  States). 


of  attendance  is  highest  where  the  term  is  very  short  or  very  long. 
In  other  words,  in  schools  running  for  nine  months  76  children  out 
of  each  100  enrolled  will  attend  each  day.  In  ten-months’  schools 
80  children  will  attend  regularly.  This  condition  seems  to  indicate 
that  the  more  nearly  the  school  term  becomes  an  all-year  affair  the 
more  nearly  do  children  consider  it  their  business  to  attend  regularly. 
In  case  the  term  is  very  short,  less  than  100  days,  the  children  con¬ 
sider  it  a  special  privilege  to  be  permitted  to  attend  for  so  short  a 
time.  The  two  extremes  in  the  graph  represent  onhT  a  limited  num¬ 
ber  of  pupils  and  are  not  to  be  generalized  upon. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  89 

TEACHERS. 

As  will  be  observed  from  Table  38,  the  total  number  of  teachers  in 
the  United  States  in  1918  was  650,709.  This  number  includes  105,194 
men  and  545,515  women.  In  other  words,  only  16.1  per  cent  of  the 
teachers  in  1918  were  men.  These  totals  include  15  men  and  3,522 
women  who  were  employed  as  kindergarten  teachers,  75,448  men  and 
486,736  women  who  were  teaching  in  the  elementary  schools,  and 
29,731  men  and  55,259  women  who  gave  instruction  in  high  schools 
and  vocational  schools.  As  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  these  650,709 
teachers  filled  633,585  teaching  positions.  It  will  be  observed  that 
a  negligible  percentage  of  men  teachers  is  employed  in  kindergartens. 
In  the  elementary  schools  only  13.4  per  cent  of  the  562,184  teachers 
were  men.  In  the  secondary  schools  35  per  cent  of  the  84,988 
teachers  were  men. 

There  has  been  a  general  decrease  in  the  percentage  of  men  teach¬ 
ers  since  1880.  At  that  time  42.8  per  cent  of  all  teachers  were  men. 
This  percentage  has  decreased  to  34.5  per  cent  in  1890,  to  29.9  per 
cent  in  1900,  to  21.1  per  cent  in  1910,  to  19.8  per  cent  in  1916,  and  to 
16.1  per  cent  in  1918.  It  can  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  present 
scarcity  of  men  teachers  has  not  been  caused  wholly  by  war  con¬ 
ditions.  This  tendency  has  been  in  evidence  for  some  time  but  may 
have  been  accelerated  slightly  in  1918  by  the  war.  This  decreasing 
percentage  is  clearly  illustra  ted  in  figure  16,  in  which  three  concentric 
circles  are  shown  representing  these  average  percentages  for  1890, 
1910,  and  1918.  At  the  present  rate  of  decrease,  few  men  teachers 
will  be  left  in  the  profession  in  the  next  20  years.  This  graph  shows 
the  percentage  of  men  teachers  in  each  State  for  these  three  dates. 
The  States  are  arranged  around  the  circle  in  the  decreasing  order 
of  the  percentage  of  men  teachers  in  1918.  It  is  found  that  Arkansas, 
Indiana,  West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Utah,  and  Tennessee  still  have 
more  than  25  per  cent  of  their  teachers  men.  New  Mexico,  Alabama, 
North  Carolina,  Texas,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  Virginia,  and 
Arizona  have  lost  most  all  of  their  men  teachers  within  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century.  In  Vermont,  Nebraska,  Connecticut,  New 
Hampshire,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Maine,  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey, 
Iowa,  Delaware,  Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin  the  per  cent  of  men 
teachers  is  now  less  than  10.  In  fact,  in  these  States  the  proportion 
of  men  teachers  has  never  been  very  great.  It  is  also  evident  from 
the  figure  that  the  distinctly  “ rural”  States  have  always  had  rela¬ 
tively  high  percentages  of  men  teachers.  In  such  industrial  States 
as  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  and  New  Jersey  the  men  have  not 
gone  into  the  teaching  profession.  In  short,  men  have  chosen  the 
most  remunerative  occupation  open  to  them  and  have  only  resorted 
to  teaching  when  other  occupations  were  less  remunerative.  The 


90 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


logical  conclusion  is  that  teachers7  salaries  must  be  substantially 
increased  in  order  to  induce  young  men  to  take  up  the  profession  of 
teaching  or  to  retain  in  the  profession  the  men  who  have  already 
enlisted. 


Fig.  16.— Per  cent  of  teachers  who  are  men  (not  Including  superintendents,  principals,  or  supervisors, 

when  separately  reported). 


TEACHERS7  SALARIES. 

The  average  annual  salary  of  all  teachers  has  increased  slowly, 
but  steadily,  since  1870,  as  shown  in  Table  1.  In  1870  the  average 
was $189;  in  1880,  $195;  in  1885,  $224;  in  1890,  $252;  in  1895,  $286; 
in  1900,  $325;  in  1905,  $386;  in  1910,  $485;  in  1915,  $543;  in  1916, 
$563,  and  in  1918,  $635.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  average 
increase  for  the  past  two  years  has  been  only  $72 — $36  per  year — 
or  about  6.4  per  cent  per  year  over  the  salaries  paid  in  1916.  This 
rate  of  increase  has  not  been  commensurate  with  the  increased  cost 
of  living  as  shown  by  the  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.1 


1  Monthly  Labor  Review,  September,  1919. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  91 

The  total  increase  in  the  cost  of  living  for  a  five-year  period  (De¬ 
cember,  1914,  to  June,  1919)  has  been  76.76  per  cent,  or  an  average 
of  17.1  per  cent  per  year  over  the  cost  in  1914.  This  percentage  is 
computed  from  the  increased  cost  of  living  in  18  shipbuilding  cities, 
and  probably  is  about  correct  for  the  country  as  a  whole. 

When  one  examines  figure  17,  it  is  found  that  a  great  variation 
from  the  average  exists  in  a  number  of  States.  At  one  end  of  the 
array  the  averages  are  $1,052,  $1,012,  and  $976 — the  salaries  paid 
by  the  District  of  Columbia,  California,  and  New  York,  respectively. 
At  the  other  end  one  finds  South  Carolina,  Mississippi,  and  North 
Carolina,  with  averages  of  $315,  $291,  and  $284,  respectively.  These 
low  averages  in  all  the  States  must  be  increased,  if  the  schools  are 
to  retain  their  most  capable  teachers.  Few  promising  college  or 
normal  school  graduates  will  care  to  enter  a  profession  which  pays 
so  poorly. 

Only  16  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia  made  a  reliable 
separation  of  the  expenditures  for  the  salaries  of  elementary  and 
high-school  teachers.  In  figure  18  it  is  found  that  the  average 
salary  of  26,721  high-school  teachers  in  these  States  is  $1,031.  Since 
so  many  States  are  represented,  the  average  is  presumably  about 
correct  for  the  country  as  a  whole.  All  sections  of  the  United  States 
are  represented  in  the  figure,  and  the  study  includes  the  salaries  of 
over  31  per  cent  of  all  high-school  teachers  in  the  United  States. 
California  pays  the  highest  average  of  any  State  represented,  viz, 
$1,355;  and  Maine,  the  lowest,  viz,  $652.  As  most  secondary 
teachers  are  college  graduates,  the  averages  paid  are  exceedingly  low. 

The  average  salaries  of  elementary  teachers  in  the  same  States  is 
$606.  California  ranks  first  in  this  classification,  paying  an  average 
salary  of  $891,  which  is  even  higher  than  that  paid  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  Of  the  States  represented,  Georgia  pays  the  lowest 
salaries — the  average  being  only  $314.  About  25  per  cent  of  the 
elementary  teachers  in  the  United  States  are  represented  in  this 
study. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  SUPERVISORY  OFFICERS. 

The  650,709  teachers  hereinbefore  mentioned  do  not  include  admin¬ 
istrative  and  supervisory  officers  who  devote  half  or  more  than  half 
of  their  time  to  supervision.  In  1918  26,890  administrative  and 
supervisory  officers  were  reported.  Most  of  these  officers  are  men  and 
should  be  taken  into  consideration  in  discussing  the  decreasing  short¬ 
age  of  men  teachers.  The  percentages  given  above,  however,  are 
comparable,  since  administrative  and  supervisory  officers  have  never 
been  reported  as  teachers,  and  have  not  been  included  in  the  reports 
preceding  1918.  Of  the  26,890  officers  designated  above,  9,180  are 
employed  in  administrative  positions.  This  number  includes  377  em¬ 
ployees  (not  clerks  and  stenographers)  in  State  offices  of  education, 


92 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATES. 

©I 

TEACHER S 
(TEACHING 
POSITIONS 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA.. 

1,828 

CALIFORNIA . 

17 ,276 

NEW  YORK . 

52 ,777 

ARIZONA . 

2,048 

WASHINGTON . 

9,222 

NEW  JERSEY . 

'  16.676 

NEVADA . 

582 

MASSACHUSETTS . 

19.657 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

2.694 

ILLINOIS . 

.  53,655 

UTAH . 

3 1 449 

COLORADO . 

7,242 

CONNECTICUT . 

6.917 

OHIO . 

32.'138 

OREGON . 

6.354 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

44,466 

MARYLAND . 

5.565 

IDAHO . 

5,847 

MONTANA . 

5.731 

MICHIGAN . 

22,462 

MINNESOTA . 

18,768 

MfSSOURl . 

20,740 

INDIANA . 

16,990 

WYOMING . 

1.891 

IOWA . 

25 ,560 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

7,779 

OKLAHOMA . 

14,181 

NEBRASKA . 

15 ',248 

DELAWARE . 

1,066 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE . 

5,128 

WISCONSIN . 

16,745 

KANSAS . 

16,598 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

7.380 

HEW  MEXICO . 

2,534 

TEXAS . 

29,001 

LOUISIANA . 

7.908 

VERMONT . 

2,977 

MAINE . 

5.853 

WEST  VIRGINIA . 

10.978 

ARKANSAS . 

9.898 

VIRGINIA . 

13.904 

FLORIDA . 

5.898 

TENNESSEE . 

12,947 

GEORGIA . 

15.054 

KENTUCKY . 

15.225 

ALABAMA . 

12,562 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

8,596 

MISSISSIPPI . 

11,611 

NORTH  CAROLINA . 

15,241 

UNITED  STATES . 

636,655 

AVERAGE  A1I1TUAL  SALARIES. 

200  400 


1200 


Fig.  17.— Average  annual  salaries  of  all  elementary  and  secondary  teachers,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  93 

1,077  district  superintendents,  417  township  superintendents,  2,130 
county  superintendents,  and  4,179  city  superintendents  and  assistants. 
Altogether,  5,119  supervisors  of  instruction  of  special  grades  or  sub¬ 
jects  were  reported.  This  total  includes  supervisors  in  kindergartens, 
elementary  schools,  and  secondary  schools.  In  addition,  12,591 
principals  were  reported.  These  supervising  principals  are  employed 
in  kindergartens,  in  elementary  and  secondary  schools. 


Fig.  18.— Average  annua]  salaries  ol  26,721  high  school  teachers  in  16  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia, 

1917-18. 

TOTAL  NUMBER  OF  SCHOOLS. 


The  data  reported  on  the  number  of  schools  is  not  entirely  reliable, 
since  this  information  has  never  been  sought  in  the  statistical  question¬ 
naires  used  in  preceding  years.  In  certain  States  a  school  is  defined  as 
a  schoolroom  over  which  a  teacher  has  charge.  For  the  purposes  of 
this  report  a  school  is  defined  as  a  unit  of  organization  under  the 
supervision  of  a  principal,  in  case  such  officer  is  employed,  or  a  one- 
room  rural  school  in  charge  *of  one  teacher.  A  high  school,  an  ele¬ 
mentary  school,  and  a  kindergarten,  although  housed  in  the  same 
building,  should  be  counted  as  three  separate  schools.  Since  many 
of  the  States  had  not  modified  their  questionnaires  in  1918  in  accord- 


94 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


ance  with  this  standard,  the  returns  often  lack  uniformity.  Where 
no  report  was  made,  it  was  assumed  that  the  number  of  schools  was 
equal  to  the  number  of  school  buildings.  The  aggregate  number  of 
schools  secured  in  this  manner  is  277,734.  This  aggregate  is  un¬ 
doubtedly  too  low,  but  no  data  are  available  on  which  to  base  a  closer 
estimate. 


Fig.  19.— Average  annual  salaries  of  141,189  teachers  in  elementary  schools  in  16  States  and  the  District 

of  Columbia,  1917-18. 


CONSOLIDATED  SCHOOLS. 

For  the  purpose  of  this  report  a  consolidated  school  is  defined  as 
one  which  employs  two  or  more  teachers  and  which  has  been  formed 
by  the  union  of  two  or  more  rural  schools.  In  no  case  should  “the 
number  of  consolidated  schools”  refer  to  the  number  of  rural  schools 
abandoned  through  consolidation.  The  returns  on  the  number  of 
consolidated  schools  are  not  entirely  satisfactory,  since  several  States 
did  not  have  the  information  at  hand  and  could  make  no  report. 
Altogether,  33  States  reported  an  aggregate  of  8,404  consolidated 
schools.  Only  22  States  reported  the  number  of  consolidated  schools 
established  this  year.  The  aggregate  reported  was  511.  In  all 
probability  the  total  number  of  such  schools  now  in  the  United  States 
is  not  far  from  12,000. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  95 

SCHOOL  BUILDINGS. 

In  1918  the  various  State  officers  reported  an  aggregate  of  276,827 
buildings  used  for  school  purposes.  In  1916  the  number  of  buildings 
reported  was  281,524.  This  decrease  of  4,697  buildings  is  largely 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  in  certain  States  many  of  the  one-room 
rural  schools  have  been  abandoned  through  consolidation.  In  1916 
the  State  officers  were  asked  to  report  the  “total  number  of  school 
buildings  owned  and  rented.”  In  1918  they  were  asked  to  give  the 
“number  of  buildings  used  for  school  purposes.”  It  is  doubtful  if 
this  modification  in  the  question  produced  any  material  decrease  in 
the  number  of  buildings  reported,  since  the  new  blanks  were  not  sub¬ 
mitted  to  the  State  officers  until  after  they  had  received  the  reports  for 
1918  from  the  local  school  officials.  Only  a  few  States  reported  the 
number  of  buildings  used  exclusively  for  high-school  purposes. 

The  total  number  of  buildings  reported  above  includes  both  rural 
school  buildings  and  school  buildings  in  cities.  From  the  special 
reports  from  city  school  officers  it  is  found  that  there  are  18,974 
school  buildings  in  the  total  number  of  cities  which  had  a  population 
of  5,000  or  over  in  1910  and  in  661  smaller  cities  which  had  a  popula¬ 
tion  between  2,500  and  5,000  in  1910.  If  the  number  of  buildings  in 
cities  is  taken  from  the  total  number  of  buildings  in  the  United  States, 
the  remainder  gives  the  number  of  rural  school  buildings.  This  num¬ 
ber  is  found  to  be  257,853.  From  the  reports  of  the  State  officers  it  is 
found  that  there  were  195,400  one-room  rural  school  buildings  in  the 
United  States  in  1918.  In  other  words,  76  per  cent  of  the  rural  school 
buildings  have  only  one  room.  Herein  lies  the  crude  material  with 
which  the  movement  for  the  consolidation  of  schools  must  work. 

The  percentage  of  rural  school  buildings  having  only  one  room  has 
been  computed  for  each  State,  as  shown  graphically  in  figure  20. 
Utah  has  the  smallest  percentage,  only  23  per  cent;  Rhode  Island 
comes  second  with  37  per  cent;  and  Texas,  third  with  42  per  cent. 
In  all  other  States  half  or  more  than  half  of  the  rural  schools  have  only 
one  room.  In  Iowa,  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Montana,  South 
Dakota,  and  Minnesota  90  per  cent  or  more  of  the  rural  schools  have 
only  one  room. 


VALUE  OF  PUBLIC  SCHOOL  PROPERTY. 

The  total  value  of  all  public  property  used  for  school  purposes  was 
$1,983,508,818  in  1918.  This  includes  the  value  of  buildings,  sites, 
and  all  equipment.  Not  all  States  were  able  to  show  just  how  much 
of  this  total  was  the  value  of  sites  and  buildings  or  of  equipment;  nor 
were  many  of  them  able  to  separate  the  value  of  property  used  for 
elementary  and  for  secondary  schools.  The  distribution  made  has 
been  given  in  Table  41. 


96 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


STATES. 


PER  CENT  0?  RURAL  8CH00L  BUILDIEGS  HAVING  ONLY  ODE  ROOIC. 


UTAH . 

RHODE  ISLAND.  . 

TEXAS . . 

HEW  JERSEY . 

CALIFORNIA . 

Washington . 

ALABAMA . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

ARIZONA . 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 


23 

37 

42 

50 

52 

54 

54 

55 

56 
59 


MISSISSIPPI, 

VIRGINIA. . . 

LOUISIANA . . 

IDAHO . . 

VERMONT . . 

GEORGIA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
PENNSYLVANIA. , . 

OKLAHOMA . 

INDIANA . 

MARYLAND . . 


61 

63 

64 

65 

66 
69 

71 

72 
72 

72 

73 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE, 

NEW  YORK . . 

DELAWARE . 

TENNESSEE. . . . , 

COLORADO . 

WYOMING . 

OHIO . 

FLORIDA . 


74 

76 

76 

78 

7& 

79 
Qo 

80 


NORTH  DAKOTA., 

NEVADA . . 

ARKANSAS . 

OREGON . . 

MAINE . 

KANSAS . . 

WISCONSIN . 

WEST  VIRGINIA, 

MICHIGAN . . 

MISSOURI . 

KENTUCKY . 

NEBRASKA . 

ILLINOIS . 

IOWA . 

CONNECTICUT. . , 
MASSACHUSETTS. 

MONTANA . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA.. 
MINNESOTA . 


81 

81 

81 

83 

84 

85 
87 
87 
87 
87 


89 

90 

91 

92 

94 

95 
95 


UNITED  STATES, 


76 


Fig.  20. — Per  cent  of  rural  school  buildings  which  have  only  one  room,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


97 


6  T  A  T  2  8  . 


value  of  school  property  for  each  chi  id  enrolled. 


« 


DISTRICT  OF  C0UJ1I3IA 

NEVADA . . . 

NEW  YORK . 

MASSACHUSETTS . 

MONTANA . 

CALIFORNIA . 

HEN  JERSEY . 


212.10 

166.67 

157.36 

149.96 

149.75 

149.47 

142.26 


ILLINOIS. .  . . 

MISSOURI _ _ 

Washington. . . 

OHIO. . . 

WISCONSIN. . . . 
RHODE  ISLAND. 
MINNESOTA. . . . 
CONNECTICUT. . 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

INDIANA . 

UTAH . 

MICHIGAN . 


142.06 

141.80 

139.24 

134.73 

133.51 

132.57 

129.25 

124.93 

121.09 

119.96 

116.75 

109.76 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


109.73 


IDAHO . 

IOWA . 

OKLAHOMA . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA.. 
COLORADO . 

north  Dakota.  . 

WYOMING . . 

Kansas . . 

MAINE . 

VERMONT . 

ARIZONA . 

OREGON . 

NEBRASKA . . 

WEST  VIRGINIA. , 

DELAWARE* . . 

MARYLAND . 

FLORIDA . . 

NEW  MEXICO.  . .  .  , 

TEXAS . 

LOUISIANA . . 

KENTUCKY . 

VIRGINIA . 

ARKANSAS . 

TENNESSEE . 

ALABAMA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

GEORGIA . 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 
MISSISSIPPI.... 

UNITED  STATES. . 


105.71 

97.47 
94.61 
'94.49 
93.64 

92.24 

91.09 

89.44 

85.89 
82.57 

75.26 

65.40 

64.80 

63.84 

60.00 

58.66 

54.06 

51.90 

44.47 

43.22 

42.86 

39.20 

30.13 

28.51 

27.02 

24.94 

22.88 

22.55 

8.97 


95.12 


0  20  *0  60  80  100  120  140  160  100  200  220 


V2ZZZZ22Z1 


Fig.  21.— Value  of  school  property  for  each  pupil  enrolled,  1917-la. 
59873°— 21 - 7 


98  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Considerable  variation  exists  as  to  the  value  of  school  property  in 
each  State  for  each  child  enrolled  in  school.  The  average  value  for 
the  United  States  is  over  $95,  as  shown  in  figure  21.  The  District  of 
Columbia  has  $212  invested  in  school  property  for  each  child  enrolled. 
Nevada  ranks  second,  with  a  per  capita  of  almost  $167;  and  New 
York  third  with  an  average  of  $157.  At  the  other  extreme,  Missis¬ 
sippi  has  less  than  $9  invested  in  school  property  for  each  child  in 
school;  North  Carolina  has  less  than  $23;  Georgia,  less  than  $23;  and 
South  Carolina  almost  $25.  In  other  words,  Nevada  has  almost  19 
times  as  great  a  per  capita  value  of  school  property  as  Mississippi; 
New  York  7  times  as  much  as  North  Carolina;  and  Massachusetts, 
over  6  times  as  much  as  Georgia. 

The  supplementary  corner  graph  groups  in  a  concrete  way  the 
details  shown  in  the  larger  figure.  Thus,  almost  6  millions  of  children 
live  in  States  where  the  per  capita  value  of  school  property  is  be¬ 
tween  $125  and  $150.  Over  2  millions  live  in  the  four  States  having 
a  per  capita  value  less  than  $25.  Almost  one-third  of  the  children 
in  the  United  States  live  in  States  having  a  per  capita  value  less  than 
$50. 

THE  CHILD’S  BANK  ACCOUNT. 

Table  42  shows  the  principal  of  the  permanent  school  funds  in 
each  State  and  also  the  acreage  and  value  of  unsold  school  lands. 
The  total  amount  of  the  permanent  school  funds  in  the  various 
States  is  $358,126,268.  This  amount  would  be  sufficient  to  run  the 
schools  of  the  United  States  for  almost  half  the  school  year,  or  80 
days.  In  other  words,  the  child’s  available  cash  amounts  to  $17.17 
and  would  keep  him  in  school  for  about  four  months.  Most  of  this 
money  is  controlled  by  the  State,  viz,  $308,118,870,  while  a  relatively 
small  portion  is  managed  by  local  officials,  viz,  $50,007,398. 

According  to  the  reports  received,  the  total  acreage  of  unsold 
school  lands  in  the  United  States  is  46,314,957.  This  is  an  average 
of  a  little  more  than  2  acres  for  each  child  enrolled  in  school.  The 
estimated  value  of  these  unsold  school  lands  is  $484,200,293,  or  an 
average  value  of  $10.45  per  acre.  The  average  value  of  school 
lands  for  each  child  enrolled  in  school  is  $23.22.  The  child’s  bank 
account  amounts,  therefore,  to  $40.39,  consisting  of  $17.17  bearing 
interest  and  $23.22  invested  in  lands,  some  of  which  are  leased. 
This  total  wealth,  if  rendered  available,  would  maintain  the  schools 
of  the  United  States  for  a  little  longer  than  one  year. 

The  generalization  made  above  regarding  the  bank  account  of  the 
average  child  is  more  or  less  fictitious,  as  shown  in  figure  22.  The 
available  cash  for  each  child  in  each  State  is  represented  by  the 
black  bar,  while  the  per  capita  investment  in  school  lands  is  repre¬ 
sented  by  the  “ concreted”  part  of  the  bar  extending  beyond  it. 
The  total  length  of  the  two  portions  of  bar  represents  the  value  of 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


9y 


3  T  A  T  B  S  . 
WYOMING.  . _ 


SOUTH  DAKOTA... 

ARIZONA . 777 

MONTANA . 777 


NEW  MEXICO, 


IDAHO. 


NORTH  DAKOTA. .  . 


COLORADO, 


NEVADA . 

UTAH . 

NEBRASKA. ...... 

WASHINGTON . 

MINNESOTA.* _ 

TKXA8 . 

OKLAHOMA . 

OREGON . 

VERMONT . 

ILLINOIS . 

KANSAS . 

INDIANA . 

MISSOURI . 

NSW  HAMPSHIRE. . 

SEW  JERSEY . 

FLORIDA . 

DELAWARE . 

LOUISIANA . 

CONNECTICUT.... 

CALIFORNIA . 

WISCONSIN . 

IOWA . 

MAINE . 

MICHIOAB . 

MASSACHUSETTS. . 

VIRGINIA . 

OHIO . 

ALABAMA . 

HEW  YORK . 

KENTUCKY . 

TENNESSEE . 

WEST  VIRGINIA. . 

ARKANSAS . 

RHODE  ISLAND. . . 
NORTH  CAROLINA. 
MISSISSIPPI. .  .  . 

MARYLAND . 

GEORGIA . 

PENNSYLVANIA. . . 
UNITED  STATES. . 


SEN  TABLE  42. 


PERMANENT  SCHOOL  FUNDS. 


SCHOOL  LANDS. 


Fig.  22.— Principal  of  permanent  school  funds  and  estimated  value  of  unsold  school  lands  per  pupil 

enrolled  in  school,  1917-18. 


100  BIENNTAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

school  funds  and  school  lands  for  each  child  enrolled  in  school.  It 
represents,  therefore,  the  child’s  potential  wealth,  while  the  hlack 
part  denotes  his  “ready”  cash.  A  great  variation  exists  among  the 
different  States  with  regard  to  this  per  capita  value.  Montana  has 
a  per  capita  value  of  $888  per  pupil;  South  Dakota,  $737;  and 
Arizona,  $680.  At  the  other  extreme,  it  is  found  that  the  same 
average  for  Georgia  and  Pennsylvania  is  practically  nothing.  By 
noting  the  corner  graph,  it  will  be  found  that  almost  12  millions  of 
children  have  less  than  $10  each  in  their  bank  accounts.  Nevada 
has  the  greatest  per  capita  value  of  “ready”  cash.  In  other  words, 
for  each  child  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  of  Nevada  there  is  $181 
in  the  permanent  school  fund.  On  this  score  South  Dakota  has  $123 
per  pupil;  and  North  Dakota,  $114. 

INTEREST  ON  THE  CHILD’S  BANK  ACCOUNT. 

It  is  of  greater  interest  to  ascertain  the  income  from  permanent 
school  funds  and  school  lands  per  pupil  than  to  compute  the  per 
capita  value  thereof,  since  much  school  land  is  not  leased,  and  some 
permanent  school  funds  are  loaned  at  a  very  low  rate  of  interest. 
The  income,  therefore,  from  these  sources  has  been  divided  by  the 
number  of  children  attending  school,  and  the  results  are  shown  in 
figure  23.  The  annual  income  for  each  pupil  in  Wyoming  is  $12.68. 
Nevada  comes  next  with  an  average  income  of  $11.24,  and  Montana, 
third  with  a  per  capita  of  $9.80.  New  Hampshire  and  Pennsylvania 
report  no  income  from  this  source.  In  North  Carolina  the  interest 
is  added  to  the  existing  fund  and  does  not  benefit  the  present  gener¬ 
ation  of  school  children.  Each  pupil  in  Georgia  receives  2  cents; 
in  Maryland,  6  cents;  and  in  Arkansas,  12  cents.  The  average  for 
the  United  States  is  only  $1.03.  The  average  annual  cost  of  main¬ 
taining  the  public  schools  per  pupil  enrolled  is  $30.91,  as  is  shown 
further  on  in  this  chapter.  The  income  from  permanent  funds  and 
school  lands  is  sufficient,  therefore,  to  keep  a  pupil  in  school  for 
one-thirtieth  of  the  school  year  or  a  little  more  than  five  days.  It 
is  evident  from  this  deduction  that  the  schools  must  secure  the  greater 
portion  of  their  revenue  from  taxation  and  other  sources.  The 
corner  graph  in  figure  23  shows  that  15  millions  of  children  each  re¬ 
ceive  less  than  $1  per  annum  from  the  interest  on  their  hank 
account. 

THE  SCHOOL  DEBT. 

For  a  number  of  years  the  States  have  been  asked  to  report  the 
total  school  indebtedness,  in  the  form  of  outstanding  school  bonds 
or  of  temporary  loans,  but  the  returns  have  been  so  incomplete  that 
they  have  not  been  published.  In  1918  all  the  States,  except  13, 
reported  their  existing  indebtedness,  viz,  Alabama,  Arizona,  District 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


101 


INCOME  FROM  PEKKAirEirr  SCHOOL  TUNES  AND  LEASES  OF  SCHOOL  LAND 8 
HEP.  PUPIL  ENROLLED. 

*0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14 


WYOMING . 

12 .68 

NEVADA . 

11.24 

MONTANA . 

9.80 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

8.95 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

7.05 

NEW  MEXICO . 

6.85 

IDAHO . 

6.45 

OKLAHOMA . 

3.54 

WASHINGTON . 

3.21 

COLORADO . 

2.94 

TEXAS . 

2.79 

OREGON . . 

2.63 

MINNESOTA . 

2.54 

UTAH . 

2.23 

ARIZONA . 

1.84 

ILLINOIS . 

1.67 

VERMONT . 

1.41 

NEBRASKA . 

1.35 

KANSAS . 

1.29 

INDIANA . 

1.28 

DELAWARE . 

1.12 

MAINE . 

.76 

California . 

.70 

CONNECTICUT . 

.61 

WISCONSIN . 

•55 

MICHIGAN . 

.54 

OHIO . 

.52 

HEW  JERSEY . 

.49 

IOWA . 

.41 

KENTUCKY . 

.41 

LOUISIANA . 

.40 

FLORIDA. . . 

.36 

MISSISSIPPI . 

•34 

MASSACHUSETTS . 

.32 

ALABAMA . 

.29 

MISSOURI . . . 

.28 

WEST  VIRGINIA . 

.27 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

.25 

HEW  YORK . 

.22 

TENNESSEE . 

.22 

VIRQINIA . 

.22 

ARXANSAS . 

.12 

MARYLAND . 

.06 

GEORGIA . 

.02 

UNITED  STATX8. . 

1.03 

Fig.  23.— Income  from  permanent  school  funds  and  leases  of  school  lands  per  pupil  enrolled,  1917-18. 


102 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


of  Columbia,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Maine,  Maryland,  Massachusetts, 
Montana,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  and  South 
Carolina.  The  total  debt  reported  for  the  remaining  36  States  is 
$469,089,795.  The  total  number  of  children  enrolled  in  school  in 
these  36  States  is  15,447,086.  The  school  debt,  therefore,  averages 
$30.37  per  pupil.  This  average  is  only  $10.02  less  than  the  average 
pupil’s  bank  account  ($40.39).  In  other  words,  each  pupil  is  in 
debt  to  the  extent  of  three-fourths  of  his  bank  account  or  capital. 
Assuming  that  the  5,406,430  children  enrolled  in  school  in  the  13 
States  named  above  and  not  making  a  report  on  existing  school 
indebtedness  have  an  overhanging  indebtedness  of  $30.37  each,  the 
total  school  indebtedness  in  these  13  States  would  be  $164,193,279. 
If  this  estimate  is  correct,  and  if  the  other  36  States  reported  their 
total  school  indebtedness,  the  total  school  indebtedness  of  the 
United  States  is  $633,283,074.  This  amount  is  about  83  per  cent 
of  the  amount  of  money  necessary  to  run  all  the  schools  of  the  United 
States  for  one  year.  In  other  words,  if  we  should  stop  our  schools 
for  a  year  we  could  pay  off  our  school  debt,  and  have  a  small  balance. 

PAYMENT  OF  THE  SCHOOL  DEBT. 

Only  12  States  did  not  report  the  amount  paid  in  1918  on  the 
school  debt,  viz,  Alabama,  Arkansas,  California,  Indiana,  Kansas, 
Maryland,  Massachusetts,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nevada,  Oklahoma, 
and  Pennsylvania.  The  total  amount  paid  on  the  school  debt  by 
the  other  37  States  was  $14,782,914.  This  sum  includes  the  amount 
paid  from  current  funds,  i.  e.,  from  moneys  raised  by  taxation  or 
appropriation  in  1918  and  also  any  amounts  paid  out  of  sinking 
funds  which  had  been  accumulating  in  previous  years.  The  total 
number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  school  in  these  37  States  was  14,093,753, 
and  the  total  indebtedness  liquidated  was  $14,782,914.  In  other 
words,  the  per  capita  indebtedness  canceled  during  the  year  was  $1.05. 
If  a  corresponding  per  capita  amount  was  paid  in  the  other  12  States 
for  the  6,759,763  pupils  enrolled  in  school  in  these  States,  it  is  esti¬ 
mated  that  an  additional  amount  of  $7,097,751  was  paid  on  the 
school  debt  in  1918.  The  total  amortization  of  indebtedness  in  1918 
is,  therefore,  estimated  to  be  $21,880,665.  Proceeding  at  this  rate 
it  would  take  almost  29  years  to  pay  off  the  estimated  total  school 
debt  of  $633,283,074.  This  is  not  surprising  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
most  school  bonds  run  for  long  periods,  varying  from  10  to  35  years, 
and  that  the  greater  portion  of  the  school  debt  is  not  due  to  temporary 
loans,  but  to  either  serial  or  long-term  bonds.  Another  factor  must 
also  be  reckoned  with  in  that  a  larger  proportion  of  bonds  may  become 
due  in  one  year  than  in  another,  consequently  the  deduction  drawn 
above  may  be  only  approximate. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


103 


SINKING  FUNDS. 

Only  11  States  reported  the  amount  in  their  school  sinking  funds. 
The  total  amount  thus  reported  was  $11,531,576.  From  these 
meager  reports  it  is  not  safe  to  estimate  the  total  amount  in  the 
sinking  fund  in  all  the  States.  As  man}r  school  laws  now  authorize 
only  the  issuance  of  serial  bonds,  which  are  paid  off  annually  as  they 
become  due,  it  is  not  safe  to  assume  that  the  States  not  reporting  the 
amount  in  the  sinking  funds  have  the  same  per  capita  amount  in 
such  funds  as  the  States  do  which  issue  long-term  bonds  and  provide 
for  accumulating  sinking  funds. 

Nine  States  reported  an  aggregate  of  $4,985,931  transferred  to 
sinking  funds  during  the  school  year  1917--18. 

INTEREST  PAID  ON  INDEBTEDNESS. 

Altogether.  20  States  did  not  report  the  amount  of  interest  paid 
on  indebtedness.  In  the  other  29  States  the  interest  amounted  to 
$15,154,585,  or  an  equivalent  of  $1.25  for  each  of  the  12,113,570 
pupils  enrolled  in  the  schools  of  these  States.  In  other  words,  the 
interest  per  pupil  ($1.25)  paid  out  annually  is  20  cents  more  than  the 
per  capita  amount  paid  out  for  the  liquidation  of  debts  ($1.05). 
The  interest  on  the  school  debt  is  19  per  cent  greater  than  the  pay  ¬ 
ments  made  on  the  debt  itself.  Assuming  that  the  20  States  not 
reporting  this  item  pay  the  same  amount  of  interest  per  pupil  enrolled, 
the  additional  amount  for  interest  would  be  $10,924,933.  The  total 
amount  of  interest  paid  on  the  school  debt  in  1918  would  be  $26,- 
079,518.  This  amount  represents  the  interest  paid  on  the  total 
estimated  school  debt  of  $633,283,074.  If  these  estimates  are  essen¬ 
tially  correct,  the  average  rate  of  interest  paid  is  4.12  per  cent. 

It  is  shown  above  that  the  average  income  from  school  funds  and 
school  lands  for  each  pupil  enrolled  is  $1.03.  More  than  this  amount, 
$1.05,  is  paid  out  each  year  to  meet  maturing  bonds  and  other  forms 
of  debt.  An  additional  $1.25  per  pupil  is  spent  for  interest.  It  can 
be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  pupil's  financial  obligations  in  effect  are 
more  than  double  his  assets. 

REVENUE  RECEIPTS. 

It  is  shown  in  figure  24  that  the  percentage  of  school  revenue 
derived  from  the  State  taxes  has  decreased  and  that  the  proportion 
derived  from  local  taxes  has  increased  since  1890.  The  proportion 
coming  from  permanent  school  funds  and  school  lands  and  also  the 
proportion  derived  from  all  other  sources  have  decreased  within  this 
period  of  28  years.  The  schools  are  coming  more  and  more  to  depend 
upon  local  taxation  for  support.  Unfortunately,  it  is  impossible  to 
ascertain  what  proportion  accrued  from  county  taxation  in  the  years 


104  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


preceding  1918,  as  the  meager  data  reported  did  not  warrant 
publication. 

In  figure  25  the  total  revenue  receipts  have  been  classified  into 
three  groups,  showing  the  proportion  received  from  the  State,  the 
county,  and  the  local  unit  of  taxation.  This  figure  and  the  two 
immediately  following  do  not  include  moneys  derived  from  the  sale 
of  bonds,  from  the  negotiation  of  temporary  loans,  the  proceeds 
from  the  sale  of  school  property,  nor  any  moneys  derived  from 
insurance  adjustments.  In  this  figure  11 State”  includes  all  moneys 
derived  from  State  taxation  or  appropriation,  all  income  from  State 


PER  CENT  OP  SCHOOL  REVENUE  PROM: 

100  9  0  80  70  60  50  40  30  20  1  0 

0  10  20  30  40  ?0  60  70  80  90 


18  9  0 

18  9  5 

19  0  0 

19  0  5 


g 


mWmwfW 


sitea 


mimum/mmm/mmm 


mmzmzmzzzziimim 


mzzzzzzzzzzmzizzzzzzziziizm 


SCHOOL  FUNDS  AND  LANDS.  _ 

FOR  DATA  SEE  TABLE  1 


////i 


ALL  OTHER  SOURCES. 
LOCAL  TAXES. 


Fig.  24.— Percentage  of  total  school  revenue  derived  from  the  various  sources,  1890-1918. 


permanent  school  funds  or  from  leases  of  State  school  lands,  and  all 
other  State  moneys  derived  from  incidental  sources.  It  is  not  com¬ 
parable  to  the  amount  derived  only  from  State  taxation,  shown  in 
figure  24.  “ County”  includes  all  moneys  raised  by  a  uniform 

county  tax.  '’Local”  includes  all  township,  district,  and  municipal 
moneys  raised  for  the  support  of  the  schools. 

It  is  found  that  16.8  per  cent  of  all  school  revenue  comes  from  the 
State;  7.9  per  cent  from  the  county;  and  75.3  per  cent  from  the  local 
unit  of  taxation.  In  other  words,  over  three-fourths  of  all  school 
moneys  come  from  local  support.  Considerable  variation  exists 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  105 


5TATEL5  . 

ALABAMA... . . 

ARIZONA _ _ 

ARKANSAS . . . 

CALIFORNIA  . 
COLORADO 

CONNECTICUT . 

DELAWARE  _  . 

DIST.  OF  COLUMBIA 

FLORIDA  . . 

GEORGIA . . . . 

IDAHO _ _ 

ILLINOIS 

INDIANA _ 

IOWA . . 

KANSAS . . _ . 

KENTUCKY _ ..... 

LOUISIANA _ _ _ 

MAINE . ! _ 

MARYLAND... . . . . 

MASSACHUSETTS...... 

MICHIGAN . 

MINNESOTA _ _ 

MISSISSIPPI . . . 

MISSOURI _ 

MONTANA _ _ _ 

NEBRASKA _ 

NEVADA . . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE . 

NEW  JERSEY . . . 

NEW  MEXICO . . . 

NEW  YORK . . 

NORTH  CAROLINA... 

NORTH  DAKOTA _ 

OHIO . . . . 

OKLAHOMA . . 

OREGON _ ... _ 

PENNSYLVANIA 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA _ 

TENNESSEE . . . 

TEXAS  _ 

UTAH  . _ 

VERMONT . . . . 

VIRGINIA _ 

WASHINGTON 

WEST  VIRGINIA _ _ 

WISCONSIN . . . 

WYOMING. . . 

UNITED  STATES 


TOTAL  REVENUE  RECEIPTS  . 

STATE.  I  COUNTY.  |  LOCAL. 

20  30  40  50  60  70  0  JO  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  60 ! 


NUMBER  OF  STATES 
WITH  OR.  ABOVE  THE 
PERCENTAGE  INDICATED. 


Fig.  25.— An  analysis  of  total  revenue  receipts  so  as  to  show  the  per  cent  derived  from  the  State,  the 
county,  and  the  local  unit,  1917-^8. 


106 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


among  the  States  in  regard  to  this  matter.  Alabama  receives  over 
60  per  cent  of  its  school  revenue  from  State  sources.  Seven  other 
States  receive  as  much  as  40  per  cent  from  this  source,  and  15  other 
States  derive  over  20  per  cent  therefrom.  In  three  States  over  60 
per  cent  of  the  school  revenue  comes  from  the  county.  In  three 
other  States  over  40  per  cent  of  such  revenue  is  so  derived.  Alto¬ 
gether,  17  States  get  over  one-fifth  of  their  school  revenue  from  the 
county.  In  1 1  States  over  90  per  cent  of  the  school  revenue  comes 
from  the  local  unit.  In  4  other  States  over  80  per  cent  is  so  derived. 
Altogether,  26  States  get  over  60  per  cent  of  their  school  moneys 
from  the  local  unit  of  taxation. 

In  figure  26  the  total  revenue  receipts  have  been  classified  so  as  to 
show  the  proportion  coming  from  school  funds  and  school  lands,  from 
taxation  and  appropriation,  and  from  all  other  sources.  It  is 
strikingly  apparent  that  the  greater  portion  of  the  school  revenue  is 
derived  from  annual  taxation  and  appropriation.  In  fact,  only  2.9 
per  cent  comes  from  permanent  school  funds  and  school  lands,  and 
only  4.6  per  cent  from  incidental  sources.  In  short,  92.5  per  cent  of 
our  school  revenue  is  raised  annually  by  taxation.  In  only  17  States 
is  the  proportion  raised  taxation  less  than  90  per  cent.  In  9 
States  over  one-tenth  of  the  school  revenue  comes  from  school  funds 
and  school  lands.  In  2  States  this  proportion  is  over  one-fifth.  In  6 
States  the  amount  coming  from  incidental  sources  is  equal  to  at  least 
one-tenth  of  the  total  revenue,  and  in  Texas  over  one-fifth  of  the 
school  money  comes  from  incidental  sources. 

In  figure  27 1  the  amount  of  school  money  received  only  from  taxa¬ 
tion  and  appropriation  has  been  "broken  up”  to  show  the  proportion 
coming  from  the  State,  the  county,  and  the  local  unit  (township, 
district,  or  municipality).  In  Alabama  over  60  per  cent  of  the 
amount  raised  by  taxation  comes  from  a  State  tax.  In  7  other 
States  this  percentage  exceeds  40.  In  11  other  States  over  one-fifth 
of  the  amount  raised  by  taxation  comes  from  a  State  school  tax  or 
appropriation.  In  New  Mexico  the  county  is  the  sole  unit  of  taxa¬ 
tion  for  school  purposes.  In  two  other  States  over  60  per  cent  comes 
from  the  county,  in  three  other  States  the  proportion  exceeds  40 
per  cent,  and  in  10  additional  States  the  proportion  is  greater  than 
20  per  cent.  Three  States,  Alabama,  Maryland,  and  New  Mexico, 

1  Figure  27,  like  all  other  data  in  this  chapter,  is  based  upon  statistical  returns  from  the  several  State 
superintendents  of  public  instruction.  It  is  substantially  correct,  but  in  some  particulars  it  is  not  ab¬ 
solutely  so.  For  example,  in  certain  States,  as  in  Oregon,  in  which  there  is  no  general  State  tax  or  appro¬ 
priation  for  schools,  the  expenses  of  the  State  department  of  education  are  paid  from  the  general  funds  of 
the  State.  This  constitutes  a  State  appropriation  to  education  to  this  extent,  but  the  diagram  docs  not 
show  it.  In  other  cases,  it  was  not  practicable  to  obtain  complete  figures;  in  New  Mexico,  for  example, 
the  “county  unit”  extends  only  to  rural  districts,  but  the  amounts  raised  by  the  cities  and  towns  were 
not  stated  by  the  State  superintendent;  and  he  was  unable  to  segregate  the  amount  raised  by  State  taxation 
from  the  income  on  the  permanenlffund.  Such  departures  from  strict  accuracy  are,  however,  relatively 
unimportant. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


107 


STATES . 


TOTAL  fiC-VCNUE  RECEIPTS .  OTHER. 

FUNDS  &  LANDS. |  TAXATION  AND  APPROPRIATION.  JLSOURCCS^ 
°/O-*-0  10  20  '  30  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100  0  10  20  30 


A!  ARAMA  . . 

1 

ARIZONA _ *  . . . 

ARKANSAS  . - 

■ 

[» 

CALIFORNIA 

I: 

COLORADO _ 

CONNECTICUT 

i: 

DELAWARE 

■ 

DIST.  OF  COLUMBIA 
FLORIDA  _ 

[ 

GEORGIA _ 

i 

i 

IDAHO . .  ... 

ILLINOIS 

i 

R 

INDIANA . . . 

IOWA 

KANSAS 

[S 

I 

KENTUCKY.  . . 

E 

LOUISIANA _ _ 

MAINE 

i! 

i 

MARYLAND... . . 

MASSACHUSETTS 
MICHIGAN  _  ... 

MINNESOTA  .. 

■ 

MISSISSIPPI..  _ 

l 

MISSOURI 

MONTANA. 

NEBRASKA 

NFVADA 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 
NEW  JERSEY 

i 

i 

i 

NEW  MEXICO 

NEW  YORK  - 

!  i 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

OHIO . .  _  .... 

OKLAHOMA 

OREGON 

r 

PENNSYLVANIA 

RHODE  ISLAND 

i 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 

SOUTH  DAKOTA _ 

TENNESSEE  . 

ij 

TFXAfi 

UTAH  .  _ _ _ 

■ 

VERMONT . . 

■ 

VIRGINIA _ _ 

WASHINGTON _ 

* 

WEST  VIRGINIA 

>i 

WISCONSIN 

i? 

WYOMING . . 

UNITED  STATES . 

i 

NUMBER  OF  STATES 

9  -A 

WITH  OR.  ABOVE  THE!  PER¬ 
CENTAGE  INDICATE1D  . 


Fig.  26.— An  analysis  of  total  revenue  receipts  showing  the  percentage  derived  from  the  sources  indicated, 

1917-18. 


108 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1018, 


STATES . 


°/o- 


FROM 

state: 


APPROPRIATION 

I  LOCAL 

£0  30  40  50  60  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  SO  100  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70 


TAXATION  AND 

I  COUNTY 


ALABAMA . . 

ARIZONA  . . 

ARKANSAS  . . 

CALIFORNIA . _ . . . 

COLORADO . . 

CONNECTICUT . 

DELAWARE _ 

DIST.  OF  COLUMBIA 
FLORIDA 

GEORGIA . . . . 

IDAHO  _ _ 

ILLINOIS _ _ 

INDIANA . . . 

IOWA- _ 

KANSAS . . 

KENTUCKY . . 

LOUISIANA  . . 

MAINE . . 

MARYLAND  . . 

MASSACHUSETTS— 

MICHIGAN . 

MINNESOTA . 

MISSISSIPPI _ _ _ 

MISSOURI . 

MONTANA . . . . 

NEBRASKA  . 

NEVADA 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 
NEW  JERSEY 
NEW  MEXICO 
NEW  YORK 
NORTH  CAROLINA 
NORTH  DAKOTA 

OHIO _ _ 

OKLAHOMA  .. 

OREGON — .. _ 

PENNSYLVANIA- . 

RHODE  ISLAND  . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 
SOUTH  DAKOTA— 
TENNESSEE 
TEXAS 

UTAH  . 

VERMONT . . . . 

VIRGINIA  . 
WASHINGTON 
WEST  VIRGINIA  . 

WISCONSIN . . 

WYOMING . . 

UNITED  STATES 


NUMBER.  OF  STATES 
WITH  OR.  ABOVE  THE 
PERCENTAGE  INDICATED. 


19—^ 

8  — 
l  — 


2 


V///////A 


Fig.  27.— A  percentage  analysis  of  receipts  from  taxation  and  appropriation  based  on  the  Unit  of  taxation, 

1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  109 

had  no  local  school  tax  in  1918.  In  South  Dakota  all  the  school  tax 
is  local.  In  16  other  States  over  80  per  cent  of  the  school  tax  comes 
from  local  sources.  For  the  United  States  as  a  whole,  14.8  per  cent 
of  the  school  revenue  derived  from  taxation  and  appropriation  comes 
from  the  State,  8  per  cent  from  the  county,  and  77.2  per  cent  from 
the  local  unit.  It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  over  three-fourths  of  such 
revenue  comes  from  local  sources. 

NONREVENUE  RECEIPTS. 

Nonrevenue  receipts  include  all  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of 
bonds,  from  the  negotiation  of  temporary  loans,  from  the  sale  of 
school  property,  or  from  the  proceeds  of  insurance  adjustments.  In 
short,  any  moneys  derived  by  decreasing  the  value  of  school  property 
or  by  putting  the  school  district  under  future  obligations  are  considered 
as  nonrevenue  receipts.  The  total  amount  of  nonrevenue  receipts 
reported  in  1918  was  $65,736,726.  This  aggregate  includes  $59,- 
601,978  derived  from  loans  and  bond  sales;  $1,348,183  from  the  sale 
of  property  and  the  proceeds  of  insurance  adjustments,  and  $4,- 
786,565  from  other  sources.  The  amount  derived  from  borrowed 
money  includes  the  proceeds  of  county  loans  aggregating  $5,029,993. 
In  other  words,  8.4  per  cent  of  the  bond  sales  authorized  were  county 
obligations.  As  only  33  States  reported  the  amount  received  from 
loans  and  bond  sales,  the  per  capita  debt  incurred  for  each  of  the 
13,513,401  pupils  in  these  States  is  $4.41.  Assuming  that  an  equal 
per  capita  indebtedness  was  incurred  for  the  7,340,115  children  in 
the  other  16  States,  the  total  additional  indebtedness  would  be 
$32,369,907,  making  a  grand  total  of  $91,971,885.  This  amount 
indicates  the  extent  to  which  the  schools  are  going  into  debt  annually. 
If  these  foregoing  estimates  are  correct,  viz,  $1.05  paid  on  indebted¬ 
ness  per  pupil,  and  $4.41  the  per  pupil  additional  indebtedness  in¬ 
volved  annually,  the  schools  are  now  incurring  over  four  times  as 
much  debt  annually  as  they  are  liquidating.  It  should  be  remarked, 
however,  that  temporary  loans  are  often  incurred  which  are  met  the 
following  fiscal  year,  and,  consequently,  should  not  be  properly  charge¬ 
able  to  permanent  indebtedness  authorized  for  the  construction  of 
buildings,  purchasing  sites,  or  for  meeting  any  unusual  capital  ex¬ 
penditure.  On  this  score  the  per  capita  debt  of  $4.41  may  be  slightly 
exaggerated.  Temporary  loans  negotiated  and  repaid  during  the 
same  fiscal  year  have  not  been  included  in  this  report. 

BALANCE  ON  HAND. 

The  total  balance  on  hand  from  the  preceding  school  year  (1916-17) 
as  reported  by  44  States  was  $172,323,850.  This  is  about  one-fourth 
the  amount  necessary  to  maintain  the  schools  for  the  year  considered 
in  this  report,  1918. 


110 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 
EXPENDITURES. 


The  total  expenditure  for  the  schools  in  1918  was  $763,678,089, 
excluding  the  payment  of  bonds.  The  amount  spent  for  the  same 
purpose  in  1916  was  $640,717,053.  This  increase  of  $112,961,036 
is  equal  to  17.6  per  cent  for  the  two-year  period,  or  an  annual  increase 
of  8.8  per  cent  over  the  cost  in  1916.  Some  conception  of  this 
enormous  expenditure  may  be  gained  when  it  is  noted  that  it  costs 
$4,745,974,  or  almost  $5,000,000  per  day,  to  run  the  schools  of  the 
United  States. 


PER  CENT  OF  TOTAL  EXPENDITURES  GOING  FOR— 


100 

0 


90  8o 

1C  20 


70 

30 


60  JO 

40  JO 


30  20 

70  8o 


10  0 
90  100 


n~[  1,-U 


rn— r 


18  7  0 


i  i  i  hi  iii  i  i  i 


1880  m&r; 
188  5 


i89t> 


1895 


190  5 


1  I  1  1  i  1  1  I  1  I  IT  i  1 


ri 


Ti 


.  .  .  .  .  i  i  i  i  t  i  r  j 

1900 


•  i  i  r  iii  i  i  i  i  i 


1910 


rn 


1  1  ALL  OTHER  PURPOSES. 


BUILDINGS ,  SITES.  ETC. 
FOR  DATA  SEE  TABLE  1. 


Fig.  28.— Proportion  of  total  school  expenditures  going  for  teachers’  salaries,  new  buildings,  sites, 

new  equipment,  1870-1918. 


An  attempt  is  made  in  the  following  pages  to  analyze  school  ex¬ 
penditures  so  as  to  show  what  proportion  of  the  cost  of  education  is 
incurred  for  the  various  functions  and  to  show  the  per  capita  cost 
of  the  same  on  several  bases  for  the  different  States.  In  figure  28 
it  is  found  that  there  has  been  a  general  decrease  in  the  proportion 
of  expenditures  going  for  teachers’  salaries  since  1880.  At  that 
time  over  70  per  cent  of  the  schools’  costs  went  for  this  purpose.  In 
1918  only  a  little  over  57  per  cent  went  for  the  salaries  of  teachers 
and  superintendents.  Beginning  in  1890,  it  is  found  that  an  increas- 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  Ill 

ing  proportion  of  expenditures  is  being  made  for  miscellaneous  pur¬ 
poses.  In  general  there  has  been  little  change  in  the  proportion 
spent  for  new  buildings,  sites,  and  new  equipment.  The  decrease  in 
the  proportion  spent  for  teachers’  salaries  has  been  due,  therefore,  to 
the  increased  proportion  going  for  capital  outlays. 

The  expenditures  for  1918  hare  been  minutely  analyzed  into  the 
various  functions  of  expense  in  figure  29.  The  left  half  of  the  figure 
shows  the  proportion  going  for  general  control,  for  instruction,  for 
miscellaneous  purposes,  and  for  capital  outlays.  Of  each  school 
dollar  spent,  3.3  cents  goes  for  general  control;  58.2  cents  for  instruc¬ 
tion;  23  cents  for  miscellaneous  purposes;  and  15.5  cents  for  new 
buildings,  sites,  and  new  equipment.  The  right  half  of  the  graph 
shows  the  subdivisions  of  these  major  functions  of  expense.  Thus  1 
cent  goes  for  school  boards  and  business  officers;  2  cents  for  salaries  of 
superintendents;  55  cents  for  salaries  of  supervisors,  principals,  and 
teachers;  6.9  cents  for  janitors’  salaries;  7.8  cents  for  fuel,  water, 
light,  and  power,  etc.  From  this  figure  it  is  possible  for  any  State  to 
compare  the  distribution  of  its  school  expenditures  with  the  average 
for  all  the  States. 

The  distribution  of  school  expenditures  for  each  State  is  shown  in 
figure  30.  The  arrows  indicate  the  average  per  cent  going  for 
instruction,  for  miscellaneous  expenses,  for  outlays,  and  for  general 
control.  The  States  are  arranged  around  the  circle  in  the  decreasing 
order  of  the  magnitude  of  the  proportion  of  school  moneys  going  for 
instruction.  It  is  found  that  Mississippi  ranks  first,  spending  over  90 
per  cent  of  its  school  money  for  instruction.  Georgia  comes  second ; 
South  Carolina,  third;  and  North  Carolina,  fourth.  New  Mexico, 
Michigan,  North  Dakota,  and  Pennsylvania,  on  this  score,  spend  the 
smallest  proportions  for  instruction.  It  is  possible  in  this  graph  that 
the  central  tendency  indicates  the  more  commendable  practice  of 
disbursing  school  moneys.  The  middle  half  of  the  States  is  indicated 
by  the  arrows  in  the  center  of  the  figure.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  all  school  expenditures,  excluding  the  payment  of  bonds,  are 
included  in  this  figure.  From  it  any  State  can  judge  whether  it  is 
above  or  below  the  average  for  the  total  school  cost.  Usually  for  a 
State  as  a  whole  under  normal  conditions  the  proportion  of  money 
spent  for  new  buildings  and  grounds  will  not  vary  considerably  from 
year  to  year.  In  other  words,  the  building  program  of  a  State  for  a 
period  of  years  is  fairly  constant. 

As  the  “  building”  factor  in  1918  was  subject  to  unusual  and  varied 
restriction  on  account  of  the  war,  it  is  desirable  to  show  separately  the 
distribution  of  the  current  exj^enditures  in  each  State,  including  only 
the  proportion  going  for  instruction,  for  general  control,  and  for  mis¬ 
cellaneous  purposes.  In  figure  31  the  States  are  again  arranged 


112 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-lyl8. 


FOR: 

General  control . 


Instruction. 


Miscellaneous 
expenses  . 


Outlays . 


FOR,' 

School  boards. 
Superintendents . 
Other  expenses . 


Salaries  of  super - 
visors,  principals, 
and  teachers . 


Textbooks  and 
supplies . 
Janitors 1  salaries  . 


Tue  I,  water,  tight,  etc. 

Maintenance . 
Auxiliary  agencies . 
Fixed  charges . 
Interest . 


13  7  ^ew  buildings  and 
grounds , 


1.8  Naco  equipment . 


Fig.  29.— Where  the  school  dollar  goes. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


113 


around  the  circle  in  the  decreasing  order  of  the  proportion  of  expendi  ¬ 
tures  going  for  instruction.  With  the  “building”  factor  eliminated, 
Mississippi,  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  and  North  Carolina  come  first 
and  North  Dakota,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  and  Idaho  last.  The 
middle  half  again,  probably,  indicates  the  better  distribution  and  has 
been  so  indicated  at  the  center  of  the  figure.  Two  distinct  spirals  are 


shown — the  first  representing  the  cost  of  instruction  and  spiraling 
inwardly,  the  second  representing  miscellaneous  costs  and  spiraling 
outwardly.  The  cost  for  general  control  is  usually  less  than  5  per  cent 
of  the  total  current  expenses.  From  this  figure  it  is  possible  for  any 
State  to  compare  its  distribution  of  expenditures  with  the  average 
distribution  for  all  the  States  and  to  ascertain  its  location  with  respect 
to  the  middle  half  on  the  cost  of  instruction. 

59873°— 21 - 8 


114  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

THE  PER  CAPITA  COST  OF  EDUCATION. 

i 

Figure  32  shows  how  the  per  capita  cost  of  education  has  increased  in 
the  United  States  for  five-year  periods  beginning  in  1870.  The  data 
on  which  the  curves  depend  are  found  in  Table  1.  In  1870  the  annual 
cost  of  education  for  each  person  in  the  population  was  less  than  $2. 
The  average  has  steadily  increased  since  that  time  until  in  1918  the 


Fig.  31.— Percentage  of  current  expenses  (excluding  outlays  and  payment  of  bonds)  going  for  the  three 
major  functions  of  expense,  1917-18. 


average  cost  is  a  little  over  $7.  The  rate  of  increase  has  been  com¬ 
paratively  rapid  since  1900. 

Probably  a  better  conception  of  school  costs  may  be  secured  by 
noting  the  other  two  curves  in  this  figure.  The  upper  one  represents 
the  annual  cost  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance;  the  lower 
one,  the  daily  cost  for  each  pupil  attending.  The  annual  cost  has 
increased  from  $15  per  pupil  in  attendance  in  1885  to  over  $49  in 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


115 


1918.  Since  1900  the  increase  has  been  very  pronounced.  In  fact 
the  annual  cost  has  more  than  doubled  in  these  18  years.  As 
shown  by  the  “dotted”  curve,  there  was  little  increase  in  the  average 
daily  cost  from  1870  to  1900.  Since  the  latter  date  the  cost  has 
increased  from  14  cents  to  almost  31  cents  per  day  or  has  more  than 
doubled. 

In  figure  33  the  average  annual  cost  in  1918  for  each  person  in  the 
population  is  shown  by  States.  In  6  Southern  States  the  per  capita 
cost  is  less  than  $3.  In  these  6  States  over  13  millions  of  people  live. 
In  11  States,  of  which  the  population  is  over  20  millions,  the  per 
capita  cost  is  from  $3  to  $6.  In  the  4  States  averaging  highest  the 


Fig.  32.— The  total  per  capita  cost  of  education  at  various  periods,  1870-1918. 


cost  is  over  $12  for  each  person  in  the  population.  The  average  cost 
for  the  United  States  is  $7.26. 

It  was  not  thought  advisable  to  secure  the  average  annual  cost  for 
each  child  5  to  18  years  of  age,  since  in  4  States  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  the  number  enrolled  in  school  exceeds  the  number  of 
children  of  this  school  age.  Since  no  Federal  census  has  been  taken 
for  8  years,  the  census  estimates  are  not  dependable  for  States  in 
which  there  has  been  considerable  shifting  in  the  population.  Con¬ 
sequently,  the  school  enrollment  serves  as  a  better  basis  on  which  to 
compare  the  cost  of  education  in  one  State  with  that  in  another. 
In  figure  34  the  States  have  been  ranked  on  the  cost  for  current 
expenses  for  each  pupil  enrolled.  The  additional  per  capita  cost  for 


PCR  CAPITA  COST  TOU  UNITED  STATES, *7.26. 


116 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Fig.  33.— The  per  capita  cost  of  maintaining  the  public  schools,  based  on  the  estimated  total  population,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


117 


STATES. 

IHSH 

* 

!>'  'l 

# 

MONTANA . . . 

59.61 

16.69 

52,71 

2.f7 

WASHINGTON . 

49. 81 

8.26 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

48.17 

10.71 

CALIFORNIA . . 

47.88 

8.73 

DIST..  CF  COLUMBIA. . 

47.20 

4.55 

OREGON . 

46.50 

5.12 

WYOMING . 

46.42 

5.95 

IOWA. . . . 

46.15 

9.05 

NEW  H Alt? SHIRE . 

45.64 

1.90 

ARIZONA 

45.52 

6.46 

NEW  YORK . 

45.32 

5.32 

NEW  JKKSKY . 

44.09 

9.70 

IDAHO . . 

43.66 

5-78 

MASSACHUSETTS . 

43.05 

6.23 

43.01 

10  .04 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

41.36 

9.78 

41.27 

9.92 

COLORADO . 

40.31 

8.17 

NEBRASKA . 

59.92 

8.02 

ILLINOIS . 

59.29 

8.03 

UTAH . J 

39.19 

9.42 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

38.56 

7.33 

MICHIGAN...... _ _ 

58.23 

10.74 

VERMONT _ .-. . 

38.12 

2.76 

INDIANA . 

38.02 

10.36 

CONNECTICUT . 

37.92 

5.83 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

37.62 

6. *5 

KANSAS . . . . 

54.61 

7.58 

▼I 3  CON  S  IN . 

32.38 

6.91 

MAINZ . . . 

30.23 

I.25 

MISSOURI . ; . , 

27.03 

7.42 

NEW  MEXICO . 

27.57 

17.62 

MARYLAND . 

24.11 

1,52 

DELAWARE . 

22.31 

1.27 

OKLAHOMA _ _ _ _  . 

21.1? 

4.52 

FLORIDA. . .  . 

18.82 

4,97 

W2ST  VIRGINIA . 

18.40 

3,64 

TEXAS . 

17.68 

4.67 

LOUISIANA . . 

15.39 

2,60 

KENTUCKY . . 

15.58 

5  ‘09 

VIRGINIA . . 

15.00 

2.26 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

11.54 

1.25 

ARKANSAS . 

10.77 

i  *05 

10,29 

2.73 

GEORGIA . . 

10.28 

J  .92 

ALABAMA. . . .  .  .  .7. .. . 

9.55 

*  1.22 

north  Carolina..... 

8,49 

1.83 

MISSISSIPPI . . 

7.89 

.  . . .  .j 

s-ss. 

-  • 

UNITED  STATES . 

50.91 

5.7i| 

mm  CURRENT 

EXPENSE 

3.  _ _ 

ANNUAL  COST  TEH  PUPIL  EJROL&D  FOR— 

10  20  50  40  50  60  70  80 


wmmm  \  I 

igp  jjjpy  BU235IN33,  SITSS,  BTC. 


Fig.  34.— The  annual  cost  of  education  per  pupil  enrolled  in  school,  1918. 


118  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

new  buildings,  sites,  and  new  equipment  is  added  to  the  end  of  each 
bar  but  does  not  affect  the  ranking.  The  great  variation  in  the 
lengths  of  these  “concreted”  additions  shows  the  building  program 
in  each  State  reduced  to  a  uniform  basis.  The  magnitude  of  these 
projections  is  subject  to  variation  from  year  to  year,  depending  on 
the  “building”  program,  while  the  main  body  of  the  bar  will  change 
but  slightly  from  one  report  to  another.  It  is  not  derogatory  to  any 
State  to  have  incurred  a  small  per  capita  expenditure  for  new  build¬ 
ings,  since  the  preceding  year  may  have  witnessed  unusual  expendi¬ 
tures  for  this  purpose  and  since  war  conditions  may  have  prevented 
many  building  projects  contemplated.  In  figure  34  it  is  shown  that 
Montana  and  Nevada  each  spend  over  $50  per  year  for  each  pupil 
enrolled.  Almost  7  millions  of  children  are  enrolled  in  school  in  the 
16  States,  incurring  a  cost  varying  from  $40  to  $50  per  pupil.  In  3 
States,  Alabama,  North  Carolina,  and  Mississippi,  the  corresponding 
average  cost  is  less  than  $10.  In  10  States  the  average  cost  varies 
from  $10  to  $20  per  pupil.  The  average  cost  for  all  pupils  in  the 
United  States  is  $30.91.  In  the  highest  State  the  average  cost  is 
more  than  seven  times  as  much  as  it  is  in  the  lowest  State. 

Since  the  per  cent  of  school  attendance  varies  considerably  in  the 
different  States,  the  preceding  figure  may  not  properly  represent 
what  is  being  spent  for  education.  Figure  35  shows  just  how  much 
is  spent  annually  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance.  The 
bars  represent  this  annual  cost  for  meeting  current  expenses,  while 
the  “concreted”  ends  again  represent  the  annual  cost  of  outlays. 
In  3  States,  Montana,  Arizona,  and  Nevada,  the  average  cost  is 
over  $70  per  pupil  attending,  while  at  the  other  extreme  the  average 
is  less  than  $15  in  Tennessee,  North  Carolina,  and  Mississippi.  The 
average  cost  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  the  United 
States  is  $41.45.  The  corner  graph  shows  that  the  average  amount 
spent  on  2}  millions  of  pupils  varies  from  $10  to  $20  per  year.  For 
II  millions  of  pupils  in  average  attendance  the  annual  cost  is  over  $60. 
For  the  largest  single  group  of  pupils  the  average  varies  from  $40  to 
$50. 

As  the  average  length  of  the  school  term  varies  from  113  days  in 
South  Carolina  to  193  days  in  Rhode  Island,  it  is  evident  that  the 
annual  cost  for  each  pupil  attending  daily  does  not  enable  one  to  gain 
a  true  conception  of  school  costs.  In  other  words,  the  school  costs 
have  not  been  reduced  to  a  common  unit  of  measurement.  For 
example,  in  South  Carolina  the  annual  cost  per  pupil  in  average  daily 
attendance  is  $17.48,  while  in  Rhode  Island  it  is  $47.83.  From  these 
two  averages  alone  it  would  appear  that  Rhode  Island  spends  2.7 
times  as  much  as  South  Carolina.  This  is  true  for  the  total  amount 
spent  annually  for  each  child  attending  daily,  but  it  does  not  mean 
that  the  quality  of  instruction,  as  measured  in  dollars  and  cents,  is 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


119 


STATES 


AVERAGE  COST  PER  PUPIL  ATTENDING  DAILY  FOR— 


MONTANA . 

ARIZONA . . 

NEVADA . 

NORTH  DAKOTA. . . . 

CALIFORNIA . 

WASHINGTON . 

south  Dakota.  . . . 

IOWA . 

IDAHO . 

DIB?.  07  COLUMBD! 

COLORADO . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

NEW  YORK . 

WYOMING . 

HEW  HAl.fP SHIRE. . . 

NEBRASKA . 

MINNESOTA . 

MASSACHUSETTS... 

OREGON . 

UTAH . . . 

KANSAS . 

CONNECTICUT . 

OHIO . 

MICHIGAN . 

RHODE  ISLAND.... 
PENNSYLVANIA. . . , 

VERMONT . 

ILLINOIS . 

INDIANA. . . 

WISCONSIN . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

MAINE. . 

MISSOURI . 

[MARYLAND . 

OKLAHOMA . 

DELAWARE . 

FLORIDA . 

KENTUCKY . . 

WEST  VIRGINIA... 

TEXAS . 

LOUISIANA. . 

VIRGINIA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.. 

ARKANSAS . 

ALABAMA . 

GEORGIA . 

TENNESSEE . 

NORTH  CAROLINA.. 
MISSISSIPPI . 

UNITED  STATES... 


t 

80,?4 

7^.81 

75.37 
67.81 
67.10 

67.18 
63.30 
61.87 
61.28 
60.72 
58.65 

53.51 
58.12 
58.01 

57.18 
•55.86 

55.93 
52.33 

51.85 
«0.22 
48.67 

48.44 
48.20 

47.94 

47.85 
47.57 
47.55 

44.44 

40.94 
40.84 
40  0=13 
57.42 

35.52 
35.06 
35.00 
33.54 
26.93 

26.38 
26.25 
24.6s! 
22.16 
22.15 
17.48 

16.63 

15.69 

15.17 

14.99 

12.97 

12.32 

41.45 


22. 
10.61 
3 

15 
12 
n.13 
15.00 

12.14 

8.07 

5 

11 

12 

4.24 

7 


11.24 
12.96 
7 

5. 

12.08 

10.67 

7 


13 
8 

9 
3.42 

11.77 


COCT  FFR  PUPIL  (DOLLARS 


CURRENT  EXPENSES 


NEW  BUILDINGS. SITES,  ETC. 


Fig.  35. — Average  annual  cost  of  education  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance,  1917-18, 


120 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


MONTANA . 

ARIZONA. . . 

north  Dakota . . 

NEVADA . 

IDAHO . . 

CALIFORNIA . 

WASHINGTON . 

WYOMING.. . 

COLORADO . 

BIST. OF  COLUMBIA. 

IOWA. . 

NEBRASKA. . . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. . . . 

MINNESOTA . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

NEW  YORK . . 

MASSACHUSETTS. , . . 

OHIO . , . 

UTAH . 

ILLINOIS . 

KANSAS . 

MICHIGAN. ........ 

OREGON . 

VERMONT . 

CONNECTICUT . 

PENNSYLVANIA . 

INDIANA. . . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

RHODE  ISLAND . 

WISCONSIN . 

HAUTE . 

MIS80URI . 

OKLAHOMA . 

FLORIDA . 

MARYLAND. . 

DELAWARE. . . 

WEST  VIRGINIA. . . . 

KENTUCKY . 

TEXAS . 

LOUISIANA . 

VIRGINIA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA... 

ARKANSAS . 

ALABAMA. . 

Georgia.  .Trrnvr. 

IfTORTH  CAROLINA... 

TENNESSEE . 

MISSISSIPPI . 

UNITED  STATES.... 


CURRENT  EXPENSES. 


NEW  BUILDINGS,  SITES, AND  EQUIPMENT. 


£ 


AVERAGE  DAILY  COST  PER  PUPIL  ATTENDING-  FOR— 


Fig.  36.— Average  dally  cost  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  (cents),  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


121 


2.7  times  as  good  in  one  State  as  in  the  other.  In  Rhode  Island 
$47.83  is  spent  for  193  days’  schooling,  while  in  South  Carolina  $17.48 
is  spent  for  113  days’  schooling.  The  daily  cost  in  Rhode  Island  is 
25  cents,  while  in  South  Carolina  it  is  15  cents.  As  measured  in 
monetary  values,  the  teaching  in  Rhode  Island  is  only  1.7  times  as 
valuable  as  it  is  in  South  Carolina  for  the  113  days.  True,  the  schools 
in  Rhode  Island  are  continued  for  80  days  longer  at  the  same  daily 
cost.  In  figure  36  this  average  daily  cost  is  shown  for  each  State. 
In  5  States  the  daily  cost  exceeds  40  cents  per  pupil.  In  11  States 
this  cost  is  less  than  20  cents  per  pupil.  Almost  6  millions  of  pupils 
attending  daily  live  in  States  which  pay  from  20  to  30  cents  per  day 
for  their  education.  The  average  for  the  United  States  is  26  cents 
per  day  per  pupil.  An  additional  5  cents  per  day  per  pupil  is  spent 
for  new  buildings,  grounds,  and  new  equipment. 

SCHOOL  EXPENDITURES  AND  WEALTH. 

Any  standard  by  which  expenditures  have  been  judged  above  does 
not  give  a  correct  notion  as  to  the  extent  to  which  a  State  pays 
according  to  its  taxable  wealth  or  its  ability  to  pay.  In  other  words, 
we  have  not  yet  ascertained  how  much  each  State  pays  for  the  support 
of  its  schools  for  each  $100  of  the  estimated  true  value  of  all  property 
taxable  for  school  purposes.  Unfortunately,  it  becomes  necessary 
to  use  statistics  for  1912  in  making  this  comparison,  since  the  esti¬ 
mated  true  value  of  taxable  property  was  last  ascertained  in  1912 
by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census.  Consequently,  the  expenditures  for 
school  purposes  for  1912  must  also  be  used.  From  figure  37  it  is 
found  that  Idaho  and  Utah  contribute  the  most  heavily  toward  the 
maintenance  of  their  schools,  the  former  paying  50.1  cents  and  the 
latter  49.4  cents  for  each  $100  of  true  taxable  wealth.  The  corre¬ 
sponding  average  for  the  United  States  is  27.6  cents.  In  5  States, 
Iowa,  South  Carolina,  Alabama,  Oklahoma,  and  Nevada,  less  than 
20  cents  is  paid  per  $100.  By  noting  the  corner  graph  in  this  figure, 
it  is  found  that  the  great  majority  of  the  pupils  enrolled  in  school 
live  in  States  which  contribute  from  20  to  35  cents  for  each  $100  of 
true  wealth.  Two  millions  of  pupils  now  attend  school  in  States 
where  the  taxpayers  contribute  less  than  one-fifth  of  1  per  cent  of 
their  wealth  annually  for  the  maintenance  of  the  public  schools. 
About  a  million  and  a  half  of  pupils  reside  in  States  where  the  tax 
burden  is  unusually  heavy,  i.  e.,  over  35  cents  on  the  $100. 

THE  WEALTH  BEHIND  EACH  PUPIL. 

Resorting  again  to  the  statistics  of  1912,  it  is  found  that  the 
average  true  value  of  taxable  wealth  behind  each  pupil  enrolled  in 
school  at  that  time  was  $9,610,  as  shown  in  figure  38.  This  is  the  true 


122 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


ZDAKC . . 

UTAH . 

MASSACHUSETTS, ....... 

DISTRICT  07  COLUMBIA. 

NSW  JERSEY. . . . 

VERMONT.  . . . . . 

WASHINGTON . 

OHIO . . 

INDIANA. . . 

OREGON, . . . 

JfXGHXGA N. . . 

KENTUCKY. . . . . 

SOUTH  DAKOTA . 

MAINE. . 


TEUN2SSKE . . 

Montana. . . 

Pennsylvania.  . . . 

CALIFORNIA . . 

SEW  HAMPSHIRE. . 
CONNECTICUT. . . . 

MINNESOTA . . 

WYOMING . . 

I  COLORADO . 

WISCONSIN . 

ARIZONA . 

RHODE  ISLAND ... 
NORTH  DAKOTA... 
MISSOURI. ...... 

NEW  YORK _ ... 

KANSAS . . 

NEBRASKA . . 

VIRGINIA . 

ILLINOIS. . 

WEST  VIRGINIA.. 

FLORIDA... . 

LOUISIANA . 

GEORGIA. . 

NEW  MEXICO . 

TEXAS . 


ARKANSAS. . 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 
MISSISSIPPI.... 
DELAWARE. . . 

Maryland . 

IOWA.... . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

ALABAMA . 

OKLAHOMA . 

NEVADA . 


UNITED  STATES. 


AMOUNT  SPENT  FOR  SCHOOLS  FOR  EACH  {100  OF  TAXABLE  WEALTH, 

IN  1912  (CENTS). 

0  0  10  20  30  4  0  JO 

50.1 

49.4 

39.2 
39.0 
38.0 

36.5 
34.? 

33.7 

33.2 

33.1 

32.4 

31.1 

30.9 

30.6 

30.2 

30.1 

30.1 

29.9 

29.8 

28.9 

28.9 

28.9 

28.5 

27.5 
j  27.1 

26.9 
26.8 

26.5 

j  26.4 
j  2?. 4 
24.J 

24.2 

23.4 

23.1 

22.9 

22.4 

22.2 
22.2 
22.1 
21.8 

21.6 

21.5 

20.6 
20.6 
19 

18.5 

18.1 

17.6 
14.2 


27.6 


Fig.  3.7.— Total  amount  (in  cents)  spent  for  schools  in  1912  for  each  $100  of  taxable  wealth. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  123 

value  of  property  on  which,  a  school  tax  can  be  levied  for  keeping 
the  average  pupil  in  school  for  the  average  school  term.  Considerable 
variation  from  this  average  is  found  among  the  different  States.  In 
Mississippi  the  corresponding  average  is  only  $2,561,  while  in  Nevada 
it  amounts  to  $39,771,  or  more  than  15  times  as  much.  In  other  words, 
Nevada  is  15  times  as  able  to  keep  its  pupils  in  school  as  is  Mississippi. 
The  wealth  per  pupil  in  Nevada  is  more  than  twice  as  great  as  it  is  in 
California,  the  State  ranking  second  in  this  chart.  In  8  States  the 
wealth  behind  each  pupil  is  less  than  $5,000.  If  the  pupils  are 
grouped  as  shown  in  the  corner  graph,  it  is  found  that  about  one- 
fourth  of  the  pupils  live  in  States  where  the  average  wealth  behind 
them  is  between  $10,000  and  $12,000.  Since  these  amounts  repre¬ 
sent  the  central  tendency  for  the  countr}7  as  a  whole,  they  might  be 
taken  as  a  standard  from  which  to  reckon  ability  to  provide  reason¬ 
able  school  facilities.  As  good  school  conditions  ought  not  to  be 
expected  in  States  where  the  per  pupil  wealth  is  less  than  $10,000 
as  in  States  having  a  greater  per  capita  wealth.  A  shorter  school 
term,  lower  salaries,  etc.,  will  characterize  the  schools  in  these  States 
unless  an  unusual  tax  levy  is  provided.  On  the  other  hand,  a  long 
school  term,  high  salaries,  etc.,  will  prevail  in  States  having  a  per 
pupil  wealth  exceeding  $12,000,  unless  low  tax  rates  predominate. 
In  short,  this  figure  shows  the  ability  of  each  State  to  provide  for  the 
support  of  its  schools. 

STATISTICS  OF  COLORED  SCHOOLS. 

The  school  census  and  school  enrollment. — From  table  16  it  is  found 
that  there  are  in  the  South  8,150,448  white  and  2,977,536  colored 
children  from  5  to  18  years  of  age.  It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  almost 
27  per  cent  of  the  children  of  school  age  are  colored.  Of  these, 
6,277,840  white  children  and  2,063,177  colored  children  are  enrolled 
in  the  public  schools.  That  is,  77  per  cent  of  the  white  children  and 
over  69  per  cent  of  the  colored  children  of  school  age  are  enrolled  in 
school.  It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that  a  greater  proportion  of  white 
than  of  colored  children  take  advantage  of  the  public  schools. 


124 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


NEVADA. 


ESTIMATED  TRUE  VA DUE  07  TAXABXS!  WEALTH  TO  EACH  PUPIL  EHSOLIED. 
(REPORT  07  THE  BUREAU  07  THE  CENSUS,  1912) 

$  o  5000  ioooo 


CALIFORNIA . 

MONTANA . . . 

NEW  YORK . . . | 

ILLINOIS* . . 

IOWA . 

ARIZONA . 

NORTH  DAKOTA . 

WASHINGTON. . . . ; . 

DISTRICT  07  COLUMBIA 

OREGON . 

WYOMING . . 

COLORADO . . 

NEBRASKA. . . 

MINNESOTA. . . . 

NEW  JERSEY . 

KANSAS . 

RHODE  ISLAND . . 

CONNECTICUT . 

PENNSYLVANIA . . 

MASSACHUSETTS. . 

OHIO . 

south  Dakota . 

WISCONSIN . . . 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE . 

OKLAHOMA . 

MICHIGAN . 

INDIANA . 

MARYLAND . . , 

HEW  MEXICO . 

DELAWARE . 

MISSOURI . 

UTAH . . . 

TEXAS. . . . 

VERMONT. . . . 

WEST  VIRGINIA . 

MAINE . . 

LOUISIANA . 

IDAHO . . . 

FLORIDA . . 

VIRGINIA. . . . 

ALABAMA.. . . . 

ARKANSAS . 

KENTUCKY . 

GEORGIA . 

SOUTH  CAROLINA . 

TENNESSEE . . 

NORTH  CAROLINA . 

MISSISSIPPI . 


UNITED  STATES . 


19,377 
15.885 
15,036 
14,783 
14,666 
14,623 
14,621 
23.612 
13,280 
13 ,213 
33,012 
12,889 

12,640 

11,807 

11.677 

11,122 

10,913 

10,884 

10,692 

10,487 

10  ,026 
10 ,023 

9.767 
9,709 
9.623 
9.311 
9,292 
8,765 
8,220 
8,181 
8,063 
7,976 
7,888 

’  7,702 

7,654 

7.362 

7,!41 

V6,?62 

6,456 

5,318 

4.768 
4,289 
4,194 
4,025 

3,925 

3.398 

5.321 

2,561 

>  .  . 

9,610 


59.771 


WEALTH  per  pupil. 

(THOUSANDS  07  DO  LIARS) 


Fig.  38.— Estimated  true  value  of  all  taxable  property  to  each  pupil  enrolled  in  1912. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918,  125 


Table  16. — Statistics  of  common  schools  in  the  South ,  1917-18. 


States. 

Estimated  popula¬ 
tion  5  to  18  years 
of  age. 

Per  cent 
of  school 
population. 

Enrollment  in 
elementary  and 
high  schools. 

Per  cent 
of  school 
population, 
in  school. 

Number  of 
teachers. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Col¬ 

ored. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Col. 

ored. 

White. 

Col¬ 

ored. 

1 

2 

i  3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Alabama . 

454,327 

306, 271 

59.8 

40.2 

383,512 

190,250 

84.4 

62.1 

9,625 

2-,  937 

Arkansas . 

407,324 

155, 537 

72.4 

27.6 

340, 592 

120,999 

83.6 

77.7 

9,861 

2,147 

District  of  Columbia. 

55,405 

19, 119 

74.4 

25.6 

43,345 

18, 191 

78.2 

95.2 

1,244 

611 

Florida . 

165,927 

103,626 

61.5 

38.5 

137,826 

58,579 

83.1 

56.6 

4,950 

1,321 

Georgia . 

513,215 

424,527 

54.7 

45.3 

416, 130 

263,531 

81.1 

62.1 

10,459 

4,595 

Kentucky . 

650,271 

57,495 

91.9 

8.1 

485, 565 

47, 790 

74.6 

83.0 

12,692 

1,379 

Louisiana . 

353,932 

236,327 

59.9 

40.1 

226,268 

99,303 

64.0 

42.1 

6,520 

1,388 

Maryland . 

303,105 

60,129 

83.4 

16.6 

193,235 

42,033 

63.8 

69.9 

4,556 

1,009 

Mississippi . 

296,583 

354, 860 

45.5 

54.  5 

i  252, 756 

i  298,000 

85.2 

84.1 

7,811 

3,800 

Missouri . 

865, 819 

34,325 

96.2 

3.8 

638, 308 

26, 104 

73.7 

76.1 

19, 867 

800 

North  Carolina . 

537,068 

255,413 

67.8 

32.2 

446, 270 

187,980 

83.1 

73.6 

11,730 

3,511 

Oklahoma . 

656, 356 

73, 191 

90.0 

10.0 

510, 119 

41, 246 

77.7 

56. 3 

12,789 

1,007 

South  Carolina . 

259, 798 

294,576 

46.8 

53.2 

194,687 

199, 780 

75.0 

67.8 

5,448 

3,013 

Tennessee . 

555, 748 

141,362 

79.5 

20.5 

479, 518 

111,828 

86.3 

79.1 

10,777 

2, 170 

Texas . 

1,211,588 

230, 293 

84.0 

16.0 

888, 711 

210,278 

73.4 

91.3 

25,201 

3,800 

Virginia . 

466,483 

211,501 

68.8 

31.2 

348, 823 

132,316 

.  74.8 

62.5 

10,994 

2,910 

West  Virginia . 

397, 499 

18,984 

95. 5 

4.5 

302, 175 

14,969 

76.0 

78. 8 

10,456 

522 

Total2 . i 

1 

8, 150, 448 

2,977,536 

73.3 

26.7 

6,277,840 

2,063,177 

77.0 

69.4 

174,980 

36,920 

1  Estimated  as  to  distribution.  2  Does  not  include  Delaware,  as  in  preceding  reports. 


The  “teaching  load.” — For  these  white  pupils  174;980  teachers  and 
for  the  colored  pupils  36.920  teachers  are  employed.  It  is  found 
that  each  white  teacher  instructs  on  an  average  about  36  pupils, 
while  the  colored  teachers  each  instruct  about  56  pupils.  With  such 
a  heavy  “  teaching  load,”  it  is  doubtful  if  as  effective  teaching  can 
be  done  in  the  colored  schools  as  in  the  white  schools.  This  factor 
may  partly  account  for  the  higher  percentage  of  irregular  attendance 
among  colored  pupils  than  among  white  pupils,  as  pointed  out  in  a 
following  paragraph. 

Colored  'pupils . — The  distribution  of  colored  pupils  by  sex  is 
shown  in  Table  61.  Of  the  1,765,177  colored  pupils  enrolled  in  school 
in  these  Southern  States,  927,803  are  girls  and  837,374  are  boys.  In 
the  secondary  schools  of  these  States  there  are  18,664  colored  stu¬ 
dents,  including  5,971  boys  and  12,693  girls.  It  is  seen  that  there 
are  more  than  twice  as  many  colored  girls  as  boys  in  the  high  schools 
of  the  South.  In  the  elementary  schools  there  is  a  slightly  larger 
proportion  of  colored  girls  than  boys,  viz,  831,403  boys  and  915,110 
girls,  or  a  total  of  1,746,513  pupils.  By  comparing  the  elementary 
and  the  secondary  pupils,  it  is  seen  that  only  a  little  over  1  per  cent 
of  the  colored  pupils  in  the  South  are  to  be  found  in  the  public  high 
schools.  This  is  comparatively  low  when  it  is  recalled  that  the  high 
schools  of  the  country  enroll  on  an  average  of  9.3  per  cent  of  all  the 
children  in  the  common  schools.  In  other  words,  the  proportion  of 
colored  children  in  high  schools  in  the  South  is  only  about  one-ninth 
the  average  proportion  for  the  country.  This  average  of  only  1  col- 


126  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

ored  pupil  in  100  enrolled  in  high  schools  is  also  low  when  compared 
with  the  corresponding  average  for  white  pupils  in  the  same  States. 
The  total  number  of  white  pupils  enrolled  in  elementary  and  sec¬ 
ondary  grades  in  all  Southern  States  except  Mississippi,  which  did 
not  report  enrollment  in  colored  schools,  is  6,025,084,  while  the  cor¬ 
responding  number  enrolled  in  secondary  schools  alone  is  449,199. 
From  these  totals  it  is  found  that  in  the  white  schools  of  the  South 
7.5  per  cent  of  the  pupils  are  in  high  school.  In  short,  over  seven 
times  as  great  a  proportion  of  white  pupils  as  colored  pupils  are  to 
be- found  in  secondary  schools  of  the  South. 

Length  of  school  term. — For  11  Southern  States  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  the  length  of  the  school  term  and  the  number  of  days 
attended  have  been  computed  as  shown  in  Table  17  and  figure  39. 
The  data  entering  into  these  computations  were  not  available  for 
Arkansas,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Tennessee,  and  West  Virginia.  It  is 
found  that  the  average  school  term  provided  for  the  colored  children 
is  111  days,  while  that  provided  for  the  white  children  is  148  days. 
In  the  elementary  schools  of  six  Southern  States  the  average  term 
provided  for  colored  children  is  106  days,  while  the  corresponding 
term  for  white  children  is  145  days.  In  the  secondary  schools  of 
four  Southern  States  the  average  term  for  colored  children  is  153 
days,  while  the  average  term  for  white  children  is  165  days.  It  can 
be  seen,  therefore,  that  a  greater  difference  exists  between  the  length 
of  term  provided  for  white  and  colored  children  in  the  elementary 
schools  than  in  the  secondary  schools. 


Table  17. — School  term  and  school  attendance  in  the  South,  1917-18. 


Length  of  the  school  term. 

Average  num¬ 
ber  of  days 
attended  by 
pupils  enrolled. 

Per  cent 
of 

Per  cent 
of  pupils 

States. 

In  colored  schools. 

In  white  schools. 

school  term 
wasted. 

attending 

daily. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

High. 

All. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

High. 

All. 

In 

colored 

schools.1 

In 

white 

schools.2 

In 

colored 

schools. 

i  In 

|  white 
,  schools. 

In 

colored 

schools. 

In 

white 

schools. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

i  ii 

12 

13 

Alabama . 

102 

102 

102 

132 

142 

133 

55 

83 

46 

38 

54 

63 

District  of  Co¬ 
lumbia . 

173 

173 

173 

173 

172 

173 

136 

134 

21 

23 

79 

77 

Florida . 

102 

142 

71 

100 

30 

30 

69 

70 

Georgia . 

100 

160 

101 

157 

175 

159 

63 

114 

38 

28 

62 

71 

Kentucky . 

119 

152 

73 

90 

39 

41 

59 

59 

Louisiana . 

94 

94 

156 

156 

66 

112 

30 

28 

72 

72 

Maryland . 

151 

174 

88 

123 

42 

29 

58 

71 

North  Carolina... 

113 

113 

126 

126 

69 

85 

39 

33 

61 

67 

Oklahoma . 

144 

171 

145 

156 

167 

157 

81 

96 

44 

39 

54 

61 

South  Carolina... 

78 

150 

51 

96 

35 

36 

66 

64 

Texas . 

132 

149 

88 

109 

33 

27 

66 

74 

Virginia . 

141 

141 

88 

99 

38 

30 

62 

70 

Average.... 

106 

153 

111 

145 

165 

148 

70 

100 

37 

32 

63 

68 

1  There  are  enrolled  in  the  schools  of  these  12  States  1,491,277  colored  pupils. 

2  There  are  enrolled  in  the  schools  of  these  12  States  4,274,191  white  pupils. 


1917-1918, 


127 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS, 


Fig.  39. — The  school  term  in  the  South,  1917-18. 


128 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


It  is  further  found,  as  shown  in  the  table  and  graph,  that  the  aver¬ 
age  time  attended  by  each  colored  pupil  enrolled  is  only  70  days, 
while  the  corresponding  average  for  white  children  is  100  days.  It 
is  shown,  therefore,  that  the  colored  child  gets  only  seven-tenths  as 
much  schooling  as  the  white  children  in  the  Southern  States.  Part 
of  this,  however,  is  the  fault  of  the  colored  child,  since  he  wastes  on 
an  average  37  per  cent  of  the  school  term,  while  the  white  child 
loses  only  32  per  cent  by  irregular  attendance.  Stated  in  other 
terms,  the  colored  pupils  enrolled  attend  only  63  per  cent  of  the  school 
term,  while  the  white  children  attend  68  per  cent  of  the  time. 

The  deductions  made  above  are  essentially  correct  for  the  whole 
South,  since  only  5  Southern  States  are  not  represented.  Almost 
1^  millions  of  colored  children  and  41  millions  of  white  children 
attend  school  in  these  States. 

By  comparing  these  averages  with  the  averages  for  all  the  States, 
as  showm  at  the  bottom  of  figure  39,  it  is  found  that  the  average  school 
term  in  the  South  for  the  colored  children  is  only  69  per  cent  of  the 
average  term  provided  for  the  United  States,  viz,  160.7  days,  while 
the  average  term  for  wdiite  children  in  these  States  is  92  per  cent  of 
the  average  for  the  United  States.  It  was  shown  above  that  the 
colored  schools  in  the  South  waste  37  per  cent  of  the  school  term  and 
the  white  schools  32  per  cent,  while  for  the  whole  country  the  average 
waste  due  to  irregular  attendance  is  only  25.4  per  cent. 

COMPULSORY  ATTENDANCE  LAWS  EFFECTIVE  IN  1917-18. 

By  means  of  a  special  supplementary  inquiry  to  the  State  officers 
of  education,  the  outstanding  features  of  the  compulsory  attendance 
laws  in  operation  in  1917-18  were  ascertained.  The  results  of  this 
inquiry  have  been  tabulated  in  Tables  18  and  19.  In  the  following 
pages  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  bring  into  light  certain  tenden¬ 
cies  which  might  otherwise  lie  hidden  in  the  tabulation. 

The  school  census. — It  is  generally  admitted  that  a  compulsory 
attendance  law  can  not  be  effectively  enforced  if  school  officers  do  not 
know  which  children  should  be  in  school.  If  the  law  requires  attend¬ 
ance  from  all  children  from  7  to  14  years  of  age,  it  is  necessary  to 
ascertain  the  number  of  children  of  these  ages  residing  within  the 
State  or  local  district.  Unless  the  school  census  is  taken,  the  enforce¬ 
ment  of  the  attendance  laws  becomes  wholly  incidental  and  can  not 
operate  uniformly  upon  all  children  of  compulsory  attendance  age. 
In  Table  18,  it  is  found  that  only  3  States,  California,  Delaware,  and 
South  Carolina,  do  not  provide  legally  for  a  school  census. 

Local  option  laws. — Only  3  States,  Florida,  Mississippi,  and  South 
Carolina,  in  1918,  did  not  have  State-wide  compulsory  attendance 
laws.  In  other  words,  these  States  had  local  option  laws  which 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


129 


became  effective  only  when  adopted  by  the  various  counties.  As  all 
counties  under  such  provisions  do  not  adopt  such  laws,  all  the  children 
in  these  States  are  not  obliged  to  attend  school  and  do  so  only  at 
their  own  volition 

The  minimum  school  term. — The  minimum  school  term  provided  in 
each  State  is  shown  graphically  in  figure  40.  In  6  States  no  mini¬ 
mum  school  term  is  specified.  Five  of  these  are  Southern  States  and 
the  other  a  Xew  England  State.  In  the  other  States  the  minimum 
term  varies  from  three  months  in  3  States  to  nine  months  in  6  States. 
These  6  States  providing  for  nine  months  of  school  are  Connecticut, 
the  District  of  Columbia,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  and 
Rhode  Island. 


MINIMUM  TERM 


9  MONTHS 
8  OR  MONTHS 
7  OR  IVz  MONTHS 
6  MONTHS 
5  MONTHS 
4  MONTHS 
3  MONTHS 
NONE  5PECIFIED 


Fig.  40.— The  minimum  school  term  legally  provided  in  each  State,  1917-18. 


The  minimum  school  term  legally  provided  does  not  always 
operate  in  bringing  all  schools  up  to  this  standard.  If  teachers  can 
not  be  secured  for  all  the  schools,  this  condition  would  prevail.  If 
the  legal  restrictions  placed  on  the  rate  of  taxation  allowed  are  too 
stringent  for  the  poorer  school  districts,  the  schools  will  not  be  main¬ 
tained  for  the  minimum  school  term  otherwise  legally  provided. 
The  results  of  such  conditions  are  in  evidence  in  at  least  1 1  States, 
as  shown  in  figure  41.  In  the  5  States  specifying  a  minimum  term  of 
4  months,  one  State  has  schools  running  for  a  shorter  period  than  the 
minimum  provided.  Of  the  9  States  providing  for  a  6  months’  term, 
4  maintain  some  of  their  schools  for  a  shorter  period.  Of  the  10 
States  legalizing  a  7  months’  minimum  term,  3  do  not  bring  all  schools 
up  to  this  standard.  Two  States  providing  for  8  months  of  school 
59873°— 21 - 9 


130 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


and  1  State  legalizing  a  9  months’  minimum  term  maintain  some  of 
their  schools  for  a  shorter  period.  Briefly,  11  States  do  not  live  up 
to  the  minimum  standard  provided  by  law.  It  is  clearly  evident, 
therefore,  that  the  minimum  school  term  is  not  the  best  criterion  by 
which  to  judge  the  minimum  amount  of  schooling  afforded  for  each 
child  in  each  State. 

Minimum  attendance  required. — The  efficiency  of  a  compulsory 
attendance  law  in  its  last  analysis  is  determined  very  largely  by  the 
minimum  school  attendance  required  of  every  child  coming  within 
the  purview  of  the  law.  This  feature  of  attendance  laws  is  shown 
graphically  in  figure  42.  It  is  found  that  Mississippi  requires  attend- 


MINIMUM  SCHOOL  TERM 


/Vo/  J  1  S  6  7/o7i  6/o3i  9 

- - -rton/hs - - 


.  /lintmum/tm 

Fig.  41.— The  legal  and  the  actual  minimum  school  term,  1917-18. 

ance  for  only  40  days  during  the  school  term.  Alabama  and  Dela¬ 
ware  compel  attendance  for  only  60  days.  Seven  States  provide  for 
attendance  of  80  days,  and  one  State  for  100  days.  Altogether,  28 
States  compel  attendance  for  the  full  term  of  school  provided.  In 
5  States  children  are  required  to  attend  for  some  fractional  part  of  the 
school  term.  In  su<Si  cases  the  required  attendance  varies  with  the 
length  of  the  school  term  provided  by  the  local  unit. 

The  conditions  cited  above  are  subject  to  the  following  modifica¬ 
tion.  While  the  minimum  attendance  required  of  every  child  does 
indicate  the  smallest  amount  of  schooling  with  which  the  pupil  can 
escape  annually,  it  does  not  show  what  proportion  of  the  school  term 
he  must  attend.  It  does  not  show  how  much  schooling  the  child  is 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


131 


allowed  to  miss.  These  modifications  are  exhibited  in  figure  43. 
For  illustration,  the  full-term  provision  in  28  States  has  various  mean¬ 
ings.  In  6  of  these  States  children  must  attend  for  9  months;  in  4 
States,  for  8  months;  in  6  States,  for  7  months;  in  6  other  States  for 
6  months;  in  2  States,  for  5  months;  in  2  other  States,  for  4  months; 
in  1  State,  for  only  3  months,  and  in  the  other  State  the  minimum 
term  is  not  specified.  The  longer  bar  in  this  figure  has  been  1 1  broken 
up”  to  show  these  various  implications.  Several  apparent  incon¬ 
sistencies  are  also  in  evidence.  For  example,  two  States  require 
attendance  for  80  days  when  no  minimum  term  is  legalized;  another 
for  80  days  when  the  minimum  provided  is  only  60  days;  another  for 
60  days  when  no  minimum  is  specified;  and  still  another  for  140  days 
when  no  minimum  has  been  provided. 


Fig.  42.— The  minimum  school  attendance  required  of  children  of  compulsory  attendance  age,  1917-18 


Only  3  of  the  25  States  which  enacted  their  first  legislation  on 
compulsory  attendance  over  30  years  ago  do  not  now  require  attend¬ 
ance  for  the  full  term  of  school  provided.  Requiring  attendance  for 
a  specified  number  of  days  or  for  a  fractional  part  of  the  school  term 
is  generally  characteristic  of  States  which  have  had  compulsory 
attendance  laws  for  only  a  short  period.  Experience,  almost  without 
exception,  incorporates  the  full-term  proviso. 

School  attendance  ages . — Figure  44  shows  the  age  at  which  attend¬ 
ance  at  school  is  permitted  and  at  which  it  is  made  obligatory.  For 
instance,  in  Alabama  children  may  attend  school  at  any  time  from  7 
to  21  years  of  age.  They  must  attend  between  the  ages  of  8  and  12 
years,  and  they  must  also  attend  from  12  to  16  years  unless  labor 


132 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  -OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


permits  are  secured.  The  attendance  required,  however,  is  limited 
to  60  days  each  year,  as  indicated  at  the  center  of  the  back  portion 
of  the  bar.  In  9  States  children  may  be  excused  from  school  attend¬ 
ance  at  any  age  for  reasons  not  generally  recognized.  In  other  words, 
excuses  are  authorized  which  more  or  less  vitiate  or  nullify  the  con¬ 
templated  effects  of  the  attendance  laws.  In  Arizona  a  specially 
appointed  board  may  excuse  a  child  of  any  age  from  school  attend¬ 
ance.  In  Arkansas  the  county  superintendent  may  excuse  from 
attendance  any  child  who  is  obliged  to  support  a  widowed  mother. 
In  Colorado  the  county  or  city  superintendent  may  grant  excuses  to 
children  at  any  time.  In  Delaware  any  child  may  be  excused  for 
"urgent  reasons.”  In  Florida  a  child  may  not  be  required  to  attend 


25 


of  20 

jM'j. 


MINIMUM  ATTENDANCE  REQUIRED 


zj  5  -tr 

M,n,mum  W  Me, 

■  ■  ■  1  I  no/ * fc/  '/) 

• 

(ul 

Efeiffyo]  Jmon/fti  \J 

t  ]  4nfon/hs  iS 

Srnon//u  -4 

RSE9  Cmon/fi* i  '3 

Tmon/ftj  '/O 

I 

3  srr on/ % j  ’£ 

EES  Smorr/hj  '6 

XI 

era m  K3 

SH  ss 

/  2  r  /  J  s  28  2  /  2  -S/cr/es. 

rfequirec/  o//f nuance. 


Fig.  43.— The  legal  minimum  school  term  and  the  minimum  attendance  required,  1917-18. 


school  if  agricultural  interests  demand.  In  Louisiana  an  excuse  is 
granted  to  children  at  any  age  to  work  in  certain  occupations.  In 
South  Carolina  "extreme  poverty”  legalizes  nonattendance.  In 
West  Virginia  the  State  commissioner  of  labor  or  the  county  super¬ 
intendent  may  grant  excuses  to  children  of  any  age.  In  Wyoming 
attendance  is  not  required  of  those  on  whom  it  would  "work  a  hard¬ 
ship.”  The  ages  at  which  most  children  in  these  States  are  required 
to  attend  school  have  been  indicated  in  figure  44  by  cross-lines  or 
double-hatched  bars. 

The  central  tendency  for  the  United  States  is  expressed  by  the  last 
bar  in  the  diagram,  which  represents  the  mode.  The  most  usual  age 
at  which  children  are  admitted  to  school  is  6  years.  In  the  majority 
of  States  children  may  attend  school  until  they  reach  the  age  of  21. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


133 


In  general,  children  are  compelled  to  go  to  school  from  8  to  14  years 
of  age.  From  14  to  16  they  must  secure  labor  permits  or  attend 
school.  The  work-or-attend-school  age  shown  for  the  various  States 
incloses  the  educational  requirement  which  must  be  met  before  labor 


SCHOOL  ATTENDANCE 
(AGES) 


7  8  9  !Q  //  /Z  /J  /*  /S  /e  /r  /8  /s  20  Z/ 


ARKANSAS _  _ 

CALFORNIA  _ 

COLORADO 

CONNECTICUT _ 

DE-AWARE _ 

DIST.  OF  COLUMBIA. 

FLORIDA. _ 

GEORGIA _ _ _ 

iDAHO  _ _ 

ILLINOIS _ _ 

INDIANA _ 

IOWA 

KANSAS _ 

KENTUCKY. 

LOUISIANA 

MAINE _ 

MARYLAND. 
MASSACHUSETTS 

MICHIGAN _ 

MINNESOTA 
MISSISSIPPI 
MISSOURI 
MONTANA_ 

NEBRASKA _ 

NEVADA,  _ 

NEW  HAMPSHIR! 

NEW  JERSEY.. . 

NEW  MEXICO. 

NEW  YORK. _ 

NORTH  CAROLINA^ 

NORTH  DAKOTA _ 

OHIO _ .... 

OKLAHOMA _  _ 

OREGON _ 

PENNSYLVANIA 

RHODE  ISLAND _ 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 
SOUTH  DAKOTA^. 
TENNESSEE 

TEXAS _ 

UTAH  _ 

VERMONT  _ 

VIRGINIA _ 

WASHINGTON^ 

WEST  VIRGINIA 
WISCONSIN. 

WYOMING 

UNITED  STATESl_IM£JIEJ 


L/nS/rc/Slate  jchoo/  census. 


AJ/fndanct 
i  I  Atot  teOatized 
feg&i&I  Optional 

SOB  C  :  rnpu/jor/  C for  full term  unless  otherwise  noted) 

Comyutso/y  C for  full  term  un/ess  otherwise  noted)  tut  excuses .  out  homed 
Jf A  Prooisiono/tlle  mrorf-or-ot/ends c ted cge)  enclosing  educational rey uirmenJtit any  which  is  necessary  tor  w or f permit, 
ft W  means  read  and wn  te. 

1--  .-"j  A dd/t zonal required,  to  meet  the  educof/onot standard  enclosed 


Fig.  44.— The  free,  compulsory,  and  provisional  school  attendance  ages,  1917-18. 


permits  can  be  issued.  Thus,  in  Arizona  labor  permits  are  not  issued 
to  children  from  14  to  16  years  of  age  unless  such  children  can  read 
and  write.  This  chart  does  not  show  the  school  census  age  legalized 
in  each  State.  The  United  Sta  tes  census  ages  used  in  this  report,  viz, 
5  to  18  years,  are  indicated  at  the  bottom  of  the  figure. 


134 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Absence  'permitted. — Figure  45  indicates  the  absence  granted  in 
each  State  to  pupils  of  compulsory  attendance  age  before  such 
absence  constitutes  an  infraction  of  the  law.  In  9  States  the  law 
contains  no  provision  regulating  this  matter.  In  25  States  an  unex- 
cusable  absence  of  one  day  or  less  constitutes  an  offense.  In  3  States 
children  may  be  absent  for  two  days  before  the  attendance  laws  be¬ 
come  operative  upon  them.  In  8  States  three  days’  absence  is  per¬ 
mitted;  in  1  State  four  days,  and  in  the  other  3  States  as  many  as 
five  days.  The  States  listed  in  the  groups  given  above  are  not  all 
equally  delinquent  in  this  respect,  owing  to  minor  qualifications  in 
the  law.  Thus,  Massachusetts  permits  only  five  days’  absence  in  six 
months  and  the  District  of  Columbia  allows  only  three  days’  absence 
in  a  half  year. 


Fig.  45. — Absence  from  school  necessary  to  constitute  an  infraction  of  the  law,  1917-18. 


School  work  required  for  labor  permits. — There  is  a  tendency  for 
the  States  to  require  some  educational  standard  of  pupils  who  apply 
for  labor  permits  and  who  have  passed  the  usual  period  when  they 
are  required  to  attend  school.  States  are  coming  more  and  more  to 
adopt  a  standard  which  all  its  future  citizens  must  attain,  if  they  are 
to  pass  beyond  the  influence  of  the  school.  In  fact,  only  16  States 
make  no  such  requirements.  Of  the  remaining  States,  as  exhibited 
in  figure  46,  14  require  only  that  children  be  able  to  read  and  write; 
4  require  the  completion  of  the  fourth  grade;  7,  the  fifth  grade;  3, 
the  sixth  grade;  and  5,  the  completion  of  the  elementary  grades. 

Who  issues  labor  permits. — There  is  a  decided  tendency  among  the 
States  to  authorize  some  one  actually  engaged  in  the  teaching  profes- 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


135 


sion  to  issue  labor  permits.  In  1918,  31  States  gave  this  authority 
to  the  school  superintendent,  to  the  principal,  or  to  the  teachers,  in 
case  no  higher  officer  was  employed.  The  practice  in  vogue  in  5 
States  is  to  place  the  issuance  of  labor  permits  in  the  hands  of  the 
school  board,  a  judge,  or  an  attendance  officer.  In  such  cases  this 
duty  becomes  an  ex  officio  performance  of  an  officer  chosen  primarily 
for  some  other  purpose.  In  9  States  the  school  board  or  a  judge  acts 
in  this  capacity  only  where  a  superintendent  is  not  employed.  In 
such  cases,  the  jurisdiction  becomes  alternative.  In  the  other  4 
States  labor  permits  are  not  necessary.  Those  generalizations  are 
shown  in  detail  for  the  various  States  in  figure  47. 


SCHOOL  WORK  NECESSARY  FOR  LABOR  PERMITS 


VVASH. 


UMONT.; 


f/VlINN. 


U  IDAHO 


Lwyq 


INEBRI 


[UTAHl 


i’OKLA. 


SIXTH  GRADE 
FIFTH  GRADE 
FOURTH  GRADE 
READ  amdWRITE 


Fig.  46.— The  school  work  required  before  labor  permits  can  be  issued,  191 7-18. 


Educational  exemptions. — There  is  a  decided  tendency  among  the 
States  not  to  exempt  children  from  the  operation  of  the  compulsory- 
attendance  law,  because  they  have  attained  some  educational 
standard.  With  the  widespread  influence  of  the  modern  high  school, 
the  States  are  finding  less  ground  for  exempting  those  who  complete 
the  elementary  school  course.  In  fact  25  States  grant  no  excuses 
for  educational  attainments.  In  all,  21  other  States  do  not  grant 
such  excuses  to  children  unless  they  have  completed  the  elementary 
grades.  Colorado  requires  that  the  child  be  14  years  of  age  and 
have  completed  the  elementary  grades  before  permanent  exemption 
is  legalized.  In  2  States,  Georgia  and  Virginia,  any  child  w  ho  has 
completed  the  fourth  grade  may  be  thereafter  exempt  from  school 
attendance.  The  requirement  in  each  State  is  showm  in  figure  48. 


136 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Who  enforces  the  attendance  law. — There  is  a  growing  tendency 
among  the  States  to  place  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory- 
attendance  law  in  the  hands  of  an  officer  appointed  specially  for  this 
purpose.  Such  officer  is  usually  called  the  truant  or  attendance 
officer.  In  1918,  22  States  vested  the  enforcement  of  the  law  with 
such  officer,  who  usually  acts  under  the  direction  of  the  superin¬ 
tendent  of  schools.  In  14  States  the  enforcement  of  the  attendance 
laws  is  left  to  some  ex  officio  officer  who  has  been  chosen  primarily 
for  some  other  work.  In  13  other  States  such  ex  officio  officers  act 
only  when  no  attendance  officer  is  employed.  The  requirement  for 
each  State  is  exhibited  in  figure  49. 


WHO  ISSUES  PERMITS 


□  SUPT.PRIN.OR  TEACHER 
H  BOARD. JUDGE  EIC  IF  NO  SUPT.' 

Hex-officio  officer 

^PERMITS  NOT  NECESSARY 


Fig.  47. — The  officer  charged  with  issuing  the  labor  permit,  1917-18. 


Regularity  of  attendance  required. — Almost  unanimous  practice  pre¬ 
vails  among  the  States  regarding  the  continuity  of  school  attendance. 
Although  a  child  may  be  required  to  attend  for  only  120  days,  it  is 
of  utmost  importance  that  such  attendance  be  consecutive.  Already 
42  States  have  incorporated  this  requirement  in  their  attendance 
laws.  In  Alabama  the  school  board  determines  when  children  must 
attend  school.  In  6  States,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Utah, 
Virginia,  and  West  Virginia,  regular  attendance  at  school  is  not 
required.  No  State  which  enacted  its  initial  legislation  on  compul¬ 
sory  attendance  over  30  years  ago  does  not  now  require  consecutive 
attendance.  In  other  words,  after  30  years’  trial  a  State  invariably 
requires  that  children  attend  school  regularly. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


137 


Fig.  48.— Educational  standards  exempting  children  at  any  age  from  the  operation  of  the  compulsory 

school  attendance  law,  1917-18. 


WHO  ENFORCES  THE  LAW 


□truant 

■ex-officio  officer  if 

TRUANT  OFFICER 

■ex-officio  officer 


Fig.  49.— The  officers  charged  with  the  enforcement  of  the  compulsory  attendance  laws,  1917-18. 


Table  18. — Salient  features  of  State  laws  relating  to  school  attendance ,  operative  in  1917-1S.  School  census  age  and  age  for  free  attendance. 


States 

having 

county  tjj 

truant  g 

officers  g 

“x.”  55 

g 

> 

P 

sURV 

EY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

£  is 

«2  £ 

X°°  K°  000  00  Koo  0  k©  k°  M0000 

States 

having 

tru¬ 

ancy 

officers 

in  all 

dis¬ 

tricts 

“x.” 

■«*< 

KKKUX  M  K  K®  W  KKoXK 

Districts 
having 
less  than 
the  mini¬ 
mum 
term. 

e® 

None . 

None . 

.  ..do . 

Several.... 

...do . 

None . 

...  do . 

None . 

Several.... 

...do . 

...do . 

...do . 

10 

None . 

:  :  :  :« 
o  o  o  o 

I'd  'd'd,d< 

Mini¬ 

mum 

term 

legally 

provided 

(months). 

None. 

8 

None. 

6 

4 

9 

7 

9 

4 

None. 

7 

6 

6 

7 

6 

None. 

74 

9 

8 

5 

4 

8 

4 

Absence  neces¬ 
sary  to  consti¬ 
tute  an  offense; 
*‘l  day”  may  de¬ 
note  “any 
absence.” 

a 

5  days . 

1  day . 

. do . 

Not  stated . 

1  day . 

. do . 

3  days . 

3  days  in  y2  yr. . 

2  days 7 . 

Not  stated . 

1  day 8 . 

1  day . 

1  day . 

. do . 

5  days . 

Vz  day . 

5  days  in  6  mos.. 

1  day . 

. do . 

Not  stated . 

lday . 

| 

Attendance  not 
required  at  any 
time  after 
completing — 

0 

Elem.  grades _ 

. do . . 

. do . 

Elem.  and  14 
years. 

No  provision.... 

. do . 

Elem.  grades - 

No  provision. . . . 
Fourth  grade.... 

No  provision.... 

. do . 

do  _ 

Elem.  grades 

N  o  provision .... 

Elem.  grades _ 

No  provision  — 

. do . 

Elem.  grades  17 . . 

_ do  . 

Not  required  — . do . 

Consecutive .  No  provision — 

Regularity 
of  attendance 
required. 

a 

Board  decides. . . 

Consecutive . 

Not  required — 

Consecutive . 

. do . 

. do . 

. do . 

. do . 

. do . 

. do . 

. do . 

_ do 

>  o  c 

. do . 

Not  required12 . . 
Consecutive . 

>  O  O  C 

I'd 

Minimum 

attendance 

required. 

00 

60  days 1 . 

Full  term . 

34  of  term . 

Full  term . 

. do . 

. do . 

60  days 6 . 

Full  term . 

80  days . 

. do . 

Full  term . 

. do . 

120  days9 . 

. do . 

140  days 11 . 

Full  term . 

>  o  o  c 
I'd  'd'C 

40  days  18 . 

%  of  term . 

Full  term . 

Age 
when 
labor 
per¬ 
mits 
may 
be  se¬ 
cured. 

- 

12-16 

14-16 

14-15 

14-15 

14-16 

14- 16 
None. 

12-14 

8-14 

12- 14 

15- 16 
14-16 
14-16 
14-16 
14-15 

14-16 

7-14 

14-15 

13- 15 

14- 16 

1614-16 

14-16 

12-14 

14-16 

14-16 

Com¬ 

pul¬ 

sory 

at¬ 

tend¬ 

ance 

age. 

1 

f 

toototoco  223333  52  52  52  52  53  22222  52523222 

ob  oo  ot)  ob  ti- as  oo  oo  oo  r^-  c-!-  r-!*  oo  ti  t-i.  tl  tf.  t-L  t>oot^-<»oo 

Free 

at¬ 

tend¬ 

ance 

age. 

7-21 

6-21 

6-21 

4 — 

3- 21 

4 — 

4 - 

5- 21 

6- 21 
6-18 

3 - 

4- 21 
6-21 

5- 21 

5- 21 

4 — 
4-18 
4-21 

6- 21 

4- 20 

5- 21 
5-20 
5-20 
3-21 

Legal 

school 

census 

age. 

7-21 

6-21 

6-21 

None. 

6-21 

4- 16 
None. 

5- 17 

6- 21 
6-19 

6-21 

6-21 

6-21 

5-21 

5- 21 

6- 18 
6-18 

5- 21 

6- 15 
15  5-16 

5- 20 

6- 16 

5- 21 

6- 20 
G-21 

Date 

of 

enact¬ 

ment 

of 

pres¬ 
ent  or 
amend¬ 

ed 

law. 

©3 

jownhh  r-j  g  g  ko  co  *^§22230  2252235223  2h322©23 

C5  C5  C5  C5  05  05  Q5  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  05  Q  05  Q5  05  05  Q  Q5  05  05  05 

Date 

of 

enact¬ 

ment 

of 

first 

com¬ 

pul¬ 

sory 

at¬ 

tend¬ 

ance 

law. 

CM 

1915 

2  1899 
1909 
1874 

2  1889 

1650 

1907 

1864 

1915 

1916 
■ 

2  1887 
1883 

2  1897 
1902 
1874 

1893 

1916 

2  1875 
1902 

2  1852 

1871 
1885 
1918 
1905  1 
1883 

States. 

- 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia. 

Florida* . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Iowa . . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota. . . 

Mississippi* . 

Missouri . 

Montana . . 

STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


139 


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Table  18. — Salient  features  of  State  laws  relating  to  school  attendance,  operative  in  191'7-lS.  School  census  age  and  age  for  free  attendance — Con. 


140 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF 


EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


States 

having 

county 

truant 

officers 

“x.” 

15 

x  (few) 

x  (few) 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

States 

having 

tru¬ 

ancy 

officers 

in  all 

dis¬ 

tricts 

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Districts 
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the  mini¬ 
mum 
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Several.... 

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8 

335 

None . 

Mini¬ 

mum 

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legally 

provided 

(months). 

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1  day . 

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Age 
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Legal 

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age. 

6-21 
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«  6-18 
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6-21 

Date 

of 

enact¬ 

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of 

pres¬ 
ent  or 
amend¬ 

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law. 

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1913 

1915 

1905 

1915 

1918 

1909 

1915 

1907 

1909 

Date 

of 

enact¬ 

ment 

of 

first 

com¬ 

pul¬ 

sory 

at¬ 

tend¬ 

ance 

law. 

SI 

1905 

1915 

1890 

1867 

1908 

1871 

1897 

1879 

1876 

States. 

- 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . | 

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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


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2  County  superintendent  reports  truancy  cases  to  the  probate  judge,  under  whom  probation  officers  act. 


142 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918 
Table  20. —  Total  population  and  school  population. 


143 


States. 

Total  popu¬ 
lation. 
United 
States 
Census 
estimate  for 
July  1, 1918. 

Children 

5  to  18 
years  of 
age,  1918 
(estimated) 

School  census,  by  local  officials. 

Date  of 
school 
census 
re¬ 
ported. 

Age  of 
chil¬ 
dren 
enumer¬ 
ated. 

Number  enumerated. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Continental  United 

m  j 

105,253,300 

27,686, 476 

2, 395, 270 

760, 598 

1918 

7-21 

393, 085 

376,720 

769, 805 

Arizona .  . 

272, 034 

66, 655 

1918 

6-21 

36, 113 

37,785 

73, 898 

Arkansas . 

1, 792, 965 

562, 861 

1918 

6-21 

330, 873 

326,003 

656,876 

3,119,412 

606,350 

5-21 

1  427, 857 

1  433, 226 

1  861,083 

Colorado . 

1,014, 581 

237,407 

1918 

6-21 

129,243 

'  128,641 

257,884 

1, 286, 268 

295,031 

1918 

4-16 

• 

325, 144 

'  216'  941 

53,657 

Distric  t  of  Columbia . 

374',  584 

74;  524 

1910 

5-17 

32, 389 

33,478 

65,867 

Florida . 

938, 877 

269, 553 

1915 

6-21 

150, 299 

151, 729 

302,028 

Georgia . 

2, 935, 617 

937,742 

1918 

6-19 

422,053 

418, 808 

840,861 

Idaho . 

461,766 

121,838 

1917 

6-21 

68,046 

63,799 

131,845 

Illinois . 

6,317,734 

1,554,799 

1918 

6-21 

859, 327 

858, 730 

1,718,057 

Indiana . 

2, 854, 167 

712,913 

1918 

6-21 

398, 808 

378,060 

776,868 

Iowa . 

2  2, 224, 771 

582, 889 

1918 

5-21 

343, 381 

337, 814 

681, 195 

Kansas . 

1,874, 195 

495, 578 

1918 

5-21 

262,244 

258, 817 

521,061 

Kentucky . 

2, 408, 547 

707, 766 

1918 

6-18 

329,695 

318, 612 

648,307 

Louisiana . . 

1,884, 778 

590, 259 

1915 

6-18 

271,960 

266, 159 

538,119 

Maine . 

782, 191 

179,048 

1918 

5-21 

115, 192 

113,764 

228, 956 

Maryland . 

1,384,539 

363,234 

1918 

36-15 

124, 891 

123,801 

248,692 

Massachusetts  r 

3, 832, 790 

855,544 

1918 

5-16 

4  705, 135 

Michigan . 

3, 133,678 

770, 809 

1918 

5-20 

466,215 

453,451 

919,666 

Minnesota . 

2, 345;  287 

635, 138 

1917 

6-16 

235,314 

233,716 

469,030 

Mississippi . 

2,001,466 

651,443 

1916 

5-21 

394, 653 

396,932 

791,585 

Missouri . 

3,448, 498 

900,144 

1918 

6-20 

459, 236 

446, 819 

906,055 

Montana . 

486,376 

104,673 

1917 

6-21 

81,331 

78,221 

159,552 

Nebraska . 

1,296,877 

351, 924 

1918 

5-21 

198,329 

191,697 

390,026 

Nevada . 

114, 742 

18,831 

1918 

6-18 

7, 456 

6, 985 

14,441 

New  Hampshire . 

446, 352 

99,038 

1917 

5-16 

40, 569 

40, 216 

80, 785 

New  Jersey . 

3,080,371 

739, 126 

3  1918 

5-18 

339, 592 

338, 381 

677,973 

New  Mexico . 

437,015 

126,679 

1918 

5-21 

62, 511 

59,318 

121,829 

New  York . 

10,646,989 

2,421,283 

1917 

5-18 

1,157,420 

1, 162, 058 

2,319,478 

North  Carolina . 

1  2,468,025 

792, 481 

1917 

6-21 

426, 671 

419, 393 

846,064 

North  Dakota . 

791,437 

222, 693 

1918 

6-21 

111,083 

96, 554 

207,637 

Ohio . 

I  5, 273, 814 

1, 246, 601 

1918 

6-21 

707, 222 

673,331 

1,380,553 

Oklahoma . 

[  2,377,629 

729,547 

1918 

6-21 

333,663 

317,356 

651,019 

Oregon . 

888,243 

194,984 

1917 

4-20 

104, 185 

101, 499 

205,684 

Pennsylvania 

8, 798, 067 

2, 192, 214 

1917 

6-16 

1  . . 

1,707,693 

Rhode  Island . 

637,415 

147, 516 

1918 

5-18 

68,508 

68,921 

137,429 

South  Carolina . 

1, 660, 934 

554, 374 

South  Dakota . 

735, 434 

203,623 

1918 

6-21 

93,087 

89,670 

182,757 

Tennessee . 

2,321,253 

697, 110 

1917 

6-21 

398, 938 

387, 890 

786,828 

Texas . 

4,601,279 

1,441,881 

1918 

7-18 

625, 716 

607, 169 

1,232,903 

Utah . 

453,648 

131, 734 

1918 

6-18 

66,540 

65,884 

132,424 

Vermont . 

366, 192 

85,256 

1917 

6-18 

37, 342 

36,410 

73, 752 

Virginia . 

2, 234,030 

678, 455 

1915 

7-20 

333,125 

325,801 

658,926 

Washington . . . . 

1,660,578 

363,812 

1918 

8  5-21 

169, 822 

166,415 

336,237 

West  Virginia . 

1,439,165 

416,483 

1918 

6-21 

224,706 

212, 914 

437,620 

Wisconsin. . . . 

2, 553, 983 

701,084 

1917 

4-20 

406,529 

397,683 

804,212 

Wyoming . 

190, 380 

39,294 

1918 

6-21 

24,633 

23,796 

48,429 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Alaska . 

64,510 

8,732 

Hawaii . 

223,419 

51,467 

Canal  Zone . 

31,384 

5-14 

3,000 

Philippine  Islands . 

9, 017, 437 

Porto  Rico . 

1, 247, 677 

7  361, 907 

1918 

5-18 

3  196, 626 

3 194,119 

8  390, 745 

1  Estimated  enrollment  equals  70  per  cent  of  these  estimates. 

a  Same  as  in  1910  (decrease  from  1900  to  1910);  probably  7,884  too  high,  as  shown  by  the  total  population 
as  estimated. 

3  Includes  children  6-18  in  Baltimore  city. 

4  Does  not  include  illiterates  16-21,  numbering  11,504. 

6  Estimated  by  State  office  of  education  from  the  census  of  1915  and  the  enrollment  for  1918. 

6  Includes  children  4-21  in  first  and  second  class  districts. 

7 1n  1910. 

3  Estimated  from  the  Federal  Census  of  1910. 


144 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  21. — Per  cent  of  the  total  population  and  of  school  population  enrolled  in  school 

at  different  dates. 


Per  cent  of  total  population  enrolle 
in  public  schools. 


Per  cent  of  school  population  5  to  18 
years  enrolled  in  public  schools. 


-  Approximate. 

2  Enrollment  reported  exceeds  estimated  5  to  i8  population. 


States. 

1870- 

71 

1879- 

80 

1889- 

90 

1899- 

1900 

1909- 

10 

1915- 

16 

N 

i9i: 

18 

H 

|  j  1 

1870-1879-1889-  1899-  1909- 
71  80  90  |  1900  10 

1 

!  ! 

1915- 
16  ! 

1917- 

18 

“Per  cent  of  school  p 

18  years  enrolled 

vate  schools,  1917- 

Per  cent  of  school  p 

18  years  enrolled  i 

and  pri.  schools,  1£ 

* 

2 

8 

4 

5 

G 

7  : 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

C  o  n  t  i  n  e  ntal 
United  States 

19.1 

19.7 

20.3 

20.5 

19.4 

20.0 

19.8 

¥■* 

j  65.5 

o 

OO 

1 _ 

72.4 

73.1 

75.8 

75.3 

6.9 

82.2 

Alabama . 

13.9 

14.2 

19.9 

20.6 

19.9 

22.1 

24.0' 

*40. 4 

:  42.6 

55.8 

61.7 

62.7 

69.5 

75. 4 

2.8 

78.2 

Arizona . 

10.4 

13.4 

13.4 

15.4 

20.0 

25.0 

53.2 

52.7 

51.9 

62.0 

81.6 

102.0 

5. 8 

107.8 

Arkansas . 

13. 7 

10.2 

19.8 

24.0 

25.3 

25.7 

26.0 

’46.’ 3 

30.8 

55.4 

71.0 

80.0 

82.0 

82.0 

.9 

82.9 

California . 

15.6 

18.4 

18.4 

18.2 

15.5 

18.4 

19.3 

63.6 

73.4 

77.4 

79.6  78.6 

94.5 

99.4 

6.6 

106.0 

Colorado . 

9.3 

11.4 

15.9 

21.8 

21.1 

19.2 

19.8 

42.3 

60.8 

72.2 

88.2 

1  89.6 

81.9 

84.6 

3.6 

88.2 

Connecticut. . . . 

20.8 

19.2 

17.0 

17.0 

17.3 

18.9 

19.0 

80.8 

77.0 

72.0 

74.5 

73.8 

82.2 

82.7 

16.2 

98.9 

Delaware . 

15.8 

19.0 

18.7 

20.0 

14.3 

21.2 

17.1 

50.0 

65.2 

66.2 

75.3 

71.5 

85.9 

69.2 

9.3 

i  78.5 

Dist.  of  Col . 

11.2 

14.9 

16.0 

16.7 

16.9 

16.4 

16.4 

41.6 

i  55.4 

63.1 

76.8 

83.3 

82.2 

82.6 

25.2 

107.8 

Florida . 

7.2 

15.  6 

23.  ( 

20.6 

19.7 

22.2 

20.9 

21.2 

!j  44.2 

71.1 

66.6 

68.1 

77.3 

72.9 

3.2 

<  76.1 

Georgia . 

4.1 

15.3 

20.8 

21.8 

21.3 

23.4 

23.1 

11.9 

46.2 

58.5 

65.3 

66.8 

73.2 

72.5 

2.1 

74.6 

Idaho . 

5.6 

17.9 

17.0 

22.7 

23.4 

22.4 

22.7 

46.1 

!  77.9 

62.7 

79.2 

87.9 

84.7 

86.0 

4.0 

90.0 

Illinois . 

26.  C 

22.  £ 

20.3 

19.  £ 

17.3 

17.6 

17.2 

81.0 

74.6 

72.0 

72.7 

1  71.7 

71.6 

70.0 

15.1 

i  85.1 

Indiana . 

26.3 

25.  £ 

23.4 

22.4 

19.7 

20.0 

19.8 

78.6 

82.4 

79.2 

81.1 

78.4 

80.2 

79.1 

4.9 

84.0 

Iowa . 

28.2 

26.2 

25.8 

25.4 

23.1 

23.7 

23.8 

84.4 

83.5 

85.5 

89.1 

86.9 

90.1 

91.0 

6.4 

97.4 

Kansas . 

22.3 

23.2 

28.0 

26.5 

23.7 

22.0 

21.6 

74.2 

73.2 

88.6 

89.2 

88-7 

83.3 

81.8 

4.0 

85.8 

Kentucky . 

13.2 

16.7 

21.5 

23.3 

21.7 

22.6 

22.1 

65.6 

75.3 

73.6 

76.8 

75.4 

4.8 

80.2 

Louisiana . 

7.7 

8.3 

10.8 

14.2 

16.0 

17.5 

17.3 

’24.’ 8 

25.9 

31.6 

43.6 

50.8 

55.9 

55.1 

4.9 

60.0 

Maine . 

24.3 

23.1 

21.1 

18.9 

19.5 

19.3 

18.0 

1 87.4 

89.8 

85.9 

81.4 

84.5 

84.4 

78.6 

9.4 

88.0 

Maryland . 

14.6 

17.4 

17.7 

18.7 

18.4 

17.8 

17. 0 

46.7 

I  58.1 

60.4 

67.0 

69.9 

68.0 

64.8 

8.3 

73.1 

Massachusetts. . 

18.3 

17.2 

16.6 

16.9 

15.9 

16.2 

16. 5 

72.3 

71.8 

72.6 

76.2 

70.6 

j  72.8 

73.7 

14.1 

87.8 

Michigan . 

24.0 

22.2 

20.4 

20.9 

19.3 

20.3 

20. 9 

79.7 

78.1 

73.5 

77.1 

78.0 

82.6 

85.1 

11.6 

96.7 

Minnesota . 

24.5 

23.1 

21.6 

22.8 

21.2 

21.1 

20. 8 

1  75.9 

75.9 

74.6 

77.6 

77.9 

78.0 

76.9 

6.0 

82.9 

Mississippi . 

13.7 

20.9 

25.9 

24.9 

26.1 

25.3 

27. 0 

40.6 

61.3 

70.6 

73.3 

80.4 

|  77.6 

83.0 

1.3 

84.3 

Missouri . 

18.7 

22.3 

23.2 

23.2 

21.5 

21.2 

19.2 

56.0 

68.9 

74.4 

78.6  81.8 

81.1 

73.8 

7.2 

81.0 

Montana . 

7.5 

10.9 

12.9 

16.2 

17.6 

22.4 

25.1 

|  70.2 

63.8 

71.1 

72.8 

;  80.7 

1  0 

116.6 

6.2 

122.8 

Nebraska . 

16.6 

20.5 

22.7 

27.0 

23.7 

23.0 

23.1 

J  58.8 

68.5 

75.4 

89.5  86.5 

84.8 

85.3 

5.5 

90.8 

Nevada . 

7.0 

14.5 

16.1 

15.8 

11.1 

12.5 

12. 7 

R  54.0 

|  79.7 

73.8 

74.1;  73.9 

76.3 

77.1 

1.7 

78.8 

N.  Hampshire  . 

22.4 

18.5 

15.9 

16.0 

14.9 

15.3 

14.8 

9L3 

81.3 

71.3 

74.0 

66.6 

68.7 

66.7 

20.5 

87.2 

New  Jersey.... 

18.3 

18.1 

16.2 

17.1 

17.0 

18.3 

18.3 

1  63.2 

64.8 

62.2 

68.5 

70.0 

76.4 

76.1 

6.8 

82.9 

New  Mexico. . . 

1.4 

4.0 

11.9 

18.8 

17.2 

18.8 

19.6 

1  4.4 

13.3 

42.3 

61.4 

59.2 

64.8 

67.6 

3.6 

71.2 

New  York . 

23.2 

20.3 

17.4 

16.6 

15.6 

15.8 

15.7 

83.0 

77.1 

70.7 

69.6 

67.8 

69.6 

68.8 

11.4 

80.2 

N.  Carolina _ 

10.5 

18.1 

19.9 

21.1 

23.6 

27.0 

25.7 

1 31.2 

55.9 

56.4 

63. 6|  73.5 

84.1 

80.0 

3.2 

83.2 

North  Dakota.. 

9.3 

10.2 

19.5 

24.3 

24.2 

20.5 

21.2 

1 39.3 

41.7 

71.3 

81.3 

1  85.4 

72.9 

75. 5 

2.8 

!  78.3 

Ohio . 

26.5 

22.8 

21.7 

19.9 

17.6 

17.6 

18.1 

84.0 

76.7 

76.5 

75. 4 

73.8 

74.3 

76.  4 

13.6 

90.0 

Oklahoma . 

25.0 

25.5 

23.4 

23.2 

79.8 

82.9 

76.3 

75. 6! 

1.6 

77.2 

Oregon . 

21.6 

21.5 

20.2 

21.6 

17.6 

17.0 

16.4 

67.7 

75.0 

74.8 

82.1 

'  79.2 

77.6 

74. 8f 

4. 3 

79.1 

Pennsylvania . . 

23.2 

21.9 

19.4 

18.3 

16.7 

17.7 

17.2 

176.4 

74.4 

69.5 

68.9 

66.7 

70.9 

69.1 

6.  6 

75.7 

Rhode  Island . . 

15.1 

14.7 

15.3 

15.7 

14.8 

14.6 

14.4 

1  59.2 

59.6 

62.7 

66.8 

63.1 

63.2 

62.3 

14.3 

76.6 

S.  Carolina . 

9.1 

13.5 

17.5 

21.0 

22.4 

25.6 

23.8 

27.3 

40.6 

47.1 

60.7 

67.3 

76.6 

71.2 

1.7 

72.9 

S.  Dakota . 

(3) 

(3) 

23.7 

24.6 

21.6 

19.2 

18.8 

(3) 

(3) 

81.0 

79.5 

77.7 

69.4 

68.0 

2. 5 

70.5 

Tennessee . 

10.9 

19.5 

25.3 

24.0 

24.0 

26.7 

25.5 

1 32.0 

58.2 

74.1 

75.1 

79.5 

88.8 

84.8 

3. 9 

88.7 

Texas . 

7.3 

13.8 

20.9 

21.6 

21.1 

23.0 

23.9 

21.0 

*42.4 

59.5 

64.71 

67.2 

73.3 

76.2 

2.1 

78.3 

Utah . 

18.6 

16.9 

17.9 

26.4 

24.6 

25.0 

24.3 

i  53.  4 

50.6 

55.3 

81.0 

84.3 

86.0 

83.6 

6.8 

90.4 

Vermont . 

4 19.8 

22.6 

4 19.7 

19.2 

18.7 

18.0 

16.9 

I _ 

87.2 

82. 2\ 

80.3 

77.2, 

72.8 

9. 4 

82.2 

Virginia . 

10.5 

14.6 

20.7 

20.0 

19.6 

22.2 

21. 

5 

j  32.’ 3 

45.0 

60.5 

63.21 

64.3 

73.0 

70.9 

2. 6 

73. 5 

Washington.... 

18.6 

19.7 

16.0 

22.2 

19.0 

16.0 

15.8 

I1 69.0 

72.4 

70.6 

87. 91 

85.3 

73.0 

72.2 

4.1 

76.3 

W.  Virginia _ 

16.9 

23.1 

25.3 

24.2 

22.8 

22.7 

22.0 

49.5 

69.2 

75.3 

78.  6! 

77.9 

78. 31 

76.1 

1.4 

77. 5 

Wisconsin . 

24.6 

22.8 

20.9 

21.5 

19.9 

18.3 

17.6 

73.9 

73.8 

69.8 

72.5; 

72.4 

66. 8 

64.1 

11.6 

75.7 

Wyoming . 

4.6 

14.0 

11.6 

15.7 

16.9 

18.2 

20.1 

1 45.3 

77.4 

54.5 

65.7 

79.7 

88. 0! 

97.4 

3.9 

101.3 

Outlying  Posses¬ 

sions. 

Alaska . 

6.3 

A. 

2 

13. 5 

Hawaii . .- . 

mu 

15.0 

16. 1 

1 

22.5 

13.8 

85.2 

Canal  Zone . 

6.9 

8. 

9 

. 1 

Ph.  Islands _ 

7. 5 

7.3 

Porto  Rico . 

. 

'  j 

. ! 

::::: 

12.3 

11.4 

I--I 

. 1 

. ; . I 

35. 8 

28.  9 

19.8; 

41.1 

3  Included  in  report  f6r  Noiyh  Dakota. 
*  Pupils  of  legal  school  age. 


.  p.  7 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  145 

Table  22. — Percentage  analysis  of  population  and  per  cent  of  illiterates ,  Federal  census. 


Per  cent  of  total  population,  1910. 

Per  cent  of  illiterates  in 
the  population  10  years 
of  age  and  over,  1910. 

Per  cent  of 
illiterates  in 
population  10 

States. 

d 

o 

Native  white. 

Native 

white. 

to  14  years  of 
age. 

a 

& 

o 

p. 

® 

a 

■s 

a 

o 

H 

Native  parents. 

Foreign  or  mixed 
parents. 

Total. 

Foreign-born  whit 

O 

bJO 

o 

£ 

All  others. 

All  classes. 

Native  parents. 

Foreign  or  mixed 
parents. 

Foreign-born  whit 

1  Negro. 

1900 

1910 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

13 

14 

15 

Continental  United 
States . 

88.9 

S3 

1  00 

20. 5 

74.4 

14.5 

10.7 

1 

1  0.4 

7.7 

3.7 

1.1 

12.7 

30.4 

7.1 

4.1 

Alabama . 

57.5 

55.1 

1. 5 

56.6 

.9 

42.5 

0) 

22. 9 

10.1 

2.3 

11.3 

40.1 

28.9 

16.4 

Arizona . 

83.9 

40.4 

20.6 

61.0 

70.8 

22.9 

1.0 

15.1 

20.9 

2.3 

8.4 

31.5 

7.2 

22.2 

15.2 

Arkansas . 

71.8 

68.4 

2.3 

1.1 

28.1 

C1) 

12.6 

7.1 

1  2.8 

8.9 

26.4 

16.2 

8.2 

California . 

95.0 

46.5 

26.7 

73.3 

21.8 

.9 

4.0 

3.7 

.5 

1  -6 

10.0 

7.1 

1.0 

.6 

Colorado . 

98.0 

59.5 

22.7 

82.2 

15.9 

1.4 

.5 

3.7 

2.0 

.5 

11.3 

8.6 

1.5 

.9 

Connecticut . 

98.6 

35.5 

33.6 

69.1 

29.5 

1.4 

.1 

6.0 

.5 

.8 

15.4 

6.3 

.6 

.3 

Delaware . 

84.6 

63.2 

12.  § 

76.0 

8.6 

15.4 

8.1 

3.3 

.9 

19.8 

25.6 

4.5 

1. 5 

Dist.  of  Columbia . 

71.3 

50.4 

13.6 

64.0 

7.4 

28.5 

.1 

4.9 

.6 

-.4 

8.2 

13.5 

1.8 

.4 

Florida . 

58.9 

49.7 

4.8 

54.4 

4.5 

41.0 

0) 

13.8 

5.2 

2.2 

10.5 

25. 5 

13.8 

10.3 

Georgia . 

54.9 

53.3 

1.0 

54.3 

.6 

45.1 

0 

20.7 

8.0 

L6 

6.0 

36.5 

22.8 

13.6 

Idaho . 

98.0 

62.5 

23.1 

85.  6 

12.4 

.2 

1.8 

2.2 

.4 

!  .3 

6.9 

6.4 

1.2 

.4 

Illinois . 

98.0 

46.1 

30.6 

76.7 

21.3 

1.9 

C1) 

3.7 

1.7 

•  6 

10.1 

10.5 

.8 

.3 

Indiana . . . 

97.7 

78.9 

13.0 

91.8 

5.9 

2.2 

(1) 

3.1 

2.2 

1.4 

11.7 

13.7 

.5 

.3 

Iowa . 

99.3 

58.6 

28.4 

87.0 

12.3 

.7 

0) 

1.7 

.9 

.6 

6.3 

10.3 

.4 

.2 

Kansas . 

96.7 

71.4 

17.3 

88.7 

8.0 

3.2 

.2 

2.2 

.8 

.8 

10.5 

12.0 

.  5 

.3 

Kentucky . 

88.6 

81.4 

5.  4 

86. 8 

1.7 

11.4 

0) 

12.1 

10.7 

1.5 

8.3 

27.6 

8.4 

6.0 

Louisiana . 

56.8 

46.9 

6.8 

53.7 
84. 8| 

3.1 

43.1 

.1 

29.0 

15.0 

3.6 

24.0 

48.4 

|  32.9 

24.6 

Maine . 

99.7 

66.7 

18.2 

14.8 

.2 

.1 

4.1 

1.4 

4. 5 

13.7 

8.0 

2.1 

.8 

Maryland . . 

82.0 

59.2 

14.8 

74-9 

67.  o 

8.0 

17.9 

I1) 

7.2 

3.0 

1.0 

11.9 

23.4 

4.6 

2.5 

Massachusetts . 

98.8 

32.8 

34.8 

!  31.2 

1.1 

.1 

5.2 

.4 

.7 

12.7 

8.1 

.7 

.2 

Michigan . 

99.1 

43.6 

34.3 

77.9 

21.2 

.6 

.3 

3.3 

1.0 

1.2 

9.3 

5.7 

.7 

.3 

Minnesota . 

99.2 

27.7 

45.3 

73.0 

26-2 

.3 

.5 

3.0 

.4 

.6 

7.6; 

3.4 

.7 

.3 

Mississippi . 

43.7 

42.1 

1. 1 

43.2 

.  5 

56.2 

.1 

22.4 

5.3 

2.2 

I  15.1 

35. 6 

22.4 

12.8 

Missouri . 

95.2 

72.5 

15.7 

88.2 

7.0 

4.8 

I1) 

4.3 

3.4 

1.2 

10.11 

17.4 

3.4 

1.2 

Montana . 

95.9 

43.1 

28.4 

71.5 

24.4 

.5 

3.6 

4.8 

.3 

.4 

1  9.4 

7.0 

1.9 

1.3 

Nebraska . 

99.0 

53.9 

30.4 

84.2 

14.8 

.6 

.4 

1.9 

.6 

.5 

7.1 

7.2 

.3 

.3 

Nevada . 

90.7 

43.1 

25.6 

68.7 

22.0 

.6 

8.7 

6.7 

.4 

.5 

7.6 

5.5 

8.1 

4.3 

New  Hampshire . 

99.8 

53.5 

23.9 

77.4 

22.4 

.1 

C) 

4.6 

.8 

2.1 

14.5 

10.6 

1.7 

.3 

New  Jersey . 

96.4 

39.8 

30.7 

70.5 

25.9 

3.5 

.1 

5.6 

1.1 

.7 

14.7 

9.9 

1.2 

.5 

New  Mexico . 

93.1 

78.1 

8.0 

86.1 

6.9 

.  5 

6.4 

20.2 

15.5 

8.9 

31.0 

14.2 

19.9 

11.1 

New  York . 

98.4 

35.4 

33.0 

68.4 

29.9 

1.5 

.1 

5. 5 

.8 

.7 

13.7 

5.0 

.7 

.3 

North  Carolina . 

68.0 

67.3 

.4 

67.7 

.3 

31.6 

.4 

18.5 

12.3 

3.0 

8.3 

31.9 

21.8 

10.1 

North  Dakota . 

98.8 

28.2 

43.5 

71.7 

27.1 

.1 

1.1 

3.1 

.3 

.7 

6.3 

4.8 

2. 4, 

1.2 

Ohio . 

97.6 

63.6 

21.5 

85.1 

12.5 

2.3 

C1) 

3.2 

1.7 

.9 

11.5 

11.1 

•  5 

.3 

Oklahoma . 

87.2 

79.1 

5.7 

84.8 

2.4 

8.3 

4. 5 

5. 6 

3.5 

1.3 

9.8 

17.7 

13.9 

2.4 

Oregon . 

97.4 

62.0 

20.1 

82.1 

15.3 

.2 

2.4 

1.9 

.4 

.4 

0. 1 

3.4 

.4 

.2 

Pennsylvania . 

97.4 

55.1 

23.6 

78.7 

18.8 

2.5 

0) 

5. 9 

1.4 

1. 1 

20.1 

9.1 

1.0 

.5 

Rhode  island . 

South  Carolina . 

98.1 

29.5 

35.9 

65.3 

32.8 

1.8 

.1 

7. 7i 

.7 

1.8 

1 17-3! 

9.5 

1.9 

.6 

44.8 

43.7 

.7 

44.4 

.4 

55.2 

0) 

25. 7! 

10.5 

1.41 

1  6. 8 

38.7 

29. 6 
1.0 

17.1 

South  Dakota . 

96.6 

42.1 

37.2 

79.3 

17.2 

.1 

3.3 

2.9! 

.3 

.4 

5.0 

5. 5 

.7 

Tennessee . 

78.3 

75.7 

1.8 

77.5 

.8 

21.7 

C1) 

13.6 

9.9 

1.8 

8.3 

27.3 

14. 9 

7.5 

Texas . 

82.2 

66.8 

9.3 

76.1 

6.2 

17.7 

C1) 

9.9i 

3.3 

11.6, 

30. 0 

24.6 

9.3 

6.3 

Utah . 

98.2 

46.0 

35.2 

81.2 

17.0 

.3 

1. 5 

2. 5| 

.4 

.4! 

5. 9 

4.8 

.7 

.7 

Vermont . 

99.5 

64.4 

21.1 

85. 5 

14.0 

.  5 

0) 

3.7 

1.2 

4. 0, 

13.1 

4.8 

1.0 

.3 

Virginia . 

67.4 

64.3 

1.8 

66.1 

1.3 

32. 6 

(1) 

15. 2 

8.2 

1.2 

9.2 

30.0 

H 

9.2 

Washington . 

97.1 

51.3 

24.7 

76.0 

21.1 

.5 

2.3 

2.0 

.3 

.3 

4.8 

4.3 

.7) 

.4 

West  Virginia . 

94.7 

85.3 

4.7 

90.1 

4.7 

5. 3i 

(l) 

8.3 

6.7 

2.01 

23.9 

20.3 

5.3 

2.7 

Wisconsin . 

99.4 

32.7 

44.8 

77.5 

22.0 

•  1  j 

.4 

3.2 

.6 

1.0 

8.7 

4.5 

.7 

.3 

Wyoming . 

96.1 

55.3 

22.3 

7  7.6 

18.6 

I'5 

2.3 

3.3 

.3 

•4I 

9.7 

5.0 

■1 

.5 

59873°— 21 - 10 


Less  than  one-tenth  of  1  per  cent. 


Table  23. — Pupils  enrolled  ( excluding  duplicates  within  States ),  1917-18. 


146 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


e*  co  oo  eo 

CO  05  to  CO 

os  to 


.  <M  »0  05 
CO  t 


co  a  »o  n  h 


'-r  co  oo 

r»  co 

NIN00 


H1§§1 


S  S 

co'to'o'to'o 


*-h  oo  *h  05  r>- 

oS^mS 


c*io^ooeo  ONOOO 
CO  O  to  to  Tt<  CO  tO  h  CO  H 
ONOi(NO  O0  h  00  TT  ^ 


•  CO  CO  < 
)  CO  CO  o  c 
I  <M  CO 


5  <M  CO  CO 

I00OCI 

>  oc  oo 


»OCONCO 

ICONHH 
I  tH  HCO 


lOHOOX 

sf^sfgfsf 


O  00  o  o  o 

OcOrrON 
t''*  CO  to  Is* 


CO  CO  CO  CO  o 
COCWH^f 

C*  to  05  c* 


05  CO  to  to  c 


(N  >0  (N  ( 


CO  CD  Ci  N 

COCI^H 
CS  TH  ri  CO 


icS' 


_  .  _«OcO'T  HtOMOO  OJOOOO 

_  1C  CJIO-’J'.-HIO  rHCO-nCOl  iDrtPKDO 

NNtOH  OlflOOH  »«  •«■  CO  l'-  O0C5— I0C1O 


lO  -H  CO  (N  ic 
■wNt'tDH 

sTnW'o'o 


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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


147 


1,666,589 

634,250 

168,034 

951,960 

551,365 

145,891 

1,514,984 

91,864 

394,467 

138,485 

591,346 

1,098,989 

110, 193 

62, 049 

481, 139 

262, 829 

317, 144 

449, 403 

38,271 

3,341 

35,967 

2, 774 

671,398 

141,589 

838,296 

323,119 

84,534 

471,448 

277,237 

73,344 
760,494 
46, 148 
207, 116 
69,216 

298,294 
553, 153 
54,682 
30,894 
248,183 

132,151 

159, 143 

225,788 

19,390 

1,675 

17,014 

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828,293 
311,131 
83,500 
480,512 
274, 128 

72,547 
754, 490 
45,716 
187,351 
69,269 

293,052 
545,836 
55,511 
31, 155 
232,956 

130,678 

158,001 

223,615 

18,881 

1,666 

18,953 

L-  TO 

So 

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O  30 

168,588 
17,852 
11,620 
132,802 
35, 104 

22,647 
124,015 
8,733 
8, 770 
13,055 

30,534 
106,055 
10,097 
8,076 
29, 157 

36,870 

16,364 

49,411 

3,376 

8S3S35 

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88, 789 
10, 447 
7,371 
70, 161 
20,776 

13,142 

66,983 

4,724 

5,530 

7,881 

18,096 

60,320 

5,449 

4,673 

17,722 

21,699 
9,507 
28, 159 
1,988 

171 

336 

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79,799 

7,405 

4,249 

62,641 

14,328 

9,505 

57,032 

4,009 

3,240 

5,174 

12,438 

45,735 

4,648 

3,403 

11,435 

15,171 
'  6,857 

21,252 
1,388 

124 

800 

o  ^ 
88 

1,498,001 
616,398  i 
156,414  ; 
819, 158 
516,261 

123,244 
1,390,969 
83, 131 
385,697 
125,430 

560,812 
989, 810 
100,096 
53,973 
451,982 

224,442 
300, 780 
371,756 
34, 895 

3,046 
34,831 
2,577 
656,869 
s  138,243 

749, 507 
312,672 
77, 163 
401, 287 

256.461 

60,202 

693,511 

41,424 

201,586 

61,335 

280,198 

491,282 

49,233 

26,221 

230.461 

109,709 
149, 636 
183,543 
17, 402 

1,504 

16,678 

259,562 
59, 764 

748, 494 
303, 726 
79, 251 
417, 871 
259,800 

63,042 
697, 458 
41, 707 
184,111 
64,095 

280,614 

498,528 

50,863 

27,752 

221,521 

1  114, 733 

1  151,144 

188,213 

17,493 

1,542 
18, 153 

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148  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

'Table  24. — Pupils  enrolled  in  private  and  parochial  schools,  largely  estimated ,  1917-18, 


States. 

Pupils  in  elementary 
schools. 

Students  in  secondary 
schools  and  business 
schools. 

Enrollment  in  elementary, 
secondary,  and  business 
schools. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Continental  United 

States . 

727,956 

729,088 

1,457,044 

173, 359 

284,722 

458,081 

901,315 

1,013,810 

1,915,125 

Alabama . ^ . 

6,441 

8,444 

14,885 

2,126 

4,033 

6,159 

8,567 

12,477 

21,044 

Arizona . 

1,489 

1,452 

2, 941 

321 

605 

926 

1,810 

2,057 

3, 867 

Arkansas . 

1,636 

999 

2, 635 

861 

1,734 

2,595 

2,497 

2,733 

5,230 

California . 

7,145 

6,673 

13,818 

8,855 

17,327 

26, 182 

16,000 

24,000 

40,000 

Colorado . 

1,500 

1,500 

3,000 

1,663 

3,843 

5,506 

3,163 

5,343 

8,506 

Connecticut . 

19, 169 

19,293 

38, 462 

3,645 

5,604 

9,249 

22,814 

24,897 

47,711 

Delaware . 

1,115 

1,446 

2,561 

1,272 

1,167 

2,439 

2,387 

2,613 

5,000 

Dist.  Columbia . 

5,000 

5,000 

10,000 

3,180 

5,639 

8,819 

8,180 

10, 639 

18, 819 

Florida . 

3, 519 

2,411 

5,930 

868 

1,955 

2, 823 

4,387 

4,366 

8, 7.53 

Georgia . 

5,000 

5,000 

10,000 

3,453 

6,056 

9,509 

8,453 

11,056 

19,509 

Idaho . 

1,500 

1,500 

3,000 

736 

1,090 

1,826 

2,236 

2,590 

4,826 

Illinois . 

101,027 

104,746 

205, 773 

10, 156 

19,679 

29,835 

111,183 

124, 425 

235, » 08 

Indiana . 

12, 619 

10, 584 

23,203 

4,057 

7,617 

11,674 

16,676 

18, 201 

34, 877 

Iowa . 

14,613 

11,757 

26, 370 

3,119 

7,580 

10,699 

17, 732 

19,337 

37,069 

Kansas . 

6,280 

4,373 

10,653 

3,021 

6,069 

9,090 

9,301 

10,442 

1  19,743 

Kentucky . 

13,612 

13, 169 

26,781 

2,911 

4,354 

7,265 

16,523 

17, 523 

34,046 

Louisiana . 

12, 120 

11,630 

23,750 

2,466 

2,957 

5,423 

14,586 

14, 587 

29,173 

Maine . 

6,135 

6,294 

12,  *29 

1,950 

2,532 

4,482 

8,085 

8, 826 

16,911 

Maryland . 

11,452 

13,064 

24, 516 

2,892 

2,592 

5, 48r 

14,344 

15,656 

30,000 

Massachusetts . 

48,286 

50,823 

99, 109 

9,211 

12,005 

21,216 

57,497 

62,828 

120,325 

Michigan . 

38,261 

37,923 

76, 184 

4,683 

8,938 

13,621 

42, 944 

46,861 

89,805 

Minnesota . 

12,623 

11,564 

24, 187 

5,5*9 

8,264 

13,813 

18, 172 

19,828 

38, 000 

Mississippi . 

2,837 

2,913 

5,750 

1,130 

1,220 

2,350 

3, 967 

4,133 

8, 100 

Missouri . 

24, 736 

25, 092 

49, 828 

6,351 

8,821 

15, 172 

31,087 

33,913 

65,000 

Montana . 

2,000 

2,000 

4,  OuO 

681 

1,835 

2, 516 

2,681 

3,835 

6,516 

Nebraska . 

7,990 

5, 192 

13, 182 

1,593 

4,411 

6,004 

9,583 

9,603 

19,186 

Nevada . 

129 

14 

143 

25 

150 

175 

154 

164 

318 

New  Hampshire . 

1  7,485 

9,168 

16, 653 

2,206 

1,406 

3,612 

9, 691 

10,574 

20,265 

New  Jersey . 

17,097 

17,874 

34,971 

6, 707 

8,322 

15, 029 

23,804 

26, 196 

50, 000 

New  Mexico . 

1,626 

2,261 

3,887 

265 

469 

734 

1,891 

2,730 

2  4,621 

New  York . 

109, 140 

107,769 

216,909 

22,387 

35,704 

58,091 

131,527 

143,473 

275,000 

North  Carolina . 

8,963 

9,265 

18, 228 

2, 937 

3,835 

6,772 

11,900 

13,100 

25,000 

North  Dakota . 

2,553 

2, 242 

4,795 

547 

858 

1,405 

3,100 

3,100 

6,200 

Ohio . 

73, 296 

73,899 

147, 195 

6,704 

16,101 

22, 805 

80,000 

90,000 

170,000 

Oklahoma . 

2,660 

5,306 

7,966 

1,479 

2,278 

3,757 

4,139 

7,584 

11,723 

Oregon . 

2,393 

2,063 

4,456 

1,471 

2,479 

3,950 

3, 864 

4,542 

8,406 

Pennsylvania . 

54,000 

54, 000 

108,000 

13,790 

23,015 

36, 805 

67, 790 

77,015 

144,  805 

Rhode  Island . 

7,924 

8,756 

16, 680 

1,850 

2,599 

4,449 

9, 774 

11,355 

21, 129 

South  Carolina . 

3,500 

3,500 

7,000 

1,156 

1,345 

2,501 

4, 656 

4,845 

9, 501 

South  Dakota . 

1,897 

1,514 

3,411 

490 

1,099 

1,589 

2,387 

2,613 

5,000 

Tennessee . 

9,052 

9,911 

18,963 

3,862 

4,175 

8, 037 

12,914 

14,086 

27,000 

Texas . 

7,900 

6, 596 

14,496 

6,444 

9, 060 

15, 504 

14,344 

15,656 

30,000 

Utah . 

1,770 

957 

2, 727 

2,230 

4,043 

6,273 

4,000 

5,000 

9,000 

Vermont . 

3,080 

2, 592 

5,672 

920 

1,408 

2, 328 

4,000 

4,000 

8,000 

Virginia . 

3,700 

4,200 

7,900 

4,800 

5,100 

9,900 

8,500 

9,300 

17,800 

Washington . 

3,413 

3,400 

6,813 

2,186 

5,962 

8,148 

5,599 

9,362 

14,961 

West  Virginia . 

1,784 

936 

2,720 

1,105 

2,170 

3, 275 

2,889 

3, 106 

5, 995 

Wisconsin . 

35,989 

37,523 

73, 512 

2, 874 

4,881 

7,755 

38,863 

42,404 

81,267 

Wyoming . 

500 

500 

1,000 

174 

336 

510 

674 

836 

1,510 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Hawaii . 

4,126 

3,043 

7,169 

Canal  Zone . 1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Porto  Rico _ 

6,812 

436 

7,248 

1  Excluding  students  enrolled  in  academies.  2  Excluding  733  pupils  enrolled  in  Indian  schools. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


149 


Table  25. — Number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  the  public  elementary  and  secondary  schools  at 
different  periods ,  excluding  duplicates. 


States. 

1870-71 

1879-80 

1889-90 

1899-1900 

1909-10 

1915-16 

1917-18 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Continental  United 

States . 

7, 561, 582 

9, 867, 505 

12,722,581 

15,503,110 

17,813,852 

20,351,687 

20, 853, 516 

Alabama . 

141,312 

179,490 

301,615 

376,423 

424,611 

514,601 

573,762 

Arizona . 

0 

4,212 

7, 989 

16, 504 

31,312 

51,077 

67,973 

Arkansas . 

69,927 

81,972 

223,071 

314,662 

395, 978 

*447, 726 

461,591 

California . 

91,332 

158,765 

221,756 

269,736 

368, 391 

539, 688 

602, 758 

Colorado . 

4,357 

22,119 

65,490 

117,555 

168, 798 

184,471 

200, 763 

Connecticut . 

113,588 

119,694 

126,505 

155,228 

190,353 

234,609 

243,880 

Delaware . 

20,058 

27,823 

31,434 

36,895 

35, 950 

45,327 

37, 137 

Dist.  Columbia . 

15, 157 

26,  439 

36, 906 

46,519 

55, 774 

59, 526 

61,536 

Florida . 

14, 000 

39,315 

92,472 

108,874 

148, 089 

198,365 

196,405 

Georgia . 

49,578 

236,533 

381, 297  i 

i  482,673 

555,794 

667,635 

679,661 

Idaho . 

906 

5,834 

14,311 

36,669 

76, 168 

95,772 

104,737 

Illinois . 

072,787 

704,041 

778, 319 

958,911 

1,002,687 

1,084,640 

1,088,391 

Indiana . 

450, 057 

511,283 

512,955 

564,807 

531,459 

564, 252 

564, 152 

Iowa . 

341,938 

426, 057 

493, 267 

566, 223 

510, 661 

525, 579 

530,375 

Kansas . 

89,777 

231,434 

399,322 

389, 582 

398,746 

402, 860 

405,319 

Kentucky . ... 

178,457 

276,000 

399,660 

500, 294 

494,863 

537,008 

533,355 

Louisiana. . 

57, 639 

77, 642 

120, 253 

196, 169 

263,617 

320,300 

325, 571 

Maine . 

152, 600 

149, 827 

139, 676 

130,918 

144, 278 

149, 149 

140, 774 

Maryland . 

115,683 

162,431 

184, 251 

222, 373 

238,393 

243, 077 

235,268 

Massachusetts . 

273,661 

306,777 

371,492 

474, 891 

535,869 

604,023 

630,878 

Michigan . 

292,466 

362,556 

427,032 

504, 985 

541,501 

620, 861 

655,941 

Minnesota . 

113, 983 

180,248 

280, 960 

399, 207 

440,083 

481,583 

488, 323 

Mississippi . 

117,000 

236,654 

334, 158 

386, 507 

469, 137 

i  492, 756 

540, 756 

Missouri . 

330, 070 

482,986 

620, 314 

719,817 

707,031 

721,752 

664,412 

Montana . 

2  1, 657 

4,270 

16,980 

39, 430 

66, 141 

3  102, 768 

122,000 

Nebraska . 

23, 205 

92,549 

240, 300 

288, 227 

2  281,375 

292,725 

300,011 

Nevada . 

3,106 

9,045 

7,387 

6,676 

2  10, 200 

13,358 

14,518 

New  Hampshire . 

71,957 

64,341 

59,813 

65, 688 

63,972 

67, 461 

66, 021 

New  Jersey . 

169,430 

204,961 

234,072 

322, 575 

429, 797 

540, 287 

562,319 

New  Mexico . 

2  1,320 

4, 755 

18,215 

36,735 

56,304 

77,062 

85,677 

New  York . 

1,028,110 

1,031,593 

1,042,160 

1,209,574 

1,422,969 

1,625,777 

1,666,589 

North  Carolina . 

2  115,060 

'  252, 612 

322, 533 

400, 452 

520, 404 

649, 246 

634,250 

North  Dakota . 

2  1,660 

13,718 

35.543 

77,686 

139, 802 

*151,647 

168,034 

Ohio . 

719,372 

729, 499 

797,489 

829, 160 

838,080 

905,071 

951,960 

Oklahoma . 

99, 602 

422, 399 

515, 493 

551, 365 

Oregon . 

21,000 

37,533 

63,254 

89,405 

118,412 

142, 365 

145,891 

Pennsylvania . 

834,614 

937, 310 

1,020,522 

1,151,880 

1,282,965 

1,504,794 

1,514,984 

Rhode  Island . 

2  34, COO 

40, 604 

52,774 

67,231 

80,061 

89, 879 

91,864 

South  Carolina . 

66,056 

134,072 

201,260 

281,891 

340, 415 

415,766 

394, 467 

South  Dakota . 

(4 

0$ 

78,043 

98,822 

126,253 

134,136 

138, 485 

Tennessee . 

2  140,000 

300,217 

447,950 

485,354 

521,753 

610, 235 

591,346 

Texas . 

63,504 

2  220, 000 

466, 872 

659,598 

821,631 

1,017,083 

1,098,989 

Utah . 

16,992 

24, 326 

37, 279 

73,042 

91,611 

108, 359 

110, 193 

Vermont . 

65,384 

75,328 

65,608 

65, 964 

66,615 

65,380 

62,049 

Virginia . 

131,088 

220, 736 

342,269 

370, 595 

402, 109 

486, 134 

481,139 

Washington . 

2  5,000 

14,780 

55,964 

115,104 

215,688 

245, 419 

262, 829 

West  Virginia . 

76,999 

142, 850 

193,064 

232, 343 

276, 458 

313, 873 

317, 144 

Wisconsin . 

265,285 

299, 457 

351,723 

445, 142 

464,311 

458, 102 

449, 403 

Wyoming . 

2  450 

2,907 

7,052 

14,512 

24,584 

32,633 

38, 271 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Alaska . 

3,341 

Hawaii . 

35,967 

Canal Zone . 

2,774 

Philippine  Islands. . . . 

671, 398 

Porto  Rico . 

141.589 

*  Statistics  of  1914-15. 

1  Statistics  of  1912-13. 

2  Approximate. 


»  Exceeds  estimated  5 1 o  18  population. 
«  Included  in  North  Dakota. 


150  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  26.— Average  daily  attendance  and  aggregate  number  of  days  attended ,  1911-18 . 


States. 

Average  daily  attendance. 

Aggregate  number  of  days  attended. 

Kin¬ 

der¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Total. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Secondary. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

•  Continental  U.  S. 

19, 459 

2  6,429,440 

2764,830 

15,548,914 

13,381,137 

2992,806,267 

2130,302,775 

2,498,424,309 

321, 627 
38, 139 

20,007 

3,221 

341,634 
41,360 
299,918 
429,637 
137, 984 

190,900 
24,613; 
47, 838| 
137, 2951 
460, 576 

74,607 
962,252 
523, 087 
395,506 
288,236 

314,992 
233, 422 
113,735 
161,772 
5  518,231 

523, 166 
373,760 
345,952 
505,670 
90, 298 

214,377 
10,430 
52, 687 
423,750 
56,378 

1,299,535 

414,879 

119,375 

849,287 

333,514 

3  130,864 
1,227,921 
72, 254 
255,816 
90,476 

406,044 
788,391 
85,996 
49, 751 
326,296 

194,855 
222,523 
1  356, 455 

30,619 

39,412,016 

6,102,267 

2,796,168 

600,986 

42,208,184 
6,703,253 
35,983,200 
74,107,993 
323, 181,312 

34,638,875 
4,036,593 
8,270,  461 
17,851,098 
63,729,555 

11,191,050 

152,998,066 

81,231,179 

71,191,080 

49,432,474 

47, 129,560 
31,757,169 
19,215,206 
27,553,663 
89, 345,566 

89,984,552 
63, 137. 133 
47, 794;  019 
83,643,936 
13, 756, 001 

35,415,080 
1,785,6  6 
9, 158, 734 
78,434,202 
8, 748, 721 

242,374,992 

50,822,678 

20,010,179 

138,291,822 

52,179,473 

3  23,948, 112 
214,886, 175 
13,943,880 
28,896,721 
16,836, 593 

56, 747,272 
115, 105,086 
14,510,959 
8,507,4.7 
46, 101,080 

33,991,123 
29, 680,845 
63, 368, 366 
4,597,995 

14,311 

350,568 

64,758 

2,504,425 

59,947, 128 

11,656,440 

170,049 
22, 664 
39, 440 
130,431 
422, 284 

20,851 
1,949 
6, 215 
6,864 
38, 292 

30,804,376 
3,685,366 
6,823,203 
16, 745,990 
57,028,455 

3,834,499 

351,227 

1,069,574 

1,105,108 

6,701,100 

Dist.  Columbia . 

2, 183 

377, 684 

Idaho . 

867,896 
461, 658 

94,356 

61,429 

135,208,460 

71,095,394 

17,789,606 
10, 135,785 

; 

243,827 

44,409 

41,438,854 

7,993,620 

2,101 

1,266 

212,440 
97,579 
150, 857 
433,871 

449,921 

18,881 
14,890 
10,915 
5  84,360 

54,911 

361,274 

(1 2 3 4 * 6 7) 

28,427,122 
16,549,364 
25,642, 10P 
76,363,485 

2,968,773 

2,665,842 

1,911,554 

12,982,081 

Maine . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

18, 334 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

326,450 

19,502 

44,381,169 

3,412,850 

Missouri . 

. 

Montana . 

79,493 

10, 805 

11,886,798 

1,869,203 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

N.  Hampshire . 

43,030 

9,657 

7,401,160 

1,757,574 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

21 

53,868 

2,489 

3,750 

8,309,396 

435,575 

New  York . 

N .  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

1  * 

Ohio _ 

727,404 

305,968 

121,883 

27,546 

118,827,409 

47,582,060 

19,464,413 

4,597,413 

Oklahoma . . 

! . 

Oregon . | . 

Pennsylvania . . 

i . 

Rhode  Island . 

65,474 

6,780 

12,623,820 

1,320,060 

S.  Carolina . 

. 

1 

South  Dakota . 

i  . 

Tennessee . 

382,304 

23,740 

. 

52,758,952 

3,988,320 

Texas _ 

Utah . 

77,757 

8,239 

i . 

13,164,583 

1,356,376 

Vermont . 

!  "  ‘  ' 

Virginia.. 

Washington . 

843 

166,022 

210,470 

311,810 

27,870 

27,990 

12,053 

44,645 

2,749 

154,014 

28,872,769 

27,571,570 

4,964,340 
2, 109,275 

W.  Virginia . 

Wisconsin  .. 

Wyoming . 

4,132,982 

465,013 

Outlying  Posses¬ 
sions. 

Alaska . 

2,366 

235 

J  2,601 

33,710 

1,963 

521,377 

106,441 

392,358 

40,397 

432,755 

Hawaii 

i . 

('anal  Zone 

1,805 
508,986 
e 103, 748 

158 

12,391 

2,693 

i 

322, 722 

27,897 

350, 619 

Phil.  Islands 

i . 

Porto  Rico. 

7 18,016,850;  471,275 

18, 488, 125 

1  In  5  States  only,  which  report  both  the  average  and  the  aggregate  attendance. 

2  In  27  States  only,  which  report  both  the  average  and  the  aggregate  attendance. 

3  Estimated. 

4  Included  in  column  7. 

&  Includes  11,757  pupils  in  average  attendance  in  vocational  schools  not  used  in  computing  the  length  of 
school  term. 

6  Includes  1,854  pupils  in  average  attendance  in  night  schools. 

7  Includes  185,400  days’  aggregate  attendance  in  night  schools. 


' 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


151 


Table  27. — Average  daily  attendance  in  elementary  and  secondary  schools  at  different 
dates  (pupils  actually  present  each  day). 


States. 

1870-71 

1879-80 

1889-90 

1899-1900 

1909-10 

1915-16 

1917-18 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Continental  United  States.. 

4,545,317 

6,144,143 

8,153,635 

10,632,772 

12,827,307 

15,358,927 

15,548,914 

Alabama . 

107,666 

117,978 

182,467 

297, 805 

266,589 

323, 487 

341,634 

2,847 

1  54,700 

4,702 
i  148, 714 

10, 177 
195, 401 

20,094 
255. 135 

34,257 

*304,401 

41,360 

299,918 

Arkansas . 

i  46,600 

California . 

64,286 

100,966 

146,589 

197,395 

286, 744 

410,978 

429,637 

Colorado . 

2,611 

12, 618 

38,715 

73,291 

107,520 

134,758 

137,984 

Connecticut . 

02,683 

73,546 

83>656 

111.564 

*  147, 190 

182.477 

190,900 

Delaware . 

i  12,700 

17,439 

19, 649 

125,300 

22,559 

247838 

24,613 

Dist.  Columbia . 

10, 261 

20,637 

28,184 

35,463 

44,627 

49, 625 

47,838 

Florida . 

i  10,900 

27,046 

64,819 

75,003 

103,892 

144,419 

137, 295 

Georgia . 

31,377 

145,190 

240,791 

298, 237 

346,295 

460,832 

460, 576 

Idaho . 

i  600 

3,863 

19,500 

21,962 

51,137 

*65,039 

74,607 

Illinois . 

341,686 

431,638 

538,310 

737,576 

779,040  i 

974,495 

962, 252 

Indiana . 

295, 071 

321,659 

342,275 

429,566 

420, 780 

463,920 

523, 087 

Iowa . 

211,562 

259,836 

306,309 

373, 474 

360,178 

398, 143 

395,506 

Kansas . 

52,891 

137,669 

243,300 

261,783 

291,329 

311,267 

288,236 

Kentucky . 

129,866 

178,000 

225,739 

310,339 

315, 196 

354,147 

314,992 

Louisiana . 

i  40, 500 

i  54, 800 

87,536 

146,323 

182,659 

235,933 

233, 422 

Maine . 

100,392 

103, 115 

98,364 

97,697 

106, 955 

116,569 

113,735 

Maryland . 

56,435 

85,778 

102,351 

134,400 

145,762 

169,306 

161,772 

Massachusetts . 

201,750 

233, 127 

273, 910 

366, 136 

444,090 

508,668 

*  518,231 

Michigan . 

i  193,000 

1240,000 

i  282,000 

355,226 

443,458 

504,979 

523, 166 

Minnesota . 

50,694 

i  78, 400 

127,025 

243,224 

348,500 

365,432 

373,760 

Mississippi . 

190,000 

156, 761 

207,704 

224,526 

261,384 

3  301, 922 

345,952 

Missouri . 

187,024 

1281,000 

384,627 

460,012 

490,390 

528,455 

505; 670 

Montana . 

i  1,100 

13,000 

10,596 

126,300 

41,314 

75,241 

90,298 

Nebraska . 

i  14,300 

60, 156 

146,139 

181,874 

191,076 

216,264 

214,377 

Nevada . 

i  1,800 

5,401 

5,064 

4,698 

i  7,400 

10,043 

10,430 

New  Hampshire . 

48, 150 

48,966 

41,526 

47,276 

50, 101 

54,485 

52,6*7 

New  Jersey . 

86,812 

115, 194 

133,286 

207,947 

324,239 

421,884 

423,750 

New  Mexico . 

i  880 

3, 150 

i  13,000 

22,433 

37,389 

i  51,374 

56,378 

New  York . 

493,648 

573,089 

642,984 

857,488 

1,122, 649 

1,318,605 

1,299,535 

North  Carolina . 

i  73,000 

170, 100 

203, 100 

206,918 

331,335 

446, 191 

414,879 

North  Dakota . 

i  1,040 

18,530 

20,694 

43,500 

90, 149 

*104,996 

119,375 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

432,452 

476,279 

549, 269 

616,365 

63,718 

64,411 

648,544 

278,650 

1  768, 451 
325, 053 

127,692 

849,287 

333,514 

130,864 

Oregon  . 

115,000 
567, 188 

27,435 

43,333 

103,553 

Pennsylvania . 

601,627 

682,941 

854,640 

1,001,464 

1,212, 157 

1,227,921 

Rhode  Island . 

22,485 

27,217 

33,905 

47,124 

61,487 

71,613 

72,254 

South  Carolina . 

i  44,700 

*90,600 

147,799 

201,295 

243,901 

279,071 

255,816 

South  Dakota . 

(<) 

0) 

48,327 

>68,000 

80,032 

93,837 

90,476 

Tennessee . 

189,000 

208,528 

323,548 

338,566 

363,953 

430,480 

406,044 

Texas . 

i  41,000 

i  132,000 

291,941 

438,779 

544.691 

691,603 

788,391 

Utah . 

12,819 

17, 178 

20,967 

50,595 

69,246 

88,052 

85,996 

Vermont . 

i  44,100 

48,606 

45,887 

47,020 

52,104 

52,393 

49,751 

Virginia . 

77,402 

128,404 

198,290 

216,464 

259,394 

339, 317 

326,296 

Washington . 

13,300 

1  10,546 

36,946 

74,717 

156,064 

191,441 

194,855 

West  Virginia . 

51,336 

!  91,604 

121,700 

151,254 

189,900 

223,889 

1  222,523 

Wisconsin . 

i  132,000 

,  i  156,000 

1  200,457 

1309,800 

320,439 

371,494 

1  356, 4.55 

Wyoming . 

i  250 

1,920 

14,700 

i  9,650 

1  16,730 

24,954 

30,619 

Outlying  Possessions 

Alaska . 

Hawaii . 

Canal  Zone . 

Phil.  Islands . 

Porto  Rico . 


28,600 

1,501 

528,711 

120,099 


2,601 

33,710 

1,963 

521,377 

106,441 


*  Statistics  of  1914-15. 

1  Approximate. 

*  High-school  attendance  not  reported, 


3  Statistics  of  1912-13. 

*  Included  in  North  Dakota. 


Table  28  .—Enrollment  of  pupils  by  grades  in  "kindergartens  and  first  to  fourth  grade  in  23  States,  1917-18. 


152 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Pupils  in  fourth  grade. 

*3 

"o 

cc 

IsliS  rsIsb  SSgll  11111  111 
SSKSSS  SPSS'S  s'sfe'ss  s'sss 

403 

4,271 

310 

63, 200 

16,406 

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1 

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1 i 
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Pupils  in  third  grade. 

13 

o 

05 

Ills?  21111  ISsls  1111s  IS! 
sagas'  g'ses's'  sssas  ssega  aas 

409 

5, 875 

408 

93, 665 

24, 798 

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198 

2,872 

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3,003 

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Pupils  in'second  grade. 

"3 

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Eh 

o 

ISsSl  §1122  SsiSs  18111  ES8 
saga’s  ggsa's  sssss  sg's's's  ass 

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478 

6,620 

511 

147,977 

29, 807 

£ 

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59,037 

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3,527 

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Pupils  in  first  grade. 

I 

t> 

SlSil  2111s  sllss  Hall  111 
ssf“8g  ggffas  ssassg'  sssgs'  ssss 

722 
12,072 
622 
287,  721 
47,030 

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111,828 

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5, 712 

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47, 720 

§ i 

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92,527 

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•  oT 

s 

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jo 

i  i  i 

j  d  ; 

125,724 

s  ; 

5  j 

373 

6,360 

ill 

;5'8' 

Pupils  in  kindergartens. 

I 

ill! 

•  o  • 

:  3  : 
j  3j 

ill  1  i 

is~  a'  i 
!  ! 

ill  ii 

i  a'  ;  i 

3,124 

1,740 

1,528 

28,236 

1 

•Girls. 

05 

1  i 

S  : 

1  i 

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22,239 

ii 

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£  : 

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£ 

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- 

California . 

Connecticut . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

ueorgia . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

III 

Massachusetts _ _ _ 

i 

North  Dakota . 

Ohin 

Oregon . 

South  Carolina 4 . 

Tennessee . 

ii  I 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Alaska . . 

1 

Philippine  Islands . 

Porto  Rico . 

3  Only  37  counties  reported  enrollment  by  grades. 

special  and  ungraded  pupils.  4  Partly  estimated  for  elementary  grades.' 


Table  29. — Enrollment  of  pupils  by  grades  in  fifth  to  ninth  grade  in  23  States,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


153 


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Table  30. — Enrollment  oj  pupils  by  grades  in  high  school  in  23  States ,  1917-18. 


154 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1018. 


Students  in  junior  college 
and  postgraduate  high 
school. 

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1,831 

2.900 

1,447 

3,505 

i  i  i3 

S'  : 

i 

II 

A 

1 

1  il 

0  ; 

M  i  is 

:  :  S  •>' 

li  ill 

cf  :  :^-cs 

976 

2,563 

li  is 

S'  ; 

i  sg 

11 

Students  in  first  year. 

% 

3 

o 

Eh 

SI2S1  lilla  ISSII  88111  IS! 

KOO'mVo'  co'jf'ofoo'af  OO  ifft'-’t'-’'©!'  00  oocfoo-a?  10' 00 

134 

968 

69 

8,084 

1,465 

A 

s 

b 

©s 

•a  is 

^  :^r 

CO  ; 

i  i  l  il 
i  i  r 

li  in 

V  : 

4,904 

4,970 

26,904 

3,836 

il  »s 

S§ 

i 

pq 

S  :I 

i  i  l  is 

:  :  a 

Si  ill 

CO  ;  ;  ©>  CO 

2,101 

3, 715 

li  il 

S  : 

i  sg 

88 

«T 

States. 

California . 

Connecticut . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Kentucky . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Montana . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oregon . 

South  Carolina . 

Tennessee 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Outlying  Possessions: 

Alaska . 

Hawaii  » . 

Philippine  Islands . 

Porto  Rico . 

idary  students  in  private  schools. 


Table  31. — Total  enrollment  of  'pupils  in  "kindergartens  and  elementary  grades  and  in  secondary  grades  in  23  States. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


155 


Does  not  include  4,191  boys  and  8,022  girls  in  special  day  and  evening  schools.  *  Includes  students  in  private  i 


Table  32. — Enrollment  of  colored  pupils  by  grades  in  kindergartens  and  first  to  fourth  grade  in  eight  States,  1917-18. 


156 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Pupils  in  fourth  grade. 

Total. 

<0 

1,914 

6,316 

31,372 

6,437 

26,603 

21,937 

21,809 

2,015 

Girls. 

i® 

1,066 

11,753 

1,076 

Boys. 

848 

10,056 

939 

Pupils  in  third  grade. 

Total. 

09 

2,171 
8,079 
41, 292 
6,929 

30,385 

27,387 

27, 552 

2,036 

Girls. 

1, 108 

14,378 

1,077 

Boys. 

s 

1,063 

13,174 

959 

Pupils  in  second  grade. 

Total. 

O 

2,338 
9,121 
55,116 
7, 489 

34,841 
34,661 
28, 883 
2, 102 

Girls. 

3S 

1,115 

14,138 

1,065 

Boys. 

00 

1,223 

tO  L- 
'rV  CO 

t-o 

Pupils  in  first  grade. 

Total. 

IT* 

3,284 
11,438 
97, 257 
14,124 

80,336 
82,572 
61, 840 
4,894 

Girls. 

1,579 

i- ! 

CO 

8*“ 

Boys. 

1,705 

_ 

CO  lO 

tO  to 

(N'csT 

CO 

Pupils  in  kindergartens. 

Total. 

1,230 
14, 757 

00  • 

CO  • 

Girls. 

09 

650 

• 

Boys. 

580 

• 

(M  • 

States. 

- 

District  of  Columbia . 

ElnriHa 

i  « 
fS 

•  >- 

i  S 

> 

c  = 

IS 

<s. 

c 

c 

f  $ 

>  C 

;  .c 

1  t 

i  1 

)  c 
i  5 
>C 
!,c 

II 

Texas . 

West  Virginia . 

STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  157 


Table  33.- — Enrollment  of  colored  pupils  by  grades  in  fifth  to  eighth  grade  in  eight 

States,  1917-18. 


States. 

Pupils  in  fifth 
grade. 

Pupils  in  sixth 
grade. 

Pupils  in  seventh 
grade. 

Pupils  in  eighth 
grade. 

CO 

>> 

O 

PQ 

CO 

3 

o 

"3 

o 

EH 

1 

pq 

CO 

3 

o 

3 

o 

EH 

§ 

m 

CO 

3 

o 

Us 

o 

Eh 

£ 

o 

pq 

CO 

5 

'S 

o 

Eh 

> 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Dist.  of  Columbia . 

Florida  . 

694 

1,034 

1,728 

3,874 

20,902 

5,008 

16,719 

15,606 

16,423 

1,389 

533 

781 

1,314 

1,954 

10,650 

3,496 

8,338 

10,202 
10, 949 
1,105 

434 

665 

1,099 

945 

5,259 

2,449 

3,633 

4, 240 
7, 267 
679 

328 

585 

913 

505 

1,160 

2,053 

Georgia  . 

Kentucky  . 

North  Carolina . 

South  Carolina . 

Texas . 

7,030 

607 

9,393 

782 

4,293 

491 

6,656 

614 

2,679 

271 

4,588 

408 

West  Virginia . 

206 

310  516 

Table  34/ — Enrollment  of  colored  pupils  by  grades  in  high  school  in  eight  States,  1917-18. 


States. 

Students  in  first 
year. 

Students  in 
second  year. 

Students  in  : 
third  year,  i 

Students  in 
fourth  year. 

Students  in 
post¬ 
graduate 
high  schools. 

th 

O 

i 

c3 

O 

>> 

O 

CO 

o3 

O 

CO 

£ 

CO 

s 

C3 

o 

>> 

o 

CO 

T* 

03 

o 

1 

3 

u 

03 

O 

pq 

3 

EH 

pq 

3 

Eh 

pq 

3 

Eh 

pq 

3 

EH 

pq 

3 

Eh 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

Dist.  Columbia . 

294 

546 

840 

173 

251 

424 

102 

156 

258 

64 

127 

191 

47 

254 

301 

Florida 

213 

165 

56 

29 

Georgia  _ 

334 

161 

17 

11 

Kentucky 

537 

382 

207 

98 

North  Garolina.  1 

South  Carolina  _ 

1,777 

984 

380 

34 

Texas 

1,002 

2  029 

3,031 

778 

965 

1,743 

357 

793 

1, 150 

262 

400 

662 

West  Virginia . 

37 

85 

122 

24 

77 

101 

27 

48 

75 

13 

15 

28 

.... 

1  None  reported. 


Table  35. — Enrollment  of  colored  students  in  kindergartens  and  elementary  grades  and  in 
secondary  grades  in  eight  States,  1917-18. 


States. 

Total  kindergarten  and 
elementary. 

Total  secondary. 

Grand  total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Total. 

* 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Dist.  Columbia . 

Florida 

7,408 

1  ..  .. 

8,583 

15,991 

263*008 
47,985 
200, 855 

196,605 
174, 761 
14, 736 

680 

1,334 

2,014 

463 

523 

1,224 

8,088 

9,917 

18,005 
57, 452 
263, 531 
49,209 
200,855 

199,780 

181,347 

15,062 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

. 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

3,175 

6,586 

326 

Texas . 

West  Virginia . 

84, 569 
7,025 

90, 192 
7,711 

2,399 

101 

!  4, 187 

1  225 

86,968 

7,126 

94, 379 
7,936 

Table  36. — Average  length  of  school  term  and  school  attendance. 


158 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF 


EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


1 

ii  uiuuei 

attending 

daily  for 

each  100 

enrolled, 

1918. 

74.6 

59.5 

60.8 

65.0 

71.3 

68.7 

78.3 

66.3 

77.7 

69.9 

67.7 

71.2 

88.4 

92.7 

74.6 

71.1 

59.1 

71.6 

80.8 

68.8 

82.2 

79.8 

76.5 

64.0 

76. 

74.0 

Per  cent 
of  school 
popula¬ 
tion  5  to 
18  years 
in  daily 

attend¬ 

ance, 

1918. 

56.2 

44.9 

62.1 

53.2 

70.8 

58.1 

64.7 

45.9 

64.1 

50.9 

49.1 

61.2 

61.9 

73.3 

67.8 

58.2 

44.5 

39.5 

63.5 

44.5 

60.6 

67.8 

58.8 

53.1 

56. 1 

86.2 

Average 
days 
attended 
by  each 
child  5  to 
18  years, 
1918. 

90.2 

55.5 

100.6 

63.9 

122.2 

97.6 

117.4 

75.2 

111.0 

66.2 

68.0 

91.8 

98.4 

113.9 

122.1 

99.7 

66.6 

53.8 

107.3 

75.9 

104.4 

116.7 

99.4 

73.4 

92.9 

131.4 

Average 
number 
of  days 
attended 
by  each 
pupil 
enrolled, 
1918. 

Ol 

OC 

© 

00005  10  ©  t''-  ©  OO  00  ©  ©  04  ©  CO  ©  ©  CO  ©  C4  CO  ^  ©  OO 

co  06  06  <m*  ©  csi  oo  rj3  ©  co  d  ©  ^  c4  ooncon-h  ©  06  ©  oi 

l-©I^CS|*-4  O  CO  ©  Oi  O  TtJ  CO  Csl  OO  ©  CO  T-H  CO  OJ  OO  CSI 

Average  number  of  days  the  schools  were  in  session,  1871-1918. 

All 

schools. 

- 

© 

^C4©C400  1-4  ^  CO  ©  OO  ©©©©<M  ©©©©©  C4©00©C4 

00  ©  CO  CO  to  lO  ©  OC  ^  2  H  H  H  u-  ©  co  ©  o 

r-18 

Second¬ 

ary 

schools. 

© 

-'f 

© 

© 

rt*  oc 

©  •  Tf©04H©  •  ©©  *< 

00  •  GO  GO  ©  U-  .00©  . 

•  •  •  • 

©  •  ©  ©  ©  •  •  ©  •  CO 

go  ;2JhI-h£h  •  *5h 

1911 

Elemen¬ 

tary 

schools. 

© 

CO  © 

04  © 

*-4  •  1-4COCOOO©  *©rt«  • 

D-  •  00  ©  t''-  04  CO  •  ©  ©  . 

©  •  00  ©  ©  I  •©  l© 

t  ^  ■  co  ©  d-  .  *co  •  ^ 

.  .  *  * 

Kinder¬ 

gartens. 

X 

OC 

CO 

©  •  •  •  cO  •  •  •  •  •  • 

ZLl 

© 

160 

©  ©  ©  ©  t>-  CO  rH  00  ©  t"*  ©-<*©©  Tt«  t#4  ©  ,-4  00  Ci  -C4  00  CO  C4 

co  ©  co  ^  ©  oot^t^coco  ©  ©  ©  ©  ^cor^t^oo  t>-  ©  04  © 

1-41-f  HH  #  HHH  HHH^H  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 

1909-10 

© 

158 

t^©r^©©  iq  co  h  ©  Tf  »-i  r>.  C4  ©©©©©  i-i©co©© 

H^CMO  GO  D-  00  O  CO  U-  CSI  ©  go 

1899-1900 

i® 

144 

00©00©©  ©©©C OC4  ©  04  04  ©  ©  00  ©  CO  ©  ^  ©  f-H  f"- 

04  t'-  ©  ©  ©  ©  ©  ©  04  i-<  04  OC  GO  ©©©^O 

s 

& 

00 

CO 

^  ©  ©  00  -rf  CO  ©  00  ©  CO  ©©©©©  ©  GO  ©  ©  CO 

t  -  04  ©  ^  GO  ©  04  °C  ©  CO  ^  ©  O  1-H  GC  ©  04  OC  CS 

1879-80 

99 

130 

601 

18 

32  22S  :S  SSKSS 

1870-71 

04 

132 

®  : 

3S  gg|  is 

OS 

oa 

1 

[ 

fontinental  United  States. . . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas _ _ 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


159 


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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


I 


T  able' 3S^—NumSer'rand'sex  oj  l  teachers  employed,  not  including  superintendents ,  supervisors ,  and  principals  when  separately  reported,  1917-18. 


162 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


163 


ESSI3  SiiSI  Sslls  §iSi 

c*'c?co'<n'co'  oTo®^r 

145 

1,063 

80 

12,182 

2,715 

ggisi  iiiii  sis§§  ii§i 

C5g«<N2-  oTo'o'rt' 

145 

1,063 

86 

12, 182 

2,715 

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7,642 

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166 

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441 

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112 

995 

71 

11,237 

2,549 

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18 

7,201 

834 

3  j 


in  vocational 


164 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 
Table  39. — Salaries  of  teachers  and  'percentage  of  men  teachers. 


Average  annual  salaries 
of  teachers,  1917-18. 


Percentage  of  men  teachers. 


States. 

In  ele¬ 
men¬ 
tary 
schools. 

In  sec¬ 
ondary 
schools 

In  all 
schools. 

1870- 

71 

1879- 

80 

1889- 

90 

1899- 

1900 

1909- 

10 

1915- 

16 

1917- 

18 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

[10 

11 

Continental  United 

States  . 

1  $606 

i  $1,031 

$635 

41.0 

42.8 

34.5 

29.9 

21.1 

19.8 

16.1 

Alabama . 

2  345 

66.8 

63.8 

62.9 

30.1 

35.0 

29.1 

23.5 

3  952 

47.5 

38.8 

27.3 

17.0 

19.7 

11.9 

4  387 

&  75. 6 

78.4 

68.5 

59.7 

47.0 

*44.8 

36.8 

California . 

891 

1,355 

1,012 

40.0 

33.6 

21.4 

17.8 

13.8 

15.0 

11.7 

4  749 

48.8 

36.4 

26.2 

20.9 

15.6 

16.0 

7.8 

Connecticut . 

696 

1,027 

745 

5  22. 1 

5  22.8 

6  13.4 

s  9.0 

6.2 

6.4 

5.9 

Delaware . 

2  561 

&  29. 9 

46.6 

5  31.0 

25.3 

13.7 

12.2 

9.3 

Dist.  Columbia . 

879 

1,730 

1,052 

8.2 

7.8 

13.0 

13.1 

11.5 

12.4 

11.8 

Florida . 

361 

694 

383 

5  65.7 

61.6 

48.0 

36.9 

25.7 

23.6 

19.2 

Georgia . 

314 

799 

366 

71.4 

5  65.2 

53.3 

44.0 

24.4 

20.2 

17.8 

2  685 

5  64.3 

57.4 

5  33.4 

31.2 

25.5 

22.1 

16.9 

778 

43.5 

39.7 

32.5 

26.4 

18.5 

18.6 

13.8 

Indiana . 

539 

835 

587 

60.5 

57.5 

51.1 

46.2 

35.7 

31.6 

36.8 

4  578 

39.0 

33.6 

20.6 

17.2 

9.8 

10.5 

8.9 

513 

47.2 

45.1 

40.8 

32.7 

18.0 

18.4 

14.3 

Kentucky . 

2364 

5  66.0 

64.6 

49.8 

45.5 

41.7 

34.1 

31.4 

Louisiana . 

2  436 

750 

471 

50.9 

46.1 

44.7 

47.9 

21.4 

20.1 

16.7 

Maine . 

406 

652 

443 

5  24.4 

5  27.2 

5  16.0 

5  16.4 

11.2 

11.4 

8.5 

Maryland . 

687 

45.0 

42.6 

27.8 

21  7 

17.1 

15.0 

10.8 

Massachusetts . 

2809 

21,248 

2  858 

12.7 

13.2 

9.8 

8.8 

9.1 

10.2 

11.0 

Michigan . 

2  663 

26.3 

29.2 

22.3 

20.3 

14.0 

14.2 

12.9 

Minnesota . 

4  651 

33.7 

35.9 

23.9 

19.4 

12.0 

11.0 

9.6 

Mississippi . 

291 

5  60.8 

61.2 

49.6 

44.2 

31.0 

«  26.7 

22.0 

Missouri  . 

4  651 

65.3 

58.1 

44.4 

37.6 

26.4 

24.3 

19.9 

Montana . 

670 

5  60.3 

38.5 

22.9 

16.6 

12.0 

14.4 

11.2 

Nebraska . 

1 

4  562 

51.9 

40.7 

27.1 

21.8 

11.9 

11.9 

5.2 

N  evada . 

i . 

4  874 

32.4 

46.7 

16.3 

11.1 

10.8 

14.3 

12.4 

New  Hampshire . 

2  548 

15.0 

16.8 

9.8 

8.9 

7.1 

8.7 

7.3 

New  Jersey . 

i . 

2  911 

32.5 

28.5 

18.4 

12.9 

12.3 

14.4 

8.8 

New  Mexico . 

;  7  491 

724 

500 

5  91.7 

78.0 

5  62.2 

5  55.2 

34.4 

33.3 

23.7 

New  York  . 

1 

976 

22.9 

26.0 

16.9 

14.9 

11.7 

11.0 

11.3 

North  Carolina . 

' . 

284 

5  73.2 

6  71.3 

59.1 

49.4 

28.5 

23.5 

18.2 

North  Dakota . 

4  578 

5  24.7 

5  40.8 

28.3 

28  8 

17.4 

*16.4 

10.6 

Ohio . 

8  699 

2  936 

4  744 

43.2 

47.8 

43.1 

40.4 

31.1 

24.7 

20.8 

Oklahoma . 

(8) 

(8) 

2  571 

42.8 

26.2 

29.8 

22.0 

Oregon . 

2  702 

5  51.7 

48.3 

43.3 

28.4 

19.4 

19.6 

15.7 

Pennsylvania . 

2  702 

42.8 

45.5 

34.2 

32.0 

22.6 

21.4 

17.6 

Rhode  Island . 

2802 

5  20.4 

20.2 

12.6 

9.5 

8.9 

8.4 

8.7 

South  Carolina . 

3  315 

62.4 

59.5 

49.6 

s  43.5 

23.1 

20.6 

14.1 

South  Dakota . 

9  478 

884 

504 

(i°) 

(i°) 

29.0 

24.4 

16.6 

14.6 

10.1 

Tennessee . 

2  370 

5  75.0 

74.4 

61.8 

5  54.0 

37.0 

32.3 

26.1 

Texas . 

2  487 

5  77.3 

5  75.0 

61.1 

48.9 

30.8 

28.4 

18.0 

Utah . 

3  672 

3  1,270 

3  754 

55.0 

54.5 

46.6 

36.5 

26.6 

28.3 

26.6 

Vermont . 

2  420 

2  728 

2  467 

16.5 

16.8 

12.0 

13.6 

8.9 

7.6 

4.1 

Virginia. . 

2385 

64.5 

61.8 

41.5 

31.5 

19.9 

16.4 

12.9 

Washington . 

883 

1,066 

922 

5  46.5 

37.4 

40.6 

28.9 

20.0 

20.3 

14.4 

West  Virginia . 

385 

723 

408 

79.0 

75.2 

63.4 

57.9 

48.0 

43.4 

34.4 

Wisconsin . 

3  521 

5  28.8 

28.9 

19.8 

18.4 

11.8 

10.8 

9.8 

Wyoming . 

562 

725 

578 

5  28.6 

44.3 

22.4 

15.6 

12.8 

14.6 

7.7 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Alaska. . 

981 

1,202 

1,032 

13.8 

Hawaii . 

887 

17.1 

9.9 

Canal  Zone.. 

944 

1,484 

2  1,038 

24.6 

29.1 

Philippine  Islands . 

68.8 

62.7 

Porto  Rico . 

441 

702 

456 

39.1 

33.5 

*Statistics  of  1914-15. 

1  In  16  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia  only. 

2  Includes  salaries  of  supervisors  and  principals. 

3  Includes  salaries  of  principals. 

*  Includes  salaries  of  superintendents,  supervisors, 
and  principals. 

6  Estimated. 


6  Statistics  of  1912-13. 

7  Includes  salaries  of  part-time  high-school  teachers. 

8  Distribution  between  elementary  and  secondary 

unreliable. 

9  Includes  salaries  of  supervisors. 

Included  in  North  Dakota. 


Table  40. — Schools  and  school  buildings ,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


165 


Includes  all  buildings  in  cities  having  5,000  population  and  over  and  in  661  smaller  cities  having  a  population  from  2,500  to  5,000  in  1910. 
Estimated. 

Schools  having  three  or  more  teachers. 


Table  40. — Schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-1918 — Continued. 


166 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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1  Includes  all  buildings  in  cities  having  5,000  population  and  over  and  in  601  smaller  cities  having  a  population  from  2,500  to  5,000  in  1910. 

3  Estimated.  4  Estimated;  1,459-schools  were  closed  by  consolidation. 


Table  41. —  Value  of  all  public  property  used  for  school  purposes ,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  107 


Value  of  all  property  used  for  school  purposes. 

All  schools. 

10 

$1,983,508,818 

issas  suss  sgsis  ssiaa  mis 

§sfil  l¥s¥f  Isill  is¥§¥  ffsif 

gfssssf  ss,dS‘s‘s‘ 

Secondary 

schools. 

CO 

3 

g 

3 

5 

3,534,029 

1,617,086 

6,212,925 

ill! 

is'fl 

■  ujVo -S’* 

33,271,463 

6,492,244 

26,716,338 

ii 

il 

Elementary 

schools. 

00 

§ 

§ 

i 

11,967,320 

3,498,716 

i  1 

n  § 

;  s' 

iisi 

ills 

121,348,396 

16,368,746 

67,892,248 

ii 

:«n 

:S 

■  eo' 

Value  of  equipment  (furniture,  'apparatus, 
libraries,  etc.). 

All  schools. 

L-» 

$112,381,283 

375, 357 
2,431,192 
8,607, 246 
2,083,796 

1,340,495 

1,057,532 

1,435,348 

1,435,550 

10,533,818 

4,342,249 

6  2,804,231 

i  ssij 

•  rr  OO  • 

:  SSS  : 

§ 

1; 

rr 

il 

if 

■  00 

9£l  691 

ill ‘188 ‘2 

S2 

is 

CO* 

Secondary 

schools. 

<o 

§ 

s 

o 

£ 

1  ii 
S  if 

•  c* 

:  : 

f  i  1 

r :  ; 

893,624 

137,563 

350,000 

3,969,980 

281,152 

•  Ci 

:S 

is 

Elementary 

schools. 

S 

i 

St 

a  il 
8  is 

li  i 
{ :  ; 
r  •  • 

446,871 

919,969 

1,085,348 

I 

§ 

& 

1,633,649 

if 

Value  of  sites  and  buildings. 

All  schools. 

1 

6 

i 

s 

4,740,445 
11,476,925 
81,484,573 
16,706, 280 

11,711,250 
9,564,725 
14,113, 620 

9,636,609 
144,086,011 
63,333,358 
48,889, 684 

:  : 
i  Si  i 

:  S2S  : 

1 

f 

s 

18 1  ‘HI  ‘69 

il 

if 

i  l  il 

i 

.  0  .  d 

73,990,645 
3,831,623  1 

Secondary 

schools. 

CO 

§ 

8 

s 

s 

1  il 
l  il 
“  :* 

si  i 

f  1  : 

4,242, 671 
3,405,075 
4,000,000 

§ 

s 

6,211,092 

i 

£ 

i 

ii 

\f 

Elementary 

schools. 

1 

1 

I 

l  il 

i  is 
«  is 

:  i  i 

M  i 

r:  : 

7,468,579 

6,159,650 

10,113,620 

1 

g 

T?- 

14,735,097 

1 

s 

s' 

•  00 

:cS 

i  i 

:<n 

States. 

- 

Continental  United  States . 

Alabama .  .  .  . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

ueiaware . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho  _ 

C  - 

Iowa . 

ivanscis ... 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

1 

Minnesota . 

1  1 
1 1 

il 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

1  In  10  States  only.  a  in  g  states  only.  a  In  13  States  only.  1  Estimated.  *  Apparatus  only.  6  Value  of 


Table  41. —  Value  of  all  'public  property  used  for  school  purposes ,  1917-18 — Continued. 


168  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 
Table  42. — Permanent  school  funds  and  school  lands ,  1917-18. 


169 


States. 


Permanent  school  funds. 


State. 


Local. 


Total. 


Unsold  school  lands. 


Number  of 
acres. 


Value. 


Total  value 
of  perma¬ 
nent  school 
funds  and 
school  lands. 


3  |  4 


Continental  United 
States . 


Alabama. . 
Arizona . . . 
Arkansas.. 
California . 
Colorado . . 


Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia. 

Florida . 

Georgia . 


Idaho . . . 
Illinois.. 
Indiana . 
Iowa. . . . 
Kansas . 


Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts. 


Michigan... 
Minnesota. 
Mississippi . 
Missouri . . . 
Montana . . . 


Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 


New  York . 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 


Oregon . 

Pennsylvania. . 
Rhode  Island . . 
South  Carolina. 
South  Dakota . . 


Tennessee. 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont. . 
Virginia. . 


Washington... 
West  Virginia. 
Wisconsin 
Wyoming . 


$308,118,870 


$50,007,398  $358,126,268 


46,314,957 


$484,200,293 


$842,326,581 


Outlying  Possessions. 

Alaska . 

Canal  Zone . 

Philippine  Islands . 


2.374.500 
380, 077 

1.134. 500 
7, 300, 362 
4,948,492 

2,008,624 
488, 235 
0 

1.576.862 
0 

6,539,177 

948,955 

9,712,506 

4,813,090 

9,958,535 

2, 013,536 
2, 350, 000 
482, 994 
247,93  5 
5, 000, 000 

5,314,802 

28,884,576 

1,035,641 

3,159,281 

6,636,382 

9, 425, 094 
2, 632, 648 
59, 723 
7,130, 096 
567,689 

9.321.863 
860, 000 

19, 166,537 
4,110.200 
21,095,457 

6,596,232 

403,000 

249,941 


14,587 


1,046,113 

. 6' 

250, '666' 


20, 099, 683 
2,485,526 


381,900 


727, 249 
168,574 


11,231,025 


876, 518 
764,671 


40,000 

'ioo'ooo' 


2,389,087 
380,077 
1,134, 500 
7,300, 362 
4,948,492 

3,054,737 
488, 235 
0 

1.576.862 
250,000 

6,539.177 

21,048,638 

12,198,032 

4,813,090 

9,958,535 

2,395,436 
2, 350, 000 
1,210,243 
416,509 
5,000,000 

5, 314, 802 
28,884,576 
1,035,641 
14,390,306 
6,636,382 

9,425,094 
2,632,648 
936,241 
7, 894, 767 
567,689 

9.321.863 
900, 000 

19,166,537 
4, 210, 200 
21,095,457 

6,596,232 
403, 000 
249,941 


17,000,000  | . !  17,000,000 


2,512,500 

70,288,059 

3,813,998 

1,364,027 

3,197,331 

13,632,698 
1,000, 000 
4,756, 362 
1,626,353 


11,310,280 


475,685 

35,587 


153 

0 

0 

2, 512, 500 

81,598,339 

3,813,998 

1,839,712 

3,232,918 

13, 632,698 
1,000,000 
4,756,362 
1,626,353 


153 

0 


73,000 

8,328,185 

48,500 


950,000 

45,805,018 

250,000 


2,882,278 

41,418,329 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

206,379 

1,031,895 

0 

0 

3,039,600 

30, 396, 001 

6, 403 

12,800,673 

680 

39,215 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

110,000 

1,750,000 

0 

0 

30, 000 
2,000,000 


125,000,000 


3,940,018 

1,854,119 

18,257 


66,468,104 

27,811,788 

23,724 


8,646,000  43,230,000 


0 

500,000 
31,200,000 
1,670,496 
5, 000,000 


0  i 

200,000 
1,445,764 
20, 573 
1,413,862 

757,480 

0 

0 

0 

2,500,000 

0 

1,242, 229 
2,500,000 


0 

1,803,072 

0 

12, 802 
3,235,756 


0 

12,995 


0 

0 

0 

85,000,000 

0 

2,652,771 
10, 000, 000 
813,999 
0 

18,030,720 

0 


32,357,560 


3,339,087' 
46, 185,095 
1,384,500 
7,300,362 
46,366,821 

3,054,737 

488,235 

0 

2,608,757 

250,000 

36,935,178 

33,849,311 

12,237,247 

4,813,090 

9,958,535 

2,395,436 

4,100,000 

1,210,243 

416,509 

5,000,000 

5, 314, 802 
53,884,576 
1,035,641 
14, 390, 306 
73,104,486 

37,236,882 

2,656,372 

936,241 

7,894,767 

43,797,689 

9,321,863 

1,400,000 

50,366,537 

5,880,696 

26,095,457 

6,596,232 

403,000 

249,941 


102,000,000 

2,512,500 

84,251,110 

13,813,998 

2,653,711 

3,232,918 

31,663,418 

1,000,000 

4,756,362 

33,983,913 


0 

1,793,393 


153 

0 

1,793,393 


1  Value  of  agricultural  lands  only;  no  report  on  the  value  of  mineral  lands,  which  are  probably  valued 
at  $160,000,000  additional. 


Table  43. — Indebtedness ,  sinking  funds ,  and  'payments  on  indebtedness ,  1917-18. 


170 


BIENNIAL-  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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Ohio . I  68,985,267  . 1  68,985,267  1 . . . I  "l,'8i8,928'l" '  "3,'084,‘30i  '*  4,903,229  1  1,073,200  1  2,501,524 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


171 


172 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  44. — Percentage  analysis  of  receipts,  1917-18. 


States. 


1 


Continental  United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . [ . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland,. . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

V  ermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 


Total  revenue 
receipts. 

Total  revenue 
receipts. 

Receipts  from  taxation 
and  appropriation. 

State. 

Coun¬ 

ty. 

Local. 

Perma¬ 
nent 
school 
funds 
and 
leases  of 
school 
lands. 

Taxa¬ 

tion 

and 

appro¬ 

pria¬ 

tion. 

Other 

sources. 

State. 

Coun¬ 

ty. 

Local. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

16.8 

7.9 

75.3 

2.9 

92.5 

4.6 

14.8 

8.0 

77.2 

63.7 

32.1 

4.2 

2.8 

88.2 

9.0 

63.4 

36.6 

21.1 

36,9 

42.0 

4.2 

93.6 

2.2 

17.6 

37.6 

44.8 

28.2 

71.8 

.9 

94.8 

4.3 

28.2 

71.8 

22.3 

35.4 

42.3 

1.3 

93.1 

5.6 

22.3 

38.0 

39.7 

7.1 

19.5 

73.4 

6.8 

92.9 

.3 

.1 

20.8' 

79.1 

10.2 

89.8 

1.5 

92.3 

6.2 

9.5 

90.5 

26.8 

73.2 

4.7 

93.2 

2.1 

21.9 

78.1 

48.8 

51.2 

97.7 

2.3 

50.0 

50.0 

23.1 

51.4 

25.5 

1.8 

87.4 

10.8 

12.1 

58.7 

29.2 

50.4 

18.8 

30.8 

.2 

93.1 

6.7 

53.5 

17.6 

28.9 

13.1 

30.9 

56.0 

12.8 

82.6 

4.6 

37.4 

62.6 

7.7 

92.3 

3.4 

92.7 

3.9 

7.5 

92.5 

17.2 

82.8 

3.1 

96.1 

.8 

14.5 

85.5 

2.2 

97.8 

1.0 

98.8 

.2 

1.0 

99.0 

2.9 

2.0 

95.1 

2.6 

97.3 

.1 

.2 

2.1 

97.7 

46.5 

16.8 

36.7 

2.6 

88.3 

11.1 

50.7 

17.7 

31.6 

24.1 

38.6 

37.3 

2.1 

92.3 

5.6 

24.0 

36.0 

40.0 

44.6 

55. 4 

2.5 

95.3 

2.2 

45.7 

54.3 

31.7 

68.3 

.2 

98.3 

1.5 

31.7 

68.3 

3.7 

96.3 

.7 

97.8 

1.5 

2.9 

97.1 

22.0 

78.0 

1.3 

85.7 

13.0 

24.3 

75.7 

28.5 

7.9 

63.6 

5.7 

94.1 

.2 

23.9 

8.1 

68.0 

49.7 

3.0 

47.3 

4.4 

89.0 

6.6 

53.4 

46.6 

12.0 

88.0 

.8 

98.9 

.3 

11.0 

89.0 

12.9 

31.3 

55.8 

12.7 

81.5 

5.8 

38.4 

61.6 

8.7 

91.3 

3.2 

89.3 

7.5 

5.9 

94.1 

37.2 

42.6 

20.2 

19.7 

76.2 

4.1 

20.6 

55.9 

23.5 

6.4 

93.6 

92.1 

7.9 

6.4 

93.6 

45.3 

.4 

54.3 

1.0 

95.7 

3.3 

42.9 

.3 

56.8 

20.7 

79.3 

20.2 

78.7 

1.1 

.0 

100.0 

.0 

9. 5 

90.5 

.4 

95.7 

3.9 

9.3 

90.7 

14.2 

51.2 

34.6 

93.2 

6.8 

14.6 

49.6 

35.8 

15.1 

8.1 

76.8 

13.3 

78.7 

8.0 

2.0 

10.0 

88.0 

8.2 

1.7 

90.1 

1.1 

93.3 

5.6 

7.4 

1.7 

90.9 

14.5 

6.2 

79.3 

14.3 

71.4 

14.3 

.1 

99.9 

5.5 

25.6 

68.9 

5.3 

88.5 

6.2 

28.9 

71.1 

9.6 

90.4 

99.8 

.2 

9.5 

90.5 

5.7 

94.3 

.6 

94.8 

4.6 

5.2 

94.8 

13!  1 

28.2 

58.7 

'99.3 

.7 

12.4 

28.5 

59.1 

16.6 

.2 

83.2 

16.6 

74.9 

8.5 

.0 

.0 

100.0 

19.6 

64.4 

16.0 

2.0 

95.7 

2.3 

17.9 

65.5 

16.6 

41.0 

3.1 

55.9 

13.4 

64.7 

21.9 

46.0 

1.0 

53.0 

35. 6 

64.4 

4.6 

92.9 

2.5 

33.2 

66.8 

22!  3 

77.7 

3.5 

93.9 

2.6 

20.3 

79.7 

30.5 

22.8 

46.7 

1.2 

84.6 

14.2 

33.5 

16.1 

50.4 

21.9 

21.0 

57.1 

5.9 

93.1 

1.0 

16.1 

22.6 

61.3 

9.2 

.4 

90.4 

1.0 

97.6 

1.4 

7.0 

.4 

92.6 

18.0 

14.2 

67.8 

1.5 

93.5 

5.0 

17.4 

15.2 

67.4 

26.1 

30.9 

43.0 

24.1 

71.6 

4.3 

1.3 

43.2 

55.5 

Table  45. — Income  from  permanent  school  funds  and  leases  of  school  lands,  1917-18. 


173 


1  Included  in  column  2.  2  Income  from  sixteenth  section  and  Chickasaw  funds. 


Table  45. — Income  from  permanent  school  funds  and  leases  of  school  lands,  1917-18 — Continued. 


174 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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Table  46. — Income  from  appropriation  and  taxation ,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  175 


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Table  46. — Income  from  appropriation  and  taxation ,  1917-18 — Continued. 


176 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1818. 


Total  receipts  from  appropriation  and  taxation. 

Grand  total. 

3 

$79,163,536 

5, 677, 769 

6,970,262 

41,313,186 

9,242,095 

6,469,303 

80, 986, 839 

3,740,231 

3,488, 629 

5,602,695 

6,502,442 

14,804,297 

5,049,561 

2,305,322 

7,433,739 

13,358,088 

8, 195, 408 

16, 105,576 

1,440,074 

272,905 

1,771,951 

128,000 

2,358,204 

Local. 

12 

^£97,883 

2,033,026 

6, 130, 262 

37,547,848 

9,231,095 

4,597,651 

73,355,280 

3,544,978 

2,062,612 

5,602,695 

1,078,572 

7,848,707 

3,374, 420 

1,836,637 

3,747,086 

8, 188, 756 

7,590,716 

10,852,087 

799,993 

53,401 

1 

s 

County. 

- 

in 

:s3§ 

\n 

702,902 

1,871,652 

992,114 

4,261,965 

141,408 

is  sSSs 
ii'  s”fi 

eo'  <n 

State. 

© 

$7,365, 653 
829,802 
140,000 
3,062, 436 
11,000 

7,631,559 

195,253 

433,903 

1,161,905 
6, 814, 182 
1,675,141 

468,685 

2,486,456 

2,153, 718 
572, 640 

2,807,359 

19,000 

219,504 

1, 771, 951 

128,000 

1,726,860 

Receipts  from  taxation  (property,  business,  poll 
taxes,  etc.). 

Total. 

© 

$71,797,883 

4,847,967 

6,830,262 

37,961,875 

9,231,095 

6,469,303 
73,355,280 
•  94,003 
2,971,659 
5,602,695 

5,320,626 

7,848,707 

5,049,561 

2,085,364 

6,763,283 

13,358,088 
7,881,118 
13, 298, 217 

1,421,074 

99,041 

1,662,896 

is 

is 

*3 

§ 

GO 

$71,797,883 
2,033,026 
6, 130, 262 
37,547,848 
9,231,095 

4,597,651 

73,355,280 

94,003 

2,062,612 

5,602,695 

1,078,572 
7,848,707 
3,374, 420 
1,836,637 
3, 747,086 

8, 188, 756 
7,590, 716 
10,852,087 
799,993 

§  i 

s'; 

is 

IS' 

County. 

D" 

!S§ 

ili 

la 

414,027 

1,871,652 

909,047 

4,242,054 

1,200,197 

3,015,614 
32,052 
2,446, 130 
621,081 

State. 

© 

i  :  :  is 

H  i  ii 

:  I  I  Is 

248,727 

1,816,000 

2,153,718 

258,350 

45,640 

1,662,896 

Receipts  from  appropriation. 

Total. 

$7, 365, 653 
829,802 
140,000 
3,351,311 

ni,ooo 

7,631,559 

3  fUK  9,9k 

516,970 

1,181,816 
6, 955, 590 

219,958 
670, 456 

314,290 
,  2,807,359 

19.000 

173, 864 
109,055 

2  128,000 
1, 726, 860 

Local. 

1!  ill 
i  i  ill 

:  :  ;  :S 

5  ;  •  j  j 

Mi  ii 

ill  1  ; 

County. 

eo 

li  ii 

i\  n 

§  i  il 

S3  ;  sfg 

State. 

<N 

nisi  in 
iisfr  is) 

gj  eo'  j  t'-' 

433,903  1 

1,161,905 

6,814,182 

219,958 

670,456 

314, 290 
2,807,359 
19.000 

173,864 

109,055 

2  128,000 
1, 726,860 

States. 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

1  ii 

m  III 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washimrtnn 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wvnminp  _ 

Ala 

Hawaii . 

Canal  Zone . 

Porto  Rico . 

I 

1 

•3 

I 

1 


1  For  State  office  of  education  only.  Other  State  appro] 

2  Appropriated  by  Congress. 


Table  47. — Income  from  Federal  Government,  from  all  other  sources,  and  total  revenue  receipts,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


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59873°— 21 - 12 


*  Included  under  taxation  receipts.  *  Includes  county  taxes. 


Table  47. — Income  from  Federal  Government,  from  all  other  sources,  and  total  revenue  receipts,  1917-18 — Continued. 


178 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


1  Included  under  l  axation  receipts. 


Table  48. — J\Tonrevepue  receipts,  grand  total  qf  all  receipts,  and  balance  op  hand,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918.  179 


Nonrevenue  receipts.  Total  revenue  and  nonrevenue  receipts,  excluding 

(All  local  unless  otherwise  indicated.)  balances  on  hand. 


180- 


biennial  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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1  All  county  bonds.  3  Included  in  column  3.  5  In  pension  fund. 

2  Includes  county  bonds  amounting  to  $729,756.  4  Includes  county  bonds  amounting  to  $452,265. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 

Table  49. — Percentage  analysis  of  expenditures,  1917-18. 


181 


Total  expenditures,  excluding  payment  of  bonds. 


Total  expenditures, 
excluding  payments  for 
outlays  and  payments 
of  bonds. 


States. 

General 

control. 

Instruction. 

Miscel¬ 

laneous 

current 

expen¬ 

ses. 

Out¬ 

lays 

(new 

build¬ 

ings, 

grounds 

and 

new 

equip¬ 

ment). 

General 

control. 

Instruc¬ 

tion. 

Miscel¬ 

laneous 

current 

expen¬ 

ses. 

Text¬ 

books 

and 

sup¬ 

plies. 

Teach¬ 

ers' 

salaries. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Continental  United 

States . 

3.3 

3.0 

55.2 

58.2 

23.0 

15.5 

3.9 

68.9 

27.2 

Alabama . 

5.0 

.8 

71.4 

72.2 

11.2 

11.6 

5.7 

81.6 

12.7 

Arizona . 

2.3 

5.2 

57.8 

63.0 

22.3 

12.4 

2.7 

71.8 

25.5 

1.8 

76.8 

76.8 

21.0 

4 

1.8 

77. 1 

21.1 

California . 

2.4 

.4 

61.1 

61.5 

20.7 

15!  4 

2.9 

72.6 

24.5 

2.3 

55.7 

55.7 

25. 1 

16.9 

2.8 

67.0 

30.2 

Connecticut . 

2.7 

6.3 

54.6 

60.9 

23.1 

13.3 

3.1 

70.2 

26.7 

Delaware . 

2.9 

4.2 

68.3 

72.5 

18.8 

5.8 

3.0 

77.0 

20.0 

Dist.  bf  Columbia . 

1.4 

7.2 

65.0 

72.2 

17.6 

8.8 

1.5 

79.2 

19.3 

Florida . 

3.6 

.1 

50.9 

51.0 

24.5 

20.9 

4.6 

64.5 

30.9 

Georgia . 

4.4 

1.7 

78.3 

80.0 

7.4 

8.2 

4.8 

87.1 

8.1 

Idaho . 

4.2 

3.7 

51.0 

54.7 

29.4 

11.7 

4.7 

61.9 

33.4 

Illinois . 

3.3 

3.0 

53.7 

56.7 

23.0 

17.0 

4.0 

68.3 

27.7 

Indiana . 

2.5 

4.9 

44.3 

49.2 

26.1 

22.2 

3.1 

63.3 

33.6 

Iowa . 

.6 

7.5 

46.5 

54.0 

29.0 

16.4 

.7 

64.6 

34.7 

Kansas . 

4.2 

51.6 

51.6 

26.2 

18.0 

5.1 

62.9 

32.0 

Kentucky . 

4.4 

.2 

66.3 

66.5 

28.5 

.6 

4.5 

66.9 

28.6 

Louisiana . 

4.1 

1.4 

66.2 

67.6 

14.3 

14.0 

4.7 

78.7 

16.6 

Maine . 

3.2 

5.4 

59.4 

64.8 

28.1 

3.9 

3.3 

67.5 

29.2 

Maryland . 

3.9 

6.0 

68.3 

74.3 

16.6 

5.2 

4.2 

78.3 

17.5 

Massachusetts . 

3.8 

6.7 

56.5 

63.2 

20.4 

12.6 

4.4 

72.4 

23.2 

Michigan . 

2  5 

46  4 

4  6.4 

29.  2 

21.9 

3.2 

59.4 

37.4 

Minnesota . 

3.3 

3.6 

48.9 

52.5 

24.8 

19.4 

4.0 

65.0 

31.0 

Mississippi . 

4.3 

.3 

89.8 

90. 1 

5.6 

4.3 

90.1 

5.6 

Missouri . 

.3 

59.0 

59  0 

19. 2 

21. 5 

.  4 

75. 2 

24.4 

Montana . 

6.1 

5.0 

44.0 

49.0 

23.0 

2l!  9 

7.8 

62!  8 

29.4 

Nebraska . 

.9 

.4 

55.6 

56.0 

26.4 

16.7 

1.1 

67.1 

31.8 

Nevada . 

3.4 

63.5 

63  5 

28. 5 

4.6 

3.5 

66  6 

29.9 

New  Hampshire . 

6.0 

11.4 

54.6 

66.0 

24.0 

4.0 

6.2 

68.7 

25.1 

New  Jersey . 

3. 5 

4.0 

50.2 

54.2 

24.3 

18.0 

4.3 

66.2 

29.5 

New  Mexico . 

3.9 

1.2 

42.8 

44.0 

10.9 

41.2 

6.6 

74.9  ! 

18.5 

New  York . 

4.6 

3.1 

69.0 

72.1 

16.5 

6.8 

5.0 

77.3 

17.7 

North  Carolina . 

4. 1 

70.5 

70.5 

7  7 

17  7 

4.9 

85.7 

9.4 

North  Dakota, . 

2.1 

1.9 

45.5 

47.4 

32.3 

18.2 

2.6 

57.9 

39.5 

Ohio . 

4.5 

2.1 

48.3 

50.4 

26.2 

18.9 

5.5 

62.1 

32.4 

Oklahoma . 

2.6 

57.2 

57.2 

22.6 

17.6 

3. 1 

69.4 

27.5 

Oregon . 

3.9 

59.2 

59  2 

27  0 

9.9 

4.3 

65. 7 

30.0 

Pennsylvania . 

3.4 

4.0 

45.0 

49.0 

31.’ 6 

16!  0 

4!o 

58!  2 

37.8 

Rhode  Island . . . 

3.0 

4.6 

53.4 

58.0 

24.3 

14.7 

3.5 

68.0 

28.5 

South  Carolina . 

2.5 

23.1 

54.6 

77.7 

9.8 

10.0 

2.8 

86.3 

10.9 

South  Dakota . 

3.8 

.4 

52.9 

53.3 

23.8 

19.1 

4.7 

65.9 

29.4 

Tennessee . 

4.4 

4.0 

62.3 

66.3 

8.3 

21.0 

5.6 

83.9 

10.5 

Texas . 

1. 5 

57.5 

57. 5 

20. 1 

20.9 

1.9 

72. 7 

25. 4 

Utah . 

4.9 

4.3 

50.1 

54.4 

21.4 

19.3 

6.0 

67.5 

26.5 

Vermont . 

6.4 

4.6 

54.8 

59.4 

27.4 

6.8 

6.9 

63.7 

29.4 

Virginia . 

6.2 

.3 

64.4 

64.7 

16.1 

13.0 

7.0 

74.5 

18.5 

Washington . 

2.9 

3.2 

59.6 

62.8 

20.1 

14.2 

3.3 

73.2 

23.5 

West  Virginia . 

3.0 

1.9 

67.2 

69.1 

11.4 

16.5 

3. 5 

82.8 

13.7 

Wisconsin . 

4  1 

3.7 

50.4 

54.1 

24.2 

17.6 

4.9 

65.7 

29.4 

Wyoming . 

5.7 

4.6 

58.8 

63.4 

19.6 

11.3 

6. 5 

71.5 

22.0 

Table  50. — Payments  for  general  control ,  maintenance,  and  fixed  charges ,  1917-iR. 


182 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


« 131,480 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


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188 


Salaries  and  expenses  of  supervisors.  Salaries  and  expenses  of  principals.  Salaries  of  teachers. 


84 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


185 


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Table  51b. — Payments  for  instruction ,  1917-18 — Continued. 


186 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Sd 

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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  187 


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Table  52. — Payments  for  operation  of  school  plant,  1917-18. 


188  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


3,605,392  | . [ . |  3,544,198 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


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189 


190 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  53a. — Payments  for  auxiliary  agencies 1917-18. 


States. 

Libraries. 

Promotion  of  health. 

Transportation  of  pupils. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

schools. 

Second¬ 

ary 

schools. 

Total. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

schools. 

Second¬ 

ary 

schools. 

Total. 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary 

schools. 

Second¬ 

ary 

schools. 

Total. 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Continental  United 
States . 

$273,049 

$154,915 

$2,188,269 

$59,071 

$7,366 

$1,222,334 

$906,571 

$328,138 

$7,961, 291 

Arizona . 

9,557 
191, 180 

4, 844 
89,577 

14, 4C1 
280, 757 
22, 136 
23,547 
338 

9,079 
12, 163 
9,204 
23,000 
98,431 

52,329 

220,458 

272,787 

Colorado.  . 

Connecticut . 

15,584 

6,963 

25,067 

1,466 

26,533 

197,123 

13,562 

210,685 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia. . . 
Florida . 

0 

9,079 

14,405 

3,536 

17,941 

0 

325 

325 
95,158 
36,996 
178,  soa 
71,263 

1,251,460 

734,141 

(l) 

13,998 

193,063 

213,288 

30,431 

582,681 

89,987 

538,532 

79,184 

Georgia . 

7,204 

2,000 

5,340 

1,000 

6,340 

34,996 

2,000 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

47,013 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

67, 758 
C1) 

Kansas . 

(*) 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

3,822 

9,239 

13,061 

160,208 

201, 716 

32,855 

11,572 

Maine . 

5,871 

5,871 
2,381 
216, 482 

Maryland . 

12,730 
7,412 
346, 792 
137,834 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan ...  . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

306,514 
63,203 
27,901 
3, 185 

Montana . 

143,759 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

144,366 
529,527 
14, 173 
307,555 

New  Jersey . 

29,823 

2,905 

277,330 

18,467 

284,704 
1,576 
363, 804 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota . 

390,000 

1,066,084 

Ohio . 

158,519 

68,965 

26,753 

0) 

26,884 

7,480 

129, 257 

Oklahoma . 

37,989 

30,976 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

28,943 

0) 

21,633 
25,323 
68,554 
40, 255 
2  30,000 

107,356 

200,209 

105,605 

(3) 

144,658 

29,755 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . . . 

12,312 

Texas . 

Utah . 

4,297 

4,091 

4, 297 
5,455 
29,338 
(3) 

50,712 

1,687 

59,990 
200, 209 

47,366 

Vermont . 

6, 713 

2,237 

8,950 

6,757 

(3) 

30,477 

33,201 

1,364 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

Outlying  Possessions. 
Hawaii . 

4, 869 

Canal  Zone . 

1,500 

3,000 

Porto  Rico _ 

852 

1  Included  under  operation.  3  Included  under  grand  total  of  auxiliary  agencies. 

*  Estimated. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  .191 


Table  53b. — Payments  for  auxiliary  agencies,  1017-18  (continued),  and  payments  of 

interest  on  indebtedness. 


States. 

Other  auxiliary  agencies. 

Total  payments  for  auxiliary 
agencies. 

Interest 
on  indebU 
edness. 

Elemen¬ 

tary 

schools. 

Second¬ 

ary 

schools. 

Total. 

Elemen¬ 

tary 

schools. 

Second¬ 

ary 

schools. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Continental  United  States . 

$735, 616 

$154,124 

$9,737,937 

$3,253,794 

$830, 266 

$21,463,281 

$15,154,585 

151, 800 

34,134 

185,934 

161,357 

243,509 

38,978 

310,035 

200,335 
553,544 
22, 136 
437, 608 
338  1 

54,028  ! 
455,881  I 
52,540 
201,500 
1,465,210 

1,251,460 

2,719,240 

0) 

13,998 
206, 124 

219,159 

59,416 

1,106,877 

436,779 

2,359,628 

79,184 
306,514 
606, 345 
27,901 
3,185 

144,366 

874,411 

98,342 

1,699,391 

18,467 

390,000 

2,793,074 

569,245 

26,753 

(*) 

221,375 
32,803 
68, 554 
52,567 
30,000 

111,653 

214,614 

251,360 

353,450 

180,132 

Colorado . 

360,718 

338,099 

16,988 

429,123 

Connecticut . 

158,677 

18,166 

176,843 

397,451 

40, 157 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

3,700 

22,983  1 

26,683 

348,560 

18,105 

35,923 

. 

47, 540 

5,000 

Idaho . 

307,000 

854,181 

1,248,503 

1,279,487 

185,723 

Iowa . 

1,917, 341 

C1) 

i 

1,045,131 

Kentucky . 

. 

100,932 

46,568 

Louisiana . 

164,030 

207,587 

42,094 

11,572 

Maine . 

Maryland. . 

13,874 

300,302 

'(*) 

Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan . . 

. 

Minnesota . 

1,683,262 

(3) 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . .  ... 

Montana _ _ _ 

399, 383 

1  291,039 

(1> 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire. . . 

63,990 

2,322,515 

(3> 

!  1,504,761 
58,467 

300,000 

2,501,524 

971,681 

8 

147,137 
130,130 
300, 193 

New  Jersey . 

30,357 

79,688 

750,702 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

! . 

Ohio . 

1,439,214 

500,280 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

42i,439 

78,841 

459,428 

i09,8i7 

Pennsylvania . 

1 . 

C1) 

143,915 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

(<) 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

*1,258,200 

271,452 

(3) 

88,740 
998, 103 
83,283 
162,851 
21,647 

Utah . 

64,287 

211,013 

47, 366 
3,601 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

109,660 

(5) 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

383,436 

609,283 

64,643 

Wyoming . 

Outlying  Possessions. 
Hawaii . 

4,869 

4,500 

3,442 

Canal  Zone . 

0 

Porto  Rico . 

2,590 

^Statistics  for  1916-17. 

1  Included  under  operation. 

2  Under  control  of  boards  of  estimates. 

3  Included  under  payment  of  bonds  and  short-term  loans. 
*  Included  under  maintenance. 

6  Included  in  column  8. 


Table  54. — Payments  for  capital  outlays  and  nev)  equipment,  1917-18. 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


>> 

cS^S 
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©  w 

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t'-  CM  CO  ^  CM  05  < 


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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  193 


s§38s  lists  mm  in 

s'l¥l¥  s¥l¥s  SsS'lS  s§¥ 

.-JV-ToTef  j-T  ”  i-Tr-T  irs\-T  h'n“  i-T«T 


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r¥ 


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ssfif  gs's'Sg  lf“" 


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mm  mm  iis 

^  r-r 


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59873°— 21- 


ni 


S-SSFl  1.1  £ 
1S>>£  £££ 

-13 


>!i 


Table  55. — Recapitulation  of  payments  for  current  expenses,  1917-18. 


194 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


§1 


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ClHH 


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CO  CO  O  CO  r* 
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2  £  -r  ^  So 

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STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


195 


11,975,036 
765, 256 
3,013,016 
24, 791, 441 
2,276,604 

75,  528, 979 
5,383,104 
8,094, 125 
40, 940, 597 
11, 670, 245 

6,  784, 185 

58, 418,  612 

3,455,  735 

4, 472, 790 

5,727,264 

6,085,556 

19,433,958 

4,318,  718 

2,365,097 

7,218,817 

13,090,391 

5,836,335 

14,549,531 

1,776,367 

272,905 

1,212.799 

134, 945 

1, 580,300 

3,801,476 
228, 841 
754, 630 
7,331,643 
422, 127 

13,370,389 
504, 809 
3, 199, 000 
13, 250, 831 
3,  208, 175 

2,030, 246 
22,061,500 
985,  714 
488,  271 
1,685,687 

640,263 
4, 947, 844 

1, 142, 255 

694, 231 

1,330,797 

3,068,794 

800,  856 

4,278, 851 

391,930 

101,573 

224,566 

28, 700 

138, 829 

066  ‘E9 

2,322, 515 

1, 504, 761 
58, 467 
300, 000 
2,501,624 
971, 681 

issi  in  ig  iiss 
:s¥l 

:  : 

:  :ss 

:  j*2’ 

li  SS83S  1 

gs  f  § 

29,276 

85,315 

25,992 

56,608 

217,358 

23, 882 

221, 131 
50, 923 

3, 249 

116, 189 

27, 901 
3,185 
144, 366 
874,411 
98,342 

1,699, 391 
18, 467 
390, 000 
2, 793,074 
569, 245 

26,  753 

221,375 
32,803 
68, 554 

52,567 
30,000 
111,  653 
214,  614 
251,360 

353,450 

609, 283 
64,643 

4, 869 
4,500 
3,442 

499,  822 
37, 292 
109, 914 
1,043,004 
119,769 

2,400,046 

1,944,706 

531,147 

595,388 

!i  if  sills  §811 
is  is'  8§8§1  iW® 

13,  200 
19, 198 

gill!  SS1SS  SSS3I  £1892  8381 
S!  sjtii !S  lifll  illg'i  Sill 

co  of  i?--'  cqVi'  eo  c<T 

101,573 
216,448 
11,000 
110, 521 

i  is 

g  ;l 

g|  1  i§§  i  ii 
s*  s?  m  i  if 

th'  <N  J  r-T  •  •  C 

sill  S  illf  Has 
a  iga'Ef  sfgg's 

23, 271 
9,420 
42,316 

7,451,002 
509, 365 

1.713.375 
15, 192,012 

1, 658, 766 

55, 872,183 
4,610, 611 
4,500,000 
24,370,894 
8,099,538 

4.459.375 
31,226, 303 

2,159,668 
2,711,965 
3, 743, 545 

4,794, 107 
14, 125, 073 
2,686,323 
1,390,647 
5,349,819 

9,097,394 
4, 702.  279 
8, 897;  113 
1, 177,  790 

171,332 
942, 696 
91,125 
1,330, 145 

81118  Ills!  liiSs  SsisB  §88§ 
gsggg  ggs.jg  I’MlS's  ilSl 

r-T  e<f  in  e<r 

22, 266 
5,700 
69,010 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina. . . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

jrciuisyi  . . 

Rhode  Island, . . . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . . . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Alaska.. . 

Hawaii . 

Canal  Zone . 

Porto  Rico . 

Table  56. — Grand  recapitulation  of  expenditures,  1917-18. 


196 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


SSsf  • 

ill! 


M  o  s 

■a  cs  o  m 

S-S  a  § 
|i  °2 
£■0*3 


ii  mi 
S¥  S'»¥s 


ii 


i 


IBs 

*3* 


Bs 

SI 

ciVT 


SSils 

l¥is¥ 


Sisal  iiitis  llllg 

l¥l¥s  S»¥l 

o'  CoW-" 


«ToV»oVr 


Illli 

s'il'fl' 


.g||S 

«  a  a 

1 1  #|f 

)£■  CJ  C3  oh 

i<H  Q 


Isili 

'll 

co'^r 


sill!  1S11S  I1S5S  II 

§lf§'|'  IsSIs  s'is¥f  ii 


oo'o'tp'oo' 


co1  t^TsT 


ii 


“  X 
o  05 


iSitsl 

UlSf 


11111  lisBl 
ill's'!'  si's'll 


rcsT  ecT  r-T  ~%-Tr<rooN 


1ISSI  lsll§ 
fil¥S 

oTco'  'r'  <n" 


Issls 

fill! 

rp"  C^T  o'  o'  o' 


sslsl  11BIS 
ll'is'f  is's'g'l 

o'  c<Te¥o'  ecTeTco'o'ad' 


lllsl 

fl'SIl 

o'tJ'  C'T'ii'OJ 


Islll 

Ill'll 

^co'co'co%r' 


mis 

i'8's'sl' 


Sills  fills 

l's'5l¥  fills' 


SissS 

Ill'll' 


iiils 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918. 


197 


•  i  ;s  :  sill :  ; ; : ;  •  : g  ■  ■  •  :  :s  ; 

: :  :§  ;  svgi  i  \i\\\  i  ¥ ; 

;  :  :  i  *  :  :  :  :  :  :  |  ■  •  |  |  : 

.  o  • 

233, 249 

131, 878 
631,786 
430,642 

3,207,423 
111,106 
280, 000 
4,903,229 

943,868 

57,000 

108,453 

839,576 

317,602 

636, 154 

186,659 

50,328 

489,864 

907,692 

133,330 

2,145,580 

33,191 

•  o  j 

14,381,857 
802, 548 
3,138,340 
30,244,431 
3,871,908 

81,058,361 

6,544,320 

9,894,125 

50,498,015 

14,166,210 

7,530,262 
69,520,247 
4,048, 771 
4,965,037 
7,081,903 

7,702,014 
24,557,692 
5,356,554 
2, 536, 779 
8,304,507 

15,263,979 

6,991,033 

17,656,591 

2,004,419 

272,905 

1,754,276 

142,745 

1,940,418 

2,406,821 
37, 292 
125,330 
5,452,990 
1,595,304 

5,529,382 

1,161,216 

1,800,000 

9,557,418 

2,495,965 

746,077 

11,101,635 

593,036 

492,247 

1,354,639 

1,616,458 

5,123,734 

1,037,836 

171,682 

1,085,690 

2,173,588 

1,154,698 

3,107,060 

228,052 

541,477 

7,700 

424, 118 

[  3,801,476 

228,841 
754, 630 
7,331,643 
422, 127 

13,370,389 
504, 809 
3,199, 000 
13,250,831 
3,208,175 

2,030,246 
22,061,500 
985, 714 
488,271 
1,685,687 

640,263 
4,947, 844 
1,142,255 
694,231 
1,330,797 

3,068,794 
800, 456 
4,278,851 
391,930 

101,573 

224,560 

28,700 

138,829 

8,042,080 
509, 365 
2,069,767 
16,403, 769 
1,704,249 

58,397,688 

4,610,611 

4,685,125 

25,435,395 

8,099,538 

4,459,375 
33,999, 436 
2,347,652 
3,858,044 
3,772,443 

5,105,962 

14,125,073 

2,915,803 

1,507,675 

5,377,293 

9,584,960 

4,832,654 

9,555,285 

1,269,363 

171,332 

965,967 

100,645 

1,308,461 

11111  ills!  Illes  islsg  gigs 
gR§-§8'  I'g'fgS-  gSSff 

r-T  CO  of  or 

22,266 

5,700 

69,010 

Table  57. — Miscellaneous  percentages  and  relationships ,  1917-18. 


Per  capita  costs  of  education. 

Daily  cost  per  pu¬ 
pil  attending. 

t-ri 

SIBNNIi 

h 

S1 

ns 

EJRVE 

Y  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

•  t'-t-  TT  M  lO  rH  >C  <0  00  O  00  00  -MSl/S 

For  cur¬ 
rent  ex¬ 
penses. 

Cents. 

26 

53SS83  SSSsSS 

Per  pupil  attend¬ 
ing. 

For  out¬ 
lays. 

09 

5 

U 

2.07 

10.61 

.07 

12. 22 

11.89 

7. 44 

2.04 

5. 84 

7. 12 

1.36 

8.07 

9. 10 

11.77 

12. 14 

10.67 

.15 

3.62 

1.54 

1.93 

7.61 

13.44 

12.96 

9.77 

22.86 

For  cur¬ 
rent  ex¬ 
penses. 

8 

$41.  45 

83S38  3S2883 

ssts&g 

Per  pupil  enrolled. 

For  out¬ 
lays. 

- 

£ 

si 

1.22 
6.46 
.05 
8. 73 
8.17 

5.83 

1.27 

4.55 

4.97 

.92 

5.78 

8.03 

10. 86 

9.05 

7.58 

.09 

2.60 

1.25 

1.32 

6.23 

10.74 

9.92 

7.42 

16. 69 

For  cur¬ 
rent  ex¬ 
penses. 

e 

$30. 91 

9.35 
45. 52 
10.  77 

47. 88 

40.31 

37.92 

22.31 
47.20 
18.82 
10. 28 

43. 66 

39.  29 

38. 02 

46.15 

34.61 

15.58 

15.89 

30.23 

24.11 

43.05 

38.23 

41.27 

7.89 

27.03 

59.61 

Total 
cost  for 
total 
popula¬ 
tion. 

• 

£ 

u 

2. 53 
12.99 
2. 79 
10. 94 

9.59 

8.30 

4.04 

8.50 

4.98 

2.59 

11.22 
8. 15 

9.66 
13. 16 

9. 13 

3.47 

3. 19 

5.66 

4.32 

8.11 

10.25 

10. 66 

2. 13 

6.64 

1  19. 14 

Income 

from 

funds 

and 

lands  per 
pupil. 

00 

$1.03 

.29 

1.84 

.12 

.70 

2.94 

.61 
1. 12 

.36 

.02 

6.45 

1.67 

1.28 

.41 

1.29 

.41 

.40 

.76 

.06 

.32 

.54 

2.34 

.34 

,28 

9.80 

Value  of 
school 
lands  per 
pupil 
enrolled. 

1 

"r*  ji  i  I  r  |  ga  |  i  |  r°  j  j  I  I*  Ms 

Per¬ 
manent 
school 
fund  per 
pupil 
enrolled. 

• 

■  £ 

533 

Value  of 
school 
property 
for  each 
child 
enrolled. 

tO 

1 

27.02 
75.  26 
30. 13 
149.47 
93.64 

124. 93 
60.00 
212. 10 
54.06 
22.88 

105.71 

142.06 

119.96 
97. 47 
89.44 

42.86 
43.22 
85. 89 
58. 66 

149.96 

109. 76 
129. 25 
8.97 
141.80 
149.  75 

1 

l 

of  rural 
school 
buildings 

having 
only  one 
room. 

s 

SgoogS  5?g  S83SSS? 

Per  cent 
of  school 
term  not 
attended. 

OS 

25.4 

OHOiOfN  lONWHO  OOOH^h  HCOMOO  (NiOONOO 

§8883  38888  83^88  38232  88888 

Per  cent 
of  total 
enroll¬ 
ment  in 
high 
school. 

<N 

CO 

OS 

5.4 
6.6 

2.5 
19.0 
12.1 

10.0 

7.8 
12.6 

5.4 

5.4 

11.4 

10.3 
12.8 
10.1 

13.1 

4.4 

7.2 

12.5 

5.8 

17.2 

11.6 

10.4 

5.4 

9.3 

9.5 

States. 

- 

Continental  United  States... 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana  .. 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  191*7-1918. 


199 


s>  !M  r-u»ao  Ciea«>*'»sa  -pio  ■<*  <moo  eo  ^  <M  <M  o.-^ioto. 

CSI 

SS&S8  &S588-  S&aSS  SS83S 

8 

§ 

§ 

11.24 
3.57 
2. 40 
12. 86 
28.30 

4.24 

2.80 

15.09 

11.26 

7. 46 

5.71 
9.05 
8. 21 
1.93 
15.00 

3.98 
6. 50 

12. 08 

3.42 

3.32 

11.13 

5. 19 

8.69 

7.47 

88 

d« 

3 

CO 

§£2238  SfeSSS  §£§88  8SSS2  228£3 
SK££§8  83S8S  £888 

§ 

8.03 
2. 57 
1.90 
9.70 
17.62 

3.32 
1.83 

10.71 

10.04 

4.52 

5.12 

7.33 
6. 45 

1.25 
9.  78 

2.73 

4.67 

9.42 

2.76 

2. 26 

8.26 

3.64 

ts 

s 

CO 

SSSS'5  88SSS  §•§£§§  3822S  3888 
8-883  8S£33  SS882  82£8 

£8% 

11. 16 

11.09 

6.99 
7.03 
9. 82 
8.86 

7.61 
2. 65 
12.50 
9. 58 
5.96 

8. 48 

7.90 
6. 35 

2.99 
9.63 

3.32 
5. 34 
11.81 
6. 93 
3.72 

9. 19 
4.86 

6. 91 
10.53 

4.23 
7. 85 
4. 55 

8 

§3  :8§  SJggES  8  :§g§  8&S3-&  3£§§ 

ih»h  ■  '  co  '  tP  ‘  eo  ei  j  *  ' oo  '  c4  eir-i  '  cc  ’  '  c4 

r  \  :|  :  :  :°2  :«322  :  8  : 

CO 

33SS1-  -  !eooS 

64. 80 
166. 67  | 
109.  73 
142. 26 

51.90 

' 

157. 36 
22. 55 
92.  24 

134. 73 
94.01 

65.  40 
121.09 

132.37 
24. 94 
94.  49 

28.51 
44.47 
116.  75 
82. 57 
39.20 

139. 24 
63. 84 
133. 51 
91.09 

388 

d<sid 

883£S§  §£££§  &33S8 

LOWCOOH  P«  Os  -h  MOMN*  VWOOOH  (»©0O® 

SStfSS  83323  223§§  £3833  8382 

22.0 

3 

3 

NLOrtO)r«  Hwao-r  I0NU5«^  MONOH  CNO* 
oiooooo-^  ofioje  >oo6ctc4oi  us  ci  a  e*  «5 

to  N  1-4  w 

CO  cs  cs 

Nebraska . 

Nevada. . . 

Now  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma...  . 

Oregon, . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Alaska . 

Hawaii . . 

1 

;"T 

j 

1 

Ph 

Table  58. — Levies  of  ad  valorem  taxes,  1912. 


200 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


m 


5  SSSSoS  83  S388S; 

£  88  !s*  83883  8Se52S  88288  88838 


&a 


lilil  g| 
il¥l¥  if 

of  3'rr'jo'o'  if} 


11  lllal  1SSJ5I  llsgg  giSsi 
§¥  §¥§'§¥  l¥ss I  i'i'S'fl'  Iil¥l 

eq«  <M  iC^r  oT  'An't-hC'*  CO  t-^'m't-To'oo'  t>~  r-TiO 


4 


ISS 

ffi 

eooV 


if 


SI 

,-T 


IIrss  I 
g'il'lf'i'  S' 

•"'SS'S'®'  - 


I  ISIsl  lls 

I  ill's!  lg'l 

cx?  cToT  c?cf  o'  i-T 


8 

IS  las  1  1 

i  1 

In  §§  Is  1 

iss  is  1 

00 

s'i  !§§'  i  1 

'0  i  j 

lg'l  ills': 

ill  If  j 

g 

•  nT  Co'  • 

li  1 

:  :1  i  :|SI  ! 

Ills  1 

is  1  1 

1  si 

isa 

if  i 

iisi  m\ 

I  !  !  i'&'co  ; 

Ilfs'  1 

ef  44  j 

if  i  i 

i  a 

Igsr 

j*? 

IIS 
II 3 


siisi 

s's'c'g's' 

o  o 

(N  «« 


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ISIII 

l¥s¥i 

cotCoo'oo' 


iiiil 

fills 

oV^tt'cT^' 


laisi  USSs 
i'li'sl  IS'i's'i 

o'jo'ofco'^T  if}  <M-'oo' 


Si 

s¥ 


co.-Tco'cTo 


gg  33SSS 

§§  !§¥§¥ 

(NO"  <M-'«d'o'tD' 


I8IES 

i'is'S'g' 


Ksill  IS1BI 

Islff  gills' 

o'o'oo'oo'eo'  >OH  Oh 


mil 

ii'g'fs!' 


Is 

is 


ilsSI  Hill 

s'i's'ii'  SSi'i'i 

rHHr'coei'eo'  nnh  o'  oTcc'cN'co'cf  i-T  rnV 


lillS  22ISI 
!'!'!'§'§'  illii 


llgsi 
Sills 

oT'^o'^'o'  Co'rHlCQo'oo' 


ISili 

I'g'l'l'S 


slsll 

i's'iif 


is¥l¥ 

nV»V« 


IsSSS  siiSll 
SSsl's  £§¥# 

•j  co"'°3"'c§  3  of  CO 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


201 


SeSSSS  S3 
SS5 


S3  SS335 
S3  S33SS  3SS3 


SSIgg  il 
s¥lS¥  IS 

S~“8“  ”8 


SI  SISil  isSi 
§a  ii¥l¥  iWl 

.-TcO  CS  Oi  CCr^Sd  »-i  ■'f  >— i 


Slall  II 

g'lilS  s¥ 

s'  'r'sv'  ”S 


il  SSS1S  Ills  i 

sa  s¥is¥f  l¥l¥  < 

CO*  lO'T-TrH'r-r  L-s'-t'oT 


il  il  1  :  il 

1  il  il  g 

il 

s§  :s  i  i  |i 

s  is  if  g 

is* 

!  ^  !  \ 

~  \  \  «“ 

SsSI  I  :  :  : 

8S8S8  1 

S3 

Si'll  »  i  i  i 

h  n  :  :  : 

ISgsi  1 

^  <N 

m 

<N 

Sills  sSSSs  SHIS  ISIS 
2i¥l¥  Sills  l¥ll¥  sl¥i 


sign  si  m  sins  ssii 
§¥§§¥  i¥  jig  ijW  &M 


IbSIS  ilSll  gisil  isle 
SilsS  fills  Slilf  illl 

tC^-T  e*T  .-To  5-Tt-h*  n«  c¥  e<?  -*r* 


sssSS  SsSII  sills  lilB 

%mm  ssW  sills  ifsf 


202 


BIEISnSTIAL  SURVEY  OF  EHUCATIOU,  1916-1918. 


Table  59. — Assessed  value  and  school  expenditure ,  1902  and  1912. 


States. 

Assessed  value  of  all  property 
subject  to  ad  valorem  taxa¬ 
tion.1 2 

Expenditure  for  public 
schools  (excluding  debt 
paid). 

Expended  for 
public  schools 
on  each  $100  of 
assessed  value 
;  of  all  property. 

1902 

1912 

1902 

1912 

1902 

1912 

1 

2 

e 

4 

5 

6 

7 

Continental  United  States. . 

$35,338, 316,883 

$69,452,936,104 

$235,208,465 

$482,886,793 

Cents. 

66.6 

Cents. 

69.5 

Alabama . 

296, 135, 540 

566,807,488 

1,057,906 

3,708,418 

35.7 

65,4 

Arizona . 

39,083,228 

140,338, 191 

376,685 

1,321,631 

96.4 

94.2 

Arkansas . 

224,401,113 

427,473,108 

1,592,110 

3,837,549 

70.9 

89.8 

California . 

1,290,238,964 

2,921,277,451 

7,613,708 

:  23,978,621 

59.0 

82.1 

Colorado . 

354,002,501 

422,330,199 

3,100,855 

:  6,527,569 

87.6 

154.6 

Connecticut . 

665,094,301 

1,041,334,019 

3,556,442 

6,217,127 

53.5 

59.7 

Delaware . 

68,982,660 

93,814,011 

2  453,670 

605,000 

65.8 

64.5 

District  of  Columbia . 

223,391,972 

359, 932, 253 

1,694,255 

2,989,513 

75.8 

83.1 

Florida . 

103,047,937 

212,887,518 

792, 919 

2,327, 395 

76.9 

109.3 

Georgia . 

467,310,646 

842,358,342 

2,184,670 

5,094,430 

46.7 

60.5 

Idaho . 

61,335,113 

167, 512,157 

689,636 

2,959,124 

112.4 

176.7 

Illinois . 

1,030,292, 435 

2,343,673,232 

19,025,258 

34,217,582 

184.7 

146.0 

Indiana . 

1,417,362,766 

1,898, 307,218 

9,216,082 

16, 443, 654 

65.0 

86.6 

Iowa . 

572,840,381 

902,092,597 

9,213, 709 

14,634,  982 

160.8 

162.2 

Kansas . 

363,163,630 

2,740,900,291 

4,804,563 

11,158,256 

>  132.3 

40.6 

Kentucky . 

711,258,014 

1,031,174,033 

3  2,851,651 

6,699,872 

40.1 

65.0 

Louisiana . 

315, 583, 408 

550,517,808 

1,236, 648 

4,608, 927 

39.2 

83.7 

Maine . 

352,228,897 

416,891,264 

1,794, 505 

3,131,917 

50.9 

75.6 

Maryland . 

732,271,233 

1,235,457,607 

3  2,549,497 

4,129,747 

34.8 

33.5 

Massachusetts . 

3, 115, 426, 287 

4,803,078,625 

3  14, 179,947 

22,502,935 

45. 5 

46.9 

Michigan . 

1,418,251,858 

2,317,561,634 

3  7,965,700 

16,730,370 

56.2 

72.2 

Minnesota . 

761,760,274 

1,474,585,315 

6,697,589 

15, 224, 507 

87.9 

103. 2 

Mississippi . 

241, 189, 126 

411,551,004 

3  1,472, 433 

2, 806, 562 

61.0 

68.2 

Missouri . 

1,246,400,682 

1,860,087,956 

8, 169, 288 

14,720,856 

65.5 

79.1 

Montana . 

185,725,657 

346,550,585 

3  879,882 

3,354,934 

47.4 

96.8 

Nebraska . 

180,091,192 

463,371,889 

4,286,528 

8,757,288 

238.0 

189.0 

Nevada . 1 

29,324,667 

101,087,082 

209, 484 

625, 562 

71.4 

61.9 

New  Hampshire . 

204,092, 195 

439,683,132 

1, 167, 464 

1,826,643 

57.2 

41.5 

New  Jersey . 

952,560,540 

2,490,490,534 

6,976,118 

20,374,527 

73.2 

81.8 

New  Mexico . 

38,633,993 

72,457,454 

3  241,227 

1,112,840 

62.4 

153.6 

New  York . 

5,969,912,936 

11,131,778,917 

*  37, 737, 654 

57,935,136 

63.2 

52.0 

North  Carolina . 

346, 878, 923 

747,500,632 

1,287,276 

3, 777, 125 

37.1 

50.5 

North  Dakota . 

133, 876, 357 

293,048,119 

1,677,874 

5,459,002 

125.3 

186,3 

Ohio . 

1,990,885,388 

6,481,059, 158 

14,868,999 

28,858,413 

74.7 

44.5 

Oklahoma . 

88, 885, 986 

1,193,655,846 

5  1,541,267 

7,603,039 

173.4 

63.7 

Oregon . 

148,099,602 

905,011,679 

1,802,227 

6,095,111 

121.7 

67.3 

Pennsylvania . 

3,918,925,257 

5,068,802,988 

23,027,678 

42,557,986 

58.8 

84.0 

Rhode  island . . . 

424, 398, 204 

619, 010, 208 

1,708,412 

2,404,652 

40.3 

38.8 

South  Carolina . 

195,786,316 

291,531,003 

985, 394 

2,380, 714 

50.3 

81.7 

South  Dakota . 

187,531,381 

354,278,413 

1,847,813 

4,109,642 

98.5 

116.0 

Tennessee . 

406,215,016 

625,686,792 

3  1,811,454 

5,537,031 

44.6 

88.5 

Texas . 

1,017,571,732 

2,532,710,050 

5, 216,672 

14,497,750 

51.3 

57.2 

Utah . 

118,019, 462 

200,299,207 

1,399,186 

3,626,686 

118.6 

181.1 

Vermont . 

162, 787, 464 

221,530,142 

1,093,942 

1,815,267 

67.2 

81.9 

Virginia . 

502,938,916 

864,962,621 

3  2,012, 359 

5,262,130 

40.0 

60.8 

Washington . 

260, 940, 138 

1,005,086,251 

2, 805, 455 

10,526,931 

107.5 

104.7 

West  Virginia . 

255, 488, 169 

1,168,012,658 

2, 199, 350 

5,030, 940 

86.1 

43.1 

Wisconsin . 

1,504,346,000 

2,466,636,793 

3  5, 881,473 

11,763,878 

39.1 

47.7 

Wyoming . 

43, 348,356 

180,750,630 

2  253, 551 

997,022 

58.5 

55.2 

1  From  United  States  census  reports. 

2  In  1899-1900. 
s In  1900-1901. 


<  Approximate. 

6  Returns  from  Indian  Territory  imperfect. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 

Table  60. — Wealth  and  school  expenditure  in  1912. 


203 


States. 

Estimated  true  value  of  all  property. 

Per 

capita 

esti¬ 

mated 

wealth. 

Expendi¬ 
tures  for 
public 
schools 
(exelud¬ 
ing  debt 
paid). 

Expended 
on  public 
schools  for 
each  $100  of 
estimated 
wealth. 

Taxable. 

Exempt. 

Total. 

*Qn 

total 

wealth. 

On 

taxable 

wealth. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

Continental  Uni- 

1 8175,425  551  588 

512,313,519, -502 

i$187,739,071,090 

$1,965 

8482,886,793 

Cents. 

25.7 

Cents. 

27.6 

Alabama . . 

2,050,014,767 

77,040,163 

2,127,054,930 

964 

3,708,418 

17.4 

18.1 

Arizona . 

487,099,365 

14,752,821 

501,852,186 

2,255 

1,321,631 

26.3 

27.1 

Arkansas . 

1,757,533,669 

71,988,067 

1,829,521,736 

1,120 

3,837,549 

21.0 

21.8 

California . 

8,023,435,581 

440,768,696 

8,464,204,277 

3,284 

23,978,621 

28.3 

29.9 

Colorado . 

2,286,478,777 

100,444,806 

2,386,923,583 

2,785 

6,527,569 

27.3 

28.5 

Connecticut . 

2,153,511,444 

131,943,215 

2,285,454,659 

1,969 

6,217,127 

27.2 

28.9 

Delaware . 

293,721,979 

14,220,634 

307,948,613 

1,493 

605,000 

19.6 

20.6 

Dist.  of  Columbia... 

767,316,951 

406,540,161 

1,173,857,112 

3,425 

2,989,513 

25.5 

39.0 

Florida . . 

1,014,585,076 

34,-553,152 

1,049,138,228 

1,307 

2,327,395 

22.2 

22.9 

Georgia . . 

2,299,197,590 

83,403,276 

2,382,600,866 

883 

5,094,430 

21.4 

22.2 

Idaho . 

591,073,842 

17,231,315 

608,305,157 

1,680 

2,959,124 

48.6 

50.1 

Illinois . 

14,596,467,087 

887,983,145 

15,484,450,232 

2,660 

34,217,582 

22.1 

23.4 

Indiana . 

4,951,061,490 

243,621,010 

5,194,682,500 

1,894 

16,443,654 

31.7 

33.2 

Iowa . 

7,437,094,834 

431,359,377 

7,868,454,211 

3,539 

14,634,982 

18.6 

19.7 

Kansas . 

4,393,844,208 

221,588,330 

4,615,432,538 

2,652 

11,158,256 

24.2 

25.4 

Kentucky . 

2,152,097,565 

115,679,960 

2, 267, 777, 525 

977 

6,699,872 

29.5 

31.1 

Louisiana . 

2,055, 572,346 

107,865,400 

2,104,437,746 

1,260 

4,608,927 

21.3 

22.4 

Maine . .. 

1,030,366,547 

39,227,480 

.  1,069,594,027 

1,420 

3,151,917 

29.5 

30.6 

Maryland . 

2,002,216,720 

175,742,144 

2,177,958,864 

1,651 

4,129,747 

19.0 

20.6 

Massachusetts . 

5,735,230,115 

567,758,277 

6,302,988,392 

:  1,805 

22,502,935 

35.7 

39.2 

Michigan . . 

5,169,022,582 

258,000,069 

5,427,022,651 

1,873 

16,730,370 

30.8 

32.4 

Minnesota . 

5,266,950,787 

280,376,230 

5,547,327,017 

2,582 

15,224,507 

27.4 

28.9 

Mississippi . 

1,306,384,960 

38,475,060 

1,344,860,020 

726 

2,806,562 

20.9 

21.5 

Missouri . 

5,546,493,103 

295,523,906 

5,842,017,009 

1,752 

14,720,856 

25.2 

26.5 

Montana . 

1,113,008,146 

36,724,840 

1,149,732,986 

2,834 

3,354,934 

29.2 

30.1 

Nebraska . . 

3, 605>  133, 830 

189,852,951 

3,794,986,781 

3,110 

8,757,288 

23.1 

24.3 

Nevada . 

441,382,827 

15,626,083 

457,008,910 

5,038 

625,562 

13.7 

14.2 

New  Hampshire. . . . 

613,441,572 

35,878,897 

649,320,469 

1,493 

1,826,643 

28.1 

29.8 

New  Jersey . 

5,361,917,422; 

381,114,856 

5,743,032,278 

2,140 

20,374,527 

35.5 

38.0 

New  Mexico . 

501,627,424 

12,105,602 

513,733,026 

1,440 

1,112,840 

21.7 

22.2 

New  York . 

21,912,629,507 

3,098,475,716 

25,011,105,223 

2,626 

57,935,136 

23.2 

26.4 

North  Carolina . 

1,745,233,690 

62,340,084 

1,807,573,780 

794 

3,777,125 

20.9 

21.6 

North  Dakota . 

2,037,626,024| 

104,000,937 

2,141,626,961 

3,374 

5,459,002 

25.5 

26.8 

Ohio . 

8, 552,130,667 

356, 302, 276 

8,908,432,943 

1,817 

28,858,413 

32.4 

33.7 

Oklahoma . 

4,321, 150,418 

259,941,500 

4,581,091,918 

2,475 

7,603,039 

16.6 

17.6 

Oregon . 

1,843,542,127 

100,812,336 

1,944,354,463 

2,661 

6,095,111 

31.3 

33.1 

Pennsylvania . . 

14,137, 272,911 

1,320,257,366 

15,457, 530, 277 

1,939 

42,557,986 

27.5 

30.1 

Rhode  Island. . 

892,693,475 

78, 109, 215 

970,802,690 

1,709 

2,404,652 

24.8 

26.9 

South  Carolina . 

’  1,301,406,985 

49,993,768 

1,351,400,753 

869 

2,380,714 

17.6 

18.3 

South  Dakota . 

1,330,693,417 

67,880,008 

1,398,573,425 

2,239 

4,109,642 

29.4 

30.9 

Tennessee . 

1,834,354,927 

85,993,334 

1,920,348,261 

864 

5,537,031 

28.8 

30.2 

Texas . 

6,552, 242,164 

307,666,977 

6,859,909, 141 

1,679 

14,497,750 

21.1 

22.1 

Utah . 

734, 811,880 

46,801,510 

781,613,390 

1,979 

3,626,686 

46.4 

49.4 

Vermont . „ 

495,935,964 

30,325,811 

527,261,775 

1,470 

1,815,267 

34.4 

36.5 

Virginia . 

2,174,685,192 

115,228,594 

2,289,913,786 

1,086 

5,262,130 

23.0 

24.2 

Washington . 

3,054,690,780 

163,669,843 

3,218,360,623 

2,511 

10,526,931 

32.7 

34.5 

West  Virginia . 

2,179, 527,639 

124, 043, 570 

2,303,571,209 

1,800 

5,030,940 

21.8 

23.1 

Wisconsin . 

4,282,454,539 

205, 270, 719 

4,487,725,258 

1,875 

11,763,878 

26.2 

27.5 

Wyoming . 

344,834,812 

9,010,015 

353,844,827 

2,241 

997,022 

28.2 

28.9 

i  Includes  $402,351,858,  value  of  ships  belonging  to  the  U.  S.  Navy,  and  §290,000,000,  value  of  privately 
owned  water-supply  systems,  not  distributed  by  States. 


Table  61. — Statistics  of  colored  schools — Census  and  pupils  enrolled ,  1917-18. 


204  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1018. 


Number  of 
schools. 

High. 

s  I"0!  8°^ 

•  »*o 

•  • 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

«© 

1,967 

48 

837 

3,336 

782 

1,106 

551 

3,377 

•  rH  rH  00  •  0 

•  ^  P-  0  •  0  •  CO 

•  iO  •  p.  •  co 

•  ci*  ci*  ji-T  j 

Pupils  enrolled  in  school  (partly  estimated). 

Total. 

Total. 

*-0 

1,765,177 

190,250 

120,999 

18,191 

58,579 

263,531 

47,790 

99,303 

42,033 

26,104 

187,980 

41,245 

199,780 

111,828 

210,278 

132,316 

14,969 

O 

O 

Girls. 

r 

927,803 

95,419 

63,235 

9,972 

31,987 

141,364 

25,314 

54,481 

22,032 

13,883 

100,080 

21,587 

110,043 

56,417 

106,863 

67,198 

7,928 

Boys. 

eo 

837,374 

94,831 

57,764 

8,219 

26,592 

122,167 

22,476 

44,822 

20,001 

12,221 

87,900 

19,659 

89,737 

55,411 

103,415 

65,118 

7,041 

Secondary  schools. 

Total. 

Cl 

18,664 

1,495 

559 

1,829 

463 

1,683 

1,224 

162 

638 

2,211 

1,144 

406 

2,473 

3,192 

893 

292 

Girls. 

a 

12,693 

1,069 

412 

1,188 

231 

908 

831 

105 

454 

lx  .rH  ^  rH  CD 

CO  *  to  CD  0  CO  INN 

*0  jNNNIN  IX  rH 

r-T  •  r-TcsT 

Boys.  1 

0 

5,971 

eo  r—  th 

<N  rH  rH  CO  I--  CD  lO  OO 

CO  rH 

.  0  01 50  >0  os  eo 

f—  >0)0010  •  fflH 

50  •MHt'O)  1-1  r— 1 

c 

Elementary  schools. 

Total. 

OS 

1,746,513 

188,755 

120,440 

16,362 

58,116 

261,848 

46,566 

99,141 

41,395 

. 

23,893  | 

187,980 

40,102 

199,374 

109,355 

207,086 

131,423 

14,677 

1,010 

Girls. 

GO 

915,110 

94,350 

62,823 

8,784 

31,756 

140,456 

24,483 

54,376 

21,578 

12,346 

100,080 

20,833 

109,746 

54,650 

104,626 

66,474 

7,749 

Boys. 

IX 

831,403 

94,405 

57,617 

7,578 

26,360 

121,392 

22,083 
44, 765 
19,817 

11,547 

87,900 
19,269 
89, 628 
54,705 
102,460 

64,949 
6,  G28 

School  census. 

Number  enumerated. 

Total. 

C0 

315,327 

194,888 

19,119 

118,421 

369,107 

62,950 

227,557 

2  48,397 
492,792 
36,543 

270,882 

49,278 

N-  CO  CO 

OO  X  CD 

X  CO  TH  CO 

oT  ef  r-T 

Sc* 

Girls. 

154,448 

98,043 

10,136 

60,298 

187,886 

31,682 
113, 803 
24, 132 
246,952 
18,801 

137,689 

24,566 

S2?  :S 

O  CO  .CD 

88S  :S" 

Boys. 

tH 

160,879 
96,845 
8,983 
58, 123 
181,221 

31,268 
113, 754 
24,265 
245,840 
17,742 

133,193 

24,712 

00  CD  !  CO 

DC  rH  •  rH 

CO  CO  • 

rn'co'  'o' 

00  rH  •  t— 1 

Age  of 
persons 
enu¬ 
mer¬ 
ated. 

eo 

7-21 

6-21 

5- 17 

6- 21 
6-19 

6-18 

6-18 

1  6-14 

5- 21 

6- 20 

6-21 

6-21 

6-21 

7-18 

6-20 

6-21 

Date. 

00000*000  00*000000  IxOO 

O  OS  Oi  O  O  O  O  CD  O  O  O  CD 

8161 

£161 

8I6T 

ZI6T 

States. 

- 

a 

a 

If 

a 

'C 

« 

*2 

1 

.9 

1 

0 

Alabama . . 

Arkansas . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maryland . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

North  Carolina . 

Oklahoma . 

South  Carolina . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Virginia . 

West  Virginia . 

Outlying  Possessions. 

Canal  Zone . 

1 6-18  in  Baltimore  City.  2  Estimated  for  Baltimore  City.  ^Estimated. 


Average  daily  attendance.  Aggregate  days  attended. 


STATISTICS  OF  STATE  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


205 


1  Includes  54  supervisors  and  principals  not  classified  as  to  sex. 


CHAPTER  III. 


CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-18. 


Contexts. — Papulation  of  groups — The  statistical  schedules — Historical  statistics— Number  of  school 
systems— Schools  and  school  buildings— The  teaching  staff— The  teaching  load— Pupils — Length  of 
term— Junior  high  schools— The  teaching  load  in  the  junior  high  schools — An  age  and  grade  study  of  a 
million  pupils  in  80  city  school  systems — Per  capita  value  of  school  property — The  city  school  debt— 
Where  the  city  school  dollar  comes  from — City  school  tax  rates- — Where  the  city  school  dollar  goes — 
Per  capita  costs  (all  cities) — Evening  schools — Kindergartens  in  cities— Health  and  recreation— Anal  y- 
sis  of  city  school  expenditures— Average  annual  salaries  of  teachers. 


POPULATION  OF  GROUPS. 

This  report  presents  the  statistics  of  city  public  schools  for  the 
school  year  1917-18.  An  attempt  has  been  made  for  the  first  time 
to  secure  statistics  from  all  cities  which  had  a  population  of  2,500  or 
over  in  1910.  The  cities  have  been  divided  into  five  groups :  Group  I, 
including  all  cities  with  a  population  of  of  100,000  and  over;  Group 
II,  all  cities  having  a  population  of  30,000  or  over  but  less  than  100,- 
000;  Group  III,  all  cities  with  a  population  of  10,000  or  over  but  less 
than  30,000;  Group  IV,  all  cities  with  a  population  of  5,000  or  over 
but  less  than  10,000;  and  Group  Y,  all  cities  having  a  population  of 
2,500  or  over,  but  less  than  5,000.  The  first  two  groups  correspond 
to  the  five  groups  of  cities  from  which  the  Bureau  of  the  Census  an¬ 
nually  collects  statistics  on  all  expenditures  for  city  government. 
To  bring  about  this  uniformity  in  these  reports  the  lower  limit  of  the 
second  group  has  been  changed  in  this  report  from  25,000  population 
to  30,000.  Consequently,  this  group  does  not  include  as  many  cities 
as  it  did  in  similar  preceding  reports,  while  Group  III  includes  a  cor¬ 
respondingly  larger  number  of  cities.  This  report  contains  detailed 
statistics  only  for  cities  having  a  population  of  10,000  and  over. 
Preceding  reports  contained  corresponding  detailed  statistics  for  the 
cities  of  Group  IV  as  well.  Previous  to  this  report  no  attempt  was 
made  to  secure  statistics  from  the  cities  of  Group  V.  Many  of  these 
smaller  urban  communities  do  not  have  a  separate  municipal  school 
system,  and  it  is  often  difficult  for  some  of  them  to  report  facts 
relating  to  school  finances. 

For  all  cities  not  reporting,  estimates  have  been  made  either  indi¬ 
vidually  or  in  the  aggregate,  so  that  the  summary  tables  represent 
as  accurately  as  could  be  ascertained  the  urban  school  statistics  for 
the  whole  country.  The  various  reports  of  the  State  superintendents 
of  public  instruction  were  of  great  value  in  furnishing  a  basis  for 
making  estimates  in  many  instances.  In  several  cases  the  estimates 


207 


208 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


have  been  based  upon  the  total  population  of  the  places  not  reporting 
in  proportion  to  the  corresponding  per  capitas  for  similar  places 
reporting.  Knowing  the  State  school  statistics  and  the  city  school 
statistics,  the  rural  school  statistics  can  be  easily  ascertained.  It 
must  be  understood  that  the  term  '‘rural”  as  here  employed  includes 
all  schools  not  under  the  control  of  a  city,  or  not  in  a  municipality  of 
2,500  population  or  over.  Rural  school  statistics  will  be  presented 
in  the  review  chapter  of  the  Biennial  Survey. 


Table  1. — Comparative  summary  of  school  statistics  for  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500 
population  and  over ,  1917-18. 

[Group  I  includes  51  school  systems;  Group  II,  141  school  systems;  Group  III,  420  school  systems; 
Group  IV,  627  school  systems;  Group  V,  1,162  school  systems.] 


Group  I. 
Cities  of 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion  and 
over. 

Group  II. 
Cities  of 
30,000  to 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  III. 
Cities  of 
10,000  to 
30,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  IV. 
Cities  of 
5,000  to 
10,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  V. 
Cities  of 
2,500  to 
5,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Preceding 

groups 

combined. 

33 

19 

12 

6 

70 

5,070 

1,420 

1,074 

452 

8, 016 

135,435 

33, 228 

22,550 

9, 355 

200,568 

134,  709 

33,847 

22, 820 

9,891 

201,267 

25,  335, 585 

6, 885, 159 

5, 027, 483 

2, 201,175 

39, 449, 402 

137, 040 

37, 763 

27,  571 

11, 530 

213, 904 

818 

767 

1,171 

930 

3,  686 

3,573 

1,594 

1,203 

474 

6,844 

4.233 

1,281 

1,235 

960 

7,709 

72, 184 

31, 461 

29, 257 

20, 526 

153, 428 

1,491,419 

592, 057 

578,145 

415, 883 

3  077  504 

1,466,575 

597,  216 

579, 910 

420, 255 

3,063,956 

444,623,696 

171,240,968 

164,296,304 

119,218,942 

899,379, 910 

!  2, 394, 056 

950, 065 

914,960 

667, 521 

4,926,602 

3,989 

2,960 

3, 752 

3,433 

14, 134 

54 

64 

122 

82 

322 

320 

195 

340 

293 

1,148 

6,069 

2,500 

2,642 

1,966 

13, 177 

8, 615 

5,020 

6,014 

4,996 

24, 645 

175, 095 

79,469 

89, 188 

66, 356 

410, 108 

204, 961 

100, 612 

117,  640 

88, 810 

512,023 

'55, 036, 773 

26, 251,  676 

30,771,422 

23,  672, 168 

135,732,039 

296,  759 

145, 216 

171, 149 

132, 629 

745,  753 

282 

237 

476 

655 

1,650 

30 

19 

5 

4 

58 

95 

23 

12 

5 

135 

902 

240 

88 

36 

1,266 

2. 339 

323 

185 

55 

2,902 

43, 263 

6,435 

5, 536 

1,783 

57, 017 

!  36, 015 

4,052 

4, 756 

1,482 

46.305 

;  9, 239,  715 

1, 122, 799 

741,302 

274,283 

11, 378;  099 

!  49, 563 

6, 199 

3,988 

1,527 

61,277 

1  234 

109 

74 

36 

453 

7. — Distribution  of  attendance  and 
'personnel  in  day  schools. 

Kindergartens: 

Supervisors . 

Teachers . 

Enrollment — 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Aggregate  days’  attendance . 

Average  daily  attendance . 

Elementary  schools  (including  ele¬ 
mentary  grades  in  junior  high 
schools): 

Supervisors . 

Principals . 

Teachers— 

Men . 

Women . . 

Enrollment- 

Boys . . 


Number  o  1  schools . 

Secondary  schools  (including  second¬ 
ary  grades  in  junior  high  schools): 

Supervisors . 

Principals . — 

Teachers — 

Men . 

Women . 

Enrollment — 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Aggregate  days’  attendance .  55,036, 

A  verage  daily  attendance . 

Number  of  schools . 

Normal,  vocational,  and  special 
schools: 

Supervisors . 

Principals . 

Teachers— 

Men . 

W  omen . 

Enrollment — 

Boys . 

Girls . 


Average  daily  attendance. 
Number  of  schools . . 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


209 


Table  1. — Comparative  summary  of  school  statistics  for  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500 
population  and  over,  1917-18 — Continued. 


Group  I. 
Cities  of 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion  and 
over. 

Group  II. 
Cities  of 
30,000  to 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  III. 
Cities  of 
10,000  to 
30,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  IV. 
Cities  of 
5,000  to 
10,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  V. 
Cities  of 
2,500  to 
5,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Preceding 

groups 

combined. 

I.— Distribution  of  attendance  and 
-personnel  in  day  schools — Contd. 

Junior  high  schools  (included  in  ele¬ 
mentary  schools  and  secondary 
schools  above): 

Teachers— 

Men . 

438 

259 

167 

149 

64 

1,077 

Women . 

1,383 

1,096 

899 

726 

364 

4,468 

Enrollment — 

Boys . 

24,500 

16,550 

15, 807 

12,780 

5,376 

75, 013 

Girls . 

26,531 

19,232 

17, 301 

14, 044 

5,987 

83,095 

Number  of  schools . 

II.— Total  population  and  aggregate 

76 

90 

93 

102 

70 

431 

attendance  and  personnel  in  day 
schools. 

Total  population . 

20,354,910 

7, 142, 157 

6, 729, 604 

4,340,044 

4,052,107 

42, 618, 822 

Superintendents  and  assistant  super- 

intendents . 

220 

177 

447 

627 

1,041 

2,512 

Supervisors,  total  number . 

935 

869 

1,310 

1,022 

935 

5,071 

Principals,  total  number . 

3, 988 

1,812 

1,554 

772 

720 

8,846 

Public  school  teachers,  total  num¬ 
ber — 

Men . 

11,204 

4,021 

3,965 

2,962 

2,911 

25,063 

Women. . 

88, 208 

38  224 

36, 530 

26, 029 

27,328 

216,319 

Enrollment,  total  number— 

Boys . 

1, 845, 212 

711, 189 

695, 419 

493, 377 

494, 270 

4,239,467 

Girls . 

1,842,260 

735, 727 

725, 126 

520, 438 

523, 583 

4,347, 134 

Aggregate  days’  attendance . 

534,235,769 

205,500,602 

200,836,511 

145,366,568 

144,134,690 

1,230,074,140 

Average  daily  attendance . 

2.877,418 

1.139,243 

1, 117, 668 

813, 207 

812, 778 

6, 760, 314 

A  ver age  1  ength  o  f sch  o  o  1  ter m  in  days 

186 

180 

180 

179 

177 

182 

Total  number  of  schools . 

4,515 

3,306 

4,302 

4, 124 

5, 013 

21,260 

Totalnumber  ofschool buildings. . . . 

4,970 

3,334 

4,260 

3,884 

4,395 

20,843 

Totalnumber  ofschoolphysicians. . . 

641 

244 

244 

147 

129 

1,405 

1,382 

Totalnumber  of  school  nurses . 

791 

214 

194 

108 

75 

Totalnumber  of  truant  officers . 

585 

163 

251 

312 

278 

1,589 

Total  number  of  pupils  in  private 

schools . 

593,738 

163,559 

162,527 

74,499 

26,804 

4,021,127 

Ill— Distribution  of  attendance  and 
personnel  in  public  night  schools. 

Number  of  school  systems  reporting 

night  schools . 

49 

108 

181 

118 

62 

518 

Teachers: 

Elementary  schools . 

4,232 

1,651 

835 

315 

100 

7, 133 

Secondary  schools . 

4,288 

1,082 

633 

171 

46 

6,220 

Vocational  schools . 

1,083 

508 

543 

171 

43 

2,348 

Other  schools . . 

Not  distributed . 

142 

495 

107 

7 

89 

25 

13 

376 

502 

Total  men . 

4,957 

1,469 

926 

284 

85 

7,  721 

Total  women . 

5,283 

1,886 

1,174 

398 

117 

8,858 

Enrollment: 

Elementary  schools . 

146,379 

44, 087 

19, 974 

5, 585 

1,883 

217,908 

Secondary  schools . 

201,  717 

36, 919 

19,  663 

4,053 

1,031 

263,383 

V  ocationa  1  schools . 

41, 276 

16,  726 

12, 527 

2,893 

672 

74, 094 

Other  schools . 

Not  di  stributed . 

3,892 
19,  892 
227.  681 

3, 265 
213 

2, 029 

500 

237 

9,923 
20, 105 
318, 234 

Total  boys . 

54,105 

27,  702 

6,824 

1,922 

Total  girls . 

185, 475 

47, 105 

26, 491 

6,207 

1,901 

267, 179 

59873°— 21 - 14 


210 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


♦ 


Table  1. — Comparative  summary  of  school  statistics  for  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500 
population  and  over,  1917-18 — Continued. 


Group  I. 
Cities  of 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion  and 
over. 

Group  II. 
Cities  of 
30,000  to 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  III. 
Cities  of 
10,000  to 
30,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  IV. 
Cities  of 
5,000  to 
10,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  V. 
Cities  of 
2,500  to 
5,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Preceding 

groups 

combined. 

IV. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems. 

Amount  received  from  the  United 

States  for  vocational  education .... 

$53, 920 

$28,070 

$40, 588 

$32, 708 

$48, 585 

$203,871 

Subventions  and  grants  from  State. . 

18, 944, 443 

8, 320, 395 

7, 592, 100 

5, 199, 240 

5, 120,  743- 

45, 176, 921 

Subventions  and  grants  from  county . 

6,435,848 

1,  562, 920 

4,274,835 

1,914, 299 

2, 040,226 

16,228,128 

Subventions  and  grants  from  other 

civil  divisions . 

214,  580 

50,  584 

422, 650 

71,084 

87, 130 

846,028 

Appropriations  from  city  treasury.. . 

24,251,627 

7, 623, 052 

6,  702,  426 
35,  753, 491 

2,806,481 

1,  746,  766 
26, 337,  567 

43, 130, 352 

General  property  taxes . 

Loans  and  bond  sales . 

129,491,273 

43, 434, 091 

25, 094, 837 

260,111,259 
38, 076, 320 

10, 279, 333 

9,889,  463 

8, 224,  784 

4,280,  512 

5, 402, 228 

Sales  of  property . 

570,  147 

303,  968 

86,  047 

91,  389 

97, 839 

1, 149,  390 

All  other  receipts . 

4, 693,  794 

2,  710,  296 

3,387, 827 

2, 568,  640 

3,485, 153 

16,845,  710 

Total  receipts . 

194,934,965 

73,922,839 

66, 484, 748 

42,059, 190 

44, 366,237 

421,767,979 

V. — Expenses,  outlays,  and  other  pay¬ 
ments  for  school  purposes. 

General  control: 

Business . 

3,289,760 

939, 512 

787,325 

496,420 

510, 771 

6,023,788 

Educational . 

3,252,778 

1,022,414 

1, 674, 251 

1,  610, 399 

1, 956, 763 

9, 516, 605 

Expenses  of  instruction,  day  schools: 
Salaries  and  expenses  of  super- 

visors . 

1,309,000 

1, 135, 229 

1, 343, 661 

716,256 

585, 501 

5,089, 647 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  princi- 

pals . 

11, 581, 168 

3, 556, 964 

3, 057, 733 

1, 708, 738 

1,596,756 

21, 501, 359 

Salaries  of  teachers . 

105,162,261 

33,084, 519 

29,226,744 

19, 134, 076 

19,457, 537 

206, 065, 137 

Textbooks,  stationery ,  supplies,  and 

other  expenses  of  instruction . 

6,065,630 

2, 467, 578 

2, 370, 938 

1, 476, 743 

1, 473, 658 

13,854,547 

Expenses  of  instruction,  night  schools 

2,870, 437 

494, 532 

264, 946 

63, 210 

17, 306 

3, 710, 431 

Wages  of  janitors  and  other  employ¬ 

ees  . 

9, 963, 552 

3, 754, 282 

3,401,755 

2.242,024 

2, 150, 216 

21,511,829 

Fuel,  water,  light,  power,  janitors’ 
supplies,  etc . 

7, 712,873 

3,848,017 

3, 983, 363 

2,749,918 

3,015,538 

21,309,709 

Maintenance,  repairs,  replacement 

of  equipment,  etc . 

6, 780, 057 

2, 577, 722 

2, 466, 774 

1, 500, 795 

1,733,017 

15, 058, 365 

Expenses  of  auxiliary  agencies . 

3, 253, 568 

1,050, 670 

916,805 

749, 656 

841,415 

6,812, 114 

Fixed  charges — pensions,  rents, 

taxes,  etc . 

1,425,383 

|  602, 335 

590, 652 

494, 184 

452, 090 

3, 564, 644 

Total  current  expenses . 

162,666,467 

54, 533, 774 

50,084,947 

32, 942, 419 

33,790,568 

334,018, 175 

Outlays — capital  acquisition  and 

construction . 

23,067,496 

12,843,013 

10,263, 074 

6,384,857 

8, 931, 096 

61,489, 536 

Expenses  of  debt  service . 

11,581,946 

8,159,879 

7, 040, 108 

4, 462, 663 

4, 345,  760 

35, 590, 356 

Grand  total . 

197,315,909 

75,536, 666 

67,388,129 

43, 789, 939 

47, 067, 424 

431, 098, 067 

Expended  for  promotion  of  health  i . 

884, 193 

332, 479 

240,389 

113,366 

69, 126 

1, 639, 553 

Expended  for  recreation 1 . 

186, 697 

84, 461 

34, 284 

23,014 

8,656 

337, 112 

Expended  for  transportation  of 

pupils1 . 

271,  796 

84,292 

121,339 

219, 588 

183,420 

880,435 

VI. — Distribution  of  expenses  of  in¬ 
struction  in  public  day  schools  by 
position. 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  supervisors: 

Kindergarten . 

23,844 
1,092,040 
118,  460 
62,  749 
11,907 

12, 429 
971,877 
134, 009 
16, 914 

14, 955 
1, 114, 334 
205,  791 
•  3, 221 

2,813 
610, 431 
99,507 
135 

54,041 

3,788,682 

557,834 

83,019 

20,637 

Elementary  schools . . 

Secondary  schools. 

Other  schools .... 

Not  distributed . 

5,360 

3,370 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  principals: 

Elementary  schools  (including 

15,085, 574 
4, 139, 760 
467, 216 
211,986 

2,832,618 
132,233, 170 
44,899,057 
1,633,639 
2, 321,506 
2, 687,610 

kindergarten) . 

8,969,369 
2,057,946  [ 
351,428 
202,425  | 

1, 617, 196 
75, 456,811 
22, 783, 616 
1,070,815 

2  019, 941 

2,824,571 
665, 549 
66,844 

2,217,836 
793, 039 
40, 278 

1, 073, 798 

Secondary  schools . 

623, 293 
8,666 
2, 981 

181,249 
12, 986, 055 
5,  769, 815 
68,  968 

Other  schools . 

N  ot  distributed . . 

6, 580 

472,517 
19,  996, 176 
8, 434,  473 
143,  815 
89, 339 
90, 424 

Salaries  of  teachers: 

Kindergarten . . . 

561, 656 

. ! 

Elementary  schools 

23, 794, 128 
7, 911, 153 
350, 041 
190, 316 

Sficnndary  schools 

V  ocationa  1  schools 

Other  schools . 

21,910 

Not  distributed . 

2,213,882 

277, 225 

106, 079 

i  Included  in  expenses  of  auxiliary  agencies  above. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


211 


Table  1. — Comparative  summary  of  school  statistics  for  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500 
population  and  over,  1917-18 — Continued. 


Group  I. 
Cities  of 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion  and 
over. 


Group  II. 
Cities  of 
30,000  to 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 


Group  III. 
Cities  of 
10,000  to 
30,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 


Group  IV. 
Cities  of 
5,000  to 
10,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 


Group  V. 
Cities  of 
2,500  to 
5,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 


Preceding 

groups 

combined. 


VI— Distribution  of  expenses  of  in¬ 
struction  in  public  day  schools  by 
position— Continued. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other  ex¬ 
penses  of  instruction: 

Elementary  schools  (including 

kindergarten) . 

Secondary  schools . 

Vocational  schools . 

Other  schools . 

Not  distributed . 

Total  expenses  of  instruc¬ 
tion . 

VII —Distribution  of  expenses  of  in¬ 
struction  in  public  day  schools  by 
departments. 


$4, 003, 687 
1,482,852 
228, 600 
167,  981 
182, 510 


$1,624,233 
735,  911 
64,  916 
20,  713 
21,805 


$1, 604, 413 
722, 397 
28, 086 
13,385 
2,657 


$991, 110 
460, 694 
12, 107 
1,525 
11,307 


$8, 223, 443 
3, 401,854 
333, 709 
203,  604 
218, 279 


124,118,059 


40, 244,290 


35,999,076 


23,035,813 


223,397,238 


Kindergartens: 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  super¬ 
visors  . 

Salaries  of  teachers . 

Total . 

Elementary  schools: 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  super¬ 
visors  . 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  princi¬ 
pals . 

Salaries  of  teachers . 

Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction . 

Total . 

Secondary  schools: 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  super¬ 
visors  . 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  princi¬ 
pals . . . . 

Salaries  of  teachers . . 

Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction . 

Total . 

Vocational,  normal,  and  other 
schools: 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  super¬ 
visors  . 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  princi¬ 
pals . 

Salaries  of  teachers— 

Vocational  schools . 

Normal  and  other  schools . . . 
Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction — 

Vocational  schools . 

Normal  and  other  schools . . . 

Total . 

Not  distributed  by  departments: 

Salaries  of  supervisors . 

Salaries  of  principals . . . 

Salaries  of  teachers . , . 

Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction . 


23,844 
1, 617, 196 


12, 429 
561, 656 


14, 955 
472, 517 


2,813 

181,249 


54,041 

2,832,618 


1, 641, 040  574, 085 


487, 472 


184,062 


2,886,659 


1,092,040 


971,877 

2,824, 571 
23, 794, 128 


75,456,811 
4,003,687  1,624,233 


1,114, 334 

2,217,836 
19, 996, 176 

1,604, 413 


610, 431 

1,073,798 
12, 986, 055 

991, 110 


3, 788, 682 

15,085,574 

132,233,170 

8,223,443 


89,521,907  29,214,809  24,932,759 


15, 661, 394 


159,330,869 


118,460 

2, 057, 946 
22,  783, 616 

1,482, 852 


134, 009 

665, 549 
7, 911,153 

735, 911 


205, 791 

793,039 
8, 434, 473 

722, 397 


99,507 

623, 293 
5,  769,815 

460,  694 


557,834 

4, 139,  760 
44,899,057 

3, 401,854 


26,442,874  9,446,622 


10, 155,  700 


6,953,309 


52, 998, 505 


62, 749 

351, 428 

1,070,815 
2, 019, 941 


228, 600 
167,981 


16, 914 

66,844 

350, 041 
190, 316 


64, 916 
20, 713 


3,221 

40,278 

143,815 
89, 339 


28,086 
13, 385 


135 

8,666 

68, 968 
21,910 


12, 107 
1,525 


83,019 

467,216 


1,633,639 

2,321,506 


333,  709 
203, 604 


3,901,514  709,744 


318, 124 


113,311 


5, 042, 693 


11,907 . 

202,425  . 

2, 213, 882  j  277, 225 

182,510  I  21,805 


5,360 
6, 580 
90, 424 

2,657 


3,370 

2,981 

106,079 

11,307 


20, 637 
211,  986 
2,687, 610 

218, 279 


2,610,724  299,  ( 


105, 021 


123,  737 


3, 138, 512 


124,118,059  40,244,290 


35, 999, 076 


23,035,813 


223,397,238 


Total . 

Grand  total. 


212 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1016-1918, 


Table  1. — Comparative  summary  of  school  statistics  for  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500 
population  and  over,  1917-18 — Continued. 


Group  I. 
Cities  of 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion  and 
over. 

Group  II. 
Cities  of 
30,000  to 
100,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  III. 
Cities  of 
10,000  to 
30,n00 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  IV. 
Cities  of 
5,000  to 
10,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Group  V. 
Cities  of 
2,500  to 
5,000 
popula¬ 
tion. 

Preceding 

groups 

combined. 

VIII.— Distribution  of  expenses  of  in¬ 
struction  in  public  night  schools. 

Elementary  schools . 

$855,015 

$108,476 

$44, 183 

$15, 965 

$2,231 

$1,025,870 

Secondary  schools . 

1, 134, 919 

117,866 

66,490 

10, 471 

1,571 

1,331,317 

374,211 

V  oeational  schools . 

277,  045 

59,  784 

34, 866 

1,692 

824 

1,832 
608, 056 

2,  473 
224, 257 

8,627 
109, 415 

330 

13,262 

Not  distributed . 

29,439 

1,000 

972, 167 

Total . 

2,876,867 

512, 856 

263, 581 

57,897 

5,626 

3,716,827 

IX— Expenses  of  debt  service. 

Redemption  of  bonds  by  payment 
from — 

Current  funds . 

1,305,250 

2,179,080 

1,269, 462 

1,035,8x7 

679, 775 

6,469,384 

Sinking  funds . 

1,201,500 

1,455,604 

848, 012 

555, 068 

409, 052 

4, 469,236 

Issue  of  new  bonds . 

150,  000 

624,  500 

598, 346 

164,  405 

400,600 

1,936,851 

Payments  to  sinking  funds . 

2, 427,  727 

1, 138,  474 

569, 898 

516,  165 

286, 398 

4,938,662 
5, 694, 067 

Redemption  of  short-term  loans . 

1,821,727 

902, 138 

1,779,430 

566, 865 

623, 907 

Payment  of  interest  on  indebtedness. 

5,725,830 

3,  532, 213 

2, 693, 280 

1,  652, 600 

1,031,081 

14,635,004 

Refunds . 

47, 731 

73,  722 

101, 288 

43, 089 

52-,  376 

318,206 

X.— Bonds  and  sinking  funds  ( hun¬ 
dreds  of  dollars). 

School  bonds  outstanding . 

3,899,546 

1,012,034 

616, 553 

405, 434 

267, 766 

6,201,333 

Other  forms  of  debt . 

1,137, 297 

78, 276 

26, 775 

12,484 

14,250 

1,269,082 

Total  amount  in  sinking  funds . 

666, 919 

72,289 

66, 617 

24, 774 

23,832 

854,431 

XI.—  Taxation  and  values. 

Assessed  valuation  of  property 
(thousands  of  dollars) . 

27,731,813 

7, 682, 587 

6,409,594 

3,702,048 

3, 624, 582 

49, 150, 624 

True  valuation  of  property  (thou¬ 
sands  of  dollars) . 

34, 888.069 

10, 547,887 

9,683, 176 

5,876,267 

6,249,279 

67,244,678 

Ratio  of  assessed  valuation  to  true 
property  value . . 

79 

73 

66 

63 

58 

75 

Amount  derived  from  tax  on  prop¬ 
erty  (dollars) . 

165,372,829 

57, 969,281 

55, 650, 847 

32, 965,858 

35,370,919 

347,329,734 

Average  rate  of  taxation  for  all  school 
purposes  (mills) . 

4.74 

5.  50 

5.75 

5.  61 

5.66 

5.09 

Value  of  school  properties  (thou¬ 
sands  of  dollars) . 

617,256 

226, 252 

211,999 

140, 738 

62, 688 

1,258,933 

THE  STATISTICAL  SCHEDULES. 


Revised  schedules  were  used  in  gathering  the  statistical  data  used 
in.  this  report.  They  are  somewhat  similar  to  those  previously  em¬ 
ployed  in  collecting  data  for  similar  reports,  but  slight  changes  were 
made.  This  report  contains  more  detailed  information  than  did 
former  reports  about  school  bonds  and  the  means  of  liquidating  them; 
tax  rates,  and  the  assessed  valuation  of  property,  night  schools, 
junior  high  schools,  the  number  of  schools  maintained,  the  length  of 
the  school  term,  and  the  enrollment  of  pupils  by  age  and  grade. 
This  report  is  inferior  to  preceding  reports  in  that  so  many  cities  could 
not  completely  separate  expenditures  for  the  different  types  of 
schools,  such  as  elementary  and  secondary  schools,  that  no  attempt 
has  been  made  to  do  so  except  in  the  cost  of  instruction ,  as  this  ex¬ 
pression  is  technically  used.  In  the  analysis  of  school  costs,  however, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  213 

dependable  figures  have  been  deduced  relative  to  the  total  cost  of 
elementary  and  secondary  schools  in  the  different  groups  of  cities. 

HISTORICAL  STATISTICS. 

In  other  chapters  of  the  Biennial  Survey  for  1918  an  attempt  has 
been  made  to  show  increases  or  decreases  in  statistical  data  from 
year  to  year  and  to  establish  trends.  Such  analyses  are  not  so  valu¬ 
able,  however,  for  a  city  school  report  as  for  reports  from  individual 
schools  of  the  various  types.  In  the  first  place,  the  list  of  cities  in 
each  group  changes  with  each  decennial  census,  thereby  essentially 
vitiating  comparisons  which  might  be  made  for  longer  periods. 

•  Second,  this  report  includes  statistics  of  cities  having  a  population 
less  than  5,000  as  well  as  those  of  the  larger  municipalities  appearing 
in  corresponding  preceding  reports.  Third,  the  groups  of  cities  in 
preceding  reports  are  often  not  the  same  as  those  employed  herein. 
Fourth,  the  influx  of  the  rural  population  to  urban  centers  tends  to 
exaggerate  city  school  progress  when  totals  are  compared  for  different 
years.  To  eliminate  all  these  factors  from  consideration  for  a  long 
period  of  years  would  be  an  endless  task,  one  not  yielding  sufficient 
fruit  to  justify  the  cost  of  pruning.  Further,  it  is  doubtful  if  aggre¬ 
gate  city  school  statistics  covering  a  period  of  years  are  so  valuable  as 
the  corresponding  statistics  for  individual  cities.  In  other  words, 
the  history  of  individual  city  school  systems  is  more  valuable  than  a 
history  of  all  municipal  school  systems  combined.  To  give  indi¬ 
vidual  histories  is  likewise  beyond  the  scope  of  this  limited  study. 
This  report,  as  well  as  preceding  similar  reports,  forms  an  excellent 
basis,  however,  for  making  such  comparative  studies  for  such 
cities  as  have  submitted  consistent  reports  from  year  to  year. 

NUMBER  OF  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS. 

Altogether,  2,401  separate  school  systems  are  maintained  by  cities 
having  a  population  of  2,500  and  over.  Of  these,  51  are  in  Group  I, 
141  in  Group  II,  420  in  Group  III,  627  in  Group  IV,  and  1,162  in 
Group  V.  From  these  figures  it  is  seen  that  48.4  per  cent  of  the 
cities  are  in  Group  V.  The  inclusion  of  this  group  of  cities  in  this 
report  has  just  about  doubled  the  amount  of  work  necessary  to 
collect,  tabulate,  and  interpret  jthe  data. 

SCHOOLS  AND  SCHOOL  BUILDINGS. 

The  total  number  of  buildings  used  for  school  purposes  in  1918 
was  20,843.  Almost  one-fourth  of  these,  or  4,970,  are  in  cities  of 
Group  I,  3,334  in  Group  II,  4,260  in  Group  III,  3,884  in  Group  IV, 
and  4,395  in  Group  V.  So  far  as  school  buildings  are  concerned, 
they  are  about  equally  divided  among  the  five  groups  of  cities.  The 
number  of  city  school  buildings  (18,974)  shown  in  the  report  on 


214 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


State  school  systems  was  prepared  before  all  city  schools  had  sub¬ 
mitted  reports,  and  is  too  small  by  1,869  buildings.  Altogether, 
there  were  276,827  school  buildings  in  the  United  States  in  1918. 
The  number  of  city  school  buildings  constitutes  only  7.5  per  cent  of 
the  total  number  of  public  school  buildings  in  the  United  States. 
The  total  value  of  these  school  buildings  is  63.5  per  cent  of  the  value 
of  all  such  buildings. 

The  total  value  of  school  property  in  all  city  school  systems  is 
$1,258,933,000,  or  an  average  value  of  $60,401  per  school  building. 
The  average  value  of  a  school  building  for  the  whole  country  is 
$7,165.  The  average  value  of  a  “rural”  school  building  is  only 
$2,831.  This  average  includes,  of  course,  the  buildings  in  villages 
having  a  population  under  2,500  and  also  all  rural  high-school  build¬ 
ings. 

The  cities  in  1918  were  asked  to  report  the  total  number  of  schools 
in  operation;  a  high  school  and  an  elementary  school,  although 
housed  in  the  same  building,  being  counted  as  separate  schools. 
Omitting  kindergartens,  altogether  21,260  city  schools  were  reported. 
This  number  is  only  about  2  per  cent  greater  than  the  number  of 
school  buildings  reported.  This  condition  implies  that  separate  city 
school  buildings  usually  house  separate  schools.  In  the  cities  of  the 
first  four  groups  there  are  14,134  elementary  schools,  1,650  secondary 
schools,  and  453  special  schools.  The  total  number  of  schools  of  all 
kinds  in  the  cities  of  Group  Y  was  5,013,  but  they  were  not  suffi¬ 
ciently  separated  into  elementary,  secondary,  and  special  schools  to 
warrant  tabulation  in  these  divisions.  The  number  of  secondary 
schools  in  the  first  four  groups  (1,650)  is  not  essentially  different 
from  the  number  of  high  schools  (1,385)  classed  as  “city”  in  the 
high-school  chapter  of  the  Biennial  Survey. 

THE  TEACHING  STAFF. 

Altogether,  2,512  superintendents  and  assistant  superintendents, 
5,071  supervisors,  and  8,846  principals  are  employed  in  city  school 
systems.  These  are  distributed  among  the  five  groups  of  cities  in 
Table  1. 

In  all  the  cities  241,382  teachers  are  employed  who  give  half  or 
more  than  half  of  their  time  to  teaching.  Of  these,  216,319  are 
women  and  25,063  are  men.  It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  10.4  per  cent 
of  the  teachers  in  city  schools  are  men.  The  corresponding  per¬ 
centage  in  1910  was  only  8.7,  and  in  1890  only  8.2  per  cent.  These 
percentages  are  considerably  lower  than  the  corresponding  ones  for 
both  urban  and  rural  schools  combined — 34.5  per  cent  in  1890,  21.1 
per  cent  in  1910,  and  16.1  per  cent  in  1918.  For  the  whole  Nation 
the  proportion  of  men  teachers  has  decreased,  while  in  city  schools 
the  proportion  has  increased  slightly.  It  is  found  that  37.1  per  cent 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


215 


of  the  teachers  in  the  country  are  employed  in  city  public  schools. 
These  teachers  teach  41.2  per  cent  of  the  children. 


Table  2. — Average  number  of  pupils  per  teacher  in  all  cities  oj  2,500  population  and  over, 

1917-18. 


Pupils  to  a  teacher. 

Group  I. 

Group  II. 

Group  in. 

Group  IV. 

Group  V. 

All  groups 
combined. 

12-14.  .  .  . 

1 

1 

15-16 . 

2 

2 

17-18 . 

1 

1 

4 

6 

19-20 . 

1 

6 

7 

21-22 . 

1 

4 

14 

19 

23-24 . 

. 

1 

5 

13 

22 

41 

25-26 . 

2 

5 

9 

26 

44 

86 

27-28 . 

2 

6 

24 

50 

62 

144 

29-30 . 

3 

15 

37 

61 

78 

194 

31-32 . 

6 

21 

78 

70 

86 

261 

33-34 . 

6 

30 

58 

69 

79 

242 

35-36 . 

8 

21 

61 

87 

74 

251 

37-38 . 

11 

8 

43 

62 

60 

184 

39-40 . 

4  I 

15 

26 

67 

44 

156 

41-42 . 

3  1 

9 

20 

31 

37 

100 

43-44 . 

3 

3 

17 

20 

16 

59 

45-46 . 

1 

3 

9 

20 

14 

47 

47-48 . 

3 

10 

18 

16 

47 

49-50 . 

1 

8 

8 

14 

31 

51-52.  . 

2 

7 

6 

15 

53-54, . 

1 

2 

5 

4 

12 

55-56 . 

4 

2 

2 

8 

57-58 . . 

1 

1 

1 

3 

59-60.  . 

3 

3 

6 

61-62 . 

1 

4 

5 

63-64 . ; . 

2 

2 

65-66 . 

1 

1 

71-72 . 

1 

1 

85-86 . 

1 

1 

Total . 

51 

141 

420 

623 

697 

1,932 

Lowest  number . 

19 

23 

18 

17 

14 

14 

First  quartile . 

32  ] 

31 

32 

31 

29 

39 

Median . 

36 

34 

34 

35 

33 

34 

Third  quartile . 

38  i 

38 

38 

39 

38 

39 

Highest  number . 

49  ; 

53 

72 

62 

86 

85 

THE  TEACHING  LOAD. 

The  total  number  of  pupils  divided  by  the  total  number  of  teachers 
gives  what  is  technically  known  as  the  “teaching  load.”  The  num¬ 
ber  of  superintendents,  supervisors,  and  principals  employed  does  not 
enter  into  this  average.  The  average  teaching  load  in  all  dty  schools 
is  35.6.  This  average ,  however,  does  not  possess  the  significance  that 
a  bird’s-eye  view  of  a  graphic  distribution  conveys.  When  all  groups 
of  cities  are  combined  'and  distributed  according  to  the  average 
teaching  load  in  each,  as  pictured  in  figure  1,  it  is  found  that  261 
cities  have  31  or  32,  242  have  33  or  34,  and  251  have  35  or  36  pupils 
to  a  teacher.  These  three  groups,  representing  39  per  cent  of  all 
school  systems  reporting,  have  a  teaching  load  varying  from  31  to 
36  pupils.  The  distribution  is  very  symmetrical — the  bars  decreas¬ 
ing  quite  regularly  in  length  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  three  central 
bars. 

The  variation  in  the  teaching  load  for  the  five  separate  groups  of 
cities  is  exhibited  in  the  second  part  of  the  diagram.  The  middle 
half  of  the  cities  has  been  indicated  by  the  cross-lined  area  extending 


216 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Distribution  of  a//  cities  . 


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Groups  of  cities . 


ALL 


- Third  guar  ti/e.  — —  Median 


- Lowest  cost. 

-First  guar  ti/e . 


Fig.  1.— Distribution  of  cities  according  to  the  average  teaching  load  in  all  schools,  1917-18. 

from  the  first  to  the  third  quartiles.  The  smallest,  as  well  as  the 
largest  number  of  pupils  to  a  teacher,  is  shown  for  each  group  of 
cities  by  the  top  and  bottom  curves  in  this  diagram.  It  is  especially 
significant  that  the  middle  halves  and  the  medians  are  practically 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  217 

the  same  for  each  group  of  cities.  The  general  practice,  therefore, 
is  for  half  the  cities  in  each  group  to  have  a  teaching  load  varying 
from  29  to  39,  or  coming  within  a  range  of  11. 

PUPILS. 

In  all  city  public  schools  there  are  8,586,601  pupils  enrolled,  of 
whom  4,239,467  are  boys  and  4,347,134  are  girls.  The  city  schools 
enroll,  therefore,  41.2  per  cent  of  all  the  public  school  children  in 
the  country.  In  addition  to  the  figures  given  above,  it  is  estimated 
that  1,021,127  children  were  enrolled  in  city  private  and  parochial 
schools.  The  cities  of  Group  I  enroll  43  per  cent  of  these  public 
school  pupils;  of  Group  II,  16.8  per  cent;  of  Group  III,  16.5  per  cent; 
of  Group  IV,  11.8  per  cent;  and  of  Group  V,  11.9  per  cent.  Only 
in  the  cities  of  the  first  group  does  the  proportion  of  boys  exceed  that 
of  girls.  In  the  cities  of  the  first  four  groups  about  81.1  per  cent  of 
all  pupils  are  enrolled  in  the  elementary  schools,  12.2  per  cent  in  high 
schools,  5.3  per  cent  in  kindergartens,  and  1.4  per  cent  in  special 
schools.  The  proportion  registered  in  high  schools  is  significant, 
since  for  the  whole  country  only  9.3  per  cent  of  the.  total  enrollment 
is  found  in  high  schools,  the  rural  statistics  bringing  down  the  average. 
As  the  cities  of  Group  V  did  not  report  high-school  enrollment  the 
exact  rural-school  statistics  on  this  point  can  not  be  ascertained. 


Table  3. — Distribution  oj  cities  according  to  number  oj  days  the  public  schools  were 
actually  in  session,  1917-18 ,l 


Pays  in  session. 

Group  I. 

Group  II. 

Group  III. 

Group  IV. 

Group  V. 

The  five 
groups 
combined. 

Per  cent  of 
|  allcities  ■ 
reporting. 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

196-200 . 

2 

9 

12 

17 

15 

55 

3.1 

191-195 . 

9 

14 

24 

12 

20 

79 

4. 5 

186-190 . 

7 

19 

53 

59 

75 

213 

12.1 

181-185 . 

15 

24 

56 

70 

76 

241 

13.6 

176-180 .  . 

12 

34 

136 

218 

287 

687 

39.0 

171-175 . 

5 

19 

60 

82 

122 

288 

16.3 

166-170 . 

1 

10 

13 

28 

50 

102 

5.8 

161-165 . 

3 

11 

7 

21 

42 

2.4 

156-160 . 

4 

4 

6 

22 

36 

2.0 

151-155 . 

2  ! 

4 

3 

9 

.5 

146-150 . 

1  | 

1 

1 

3 

.2 

141-145 . 

1 

l  ; 

1 

2 

5 

.3 

136-140 . 

131-135 . 

126-130 . 

. r 

1 

.1 

121-125 . 

116-120 . 

i 

1 

.1 

Total . 

51 

137 

373 

505 

696 

1,762 

100.0 

i  This  table  does  not  include  one  city  in  Group  I\  reporting  a  session  of  223  days,  nor  two  cities  in  Group 
"V  reporting  sessions  of  80  days  and  78  days,  respectively. 


23  8 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Fig.  2.— Distribution  of  1,762  cities  which  reported  the  number  of  days  the  public  schools  were  actually  in 

session,  1917-18. 

LENGTH  OF  THE  CITY  SCHOOL  TERM. 


In  Table  87  the  length  of  the  school  term  in  individual  cities  for 
each  type  of  school  maintained  is  given.  From  the  detailed  data  a 
general  conception  as  to  the  length  of  the  school  term  can  scarcely 
be  obtained.  Accordingly,  the  results  have  been  summarized  in 
Table  3  in  the  form  of  a  distribution  table  for  each  group  of  cities. 
The  average  length  of  the  school  term  for  all  types  of  schools  in  a 
city  school  system  has  been  used  in  compiling  this  table  and  in  con¬ 
structing  figure  2.  As  little  difference  exists  in  the  length  of  school 
term  for  the  cities  of  the  different  groups,  no  attempt  has  been  made 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  219 

to  present  the  distribution  separately  for  each  group  of  cities  in 
graphic  form.  The  diagram  shows  the  distribution  of  1,762  cities 
according  to  the  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  each.  It  is 
found  that  39  per  cent  of  these  cities  had  a  term  varying  from  176 
to  180  days.  As  this  percentage  greatly  exceeds  that  for  any  other 
similar  group,  it  is  evident  that  a  nine-months’  school  term  is  main¬ 
tained  by  most  cities.  Over  25  per  cent  of  the  cities  have  a  term 
varying  from  181  to  190  days,  indicating  a  nine-and-a-half  months’ 
term.  Almost  8  per  cent  of  the  cities  have  a  longer  term,  ranging 
from  191  to  200  days,  indicating  a  10  months’  school  term  in  these 
cities.  A  very  small  percentage  of  cities  have  a  shorter  term  than 
8  months  or  160  days. 

The  length  of  the  school  term  is  determined  by  dividing  the  aggre¬ 
gate  attendance,  i.  e.,  the  total  number  of  days  attended  by  all  pupils, 
by  the  average  daily  attendance.  According  to  this  method  of  com¬ 
putation,  all  cities  have  been  put  on  the  same  basis,  and  the  diagram 
probably  represents  conditions  as  they  actually  are.  If  the  total 
aggregate  attendance  for  all  cities  reporting  the  data  is  divided  by 
the  total  average  daily  attendance  in  the  same  cities,  an  average  of 
182  days  is  secured.  This  number  represents  the  average  length  of 
the  city  school  term  in  the  United  States.  This  average  is  consider¬ 
ably  higher  than  the  corresponding  average  for  all  public  elementary 
and  secondary  schools  in  the  United  States,  which  is  almost  161  days. 
In  other  words  the  average  city  school  term  is  about  one  month 
longer  than  the  average  term  for  all  schools  combined. 

The  average  pupil  enrolled  in  the  city  public  schools  attends  only 
143  days  out  of  the  182  days  of  schooling  provided.  He  wastes, 
therefore,  39  days  or.  almost  2  months  of  schooling  annually.  This 
percentage  of  waste  in  city  schools,  21.4  per  cent,  is  not  quite  so 
large  as  the  corresponding  percentage  of  waste  for  the  whole  country, 
25.4  per  cent. 

JUNIOR  HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

In  1918,  292  city  school  systems  maintained  junior  high  schools. 
Altogether,  431  junior  high  schools  are  in  existence — 76  in  Group  I, 
90  in  Group  II,  93  in  Group  III,  102  in  Group  IV,  and  70  in  Group  V. 
In  these  schools,  1,077  men  and  4,468  women  teachers  are  em¬ 
ployed.  Altogether,  158,108  children  are  enrolled  in  these  431  junior 
high  schools,  including  75,013  boys  and  83,095  girls.  The  chapter 
on  public  high  schools  includes  a  report  from  557  junior  high  schools, 
some  of  them  being  maintained  as  a  part  of  rural  or  village  school 
systems.  These  557  schools  enrolled  only  116,197  pupils,  54,513 
boys  and  61,684  girls.  Considerable  editing  was  done  on  the  higli- 
school  reports  to  eliminate  the  schools  organized  only  for  depart¬ 
mental  teaching.  As  the  city  report  does  not  contain  much  de- 


220 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


tailed  information  about  junior  high  schools,  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  reject  those  schools  offering  only  departmental  teaching  in 
the  elementary  grades.  The  interpretation  of  the  term  “ junior  high 
school/’  as  used  in  this  report,  has  rested,  therefore,  with  the  various 
city  school  superintendents.  A  uniform  rigid  construction  of  the 
term  might  have  reduced  considerably  the  statistics  of  city  junior 
•high  schools  appearing  herein.  It  is  possible  that  the  special  high- 
school  report  does  not  include  the  statistics  of  all  city  junior  high 
schools,  as  only  those  junior  high  schools  were  reported  which  were 
more  or  less  closely  connected  with  senior  high  schools  in  the  same 
school  system.  Probably  many  separately  organized  junior  high 
schools  were  not  included  in  that  chapter  of  the  Biennial  Survey. 
It  is  believed,  therefore,  that  the  statistics  of  city  junior  high  schools 
are  fairly  reliable  and  complete,  although  strict  uniformity  was  not 
possible  in  editing  the  reports. 


Table  4. — Distribution  oj  295  cities  as  to  number  oj  students  per  teacher  in  junior  high 

schools,  1917-18. 


Number  of  students  per 
teacher. 

Group  I. 

Group  II. 

Group  III. 

Group  IV. 

Group  V. 

The  five  groups 
combined. 

Number. 

Per  cent. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

5-  9 . 

1 

1 

0.3 

10-14 . 

1 

1 

2 

.7 

15-19 . 

4 

2 

5 

7 

18 

6.1 

20-24 . 

3 

8 

11 

9 

12 

43 

14.6 

25-29 . 

5 

18 

17 

19 

12 

71 

.  24.1 

30-34 . 

3 

6 

15 

24 

22 

70 

23.7 

35-39 . . . 

1 

3 

10 

20 

11 

45 

15.2 

40-44 . 

1 

7 

15 

2 

25 

8.5 

45-49 . 

3 

1 

5 

9 

3.1 

50-54 . 

3 

1 

3 

7 

2.4 

55-59 . 

. 

2 

2 

.7 

60-64 . 

1 

1 

.3 

65-69 . 

1 

1 

.3 

Total . 

17 

38  | 

67 

98 

75 

295 

100.0 

Lowest  number . 

15 

14 

20 

8 

10 

8 

First  quartile . 

20 

24 

26 

26 

24 

25 

Median.  .  . 

27 

27 

31 

32 

30 

30 

Third  quartile.. 

32 

29 

37 

38 

36 

36 

Highest  number . 

40 

39 

66 

60 

52 

66 

THE  “TEACHING  LOAD”  IN  JUNIOR  HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

It  is  of  special  interest  to  school  administrators  to  know  the  teach¬ 
ing  load  in  junior  high  schools.  The  average  teaching  load  is  de¬ 
termined  by  dividing  the  total  junior  high-school  enrollment  by 
the  total  number  of  teachers  in  such  schools.  It  has  little  signifi¬ 
cance  as  to  the  average  size  of  junior  high-school  classes.  This  teach¬ 
ing  load  has  been  determined  for  each  group  of  cities  and  for  all 
groups  combined,  as  shown  in  Table  4.  Only  the  totals  for  all  cities 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


221 


have  been  used  in  the  construction  of  figure  3.  It  is  seen  in  the  figure 
that  the  usual  number  of  students  to  a  teacher  varies  from  25  to  35. 
A  few  cities  have  unusually  high  teaching  loads,  even  exceeding  50 
pupils  to  a  teacher.  On  the  other  hand,  some  cities  have  fewer  than 
20  pupils  to  a  teacher  in  such  schools. 


As  shown  in  Table  4,  half  the  cities  in  the  first  group  have  from  20 
to  32  pupils  to  a  teacher;  in  the  second  group  from  24  to  29;  in  the 
third  group  26  to  37;  in  the  fourth  group  26  to  38;  in  the  fifth  group 
from  24  to  36;  and  in  all  groups  combined  from  25  to  36  pupils  to  a 
teacher.  These  middle  halves  probably  best  characterize  the  dis¬ 
tribution  of  the  teaching  load. 


222 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


AN  AGE-AND-GRADE  STUDY  OF  A  MILLION  PUPILS  IN  80  CITY  SCHOOL] 

SYSTEMS. 

SCOPE  OF  THE  STUDY. 

In  1918  a  number  of  cities  reported  a  classification  of  their  pupils 
-by  age  and  grade.  Each  city  reporting  such  facts  might  have  been 
included  in  this  analysis,  but  such  a  study  becomes  more  valuable  if 
present  achievement  can  be  compared  with  past  accomplishment 
under  similar  conditions.  In  order  to  measure  change,  similar  data 
must  be  used  for  the  different  years  compared.  Without  comparison, 
facts  lack  significance.  In  1908  the  enrollment  of  pupils  by  age  and 
grade  in  a  number  of  cities  was  collected  by  Stray er,  and  a  study  of  the 
data  secured  at  that  time  was  published  in  191 1.1  A  comparison  of 
the  reports  received  in  1908  and  in  1918  revealed  the  fact  that  only 
80  cities  supplied  corresponding  data  for  these  two  periods.  No  city, 
however,  which  had  only  seven  grades  in  the  elementary  school  at 
either  date  ,  has  been  included  in  this  report,  since  such  inclusions 
would  vitiate  desired  comparisons.  On  the  other  hand,  no  city 
reporting  nine  grades  in  the  elementary  school  in  1918  has  been  in¬ 
cluded.  A  few  cities  (9)  having  nine  grades  in  the  elementary  school 
in  1908  have  been  included,  but  the  number  of  pupils  in  the  ninth 
grade  in  these  cities  was  so  small  in  1908  that  general  results  are  not 
materially  affected  by  their  inclusion.  It  is  believed  that,  from  a 
study  of  these  80  cities,  a  series  of  reliable  norms  for  all  cities  has 
been  established.  In  other  words,  any  other  city  can  secure  the  en¬ 
rollment  of  its  pupils  by  age  and  grade  and  check  its  percentages 
with  those  for  these  80  cities. 

,  THE  CITY  GROUPS. 

Of  the  80  cities  chosen  for  study,  42  had  a  population  of  25,000  or 
over  in  1900,  and  38  had  a  population  of  less  than  25,000  on  the  same 
date.  This  classification  was  used  by  Strayer  in  1908,  and  conse¬ 
quently  the  division  is  based  on  the  1900  census,  instead  of  the  1910 
census.  Five  of  the  larger  cities  had  a  population  exceeding  100,000 
in  1910 — Chicago,  Fall  River,  Minneapolis,  St.  Louis,  and  Phila¬ 
delphia.  The  42  larger  cities  are  frequently  referred  to  in  the  fol¬ 
lowing  pages  as  cities  of  “ group  A”  and  the  38  smaller  cities  as 
those  of  u  group  B.”  The  total  enrollment  in  the  elementary  and 
secondary  schools  in  cities  of  group  A  is  almost  nine  times  as  great  as 
the  corresponding  enrollment  in  cities  of  group  B.  When  medians 
are  used  in  the  studies,  each  city  contributes  to  the  result  an  equal 
weight,  regardless  of  its  size.  When  arithmetical  averages  are  used, 
the  largest  cities  greatly  outweigh  the  smaller  ones  and  largely  control 
the  averages  when  both  groups  are  combined.  The  medians,  there- 

1  Bulletin  No.  5,  1911.  An  age  and  grade  census  of  schools  and  colleges,  by  George  Drayton  Strayer. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


223 


fore,  characterize  city  school  practices,  while  the  averages  denote 
the  status  of  individual  pupils  in  urban  school  systems.  The  first 
looks  toward  the  school  system,  the  second  toward  the  individual 
pupil.  Both  central  tendencies  must  be  used  to  convey  definite 
concepts  of  the  situation. 

THE  AGE-GRADE  GROUPS. 

As  defined  by  Stray er  for  1908,  the  children  in  the  first  grade  who 
are  6  or  7  years  of  age  are  considered  of  normal  age,  those  under  6  as 
under  age,  and  those  over  7  as  over  age.  Similarly,  in  the  second 
grade  those  who  are  7  or  8  years  of  age  are  considered  of  normal  age, 
those  under  7  as  under  age,  and  those  over  8  as  over  age.  In  like 
manner  the  succeeding  grade  groups  have  been  determined.  The 
same  method  of  grouping  has  been  used  for  both  years,  1908  and  1918. 
In  the  following  study  the  under-age  pupils  are  frequently  referred  to 
as  “accelerated”  children  and  the  over-age  pupils  as  “retarded” 
children  or  “repeaters.”  It  should  be  remembered  in  this  connection 
that  under-age  children  may  have  entered  school  earlier  than  usual 
and  may  have  advanced  regularly  from  grade  to  grade.  The  under¬ 
age  group  might  even  include  repeating  children  under  extraordinary 
circumstances.  Presumably,  most  of  the  under-age  children  have 
advanced  more  rapidly  than  is  ordinarily  done.  On  the  other  hand, 
over-age  children  are  probably  “repeaters,”  though  some  of  them 
may  have  entered  school  later  than  usual  and  may  have  advanced  at 
a  normal  rate.  At  any  rate,  these  children  are  too  old  for  their  grade; 
they  are  doing  work  of  a  lower  character  than  children  of  their  ages 
usually  do.  They  are  retarded  for  their  age,  though  they  may  not  be 
repeaters.  Even  children  in  the  normal  age  groups  may  have  re¬ 
peated  one  year  of  work.  It  should  be  carefully  noted  that  this 
study  presents  facts  of  under-agedness  and  over-agedness  and  not 
precise  data  regarding  rates  of  progress  from  grade  to  grade.  It  is 
clearly  shown  in  figure  26  that,  in  the  first  grade  at  least,  the  number 
of  repeaters  exceeds  both  the  under-age  and  over-age  pupils  combined. 

In  certain  cities  where  children  are  allowed  to  enter  the  first  grade 
at  the  age  of  5,  the  age-grade  groups  chosen  are  too  high.  Such  cities 
will  show  rather  high  percentages  of  under-age  children.  The  age- 
grade  groups  employed,  however,  are  the  best  ones  that  could  have 
been  used,  since  in  the  first  and  eighth  grades  the  percentages  of 
children  over  age  and  under  age  are  almost  equal,  respectively,  as 
shown  in  figure  16.  To  have  selected  other  age  groups  to  indicate 
normality  would  have  materially  disturbed  the  relative  positions  of 
the  two  curves  in  this  figure  and  would  have  resulted  in  more  harm 
than  good. 


224  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  5. — Percentage  of  pupils  under  age ,  of  normal  age,  and  over  age  in  80  cities  in  1918. 


Group  A  (cities  of  25,000  population  and  over). 


Group  B  (cities  under  25,000  population). 


Cities. 

Under 

age. 

Of 

nor¬ 

mal 

age. 

Over 

age. 

*  Cities. 

Under 

age. 

Of 

nor¬ 

mal 

age. 

Over 

age. 

Quincy,  Mass . 

14.4 

77.9 

7.7 

Dedham,  Mass . 

38.1 
27.0 
35.0 
24  .0 

56.1 
65  1 

5.8 

7.9 
9.7 

10.8 
10.8 
11.1 
11.8 
12  .8 
12.9 
14.1 

Aurora  ,111 . 

15.8 

72  .2 

12  .0 

Wakefield,  Mass . 

Decatur,  1 11 . 

17.6 

69.7 

12.7 

13.6 

13.9 

14.1 

Danbury ,  Conn . 

55.3 

65.2 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

12  .5 

73  .9 

Wallingford,  Conn . 

Canton  /  Ohio . 

18.0 

68.1 

Winthrop,  Mass . 

17.6 

71 .6 

East  Orange,  N.  J . 

22  .9 

63.0 

Gardner,  Mass . 

31.9 

27.5 

57.0 

Rockford,  Ill . 

17.8 

67.2 

15.0 

15.3 

Beloit,  Wis  .... 

60.7 

Chicago,  Ill . 

14.0 

70.7 

Wabash ,  Ind .  . 

18.5 

68.7 

Danville,  Ill . 

14.0 

70.7 

68.5 

15  3 

Clearfield,  Pa. 

13.1 

15.4 

74.0 

Saginaw /Mich,  (east side) - 

15.7 

15.8 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif . 

70.5 

Dayton ,  Ohio . 

.2 

83.0 

16.8 

Winchester,  Mass . 

8.3 

76.5 

15.2 

Paterson ,  N.  J . 

19.9 

62.9 

69.9 

17.2 

Galesburg,  Ill 

14  .9 

69.7 

15 .4 

Madison,  Wis . 

12.5 

17.6 

Medford ,  Mass _ 

8.5 

76.1 

15.4 

Reading,  Pa . 

18.0 

64.2 

17.8 

Macomb,  Ill  . 

25.6 

58.7 

15.7 

Williamsport,  Pa . 

20.5 

61 .4 

18.1 

Kearny ,  N.  J . 

20.8 

62.6 

16.6 

Trenton, N.  J . 

20.2 

60.9 

18.9 

Bridgeton,  N.  J. _ 

29.7 

53.5 

16.8 

Tacoma ,  Wash . 

7.6 

73  .3 

19.1 

Alameda ,  Calif . 

11.7 

70.6 

17.7 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

8.6 

71 .6 

19.8 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y . 

19.8 

61.9 

18.3 

Quincy  ,111 . 

11.2 

68.8 

20.0 

Conners  vi  lie ,  Ind . 

6.1 

74.5 

19.4 

Springfield ,  Ill . 

11.7 

68.3 

20.0 

East  Chicago,  Ind . 

11.1 

69.4 

19.5 

Altoona,  Pa . 

18.1 

61 .7 

20.2 

Prankfort,  Tnd _ 

5.2 

75.2 

19.6 

Pall  River,  Mass  . 

30.4 

49.0 

20.6 

Ka.nl t  Kte.  Marie,  Mich 

10.2 

69.9 

19.9 

Passaic,  N.  J . 

15.0 

63.8 

21 .2 

Goshen ,  Ind  . 

1 .4 

78.6 

20.0 

Newburgh,  N.  Y . 

21 .4 

56.4 

22.2 

Tron  Mountain ,  Mich 

9.6 

70.3 

20.1 

Auburn ,  N.  Y . 

11 .9 

65.8 

22  .3 

Keokuk,  Iowa 

20.8 

59.1 

20.1 

Harrisburg,  Pa . 

14.3 

63  .3 

22  .4 

West  Orange,  1ST.  ,T 

15.7 

63.8 

20.5 

Perth  Ambov,  N.  J . 

15.7 

61.4 

22.9 

Plainfield  ,  N.  J . 

15.6 

62.6 

21 .8 

Watertown,  N.  Y . 

14.1 

63.0 

22  .9 

Homestead  Pa 

11.2 

65.6 

23.2 

Bay  City,  Mich . 

14.3 

61 .3 

24.4 

25.5 

Croat  Pabs  Mont 

9.1 

67.4 

23 .5 

Philadelphia,  Pa . 

10.2 

64.3 

Ottumwa, Iowa  . 

14.2 

62.2 

23.6 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 

7.0 

66.7 

26.3 

28.1 

28.5 

M  arsh  all  town  T  owa  . 

12.9 

63.3 

23.8 

Wichita ,  Kans . . 

8.6 

63.3 

63.6 

Kokomo,  Ind. 

4.3 

70.9 

24.8 

Covington,  Ky . 

7.9 

Cheboygan ,  Mich  __  _ 

18.8 

54.6 

26.6 

Springfield,  Ohio . 

3  .0 

68.5 

28.5 

28.6 
28.7 

Vineland ,  N « .T  _  . . 

13.0 

59.2 

27.8 

York,  Pa . 

2  .6 

68.8 

White  Plains,  N.  Y 

9.0 

59.3 

31.7 

Hoboken,  N.  J . 

10  .4 

60.9 

Mo  A  Tester,  Okia . 

7.9 

60.1 

32.0 

New  Bedford,  Mass . 

6.4 

64.2 

29.4 

29.4 

30.2 

32.2 

35.2 
37.8 

Pre.sno,  Calif  . . 

5.3 

58.4 

36.3 

Orange,  N.  J . 

11  5 

59.1 

67.2 
63.8 
60.0 
57.7 

Don  ora  Pa.  -  _ - 

4.3 

54.0 

41.7 

Duluth,  Minn . 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 

Louisville,  Ky . 

Kansas  City,  Kans . 

2.6 

4.0 

4.8 

4.5 

A  CLASSIFICATION  OF  CITIES  ACCORDING  TO  THE  PERCENTAGE  OF 

OVER- AGE  PUPILS. 

For  each  of  the  80  cities  chosen  for  study  the  percentages  of  pupils 
under  age,  of  normal  age,  and  over  age,  have  been  ascertained.  The 
cities  have  been  ranked  by  groups  (A  and  B)  on  the  decreasing  per¬ 
centages  of  over-age  pupils  or  on  the  combined  increasing  percentages 
of  under-age  and  normal-age  pupils.  Thus  in  figure  4  it  is  shown 
that  Quincy,  Mass.,  has  the  smallest  percentage  (7.7)  of  over-age 
pupils  of  any  city  in  group  A.  At  the  other  end  of  the  array  is  Kan¬ 
sas  City,  Kans.,  with  37.8  per  cent  of  its  pupils  over  age.  About 
half  of  these  cities  have  one-fifth  of  their  pupils  in  the  over-age  class. 
Fall  River,  Mass.,  has  the  highest  percentage  (30.4)  of  under-age 
pupils,  and  Dayton,  Ohio,  has  the  highest  percentage  (83)  of  pupils 
of  normal  age  in  this  group  of  cities.  Dayton  also  has  the  smallest 
percentage  of  under-age  pupils. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


225 


CITIES. 


07  normal  age  . 
30  40  50  6o 


70  80 


I 

90  o 


OVER  age. 

10  20  30  40 


QUINCY.KASS . 

AURORA . . 

DECATUR. . . 

MINNEAPOLIS . 

CANTON . 

EAST  ORANGE . . 

ROCKFORD . 

CHICAGO . 

DANVILLE . 

SAGINAW . 

DAYTON . 

PATERSON . .  .  .  . , 

UADI  SON.  . . . 

READING . 

WILLIAMSPORT . . . 

TRENTON . 

TACOMA . . 

C-RAND  RAPIDS . 

QUINCY.  ILL . . 

SPRINGFIEID, ILL. . . . 

ALTOONA . 

PALL  RIVER . . 

PASSAIC. .....  ; . 

NEWBURGH . 

AUBURN . 

HARRISBURG. ........ 

PERTH  AKBOY . 

WATERTOWN . 

BAY  CITY . 

PHILADELPHIA. . 

ST.  LOUIS . 

WICHITA . 

COVINGTON . 

SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. . . 
YORK. . . . 


ORANGE . 

DULUTH . 

BATTLE  CREEK.. 
LOUISVILLE.... 

KANSAS  CITY... 
AVERAGE - 


Fig.  4.— Per  cent  of  pupils  under  age,  of  normal  age,  and  over  age  in  cities  of  group  A,  1917-18. 

In  figure  5,  picturing  cities  of  group  B,  it  is  found  that  Dedham, 
Mass.,  ranks  first,  with  only  5.8  per  cent  of  its  pupils  over  age.  It 
also  has  the  highest  percentage  of  under-age  pupils.  Donora,  Pa., 
has  the  highest  percentage  (41.7)  of  over-age  pupils.  Goshen,  Ind., 
has  the  highest  percentage  (78.6)  of  pupils  of  normal  age,  and  Bridge- 
ton,  N.  J.,  the  lowest  percentage  (53.5). 

59873°— 21 - 15 


226 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


CITIES.  1  OSIER  AG2.- 

40  30  20  10 

OF  NORMAL’  AGE. 

10  20  30  40  50  6  0  70  80  C 

OVER  AO*. 

>  10  20  3  0  40 

DEDHAM . 

j 

wakefieid . 

n  3  zzmzL 

i 

213 

— i — \ — i — i — ~i — 

i 

- 1 - r — -r— n — -t — t-* 

. — r— — r— i  r  1  ■  r  - 

— T— 

I 

‘ 

sa 

1 

1 

VABASH . 

-  i - 1 — i  'i  — t — 

1 

.  .i  1 

-  1  i  i  '  ~  i  i  r~i 

WINCHESTER . 

SS4 

1 

HI 

— -i — -i - i - 1 - 1 - r—TH 

— | 

1 

l 

- ! - 1 - 1 - r  ■  m  > 

GALESBURG . . . 

MEDFORD . ,  .  . 

i 

V  A  COMB.  .  -  -  . . . 

i 

1  1  1  1  f 

"7 

kearhy . . . 

l 

c=* r  . -t 

f! 

^5SC 

■pPTTYlRTOlf  r  ,  T 

1  1.  '1  "1  ■  '.'~TT  1 

i 

ALAMEDA. . . . 

rn 

i 

>n?W  ROCHELLE  r 

M 

.,1  .  L 1  1  r.ZJT]- 

CONNER  SVTLLE _ _ 

in 

•PART  OHTOAfiO  , 

! 

ttaltti 

FRANKFORT 

•  i 
i 

s 

SAULT  STB.  MARIE... . 

OOSHKF. • • • 

i  i 

i  j 

i 

i 

p j_ 1_ 1_ 1  i  ZLiin 

IRON  MOUNTAIN . 

i,  ,  tl.  i  res: 

KEOKUK . 

ij 

i 

ORANGE 

i 

*— »i 

PLAINEIRID . . 

'  '  '  ■' — < — i-,! 

HOMESTEAD . 

>  f 

\ '  i  i  i  i 

GREAT  FALLS . 

i 

OTTUMWA. . . 

i 

Eshm 

b-7-  1  1  ir.’.TCI3=TJ 

MARRHALLTOWW. . T  f 

Fj 

- - 1 - J - 1 - 1 - 1 - L-l 

KOKOMO.  r  ,  t 

1 

[~  '  1  1=1=  r  Hi 

CKKBOYCA  N. .......... 

I  1 

i 

VINELAND . 

~"~'l . T  J  L„  1 

i 

i 

WHITE  PLAINS . 

H 

| 

i— :.j.— 1„ . .l  i 

i 

MCALESTKR . 

1 

| 

1 

i 

FRESNO.... . 

1 

i 

r 

DONOR A 

!.  i  i  i  i 

I, 

1 

H 

i 

i 

AVERAGE  - 

- 

Fig.  5. — Per  cent  of  pupils  under  age,  of  normal  age,  and  over  age  in  the  cities  of  group  B,  1917-18. 


Table  A. — Age-grade  table,  Dedham ,  Mass.,  1917-18 ,  showing  the  distribution  of  pupils  and  the  method  employed  in  computing  r  and  p2. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


227 


Table  B. — Age-grade  table,  Goshen,  Ind.,  1917-18,  showing  the  distribution  of  pupils  and  the  method  employed  in  computing  r  and 


228 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


C* 

Q. 


SST. 

165 

604 

1,764 

2, 208 

3, 750 

4,716 

7, 154 

5, 440 

14, 985 

.  7, 400 

4, 598 

5, 328 

03 

co 

io 

II  'I 

w  in  52  oo 

njs 

io  co 

*  <N  (o  ^  <N  !co 
•  H  a  .oo  a 
t  ►>  h# 

"’J  00lrH-<  C5  l-H 

ST. 

lOC^OOWOONO^OOO^ 

OOOOiOiOOOdOOcO^HTf 

HCOiOiONNOCOON't'^ 

03 

oo 

Total 

enroll¬ 

ment. 

iCHOOOOHCiO‘O^CON 

OiOOCOU^CO^OOCONCOCO 

1,496 

9, 482 

76, 258 

65, 681 

Ages  (relative  items;  lower  numbers  are  substitutes  for  the  exact  ages). 

CTj 

•  03 

03 

28 

392 

24 

336 

2 

CO 

•  03  ca 

03 

273 

3,549 

228 

2, 964 

03 

" 

•  CO  O  co 
.  H  CO  H 

8 

720 

8,640 

660 

7, 920 

co 

3 

OO  O  co  CO 

03  -*f 

°  1 
00 

o  o  o  o 

oo  co  b-  b- 

00  CO  N  •  ' 

cT  co 

LO 

O 

rH 

HNOOIO 

H(NH 

rH 

162 

o  o  o 

03  O  CO  b- 

<0  03  ^  f*) 

r-T  CO*  H  ttT 

3 

o> 

CO  CO  03  iO 

rH  Th  ^  ^ 

CO 

lO 

1,404 

12, 636 
1,201 

10, 809 

CO 

00 

cooooo 

03  03  CO  rH 

122 

976 

7, 808 
795 

6, 360 

a 

- 

OIOOONOO 
rH  CO  03 

oa 

637 

4,459 

538 

^3, 766 

3 

co 

oo  i-»  oo  ^ 

CO 

858 

5,148 

726 

4, 356 

o 

03  OO  ^  CO 
oo^ 

145 

725 

3,625 

596 

2, 980 

<Ji 

(NCOO(N^ 

HO^ 

03 

484 

1,936 

396 

1,584 

00 

CO 

*o  03  co 

rH  00 

170 

510 

1,530 

408 

1,224 

b- 

<N 

70 

61 

13 

144 

288 

576 

231 

462 

co 

- 

78 

1 

79 

79 

79 

80 

80 

Grades  (subject  items). 

03 

CO 

Tf 

10 

CO 

00 

d 

o 

03 

Total . 

RT . 

RRT . 

SSf . 

R  (SSf) . 

B 

q! 


65,681— (5.422X  9,482) 

:  76,258- (6.338X9,482)  '883 


Table  C. — Age-grade  table,  Donora,  Fa.,  1917-18,  showing  the  distribution  of  pupils  and  the  method  employed  in  computing  r  and  p2. 


229 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


86,892- (4.001X14,601) 
112,725— (6.021X14,601) 


230 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


THE  COEFFICIENT  OF  CORRELATION  AND  THE  COEFFICIENT  OF  RE¬ 
GRESSION  FOR  THREE  TYPICAL  AGE-GRADE  DISTRIBUTIONS. 

An  inspection  of  figure  5  might  lead  one  to  believe  that  little 
relationship  exists  between  the  age  and  grade  of  pupils  in  certain 
cities.  For  instance,  what  is  the  relationship  between  the  age  and 
grade  of  pupils  in  Dedham,  Mass.,  where  the  proportion  of  under¬ 
age  pupils  is  very  large,  and  in  Goshen,  Ind.,  where  only  a  negligible 
percentage  of  pupils  is  under  age,  but  where  a  comparatively  large 
percentage  of  pupils  is  of  normal  age?  In  the  former  city  pupils 
enter  school  at  the  age  of  5,  while  in  the  latter  city  they  do  not  enter 
until  the  age  of  6.  It  is  hardly  fair,  therefore,  to  measure  these 
cities  by  the  standard  proposed  above.  A  better  conception  as  to 
the  relationship  between  the  age  and  grade  of  pupils  in  these  cities 
is  gained  from  the  coefficients  of  correlation  and  regression.  An 
inspection  of  the  age-grade  tables  (A  and  B)  for  these  cities  discloses 
a  certain  similarity,  there  being  comparatively  few  ages  represented 
in  any  grade  or  relatively  few  grades  enrolling  pupils  of  any  given 
age.  The  “ compactness”  of  these  distributions  is  in  striking  con¬ 
trast  to  the  “ scattered7 r  distribution  of  pupils  in  the  age-grade 
table  for  Donora,  Pa.  Let  us  proceed  to  measure  these  distributions 
by  the  coefficients  of  correlation  and  regression. 

The  coefficient  of  correlation  is  usually  expressed  as  follows: 

r_  SQg-y)  =S(x-y) 

■^Zx*  -y/Zy2  n  <rx  <r 2 

A  shorter  method  of  computing  this  coefficient  is  proposed  by  Ayres2 
as  follows : 


Sum  of  products  of  subject  and  relative  items 

minus 


Av.  of  subject  items  X  total  of  relative  items 


r=- —  - — 

VSum  of  squares  of  subject 
items 

minus 

Av.  X  total  of  these  items. 


VSum  of  squares  of  relative 
items 

minus 

Av.  X  total  of  these  items. 


This  formula  has  been  employed  in  computing  r  in  Tables  A,  B,  and 
C.  The  coefficient  of  correlation  for  Dedham  is  found  to  be  0.949 
and  that  for  Goshen  0.947,  while  that  for  Donora  is  only  0.906. 
The  first  two  coefficients  indicate  practically  the  same  relationship 
between  the  age  and  grade  of  pupils  in  Dedham  and  in  Goshen. 
It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  a  very  close  and  essentially  equal  corre- 


2  A  shorter  method  of  computing  the  coefficient  of  correlation.  By  Leonard  P.  Ayres.  Journal  of  Edu¬ 
cational  Research,  March,  1920. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  231 

lation  between  age  and  grade  exists  in  Dedham  and  Goshen. 
The  differences  so  apparent  in  figure  5  are  undoubtedly  due  to  the 
fact  that  children  enter  school  earlier  in  Dedham  than  in  Goshen, 
one  school  system  being  graded  about  as  well  as  the  other.  In 
Donora  the  coefficient  is  comparatively  low,  indicating  that  pupils 
having  a  wide  range  of  ages  will  be  found  in  each  grade. 

If  all  the  pupils  in  Goshen  who  are  6  years  of  age  were  in  the  first 
grade;  those  7  years  of  age,  in  the  second  grade;  those  8  years  of  age, 
in  the  third  grade,  etc.,  the  correlation  between  age  and  grade  would 
be  perfect  and  positive  and  the  coefficient  (r)  would  equal  1.  On 
the  other  hand,  if  all  pupils  entered  school  in  the  twelfth  grade  and 
were  regularly  demoted  the  correlation  between  age  and  grade  would 
be  perfect  but  negative,  and  the  coefficient  (r)  would  equal  —  1. 
If  all  pupils  remain  in  the  first  grade  the  coefficient  is  indeterminate, 
0/0.  As  age-grade  distributions  usually  have  high  positive  coeffi¬ 
cients,  it  may  be  said  that  the  coefficient  for  Donora  (0.906)  is  rela¬ 
tively  low. 

The  coefficient  of  regression  tells  a  more  significant  story  con¬ 
cerning  the  average  rate  of  progress  of  pupils  through  the  grades. 
This  coefficient  is  found  by  dividing  the  numerator  of  the  Ayres 
formula  for  r  by  the  quantity  under  the  second  radical.3 

The  coefficient  of  regression  for  Dedham  is  0.922;  for  Goshen, 
0.883;  and  for  Donora,  0.795.  These  coefficients  show  what  frac¬ 
tional  part  of  a  grade  the  average  pupil  advances  for  each  addi¬ 
tional  year  of  age.  Again  the  coefficients  for  Dedham  and  Goshen 
are  essentially  equal,  indicating  that  the  average  pupil  makes  about 
nine-tenths  of  a  grade  a  year.  In  Donora  the  corresponding  rate  of 
progress  is  less  than  eight-tenths  of  a  grade  a  year. 


3  Coefficients  of  regression.  By  Leonard  P.  Ayres.  Journal  of  Educational  Research,  May,  1920. 


Table  6. — Distribution  of  pupils  in  80  cities  according  to  the  number  of  normal  age,  over  age,  and  under  age  in  1908  and  1918. 


232  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Under  age. 

Total. 

12,082 

13, 810 

25,892 

3, 618 

4, 322 

7, 940 

88 

*oao 

33,832 

55,777 

66, 155 

121, 93 

8,029 

9,437 

| 

63, 806 

75, 592 

139, 398 

2  years  or 
more. 

506 

533 

1,039 

O  lO 

05  05 
t-H  CO 

585 

co  00 

05  CM 

CO  05 

1,624 

3,770 

4,593 

8,363 

o  u- 

I  CO  U- 

1,372 

4,371 

5,364 

9,735 

1  year. 

11,576 
13, 277 

24, 853 

3,428 

3,927 

7, 355 

15, 004 

17, 204 

32,208 

52,007 

61,562 

113,569 

7,428 

8, 666 

16,094  | 

59, 435 

70,228 

1 

gf 

Over  age. 

Total. 

138, 952 
118, 717 

257, 669 

12, 594 
10, 083 

22, 677 

151, 546 

128,800 

280,346 

114, 984 

98, 423 

213,  40  7 

12, 954 

11, 131 

24,085 

127, 938 

109, 554 

CM 

05 

CO 

CM 

5  years  or 
more. 

3, 171 
2,003 

5, 174 

O  O 

CO  rH 

490 

3,491 
2, 173 

8 

*o 

1, 726 
1, 288 

3, 014 

O  CO 

05  O 

296 

.1,916 

1,394 

o 

CO 

co' 

4  years. 

6,332 

4,393 

10,725 

CM  O 
oo 

lO  CO 

952 

38 

05  U- 

co'rjT 

11, 677 

3,751 

2,902 

6, 653 

CO 

r-  o 

CO  CO 

00 

CO 

4, 126 

3,208 

7,334 

f  3  years. 

17, 050 
12, 463 

29,513 

1,576 

1,052 

2,628 

18, 626  1 

13,515 

32, 141 

10,988 
8, 751 

19,739 

1, 168 
949 

2,117 

12, 156 
9, 700 

21, 856 

2  years. 

38,862 
32, 036 

70, 898 

3, 641 
2, 769 

6,410 

42,503 
34, 805 

77,308  | 

29, 626 
24, 461 

X  1 

° 

IQ 

3, 308 
2,730 

6,038 

32, 934 
27, 191 

g 

8 

1  year. 

73,537 

67,822 

141,359 

6,475 
5, 722 

12, 197 

*  CM 

o 

CO 

*c 

co 

*o 

68, 893 
61, 021 

05 

§1 

7, 913 
7, 040 

CO  j 

*o 

05  , 

76, 806 
68, 061 

CO 

00 

Of  normal 
age. 

190,519 

200,432 

390,951 

18, 655 
19, 470 

CM 

oo' 

CO 

209, 174 
219, 902 

429, 076 

338,538 
350, 238 

688,776 

37, 356 
39, 157 

76,513 

1 

567,638  375,894 

574, 541  389, 395 

1,142,179  |  765,289 

Total,  all 
ages. 

1 

341,553 
332, 959 

674, 512 

34, 867 
33, 875 

CM 

u* 

oo 

co 

376, 420 
366, 834 

743,254 

509, 299 
514, 816 

1,024,115 

58, 339 
59, 725 

1 

00 

PUPILS 

Group  A  cities,  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Group  B  cities,  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

All  80  cities,  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Group  A  cities,  1918: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Group  B  cities,  1918: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

All  80  cities,  1918: 

Boys _ 1 . *. . 

Girls . 

Total . 

233 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


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234 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


PUPILS  UNDER  AGE,  OF  NORMAL  AGE,  AND  OVER  AGE  IN  1908  AND  IN 

1918. 


From  the  preceding  figures  it  is  not  possible  to  gain  a  general  con¬ 
cept  as  to  the  per  cent  of  pupils  under  age,  of  normal  age,  and  over 
age.  These  relationships  are  best  exhibited  in  Table  6  and  in  figure 
6,  where  the  corresponding  percentages  for  1908  and  1918  are  placed 


Sex 

and 


AVERAGE  PERCENTAGES  OF  PUPILS: 
Cities  of  group  A . 


Boys. 

1908 


Gir/s. 

1908 


1918 

Total. 

1908 


year. 


Under  age.  j 
)  5  10  15 


Of  normal  age . 

15  20  25  30  35  40  45  50  55  60  65  70 


Over  age  . 


Cities  of  group  B  . 


Boys. 


1918 


All  cities  (so). 


Girls . 

1908 


1918 

Total. 

1908 


1918 


1918 

Girls . 

1906 

1918 

Total. 

1908 

1918 


Fig.  6.— Average  percentages  of  pupils  underage,  of  normal  age,  and  over  age  in  80  cities  in!908  and  1918. 


in  juxtaposition.  The  changes  within  this  interval  are  shown  for  the 
two  groups  of  cities  separately  and  combined,  for  boys  and  girls,  and 
for  all  pupils.  The  per  cent  of  the  under-age  pupils  in  cities  of 
group  A  has  increased  about  threefold,  while  in  cities  of  group  B  the 
corresponding  increases  have  not  been  so  marked.  In  every  instance, 
however,  the  per  cent  of  under-age  pupils  has  increased.  Likewise, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


235 


the  proportion  of  children  of  normal  age  has  increased  for  each  group 
of  cities  and  for  both  boys  and  girls.  There  has  been  a  greater 
increase  in  the  proportion  of  boys  than  of  girls  of  normal  age.  These 
increases  imply  that  the  percentage  of  over-age  pupils  has  decreased 
correspondingly.  These  facts  are  illustrated  by  the  last  column  of 
bars  in  the  diagram.  The  changes  pointed  out  in  this  figure  are 
highly  significant.  The  school  work  offered  to-day  must  come  more 
nearly  meeting  the  developing  mental  capacities  of  children  than  did 
the  curricula  10  years  ago.  These  commendable  changes  denote 
unmistakable  progress  in  dealing  with  the  problem  of  over-age  pupils. 
It  should  be  remarked  that  the  percentages  shown  in  figure  6  are 
averages — not  medians.  Thus  for  each  100  pupils  enrolled  in  city 
schools  in  1918,  12  were  under  age,  67  were  of  normal  age,  and  21 
were  over  age.  In  1908  out  of  each  100  pupils  so  enrolled,  4  were 
under  age,  58  were  of  normal  age,  and  38  were  over  age.  Within 
the  last  10  years  the  proportion  of  under-age  pupils  has  trebled, 
while  the  proportion  over  age  has  been  almost  cut  in  two  (reduced 
from  38  to  21). 

If  it  is  desired  to  characterize  city  school  practices  an  inspection 
of  the  corresponding  median  percentages  must  be  made.  In 
Table  6  and  figure  7  these  median  percentages  are  exhibited.  Con¬ 
sider,  for  instance,  the  first  two  series  of  bars  in  cities  of  group  A, 
representing  “boys”  in  1908  and  in  1918.  At  the  former  date  as 
many  cities  had  a  proportion  of  under-age  boys  exceeding  3.6  as 
had  a  proportion  less  than  this  percentage,  while  in  1918  the  corre¬ 
sponding  median  percentage  was  11.5.  In  these  instances  an  extra 
large  city  counts  no  more  than  a  small  city  in  the  determination  of  the 
median.  In  a  similar  manner  it  is  shown  that  as  many  cities  had  in 
1908  more  than  55.3  per  cent  of  their  pupils  of  normal  age  as  had  a 
smaller  percentage,  while  in  1918  the  corresponding  divisional 
percentage  had  increased  to  64.2.  Within  the  same  interval  the 
median  percentages  of  over  age  pupils  were  reduced  from  39.4  per 
cent  to  22.9  per  cent.  In  a  similar  manner  the  other  medians 
shown  in  the  diagram  may  be  interpreted.  A  marked  difference 
between  medians  and  averages  is  apparent  in  the  cities  of  group  B. 
Little  change  has  been  made  in  this  group  within  the  10-year  period 
in  the  average  percentages  of  under-age  pupils,  but  considerable 
change  has  taken  place  in  the  corresponding  median  percentages. 

An  analysis  of  the  percentage  of  over-age  pupils  is  exhibited  in 
Table  6  and  figure  8.  It  is  found  that  the  percentage  of  pupils 
retarded  one  year  exceeds  the  percentage  retarded  two  years,  three 
years,  or  for  a  longer  period.  Approximately  half  of  the  over-age 
pupils  are  only  one  year  over  age.  In  this  diagram  both  averages 
and  medians  are  shown.  Ordinarily  they  are  not  essentially  differ- 


236 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


ent.  The  black  bars  represent  arithmetical  averages  only.  For  all 
cities  combined  in  1908,  20.7  per  cent  of  the  pupils  were  retarded 


one  year;  10.4  per  cent,  two  years;  4.3  per  cent,  three  years;  and 
2.3  per  cent,  four  years  or  more.  The  corresponding  percentages 
for  1918  were  only  12.7,  5.3,  1.9,  and  0.9,  respectively.  Within  this 


Fig.  7.— Mediian  percentages  of  pupils  under  age,  of  normal  age,  and  over  age  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


237 


period  the  percentage  of  pupils  retarded  four  years  or  more  has  been 
reduced  61  per  cent;  the  percentage  of  those  retarded  three  years, 
56  per  cent;  the  percentage  of  those  two  years  over  age,  49  per  cent; 
and  the  percentage  of  those  only  one  year  over  age,  39  per  cent. 


PER  CENT  Of  PUPILS  RETARDED  • 
Cifies  of  group  A  , 

One  year  .  J  Tluo  years  . 


Boys. 

1908 


Alt  c'rhies  (so). 


H  Averages  . 


3 

E] 

3 


ToYa!  (averages). 


Fig.  8.—  .Her  cent  of  pupils  retarded  one,  two,  three,  and  more  tnan  three  years  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


It  is  seen,  therefore,  from  these  percentages  that  the  greatest  reduc¬ 
tion  in  retardation  percentages  has  been  made  among  pupils  who 
are  decidedly  over  age.  Marked  reductions  have  taken  place, 
however,  in  each  over-age  group  within  this  10-year  interval.  By 


Table  7. — Enrollment  of  pupils  by  ages  in  SO  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


238 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Tota,l. 

s§  s 

rr  O 

CD  S 

cc  cc 

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3  731,546 

< 39, 170 

*  39, 448 

«  78, 618 

406,623 

403,541 

810, 164 

509,299 

514,816 

1,024,115 

58,339 

59, 725 

118,064 

1  00 

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929,309 

94,806 

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and  over. 

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18 

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o 

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to 

|  1,007 

3,088 

3,582 

6,670 

3,525 

4,019 

7,544 

709 

916 

1,625 

4,234 

4,935 

9,169 

6,444 

1,100 

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1,139 

1,997 

5,998 

7,381 

13,379 

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1,430 

1,927 

3,357 

8,917 

10,886 

19,803 

14,321 

2,125 

1,615 

16 

years. 

9,206 
10, 431 

19,637 

1,529 

1,758 

3,287 

10, 735 
12, 189 

22,924 

12,243 

14,475 

26, 718 

2,135 

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00 

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14,378 

17, 138 

S  1 

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CO  1 

23,398 

3,320 

2,296 

IS 

years. 

16,922 

17,564 

34,486 

2,198 

2,307 

4,505 

19, 120 
19.871 

38,991 

22, 109 
24.257 

46,366 

3,303 

3,676 

6, 979 

25,412 

27, 933 

53,345 

41,249 

5,117 

'  3,412 

2  £ 

28,645 

[27,046 

55,691 

3,107 

3,110 

t'- 

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30, 156 

! 

36,362 

36,801 

73,163 

4,373 

4,579 

8,952 

j  o 

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65,993 

7,170 

4,411 

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2  g 

38,794 

37,435 

8 

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3,652 

3,573 

7,225 

CD  GO  1 
TJ*  O 
tt  O 
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83,454 

47,644 

48,363 

96,007 

5,055 

4,991 

10,046 

52, 699 

53,354 

106,053 

87, 729 

8,278 

4,789 

12 

years. 

39,487 
39, 086 

78,573  | 

3,837 

3,823 

7,660  | 

43,324 

42,909 

86,233  | 

49,642 

49,449 

99,091  | 

5,120 

5,228 

10,348  1 

<NN 
CD  N 
CD 

||  *0  to 

109,439 

90,551 

8,540 

4,814 

11 

years. 

38, 108 
37,943 

76,051  | 

3,875 

3,810 

7,685 

41,983 

41,753 

83, 736 

60,221 

50,859 

101,080  | 

5,526 
|  5,532 

11,058 

55,747 

56,391 

112,138 

91,481 

9,599 

5,157 

10 

years. 

39,218 

38,813 

78,031  | 

3,941 

3,803 

7,744 

43, 159 
42,616 

85, 775  | 

53,376 
52, 872 

106,248  | 

5,841 

5,794 

11,635  1 

59,217 
58, 666 

117,883 

96,486 

9,762 

5,558 

9 

years. 

Tt*  CO 
CD  CO 

co 

ooW' 

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76,127  | 

3,762 

3,777 

7,539  1 

42,256 

41,410 

83,666  1 

rr  00 
CD  i-H 

|  tO  tO 

11 

5,969 

5,875 

11,844 

60,614 

60,059 

120,673  1 

99, 118 

9, 711 

5,806 

8 

years. 

40,015 

39,936 

79,951  1 

3,867 

3,928 

7,795  | 

43,882 

43,864 

87, 746  1 

54,094 

53,913 

108,007 

5,884 

5,878 

CO 

59,978 
59, 791 

119,769 

98,342 

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36,373 

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co'co' 

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81,034 

55,301 
55, 193 

110,494 

5,871 

5,844 

11,715 

61,172 

61,037 

122,209 

100, 700 

9,794 

5,680 

6 

years. 

29,509 

28,388 

57,897 

3,050 

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32,559 

31,361 

63,920 

52,677 

51,376 

104,053  | 

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56,526 

114,655 

95,542 

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2,894 

5,610 

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- — 

8,278 

8,405 

§ 

1,272 

1,270 

2,542 

9,550 

9,675 

19,225 

15,053 

1,630 

1,155 

Pupils  in  group  A  cities,  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Pupils  in  group  B  cities,  1908: 

Bovs . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Pupils  in  80  cities,  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Pupils  in  group  A  cities,  1918: 

Boys.". . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Pupils  in  group  B  cities,  1918: 

Boys. . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Pupils  in  80  cities,  1918: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Pupils  in  group  A  cities  having  kin¬ 
dergartens,  1918 . 

Pupils  in  group  A  cities  not  having 

kindergartens,  1918 . 

Pupils  in  group  B  cities  having  kin¬ 
dergartens,  1918 . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


239 


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©Pi©  ©  O  P< 
*  cnt;  *  *© 
©.”<M  ©  ©  § 


22  §23 

en^2EiE-if 


240 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


comparing  the  bars  representing  the  two  groups  of  cities,  it  is  found 
that  larger  percentages  of  over-age  pupils  are  found  in  the  cities  of 
group  A  than  in  the  cities  of  group  B.  It  will  be  observed  also  that 
the  percentages  of  over-age  boys  are  invariably  greater  than  the 
corresponding  percentages  of  over-age  girls:  In  every  instance  the 
percentages  are  less  in  1918  than  they  were  in  1908.  As  in  the 
two  preceding  figures,  the  medians  represent  city  practices,  while 
the  averages  stand  for  the  retardation  of  individual  pupils  enrolled 
in  city  schools.  The  relationship  of  the  “bars”  and  “pins”  in  this 
diagram  is  significant.  Thus  in  group  A  cities  for  boys  in  1908  the 
median  is  less  than  the  average  percentage,  indicating  that  the  larger 
cities  of  this  group  had  greater  percentages  of  boys  retarded  one 
year  than  did  the  smaller  cities  of  this  class.  In  1918  the  reverse 
condition  is  shown,  the  larger  cities  having  the  smaller  percentages 
of  children  one  year  over  age.  The  larger  cities  of  group  A  have 
made  greater  progress  during  this  10-year  period  in  reducing  the 
proportion  of  pupils  one  year  over  age  than  have  the  smaller  cities 
of  the  same  group. 

PERCENTAGE  DISTRIBUTION.  OF  PUPILS  BY  AGES. 

In  Table  7  and  figure  9  the  percentage  distribution  of  the  total 
number  of  pupils  of  each  age  in  1908  and  in  1918  is  shown.  At  first 
glance  the  two  curves  appear  somewhat  similar  in  structure.  A  closer 
inspection  reveals  the  fact  that  the  curve  for  1918  has  shifted  slightly 
to  the  left.  The  cause  of  this  displacement  is  due  to  the  fact  that  a 
larger  percentage  of  children  5,  6,  and  7  years  of  age  is  enrolled  in 
school  in  1918  than  was  enrolled  in  1908.  This  situation  partly 
explains  the  large  increases  in  the  percentage  of  under-age  pupils  since 
1908,  as  pointed  out  in  figures  6  and  7.  The  large  increases  in  the 
percentage  of  under-age  pupils,  therefore,  is  not  wholly  due  to  a 
greater  flexibility  in  school  curricula,  thereby  permitting  pupils  to 
advance  from  grade  to  grade  as  soon  as  they  have  mastered  the 
required  subject  matter,  but  partly  due  to  the  earlier  enrollment  of 
children  in  school.  This  tendency  for  children  to  enter  school  earlier 
reduces  correspondingly  the  percentage  of  over-age  children.  Too 
much  credit,  therefore,  should  not  be  assigned  to  enriched  curricula 
or  to  better  teaching  in  explaining  the  reduction  in  the  percentage  of 
over-age  pupils. 

Another  very  significant  tendency  is  portrayed  in  this  figure. 
There  has  been  a  decided  decrease  in  the  percentage  of  pupils  11,  12, 
and  13  years  of  age  within  this  10-year  period.  This  condition  may 
imply  that  over-age  pupils  are  dropping  out  of  school  at  these  ages. 
This  theory  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  the  percentage  of  over-age 
pupils  decreased  rapidly  at  these  ages,  as  shown  in  figure  26,  and 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


241 


further  by  the  fact  that  most  compulsory  attendance  laws  become 
less  effective  at  these  ages.  During  the  high-school  ages,  14  to  18, 
the  two  curves  in  figure  9  are  not  essentially  different. 

In  1908  the  largest  percentages  of  children  in  school  are  found  to 
be  8,  9,  10,  11,  and  12  years  of  age,  while  in  1918  the  largest  percent¬ 
ages  are  enrolled  at  the  ages  of  7,  8,  9,  and  10.  The  average  of  these 
age  groups  probably  best  represents  the  number  of  beginning  pupils,2 


5- OR  &  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  l?  18  19  20  abv 

LBS8  OVER 

ACES  XV  YEARS* 

»es=>«*o  1908  rawErans  1918 


Fig.  9.— Per  cent  of  pupils  of  each  age  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


as  well  as  any  single  number  can  characterize  it.  To  include  other 
ages  in  these  particular  averages  would  reduce  the  number  of  begin¬ 
ners  below  what  it  should  be  for  the  largest  number  of  classes.  To 
use  the  largest  age  group,3  as  has  been  done  in  this  study  to  secure 


2  Ayres,  Leonard  P.  Laggards  in  our  schools  (ch.  5). 

3  Strayer,  George  Drayton.  Bulletin-  No.  5,  1911,  Bureau  of  Education.  Age  and  grade  census  of 
schools  and  colleges. 

59873°— 21 - 16 


242 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


the  detailed  survival  percentages,  is  to  employ  a  number  characteriz¬ 
ing  only  one  age  group,  which  is  higher  than  all  the  other  age  groups 
represented.  From  this  figure  it  is  clearly  evident  that  the  age 
groups  to  be  employed  can  only  be  determined  by  ascertaining  which 
ones  are  essentially  equal  in  magnitude.  In  neither  case  can  a  single 
number  derived  from  the  fullest  age  groups  represent  the  number  of 
pupils  beginning  at  earlier  dates,  since  each  succeeding  statistical 
generation  is  larger  than  the  one  which  preceded  it. 

Table  8. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  girls  who  have  reached 
their  grade  one  or  more  years  earlier  than  the  normal  age,  and  the  total  number  of  boys 
and  girls  enrolled  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


Group  A  cities. 

Group  B  cities. 

All  (80)  cities. 

Per  cent  of  total  number  of 
same  sex. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

Less  than  1  per  cent . 

5 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

7 

1 

5 

1 

1  percent  . 

5 

7 

10 

1 

5 

i 

15 

1 

12 

1 

2 percent . 

9 

3 

3 

6 

8 

15 

3 

11 

3percent . 

3 

1 

6 

3 

3 

1 

2 

6 

2 

8 

3 

4 per cent . 

2 

2 

5 

2 

2 

1 

3 

l 

4 

3 

8 

3 

opercent . a 

6 per cent  . 

►  8 

1 

4 

3 

3 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

9 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

2 

7 percent . 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

4 

4 

3 

1 

8 per cent . 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

3 

9 per cent . 

3 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

4 

4 

4 

2 

7 

10  per  cent . 

3 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

2 

6 

3 

2 

11  percent . 

1 

4 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

6 

3 

3 

12  percent . 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

13  per  cent . 

3 

3 

1 

3 

1 

3 

14  per  cent . 

4 

1 

4 

2 

2 

6 

1 

6 

15  per  cent . 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

5 

16  percent  . 

2 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

4 

17  percent . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

18  per  cent . 

1 

2 

2 

1 

3 

3 

19  per  cent  . _ . 

3 

3 

2 

2 

5 

5 

20  per  cent . 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

21  per  cent . . . 

4 

1 

5 

22  per  cent . . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

23  per  cent . . . . 

2 

1 

1 

2 

24  per  cent  . 

2 

3 

1 

3 

2 

1 

25  percent . 

1 

1 

27  percent . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

28  percent  . . 

1 

1 

29  per  cent . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

30  percent . 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

31peToont  _ _ 

I 

1 

1 

1 

2 

32  per  cent . . 

1 

33  per  cent . . 

2 

1 

2 

1 

34  per  cent . 

1 

1 

37  percent . 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

38  pe  f  cent . . 

1 

1 

41  percent 

1 

1 

42  per  cent . 

1 

43  per  cent  . . . 

1 

1 

45  per cent . 

1 

1 

54  per  cent . 

1 

CHANGE  IN  THE  PROPORTION  OF  PUPILS  UNDER  AGE,  OF  NORMAL  AGE, 
AND  OVER  AGE  SINCE  1908. 

In  figure  10  the  80  cities  studied  have  been  distributed  according 
to  the  percentage  of  under-age  pupils.  In  1908  it  was  customary 
for  cities  to  have  only  2  or  3  per  cent  of  under-age  pupils.  At  any 
rate  more  cities  had  these  percentages  than  any  others.  There  seems 
to  be  little  difference  between  the  percentages  of  boys  and  girls  who 
are  under  age.  In  1918  no  single  percentage  seems  to  characterize 


248 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

the  general  practice.  The  “ mountain  tops”  of  1908  have  been 
demolished. 


M  Vr\M>  C*-  CO  O  O  —  C\J  in  4  lr\  >0  N  O  ono  *-  OJ  *r>K 

«■  «■  **  «-.  CM  CM  M  (\l  S 


PER  CE5T  0?  ALL  PUPILS  OF  SAKE  SEX. 

1908.  1918. 


Fig.  10. — Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  per  cent  of  pupils  who  have  reached  their  grade  one  or 
more  years  earlier  than  the  normal  age  in  1908  and  1918. 


244 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  9. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  girls  of  normal  age  and 
the  total  number  of  boys  and  girls  enrolled  in  school  in  1908  and  1918. 


Group  A  cities. 

Group  B  cities. 

All  cities. 

Per  cent  of  total  number  of 

same  sex. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

26-27.9 . 

1 

1 

32-33.9 . 

1 

l 

38-39.9 . 

2 

1 

2 

1 

40-41.9 . 

1 

1 

42-43.9 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

44-45.9 . 

2 

3 

3 

2 

46-47.9 . 

2 

1 

2 

2 

3 

48-49.9 . 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

3 

1 

5 

1 

50-51.9 . 

5 

2 

11 

1 

1 

16 

1 

3 

52-53.9 . 

5 

1 

5 

1 

3 

2 

10 

1 

4 

2 

54-55.9 . 

6 

1 

3 

4 

1 

4 

1 

10 

2 

7 

1 

56-57.9 . 

2 

2 

7 

1 

3 

6 

2 

4 

5 

8 

9 

5 

58-59.9 . 

5 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

5 

2 

7 

5 

6 

3 

60-61.9.. . . . 

5 

6 

7 

3 

2 

4 

4 

6 

7 

10 

11 

9 

62-63.9 . 

4 

7 

2 

7 

2 

4 

2 

2 

6 

11 

4 

9 

64-65.9 . 

1 

5 

6 

8 

1 

4 

2 

3 

•2 

9 

8 

11 

66-67.9 . 

1 

5 

3 

2 

1 

4 

3 

2 

2 

9 

6 

4 

68-69.9 . 

3 

2 

7 

4 

2 

7 

2 

9 

70-71.9 . 

4 

2 

6 

3 

3 

6 

7 

5 

12 

72-73.9 . 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

74-75.9 . 

2 

1 

3 

1 

5 

76-77.9 . 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

78-79.9 . 

1 

1 

2 

80-81.9 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

82-83.9 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

In  figure  11  the  80  cities  have  been  distributed  according  to  the 
percentage  of  boys  and  girls  of  normal  age.  In  1908  the  largest  num¬ 
ber  of  cities  (mode)  had  from  50  to  51  per  cent  of  their  boys  of  normal 
age.  In  1918  the  mode  for  boys  had  shifted  to  the  percentage  group, 
62  to  63.  For  girls  in  1908  the  mode  was  in  the  percentage  group  60  to 
61,  while  in  1918  the  most  usual  percentage  was  70  to  71.  In  general 
in  this  figure  the  black  curves  for  1918  fall  to  the  right  of  the  dotted 
curves  for  1908.  These  changes  unmistakably  indicate  that  school 
curricula  are  coming  more  and  more  to  conform  to  the  chronological 
if  not  to  mental  age  of  the  pupils.  Even  if  children  do  enter  school 
earlier  than  they  did  10  years  ago,  such  a  condition  does  not  vitiate 
this  fact.  If  earlier  entrance  at  school  results  in  an  increase  in  the 
percentage  of  children,  both  under  age  and  of  normal  age  and  reduces 
the  percentage  of  children  over  age,  the  practice  is  surely  commend¬ 
able.  The  chronological  age  of  children  and  the  curriculum  are  be¬ 
coming  more  closely  harmonized  as  the  percentage  of  children  of  nor¬ 
mal  age  increases. 


245 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


Fig.  11.— Distribution  of  80  cities ^iccording  to  the  percentage  of  boys  and  girls  of  normal  age  enrolled  in 

school  in  1908  and  1918. 


246 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  10. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  girls  retarded  one ,  two, 
three,  four  and  more  years,  and  the  total  number  enrolled  in  all  cities  (80)  in  1908 
and  1918. 


Per  cent  of  total 
number 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
one  year. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
two  years. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
three  years. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
four  or  more  years. 

of  same  sex. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

Less  than  1  per 
cent . 

1 

5 

14 

5 

23 

9 

49 

24 

57 

lper  cent . 

1 

4 

8 

2 

29 

6 

26 

20 

22 

29 

17 

2  per  cent . 

4 

5 

4 

11 

5 

18 

27 

24 

23 

7 

17 

6 

3  per  cent . 

1 

1 

1 

10 

17 

16 

14 

14 

7 

17 

1 

5 

4  per cent . 

1 

1 

1 

12 

1 

14 

18 

2 

14 

6 

1 

4 

5percent . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

14 

5 

9 

10 

2 

8 

2 

6  per  cent . 

2 

2 

8 

3 

13 

9 

9 

12 

1 

3 

1 

7  per  cent . 

1 

2 

2 

4 

6 

12 

6 

7 

1 

1 

1 

8  per  cent . 

2 

5 

1 

6 

6 

13 

9 

3 

3 

1 

9  per  cent . 

2 

3 

2 

5 

10 

2 

7 

2 

1 

10  per  cent . 

1 

5 

12 

7 

1 

7 

11  percent . 

8 

5 

10 

13 

1 

8 

1 

12  per  cent . 

3 

11 

2 

6 

11 

5 

1 

1 

1 

13  per  cent . 

6 

1 

8 

5 

3 

14  percent . 

2 

7 

2 

3 

5 

2 

15  per  cent.  _ 

1 

8 

3 

8 

3 

16  per  cent . 

6 

7 

2 

2 

1 

2 

17  per  cent  _ 

8 

8 

5 

4 

1 

1 

18  per  cent  . 

7 

1 

10 

1 

1 

. 

19  percent.  _ 

11 

2 

8 

3 

90  per  cent  . 

7 

2 

7 

1 

1 

91  per  cent 

10 

2 

7 

1 

99  per  cent  _ 

6 

1 

3 

.......... 

98  percent. 

5 

1 

94  percent 

6 

3 

. 

9-5  percent 

2 

1 

96  percent 

2 

27  percent . 

1 

2 

80  percent 

1 

2 

81  percent 

1 

1 

89  per  cent 

1 

247 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


PER  CENT  OP  PUPILS  RETARDED  ORE  YEAR. 

1  9  0  8  .  ■  . . 1  918. 


Fig.  12 —Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  retarded  one  year  in  1908  and  1918. 


248 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  11. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  girls  retarded  and  the 
total  number  enrolled  in  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over  in  1908  and  1918 — 
Group  A. 


Per  cent  of  total 
number 
of  same  sex. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
one  year. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
two  years. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
three  years. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
four  or  more  years. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1 

2 

* 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

Less  than  1  per 
cent . 

5 

7 

2 

21 

10 

26 

1  per  cent . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

15 

2 

16 

12 

14 

16 

14 

2  percent . 

5 

1 

9 

16 

15 

11 

6 

10 

2 

3 per cent . 

. 

i 

4 

8 

11 

10 

6 

4 

10 

1 

4 

4  percent . 

i 

l 

6 

1 

8 

10 

1 

10 

6 

2 

5 percent . 

i 

1 

9 

5 

7 

2 

5 

1 

fi percent  . 

2 

6 

6 

7 

7 

2 

7  percent . 

2 

2 

5 

10 

4 

4 

1 

3 percent  _ 

i 

4 

5 

8 

3 

2 

1  j 

9  percent . 

i 

2 

1 

3 

6 

4 

1 

. 

10  per  cent . 

4 

5 

2 

1 

6 

1 1  percent 

3 

3 

6 

8 

1 

5 

1 2  per  cent 

2 

7 

1 

4 

8 

2 

13  per  cent 

3 

2 

3 

1 

14  percent  . 

1 

6 

2 

1 

1 

1 

15  percent 

1 

3 

1 

7 

1 

1  fi  per  con  t 

3 

4 

2 

1 

1 

. 

17  per  cent 

5 

6 

2 

3 

1 

13  per  cent 

5 

5 

1 

19  per  cent 

3 

1 

4 

1 

20  per  cent 

4 

1 

6 

1 

21  per  cent  _ 

7 

1 

5 

22  per  cent 

4 

1 

2 

23  per  cent  . 

3 

1 

24  per  cent 

2 

25  per  cent 

1 

2fi  per  cent  _ 

1 

27  per  cent 

1 

2 

30  per  cent 

1 

1 

31  per  cent 

1 

1 

1 

249 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


Fig.  13.  —Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  retarded  two  years  in  1908  and  1918. 


250 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  12. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  girls  retarded  and  the 
total  number  enrolled  in  cities  having  a  population  less  than  25,000  in  1908  and  1918 — 
Group  B. 


Per  cent  of  total 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
one  year. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
two  years. 

Cities  with  the  i  ndi- 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
three  years. 

Cities  with  the  indi¬ 
cated  percentage 
of  pupils  retarded 
four  or  more  years. 

of  same  sex. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls.  | 

!  Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1903 

1918 

1908 

1918 

]1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

1 _ _ 

Less  than  1  per 
cent . 

1 

, 

5 

9 

5 

16 

7 

28 

14 

31 

1  per  cent . 

3 

6 

1 

14 

4 

10 

8 

8 

13 

3 

2  per  cent . 

4 

5 

4 

6 

4 

9 

11 

9 

12 

1 

7 

4 

3  per  cent . 

1 

1 

1 

6 

9 

5 

4 

8 

3 

7 

1 

4  per  cent . 

1 

1 

6 

6 

8 

4 

1 

2 

5  per  cent . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

5 

4 

3 

3 

1 

6  per  cent . 

1 

2 

6 

2 

7 

3 

2 

5 

1 

1 

1 

7  ner  cent . 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

8  per  cent . 

2 

5 

1 

2 

1 

5 

6 

1 

2 

1 

9  per  cent . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

3 

1 

1 

10  per  cent . 

1 

1 

7 

5 

1 

1 1  per  cent. . . 

5 

2 

4 

5 

3 

1 

12  per  cent . 

1 

4 

1 

2 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

13  per  cent . 

3 

1 

6 

2 

2 

14  per  cent _ 

1 

2 

4 

1 

15  per  cent . 

5 

2 

1 

2 

16  per  cent . 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

17  per  cent . 

3 

2 

3 

1 

1 

. 

18  per  cent . 

2 

t  1 

5 

1 

19  per  cent . 

8 

1 

4 

2 

20  per  cent . 

3 

1 

1 

1 

! 

21  per  cent . 

3 

1 

2 

1 

1 

22  per  cent . 

2 

1 

23  per  cent . 

2 

24  per  cent . 

4 

3 

25  per  cent . 

1 

1 

26  per  cent . 

1 

30  per  cent . 

1 

32  per  cent . 

1 

1 

1 

STATISTICS  OE  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


251 


Fig.  14.— Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  retarded  three  years  and  four  years 

or  more  in  1908  and  1918. 


252 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  13. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  girls  retarded  one 
year  or  more  and  the  total  number  enrolled  in  1908  and  1918. 


The  reduction  in  the  percentage  of  over-age  pupils  since  1908  is 


pictured  in  Tables  10,  11,  12,  and  13,  and  in  figures  12,  13,  14,  and  15. 
In  every  instance  in  the  diagrams  the  mode  has  shifted  to  the  left  for 
both  boys  and  girls.  The  general  reduction  in  the  percentage  of  over¬ 
age  pupils  is  conducive  to  better  teaching.  In  some  of  the  cities 
these  over-age  pupils  have  been  segregated  from  the  younger  pupils 
of  their  grades  and  placed  in  special  schools  and  classes.  The  subtle 
suggestion  incident  to  a  study  of  this  kind  is  that  cities  which  have 
not  provided  special  work  for  retarded  or  subnormal  pupils  should 
do  so  if  the  proportion  of  over-age  pupils  justifies  such  a  venture. 
In  view  of  the  norms  established  in  this  study,  each  city  superintend¬ 
ent  should  carefully  analyze  the  status  of  the  pupils  in  his  school 
system  to  determine  whether  special  classes  should  be  provided  for 
the  over-age  children.  A  study  of  special  schools  and  classes  for  the 
subnormal  children  is  found  in  another  chapter  of  this  Biennial 
Survey  of  Education. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


253 


Fig.  15. — Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  retarded  one  year  or  more  in  1908 

and  1918. 


254 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


OYER- AGE  AND  UNDER-AGE  PUPILS,  BY  GRADES. 

The  degree  of  retardation  or  acceleration  is  not  more  important 
than  the  location  of  the  irregularity  in  grade  distribution.  Accord¬ 
ingly,  the  under-age  and  over-age  pupils  in  each  city  have  been 
retabulated  to  show  in  what  grades  retardation  and  acceleration 
accumulate.  The  results  of  this  study  for  1918  are  summarized  by 
means  of  arithmetical  averages  in  figure  16. 


Fig.  16. — Average  percentage  of  pupils  over  age  and  under  age  in  80  cities  in  1917-18. 


Corresponding  data  for  1908  had  not  been  ascertained.  The 
smallest  percentage  of  over-age  pupils  is  found  in  the  first  grade, 
and  the  highest  percentage  in  the  fifth  grade,  where  over  30  per 
cent  of  the  pupils  are  retarded.  In  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades 
the  percentages  decrease  rapidly.  This  decided  drop  is  undoubtedly 
due  to  the  decreasing  effectiveness  of  compulsory  attendance  laws  at 
the  ages  of  13  and  14.  Where  extraneous  factors  do  not  operate 
decreases  or  increases  are  quite  regular.  In  high  school,  for  instance, 
the  decreasing  percentage  of  over-age  pupils  is  strikingly  constant. 
The  curves  representing  the  under-age  pupils  takes  almost  a  straight 
course,  varying  only  slightly  and  always  in  an  opposite  direction  to 
the  course  taken  by  the  curve  representing  over-age  pupils.  In 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


255 


other  words,  as  one  curve  rises  the  other  falls  and  vice  versa.  Under¬ 
agedness  seems  to  accumulate  with  each  grade  above  the  fourth, 
each -successive  grade  contributing  its  quota  to  the  accelerated  groups. 
The  fact  that  the  curves  cross  at  the  first  and  eighth  grades  indicates 
that  the  age-grade  groups  previously  chosen  are  the  most  typical  of 
the  age-grade  distribution.  To  have  chosen  the  ages  5  and  6  as  nor¬ 
mal  for  the  first  grade  would  have  increased  materially  the  per¬ 
centage  of  over-age  pupils  and  decreased  almost  to  zero  the  percent¬ 
age  of  under-age  pupils.  To  have  chosen  the  ages  7  and  8  as  normal 
for  this  grade  would  have  had  the  opposite  effect  of  increasing  the 
percentage  of  under-age  pupils  and  decreasing  the  percentage  of 
over-age  pupils.  Similar  conditions  would  have  prevailed  in  the 
other  grades  if  corresponding  disturbances  in  the  grade  groups  had 
been  made. 

Table  14. — Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  'percentage  of  pupils  under  age  in 
their  respective  grades ,  1918. 


Elementary  school  grades. 


High-school  years. 


rer  cent  ages. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Less  than  2 . 

22 

12 

5 

3 

2 

2 

3 

4 

2 

4 

3 

3 

2-3 . 

4 

7 

10 

8 

8 

8 

6 

6 

5 

3 

2 

4—  5 . 

8 

9 

6 

10 

7 

4 

5 

6 

6 

7 

4 

6 

6-  7 . 

3 

4 

7 

7 

8 

7 

5 

5 

4 

6 

4 

5 

8-  9 . 

4 

6 

7 

8 

8 

7 

9 

3 

5 

3 

6 

4 

10-11 . 

1 

7 

9 

11 

8 

11 

12 

4 

5 

3 

2 

3 

12-13 . 

4 

8 

10 

7 

7 

8 

11 

3 

3 

2 

2 

14-15 . 

8 

6 

6 

7 

3 

9 

5 

3 

3 

8 

7 

5 

16-17 . 

6 

6 

6 

4 

14 

5 

10 

11 

5 

5 

5 

5 

18-19 . 

4 

3 

2 

3 

4 

7 

3 

4 

9 

6 

2 

4 

20-21 . 

4 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

2 

3 

6 

5 

3 

4 

22-23 . 

4 

3 

1 

4 

1 

6 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5 

24-25 . 

2 

1 

4 

1 

2 

3 

3 

5 

6 

2 

6 

1 

26-27 . 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

3 

3 

2 

1 

28-29 . 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

3 

4 

4 

30-31 . 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

3 

4 

32-33 . 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

3 

6 

34-35 . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

2 

36-37..... . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

38-39 . 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

40-41 . 

2 

2 

2 

1 

42-43 . 

1 

1 

3 

2 

. 

2 

46-47 . 

1 

1 

1 

3 

40-49 . 

1 

1 

50-51 . 

1 

2 

1 

52-53 . 

1 

1 

54-55 . 

1 

56-57 . 

1 

50-59 _ _ 

1 

1 

l 

64-65 . 

1 

66-67 _ 

1 

72-73 . 

1  | 

1 

74-75 . 

1 

80-81 . 

1 

Median . 

9.2 

10.2 

11.6 

10.3 

11.5 

12.4 

12.0 

14.2 

18.7 

18.2 

21.4 

21.1 

256 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  15. — Distribution  of  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over  according  to  the  per - 
centage  of  pupils  under  age  in  their  respective  grades ,  1918. — Group  A. 


Percentages. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school  years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Less  than  2 . 

12 

6 

5 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2-  3 . 

2 

4 

5 

5 

6 

4 

5 

5 

3 

2 

4-  5 . 

5 

4 

3 

5 

3 

2 

2 

2 

5 

4 

2 

3 

6-  7 . 

2 

3 

4 

5 

4 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

8-  9 . 

2 

5 

5 

4 

6 

2 

5 

1 

2 

3 

10-11 . 

3 

3 

5 

5 

7 

g 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

12-13 . 

3 

4 

5 

3 

4 

3 

1 

2 

2 

l 

14-15 . 

5 

3 

3 

5 

3 

6 

2 

2 

4 

2 

l 

16-17 . 

4 

3 

6 

2 

7 

3 

7 

7 

4 

2 

2 

3 

18-19 . 

3 

3 

1 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

4 

4 

2 

2 

20-21 . 

2 

j 

3 

1 

2 

4 

4 

3 

2 

22-23 . 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3 

2 

24-25 . 

1 

1 

1 

3 

4 

2 

2 

1 

26-27 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

28-29 . 

2 

1 

3 

4 

4 

30-31 . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

32-33 . 

2 

1 

2 

5 

34-35 . 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

36-37 . 

1 

1 

l 

1 

2 

40-41 . 

2 

42-43 . 

1 

i 

46-47 . 

3 

50-51 . 

i 

1 

52-53 . 

1 

58-59 . 

1 

64-65 . 

l 

63-67 . 

1 

72-73 . 

1 

1 

74-75 . 

1 

Median . 

7.6 

9.1 

9.6 

9.6 

10.1 

12.2 

11.7 

13.7 

19.2 

20.1 

21.9 

22.4 

Table  16. — Distribution  of  cities  of  less  than  25,000  population  according  to  the  per¬ 
centage  of  pupils  under  age  in  their  respective  grades,  1918 — Group  B. 


2- 

4-  5. 
6-  7. 
8-  9. 
10-11. 
12-13. 
14-15. 
16-17. 
18-19. 
20-21. 
22-23. 
24-25. 
26-27. 
28-29. 
30-31. 
32-33. 
34-35. 
36-37. 
38-39. 
40 -41. 
42-43. 
46-47. 
48-49. 
50-51. 
52-53. 
54-55. 
56-57. 
58-59. 
80-81. 


Elementary  school  grades. 


Iligh-school  years. 


icruunuigub. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

than  2 . 

10 

6 

1 

2 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

5 

3 

2 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

5 

3 

5 

4 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

2 

3 

1 

1 

3 

2 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

4 

2 

5 

4 

2 

5 

3 

4 

1 

1 

4 

6 

6 

3 

4 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

5 

4 

3 

5 

2 

2 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

1 

4 

5 

4 

2 

3 

2 

7 

2 

3 

4 

1 

3 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

1 

5 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 , 

1 

3 

1 

4 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

4 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

i 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

i 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

4 

2 

2 

1 

i 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

. .. 

1 

1 

.. 

1 

i 

1 

t 

1 

1  _ _ 

1 

1 

1 

Median . 

12.3 

11.1 

12.3 

11.2 

15.0 

12.7 

13.3 

14.7 

17.1 

15.9 

17.1 

18.6 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


257 


Table  17. — Distribution  of  cities  (80)  according  to  the  'percentage  of  pupils  over  age  in 
their  respective  grades ,  1918. 


Table  18. — Distribution  of  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over  according  to  the  per¬ 
centage  of  pupils  over  age  in  their  respective  grades,  1918 — Group  A. 


59873°— 21 - 17 


258 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-19-18. 


Table  19. — Distribution  of  cities  of  less  than  25,000  'population  according  to  the  per¬ 
centage  of  pupils  over  age  in  their  respective  grades,  1918 — Group  B. 


Percentages. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school  years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Less  than  2 . 

2 

1 

2 

3 

4 

2-3 . 

7 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4-5 . 

2 

2 

1 

1 

4 

2 

2 

2 

4 

6-7 . 

6 

4 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

3 

1 

3 

8-9 . 

8 

4 

1 

1 

1 

2 

5 

2 

6 

3 

10-11 . 

5 

4 

3 

1 

4 

1 

5 

4 

2 

5 

12-13 . 

3 

3 

4 

3 

i 

1 

2 

3 

6 

3 

14-15 . 

1 

6 

5 

3 

2 

3 

1  ! 

4 

1 

2 

3 

16-17 . 

3 

3 

4 

1 

2 

3 

2 

1 

5 

4 

3 

3 

18-19 . 

3 

4 

4 

3 

6 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

20-21 . 

1 

1 

3 

3 

2 

1 

3 

7 

2 

2 

2 

1 

22-23 . 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3 

24-25  . 

1 

1 

6 

2 

4 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

1 

26-27 . 

1 

1 

4 

3 

4 

5 

1 

2 

1 

28-29 . 

l 

1 

4 

3 

1 

1 

1 

30-31 . 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

32-33 . 

2 

1 

5 

4 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

34-35 . 

2 

1 

2 

3 

3 

2 

1 

36-37 . 

1 

1 

3 

2 

1 

1 

1 

38-39 . 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

40-41 . 

42-43 . 

1 

44-45 . 

46-47 . 

1 

1 

48-49 . 

50-51 . 

1 

1 

52-53 . 

1 

1 

1 

54-55 . 

56-57 . 

1 

58-59 . 

. 

1 

1 

60-61 . 

1 

1 

Median . 

8.45  j 

14.75 

17.65 

22.15 

25.0 

26.7 

22. 95 

19.3 

17.0 

15.75 

13.45 

11.2 

The  median  percentages  of  over-age  and  under-age  pupils  for  each 
group  of  cities  and  for  both  groups  combined  are  exhibited  in  figure 
17.  There  is  a  greater  percentage  of  over-age  pupils  in  the  cities  of 
group  A  than  in  the  smaller  cities  of  group  B  in  all  grades  except  the 
eighth  and  the  first-year  high  school.  In  the  larger  cities  some 
force  seems  to  operate  to  draw  the  over-age  pupils  in  these  two 
grades  out  of  school.  Economic  conditions  are  perhaps  responsible 
for  this  exodus.  The  larger  cities  seem  to  have,  or  at  any  rate  to 
succeed  in  keeping  in  school  until  they  have  reached  the  sixth  or 
seventh  grade,  a  larger  percentage  of  children  who  are  over  age  than 
do  the  smaller  cities.  It  is  impossible  to  determine  from  these 
considerations  whether  the  curricula  of  the  larger  cities  are  more 
unsuited  to  the  boys  and  girls  than  those  offered  by  smaller  cities, 
whether  their  compulsory  attendance  laws  are  more  rigidly  enforced, 
or  whether  the  factor  of  immigration  is  responsible  for  the  excessive 
number  of  over-age  children  in  the  lower  elementary  grades. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  smaller  cities  have  comparatively  large 
percentages  of  under-age  children  in  the  elementary  grades  and 
relatively  small  percentages  of  under-age  children  in  the  high-school 
grades.  A  reliable  diagnosis  of  this  condition  is  difficult  tQ  make. 
Semiannual  promotions,  so  characteristic  of  large  city  school  systems, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


259 


OVERAGE. 

« 

M 

fc 

D. 

h 

20 

* 

> 

*> 

'3 

°  10 
S 

H 

au 

0 

•  30 

CO 

4 

H 

a. 

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a. 

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-  ^ 

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— 

■ 

\v 

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\  ■ 

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// 

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// 

/ 

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i 

■  CITIES  OF  GROUP  A  . 

-  CITIES  OF  GROUP  B  . 

H 

UNDER  AGE. 

i  

m  u  ***  *** 

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r 

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■  CITIES  OF  GROUP  A  . 

-  CITI33  OF  GROUP  3  . 

1  1  i  1 

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A_L  L  8  0  C  I  1 

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OVER  AGE  . 

05  12  *  ■»  UgUSH  AGE  . 

i  i  r 

1  2  3  4  5  6  7  0  I  1  11  nr  rv 

ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  GRADES  .  |  HIGH  SCHOOL  GRADES  . 

Fig.  17. — Median  percentages  of  pupils  over  age  and  under  age  in  each  grade  in  80  cities,  1917-18. 


260  BIENNIAL  SUKVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

may  encourage  rapid  advancement  from  grade  to  grade  and  unduly 
increase  the  proportion  of  under-age  children.  The  rapid  rise  in 
the  curve  representing  the  larger  cities  from  the  fifth  grade  to  the 
first  year  of  high  school  suggests  the  plausibility  of  this  explanation. 
At  any  rate  a  more  flexible  program  of  studies  permitting  precocious 
children  to  go  forward  more  rapidly  than  usual  seems  to  characterize 
the  larger  city  school  systems  in  grades  above  the  fourth  or  fifth.  In 
the1  lo.wer  grades  the  smaller  cities  have  relatively  larger  percentages 
of  under-age  pupils.  This  fact  must  indicate  that  pupils  start  to 
school  earlier  in  the  smaller  than  in  the  larger  cities. 

The  third  part  of  figure  17  is  somewhat  similar  to  diagram  16. 
It  represents  medians,  however,  and  therefore  city  school  practices 
regardless  of  school  enrollment,  while  the  curves  in  figure  16  represent 
average  pupil  conditions.  The  curves  representing  medians  are 
more  irregular  in  outline  than  those  representing  arithmetical 
averages. 

In  figure  18  the  80  cities  studied  have  been  distributed  according 
to  the  percentage  of  under-age  pupils  in  each  grade.  In  the  first 
and  second  grades  the  largest  group  of  cities  has  less  than  4  per  cent 
of  under-age  pupils.  In  the  third  and  fourth  grades  the  most 
characteristic  percentage  falls  in  the  group  8  to  11.  In  the  fifth  and 
eighth  grades  the  most  frequent  percentages  are  found  in  the  group 
16  to  19.  In  the  sixth  and  seventh  grades  the  most  usual  percentages 
vary  from  8  to  11.  In  high  schools  no  well  defined  central  tendencies 
or  modes  are  evident.  There  seems  to  be,  therefore,  little  uniformity 
among  cities  as  to  the  percentage  of  under-age  pupils  in  each  year 
of  high  school.  One  general  tendency  for  all  grades  is  vaguely 
distinguishable,  in  that  the  higher  the  grade  the  higher  the  percent¬ 
age  of  under-age  pupils.  This  tendency  results  from  the  fact  that 
more  pupils  join  the  accelerated  group  each  year  than  go  from  this 
under-age  group  to  the  normal-age  or  over-age  groups.  In  other 
words,  acceleration  accumulates.  This  condition  exists  because 
the  flexibility  of  the  course  of  study  permits  unusually  bright  chil¬ 
dren  to  advance  at  a  supernormal  rate  from  grade  to  grade.  The 
fact  that  acceleration  percentages  increase  from  grade  to  grade 
suggests  that  earlier  entrance  at  school  may  not  be  wholly  respon¬ 
sible  for  the  increase  in  the  percentage  of  under-age  pupils  from  1908 
to  1918. 

In  figure  19  the  80  cities  have  been  distributed  according  to  the 
percentage  of  over-age  pupils  in  each.  The  greatest  number  of  cities 
have  from  8  to  1 1  per  cent  of  over-age  pupils  in  the  first  grade.  In  the 
second  grade  the  mode  falls  at  16  to  19.  In  the  third  grade  the  mode 
has  receded  to  the  12-15  group;  in  the  fourth  grade  it  has  advanced 
to  the  24-27  percentage  group;  while  in  the  fifth  grade  the  mode  is 


NUMBER,  07  CITIES.  NUMBER  OF  CITIES.  NUMBER  OF  CITIES. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


261 


GRADES  1  TO  4. 


25 


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HIGH  SCHOOL  GRADES. 


Fig.  18.— Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  under  age  in  each  grade,  1917-18. 


262 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION.  DIG— 1918. 


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Fig.  19. — Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  pupils  over  age  in  each  grade,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


263 


at  28-31;  and  in  the  sixth  grade  at  32-35.  Beyond  this  grade  the 
mode  recedes,  falling  at  16-19  in  the  seventh  grade  and  at  12-15  in 
the  eighth  grade.  In  the  high  school  the  mode  is  located  in  the  16-19 
group  for  both  the  first  and  second  years,  and  in  the  8-11  group  for 
the  third  and  fourth  years.  The  “procession”  of  modes  in  this  dia¬ 
gram  is  more  or  less  analogous  to  the  “over-age”  curve  shown  in 
figure  16.  The  apex  of  the  curve  in  figure  16  falls  in  the  fifth  grade, 
while  in  figure  19  the  sixth  grade  had  the  mode  of  greatest  magnitude. 
This  modal  practice  characteristic  of  the  sixth  grade  implies  that  the 
largest  group  of  cities  hold  their  pupils  through  the  sixth  grade  re¬ 
gardless  of  the  proportion  of  over -age  children.  In  figure  30  it  is 
shown  that  more  children  are  found  in  the  sixth  grade  than  began 
five  years  before. 


Table  20. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
first  grade  <md  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 
1908  and  1918. 


Per  cent  of  largest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 

Number  of  cit  ies  having 
a  population  of  25,900 
and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1  1918 

SO-  59 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

60-  69 . 

1 

1 

1 

70-  79 . 

2 

1 

2 

1 

80-  89 . 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3 

90-  99 . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

2 

4 

100-109 . 

4 

2 

2 

1 

3 

7 

4 

1 

7 

9 

6 

110-119 . 

2 

2 

8 

3 

7 

2 

7 

3 

9 

4 

15 

120-129 . 

5 

6 

7 

9 

2 

5 

4 

8 

7 

11 

11 

17 

130-139 . 

7 

6 

8 

6 

7 

2 

2 

5 

14 

8 

10 

i  11 

140-149 . 

7 

13 

7 

7 

3 

4 

4 

3 

10 

17 

11 

10 

150-159 . 

6 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

1 

11 

8 

10 

6 

160-169 . 

4 

1 

3 

1 

2 

3 

1 

1 

6 

4 

4 

2 

170-179 . 

5 

3 

2 

3 

4 

2 

8 

3 

6 

2 

J 80-189 . 

4 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

6 

5 

4 

2 

190-199 . 

1 

4 

1 

1 

5 

1 

1 

200-209 . 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

210-219 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

220-229 . 

1 

1 

....... 

230-239 . 

1 

1 

.... 

240-249 . 

1 

1 

i 

1 

250-259 . 

l 

1 

270-279 . 

1 

1 

Median . 

152 

141 

143 

132 

151 

127 

135 

123 

152 

13.8 

1.40 

125 

It  is  important  to  know  how  many  children  survive  to  the  different 
grades.  To  ascertain  exact  data  for  each  of  the  80  cities  for  the  two 
dates  1908  and  1918  would  have  been  an  onerous  task.  No  single 
number  can  accurately  represent  the  number  of  beginning  children 
in  12  successive  classes.  Approximate  results,  however,  can  be  ob¬ 
tained  by  dividing  the  total  enrollment  in  each  grade  by  the  largest 
age  group.  This  is  a  convenient  means  of  ascertaining  fairly  com¬ 
parable  percentages  for  the  different  cities,  although  it  is  generally 
imderstood  that  the  divisor  chosen  is  too  large  for  most  of  the 


264 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


grade  groups,  especially  for  the  high-school  grades.  To  have  used  an. 
average  of  the  largest  age  groups  would  have  distributed  the  inaccu¬ 
racies  over  a  wider  range,  reducing  the  major  errors  in  the  upper 
grades,  but  increasing  minor  errors  in  the  lower  grades. 


GIRLS-FIRST  GRADE. 


......  1  9  0  8  .  — —  1.9  1  8  . 

Fig.  20. — Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  ratio  between  the  total  enrollment  and  the  largest  age 
group  in  the  first  grade  in  1908  and  1918. 

In  figure  20  the  percentage  relationship  between  the  largest  age 
group  and  the  enrollment  in  the  first  grade  usually  exceds  100.  If 
this  ratio  is  found  to  be  150,  it  means  that  there  are  50  per  cent  more 
children  in  the  first  grade  than  actually  begin.  In  other  words  one- 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOC  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


265 


third  of  the  children  in  this  grade  would  be  “repeaters.”  In  a  few 
cities  this  ratio  exceeds  200  indicating  that  half  the  pupils  in  this  grade 
are  “repeaters.”  For  boys  in  1908  the  modal  ratio  on  this  score  was 
130-139,  but  in  1918  it  had  increased  to  140-149.  For  girls  the 
modal  ratio  in  1918  fell  in  the  group  120-129.  For  1908  the  corre¬ 
sponding  ratio  was  not  well  defined  but  probably  was  best  typified 
by  the  percentage  group  140-149.  On  the  whole  the  black  curves  in 
figure  20  fall  to  the  left  of  the  respective  dotted  curves,  indicating  a 
slight  reduction  in  the  percentages  of  pupils  repeating  the  first-grade 
work.  The  change,  however,  is  not  marked,  showing  that  school 
systems  have  not  completely  solved  the  first-grade  accumulation 
problem. 


Table  21. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
second  grade  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 
1908  and  1918. 


Per  cent  of  largest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 


65-  69. 
70-  74. 
75-  79. 
80-  84. 
85-  89. 
90-  94. 
95-  99. 
100-104. 
105-109. 
110-114. 
115-119. 
120-124. 
125-129. 
130-134. 
135-139. 
140-144. 
145-149. 
150-154. 
155-159. 
160-164. 
175-179. 


Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  of  25,900 
and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

1 

4 

3 

1 

6 

1 

3 

4 

2 

3 

5 

3 

3 

4 

8 

7  i 

5 

6 

4 

4 

1 

2 

4 

4 

1 

8 

8 

8 

2 

3 

1 

9 

4 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6 

5 

14 

2 

6 

4 

6 

5 

9 

6 

10 

7 

15 

10 

16 

4 

6 

6 

8 

3 

4 

3 

5 

7 

10 

9 

13 

5 

8 

9 

3 

4 

3 

6 

9 

11 

15 

3 

10 

5 

9 

6 

4 

1 

2 

1 

14 

6 

11 

7 

8 

3 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

10 

5 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

3 

4 

2 

2 

1 

6 

3 

2 

2 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

1 

123 

112 

116 

108 

117 

105 

109 

103 

121 

108 

111 

105 

Median 


266 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  22. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
third  grade  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 
1908  and  1918. 


Per  cent  of  largest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  of  25,009 
and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

55-  59 . 

1 

1 

65-69 . 

^ . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

70-  74 . 

1 

1 

75-  79. 

. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

80-  84 . 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

3 

85-89 . 

1 

2 

1 

5 

4 

4 

2 

5 

4 

6 

90-  94.... 

3 

2 

3 

1 

3 

3 

8 

1 

6 

5 

It 

95-  99 . 

3 

4 

7 

3 

5 

3 

4 

6 

9 

7 

11 

100-104 . 

2 

8 

6 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

13 

6 

11 

105-109 . 

1 

6 

i 

8 

7 

8 

3 

5 

8 

14 

9 

13 

110-114 . 

7 

6 

It 

6 

3 

6 

5 

2 

10 

12 

19 

8 

115-119 . 

4 

9 

3 

5 

7 

2 

2 

i  3 

11 

11 

5 

8 

120-124 . 

14 

4 

4 

3 

2 

5 

1 

16 

4 

9 

4 

125-129 . 

1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

4 

1 

130-134 _ 

4 

3 

1 

1 

1 

5 

1 

3 

1 

135-139 . 

3 

1 

3 

1 

6 

2 

140-144 . 

1 

1 

145-149 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

160-164 . 

1 

1 

170-174 . 

1 

1 

Median . 

120 

no 

113 

106 

114 

104 

106 

97 

116 

106 

112 

102 

Table  23. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
fourth  grade  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 


1908  and  1918. 


Per  cent  of  largest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  of  25,000 
j  and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

50-  54 

1 

1 

60-  64 . 

. 

1 

1 

65-  69.  . 

1 

1 

l 

1 

1 

2 

1 

70-  74 

2 

2 

75-  79 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

2 

3 

3 

80-  84 . 

1 

2 

7 

4 

3 

3 

7 

4 

3 

85-  89... 

2 

1 

1 

4 

5 

3 

2 

6 

1 

7 

90-  94 . 

5 

2 

3 

2 

1 

7 

4 

2 

6 

9 

7 

95-  99 . 

4 

4 

6 

6 

4 

6 

9 

6 

8 

10 

15 

100-104 . 

5 

6 

4 

7 

6 

4 

6 

3 

11 

10 

10 

10 

105-109 . 

3 

4 

5 

6 

6 

6 

3 

3 

9 

10 

8 

9 

110-114 . 

8 

7 

10 

4 

4 

5 

1 

5 

12 

12 

11 

9 

115-119 . 

10 

5 

5 

7 

1 

2 

4 

1 

11 

7 

9 

8 

120-124 . 

5 

6 

6 

4 

7 

1 

2 

12 

7 

8 

4 

125-129 . 

3 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

5 

2 

2 

2 

130-134 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

135-139.  . 

1 

1 

2 

140-144 . 

1 

1 

145-149 

1 

1 

Median . 

| 

114 

109 

110 

105 

106 

100 

96 

96 

112 

104 

105 

101 

In  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  grades  the  curves  for  1918  fall  to 
the  left  of  those  for  1908,  indicating  a  general  reduction  in  the  per¬ 
centage  of  repeating  pupils  in  these  grades.  This  condition  does  not 


287 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918 


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Fig.  21.— Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentage  of  children  for  each  100  beginners,  surviving 
to  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  grades  in  1908  and  1918. 


268 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


imply  that  more  children  are  now  dropping  out  of  school  than  did  10 
years  ago,  but  that  fewer  children  are  now  repeating  the  work  of 
these  grades  than  did  in  1908.  In  other  words,  the  retardation  per¬ 
centages  are  being  reduced.  This  statement  is  true  for  both  boys  and 
girls  as  shown  in  the  figure. 


Table  24. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
fifth  grade  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 
1908  and  1918. 


!  * - 

Per  cent  oflargest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  of  25,000 
and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

50-  54 . 

1 

1 

55-  59 . 1 

1 

1 

60-  64 . 

1 

1 

y 

65-  69 . 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

70-  74 . 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

3 

1 

75-  79 . 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

2 

3 

1 

3 

3 

6 

2 

80-  84 . 

3 

2 

2 

3 

6 

3 

3 

5 

9 

5 

5 

8 

85-  89 . 

2 

2 

5 

6 

3 

9 

1 

7 

5 

11 

6 

13 

90-  94 . 

4 

8 

8 

4 

1 

2 

8 

9 

5 

10 

16 

13 

95-  99 . 

4 

8 

5 

4 

5 

6 

8 

5 

9 

14 

13 

9 

100-1C4 . 

12 

2 

7 

9 

3 

4 

5 

4 

15 

6 

12 

13 

105-109 . 

5 

8 

6 

6 

8 

4 

1 

2 

13 

12 

7 

8 

110-114 . 

4 

4 

3 

6 

3 

2 

2 

7 

6 

5 

6 

115-119 . 

2 

4 

2 

1 

3 

2 

2 

5 

6 

2 

3 

120-124...  . 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

125-129 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

130-134 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

140-144 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Median . 

102 

101 

97 

100 

98 

94 

94 

91 

102 

98 

95 

96 

Table  25. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
sixth  grade  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 
1908  and  1918. 


Per  cent  oflargest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  of  25,000 
and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

35-  39 

1 

j 

40-  44 . 

1 

1 

. 

1 

1 

45-  49 . 

1 

2 

2 

1 

50-  54... 

1 

1 

55-  59 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

3 

1 

60-  64 . 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

3 

2 

2 

1 

65-  69 . 

6 

1 

2 

2 

5 

1 

8 

2 

6 

1 

70-  74 . 

3 

2 

2 

5 

2 

6 

2 

3 

5 

8 

4 

8 

75-  79 . 

4 

5 

7 

3 

6 

4 

3 

3 

10 

9 

10 

6 

80-  84 . 

7 

4 

3 

5 

6 

4 

3 

8 

13 

8  1 

6 

13 

85-  89 . 

3 

10 

2 

9 

5 

7 

3 

6 

8 

17 

5 

15 

90-  94 . 

4 

11 

10 

7 

4 

2 

4 

4 

8 

13 

14 

11 

95-  99 . 

7 

3 

4 

5 

3 

3 

7 

7 

10 

6 

11 

12 

100-104 . 

2 

3 

6 

5 

1 

2 

5 

2 

3 

5 

11 

7 

105-109 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

4 

2 

2 

110-114 . 

2 

3 

2 

1 

3 

4 

1 

115-119 . 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

120-124 . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

125-129 . 

l 

1 

Median . 

84 

90 

90 

89 

83 

85 

90 

l  87 

83 

87 

90 

88 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  191*7-1918. 


269 


Table  26. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
seventh  grade  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 
1908  and  1918. 


In  figure  22  it  is  found  that  in  the  fifth  grade  the  modal  proportion 
of  retarded  boys  has  been  reduced,  while  that  for  girls  has  remained 
practically  unchanged  within  this  10-year  period.  In  the  sixth  grade 
the  proportions  of  boys  surviving  in  1908  and  1918  are  practically  the 
same,  while  the  modal  survival  percentage  for  girls  in  1918  is  less  than 
that  for  1908.  In  the  seventh  grade  the  survival  percentages  for 
boys  and  girls  have  increased  slightly,  although  the  mode  for  girls  is 
the  same  for  both  periods  compared. 


OV  CITIES.  NUMBER  OE  CITIES.  NUMBER  OE  CITIES 


270  BIENNIAJL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1M6-1918. 


SEVENTH  GRADE. 


Fig.  22.— Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentages  of  children,  for  each  100  beginners,  surviving 
to  the  fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  grades  in  1908  and  1918. 


over  129J 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


271 


Table  27. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  num  ber  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
eighth  grade  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  cities  in 
1908  and  1918. 


Table  28. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
first-year  high  school  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80 
cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


272 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  29. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
second  year  hiqh  school  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  qirls  in  the  larqest  aqe  qrouv  in 
80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


Per  cent  of  largest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  of  25,000 
and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

5-  9 . 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

2 

10-14 . 

8 

3 

4 

1 

2 

1 

3 

10 

4 

1 

15-19 . 

7 

5 

6 

1 

5 

2 

3 

1 

12 

9 

2 

20-24 . 

8 

5 

-7 

7 

7 

4 

3 

4 

15 

9 

10 

11 

25-29 . 

9 

9 

6 

4 

10 

4 

2 

3 

19 

13 

8 

7 

30-34 . 

5 

8 

9 

4 

3 

4 

11 

1 

8 

12 

20 

5 

35-39 . 

1 

6 

3 

8 

5 

13 

5 

5 

6 

19 

8 

13 

40-44 . 

1 

3 

4 

5 

3 

5 

6 

4 

4 

8 

10 

9 

45_49  . 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

3 

4 

50-54 . 

2 

1 

4 

1 

6 

3 

1 

10 

55_59 . 

4 

1 

3 

1 

7 

60-64 . 

1 

1 

3 

3 

1 

3 

4 

65-69 

3 

3 

70-74 

1 

1 

80-84 

1 

1 . . 

1 

1  | 

Median . 

22 

29 

29 

|  36 

25 

37 

34 

45 

!  24 

1  34 

31 

39 

In  the  eighth  grade  and  in  the  first  and  second  years  of  high  school 
for  both  boys  and  girls,  the  survival  percentages  have  increased  since 
1908.  The  increase  for  boys  has  been  most  marked,  while  that  for 
girls  in  the  eighth  grade  and  second-year  high  school  has  not  been  so 
pronounced,  especially  from  the  standpoint  of  a  shift  in  the  modes. 


NUMBER  OF  CITIES.  NUMBER  ON  CITIES.  NUMBER  OF  CITIES 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


273 


Fig.  23. — Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  percentages  of  children,  for  each  100  beginners,  surviv¬ 
ing  to  the  eighth  grade  and  to  the  first  and  second  years  of  high  school  in  1908  and  1918. 

59873°— 21 - 18 


274  BIENJN liiL  ouUYEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  30. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  found  in  the 
third  year  high  school  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in 
80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


Per  cent  of  largest  age  group 
of  same  sex. 

Number  of  cit  ies  having 
a  population  of  25,000 
and  over. 

Number  of  cities  having 
a  population  less  than 
25,000. 

All  cities  (80). 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

2  3 . 

1 

1 

4-  5 . 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

6-  7 . 

3 

1 

2 

3 

6 

1 

2 

8-9 . 

2 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

1 

5 

1 

10-11 . 

8 

5 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 

10 

6 

3 

3 

12-13 . 

3 

4 

4 

1 

4 

2 

5 

1 

7 

6 

9 

2 

14-15 . 

8 

4 

3 

2 

6 

2 

1 

14 

6 

3 

3 

16-17 . 

5 

4 

3 

6 

3 

3 

4 

8 

7 

6 

18-19 . 

6 

4 

6 

3 

1 

5 

9 

5 

11 

20-21 . .. 

1 

3 

1 

3 

3 

4 

1 

1 

4 

7 

2 

4 

22-23 . . 

2 

7 

4 

4 

3 

1 

4 

4 

5 

8 

24-25 . 

2 

5 

5 

3 

1 

1 

4 

4 

3 

6 

9 

7 

26-27 . 

1 

4 

3 

1 

1 

5 

1 

6 

2 

9 

4 

7 

28-29 . 

2 

2 

2 

5 

1 

7 

2 

3 

30-31 . 

1 

2 

2 

2 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

5 

3 

32-33 . 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

34-35 . 

4 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

5 

36-37 . 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4 

38-39 . 

3 

3 

1 

1 

2 

4 

1 

5 

40-41. 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

6 

42-43  . 

1 

2 

2 

1 

44-45 

2 

1 

2 

1 

46-^47 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

52  53 

2 

2 

54—55 

1 

1 

3 

1 

4 

60-61  .. 

. 

1 

1 

78-79  . . 

i 

1 

. I . 

1 

Median . 

15 

19 

18 

23 

16 

26 

23 

32 

15 

1  23 

19 

27 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


275 


Table  31. — Frequency  of  the  ratios  between  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  fourth 
year  high  school  and  the  number  of  boys  and  of  girls  in  the  largest  age  group  in  80  1  cities 
in  1908  and  1918. 


In  the  third  year  of  high  school,  as  exhibited  in  figure  24,  the 
curves  for  1918  have  shown  a  decided  shift  to  the  right  indicating 
that  relatively  larger  percentages  of  children  are  now  being  kept  in 
school  than  survived  to  this  grade  in  1908.  For  the  last  year  of  high 
school  the  modes  are  not  distinct.  The  unbroken  black  curves,  how¬ 
ever,  fall  to  the  right  of  the  dotted  curves,  clearly  showing  that 
larger  percentages  of  both  boys  and  girls  are  surviving  to  this  grade 
than  did  10  years  ago. 


276 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Fig.  24.— Distribution  of  80  cities  according  to  the  number  of  pupils  surviving,  for  each  100  beginners,  to 
the  third  and  fourth  years  of  high  school  in  1908  and  1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


277 


Table  32.  —Median  and  average  ratios  between  the  total  number  of  boys  and  girls  found 
in  each  grade  and  the  average  of  the  largest  age  groups  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


Elementary  schools. 


High  schools. 


Groups. 

First  grade. 

Second  grade. 

Third  grade. 

Fourth  grade. 

Fifth  grade. 

Sixth  grade. 

Seventh  grade. 

Eighth  grade. 

First  year. 

Second  year. 

Third  year. 

Fourth  year,  j 

MEDIANS. 

(1)  Group  A  cities: 

152 

123 

120 

114 

102 

84 

66 

49 

36 

22 

15 

10 

B°ys{i9i8 . 

141 

112 

110 

109 

101 

90 

76 

57 

43 

29 

19 

14 

143 

116 

113 

110 

97 

90 

72 

55 

45 

29 

18 

16 

132 

108 

106 

105 

100 

89 

78 

63 

51 

36 

23 

20 

(2)  Group  B  cities: 

B°ys{19i8 . 

151 

117 

114 

106 

98 

83 

66 

47 

40 

25 

16 

12 

127 

105 

104 

100 

94 

85 

69 

58 

62 

37 

26 

17 

135 

109 

106 

96 

94 

90 

73 

59 

50 

34 

23 

20 

123 

103 

97 

96 

91 

87 

77 

64 

67 

45 

32 

26 

(3)  All  80  cities: 

152 

121 

116 

112 

102 

83 

66 

47 

39 

24 

15 

10 

138 

108 

106 

104 

98 

87 

73 

57 

43 

34 

23 

16 

,a*K: : 

140 

111 

112 

105 

95 

90 

72 

58 

46 

31 

19 

18 

125 

105 

102 

101 

96 

88 

77 

63 

63 

39 

27 

23 

146 

116 

114 

109 

99 

87 

69 

53 

43 

28 

17 

14 

132 

107 

104 

103 

97 

88 

75 

60 

53 

37 

25 

20 

AVERAGES  (BASED  ON  LARGEST  AGE 
GROUP). 

(1)  Group  A  cities: 

Bovs/1908 . 

167 

133 

131 

119 

105 

84 

64 

50 

29 

18 

11 

7 

157 

117 

115 

114 

104 

91 

73 

57 

42 

25 

16 

12 

154 

124 

125 

115 

102 

87 

69 

56 

33 

21 

14 

11 

146 

112 

113 

111 

104 

92 

77 

64 

48 

31 

19 

16 

Total{l918 . 

160 

128 

128 

117 

104 

85 

66 

53 

31 

19 

13 

9 

151 

115 

114 

113 

104 

92 

75 

60 

45 

28 

18 

14 

(2)  Group  B  cities: 

■R/vi-o/1908 . 

BoysU918 . 

170 

134 

125 

119 

107 

92 

73 

56 

45 

29 

19 

14 

153 

115 

113 

110 

107 

94 

76 

62 

65 

37 

27 

19 

154 

123 

119 

111 

102 

96 

S3 

64 

54 

37 

27 

21 

141 

110 

110 

111 

107 

95 

84 

69 

75 

47 

37 

30 

Total{l918 . 

164 

130 

123 

116 

105 

95 

79 

61 

50 

33 

23 

17 

147 

113 

112 

no 

107 

95 

80 

65 

70 

42 

32 

25 

(3)  All  80  cities: 

Bo^ I::::;;;;:;::;;:;;;;;:; 

168 

133 

130 

119 

105 

85 

65 

52 

30 

19 

12 

7 

156 

117 

115 

113 

104 

91 

73 

57 

44 

26 

17 

13 

Girls{i9?«: ::::::::::::::::::::::: 

154 

124 

125 

114 

102 

88 

70 

57 

35 

23 

15 

12 

145 

112 

112 

111 

104 

93 

78 

64 

50 

32 

21 

17 

161 

129 

128 

117 

104 

86 

68 

53 

33 

21 

14 

9 

151 

115 

114 

112 

104 

92 

75 

61 

47 

29 

19 

15 

(4)  Group  A  cities,  with  kindergartens 

in  1918 . 

153 

115 

115 

113 

104 

91 

74 

60 

44 

27 

17 

14 

(5)  Group  A  cities,  without  kinder¬ 

gartens  in  1918 . 

133 

108 

107 

111 

103 

95 

80 

65 

53 

35 

23 

20 

(6)  Group  B  cities,  with  kindergartens 

in  1918 . 

142 

113 

113 

109 

106 

92 

78 

62 

71 

41 

29 

22 

(7)  Group  B  cities,  without  kinder¬ 

gartens  in  1918 . 

151 

112 

110 

111 

107 

97 

81 

68 

68 

43 

34 

27 

(8)  All  cities  with  kindergartens,  1918. . 

153 

115 

115 

113 

104 

91 

75 

60 

45 

28 

18 

14 

(9)  All  cities  without  kindergartens, 

1918 . 

140 

110 

109 

111 

105 

96 

81 

66 

59 

38 

27 

23 

AVERAGES  (BASED.  ON  AVERAGE  OF 
LARGEST  AGE  GROUPS). 

(1)  Group  A  cities: 

Bovs/1908 . 

u°ysjl918 . 

171 

136 

134 

121 

108 

86 

66 

51 

30 

18 

12 

7 

159 

119 

117 

116 

106 

93 

74 

58 

43 

25 

16 

12 

Girls/1908 . 

,,ms\1918 . 

159 

128 

130 

119 

105 

90 

71 

58 

34 

22 

14 

11 

149 

115 

115 

114 

106 

94 

79 

65 

49 

32 

20 

16 

Totalg* . 

165 

132 

132 

120 

106 

88 

68 

54 

32 

20 

13 

9 

154 

117 

116 

115 

106 

93 

76 

61 

46 

28 

18 

14 

(2)  Group  B  cities: 

19 

BnvJ1908 . 

174 

137 

128 

121 

109 

94 

74 

57 

46 

30 

14 

155 

116 

114 

111 

108 

96 

77 

63 

66 

38 

27 

20 

158 

127 

122 

113 

104 

99 

85 

66 

56 

38 

28 

21 

142 

111 

111 

111 

107 

96 

84 

69 

75 

48 

37 

30 

MSS::::::::::::::::::: 

166 

132 

125 

117 

107 

97 

80 

62 

51 

34 

24 

18 

148 

114 

113 

111 

108 

96 

81 

66 

71 

43 

32 

25 

1  Average  of  corresponding  medians  for  boys  and  girls. 


278 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  32. — Median  and  average  ratios  between  the  total  number  of  boys  and  girls  found 
in  each  grade  and  the  average  of  the  largest  age  groups  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918 — 
Continued. 


Elementary  schools. 

High  schools. 

Groups. 

First  grade. 

Second  grade. 

Third  grade. 

Fourth  grade. 

Fifth  grade. 

Sixth  grade. 

Seventh  grade. 

Eighth  grade. 

First  year. 

Second  year. 

3 

j£> 

Fourth  year. 

AVERAGES  (BASED  ON  AVERAGE  OF 
LARGEST  AGE  GROUPS)— COntd. 

! 

I 

(3)  All  80  cities: 

I 

Miffi::::::::::::::::::::::: 

172 

136 

133 

121 

108 

87 

|  66 

51 

31 

19 

12 

8 

159 

119 

117 

115 

108 

93 

1  74 

58 

45 

26 

17 

13 

159 

128 

129 

118 

105 

91 

72 

59 

36 

23 

16 

12 

148 

114 

115 

114 

106 

95 

79 

65 

51 

33 

22 

18 

JM08 . 

Totaljigjg . 

165 

132 

131 

120 

108 

89 

69 

55 

34 

21 

14 

10 

153 

116 

116 

114 

106 

94 

77 

62 

48 

30 

19 

15 

Correction  factors . 

1.00 

1.03 

1.04 

1.07 

1.08 

1.16 

jl.18 

1.21 

1.25 

1.27 

1.32 

1.33 

CORRECTED  AVERAGES. 

(1)  Group  A  cities: 

Boysjigig . 

171 

140 

139 

129 

117 

100 

78 

62 

38 

23 

16 

9 

159 

123 

122 

124 

114 

108 

87 

70  ! 

|  54 

32 

21 

16 

159 

132 

135 

127 

113 

104 

84 

70 

43 

28 

18 

15 

149 

118 

120 

122 

114 

109 

93 

79 

61 

41 

26  I 

21 

165 

136 

137 

128 

114 

102 

80 

65 

40 

25 

17 

12 

154 

121 

121 

123 

114 

108 

90  j 

74 

58 

36 

24 

19 

(2)  Group  B  cities: 

n  fl908 . 

Boys\l918 . 

174 

L 

133 

129 

118 

109 

87 

69 

58 

38 

25 

19 

155 

1  119 

119 

119 

117 

111 

91 

76 

83 

48 

36 

27 

«*{!»:: . . : 

158 

i  131 

127 

121 

112 

115 

100 

80 

70 

48 

37 

28 

142 

114 

115 

119 

116 

111 

99 

83 

94 

60 

49 

40 

. . 

166 

136 

130 

125 

116 

113 

94 

75 

64 

43 

32 

24 

148 

117 

118 

119 

117 

111 

96 

80 

89 

55 

42 

33 

(3)  All  80  cities: 

B°ys{i9il: 

172 

140 

*138 

129 

117 

101 

78 

62 

39 

24 

16 

11 

159 

123 

122 

123 

114 

108 

87 

70 

56 

33 

22 

17 

159 

132 

134 

126 

113 

106 

85 

71 

45 

29 

21 

16 

148 

117 

120 

122 

114 

110 

93 

79 

64 

42 

29 

24 

Total\1918 . 

165 

136 

136 

128 

114 

103 

81 

67 

43 

27 

18 

13 

153 

119 

121 

122 

114 

109 

91 

75 

60 

38 

25 

20 

In  Table  32  and  figure  25  the  medians  for  each  group  of  cities  for 
1908  and  1918  for  both  boys  and  girls  in  each  grade  have  been  as¬ 
sembled.  This  figure,  therefore,  summarizes  the  medial  central  ten¬ 
dencies  exhibited  as  modes  in  the  four  preceding  figures.  The  con¬ 
notation  of  the  median  should  be  clearly  understood  at  this  point. 
In  the  cities  of  group  A  in  1918  it  is  found  that  as  many  cities  had  more 
than  141  pupils  in  the  first  grade  for  each  100  beginners  as  had  a 
smaller  corresponding  percentage,  a  large  and  a  small  city  being  con¬ 
sidered  of  equal  importance.  This  diagram,  therefore,  measures  city 
school  practices  and  does  not  represent  the  average  percentage  of 
pupils  surviving  to  each  grade  in  all  cities  combined.  It  should  also 
be  reiterated  that  these  medians  are  derived  from  the  ratio  between 
the  enrollment  in  each  grade  and  the  largest  age  group.  The  fact 
that  very  large  cities  have  relatively  low  survival  percentages  in  the 
upper  grades  has  little  effect  in  drawing  the  medians  down.  The 
high-school  medial  survival  percentages,  therefore,  happen  to  be 
about  correct  for  the  “average”  pupil,  as  will  be  shown  later. 


survival  percentages.  survival  percentages.  survival  percentages 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918, 


279 


Fig.  25.— Median  survival  percentages  for  80  cities,  1917-18. 


280 


BIENNIAL  SUJRVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


In  each  part  of  figure  25  a  striking  improvement  is  apparent  in 
the  number  of  survivors.  In  the  lower  grades  in  1908  the  proportion 
of  retarded  pupils  exceeded  the  proportion  of  such  pupils  in  the  same 
grades  in  1918.  In  the  upper  grades  tjie  reverse  condition  prevails,  in 
that  more  pupils  are  now  reaching  these  advanced  grades  than  did  in 
1908.  The  “ humps”  in  the  black  curves  for  1918  in  cities  of  group  B 
show  that  there  are  now  more  pupils  in  the  first  year  of  high  school 
than  in  the  eighth  grade.  This  unexpected  situation  may  mean  that 
pupils  after  completing  the  eighth  grade  in  private  schools  are  entering 
the  public  schools  for  secondary  schoDl  work;  that  pupils  completing 
the  elementary  school  course  in  rural  schools  are  coming  to  the  city  to 
take  up  high-school  work;  or  that  the  number  of  failures  in  the  first 
year  of  high  school  causes  an  unusual  number  of  retarded  pupils  to 
be  registered  in  this  grade.  The  data  submitted  scarcely  warrant 
any  further  deductions  in  localizing  the  cause  of  this  irregularity. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  there  is  a  smaller  percentage  of  retardation 
among  girls  than  among  boys  in  the  lower  grades,  and  that  a  greater 
proportion  of  girls  than  boys  survive  to  the  upper  grades.  This 
condition  is  apparent  when  one  compares  the  right  and  left  sections 
of  corresponding  diagrams. 

In  Table  32  and  figure  26  average  survival  percentages  are  shown. 
These  percentages  relate  to  individual  pupils  and  not  to  city  school 
practices.  With  these  percentages  the  corresponding  survival  per¬ 
centages  of  each  city  should  be  compared.  In  this  manner  any  city 
can  determine  just  how  it  stands  as  compared  with  these  averages. 
If,  for  instance,  the  survival  percentage  for  boys  in  a  given  city  in 
the  fourth  year  of  high  school  is  found  to  be  10,  it  is  known  at  once 
that  this  percentage  is  low,  since,  granting  the  reliability  of  this 
method  of  computing  survival  percentages,  the  average  for  all  80 
cities  for  boys  is  13.  In  a  similar  manner  it  is  seen  that  on  an  aver¬ 
age  17  girls  survive  out  of  each  100  that  began  12  years  earlier.  It 
should  be  pointed  out  that  these  survival  percentages  for  the  upper 
grades  are  too  low,  since  the  number  in  each  grade  has  been  divided 
by  the  largest  age  group,  which  is  too  large  to  represent  the  number  of 
beginners  who  have  now  reached  the  upper  grades.  This,  however, 
does  not  vitiate  comparisons  in  any  considerable  way,  since  the  sur¬ 
vival  percentages  of  the  individual  city  are  probably  equally  as  er¬ 
roneous  as  are  the  final  average  survival  percentages.  As  in  the  case 
of  corresponding  median  survival  percentages,  better  conditions  are 
shown  for  1918  than  for  1908.  In  other  words,  there  are  compara¬ 
tively  fewer  “repeaters’’  in  the  lower  grades  and  more  “survivals” 
to  the  upper  grades.  This  wholesome  tendency  is  unmistakably 
shown  in  figure  26. 


SURVIVAL  PERCENTAGES.  SURVIVAL  PERCENTAGES.  SURVIVAL' PERCENTAGES 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


281 


Fig.  26.— Uncorrected  average  survival  percentages  for  89  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


282 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


The  difference  between  aveiage  and  median  survival  percentages 
is  well  illustrated  in  figure  27.  The  medians  and  the  uncorrected 
averages  correspond  to  those  shoypi  in  preceding  figures,  except  that 
boys  and  girls  have  been  combined.  By  comparing  the  “dash” 
and  the  ‘‘dot-dash”  curves,  it  is  found  that  they  cross  at  the  sixth 
grade  in  1908  and  at  the  seventh  grade  in  1918.  Corresponding 
median  survival  percentages  are  less  than  uncorrected  averages  in 
the  lower  grades,  about  the  same  in  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth 
grades,  and  greater  in  the  high-school  grades.  This  interchange  of 
positions  is  due  to  the  fact  that  large  cities  have  unusually  high  per¬ 
centages  of  repeating  children  in  the  lower  grades  and  relatively  low 
percentages  of  pupils  surviving  to  the  upper  grades. 

In  Table  32  a  series  of  reliable  survival  percentages  have  been  com¬ 
puted  on  a  different  basis  from  that  used  in  securing  the  correspond¬ 
ing  percentages  for  individual  city  school  systems.  In  this  table  the 
number  of  beginners  has  been  secured  by  averaging  the  largest  age 
groups.  By  this  method  it  is  found  that  in  1908  the  first  grade  had 
65  repeating  pupils  for  each  100  beginning.  In  1918  there  were  only 
53  ‘‘repeaters”  for  the  same  number  beginning.  Presumably  this 
change  took  place  gradually,  and  corresponding  intermediate  per¬ 
centages  have  been  estimated  for  the  years  1909  to  1917,  inclusive. 
Knowing  the  total  enrollment  in  each  grade,  the  number  of  beginners 
can  easily  be  ascertained  by  dividing  the  first  grade  enrollment  for 
each  year  represented  by  the  corresponding  first  grade  percentages, 
165  to  153.  The  estimated  number  of  beginners  is  now  divided  into 
the  enrollments  of  the  same  class  on  different  dates  with  the*  result¬ 
ing  survival  percentages  shown  in  Table  33.  These  percentages  for 
1918  (153,  120,  121,  122,  115,  109,  91,  75,  60,  38,  25,  and  20)  should 
correspond  to  the  “average”  percentages  (153,  116,  116,  114,  106, 
94,  77,  62,  48,  30,  19,  and  15)  secured  for  the  respective  grades,  1  to 
12,  by  dividing  the  total  enrollment  in  each  grade  by  the  average  of 
the  largest  age  groups.  The  first  series  of  survival  percentages  just 
listed  are  undoubtedly  correct,  derived  as  they  are  by  ascertaining 
the  number  surviving  from  the  different  classes  as  they  advance  from 
grade  to  grade.  By  dividing  the  percentages  in  the  first  series  by  the 
corresponding  percentages  in  the  second  series,  an  array  of  correction 
factors  are  secured  (1.00,  1.03,  1.04,  1.07,  1.08,  1.16,  1.18,  1.21,  1.25, 
1.27,  1.32,  and  1.33). 

From  this  series  it  is  evident  that  even  if  survival  percentages  are 
obtained  by  dividing  the  enrollment  in  each  grade  by  the  average  of 
the  largest  age  groups,  the  results  in  general  are  too  low.  Thus  in  the 
fourth  year  of  high  school  a  survival  percentage  obtained  in  this  way 
should  be  increased  by  33  per  cent  to  secure  an  approximately  correct 
percentage.  In  the  third  year  of  high  school  the  corresponding  per¬ 
centage  is  32,  etc.  Using  these  correction  factors  a  new  group  of 


283 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


.......  MEDIAN  survival  percentages. 

- °  — **  AVERAGE  SURVIVAL  PFRCENTACE-UITOORRECTED. 

- -  AVERAGE  SURVIVAL  PER CENT AGES- CORRECTED. 


Fig.  27. — A  comparison  of  median,  uncorrected  average,  and  corrected  average  percentages  showing  the 
number  of  pupils  surviving  to  each  grade  for  each  100  beginners,  in  1908  and  1918. 


284 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


survival  percentages  have  been  secured,  as  shown  in  the  last  part  of 
Table  32  and  pictured  graphically  in  figure  27.  From  the  curves 
for  corrected  averages  in  this  figure  it  is  at  once  apparent  that  the 
uncorrected  averages  as  ordinarily  secured  are  too  low  for  every  grade. 
They  are  decidedly  higher  than  the  medians  in  the  lower  grades.  In 
the  high-school  grades  the  medians  and  the  corrected  average  sur¬ 
vival  percentages  are  not  essentially  different.  The  proximity  of 
these  medians  to  the  corrected  averages  is  wholly  incidental  and  is 
not  due  to  any  scientific  consideration  of  the  subject.  They  just 
“happen’’  to  be  about  right,  because  they  ignore  the  weights  which 
are  contributed  by  the  large  cities  and  which  should  be  taken  into 
consideration. 

The  series  of  correction  factors  just  described  can  not  be  applied  to 
the  survival  percentages  ascertained  in  this  report  for  individual 
cities.  It  is  possible  for  any  city  to  recompute  its  survival  percent¬ 
ages  by  dividing  the  enrollment  in  each  grade  by  the  average  of  the 
largest  and  most  nearly  equal  age  groups  and  to  apply  the  correction 
factors  to  the  quotients  thus  obtained.  This  procedure  would  tell 
approximately  how  many  pupils  in  a  given  city  actually  survive  to 
each  grade.  If  only  a  comparison  is  desired,  the  survival  percentages 
as  ascertained  herein  for  any  city  may  be  compared  with  the  uncor¬ 
rected  averages  (or  with  the  medians  if  city  practices  are  to  be  com¬ 
pared).  The  corrected  averages  reveal  the  inadequacy  of  the  use 
of  the  largest  age  groups  or  of  the  average  of  the  largest  age  groups 
in  expressing  correct  survival  relationships.  It  should  be  remarked 
in  this  connection  that  the  curves  exhibited  in  figure  27  relate  to  12 
different  classes  reaching  their  respective  grades  in  1918.  They  do 
not,  therefore,  purport  to  gbre  a  class  history  but  to  portray  present 
attainments  in  school  retenfiveness. 

In  figure  28  corrected  average  survival  percentages  have  been  com¬ 
puted  for  boys  and  girls  separately  for  each  group  of  cities  and  for 
all  cities  combined  for  both  1908  and  1918.  These  corrected  per¬ 
centages  show  that  more  boys  and  girls  are  found  in  each  of  the  first 
six  grades  than  actually  began  both  for  1908  and  1918.  The  two 
curves  usually  cross  near  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades,  indicating  that 
the  percentage  of  retardation  has  decreased  in  the  first  four  grades 
and  that  the  proportion  surviving  to  the  last  six  grades  has  increased 
within  the  last  10  years.  The  high-school  survival  percentages  show 
marked  increases  within  this  period. 

A  comparison  of  corrected  and  uncorrected  survival  percentages  is 
exhibited  in  figure  29  for  each  group  of  cities.  For  corresponding 
parts  the  corrected  percentages  are  larger  than  the  uncorrected  ones. 
The  uncorrected  averages  shown  in  this  figure  are  derived  by  using  the 
largest  age  group  as  the  assumed  number  of  beginners.  Correction 
factors  have  not  been  computed  to  show  the  exact  relationships 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


285 


Fig.  28.— Corrected  average  survival  percentages  for  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


between  these  corresponding  curves,  since  different  age  groups  are 
usually  employed  in  securing  the  uncorrected  averages.  Discrep- 


286 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Fig.  29. — Corrected  and  uncorrected  average  survival  percentages  for  80  cities  in  1908  and  1918. 


ancies  between  these  erroneous  averages  and  the  approximately  true 
averages  are  at  once  apparent. 


Table  33. — Method  used  in  securing  survival  percentages  in  80  city  school  systems  in  1908  and  1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


287 


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Table  33. — Method  used  in  securing  survival  percentages  in  80  city  school  systems  in  1908  and  1918 — Continued. 


288 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

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2,685 

683 

3, 368 

Second 

year. 

38 

4,553 

895 

5, 448 

First 

year. 

60 

7,428 

1,775 

9,203 

Eighth 

grade. 

75 

11,080 

1,498 

12,578 

Seventh. 

grade. 

91 

18, 142 

2, 420 

20, 562 

Sixth 

grade. 

109 

29, 148 

2, 966 

32,114 

Fifth 

grade. 

115 

35, 244 

3,359 

38, 603 

Fourth 

grade. 

122 

34, 906 
3,175 

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121 

29, 168 
2, 661 

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120 

22,018 
2, 307 

24, 325 

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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


289 


290 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


CITY  SCHOOL  MORTALITY. 

There  is  probably  no  better  single  criterion  by  which  to  judge  the 
efficiency  of  a  school  system  than  a  high  percentage  of  pupils  kept  in 
school  throughout  the  entire  course.  Other  things  being  equal,  a 
school  system  which  keeps  one-third  of  its  pupils  in  school  until  they 
have  reached  the  fourth  year  of  high  school  is  more  efficient  than  one 
which  retains  only  one-fifth  of -the  children  to  this  advanced  grade. 
An  attempt  has  been  made  in  Table  33  and  figure  30  to  arrive  at  a 
series  of  survival  percentages  sufficient  in  scope  and  reliability  to 
characterize  city  school  practice  in  general.  The  results  are  based 
upon  a  study  of  over  a  million  children  enrolled  in  80  city  school 
systems  of  various  sizes  and  located  in  nearly  all  sections  of  the  coun¬ 
try.  Having  corresponding  data  for  these  cities  for  1908  and  1918, 
very  reliable  survival  percentages  have  been  computed.  The  exact 
method  used  in  eliminating  duplicates,  in  distributing  the  enrollment 
by  grades,  in  ascertaining  the  survival  percentages,  etc.,  is  explained 
in  Table  33. 

The  first  part  of  figure  30  relates  to  the  history  of  a  single  class 
which  entered  school  in  1907  and  reached  the  fourth  year  of  high 
school  in  1918.  The  second  part  of  the  diagram  shows  present  con¬ 
ditions  for  12  different  classes  reaching  the  different  grades  in  1918. 
Thus,  the  number  surviving  to  the  third  grade  in  1918  entered 
school  in  1916,  and  the  number  in  the  fourth  grade  in  1918  entered 
school  in  1915.  In  each  diagram  the  number  enrolled  in  each  of  the 
first  six  grades  exceeds  the  number  of  beginners.  In  the  fourth 
year  of  high  school  the  number  of  suvivors  is  the  same  in  each  figure 
since  the  bars  represent  the  same  class.  A  marked  tendency  is 
evident  when  one  compares  carefully  the  two  diagrams.  In  the  first 
figure  the  excesses  above  100  in  the  lower  grades  are  greater  than  the 
corresponding  excesses  in  the  second  figure.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  numbers  surviving  in  the  different  grades  shown  in  the  second 
figure  are  greater  than  the  corresponding  numbers  in  the  first  part 
of  the  diagram.  Since  the  right-hand  figure  portrays  present  progress 
and  the  left-hand  figure  past  practices,  it  is  evident  that  city  schools 
have  been  reducing  retardation  in  the  lower  grades  and  retaining 
relatively  more  children  for  work  in  the  higher  grades.  This  com¬ 
parison  shows  unmistakable  progress  in  city  school  success.  It 
is  very  evident  that  age-grade  studies  previously  made  have  borne 
fruit.  Cities  are  reducing  the  proportion  of  repeaters  and  increasing 
the  proportion  of  survivals. 

NORMAL-AGE,  UNDER-AGE,  AND  OVER- AGE  PUPILS. 

Each  bar  in  the  figure  has  been  broken  up  into  three  parts,  show¬ 
ing  the  number  of  children  of  normal  age,  under  age,  and  over  age. 
The  details  of  the  method  used  in  securing  these  sections  are  ex- , 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


291 


plained  in  figure  33.  Thus,  in  the  first  part  of  the  diagram,  of  the 
166  children  enrolled  in  this  grade  (compared  with  the  100  begin¬ 
ning  children)  129  were  of  normal  age,  5  were  under  age,  and  32 


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were  over  age.  When  this  class  advanced  to  the  second  grade  in 
1908,  88  children  were  of  normal  age,  4  were  under  age,  and  43  were 
over  age. 


292 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


In  the  second  diagram,  the  black  bars  are  comparatively  shorter 
than  those  in  the  first  diagram,  indicating  that  the  percentage  of 
over-age  children  has  decreased.  On  the  other  hand,  the  single 
hatched  sections  of  the  bars  in  the  second  part  of  the  diagram  are 
comparatively  longer  than  the  corresponding  sections  in  the  first 
diagram,  indicating  that  children  are  either  entering  school  earlier 
or  are  advancing  more  rapidly  through  the  grades  than  they  did 
several  years  ago. 

In  construing  these  diagrams,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
white  portion  of  each  bar  does  not  necessarily  represent  the  number 
of  pupils  advancing  regularly  from  grade  to  grade.  In  the  first 
grade,  the  white  bar  extends  above  the  100  per  cent  line  in  both 
diagrams,  indicating  that  there  must  be  repeaters  in  this  section  of 
the  bar.  In  other  words,  in  1907,  for  each  100  beginners,  there 
were  166  pupils  enrolled  in  the  first  grade.  Of  these,  66  must  be 
repeating  the  work  of  this  grade.  In  1918,  for  each  100  beginners 
there  were  153  pupils  in  the  first  grade,  53  of  these  being  repeaters. 
It  should  also  be  remembered  that  the  black  portion  of  the  bar 
represents  over-age  pupils,  and  may  include  those  who  entered 
school  at  an  advanced  age,  and  who  may  have  been  promoted  regu¬ 
larly.  In  like  manner,  the  under-age  pupils  may  have  entered 
school  earlier  than  usual,  and  have  advanced  at  a  normal  rate  of 
progress.  The  total  leiigth  of  the  bar  in  each  case  shows  the  number 
of  pupils  in  each  grade  for  each  100  that  began.  The  accelerated 
pupils  reach  their  grade  ahead  of  time,  each  class  receiving  its  quota 
from  the  class  entering  in  previous  years,  and  contributing  this 
quota  to  the  class  entering  in  later  years.  The  number  of  over-age 
pupils  can  not  be  ignored  since  they  too  have  a  tendency  to  advance 
from  grade  to  grade.  It  is  true  that  they  begin  to  drop  off  when 
the  compulsory  attendance  law  ceases  to  operate,  as  will  be  witnessed 
from  the  decreasing  length  of  the  black  sections  of  the  bar  beyond 
the  sixth  grade.  In  other  words,  many  over-age  pupils  remain  in 
school  only  because  they  are  obliged  to  do  so.  The  total  length  of 
the  bar,  however,  represents  the  number  surviving  to  each  grade. 


Table  35. —  Method  used  in  computing  the  percentage  of  children  of  each  age  enrolled  in  public  elementary  and  secondary  schools  in  80  cities  in  1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


20  years. 

868,729 

116.9 

1,202 

1,251 

38,001 

5,225 

190,006 

152,005 

.66 

.82 

1!)  years. 

846,037 

113.9 

2,985 

3, 106 

37,026 

5,091 

185, 130 

148, 104 

1.68 

2. 10 

18  years. 

823,346 

110.8 

9, 169 

9,540 

36,018 

4,953 

180,091 

144,073 

5.30 

6.62 

17  years. 

800, 654 

107.8 

19,803 

20,605 

35,043 

4,818 

175,215 

140, 172 

11.76 

14.70 

1 

O 

785, 620 

105.7 

31,516 

32,792 

34,360 

4,725 

171, 802 
137, 442 

19.09 

23. 86 

15  years. 

770,585 

103.7 

53,345 

55,505 

33,710 

4,635 

168,551 

134,841 

32.93 

41.16 

14  years. 

755,551 

101.7 

82,115 

85,441 

33,060 

4,546 

165,300 
132, 240 

51.69 

64. 61 

13  years. 

740,516 

99.7 

106,053 

110,348 

32,410 

4,456 

162,049 

129,639 

68. 10 

85.12 

12  years. 

725,482 

97.6 

109,439 

113,871 

31,727 

4,362 

158, 636 
126,909 

71.78 

89. 73 

11  years. 

731,342 

98.4 

112,138 

116,680 

31,987 

4,398 

159, 936 
127,949 

72.95 

91.19 

10  years. 

737,202 

99.2 

117,883 

122,657 

32,247 

4,434 

161,237 

128,990 

76.07 

95.09 

9  years. 

743,063 

100.0 

120,673 

2 125, 560 

2  32, 507 

4, 470 

<162,537 

130,030 

2  77. 25 

96. 56 

8  years. 

748,923 

100.8 

119,769 

124,620 

32,767 

4,506 

163, 837 
131, 070 

76. 06 

95.08 

7  years. 

754, 783 

101.6 

122,209 

127,158 

33, 028 

4,521 

165, 138 
132, 110 

77.00 

96.25 

6  years. 

771,838 

103.9 

114, 655 

119,299 

33,775 

4, 644 

168,876 
135, 101 

70. 64 

88.30 

5  years 

1  or  less. 

788,893 

106.2 

19,225 

20,004 

34,523 

4,747 

6172,614 

138,091 

11.59 

14. 49 

1 

Total  urban  population, 

1910 . 

Per  cent  of  those  9  years  of 

Public-school  enrollment  in 
80  cities,  excluding  kin¬ 
dergartens  (age-grade  re¬ 
port) . 

Estimated  total  public- 
school  enrollment  in  same 
cities,  excluding  dupli¬ 
cates  and  kindergartens1. 
Private-school  responsibil¬ 
ity2 . 

Number  never  in  any 

school3 . 

Total  population  in  these  80 

cities  at  each  age  * . 

Public-school  responsibility6 
Per  cent  of  all  children  en¬ 
rolled  in  public  schools. . . 
Per  cent  of  public-school 
responsibility  in  public 
school . 

293 


294 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

CHILDREN  IN  AND  OUT  OF  SCHOOL. 


It  is  important  to  know  how  many  children  are  in  school  and  out 
of  school  at  each  age.  This  information  is  compiled  decennially  for 
the  whole  country  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census.  It  is  equally  im¬ 
portant  to  show  the  situation  for  city  school  systems  of  all  sizes. 
From  the  data  supplied  by  city  school  superintendents  and  from 


Private  school  responsibility  20  % 


lever  in '  <?/7y  school  s. 


ImMavequif  | 

public  school \ 

ISPS* 


Enrolled  m  public 
elementary  and 
secondary  schools 


100-*- 


70 


40 


20  k 


20  3, 
over 


11  12  13  14  15 

Age  in  years . 


5,  6 

/ess. 


or 


Fig.  31.— Estimated  percentage  of  children  of  eaeh  age  enrolled  in  the  public  schools  of  80  cities  in  1918. 


census  reports,  the  per  cent  of  children  in  school  at  each  age  in 
these  80  city  school  systems  has  been  ascertained.  The  details  of 
the  method  of  procedure  are  shown  in  Table  35  and  the  resulting 
percentages  are  exhibited  in  graphic  form  in  figure  31.  It  is  found 
that  20  per  cent  of  all  city  children  are  enrolled  at  some  age  (9  in 
this  instance)  in  private  and  parochial  schools.  It  may  be  said, 
therefore,  that  the  private  school  responsibility  is  20  per  cent. 


295 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

There  are  no  data  available  to  show  what  proportion  of  these  children 
are  enrolled  in  these  private  schools  at  other  ages  than  9.  Assum¬ 
ing  that  the  percentage  of  urban  children  10  to  14  years  of  age  who 
can  not  read  and  write  represents  the  percentage  that  never  attends 
school,  it  is  found  that  the  remaining  77.25  per  cent  are  enrolled 
in  city  public  schools — all  of  them  at  the  age  of  9  and  about  as  many 
at  the  ages  of  7,  8,  and  10.  After  the  age  of  13,  children  drop  out  of 
school  Very  rapidly.  Few  children  are  enrolled  in  the  first  grade  at 
the  age  of  5.  Many  of  them,  however,  are  enrolled  in  kindergartens 
at  this  age,  but  children  enrolled  in  kindergartens  have  not  been 
included  in  this  diagram.  The  large  proportion  of  children  out  of 
school  above  the  age  of  13  should  be  sufficient  to  cause  city  school 
administrators  to  pause  and  diagnose  the  situation.  It  is  quite 
evident  that  this  drop  in  attendance  is  largely  due  to  the  ineffective- 
%  ness  of  compulsory  attendance  laws.  A  preceding  diagram  showed 
that  the  percentage  of  over-age  children  dropped  off  rapidly  at  about 
the  same  ages.  If  high  schools  are  maintained  at  public  expense, 
why  not  compel  boys  and  girls  to  attend  them  ?  Why  tax  one  man 
to  educate  another  man’s  children  and  then  permit  these  children 
to  waste  the  opportunity  afforded  them?  Labor  permits  encourage 
school  mortality,  although  they  may  occasionally  be  a  necessity. 
The  “  concreted”  area  at  the  right  in  the  figure  constitutes  a  fertile 
field  for  night  school  and  continuation  school  activities,  even  if 
pupils  are  obliged  to  earn  a  livelihood  at  these  ages.  Only  1  per 
cent  of  a  city  school’s  expenditures  goes  for  the  redemption  of  this 
“  dark  continent.” 


Table  36. — Enrollment  of  pupils  by  grades  in  80  cities  in  1908  and  191S. 


296 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION, 


1916—1918. 


Age  of 

largest 

group. 

f  Woo 

00 

O  00 

00  1 

oo  oo 

OC  1 

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Largest 

age 

group. 

40,015 

39,936 

79,951 

3,941 

3,928 

7,795 

43, 882 

43,864 

87, 746 

55,301 

55, 193 

110,494 

5,969 

5, 878 

11,844 

61, 172 

61,037 

8 

of 

03 

Total, 
exclud¬ 
ing  kin¬ 
dergar¬ 
tens. 

t-H  <M 

O  0 

gg 

CO  CO 

730,463 

38,714 

38,978 

77,692 

405,415 

402,740 

!  808,155 

509, 299 

514, 816 

1,024,115 

58,339 

59, 725 

118,064 

567, 638 

574, 541 

1,142,179 

High  schools. 

— 

Fourth 

year. 

2,686 
4, 260 

1 

CO 

536 

818 

1,354 

3,222 

5,078 

8,300 

6,675 

8,865 

15,540 

1,150 

1,780 

2,930 

7,825 

10,645 

18,470 

Third 

year. 

OS  ^ 
CO  CO 
O  IO 

10, 130 

749 

1,065 

00 

5,318 

6,626 

11,944 

8,620 

10,720 

o  ] 
71 

oT 

1,606 

2, 157 

3,763 

10,226 

12, 877 

23, 103  | 

Second 

year. 

7,031 

8,486 

15,517 

1,140 

1,465 

2, 605 

8, 171 
9,951 

18, 122 

13,677 

16,996 

CO 

o 

§ 

i 

2,207 

2,783 

4,990 

15,884 

19, 779 

co 

First 

year. 

11,588 
13, 288 

24,876 

1,776 

2,137 

3,913 

13, 364 
15,425 

28, 789 

23,129 

26,275 

49,404 

3,875 

4,396 

8,271  1 

27,004  ' 

30,671  ; 

CO 

Elementary  schools. 

Eighth 

grade. 

19, 781 
22, 400 

42, 181 

2,207 

2,522 

05 
03 
t  - 

21,988 
24, 922 

46,910 

31,360 
35, 040 

66,400 

3,686 

4,055 

35,046 

39, 095 

74, 141 

Seventh 

grade. 

25, 624 
27,506 

53, 130 

2,863 

3,269 

6, 132 

28,487 

30,775 

59,262 

40,215 

42,589 

82,804 

1 

4,516 

4,936 

9,452 

44, 731 

47,525 

92,256 

Sixth 

grade. 

05  03 
88 

co** 
co  co 

68,321 

3,640 

3,778 

7,418 

37,269 

38,470 

75, 739 

50,309 

50,979 

101,288 

5,640 

5,590 

11,230 

55,949 

56,569 

112,518 

Fifth 

grade. 

42,055 
40, 704 

82,759 

4, 206 
3,994 

8, 200 

46,261 

44,698 

90,959 

57,497 
57, 158 

90 

6,384 
|  6,266  ! 

12,650 

63,881 

63,424 

127,305 

Fourth 

grade. 

47,408 

45,841 

93,249 

<0  CO 

1 

9, 012 

52, 076 
50, 185 

102,261 

62,854 

61,525 

g  1 

CO 

6,545 

6,504 

S  1 

co' 

69,399 

68,029 

137,428 

Third 

grade. 

52,210 
50, 181 

05  ! 
CO 

ig 

4,932 

4,687 

3 

of 

3S 

»o 

112,010 

63,756 
62, 179 

125,935 

6,737 

6,472 

13, 209 

70,493 

68,651 

139, 144 

Second 

grade. 

53, 180 
49, 434 

102, 614 

5, 286 
4,843 

10, 129 

58, 466 
54,277 

112,743 

64,612 

61,968 

126,580 

i 

6,858 
6,495  1 

13,353 

71,470 
68, 463 

189,933 

First 

grade. 

05 

S3 

128,349 

6,711 

6,056 

cB 

of  1 

So 

CO  T* 

eoVT 

tN.  O 

141,116 

86, 595 
80,522 

167, 117 

9, 135 
8,291 

17,426 

95, 730 
88, 813 

184,543 

r 

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1 

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3  ® 

a  u 

as 

I 

:  | 

40,258 

40,531 

80,789 

2,819 

2,807 

5,626 

43,077 

43,338 

86, 415 

Groups. 

Group  A  cities,1  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Group  B  cities,2  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

All  80  cities,  1908: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Group  A  cities,  1918: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

Group  B  cities,  1918: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

All  80  cities,  1918: 

Boys . 

Girls . 

Total . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


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w  s  «  to 

Si  4 

£*.22 

o  ®  o  o 

2.-28 

-*  M<r>  M 

2  3 

<M  tO 


297 


Table  37. — Grade  populations  of  certain  exties  of  25,000  population  and  over,  1918 — Group  A. 


298 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1M.8. 


299 


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N«  -iT  U5 


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---■  -■--  ----- 


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>o«o 


23 


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■oV 


33 


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a'g 


!§3gilSI!SS3SlgsigllliSgSSSgSS|g33l!lSsl.sSaI 

U3Ui  r-T  .  r-Tr-T  — — T-T  ®Vh  i-T-H*' 


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ls»SiH  i ; : : ;  ;ss&* 
:  :  :  :  : 


BSii 


S5  fc 


-  *"  z  %  |  I  °  :fc 


03  * 


fc  £ 


O  O 


1 1 1 ! ! ! !  I ! !  1 1 


!•  f 


Table  38. — Grade  'populations  of  certain  cities  of  less  than  25,000  population,  1918 — Group 


300 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


- 

High  school  years. 

co 

<N 

- 

Elementary  school  grades. 

co 

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- 

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Kinder¬ 

garten. 

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1 

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Cities. 

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! ! !  1 1 ! !  J  i  1 1 !  J 1 1 1  i !  1 1 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


301 


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Table  39. — Distribution,  by  age,  of  pupils  in  the  public  schools  (elementary  and  secondary)  in  certain  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over,  1918- 

Grolp  A. 


302 

I 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


20  years 

or  over. 

19 

years. 

18 

years. 

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17 

years. 

16 

years. 

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14 

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13 

years. 

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12 

years. 

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»oW  tHt*  of  of 

11 

years. 

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10 

years. 

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88'  —  '•"« 

5  years 
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der. 

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;  ;  (N  <M  ;  ;  ;  •  ;  •  ;  ;  ;  • 

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. 

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3  | 


j 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


303 


Table  40. — Distribution,  by  age,  of  pupils  in  the  public  schools  ( elementary  and  secondary )  in  certain  cities  of  less  than  25,000  population ,  1918- 

Group  B. 


304  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


20  years 

or  over. 

cowgxiO(NH°°HC'«f0HHW  .  -nm  •  •  -r  co  •  -cwH-nooi  •  -cm^^cMth 

si 

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18 

years. 

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17 

years. 

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NXNOMiOHCOHHTrOJHHW^HH^WCOWiOC  HCOCCINO^NHtNcO^OWcO^ 

16 

years. 

COOOWWHOiCDHHOiON'<t'N»Cr05N^iOiOHNNC10COH05MOC05‘COOWMCl 

OC^jHgDCOt^CO^C^COt^CO^-tCQCQ^rO^C^^OiOCO^ri^OCO^kO^rOCXjOOCMC^CO^iOOC-r^ 

15 

years. 

C'tC0W'^0>05N05NCDX00OH«0CD0i0>NNi0M”tH0CC0OrtHNWTHH0'.O^’^tCC0 

14 

years. 

NONiC05C0i0NNNOOCCC'’»ri>MNiC'05O«D»C0C0CNNCc0X0CCO05  0iHOHNH 
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13 

years. 

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12 

years. 

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t-H  t-H  CO  CO  HH  HH  HH  CM  CM  HHHHHWW  Hr-H(NCSHH 

11 

years. 

NNOOW^COMNW^iOH^H0505HNMNOCOrMCCOX^NCOX^«a^iCOWOCiC 
OlHrfM^oiCCCOOSHHCOCOOOlOOOOOOONNtCNNOOOOHHHCOHHNaoCHHO 
rH<MCOCO  rH  rH  <M  CM  HHHH  CM  CM  ,-h  _h  *-<  CM  CM  rH  rH  rH  CM  CO  H  H 

10 

years. 

OC»OCOOONNNN(NWOiOH05Na)OCiC»OH^HWHH'05CQN«DOHCO«iOOOOCDNfO 
pOOC^C^05CCCO(NHHH(NOTrNcDQ(NOCOOCOCCONOONOMCO'l'lNHH(MHOOXHC 
?lHrr  TT  hhhhN(N  CM  CM  CM  CM  hhhhNWhhhhwNhh 

9  years. 

N^Tt<cOHC^»CHOM'TOiOiONOONcD'«rHOCO^»COiNcOCOCNNWHiCNXO^^ 

MQONOOOOWWHHHOCO^ONN^OOONCDcCHOt^OONHCONTfCOH^MaoOH 
hhhhINh  CM  rH  CM  CM  hhhhNCMhhhhNcohh 

8  years. 

OXNCiCNH-'tOJOCNCMiOcOOOOOCMOiOiCMOCNO^'lNOO^^OOWCMXHCMOiCOOOC 
ONOHOOOC'tOGQ»CNiOcONCCM'1'OOOOi^HCMN^HHrt«'»f-rcOMCCrHCC^COOW 
CMHTfTf  HH  rH  rH  CM  CM  t-H  CM  CM  rH  H  H  H  CM  CM  H  H  H  rH  CO  CO  rH  H 

7  years. 

8)M»NNONXN--lClfl^Orf«tClfl^ONNOOCOClO®NC<3W^«OCNONeCor.lO 
N»(N®O0)M’r(NINmN!£ii:NX®-<O01®00C  Ht'XNOtCM'r^NNONii*  hi  !M 
HHTCOH  HHHHHH  .H  rH  <M  N  H  rH  H  rH  C<l  W  t-H  t-I  rH  H  CO  <N  rH  rH 

6  years. 

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HO!wo®®’ffiNi<:inN»')'Cu;-'c<)xocc,f'-‘n'-iHO)0>5>rtU5NHO'!'i,c-»n'» 

rH  Hf  TT  rH  rH  rH  r-l  <N  (M  rH  CO  CS  rH  rH  ^H  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  O*  C*  rH  rH 

5  years 
or  un¬ 
der. 

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CM  CM  CM  rH  05  CM  CM  •  •  CM  CO  •  •  . hhNiC^'C1OcC»CNOJ00h  tf> 

Sex. 

WWWMWwWMMwWMMwtflwtOwMr/lWi/jWMWKMMKMajWWMMMWKiWm. 

>>T*  >>T*  >>T!  >‘rT,  >»T?  >>T!  >>T  >>T  >»T!  >>TI  >>T  >f7*  >>T\  >>7* 

0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  0.5  O  .5  0  .£  O.S  O  .fa  O.fcj  O-tS  0.5  O.S  0.5  O.S  O-S  0.5  O.S  0.5  O  .S 

gofsoCTOffioCTOCTowowomowojgomomomcmcwofflomo.cQomo. 

Cities. 

Alameda,  Calif . 

Fresno,  Calif . 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif . 

Danbury,  Conn . . 

Wallingford,  Conn . 

Galesburg,  Ill . 

Macomb,  Ill . 

Connersville,  Ind . 

East  Chicago,  Ind . 

Frankfort,  Ind . 

Goshen,  Ind . 

Kokomo,  Ind . 

Wabash,  Ind . 

Keokuk,  Iowa . 

Marshalltown,  Iowa . 

Ottumwa,  Iowa . 

Dedham,  Mass . 

Gardner,  Mass . 

Medford,  Mass . 

Wakefield,  Mass . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  305 


Table  41. — Number  of  pupils  of  normal  age,  of  more  than  normal  age ,  and  of  less  than  normal  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of  25,000 

population  and  over,  1918 — Group  A. 


306 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1&17-1918. 


307 


lSIIIlI£sS81SIsSKglls§SISIIa3-SSggglIgslIiK3S88s 

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308 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


309 


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310 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  43. — Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  boys  and  girls  who  are  of  normal  age ,  over 
normal  age ,  and  under  normal  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of  25,000 
population  and  over — Group  A. 


Cities. 


Aurora  (east  side),  Ill. . . . 

Chicago,  Ill . 

Danville,  III . 

Decatur,  Ill . 

Quincy,  Ill . 

Rockford,  Ill . 

Springfield,  Ill . 

Kansas  City,  Kans . 

Wichita,  Kans . 

Covington,  Ky . 

Louisville,  Ky . 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

New  Bedford,  Mass . 

Quincy,  Mass . 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 

Bay  City,  Mich . 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

Saginaw  (east  side),  Mich 

Duluth,  Minn . 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

St.  Louis,  Mo. . 

East  Orange,  N.  J . 

Hoboken,  N.  J . 

Orange,  N.  J . 

Passaic,  N.  J . 

Paterson,  N.  J . 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J . 

Trenton,  N.  J . 

Auburn,  N.  Y . 

Newburgh,  N.  Y . 

Watertown,  N.  Y . 

Canton,  Ohio . 

Dayton,  Ohio . 

Springfield,  Ohio . 

Altoona,  Pa . 


Sex. 

Of  nor¬ 
mal  age. 

Over  age. 

Under 

age. 

1  year. 

2  years. 

3  years. 

4  years 
and 
more. 

Total. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

(Bovs. . 

73.7 

72.0 

12.1 

9.9 

5.0 

3.7 

2  2 

0.8 

1.1 

0.4 

20.4 

14.8 

5.9 

13.2 

(Girls.. 

76.1, 

72.4 

11.7 

6.4 

1 .9 

l  .5 

2.0 

.9 

.9 

.1 

16.5 

8.9 

7.4 

18.7 

/Bovs. . 

61.7 

70.2 

19.9 

10.7 

9.7 

4.1 

3  .8 

1.4 

2.2 

.8 

35.6 

17.0 

2.7 

12.8 

(Girls.. 

66.8 

71 .1 

18.1 

8.8 

7.6 

3.2 

2.7 

1 .1 

1.4 

.5 

29.8 

13.6 

3-4 

15.3 

/Bovs. . 

53.5 

65.1 

24.5 

15.9 

12  .2 

8.3 

5.7 

3.5 

3.4 

2.2 

45 .8 

29.9 

.7 

5.0 

(Girls. . 

60.4 

71 .5 

21.6 

13.410.2 

5.5 

4.3 

2.5 

2.2 

1.2 

38.3 

22.6 

1.3 

1  5.9 

54 .9 

70.1 

23.6 

10.3 

12 .3 

3.2 

0  .7 

.7 

1.9 

.2 

43  5 

14.4 

1.6 

:  15.5 

(Girls . . 

60.4 

69.4 

21  .3 

7.7 

11 .4 

2.6 

4.4 

.6 

1.7 

.3 

38.8 

11 .2 

.8 

19.4 

/Boys. . 

51  .0 

67.3 

21.8 

14.2 

13.0 

7.0 

5.6 

1.7 

3.4 

.9 

43.8 

23.8 

5.2 

8.9 

(Girls. . 

59.7 

70.3 

19.4 

10.8 

9.9 

3.8 

4  2 

1.2 

1.6 

1  .4 

35.1 

16.2 

5.2 

13.5 

/Boys. . 

60.9 

65 .8 

22.3 

12.1 

8.8 

4.2 

3.4 

1.3 

1.7 

.5 

36.2 

18.1 

2.9 

16.1 

(Girls. . 

65  .5 

68.7 

19.2 

8.4 

9.6 

2.3 

2.1 

.3 

.7 

.9 

31 .6 

11.9 

2.9 

19.4 

/Bovs. . 

63  .5 

67.3 

18.8 

13.2 

9.5 

6.2 

4.3 

1.9 

1.9 

.9 

34.5 

22.2 

2.0 

10.5 

(Girls. . 

67.4 

69.3 

19 .2 

11.8 

8.0 

4.3 

2.5 

1.0 

.9 

.6 

30.6 

17.7 

2.0 

13.0 

/Bovs. . 

46.3 

54.9 

25.7 

21.9 

15.9 

11.3 

7.4 

5.1 

4.1 

2.8 

53.1 

41.1 

.6 

4.0 

(Girls . . 

50.1 

60.4 

26.9 

19.7 

12.8 

9.2 

6  2 

3.6 

3.0 

2  .1 

48.9 

34.7 

1.0 

4.9 

/  Bovs. . 

51 .3 

61.4 

23.1 

16.0 

13.3 

8.7 

6.9 

4.2 

4.0 

1.6 

47.3 

30.5 

1.4 

8.1 

(Girls . . 

60.2 

65  2 

21.7 

15.0 

10.4 

7.1 

4.7 

2  .6 

2.0 

1.0 

38.8 

25.7 

1.0 

9.1 

/Bovs. . 

56.0 

62.4 

21 .1 

17.5 

11 .5 

8.1 

6.1 

3.2 

3.1 

2.0 

41 .8 

30.8 

2  .2 

6.8 

\Girls. . 

62.8 

64.7 

18.3 

15.7 

11.2 

7.4 

4.4 

2.0 

1  .4 

1.1 

35.3 

26.2 

1 .9 

9.1 

/Bovs.. 

54.7 

57 .5 

20.8 

19.0 

11 .7 

9.9 

6.0 

5.0 

4.4 

3.8 

42.9 

37.7 

2.4 

4.8 

(Girls. . 

61.1 

62.3 

17.9 

17.8 

9.3 

8.5 

4.9 

3.9 

3.3 

2.7 

35.4 

32.9 

3.5 

4.8 

,  Boys. . 

47.9 

49  2 

12.9 

12.0 

7.7 

6.2 

4.8 

2.4 

4.5 

.8 

29.9 

21.4 

22.0 

29.4 

(Girls . . 

48.5 

48.8 

11.4 

11.1 

6.9 

5.8 

4.1 

2.1 

4.4 

.8 

26.8 

19.8 

24.7 

31.4 

/Bovs. . 

56.9 

63.1 

14  .8 

16.2 

7.9 

8.9 

4.5 

3.9 

3.4 

1 .9 

30.6 

30.9 

12.5 

6.0 

(Girls. . 

53.3 

65.2 

11.3 

16.0 

6.2 

7.6 

3.0 

3.0 

2.0 

1 .4 

22.5 

28. 0 

24.2 

6.8 

/Boys. . 

55  .5 

77.7 

9.4 

6.3 

4.5 

1 .1 

1 .5 

.5 

.6 

.0 

16.0 

7.9 

28.5 

14.4 

(Girls.. 

56 .2 

78.1 

9.4 

6.0 

4.1 

1 .3 

1.1 

.3 

.2 

.0 

14.8 

7.6 

29.0 

14.3 

/Bovs. . 

38 .5 

59.0 

27.2 

22.8 

20.3 

10.5 

8.4 

3.3 

5.3 

.9 

61 .2 

37.5 

.3 

3.5 

(Girls.. 

44.3 

63.0 

27.2 

17.5 

17.2 

6.9 

7.0 

2  .0 

3.8 

.6 

55  .2 

27.0 

.5 

5.0 

/Boys. . 

50.2 

60.5 

20.6 

16.7 

11  .4 

7.0 

6.3 

2.9 

4.2 

1 .3 

42.5 

27.9 

7.3 

11.6 

(Gills.. 

54  .8 

62.0 

23.2 

15.0 

10.7 

4.3 

4.4 

1.2 

2.1 

1  A 

40.4 

20.9 

!  4.S 

17.1 

/Boys.. 

39.3 

70.3 

30.3 

15.3 

IS.  4 

5.0 

7.4 

1.2 

3.9 

.5 

60.0 

22.0 

i  .7 

7.2 

(Girls.. 

43.9 

7“?  .4 

30.7 

12.3 

16.2 

4.1 

5.8 

1 .0 

2.6 

.4 

55 .3 

17.8 

i  -8 

9.8 

/Bovs. . 

65.2 

68.0 

15.4 

10.6 

9.1 

5.0 

3.4 

1.6 

1.0 

.4 

28.9 

17.6 

5.9 

14.4 

(Girls.. 

70.6 

68.9 

12.9 

9.3 

6.1 

3.4 

1.8 

1.3 

.7 

.2 

21 .5 

14.2 

j  7.9 

16.8 

I/Bov^. . 

59 .5 

64.8 

22.3 

20.2 

11.0 

8.6 

3.5 

3.0 

1 .6 

1 .2 

38.4 

33.0 

1  2.1 

2.2 

(Girls. . 

64  .5 

69  .5 

20.7 

17.6 

7.7 

6.9 

2.5 

2.0 

1.3 

1  .0 

32.2 

27.5 

:  3.3 

3.0 

/Bovs. . 

55 .0 

73.2 

24.3 

11.1 

12.6 

3.5 

4.8 

.9 

2  .3 

.3 

•  44.0 

15.8 

1.0 

11 .0 

(Girls.. 

60.8 

74.6 

22.9 

8.4 

10.2 

2  .2 

3.4 

.6 

1  .4 

.2 

37.9 

11 .+ 

!  1-3 

14.0 

/Boys. . 

41 .1 

66.0 

31.1 

17.6 

16.5 

7.1 

7.0 

2.3 

3.8 

.8 

58.4 

27.8 

.5 

-  6.2 

1 (Girls. . 

45 .5 

67 .3 

31.2 

16.1 

14.5 

6.1 

5.7 

2.0 

2.6 

.8 

54.0 

25.0 

i  -5 

7.7 

/Bovs. . 

54  .4 

63.0 

20.6 

10.7 

11.8  3.4 

5.9 

.8 

2.1 

.1 

40.4 

15.0 

5.2 

22  .0 

(Girls. . 

57.7 

63.3 

20.9 

8.9 

11.5  2.9 

3.7 

.8 

1.6 

.2 

37.7 

12..8 

4.6 

23.9 

/Bovs. . 

53.7 

59.8 

23.0 

17.3 

.12.7 

8.2 

4.6 

3.2 

2.5 

.1.4 

42.8 

30.1 

3.5 

10.1 

(Girls.. 

57.5 

62  .0 

21 .4 

15.8 

10 .4  7.7 

4.0 

2  .7 

2  .1 

1  .0 

37.9 

27.2 

4.6 

10.8 

/Bovs.. 

50.4 

58.4 

22.4 

17.1 

13.5  8.1 

7.7 

3.2 

4.1 

2.4 

47.7 

30.8 

1  .9 

10.8 

(Girls. . 

46.9 

59.8 

27.2 

15.2 

12.4 

8.1 

6.3 

3.3 

4.0 

1  .4 

49.9 

28.0 

3.2 

12  .2 

/Boys. . 

52.7 

62.6 

22 .3 

14.0 

12.5 

5.2 

6.8 

2.1 

3.4 

1.3 

45.0 

22..6 

2.3 

14.8 

(Girls. . 

56 .6 

64.9 

20.6 

11.8 

11.0 

4.8 

5.4 

1 .8 

3.4 

1.3 

40.4 

19.7 

3.0 

15.4 

/Boys. . 

58.6 

62  .5 

IS. 4 

12.0 

8.8 

4.9 

3.7 

1.6 

1.5 

1.0 

32.4 

19.5 

9.0 

18.0 

(Girls. . 

62.5 

63.3 

16.6 

9.4 

6.9 

3.6 

2.4 

1 .3 

i  1.1 

.5 

27.0 

14.8 

10.5 

21.9 

/Boys. . 

49.2; 

61.4 

21.4 

14.3 

12.2 

5.7 

5.0 

2.1 

j  2.8 

1 .0 

41.4 

23.1 

9.4 

15.5 

(Girls. . 

54.9 

61  4 

20.5 

14.  Ji 

9.6 

5.  7 

2.7 

2.0 

1.2 

1.0 

34.0 

22.8 

11.1 

15.8 

/Bovs. . 

50.9 

60.6 

21.0 

12.6 

11.8 

5.2 

4.8 

1.8 

!  3.3 

.5 

40.9 

20.1 

8.2 

19.3 

(Girls. . 

57.7 

61 .2 

18.7 

11 .5 

8.5 

4.4 

3.4 

1 .3 

i  1.5 

.5 

32.1 

17.7 

10.2 

21.1 

/Bnys. . 

59.3 

65  .3 

17. S 

15.1 

8.9 

5.7 

3.1 

1.8 

1.5 

.6 

31 .3 

23 .2 

9.4 

11.5 

(Girls. . 

61.7 

66.3 

14.7 

12.8 

8.4 

6.3 

2  .7 

1 .5 

1 .3 

.9 

27.1 

21.5 

11.2 

12.2 

/Boys.. 

53.1 

56.1 

17.6 

12.7 

11.0 

6.3 

4.8 

3.3 

2.1 

2.0 

35 .5 

24.3 

11.4 

19.6 

(Gills.. 

54.7 

56.6 

16.9 

10.9 

7.8 

5.8 

4.4 

2.5 

!  2.2 

1.0 

31 .3 

20.2 

14. Q( 

23 .2 

/Bovs. . 

48.3 

61 .6 

21.7 

14.3 

14.1!  6.7 

6.6 

2.8 

3.9 

1.1 

46.3 

24.9 

5.4 

13.5 

(Girls. . 

51 .3 

64.3 

22.4 

12.3 

13.6 

5.8 

5  .3 

2.2 

2.8 

.7 

44.1 

21.0 

4.6 

14.7 

/Boys.. 

58.3 

67.5 

18.9 

9.8 

11.1 

4.1 

5.7 

1.5 

2.5 

.7 

38.2 

16.1 

3.5 

18.4 

(  Girls.. 

65.0 

68.9 

19.6 

7.8 

7.9 

2.7 

3.0 

.9 

1.0 

.3 

31 .5 

11.7 

3.5 

19.4 

/Bovs. . 

62.5 

82.4 

19.8 

11.6 

9.9 

4.1 

4.0 

1.7 

2.0 

.1 

35  .7 

17.5 

1.8 

1 

(Girls. . 

68.1 

83.7 

18.5 

10.9 

7.8 

3.7 

2.6 

1.4 

1.1 

.1 

30.3 

16.1 

1-6 

i  .2 

/Boys. . 

62.8 

66.3 

17.7 

17.0 

9.4 

8.3 

4.1 

3.7 

1.8 

1.9 

32.4 

30.9 

4.8 

1  2.8 

(Girls. . 

57.8 

70.5 

16.0 

15.1 

7.6 

6.91 

2  .6 

2  .6 

.8 

1.7 

27.0 

26.3 

5.2 

3.2 

/Bovs. . 

55.5 

59.6 

20.9 

12.9 

12.4 

6.4| 

5.1 

2.3! 

2.5 

1.0 

40.9 

22.6 

3.6’ 

17.8 

(Girls.. 

60.5 

63 .8j 

20.3 

11 .3 

10.1 

4.6!  3.3 

1.4; 

1.5 

.5 

35.2 

17.8 

4.3 

18.4 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


311 


Table  43. — Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  boys  and  girls  who  are  of  normal  age ,  over 
normal  age ,  and  under  normal  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of  25,000 
population  and  over — Group  A — Continued. 


Cities. 

Sex. 

Of  nor¬ 
mal  age. 

Over  age. 

Under 

age. 

1  year. 

2  years. 

3  years. 

4  years 
and 
more. 

Total. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

19C8 

g 

_ 00 _l 

s 

o 

00  1 

1918 

19CS1918 

1 1908 

L_ 

!  1918 

1908 

!  1918 

Harrisburg,  Pa . 

/Boys. . 

61.1 

62.2 

18.9 

13.6 

8.7 

6.6 

3.8 

1.5 

1  2  .4 

1.3 

33.8 

I 

24.0 

5.1 

13.8 

/Girls. . 

65 .3 

64.3 

17.6 

12.7 

7.1 

4.9 

2  .3 

2.2! 

i  1-4 

1 .0 

28.4 

20.8 

6.3 

14  9 

Philadelphia,  Pa . 

/Boys.. 

53.6 

63.6 

21 .9 

14. S 

12  .5 

7.5 

6.2 

2  .9 

3.6 

1.5 

44.2 

26.8 

2.2 

9.6 

/Girls.. 

1  57.2 

64.9 

21.1 

13  .911. 7 

6.5 

5.0 

2.5 

2.5 

1.2 

40.3 

24.1 

2.5 

11.0 

/Boys. . 

!  60.1 

64.3 

19.2 

13 .0  10.6 

5 .2 

3.8 

1.9 

1.3 

.9 

34.9 

21.0 

5.0 

14.7 

Heading,  Ha . 

/Girls. . 

68.1 

64.1 

15.9 

9.6 

6.8 

3.2 

2.2 

1.2 

.  .5 

.4 

25.4 

14.4 

6.5 

21 .5 

Williamsport,  Pa . 

/Boys. . 

61.7 

60.6 

18.2 

11.6 

8 .5 

4.5 

4.2 

2.4 

1.9 

1.1 

32.8 

19.6 

5.5 

19.8 

/Girls. . 

|  64.2 

62.2 

18.7 

10.4 

7.3 

4.1 

2  4 

1.5i 

!  1.0 

.7 

29.4 

16.7 

6.4 

21.1 

Wij-lr  Do 

/Boys. . 

67.6 

67.3 

17.1 

17.5 

6.8 

7.5 

3.2 

3.3 

1  M 

2.3 

28.0 

30.6 

4.4 

2.1 

a  or  tv,  r  a . 

/Girls. . 

70.8 

70.4 

14.8 

15.9 

6  1 

6.0 

2.1 

2.9 

.7 

1.7 

23.7 

26.5 

5.5 

3.1 

/Boys. . 

62.5 

71.7 

21.2 

14  .S 

9.4 

5.2 

3.8 

1.4 

1  1.0 

.7 

35.4 

22  1 

2.1 

6.2 

i  acoma,  \\  asn . 

/Girls.. 

67.3 

74.9 

20.7 

11.0 

7.3 

3.7 

2.1 

1.1 

!  -7 

.4 

30.8 

16.2 

1.9 

8.9 

/Boys.. 

59.6 

68.3 

17.5 

12.610.3 

5.3 

3.5 

1.8! 

2.0 

.6 

33  .3 

20.3 

7.1 

11.4 

Macuson,  W is . 

/Girls.. 

64.6 

71.4 

16.2 

10.4 

l7'2 

3.4 

2.0 

"I 

(  .8 

.2 

26.2 

15.1 

9.2 

13.5 

Table  44. — Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  boys  and  girls  who  are  of  normal  age ,  over 
normal  age,  and  under  normal  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  having  less 
than  25,060  population — Group  B. 


Cities. 


Alameda,  Calif . 

Fresno,  Calif . 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif. . . . 

Danbury,  Conn . 

Wallingford,  Conn. . . 

Galesburg,  Ill . 

Macomb,  Ill . 

Connersville,  Ind 
East  Chicago,  Ind . . . 

Frankfort,  Ind . 

Goshen,  Ind . . 

Kokomo,  Ind . . 

Wabash,  Ind . 

Keokuk,  Iowa . . 

Marshalltown,  Iowa, 

Ottumwa,  Iowa _ 

Dedham,  Mass _ _ 

Gardner,  Mass . . 


Sex. 

Of  nor¬ 
mal  age. 

1 

Over  age 

Under 

age. 

1  year. 

2  years. 

3  years. ! 

4  years 
and 
more. 

Total. 

1908 

1918; 

1 

1908 

1918 

1 

1908  1918 

!  1  ! 

1  :  I  ■ 

1908  1918  1908  1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

/Boys.. 

51.3 

67.8 

25.6 

13.313.8 

4.3 

4.6 

2.1 

3.2 

0.9 

47. 2 

20.6 

,.5 

11.6 

/Girls.. 

55. 9 

73.2 

24.5 

10.012.1 

i  3.9 

3.4 

.  7 

2.0 

.4 

42.0 

1  15.0 

2.1 

11.8 

/Boys.. 

45.  7| 

56.3 

23.8 

20.414.4 

I  9.5 

7.8 

4.4 

7.4 

4.2 

53. 4j 

38.5! 

!  .9 

1  o.  2 

/Girls.. 

54. 0! 

60.5 

22.2 

19. 212.1 

9.0 

5.6 

3.9 

4.6 

1.9 

44.5 

34. 0| 

1  1.5 

55 

/Boys.. 

54. 5! 

69.3 

24.9 

9.813.0 

|  4.6 

5.0 

.2 

2.3 

.0 

45. 2 

14. 6| 

.3 

16.1 

/Girls.. 

60. 2 

!  71.7 

25.1 

10.0 

10.2 

|  2.7 

1.7 

.9 

1.6 

.0 

38.6 

13.6, 

!  1.2 

14.7 

/Boys.. 

52.3' 

1  56.6 

19.5 

7.5 

8.  9 

5  2.9 

4.2 

.9 

1  2.3 

.1 

34.9 

;  u.4 

12.8 

!  32.0 

1 /Girls.. 

56. 1 

54.0 

18.0 

6.4 

8.4 

1.5 

2.7 

.3 

1,6 

.0 

30.  7 

!  8.2 

13.2 

37.8 

/Boys. . 

49.4 

!  65.1 

10.7 

7.2 

6.1 

!  2.6|  2.8 

1.4 

.9 

.3 

20.  5 

1  11.5 

!  30. 1| 

23.4 

/Girls.. 

50.  7 

65.3 

9.8 

6.8 

2. 5  2. 2  2.  4 

.9 

.1 

.3 

14.8 

10.2, 

34.5 

24.5 

!/Boys.. 

66. 5 

68.8 

19.9 

12.8 

6.6 

3.8 

2.5 

1.4 

1.4 

.3 

30.4, 

|  18.3 

3.1 

12.9 

/Girls . . 

71.9 

l  70.5 

16.9 

9.5  5.5 

;  2.7 

:  2.0 

.6 

.6 

.1 

25  0| 

12.9 

3.1 

16.6 

!/Bovs.. 

50.1 

64.4 

19.9 

11.3 

16.0 

!  2.9 

8.1 

.  7 

3.4 

.6 

47. 4! 

15  5 

2.5 

20.1 

i /Girls.. 

62.2! 

53.3 

17.8 

8.0 

11.8 

3.8 

3.7 

L3 

2.5 

2.8 

35.  8l 

i  15  9 

2.0 

30.8 

i /Boys. . 

63.6! 

72.4 

17.9 

14.5 

10.1 

i  5.1 

4.3 

2.1 

2.4 

.5 

34.7 

1  22.2 

i.  7 

5.4 

i/Girls.. 

71.7 

76.  7 

16.6 

10.5 

7.1 

4.3 

2.1 

1.4 

1.0 

.3 

26.8 

i  16.5 

1.5 

6.8 

/  Boys.. 

59.3 

67.3 

20.8 

13.3 

9.8 

1  5.  5 

i  3.6 

1.8 

1.9 

1.2 

36.1 

!  21.8 

4.6 

10.9 

1 /Girls . . 

58. 5 

!  71.5 

21.5 

11.0 

9.5!  4.4 

i  3.0 

1.1 

1.9 

.6 

35.9 

i  17.1 

5.6l 

l  11.4 

/Boys.. 

65.1 

71.2 

18.6 

17.1 

9.6 

5.3 

2.9 

1  .9, 

1.8 

.1 

32.9 

23.4 

2.0; 

5.4 

/Girls.. 

67.6 

79.2 

18.7 

10.8 

8. 5 

3.6 

2.3 

•9, 

.5 

.5 

30.0 

15. 8; 

(  2.4! 

50 

/Boys. . 

55.1 

75. 9 

21.9 

15.2 

11.8 

6.0 

4.3 

1.3 

1  2.7 

.0 

40.7 

22.5! 

!  4.2 

1.6 

/Girls.. 

61.4 

81.3 

13.6 

13.6 

6.4 

3.3 

1.9 

,6 

t  *7 

.0 

22.6 

17.5' 

16.0 

1.2 

/Boys. . 

62.3 

69.6 

19.6 

I  15.9 

11.5 

6.2 

j  3.9 

3.0! 

1.7 

1.2 

36.7 

26. 31 

1.0: 

4.1 

/Girls.. 

71.1 

72.1 

16.9 

i  14.3 

6.6 

6.3 

2.7 

2.2 

(  -6 

.  5 

26.8 

23.3 

2.li 

4.6- 

/Boys.. 

73.6 

66.2 

14.4 

I  11.6 

7.6 

3.7 

1.9 

1,1 

.1 

.3 

24. 0 

16.7 

2.4; 

17.1 

/Girls. . 

81.8 

70.8 

11.51  6.8 

2.5 

1.9 

.1 

.7 

.1 

.1 

14. 2 

9.5 

4.0 

19.7 

/Boys. . 

55.7 

59.6 

17.3  11.5 

9.6 

5.8 

:  4.6 

2. 4j 

|  2.8 

.8 

.  34. 3| 

20.5 

10.  o! 

19.9 

/Girls.. 

65.9 

58.5 

15.0 

11.5 

6.0 

5.7 

2.0 

2.01 

1  2.0 

.6 

25.01 

19.8 

9.  l| 

21.7 

i/Boys. . 

52.0 

61.4 

24.1 

I  15.6 

14.2 

8.0!  6.0 

2. 9 

2.5 

1.6 

46.8 

28.1! 

1.2 

10.5 

,  \  Girls . . 

59.4 

65.1 

19.3 

12.4 

11.8 

4.8 

!  5.0 

.8 

2.7 

1.6 

38.  8 

19. 6‘ 

1.8 

15.3 

/Boys.. 

57.3 

62.2 

17.8 

16.0 

10.3 

6.6 

!  3.3 

2.5! 

|  1.3 

.9  32.7i 

26.0! 

10.0: 

11.8 

/Girls.. 

61.3 

62.1 

15.9 

14.2 

7.4 

5.4  2.0 

1.3 

!  1.2 

•4 

26. 5| 

!  21.3 

12.2 

18.6 

!  /Boys. . 

50.2 

56.1 

3.7 

5.2 

2.1 

.4 

!  .6 

.0 

j  -6 

.0 

7.  o! 

5.6! 

;  42.8 

38.3 

/Girls.. 

39.9 

56.0 

3.2 

4.8 

2.0 

1.3 

.3 

.0 

!  .0 

.0 

55| 

6.1 

!  54.6- 

37.9 

/Boys. . 

53. 9 

56.1 

8.6 

8.5 

7.3 

4.3  3.2 

.  7 

|  i.el 

.4 

20.7, 

13.9 

!  25.4 

30.0 

!/Girls. . 

52. 2  57. 9 

8.01  6.3 

5.0 

1.3.  2.0 

.6 

i  l.i, 

1  .21  16.  l! 

8.41 

31.7’ 

33.7 

312 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  44. — Percentage  of  the  total  number  of  boys  and  girls  who  are  of  normal  age,  over 
normal  age,  and  under  normal  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  having  less 
than  25,000  population — Group  B — Continued. 


Cities. 


Medford,  Mass . 

Wakefield,  Mass . 

Windiest  er,  Mass . 

Winthrop,  Mass . 

Cheboygan,  Mich . 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich ..... 

Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich _ 

Great  Falls,  Mont . 

Bridgeton,  N.  J . 

Kearny,  N.  J . 

Plainfield,  N.  J . 

Vineland,  N.  J . 

West  Orange,  N.  J . 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y . 

White  Plains,  N.  Y . 

McAlester,  Okla . 

Clearfield,  Pa . 

Donora,  Pa . 

Homestead,  Pa . 

Beloit,  Wis . 


Sex. 

Of  nor¬ 
mal  age. 

Over  age. 

Under 

age. 

1  year. 

2  years. 

3  years. 

4  years 
and 
more. 

Total. 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1 

1908  1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

1908 

1918 

/Boys.. 

44.9 

76. 6 

5.6 

11.3 

2.5 

4.0 

.4 

.6 

.1 

.1 

8.6 

16.0 

41.5 

7.4 

1  Girls . . 

47.8 

75.61  5.9 

11.3 

1.1 

2.6 

.1 

.7 

.0 

.2 

7.1 

14.8, 

45.1 

9.6 

/Boys.. 

50.3 

66.2  8.2 

6.3 

2.9 

2.0 

.7 

.8 

.4 

.0 

12.2 

9.1 

37.5 

24.7 

\Girls.. 

48.7 

64.2;  4.0 

5.0 

2.4 

1.3 

1.0 

.3 

.5 

.1 

7.9 

6.7 

43.4 

29.1 

/Boys.. 

51.7 

77. 9|  9.6 

8.9 

3.8 

3.6 

.5 

1.8 

.8 

.5 

14.7 

14.8 

33.6 

7.3 

\Girls. . 

54. 1 

75.2|  6.0 

10.2 

1.5 

3.9 

.  7 

1.2 

.1 

.3 

8.3 

15.6 

37.6 

9.2 

/Boys.. 

56.2 

72.0]  7.9 

8.8 

2.3 

2.7 

.2 

.6 

.2 

10.4 

12.3 

33.4 

15.7 

(Girls . . 

54.9 

71.1 

6.5 

6.6 

1.0 

2.1 

.2 

.6 

.1 

7.7 

9. 4 

37.4 

19.5 

/Boys.. 

!  50.6 

52.3 

1  19.3 

15.1 11.8 

8.9 

6.1 

3.1 

5.2 

1.8 

42.4 

28.9 

7.0 

18.8 

(Girls . . 

56.0 

56.7 

1  20.8 

13.1 

8.5 

7.  4 

3.8 

2.5 

2.2 

1.5 

35.3 

24.5 

8.7 

18.8 

iBovs.. 

50.2 

68.7 

24.7 

12.6  14.1 

6.6 

7.3 

1.9 

2.5 

.5 

48.6 

21.6 

1.2 

9.7 

\  Girls.. 

I  59.6 

71.9 

24.5 

13.0 

9.6 

3.9 

3.0 

1.3 

.9 

.5 

38.0 

18.7 

2.4 

9.4 

/Boys.. 

!  51.0 

70.5 

22.7 

12.5H.2 

4.9 

5.8 

2.0 

2.3 

.6 

42.0 

20.0 

7.0 

9.5 

(Girls . . 

48.3 

69.4 

26.8 

13.7 

;16.4 

3.5 

5.3 

2.0 

2.8 

.6 

51.3 

19.8 

.4 

10.8 

/Boys.. 

61.5 

65.6 

19.4 

15.9 

10.1!  7.2 

4.2 

1.8 

2.6 

1.1 

36.3 

26.0 

2.2 

8.4 

\  Girls.. 

66.6 

69.2 

17.6 

13.4 

8.7 

5.5 

3.2 

1.7 

1.7 

.5 

31.2 

21.1 

2.2 

9.7 

/Boys.. 

50. 21  54. 1 

12.6 

10.6 

9.3 

!  5.2 

4.5 

2.0 

3.0 

.6 

29.4 

18.4 

20.4 

27.5 

(Girls. . 

|  49.  8<  52. 9 

12.0 

9.2 

5.  3 

3.9 

2.5 

1.6 

1.2 

.5 

21.0 

15.2 

29.2 

31.9 

|/Boys.. 

|  56.4 

63.7 

19.6 

11.6 

10.1 

4.3 

2.9 

1.0 

1.7 

.8 

34.3 

17.7 

9.3 

18.6 

i  (Girls . . 

!  59.0 

;  61.5 

18.0 

10.6 

8.3 

3.5 

3.3 

1.2 

.8 

.3 

30.4 

!  15.6 

10.6 

22.9 

I/Boys.. 

53.6 

1  62. 5 

19.0 

13.5 

12.8  6.4 

6.7 

1.8 

2.4 

.6 

40. 9 

|  22.3 

5.5 

15.2 

(Girls. . 

53.4 

62.8 

21.2 

12.5 

11.5 

5.8 

4.4 

2.3 

2.0 

.7 

39.1 

1  21.3 

7.5 

15.9 

/Boys.. 

26.4 

57.7 

32. 1 

18.8 

21.8 

I  8.3 

12.3 

2.6 

6.3 

1.4 

72.5 

I  31.1 

1.1 

11.2 

(Girls.. 

33.1 

1  60.  7 

30.3 

15.3 

20.0 

6.0 

11.0 

2.5 

3.7 

.8 

65.0 

24.6 

11.9 

14.7 

1/Boys.. 

50.1 

61.3 

21.0 

16.0 

17.0 

6.1 

7.3 

1.9 

3.3 

!  .2 

48.6 

24.2 

1.3 

14.5 

(Girls.. 

58. 1| 

66.1 

19.4 

10.9 

12.9 

4.2 

4.6 

1.8 

1.6 

.1 

38.5 

17.0 

3.4 

16.9 

/Boys.. 

44.6 

62.8 

24.7 

12.0 

15.1 

3.8 

8.0 

1.3 

3.7 

i  *6 

51.5 

17.7 

3.9 

19.5 

(Girls.. 

47.6 

60.8 

24.2 

11.2 

13.7 

4.7 

6.2 

2.2 

4.1 

.9 

48.2 

19.0 

4.2 

20.2 

/Boys.. 

51.71 

57.8 

22.3 

19.7 

12.5 

8.4 

6.4 

3.4 

3.6 

i  13 

44.8 

32.8 

3.5 

9.4 

(Girls.. 

52.7 

60.9 

11.0 

19.1 

5.7 

7.0 

2.5 

2.4 

1.0 

2.0 

20.2 

30.5 

27.1 

8.6 

/Boys.. 

42.4 

60.4 

18.7 

17.7 

15.0 

8.1 

9.7 

3.7 

12.9 

2.4 

56.3 

31.9 

1.3 

7.7 

(Girls.. 

49.0 

59.9 

19.8 

17.7 

14.2 

8.6 

8.4 

3.5 

7.4 

2.2 

49.8 

32.0 

1.2 

8.1 

/Boys.. 

58.1 

71.8 

20.3 

8.8 

11.7 

3.2 

5.9 

1.4 

1.8 

.5 

39.7 

13.9 

2.2 

14.3 

(Girls . . 

61.1 

75.8 

18.7 

8.1 

13.0 

2.8 

4.1 

.9 

1.0 

.2 

36.8 

12.0 

2.1 

12.2 

/Boys.. 

55.1 

50.6 

21.7 

21.1 

14.0 

16.2 

4.8 

6.8 

3.4 

1.7 

43.9 

45.8 

1.0 

3.6 

(Girls.. 

67.2 

57.4 

18.8 

18.6 

5.7 

12.6 

1.9 

3.6 

.2 

2.7 

26.6 

37.5 

6.2 

5.1 

/Boys.. 

53.1 

64.3 

23.0 

16.5 

12.0 

6.5 

6.  5 

2.1 

2.8 

.  5 

44.3 

25.6 

2.6 

10.1 

(Girls.. 

62.9 

66.9 

17.3 

13.6 

9.5 

4.7 

4.4 

2.1 

1.5 

.3 

32.  7 

20.7 

4.4 

12.4 

/Boys.. 

61.9 

61.4 

20.1 

8. 5 

10.3 

3.3 

3.8 

1.1 

2.1 

.9 

36.3 

13.8 

1.8 

24.8 

(Girls.. 

65.6 

60.0 

19.6 

6.4 

8.1 

1.8 

3.1 

.9 

1.3 

•7 

32.1 

9.8 

2.3 

30.2 

Table  45. — Number  of  pupils  under  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 
25,000  population  and  over,  1918—  Group  A. 


Cities. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High  school  years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Aurora  (east  side),  Ill . 

0 

36 

37 

21 

41 

44 

45 

29 

55 

36 

31 

30 

Chicago,  Ill . 

5, 121 

3,584 

4,437 

4,545 

4, 741 

4,908 

4,549 

4,303 

3,909 

2,537 

1,256 

1,152 

Danville,  Ill . 

0 

25 

19 

19 

30 

22 

6 

11 

20 

17 

17 

16 

Decatur,  Ill . 

0 

169 

202 

153 

130 

159 

130 

147 

68 

44 

36 

41 

Quincy,  Ill . 

52 

30 

30 

37 

55 

40 

39 

54 

42 

34 

57 

42 

Rockford,  Ill . . . 

239 

148 

130 

154 

169 

148 

119 

127 

115 

115 

74 

46 

Springfield,  Ill . 

282 

135 

138 

96 

101 

98 

82 

86 

21 

22 

13 

21 

Kansas  City,  Kans . 

76 

20 

31 

34 

25 

26 

47 

63 

121 

111 

88 

65 

Wichita,  Kans . 

68 

117 

135 

111 

111 

119 

109 

112 

40 

33 

33 

41 

Covington,  Ky . 

0 

10 

15 

17 

25 

14 

30 

16 

149 

70 

79 

39 

Louisville,  Ky . 

0 

106 

114 

83 

112 

140 

124 

110 

196 

181 

133 

137 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

1,065 

759 

563 

463 

438 

395 

219 

183 

236 

100 

81 

82 

New  Bedford,  Mass . 

112 

83 

72 

89 

77 

72 

117 

69 

82 

63 

84 

60 

Quincy,  Mass . 

0 

46 

106 

88 

133 

143 

138 

118 

108 

77 

43 

43 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 

32 

3 

9 

13 

14 

68 

11 

11 

19 

15 

6 

9 

Bay  Citv,  Mich . 

34 

30 

31  ! 

32 

23 

189 

35 

39 

266 

80 

79 

6 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

86 

56 

139  ] 

146 

145 

164 

153 

141 

147 

94 

61 

37 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


313 


Table  45. — Number  of  pupils  under  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 
25,000  population  and  over,  1918 — Group  A — Continued. 


Elementary  school  grades*  j  High  school  years. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Saginaw  (east  side),  Mich. . 

93 

72 

71 

66 

42 

51 

57 

68 

72 

46 

38 

21 

Duluth,  Minn . 

11 

26 

31 

53 

49 

49 

51 

36 

33 

25 

13 

15 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

365 

339 

466 

528 

640 

611 

623 

640 

661 

483 

358 

288 

St.  Louis.  Mo . 

119 

386 

484 

514 

476 

492 

682 

698 

765 

358 

254 

177 

East  Orange,  N.  J . 

125 

121 

130 

134 

158 

135 

232 

155 

137 

147 

104 

99 

Hoboken, N.  J . 

287 

128 

100 

74 

78 

67 

58 

56 

59 

25 

68 

60 

Orange,  N.  J . 

124 

82 

80 

73 

46 

50 

28 

6 

20 

13 

5 

12 

Passaic,  N.  J . 

118 

138 

110 

146 

97 

126 

82 

90 

160 

193 

141 

112 

Paterson ,  N.  J . 

768 

387 

368 

332 

381 

311 

283 

311 

254 

215 

131 

83 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J . 

330 

118 

89 

80 

82 

103 

71 

96 

54 

54 

48 

25 

Trenton,  N.  J . 

503 

377 

333 

258 

267 

261 

253 

183 

217 

160 

85 

68 

Auburn,  N.  Y . 

46 

43 

38 

34 

48 

42 

46 

36 

90 

36 

16 

12 

Newburgh,  N.  Y . 

238 

123 

88 

88 

83 

69 

50 

49 

67 

45 

25 

17 

Watertown,  N.  Y . 

123 

135 

63 

100 

72 

96 

86 

42 

44 

0 

20 

10 

Canton,  Ohio . 

328 

238 

273 

252 

237 

195 

167 

131 

105 

73 

37 

36 

Dayton,  Ohio . 

21 

6 

9 

0 

Springfield,  Ohio . 

8 

29 

29 

31 

46 

35 

23 

17 

26 

14 

12 

14 

Altoona,  Pa . 

301 

227 

158 

154 

146 

101 

81 

70 

76 

80 

67 

66 

Harrisburg,  Pa . 

267 

143 

177 

181 

186 

165 

173 

119 

124 

65 

24 

25 

Philadelphia,  Pa . 

4,397 

2,314 

2, 159 

1,868 

1,838 

1,675 

1,456 

1,406 

1,281 

755 

586 

353 

Reading  j  Pa . 

390 

261 

283 

314 

289 

272 

208 

191 

219 

152 

126 

46 

Williamsport,  Pa . 

290 

182 

154 

94 

104 

115 

105 

91 

43 

44 

19 

13 

York,  Pa . 

0 

2 

11 

10 

24 

24 

28 

20 

5 

47 

12 

11 

Tacoma,  Wash . 

0 

98 

97 

138 

138 

112 

114 

147 

118 

96 

90 

79 

Madison,  Wis . 

I 

100 

107 

95 

65 

49 

71 

38 

48 

19 

15 

5 

12 

Table  46. — Number  of  pupils  under  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 
less  than  25,000  population .  1918— G roup  B. 


Elementary  school  grades.  i  High  school  years. 


cities. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Alameda,  Calif . 

43 

59 

58 

63 

73 

48 

48 

55 

16 

17 

12 

5 

Fresno,  Calif . 

35 

28 

69 

79 

115 

70 

26 

25 

5 

2 

6 

0 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif . 

9 

18 

52 

56 

48 

41 

25 

16 

19 

6 

14 

6 

Danbury,  Conn . 

168 

101 

96 

93 

85 

66 

54 

112 

82 

61 

33 

33 

Wallingford,  Conn . 

40 

77 

64 

37 

40 

32 

25 

31 

57 

42 

33 

17 

Galesburg,  Ill . 

0 

4 

9 

11 

98 

82 

86 

81 

68 

50 

51 

41 

Macomb,  111 . 

58 

29 

29 

24 

21 

24 

20 

17 

24 

10 

9 

9 

Connersville,  Ind . 

0 

7 

10 

5 

16 

12 

8 

4 

9 

5 

6 

11 

East  Chicago,  Ind . 

2 

40 

37 

45 

83 

51 

45 

14 

22 

24 

25 

15 

Frankfort,  Tnd . 

0 

9 

14 

10 

12 

9 

15 

8 

11 

10 

4 

2 

Goshen,  Ind . 

0 

1 

-13 

0 

4 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6 

Kokomo,  Ind . 

0 

7 

26 

23 

24 

40 

27 

11 

18 

18 

9 

9 

Wabash,  Ind . 

23 

80 

22 

24 

25 

19 

7 

34 

11 

14 

13 

40 

Keokuk.  Iowa . 

128 

71 

70 

42 

32 

29 

33 

27 

19 

20 

12 

17 

Marshalltown,  Iowa . 

82 

56 

45 

33 

23 

28 

22 

26 

15 

17 

7 

13 

Ottumwa,  Iowa . 

121 

58 

94 

75 

114 

62 

81 

29 

37 

10 

7 

3 

Dedham,  Mass . 

130 

83 

77 

79 

81 

97 

83 

100 

77 

73 

23 

19 

Gardner,  Mass . 

182 

124 

92 

82 

95 

65 

22 

56 

27 

23 

17 

6 

Medford.  Mass . 

21 

20 

21 

50 

38 

40 

53 

58 

114 

57 

32 

39 

Wakefield,  Mass . 

103 

75 

50 

64 

51 

50 

45 

63 

61 

60 

40 

12 

Winchester,  Mass . 

3 

7 

6 

6 

27 

14 

14 

0 

27 

13 

12 

9 

Winthrop,  Mass . 

28 

27 

30 

32 

41 

67 

51 

49 

44 

24 

25 

19 

Cheboygan,  Mich . 

70 

34 

19 

10 

11 

29 

10 

7 

12 

9 

6 

5 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich . 

11 

12 

128 

29 

8 

8 

2 

2 

5 

5 

11 

3 

Sault  Ste.  Mane,  Mich . 

5 

4 

28 

22 

35 

31 

34 

19 

30 

22 

10 

11 

Great  Falls,  Mont . 

53 

60 

46 

64 

53 

46 

30 

43 

11 

6 

0 

5 

Bridgeton,  N.  J . 

158 

99 

87 

56 

65 

70 

78 

59 

57 

45 

42 

37 

Kearny.  N.  J . 

188 

87 

69 

50 

88 

48 

74 

49 

96 

42 

33 

15 

Plainfield,  N.  J . 

118 

71 

67 

89 

46 

47 

33 

43 

53 

40 

41 

28 

Vineland,  N.  J _ , . 

224 

18 

8 

38 

37 

29 

26 

21 

12 

9 

10 

7 

West  Orange,  N.  . 

68 

57 

35 

41 

39 

46 

29 

15 

23 

18 

16 

11 

New  Rochelle.  N.  Y . 

147 

113 

106 

73 

100 

109 

63 

115 

86 

148 

67 

42 

White  Plains,  N.  Y . 

21 

24 

13 

19 

27 

13 

23 

11 

48  ! 

34 

22 

31 

McAlester,  Okla . 

0 

2 

11 

14 

11 

6 

30 

36 

29  | 

6 

13  1 

1  14 

Clearfield,  Pa . 

37 

25 

23 

25 

34 

26 

13 

23 

IS  I 

8 

8 

3 

Donora,  Pa . 

0 

0 

30 

13 

20 

6 

13 

:  4 

5 

4 

4 

6 

Homestead,  Pa . 

106 

47 

41 

31 

17 

27 

9 

I  8 

21 

16 

16 

8 

Beloit,  Wis . 

133 

83 

96 

100 

100 

86 

64 

1  77 

97 

86 

53 

40 

314 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  47. — Percentage  of  pupils  under  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 
25,000  population  and  over,.  1918 — G-roup  A. 


Elementary  school  grades. 


High  school  years. 


Cities. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Aurora  (east  side)  Ill . 

Chicago,  Ill . . 

Danville,  Ill . 

Decatur,  Ill . 

Quincy,  Ill . 

Rockford,  Ill . 

Springfield,  Ill . 

Kansas  City,  Ivans . 

Wichita,  Kans . 

Covington,  Ky . 

Louisville,  Ivy . 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

New  Bedford,  Mass . 

Quincy,  Mass . 

Battle'  Creek,  Mich . 

Bay  City,  Mieh . 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

Saginaw  (east  side),  Mich . . 

Duluth,  Minn . 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 

East  Orange,  N.  J . 

Hoboken,  N.  J . . . 

Orange,  N.  J . 

Passaic,  N.  J . 

Paterson,  N.  J . 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J . 

Trenton,  N.  J . 

Auburn,  N.  Y . 

Newburgh,  N.  Y . 

Watertown ,  N.  Y . 

Canton,  Ohio . 

Dayton  Ohio 

0.0 

8.5 
.0 
.0 

6.9 

19.6 

18.5 

2.7 

4.0 

.0 

.0 

43.8 

4.2 
.0 

3.3 

4.1 

4.4 

15.1 
.6 

5.6 

1.1 

14.9 
15.0 

15.3 
6.9 

25.9 

19.1 

20.2 
8.2 

30.9 
16.0 

20.3 

13.4 

9.3 
6.2 

20.4 
6.0 

16.2 

12.3 
1.0 

8.4 
1.2 
2.8 

36.0 

3.6 

5.4 
.5 

5.0 

3.7 
15.0 

1.5 
6.1 
4.0 

14.3 
8.1 

13.6 
10.1 

16.4 

11.6 
19.0 

8.5 

23.5 
18.4 
17.8 

11.3 

11.7 

4.7 

22.9 
6.1 

13.9 
12.6 

1.6 

9.6 
2.0 

3.2 

27.8 

3.3 
12.1 

1.8 
5.2 
7.9 

14.7 

1.7 

9.1 

4.8 

17.5 

6.7 

12.7 

8.8 

15.2 
10.0 

16.6 

8.2 
17.5 

9.5 

19.3 

8.9 

12.2 

4.2 
19.0 

7.2 
18.6 

8.8 

1.7 

7.6 

2.6 

2.3 

23.2 

4.3 

10.2 

2.5 

5.2 

8.8 

13.3 

3.2 
10.5 

4.8 

17.8 

5.2 

11.4 

10.4 

14.5 

9.2 
14.7 

7.6 

15.5 

13.9 
18.4 

16.6 

13.6 
7.9 

19.9 

11.3 

17.4 
10.2 

1.6 

8.4 
3.8 

3.5 

22.6 

4.2 
17.0 

2.4 

3.8 

9.5 

9.4 

3.2 
13.1 

5.3 

18.9 

6.8 

6.6 

8.5 
16.3 

9.9 

16.6 

11.6 

17.8 

10.9 

17.5 

20.7 

15.8 

6.3 

20.8 

9.4 

15.8 

10.9 
1.8 

10.9 
2.8 

5.1 

24.7 
5.0 

18.4 

14.7 
34.1 
11.0 

12.4 
3.3 

13.3 
6.6 

21.3 

7.2 

10.8 

11.9 

15.4 
14.3 

19.8 
10.6 

16.8 
14.8 

16.5 

16.7 

17.2 
2.2 

21.5 
10.1 

13.7 
10.4 

3.7 

9.6 

6.6 

5.7 

23.7 

11.6 
22.6 

2.8 
6.8 

10.6 

13.7 
3.6 

14.7 
10.6 
31.  5 
10.1 

9.1 

11.7 

17.3 
17.0 

24.1 

12.9 

15.2 

16.9 

16.4 

16.1 

19.5 

5.3 

25.4 

17.2 
19.0 

12.7 

6.5 

13.4 
|  5.0 

6.8 

27.3 
10.2 

24.3 

3.6 

10.6 

9.6 
20.2 

3.3 
16.  5 

12.4 

29.2 

13.2 
2.5 

17.7 
23.9 

28.2 
24.1 
16.0 

18.5 
16.  5 
17.3 

25.  2 

25.1 

5.7 
12.  3 

17.3 

21.1 

4.7 

16. 7 
6.2 

51.0 

14.6 

43.2 

21.2 

25. 1 

4.8 
37.9 

10.4 

22.3 
3.5 

21.2 
19.1 

30.4 

19.8 
14.0 

65.8 

34.8 
29.0 

!  33.1 

22.6 

25.5 
19.3 
17.  6 

2.3 

29.8 

27.9 
10.2 
14.0 

25.8 
20.  8 

6.7 

18.9 

7.7 

51.9 

19.6 
31.3 

I  23.  0 

25.9 

5.7 

34.2 
13.0 

21.2 

4.7 

20.6 
18.0 

40.3 

21.4 

15.9 
72.3 

41.9 
35.1 
29.7 

17.6 
31.0 

.0 

16.6 
.9 

28.4 

29.1 
16.0 
16.0 

32.8 

25.9 
6.8 

26.7 

13.5 
67.0 
22.  8 
33.  i- 

34.7 

22.1 
3.6 

47.0 

I  11.4 
25.  5 

4.1 

22.4 

20.4 

34.6 

47.6 

12.8 

72.7 
36.3 

46.2 

28.5 

15.7 

21.7 
14.  8 

18.2 

1. 1 

29.1 

32.2 
17.0 

19.3 
32.6 
25.0 
11. 1 

21.3 

13.9 
75.0 

28.5 

I  31.8 

32.4 
i  29.1 

7.9 

5.0 

7.6 

23.3 

5.6 
!  21.5 
i  18.4 
j  36.1 

53.6 

26.7 

59.9 
28.1 

1  34. 2 

35.4 
33.3 

37.8 
10.2 

i  14.1 
.0 

Springfield,  Ohio . 

.5 

2.5 

2.3 

2.8 

4.2 

3.8 

3.0 

3.0 

5.2 

4.  2 

5.3 

9.8 

Altoona,  Pa . . 

27.9 

22.7 

16.3 

14.2 

13.9 

11.3 

11.7 

12.1 

20.6 

27.1 

28.9 

!  33.3 

Harrisburg,  Pa . . 

16.3 

11.3 

15.3 

13.4 

14.1 

13.2 

17.9 

13.8 

16.7 

14.8 

8.4 

10.4 

Philadelphia,  Pa . 

14.1 

8.8 

7.9 

7.2 

7.9 

8.2 

9.9 

13.2 

18.8 

18.6 

21.1 

17.9 

Reading,  Pa . . 

17.7 

15.4 

16.6 

16.5 

14.8 

13.3 

19.3 

22.3 

32.9 

33.3 

30. 3 

17.2 

Williamsport,  Pa . 

36.4 

26.5 

23.6 

15.3 

15.8 

18.0 

18.7 

20.2 

10.9 

13.8 

9.4 

8. 2 

York,  Pa . 

.0 

.2 

1.3 

10.0 

2.5 

2.8 

4.2 

3.9 

2.8 

28.3 

10.6 

9.7 

Tacoma,  Wash . 

.0 

5.4 

5.6 

7.8 

8.0 

7.4 

8.0 

12.0 

11.1 

15.2 

19.1 

23. 5 

Madison,  Wis . 

16.5 

19.2 

17.2 

12.6 

10.4. 

16.4 

9.7 

13.5 

5.4 

4.8 

2. 1 

1  5-5 

Table  48. — Percentage  of  pupils  under  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 
less  than  25,000  population,  1918 — Group  B. 


Cities. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High  school  years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

[  1 

2 

3 

4 

Alameda,  Calif.. . 

8.0 

14.4 

13.3 

13.5 

16.4 

11.9 

13.3 

17.0 

4.4 

7. 

5 

8.8 

3.6 

Fresno,  Calif . - . 

2.2 

3.0 

8.1 

8.8 

11.3 

9.8 

3.8 

4.8 

.7 

6 

2.6 

.0 

Santa  Cruz.  Calif . 

4.0 

10.2 

25.2 

27.9 

22.9 

19.5 

13.9 

11.9 

11.2 

A 

8 

14.4 

7.8 

Danbury,  Conn - - 

40.2 

33.3 

29.6 

28.4 

29.1 

25.1 

23.8 

59.3 

43.4 

51. 

7 

37.9 

42.9 

Wallingford,  Conn . 

14.1 

28.2 

24.5 

14.7 

18.4 

16.6 

16.3 

26.  5 

48.7 

46. 

7 

52.4 

39.5 

Galesburg,  HI . 

.0 

1.3 

2.7 

3.0 

24.0 

19.1 

23.8 

21.0 

22.  6 

20. 

2 

24.5 

22.7 

Macomb,  Ill . 

38.9 

22.8 

28.2 

25.3 

21.6 

20.7 

23.3 

17.5 

32.  0 

16. 

9 

25.0 

30.0 

Connersville,  Ind . . 

.0 

3.9 

5.8 

3.2 

9.4 

7.9 

5.9 

4.5 

9.0 

6. 

9 

9.2 

18.6 

East  Chicago,  Ind . 

.3 

7.6 

7.1 

9.5 

17.8 

15.3 

16.2 

7.3 

21.8 

49. 

0 

55.6 

38.5 

Frankfort,  Tnd . 

.0 

4.1 

6.5 

4.7 

6.3 

4.1 

9.5 

5.5 

7.0 

9. 

0 

5.6 

3.4 

Goshen,  Ind . 

.0 

.7 

6.6 

.0 

2.7 

2.3 

.0 

.0 

.0 

0 

.0 

.0 

Kokomo,  Ind . 

.0 

1.4 

4.5 

4.2 

4.6 

8.8 

6.7 

4.3 

6.3 

10‘. 

3 

7.6 

7.6 

Wabash,  Ind . .. 

9.8 

41.2 

11.8 

11.8 

16.4 

9.4 

5.2 

25.0 

12.6 

•22. 

6 

27.1 

81.6 

Keokuk,  Iowa . 

1  &5.5 

21.9 

23.6 

16.1 

13.0 

15.6 

16.6 

18.9 

12.6 

23. 

0 

16.0 

21.8 

Marshalltown,  Iowa . 

1  19.7 

17.4 

13.2 

10.1 

7.3 

9.8 

11.9 

13.1 

9.0 

16. 

3 

7.6 

15.5 

Ottumwa,  lowa . 

21.1 

9.8 

18.9 

13.3 

23.3 

12.  4 

15. 1 

8.3 

8.4 

7. 

3 

6.4 

4.2 

Dedham,  Mass . 

41.  0 

|  29.  6 

31.4 

36.  6 

35.2 

39. 1 

43.7 

37.  2 

43.5 

57. 

5 

35.4 

33.3 

Gardner,  Mass . 

46.2 

41.5 

33.  8 

26.7 

38.0 

31.4 

13.2 

46.7 

18.2 

16. 

9 

16.3 

8.5 

Medford,  Mass . 

2.5 

3.2 

3.3 

7.4 

5.6 

6.  6 

10.4 

13.  5 

18.6 

18. 

4 

14.3 

16.2 

Wakefield,  Mass . 

28.1 

26.7 

20.  6 

26.  8 

20.8 

23.  8 

24.7 

31.7 

34.1 

43. 

2 

31.0 

14.6 

Winchester,  Mass . 

1.7 

4.2 

3.9 

3.5 

16.1 

7.4 

9.6 

.0 

19.3 

12. 

6 

14.0 

20.7 

Winthrop,  Mass . . . 

10.5 

12.4 

11.4 

14.5 

17.1 

27.8 

23.1 

23.1  | 

1  24.3 

15. 

4 

17.9 

15,9 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


315 


Table  48. — Percentage  of  pupils  under  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 
less  than  25,000  population,  1918 — Group  B — Continued. 


Elementary  school  grades. 


High  school  years. 


cities. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7  { 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Cheboygan,  Mich . 

33.0 

24.3 

15.2 

10.0 

12.0 

19.7 

11.1 

10.6 

15.2 

15.3 

14.0 

18.5 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich . 

4.7 

5.0 

28.3 

10.8 

3.4 

3.4 

1.0 

1.8 

3.4 

5. 4 

15.9 

6.7 

Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich . 

1.8 

1.4 

11.7 

9.1 

13.9 

13.0 

15.4 

9.4 

16.0 

14.1 

9.8 

16.9 

Great  Falls ^M  on t . 

Bridgeton,  N.  J . 

7.9 

11.0 

9.5 

12.7 

10.0 

10.0 

7.3 

14.4 

3.1 

4.4 

.0 

7.1 

39.0 

30.4 

25.4 

20.5 

22.6 

28.1 

29.0 

29.2 

29.7 

37.8 

39.6 

38.5 

Kearney,  N.  J . 

2S.2 

17.5 

14.2 

11.5 

16.4 

13.2 

24.1 

24.4 

32.3 

31.5 

37.9 

40.5 

Plainfield,  N.  J . 

17.0 

14.3 

12.6 

16.3 

10.6 

11.8 

13.3 

17.9 

19.3 

19.2 

31.1 

22.2 

Vineland,  N.  J . 

25.4 

4.3 

2.4 

8.9 

9.6 

10.2 

12.3 

14.0 

9.9 

11.5 

22.2 

13.2 

West  Orange,  N.  J . 

16.  6 

17.7 

11.9 

13.0 

13.4 

14.4 

11.9 

1.5.  0 

23.0 

31.0 

35.6 

30.6 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y _ 

L5.4 

15.6 

14.4 

10.9 

16.2 

18.6 

18.4 

29.9 

24.7 

59.2 

32.2 

50.6 

White  Plains,  N.  Y . 

McAlester,  Okla . 

5.3 

5. 3 

3.5 

5.0 

7.8 

5. 4 

9.0 

6.1 

20.1 

26.6 

22.2 

38.3 

.0 

.9 

4.8 

5.7 

5. 6 

3.0 

14.2 

23.4 

IS.  8 

6.5 

24.5 

42.4 

Clearfield,  Pa . 

15.2 

11.1 

12.6 

13.9 

18.9 

16.4 

9.2 

1G.0 

11.2 

8.6 

9.5 

5. 6 

Donora,  Pa . 

.0 

.0 

10.4 

4.0 

6.5 

2.4 

6.6 

2.4 

7.1 

9.5 

5.6 

15.4 

Homestead,  Pa . 

21.2 

10.7 

10.9 

7.4 

4.8 

9.9 

5.5 

6.3 

1  9.3 

14.4 

24.6 

23.5 

Beloit,  Wis . 

30.1 

22.7 

24.2 

26.0 

24.8 

25.0 

21.1 

26.2 

33.4 

43.2 

38.7 

30.1 

Table  49. — Percentage  of  pupils  over  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 
25,000  population  and  over,  1918 — Group  A. 


Cities. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school  years. 

! 

*  | 

2 

3  1 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1  I 

2  1 

3 

4 

Aurora  (east  side) ,  HI . 

8.0 

5.2 

12.9 

18.6 

31.3 

13.6 

13.4 

11.7 

11.9 

13.2  j 

10.1 

0.0 

Chicago,  Ill . 

7.8 

12.6 

16.8 

20.1 

23.8 

21.9 

16.2 

11.8 

12.2 

10.9  ! 

10.3 

9.1 

Danville,  Ill . 

9.8 

16.3 

33.9 

33.7 

34.8 

33.2 

31.3 

26.2 

25. 5 

24.1  ! 

21.7 

18.1 

Decatur,  ill . 

5.3 

7.3 

10.6 

14.9 

16.8 

15.8 

15.9 

9.2 

16.1 

19.4 

22.1 

12.3 

Quincy,  Ill . 

10.9 

21.2 

21.1 

27.0 

30.3 

28.1 

26.8 

13.7 

12.3 

7.6 

8.0 

6.9 

Rockford,  Ill . 

6.4 

9.8 

15.3 

17.1 

20.1 

21.4 

22.7 

13.5 

8.8 

15.8 

17.1 

8.2 

Springfield  ,111 . 

8.5 

16.0 

21.8 

28.3 

28.2 

25.3 

20.8 

12.9 

20.8 

20.1  i 

27.4 

19.0 

Kansas  City,  Kans . 

Wichita,  Kans . 

27.0 

41.3 

45.8 

49.3 

52.3 

46.9 

37.3 

32.0 

17.2 

15.9  1 

11.2 

14.7 

12.7 

19.7 

26.7 

34.5 

33.1 

37.2 

37.5 

26.1 

34.8  1 

32.4 

27.5 

23.1 

Covington,  Ky . 

16.0 

21.5 

39.1 

41.3 

40.6 

33.9 

29.0 

16.8 

6.8 

4.4  1 

4.2 

1.9 

Louisviile,  Ky . 

21.4 

35. 7 

41.9 

46.2 

49.8 

45.6 

38.3 

28.2 

19.8 

18.8  1 

16.3 

10.4 

Fall  River ,  Mass . 

10.4 

17.3 

2.6 

34.2 

35.3 

23.0 

9.3 

6.0 

5. 5 

7.8  1 

8.6 

4.3 

New  Bedford,  Mass . 

16.6 

29.9 

|  36.9 

41.2 

41.2 

35.8 

16.7 

20.2 

11.4 

14.2  | 

10.7 

10.3 

Quincy,  Mass . 

3.1 

4.6 

1  5.9 

9.1 

10.5 

10.8 

9.2 

6.8 

10.9 

10.8 

9.7 

4.7 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 

16.2 

29.7 

36.0 

40.9 

41.4 

31.0 

44.2 

37.3 

31.0 

32.3 

28.5 

32.5 

Bay  City,  Mich . 

12.7 

18.6 

32.6 

35.3 

41.5 

17.7 

38.1 

27.8 

12.3 

31.2 

4.8 

.0 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

7.6 

11.0 

15.3 

19.5 

21.9 

23.8 

25.1 

28.7 

26.3 

21.9 

19.2 

31.7 

Saginaw  (east  side),  Mich. . 

6.2 

12.5 

17.6 

21.0 

25.1 

27.7 

21.2 

14.3 

9.9 

4.1 

7.4 

8.9 

Duluth,  Minn . 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

14.0 

19.4 

26.3 

30.6 

34.0 

39.7 

42.6 

38.8 

38.8 

32.5 

35.6 

27.0 

5.1 

10.2 

12.8 

15. 5 

17. 7 

20.0 

19.4 

15.7 

12.9 

13.1 

10.8 

10.6 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 

17.3 

23.6 

27.5 

35.1 

36.2 

31.6 

25.0 

21.0 

18.1 

18.1 

16.8 

15.9 

East  Orange,  N.  J . 

11.6 

13.6 

17.2 

20.1 

21.8 

16.2 

14.2 

14.4 

5.8 

8.6 

8.8 

Hoboken,  N.  J . 

1  1L0 

26.8 

33.3 

43.8 

44.6 

37. 6 

27.1 

14.9 

13.8 

12.0 

14.7 

2.7 

Orange,  N.  J . 

!  12.7 

16.4 

28.4 

30.5 

43.5 

34.5 

50.0 

51.7 

18.9 

25.6 

15.4 

8.9 

Passaic,  N.  J . 

!  12.8 

19.4 

24.5 

1  28.1 

35.7 

29.9 

17.4 

12.8 

2.9 

3.4 

1.5 

4.8 

Paterson,  N.  J . 

1  7-8 

14.3 

18.0 

26.2 

28.8 

25.7 

17.6 

8.0 

4.7 

7.4 

4.7 

7.8 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J . 

|  11.6 

21.9 

30.2 

39.7 

36.8 

28.4 

18.9 

6.8 

5.4 

8.4 

6.7 

6.8 

Trenton,  N.  J . 

15.8 

12.0 

23.5 

29.8 

29.7 

24.5 

15.6 

11.1 

7.9 

14.1 

16.1 

10.4 

Auburn,  N.  Y . 

Newburgh,  N.  Y . 

8.2 

19.0 

27.4 

25.8 

26.7 

32.2 

29.7 

16.0 

16.5 

25.4 

21.6 

5.6 

j  12.0 

19.9 

30.2 

34.3 

31.4 

32.6 

23.3 

12.8 

8.0 

6.2 

13.9 

4.4 

Watertown,  N.  Y . 

!  13.1 

17.1 

25.6 

30.1 

32.1 

30.4 

23.7 

23.2 

6.1 

19.4 

10.4 

16.3 

Canton,  Ohio . 

1  4.6 

10.4 

13.7 

17.0 

22.0 

20.1 

18.4 

11.0 

!  11.4 

10.5 

7.9 

11.4 

Dayton,  Ohio . 

2.4 

2.2 

18.8 

24.7 

17.1 

27.0 

20.8 

19.8 

20.5 

21.3 

15. 5 

32.9 

Springfield,  Ohio . 

Adtoona,  Pa . 

14.6 

20.9 

33.9 

35.1 

42.3 

38.2 

34.2 

29.2 

1  19.0 

16. 4 

22.4 

8.4 

5.0 

13.0 

18.6 

24.3 

29.9 

34.2 

30.7 

19.6 

12.5 

10.5 

1L2 

8.5 

Harrisburg,  Pa . 

12.8 

18.7 

21.1 

29.4 

30-7 

30.6 

25.3 

20.6 

13.3 

17.7 

20.7 

IS.  3 

Philadelphia,  Pa . 

10.1 

33.9 

28.7 

34.0 

38.3 

37. 5 

24.0 

18.1 

14.4 

16.2 

13.8 

12.6 

Reading,  Pa . 

6.0 

13.1 

15.7 

22.6 

30.7 

31.1 

10.4 

7.4 

12.3 

11.4 

14.9 

17.6 

Williamsport,  Pa . 

7.3 

10.5 

16.8 

18.1 

26.9 

22.5 

18.9 

14.0 

21.5 

20.9 

30.7 

36.5 

York,  Pa . 

20.2 

24.3 

29.3 

36.5 

39.7 

34.5 

30.9 

20.8 

16.1 

12.0 

8.8 

15.9 

Tacoma,  Wash . 

6.9 

14.0 

19.9 

23.6 

26.4 

26.2 

28.3 

20.1 

18.1 

16.7 

14.3 

8.6 

Madison,  Wis . 

3.1 

5.0 

12.5 

24.0 

20.3 

19.3 

28.8 

15.7 

!  25.9 

23.1 

25. 5 

26.8 

316  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  50. — Percentage  of  pupils  over  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of  less 
than  25,000  population ,  1918 — Group  B. 


Cities. 


Alameda,  Calif . 

Fresno,  Calif . 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif . 

Danbury,  Conn . 

Wallingford,  Conn . 

Galesburg,  Ill. . . 

Macomb,  Ill . 

Connersville ,  Ind . 

East  Chicago,  Ind . 

Frankfort,  lnd . 

Goshen,  Ind . 

Kokomo,  Ind . 

Wabash,  Ind . 

Keokuk,  Iowa . 

Marshalltown,  Iowa. . . . 

Ottumwa,  Iowa . 

Dedham ,  Mass . 

Gardner,  Mass . 

Medford,  Mass . 

Wakefield,  Mass . 

Winchester,  Mass . 

Winthrop,Mass . 

Cheboygan,  Mich . 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich. . . 
Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. . 

Great  Falls,  Mont . 

Bridgeton,  N.  J . 

Kearny,  N.  J . 

Plainfield,  N.  J . 

Vineland,  N.  J . 

West  Orange,  N.  J . 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y _ 

White  Plains,  N.  Y.... 

McAlester,Okla . 

Clearfield ,  Pa . 

Donora,  Pa . 

Homestead,  Pa . 

Beloit,  Wis . 


Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school  years. 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5.8 

8.3 

15.1 

18.6 

19.8 

21.4 

23.8 

21.1 

26.8 

22.1 

19.9 

23.6 

22.3 

30.2 

31.8 

29.9 

32.8 

36.6 

46.5 

39.2 

61.7 

59.6 

51.5 

60.2 

3.1 

13.0 

15. 5 

12.4 

14.8 

15.7 

20.0 

6.7 

18.8 

16.7 

16.5 

23.4 

5. 3 

5.3 

11.1 

16.2 

16.8 

17.1 

7.9 

3.7 

5.8 

4.2 

9.2 

5.2 

3.5 

7.0 

13.4 

18.3 

19.8 

16.6 

14.4 

7.7 

3.4 

3.3 

17.6 

17.5 

17.8 

21.9 

13.0 

17.7 

16.6 

15.5 

8.6 

8.5 

8.7 

16.6 

14.1 

8.7 

14.6 

15.8 

16.5 

25.9 

29.1 

16.5 

10.7 

10.2 

8.3 

6.7 

8.5 

15.6 

16.9 

26.8 

25.1 

35.1 

19.1 

9.1 

19.0 

19.4 

13.8 

16.9 

7.5 

19.1 

20.5 

27.4 

24.9 

27.3 

19.8 

25.7 

12.9 

2.6 

3.0 

10.4 

11.2 

25.7 

22.4 

32.1 

25.3 

20.5 

32.5 

19.' 8* 

22.' 5’ 

13.8 

10.3 

11.3 

20.4 

21.7 

29.3 

28.2 

33.6 

32.9 

10.8 

17.6 

5.3 

5.4 

8.9 

25.7 

30.6 

35.8 

39.4 

28.9 

27.9 

21.5 

17.4 

12.0 

22.7 

21.2 

3.0 

4.6 

12.9 

19.7 

13.2 

27.7 

19.3 

5.9 

18.4 

9.7 

10.4 

10.8 

27.2 

18.9 

26.1 

27.6 

25.8 

21.6 

18.9 

13.2 

6.9 

9.3 

19.2 

10.1 

14.3 

20.5 

22.1 

35.4 

32.6 

34.1 

30.3 

30.1 

25.0 

30.4 

15.5 

8.2 

14.9 

17.5 

25.4 

29.2 

25.3 

35.3 

32.2 

25.1 

27.7 

33.6 

33.3 

2.2 

6.4 

5.3 

6.9 

10.9 

11.3 

7.9 

5.2 

1.1 

1.5 

7.0 

3.8 

8.0 

9.0 

22.1 

13.6 

10.6 

6.0 

1.7 

18.9 

13.2 

20.2 

11.3 

7.  5 

8.3 

12.7 

12.2 

22.4 

22.0 

22.1 

20.0 

17.6 

15.5 

13.0 

14.9 

2.2 

6.0 

7.0 

13.4 

15.9 

8.6 

6.6 

5.0 

9.5 

7.2 

6.2 

9.8 

8.4 

14.5 

12.9 

14.0 

23.2 

15.8 

18.5 

16.4 

24.3 

19.8 

23.3 

7.1 

7.8 

10.3 

5. 9 

7.9 

10.4 

16.7 

"ii.  2 

10.5 

16.0 

12.9 

15.7 

12.7 

22.9 

32.0 

37.0 

37.0 

35.4 

26.7 

33.3 

20.3 

27.1 

25.6 

11.1 

11.5 

15.8 

13.7 

20.4 

20.5 

31.0 

33.0 

10.5 

31.0 

293 

17.4 

11.1 

12.6 

18.7 

22.1 

26.1 

20.3 

26.1 

31.2 

20.3 

11.7 

10.9 

12.7 

18.5 

13.9 

16.4 

19.1 

19.1 

27.8 

28.2 

27.6 

20.8 

42.0 

37.8 

30.4 

24.3 

6.7 

15. 6 

22.8 

24.2 

29.2 

25.3 

20.1 

9.9 

8.3 

5.9 

9.4 

5.2 

8.0 

11.1 

18.4 

22.2 

28.0 

23.3 

18.9 

15.9 

8.4 

13.5 

11.5 

10.5 

19.5 

24.2 

25.3 

31.2 

31.5 

27.3 

22.9 

16.4 

21.2 

15.9 

10.3 

17.3 

34.3 

34.3 

39.4 

35.1 

32.5 

19.3 

21.3 

22.3 

25.6 

26.7 

9.4 

8.1 

10.9 

15.3 

25.0 

31.7 

32.6 

33.6 

23.0 

li.O 

10.3 

8.9 

16.7 

6.4 

16.7 

16.8 

25.6 

26.9 

27.9 

26.3 

14.5 

20.7 

6.4 

17.8 

6.0 

26.0 

36.2 

33.2 

37.8 

36.0 

35.5 

37.1 

29.6 

23.4 

20.3 

20.2 

12.3 

17.0 

34.9 

38.4 

35.9 

34.5 

50.0 

38.2 

24.7 

32.5 

32.6 

15.1 

12.1 

8.6 

21.2 

19.8 

15.0 

8.3 

11.9 

3.5 

4.9 

16.6 

17.2 

13.1 

11.1 

20.3 

31.9 

30.8 

46.6 

56.1 

59.8 

53.1 

53.0 

35.7 

19.0 

52.8 

.0 

7.2 

13.9 

29.7 

37.5 

39.6 

32.4 

32.7 

19.7 

8.8 

10.8 

12.3 

5.9 

8.6 

12.1 

15.1 

12.7 

19.1 

14.8 

12.2 

13.3 

5.2 

3.5 

5.1 

9.0 

Table  51. — Number  of  pupils  over  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 25,000 
population  and  over,  1918 — Group  A. 


Cities. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

Hi 

gh-school  years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Aurora  (east  side),  Ill . 

21 

14 

42 

44 

46 

29 

36 

21 

26 

16 

11 

0 

Chicago,  111 . 

4,682 

4,854 

6,392 

7,494 

8,317 

6,796 

4,302 

2,614 

1,896 

989 

445 

327 

Danville,  Ill . 

49 

66 

137 

155 

133 

116 

84 

54 

89 

40 

23 

17 

Decatur,  111 . 

45 

61 

93 

120 

110 

121 

96 

53 

89 

61 

50 

26 

Quincy,  Iil . 

82 

107 

104 

139 

147 

120 

103 

43 

30 

10 

14 

9 

Rockford,  Ill . 

78 

89 

143 

142 

196 

200 

197 

90 

48 

87 

49 

15 

Springfield,  Ill . 

130 

176 

238 

309 

279 

227 

165 

87 

93 

66 

52 

36 

Kansas  City,  Kans . 

752 

789 

872 

975 

799 

694 

475 

309 

125 

93 

37 

45 

Wichita,  Kans . 

214 

274 

374 

503 

438 

408 

426 

217  1 

224 

138 

69 

68 

Covington,  Ivy . 

173 

266 

290 

272 

264 

171 

131 

54  I 

20 

6 

5 

1 

Louisville,  Kv . 

1, 198 

1, 349 

1,483 

1, 663 

1, 615 

1,261 

830 

460 

266 

173 

95 

50 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

253 

365 

530 

682 

684 

368 

86 

40 

30 

25 

21 

11 

New  Bedford,  Mass . 

443 

687 

806 

854 

759 

516 

168 

137 

44 

39 

26 

19 

Quincy,  Mass . 

29 

39 

52 

79 

82 

84 

56 

33 

47 

32 

19 

7 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 

155 

176 

182 

216 

242 

144 

173 

114 

122 

85 

47 

37 

Bay  City.  Mich . 

104 

113 

194 

218 

248 

98 

195 

102 

86 

73 

8 

0 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

150 

167 

269 

323 

333 

354 

362 

422 

371 

159 

103 

154 

Saginaw  (east  side),  Mich. . 

38 

60 

85 

104 

112 

114 

88 

48 

32 

9 

11 

8 

Duluth,  Minn . 

279 

342 

472 

513 

517 

595 

607 

423 

369 

172 

114 

72 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

331 

566 

658 

774 

861 

916 

821 

610 

402 

307 

172 

142 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 

1,855 

2,286 

2,758 

3, 741 

3,241 

2,347 

1,606 

1, 180 

725 

360 

209 

153 

East  Orange,  N.  J . 

1  65 

98 

101 

130 

168 

138 

119 

75 

65 

21 

26 

24 

Hoboken,  N.  J . 

212 

424 

496 

624 

512 

351 

156 

63 

41 

14 

21 

3 

Orange,  N.  J . 

103 

99 

179 

195 

301 

159 

154 

132 

27 

21 

6 

4 

Passaic,  N.  J . 

217 

266 

307 

395 

409 

315 

122 

65 

7  1 

9 

3 

9 

Paterson,  N.  J . 

231 

340 

436 

1  599 

673 

520 

287 

104 

34  | 

38 

17 

23 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  317 

Table  51. — Number  of  pupils  over  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of 25,000 
population  and  over,  1918 — Group  A — Continued. 


Elementary  school  grades. 


High-school  years. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2  1 

3 

4 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J .' . 

200 

223 

269 

334 

313 

205 

79 

23 

10 

13 

7 

5 

Trenton,  N.  J . 

235 

300 

471 

522 

478 

322 

164 

84 

52 

76 

48 

20 

Auburn,  N.  Y . 

46  i 

107 

127 

116 

111 

128 

106 

36 

66 

52 

22 

2 

Newburgh,  N.  Y . 

93  ! 

104 

152 

194 

143 

134 

77 

34 

21 

9 

16 

2 

Watertown,  N.  Y . 

ioi : 

126 

170 

216 

211 

197 

121 

59 

14 

37 

14 

16 

Canton,  Ohio . 

74 

139 

194 

232 

299 

238 

187 

83 

68 

46 

16 

29 

Dayton,  Ohio . 

56  1 

55 

403 

622 

365 

487 

381 

278 

184 

140 

127 

229 

Springfield,  Ohio . 

215 

241 

426 

392 

465 

354 

261 

164 

95 

54 

51 

12 

Altoona,  Pa . 

Harrisburg,  Pa . 

54  | 

120 

181 

263 

314 

306 

213 

133 

46 

31 

26 

16 

211  ! 

237 

244 

396 

405 

384 

244 

177 

99 

78 

59 

44 

Philadelphia,  Pa . 

3,151 

5,515 

7,799 

8,916 

8,938 

7,671 

3,525 

1, 925 

987 

657 

384 

249 

Reading,  Pa . 

133 

221 

268 

429 

602 

637 

112 

63 

82 

52 

62 

47 

Williamsport,  Pa . 

58 

72 

110 

111 

177 

144 

106 

63 

85 

67 

62 

58 

York,  Pa . 

234 

205 

247 

359 

380 

300 

204 

106 

29 

20 

10 

18 

Tacoma,  Wash . 

171 

252 

345 

417 

452 

396 

404 

246 

192 

106 

67 

29 

Madison,  Wis . 

19 

28 

j  69 

124 

|  105 

83 

113 

56 

91 

72 

!  61 

59 

Table  52. — Number  of  pupils  over  age  for  their  respective  grades  in  certain  cities  of  less 
than  25,000  population,  1918 — Group  B. 


Cities. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school  years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

Alameda,  Calif . 

31 

34 

66 

87 

88 

86 

86 

68 

98 

50 

27 

33 

Fresno,  Calif . 1 

362 

280 

271 

269 

334 

261 

315 

205 

428 

196 

119 

97 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif . 

7 

23 

32 

25 

31 

33 

36 

9 

32 

21 

16 

18 

Danbury,  Conn . 1 

22 

16 

36 

53 

49 

45 

18 

7 

11 

5 

8 

4 

Wallingford,  Conn. . . 

10 

19 

35 

46 

43 

32 

22 

9 

4 

3 

Galesburg,  Ill . ! 

63 

56 

60 

81 

53 

76 

60 

60 

26 

21 

18 

3- 

Macomb,  Ill . 1 

21 

11 

15 

15 

16  1 

30 

25 

16 

8 

6 

3 

2 

Connersville,  Ind . ! 

15 

28 

29 

42 

43 

53 

26 

8 

19 

14 

9 

10 

East  Chicago,  Ind . j 

45 

101 

107 

130 

116 

91 

55 

49 

13 

1 

Frankfort,  Ind . 

7 

23 

24 

55 

43 

71 

40 

30 

51 

22 

16 

8 

Goshen,  Ind . j 

17 

17 

40 

30 

44 

37 

49 

28 

20 

13 

2 

2 

Kokomo,  Ind . 

83 

124 

176 

197 

206 

131 

112 

55 

50 

21  ! 

27 

25 

Wabash,  Ind . 

7 

9 

24 

40 

20 

56 

26 

8 

16 

6 

5 

Keokuk,  Iowa . 1 

39 

88 

56 

68 

68 

48 

43 

27 

20 

6 

15 

Marshalltown,  Iowa . 1 

42 

46 

70 

72 

111  1 

93 

63 

60 

50 

26 

!  28 

13 

Ottumwa,  Iowa . 1 

47 

88 

87 

143 

143 

126 

189 

112 

110 

38 

37 

24 

Dedham,  Mass . 1 

7 

18 

13 

15 

25 

28 

15 

14 

2 

1 

4 

Gardner,  Mass . 

15 

24 

25 

68 

34 

22 

10 

2 

28 

18 

|  21 

8 

Medford,  Mass . : 

62 

52 

81 

83 

152 

133 

113 

86 

108 

48 

i  29 

36 

W'akefield,  Mass . 

8 

17 

17 

32 

39 

18 

12 

10 

17 

10 

8 

8 

Winchester,  Mass . 

15 

24 

20 

24 

39 

30 

27 

23 

25 

17 

10 

Winthrop,  Mass . 

19 

17 

27 

13 

19 

25 

37 

30 

19 

25 

18 

19 

Cheboygan,  Mich . : 

27 

32 

40 

37 

34 

52 

24 

22 

16 

16 

11 

3 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich . 

27 

38 

62 

55 

48 

72 

66 

13 

45 

27 

12 

5 

Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. _ 

36 

52 

53 

63 

51 

62 

69 

41 

22 

17 

13 

12 

Great  Falls,  Mont . 

|  94 

89 

93 

96 

147 

129 

113 

62 

149 

51 

45 

17 

Bridgeton,  N.  J . 

27 

51 

78 

66 

84 

63 

54 

'  20 

16 

7 

10 

5 

Kearny,  N.  J . 

53 

1  55 

89 

97 

150 

85 

58 

32 

25 

18 

10 

Plainfield,  N.  J . 

!  73 

i  97 

128 

138 

136 

125 

68 

55 

45 

44 

21 

13 

Vineland,  N.  J . 

153 

j  143 

113 

169 

135 

92 

41 

32 

27 

20 

12 

5 

West  Orange,  N.  J . 

33 

35 

45 

79 

92 

104 

82 

23 

11 

6 

4 

6 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y . 

!  61 

j  121 

124 

171 

166 

163 

90 

56 

72 

16 

37 

5 

White  Plains,  N.  Y . 

1  104 

163 

123 

143 

125 

86 

95 

53 

56 

26 

20 

10 

McAlester,  Okla . 

68 

74 

88 

88 

68 

100 

81 

38 

50 

30 

8 

4 

Clearfield,  Pa . 

1  21 

48 

36 

27 

15 

19 

5 

7 

28 

16 

11 

6 

Donora,  Pa . 

1  79 

89 

106 

151 

174 

150 

104 

87 

25 

8 

38 

Homestead,  Pa . 

1  36 

61 

112 

158 

141 

88 

54 

25 

20 

12 

8 

2 

Beloit,  Wis... . 

j  38 

44 

60 

49 

77 

51 

37 

39 

15 

7 

7 

12 

318  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  53. — Percentage  relation  between  the  largest  age  group  and  the  number  found  in 
each  grade  in  certain  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over ,  1918 — Group  A. 


Cities. 

Sex. 

Year. 

Largest 

age 

group. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school 

years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

(1908 

136 

152 

93 

98 

84 

72 

73 

107! 

93 

58 

34 

31 

15 

Aurora  (east  side),  Ill . 

^Boys.. 

1918 

153 

98 

99 

112 

78 

82 

76 

90] 

59 

69 

34 

38 

24 

I 

1908 

132 

135i 

92 

80j 

97 

79 

64 

92] 

35 

66 

43 

30 

18 

,1918 

135 

84 

87 

1141 

87 

90 

71 

98! 

66 

83 

51 

38 

49 

1908 

12, 652 

1621  126 

133 

116 

108 

87 

69 

55 

24 

12 

8 

5 

Chicago,  Ill . 

l1918 

21,180 

147 

93 

91 

91 

84 

74 

6l! 

50 

35 

20 

10 

8 

r1908 

12,246 

146 

119 

131 

113 

107 

89 

76 

64 

30 

17 

10 

7 

11918 

20,327 

1421 

93 

93 

89 

84 

76 

67 

57 

40 

24 

11 

9 

(1908 

229 

178;  125 

134 

112 

95 

68 

54 

41 

27 

15 

16 

7 

Danville,  Ill . | 

|Rny<5 

(1918 

194 

142 

107 

108 

123 

109 

94 

58 

43 

68 

41 

20 

18 

(1908 

229 

176 

119 

120 

103 

94 

75 

71 

50 

35 

23 

18 

14 

(1918 

193 

117 

103 

101 

110 

89 

86 

80 

64 

112 

45 

'  35 

31 

(1908 

241 

133 

123 

119 

129 

101 

84 

63 

43 

22 

24 

15 

* 

Decatur,  Ill . 

(1918 

433 

105 

96 

101 

88 

77 

90 

62 

"62 

60 

34 

19 

18 

|  Girls. . 

f  1908 

254 

118 

115 

115 

127 

94 

96 

79 

49 

32 

27 

23 

. 

(1918 

416 

97 

100 

106 

101 

77 

90 

81 

"75 

70 

40 

34 

38 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

207 

171 

126 

147 

117 

89 

72 

67 

41 

29 

22 

14 

12 

Quincy,  Ill . 

(1918 

247 

106 

102 

102 

102 

109 

88 

80 

47 

43 

23 

28 

20 

(1908 

185 

169 

132 

131 

113 

102 

84 

72 

65 

56 

28 

29 

24 

(1918 

259 

138 

97 

93 

102 

83 

81 

73 

76 

53 

29 

41 

31 

JBoys.. 

J1908 

346 

144 

124 

113 

118 

103 

85 

68 

!  44 

35 

30 

25 

14 

Rockford,  Ill . 

(1918 

426 

142 

110 

113 

99 

122 

110 

95 

78 

58 

62 

30 

14 

{Girls.. 

(1908 

337 

128 

111 

113 

115 

111 

98 

80 

51 

47 

30 

30 

19 

(1918 

455 

135 

97 

100 

90 

100 

103 

101 

74 

65 

63 

35 

27 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

350 

155 

120 

120 

116 

100 

78 

61 

43 

44 

22 

11 

10 

Springfield,  Ill . 

(1918 

501 

153 

112 

110 

116 

96 

85 

77 

62 

43 

26 

14 

15 

{Girls.. 

/ 1908 

350 

130 

120 

114 

115 

82 

77 

60 

54 

46 

29 

25 

13 

(1918 

485 

156 

111 

111 

106 

105 

97 

84 

75 

48 

41 

25 

23 

[Boys.. 

(1908 

478 

201 

138 

122 

120 

98 

79 

62 

45 

37 

18 

14 

11 

Kansas  City,  Kans . 

(1918 

840 

170 

119 

114 

120 

90 

81 

72 

53 

36 

31 

18 

13 

j  Girls.. 

(1908 

469 

200 

125 

129 

126 

103 

92 

78 

72 

62 

33 

27 

22 

(1918 

899 

150 

101 

106 

108 

86 

89 

74 

58 

47 

37 

20 

22 

[Boys.. 

(1908 

289 

195 

114 

123 

126 

110 

91 

71 

57 

43 

17 

11 

10 

Wichita,  Kans . j 

(1918 

633 

140 

119 

115 

119 

105 

85 

85 

60 

41 

30 

14 

17 

iGirls.. 

(1908 

342 

151 

95 

108 

112 

100 

103 

72 

67 

44 

29 

21 

14 

(1918 

593 

135 

107 

114 

119 

Ill 

94 

101 

j  77 

65 

40 

27 

31 

(1908 

213 

136 

138 

110 

113 

82 

84 

55 

31 

26 

13 

15 

7 

Covington,  Ky . i 

JBoys.. 

(1918 

327 

168 

119 

118 

106 

98 

74 

63 

41 

39 

IS 

11 

5 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

198 

128 

121 

126 

121 

97 

92 

74 

!  45 

46 

12 

14 

5 

(1918 

355 

150 

116 

100 

88 

93 

74 

69 

53 

46 

22 

23 

10 

(1908 

1,280 

183 

129 

125 

118 

102 

80 

64  52 

32 

22 

14 

9 

Louisville,  Ky . 

JBoys.. 

(1918 

1,534 

188 

129 

116 

121 

105 

86 

65 

45 

40 

25 

15 

10 

{Girls.. 

(1908 

1,389 

147 

110 

112 

105 

90 

90 

66 

62 

38 

23 

19 

13 

(1918 

1, 502 

182 

120 

117 

117 

109 

96 

78 

■  62 

48 

36 

24 

22 

fBoys.. 

(1908 

839 

183 

122 

119 

118 

85 

68 

45'  34 

18 

12 

10 

6 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

(1918 

831 

148 

129 

121 

115 

116 

93 

53 

36 

32 

17 

13 

12 

i  [Girls.. 

(1908 

782 

183 

120 

121 

106 

91 

64 

52  31 

19 

15 

10 

9 

(1918 

823 

147 

125 

124 

126 

118 

94 

59 

45 

341  22 

17 

19 

(Boys.. 

(1908 

713 

134 

115 

107 

88 

76 

65  42 

26 

14 

i  8 

6] 

* 

New  Bedford,  Mass . 

\\ 

(1918 

923 

1.53 

129 

123 

113 

99 

77 

57 

37 

18 

13 

10 

9! 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

614 

154 

124 

112 

110 

105 

77 

56 

35 

17 

!  14 

9 

8 

(1918 

892 

142 

124 

117 

115 

104!  82]  54 

37 

25 

17 

17! 

1  11 

(Boys.. 

J 1908 

365 

130|  110 

101 

1  67 

97 

115]  81 

66 

48 

;  27 

17 

|  13 

Quincy,  Mass . . . . 

J 

(1918 

435 

106  99 

101  102 

c>n 

1  Qfi 

7n 

57 

47 

29 

21 

15 

;  [Girls.. 

(1908 

347 

138;  106 

97|  65 

96  120  81 

62 

47 

28 

18 

!  16 

(1918 

452 

1081  93 

96 

1  94 

86 

86 

1  67 

53 

50 

l  38 

23 

18 

(Boys..' 

(1908 

165 

124 

!  107 

120  122 

106  82 

82 

49 

61 

27 

21 

10 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 

\  i 

(1918 

272 

183  97!  93 

1  94 

107  84 

!  75 

56 

64 

!  39 

25 

14 

[Girls,. 

(1908 

187 

108  91 

119 

89 

85]  90 

84 

63 

70 

26 

31 

31 

| 

\1918 

284 

1621  1151  89  96 

1041  83  66 

54 

77 

55 

35 

27 

(Boys.. 

(1908 

326 

183 

1181  98 

85 

93i  82 

j  62 

47 

42 

22 

13 

12 

Bay  City,  Mich . 

(1918 

332 

127;  92 

98 

92 

92  90 

|  80 

48 

96 

36 

26 

20 

1  Girls.. 

(1908 

277 

186 

1191  94 

98 

88 

100 

i  71 

73 

51 

30 

25 

17 

(1918 

359 

111 

84  75 

87 

81 

71 

68 

58 

107 

32 

23 

15 

(Boys.. 

/1908 

598 

176 

121 

122 

111 

110 

85  76 

71 

45 

36 

15 

14 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

(1918 

782 

124 

97 

115  102 

94 

90!  89 

87 

86 

41 

30 

28 

;  [Girls.. 

(1908 

612 

167 

116 

112  103 

95 

93;  79 

65 

1  42 

45 

19 

18 

(1918 

805 

123 

95 

105 

106 

98 

98  93 

98 

91 

50 

37 

33 

(Boys.. 

(1908 

192 

128 

122 

112 

103!  101 

104  106 

81 

78 

43 

26 

20 

Saginaw  (east  side),  Mich. . . 

1 

(1918 

239 

141  115 

107 

106 

93 

92 

;  80 

57 

64 

39 

26 

13 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

199 

121  107 

106 

102|  105 

98 

,  101 

74 

73 

50 

27 

29 

(1918 

233 

121 

88 

97 

104 

I  96 

82 

!  95 

86, 

73 

53 

37 

25 

(Boys..! 

(1908 

570 

168 

117 

120 

112 

119 

97 

j  66 

51 

!  27 

18 

10 

9 

Duluth,  Minn . 

(1918 

850 

122 

108 

105 

101 

I  94 

85 

!  84 

65 

46 

25 

16 

14 

[Girls..! 

(1908 

578 

147 

99 

119 

no; 

102 

93; 

73 

67 

35 

21 

17 

12 

(1918 

852 

111 

100 

106, 

96 

85. 

91| 

84 

63 

67, 

37| 

1  21, 

18 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


319 


Table  53. — Percentage  relation  between  the  largest  age  group  and  the  number  found  in 
each  grade  in  certain  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over,  1918 — Group  A — Contd. 


Cities. 


Minneapolis,  Minn... 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 

East  Orange,  N.  J... 

Hoboken,  N.  J . 

Orange,  N.  J . 

Passaic,  N.  J . 

Paterson,  N.  J . . 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.. 
Trenton,  N .  J . 

Auburn,  N.  Y . . 

Newburgh,  N.  Y.  „ .. 

W atertown ,  N.  Y . . . 

Canton,  Ohio . 

Dayton,  Ohio . 

Springfield,  Ohio 

Altoona,  Pa . 

Harrisburg,  Pa . 

Philadelphia,  Pa ... . 
Reading,  Pa . . 


Largest 

Elementary  school  grades. 

tLign-scnooi 

years. 

Sex. 

Year. 

age 

group. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7  | 

8. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

1,852 

170 

122 

116 

122 

122 

105 

90 

69 

45 

32 

18 

14 

\1918 

2,551 

133 

111 

103 

101 

94 

91 

85 

76 

54 

37 

24 

20 

{Girls.. 

/1908 

1,900 

157 

110 

107 

116 

112 

103 

97 

86 

54 

44 

24 

92 

11918 

2^508 

124 

109 

100 

97 

98 

90 

82: 

77 

69 

56 

39 

33 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

3,893 

142 

123 

121 

118 

94| 

69 

53 

38 

18 

10 

7 

4 

\1918 

4,323 

130 

111 

117 

122 

103 

85 

70 

59 

39 

20 

12 

9 

{Girls.. 

(1908 

3, 914 

136 

121 

113 

110 

93! 

73 

58 

49 

27 

18 

11 

9 

\1918 

4,484 

114 

108 

111 

120 

100: 

84 

76 

69 

52 

25 

16 

13 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

222 

159 

139 

135 

116 

101 

66 

76 

54 

59 

28 

19 

13 

11918 

384 

116 

117 

97 

97 

106! 

80 

97l 

70 

61 

43 

38 

32 

1  Girls.. 

(1908 

219 

139 

124 

130 

118 

93 

95 

70 

68 

65 

38 

23 

14 

11918 

383 

103 

103 

97 

9.4 

112 

85 

95 

68 

56 

52 

41 

39 

JBoys.. 

11908 

U918 

498 

166 

126 

122 

104 

84 

63 

51 

32 

13 

7 

4 

3 

600 

171 

130 

122 

125 

97 

78 

46 

34 

27 

10 

13 

12 

{Girls.. 

(1908 

485 

162 

128 

107 

110 

79 

67 

50 

37 

18 

8 

2 

2 

\1918 

652 

137 

123 

116 

104 

87 

71 

46 

34 

21 

9 

1  10 

6 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

235 

232 

79 

77 

79 

74 

39 

36 

25 

18 

10 

8 

4 

\1918 

277 

158 

114 

109 

116 

130 

90 

50 

44 

23 

17 

!  0 

1  Girls . . 

(1908 

200 

273 

93 

91 

93 

87 

46 

42 

30! 

!  21 

11 

9 

4 

11918 

273 

137 

106 

121 

117 

122 

78 

62 

41 

29 

13 

8 

7 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

332 

167 

137 

134 

113 

84 

40 

36 

32 

20 

14 

|  6 

5 

11918 

596 

144 

118 

110 

121 

95 

89 

54 

46 

23 

23 

16 

14 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

307 

189 

139 

114 

107 

84 

56 

38 

27 

22 

16 

t 

9 

\1918 

580 

145 

114 

103 

118 

100 

91 

65 

40 

18 

22 

17 

17 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

878 

148 

134 

123 

112 

107 

83 

57 

43 

24 

17 

11 

4 

11918 

1,075 

141 

113 

117 

108 

110 

91 

74 

58 

38 

24 

18 

14 

[Girls.. 

.1908 

\1918 

904 

127 

117 

114 

107 

102 

79 

59 

45 

25 

20 

12 

8 

1,018 

142 

113 

114 

110 

114 

102 

83 

67 

32 

25 

17 

14 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

241 

354 

131 

103 

102 

94 

61 

52 

29 

23 

14 

13 

8 

\1918 

470 

185 

107 

94 

94 

90 

79 

43 

39 

20 

14 

11 

6 

(Girls. . 

(1908 

255 

248 

111 

95 

93 

75 

52 

46 

38 

16 

Is 

12 

11 

\1918 

457 

188 

112 

98 

93 

89 

77 

47 

35 

20 

20 

i  12 

10 

fBoys.. 

(1908 

541 

185 

144 

139 

117 

92 

66 

47 

32 

23 

13 

1  11 

6 

\1918 

880 

132 

146 

115 

114 

102 

95 

78 

54 

34 

26 

14 

10 

[Girls. . 

J  1908 

577 

172 

121 

127 

98 

90 

73 

50 

46 

32 

19 

17 

8 

\1918 

860 

153 

113 

116 

99 

90 

73 

66 

49 

42 

36 

;  20 

12 

JBoys.., 

(li908 

182 

145 

110 

113 

125 

103 

98 

81 

50 

68 

30 

14 

19 

\1918 

230 

123 

103 

100 

97 

88 

86 

83 

50 

86 

36 

17 

8 

IGirls. . 

(1908 

170 

143 

106 

114 

113 

116 

109 

79 

66 

1  69 

34 

j  7 

21 

\1918 

223 

125 

120 

105 

101 

96 

89 

74 

49 

90 

55 

28 

8 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

188 

144 

103 

110 

10! 

103 

97 

60 

46 

41 

28 

15 

10 

11918 

229 

178 

115 

121 

127 

95 

92 

73 

56 

52 

31 

'  27 

7 

iGirls. . 

(1908 

202 

124 

94 

104 

99 

85 

83 

71 

54 

45 

29|  15 

15 

11918 

232 

156 

112 

97 

119 

107 

87 

70 

59 

62 

31 

i  23 

12 

JBoys.. 

(1808 

223 

152 

126 

121 

136 

104 

93 

65 

56 

35 

28 

!  19 

14 

11918 

308 

109 

120 

108 

107 

125 

108 

87 

77 

33 

32'  26 

16 

iGirls. . 

(1908 

224 

151 

97 

120 

114 

104 

84 

76 

55 

45 

33)  25 

18 

\1918 

323 

124 

124 

103 

103 

101 

117 

85 

47 

40 

341  23 

16 

JBoys. . 

(1908 

313 

151 

141 

115 

111 

104 

95 

77 

66 

48i  30|  18 

13 

11918 

611 

139 

108 

118 

110 

110 

100 

79 

60 

45 

34 

16 

17 

[Girls. . 

11908 

335 

135 

121 

110 

103 

97 

92 

75 

52 

55 

31 

16 

22 

\1918 

659 

115 

102 

106 

105 

104 

86 

81 

59 

49  35 

16 

23 

fBoys. . 

(1908 

625 

132 

124 

123 

108 

114 

96 

68 

50 

46 

20 

16 

14 

11918 

|  1,060 

112 

122 

111 

124 

98 

86 

87 

65 

43 

30 

39 

31 

[Girls. . 

(1908 

630 

118 

118 

113 

121 

105 

86 

68 

57 

44 

30 

24 

20 

U918 

976 

118 

123 

109 

124 

112 

91 

93 

73 

45 

34 

42 

38 

JBoys..1 

(1908 

309 

132 

128 

123 

121 

125 

98 

78 

59 

48 

25 

13 

7 

\1918 

485 

149 

121 

128 

113 

115 

89 

79 

53 

47 

28 

21 

15 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

11918 

285 

502 

125 

149 

120 

113 

122 

126 

110 

113 

112 

108 

100 

99 

91 

76 

70 

61 

55 

54 

42 

38 

23 

25 

21 

14 

[Boys.. 

(1908 

344 

157 

128 

122 

130  113 

99 

79 

62 

39 

21 

16 

15 

11918 

436 

123 

122  115 

132 1  118 

97 

79 

61 

35 

25 

24 

16 

1  Girls. . 

(1908 

372 

141 

114 

112 

131  116 

100 

66 

52 

36 

22 

18 

19 

11918 

438 

123 

106 

108 

115 

1  122 

107 

80 

72 

49 

43 

29 

27 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

484 

133 

106 

86 

118 

102 

78 

55 

52 

32 

29 

16 

7 

\1918 

585 

144 

109 

100 

111 

107 

104 

81 

76 

61 

38 

25 

19 

[Girls. . 

(1908 

437 

139 

116 

97 

141 

102 

78 

64 

58 

33 

32 

12 

16 

\1918 

620 

129 

102 

92 

112 

111 

104 

79 

67 

62 

36 

22 

21 

JBoys.  .| 

(1908 

7,860 

175 

148 

139 

115 

95 

72 

47 

38 

23 

17 

11 

3 

\1918 

10,943 

148 

124 

125 

117 

105 

92 

65 

46 

32 

17 

11 

7 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

8,134 

159 

136 

135 

115 

93 

76 

51 

39 

19 

13 

9 

6 

\1918 

10, 882 

139 

117 

124 

120 

109 

96 

1  70 

52 

31 

20 

15 

11 

JBoys.' 

(1908 

(609 

120 

133 

114 

124  120 

79 

45 

36 

32 

23 

18 

7 

11918 

878 

137 

92 

97 

110!  119 

117 

1  58 

46 

!  37 

26 

24 

15 

[Girls. . 

(1908 

614 

136 

115 

111 

1221  87 

79!  52 

39 

1  31 

21 

19 

9 

\1918 

889|  112 

100 

96 

1051  102 

1  1151  63 

51 

1  38 

26 

23]  16 

320 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  .EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  53. — Percentage  relation  between  the  largest  age  group  and  the  number  found  in 
each  grade  in  certain  cities  of  25,000  population  and  over ,  1918 — Group  A — Contd. 


Largest 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school 

years. 

Cities. 

Sex. 

Year. 

age 

group. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2  ' 

1  3 

4 

jBoys.. 
[Girls. . 

/1 908 

287 

125 

103 

111 

131 

104 

84 

72 

!  44 

42 

18 

H 

6 

Williamsport,  Pa . ' 

\1918 

/1908 

24)4 

272 

144 

143 

119 

102 

105 

109 

99 

124 

112 

120 

‘S 

124 

77 

78 

63 

61 

46 

50; 

30 

29 

13 

23 

16 

\1918 

311 

120 

109 

111 

104 

106 

101 

95 

71 

i  71 

70 

56 

38 

29 

[Boys.. 

/1908 

335 

128 

117 

122 

110 

115 

93 

!  52 

35 

26 

15 

9 

York,  Pa . 1 

\1918 

426 

134 

100 

101 

113 

114 

104 

80 

I  57 

17 

16 

13 

13 

[Girls. . 

/1908 

331 

126 

112  114 

121 

106 

92 

71 

1  43 

44 

22 

15 

13 

\1918 

418 

141 

100:  99 

120 

112 

102 

77 

64 

26 

23 

14 

14 

. 

[Boys.. 

J1908 

565 

143 

112  96 

102 

102 

103 

90 

68 

48 

26 

18 

15 

Tacoma,  Wash . ! 

\1918 

934 

141 

97 

99 

94 

95 

79 

74 

58 

49 

26 

19 

14 

[Girls.. 

/190S 

501 

142 

107 

96 

105 

108 

104 

91 

75 

54 

39 

29 

19 

\1918 

918 

125 

98 

88 

96 

90 

85 

80 

74 

66 

42 

32 

22 

[Boys.. 

/1908 

156 

143 

115 

130 

107 

105 

92 

81 

55 

56 

46 

46 

26 

Madison,  Wis . 

\1918 

259 

124 

103 

109! 

101 

109 

100 

121 

87 

95 

84 

941 

70 

63 

65 

62 

65 

53 

44 

41 

30 

[Girls. . 

/1908 

169 

99, 

78 

54 

33 

11918 

245 

116 

112 

119 

105 

100 

87 

! 

87 

78 

78 

71 

54 

58 

Table  54. — Percentage  relation  between  the  largest  age  group  and  the  number  found  in 
each  grade  in  certain  cities  having  less  than  25,000  population,  1918 — Group  B. 


Cities. 

Sex. 

Date. 

Largest 

age 

group. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school 

years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2  { 

3 

4 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

180 

122 

101 

115 

98 

111 

99 

89 

68 

40 

25 

11 

15 

Alameda,  Calif. . . 

\1918 

232 

121 

88 

106 

105 

106 

87 

77 

65 

62 

35 

23 

29 

/1908 

179 

108 

93 

108 

112 

99 

100 

114 

76 

67 

44 

18 

18 

[  GrlTlS . . 

\1918 

212 

121 

97 

90 

106 

94 

95 

86 

81 

105 

68 

39 

34 

/1908 

207 

197 

137 

114 

121 

86 

63 

75 

44 

49 

32 

16 

9 

Fresno,  Calif . 

jBoys. . 

\  1918 

438 

196 

114 

96 

100 

121 

85 

79 

58 

75 

34 

26 

16 

1  C  I'rlo 

/1908 

229 

167 

107 

100 

91 

65 

68 

75 

52 

45 

35 

19 

11 

[G1T1S. . 

\1918 

463 

165 

92 

93 

100 

106 

74 

72 

58 

79 

39 

25 

20 

[Boys.. 

/1908 

79 

160 

121 

105 

98 

111 

97 

71 

61 

41 

33 

22 

11 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif . 

\  1918 

102 

no 

87 

113 

96 

108 

no 

87 

73 

74 

42 

45 

25 

1  Girl  o 

/1908 

89 

129 

99 

94 

94 

99 

98 

101 

67 

57 

26 

33 

28 

[G1T1S .  - 

11918 

99 

113 

89 

92 

104 

101 

99 

92 

62 

96 

84 

52 

53 

[Boys. . 

J1908 

142 

117 

149 

122 

139 

115 

92 

58 

43 

49 

25 

14 

Danbury,  Conn . 

\191S 

153 

135 

105 

108 

108 

99 

82 

72 

57 

[  54 

36 

28 

"is 

/1908 

130 

102 

137 

124 

146 

90 

89 

72 

44 

!  61 

43 

18 

l Grins. . 

\1918 

164 

129 

87 

97 

98 

86 

84 

71 

62 

65 

38 

27 

”30 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

113 

148 

134 

100 

113 

106 

77 

62 

70 

24 

16 

12 

7 

Wallingford,  Conn . 

\1918 

/1908 

129 

104 

110 

145 

105 

126 

103i  98 
10l!  100 

85 

100 

76 

98 

60 

52 

47 

117 

47 

38 

27 

31 

17 

16 

15 

20 

l Grins.  - 

\1918 

131 

108 

105 

98 

!  96 

82 

73 

57 

44 

44 

42 

31 

18 

JBoys.. 

/ 1908 

169 

138 

92 

114 

104 

92 

103 

77 

64 

63 

43 

32 

25 

Galesburg,  Ill . 

11918 

215 

77 

69 

86 

86 

93 

99 

S3 

82 

59 

45 

38 

35 

/1908 

170 

127 

104 

108 

91 

100 

93 

91 

68 

77 

64 

78 

32 

[GlTlS .  - 

11918 

229 

84 

75 

67 

81 

91 

95 

79 

91 

76 

66 

55 

46 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

44 

156 

103 

135 

!  122 

104 

95 

61 

47 

44 

22 

17 

28 

Macomb,  Ill . 

\1918 

64 

103 

106 

80 

;  80 

77 

88 

70 

72 

!  58 

38 

20 

25 

/1 908 

46 

131 

118 

89 

118 

83 

99 

69 

59 

,  59 

61 

43 

23 

[  GrlTlS . . 

\1918 

61 

136 

97 

85 

!  72 

79 

98 

67 

84 

62 

57 

38 

23 

(Boys.  -| 

/1 908 

57 

130 

117 

100 

105 

81 

77 

55 

63 

42 

24 

21 

28 

Connersville,  Ind . j 

11918 

89 

113 

94 

98 

109 

111 

80 

73 

34 

51 

39 

35 

22 

1  rWrOo 

/1908 

60 

123 

131 

120 

•  95 

90 

93 

78 

65 

48 

61 

30 

20 

[  GrlTlS  -  - 

11918 

83 

92 

114 

102 

72 

87 

96 

86 

70 

66 

45 

41 

47 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

104 

180 

109 

107 

122 

57 

45 

40 

28 

28 

8 

5 

2 

East  Chicago,  Ind . 

11918 

258 

111 

107 

106 

92 

87; 

71 

55 

39 

22 

11 

9 

6 

/ 1908 

97 

59 

79 

95 

123 

65 

68 

45 

21 

20 

10 

4 

4 

[GrlTlS  -  - 

11918 

242 

129 

104 

102 

98 

100 

62 

57 

37 

19 

8 

10 

10 

[Boys.. 

J1908 

99 

107 

137 

107 

125 

82 

86 

63 

75 

58 

27 

23 

26 

Frankfort,  Ind . 

11918 

109 

103 

117 

96 

103 

88 

102 

59 

63 

72! 

39 

28 

31 

/1908 

105 

102 

96 

77 

95 

82 

100 

82 

68 

52 

34 

13 

28 

[Girls. . 

11918 

107 

110 

87 

103 

95 

90 

103 

88 

72 

74 

64 

37 

22 

JBoys.. 

/1908 

74 

137 

114 

172 

53 

98 

75 

69 

44 

104 

49 

31 

25 

Goshen,  Ind . 

\1918 

92 

78 

92 

no 

63 

85 

60 

87 

51 

98 

37 

20 

22 

1  /"i  • 

/1908 

84 

101 

83 

89 

75 

70 

84 

64 

71 

80 

43 

22 

27 

[  Girls . . 

\1918 

84 

111 

79 

113 

95 

86 

90 

79 

45 

113 

48 

24 

20 

[Boys.. 

/1908 

130 

171 

117 

115 

101 

107 

.86; 

69 

47 

51 

34 

26 

13 

Kokomo,  Ind . 

\1918 

317 

169 

74 

90 

79 

85 

73 

62 

43 

39 

22 

14 

16 

/1908 

163 

140 

111 

93 

100 

92 

82' 

62 

46 

38 

31 

25 

21 

[Girls. . 

11918 

272 

144 

92 

107 

111 

93 

81 

1  75 

44 

61 

38 

27 

25 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


321 


Table  5 4.— Percentage  relation  between  the  largest  age  group  and  the  number  found  in 
each  grade  in  certain  cities  having  less  than  25,000  population ,  1918 — Group  B — Con. 


Cities. 

Sex. 

Date. 

Largest 

age 

group. 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school 

years. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

1 

/1908 

92 

69 

140 

84 

124 

116 

79 

68 

53 

40 

35 

24 

29 

Wabash,  Ind . 

\1918 

114 

89 

93 

69 

110 

67 

72 

51 

49 

42 

26 

18 

8 

(1908 

89 

78 

80 

120 

95 

95 

107 

88 

75, 

51 

43 

47 

44 

\1918 

115 

116 

n 

93 

68 

66 

104 

67 

70 

34 

28 

23 

35 

(1908 

102 

179 

114 

116 

101 

77 

91 

66 

75 

37 

21 

13 

18 

Keokuk,  Iowa . 

1  Girls.. 

\1918 
/ 1908 

125 

95 

163 

154 

132 

109 

106 

111 

114 

101 

102 

103 

74 

117 

82 

69 

39 

98 

66 

35 

44 

34 

29 

30 

24 

31 

\1918 

132 

119 

120 

124 

89 

90 

71 

73 

71 

52 

24 

30 

36 

/1908 

102 

155 

129 

136 

108 

108 

82 

48 

£7 

31 

25 

18 

18 

Marshalltown,  Iowa . 

11918 

151 

160 

111 

111 

119 

97 

104 

52 

58 

46 

21 

27 

16 

fl908 

109 

151 

118 

143 

120 

110 

100 

68 

67 

53 

37 

27 

25 

11918 

146 

121 

105 

119 

101 

115 

88 

73 

75 

66 

50 

35 

41 

/ 1908 

230 

209 

108; 

97 

81 

83 

81 

62 

41 

25 

22 

11 

6 

Ottumwa,  Iowa . 

\1918 

248 

122 

127 

104 

107 

101 

108 

98 

67 

75 

25 

17 

7 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

219 

;  193 

105 

115 

83 

93 

113 

73 

58 

31 

35 

17 

15 

11918 

262 

103 

104 

92 

114 

91 

88 

112 

69 

97 

29 

26 

21 

(Tin  ~ 

(1908 

83 

133 

121 

107 

84 

103 

86 

67 

66 

32 

44 

16 

26 

Dedham,  Mass . 

11918 

132 

111 

102 

98 

80 

79 

86 

64 

101 

66 

52 

27 

17 

(1908 

104 

99 

101 

57 

83 

71 

80 

68 

66 

34 

45 

24 

24 

11918 

138 

123 

106 

84 

80 

91 

97 

76 

99 

65 

42 

21 

25 

/T> _ 

(1908 

93 

155 

124 

125 

107 

95 

83 

68 

47 

49 

39 

32 

24 

Gardner,  Mass . 

11918 

145 

148 

99 

92 

113 

89 

75 

55 

39 

46 

43 

23 

17 

(1908 

90 

140 

130 

107 

94 

106 

91 

88 

57 

46 

41 

43 

35 

11918 

148 

122 

105 

97 

97 

82 

66 

59 

43 

55 

50 

47 

31 

(1908 

197 

132 

97 

103 

99 

110 

110 

83 

80 

53 

27 

20 

16 

Medford,  Mass . 

\1918 

349 

129 

90 

99 

100 

95 

85 

68 

61 

88 

38 

25 

31 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

205 

120 

94 

93 

■94 

114 

100 

81 

80 

54 

23 

24 

20 

11918 

336 

113 

93 

88 

98 

103 

91 

81 

65 

91 

53 

40 

40 

(1908 

115 

119 

77 

89 

104 

105 

so 

93 

67 

48 

43 

35 

20 

Wakefield,  Mass . 

11918 

147 

131 

98 

80 

82 

80 

69 

57 

65 

61 

41 

37 

17 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

118 

105 

98 

83 

84 

97 

76 

99 

61 

62 

32 

38 

38 

11918 

134 

130 

102 

94 

89 

95 

81 

73 

78 

67 

59 

55 

43 

TJ 

(1908 

90 

116 

161 

78 

113 

89 

93 

89 

64 

35 

36 

30 

12 

Winchester,  Mass . 

1  J  -  • 

11918 

95 

103 

86 

88 

84 

89 

108 

71 

78 

62 

42 

34 

15 

1  Girls.. 

(1908 

104 

93 

98 

99 

78 

90 

79 

70 

60 

43 

31 

30 

19 

11918 

99 

81 

85 

72 

93 

84 

88 

80 

47 

82 

64 

55 

29 

(1908 

84 

136 

109 

120 

96 

116 

115 

77 

69 

52 

38 

14 

10 

Winthrop,  Mass . 

1  y 

11918 

131 

99 

82 

107 

87 

98 

97 

76 

73 

66 

59 

44 

33 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

85 

113 

103 

97 

98 

100 

68 

107 

68 

52 

37 

19 

19 

11918 

137 

100 

80 

90 

78 

82 

83 

89 

85 

69 

58 

60 

57 

1  TloVS 

(1908 

67 

214 

118 

116 

91 

95 

69 

48 

36 

35 

15 

14 

2 

Cheboygan,  Mich . 

1  ^ 

11918 

61 

184 

128 

110 

89 

7  2 

125 

56 

46 

59 

39 

26 

10 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

66 

179 

103 

100 

95 

77 

87 

61 

55 

54 

34 

21 

17 

11918 

58 

172 

107 

100 

79 

83 

122 

97 

66 

74 

60 

47 

36 

(1908 

124 

88 

120 

97 

122 

109 

84 

84 

47 

39 

26 

12 

6 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich . 

I  ^ 

11918 

175 

80 

70 

134 

81 

65 

63 

53 

30 

34 

17 

15 

10 

|  Girls.. 

(1908 

113 

103 

109 

111 

119 

96 

103 

80 

58 

46 

19 

17 

9 

\1918 

163 

58 

73 

134 

79 

74 

75 

66 

44 

52 

39 

26 

17 

(Bovs 

(1908 

111 

197 

94 

90 

110 

88 

79 

68 

42 

54 

22 

15 

10 

Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich _ _ _ 

i  y  -• 

11918 

130 

122 

107 

92 

87 

84 

83 

76 

65 

64 

48 

36 

22 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

129 

158 

87 

86 

82 

86 

59 

54 

35 

31 

29 

17 

10 

11918 

137 

92 

101 

88 

93 

104 

95 

89 

85 

77 

68 

40 

27 

(1908 

128 

157 

100 

128 

107 

102 

83 

71 

52 

27 

36 

18 

13 

Great  Falls,  Mont . 

i  -L>  uy  b . . 

11918 

245 

145 

107 

104 

105 

109 

96 

77 

61 

63 

30 

21 

13 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

131 

112 

118 

112 

96 

93 

79 

76 

68 

59 

32 

24 

25 

11918 

265 

121 

106 

87 

93 

99 

84 

83 

56 

76 

23 

37 

15 

(1908 

100 

167 

163 

114 

127 

95 

70 

72 

48 

36 

25 

22 

12 

Bridgeton,  N.  J . 

1  LUj  b.  . 

\1918 

143 

154 

115 

119 

99 

102 

80 

90 

62 

64 

37 

29 

18 

1  OitIq 

(1908 

101 

155 

115 

119 

106 

99 

97 

78 

67 

39 

34 

35 

22 

\1918 

147 

126 

110 

117 

89 

97 

92 

95 

78 

69 

45 

44 

48 

(1908 

158 

191 

105 

108 

107 

97 

77 

66 

42 

22 

15 

7 

7 

Kearny,  N.  J . 

D9jo-  - 

\1918 

230 

150 

115 

109 

99 

113 

75 

62 

39 

64 

25 

13 

8 

1  rrl'rl4! 

(1908 

146 

204 

108 

114 

109 

94 

88 

79 

31 

32 

21 

13 

11 

\1918 

213 

151 

108 

110 

98 

130 

90 

77 

53 

70 

35 

27 

9 

(1908 

137 

132 

109 

139 

97 

109 

113 

64 

42 

49 

26 

21 

18 

Plainfield,  N.  J. . 

|  jL5oys. . 

\1918 

229 

156 

102 

118 

113 

98 

88 

52 

55 

58 

38 

30 

18 

1  1 

(1908 

138 

138 

116 

123 

108 

96 

98 

73 

50 

53 

43 

23 

11 

ivjririb-  -  j 

\191S 

242 

140 

109 

107 

119 

87 

81 

54 

47 

58 

50 

26 

35 

Vineland,  N.  J . 

(Boys. . 

(1908 

\1918 

101 

192 

154 

240 

126 

105 

117 

89 

98 

111 

109 

101 

58 

70 

39 

51 

35 

36 

29 

29 

15 

20 

8 

11 

9 

13 

1  nirlc 

(1908 

89 

150 

115 

120 

93 

94 

65 

63 

50 

50 

23 

23 

10 

\1918 

195 

216 

110 

82 

111 

98 

76 

59 

41 

34 

20 

12 

15 

(1908 

92 

184 

116 

131 

123 

81 

48 

35 

19 

17 

21 

7 

6 

West  Orange,  N.  J . . 

I  jDoys.  - 

\1918 

135 

147 

108 

107 

124 

116 

112 

83 

37 

34 

20 

17 

13 

1  Oirld 

(1908 

85 

177 

121 

102 

102 

78 

73 

49 

31 

25 

11 

13 

8 

(CjII  lb .  . 

\1918 

156 

135 

113 

96 

95 

86 

108 

85 

32 

35 

20 

14 

12 

(  "D  ATTQ 

(1908 

250 

176 

164 

109 

102 

62 

55 

57 

36 

31 

14 

13 

5 

New  Rochelle,  N.  Y . 

I  -Duyb.  - 

\1918 

352 

147 

111 

110 

89 

90 

87 

48 

53 

52 

34 

32 

9 

1  Girl? 

(1908 

192 

179 

178 

136 

117 

75 

65 

71 

49 

31 

18 

9 

9 

(CJliiO.  .  • 

\1918 

324 

135 

103 

108 

109 

92 

86 

54 

61 

51 

40 

30 

16 

59873°— 21 - 21 


322 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  54.— Percentage  relation  between  the  largest  age  group  and  the  number  found  in 
each  grade  in  certain  cities  having  less  than  25,000  population,  1918 — Group  B — Con. 


Cities. 

White  Plains,  N.  Y. 
McAlester,  Okla. . . . 

Clearfield,  Pa . 

Donora,  Pa . 

Homestead,  Pa- _ 

Beloit,  Wis. . 


Largest 

Elementary  school  grades. 

High-school 

years. 

Sex. 

Date. 

age 

group. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

JBoys. . 

(1908 

120 

89 

94 

102 

101 

79 

71 

47 

37 

39 

24 

18 

9 

\1918 

206 

110 

124 

87 

83 

89 

66 

63 

42 

57 

33 

23 

17 

[Girls . . 

(1908 

103 

84 

107 

114 

119 

99 

92 

99 

57 

67 

•  47 

19 

16 

\1918 

181 

96 

107 

106 

114 

90 

59 

70 

51 

67 

33 

28 

25 

JBoys.  - 

(1908 

63 

221 

151 

161 

121 

74 

89 

35 

44 

13 

7 

6 

\1918 

109 

184 

91 

104 

108 

89 

91 

99 

"69 

67 

38 

22 

15 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

61 

205 

128 

148 

101 

81 

96 

64 

58 

35 

32 

19 

11918 

116 

172 

97 

100 

109 

86 

87  90 

"68 

70 

44 

25 

15 

JBoys. . 

(1908 

66 

123 

158 

109 

105 

144 

94 

49 

47 

44 

28 

15 

7 

11918 

107 

111 

104 

87 

84 

83 

72 

!  54 

67 

64 

37 

26 

16 

[Girls. . 

(1908 

73 

100 

1211  84 

91 

141 

71 

j  45 

44 

49 

34 

12 

15 

11918 

107 

117 

107 

83 

84 

85 

77 

1  78 

67 

93 

50 

52 

35 

JBoys. . 

(1908 

70 

198 

114 

98 

119 

80 

67  23 

13 

11 

7 

3 

\1918 

132 

156 

114 

101 

117 

115 

105!  74 

61 

27 

17 

21 

"l'7 

[Girls-. 

(1908 

81 

187 

93 

87 

66 

72 

40 

35 

14 

20 

13 

9 

11918 

135 

136 

96 

115 

125 

117; 

83 

73 

62 

26 

15 

33 

"i3 

JBoys. . 

(1908 

112 

144 

144 

119 

94 

83 

83 

49 

34 

32 

25 

14 

8 

\1918 

172 

151 

142 

no 

131 

98 

76 

57 

31 

67 

37 

13 

10 

[Girls.. 

(1908 

121 

175 

110 

104 

76 

54 

57 

40 

31 

49 

18 

12 

18 

\1918 

172 

140 

113 

109 

114 

109 

83 

89 

42 

64 

28 

25 

10 

JBoys.. 

(1908 

127 

148 

104 

115 

114 

109 

111 

!  81 

66 

51 

18 

23 

14 

(1918 

191 

125 

107 

109 

103 

108 

1  91 

73 

72 

80 

47 

29 

24 

[Girls.  .j 

/1 908 

126 

147 

111  129 

102 

104 

96 

79 

60 

84 

33 

40 

32 

\1918 

202 

101 

79 

93 

94 

98 

j  «<  «. 

i  77 

68 

54 

40 

44 

Table  55. — Distribution  of  cities  according  to  value  of  school  properties  per  pupil  enrolled, 

1917-18. 


Average  value  of  school 
properties. 

Group  I. 

Group 

II. 

Group 

III. 

Group 

IV. 

Group 
\  • 

Total. 

Per  cent 
of  all 
cities  re¬ 
porting. 

1 

o 

“ 

3 

4 

5 

6 

• 

8 

$0-819 . 

3 

3 

0.  2 

20-39 . 

2 

4 

16 

22 

1.4 

40-59 . . 

2 

2 

9 

28 

39 

80 

5.3 

60-79 . 

1 

7 

19 

48 

64 

139 

9.2 

80-99 . . 

3 

3 

23 

57 

80 

171 

11.3 

100-119 . . 

2 

18 

54 

58 

80 

212 

14.0 

120-139 . 

8 

14 

53 

76 

54 

205 

13.5 

140-159 . . 

8 

34 

46 

55 

43 

186 

12.3 

160-179 . . 

8 

16 

43 

36 

35 

138 

9.1 

180-199 . . 

10 

15 

37 

30 

25 

117 

7.7 

200-219 . . 

6 

13 

13 

16 

14 

62 

4.1 

220-239 . 

2 

6 

15 

24 

16 

63 

4.1 

240-259 . 

6 

6 

10 

8 

30 

2.0 

260-279 . 

4 

7 

12 

23 

1.5 

280-299  . 

i . 

1 

7 

5 

13 

.8 

300-319 . 

3 

9 

1  5 

17 

1.1 

320-339 . . 

3 

3 

3 

9 

.6 

340-359  . . . 

2 

3 

1 

6 

.4 

360-379  . 

1 

1 

.1 

380-399 

1 

1 

.  1 

400-419 .  . 

2 

1 

3 

6 

.6 

420-439 . 

1 

1 

2 

.1 

440-459 

2 

2 

.1 

460-479 . 

2 

2 

.1 

480-499 

2 

2 

.  1 

500-519  .  ... 

2 

2 

.  1 

520-539 . 

1 

1 

.  1 

1 

Total. . 

50 

135 

341 

474 

515 

1,515  ! 

100.0 

Lowest  value- 

$49 

$43 

$32 

$21 

$11 

$11 

First  qna.r1.ile_ . 

124 

127 

109 

94 

81 

96 

Median.  . 

162 

155 

144 

131 

114 

133 

Third  quartile-  . 

191 

188 

180 

177 

164 

178 

Hi  phest  value . 

g  . 

1  239 

297 

499 

424 

520 

520 

1 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


328 


Fig.  32.— Distribution  of  1,515  cities  according  to  the  value  of  school  property  per  pupil  enrolled,  1917-18. 


PER  CAPITA  VALUE  OF  SCHOOL  PROPERTY. 

Altogether,  1,515  cities  reported  the  total  value  of  school  property 
and  the  total  number  of  students  enrolled.  From  these  reports  the 
average  value  of  school  property  for  each  pupil  enrolled  has  been 
computed.  These  averages  have  been  classified  in  Table  55  according 
to  the  size  of  cities.  The  combined  summary  of  the  distribution  has 
been  shown  in  figure  32,  the  percentage  frequencies  of  cities  being 
used  as  ordinates  and  the  value  of  property  per  pupil  as  abscissas. 
The  highest  ordinate  represents  an  average  value  of  property  varying 
from  $100  to  $119.  The  next  longest  bar  stands  for  the  group  $120 
to  $139.  It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  over  27  per  cent  of  these  cities 
have  from  $100  to  $139  invested  in  school  property  for  each  pupil 
enrolled.  A  few  cities  have  an  average  investment* exceeding  $300. 
On  the  other  hand,  a  few  cities  have  very  low  investments,  even  less 
than  $60  per  pupil. 


324  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

The  middle  half  of  cities  of  Group  I  have  investments  ranging  from 
$124  to  $191,  those  of  Group  II  from  $127  to  $188,  those  of'Group 
III  from  $109  to  $180,  those  of  Group  IV  from  $94  to  $177,  and  those 
of  Group  V  from  $81  to  $164,  and  the  middle  half  of  all  cities  com¬ 
bined  from  $96  to  $178.  The  corresponding  medians  for  these 
respective  groups  of  cities  are  162,  155,  144,  131,  114,  and  133,  It 
is  seen,  therefore,  that  the  larger  cities  generally  have  higher  average 
investments  per  pupil  than  do  the  smaller  ones.  In  the  report  on 
State  school  systems  the  average  value  of  school  property  for  both 
urban  and  rural  schools  was  found  to  be  only  $95  per  pupil  enrolled. 
The  medial  value  of  city  school  property  per  pupil  exceeds,  therefore, 
the  average  for  the  United  States  by  $38.  The  corresponding  average 
value  for  city  school  systems  is  $147,  or  $52  more  than  the  correspond¬ 
ing  average  for  State  school  systems. 

THE  CITY  SCHOOL  DEBT. 

The  amount  of  school  bonds  outstanding  in  1,263  city  school  sys¬ 
tems  in  1918  was  $620,133,300.  In  addition  other  forms  of  debt 
amounted  to  $126,908,200,  making  a  total  minimum  school  indebted¬ 
ness  of  $747,041,500.  This  enormous  debt  is  almost  sufficient  in 
amount  to  pay  for  maintaining  the  entire  public  school  system  of  the 
United  States  for  one  year  ($763,678,089  so  spent  in  1918)  and  more 
than  twice  the  amount  necessary  for  meeting  for  one  year  the  total 
current  expenses  of  city  schools  ($334,018,175  spent  in  1918).  If 
city  schools  should  close  for  two  years,  and  if  the  revenue  could  be 
used  in  the  amortization  of  school  bonds  and  other  debts,  including 
accruing  interest,  they  could  reopen  in  the  fall  of  1920  free  from  all 
incumbrances.  This  vast  city  school  debt  is  more  than  the  corre¬ 
sponding  indebtedness  reported  by  the  various  State  officers  of  educa¬ 
tion  in  1918  (viz,  $469,089,795)  for  both  urban  and  rural  schools 
combined.  This  great  discrepancy  means  that  all  the  various  State 
officers  have  not  succeeded  in  getting  complete  returns  on  the  existing 
school  debt.  This  city  school  debt  amounts  almost  to  $87  per  pupil 
enrolled  in  school  during  the  year. 

To  meet  the  interest  on  this  debt  the  city  school  systems  must  raise 
annually  $14,635,004  (see Table  82),  which  seems  altogether  too  small, 
since  this  amount  is  less  than  2  per  cent  interest  on  the  indebtedness. 
To  redeem  the  school  bonds  as  they  become  due  there  is  now  in  the 
city  school  sinking  funds  only  $85,443,100,  or  11.4  per  cent  of  the 
amount  necessary  to  liquidate  the  debt.  In  1918,  $6,469,384  was 
raised  by  taxation  to  redeem  accruing  bonds,  most  of  which  were 
presumably  serial  bonds.  An  additional  amount  of  $4,938,662  was 
raised  by  taxation  and  transferred  to  the  sinldng  funds  to  provide  for 
the  amortization  of  other  bonds  as  they  mature.  Almost  an  equal 
amount,  $4,469,236,  was  drawn  from  existing  sinking  funds  to  pay 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  325 

off  bonds  maturing  in  1918.  An  additional  amount  of  $5,894,067 
was  raised  by  city  school  systems  to  redeem  short  term  loans  usually 
negotiated  during  the  preceding  school  year. 

The  total  amount  raised  by  city  school  systems  for  reducing  the 
principal  of  the  school  debt  during  the  year  was  $17,102,113.  At 
this  rate  of  reduction  it  would  take  cities  over  43  years  to  liquidate 
existing  school  indebtedness,  let  alone  the  new  school  bonds  issued 
annually.  In  Table  75  it  is  found  that  the  total  amount  of  new  city 
school  bonds  and  loans  negotiated  during  the  year  1917-18  was 
$38,076,320.  This  sum  is  more  than  double  the  amount  of  the  old 
school  debts  paid  off  during  the  same  time.  In  other  words,  city 
school  systems  are  going  into  debt  more  than  twice  as  rapidly  as  they 
are  getting  out. 


Fig.  33.— Where  the  city  school  dollar  comes  from,  1917-18. 

WHERE  THE  CITY  SCHOOL  DOLLAR  COMES  FROM. 


In  figure  33  it  is  shown  that  68  per  cent  of  all  school  revenue,  ex¬ 
cluding  nonrevenue  receipts,  comes  from  city  school  taxes,  11.8 
per  cent  from  the  State,  11.3  per  cent  from  the  general  city  treasury,. 
4.2  per  cent  from  the  county,  and  4.7  per  cent  from  miscellaneous 
sources.  In  some  cases  nearly  all  city  school  revenue  is  appropriated 
out  of  the  general  city  treasury.  Whether  such  money  comes  from 
the  treasury  or  from  special  school  taxes,  the  burden  of  support  rests 
on  the  the  city  taxpayer.  Combining  these  two  percentages,  it  is 
found  that  79.8  per  cent  of  the  city  school  revenue  comes  from  the 
city  itself.  An  additional  4.2  per  cent  comes  from  the  county,  but 
ordinarily  the  city  pays  into  the  county  treasury  more  than  it  gets 
back.  Likewise,  the  city  generally  contributes  in  State  taxes  more 
than  is  returned  to  it  in  the  nature  of  an  appropriation  or  allotment. 
It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  the  city  taxpayer  practically  supports  his 
own  school  system,  although  the  revenue  may  come  through  several 
channels. 

The  total  city  school  revenue  receipts  aggregate  $382,542,269,  or 
almost  52  per  cent  of  the  total  revenue  receipts  ($736,876,442)  for 


326 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


State  school  systems.  Over  half  the  money  raised  for  public  educa¬ 
tion  goes  into  the  city  school  treasury.  This  is  significant  in  view 
of  the  fact  that  all  city  schools  register  only  8,587,593  children  out  of 
the  20,853,516  children  enrolled  in  public  schools  throughout  the 
entire  country,  or  a  little  over  41  per  cent  of  the  total  number. 
Thus  52  per  cent  of  the  school  revenue  of  the  Nation  is  used  for  41 
per  cent  of  the  children. 

In  addition  to  the  revenue  receipts,  $38,076,320  was  received  from 
the  sale  of  school  bonds  and  the  negotiation  of  temporary  loans  and 
$1,149,390  from  the  sale  of  school  property.  The  revenue  and  the 
nonrevenue  receipts  combined  amount  to  $421,767,979. 


Table  56. — Distribution  of  cities  according  to  the  tax  rate  for  all  school  purposes  on  the 
estimated  true  property  value ,  1917-18. 


Tax  rate  (mills). 

Cities  of 
Group  I. 

Cities  of 
Group  II. 

Cities  of 
Group  III. 

Cities  of 
Group  IV. 

Cities  of 
Group  V. 

Total. 

Per  cent 
of  allcities 
reporting. 

* 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

0-  0.99 . 

4 

1 

5 

0.  4 

1.00-  1.99 . 

5 

6 

5 

9 

25 

1  9 

2.00-  2.99 . 

6 

6 

21 

25 

34 

92 

6.9 

3.00-  3.99 . 

13 

14 

33 

47 

36 

143 

10.8 

4.00-  4.99 . 

12 

22 

55 

59 

39 

187 

14.1 

5.00-  5.99 . 

14 

23 

60 

62 

47 

206 

15.5 

6.00-0.99 . 

1 

25 

43 

63 

56 

188 

14.1 

7.00-  7.99. . 

3 

21 

34 

52 

31 

141 

10.6 

8.00-  8.99 . 

1 

15 

27 

37 

35 

115. 

8.7 

9.00-  9.99 . 

1 

4 

17 

44 

28 

94 

7.  I 

10.00-10.99 . 

3 

10 

21 

12 

46 

3.5 

11.00-11.99. 

1 

8 

5 

12 

26 

2.  0 

12.00  12.99. 

2 

4 

13 

19 

1.4 

13.00-13.99. 

3 

4 

8 

15  j 

LI 

14  00-14  99  . 

1 

2 

3 

.  2 

15  00  15.99 

2 

2 

3 

7 

16.00-16.99. 

1 

1 

2 

4 

.3 

17.00-17.99. 

2 

i  .... 

2 

.  1 

18.00  18.99. 

1 

1 

i::::. 

2 

.1 

19.00-19.99. 

2 

2 

.  1 

20.00-20.99. 

2 

2 

4 

.3 

23.00-23.99. 

1 

1 

2 

.  1 

24.00-24.99. 

1 

1 

.  l 

27.00-27.99. 

1 

|  . 

1 

.  1 

Total . . . 

51 

140 

327 

442 

370 

1,330 

!  1 

100.0 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


327 


Fig.  34— Tax  rate  in  mills  on  the  dollar  in  1,330  city  school  systems  as  computed  on  the  estimated  true 
value  of  all  taxable  property,  1917-18. 


CITY  SCHOOL  TAX  RATES. 


An  attempt  has  been  made  in  this  chapter  to  ascertain  on  a  com¬ 
parable  basis  a  grouping  of  tax  rates  which  will  characterize  city 
school  practices  in  raising  school  revenue.  The  business  agent  for 
each  city  was  asked  to  give  the  tax  rate  authorized  by  the  hoard  of 
education  for  raising  the  necessary  money  to  meet  the  current  ex¬ 
penses  of  maintaining  the  schools.  They  were  also  asked  to  give  the 
additional  rate  necessary  to  provide  sinking  funds,  to  meet  maturing 
school  bonds,  and  to  construct  new  buildings.  Comparatively  a 
small  proportion  of  cities  could  separate  the  total  school  tax  rate 
into  these  two  parts.  Consequently,  the  studies  of  tax  rates  made 
in  this  report  are  based  upon  the  total  tax  rates  reported. 


328 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Business  agents  were  also  asked  to  report  the  assessed  valuation 
of  property  taxable  for  school  purposes  and  the  per  cent  that  the 
assessed  valuation  was  of  the  estimated  true  property  value.  The 
estimates,  therefore,  appearing  in  the  detailed  table  were  usually 
supplied  by  the  business  agent  or  the  secretary  of  the  board.  From 
these  facts  the  tax  rate  on  the  estimated  true  property  value  has 
been  computed  for  1,330  cities  reporting  the  necessary  data.  In 
Table  56  these  cities  have  been  distributed  by  groups  according  to 
the  computed  tax  rate.  The  percentage  distribution  for  all  cities 
combined  has  been  pictured  graphically  in  figure  34.  The  highest 
frequency  is  found  to  be  among  cities  having  a  tax  rate  varying 
from  5  to  6  mills  on  the  dollar.  Almost  as  many  cities  have  from  4 
to  5  mills  and  from  6  to  7  mills.  Unusually  high  rates  prevail  in 
some  cities,  134  cities,  or  about  one-tenth  of  them,  having  a  rate 
exceeding  10  mills.  Only  25  cities  have  a  rate  above  15  mills. 

In  Table  82  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  localize  by  States  the 
high  and  low  tax  rates  in  cities.  These  State  rates  have  been  com¬ 
puted  in  the  following  manner:  First  secure  for  each  city  and  for  all 
the  cities  in  the  State  the  amount  of  money  raised  by  taxation  on  the 
assessed  value  of  property.  Next  ascertain  for  each  city  and  for  all 
the  cities  in  a  State  the  aggregate  estimated  true  property  value. 
The  State  tax  rate  is  then  secured  by  dividing  the  total  amount 
raised  by  taxation  by  the  estimated  true  property  value.  From  these 
tables  it  is  possible  to  tell  which  States  have  relatively  low  or  high 
tax  rates  for  the  support  of  city  schools.  The  average  tax  rate  thus 
computed  on  the  estimated  true  value  of  taxable  property  is  found 
to  be  5.09  mills  on  the  dollar.  In  general  it  is  found  that  the  ratio  of 
the  assessed  property  valuation  to  the  true  property  value  is  75 
per  cent.  These  figures  are  based  on  the  reports  submitted  by  1,330 
city  school  systems.  The  total  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  these 
cities  is  $44,195,356,000,  while  the  estimated  true  property  value  is 
$59,081,348,000.  The  school  revenue  derived  from  taxation  on 
this  property  is  $300,997,090. 

WHERE  THE  CITY  SCHOOL  DOLLAR  GOES. 

The  expenditures  for  city  schools  shown  in  Table  1  have  been  used 
in  computing  the  proportion  of  a  dollar  going  for  each  function  of 
expense.  These  percentages  are  exhibited  in  figure  35  and  are 
not  essentially  different  from  those  shown  for  State  school  systems 
(figure  29)  in  another  chapter  of  this  report.  In  city  school  systems 
63.3  per  cent  of  all  expenditures  goes  for  instruction  purposes. 
Omitting  “outlays, ”  or  the  amount  spent  for  new  buildings,  grounds, 
and  new  equipment,  it  is  found  that  75  per  cent  of  the  current  ex¬ 
penses  of  the  average  city  school  system  goes  for  instruction  purposes. 
These  larger  divisions,  general  control,  instruction,  and  miscellaneous 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  19T7-1918.  329 


*1.00  - - To  fa /- 


Instruction.  S3. 3 


TOR: 

Business .  - 
Educational. 
Supervisors . 

Principals. 


Teachers . 


FOR:  ^ 

Genera!  control ,  3 .  £ 


Miscellaneous 
purposes . 


Outlays . 


is. 6  Out/ays. 


*  1.00 


Text-books  and 
supplies . 

Night  school . 

Janitors' salaries . 


Tael,  water  Ught^ 
etc . 

Maintenance . 
Auxiliary  agencies. 
T/xed  charges . 


1 7.2 


15.6 


Fig.  35.— Where  the  city  school  dollar  goes,  1917-18. 


330 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


expenses  shown  on  the  left-hand  side  of  figure  35  are  “ broken  up”  to 
show  the  corresponding  subdivisions  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  dia¬ 
gram.  It  is  seen  that  52.1  per  cent  of  the  toal  cost  goes  for  teachers’ 
salaries.  Omitting  “  outlays,”  it  is  found  that  almost  62  per  cent  of 
the  total  current  expenses  goes  for  the  salaries  of  teachers.  In  a  similar 
manner  the  other  percentages  can  be  translated  into  current-expense 
proportions  by  dividing  each  of  them  by  84.4  ($1  —  $0.156) .  This  dia¬ 
gram  is  different  from  the  corresponding  one  appearing  in  the  State 
report,  since  it  does  not  include  the  amount  paid  out  as  interest  on 
indebtedness.  The  inclusion  of  this  item  would  reduce  proportionally 
all  other  items  represented. 

A  detailed  distribution  of  expenditures  for  each  group  of  cities 
is  shown  in  Table  1.  In  the  first  four  groups  of  cities  the  costs  of 
instruction  have  been  distributed  according  to  the  type  of  school  in 
which  the  expenditures  were  incurred  and  also  in  accordance  with 
the  purpose  for  which  the  expense  was  incurred. 

The  total  cost  of  maintaining  the  public  schools  of  the  United 
States  is  $763,678,089,  while  that  of  city  schools  is  $410,142,715. 
From  the  national  school  dollar  the  cities  get  53.7  cents  and  the  rural 
districts  46.3  cents.  It  is  found,  therefore,  that  53.7  per  cent  of  our 
school  expenditures  are  incurred  for  the  benefit  of  41.2  per  cent 
of  the  children. 


PER  CAPITA  COSTS  (ALL  CITIES). 

The  average  cost  per  pupil  enrolled  in  city  schools  for  current 
expenses  and  outlays  is  $46.06.  This  average  does  not  include 
interest  on  indebtedness,  which  is  properly  chargeable  to  current 
school  costs.  Including  the  amount  paid  out  for  this  purpose  the 
corresponding  per  capita  is  increased  to  $47.76.  Excluding  outlays, 
but  including  current  expenses  and  interest,  the  per  capita  cost 
based  on  enrollment,  becomes  only  $40.60.  The  three  corresponding 
average  costs  when  computed  for  each  pupil  in  average  daily  attend¬ 
ance  increases  to  $58.51,  $60.67,  and  $51.58,  respectively. 

A  series  of  per  capita  costs  based  on  current  expenses,  excluding 
interest  on  indebtedness,  has  been  computed  for  each  group  of  cities 
and  for  all  groups  combined  both  for  1916  and  1918  and  for  each 
State  in  Table  102.  In  the  cities  of  the  first  group  these  average 
costs  from  1916  to  1918  increased  $5.25;  in  the  second  group,  $6.42; 
in  the  third  group,  $7.13;  and  in  the  fourth  group,  $6.61.  The  cost 
in  the  cities  of  Group  I  increased  5  per  cent;  Group  II,  7.5  per  cent; 
Group  III,  9.5  per  cent;  and  Group  IV,  9.8  per  cent  per  year  for  the 
biennium.  From  these  biennial  increments  it  is  evident  that  the 
increased  cost  of  education  in  city  schools  has  been  most  pronounced 
within  the  smaller  cities.  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  per 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  331 

capita  cost  in  1916  in  the  cities  of  Group  I  was  $51.28  ;  in  Group  II, 
$41.46;  in  Group  III,  $37.68;  and  in  Group  IV,  $33.90.  These  figures 
show  that  higher  per  capita  costs  prevailed  in  the  larger  cities  than  in 
the  smaller  cities  two  years  ago.  For  these  four  groups  in  1918  the  aver¬ 
ages  show  similar  conditions,  $56.53,  $47.88,  $44.81,  and  $40.51  for 
Groups  I,  II,  III,  and  IV,  respectively.  In  Group  V,  however,  in 
1918  the  corresponding  per  capita  is  slightly  higher  ($41.57)  than  in 
the  next  preceding  group  of  larger  cities. 

EVENING  SCHOOLS. 

In  1918,  only  518  cities  having  a  population  of  2,500  and  over, 
maintained  night  schools.  In  these  schools  16,579  teachers  (7,721 
men  and  8,858  women)  were  employed.  It  is  seen  from  these  figures 
that  the  number  of  men  teaching  in  night  schools  is  about  equal  to 
the  number  of  women.  Altogether,  7,133  teachers  were  employed 
in  elementary  night  schools;  6,220  teachers,  in  secondary  night 
schools;  2,348  teachers,  in  vocational  night  schools;  and  878  teachers, 
in  other  schools  or  undistributed  among  the  preceding  types. 

In  these  night  schools,  585,413  pupils  were  enrolled,  including 
318,234  men  and  267,179  women.  It  is  seen  herefrom  that  more 
men  than  women  attend  evening  schools.  These  aggregates  for  night- 
school  enrollment  include  217,908  pupils  in  elementary  schools, 
263,383  pupils  in  secondary  schools,  74,094  pupils  in  vocational 
schools,  and  30,028  pupils  in  other  schools  or  unclassified  as  to  type 
of  school 


Table  57. — Distribution  of  night  schools  as  to  average  annual  cost  per  student ,  1917-1S. 


332  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Total. 

School 
not  so 

di¬ 

vided. 

ft 

438 

$1.07 

3.54 

4.89 

6.91 

33.83 

Second¬ 

ary. 

18 

158 

$1.66 

3.66 

4.79 

6.95 

32.58 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

t>* 

TH 

HOJ^OSOOlOCOH 

Tf.HCOH 

263 

CO  ^  CO  CO 
|  r— 1  CO  CN  CO 

HCOiONN 

CO 

Group  V. 

School 
not  so 
di¬ 
vided. 

16 

COOWTHWHH 

37 

rc  N  o  >0  o 

H  Cl  CO  CN 

H  c4  CO  oooo 
rH 

Second¬ 

ary. 

K5 

CO  rH  T-i  ■ 

rH 

O 

$2.46 

2.90 

3.98 

8. 79 

16.67 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

cxotpnhnh 

lO 

<N 

$1.13 

2. 27 

3.64 

8.72 

18. 46 

> 

ft 

o 

u 

0 

o 

0 

School 
not  so 
di¬ 
vided. 

IB 

»O^OiO^(NH 
rH  CO<M 

^  I 

OO  | 

*0  05  lO  co  *o 
to  o  ^  CO 

HCQiONO 

rH 

Second¬ 

ary. 

a? 

*0  00  ^  <M  iH 

s 

$1.66 
2.73 
4.45 
7.32 
32. 58 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

11 

ft  j-JrHCOCO 

Cfl  t-H 

rH  rH 

49 

$1.42 

3.52 

4.93 

7.43 

22.22 

School 
not  so 
di¬ 
vided. 

© 

WNLOOOlOH 
<N  00  CO  rH 

O 

$2. 00 
3.58 
4.73 
7.20 
33.83 

Second¬ 
ary.  j 

ft 

CO  CO  00  r  HOi 

O  CO  CO  <N 

^  CO  ^ 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

00 

<N  lO^H  00  rH 
rH  tJ*  C<1 

05 

$1.30  I 

3.72 
4. 86  j 
7.07 
16.06 

Group  II. 

School 
not  so 
di¬ 
vided. 

to 

lO  <N  05  <M  H  H 

H  CO  H 

o 

$1.07 

3.78 

4.83 

6.03 

19.42 

Second¬ 

ary. 

© 

OOlOHd 

CO 

<N 

46 

$1.70 

1  4.22 

5.02 
5. 86 
20.45 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

HH5DW  'HH 
HCOH 

T”: 

O 

$1.14 
3.68 
5.41 
6. 52 
27.78 

Group  I. 

School 
not  so 
di¬ 
vided. 

NHftNH 
<N  rH 

91- 

NCOCOOCO 

O  Tfi  O  CO 

Second¬ 

ary. 

e® 

COi-l©  iO  j 

o 

CO 

$1.83 
4. 28 
6. 26 
7.61 
19.26 

Ele- 
men- 
1  ta-ry. 

ai 

•©  <N  CO  ■  rH 

CO 

COO  CC  lO 

OOOHrtlO 

co  ^  CO  CO 

S&  CO 

Average  cost  per  student. 

- 

$0-$2.99 . 

3-  5.99 . 

6-  8.99 . 

9-11.99 . 

12-14.99 . 

15-17.99 _ 

05 

is 

1  cc 

21-23.99 _ 

•  O' 

■  c 

is 

!  c5 

a: 

05 

is 

1  CN 

•  05 
>  05 
i  cd 
1  cc 

i  £ 

66  S8-KB 

36-38.99 . . . 

Total . 

Lowest  cost . 

First  quartile . . 

Median . 

Third  quartile . . 

Highest  cost . . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1017-1918. 


333 


COST  OF  EVENING  SCHOOLS. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  in  this  report  to  ascertain  the  cost  of 
maintaining  night  schools.  The  costs  analyzed  relate  only  to 
instruction  costs,  as  no  data  were  available  for  the  other  functions 
of  expense,  which  are  usually  of  minor  importance.  The  cost  of 
instruction  in  each  city  has  been  divided  by  the  corresponding  enroll- 


Fig.  36.— Variation  in  the  average  cost  per  student  in  night  schools  in  the  different  groups  of  cities, 

1917-18. 


ment  in  night  school.  Some  of  the  cities  separated  the  elementary 
night  school  data  from  those  of  the  secondary  school,  while  other 
cities  made  no  such  separation.  The  data  had  to  be  ascertained, 
therefore,  in  these  three  forms  as  shown  in  Table  57  and  in  figure  36. 
The  cities  of  each  group  have  been  distributed  according  to  the  per 
capita  cost  of  maintaining  night  schools.  The  lowest  and  highest 
cost,  the  median,  and  the  quartiles  have  been  determined  for  each 


334 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


group  of  cities.  In  the  diagram  the  shaded  area  denotes  the  middle 
half  of  the  cities.  Thus  for  elementary  night  schools  in  the  cities  of 
Group  I  the  cost  on  this  count  varies  from  $4.80  to  $8.44  with  the 
median  at  $6.18.  In  other  words,  half  of  these  cities  have  a  per  capita 
cost  ranging  from  $4.80  to  $8.44.  The  lowest  cost  is  $3.08  and  the 
highest  cost  is  $37.55.  In  each  section  of  the  diagram  the  median 
generally  decreases  with  the  size  of  the  cities,  i.  e.,  the  cost  is  generally 
less  in  smaller  than  in  larger  cities.  In  construing  this  figure  it  should 
be  noted  that  no  account  has  been  taken  of  the  number  of  night 
school  sessions  per  week,  the  length  of  the  session,  or  the  length  of 
the  night  school  year.  The  wide  range  in  night  school  costs  suggests 
that  various  practices  prevail  in  the  payment  of  teachers,  in  the 
length  of  the  school  year,  and  in  the  frequency  and  length  of  the 
session.  Greater  variations  from  the  medians  within  the  “safety” 
zones  are  found  in  small  rather  than  in  large  cities.  This  difference 
shows  that  night  schools  have  become  more  or  less  standardized 
in  the  larger  cities. 

KINDERGARTENS  IN  CITIES. 

It  is  of  special  interest  to  ascertain  the  statistics  of  kindergartens 
in  cities  in  so  far  as  data  are  available.  In  the  cities  of  the  first  four 
groups  the  statistics  for  the  different  types  of  schools  (kindergarten, 
elementary,  etc.)  have  been  completely  separated  throughout  the 
entire  report.  All  the  cities  of  Group  V  did  not  make  the  classifi¬ 
cations  desired.  In  other  words,  some  of  these  smaller  cities  reported 
only  aggregate  enrollment,  teaching  staff,  etc.,  without  designating 
either  the  existence  or  the  magnitude  of  statistics  for  kindergartens. 

In  the  cities  of  5,000  population  and  over  it  is  found  that  539  cities 
maintained  kindergartens.  Among  the  cities  of  Group  V,  only  121 
reported  the  maintenance  of  kindergartens.  The  statistics  by  States 
for  all  groups  combined  are  shown  in  Table  69-B.  Altogether,  76 
supervisors  of  kindergartens  were  reported.  In  these  kindergartens, 
8,257  teachers  are  employed.  The  total  enrollment  in  these  schools 
is  412,239.  This  number  includes  205,674  boys  and  206,565  girls. 
It  is  seen  from  these  figures  that  the  boys  and  girls  are  about  equal  in 
number.-  These  children  attended  kindergartens  an  aggregate  of 
40,716,918  days  during  the  year.  The  average  number  attending 
daily  was  220,891.  For  each  100  enrolled  in  kindergarten,  only  54 
attended  daily.  The  irregularity  in  attendance  in  these  schools  con¬ 
stitutes  a  problem  of  vital  concern.  The  average  length  of  the  school 
term  in  kindergartens  is  184  days,  but  the  children  attended  on  an 
average  only  99  days.  They  waste  85  days.  The  length  of  the  term 
for  each  city  reporting  kindergartens  is  shown  in  Table  87. 

HEALTH  AND  RECREATION. 

Table  71  shows  that  505  cities  employed  school  physicians  and  465 
cities  employed  school  nurses.  Altogether,  1,405  physicians  and 
1,382  nurses  were  reported.  From  these  figures  it  is  seen  that  only  a 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  335 

very  small  proportion  of  the  cities  employ  physicians  and  nurses. 
For  the  promotion  of  health  811  cities  incurred  expenditures  amount¬ 
ing  to  $1,639,553.  Only  254  cities  reported  anything  spent  for  recre¬ 
ation.  The  small  disbursements  for  this  purpose  amount  to  only 
$337,112.  It  is  quite  evident  that  cities  in  general  have  not  yet 
given  much  attention  to  the  physical  welfare  of  the  boys  and  girls. 
This  statement  of  course  is  not  true  for  some  cities,  but  for  the  ma¬ 
jority  of  them  it  is  only  too  mild.  The  total  amount  spent  on  health 
and  recreation  in  city  schools  is  only  $1,976,665,  or  57  hundredths  of 
1  per  cent  of  the  total  current  expenses  for  maintaining  the  schools: 
In  other  words,  for  each  $10,000  spent  on  the  education  of  city  school 
children,  only  $57  goes  for  the  conservation  of  health  and  physical 
vigor.  If  all  the  disbursements  for  the  promotion  of  health  went  for 
the  salaries  of  the  school  physicians,  they  would  receive  on  an  average 
only  $1,167  per  year.  This  low  average  implies  that  these  physi¬ 
cians  can  only  be  employed  as  a  general  rule  for  a  fractional  part  of  the 
school  term.  The  implication  is  still  minimized  when  it  is  remem¬ 
bered  that  school  nurses  are  paid  out  of  this  small  allotment  for  the 
promotion  of  health. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  PUPILS. 

For  the  transportation  of  pupils,  420  cities  reported  expenditures 
amounting  to  $880,435.  These  cities  spend  on  an  average  $2,096  for 
transportation.  The  other  cities  reported  no  expenditures  for  this 
purpose. 

AN  ANALYSIS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  EXPENDITURES. 

Considerable  demand  has  arisen  for  a  method  of  analyzing  city 
school  expenditures  which  will  show  at  the  same  time  in  graphic  form 
just  how’  much  money  is  being  spent  for  the  various  purposes,  how 
this  expense  compares  with  the  corresponding  cost  in  other  cities  of 
similar  size,  and  whether  such  expenditures  have  been  properly  dis¬ 
tributed.  In  this  study  the  expenditures  of  225  city  school  systems 
(45  cities  in  each  of  the  five  groups)  have  been  analyzed.  These 
cities  were  chosen  because  they  made  the  distribution  of  expendi¬ 
tures  required  for  this  study  and  because  they  are  located  in  all  sec¬ 
tions  of  the  country.  For  graphic  presentation  the  number  of  cities 
in  each  group  could  not  well  be  larger.  Further,  the  cities  studied 
in  each  group  should  form  a  norm  for  the  group  as  a  whole.  Only  the 
names  of  the  cities  have  been  printed  in  the  graphs,  but  the  State  in 
which  each  city  is  located  appears  in  corresponding  tables.  The 
order  given  in  the  graphs  is  the  same  as  that  shown  in  Table  59. 

THE  UNIT  OF  MEASUREMENT. 

In  order  to  reduce  the  expenditures  in  each  city  to  a  common 
basis,  it  has  been  necessary  to  adopt  some  fair  standard  as  a  unit  of 
measurement.  The  average  daily  attendance  in  all  day  schools  has 


336 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


been  chosen  for  this  unit.  The  enrollment  in  night  schools  and  the 
cost  of  instruction  in  night  schools  have  therefore  been  excluded  from 
consideration.  Unusual  expenditures,  such  as  the  cost  of  new  build¬ 
ings,  of  grounds,  and  of  new  equipment,  have  also  been  excluded 
from  the  study.  Thus,  only  the  current  expenses  of  maintaining  the 
schools  and  the  average  daily  attendance  in  the  same  schools  have 
been  used  in  establishing  the  practice  for  each  group  of  cities.  The 
length  of  the  school  term  has  not  been  considered,  since  little  differ¬ 
ence  on  this  account  exists. 

Table  58. — Expenditure  of  225  city  school  systems,  1917-18. 


GROUr  I  (45  CITIES). 


City. 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Total 
current 
expenses 
(sum  of 
columns 
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
and  9). 

Total 
cost  of 
general 
control. 

Total 
cost  of 
instruction 
in  day 
schools. 

Total 
cost  of 
opera¬ 
tion  of 
plant. 

Total 
cost  of 
mainte¬ 
nance. 

.  Total 
cost  of 
auxili¬ 
ary 

agencies. 

Total 
fixed 
charges 
and  in¬ 
terest  on 
indebt¬ 
edness. 

» 

2 

© 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Birmingham,  Ala . 

Los  Angeles,  Calif . 

Oakland,  Calif . 

San  Francisco,  Calif . 

Denver,  Colo . 

Bridgeport,  Conn . 

New  Haven,  Conn . 

Washington,  D.  C . 

Atlanta,  Ga . 

Chicago,  Ill . 

Indianapolis,  Ind . 

Louisville,  Ky . 

New  Orleans,  La . 

Baltimore,  Md . 

Boston,  Mass . 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

Lowell,  Mass . 

Worcester,  Mass . 

Detroit,  Mich . 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich - 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

St.  Paul,  Minn . 

Kansas  City,  Mo . 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 

Omaha.  Nebr . 

Jersey  City,N-  J . 

Newark,  N.  J . 

Buffalo,  N.  Y . 

New  York,  N.  Y . 

Rochester,  N.  Y . 

Syracuse,  N.  Y . 

Cincinnati.  Ohio . 

Cleveland,  Ohio . 

Columbus,  Ohio . 

Portland,  Oreg . 

Philadelphia.  Pa . 

Pittsburgh.  Pa . 

Scranton.  Pa . 

Providence,  R.  I . 

Memphis,  Tenn . 

Nashville,  Tenn . 

Richmond,  Va . 

Seattle.  Wash . 

Spokane,  Wash . 

Milwaukee,  Wis . 

Total . 

Average  annual 
cost  per  pupil . . . 

Percent  of  total... 

21,302 
65,672 
26,466 
46,384 
30,651 
19,344 
24,856 
47,838 
25,513 
318,118 
33,900 
23,825 
36,117 
59,552 
102,464 
13,827 
11,066 
22,745 
84,922 
15,682 
48,445 
25,515 
37, 126 
81,128 
24,933 
33,736 
56,997 
50,658 
703,807 
28,755 
19, 545 
41,352 
94,167 
26,547 
29,340 
192, 195 
68,861 
19,897 
29,536 
14,865 
13,389 
20,230 
33,905 
15,149 
48,339 

$706,115 

5,070,688 

1,669,622 

2,708,739 

1,842,527 

808,969 

1,084,520 

2,861,998 

802,305 

16,755,332 

2,134,447 

1,075,754 

1,467,425 

2,279,746 

6,858,873 

722,882 

559,690 

1,201,517 

4,437,903 

1,091,322 

2,993,839 

1,427,476 

2,596,617 

4,678,135 

1,640,118 

1,994,151 

3,659,916 

3,424.132 

41,576,897 

1,732,557 

838,487 

2,913,577 

6,254,322 

1,525,257 

2,050,579 

9,528,329 

4,914,585 

947,874 

1,604,828 

861,021 

456,994 

847,160 

2,689,194 

1,045,898 

2,928,567 

S14,260 
198,829 
55,223 
82,682 
93,970 
24,206 
28,310 
44,906 
23,025 
668,407 
91,642 
52,599 
115,306 
65,027 
310,392 
22,734 
13,355 
32,800 
135,543 
38,131 
97,755 
45,616 
110,088 
178, 967 
60,. 568 
57,014 
146,694 
131,933 
1,646,166 
59,006 
20,428 
81,259 
559,211 
34,847 
125,290 
362,953 
242,872 
42,049 
49,451 
19,562 
15,834 
20,765 
84,402 
27,007 
77,508 

$504,547 
4,026,597 
1,363,1  1 
1,981,301 
1,432,076 
620,825 
822,413 
2,257,223 
676,704 
12,312,615 
1,340,177 
813,022 
1,197,361 
1,876,196 
4,649,041 
544,801 
386,016 
916,032 
3,547,376 
788,324 
2,224,046 
991,507 
1,599,150 
3,420,927 
1,101,724 
1,568,827 
2,575,017 
2,202,095 
34,987,182 
1,265,900 
642,626 
2,047,213 
3,908,404 
1,120,213 
1,573,268 
6,913,746 
2,987,388 
620, 247 
1,057,464 
563,511 
351,425 
686,015 
1,778,262 
723,915 
1,964,659 

$68,946 
408,904 
142,505 
206,275 
189,524 
113,031 
145,435 
325,315 
57,084 
2,541,125 
237,731 
147,896 
114,754 
289,501 
661,288 
106,097 
107,132 
172,640 
653,409 
147,374 
396,756 
180,753 
316,759 
584,623 
210,947 
254,785 
323,322 
448,077 
2,903,363 
209,476 
94,916 
338,045 
758,079 
271,104 
231,349 
822, 205 
668,697 
109, 514 
227,724 
65,080 
50, 150 
93,448 
279, 798 
120,395 
375, 125 

$41,704 

122,260 

37,509 

124,887 

78,957 

47,463 

56,540 

166,032 

29,392 

789,872 

101,356 

53,549 

32,531 

36,845 

311,398 

41,751 

11,980 

64,905 

84,480 

40,758 

158,832 

102.707 

96,322 

331,596 

46,078 

59,952 

121,769 

164,863 

1,212,002 

34,078 

39,452 

149,476 

350,209 

46,242 

69,526 

226,455 

425,233 

71,146 

100,782 

115,337 

20,245 

26,367 

115,882 

42,454 

237,514 

$103,688 

46,376 

39,078 

12,967 

3,444 

4.147 
54,028 

191,131 

209,278 

2,824 

592 
171,714 
7,499 
41,207 
15, 140 
10,197 
11,478 
39,776 
30,943 
142,213 
103,023 
22, 170 
36,364 
106,081 
73,077 
769,619 
58,244 
24,422 
23,620 
124,625 
34,817 

6.148 
300,262 

53,003 

11,228 

29,254 

6,417 

14,811 

142,918 

13,598 

59,895 

$76,658 

210,410 

24,848 

274,516 

35,033 

27,675 

14,494 

16,100 

252,182 

154,263 

5,864 

7,473 

11,585 

755,040 

6,898 
65,257 
76,674 
75,950 
332,085 
58,999 
198,631 
17,209 
387,033 
404,087 
58,565 
105,853 
16,643 
273,964 
553,794 
18,034 
44,998 
902,708 
537,392 
93,690 
140, 153 
97,531 
12,923 
5,754 
287,932 
118,529 
213,866 

2,788,661 

161,270,884 

6,408,592 

120,930,539 

17,170,456 

6,638,688 

3,151,316 

6,971,293 

57.83 

100.0 

2.30 

4.0 

43.36 
75. 0 

6.16 

10.6 

2. 38 
4.1 

1.13 

2.0 

2.50 

4.3 

STATISTICS  Otf  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  337 

Table  58. — Expenditure  of  225  city  school  systems.  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  II  (45  CITIES). 


City. 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Total 
current 
expenses 
(sum  of 
columns 
4, 5,6,7, 8, 
and  9). 

Total 
cost  of 
general 
control. 

Total 
cost  of 
instruction 
in  day 
schools. 

Total 
cost  of 
opera¬ 
tion  of 
plant. 

Total 
cost  of 
mainte¬ 
nance. 

Total 
cost  of 
auxili¬ 
ary 

agencies. 

Total 
fixed 
charges 
and  in¬ 
terest  on 
indebt¬ 
edness  . 

1 

4 

5 

6 

4 

8 

9 

Mobile,  Ala . 

5,646 

5179,647 

$7, 106 

$125,389 

$14, 565 

$9, 1S1 

$17,268 

$6, 13- 

Montgomery,  Ala . 

4,447 

119,220 

6, 750 

89, 500 

12,366 

7,095 

780 

2, 129 

8,325 

7,336 

200, 308 

8,949 

174, 663 

9,857 
•  50,610 

2, 421 

4,41- 

Berkeley,  Calif . 

533;  981 

11,492 

435, 553 

26, 185 

9, 685 

456 

Pasadena,  Calif . 

6,216 

642, 016 

14,587 

466, 525 

63,882 

43, 648 

11,576 

41,79- 

Hartford,  Conn . 

17,356 

1,141,687 

5, 257 

753,623 

160,341 

103,  782 

3,516 

115, 16- 

Meriden,  Conn . 

4,018 

237,436 

6,699 

170, 451 

28, 274 

12, 258 

18,995 

759 

9, 221 
5, 859 

278, 256 
269,394 

9,051 

235, 742 

17, 774 

7,494 

8, 195 
28, 256 

Decatur,  Ill . 

14,349 

171,637 

34, 148 

19,397 

2, 107 

Peoria,  Ill . 

9,313 

509,836 

16,628 

346,348 

86,737 

22,  781 

4,625 

32, 717 

Springfield.  Ill . 

Evansville,  Ind . . . 

7, 720 

460, 579 

17,563 

306,872 

65, 658 

23, 557 

6,268 

40,661 

9, 102 

498,854 

10,812 

382,668 

66, 159 

23,  782 

3,028 

12, 405 

Terre  Haute,  Ind . 

9, 955 

499,863 

14, 470 

380, 120 

59,423 

19,883 

20, 122 

5,845 

Cedar  Rapids.  Iowa . 

6,447 

358,002 

12,097 

247,892 

62, 052 

10,394 

528 

25,039 

Des  Moines,  Iowa . 

16,929 

1,228, 101 

32,851 

802,687 

187,583 

48, 851 

27,157 

128,972 

Kansas  City,  Ivans . 

12, 556 

582,015 

27,386 

339,865 

87,541 

50,147 

24, 891 

52, 185 

Topeka,  Ivans . 

6,  .501 

415,321 

11, 145 

266,027 

51,413 

55, 235 

3,434 

28,067 

Lexmgton,  Ky . 

4,789 

183,708 

7,  .589 

130, 056 

25,258 

10, 132 

100 

10, 573 

Lynn,  Mass . 

11,707 

573,877 

20,332 

383,548 

93,588 

22,695 

4,475 

49, 239 

Salem,  Mass . 

4,895 

286,317 

9,569 

167, 768 

49,712 

15,87$ 

20,437 

22,953 

Bay  City  Mich . 

5,861 

9,839 

359, 700 

15, 750 

279,000 

214,191 

38,400 
46, 208 

16,000 
11, 834 

10,550 

6,630 

Flint,  Mich . 

324, 717 

26, 133 

19,  721 

Duluth,  Minn . 

13, 714 

798,906 

25, 785 

535, 863 

116,678 

22, 268 

15,024 

83,28- 

Springfield,  Mo . 

5, 966 

196,819 

8,081 

141,055 

30,922 

14,121 

1,840 

800 

Butte,  Mont. . . . . 

6,945 

727,486 

59,627 

477,678 

138,992 

34, 722 

4,474 

11,993 

Manchester,  N.  II . 

6,388 

305,451 

10, 706 

231, 726 

42, 128 

3,212 

3,651 

14,02- 

Bayonne,  N.  J . 

10,507 

722, 161 

30, 429 

511,734 

68,399 

19,348 

10, 222 

82, 029 

Elizabeth,  N.  J . 

10, 147 

513,042 

13,830 

339, 260 

62, 578 

32,119 

5,178 

60,077 

Binghamton,  N.  Y . 

6,856 

425,887 

9,846 

266,798 

58, 385 

10,372 

10, 776 

69, 710 

Utica,  N.  Y . 

10,589 

600,088 

16, 179 

389,276 

83,787 

40,020 

14,282 

56,544 

Charlotte,  N.  C . 

5,368 

121,971 

6,636 

97,964 

10,610 

3,340 

46 

3, 375 

Akron,  Oliio . 

23,863 

993, 756 

8,054 

657,996 

131,933 

61, 555 

833 

133,385 

Canton,  Ohio . 

9,590 

541,841 

14,281 

343,951 

64,282 

15,241 

7,685 

96,401 

Oklahoma,  Okla . 

11,946 

525, 297 

15, 149 

343,895 

56, 733 

14,511 

3,699 

91,310 

Altoona,  Pa . 

8,115 

356, 219 

15, 520 

240,604 

56, 767 

24,818 

3,270 

15,240 

Wilkes-Barre,  Pa . 

10,  799 

513,971 

16,484 

332,049 

63, 582 

28,510 

5, 544 

67,802 

Pawtucket,  R.  I . 

6,900 

374, 551 

14,497 

258,527 

60, 995 

37, 576 

1,000 

1,956 

Charleston,  S.  C . 

5,282 

149,867 

5,083 

115, 413 

7,401 

7,829 

8,5/7 

5,564 

Chattanooga,  Tenn . 

6, 150 

179, 99S 

6,281 

159, 796 

9,712 

784 

2,152 

1,273 

Fort  Worth,  Tex . 

10,842 

463,997 

25, 581 

336,710 

34,320 

5,972 

999 

60,415 

Salt  Lake  City,  U tah . . . 

19, 665 

1,178,088 

34, 286 

842,483 

109, 489 

110,201 

1,959 

79, 67o 

Roanoke,  Va . 

6,656 

162,020 

5, 364 

135,994 

17, 139 

2,176 

430 

917 

Tacoma,  Wash . 

12,362 

740,529 

33,419 

519, 120 

80, 220 

38,414 

18, 153 

51,203 

Wheeling,  W.  Va . 

5,059 

266, 690 

7,045 

209,877 

33,479 

2,599 

13,690 

Oshkosh,  Wis . 

4,210 

194,878 

7,932 

137,206 

42, 774 

3,987 

1,438 

1,541 

Total . 

Average  annual 

401,960 

20, 936,  S48 

I  696,660 

14,495, 100 

2,692,854 

1,094,326 

322,544 

1,635,364 

cost  per  pupil . . . 

52.09 

1.74 

36.06 

6.70 

2.  72 

0.80 

4.07 

Per  cent  of  total.. . 

100.0 

3.3 

69.2 

12.9 

5.2 

1.6 

7.S 

59878°— 23 - 22 


338  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  58. — Expenditure  of  225  city  school  systems.  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III  (45  CITIES). 


City. 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Total 
current 
expenses 
(sum  of 
columns 

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
and  9). 

Total 
cost  of 
general 
control. 

Total 
cost  of 
instruction 
in  day 
schools. 

Total 
cost  of 
opera¬ 
tion  of 
plant. 

Total 
cost  of 
mainte¬ 
nance. 

Total 
cost  of 
auxili¬ 
ary 

agencies. 

Total 
fixed 
charges 
and  in¬ 
terest  on 
indebt¬ 
edness. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

* 

S 

9 

2, 524 

*59, 832 
155, 088 

$2, 873 

*45, 852 
111,290 

*5,351 
13, 219 

$5, 544 
2,958 

*212 
19, 719 

Phoenix,  Ariz . 

2,848 

7,660 

*242 

Fort  Smith,  Ark . 

4,086 

142,320 

8,611 

110,025 

11,481 

2, 790 

379 

9,034 

Fresno,  Calif . 

7,315 

428, 179 

11,012 

336,266 

35, 176 

11,941 

2, 572 

31,212 

Colorado  Springs,  Colo. . 

4, 452 

284, 435 

17,421 

205,611 

27,387 

5, 796 

4,280 

23,940 

Norwalk,  Conn . 

3,  769 

156,019 

6,541 

115,996 

20,335 

2, 163 

3,335 

7,649 

Columbus,  Ga . 

3,621 

103,600 

8,795 

80,698 

7,043 

3,517 

1,575 

1,972 

Boise,  Idaho . 

3,060 

291,458 

17,170 

143,226 

60, 243 

27,060 

1,544 

42, 215 

Rock  Island,  111 . 

4,047 

197,645 

8,808 

133; 222 

29,185 

7,975 

1,872 

16,583 

Elkhart,  Ind . 

3,296 

133, 149 

4,297 

87,383 

23,848 

15, 704 

542 

1,375 

Clinton,  Iowa . 

2, 390 

139, 452 

5, 167 

100,710 

23,858 

6,474 

452 

2,791 

Leavenworth,  Kans . 

2, 126 

116,116 

6,531 

82,320 

17,216 

4,164 

3,393 

2,492 

Paducah,  Ky . 

3,238 

86, 776 

5,765 

65,432 

9,310 

4,325 

449 

1,495 

Shreveport,  La . 

4;  431 

101,548 

6,000 

81,995 

8,960 

1,150 

1,830 

1,613 

Auburn,  Me . 

2,339 

76,320 

4,200 

55,873 

11,225 

1,351 

2,636 

1,035 

Cumberland,  Md . 

Brookline,  Mass . 

2,952 

4,036 

73,471 

346,957 

4,077 

11,814 

55, 236 
252,615 

9,989 
53, 747 

4,129 

20,514 

40 
5, 431 

2,836 

Battle  Creek,  Mich . 

5,290 

269, 404 

12,038 

179,964 

52, 265 

10,088 

10,888 

4, 161 

Mankato,  Minn . 

1,598 

75, 969 

5,171 

52, 775 

11,146 

2,946 

2,074 

1,857 

T o  ol'con  \T  i'sS  . . 

2,719 

1,546 

85,071 

57,760 

3,600 

2,900 

59,068 

7,793 

8,110 

6,500 

Jefferson  City,  Mo . 

36,228 

12,436 

2,256 

334 

3,606 

Great  Falls,  Mont . 

3,908 

291,256 

13,992 

199, 794 

42,706 

8,622 

1,427 

24, 715 

Grand  Island,  Nebr . 

2,279 

110,069 

3,060 

78,084 

15,564 

6,528 

350 

6,483 

Concord,  N.  H . 

2,351 

139,797 

6,461 

103,304 

11,699 

4,810 

5,634 

7,889 

Hackensack,  N.  J . 

2,978 

247,255 

9,317 

158,802 

25,998 

12,678 

1,593 

38,867 

Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.. . 

2,060 

117,460 

5,113 

78,801 

12,688 

4,103 

3,359 

13,396 

Ithaca, N.  Y . 

2,270 

114,259 

7,780 

77,293 

17,736 

3,344 

3,967 

4, 139 

Wilmington,  N.  C . 

Fargo,  N.  Dak . 

2,973 

2,851 

74,229 
178, 325 

3,267 

10,217 

57,692 

105,299 

9,594 

44,466 

2,934 

6,083 

1,662 

742 

10,598 

Lorain,  Ohio . 

5,376 

256,681 

8, 704 

173, 746 

36,299 

12,372 

2,560 

23,000 

Muskogee,  Okla . 

4,623 

216, 158 

11,599 

136,895 

16,227 

5,370 

3,788 

42,279 

Salem,  Oreg . 

2, 396 

141, 218 

4,000 

112,500 

12,125 

3,074 

1,000 

8, 519 

Wilkinsburg,  Pa . 

3, 211 

223,946 

11,650 

136,454 

32,070 

4,761 

1,633 

37,378 

Newport,  R.  I . . 

Spartanburg,  S.  C . 

Sioux  Falls,  S.  Dak . 

3,433 

3,228 

188,445 

66,231 

5,639 

3,140 

135,932 

51,814 

22,465 

2,326 

21,327 

2,043 

3,082 

757 

6, 151 

3,010 

213,755 

13,663 

133,460 

37,861 

11,603 

3,795 

13,373 

ldel'cnn  Tprm 

2,561 

6,307 

52,384 

271,051 

1,800 

15,241 

42,067 

5,913 

2,014 

590 

Waco,  Tex . 

186,810 

24,860 

11,500 

1,200 

31,440 

Ogden,  Utah . 

5,526 

272,426 

12,732 

216,454 

20,811 

3,745 

1,442 

17, 242 

Burlington,  Vt . 

2, 198 

114,519 

6,001 

78,968 

23,232 

3,624 

1,928 

766 

Petersburg,  Va . 

4,096 

119,112 

3,775 

82,020 

12,951 

2,311 

1,855 

16,200 

Bellingham,  Wash . 

3,896 

245,154 

9,140 

165,386 

22,862 

22,114 

5,090 

20, 562 

Parkersburg.  W.  Va. — 
Madison,  Wis . 

3,712 

216,922 

7,955 

144,017 

27,450 

10,036 

6,035 

21,429 

4,969 

306,647 

9, 106 

219, 180 

52, 122 

11,888 

4,356 

9,995 

Cheyenne,  Wyo . 

1,392 

96, 270 

2,795 

69, 114 

10,980 

7, 155 

631 

5,595 

Total . 

153,287 

7,654,138 

346,598 

5,335,671 

992,218 

334,994 

101,012 

543, 645 

•  Average  annual 
cost  per  pupil . .  - 

49. 93 

2.26 

34. 81 

6. 47 

2. 18 

0.66 

3.55 

Percent  of  total... 

1 . 

100.0 

4. 5 

69.7 

13.0 

4.4 

1.3 

7.1 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917—1918.  339 


Table  58. — Expenditure  of  225  city  school  systems ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV  (45  CITIES). 


City. 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Total 
current 
expenses 
(sum  of 
columns 

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
and  9). 

Total 
cost  of 
general 
control. 

Total 
cost  of 
instruction 
in  day 
schools. 

Total 
cost  of 
opera¬ 
tion  of 
plant. 

Total 
cost  of 
mainten¬ 
ance. 

Total 
cost  of 
auxili¬ 
ary 

agencies. 

Total 
fixed 
charges 
and  in¬ 
terest  on 
indebt¬ 
edness. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1,411 

$40,204 

$2, 750 

829,318 

$4,382 

$2,586 

$450 

$718 

2, 367 

133,329 

3,600 

90,076 

22, 845 

14,412 

3,200 

93 

2,303 

Texarkana,  Ark . 

1,107 

52,924 

3,060 

30, 990 

4,104 

200 

11,370 

Richmond,  Calif . 

2,723 

174,917 

3,376 

134,358 

9,911 

3,381 

1,236 

22,655 

Grand  Junction,  Colo . . . 

1,639 

76,890 

7,424 

49,041 

6,085 

4,  .568 

9,772 

East  Hartford,  Conn. . . . 

1,979 

74,991 

2,472 

46,991 

11,191 

3,443 

1,9-55. 

8, 939 

Dublin,  Ga . 

1,101 

42,537 

2,882 

34, 655 

2,700 

3.50 

200 

1,750 

Pocatello,  Idaho . 

2,012 

103,743 

5,361 

63,402 

13, 708 

2,499 

4,666 

14, 107 

Dekalb,  Ill 

1,402 

65,360 

1,425 

48, 450 

12,245 

1,025 

1,475 

740 

Crawfords ville,  Ind . 

1,626 

85, 132 

5,697 

57, 958 

11,252 

4, 763 

1,544 

3,91s 

Oskaloosa,  Iowa . 

1,770 

99,948 

2, 703 

66,706 

13,464 

6,583 

381 

10,111 

Salina,  Kans . 

2,283 

137, 198 

5,394 

94,809 

18,351 

4, 529 

1,938 

12,177 

Bowling  Green, Ky . 

La  Fayette,  La . 

Sanford,  Me . 

1,188 
1, 125 

44,879 
27,355 
56, 894 

3,863 

3,250 

31,396 

17,605 

4,669 

1,500 

2,037 

5,000 

4,363 

100 

2,814 

1,327 

3,087 

35,732 

10,051 

2,855 

806 

Salisbury,  Md . 

1,397 

40,474 

1,444 

31,421 

4, 529 

1, 856 

390 

834 

Brainti’po  ATa^s 

1, 750 
2,218 

74,886 
115, 152 

2,586  I 

53,696 

72,001 

11,812 

4, 422 
2,392 

2,370 

5,087 

Iron  Mountain,  Mich. . . . 

5,132 

24,079 

6,461 

Eveleth,  Minn . 

2,119 

213,385 

12,939 

123, 487 

46,092 

5,497 

14, 855 

10,515 

Greenville,  Miss . 

1,580 

45, 172 

2,725 

32,005 

4,717 

583 

392 

4,750 

Carthage,  Mo . 

2,032 

61,743 

4,430  1 

39,114 

8,880 

1,354 

818 

7, 147 

Kalispell,  Mont . 

867 

46,087 

3,578  1 

31,521 

6,771 

1,541 

14 

2,662 

Fremont,  Nebr . 

1,678 

82,911 

4,380 

56, 195 

12,619 

6,225 

10,494 

1,885 

720 

7, 112 

‘Rnrhostpr,  N  H 

1,170 

1,270 

41,476 

2,126  i 

26, 557 

905 

6,168 

5,663 

2,857 

Summit,  N.  J . 

107,468 

6,404 

68,597 

12,948 

Roswell,  N.  Alex . 

1,492 

73,837 

4,931 

43,320 

12,575 

691 

399 

11,921 

Herkimer,  N.  Y . 

1,525 

69,663 

4,466 

43, 742 

11,411 

1  2,-547 

897 

6,600 

Rocky  Mount,  N.  C . 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak _ 

1,644 

954 

42,600 

49,699 

45,690 

75,085 

2,842 
4, 169 

27,635 
36,800 
29, 118 

5, 528 
4,218 

3, 195 

3,400 

4,512 

Wellsville,  Ohio. 

1,381 

3,247 

7,059 

1  827 

5,439 
13,  767 

Ardmore,  Okla . 

1,903 

3,563 

46,470 

6,950 

4,235 

100 

Eugene,  Oreg . 

1,697 

94, 168 

4,812 

64,519 

10,691 

1  3,314 

298 

10,534 

Waynesboro,  Ta . 

1,642 

54,712 

4,404 

1  33,393 

8,041 

2,661 

468 

5, 745 

Bristol,  R .  I . 

1,618 

57,  .504 

3,108 

39,020 

11,862 

3,004 

400 

110 

Rock  Hill,  S.  C . 

948 

27,027 

2,492 

|  15,589 

2,320 

1,588 

283 

4, 755 

Lead,  S.  Dak . 

Columbia,  Tenn 

1,166 

1,493 

3,105 

95, 119 
26,900 
169,978 

5, 154 
1,900 

57,377 

21,950 

18,908 

3,050 

20,529 

6,202 

367 

7,111 

Port  Arthur,  Tex . 

7,810 

96,948 

5,893 

4,257 

34,541 

Logan ,  U  tah . 

1,679 

68,542 

51,677 

4, 146 

44,651 
35, 620 

5, 744 

8,083 

4,436 

5,91- 

2,746 

Brattleboro,  Vt . 

815 

904 

5,981 

1,990 

Bristol.  Va . 

1,037 

30,663 

2,010 

22,890 

4,104 

1,219 

70 

370 

Vancouver,  Wash . 

1,510 

77,937 

2, 757 

51,891 

8, 443 

1,788 

1,352 

11,706 

Grafton,  W.  \ra . 

1,212 

52,675 

78,300 

2,370 

3,976 

|  31,883 

6, 415 
11,200 

1,975 

10,032 
2, 812 

Waukc’ha,  Wis . 

1,563 

51,900 

3,005 

5,407 

Sheridan,  Wyo . 

1,578 

91, 139 

4,352 

64, 173 

14,279 

6,687 

797 

851 

Total . 

Average  annual 

71,103 

3,377,970 

175,-501 

2,224,970 

461,984 

j  150,692 

67,344 

297,479 

cost  per  pupil . . . 

47.51 

2.47 

31.29 

6.50 

2. 12 

0. 95 

4. 18 

Percent  of  total... 

1 

100.0 

5.2 

65.9 

13.7 

4.4 

2.0 

8.8 

340  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  58. — Expenditure  of  225  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Continued 
GROUP  V  (45  CITIES). 


City. 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Total 
current 
expenses 
(sum  of 
columns 

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
and  9). 

Total 
cost  of 
general 
control. 

Total 
cost  of 
instruction 
in  day 
schools. 

Total 
cost  of 
opera¬ 
tion  of 
plant. 

Total 
cost  of 
mainten¬ 
ance. 

Total 
cost  of 
auxili¬ 
ary 

agencies. 

Total 
fixed 
charges 
and  in¬ 
terest  on 
indebt¬ 
edness. 

* 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

Opelika,  Ala . 

970 

$17,325 

$1,800 

$13, 725 

$1,800 

Clifton,  Ariz . 

1,223 

65;  935 

4,881 

45,084 

S,  724 

$773 

$262 

$6,211 

Mena,  Ark . 

585 

10, 904 

1,357 

7,850 

480 

245 

972 

Monrovia,  Calif . 

778 

79; 896 

3,559 

53,439 

8,077 

4,346 

967 

9,508 

Lamar,  Colo . 

794 

40, 702 

3,312 

25, 179 

6,771 

2,626 

76 

2,738 

Milford,  Conn . 

1  395 

43,174 

2,743 

31,350 

4,640 

1,498 

2, 943 

Sanford  ,  Fla . 

660 

30;  440 

1,000 

15, 769 

3,661 

378 

3,405 

6,227 

East  Point,  Ga . 

962 

17,935 

1,910 

13,665  j 

1,860 

500 

Idaho  Falls,  Idaho . 

1,560 

73,078 

4,346 

43,904 

12, 703 

1,023 

1,092 

10,010 

Batavia,  Ill . 

944 

48, 766 

2,359 

26,273 

8, 729 

5,884 

630 

4, 891 

Winchester,  Ind . 

960 

37, 305 

2.204 

25,184 

5, 195 

1,781 

1,767 

1,174 

Newton,  Iowa . 

1,036 

71,724 

3,907 

41,006 

12,340 

2,051 

179 

12,241 

Dodge  City,  Kans . 

912 

45,  111 

4,500 

29,050 

6, 986 

825 

1,250 

2,  .500 

Cynthiana,  Ky . 

529 

21,272 

3,363 

14,574 

2,560 

450 

20 

305 

Jennings,  La . 

543 

19,474 

135 

13, 740 

2,276 

918 

405 

2,000 

Millinocket,  Me . 

724 

31,427 

1,734 

20,999 

6,879 

906 

909 

Easton,  Md . 

692 

16, 230 

1,145 

13,215 

1,275 

345 

100 

150 

Barre,  Mass . 

526 

26,110 

1,048 

17,822 

4,709 

634 

1,897 

Manistique, )  -ich . 

1,011 

58,002 

4,423 

30,633 

13,654 

880 

1,633 

6,779 

Thief  River  Falls,  Minn. 

1,228 

56,531 

3,512 

35,630 

12,067 

2,499 

585 

2,238 

Moss  Point.  Miss . 

238 

8,653 

1,600 

6,390 

663 

Marshall,  Mo . 

913 

36,750 

2,519 

25,465 

5,346 

1,587 

630 

1,203 

Red  Lodge,  Mont . 

906 

49,427 

3,150 

37,377 

6,900 

1,400 

300 

300 

Alliance,  Nebr . 

774 

38,214 

3,200 

23,330 

8,460 

661 

425 

2,138 

Goffstown,  N.  H . 

111 

8,041 

142 

5, 295 

562 

269 

1,773 

Colli ngswood,  N.  J . 

1,335 

70, 720 

3,259 

47,771 

9,271 

2,419 

'  97 

7, 903 

Raton, N.  Mex . 

994 

67,416 

2,441 

48,397 

5,433 

5,079 

962 

5,104 

Johnson  Citv,  N.  Y . 

1,146 

53, 721 

3,418 

33,939 

8, 450 

1,282 

508 

6.124 

Monroe,  N.  C . 

867 

18, 752 

2,970 

15, 052 

730 

Jamestown ,  N .  Dak. .... 

1,001 

55,214 

4,145 

34,891 

8,627 

824 

80 

6,647 

Medina,  Ohio . 

777 

28,974 

2,869 

19,440 

4,252 

2, 251 

21 

141 

Hobart,  Okla . 

865 

35, 023 

2,283 

20,645 

5,576 

788 

200 

5,531 

Oregon  Citv,  Oreg . 

944 

43,537 

2,775 

28,912 

5,186 

1,424 

207 

5,033 

Stroudsburg,  Pa . 

792 

30,320 

2,871 

21,853 

3, 330 

679 

1,587 

East  Greenwich,  R.  I . . . 

405 

15,898 

445 

10,098 

1,836 

964 

2,515 

40 

Yankton, S.  Dak . 

859 

51,659 

4,011 

31,949 

8,124 

2,298 

205 

5, 072 

Lenoir  City,  Tenn . 

890 

16,073 

1,431 

10,321 

2,971 

1,350 

Bonham,  Tex . 

1,008 

32,560 

2,247 

23,958 

3,530 

1,000 

825 

1,000 

Teague,  Tex . 

791 

18, 664 

2,379 

10,515 

1,920 

800 

3,050 

Murrav,  Utah . 

951 

51,512 

4,471 

35,712 

5,086 

1,966 

405 

3,872 

Springfield,  Vt . 

818 

47, 699 

2,181 

28, 804 

6,675 

3.032 

6,152 

855 

Harrisonburg,  Va . 

1,022 

28,044 

2,680 

20,247 

3,913 

388 

260 

556 

Ellensburg,  Wash . 

793 

44, 771 

3,534 

29,431 

5,073 

250 

260 

6, 223 

Williamson,  W.  Va . 

763 

26.865 

1,080 

20. 157 

624 

654 

4,350 

Ripon,  Wis . 

702 

33,059 

2,179 

20,094 

6,422 

2,958 

534 

872 

Total . 

38, 697 

1, 722, 907 

117,518 

1,128, 134 

243, 722 

61,505 

34, 224 

137, 804 

Average  annual 

cost  per  pupil _ 

44.52 

3.04 

29. 15 

6.30 

1.59 

0.  88 

3.56 

Per  cent  of  total... 

100.0 

6.8 

65. 5 

14.1 

3.6 

2.0 

8.0 

ACCOUNTING  TERMINOLOGY. 

In  Table  58  the  cities  have  been  arranged,  for  the  sake  of  conven¬ 
ience,  in  alphabetical  order  by  groups.  The  average  daily  attend¬ 
ance  in  each  school  system  is  given  in  column  2,  and  the  total  current 
expenses  in  column  3.  The  total  current  expenses  include  the  costs 
of  general  control ,  instruction ,  operation  of  plant ,  maintenance,  auxil¬ 
iary  agencies,  and  fixed  charges  and  interest  shown  respectively  in 
columns  4  to  9.  These  divisions  of  school  expenditures  are  fre¬ 
quently  referred  to  in  this  study  as  “ functions  of  expense/’  The 
cost  of  general  control  includes  all  administration  costs,  such  as  the 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


341 


salaries  and  expenses  of  members  of  the  board  of  education,  business 
agents,  and  superintendents.  The  cost  of  instruction  includes  the 
salaries  and  expenses  of  principals,  supervisors,  and  teachers,  the 
cost  of  textbooks,  and  the  cost  of  supplies  used  in  instruction.  Under 
operation  of  plant  are  placed  the  wages  of  janitors,  firemen,  and  en¬ 
gineers;  the  cost  of  fuel,  water,  power,  and  light;  and  the  cost  of  sup¬ 
plies  used  in  keeping  the  school  plant  fit  for  occupamw.  Maintenance 
costs  represent  expenditures  for  repair  work  and  for  replacing  outworn 
furniture,  apparatus,  etc.  Auxiliary  agencies  embrace  expenditures 
for  libraries,  health,  recreation,  school  lunches,  lecture  courses,  etc. 
Fixed  charges  and  interest  include  contributions,  rents,  insurance 
costs,  and  the  amount  paid  out  as  interest  on  the  school  debt.  The 
expenditures  shown  in  Table  58  have  been  assembled  from  the  more 
detailed  tables  following  later  in  the  report. 

In  discussing  the  graphs  the  curve  representing  the  total  cost  per 
pupil  is  frequently  referred  to  as  the  basal  curve,  and  those  repre¬ 
senting  the  various  functions  of  expense  as  supplementary  curves. 

AVERAGE  COSTS  PER  PUPIL  FOR  EACH  GROUP  OF  CITIES. 

The  average  annual  expenditures  per  pupil  in  average  daily  at¬ 
tendance  for  each  group  of  45  cities  is  shown  at  the  end  of  each 
section  of  Table  58.  Thus,  in  Group  1  the  average  total  cost  is 
$57.83;  in  Group  II,  $52.09;  in  Group  III,  $49.93;  in  Group  IV, 
$47.51;  and  in  Group  V,  $44.52.  From  these  averages  it  is  seen 
that  the  unit  expenditure  is  greatest  in  the  larger  cities  and  least  in 
smaller  cities.  The  unit  expenditures,  therefore,  for  maintaining  a 
school  system  as  it  works  out  in  practice  is  in  general  greater  in  a 
large  city  than  in  a  small  one.  In  the  45  cities  of  Group  I  the  total 
cost  per  pupil,  $57.83,  is  divided  as  follows:  For  general  control, 
$2.30;  for  instruction,  $43.36;  for  operation,  $6.16;  for  maintenance, 
$2.38;  for  auxiliary  agencies,  $1.13;  and  for  fixed  charges,  $2.50. 
In  other  words,  4  per  cent  of  the  expenditures  go  for  general  control, 
75  per  cent  for  instruction,  10.6  per  cent  for  operation,  4.1  per  cent 
for  maintenance,  2  per  cent  for  auxiliary  agencies,  and  4.3  per  cent 
for  fixed  charges.  Similar  average  expenditures  for  each  function 
of  expense  and  similar  percentages  of  distribution  have  been  ascer¬ 
tained  for  each  group  of  cities  in  the  same  table.  In  general,  ad¬ 
ministrative  costs  increase  with  the  decreasing  size  of  cities,  rising 
from  $1.74  in  Group  II  to  $3.04  per  pupil  in  Group  V.  On  the  other 
hand,  instruction  costs  increase  with  the  size  of  cities,  rising  steadily 
from  $29.15  in  Group  V  to  $43.36  per  pupil  in  Group  I.  The  size 
of  a  city  does  not  seem  to  exert  any  decided  influence  upon  the  cost  of 
operating  the  school  plant.  The  upkeep  or  maintenance  expenditures 
in  general  are  slightly  higher  in  the  larger  cities.  The  expenditures  for 
auxiliary  agencies  and  fixed  charges  do  not  seem  to  be  dependent 
upon  the  size  of  city.  Because  of  the  difference  in  administrative 
and  instruction  expenditures  in  large  and  small  cities,  it  becomes 
necessary  to  treat  the  finances  of  each  group  of  cities  separately. 


Table  59. — Analysis  of  the  current  expenses  per  student  in  average  daily  attendance  in  225  city  school  systems,  1917-18 . 

GROUP  I  (45  CITIES). 


342 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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GROUP  IV  (45  CITIES). 


348 


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GROUP  V# (45  CITIES). 


350 


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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918, 


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BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


(GROUP  I) 

SEATTLE . 

LOS  ANGELES. . 
PITTSBURGH. . . 
CINCINNATI... 
KANSAS  CITY.. 

PORTLAND . 

GRAND  RAPIDS. 

SPOKABB . 

BUFFALO . 

BOSTON . 

CLEVELAND. ... 

OMAHA . 

NEVA RK. ...... 

OAKLAND . 

IHDIANAPOLI8. 
MINNEAPOLIS. . 
MILWAUKEE. .  .  , 
ROCHKSTPR. . .  . 

DENV®? . 

WASHINGTON. . . 
JERSEY  CITY.. 

NEW  YORK . 

SAN  FRANCISCO 

MEMPHIS . 

ST.  LOUIS.  . . . 

COLUMBUS . 

ST.  PAUL . 

PROVINCE. . . 
WORCBSTSt. . . . 

CHICAGO . 

FALL  RIVER... 

DETROIT . 

LOVELL . 

PHILADELPHIA. 

SCRANTON . 

LOUISVILLE... 
NEW  HAVEN.... 

SYRACUSE . 

RICHMOND . 

BRIDGEPORT. . . 
NOT  ORLEANS.. 
BALTIMORE. . . . 
NASHVILLE.... 
BIRMINGHAM... 
ATLANTA . 


. .  TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST', ♦‘>7 *83. 

- COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  GENERAL  CONTROL  AS  REIATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST  ,$2*30. 

-  Cost  PER  PUPIL  FOR  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  OOST.J43.36. 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L  -  LOW.  h-  -  HIGH.  M.H. -MIDDIE  HALF. 


Fig.  37  (A).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  1, 1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  353 


C  1  T  I  B  I 
(CROUP  I). 

SEATTLE 

L08  ANGELES . 

PITTSBURG . 

CINCINNATI . 

KANSAS  CITY . 

PORTLAND . 

GRAND  RAPIDS . 

8POKANB 
BUFFALO 
BOSTON 
CLEVELAND 
OMAHA 

newahs 

OAKLAND . 

INDIANAPOLIS . 

MINNEAPOLIS . 

MILWAUKEE . 

ROCHESTER . 

D2NVB? . . 

WASHINGTON . 

JERSEY  CITY . 

FEN  YORK . 

SAN  FRANCISCO . 

HBttPHIB 
ST.  I/OUIB 
COLUMBUS 
BT.  PAUL, 

PROVIDENCE 
WORCESTER. 

CHICAGO 
FALL  P.IYH5 
DETROIT 
LOWEIL 

PHILADELPHIA 
SCRANTON 
LOUISVILLE 
FEW  HAVEN. 

SYRACUSE 

RICHMOND . 

BRIDGEPORT . 

NSW  ORLEANS. ....... 

BALTIMORE . 

FASHVILLS . 

BIRMINGHAM . 

ATLANTA . . 


H.K.FOR 


TOTAL  00  UT  PER  PUPIL  AS  EE  LATH)  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST.  ♦57.85. 

COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  OPERATION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, §6.16. 
COST  PEP.  PUPIL  FOR  MAINTENANCE  AS  RELATED  TO  TEE  AVERAGE  COST,  12.58. 
AVERAGE  C08T  LINE,  L  -  LON.  H  -  HIGH.  M.H. -KIDDLE  HALF. 


Fig.  37  (B).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  1, 1917-18. 
59873°— 21 - 23 


354 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


cities. 

(GROUP  I).  f 

M.H.FOR  - — 

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RATIO  TO  AVKRAOB. 

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ST.  IOUIS. . 

COLUMBUS . 

ST.  PAUL . 

PROVIIENCE . 

Worcester . 

CHICAGO. . 

FALL.  RIVP.R.  . 

DETROIT. . 

LOWELL . 

PHILADELPHIA . . 

SCRANTON . 

L0UI8VILLE . 

NEW  HAVEN . 

SYRACUSE . 

RICHMOND. ..«•»  *.«••• 

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NEW  ORLEANS . 

BALTIMORE . 

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. ■-  TOTAL  COST  PER 

- - -  COST  PER  PUPIL 

.  cost  am  pupil 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LJ 

PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $57. 83. 

FOR  AUXILARY  AGENCIES  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVEP.AOE  COST, #V .13* 
FOR  FIXED  CHARGES  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  C0ST,|2.50. 

:»B.  U  -  LOT.  H  -HICK.  M.H. -MIDDLE  HALF. 

Fig.  37  (C).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  1, 1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


355 


ic.-H.roR 


RATIO  TO  AVER  AG 


IIS8.  (GR^UP.II). 

> 

t 

$ 

_ 

- ! 

r 

PASADENA. . 
BERKELEY.. 

CBS  KOIKES 
BAYONNE. . . 
HARTFORD. . 
TOPEKA. . . . 
BINGHAMTON 

bay'  city.  . 

SALT  LAKE  CITY 
TACOMA. . . . 
SPRINGFIELD 
MERIDEN. . . 

SALEri . 

DULUTH. ... 

UTICA . 

CANTON. . . . 
CEDAR  RAPIDS 
EVANSVILLE 
PEORIA. . . . 
PAWTUCKET. 
WHEELING. . 
ELIZABETH. 
TERRE  HAUTE 

LYNN . 

MANCHESTER 
WTLKES-BARR2 
KANSAS  CITY 
OSHKOSH. . . 
DECATUR. • . 
OKLAHOMA. . 
ALTOONA. . . 

FORT  WORTH 

AKRON . 

LEXINGTON. 

FLINT . 

SPRINGFIELD 
MOBILE. . . 
8AVABNAH. . 
CHATTANOOGA 
CHARLESTON 
MONTGOMERY 
R0ANOKB.  .. 
LITTLE  ROCK 
CHARLOTTE., 


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TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $52.09. 

COST  PS®  PUPIL  FOR  GENERAL  CONTROL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #1.74. 

COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $36.06. 
AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L  -  LOW.  H  -  HIGH.  K.H. -MIDDLE  HALF, 


Fig.  38  (A). — An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  II,  1917-18. 


356 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


CITIES. 

(GROUP  II). 

0 

J.H.FOR  — ~ 

x  f 

1 

— —  RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 

3 

BUTTS# •••#•*»•••»#• 
PA8ADBHA. •••••••##• 

H 

L 

BERKBISY.- . 

B2S  MOINES. > . • i . .j ■ 
BAYONNE. . .........  . 

H 

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HARTFORD.  ......a... 

Topeka#  ••••••«••  •  #  # 

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b 

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BINGHAMTON . 

BAY  CITY... . 

SALT  LAKE  CITY . 

Tacoma# •#••*•*••••# 
SPHIHGEIEI©..#.^... 

KERIDS1T#  #•••„•##•#.# 

SALSM. »#••#••  #••••• 

DULUTH# • # 9 • 0 » # » • • • • 

UTICA# •####*»«••••# 

CAETOIT#  #•#•#•»•«  o •  • 

CEDAR  RAPIDS# •••##• 

EVAffgYTLLK#  #•#••#•• 
PEORlAo  •••••#•»•••» 

PAWTUCKET . . 

WHEELING .  «  «  # • r  9  •  •  •  a 

ELIZABETH#  t##9#»»#« 

TERRS  HAUTE. . . 

LYNN • •#••#••###•••• 

MAK  CK&6T5R  # #•##•»•• 

WILKE  8-BAHRB#  •••«•• 

KANSAS  CITY . 

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OSHKOSH . . 

BSC  AT  UR. . . . 

OKLAHOMA. .......... 

ALTOONA e #•#••••###• 

ycar.-foRTH . 

AKBOH. . . 

LiSJLtNGTON. ......... 

RLUJT »»#»########o* 
SPRIHGEIEI^ . 

MOBILE . . 

SAVANNAH . . 

CHATTANOOGA. 

CHARLESTON . 

MONTGOMERY . 

ROAHOKB# #•■•#•••••• 

LITTLE  ROCK . . 

CHARLOTTE.  ••••••••• 

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M.H.FOR  * - -  — — O— 

TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  A3  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $52. 09. 

C08T  PER  PUPIL  FOR  OPERATION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  C08T,$6.?0. 
o — o — o  COST  PER  PUPIL  POR  MAINTENANCE  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $2, 72. 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L  -  LOW.  H  -  HIGH.  H.HVtMIDMB  HALF. 

Fig.  38  (B).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  II,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  357 


0  Z  T  Z  5  8 

(OROUP  II) 
BUTTE. 
PASADEEA. .  . 
BZRKH3Y. , 

£8»  BQSSSS. 
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CAHTOH. .... 
CEDAR  RAPIDS. 
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PEORIA . 

PAFTUC2BT., 
WHEELING... 
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TERRS  HAUTB 

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MAKCKBSTER, 
WILKE8-BAKRB. 
XAESAS  cm. 


H.H.FOR 


RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 

 , 


H.H.FOR 

TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  C0ST,t?2;09. 

COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  AUXILARY  AC2HCIBS  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  C03T.fO.80 
COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  FIXED  CHARGE 8  AS  RELATED- TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $4. 07- 
AVERAGE  COST  LIRE.  L  -  LOW.  H  -  HIGH.  V.H.-  MIDDLE  HALF. 


Fig.  38  (C).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems.  Group  II,  1917-18. 


358 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


M.H.FOP. 


Oil  IBS. 
(C-P.OUP  III) 7 

BOISE . 

BROOKLINE, ... . . 
HACKENSACK. . . . 
GREAT*  FALL 3. .  . 
SIOUX  FALLS... 


CHEYENNE. 


BELLINGHAM. .... 

FARGO.... . . 

MALISON . . . 

CONCORD . 

SALEM.... ...... 

FRE3N0 . . 

PARKERSBURG. . . . 

CLINTON . . 

ALBUQUERQUE. . . . , 

NEWPORT... . 

LEAVENWORTH . 

PHOENIX . 

BURLINGTON . . 

BATTLE  CREEK... , 

ITHACA . . 

OGDEN . . . . . . 

ROCK  ISLAND...., 
GRAND  ISLAND. .  .. 
LORAIN.......... 

MANKATO . 

MUSKOGEE . 

WACO . . 

NORWALK. . . . 

ELKHART . . 

JEFFERSON  CITY., 

FORT  SMITH . . 

AUBURN. . . . 

JACKSON . 


COLUMBUS . . 

PADUCAH . 

WIIMINGTOH, .... i 

CUMBERLAND . . 

BESSEMER . . 

8HREVEP0RT . . 

SPARTANBURG . 

JACKSON . . 


RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 

-  - - 


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TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  KEIATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $49.95* 

- - —  C0ST  per  pgpiL  FOR  ADMINISTRATION  AS  RELATED  TO.  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $2. 26. 

—  —  COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $54.81 . 

V  AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L»  -  LOW.  M  -  HIGH.  U.H. -MIDDLE  HALF. 


Fig.  39  (A).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  III,  1917-18, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918,  359 


M.H.FOR 


C  I  T  I  2  S 
(GROUP  III) 
£0132 
BROOKLINE 
HACKENSACK, 
GREAT  FALLS 
SIOUX  FALLS 
WILK3NSBURG 

CHEYENNE _ 

COLORADO  SPF 
BELLINGHAM 
FARGO 
MADISON 
CONCORD 
SALEM.' 

FRESNO 
PARKERSBURG 
CLINTON 
ALBUQUERQUE 
SUPPORT .... 
LEAVENWORTH 
PHOENIX. . . . 
BURLINGTON. 
BATTLE  GREK 
ITHAGA 

OGDEN . . 

ROCK  ISLAND. 
GRAND  ISLAND 
LORAIN..... 
MANKATO 
MU3K0GIE 

WCO, . 

NORWALK 
ELKHART.... 
JEFFERSON  Cl 
FORT  SMITH. 
AUBURN 
JACKSON. . . . 
PETERSBURG 
COLUMBUS 
PADUCAH 
WIXMIHGTOH. 
CUMBERLAND. 
BESSEMER. . . 
SHREVEPORT 
SPARTANBURG 
JACKSON 


11.  H.  FOR 


TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  C0ST,$49.93. 

——  COST  PER  PUPIL  SDR  OPERATION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $6. 4?. 
-O— oCe8T  PER  PUPIL  FOR  MAINTENANCE  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAC3  COST  J2.18. 
X  AVERAGE  COST  LINK.  L  -  LOW.  H  -  HIGH.  K.H.-IE1BIE  HALF. 


Fig.  39  (B).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  III,  1917-18. 


360  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


C  I  T  I  B  S 

(GROUP  III). 

SOI  SB, 

BROOKLINE. . . 
HACKEE SACK. . 
GREAT  PALLS. 
SIOUX  PALLS. 
WJLKXNSBURG. 
CHEYENNB 
COLORADO  S?R 
BELLINGHAM 
FARGO 
MAD  I  SOU 
CONCORD 
SALSf, 

FRESNO 
PARKER  SBURi 
CLINTON 
ALBUQUERQUE 
NEWPORT 
LEAVENWORTH. 

PHOENIX . 

BURLINGTON. . 
BATTLE  CREEK 
ITHACA. 

OGDEN . 

ROCK  ISLAND. 
GRAND  ISLAND 
LORAIN 
MANKATO. 
MUSKOGEE 
WACO. . . . 

NORWALK 
ELKHART 
JEFFERSON  CITY 
FORT  SMITH. . 
AUBURN, 

JACKSON . 

PETERSBURG 
C0LUMBU8 

PADUCAH . 

WIPING  TON. . 
CUMBERLAND 
BESSEMER. . . . 
SHREVEPORT. . 
SPARTANBURG 
JACKSON...... 


RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 
2 


—  M.H.FOP.  .  . >' 

TOTAL  COOT  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST.,^49.93. 

COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  AUXILARY  AGENCIES  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  CO ST, #0.66 
COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  FIXED  CHARGES  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST,$3»55. 
AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L  -  LOW.  h  -  HIGH.  M.H. -MIDDLE  HALF. 


Fig.  39  (C).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  III,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OP  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


361 


M.H.FOR 


C  I  T  I  I 
(GROUP  IV). 
EVELETH 
SUMMIT, 

LEAD . 

RICHMOND, 
BRATTLEBORO 
SAUNA 
SHERIDAN, 

OSKALOOSA 
BISBEE 
EUGENE, 

PORT  ARTHUR 
KALI  SPELL, 

CRAWFORDS VI LLE 
BISMARCK, 

IRON  MOUNTAIN 
VANCOUVER 

POCATELLO . . 

WAUKESHA . 

ROSWELL. 

FREMONT . 

TEXARKANA . 

GRAND  JUNCTION 
DE  KALB 

HERKIMER . 

GRAFTON, 

SANFORD, 

BRAINTREE. . . 

LOGAN 

ARDMORE . . . 

DUBLIN 

EAST  HARTFOHD 

BOWLING  GREEN . 

BRISTOL, 

ROCHESTER. . . . 
WAYNESBORO 
WELLSVILLE 

CARTHAGE . 

BRISTOL, 

SALISBURY 

GREENVI LLE . 

ROCK  HILL, 
TUSCALOOSA, 

ROCKY  MOUNT........ 

LA  FAYETTE . . 

COLUMBIA. 


RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 
2 


M.H.FOR 


i  '  ■.  TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST. $*7.51. 

- - —COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  GENERAL  CONTROL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  CO  ST,  $2, 

- -  COST  PER  PUriL  FOR  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #31. 29, 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LINK.  L  -  LOW.  H  -  HIGH.  M.H. -MIDDLE  HALP. 


47. 


Fig.  40  (A).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  IV,  1017-18. 


862  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


CITIES 
(GROUP  IV). 

EVELETH 

siaca 

LEAD 

RICHMOND . . 

BRATTLF330R0.  ...... 

SALXNA. . .  ... 

'SHERIDAN 
OSKALOOSA 
BISBEF. 

EUGENE 
PORT  ARTHUR 
KALISFE 

CRAWFORD!  5VI LLE  . 
PIEMARCK 
IRON  MOUNTAIN 
VANCOUVER. . . . 
POCATELLO 
WAUKESHA 
ROSWELL 
FREMONT, 

TEXARKANA.  .*.... 
GRAND  JUNCTION. 

HZ  KALB . 

HERKIMER. . 

GRAFTON, 

Sanford, 

PRAIITTKFE. 

LOGAN 
ARDMORE 
DUEL 

EAST  HARTFORD . 

BOWLING  GREEN . 

BRISTOL, 

ROCHESTER 

Waynesboro 

WELLSVILLE 
CARTHAGE 
BRISTOL, 

SALISBURY.., 
GREENVILLE. 

ROCK  HILL. . 
TUSCALOOSA. 

ROCKY  MOUNT 
LA  FAYETTE. 
COLUMBIA 


K.H.FCR 


M.H.FCP. 


TOTAL  COST  PFR  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERACE  COST, $4?. 51. 

COST  FER  PUPIL  FOR  OPERATION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  CO  ST,  $6. 50. 
COST  PFR  PyPIL  FOR  MAINTENANCE  AS,  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $2. 12. 
AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L  -  LOW.  f-\  -  HIGH.  H.H.-KIDDI2  HALF.' 


Fig.  40  (B).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  IV ,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


383 


O  !  T  I  S  8  . 
(GROUP  IV). 

EVBLETH . 

SUMMIT . . 

I2AD . 

RICHMOND . 

FRATTLEBORO. . . 

SALIKA . 

SHERIDAN . 

C8KALOOSA . 

PISBREo . 

eugene . 

PORT  ARTHUR... 

KALI SPELL . 

CRAWFQRDSVILIE 

BISMARCK.  _ _ 

IRON  MOUNTAIN. 

Vancouver . 

'POCATELLO _ 

WAUKESHA. . 


FREMONT . 

TEXARKANA. .... 
C-RAND  JUNCTION 

DE  KALB . 

HERXIV3® . 

GRAFTON . 

SANFORD. . 

BRAINTREE . 

LOGAN . 

ARDMORE . 

DUBLIN. . . 

EAST  HARTFORD. 
BOWLING  GREEN. 

BRISTOL . 

ROCHESTER . 

WAYNESBORO. . . . 
WELLSVILLE. . . . 

CARTHAGE . . 

BRISTOL . . . 

SALISBURY . 

GH2ENVIILE. . . . 

ROCK  HILL . 

TUSCALOOSA. . . . 
ROCKY  MOUNT. . . 
LA  FAYETTE. . . . 
COLUMBIA . 


M.H.FOP. 

* - - - 


RATIO 


T  0 


average. 


"-TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  TRE'  AVERAGE  COST, $47. ?1. 

.—  ••  —  COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  AUXILARY  AGENCIES  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #0.95* 

. . . COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  FIXED  CHAROES  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  CGST,$4.f8. 

>;  AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L  -  LOW.  H  -  HICH.  M.H. -KIDDLE  HA  IF. 


Fig.  40  (C).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  IV,  1917-18. 


364 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


H.H.FOR 


C  I  T  I  S 
(GROUP  V). 
MONROVIA. . .  . 


GOFFSTOBH . . 

NEWTON. . . . 

RAT05 . 

YANKTON. . . . . 

SPRINGFIELD . . . . 

FANlSTIQUE . 

ELI2NSBURG. ......... 

JAMESTOWN. .......... 

RED  10  RGB . . . 

MURRAY . . . 

CLIFTON. ........... , 

COLLING  SWOOD . . 

BATAVIA . 

LAMAR . . . . . . 

BARRS . . 

DODGE  CITY . . 

ALLIANCE. . . . 

RIPON. . . . 

JOHNSON  CITY.. . . 

IDAHO  FALLS . 

8ANF0RD . . 

OREGON  CITY......... 

THIEF  RIVER  FAILS. . , 
MILLINOCXETo ....... , 

HOBART . 

MARSHALL........'..., 

CYNTHIANA..V. . . 

EAST  GREENWICH...... 

WINCHESTER .......... 

STROUDSBURG. . . . . 

MEDINA.  . ......... 

MOSS  POINT.... . . 

JENNINGS . . 

WILLIAMSON......... 

BONHAM . .  . , 

MILFORD . . 

HARRISONBURG . 

TEAGUE . . 

EASTON . 

MONROE . 

MENA. . . . 

EAST  POINT . 

LENOIR  CITY . 

OPELIKA . 


RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 
2 


L 

-* 

u 

L  , 

L  , 

-  * ' 

\ 

/ 

v  h 

> 

■ji- 

y 

«* 

~-’V7 

SI 

Uj| 

V 

Li 

_ 

t 

H 

1 

f 

> 

r 

•- 

! 

a 

’ 

7 

; 

/V 

i| 

1 

[. 

T" 

“  — 

k 

L 

L- 

- : 

-  — 

L—  '• 

-* 

"1 

SJxl  1 

> 

9/» 

;h 

— 

„  t 

L 

-  ■ 

A 

JjLl 

1 

L 

L 

| 

\- < 

LJp0 

1 

f 

/ 

1 

4t 

| 

H 

HS 

n 

1 

/ 

ti  ’ 

r 

iJj- 

1. 

TOTAL  COST  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $44. 52. 

- - —  COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  GENERAL  CONTROL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $3. 04, 

- -  COST  PEP.  PUPIL  FOR  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #29.15. 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  L  -  LOW.  H  -  HIGH.  K.H.-  KIDDIE  HALF. 


Fig.  41  (A).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  V,  1917-18. 


365 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


— 

31TI18. 

(GROUP  V). 

!> 

X 

RATIO 

TO 

AVFRACE 

2 

5 

MONROVIA . 

- 

H 

GOFPSTOWF . 

L 

i 

baton . 

L 

J*. 

YAlTKTON . 

qPT?TWOT?Tl!T.T> . 

V. 

WSNISTIQUE . -  . . 

O 

r 

O 

H 

Lr 

JO 

o- 

krfc 

RET)  T/vnGH . . 

■o 

MURRAY . . 

L 

■  ' 

CU7T0H . 

L 

COLLINGSWOOD . 

h  H 

LAMAR . 

to 

4 

C* 

o- 

BARKB . , 

LODGES  CITY . 

y 

ALLIANCE . . . 

-I 

a. 

RIPON . . 

J0HN8ON  CITY . . 

o  - 

! 

Sk 

!4 

IDAHO  PALLS . 

u 

s  n 

SANFORD . 

L 

<4 

— 

rH 

l 

; _ 

L 

r 

OREGON  CITY . 

tL 

■o 

4 

| 

THIEP  RIVER  FALLS. . 

rU 

rT"- 

i 

MILLIHOCKE? . . . 

\CW 

-6^' 

■c 

/rt 

. 

: 

c 

c* 

HOBART . 

MARSHALL . 

5C 

CYHTHIANA. . . 

* 

EAST  GRaSSWIOK . 

TPt-s 

' 

WINCHESTER . . 

STROUDSBURG. 

MEDINA . 

^o- 

3^ 

MOSS  POINT . 

JHBNTMG3.  . . 

L 

WILLIAMSON. ........ 

L 

r 

BONHAM . . 

MILFORD . 

HARRISONBURG . 

TEAGUE. . . 

EASTON . 

MONROE . 

iSS  A . 

L 

4 

EAST  POINT . 

LENOIR  CITY . 

L 

OPELIKA..., . . 

t- 

L 

a 

M 

.H 

.FOB 

>1 

— o — 

TOTAL  COST 

PEH  PUPIL 

AS  RELATED  TO 

THE  AVERAGE  COST, $44. 52 

. 

PUPIL  FOR  OPERATION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, f 6 

.30. 

©— o—* o  COST  PER 

PUPIL  FOR  MAINTENANCE 

AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  008T,$1 

•  59. 

X  AVERAGE  COST 

LINE 

L 

-  LOW. 

H  -  HIGH. 

M 

:.E 

MIDDLE 

HALF. 

Fig.  41  (B).— An  analysis  of  expenditure  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  V,  1917-18. 


368 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  191&-1918. 


cmss  . 

(GROUP  V>. 

i— M.H.FOR - *, 

dRATIO  .TO  AVERAGE. 

I  i|  2  i 

3 

MONROVIA.. 

GOFFSTOlM. . . 

ff 

ir 

4 

.. 

,  , 

. .... 

..O 

.  . 

. . 

o. 

r 

“ 

f 

fn 

— 

-H 

.i 

»v 

L 

ww 

jj 

RATOS . .......... 

YAHKOB.. ........... 

8PRIBQF2KLD, , . ...... 

MANXSTIQUS, . . 

BILENSBUBG. . .  0  . 

H 

- 

*  8 

..J 

.. 

- 

- 

— 

-* 

*■ 

=3. 

, 

.. 

... 

•e 

“ 

.. 

. 

9  .. 

I 

-* 

“ 

H; 

... 

.. 

0 

f*' 

1 

" 

^ . 

“ 

5 

tr 

.. 

« 

JAMBSTOMS. .....o.oo. 

Ji. 

r* 

u'3 

RED  LODGE, . 

MURRAY, , ,  ,,, 

«  _> 

•- 

„  j 

ULIPT03 _ ......... 

COLLING  SNOOD. ....... 

BATAVIA. . . 

LAMAR . 

— 

'1*. 

M 

r~ 

1 

*« 

k*. 

0f 

•* 

— * 

-r 

*. .. 

! 

*• 

“■ 

AT.T.TAWCR . 

; 

M 

El  PON . . 

- 

V 

1 

JOHNSON  CITY . 

... 

-  J 

|i»  j 

IDAHO  FALLS . . . 

p 

1 

.. 

H 

J 

c^mtnnT) 

- 

11*' 

] 

h 

*  * 

•  Cl 

OREGON  CITY . 

THIEF  RIVER  FALLS... 

MILINOCKBT . 

HOBART . 

MARSHALL, . 

CYNTHIA3A . 

2 AST  GREENWICK . 

VINCH2STJK . 

STROUDSBURG 

u  - 

... 

»V 

— 

r 

... 

... 

-fl 

P*- 

... 

M 

M 

M.H.  FOR  . 

kJ 

“k 

L 

" 

"  ‘ 

r 

V- 

--- 

.. 

H 

L 

hi 

... 

*• 

— 

r 

L. 

ivA 

U,' 

i 

: 

T 

•  ■ 

■  • 

.. . 

•• 

.. 

■- 

M 

- 

[ 

jj|..  - 

•* 

•• 

k. 

MOSS  POINT . . 

ft 

j- 

a. 

i. 

La 

VILLI AM SON. . 

BONHAM . 

— 

- 

•  o 

H 

.. 

Lp 

?* 

“  * 

* 

m 

VTT.FORD . 

L# 

* 

... 

HARRISONBURG. ....... 

TRAGirR.  _ _ T _ 

I"" 

.. 

" 

"j 

*•* 

T9 

.. 

-  «, 

w  M 

■RARTOM  r  ,  T  _  , . 

£ 

* 

- 

•  ® 

tfOMRlVE.  . 

•> 

? 

VEUA . 

I- 

EAST  POINT.... . 

LENOIR  CITY . 

to 

1 

•- 

«■ 

tl 

a 

• 

1 

W - -  M.H.FOP.  - - - - - ti 

TOTAL  COST  PER  RJPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AV3RAG2  C08T,#44.52. 

— - « >  COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  AUXILARY, A 0B5CIES  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #0.83. 

. -  COST  PER  PUPIL  FOR  FIXED  CHARGES  A8  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST  ,$3.56. 

x  AVKRAGE  COST  LINE.  L  —  LOVT.  H  —  HIGH.  K.H.-MIDDI2  HALF. 

Fig.  41  (C).— An  analysis  of  expenditures  in  45  city  school  systems,  Group  V,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


367 


THE  AVERAGE  TOTAL  COSTS  PER  PUPIL  IN  EACH  CITY. 

The  average  costs  just  considered  for  each  group  of  Gities  might 
lead  one  to  infer  that  all  cities  in  any  given  group  might  have  about 
the  same  unit  costs  and  distribute  their  expenditures  in  about  the 
same  proportion.  To  show  the  degree  to  which  each  city  repre¬ 
sented  varies  from  these  averages  and  these  percentages  is  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  Table  59  and  figures  37,  38,  39,  40,  and  41.  In  Table  58, 
similar  annual  expenditures  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance 
have  been  computed  for  each  of  the  225  cities.  Thus,  in  Group  I 
it  is  seen  that  Seattle,  Wash.,  spends  annually  $79.32  per  pupil. 
Of  this  amount  $2.49  goes  for  general  control,  $52.45  for  instruc¬ 
tion,  $8.25  for  operation,  $3.42  for  maintenance,  $4.22  for  auxil¬ 
iary  agencies,  and  $8.49  for  fixed  charges.  The  cities  have  been 
arranged  in  Table  59  in  the  decreasing  order  of  their  total  cost  per 
pupil  per  year.  In  Group  I  Seattle  stands  highest  with  a  per  capita 
expenditure  of  $79.32,  and  Atlanta,  Ga.,  lowest  with  a  per  capita 
of  $31.45,  the  average  pel  capita  for  the  group  being  $57.83.  By 
dividing  the  cost  in  Seattle  ($79.32)  by  the  average  cost,  it  is  found 
that  this  city  spends  1.37  times  as  much  per  pupil  per  year  as  is 
spent  in  the  average  city  school  system  of  Group  I.  This  quotient 
may  be  called  the  ‘‘ratio  to  the  average”  (column  3).  It  is  also  a 
percentage  showing  that  Seattle  spends  37  per  cent  more  than  the 
average.  It  may  also  be  considered  an  index  number.  On  the  other 
hand,  Atlanta  spends  per  pupil  only  0.54,  or  54  per  cent,  of  the 
average  expenditure.  Atlanta  has  an  index  of  54.  These  ratios, 
or  index  numbers,  have  been  plotted  in  each  part  of  figure  37,  result¬ 
ing  in  the  continuous  heavy  black  line  drawn  diagonally  down  across 
the  graph. 

THE  MIDDLE  HALF. 

• 

For  the  sake  of  convenience  in  analyzing  city  school  expenditures, 
it  has  become  almost  an  established  practice  to  divide  the  cities  into 
four  equal  or  nearly  equal  groups,  according  to  the  magnitude  of  the 
unit  cost.  Quartile  points  are  employed  to  separate  the  upper  and 
lower  fourths  from  the  middle  50  per  cent  of  the  cities.  Thus,  when 
the  45  cities  have  been  arranged  in  the  ascending  order  of  unit  costs, 
the  point  halfway  between  the  average  cost  in  the  eleventh  and  twelfth 
cities  is  called  the  first  quartile  and  that  halfway  between  the  thirty- 
fourth  and  the  thirty -fifth  cities  is  termed  the  third  quartile.  The 
limits  of  the  middle  half  or  the  quartile  points  have  been  indicated 
by  the  arrows  at  the  extreme  right  of  each  diagram.  Thus,  in  Group 
I  the  expenditures  in  the  first  11  cities  are  above  the  middle  half 
and  the  expenditures  in  the  last  11  cities  are  below  the  middle  half, 
the  remaining  23  cities  having  expenditures  coming  within  the  middle 
zone.  The  reasons  for  wide  variations  from  the  average  can  not 


368  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

be  set  forth  in  this  limited  study,  eVen  if  they  were  definitely  known. 
This  presentation  only  attempts  to  show  deviations  from  the  general 
practice.  It  may  he  highly  commendable  for  a  cit}r  to  incur  high 
per  capita  costs  or  to  maintain  schools  at  low  cost  if  proper  results 
can  be  secured  thereby.  Further,  the  more  progressive  school 
systems  may  incur  unusual  expenditures  in  one  direction  or  another 
in  attempting  to  promote  some  particular  educational  experiment. 
General  control  expenditures,  or  the  cost  of  auxiliary  agencies, 
even  in  the  best  school  systems,  may  exhibit  wide  deviations  from 
the  general  practice.  Such  unusual  expenditures  in  city  schools, 
therefore,  may  not  only  not  be  derogatory  but  highly  commendable. 

For  each  function  of  expense  the  middle  half  of  the  cities  has  been 
indicated  either  at  the  top  or  the  bottom  of  each  graph.  Thus,  in 
Group  I  the  middle  half  of  the  cities  spend  for  general  control  from 
0.57  to  1.10  times  the  average  amount  so  spent  by  all  45  cities. 
These  “zonal  lines”  have  been  indicated  by  the  arrowheads  at  the 
top  of  figure  (Part  A).  Similarly,  the  zonal  limits  for  the  cost  of 
instruction  (0.80  to  1.06)  have  been  located  at  the  bottom  of  the  same 
chart.  Half  the  cities  fail  within  this  narrow  zone.  In  Part  B 
the  middle  half  for  the  operation  of  the  school  plant  has  been  in¬ 
dicated  at  the  top  of  the  figure  and  the  corresponding  bounds  for 
maintenance  costs  are  shown  at  the  bottom  of  the  same  diagram. 
In  Part  C  similar  quartilc  points  have  been  located  for  auxiliary 
agencies  and  fixed  charges  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  diagram, 
respectively.  If  the  expenditures  for  any  function  extend  beyond 
these  zones,  the  unit  cost  for  this  purpose  is  considered  high;  if  they 
are  less  than  the  smallest  quartile,  the  cost  is  considered  low,  as 
judged  by  the  practice  of  the  middle  half. 

UNIT  FUNCTIONAL  COSTS  FOR  EACH  CITY. 

m 

With  the  average  line,  the  total  cost  curve,  and  the  middle  halves 
located,  it  becomes  a  comparatively  easy  matter  to  determine  the 
function  of  expense  in  which  the  greatest  irregularity  exists.  Con¬ 
tinuing  with  Group  I,  it  is  found  that  the  average  cost  per  pupil  for 
general  control  is  $2.30,  while  in  Seattle  this  cost  is  $2.49  per  pupil, 
or  1.08  times  the  average.  This  point  is  plotted  on  the  graph  to 
mark  the  origin  of  the  “dash-dot”  curve,  representing  general- 
control  costs  in  Part  A  of  figure  37.  The  expenditures  of  Seattle  for 
general  control  come  just  within  the  middle  zone.  This  curve 
“zigzags”  back  and  forth  across  the  “total  cost”  curve,  but  takes 
in  general  the  same  direction  as  the  continuous  black  curve.  Some 
wide  deviations,  however,  are  striking.  Cleveland,  Ohio,  spends 
2.58  times  as  much  for  general  control  as  is  spent  on  an  average  by 
cities  of  its  class.  Washington,  D.  C.,  spends  only  41  per  cent  of 
the  average  for  general  control.  Portland,  Oreg.,  and  New  Orleans, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  369 

La.,  spend  large  unit  amounts  for  general  control.  It  should  be 
remembered  that  the  discussion,  thus  far,  does  not  show  whether 
the  proportion  spent  for  general  control  is  high  or  low,  as  compared 
with  the  general  practice — this  will  be  shown  later;  it  only  indicates 
the  magnitude  of  the  expense  per  pupil  for  administration  as  com¬ 
pared  with  what  the  “average”  city  spends.  From  the  curve  for 
general  control  it  is  seen  that  Cleveland  spends  more  for  this  purpose 
than  either  Portland  or  New  Orleans.  Birmingham,  Ala.,  incurs  the 
smallest  expense  for  general  control  of  any  city  in  Group  I. 

For  instruction  Seattle  spends  $52.45  per  pupil,  or  1.21  times  the 
average  cost  of  $43.36.  This  point  forms  the  origin  of  the  “dash” 
curve  in  Part  A  of  figure  37  and  falls  just  above  the  upper  quartile 
of  1.06  shown  by  the  right-hand  arrow  at  the  bottom  of  the  chart. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  this  curve  for  instruction  costs  hugs  close 
to  the  total  cost  curve  for  the  reason  that  it  constitutes  on  an  average 
75  per  cent  of  it.  A  greater  range  of  deviations  prevails  for  minor 
functions  of  expense  such  as  general  control,  maintenance,  auxiliary 
agencies,  and  fixed  charges  than  for  major  functions,  such  as  instruc¬ 
tion  and  operation  of  plant.  The  relative  magnitude  of  these  ranges 
is  indicated  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  each  figure.  The  ranges  for 
auxiliary  agencies  and  fixed  charges  are  exceedingly  great.  Los 
Angeles,  Calif.,  spends  the  highest  amount  per  pupil  for  instruction 
(1.41  times  the  average)  of  any  city  represented  in  the  group.  Bir¬ 
mingham,  Ala.,  spends  the  least  for  this  purpose. 

In  a  similar  way  it  is  found  that  Seattle  spends  for  operation  1.34, 
for  maintenance  1.44,  for  auxiliary  agencies  3.73,  and  for  fixed 
charges  3.40  times  as  much  for  these  respective  functions  as  is  spent 
per  pupil  on  an  average  in  cities  of  its  class.  For  every  purpose  it 
spends  more  than  the  average.  It  deviates  farthest  from  the  average 
in  its  expenditures  for  auxiliary  agencies  (3.73).  It  deviates  almost 
as  far  (3.40)  on  fixed  charges.  Its  expenditures  for  general  control 
and  instruction  are  only  slightly  above  the  average  (1.08  and  1.21, 
respectively).  Let  us  proceed  to  analyze  these  index  numbers  for 
Seattle  to  ascertain  whether  they  exceed  the  corresponding  pro¬ 
portions  spent  for  these  purposes  by  other  cities  of  its  class  coming 
within  the  middle  half.  Judging  from  the  procedure  of  the  middle 
half,  it  appears  that  the  expenditures  for  auxiliary  agencies  and 
fixed  charges  are  relatively  high  and  that  the  costs  of  general  control 
and  instruction  are  relatively  low;  but  these  assumptions  have  not 
been  definitely  established,  since  the  middle  half  of  the  cities  deviate 
more  widely  on  minor  functions  than  on  major  functions.  The 
ratio  for  fixed  charges,  for  example,  might  not,  therefore,  be  higher 
than  upper  limit  of  the  corresponding  ratio  for  the  middle  half. 
The  following  paragraphs  establish  a  scientific  basis  for  determining 
59873°— 21 - 24 


370 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


whether  the  proportion  spent  by  any  city  for  any  function  of  expense 
is  higher  or  lower  than  the  average  and  whether  it  falls  within  or 
without  the  middle  half. 

PROPORTIONAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  EXPENDITURES. 

Of  the  $79.32  spent  per  pupil  in  Seattle,  $2.49,  or  3.14  per  cent, 
went  for  general  control.  Of  the  $57.83  spent  per  pupil  by  the 
average  city  in  Group  I,  4  per  cent  went  for  this  purpose.  It  is 
seen,  therefore,  that  Seattle  spends  a  smaller  proportion  of  its  total 
cost  for  general  control  than  is  ordinarily  spent  by  cities  of  its  class. 
For  instruction  Seattle  spends  $52.45  per  pupil,  while  the  average 
city  of  Group  I  spends  only  $43.36.  In  Seattle,  66.1  per  cent  of  its 
school  expenditures  goes  for  instruction,  while  in  the  “average’7 
city  75  per  cent  goes  for  this  purpose.  Seattle  spends,  therefore, 
a  relatively  small  proportion  of  its  total  costs  for  instruction,  but 
a  relatively  large  amount  for  this  purpose  as  compared  with  other 
cities  of  its  class.  As  the  two  curves  representing  costs  for  general 
control  and  for  instruction  in  Seattle  (figure  37,  Part  A)  fall  to  the 
right  of  the  average  line  and  to  the  left  of  the  total  cost  curve,  they 
appear  to  indicate  that  the  cost  is  high  but  the  proportion  low, 
although  they  have  been  located  without  any  reference  to  the  pro¬ 
portional  distribution  of  expenditures.  It  remains,  therefore,  to 
be  shown  that  when  any  supplementary  curve  falls  to  the  left  of 
the  total  cost  curve  the  proportion  is  low,  as  judged  by  the  average 
proportion  so  spent  by  all  45  cities,  and  that  when  any  such  curve 
falls  to  the  right  of  the  total  cost  curve  the  proportion  is  high.  In 
Table  59  the  total  cost  ratio  for  Seattle  has  been  divided  into  each 
succeeding  ratio  to  the  average,  giving  these  quotients:  For  general 
control,  0.79;  for  instruction,  0.88;  for  operation,  0.98;  for  main¬ 
tenance,  1.05;  for  auxiliary  agencies,  2.72;  and  for  fixed  charges, 
2.48,  which  have  been  called  the  “geometrical  deviations  from  the 
total  cost  ratio.77  These  ratios  represent  the  magnitude  of  the 
proportion  spent  by  Seattle  for  each  purpose  as  compared  with  that 
spent  by  the  “average77  city  of  its  class,  as  shown  below.  Thus,  it 
will  be  shown  that  Seattle  spends  for  general  control  79  per  cent  of 
the  proportion  spent  by  the  average  city  of  its  class. 

This  percentage  is  secured  as  follows: 

$2.  49 

m  ft  7q  1.  08  $2.  30  $2.  49  X  $57.  83 

u;  u.  /y  L  37  32  $2  30  x  $79  32 

$57.  83 

The  unquestionably  correct  ratio  (r)  showing  the  relationship  of 
the  proportion  spent  by  Seattle  for  general  control  to  the  proportion 
spent  by  the  average  city  of  Group  I  is: 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


371 


$2.49 

fov  3.14  $79.32  $2.49  X$57.83 

W  r_4.00~  $2.30  $2.30  X$79.32 
$57.83 

Combining  equations  (1)  and  (2),  it  is  found  that  r  =  0.79.  In 
other  words,  the  geometrical  deviation  of  any  ratio  from  the  total 
cost  ratio  for  any  given  function  of  expense  represents  the  percentage 
relationship  between  the  proportion  spent  for  this  purpose  by  a  given 
city  and  average  proportion  so  spent  by  all  cities  in  the  same  group. 
Thus  the  proportion  spent  by  Seattle  for  general  control  is  only  79 
per  cent  of  the  proportion  so  spent  by  the  average  city  of  its  class. 
The  proof  of  this  theorem  renders  unnecessary  the  computation  of  a 
series  of  percentages  showing  just  what  proportion  of  the  expend¬ 
itures  of  each  city  goes  for  each  function  of  expense.  For  instruc¬ 
tion  Seattle  spends  88  per  cent  of  the  average  proportion,  and  for 
operation,  98  per  cent.  For  the  other  three  functions,  it  exceeds  the 
average  proportion.  Whenever  this  ratio  of  geometrical  deviation 
is  less  than  1,  the  proportion  spent  by  any  city  for  this  purpose  is 
necessarily  less  than  the  average  proportion  so  spent  by  all  cities  of 
its  class.  Whenever  the  ratio  is  greater  than  1  the  proportion  of 
necessity  is  larger  than  the  average  proportion.  It  has  been  proved, 
therefore,  that  the  relative  position  of  a  supplementary  curve  and 
the  basal  curve  for  any  city  indicates  whether  the  proportion  spent 
for  the  given  function  is  high  or  low.  Thus  Cleveland  is  high  on  the 
proportion  spent  for  general  control,  low  on  the  proportion  spent  for 
instruction,  and  high  on  operation,  maintenance,  auxiliary  agencies, 
and  fixed  charges.  If  the  expenditures  of  every  city  were  distrib¬ 
uted  in  the  same  proportion  as  they  are  in  the  “average”  city  there 
would  be  no  deviation  from  the  total  cost  curve  and  all  curves  would 
coincide.  The  “spread”  in  the  supplementary  curves,  therefore, 
denotes  deviations.  It  should  be  remembered,  however,  that  scalar 
deviations  are  different  from  percentage  deviations,  a  deviation  of  2 
from  the  basal  curve  at  the  point  1.2  is  only  half  as  great  a  percentage 
of  deviation  as  the  same  scalar  deviation  at  point  0.6. 

It  will  probably  never  happen,  nor  is  it  very  desirable,  that  the 
supplementary  curves  will  coincide  exactly  with  the  basal  curve. 
Deviations  may  always  be  expected.  The  question  is,  How  much 
deviation  is  practiced  by  the  middle  23  cities  ?  As  in  other  measures 
of  expenditures,  the  quartile  points  are  here  used  to  indicate  the 
cities  falling  within  and  without  the  middle  half.  In  Table  59, 
columns  10  and  11,  it  is  found  that  one-fourth  of  the  cities  spend  for 
instruction  less  than  91  per  cent  of  the  proportion  spent  by  all  cities. 
Another  fourth  spends  more  than  1.04  times  the  average  proportion. 
Half  of  the  cities  spend  from  91  to  104  per  cent  of  the  average  pro- 


372 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


portion.  It  is  assumed,  therefore,  that  the  cities  in  Group  I  may 
vary  from  91  to  104  per  cent  from  the  average  proportion  spent  for 
instruction  by  all  such  cities  without  such  costs  being  considered 
either  high  or  low.  In  Table  58  it  is  shown  that  the  average  propor¬ 
tion  spent  for  instruction  in  the  cities  of  Group  I  is  75  per  cent.  Ap¬ 
plying  the  percentages  (91  and  104)  to  this  proportion  it  is  found  that 
a  city  must  spend  for  instruction  from  68.25  to  78  per  cent  of  its 
total  cost  if  it  comes  within  the  zonal  bounds  of  the  middle  half. 
The  cities  which  spend  more  than  78  per  cent  for  instruction,  i.  e., 
the  cities  which  have  a  geometrical  deviation  greater  than  1.04,  have 
been  indicated  with  the  letter  H  in  figure  37.  Those  cities  spending 
less  than  68.25  per  cent  for  instruction,  i.  e.,  those  cities  with  a  geo¬ 
metrical  deviation  less  than  91,  have  been  indicated  by  the  letter  L 
in  the  figure.  When  these  facts  are  considered,  it  is  found  in  figure 
37,  Part  A,  that  Seattle  comes  within  the  middle  zone  on  the  propor¬ 
tion  spent  for  administration  but  stands  low  (L)  on  instruction  costs. 
Cleveland  stands  high  (H)  on  general  control  costs  but  low  (L)  on 
instruction  costs.  In  this  curve  it  is  clearly  seen  that  greater  devia¬ 
tions  (from  70  to  100)  are  permitted  for  overhead  costs  than  for 
instruction  costs  (from  91  to  104) — the  range  in  the  former  being  30 
points  and  in  the  latter  only  13  points.  The  range  variations  explain 
why  Seattle  is  marked  low  (L)  on  instruction  costs  and  not  marked  at 
all  on  administration  costs  which  are  even  less  than  instruction  costs 
(1.08  for  general  control  and  1.21  for  instruction)  when  compared 
with  the  average  amounts  spent  for  these  respective  functions. 

With  these  explanations  in  mind,  it  is  seen  that  Seattle  spends 
for  auxiliary  agencies  and  for  fixed  charges  more  than  the  corre¬ 
sponding  proportion  so  spent  by  the  middle  50  per  cent  of  the  cities 
and  for  instruction  less  than  the  average  percentage  so  spent  by  these 
23  cities.  It  would  have  been  incorrect  to  have  inferred  that  the 
proportion  spent  for  general  control  in  Seattle  was  its  most  commend¬ 
able  expenditure  simply  because  the  index  (1.08)  for  this  purpose  was 
lower  than  that  for  any  other  function  of  cost.  The  proportions  spent 
for  the  other  functions,  operation  and  maintenance,  come  within 
middle  bounds.  These  considerations  relative  to  a  distribution  of 
expenditures  do  not  vitiate  the  deductions  made  above,  that  the 
total  unit  cost  in  Seattle  exceeds  that  of  any  other  city  represented 
and  that  the  absolute  unit  cost  for  each  function  exceeds  the  average 
for  the  group  on  every  count.  Only  on  the  cost  for  administration 
does  this  city  entail  a  unit  cost  falling  within  the  middle  half  of  the 
cities. 

In  Cleveland  the  total  cost  per  pupil  is  just  above  the  middle  half. 
For  administration  it  spends  considerably  more  than  the  average 
amount;  for  instruction  a  little  less;  for  operation,  maintenance, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  373 

and  auxiliary  agencies  more  than  the  average;  and  for  fixed  charges 
considerably  more  than  the  average.  The  high  proportion  spent  for 
administration  and  the  low  proportion  spent  for  instruction  are 
outstanding,  when  judged  by  the  practice  of  the  middle  half  of  the 
cities.  This  study  does  not  attempt  to  say,  however,  that  these 
distributions  are  unwise.  If  better  results  are  secured  by  such 
asymmetrical  distributions,  the  practice  is  not  to  be  condemned. 
In  fact,  progress  in  school  administration  often  evolves  out  of  the 
extraordinary.  This  study  attempts  to  point  out  where  high  or  low 
expenditures  are  likely  to  be  found;  not  to  say  why  they  exist  or 
whether  the  expenditures  are  to  be  commended  or  condemned.  A 
closer  analysis  of  local  conditions  is  necessary  for  sane  judgments 
regarding  a  wise  distribution  of  city  school  expenditures.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  graphic  presentations  will  stimulate  interest  in  an  analysis  of 
city  school  expenditures,  and  form  a  standard  with  which  city  school 
costs  can  be  compared.  Any  wide  variations  from  the  general 
practice  should  receive  the  most  careful  scrutiny  from  those  charged 
with  administering  city  school  finances.  Unusually  low  costs  also 
should  challenge  analysis. 

THE  NORM  AND  THE  INDIVIDUAL  CITY. 

It  is  not  practicable  to  study  and  to  present  graphically  the  ex¬ 
penditures  of  all  city  school  systems.  Those  chosen  probably  rep¬ 
resent  the  average  conditions  for  all  cities  in  their  group.  With 
these  norms  established,  it  becomes  an  easy  matter  to  ascertain  the 
location  of  any  city  not  included  in  the  graphic  presentations. 
First,  secure  for  the  city  in  question  data  corresponding  to  that  found 
in  Table  58.  Second,  compute  the  average  annual  cost  per  pupil  in 
average  daily  attendance  for  all  purposes  and  for  each  function 
separately.  Third,  divide  these  average  costs  in  the  given  city  by 
the  respective  average  costs  for  all  cities  shown  in  Table  22.  The 
quotients  thus  obtained  are  used  in  locating  the  city  on  the  proper 
graphs  for  its  class — the  quotient  for  the  total  cost  determining  its 
rank  among  the  45  cities,  and  the  functional  quotients,  the  respective 
points  on  the  supplementary  curves.  Fourth,  divide  each  ratio  to 
the  average  for  each  function  of  expense  by  the  corresponding  ratio 
for  the  total  cost  for  the  city  in  question.  The  quotients  correspond 
to  those  given  in  the  paired  columns  6  and  7,  10  and  11,  14  and  15, 
18  and  19,  22  and  23,  and  26  and  27  of  Table  59.  Fifth,  mark  with 
“H”  all  those  quotients  exceeding  the  respective  third  quartile 
points  and  with  “L”  all  those  quotients  less  than  the  respective 
first  quartile  points  Bhown  in  the  last  line  of  each  section  of  Table  59. 
In  this  manner  any  city  may  be  superimposed  on  the  graphs  by 
inserting  a  new  horizontal  line  at  the  proper  place.  Thus,  with  a 


374 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


minimum  of  work  the  expenditures  of  any  city  not  included  in  the 
diagrams  can  be  analyzed  and  compared  with  45  other  cities  of  the 
same  class.  The  only  questionable  phase  of  this  procedure  is  that 
the  additional  city  studied  does  not  form  a  part  of  standard  by 
which  it  is  measured  as  do  the  other  cities  included  in  the  graphs. 
The  standard,  however,  would  not  be  materially  affected  by  the 
addition  of  a  single  city.  In  fact,  it  may  be  more  desirable  to  com¬ 
pare  a  city  with  a  standard  of  which  it  is  not  a  part. 

THE  AVERAGE  VERSUS  THE  MEDIAN. 

By  using  the  arithmetical  average,  it  has  been  possible  to  incorpo¬ 
rate  in  the  same  series  of  charts  a  study  of  the  proportional  distribu¬ 
tion  of  expenditure^  as  well  as  a  comparative  analysis  of  absolute 
costs.  Had  the  median  been  used  instead  to  indicate  the  central 
tendency  a  study  of  proportion  distribution  could  not  have  been  in¬ 
cluded,  since  it  does  not  possess  the  necessary  mathematical  proper¬ 
ties.  The  middle  half  and  the  quartile  points  have  been  indicated 
in  each  accompanying  chart.  A  sort  of  hybrid  has,  therefore,  been 
employed — the  average  and  the  middle  half.  One  limitation  of  this 
method  needs  clarification.  Each  city  contributes  its  “per  pupil’ ’ 
weight  in  determining  the  basal  arithmetical  averages — the  larger 
cities  drawing  the  averages  unduly  near  to  them.  The  result  is 
most  pronounced  in  bunching  the  ratios  either  above  or  below  the 
average  of  1.00  as  shown  in  columns  5  and  13  and  in  the  paired 
columns  6  and  7,  and  14  and  15  of  Table  59,  Group  I.  This  asym¬ 
metrical  apportionment  of  ratios  does  no  particular  harm  since  the 
range  of  the  middle  half  is  “skewed”  accordingly.  By  classifying 
the  cities  according  to  size  this  undesirable  tendency  is  practically 
nullified  in  the  cities  of  the  last  four  groups,  since  no  city  in  any  one 
group  is  more  than  three  times  the  size  of  another  city  in  the  same 
group.  In  Group  I  the  cities  vary  greatly  in  size  and  some  exert 
undue  influence  in  displacing  an  average. 


Table  60. — Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  -pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  and  the  ratio  of  this  average  to  the  general  average ,  1917-18. 

GROUP  I. 


Vocational,  normal, and  special  schools. 

m 

H 

VTISTIC 

f§ 

•I! 

S  OF 

CITY  SCE 

:So§ 

■  «-Je6  :  *  * 

[OOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  ? 

*c$  'ci~  't4csooc4  -ci^  <N  |  \  * 

>75 

4  " 

Average 
cost  ner 

pupil. 

:S2 

jgl 

88 

22! 

Total  cost 
ofinstruc- 

tion. 

ill  iss 

9,624 

82, 080 

11,697 

56, 190 

14,025 

261,888 

124,201 

6,084 

137, 210 

131,  468 

112,424 

42,643 

10,853 

32, 029 

158, 506 

214,860 

319, 219 

231,693 

22,321 

209,721 

31 

0 

Average 
dailv  at- 

tendance. 

iss  m 

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a  §  ss  1 13  s  S  flj  i  Isis  1  !  i  !a| 

cL  io'.-T  of  i-HT-Teo"  •  •  • 

23 

Secondary  (high)  schools. 

Ratio  to 

average. 

- 

§S3S 

T-l  *tH  *  'rH 

SSSSSSSSlSSSSSS^SSSSSSSa 

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S3 

4  * 

Average 
cost  per 
pupil. 

o 

$151.44 
82.37 
94.51 
87.39 
75. 15 
116.25 

ff|g*g^SgS'88SS5 8S:*83&ggSfe£ 

S£ 

S8 

Total  cost 
of  instruc- 

tion. 

Si 

$1,547,113 
389,947 
529,079 
379,605 
174, 644 
6,119,897 

isnssssisiassisaEEesES 

iiSUiiiMsiMtmMiii 

t-T  tH  cT 

S8 

11 

Average 
dailv  at- 

tendance. 

QC 

10,216 

4,734 

5,598 

4,344 

2,324 

52,646 

W33.WAW3333.W3WP. 

ca'urT-r'cc't^'-r'-r'co'cs  <m%p' ,t-Tooj4'‘ 

ii 

Elementary  schools  and  kindergartens. 

Ratio  to 

average. 

,4  *4  .4  *4-4  *4  *4  •  "  4  4 . 

Average 
cost  nor 

pupil. 

41.24 

37. 89 
44.02 
34.05 

39.24 

38.31 
36.18 

39.32 

34.  75 
37.06 
36. 39 

35.  71 
38.64 
37. 15 

35. 25 
33.  23 
32.31 
32.24 
32. 94 

32.90 
34.72 
32.23 

34.26 

is 

Total  cost 
of  instruc- 

tion. 

i® 

$2,479,484 
1,067, 423 
1,200,655 
983, 556 
588,906 
28, 173,557 

501,730 
1, 577, 104 
1,054,047 
1,019,547 
1,575,932 
3, 156, 749 
1,847,809 
827, 759 
884,998 
1,695,507 
2, 120, 125 
1,105,248 
1,621,520 
816, 602 
2,513,071 
2,293,674 
2,750,003 
1,377,243 
652,382 
955,304 
435,495 
707, 407 
9,661,142 

§3 

if? 

o' 

Average 
dailv  at- 

tendance. 

55,456 
23,810 
28, 134 
22, 122 
12,566 
637,313 

I1II1II11SsII1I1=r1811I 

aVsfsf^sVa^'^s'sa'BSSS'gs'^a'ag 

Is 

§8 

Total  cost  of  in¬ 
struction  per  pupil 
(day  schools). 

Ratio  to 

average. 

99 

rH  J  ,-i  ,4  ^  t-5  i— 4  r-H  1—5  5  H  t— i  t-3  t— 4  tH  r-4 . 

j 

| 

Cities. 

Los  Angeles,  Calif . 

Portland,  Oreg . 

Seattle,  Wash . 

Oakland,  Calif . 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

New  York,  N.  Y . 

liUltlll,  '  /mu . 

Spokane,  Wash . 

Washington,  D.  C . 

Denver,  Colo . 

Jersey  Citv,  N.  J . 

Minneapolis,  Minn . 

Boston,  Mass . 

Newark,  N.  J . 

Omaha,  Nebr . 

Rochester,  N.  Y . 

Buffalo,  N.  Y . 

Pittsburgh,  Pa . 

Kansas  City,  Mo . 

San  Francisco,  Calif . 

Columbus,  Ohio . 

St.  Louis,  Mo . 

Detroit,  Mich . 

Cleveland,  Ohio . 

Milwaukee,  Wis . 

Worcester,  Mass . 

Indianapolis,  Ind . 

Fall  River,  Mass . 

St.  Paul,  Minn . 

. 

l 

m 

Table  60. — Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  and  the  ratio  of  this  average  to  the  general  average,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  I— Continued. 


376 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


8  :  :  :  :§S8g  :::::::  :8  :  :S  :  :8  :::::::::::  : 
ei  ::::  j  :::  j  : 

S  :  :  :  :::::::  :S  :  :3  :  :8  : 

|  :  i  j  jggfe  j  j  j  j  j  j  j  \£  :  $  ;  |  ;  j  ;  •  ;  ;  • 

99.30 

S  i  i ;  ills  :::  i  i  i  i  is  i  if  i  il  i  M  i i : 
■»'  :  ;  j  :'-aa  :  s'*  :  ;■*'  ; 

1 

s' 

S  i  i  j  ;8§3  j  j  j  j  j  j  j  ;8  j  -jg  :  j  j  |  i  i  j  j  j  j  j  j  j 

1 

£ 

65.84 

ilSiasglllllgSSasIliSllBssleaSlIgBl 

s's^¥g'^BW*¥af5'8'|¥sW8'ssg'aVs¥ssW9a'a“83" 

3,421,054 

9eS_esseSS39S6aSSEg_SSS.SS933£lS98S963 

51,963 

Ska2282888gg8S?SS88£S58S:gS2££f23gSS8gS38 

0 

s59s5^slssslssssaai5^885&aaaa8s5a8s^8j:^^s 

31.50 

SSSillSgsSllRgigglssllIllSlSSglSags 

lWsW§l¥l¥tf§^^ 

10,995,678 

pjpiSS§|B§^ 

o-*Fia'oc*<otooo<DCGG>iaoo-&'o}C»c<3c>'oi'0'&  o' jh'tjTo'o  oo'Tji'T^'Tirort^'co'eo''^' 

319, 106 

2222§g£g8g§3g8g£g£8go3g£K£££ggS82§fc£3 

36.06 

1  Estimated.  i  First  quartileis  1.18;  third  quartile,  0.73.  6  First  quartileis  1.12;  third  quartile,  0.77. 


Table  60. — Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  and  the  ratio  of  this  average  to  the  general  average,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  ill. 


378  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1016-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


379 


:  :  i5?  |  ?  ; 

:  :  :S§  :  :  : 

:  j  iS  j  j  j 

119.81 

m\\ 

1  47,923 

j  !  ;g  i  j  j 

1 

£888KS8 

888 

8 

0 

44. 35 
39.41 
53.16 
33.88 
48.67 
34.90 
49.22 

888 

8 

CO 

62.09 

23,902 

17,025 

12,226 

11,723 

20,440 

11,866 

22,099 

12,051 

26,335 

12,759 

8 

o' 

1,499,923 

539 

432 

230 

346 

420 

340 

449 

347 
i  823 

317 

s 

24,159 

£838888 

888 

0 

23.03 
20.37 
18.24 
18. 56 
16.80 
18. 48 
16.43 

888 

S22 

a 

29.92 

S1S£813 

sssssas' 

43,185 

55,660 

33,093 

3,686,340 

2,757 
1,907 
1,316 
3,112 
2,299 
2,898 
3,647 
i . . 

2,605 

3,608 

2,207 

i 

<N 

123,196 

£S83S888888$;8 

26. 51 
23.88 
23.43 
22.  29 
21.73 
20.20 
20.03 
19.40 
18. 71 

18. 51 
18. 17 
16.42 
16.05 

53 

55 

s 

© 


I 


s' 

o 

PS 

o 


§ 

3 

2 


.§8 


i 


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3£SS§a3SSi33  :S  :go53Sggg£8£:£8g8 

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ig  :g8g£5588g83g88  :§S 

|£§ggg&5S388  is  j33$533g83$3$888  :38 

Biissaisgggli  igsssssasisais  \$$ 

£££££££££$#  :sf  :a^s^s3°“g“d‘s“as?f«r 

saBssssssss  jL&sssssaisgsis  [ss 


8$3S8588g28?JkSg£3S3ggo5&Sgg£gg3£ 

•  •  •  -w  •  • 


t333!§3SS9S83Sg$83SS3233S33S33S£; 

^3S&S%Si8SSSS§isS88SS^SgiSSS^S8S38 


g5SS3gs§as8S833B38£gss§ggBg3gg 

sf  sf  ^  s  ^ ?r  ^  ^  ^  ^  g§  ^  ^  ^  s  s'  ^  ^  gf  gf  ^  ^  ^  ^ 


S33gi3gg§BBSS!BS3B£3l33aBgSSI8 

pH  tH  OJ  pH  pH  <N  rH  rH  pH  iH  tH  pH  pH  pH  pH  C^  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH  pH 


g£88$§gg8g5g58S3SSSgS33i£S8S888SSSS 


a355S£8&®§S8gS88SS5S$;S|gSSS§gS838 


Table  60  —Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  and  the  ratio  of  this  average  to  the  general  average,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  IV— Continued. 


380 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


88 


338 


88 


888 

888 


II 

s* 


m 


Is 


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33oSo33 

C<i  rH  csi  rH  tH  i-H  fH 


2388388 


ssaEsas 


esi  ^  ,-i  r-i  rH  rH 


888888S 


11,691  |  60.26  | 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


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381 


382 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


!  r  t  i  s  s  . 

(GROUP  I). 


M.H.FOE 


RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 


PORTLAND . 

SEATTLE . . 

OAKLAND . 

GRAND  RAPIDS.. 

BE?/  YORK . 

CINCINNATI. . . . 

3PQKANE . 

WASHINGTON. . . . 

DENVER . 

JERSEY  CITY... 
MINNEAPOLIS . . 


NEWARK. . . 

OMAHA . 

ROCHESTER. . . 

BUFFALO....... ..... 

PITTSBURGH . 

KANSAS  CITY........ 

SAN  FRANCISCO . 

COLUMBUS . . 

ST.  LOUIS. . 

DETROIT. . 

CLEVELAND . 

MILWAUKEE . 

WORCESTER. . . 

INDIANAP0LI8 . 

FALL  RIVER . 

ST.  PAUL . 

CHICAGO . 

MEMPHIS . 

PHILADELPHIA....... 

PROVIDENCE . . 

LOWELL.... . 

LOUISVILLE. ........ 

RICHMOND . 

HOT  ORLEANS . 

NEW  HAVEN . . 

RVRACUSE. . 

BRIDGEPORT . 

BALTIMORE . 

SCRANTON . . 

ATLANTA.  . . 

NASHVILLE . . 

BIRMINGHAM . 


— - 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

s 

— 

1— 

5T5 

f 

— 

r— 

p- 

— 

z 

Af 

] 

' 

■l 

1 — 

f 

4 

j 

j 

p- 

-- 

J 

»v 

:  ■  ' 

f 

E 

V. 

p 

pv 

pi 

_ 

: 

N 

- 1 

~ 

— 

rp 

\7~ 

tf 

“ 

*■ 

il 

z 

Z 

m 

i'¬ 

■ — 

an 

r 

n 

IK 

a 

z 

■V 

_ 

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I 

/  z| 

7~ 

~7t| 

P" 

i ] 

_ 

]  jj 

'Z ' 

ll 

_ 

J  ! 

~  M 

1 

H  rj 

z 

in 

— 

— 

f  j 

s 

r 

i 

— 

— 

— 

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r3 

7 

Z 

3 

z 

z 

ZZ2 

EE 

r\ 

~y 

Z 

z 

j 

1 

b 

* 

□ 

; ^ 

, 

M.H.FOR - 

s®tEB  TOTAL  COST  OF  INSTRUCTION  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  Ti®  AVERAGE  COST, $4-3.  j6 
-—COST  OF  HIGH  SOIOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  C0ST,$92.0l. 

. COST  OF  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #3 6.# 

X  AVERAGE  C08T  LINE.  M.H.-  MIDDLE  HALF. 


Fig.  42.— Annual  coast  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  elementary,  in  secondary, 
and  in  all  schools  in  45  cities  of  Group  1, 1&17-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


38a 


CITIES. 
(GROUP  II). 

PASADENA . 

BUTTE. . 

BERKEIEY . 

BAYomrs . 

BAY  CITY . 

EES  MOIRES...... 

HARTFORD.  , . 

SALT  LAKE  CITY. 

MERIDEN . 

EVAHSVILI3.  . . . . 

TACOMA . 

WHEELING . . 

TOPEKA . . 

SPRINGFIELD. . . , 

DULUTH . 

BINGHAMTON . 

CEDAR  RAPIDS... 
TERRE  HAUTE.,.. 

PAWTUCKET . . 

PEORIA . . 

UTICA.  . . . 

MAR  CHE  STEP. . , 
CASTOR......... 

SALEM . . 

ELIZABETH . 

LYES'. .  . . .. 

OSHKOSH . 

PORT  WORTH.  .  .  . 
WILKES-BARRE. . 

ALTOONA . 

DECATUR . 

OKLAHOMA. ..... 

AKRON . 

IEXINGTON. .... 
EARSAS  CITY... 
CHATASOOGA. . . . 

SAVANNAH . 

BPRIRGEIEID. . . 

MOBILE . 

CHAP.IE8T0N. . . . 

FLINT. . . . 

LITTLE  ROCK... 

ROANOKE . 

MONTGOMERY. . . . 
CHARLOTTE . 


W.H.FOR 


TOTAL  COST  OP  INSTRUCTION  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $36. 06. 

- COST  OP  HIGH  SCHOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #65, 84. 

... - COST  OP  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST,#3l.J>( 


X  AVERAGE  COST  LINE. 


M.H.-  MIDDLE  HALF. 


Fig.  43. — Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  elementary,  in  secondary, 
and  in  all  schools  in  45  cities  of  Group  II,  1917-18. 


M.H.  POR 


384 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


C  I  T  I  E  8  . 

-  M.H.FOR 

RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 

£ 

> 

1 

BROOKLINE . 

RACKET SACK. . 

GREAT  FALL8 . . 

_ 

—  * 

CHEYENNE . 

SALEM. . . . . 

fT~~ 

BOI®.. . . 

i 

COLORADO  SPRINGS . . 

/ 

SIOUX  FALLS . 

> 

MADISON. .......... 

CONCORD . 

-  •' 

* 

j 

*-• 

BELLINGHAM. ....... 

i 

C  LI  IT  TOR . 

OGTVTflT 

LEAVENWORTH. ...... 

ATBUOtTERqUR . 

— 

FARGO.  . . . 

. 

‘RTrRT.rSJOTOTJ  r 

V 

K' 

GRAND  ISLAND . 

TTH4C2 

i 

tf 

£ 

K 

3  ATT  IE  CHEEK...... 

VAyntATf) 

\ 

ROCK  ISLAND . 

T/5R  A7F  fflttt..t. 

vnv'WM.r . 

VACO 

\ 

"n"L  * 

* 

c^nTF 

/ 

■RTJCHART  , 

'4- 

ATTRTrRTT 

X 

JEFFEX80N.  CITY. . . . 

Pr.TTTTffiTTQ 

/| 

iTAOKFOF 

v 

PATTTTfiAH 

'yj 

PTtTTtVRS'RtlRf} 

wtt  vTwr'rnw 

7 

nrMirRRiSAim 

kr 

PrpQCfTTl/tTO 

s' 

N 

JAfiKSOlT 

/ 

rpartaubhhg . . 

-ILl, 

ir  TJ  13/ 

cl* 

—TOTAL  COST  OF  INSTRUCTION  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST,*34.8l . 

- “ — ’COST  cf  high  school  instruction  as  related  to  the  AVERAGE  COST,  *62.09. 

- . -COST  OF  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  TEE  AVERAGE  COST, *29. 92 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LIRE.  M.H.-  MIDDLE  HALF. 

Fig.  44. — Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  elementary,  in  secondary, 
and  in  all  schools  in  45  cities  of  Group  III,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


385 


CITIES 
(GROUP  IV). 

EYELET H . 

SUMMIT . 

RICHMOND. . . . 

LEAD . 

BRATTLEBORO. 

SALIMA . 

SHHUDLN.... 

BISMARCK.... 


RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 


EI/GEHB . 

OSKALOOSA . 

KALI  SPELL . 

CRAWFORD  SVI  LIE _ 

DB  KALB . 

VANCOUVER . 

FREMONT... . 

WAUKESHA . 

IRON  MOUNTAIN . 

POCATELLO . 

DUBLIN . 

PORT  ARTHUR . 

BRAINTREE . 

GRAND  JUNCTION.  . . . 
ROSWELL . 


TEZARKANA . 

SANFORD . 

LOGAN . 

BOWLING  GREEN . 

GRAFTON . 

ARDMORE . 

BRI8T0L . 

EAST  HARTFORD . 

ROCHESTER......... 

SALISBURY . 

BRISTOL . . 

WELLSVILLE . 

TUSCALOOSA . 

WAYNESBORO . 

GREENVILLE . 

CART  HASS . . . 

ROCKY  MOUNT . . 

ROCK  HILL . 

x.A  FAYETTE . 

COLUMBIA . 


M.H.FOR 


/ 

... 

..j 

I*' 

\ 

—  ■ 

‘4 

_ 

• 

s. 

y 

7 

I. 

/ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

/ 

*N 

V 

i 

L 

: 

. 

—7 

. 

/ 

7 

' 

/ 

f, 

t 

\ 

s 

4^, 

. 

T 

\ 

[ 

?  1 

/ 

r 

. 

* 

- — 

— 

/ 

— 

bh 

M.H.FOR . 

TOTAL  COST  OF  INSTRUCTION  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $31. 29 

- COST  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  C08T,$56.59. 

. COST  OF  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL- INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, $26.48 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  M.H.-  MIDDLE  HALF. 


Fig.  45.— Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  elementary,  in  secondary, 
and  in  all  schools  in  45  cities  of  Group  IV ,  1917-18. 


59873° — 21 


386 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


C  I  T  I  S  8  . 

(GROUP  V). 

RATIO  TO  AVERAGE. 

M.H.FOR  - 

X  * 

1 

2. 

MONROVIA. . . 

RATON . 

-- 

GOPFSTONN . 

RID  LODGE . 

— * 

NEWTON . 

...y 

lt 

"  J 

MURRAY . 

YANKTON . . . 

i 

SLLENSBURG . 

C LUTON . . . . . 

J 

' 

COLLIHOSWOOD . 

SPRINGFIELD . 

Jamestown . 

r' 

1  . 

BARRE . . 

DODGE  CITY . 

LAMAR . 

s 

OREGON . 

.  - 

MANISTIQUE . 

|Y 

ALLIANCE . 

X 

Johnson  city . 

X 

THIEF  RIVER  FALLS.. 

MILLINOCKET . 

y 

' 

SlPON . 

IDAHO  FALLS . 

7J 

MARSHALL . 

BATAVIA . 

-L 

i 

STROUDSBURG . 

/ 

X 

P** 

s 

CYNTHIANA . 

MOSS  POINT . 

WILLIAMSON . 

\ 

s . 

WINCHESTER . 

JENNINGS . 

\ 

MEDINA . . 

/ 

EAST  GREENWICH . 

SANFORD . 

'r 

... 

J 

' 

HOBART . 

** 

BONHAM . 

\ 

\ 

MILFORD . 

r  — 

HARRISONBURG . 

EASTON  . 

r 

r 

MONROE 

/ 

EAST  POT NT 

■''5 

OPELIKA . 

J'J 

MENA . 

t 

N 

TEAGUE 

LENOIR  CTTY _ 

UM.H.FOR-- - 

11  '  TOTAL  COST  OF  INSTRUCTION  PER  PUPIL  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, 529.15* 

- COST  OF  HIGH  SCHOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATED  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST  ,*5? .06. 

- .  COST  OF  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  INSTRUCTION  AS  RELATH)  TO  THE  AVERAGE  COST, #23^4 

X  AVERAGE  COST  LINE.  M.H.-  MIDDLE  HALF. 

Fig.  46— Annual  cost  of  instruction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  elementary,  in  secondary, 
and  in  all  schools  in  45  cities  of  Group  V,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


387 


COST  OF  INSTRUCTION  IN  ELEMENTARY  AND  SECONDARY  SCHOOLS. 

In  Table  60  the  225  cities  whose  expenditures  have  just  been 
analyzed  have  been  rearranged  in  the  order  of  the  total  cost  of  in¬ 
struction  per  pupil  in  average  daily  attendance  in  all  day  schools. 
Thus,  in  Group  I  Los  Angeles  ranks  first  with  a  per  capita  of  $61.31; 
Portland,  Oreg.,  second  with  a  per  capita  of  $53.62;  and  Seattle, 
third  with  a  unit  cost  of  $52.45.  The  corresponding  average  for  the 
whole  group  is  $43.86.  Los  Angeles  spends  1.41,  Portland  1.24,  and 
Seattle  1.21  times  this  average.  These  points  are  plotted  in  figure 
42  at  the  beginning  of  the  continuous  heavy  black  curve.  This  curve 
shows  whether  a  city  spends  a  large  or  small  amount  as  compared 
with  the  amount  spent  by  the  average  city  of  its  class,  and  whether 
it  spends  more  or  less  than  its  “ neighbors.”  The  “middle-half”  on 
this  curve  has  been  indicated  by  the  arrow  heads  at  the  extreme 
right  of  the  diagrams.  The  highest  11  and  the  lowest  11  cities  are 
outside  of  the  “middle-half”  on  the  total  per  capita  cost  for 
instruction. 

Corresponding  per  capita  costs  and  ratios  have  been  computed  for 
elementary,  for  secondary,  and  for  vocational,  normal,  and  special 
schools.  Only  the  ratios  for  elementary  and  secondary  schools  have 
been  plotted  in  the  diagrams,  since  some  cities  report  no  expendi¬ 
tures  for  schools  of  the  latter  types.  An  inspection  of  the  diagrams 
shows  that  Los  Angeles  spends  for  elementary  school  instruction  1.20 
times  as  much  per  pupil  as  the  average  city,  and  for  high  school 
instruction  1.65  times  as  much  as  the  average  city  spends.  It  stands 
slightly  above  the  “middle-half”  in  elementary  school  costs,  but 
decidedly  above  the  third  quartile  in  high  school  costs.  Portland 
stands  high  in  elementary  school  costs  but  low  in  high  school  costs. 
Seattle  stands  just  above  the  third  quartile  in  both  counts.  Jersey 
City  ranks  very  high  in  secondary  school  costs.  As  different  numbers 
representing  the  average  daily  attendance  in  the  different  types  of 
schools  have  been  used  in  securing  the  three  series  of  ratios  used  in 
the  diagram,  these  groups  do  not  show  whether  the  proportion  spent 
for  elementary  and  for  secondary  school  instruction  in  the  same 
cities  is  high  or  low.  Since  the  continuous  heavy  black  curve  in¬ 
cludes  the  cost  of  instruction  in  vocational,  normal,  and  special 
schools,  it  often  does  not  occupy  an  intermediate  position  between 
those  curves  representing  elementary  and  secondary  school  costs. 
In  a  similar  manner  the  costs  of  elementary  and  secondary  school 
instruction  in  the  other  groups  of  cities  have  been  pictured  in  figures 
43,  44,  45,  and  46. 

It  has  already  been  shown  that  the  total  cost  of  instruction  per 
pupil  in  daily  attendance  increases,  in  general,  with  the  population 
of  the  cities.  It  is  shown  in  these  five  serial  diagrams  that  the  same 


388 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


principle  holds  for  both  elementary  and  secondary  school  costs.  The 
average  unit  cost  of  high  school  instruction  in  Group  I  is  $92.01;  in 
Group  II,  $65.84;  in  Group  III,  $62.09;  in  Group  IV,  $56.59;  and  in 
Group  V,  $55.06.  Considerable  difference  prevails  between  these 
costs  in  very  small  and  in  very  large  cities.  Elementary  school  costs 
for  instruction  in  Group  I  average  $36.98;  in  Group  II,  $31.50;  in 
Group  III,  $29.92;  in  Group  IV,  $26.48;  and  in  Group  V,  $23.54. 
In  the  chapter  on  public  high  schools  it  is  shown  that  the  relationship 
between  elementary  and  secondary  school  costs  for  operation,  main¬ 
tenance,  auxiliary  agencies,  and  fixed  charges  is  about  the  same  as 
that  existing  between  such  costs  for  instruction  only.  In  other 
words,  if  it  costs  twice  as  much  per  year  to  provide  instruction  for  a 
secondary  as  for  an  elementary  school  pupil,  the  total  annual  cost 
of  high  school  education  will  also  be  about  double  that  provided  in 
the  elementary  schools.  If  this  deduction  applies  to  city  schools  as 
well  as  to  all  schools  combined,  the  relative  unit  of  cost  of  elementary 
and  secondary  education  in  city  schools  can  be  readily  determined. 
Thus,  in  Group  I  the  annual  cost  of  high  school  education  per  student 
is  2.48  ($92.01  divided  by  $36.98)  times  the  cost  of  elementary  school 
education.  In  Group  II  the  corresponding  ratio  is  2.09 ;  in  Group  III, 
2.08;  in  Group  IV,  2.14;  and  in  Group  V,  2.34.  From  these  percent¬ 
ages  it  is  seen  that  high  school  education  costs,  approximately,  from 
two  to  two  and  one-half  times  as  much  as  elementary  school  educa¬ 
tion.  The  corresponding  ratio  for  an  equal  number  of  days  school¬ 
ing  for  the  whole  country — urban  and  rural  schools  combined — is 
2.40,  as  shown  in  chapter  on  public  high  schools.  Above  it  has  been 
pointed  out  that  for  the  cities  in  Group  I  the  amount  spent  for  in¬ 
struction  is  75  per  cent  of  the  total  current  expenses. 

Applying  this  percentage  to  the  average  costs  shown  in  figure  42 
($92.01  and  $36.98),  it  is  found  that  the  total  annual  cost  per  pupil 
in  high  schools  in  the  largest  cities  is  $122.68  and  in  elementary 
schools  is  $49.31.  Applying  in  a  like  manner  the  percentage  69.2, 
69.7,  65.9,  and  65.5  to  the  average  costs  for  Groups  II,  III,  IV,  and 
V  shown  in  Table  58,  the  corresponding  costs  for  Group  II  are  esti¬ 
mated  to  be  $95.14  and  $45.52;  for  Group  III,  $89.08  and  $42.93;  for 
Group  IV,  $85.87  and  $40.18;  and  for  Group  V,  $84.06  and  $35.94, 
respectively.  It  should  be  remembered  that  these  considerations 
do  not  take  into  account  any  expeditures  for  new  buildings,  grounds, 
or  new  equipment. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918 


389 


Table  61. — Average  annual  salaries  of  teachers  in  160  city  school  systems,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I  (10  CITIES). 


Cities. 

Elementary  (including 
kindergarten). 

Secondary  (high). 

All  teachers. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

1 

2 

* 

4 

5 

6 

» 

8 

9 

10 

San  Francisco,  Calif . 

$1,508 

$1, 055 

$1,063 

1,072 

$1, 769 
1,952 
1,600 

$1,695 

1,518 

956 

$1,722 

1,639 

$1, 701 
1,422 

$1,104 

1,092 

836 

$1,140 

Denver,  Colo . 

772 

1,083 

787 

1,121 

Bridgeport,  Conn . 

787 

1,142 

1,173 

853 

Louisville,  Kv . 

635 

672 

671 

1,446 

981 

1,181 

1,291 

1,498 

711 

762 

Cambridge,  Mass . 

1,039 

1,189 

915 

918 

1,590 

1,264 

1,106 

1,051 

1,262 

949 

1,002 

877 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich . 

848 

868 

1,117 

1,355 

822 

St.  Paul,  Minn . 

1,279 

1,323 

1,308 

Kansas  City,  Mo . 

834 

924 

920 

1,564 

1,287 

1,413 

1,246 

1,172 

1,361 

982 

1,037 

924 

Omaha,  Nebr . 

857 

857 

1,032 

1,266 

1,327 

1,054 

1,020 

919 

Paterson,  N.  J _ 

1,608 

784 

797 

1,323 

792 

843 

First  quartile . 

772 

785 

792 

1,266 

1,505 

1,600 

1,051 

1,172 

1,232 

807 

848 

Median . 

1,039 

1,508 

857 

868 

1,197 

1,254 

1,413 

1,355 

919 

924 

Third  quartile . 

990 

992 

1,327 

1,460 

1,037 

1,079 

GROUP  II  (21  CITIES). 


Montgomery,  Ala. .. . 
Sacramento,  Calif. . . . 
New  Britain,  Conn . . 
Jacksonville,  Fla 

Macon,  Ga . 

Savannah,  Ga . 

Decatur,  Ill . 

Topeka,  Kans . 

Covington,  Ky . 

Lansing,  Mich . 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. . 
West  Hoboken.  N.  J. 
Schenectady,  N.  Y . . 

Akron,  Ohio . 

Allentown,  Pa . 

York,  Pa . 

Pawtucket,  R.  I . 

Fort  Worth,  Tex. .. . 
San  Antonio,  Tex . . . 

Roanoke,  Va . 

Racine,  Wis . 

First  quartile. . 

Median . 

Third  quartile. 


Bessemer,  Ala . 

Gadsden,  Ala . 

Santa  Cruz,  Calif. . . 
Middletown,  Conn. . 

Waycross,  Ga . 

Cairo,  Ill . 

Freeport,  Ill . 

Rock  Island,  Ill ... . 
Mishawaka,  Ind .... 
Iowa  City,  Iowa .... 
Owensboro,  Ky .... 

Monroe,  La . 

Clinton,  Mass . 

Gloucester,  Mass. .. . 
Greenfield,  Mass. . . . 

Medford,  Mass . 

Methuen,  Mass . 

Newburyport,  Mass . 
North  Adams,  Mass 

Alpena,  Mich . 

Ishpeming,  Mich . . . 
Grand  Island,  Nebr. 

Berlin,  N.  H . 

Bloomfield,  N.  J — 


$690 

$525 

$529 

$1,000 

$899 

$930 

$907 

$572 

$595 

.1  1,267 

1,112 

1,116 

1,555 

1,473 

1,504 

1,489 

1,165 

1,195 

612 

524 

529 

722 

777 

766 

934 

569 

613 

811 

552 

566 

1,979 

949 

1,196 

1,130 

578 

617 

J  531 

461 

463 

1,127 

561 

784 

978 

475 

516 

.  1,903 

699 

725 

1,667 

1,015 

1,328 

1,726 

720 

795 

•  1,264 

510 

535 

816 

878 

854 

902 

580 

619 

1  858 

829 

831 

989 

957 

967 

939 

857 

867 

769 

.  769 

1,306 

818 

1,017 

1,241 

774 

811 

J  1,050 

734 

736 

1,223 

778 

914 

1,208 

740 

767 

.  2, 135 

778 

793 

1,257 

1,125 

1,191 

1,382 

801 

842 

929 

929 

1,619 

1,210 

1,359 

1,619 

955 

987 

1,113 

718 

726 

1,215 

1,053 

1,088 

1,180 

762 

783 

947 

947 

1,262 

1,047 

1,127 

1,262 

964 

989 

1,004 

828 

856 

1,459 

1,084 

1,331 

1,206 

847 

934 

.  1, 106 

463 

534 

1,152 

'  574 

805 

1,164 

472 

588 

964 

649 

651 

1,187 

878 

972 

1,158 

673 

698 

764 

687 

691 

1,162 

844 

936 

1,017 

718 

751 

.1  971 

887 

890 

1,415 

1,232 

1, 284 

1,287 

948 

979 

•  !,  251 

533 

545 

2,388 

712 

1,026 

1,820 

545 

582 

727 

727 

1,288 

870 

970 

1,288 

753 

779 

788 

529 

540 

1,140 

798 

922 

998 

575 

615 

1,004 

718 

726 

1, 257 

899 

1.017 

1,206 

740 

779 

.  1,258 

829 

844 

1,507 

1,069 

1,240 

1,335 

852 

901 

GROUP  III  (39  CITIES). 


$862 

$483 

$490 

$962 

$666 

$725 

$937 

$517 

$541 

1,495 

399 

425 

810 

579 

612 

1,153 

422 

451 

1,350 

851 

872 

1,438 

1,283 

1,342 

1,420 

947 

1,015 

782 

782 

1,233 

973 

1,002 

1,233 

852 

869 

585 

566 

567 

1,100 

747 

806 

843 

584 

594 

631 

631 

939 

727 

814 

939 

646 

676 

1,100 

685 

691 

1, 288 

1,036 

1,131 

1,269 

749 

805 

1,300 

736 

746 

928 

827 

857 

990 

752 

772 

804 

804 

1,310 

807 

1,017 

1,310 

804 

841 

1,000 

682 

690 

1  914 

598 

663 

925 

648 

678. 

884 

453 

495 

i  1,423 

654 

910 

1,153 

489 

590 

540 

528 

529 

750 

811 

796 

645 

592 

599 

695 

695 

854 

957 

901 

854 

720 

733 

614 

614 

1,070 

855 

891 

1,070 

659 

674 

1,480 

654 

668 

1,033 

835 

872 

1,145 

686 

710 

900 

642 

645 

1, 255 

713 

882 

1,221 

658 

717 

1,200 

694 

701 

|  1,400 

936 

1,052 

i  1,333 

712 

734 

534 

534 

1,103 

730 

804 

1,103 

576 

604 

_  687 

687 

|  1,350 

906 

1,046 

|  1,350 

718 

755 

568 

549 

551 

|  1,331 

830 

997 

1  1,004 

598 

652 

794 

794 

1,104 

957 

1,013 

1,104 

826 

856 

900 

663 

667 

1,164 

815 

1  932 

1, 126 

689 

727 

1.050 

763 

772 

1  1.319 

667 

974 

1,289 

741 

842 

889 

1  838 

842 

.  1,667 

1  1,500 

1  1,591 

1  1,333 

896 

963 

390  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  61. — Average  annual  salaries  of  teachers  in  160  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Con, 
GROUP  III  (39  CITIES)— Continued. 


Cities. 

Elementary  (including 
kindergarten). 

Secondary  (high). 

All  teachers. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Montclair,  N.  J . . .  . 

$950 

$923 

$925 

$1,535 

1,243 

$1,532 

1,083 

$1,533 

1,106 

$1,333 

1,243 

1,042 

$1,010 

786 

$1,051 

800 

Albuquerque,  N.  Mex . 

714 

714 

Winston-Salem,  N.  C . 

412 

412 

1,042 

800 

840 

455 

468 

Piqua,  Ohio . 

700 

627 

629 

816 

665 

736 

804 

633 

657 

Mount  Carmel,  Pa _ 

545 

545 

1,500 

787 

858 

1,500 

805 

584 

600 

556 

599 

Plymouth,  Pa . 

818 

539 

555 

766 

532 

571 

538 

Cleburne,  Tex . 

739 

439 

473 

1,043 

1,108 

810 

888 

910 

530 

Paris,  Tex . 

1,035 

523 

589 

823 

872 

1,057 

1,018 

1,200 

594 

659 

San  Angelo,  Tex . 

1,075 

615 

625 

1,008 

1,334 

1,254 

1,131 

691 

730 

Ogden,  Utah . 

850 

578 

584 

934 

1,102 

605 

647 

Barre,  Vt . 

600 

492 

494 

1,350 

587 

722 

1,163 

513 

552 

Everett,  Wash . 

1,127 

872 

884 

1,412 

1,280 

1,327 

871 

1,344 

1,009 

965 

1,016 

Beloit,  Wis . 

531 

531 

1,049 

1,167 

801 

579 

611 

Fond  du  Lac,  Wis . 

540 

540 

768 

847 

1,167 

583 

610 

Madison,  Wis . 

1,234 

653 

669 

1,792 

1,264 

1,356 

1,449 

773 

825 

First  quartile . 

818 

534 

540 

1,008 

727 

814 

990 

583 

600 

Median . 

925 

631 

631 

1,164 

815 

891 

1,153 

658 

678 

Third  quartile . 

1,127 

735 

737 

1,350 

957 

1,052 

1,289 

752 

805 

GROUP  IV  (45  CITIES). 


Talladega,  Ala . 

$580 

$580 

$9S8 

$988 

8648 

$648 

Globe,  Ariz . 

927 

927 

$1,144 

1,062 

1,087 

$1,144 

952 

967 

Prescott,  Ariz . 

$1,300 

1,138 

1,146 

2,800 

1,381 

1,558 

1,867 

1,206 

1,274 

Gainesville,  Ga . 

700 

346 

359 

1,100 

833 

967 

1,000 

397 

470 

Granite  City,  Ill . 

575 

575 

1,196 

949 

1,019 

1,196 

628 

659 

Monmouth,  Ill . 

833 

553 

560 

1,273 

982 

1,065 

1,224 

692 

759 

Alexandria,  Ind . 

717 

452 

493 

893 

722 

779 

787 

506 

562 

Columbus,  Ind . 

1,131 

545 

605 

1,186 

729 

889 

1,131 

595 

702 

Connersville,  Ind . 

847 

750 

766 

1,513 

833 

1,059 

1,143 

770 

848 

Ottawa,  Kans . 

602 

602 

1,575 

510 

674 

1,575 

578 

623 

Presque  Isle,  Me . 

408 

408 

725 

699 

704 

725 

462 

474 

South  Portland,  Me . 

!  i,ooo 

467 

477 

1,500 

715 

889 

1,333 

496 

536 

Annapolis,  Md . 

762 

762 

1,200 

854 

892 

1,200 

790 

*805 

Abington,  Mass . 

..  .. 

584 

584 

1,200 

757 

807 

1,200 

633 

653 

Amherst,  Mass . 

. 

1,350 

557 

587 

1,500 

847 

1,034 

1,470 

638 

739 

Concord,  Mass . . . 

763 

763 

1,433 

620 

852 

1,433 

712 

802 

F.asthampton,  Mass . 

1,408 

590 

650 

817 

765 

770 

1,261 

624 

674 

Franklin,  Mass . 

686 

686 

950 

678 

708 

950 

684 

691 

Great  Barrington,  Mass 

687 

687 

925 

856 

871 

925 

715 

725 

Ipswich,  Mass . 

750 

598 

604 

1,100 

767 

804 

925 

640 

657 

Ludington,  Mich . 

900 

549 

564 

878 

623 

730 

884 

559 

597 

Mount  Clements,  Mich 

586 

586 

820 

578 

664 

820 

584 

610 

Brookfield,  Mo . 

518 

411 

421 

928 

681 

712 

654 

483 

501 

Kali  spell,  Mont  . 

1,375 

903 

936 

1,375 

903 

936 

Hammonton,  N.  J . 

1,500 

670 

688 

1,170 

899 

944 

1,335 

692 

716 

South  Amboy,  N.  J . 

1,275 

729 

774 

1,200 

838 

910 

1,250 

746 

798 

Santa  Fe,  N.  Mex . 

695 

695 

1,225 

586 

728 

1,225 

659 

708 

Norwich,  N.  Y . 

606 

606 

1,450 

880 

927 

1  450 

674 

692 

Concord,  N.  C . 

723 

414 

430 

790 

584 

653 

756 

431 

461 

High  Point,  N.  C _ _ 

492 

492 

760 

480 

542 

760 

490 

501 

Rocky  Mount,  N.  C . 

625 

471 

474 

1,175 

639 

792 

992 

493 

521 

Delphos,  Ohio . 

925 

455 

496 

1,183 

1,002 

1,070 

1,080 

560 

644 

Troy,  Ohio . 

900 

669 

677 

954 

804 

851 

945 

708 

740 

Bristol,  Pa . 

577 

577 

1,000 

568 

629 

1,000 

575 

588 

Danville,  Pa . . 

634 

634 

1,124 

828 

997 

1,124 

653 

707 

Kane,  Pa . 

508 

508 

1,250 

1,103 

1,102 

1,250 

609 

666 

Latrobe,  Pa . 

748 

587 

595 

1,166 

745 

850 

1,026 

623 

664 

Middletown,  Pa . 

805 

605 

624 

794 

646 

720 

799 

609 

638 

North  Providence,  R.  I  _ 

675 

562 

569 

675 

562 

569 

T.eafi,  S.  Dak . 

623 

623 

1,113 

828 

90S 

1,113 

681 

723 

Clarksville,  Term . 

750 

395 

417 

600 

625 

618 

643 

459 

485 

Montpelier,  Vt  .  . 

559 

559 

1,933 

1,091 

1,272 

1,933 

709 

797 

St.  Albans,  Vt . 

498 

49S 

1,350 

716 

857 

1,350 

553 

606 

Grand  Rapids,  Wis . 

1 

603 

603 

1,575 

1,083 

1,172 

1,690 

706 

791 

Menasha,  Wis . 

564 

564 

894 

536 

655 

816 

547 

598 

First  quartile . 

723 

503 

503 

1,312 

880 

720 

884 

556 

592 

Median . 

847 

584 

587 

1,168 

766 

857 

1,128 

628 

664 

Third  quartile . 

1,275 

670 

682 

910 

639 

997 

1,333 

699 

740 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  391 

Table  61. — Average  annual  salaries  of  teachers  in  160  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Con. 

GROUP  V  (45  CITIES). 


Elementary  (including 
kindergarten). 


Secondary  (high). 


All  teachers. 


Cities.  _ _ 

Men. 


1 


2 


Attalla,  Ala . 

Eufaula,  Ala . 

$600 

Conway,  Ark . 

Rogers,  Ark . 

Orange,  Calif . 

810 

480 

1,075 

Windsor,"  Conn . 

'Rnshnell.  Ill _ 

1,200 

Hillsboro.  Til _ 

Naperville,  Ill . 

Garrett,  Ind . 

Kendallville,  Ind  . . 

675 

Cherokee,  Towa . 

Shenandoah,  Iowa . 

Beloit,  Kans . 

Shelbyville,  Ky . 

Jennings,  La . 

Bridgton,  Me . 

Ellsworth,  Me . 

Ayer,  Mass . 

East  Bridgewater,  Mass . 

Foxborough,  Mass . 

1,000 

Gladstone,  Mich . 

Petoskey,  Mich . 

Ely,  Minn . 1 . 

1,130 

Lu verne,  Minn . 

Fredericktown,  Mo . 

Alliance,  Nebr . I 

540 

Freehold,  N.  J . 

Scotia,  N.  Y 

Hendersonville,  N.  C . 

Clyde,  Ohio . 

©  O 

^  00 

Upper  Sandusky,  Ohio . 

Blackwell,  Okla . 

Ambler,  Pa . 

Bellefonte,  Pa . 

Lenoir  City,  Tenn . 

616 

Brady,  Tex . 

Childress,  Tex . 

Davis,  W.  Va . 

1,670 

Jefferson,  Wis . 

Washburn,  Wis . 

Whitewater,  Wis . 

First  quartile . 

Median . 

Third  quartile . 

570 

810 

1,103 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Total. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

$471 

$484 

$600 

$471 

$484 

420 

420 

$1,300 

$1,275 

$1,281 

1,300 

591 

635 

560 

560 

900 

585 

664* 

900 

564 

582 

465 

491 

513 

513 

810 

471 

494 

323 

335 

560 

480 

496 

520 

363 

380 

580 

618 

1,075 

580 

618 

900 

900 

1, 165 

669 

939 

1,165 

867 

910 

670 

670 

1,300 

850 

950 

1,300 

692 

711 

507 

529 

1,700 

1,088 

1,210 

1,450 

575 

624 

501 

501 

1,133 

723 

899 

1,133 

548 

628 

396 

396 

950 

743 

795 

950 

461 

490 

680 

680 

950 

766 

827 

-  950 

704 

•735 

516 

527 

630 

626 

626 

653 

547 

557 

665 

665 

1,144 

842 

976 

1,144 

702 

765 

631 

631 

724 

608 

659 

724 

624 

644 

584 

584 

1,030 

731 

810 

1,030 

633 

676 

674 

674 

739 

739 

700 

700 

518 

518 

600 

600 

536 

536 

647 

647 

1,500 

765 

888 

1,500 

680 

723 

476 

476 

1,200 

554 

716 

1,200 

487 

521 

442 

442 

1,300 

705 

824 

1,300 

492 

529 

632 

632 

1,580 

655 

809 

1,580 

640 

703 

515 

541 

1,600 

611 

752 

1,300 

539 

598 

593 

593 

1,650 

679 

841 

1,650 

614 

661 

637 

637 

1,000 

675 

721 

1,000 

646 

6.58 

609 

609 

1,175 

1,117 

1,126 

1,175 

784 

807 

825 

832 

1,445 

993 

1,106 

1,340 

845 

873 

667 

667 

1,001 

893 

942 

1,001 

731 

783 

395 

405 

833 

596 

664 

735 

451 

491 

549 

549 

1,100 

900 

929 

1,100 

630 

648 

743 

743 

1,316 

1,081 

1,171 

1,316 

839 

911 

622 

622 

1,060 

896 

920 

1,060 

672 

684 

420 

422 

541 

541 

450 

455 

455 

540 

567 

1,100 

696 

777 

955 

588 

637 

361 

361 

900 

800 

817 

900 

4.57 

475 

403 

403 

790 

439 

497 

790 

416 

442 

580 

580 

775 

667 

710 

775 

596 

616 

569 

573 

1,029 

727 

831 

926 

621 

674 

586 

586 

900 

600 

675 

900 

589 

607 

551 

551 

974 

735 

855 

974 

594 

665 

668 

727 

1,350 

810 

1,138 

1,510 

696 

770 

462 

462 

709 

709 

520 

520 

565 

565 

1,105 

898 

967 

1,105 

682 

746 

585 

585 

869 

791 

819 

869 

643 

674 

607 

607 

990 

729 

766 

990 

647 

665 

474 

484 

900 

611 

709 

900 

528 

533 

569 

580 

1,080 

727 

817 

1,016 

596 

644 

635 

632 

1,300 

842 

939 

1,300 

681 

707 

392 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


GROUP  I. 

CHUB.  AVERAGE  ANNUAL  SALARIES  OF:  (  DOLLARS  ) 

500  1000  1500  2000 

SAN  FRANCISCO . 

DENVER . 

r 

/ 

r — 

KANSAS  CITY . 

CAMBRIDGE . 

» 

: 

OMAHA . 

♦ 

if 

GRAND  RAPIDS . 

Si 

BRIDGEPORT . 

/ 

r» 

V 

PATERSON . 

« 

a 

\ 

LOUISVILLE . 

l| 

ST.  PAUL . 

- 1" 

ST~ 

FIRST  QUARTILR... 
MEDIAN . 

L 

i 

THIRD  QUART I LB. . . 

L. 

L 

SACRAMENTO . 

GROl 

jp  ii. 

AKRON . 

: 

*• 

WEST  HOBOKEN . 

SAN  ANTONIO. . . 

! 

•« 

•' 

•  ? 

4 

r* 

ALLENTOWN . 

!  c 

% 

i 

TOPEKA . 

•a 

• 

PERTH  AMBOY . 

9 

COVINGTON . 

a 

„ 

SAVANNAH. . . 

* 

0  i 

f  '• 

SCHENECTADY . 

RACINE . ‘ . 

- 

| 

LANSIHC . 

/ 

FORT  WORTH . 

i 

PAWTUCKET . 

a. 

\ 

DECATUR . 

> 

f 

JACKSONVILLE . 

NEW  BRITAIN. . . 

*  1 

[••i 

*  I 

ft  1 

- 

0  « 

MONTGOMERY . 

1  1 

— H 

* 

> 

YORK . 

if 

< 

V 

ROANOKE . 

:J 

s 

t**i 

MACON . 

♦y 

i, 

k 

y 

FIRST  QUARTILE... 

MEDIAN . 

: 

L 

i 

** 

few 

; 

V 

l 

THIRD  QUARTIIF!... 

■  ELEMENTAL' 

-  ALL  TEACH! 

V  SCHOOL  TEACHERS. 

ras. 

am  m  mmmm 

HIGH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS. 

Fig.  47.— Average  annual  salaries  of  elementary-school  teachers,  of  high-school  teachers,  and  of  all  teachers 
in  certain  cities  of  Groups  I  and  II,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


393 


0  I  T  I  B  8  .  AVB JUGS  8ALARIB8  OF:  (  COLLARS  ) 

(GROUP  III) 


0  500  1000  1500  2000 


1  •' 

s 

BL00MPI2LD . . 

Middletown. 

r f 

,, 

i 

i  J 

I8HFEMIN0 . 

1 

r  *  fcjj 

j 

RERUN  •  ••••••••••• 

MISHAWAKA . 

'  *11 

f 

~J\ 

\ 

MADISON . 

•  1  y 

p*®* 

ALBUQUERQUE . 

: 

* 

ft 

ROCK  ISLAND . 

NORTH  ADAMS . 

v  / 

#>  t 

"h 

METHUEN . 

CLINTON . 

1“jr 

; 

1 

SAN  ANGELO . 

i  V 

-  g 

GRAND  ISLAND . 

MEDFORD . 

|  \ 

- 1 

..  * 

f 

J  t 

/ 

r 

| 

GREENFIELD . 

• 

• 

>  B  , 

J 

IOWA  CITY......... 

r 

CAIRO . 

• 

fs 

j 

GLOUCESTER . 

PAR  1 8 . 

;  • 

• 

f  : 

rs 

I  1 

1 

j 

PI QUA . 

;  ^  I 

A  1 

vj 

r 

ALPENA. 

tt| 

rH 

OGDEN . 

-  :f  1  f 

:  \  1 

BELOIT . 

y 

i 

0  r 

FOND  DU  LAC . 

m 

j 

NEWBURYPORT . 

• 

3 

1 

t 

MOUNT  CARMEL...... 

MONROE . 

T 

\ 

j 

* 

CLEBURNE . 

* 

; 

\ 

7— 

WAYCR0B8 . 

\ 

OWENSBORO . . 

J 

;  1 

K 

PLYMOUTH . 

yi- 

BAREE . 

•  1 

BESSEMER . 

j 

WINSTON-SALEM . . 

*  1 

% J 

GADSDEN . . 

li 

t- 

•rH 

FIRST  QUART I IE 

: 

MEDIAN . 

•S 

;  | 

THIRD  QUART I IE. . . . 

4- 

cbcdqibi  ALL  TEACHERS* 

> ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  TEACH®  S*  mmam  •  m—m  HIGH  8CHO0L  TEACHERS. 


Fig.  48. — Average  annual  salaries  of  elementary-school  teachers,  of  high-school  teachers,  and  of  all  teachers 
in  certain  cities  of  Group  III,  1917-18. 


394 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


C  I  T  IS  8. 
(GROUP  IV). 

PRESCOTT . 

GLOBE . . 

KALI  SPELL. . 

CONNER  ?jV  iLTJ!.  . . . , 

ANNAPOLIS . 

CONCORD . . . .  , 

SOUTH  AMBOY . . 

MONTPELIER . 

GRAND  RAPIDS _ 

MONMOUTH . . 

TROY . . 

AMHERST . 

GREAT  BARRINGTOT, 

LEAD . .  . . 

KAMMCNTON . . 

SANTA  FE. . . . . 

DANVILLE . . 

COLUMBUS . . 

NORWICH . . 

FRANKLIN . . 

EASTHAMPTON . 

KANE . 

LATKOBS. . . . . 

GRANITE  CITY _ 

IPSWICH . 

ABTNGTOH . 

TALLADEOA . . 

DELPHOS . 

MIDDLETOWN . 

OTTAWA . 

JfT.  CLTVENT5 . . 

ST.  ALBANS . . 

MEHA8HA . . 

LUDINGTON . 

BRISTOL.... . 

NORTH  PROVIIFNCE, 

ALEXANDRIA . 

SOUTH  PORTLAND.., 

ROCKY  MOUNT . . 

BROOKFIELD . 

HIGH  POINT . . 

CLARKSVILIE . . 

PRESQUE  ISLE _ 

GAINESVILLE . . 

CONCORD . 

FIRST  QUARTILE., 

MEDIAN . . 

JFIRD  QUARTILE., 


AVERAGE  ANNUAL  8ALARIE8  OP:  (DOLLARS  ) 


ALL  TRACKERS. 


aeeBna  ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  TEACHERS. 


HIGH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS. 


Fig.  49. — Average  annual  salaries  of  elementary-school  teachers,  of  high-school  teachers,  and  of  all  teachers 
in  certain  cities  of  Group  IV,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


395 


C  II  I  S  B  AVERAGE  ANNUAL  SALARIES  07:  (  DOLLARS  ) 

(GROUP  V).  q _ tQO _ 1000  * _ 1500 _ 2000 


- — T 

.  •  1 

1 

_ 

PJ 

r 

7; 

— 

| 

./ 

r 

7 

r 

/ 

r 

j 

I  ( 

■  \ 

1 

0 

F 

2 

i~7 

N 

r 

KRHDALLVILLE . 

T 

Ji  1 

j 

e 

( y 

IT 

_ 

I 

Z’i" 

J  f 

Z: 

JENNINGS. . . 

li 

\ 

,  j 

> 

Z2 

*  j 

2*! 

—  ^ 

T7 

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2 

“■S.. 

SHENANDOAH 

z 

z: 

RTtTJ.RPONT'R . 

• 

WARHBURH . 

_ 

tz 

BRADY . 

WHITEWATER . 

_ 

2  , 

:  j 

V 

r 

z 

V  i 

< 

1 

PO  THOROUGH  . 

/: 

r~ 

GLADSTONE . 

_ 

Z 

1 

ALLIANCE . 

_ 

CHEROKEE . 

_ 

~ 

CLYDE . 

jt 

* 

 Sh, 

EUPAULA . 

7~T 

Slot. 

BU8HNELL . 

\\ 

t 

9** 

WIND80R . 

I 

1 — 

ORANGE . 

ISifl 

AMBUER . 

_ 

m 

LENOIR* CITY., . 

IKfl 

/ 

j 

EAST  BRIDGEWATER... 

_ 

_ 

m 

'  - 

:  * 

t 

TROY . . . 

Zj 

ItlH 

r 

GARRETT . 

SHELBYVILLE . 

_ 

m 

fjjY 

NT  .T  .SNORT  H  .  _ _ _ 

/ 

j: 

BRIDGTON . 

r"T 

* 

DAVIS . 

l; 

[  T 

COHWAY . 

y 

* 

PHKDWtTCKTOWN _ 

ZI 

i 

HILLSBORO. . 

! 

r 

_ 

_ 

ATT  ALUL- . 

T 

- 

r 

UPPER  SANDUSKY . 

sf 

i 

Ilj 

t” 

HHNDER80NVILLB . 

BLACKWELL . . 

ROGERS . 

.  u,  Si 

Cl 

O 

T 

.i. 

PIR8T  QUARTILB... 
MEDIAN . .  ...1 

! 

nzz 

r— 

L 

L 

p 

r 

□ 

4^ 

u 

□ 

□ 

□ 

z 

r 

□ 

z 

□ 

□ 

THIRD  -  QUARTILE.. j 

t 

L 

1 

t 

Q 

NT 

t 

t 

□ 

_ 

□ 

□ 

_ 

t 

L 

t 

□ 

zl 

— ALL  TEACHERS. 

ELEMENTARY  SCHOOL  TEACHERS.  msaa*e  •  ksd  HIGH  SCHOOL  TEACHERS. 


Fig.  50.— Average  annual  salaries  of  elementary -school  teachers,  of  high-schoolteachers,  and  of  all  teachers 
in  certain  cities  of  Group  V,  1917-18. 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

THE  AVERAGE  ANNUAL  SALARIES  OF  TEACHERS. 


396 


Owing  to  the  fact  that  there  was  a  considerable  turnover  in  the 
teaching  force  in  the  school  year  1917-18,  it  has  been  found  rather 
difficult  to  secure  a  representative  list  of  cities  in  each  group  whose 
reports  permitted  the  computation  of  reliable  average  annual  salaries 
of  teachers.  Other  factors  also  operated  to  make  this  selection  of 
cities  still  more  difficult.  First,  frequently  the  report  on  the  teaching 
staff  does  not  correspond  to  that  on  the  amount  paid  for  teaching, 
the  city  superintendent  usually  supplying  the  personnel  data  and 
the  business  agent  the  financial  items.  Second,  considerable  con¬ 
fusion  has  arisen  between  these  administrative  officials  as  to  who 
should  be  considered  as  principals  and  who  as  teaching  principals, 
and  who  should  be  classed  as  supervisors  and  who  as  part-time  super¬ 
visors  or  teachers.  Third,  in  several  instances  the  distribution  of 
instruction  costs  between  the  elementary  and  secondary  schools  had 
not  been  consistently  made,  since  often  there  is  little  agreement  as 
to  who  should  be  considered  as  high  school  teachers  and  who  should 
be  considered  as  elementary  school  teachers.  The  junior  high  school 
in  particular  often  makes  this  division  difficult. 

For  160  cities  all  the  facts  appear  to  be  reliably  and  consistently 
reported.  Ten  of  these  cities  are  found  in  Group  I,  21  in  Group  II, 
39  in  Group  III,  and  45  in  each  one  of  the  other  two  groups.  The 
average  salaries  of  men  teachers  and  women  teachers  have  been 
recorded  in  Table  61,  but  have  not  been  used  in  the  diagrams.  As 
shown  elsewhere  in  this  report,  only  10.4  per  cent  of  the  city  school 
teachers  are  men.  Few  of  these  teachers  are  found  in  the  elementary 
schools.  In  fact  the  men  teachers  are  so  few  in  number  in  many 
school  systems  that  the  average  salary  paid  them  exhibits  individu¬ 
ality  rather  than  generality,  when  an  attempt  is  made  to  reduce  it 
to  graphic  form.  Consequently,  only  the  average  annual  salaries 
paid  to  all  teachers  (vocational,  normal,  and  special  school  teachers 
included),  to  elementary  school  teachers,  and  to  high  school  teachers 
have  been  graphed. 

In  each  group  the  cities  have  been  ranked  on  the  salaries  paid  to 
all  teachers.  Of  the  10  cities  represented  in  Group  I,  San  Francisco 
pays  the  highest  average  salaries.  This  city,  also,  pays  a  higher 
average  salary  to  high  school  and  to  elementary  school  teachers  than 
do  any  of  the  other  nine  cities.  In  Group  II,  Sacramento  comes  first 
on  each  average  represented  in  the  diagram.  In  Group  III,  Mont¬ 
clair,  N.  J.,  ranks  first  among  the  cities  appearing  in  the  group. 
Prescott,  Ariz.,  comes  first  in  Group  IV,  and  Freehold,  N.  J.,  ranks 
first  in  the  fifth  group.  The  median  average  salaries  for  all  teachers 
have  greater  significance  than  the  highest  average  in  each  group. 
The  median  for  Group  I  is  $924;  for  Group  II,  $779;  for  Group  III, 
$678;  for  Group  IV,  $664 ;  and  for  Group  V,  $664.  The  median  salary, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


397 


therefore,  decreases  with  the  size  of  cities.  While  all  cities  can  not 
hope  to  pay  median  averages,  they  can  approach  the  median.  The 
degree  to  which  they  succeed  is  best  measured  by  the  practice  of  the 
“middle  half”  of  the  cities.  At  the  bottom  of  each  diagram  the 
quartile  points  and  the  medians  have  been  located  by  means  of  curves 
of  the  same  character  as  those  representing  the  three  averages  de¬ 
scribed  above  and  pictured  in  the  charts.  Light  denotation  lines  of 
the  same  type  have  been  drawn  upward  from  the  quartile  points. 
Whenever  any  point  on  any  curve  falls  between  lines  having  the 
same  legend,  it  comes  within  the  “safety”  zone  at  that  point.  In 
Group  IV  it  is  found  that  the  average  high  school  salary  in  Prescott 
is  above  the  third  quartile  line.  The  corresponding  average  for 
Annapolis  is  between  the  two  vertical  “dot-dash”  lines,  indicating 
that  its  average  comes  within  middle  bounds.  On  elementary  school 
salaries  Annapolis  stands  beyond  the  third  quartile.  Thus,  by  means 
of  these  vertical  denotation  lines  the  relative  position  of  the  average 
salary  paid  by  any  city  with  respect  to  the  practice  of  the  “middle 
half”  of  the  cities  can  be  readily  and  reliably  determined.  Another 
characteristic  of  these  groups  should,  also,  be  noted.  When  consid¬ 
erable  variation  exists  between  the  average  salaries  paid  to  elemen¬ 
tary  and  high  school  teachers  the  curves  representing  these  two  aver¬ 
ages  spread  apart.  In  cities  where  the  averages  are  about  equal, 
the  curves  are  drawn  toward  each  other.  Thus,  in  Group  IV  the 
inequality  of  pay  to  high  school  and  to  elementary  school  teachers 
in  Montpelier  is  very  striking,  the  high  school  teachers  receiving 
about  twice  as  much  as  teachers  in  the  elementary  schools.  In  Group 
V  Eufaula  exhibits  the  same  characteristics.  In  Group  III  Bloom¬ 
field  is  conspicuous  because  of  this  inequality.  In  Group  I  the  aver¬ 
age  high  school  salary  gravitates  about  $1,254  (the  median);  in 
Group  II,  about  $1,017;  in  Group  III,  about  $891;  in  Group  IV, 
about  $857,  and  in  Group  V,  about  $817.  It  is  seen,  therefore,  that 
the  usual  high  school  salary  in  the  large  cities  is  about  $100  per 
month  for  about  12  months,  but  in  the  very  small  cities  the  average 
is  less  than  $70  per  month  for  12  months.  With  such  meager  salaries 
cities  can  not  hope  to  attract  and  hold  capable  college  graduates 
when  more  remunerative  vocations  are  open  to  them. 

The  usual  (median)  elementary  school  salary  in  Group  I  is  $868 ;  in 
Group  II,  $726,  in  Group  III,  $631 ;  in  Group  IV,  $587,  and  in  Group 
V,  $580.  From  these  medians  it  is  seen  that  the  “average”  salary 
bears  a  close  relationship  to  the  size  of  the  city,  the  larger  cities  pay¬ 
ing  the  higher  averages.  On  a  nine  months’  basis,  the  teacher  in 
city  elementary  schools  receive  from  $67  to  $96  per  month  on  an 
average.  For  the  other  three  months  they  get  no  pay. 


Table  62 .—Combined  summary  of  attendance ,  personnel ,  number  of  schools ,  and  number  0/  sc/tooZ  buildings  for  the  five  groups  of  cities,  of  2,500 

population  and  over,  1911-18. 


398 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  0 E  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enrollment  in 
private  schools 

es&. 

Enroll¬ 

ment. 

1,021,127 

6,563 

813 

1,919 

21, 487 

951 

32,252 

18, 819 

489 

2,114 

245 

198,848 

23, 799 

3, 454 

5,233 

16, 755 

1,015 

10, 282 

66 

109, 601 

68,817 

23, 994 

425 

34,431 

993 

Cities. 

© 

B 

-S80500 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

20, 843 

SSSfl  gsssgg  S5S||g  SSSII  S3g£S 

~  -T  N* 

Num¬ 
ber  of 

schools.1 

21, 250 

s-Sgs  i~sll  sing  isssi  ssg|| 

r-T  rf 

Average 

daily 

in 

|9 

a 

6, 760,314 

IBSSS  §1111  slSSl  88111  sSSSl 
sssfsfs'  g'stsss'a'  s'ggW  sss'g'f  g'gs'gs 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

<N 

1, 230, 074, 140 

9,354,157 
2, 795, 092 
6,798,757 
47,258,066 
12,566, 975 

32,070,566 
2, 191, 197 
8,270,461 
6,226, 018 
16,601,710 

2,892,527 

96, 297, 519 

34, 138,308 

22,555,817 

15, 914,532 

11, 837,405 

10,392,876 

10, 186,699 

13,551, 180 

84,326,988 

47, 401, 701 

24, 952, 318 

5, 138, 976 

37, 235, 283 

4, 445, 670 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

8 

1 

00" 

isisg  isiss  mil  isiis 

ss'a'a'g's'  ss'o's'g'  s§'gg!3  s'sesr  g'gsigs 

Girls. 

© 

4, 347, 134 

S111S  IsSls  lllls  §1118  8SB88 

SSSfgV  S'=§'8S~  3'3'ss's'f  SSagS 

t 

£  . 

* 

1 

1 

11I1S  lisig  SSsSs  §3811  lilis 
sssss  sg'sg'g'  sWijJ  s's's's's 

Teachers. 

Total. 

8 

241,382 

S8SS1  11118  18118  88818  SSsSl 

r-T  .-Toes'  o'  i-T  »-T  cvT  io'-o'io'co*'  cT  ef  cT  of  nT  causT^to  r-T 

6  g 

216,319 

SSlli  8118§  SSIBS  sills  SS§li 

t-T  i-ToT  cT  *rT  .-7  r-T  c-f  -7  o'  cL  cU-refesVr  00'^'  in 

Men. 

• 

1 

s' 

§”asl  Ssal§  Rslll  1B11S  l§sgfe 

rT  r-T 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

1® 

3 

00 

ggssg 

Super¬ 

visors. 

5,071 

||S|g 

Super-  1 
in  f  ond- ! 

M«l 

s’!  jg 

r.i§ 

e® 

2,512 

SfeSKS  2888^2 

City- 

school 

sys¬ 

tems. 

1 

ci* 

828§§5  228828  28833  22882 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . . . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois  .  .. 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Marne . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

✓Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


399 


I  !!§§§  sgi§£  SISSfl  1112 

cgVT  o'  r-T  eoja*  t-T  rt'd'  oft'-" 


3^8®  NSS”W  °2noh  22$’ 


ggg|3  §3383  g||2S  igggg  ill? 


Pigs  ggsgg  sgggs  n§i|  gifs 


sSISs 

S”S'S'= 


lllli 


SSI1I  sills 


§§§! 

s^s*-' 


aiig§ 

siiii 

2  S^SS* 


$!§§§ 

mm 


SI1SI  Siisl 

s'fsif  siiii 


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Sifts 
Ills 
f  S”S'-' 


B31S8 

k^'s's's' 


88188 


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8£2'88'3'S~  S'gSSSS 


Sjils 

s  33  s* 


SlIsS 

«e>foog  o' 


illsS 


§gs§i  mm 


isa§ 

s^fsT® 


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0-o.WtC 


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11511 

tfjfsfsV 


gill 

StfaT* 


SsSii  ISlii 

«  gg~  55 1 ef 


Sills 


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ISIS 

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IHISs 


11311 
s'-'  3" 


SgliS  ISSsI  ISIS 


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SSSgS  §§3|| 


3881* 

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IsB^i  SS8! 


■ci — 1  i 

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382§g  KgkSS  SgS^S  §8|S 


’S|8  8JS28  S2S23 


S^8S2  22S82  &S28;S 


S^SSS  §3233  $§8!32  &82SS  £££' 


:  >  £  ^  &  £ 

>  ©  ©  ©  ©  ©  .  .  . 
:ZZZ2;  ZZZOO 


11  g££§£ 


Table  63  . — Summary  of  attendance ,  'personnel ,  number  of  schools  and  school  buildings ,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


400  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enrollment  in 
private  schools 
(partly- 
estimated). 

Enroll¬ 

ment. 

t'* 

593, 738 

S  :  S 

CO  •  o 
oT  j  kS 

18,819 

161,000 

5,651 

12,000 

•  to  i—i  00 

•  co  co  d 

•  H  H  to 

•  r-T  coVT 

•to  ^  rH 

000  ‘0£ 

Cities. 

w 

30 

d  •  1-4 

1 

•  »o  d  d 

T“H 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
sehnnl 

build¬ 

ings. 

>-s 

4,970 

OO 

tO 

CO  Is-  tO 

^  so  a 

152 

$ 

00  to 

05  P- 

d 

CO  ^ 

CO  d 

35  S3 

i-H  ^  HH 

212 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools.1 

14 

4,505 

59 

to  r-  os 

00 

CO 

152  1 

| 

Tt< 

CO 

d 

§  oo 

O  d  d  i-H 
^H  O  05  tO 
HCO  HH 

IO 

d 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

2,877,418 

21,302 

Cl  i-H  00 
d  tO  d 

too  CO 

00s cT  to* 

CO  CO  ^ 

47,838 

25,513 

CO  o 

cc  CO 

£co 

CO 

23,825 

36, 117 

59, 552 

163,754 

100, 604 

73, 960 

a 

oo' 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

d 

534,235, 769 

3,734, 154 

g 

ON  CO 
cToT  io' 

23  3 
g*o  °° 

8,270,461 

4,592,340 

58,058,900 

6,068, 100 

4,375,271 

6,357,637 

^05  CO  d 
©  Tf  do 

p-  ^ 

o'  ocT  p^  p-" 

Tt<  co  CO  CO 

to  T*  H  to 

cToT  ocTco' 

rH  d  HH 

CO 

8 

§ 

d" 

d 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

a 

3,687,472 

G5 

2K  §8 

CO  TtH  P- 

as  s 

so 

3 

00 

00 

§f 

090 ‘gf- 
9ZZ‘S92 

32,398 

•  47,791 

^  ^  d 

CO  05  GO  — < 

co  d  co 

hcd  f>ToT 

oo  o  CO  oo 

d  1-4 

00 

co 

s 

Girls. 

o 

1,842, 260 

16,055 

2  © 
t~cc  o 

ofS  <n 

05 

00 

CO 

d 

8 

40s 

181,833 
21, 856 

16, 629 

25,570 

40, 880 

101,006 

68, 509 

45,345 

05 

to 

o 

05" 

p- 

Boys. 

cs 

1,845,212 

14,891 

C5  p-  p- 

OO  00 

00  to  00 

cfcT  c o 

C5  d  Cl 

§f 

14,202 

d  T* 

05  O 

co  d 

d 

15,769 
22, 221 

H  05  tON 

to  oo  co 

p-  d  oo  o 

cT  to'  OcTt^ 

rJH  O  CTji 

to 

d 

CO 

so 

Teachers. 

Total. 

00 

d 

cT  j 

05  1 

722 

00  CO 

00  05  CO 

to'r-T  i-T 

tO 

a 

gg 

CO  d 

857 

1,301 

^  tO  05  CO 

rt<  tO  CO  CO 

d'to'  co'd' 

to 

00 

co' 

Wo¬ 

men. 

88 

630 

to  o 

cog  d 
to'  r-T 

CO 

s 

CO 

CO 

d  T* 

t^Tr-T 

782 

1,230 

COCO  o  00 

co  o  to  CO 

’-•05  d  CO 

d^  co'd" 

00 

CO 

co 

Men. 

11,204 

92 

co  p-  co 

tO  05  rH 

CO  1-4 

05 

Cl 

3 

^  CO 
d 

£>•  r-i 

to  1-1 

P-  P- 

CO  d  05  00 
N®  c§  W 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

ts 

3,988 

27 

co  to  oo 
to  to  d 
d 

3 

3 

61 

962 

i-H  IO 

toco 

Tf<  d  C5  CO 

O  rH  CO  CO 

H  d  HH 

§ 

Super¬ 

visors. 

935 

O 

zz 

01 

06 

oo 

oo 

85° 

1-1  d 

r-cs  03  in 

<£>  CO  <N 

to 

Super¬ 

intend- 

ents 

and 

assist¬ 

ant 

super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents. 

220 

d 

coco  r- 

CO 

d 

14 

1 

CO  CO 

p-  to  co  05 

to 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems. 

Cl 

O 

C0 1“*  CO 

HIO  d  d 

d 

States. 

r« 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

I 

1  5 
;  m 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida _ 

Georgia . 

Idaho  _ 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa  _ 

a 

a 

g 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS.  1917-1918. 


401 


Table  63. — Summary  of  attendance ,  'personnel ,  number  of  schools  and  school  buildings ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


402  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enrollment  in 
private  schools 
(partly 
estimated). 

Enroll¬ 

ment. 

IN 

163,559 

5,963 

1,000 

500 

14,636 

•  »o 
■  o 

9,200 

6,216 

1,067 

3,526 

1,541 

32, 470 

9,306 

. 

2,635 

. 

Cities. 

«e 

00 

CM 

HH  '  CO  ' 

•  t 

^  CM  aH  CM  iH 

16 

7 

. 

CO  J 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
build¬ 
ings. 

US 

3,334 

30 

CD  CM 

CM  O  CM  00  CO 

*OCD 

CO  00 

CD  CM  CD  O  ^ 
iO  O  CO  03  CO 

CD 

CO 

rH  05  00 

40  CM  CO 

76 

23 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools.1 

T* 

3,306 

29 

^  O  CM  OO  CM 

CM  O  CM  OO  CO 

132 

88 

H003  00  N» 

0  03C0  03  CO 

36 

T*  ^  CM 

40  CO  40 

T-i  rH 

CM  ^ 
00  CM 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

0? 

1,139, 243 

10,093 

8,325 

29,891 

7,108 

41,937 

10,237 

21,047 

26,306 

47,405 

34,540 

46, 130 

28,298 

12,324 

CD 

TT 

05 

ocT 

139, 199 

45,763 

13,714 

00  40 

QC  05 

r-Tco' 

CM 

40  05 

co  o 

—Too' 

CM  05 
05  rH 

eoV-T 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

OJ 

205,500,602 

1,671,711 

1,448,550 

5,286,640 

1,297,005 

7,543,837 

1,852,984 

3,273,530 

4,535,112 

8,688,688 

6,626,784 

8, 150, 196 

4,939,123 

2,314,765 

s 

i 

24,286,453 

8,340,810 

2,509,736 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

1,446,916 

14,029 

10, 640 
41,394 
9,447 

51,507 

13,346 

27,441 

33,245 

61,436 

45,405 

59, 699 

36,927 

15,432 

CM 

30 

oT 

165,733 

57,391 

16,284 

29,044 

9,517 

Girls. 

© 

735,727 

7,627 

5,530 

20,958 

4,798 

27,530 

7,355 

14,304 

17,867 

30,988 
23,088 
30, 245 
18,931 

7,963 

iO 

05 

83,094 

29, 198 

8,220 

14,812 

4,797 

Boys. 

© 

05 

00 

IN 

6,402 

5,110 
20, 436 
4,649 

23,977 

5,991 

IN  00 

CON 
— <  CO 

30,448 

22,317 

29,454 

17,996 

7,469 

N- 

CO 

GO 

05  CO 

CO  C5  O 

cvT  •gVxT 

00  CM 

CM  O 

aje 

Teachers. 

Total. 

00 

42,245 

374 

300 

1,347 

284 

1,608 

362 

Cl  CO 
r-f  CM 

In  In 

1,864 

1,472 

1,906 

995 

455 

CM 

JO 

S  O  05 
cm  tji 

i-T 

O  CO 

ss 

Wo¬ 

men. 

I> 

38,224 

£ 

cc 

275 

1,189 

259 

1,450 

353 

CO  CM 

rr  cd 

KO  o 

1,667 

1,308 

1,752 

884 

433 

CM 

CO 

4,767 

1,555 

444 

OO 

TT  N- 
QO  CM 

Men. 

© 

4,021 

s? 

25 

158 

25 

158 

9 

CD 

CD 

N-  h  CM 

05  CD  lO  — -  CM 

40 

CM 

492 

154 

47 

O  CO 
00  CM 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

US 

1,812 

t*- 

ODrf  i-H  CD 
HDH  CD  CM 

ll 

31 

89 

65 

111 

37 

27 

CO 

05  CD  00 
hj  CD  CM 

O  Tf 
lO  H 

Super¬ 

visors. 

rf 

O 

CD 

00 

r- 

^OCM  03  r-H 

rH  OO 

«OQO 

40 

29 

50 

15 

16 

CD 

OO  05  Tf< 

05  CO  H 

CD  00 

Super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents 

and 

assist¬ 

ant 

super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents. 

©5 

177 

<N 

r-t  *OtH 

00  CO  CO  05 

CM 

40  Oh 

CM  fi 

CM 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems. 

<N 

3  141 

CM 

rH  CM  Tt<  rH 

N  SO 

In  CO  CO 

Massac  msetts .  17 

Michigan .  8 

Minnesota .  1 

Missouri.' . „ .  3 

Montana . 1  1 

States. 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  of  Columbia . . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa.... . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Mai  no . 

Maryland _ 

10,951 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


II 


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8” 


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88' 


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228 


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403 


Table  63. — Summary  of  attendance ,  personnel,  number  of  schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION. 


404  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enrollment  in 
private  schools 
(partly- 
estimated). 

Enroll¬ 

ment. 

5 

162,527 

600 

777 

225 

254 

9,359 

489 

449 

18,445 

9,230 

1,984 

870 

1,367 

865 

6,677 

66 

20,739 

8,990 

3,526 

500 

993 

Cities. 

© 

220 

1 

1 

1 

2 

10 

HCO  ;  TtJ  ^4  CO  CM  tO  rH  O  CM  CO  •  rH  CM 

•  • 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
build¬ 
ings. 

t-O 

s 

CM 

©OO^-ICOffO  <N 

CM  CO  O  CM  CO  CO  CM  OO^OOO  CM»-iCMI>t^ 
CO  to  r-H  ^  OO  00  COCOjHH  W  CDtT  rji^io 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools.1 

4,302 

i-H  CM 

rr  00  OtPCOt^CO  00  CM  OQ  ©  rt<  CO  CM  00  00  rH 

CO  rr  to  05  CO  00  CO  CO  CM  CM  CM  ©  ^  CO  ^  © 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

cs 

1,117,668 

8,412 
5, 158 
10,947 

47,963 

6,932 

42,203 

7,782 

11,082 

3,060 

68,033 

56,815 

36, 143 

20, 131 

8,046 

11,211 

13,259 

8,342 

84,354 

40,284 

9,329 

11,786 

11,396 

10,836 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

(M 

200,836,511 

1,467,928 
845, 565 
1,890, 059 
8,439, 677 
1,238,342 

7,549,248 

1,245,178 

1,968,139 

529,379 

12,432,000 

10,393,559 

6,449,042 

3,542,596 

1,492,086 

1,899, 025 

2,340,638 

1,476,558 

14,673,568 

7,560,314 

1,721,548 

2,110,116 

2,036,853 

1,952, 154 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

s 

1, 420, 545 

12,595 
7,455 
16, 321 
66,354 
9,602 

52,320 

9,000 

14,960 

4,199 
83, 176 
73, 621 

44.751 

27,047 

10,853 

16,320 

16,777 

11,619 

97,494 

51,820 

10,810 

17, 718 

15,341 

14.751 

Girls. 

© 

725, 126 

6,785 
3,584 
8,684 
33, 668 
4,830 

26,444 

5,400 

7,940 

2, 107 

41.742 
36,928 

22.743 
14, 096 

5,661 

8,875 

8,389 

5,973 

49,026 

26,302 

5,584 

9,654 

7,921 

7,571 

Boys. 

© 

695,419 

5,810 

3,871 

7,637 

32,686 

4,767 

25,876 

3,600 

7,020 

2,092 

41,434 

36,693 

22,008 

12,951 

5, 192 
7,445 
8,388 
5, 646 
48,768 

25,518 

5, 226 

8,064 

7,420 

7, 180 

Teachers. 

Total. 

00 

40,495 

©  ©  OO  OC  CO  © 
MOONOO  OO 

CM  r-t  CO  OO  CO  © 

CM  CO  t-h  CM  OO  OiOHOOrt  ©OcOCOt^ 

rT  CO  t-h  CO  to  CO  to  CM  ©  CM  CO  OO  *h  OO  ©  ©  © 

CM  CO  rHCOO^N  CO  CO  to  CM  ©  to  CO  CO  CO  ^ 

cm'cm'V-T  co'  r-T 

Wo¬ 

men. 

36,530 

cDONCMiO 
ih  cO  CO  CO  ©  C5 

CM  r-i  CO  ©  CM  ^ 

234 

323 

100 

2,170 

1,753 

1,330 

683 

287 

369 

480 

209 

2,896 

1,355 

353 

322 

359 

424 

Men. 

© 

3,965 

ohhoco  © 

HH^OCO  05 

CO 

°°3  SSSSK 

H  COH  rH  rH 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

•a 

1,555 

05  05  ©  CO  t'- 

CM  CO  © 

00  00  i-H  ©  00  CO  t'-  ©-HC^©Tti  ©tr.©©<N 

r-l  <M  <M  rf  -H 

Super¬ 

visors. 

1,310 

lO  OO  to  CO  CM 

tO  H  tji 

00  CO  T*  C«5  © -rf  ©00©<N©  TfOOOOlO 

OOCi©<N  t-H  ■«<  I-H  ©  <N  <M 

Super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents 

and 

assist¬ 

ant 

super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents. 

447 

^  CM  tO  05  CO  U- 

CM  to  rH  00  CO  ^  ©  to  00  ©  CM  ©  ©  ©  to 

NNHH  CO  rH 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems. 

O 

CM 

rf<  CM  ^  ^  CO  © 

CM  to  r— (  ©  ©  CO  ©  nf  ©  ©  CO  CM  ©  to  to  to  to 

CM  CM  tH  CO  y-i 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut.. . 

Delaware _ _ 

a 

2 

c 

’C 

!c 

i 

: « 
iC 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


405 


m  ssasi 

^  CO  t-T 


|§: 

S'* 


18  §11 

w  r-T  n 


’§1^  gssgs  2|gg£  *^1283 


s3SS! 


§iiii  assn  iissg  igssa  aaia 

gs"gsf  ^'s'ss'-'  js'a's'-' 


sllsl  SsIIi  3g§sil  11113  Isis 
lisll  ll¥l¥  3¥g¥f  l¥li¥  r¥s¥ 


eiVT  to'eo'  -»'co' 


•■o'  t-Tco"  ci'cTt'’' 


lilfg  ssgsa  I§lls  lisll  sill 

""'s'g'"'  §8“g"3  ”|g‘s‘'°'  s'a's” 


Bsaas  lassa  iiiii  iiiis  ssss 

r-TrH  Oo'o'r-T  j4'^Tc<5W«o'  r-Two'lxTeO  (MOOCOCOC^  ®00®rt 


IsaSi  lilil  llgsi  ISlsI  llii 

ss^Vs  -V®V“'  "S""s“ 


Table  63. — Summary  of  attendance ,  personnel ,  number  of  schools  and  school  buildings ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION. 


406  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enrollment  in 
private  schools 
(partly 
estimated). 

Enroll¬ 

ment. 

74,499 

36 

209 

1,035 

692 

3,070 

560 

245 

8,229 

2,150 

255 

667 

1,607 

150 

2,982 

4, 138 

6,061 

2,360 

425 

205 

Cities. 

«o 

256 

•CO  .-1  00 -H  ,-1  CO  NHO  •©  WOO®*®*  ' 

•  <M  i-l  rH  •  — H  i-H  • 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

3,884 

T*  CO  <N  CO  CO  Th 

CO  (N  OO  CO  t-» 

cs 

0500  to  (N  CO  O  CO  CO  to  CO  o  CO  C0HH05H 
HCO  (N  rH  ^  to  (X)  ^  rH  CO  Cvl  ^  CO  rH  CO  O  H 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools.1 

4,124 

1 

©  rH  00  O  O  rH  o  NOCOOCD  rH  CO  to  O 

(MOO  04  CO  CO  to  OO  to  ^  CO  (M  ^  JOHOHH 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

e® 

813,207 

00  CO  ^  CO 

<N  *0  O  CO  rP  tO 

05  05  05  CO  o 

l^t^r^TcT  gT 

4,045 

16,801 

6,658 

54, 175 

34,408 

11,520 

19,942 

11,948 

5,054 

18,033 

4, 782 

60,365 

30, 102 

23, 548 

13,033 

22,  724 

2,402 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

145,366,568 

1,045, 3U2 
1,505, 210 
830, 166 
2,572,399 
1,865,900 

4,536,447 

637,446 

2,886,467 

1,132, 866 

9, 755, 173 

6, 143,345 

2,024,  792 

3, 520, 863 

2, 214, 890 

844, 436 

3, 199, 603 

825,056 

10, 609, 754 

5, 763,960 

4, 249, 151 

2, 318, 860 

4,101,746 

433,474 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

! 

- 

1,013,815 

8,587 

12,415 

6,842 

18,348 

13,738 

31,527 

5,585  1 

22,127  1 

8,012 

64,085 

42,204 

14, 199 

26,524 

15,825 

6,932 

22,800 

6,236 

69,842 

36,776 

27, 779 

18,504 

29, 164 

3,369 

Girls. 

© 

OO 

S8 

4,570 

6,415 

3,632 

9,381 

6,982 

16,055 

2,925 

11,962 

4,117 

32,475 

21,429 

7,367 

13,662 

8,222 

3,328 

11,653 

3,454 

35, 183 

18, 840 

14,277 

9,972 

15,151 

1,700 

Boys. 

© 

493,377 

NOONCO 

O)  O  rH  CO  LO 
OOWC5N 
co'co  co'cxTccT  trT 

2,660 
10, 165 

3,895 
31,610 
20, 775 
6,832 
12,862 

7.603 

3.604 
11,147 

2,782 

34,659 

17,936 

13,502 

8, 532 

14,013 

1,669 

Teachers. 

Total. 

00 

28,991 

CO  rH  r-H  CO 

§8 

158 

517 

219 
1,841 
1, 197 
481 
695 

422 
150 
817 
168 
2, 190 

1,144 

984 

485 

727 

99 

Wo¬ 

men. 

i 

26,029 

COOONlOH  rH 

co  co  ^  oo  rr 
h<N  HkOCO  oo 

05©  0005^10  rf<(N»ONN  COOCOHIO 

rt*  O  05  05  C5  NcOTfiOH  CO  05  to  '•t*  05 

rH  H005TTCO  CO  H  N  H  O  O  00  CO 

r-T  N  H 

Men. 

© 

2,962 

CO  05  05  CO  O  <N 

HHHCJlO 

05  rH  05  rH  00  O  00  00  O*  CO  00  H  ^  05  CO  Tf 

to  (Nt0  05C0N  rf  HNHN  HC5<N00 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

<N 

t>-  Tf  00  <N 

•  05  O00N00H  N00«50  OHOtOrJ' 

*  CMCOCOrHC^  rH  rH  OO  CO  CO  rH  CO 

Super¬ 

visors. 

1,022 

§ 

•  •  00  CO  CO  O  CO  rH  05  (N  rH  COI^COCOO 

•  •  to  to  CS  <N  ?H  CO  O  tOT^HiNH 

Super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents 

and 

assist¬ 

ant 

super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents. 

e® 

627 

CON-^OOO  05 

^  ^  05  CO  OJ  <N  CO  to  05  OO  CO  O  r^.  CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems. 

co 

eiO'fOh  o> 

iQ-rf  rf -«f  CO  OS  00  C*  U3  c©  ri*  OS  COcOOt-CO 

i— 1  Tf>  <N  rH  rH  rH  -a<  NHHH 

02 


8 


CO 


~  5  C3  O 


3 


o3 

M  a 

o  03 


®  T1 
!S  3  h 


03  B 
!>i  m 


•a 


[ontana 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


407 


1 

51  :  §S  111  Sg§3§  S|||S  §|S3 

caof  •  co  -to  ejf-T  «-T  co 

U5t~  1  S5*5  ;  JO  ’-l  HN®HH  iHMNrtrt  CC'S<t|-rH 

s 

82238  8$g?l 

s 

fefSS  agSSS  832c$ 

3 

tf 

ill  §1SI1  SSSSg  S33S8  sus 

'* 5 N  gS00^05  ^3WUJt~  «S2M 

1 

3“ 

N 

841,407 
•6,842,004 
353, 123 

4,854,777 
3,025,018 
560, 683 
10,371,143 
1,743,178 

1,253,049 
19,595,355 
1,887,969 
2, 102, 100 
860, 718 

1,283,030 
5,499,486 
675, 513 
917,822 
1,294,963 

1,028,636 
2,050, 272 
3,618,604 
654,712 

§ 

.2 

ill  MUM  lisas  11151  ills 

USrtCsf  CJ  £C  wVoVfwwT 

§ 

5 

ill  lisSi  lilsl  gillie  I§g§ 

«oh  t^'fo'eiT«r<o'  10  eg  ood’c'T  ^''gi'csTcoV'  co  t'NN 

S 

N 

2,925 

20,376 

1,357 

16, 151 
11,830 
2,189 
34,117 
6,384 

4,644 

62,296 

6,073 

7,078 

2,812 

4,063 
20,922 
2,049 
3, 138 
4, 186 

3,688 

6,931 

11,821 

2,178 

i 

IIs  =!§§-  ssgif!  alSai  SIS® 

i-T  h  of  co  i-7 

CD 

ss8  is§ii  usis  ss^ss  iig§ 

rH  r-T  N 

S? 

2200  83233  328S3  3S&22  3382 

o> 

•  .  , 

^°°  003  CD  0<N  CO  -  CO  P-  Ck  CD 

a 

^®<N  JD«N^O®  2JgS<*~  j  OCO£© 

Oi 

®?3N  S3“T°  ^So0505'*  wo»<suo®  «t>ooco 

o> 

^S4'’  «5ggc»<3s^  oaNON  'f'Ooon 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

I 

s 

s 


a 

I 

3 

1 

E 

w 


a 

I 

I 


408  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  63. — Summary  of  attendance ,  personnel,  number  of  schools  and  school  buildings ,  1917-18— Continued. 

GROUP  V.— CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES  OF  2,500  TO  5,000  POPULATION. 

Enrollment  in 
private  schools 
(partly 
estimated). 

Enroll¬ 

ment. 

26,804 

•  •  ©  OO  ©  • 

•  *000  ©  CM  • 

•  •  h*  CO  CM  r— <  . 

•  •  • 

•  •  •  ^  CM  00  ©  ©  *CO  •©  05©  »rH  • 

•  •  •  1^-  ©  rji  •  CM  •  00  CM  OO  *05  • 

•  •  »05iOHH  CM  •  CD  •  o  CO  ©  •  O  • 

•  •  *  «  •  •  • 

Cities. 

ce 

145 

•  •  00  CM  • 

•  •  •t-H’^fHCM  CO  •  CO  *05  T^CO  •  CD  • 

Num¬ 
ber  of 

&UI1UU1 

build¬ 

ings. 

*0 

4,395 

CD  CM  Q  CM  CO  ^  ^©t'-co© 

CO  H§2hN  CO  CM  CM  CM  CO  rfj  GO  © 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools.1 

tH 

5,013 

n®  csim^h  eot-- 

f'-  NIOHOCD  ©  ©  ©  ©  tH©CO©© 

■'r  00  CMrH^©H  ^  CO  CM  CM  LO  ©  ©  00  © 

CM  H  H  H  CO  CO  T-H  »-H  rH 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

os 

OO 

N 

of 

So 

8,330 
2, 644 
15,023 
27, 728 

14,385 

22,662 

1,811 

6,532 

14, 705 

6,959 

40,478 

28,523 

33, 770 

22, 124 

8, 178 

7,300 

18,328 

4,272 

30,332 

39, 166 

16,400 

3,967 

23,315 

4,776 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

(M 

069  ‘fgl'W 

1,435,062 
444,317 
2, 629, 982 
4,809,337 
2,525,944 

4,095,429 
338, 213 

1,069,864 

2,619,652 

1,230,282 

7,362, 758 

4,906,520 

5,931,787 

3,911,950 

1,440,393 

1,291,778 

3,165,894 

708, 862 

5,288, 764 

7,599, 191 

2,934,481 

710,000 

4, 220, 513 
862,033 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

1,017,853 

12,369 
3,579 
19, 159 
34, 731 
19,481 

30,465 
2, 101 

8,432 

17,265 

8,911 
48,005 
34, 121 
39, 616 

27,030 

11,016 

10,007 

23, 720 

5, 876 

35,582 

49,052 

18,856 

4,417 

29, 143 
6,567 

|  Girls. 

® 

523,583 

6,504 

1,807 

10,414 

17,314 

10,063 

15,474 

1,189 

4,404 

9,300 

4,729 
24,348 
17, 589 
21,036 
14, 158 

5, 772 
5, 136 
11,868 

3, 173 

17,985 

24, 580 

9, 712 

2, 167 

15,060 

3,417 

Boys. 

a 

494,270 

5,865 

1,772 

8,745 

17,417 

9,418 

14,991 

912 

4,028 

7,965 

4, 182 
23, 657 
16, 532 
18,580 
12,872 

5,244 
4,871 
11,852 
2, 703 
17,597 

24,472 
9, 144 

2,250 

14,083 
3, 150 

Teachers. 

Total. 

CO 

30,239 

242 

96 

393 

1,077 

539 

855 

63 

280 

426 

234 

1,550 

929 

1,469 

836 

294 

243 

840 

156 

1,207 

1,600 

653 

233 

861 

181 

Wo¬ 

men. 

L'- 

27,328 

ID  ©  00 

S'0 

268 

400 

202 

1,438 

811 

1,303 

766 

276 

236 

776 

132 

1,130 

1,453 

597 

200 

750 

164 

Men. 

«e 

2,911 

OO  CM  CD  CM  ©  O  O 

H  H  CO  CO  00  CO  H 

CM©  CM  CM  OO  ©  ©  OOt^^^t^  N©CCHN 
rH  CM  COiH  h  ©  N  tH  ©  CM  t>  ^lOCOHH 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

CD  H  CO  h  O  CD  • 

CM  CO  CM 

©CM  Tt<CO©I^©  00  *©^CM  t-h  CM  -CM© 

CM  CM  H  CM  rt  ©  rH  .  rH  rH  ©  CM  ■  CO  T-H 

Super¬ 

visors. 

935 

•  CO  t'*  00  CO  CO  • 

•  CO  CO  CO  • 

©  ©  ©  OO  •  •  ©  CO  CM  CM  rH  •  © 

•  t-H  CO  CO  CO  rH  •  •  rH  00  COCO  •  rH 

Super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents 

and 

assist¬ 

ant 

super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents. 

os 

1,041 

©CO©©©  O  CO 
rH  H  CM  H  CO 

•  u-  ©  ©  co  oo  ©t'-ooco©  cm  cm  -^  ©  © 

•rH  t-  CO  ^  CM  t-H  i-H  ^  CO  CM  rH  CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems. 

Ol 

CM 

!  © 

©  CO  ©  00  ©  CM  CO 

l-H  HCOH  CO 

CO  CM  Is-  00  t'-  CO  00  ©  ©  CM  00  ©  ©  © 

t-h  CM  ©  CO  Tji  CM  CM  rH  CO  COCMrHCO 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . . . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

1! 

<N 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  I917-1&18. 

Is  =!S|S  §§  ;  ;s  ggs 

r-T  « 


«g^§§83  s$s: 


58 

14 

89 

111 

42 

245 

05 

20 

212 

143 

70 

228 

43 

132 

43 

ISsSs 

sBsss 

HISS 

Islll 

ssss 

O*  *h  *©  £»  so 

cT®~c¥cc%¥ 

"S'2'S“' 

a'sV” 

lliii 

Slsil 

1111® 

Sill! 

EgEi 

s¥s¥§  §¥l¥i  §¥¥l¥  ss¥i¥  s's’il 

f-t  Tf  H 

ooef  <©  « 

r-Tr^T  r-T 

u®%¥eivr 

r-Tt-Tco' 

islsi 

ISsss 

SI8S1 

ISIsI 

Sill 

jhcCwwoT 

s's^ssC 

3§”3'* 

ss'sas 

aa'sf"' 

Islig 

IsiSS 

llali 

3S9SS 

lias 

lo'i-Tci'i^'TjT 

g-»-c-g-8- 

t£>  r-Ti-i  irj  <N 

t^'tc'eo'i-T 

SI3SS 

ssiia 

Sllfil 

2IISS 

§111 

irTr-H 

uS'jo'ei'ui'ei' 

-'aw«f 

338 

71 

234 

1,033 

255 

1,973 

408 

157 

1,438 

1,053 

365 

2,500 

125 

248 

176 

iijsii 

8&S3B  SSSSS  8B58S  SgBSS  IS!5 

~  ~  «N 

82SKS;  SS58S  8S5^ 


409 


410 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  64. — Percentage  of  enrolled  pupils  in  average  attendance,  1917-18,  and  ratio  of 
men  teachers  at  various  periods. 


Per  cent  of  attendance. 


Ratio  of  men  teachers. 


States. 

Group 

Group 

II. 

Group 

III. 

Group 

IV. 

Group 

V. 

The 

five 

groups 

com¬ 

bined. 

1889-901' 

1909-101  2 

1917-188 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

United  States . 

78.0 

78.7 

78.6 

80.2  ; 

79.9 

78.7 

8.2  \ 

8.7 

10.4 

Alabama . 

68.8 

71.9 

66.8 

69  1 

67.3 

68.9 

18.  7  ' 

7.4 

9.6 

Arizona . 

69.2 

64’.  1 

73.9 

67.2 

4.9 

7.5 

Arkansas . 

78.2 

67. 1 

72.6 

78.4 

74.1 

13.6  ' 

14.8 

9.8 

California . 

74.2 

72.2 

72.0 

78.4 

79.8 

74.3 

6.5 

9.2 

12.5 

Colorado . 

73.9 

72.2 

76.8 : 

73.8 

743 

10.4 

9.1 

11.1 

Conuecticut . 

84.3 

81.3 

80.7 

79.5 

74.4 

80.7 

7.3 

5.1 

6.9 

Delaware . 

76.7 

86.2 

78.0 

2.2 

3.5 

4.5 

77.  7 

77.7 

12.4 

11.4 

11.8 

Florida . 

76.7 

80.' 9 

72.4 

77.5 

78.1 

19.5 

7.2 

7.5 

Georgia . 

85.4 

80.3 

74.1 

75.1 

85.2 

80.6 

14.7 

10.1 

8.9 

Idaho . 

72.9 

83. 1 

78.1 

79.0 

14  7 

13.5 

Illinois . 

86.4 

77.2 

81.8 

84.5 

84.3 

84.5 

6.4 

7.5 

8.9 

Indiana . 

78.7 

76.1 

77.2 

81.5 

83.6 

78.9 

10.4 

11.7 

13.4 

Iowa . 

•  77.3 

80.8 

79.5 

85.2 

80.4 

6.4 

5.7 

8.7 

Kansas . 

76.6 

74.4 

75.2 

81.8 

77.0 

16.7 

10.3 

9.9 

Kentucky . 

73.5 

79.9 

74.1 

75.0 

74.2 

75.1  . 

8.6 

8.9 

8.3 

Louisiana . 

75. 6 

68.7 

7a  9 

7a  9 

73.6 

7.3 

3.1 

5.8 

Maine . 

91.2 

79.0 

79. 1  : 

77.3 

80.1 

8.4 

7.2 

8.0 

Maryland . 

73.0 

71.8 

76.7 

72.7 

73.0  : 

10.0 

11.0 

10.6 

Massachusetts . 

79.4 

83.8 

86.5 

86.4 

85.2 

83.1 

9.4 

8.3 

9.0 

Michigan . 

73.2 

79.7 

77.7 

8L8 

79.8 

77.0 

5.6 

7.3 

9.7 

Minnesota . 

82.7 

84.2 

86.3 

84. 8 

87.0 

83.9 

6.4 

6.8 

9.8 

Mississippi _ 

66.5 

70.4 

89.8 

70.8 

11.7 

6.9 

8.9 

Missouri . 

76.1 

75.2 

74.*3 

77.9 

80.0 

76.5 

8.2 

9.1 

11.3 

Montana . 

73.0 

73.4 

71.3 

72.7 

73.0 

7.5  ; 

8.6 

8.4 

Nebraska . 

81.7 

77.3 

75.0 

77.6 

82.8 

80.0 

5.0 

4.1 

7.1 

Nevada 

76.9 

77.5 

77.2 

9.1 

15.3 

New  Hampshire . 

82.2 

76.1 

83.2 

81.7 

79.6 

7.5 

8.7 

8.0 

New  Jersey . 

77.8 

78.0 

77.6 

76.7 

77.5 

77.7 

43  , 

4.9  ; 

9.0 

New  Mexico. . . . 

74.0 

70.3 

76.8 

75.0 

44  4 

8.2  ' 

9.4 

New  York . . 

77.3 

79.8 

80.0 

78.9 

77.3 

77.7 

5.7 

9.2  , 

10.9 

North  Carolina . 

70.2 

77. 1 

71.0 

74.6 

73.9 

26.3 

11.4 

6.8 

North  Dakota . 

85.3 

72.9 

87.7 

82.3 

2.6 

5.7 

9.8 

Ohio . 

82.2 

85.9 

83.6 

85.8 

86.0 

83.7 

9.2 

11.4 

11.8 

Oklahoma _  __ 

67.9 

72.2 

77.0 

71.8 

71.9 

.9.5 

12.3 

Oregon . . 

72.9 

70.7 

73.7 

79.2 

74.0 

6.8 

7.2 

12.9 

Pennsylvania . 

-  74.4 

80.8 

85.7 

85.7 

84.8 

80.0 

7.8 

9.2 

12.0 

Rhode  Island . 

77.6 

77.4 

77.9 

81.4 

72.0 

77.9 

.8.1 

7.4 

8.0 

South  Carolina . . 

76.1 

69.1 

77.6 

69.6 

72.8 

8.3 

8.0  : 

9.1 

South  Dakota 

78.8 

83.1 

85.1 

82.1 

11.8 

10.0 

8.1 

Tennessee . 

72.3 

76.5 

65.7 

82.6 

75.2 

74.6 

17.9 

8.3 

10.8 

Texas 

70.0 

71.4 

73.3 

7L6 

71.2 

20.6 

13.1  < 

11.5 

Utah . 

80.8 

78.8 

83.7 

81.7 

81.0 

33.7 

8.1 

ias 

Vermont 

83.8 

81.5 

85.1 

84.0 

6.7 

8.3 

8.0 

Virginia . 

77. 1 

82.5 

79.7 

81.0 

76.5 

79.6 

16.3 

7.2 

10.0 

Washington . 

76.2 

76.0 

79.1 

74.5 

77.7 

76.7 

4  6.  8 

12.2 

15.2 

West  Virginia 

77.0 

76.5 

80.5 

81.4 

78.6 

9.8 

10.6 

10.2 

Wisconsin . . . 

79.0 

75.9 

76.9 

80.9 

86.4 

79.2 

8.4 

8.8 

10.3 

W  yoming 

68.4 

81.6 

78.9 

78.0 

8.7 

7.7 

1  Cities  of  4,000  population  and  over. 

2  Cities  of  8,000  population  and  over. 


8  Cities  of  2,500  population  and  over. 
4  Estimated 


Table  65. — Combined  summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  elementary  schools  in  all  cities  of  5,000  population  and  over,  1917-18. 


411 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


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a  a  h 


Table  65. — Combined  summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  elementary  schools  in  all  cities  ef  5,000  population  and  over,  1917-18 — Continued. 


412 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-19180 


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Table  66. — Summary  of  -personnel  and  number  of  public  elementary  schools,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I —CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  413 


Number 

of 

schools. 

■M 

3,989 

S 

316 

64 

82 

1  : 

g 

271 

72 

©  S  ©M 

1 

g 

•  •  CO  • 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

2,394,056 

18,427 

112,476 

22.771 

36.771 

39,440 

§ 

sr 

11 

** 

§1 

H  CO 

53,811 

127,325 

73,939 

57,832 

1 

sf 

19,290 

i  il : 

:  :s"  : 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

© 

444,623,696 

| 

s 

ft 

SI  S 
St  g 
a-'  «' 

I  i 

i! 
©  : 

§ 

§ 

48,045,100 

5, 188,852 

11 

S¥ 

coio 

SI  Si 
Is  ti 

oTgT  mcT 

17,923,700 

f 

CO 

I  !l  i 

Mi; 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

© 

2,957,994 

26,920 

145, 104 
27,403 

43,113 

49,713 

26,605 

2S8, 122 

37,314 

26,334 

41,719 

m  ii 

ss  ss 

119,009 

1 

sf 

:  is  i 
:  :2  : 

Girls. 

00 

1,466,575 

13,905 

70,961 
13, 702 

21,516 

CO  • 

8  : 

13,930 

142, 146 
18,745 

. 

13,223 

21,957 

36,964 

74,790 

46, 58S 

33,689 

59,638 

11,813 

:  iS  : 
i  is  i 

Boys. 

§ 

f 

13,015 

l  i 
^  • 
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i 

a 

11 

§a 

SI 

22 

II  §1 
se'  is 

U8‘W 

11,851 

i  il  i 

|  :s  : 

Teachers. 

Total. 

© 

I^> 

g? 

1 

4,078 

756 

1,095 

CO  j 
CO  • 

1 

11 

- 

658 

1,061 

2,110 

3,938 

2,307 

1,S68 

S 

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1 

•  ’  ©  • 

:  : 

:  : 

Women. 

1® 

72,184 

1 

3,884 

727 

1,075 

8 : 

1 

© 

645 

1,021 

1,990 
3, 787 
2,242 
1,766 

2,577 

Ml  i 
:  : 

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1 

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8 

oc  • 

o 

S3? 

23 

120 

151 

65 

102 

8 

o 

i  is  j 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

99 

3,573 

CM 

85  8 

2  : 

g 

271 

1G 

97 

180 

147 

121 

2 

53 

i  is  i 

Super¬ 

visors. 

©1 

S 

05 

g®  £ 

CO  • 

00 

8*= 

C  tH 

119  25  S8 

05 

i  i®  i 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Trlahn  _  _ _ _ _ _ 

Illinois... . . 

Indiana . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Mam  _ _ _ _ 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

L  ; 

Isl 

Nebraska . 

in  c  v  auu . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

isa  i 


Table  66. — Summary  of  'personnel  and  number  of  public  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


414  BIEIOTIAL  SURVEY  m  EDUCATION  1916-1918. 


IL'S 

SoO 

3  O 
A  “ 


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171,240,968 

1,391,476 

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1,189,273 

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9,216 

29,694 

7,335 

42,972 

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6,147 

4,662 

14,515 

3,641 

28,251 

592,057 

5,542 

4,554 

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19,721 

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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  415 


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Table  66. — Summary  of  'personnel  and  number  of  public  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION. 


416  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Number 

of 

schools. 

s 

3,752 

CO  OO  OO  CM 

CM  rH  CO  CO  CM  05 

0305  05^HH^  i-i«*f05Tt<05  COOCOQN  NI0  05C0O 

COCO  CO  r^;  03  r-  COCMr-jCMOO  CO  CO  CO  rH  ^  JO 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

- 

914,960 

(NO(NO^  CM 
(MwocNCb  r- 
to  00  CM  *0  05 

iC^oTi^'io'  co 

CO  CO 

7,002 

9,325 

2,321 

58,330 

45,592 

28,615 

16,519 

6,864 

9,301 

10,481 

7,245 

70,266 

30,832 

6,619 

9,968 

9,703 

8,733 

1,751 

1,399 

8,911 

50, 296 

1, 775 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

o 

164,296, 304 

1,313,239 
790,901 
1,602, 764 

6,590,797 

980,886 

6,059,732 

1.120.368 

1,651,523 

401,541 

10,676,796 

8,338, 185 

5,110,489 

2,907, 128 

1,272, 182 

1,569, 1»9 

1,842,278 

1,283,973 

12, 173,835 

5,792,050 

1. 223. 369 

1,784,707 

1,734,038 

1,573,422 

308, 173 

241  748 

1, 529, 164 

9,359,293 

318,587 

Enrollment. 

' 

Total. 

OS 

*o 

53 

GO 

*0 

11,433 

6,955 

14,329 

49,533 

7,576 

42,590 

8, 162 

12,610 

8, 188 

71, 135 

58,993 

35,640 

22, 608 

9,425 

13, 825 

13, 535 

10, 295 

81,651 

39, 810 

7,577 

15,470 

13,224 

11,934 

2,322 

1,789 

10, 886 

63, 704 

2,411 

Girls. 

00 

579,910 

6,097 
3,338 
7,458 
24, 133 
3,713 

21,201 

on  t^iocmt-hoo  coot^^co  howon 

ION  Wrt  t-h  O*  COOOiO^CM 

00*0  NWO(N  O  OON(NCOC5  rH  00  CO  N-  CM 

rjn'cO  t-h  *o'gTl>jVr  tC ecT to  o'  oTco'oo'co'io'  v-T  IqVhV-T 

73 

>> 

o 

578,145 

5,336 
3,617 
6, 871 
25,400 
3,863 

21,389 

3,312 

6,033 

1,657 

36,021 

29,890 

17,996 

11,154 

4,661 
6,580 
6, 893 

5,034 

41,553 

19,934 

3,798 

7,253 

6,550 

5,941 

1, 161 

900 

5,533 

31,964 

1,184 

Teachers. 

Total. 

ys 

30,492 

191 

163 

299 

1,295 

230 

1,233 

210 

280 

83 

1,914 

1,500 

1,050 

565 

257 

301 

401 

193 

2,351 

1,031 

238 

275 

317 

373 

54 

37 

323 

1,874 

50 

d 

o 

a  . 

o 

£ 

29,257 

183 

155 

281 

1,194 

215 

1,204 

206 

269 

81 

1,862 

1,379 

1,034 

531 

242 

289 

384 

182 

2,315 

1,000 

235 

266 

306 

359 

53 

37 

316 

1,776 

50 

Men. 

1,235 

T*<rH  CM  CMtH  O  IO  W  N  H  CO  »HC0O5rH^  HONOOO 

T-H  IOCMHCO  HHHHCO  CO  rH  T-H  o> 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

* 

1,203 

OXHHCO  *>• 

^  co  •  co  t-h  co  nioncjh  co  co  cm  co  oo  •  *o  ^  *o 

|  ON  CO  t-H  Oi  CO  rH  t-H  00 

t  ! 

r 

Super¬ 

visors. 

(M 

1,171 

*0  00  CO  CO  05 

CO 

l  ..... 

CM  N-  COOCONO  *0  CO  CM  CM  CO  O  O  00  N  *0  ^  *0  *0  OO  CO 

I>t^nfiCMrHCOO*OCM  CM  l>- 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . . 

District  of  Columbia . . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


417 


3: 


gglll  §1111  S13II  IliS 
g's'^'s's'  -s's'®'"'  sa's'l'-' 


1— 1  r-  Tt<  »o 
CD^N(N 


n§3§  sun  uses 

i>¥ijf  i¥ls¥  l¥l'8¥  si¥l 

c*co  *-T co  oc'csTt-T 


<N  (N(NiO 


llisi  nils  Sills  Ills 
sss^s'a"  ^'ss2v  s's'l'- 


18839  33883  ills!  3331 
sa'^'gs  -'s'"'r-'ci'  -'sr!ws'  -'-'s' 


aassa  sassa  iiiai  ssai 

©VTei'oeo'  i-Toooo  to  e¥  »-i  of  co"  ef  oT  t^r^co 


IlsSI  s§i§i  3IIs§  §Ii 

<N  <N  oT 


ISSSS  S|§§S  SgggS  lg§: 

of  ef  cf 


r-ggg^ 


23*^3  ig^S  ^53^2  Si 


iNcooiH  cocor^c<i 


3,433 

S£8£§g  1  : 

667,521 

5,038 

7,064 

4, 155 

10,830 

8,213 

21,625 

!|g  ISSsg  illli 

“»'s'S"°'a'  3'"'3'”'S 

119,218,942 

888, 238 

1,341,039 

693, 827 

1,946,284 

1,455, 159 

3,907,654 

528,345 

2, 530, 370 

857, 821 

8,683,032 

4,852,728 

1,522,548 

2,788,927 

1,897,099 

763,928 

2,653,410 

630, 218 

8,692, 631 

836, 138 

7,394 

10,874 

5,821 

13,440 

10,894 

27,286 

4,693 

19,569 

6,217 

57, 291 

33,415 

10,830 

21,913 

13, 739 

6,364 

19, 197 

4,990 

57,334 

420,255 

3,858 

5,537 

3,028 

6,573 

5,362 

13,703 

ill  II 111  §1138 

;c¥o'  co'go'cd'*o'o'  co'co'oTofoo' 

415, 883 

3,536 

5,337 

2,793 

6,867 

5,532 

13,583 

iii  Sljisl  Bills 

;evToT  co'ooco'io'o'  cd'co'oTc'fgT 

21,486 

SsSie  g  j 

i§S  23S8S  ISIS! 

20,526 

3IIII  s | 

iss  ssm  isiss 

:  -i*  r-T 

1 

’  6 

6 

9 

24 

13 

17 

°S5300S  3°°S^S 

r^. 

L^HIOOH  0  ; 

:  !»  SSSS2  00 

§ 

hhwON  05  ; 

:  :  i 

59873°— 21 - 27 


Table  66. — Summary  of  'personnel  and  number  of  public  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


418 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Number 

OI 

schools. 

2 

126 

96 

53 

92 

12 

47 

S201  &SSS&  33283  £%%% 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

s 

22,694 

17,878 

10,807 

18,631 

2,369 

9,283 

4,042 

25,241 

1,631 

20,870 

15,895 

2,600 

46,492 

8,363 

5,815 

93,027 

9,594 

10,198 

3,543 

5,792 

26,645 

3,307 

3,946 

6,149 

4,616 

9,383 

12,881 

3,222 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

© 

4,348, 130 
3,225,099 
1,922,230 
3,367, 133 
427,568 

1,626,127 

gif  sfSsI  ilggg  IllsS  Ssiff 

i'll  iiis's  iig¥s  liiiii  i¥s¥ 

eoVT  ooVT  cg-T-T  ,4V  ~  ~cf 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

© 

27, 686 
21,159 
15,456 
24,290 
3,299 

12,188 

!§§  lifSi  IsSIl  ggisi  Isis 
-S'*' 

Girls. 

QO 

13,807 
10,448 
8, 191 
12,276 
1,667 

6, 139 

SSs  SissS  ISlil  ggisi  list 

<nVd%-T  toMg*?  co'oo'r-Tc^'co'  cccci-oT 

Boys. 

- 

13,879 

10,711 

7,265 

12,014 

1,632 

6,049 

2,449 

16,564 

1,134 

12,877 

10,760 

1,853 

27,459 

5,570 

3,900 

54,602 

5,813 

6,206 

2,206 

3,361 

18,085 

1,996 

2,496 

3,067 

3, 141 

5,829 

7,335 

1,912 

Teachers. 

Total, 

© 

759 

640 

353 

523 

98 

304 

SIS  ggsgS  3SIS§  sg§i§ 

-r  or 

Women. 

O 

741 

632 

344 

490 

94 

294 

156 

859 

49 

763 

446 

82 

1,450 

221 

195 

2,497 

295 

270 

138 

132 

719 

83 

165 

230 

103 

275 

456 

88 

Men. 

18 

8 

9 

33 

4 

10 

. 7 

39 

3 

28 

28 

0 

81 

16 

13 

92 

8 

5 

9 

63 

23 

4 

5 

21 

22 

11 

2 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

ec 

22 

17 

4 

27 

4 

2 

is  ;  S'*  \$n 

•  •  T-H  GO  lO 

! 

visors. 

<N 

Og<N 

7 

14 

28 

10 

States. 

- 

in  i 

iwvo.ua . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma 

Oregon . .  . ..........  .  .  ..........  * 

Pennsvlvania . . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

v  ngiiim . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

W  yoming . 

Table  67. — Combined  summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  secondary  schools  for  the  four  groups  of  cities  of  5,000  population  and  over,  1917-18. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  419 


Number 

of 

schools. 

<N 

1,650 

©  ©  g  ©  g  t—  ^  c<i  r-cogg&rH  co  ©  ©  ©  -h  oo  c<i 

Average 

daily- 

attend¬ 

ance. 

a 

745,753 

5,779 

953 

3.581 

35,445 

9,054 

19,120 

969 

5,805 

2,730 

7,054 

2,338 

51,529 

25, 245 

16,305 

11, 422 

6,890 

4,597 

6,968 

7,028 

64,695 

33,670 

19, 444 

3,654 

23,405 

2.581 

7,956 

210 

4,557 

31,691 

630 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

© 

135,732,039 

1,002,556 
169, 842 
615,904 
6,484,755 
1,641,034 

3,492,948 

175,389 

998,630 

433,248 

1,208,913 

402,883 

9,518,643 

4,598,473 

2,887,067 

2,006,414 

1,270,887 

798,448 

1,220,579 

1,237,023 

11,608, 298 

6,193,459 

3,540,844 

652,865 

4,407,995 

459,287 

1,434,864 

36,330 

808,574 

5,920,897 

111,968 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

© 

922, 131 

7,615 

1,321 

4,437 

49,135 

10,865 

21,781 

1,261 

7,197 

3,262 

8,838 

2,806 

57,593 

30, 249 

19,161 

13,282 

8,270 

5,551 

7,948 

8,236 

■75,706 

41,851 

24,028 

4, 479 

28,867 

3,317 

9,092 

269 

5, 106 

38,393 

832 

Girls. 

00 

512,023 

4,566 

756 

2,698 

28,534 

5,999 

11,905 

685 

3,988 

1,966' 

5,239 

1,605 
31,084 
16,512 
10, 747 

4,955 

3,645 

4,528 

4,488 

41,277 

22,328 

13,846 

2,777 

16,717 

1,928 

5,110 

183 

2,884 

20,520 

490 

Boys. 

!>• 

OO 

O 

©* 

2,949 

565 

1,739 

20,601 

4,866 

9,876 

576 

3,209 

1,296 

3,599 

1,201 

26,509 

13,737 

8,414 

5,413 

8,315 

1,906 

3,420 

3,748 

34,429 

19,523 
10, 182 

1,702 

12,150 

1,389 

3,982 

86 

2,222 

17,873 

342 

Teachers. 

Total. 

© 

37,822 

247 

69 

167 

2,373 

441 

888 

56 

325 

119 

318 

107 

2,109 

1,336 

858 

560 

355 

236 

344 

339 

3,223 

1,814 

1,046 

187 

1,096 

129 

396 

20 

231 

1,661 

36 

Women. 

us 

24,645 

182 

53 

119 

1,536 

302 

649 

47 

201 

96 

192 

64 

1,310 

873 

628 

408 

231 

181 

258 

189 

2,216 

1,254 

716 

142 

645 

85 

296 

14 

176 

1,022 

29 

Men. 

13, 177 

65 

16 

48 

837 

139 

230 

9 

124 

23 

126 

43 
799 
463 
230 
152 

124 

55 

86 

150 

1,007 

560 

330 

45 

451 

44 

100 

6 

55 

639 

7 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

os 

OO 

©■*<005010  rH  P<  P- CO  ©CSJcOt^OO  rH  ,-t  r-l  ©  <N  ©  ©i-Hoot-c* 

1-1  OOt— 1  W  i-H  ©-<S<C>»-f-I  i-H  i-H-r-i-rH  ©  CO  rH  CO  t-l  © 

Super¬ 

visors. 

<N 

322 

Ht-  •©  ■  -*<  ■  ■  ■  i— i  f- ©  oc *o  co  co  oo  •  ■*<  © i-h  •  ©  •  ■  -thcoco 

•  Cl  «ii  H  H  H  H  *  CO  H  '  •  •  •  *rH 

•  •  •  •  •  •  .  «  t  » 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas. . . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . . . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . . . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . ’. . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

Table  67. — Combined  summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  secondary  schools  for  the  four  groups  of  cities  of  5 ,000  population  and  over 

1917-18 — Continued. 


420  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Number 

of 

schools. 

(M 

COOJCDCJOO  g  ^  O  O  O  o 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

89,741 

5,037 

1,471 

54,158 

6,448 

6,728 

70,406 

6,467 

3,028 

1,900 

6,533 

22,750 

2,958 

2,396 

7,830 

14,723 

6,424 

20,661 

789 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

© 

16,622,832 

878,849 

268,351 

9,784,384 

1,132,651 

1,250,378 

13,259,176 

1,167,277 

530,292 

339,377 

1,120,320 

3,971,530 

525,319 

411,062 

1,440, 746 

2,669,034 

1,133,316 

3,749, 165 

138,963 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

© 

131,130 

6,159 

1,792 

62,069 

8,341 

7,997 

85,579 

7,666 

3,791 

2,408 

7,507 

29,372 

3,485 

2,718 

9,523 

18,758 

7,664 

24,540 

984 

Girls. 

GC 

68,846 

3,583 

1,032 

33,633 

4,912 

4,867 
46,995 
4, 169 
2,455 
1,349 

4,619 

17,272 

1,890 

1,460 

5,956 

11,039 

4,189 

13,344 

584 

Boys. 

62,284 

2,576 

760 

28,436 

3,429 

3,130 
38,584 
3, 497 
1,336 
1,059 

2,888 
12, 100 
1,595 
1,258 
3,567 

7,719 

3,475 

11,196 

400 

Teachers. 

Total. 

© 

4,928 

208 

82 

2,680 

370 

356 

3,190 

378 

168 

127 

318 

1,146 

139 

124 

412 

775 

364 

928 

43 

Women. 

3,091 

142 

56 

1,585 

243 

234 

1,811 

247 

124 

87 

219 

778 

91 

94 

312 

461 

267 

659 

30 

Men. 

■"* 

ncocoion  <m  o  rH  ^  o  oiooooco  a  co 

COCOWOW  05  co  CO  O  HOOH 

GC  ©  T-H  HCOH  CO  T-i  CO 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

cc 

>0  03  G5  CO  C5  CO  05  CO  C>5  C5  03  c«5  05  <N0C-((N 

©  ©r-3  00  03rHJO 

Super¬ 

visors. 

WW  •  o  t>  •  U-  ^  '  CO  ■  rH  ^  ONH  • 

CO  •  •  •  •  r—i  rH  ■ 

States. 

- 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

Nolth  Dakota . 

Ohio . i . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

Table  68. — Summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  secondary  schools ,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


Number 

of  w 

schools.  H 

> 

ISTI 

IN 

cs 

£ 

3 

OF 

c 

ITY  SC 

CM** 

HC 

)0L 

CO 

1  3 

4  w 

Cl 

sms,  : 

coco 

1917—1918 

r-  cm 

CM  r-H 

CM 

Average 

daily- 

attend¬ 

ance. 

a 

296,759 

2,557 

18,438 

4,635 

5, 190 

5,805 

CO 

CO 

oo 

f2S5 

CO 

2,843 

2,289 

4,800 

22,416 

14,756 

11,282 

3" 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

e 

55,036,773 

452,589 

_ 

3,465,374 

852,840 

961,977 

998,630 

o 

CM 

®So 

05  cn 

Tt*' cm' 
co  n» 

05  00 

o' 

514,583 

402,864 

849,600 

4,086,305 

2,660,028 

2,063,459 

| 

to 

00 

cm" 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

Oi 

380,056 

3,379 

25,075 
5, 254 

6,012 

7,197 

CO 

tO 

05  00 

S'* 

3,331 

2,618 

CO  ©  ON 

CO  O  00  to 

CO  CM  CO  tt 

s“g* 

© 

oo" 

Girls. 

00 

196  ‘K)S 

1,984 

^  CO  O 
Soo  2 
^"cm'  co" 

3,988  | 

CM 

05 

18  K 

tO  O 

n*" co' 

1,955 

1,764 

CO  CM  00  CM 

CO  C5  00 

05  TJ1  00  H 

cm'tjT 

05 

VI 

CO 

o" 

Boys. 

175,095 

1,395 

10,511 

2,438 

2,832 

3,209 

00 

CO 

TJ*  lO 
88 
io"cm" 

1,376 

854 

O  ^  CM  to 

05t^  00  N- 

CON  N-  CM 

cm"cm"  oTto' 

1 

Teachers. 

Total. 

<e 

14,684 

109 

1,318 

201 

199 

■  325 

© 

N- 

©  N 

132 

120 

®1Q  i-HO 

CM 

N 

CO 

Women. 

8,615 

05 

138 

201 

6SI 

619 

to  05 

t'-  00 

CO  05  CO  05 
HCO  CO  to 
*HLO  to  CO 

344 

Men. 

6,069 

© 

CO 

00  CO  00 

CO  tO  co 

124 

CO 

CM 

00  00 
n-  oo 

n-  i-H 

toco 

120 

406 

258 

176 

328 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

ea 

320 

CO 

<0*0  rH 

tO 

CO 

co  co 

2S 

CM 

Super¬ 

visors. 

N 

tO 

^  :  : 

to  • 

•I'-1  ; 

I 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

'/ 

CC 

l 

i| 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . . . . . . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida  _ 

Georgia . 

Illinois . . 

Indiana . 

Iowa _ 

n 
1  £ 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana., . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Missouri." . 

Montana . . 1 

421 


1  Estimated. 


Table  68. — Summary  of  'personnel  and  number  of  public  secondary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


422 


BIE20TIM,  3'UEVEY  OF  EDUdATIOK,  1916-1918. 


tN  « 


OO 


igwg  -« 


2X5 
•w  c 

'be® 

<8 


g-££ 

0  -10 


LO  1C 

dr  o' 


lO  to 

S  cs 


g2g 

(NO  OO 


CO  (N  00 

85  a  o 

HO  H 


S8 


C.O 

cg> 


2  ..  _ 

a.  >.  5 

B%x 


P 


#  g'3 
ooQ 


©  ©  ©  ©  ©  _ 
fcfcfcr&tfz;  psfcfcbb  ©Putt 


®  o  3.33  £gx:.33 


plf 

■5  ©  «  ®  ®  ;~< 

3QCQ  pH.gH p  >  > 


bf.b  -35  e 

l5|'l 

C3  O  .H  K^ 


GROUP  II —CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


237 

CO 

STATIST] 

NOW  O  CS 

[CS  0] 

CO  05 

F  CITY  SC 

X  CD  05  CD 

]Hl 

CS 

10L  SY 

»o  a>  io 

CS 

STEMS, 

00  ?H  rH 

,  191 

CO  o 

.7—191* 

CO  i-H 

1-1  CS 

423 

CS  CS  1-4  • 

CS 

145,216 

1,446 

1,105 

5,580 

911 

5,227 

969 

1,306 

2, 137 

5,714 

4,360 

7,306 

4,146 

1,226 

1,797 

18,625 

6,062 

1,371 

2,913 

890 

1,221 

923 

8,809 

9,624 

443 

7,513 

1,646 

16,126 

988 

433 

26,251,676 

238, 214 

192, 270 
978, 558 
167,032 

940,860 

175,389 

205, 417 
371,815 

1,049,738 
836, 168 
1,290, 649 
723, 132 

231,137 

297,404 

3,309,456 

1,108, 720 

250,980 

522,986 

155,066 

214,896 

. 

167, 525 

1,655,429 

. 

1,789,769 

69,201 

1,346,982 

291,340 

3,037,586 

180, 222 

78,373 

X 

o 

cT 

GO 

1,801 

1,424 

7,628 

1,201 

5,895 

1,261 

1,593 

2,996 

cs  »o  cs  »o  io 

^  CO  CO  oc  o 

CD  CO  O  T-H  io 

t^lOOOtO  r-T 

680  ‘Z 

21,675 

7,069 

3,669 

3,528 

1,127 

1,708 

1,012 

11,039 

12, 238 

651 

8,587 

2,278 

18,813 

1,123 

516 

100,612 

cs 

oc 

868 

4,328 

701 

3, 105 
685 

876 

1,447 

4,284 

3,005 

4,817 

3,036 

874 

1,168 

11,827 

3,934 

2,020 

2,014 

647 

894 

599 

5,935 

6, 726 

421 

4,745 

1,305 

O  ID  CD  • 
CS  §  to  i 

o'  • 

o> 

o 

oT* 

619 

556 

3,300 

500 

2,790 

576 

717 

1,549 

3,358 

2,330 

3,865 

2,149 

631 

921 

9,848 

3,135 

1,649 

1,514 

480 

814 

413 

5,104 

5,512 

230 

3,842 

973 

8,603 

528 

0 

7,520 

S3 

40 

344 

57 

274 

56 

*DO> 

(NOOCOQ  *D 

CS  p  CD 

CO  CS  CO  DJ 

87 

1,018 

307 

86 

144 

44 

68 

. 

46 

458 

551 

23 

352 

78 

T-H  T— 1  CS  • 

O  CD  CS  • 

5,020 

39 

lO  <M  Tt<  E" 

<N  <MCO  05 

e<i  th 

40 

51 

206 

171 

261 

131 

50 

67 

688 

222 

41 

. 

99 

29 

53 

05 

CO  o 

CO 

O  *D 

rr 

t'-  £V 

X»D 

*0000  • 
cs  • 

CO  • 

2,500 

r-H 

CON»OD  *D 
Hf-  rl  CD  r— l 

8 

O  *D  40 

CO  00  Tr 

CO 

*d  *o  *o 

*D 

00 

^2^  : 
CO  • 

195 

CS 

-s<(N 

CO  ^ 

50  Tt* 

CS 

S3 

00  t-H  CO 

1 

10 

CS  • 

01 

lOHH  1 

co 

'  •  CS  • 

•  CS  •  • 

^  CO  ; 

•  *o 

X  T-4 

^  CS  •  * 

1 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arkansas . * 

California . < . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Maine . 

\TnrT7lcmH 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Table  68. — Summary  of  'personnel  and  number  of  public  secondary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


424 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Number 

of 

schools. 

ei 

7 

20 

2 

O  NOOlO 

Average 
daily 
.  attend¬ 
ance. 

11 

1,635 

9,931 

2,358 

2,573 

1,986 

2,394 

3,522 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

© 

264,314 
1,747,405 
419, 704 

498,226 

361,380 

420,420 

663,913 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

© 

2,060 

13,066 

2,654 

2,957 

2,862 

2,915 

4,297 

Girls. 

00 

1,256 
7, 746 
1,429 

1,824 

1,663 

1,523 

2,407 

Boys. 

804 

5,320 

1,225 

1,133 

1,199 

1,392 

1,890 

Teachers. 

Total. 

© 

79 

541 

101 

oo  <m  05 

Tfi  o  COlO 

Women. 

its 

CO  05  O 
lOCON 

CO 

Tt4  <M  H  Tf 

t-H  CO  W  h 

Men. 

COCSIi-H 

<NNC0 

^  ©C0*0 

co 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

M 

4 

20 

1 

<N 

Super¬ 

visors. 

•  7-4  ^ 

•  -3<»oeo 

G  (SG  g-g, 

a  x  a  S  E? 

©  ©  -t-*  ©  .3 


eg 

5  3 

WI.J3  „ 

£>  s 


g 


5S 


COClOOO! 


O'-  O  &C  O0 1 


(NOONrfiC 
CO  05  05  CO  P- 


COH(NCOO 


^  OO  CO  t-H  lO 

N^cocOO) 

^HNrHN 


-^(N05  00  0i 

Si 


COH^iOH  o 


a 

o  S  e3^  2 
'§.2^5X3^ 

~  «-  »-  C3  O 
<^<<<^00 


G  IS 

.2  ©  o 


>  i-H  05  CO  t-H  05 
)ic  CONIOH^ 
•  CO  t^TfHiOCO 


1-H  00  05  COCO 


s  s  co 
::  ::  ~  ■ 

oo  oo  coc 


05  P-  00  CD  C 
(N  CO  <N  <N  CO  c 
rH  (N  H  lO  CO  T 


00  H  hcdnoooo 

CO  T-H  hOOt}<(NN 

OOP-  o  H  r?  CO  00 
r-T  t-T o' ’th'j t>T, CO 


O  t*4  CO  05  00  CO  CO 

lO  P-  CO  Tj< 

100  iO  CO  o  coco 

r-T  io'  Co'^cJ' 


00  CO  COOOlOf 
<M  CO  tJ'iOhWi 


<N  CO  CO  0005  05  i 
CO  CO  CO  O  00  CO  ( 


00  O  05  05  CO  CO  o 


^  CO  ^  05  CO  CO  r 
<N  rH  CO  00  00  - 


HCOHWrf 


G  ^ 


■2  p' 


0'S  §  ^ 

s  §  jSjg’-a  |S 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  190.7-1918. 


425 


»»oooo*o  co  00^*000^  3°**SS  "ST"®  oco£hh 


=1111  llsll  llssa  11111  isiSg  8  §188  ipIS 

^fc^TeO  t-%*%H%4VT  (Nt-f  ofof  05  CO*  WHH  <M  COHN 


iliii  111=1  18281  IslSI  ISila  USsS  s=13 
§i¥§¥  IlMl  s¥§§s  g'li'SS  s¥l§§  s|8il  ISSS 

ef  hT  hT  of  cf  cf 


IlSIg  IslfS  11S1S  ill as  93SS8  §5818  8SS2 

t-Tofcf»-fio‘  oo'cfcfcfof  co  cf  toTeoN-T^j  x^hh  ©  t-T<n  conx 


S3S5S  SISS8  ISEIi  =§IIS  81911  81898  S98S 

hT-T  CO  r-floT  00  i4*  CO  cf  cTr-7  *0  H 


11=11  ssSil  3»||a  18581  81IS5  55918  Ills 

h  o'  m  i-T-^f  ccTr-T  co 'h  go"  Ttf  h  h  co” 


SgS3§  §2s5S£  2SS3S  SgfjSS  SgSgg  £382 


SSS38  22gg2  ssasg  £g23S8  2SS2 


£££££  ^§228  £83g^ 


Table  68. — Summary  of  personnel  and  number  of  public  secondary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION. 


426 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


<D  G n 

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03 

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OONOOON  OO 


CM  ©^rHOOt-  00  O  00  H  CD  O  CO  CO  CO 

^CM  OOOOOIN  t^OO©CO©  co©co© 

CO  ^  lOCOOO^O  CO^OO^H^H  oc  GO  00  o 

r-Tlo'co'cfco'  r-T  cTr-TcT 


<NO»OH  © 
CO  Is*  ©  00 


©©  COt^CM 


IS 


CM  T^(NH»flH  ©©< 


•  CO  ^  t>.  ©  ©  < 


5  ©  ©  CM  ©  CO  rH  ©  OO  t'-  CO  CO  rt< 

>©  NOtNCOOi  HOOOOIN  howco 

1  CO  CM  ©  CM  rf  ©  CO  iDHGO  H00CON 


COCO  rH  00©  ^ 

C*  CM  ©  CO  © 

rH  ©  O  OO  ©  CO 

^VTi-Tcoof  co' 


r-H  00  ©  ©  ^  rH  ©  00  00  t>-  ©  t>-  00©Ht^ 

CO©  ©  ©  ©  ©  rH  ^  ©  ^  ©  ©  OO  CO  u- 

00©  CM  ©  00  CM  0»C«WN  N»O<NO0 

cf  th'co'ocToTt^  of  co'r-T  r-f  ©toof-'*' 


©  ©  cm  ©  © 

cfr-T  r-f 


■  ©  S©©©©  S3  cm  ©  ©  co©  §  K 

>©  ©©CO©T^  CM  CO  ©  O0  ©  00  CM  CO  00 

T-f  rfco'^r-T-of  H  H  o'  COCoVnCf 


*  t*.  ©  CO  co 


rH  CM  ©^oor^©  l-H©CO©CM  ONHC 

©©  ©©©©CM  ©^©^©  t^oo©c 

CM  ©  t>  ©  ©  CM  I>  00  CM  CO  CM  oo  cm  oo  c 


©t^  rt<  CM  CM  CO  ©  ©  ©  00  00  r^CM©co 

00  <*  C(N©©S  gMjHOO 


HtJ^OOhN  © 


©©N^N  CO  ©  ©  CO  Tj<4 

^53832  *^3^  81 


©  co©  cm  r>« 


)©  ©©©©CM  Tt<  ©  CM  CM  ©  CO  ©  ©  CM 


CM  CO  CM  00  © 


©>  rH  ©  00  00  «©CMCO  ^  © 


o.o 

£•5 


I  ©  CO  CM  rH  CO 


zz  J  c3  "2  O  ’H  .  • 

S  2  ^  P'0  to  c3  o  03  03 


g-iw 

ci  ^  0  »> 

S  ®.5  o  ^  SgiSfl  .^.S-SS-SS  3  'S  ®  © 

HHHoo  oflfiSo  sssss  £££ 


>>c3 

l§  . 

*  *H  TO 


©  ©  r-l  .CM 


GrCS  a  S4?" 


3^!1j 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

gr  WNCOOCO  *0^^ 


81  S8SSS  §§§3§  sgsss  §33S 

ia  W-T  oJV-T  j-TtjT  r-Ti-T  i-itcT  r-Tr-T 


SI  IsSfi  Sssls  ggSSS  Ills 

gs  gi§§§  i¥s¥s  b¥8¥s  s¥l“' 

<n  c¥ 


SS  gills  IfISI  gsSsi  5538 

iq  uyc?  ‘eoVT  .-To*  i-TrH"  i-To1  t-Ti-T  ,-T c?'*o' 


ss  ills  8  SHIS  giRgl  §Sis 

«T  «VT  t^VT  -r-ToT  i-Tco"  ■rt'w' 


Is  gfSSi  Sills  g|S|g  Ssli 

cf  cf*-T  o'  o'  <n"  1-Tcf 


8S  ggSSgoS  S§§8 


ss  §§s|5  sgasg 


E10  322gS  82288  83^23  88S°> 


00^  1OC0 

CO  C*  CO-gQ  C*  r-H  <N  C^Jt^ 

<N 

WONH 

.  .  • 

00  t-  'JtjH  jco  •  • 

HW  CO  • 

427 


Table  G9  (a). — Combined  summary  of  public  kindergartens ,  normal ,  vocational,  and  special  schools  for  the  four  groups  of  cities  of  5,000  population 

and  over,  1917-18. 


428  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools. 

Num¬ 

ber  of 
schools. 

ao 

453 

CM 

CD  OO  00 

LO 

t>-  CM  CM  T*  00  CM  o 

CM  CM  CM 

24 

1 

Average 

daily- 

attend¬ 

ance. 

61,277 

318 

CD  CM  CO 
to  N  CO 
ICO  l>- 

<N 

410 

1,655 

4,489 

484 

308 

497 

303 

254 

2/6 

6,907 

4,753 

791 

1,301 

3  j 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

16 

11,378,099 

19,986 

CO  OO  OO 

»-H  -r  oo 

tO  CM  *D 

D-  rH  IlO 

O  00 

rH  CO  rH 

70,944 

303,249 

1  808,371 

87,095 

56,206 

91,448 

54,373 

45,268 

48,852 

1,263,010 

857,674 

144,263 

252,893 

6,290 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

»o 

103,322 

647 

1,232 

4,169 

1,176 

|  537 

1,977 

8,252 

842 

374 

611 

372 

367 

437 

13,160 

7,864 

1,080 

CO 

CO 

CvT 

58  : 

Girls. 

46,305 

166 

589 

1,960 

307 

418 

O 

05 

CD 

GO  05  CD 

CO  H 
05^10  CM 

<M~ 

CM  CD  ^  tH  05  00 
cn^hn 

CO  CO  rH  CO  N  N 

id'  co' 

2 

°  5 

Boys. 

so 

57,017 

GO 

eo  05  os 

5  ao 

ei' 

05 

GO 

<M 

5,304  1 

303  1 

158 

304 

0 

231 

123 

7,386 

4,085 

302 

CO 

iQ 

CO 

58  : 

Teachers. 

Women. 

Ol 

2,902 

CD 

rH  o  CO 

CM  tO  »D 

CO 

O 

CO 

CM  iD  05 

^  CO  cm 

CO  to  ID  LO  CO  CD 

CM  CO  rH  00  Ht>. 

rH  CM 

CM 

00 

°  i 

Men. 

a 

1,266 

21 

y-4  CM  O 

CM  r-H  ID 

CM 

LO 

iD  05  CD 

CO  <M 

LD  O  rH  CD  CM  CO^fi 

CO  ^ 

ID 

CM 

^  ; 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

o 

135 

<N  <N  CO 

IM 

N 

CO  CM  rH  CM  CD  to  CM 
rH 

CO 

1 

Super¬ 

visors. 

05 

58 

H  ^ 

j  |  Tt(  CO 

CO 

Kindergartens. 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

00 

213,904 

257 

273 

11,398 

1,952 

7,127 

2,183 

38 

553 

20,444 

4,578 

3,791 

943 

1,627 

1,746 

799 

665 

11,691 

14,303 

6,789 

390 

10,014 

597 

3,090 

90 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

39,449,402 

42,021 

48,993 

to  CO  CM 

CD  CM  h* 

OO  rf 

ss"  £ 

O  CO  CM 
csT  r-T 

377,684 

6,080 

91,999 

3,718,625  1 

869,741 

672,275 

163,956 

300,968 

307,624 

136,849 

117,705 

2,083,171 

2,612,380 
1,249,570 
69, 174 
1,945,209 
106,572 

559,243 

15,570 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

<© 

401,835 

539 

720 

^  CO  ^ 
r  -  *-h  cm 

LOO  CM 

a®  s' 

4,089 

61 

829 

42,627  | 
8, 105 
7,003 
1,852 

3,226 

3,212 

1,444 

1,264 

19,848 

27,423 

10,923 

817 

15,844 

1,161 

4,548 

150 

Girls. 

i*5 

201,267 

298 

368 

05  05  h- 

3S  S 

(m'co'  lo' 

1  2,099 

30 

445. 

21,340 

4,155 

3,466 

975 

1,724 

1,548 

754 

626 

9,661 

13,699 

5,414 

441 

7,897 

568 

2,290 

75 

Boys. 

4 

200,568 

241 

352 

LO 

(MO  t'- 

rH  05  rH 

Cm'cm'  id' 

1,990 

31 

384 

21,287 

3,950 

3,537 

877 

1,502 
1,664 
690 
638 
10, 187 

13,724 

5,509 

376 

7,947 

593 

2,258 

75 

Teach¬ 

ers. 

©5 

8,016 

21 

14 

05  Tf  05 

O  CM 
LDi-H  (M 

NIMOG 
*D  <M 

^  CO  CO  NHNNO  LD  LD  CD  GO  00  HCO 

GO  CD  t''-  CO  CDOCO^O  COrriMOH  CM 

TFHH  CD  *D  CM  CO  r-i 

Super¬ 

visors. 

70 

" 

CO  rH  CO 

<N 

CM  ^  r-t 

rH  rH  •  .ID  rH  CM  H  CM  H  CM  • 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

A  ri  7nn  a 

8 

\i 

3| 

California . 

Colorado . 

t 

Connecticut . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Georgia . 

THaVm 

Illinois . 1 

Indiana . 1 

Iowa . 

Tf an sac 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

i  : 
tel 

lh 

a  : 

l  OS’S 

3  £  > 
>  ©  © 
1  ££ 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


429 


£8. 

§§ 

3 
54 

21 

4 

•  1C  05 

§ 

o  cc 

CO 

cf 

16,458 

1 

of 

796 

6,905 

539 

176 

§85  : 

ig  i 

3,533  | 

Is 

"I 

3,135,366 

524,430 

152,036 

1,319,269 

88,902 

31,680 

11,738 

4,901 

j§  | 

•  ^  cB 

648,947 

Ҥ 

s 

s 

mm 

: 

js  1 

11,905 

CO 

i-H  O 

t-o 

5! 

£ 

s 

SHI 

532  : 

is  s 

iO 

o 

r-4  Tj< 

22 

2,010 

12,626 

S 

cm" 

842 

5,878 

509 

48 

: 

is  i 

8 

<© 

~S 

980  ‘  I 

§ 

32 

167 

51 

8 

1.0  iO  • 

;3  8 

1 

°$ 

s 

g 

T-t  O  • 

•  lO  rH 

s 

•  cc 

§3 

3 

MQ  •  | 

CO 

!  ^ 

rH 

" 

•  O  •  • 

r " 

o 

760 

18,243 

28 

44,085 

199 

13,557 

1,436 

212 
12, 176 
2,340 
30 
313 

77 

1,591 

189 

192 

534 

723 

g 

131,338 

3,423,234 

5,045 

8,141,697 

37,886 

2,473,300 

251,957 

40,492 

2,368,339 

393,273 

5,220 

55,069 

12,018 

279,749 

33,382 

32,725 

96,654 

132,264 

i 

CM 

1,114 

31,785 

66 

96,067 

248 

20,597 

2,535 

509 

21,684 

4,864 

45 

457 

90 

3,472 

304 

263 

879 

1,290 

oT 

590 

15,701 

34 

47,813 

147 

§1  si3sl  U 

cTr-T  t-TcsT  r-T 

e 

05 

524 

16,084 

32 

48,254 

101 

10,330 

1,229 

268 

10,619 

2,453 

25 

228 

47 

1,706 

158 

114 

412 

668 

1 

oT 

s<T  Is 

§3  “gg-’S  8 

§ 

!  ° 

CO  H  •  lO  TH  • 

i  : 

;  ^  • 

CO 

Wl-sS  ^^3^1 

£*•5  fc-e-e.2 

o  &  ©  ©OOpd.  . 


430  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  69  (6). — Kindergartens  in  cities  of  2,500  'population  and  over  1917-18. 


States. 


Cities 

report¬ 

ing. 


Super¬ 

visors. 


Princi¬ 

pals. 


Teach¬ 

ers. 


Enrollment. 


Boys.  Girls 


Aggregate 

attendance 


Average 

daily 

attend- 


United  States 


539 


73 


8,257 


205, 674 


206,565 


40, 716,918 


220,891 


Alabama. 
Arizona . . 
Arkansas . 
California 
Colorado. 


3 

3 


24  324 

14  352 


385 

368 


54,261 
48, 993 


325 

273 


37  3 

6  1 


575  12,565 

108  2, 961 


12,957  2,179,756 

3, 184  367, 494 


11,996 
2, 016 


Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia 

Florida . 

Georgia . 


24 


235 


5, 323 


5, 190 


1, 312, 350 


157 

13 

28 


1, 990 
141 
384 


2,099 

141 

445 


377, 684 
32, 804 
91, 999 


7,317 


2, 183 
206 
553 


Idaho 


Illinois . 
Indiana 
Iowa . . . 
Kansas. 


21  2 

23  4 

21  1 

9  . . 


493 

21, 425 

21,504 

167 

4,053 

4, 275 

194 

3, 874 

3, 801 

36 

960 

1,058 

3, 762,446 
898, 390 
768,375 
165, 680 


20,673 
4, 738 
4, 336 
1,022 


Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts. 


67 

91 

37 

47 

604 


1,502 
1, 664 
690 
638 
10,238 


1,724 
1, 548 
754 
626 
9,713 


300,968 
307,624 
136, 849 
117, 705 
2, 093, 107 


1,627 
1,746 
799 
665 
11, 749 


Michigan.. 
Minnesota . 
Mississippi 
Missouri . . . 
Montana.. 


586 

15, 022 

15,  011 

245 

5, 509 

5,414 

26 

376 

441 

368 

7, 947 

7, 897 

18 

593 

568 

2,972,581 
1,249,570 
69, 174 
1,945,209 
106,572 


16, 164 
6, 788 
390 
10, 014 
597 


Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico. . . . 


8 

1 

6 

47 

1 


2 


123 

2,294 

2,322 

4 

101 

120 

48 

524 

590 

585 

16, 559 

16, 164 

1 

32 

34 

570, 711 
21,765 
131,338 
3,545,907 
5,045 


3, 154 
125 
760 
18, 917 
28 


New  York . 

North  Carolina. 
North  Dakota.. 

Ohio . . 

Oklahoma . 


67  9 

1  . 

1  . 

23  3 

1  1 


1, 623 

48, 853 

48, 424 

13 

101 

147 

1 

24 

25 

393 

10,430 

10,375 

33 

1,229 

1,306 

8,278, 327 
37,886 
6, 300 
2,503,616 
251, 957 


44,819 

199 

35 

13,723 

1,436 


Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . . 
Rhode  Island . . 
South  Carolina 
South  Dakota. . 


1 

20 

5 

1 

4 


5 

1 


268 

241 

40,492 

10,852 

11, 289 

2, 419, 213 

2, 453 

2,411 

393, 273 

25 

20 

5,220 

253 

261 

61,035 

212 
12,450 
2, 340 
30 
351 


Tennessee. 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont.. 

Virginia... 


47 

43 

12, 018 

1,753 

1,819 

289, 469 

184 

170 

40,606 

114 

149 

32, 725 

449 

513 

107, 566 

77 

1,647 

232 

192 

596 


Washington... 
West  Virginia. 

Wisconsin _ 

Wyoming _ 


3 

50 


451 


696 


9, 902 


652 


10,387 


138,444 
2, '464,414 


758 

i2,’633 


431 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


1 


i  §' 

I  § 


I  S 

S  & 

I  ' 

Sh  Ah 

^  g 

S*  0} 

§  o 

I 

1 

d 

i^- 

H 


Num¬ 

ber  of 
schools. 

00 

234 

C*  • 

;  iOOO 

lO  ■  < 

Cl 

CO ; 

■  r-  (N 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

r- 

1 

3 

00  • 

CO  • 

ise  i 

Cl 

°  : 
5  ; 

8 

is i 

i  ii 

S3  Ii 

CO 

8  : 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

9,239,716 

1  i 

s 

106,336 

381,248 

116,363 

i  i! 

g 

i 

s 

ii  i 

i“  ■; 

;  Is 
•;  ss 

IS  li 

5§  S3 

S : 

si 

1 

1 

o 

C"* 

1 

s 

S  : 

1,216 

4,169 

767 

s  ii 

1 

O  CO  ; 

oo  • 

■  ^  Cl 

:  Sfe 

SI  SI 

Cl  r>^ 

8j 

cT  • 

cn 

i-t 

to 

s 

n 

2  i 

;§l  l 

oo  • 

1 

8*  ; 
«  • 

i  §s 

too 

CO  »o  to  1— 

to'  co" 

i  i 

CO 

>. 

O 

w 

i 

s 

3  : 

III  i 

;  Cl 

o  • 

§ 

B°  ! 

i£ 

i  i° 

88  18 
ecT  co* 

a  i 

Teachers. 

Women. 

Cl 

I 

ci 

O  • 

;§§  " 

5 

3 

: 

: 

O  Pj  JO  CO 

3  : 

1 

3 

i 

3  : 

:©3S  3 

§ 

— '  Cl  • 

CO 

•  »CO 

50 1§  3° 

S  : 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

e 

§ 

jnN  <N 

<M  ■ 

Cl 

CO 

'  «N 

<N  00  ^H!M 

Cl  ; 

Super¬ 

visors. 

as 

<M  NH 

CO  • 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

00 

1 

2 

jgs  a 

C9 

si 

cT  ; 

a 

o 

oo 

i  II 

665 

7,871 

7, 653 
4,280 

a  i 

Ci  ; 

© 

1 

I 

S' 

1,317,686 
215, 832 

605, 119 

1 1 
S  i 

§ 

§ 

CO 

174,432 
292, 864 

II  II 

S3 

I  : 
S  j 

1 

2  : 

Enrollment. 

j  * 

c 

Eh 

«s 

s 

i‘ 

jsS  1 

;  «o  eo 

ii 

s 

s' 

2,122 

3,082 

II II 

t-TcT  o  oT 

t 

ia 

i 

S' 

jsi  I 

;t^cT  t-T 

li 

Cl  ; 

a 

2 

1, 144 
1,477 

II  IS 

cc  oo'cT 

i 

!  a 

1 

§ 

ill  i 

h-T 

ij 

a 

CS 

978 

1,605 

IS  11 

«cT  00  CO* 

si 

■ 

Teach¬ 

ers. 

*s 

iO 

5  i 

1 

S|  11 

§  i 

Super¬ 

visors. 

©i 

i  S 

Cl  • 

r-t  f-H 

'  ^  1-H 

Cl  • 

States. 

•5 

in  i 

i\ 
1 : 
o  j 

• 

Hill  Mil 


Includes  6  principals. 


-CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


432 


Normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools. 

BIENN] 

0o| 

£42  0 

00 

[AL 

00 

3UR'' 

/I 

:y 

CM 

O 

29  hd 

e: 

DU 

CO 

CATI01S 

WOC5 

r, 

191( 

-l1 

9-18. 

LO  >.*5 

CO 

Average 

daily- 

attend¬ 

ance. 

34 

tO 

15,118 

2,776 

796 

3,944 

445 

CO 

CO 

782 

300 

633 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

CO 

6,290 

299,412 

2,886,889 

519, 855 

152,036 

777, 849 

71,223 

00 

CO 

l- 

CM*  ^ 

^  CQ 

tO  CM 

t-T  oT 
to 

120,903 

Enrollment. 

I  Total. 

tO 

56 

1,945 

00 

CO 

CM 

4,083 

1,899 

5,668 

552 

CM 

y—i  to 

CO  05 

rH  Tf 

to 

0 

s 

to 

- 

Girls. 

0 

606 

05 

00 

oT 

1,536 

1,057 

2,496 

132 

CM 

cm  r— 

^  05 

CO 

Boys. 

£ 

CO 

CO 

O 

11,454 

to 

of 

842 

3, 172 

420 

05 

868 

CO 

05 

Teachers. 

Women. 

12 

O 

cO 

04 

1,021 

s 

CM  rH  Tt< 

CO  O 

to 

91 

68 

Men. 

11 

CO 

408 

s 

CO  05  CO 

CM  tO  rH 

tO  rH 

8 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

0 

rH 

T* 

28 

CM  00  • 

5*5 

Super¬ 

visors. 

05 

H 

to 

T“' 

.  CM  • 

rH  tH 

Kindergartens. 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

CO 

1, 760 

tO 

05 

o' 

35,329 

s 

o' 

212 

10,891 

1,636 

00 

co 

to  co 

8 

CO 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

325,600 

CO 

05 

oT 

8 

6,506, 164 

CM 

8 

40,492 
2, 123,300 
274,848 

96,654 

124,000 

1 * 

§ 

05 

T}T 

00 

00 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

CO 

2,876 

g 

cO 

co' 

80,219 

CM 

509 

19,653 

3,549 

05  tH 

U-  rH 

00  1-i 

rH 

rf 

Girls. 

U5 

1,461 

CO 

-f 

CO 

co' 

39, 883 

CO 

CM 

O 

241 

10,053 

1,763 

rH 

CO  CO 

^  to 

1 

co' 

Boys. 

1,415 

610  'L 

40,336 

8 

268 

9,600 

1,786 

2  g 

to 

00 

S 

co' 

Teach¬ 

ers. 

so 

85 

1 

>0 

CO 

CM 

05 

CM 

00  050 

CM  CO 
tO 

8  P 

to 

Super¬ 

visors. 

to 

CM 

•  r-l 

CM  • 

States. 

- 

Nebraska . 

| 

a 

P 

P 

Jp 

!i 

New  Jersey . 

“NT aw  Mfiyiffi 

New  York . 

\s 
if 
1  £ 
>p 

>  c 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

; 

11 

Ip 

if 

!  1 

IOC 

Tennessee _ 

Texas _ 

if 

ip 

1 

II 

>> 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

Wisconsin . 

Wvomine* _ 

3 

1 

' 

1 

5 

GROUP  II. — CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


433 


Table  70. — Summary  of  public  kindergartens,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


434 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools. 

Num¬ 

ber  oi 
schools. 

oo 

CM 

CM 

H 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

17 

28 

CM 

1,141 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

16 

106 

3,800 

210,803 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

M3 

49 

CM 

2,911 

Girls. 

03 

03 

CM 

CO 

Boys. 

CO 

08 

63 

03 

Teachers. 

Women. 

OI 

»o 

CO 

08 

Men. 

11 

o 

o 

2 

Princi- 

pals. 

1 

o 

Super¬ 

visors. 

Kindergartens. 

Average 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

00 

u-  cq 

1-  03 

CO 

i-T 

45 

CO 

03 

cf 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

12,018 

245,569 

8,264 

tO 

l's- 

o 

ccT 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

SD 

o  •*< 

03  CO 

03 

of 

179 

lO 

s 

CO* 

Girls. 

as 

43 

1,454 

03 

03 

03 

Boys. 

*4* 

47 

1,480 

00 

oo 

CO 

o 

Teach¬ 

ers. 

Oi 

O  03 

CO 

Super¬ 

visors. 

OI 

•CM 

r“H 

States. 

- 

c 

c 

0 

< 

P 

b 

JL  tLUUVOOOU  ................ 

Texas . 

TT 

1 

if 

ii 

jl 

■> 

i.s 

pi  p 
S's 

1  Ii 

JO  W  0 

*  c3  q 
►  ££ 

Wisconsin . 

WT  xrnm  inor 

D 

a 

3 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


435 


(M  t-h  ■ 

■HO 

o 

!  w 

55 

- 

226  | 

55 

93 

21 

• 

322 

CO 

:  w 

0s! 

40,228 

13,779 

16,769 

3,684 

11 

*8 

62,022 

IS 

r 

4,347 

I 

§ 

1 

112 

116 

29 

\i 

CO 

1 

|§ 

csf 

:  g 

s 

CO 

1 

0 

45 

17 

'I 

■I 

1,013 

23 

!  ^ 

1 

CM 

202 

112 

71 

12 

: 

348 

8 

00  CO 

O 

:  8 

s 

CO 

iO 

O  CO  CM  '• 

o 

co 

•  CO 

So 

o 

CO  OO  ; 

| 

o  r- 

00 

12 

Q 

•  o 

3 

~  !|| 

r 

O 

cm  j 

CO 

34 

82 

249 

B  S3  i1 

CsT  ; 

m 

CO-  • 

292 

is 

m 

5|S 

1 

CO 

!  6,528 

14,760 

43,482 

100,706 

440,596 

131,212 

is  mm 

'S'  ga'tfg 

594,970 

37,886 

iso  Q«n 

>1  : 
;§  | 

is 

:8 

ig  ii 

•  cT  .  < 

* 

III 

”coS 

g 

— 

CO 

42 

130 

322 

963 

3,500 

888 

^g  asst 

IS  :? 

to  •  1- 

if  | 

ig 

ii  ;! 

SI§ 

5,477 

18 

71 

175 

1  gsi! 

48 

297 

172 

75 

450 

3,554 

IS  :1 

of  ■ 

284 

is 

ig  ;■ 

2,757 

24 

59 

147 

498 

1,777 

445 

*8  s“ss 

CO 

uuu 

TOT 

ft)6fS 

262 

Ii 

Is  i; 

SSg 

2,720 

[  2 

4 

14 

3  SS 

t-COOg 

p  i* 

i’ 

HNO 

134 

'  N  ;  | 

CM 

Kentucky,. . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan .  .... 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana _ 

Nebraska . . . 

Nevada . 

in cw  tiampsniro . 

Now  Jersey . 

New  Merino 

Now  York . 

North  Carolina 

North  Dakota . 

Chin 

Oklahoma 

Oregon . 

«-0  ; 
pi 

m 

Smith  Dakota 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah _ 

Vermont . 1 

1 1 
:  is 

1 

& 

Wisconsin . 1 

WiTnminir 

* 

j 

2  Includes  3  principals.  3  Inoludes  1  principal.  *  Includes  2  principals. 


Table  70. — Summary  of  'public  kindergartens ,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION. 


436 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1016-1918. 


S  °o 


SPfc'S 


w>tS 


28 

H  CM 

efocT 


i-1  a 


l  T-H  >0  CM  O 


o  o 

—  A 
CO  TJH 

3?  3 


£s?; 


Jh 


I  CO  CO 

I  o 

i  co 


CM  iO  CM  CM 


|§ 
^  N 
03  •£ 


3 

.2  <x>  o 


3  o 

33 


II 

<V 

r?.r\'r\r±j  r*. 


•§  | 

co  o 


a  q 


>ica 


3-3  § 

S'3-S^l 

^  5  e3  o3  ^ 

'i  ^  ^  ' 


■  03  a 

||f  II 

o  fl  m  ot  § 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


487 


HOOO  CO 

<m  gj 


O  10  lO 


O  <N  CO 


>  r-H  <M 

•  co  co  eg 


M  c3 


B  %'P,  -Sag 
Sofi 


^'Cl'a  o 

fe-Sti.2,2 

-  -  *3  ji  3 


2x3  fl  “ 
'5  ss  o 
3*  2-* 

>  OT  C3  * 

>>7?^  A 

.a-sas 


C  1:3 

«Nil 


*? 


g  g 

-2^.5^ 

•Sts  I S 

c3  o.5S 


^  w  g  w  w  u/  u  ua^^j  *-<  O  ^  r>  o  O  O  o>  .  -h  Cl  k  k 

fcfcfcfcfc  o£ti££  HH&»  ££££ 


Table  71. — Combined  summary  of  items  relating  to  health ,  recreation,  transportation ,  truant  officers,  and  junior  high  schools  in  all  cities  of  2,500 

population  and  over,  1917-18. 


438 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Junior  high  schools. 

1 

1 

o 

a 

Total. 

O 

Ol 

00 

o 

2§ 

482 

571 

12,510 

2,327 

3,269 

. 

N»  CO  C0004000CO  COOOTP 

coco  loooo^rco  co  i-O  co 

CM  O  40  CO  05  -rr  H  00  tQZQ 

r-T  loV’*'  r-T  CcT  r—T 

|  9,305 

Girls. 

as 

83,095 

253 

324 

6,344 

1,303 

1,688 

694 

342 

300 

2,934 

4,168 

811 

3,307 

1,023 

396 

353 

CO 

00 

00 

Boys. 

<x> 

CO 

© 

to 

229 

247 

6, 166 

1,024 

1,581 

573 

294 

253 

2,674 

3,817 

637 

2,826 

840 

262 

331 

Teachers. 

Total. 

17 

5,545 

HNOlO  rH 

hhoooj  tM 

TT  rH 

CM  O  O  CO  >0  N  O5CO0* 

H'  CM  (M  rH  -r  CO  O  40  rH  CM 

CM  CM  CM 

40 

CO 

Wo¬ 

men. 

© 

4,468 

Ci  co  co  ^  t-h 

rHNOO  O 

CO  rH 

COO  NOCMNN  O  40  rH 

CO  rH  rH  GC  GO  40  O  40  iH  CM 

05 

r  - 
CM 

Men. 

1ft 

1,077 

CM  TjiOfH  O 
HH  CM 

O^  00  O  rH  GO  O  CO  rH  rH 

co  CO 

CO 

CO 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
junior 
high 
schools. 

14 

431 

CO  CO  005  00 

cm 

CM  CO  CMOh|>CO  COHrji 

CM  CM  CM 

|  9Z 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

eo 

292 

HCONN 

rH  CO  CM  CO  O.  £N  05  40  rH  TP 

rH  CM  rH 

- 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
truant 

officers 

em¬ 

ployed. 

1,589 

CO  40  00  CM  05 

00  CM  CM 

CO 

rH  Tf  40  O  40  rH  05  ^  GO  GO  O 

CM  40  CM  CO  rH  CM  rH  CO 

Transportation 
of  pupils. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

11 

CO 

si 

2,588 

243 

540 

41,915 

5,175 

55,555 

325 

8,076 

9,094 

5,776 

41,346 

500 

10,057 

3,357 

2,280 

35, 540 

71  ft 

i  05 

.  IN 

40 

CM 

1  CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

© 

§ 

NNHOCO  CM 

CM  CO 

rH  CO  CO  ’•  ^  GO 

•  CM 

Health  and  recreation. 

Recreation. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

© 

$337, 112 

(N  •!>  40 

CM  <  00  N-  rH 

CM  •  N-  co 

•co  o' 

;  CM  ih 

100 

5,248 
15,943 
15, 529 
2,543 

125 
365 
2,700 
400 
39, 284 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

QO 

254 

h  lioeo  eo 

rH  •  rH  40  CO  H  CO  H  CM  40 

•  CM 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Amount 

expended. 

- 

$1,639,553 

2, 137 
2,115 
970 
98,218 
8, 109 

26, 165 

05 

3,240 

2,525 
54,552 
20, 593 
14, 198 
8, 172 

2,357 

1,181 

1,405 

3 

197,426 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

© 

811 

CO^ON  rjl 

CM  CM 

40  40  N  40  05H  CO  CM  00  CO  CD 

40  CM  rH  rH  CM 

School 

nurses. 

go  §  § 

JSJHi 

40 

1,382 

Tfi  CO  rH  00  00  rH 

40  TT 

CM 

CO  C005C0040  N  Cl  CM  ON 

40  CM  CM  rH  rH  CM 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

.report¬ 

ing. 

465 

CO  CO  H  40  CO  00 

CO  COHCMCOH  ^  CM  CM  rH  CM 

CO 

School 

physicians. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
physi¬ 
cians. 

eo 

1,405 

CO  •  40  N- 

•  CM  CO 

CM  tH  00  rH  CO  CM  05  CO  OOTfuOiOO 

rH  CM  CO  £ 

rH  co 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

<N 

505 

fO  '(Nio 

'  rH  CM 

rH  rH  CO  rH  00  05  05  CO  ^  CM  lO  H  tO 

rH  rH  05 

C 

5 

4 

5 

- 

United  States . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

C 

2 

l 

t 

>  c 

ij 
:  £ 

iC 

3 

\ 

3 

r 

3 

j! 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

1/1 

% 

1 

3  H 
<  03 

%  i/i 

II 

STATISTICS'  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


439 


11,338 
7, 515 
514 
2,909 
1,117 

1,346 

its  3 

997 

20,327 

1,239 

2,346 

11,810 

243 

I  llsfg  siSa 

i-TeiW*  Vs  ccTcf 

BII1S  I  if 

10  00*  1-T  ;  r. 

IS*  s 

■SCO  CD 

530 

10,400 

718 

1,281 

6,241 

120 

§  sassi  ie is 

r-Tv-T'  « 

sills  1  !S 

o' tn  i-T 

3,347 

47 

5,590 

SSsf  118 

oT  v-TkT 

*  88gSl  888S 

s  is 

*r  § 

SgS  Kg'0 

10  s§|2 

ggSSSi  §  ig 

202 

4 

307 

?S§8 

4 

24 

75 

108 

19 

121 

19 

107 

79 

10 

87 

59 

1 

22 

5 

7 

52 

0 

120 

2 

134 

8 

17 

82 

1 

1 

23 

20 

6 

23 

22 

0 

OOOOCMOCM  00 

3 

38 

4 

9 

36 

1 

.  CO. .coo  O  OS  C  IN 

o  ja 

12 

1 

14 

2 

17 

3 

7 

32 

1 

.  CONNCOM  COfON 

£8  2  :S 

jog.  rgo  S-HC  ooo.occ  o~o« 

8E188  1  IS 

m  i  i  i 

§ss  ill  i 

S  SS  : 

i  is&i  i 

;  nV  aT  ■  efe^VT 

55  5~  «  :g 

in  ;  S  ; 

CO  CM  i-h  CM  CM  CM  *  - 

27 

23 

CS  OJ  CO  <M  t-  O  • 

•  ■  CM  ID  i  O  TT  CM 

14,351 

10,053 

1,038 

1,299 

151 

1,172 

38, 553 
2,159 

34,871 

22 

its  IIISa  it  ill  -Sis 

:$3  g  :«  :  ~ 

c  cm 

iS- 

;*o  :<nm  .co<n. 

if  in  i  ii 

IBs  IIIsS  lilsi  8S889  IS!  i 

Sf:  :2°  8  :« 

>g-  -gS  -  3  : 

cc-  jr-eo  o 

-  ^  CO  CM  CM  OC  lO  lO  CO  CO  CO  ^OO^iDCD  O  Cfc  O  i 

!  31 

59 

1 

28 

7 

15 

JS- 

CM  QC  »-H  ^  o  CM  •  t> 

•■Nh  NrfrtOW  .  O  00  CS  .  .  i-O  CS  CO  *0  lOMOH 

2  5^  S  ’  50  ’ r 

5§  j  oic,oeo-  OU5^  j 

CD  O  t-h  CO  •  CD  ’•  C 

>0  •  CO..  NO*  TfOWrHW  IM  .  CO  <N  CO  .1-0.  j 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

JftSKJP  pi . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

now  . 

Now  Jersey . 

Now  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

IMah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

440 


% 


* 

o 

•<s> 

b 

£ 

r<S 

O 

£ 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Junior  high  schools. 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

o 

51,031 

i 

SIS'l 

998 

Zfr6  ‘L 

337 

Girls. 

as 

26,531 

3,972 

469 

599 

Boys. 

GC 

24,500 

3, 970 

397 

619 

1 _  __ 

OO 

Teachers. 

Total. 

17 

1,821 

Oi  CO  CO 

o* 

23 

Wo¬ 

men. 

1,383 

^  CO  rH 

CO  CO  CO 

(M 

00 

Men. 

438 

63 

4 

3 

m 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
junior 
high 
schools. 

-<* 

76 

OO 

CO 

City- 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

eo 

HH  ^ 

rH 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
truant 

officers 

em¬ 

ployed. 

585 

co  ^  in 

CO 

‘O  OO 
in 

in  co 

CO 

Transportation 
of  pupils. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

- 

CD 

O 

1 

ss  ss  • 

Cl  OO  ; 
foes'  ; 

in 

CO 

00 

CO 

§ 

C* 

© 

cT 

City- 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

10 

28 

<M  rH  • 

rH 

in 

Health  and  recreation. 

Recreation. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

os 

•1186,697 

1 

oT 

|  St 

Tt< 

00 

CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

00 

lO 

TH 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Amount 

expended. 

l> 

$884, 193 

65,338 

5,343 

200 

Oi 

t-r 

rH 

CO 

‘O' 

© 

8 

OO 

!>• 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing- 

se 

36 

CO  rH  rH 

School 

nurses. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
nurses. 

vO 

791 

<M 

22 

Al 

cvj 

OO) 

T}<  rH 

ooo 

rH  Tf* 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

44 

CO 

cs 

rH  rH 

nn 

rH  in 

School 

physicians. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
physi¬ 
cians. 

oo 

641 

CO 

CO 

8 10 

^  CO 

in  oo 
00 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

CO 

rH  rH 

rH  in 

States. 

United  States . 

Alabama _ 

Arizona . . . . 

Arkansas  1 

California . 

Colorado . . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware _ 

District  of  Columbia . . 

Florida . 

"g 

« 

C 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

£ 
!  cj 

C 

c 

M 

Louisiana . 

Maine . . 

-d 

9 

i> 

;  c0 

is 

Massachusetts . 

2, 236  |  2, 196  I  4,  432 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


441 


CO  CM 

' '  Ifl 


c3  ’q. 

So  S~  s 

Sijlgl 

■5  S  01  «  rj 

sisia 


§  fn 

8-olSSls 

.Q  >  £  &  £ 
©  ©  ©  ©  © 


C  <N 
oTio" 

CC  .-I 


© 


o  a 
©  o  oS3 
Z^ZCO 


oA 


|.S'§55 

r  .  d  Q  ri  — 


S  2 


sgd  II 

a  «  ©  E  E? 

JspSoo  ©  ©*j  ©jh 
OPhWgqot 


«WfitC 
fcfirss  s 

3>gi 

11.2^ 


c3  ■  “2d 
3  c3  £  C-S 

SgS*?3 

"S  N  s 


.2  ©  *o 


O  <3  O 
S2  »*•§ 
So 
d  3 


§.■3: 


i  Nine  of  these  are  city  physicians. 


Table  72. — Summary  of  items  relating  to  health ,  recreation ,  transportation,  truant  officers,  and  junior  high  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Junior  high  schools. 

W 

Enrollment. 

3 

NIAL  SURV 

"3 

o 

Eh 

EY  C 

o 

)F  E 

C§ 

IDE 

CATION, 

$ 

r-H  CD  CO  05  CM 

CO  r-T  r-T 

1< 

>1 

6-1918. 

to  ©  CO 

cm  p-  o 
o'  r-T  cf 

420 

396 

216 

2,044 

Girls. 

OS 

T* 

05 

CD 

1, 644 

348 

214 

1,087 

677 

3,277 

903 

1,067 

05  00 

rH  05 

CM  rH 

119 

1,171 

Boys. 

18 

573 

1,506 

254 

168 

862 

570 

2,979 

801 

972 

H  00 

g  2 

P-  CO 

05  P- 
00 

Teachers. 

Total. 

P- 

9 

CO  h  CO  O  <M 
h  (N  CU-  ^ 

O  CO^H 

CM  O  00 

CM 

rH  00 

CM  CM 

7 

85 

Wo¬ 

men. 

so 

98 

NOHCO  O 

05  CM  cq  no  ^ 

194 

55 

63 

2  a 

tO  T* 

CD 

Men. 

© 

16 

2 

17 

2 

8  S3 

to  CO 

2 

21 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
junior 
high 
schools. 

CM 

GO  H  H  CO 

17 

4 

4 

rH  CO 

rH  CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

eo 

OOiHi-fOO  M 

W  l-H 

rH  rH 

HN 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
truant 
officers 
em¬ 
ployed. 

CM  CD  CO  to  ^ 

28 

6 

1 

coca  l-H 

2 

21 

Transportation 
of  pupils. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

11 

$4,  C71 
8,894 

•  00  *>-  • 

t>-  •  05  00  • 

.  cd'oT  • 

2  gg 

O  CO  o 
r-T  co 

CO 

CD  O 

CD 

^  co 
(n'co' 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

© 

<N  <M 

r}4  •  CO  CM 

CM  CM  rH 

rH  CO 

Health  and  recreation. 

Recreation. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

© 

$1, 018 
15,031 
15,505 
1,815 

P-  00  CM 

£  $3 

o'  tjT 

•  P- 

•  CM 

•  00 

;  cm' 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

CO 

^  CM  CO  rH  • 

rH  COrH 

•  co 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Amount 

expended. 

tO 

CO 

ss 

13,780 
6,223 
4,622 
4, 412 

1,843 

rH  00  05 

00  HC5 

S  2V> 

CO  CM 

CO  00 

00  CM 

co' 

•  CM 

•  »o 

•  p- 

•  co' 

•  ^ 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

© 

to  CO  CM  CM 

O  OH 

tHtH 

•  oo 

School 

nurses. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
nurses. 

sO 

cm 

1-H 

o 

CO 

^  CM  CM 

6 

21 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

■*< 

to  rH  CO  CO  TH 

17 

4 

1 

CM  rH  rH 

iH  CD 

School 

physicians. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
physi¬ 
cians. 

05 

1-1 

CONNrt  •  co 

So 

tH 

TH 

CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

CM  CM  CM  H  CM 

P-  CO  rH 

TH 

rH  P- 

States. 

- 

Florida _ _ 

:  a 
'Z 

I 

!c 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . . 

Maine . 

TS 

tS 

fe 

a 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississinni . . . 

Missouri. 

Montana . 

Nebraska . . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

64.396  |  9  1  14. 260  I  6  I  6,051 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


443 


Table  72. — Summary  of  items  relating  to  health ,  recreation ,  transportation ,  truant  officers,  and  junior  high  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  III— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


444 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Junior  high  schools. 

Enrollment. 

Tctal. 

20 

2,080 

785 

CO  t'- 
t'-  o 
^  CO 

1,609 

2,689 

1,126 

763 

495 

1,037 

916 

3,441 

050 
00  1-4 

co  oo 

Girls. 

1,042 

455 

rt<  CO 

IOCO 

CS  CO 

851 

1,359 

592 

OuON  O  GO 
OON  03  rH 

CS  to  GO 

186 

1  409  1 

Boys. 

CO 

1,038 

330 

222 

334 

758 

1,330 

534 

COO  O  CO  CO 
eo  05  h  cs  cs 

co  cs  ^  co 

CO  1-4 

o  o 

CS  T}4 

Teachers. 

Total. 

r- 

tO  i-4 
ION 

cs  r- 

CS 

HN 

CO  05 

50 

to  CS  CO  00  CO 

1-H  CS  CS  CS  05 

05  05 

cs 

Wo¬ 

men. 

o  05 

tO  TH 

05 

CO  rt< 

45 

05  CO 

cs 

Men. 

s 

IOCS 

coo 

ICOO 

40 

1 

3 

6 

11 

10 

O  CO 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
junior 
high 
schools. 

1C  <M 

CO  rH 

05  00 

cs 

CS  CO  CO  CO  05 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

eo 

toes 

»o 

cs 

HHN  1-4  05 

m 

1-4  1-4 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
truant 
officers 
em¬ 
ployed. 

CS  CO 

i-H  CO  f-4 

CON  H  00  CO  1-4  ^  CS  HHTfHH 

1-H  CS  T-H  CO 

cs 

Transportation 
of  pupils. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

- 

$537 

7,236 

•  to 

•  05 

•  05 

cs  ^ 

S3 

oTt-T 

2,292 

^  tS  2  •  -05 

1-t  •  •  o 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

o 

j  •«}<  es 

1 

:  ^ 

tO 

1-4  CO  1-4  •  -CO 

Health  and  recreation. 

Recreation. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

cs 

$5,968 

913 

tO  ' 

• 

•  CO  05  to  CS  •  O  •  • 

.  to  to  ^  •  cs  •  •  o 

•  co  »-4  •  i— i  •  • 

•  r-Tcs'  oT  •  i-T  • 

.  ,  .  . 

o 

o 

to 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

GO 

l-l 

: 

•  CO^H 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Amount 

expended. 

$11,368 

4,212 

cs  o 

^  CO  lO 

H00  tH 

5,809 

20,070 

900 

44,574 

1,334 

1,350 

8,373 

1,932 

1,000 

10,954 

2,519 

720 

1,321 

QG 

o 

co 

Cjty 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

to 

GO  CO 

CS  TH  1-1 

CONHON  i-ttO^i-HCS 

1-4  CO  i-H  rH 

CO 

School 

nurses. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
nurses. 

K5 

U-  CO 

•  cs 

COOOt-4  COOOHNH  »-4^cocscs 

T-<  CS 

** 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

to  CO 

:<n 

COOr-4  rf  COHNH  »HtJ4(MCSCS 

i-H  CS 

School 

physicians. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
physi¬ 
cians. 

eo 

^  ;  rH 

7 

21 

05  CO  -NH  i-4CO^CS(N 

cs  ;  CS  r-< 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

IOH 

^  :  1-1 

CO 

CO  *NH  rHN  Tf^rHN 

cs  ; 

States. 

- 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

Nevada . . 

New  Hampshire. . '. . 1 

New  Jersey . 

Now  \foxioo _ 

New  York . 

Nnrth  Carolinn _ 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

* 

!l 

ij 

il 

J 

J  o 

!i 

’  4-- 

)  s 
)  e 

!GC 

Tennessee _ 

Texas . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


445 


1  1,201 

328 

198 

1,594 

973 

00  00 

<0  rH 

o^oo 

rH  CO  t''* 
HOO^t 

553 

180 

oo  uD 

00  10  05 
l>  ^ 

rH 

CO  lO  oo 
iO  CO 

OGO 

CO  rH 

CO  050 

CO 

<©<N 

O  O  00 

COrH 

H^CO 

rH^H 

rH(N  <N 

HWH  cCCOhh 

664 

4,958 

1,493 

116 

558 

oo e*  hh 

•  05  O  •  •  rH 

•  CO  CO  •  • 

i  rH  •  ■  00 

285 

1,647 

2,590 

2,970 

1,357 

9,158 

hoico  eoeot'- 

HH(N  NNHH 

<-H  !N 

coco 

HNOO 

*H  <M 

H(N^ 

D*tah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia _ 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

0 

! 

1 

> 

■> 

2  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  3  Teach  in  senior  high  school  also. 


Table  72. — Summary  of  items  relating  to  health ,  recreation ,  transportation,  truant  officers,  and  junior  high  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


446 


Junior  high  schools. 

bien: 

§ 

s 

o 

£ 

NTAL  SURV1 

O 

Eh 

2Y  O 

o 

F  E 

© 

00 

D 

3,247  Cl 

.......  o 

A.TION, 

©  ©  CO 
©  ^  ^ 

©  ©C* 

1916- 

OO  © 

©  CO 

rH  C* 

-1918. 

SJ2.SS3 

•  (M  CO  CO  COCO  <M 

Girls. 

os 

MO 

<N 

1,697 

389 

1,577 

120 

© 

©  CO 

144 

146 

195 

202 

179 

157 

Roys. 

CO 

232 

1,550 

301 

1,369 

123 

^  © 

©  © 

128 

164 

167 

171 

155 

124 

Teachers. 

Total. 

S 

© 

106 

^  ©  © 

CM  OO 

©  MO 

’  (M  ©  ©  ©  rH  © 

Wo¬ 

men. 

SO 

14 

N 

OO 

r-4  00  © 

cq 

^  CO 

*  ©  ©  -^  ©  ©  © 

Men. 

15 

MO 

© 

CCHH 

rH  CS 

•  CO  rH  (NHH© 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
junior 
high 
schools. 

10 

CO  CO  H 

rH  rH 

!  cq  rH  H  rHCq  N 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

e® 

Cq 

01 

CO  CO  rH 

rH  rH 

•WH  rH  rH  Cq  Cq 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
truant 
officers 
em¬ 
ployed. 

ll 

2 

OO 

<M 

CO<N© 

rH 

<N  •  ^H 

rH  © 

Cq  rH  GO  H 

Transportation 
of  pupils. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

11 

o 

© 

CO 

CO 

lO 

198 

149 

6,301 

•  •  l> 

•  •  HO 

;  ;<M- 

316 

7,268 

1,447 

175 

1,958 

1,235 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

O 

CO 

:  .,rH 

tH  CO 

cq  H  M0  H 

Health  and  recreation. 

Recreation. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

OS 

00© 

ON 

CSp 

600 

540 

82 

857 

350 

102 

•  © 

•  cq 
;00 

^  MO  •  © 
rH  ■  © 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

CO 

10 

1 

1-H(N  HNHH  •  • 

i1-1 

tH  •  rH 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Amount 

expended. 

$12,238 

25 

© 

CO 

158 

9,646 

2,300 

t—  o  o  o  «o 

CO  lOONS1 

CO 

1,003 

836 

3,683 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

so 

24 

1 

M0 

1 

31 

5 

rH  HHHCO 

^  CO  © 

School 

nurses. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
nurses. 

kO 

rH 

00 

HHCO 

•  cq 

:  i*0 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

10 

1 

OO 

HHCO 

cq  • 

•  cq 

•  •  M0 

School 

physicians. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
physi¬ 
cians. 

as 

12 

1 

<N 

: 

.  .  co 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

Cl 

11 

1 

Cq 

.  lO 

•  rH 

,H  : 

.  .  CO 

States. 

- 

:! 

<©  C 

L 

3  c 

3  • 

’  if 

3  ^ 
>  O  C 

;oc 

.  C3  ^  C 

:'c  g? 

3  •  <3.2  fc 

3  ■  >  co  o 

3  C3  t>>  £D{- 

2  2  ig  \ 

ij  i 

is  i 

1  £ 

^  Q  CO 

=  5  §8 

3  3  9  > 

EE 

:"S.2 

Nil 

.  . . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . . . 

Wisconsin . 

0 

GROUP  V.— CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES  OF  2,500  TO  5,000  POPULATION. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCKOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917—1918.  447 


I 

I  : 

i  §  : 

150 

150 

225 

90 

766 

1,027 

:s  sis? 

:  <n 

;  :  §  :s? 

>  •  •  rH 

i  • 

282 

123 

1,036 

234 

382 

202 

740 

662 

5,987 

2  ’ 

408 

54 

§  j  j 

*  is  li-'l 

\  \  S  is 

119 

76 

576 

13U 

202 

91 

402 

329 

5, 376 

S  : 

244 

56 

70 

74 

135 

41 

344 

484 

IS  |as? 

i  i  * is 

163 

47 

460 

*1=  ll  i 

428 

^  ! 

23 

4 

4 

5 

9 

4 

31 

33 

* 

i  i  «  is 

8  j: 

S310  S?c3  j 

i 

R  80  : 

*  :  :< 

O  '  CO  CO  CO  OC 

•  N  H  r- 

5  !  M  is 

3"”  3  i‘ 

SO'CO  i 

3 

O  ; 

■O  rH  •' 

O  •  • 

=  i-  gw®'* 

<  •  o  •  CO 

Oi 

0 

2 

HWW  COCO  • 

g 

i— i 

■O  i-H  ■ 

rH  HWHION  •  • 

H  j  (M  NHHTj 

<  •  rH  •  <N 

<N  iH  00  '•  - 

H  COrH  CO*D  • 

g 

pH  • 

'O  rH  j 

rH  H(NH»ON  •  • 

H  j  <N  NHH^ 

<  •  H 

WH  00  •  1 

H  CO  H  COlO  • 

278 

CO  j 

NNOi  !>.  • 

OfflON  CO  • 

*<NCO  CftiQ 

-  O  ^ 

.  13 

2 

27 

2 

17 

3 

3 

32 

4 

1 

sf 

s 

910 

150 

i| 

19, 331 

|ll  IS  ill  ill 

•  co  of  ;  ; 

ill  IS  : 

3'  S'  ”3  : 

l 

il 

i<N 

9,449 

2,295 

886 

430 

780 

405 

695 

1,453 

§ 

rH  rH 

ja 

i  °  ; 

pTH  n •-!  ;h! 

O  H  00  WO  • 

1-1 

jco 

o  •  • 

rH  <M  rH  <N  <M 

i 

s' 

;§ 

100 

gs  ;8  is 

is- 

f  j 

1, 865 

843 

i  il  II  js 

;8 

•  t'- 

CO  <M  ;<M  •  rH 

•rHiH  C^ICOtHC^ 

I  j 

-  i  3  j 

•  •  03  rH  CD  '  r— 

1  rH 

§ 

1 

150 

100 

220 

1,741 

160 

166 

50 

1,300 

2,875 

723 

864 

963 

100 

am 

1 

7,639 

7,370 

2,185 

i  s  il 

6,180 

22,766 

44. 

5,863 

85 

180 

1,037 

27 

10 

212 

hh(NNN  <M  • 

1 

2 

11 

3 

4 

5 

1 

ro  th  o  io  co  • 

13 

64 

HOW  CO  00  rH  i— 

<N  • 

•  •  « 

8 

11 

5 

CO 

l1-1 

CO  •  00  • 

HHtH 

£ 

CSI  • 

:  ^  1-1  : 

•  HN  •  ^  CO  rH  • 

•  *00  00  lO  • 

1  •  • 

CO 

;  *"• 

CO  •  00  • 

§ 

iO  • 

'HH  CD  • 

iOH(N(N  •  ■ 

in; 

•  rH  • 

15 

20 

1 

2 

2 

14 

1 

| 

• 

OH(N<N  •  • 

:  i  i 

•  rH  •  0* 

14 

20 

rH  <N  •  WHH 

United  States . 

Aln.hn.mfl. 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Trlfl.hn _ 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

5Ji2iSPpi . 

Montana . 

Nebraska 

Nevada . 

New  HamDsliire . . . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Alexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Dakota . 

Table  72. — Summary  of  items  relating  to  health,  recreation,  transportation,  truant  officers,  and  junior  high  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  V.— CITIES,  TOWNS  AND  VILLAGES  OF  2,500  TO  5,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


448 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Junior  high  schools. 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

20 

8 

lO 

i 

1 

Girls. 

os 

us 

CO 

Boys. 

18 

& 

Teachers. 

Total. 

8 

Wo¬ 

men. 

91 

Men. 

US 

CO 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
junior 
high 
schools. 

** 

US 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

e* 

us 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
truant 
officers 
em¬ 
ployed. 

<N 

Transportation 
of  pupils. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

- 

$2,627 

800  j 

300 

us 

<r. 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

10 

<N 

Health  and  recreation. 

Recreation. 

Amount 

ex¬ 

pended. 

os 

I 

O  • 

8  : 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

00 

CO 

! 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Amount 

expended. 

$325 

405 

II 

CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

so 

<N  T-H 

<N  O 

School 

nurses. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
nurses. 

US 

CO 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

** 

CO 

School 

physicians. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
physi¬ 
cians. 

1  " 

1 

H(N 

City 

school 

sys¬ 

tems 

report¬ 

ing. 

©1 

rH 

States. 

- 

Tennessee . 

Texas . ! 

Utah . 1 

Vermont . 

c3 

*3 

*3 

1 

fcj 

G 

2 

* 

•2 

"3 

a 

\> 

IS 

£ 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming _ _ 

0 

Table  73.— Combined  summary  of  statistics  of  'public  evening  schools  for  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500  population  and  over,  1917-18. 


449 


Expenses  of  instruction. 

STATIC 

O 

Eh 

3TICS 

Si 

5  01 

r— 

<m 

00 

cS 

l>» 

co' 

*  C  H 

rH  CO 
<M  rH 

H  |>- 

cJ'co' 

CY  SCHOOL  S: 

(MO  OOOhCW 

to  O  COOHH  t- 

HOJ  to  to  o  CO  00 

oTco'  to''*'  (M  to  00 

05  rH  N  ^ 

CO 

ZSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

■'t  (D  N  t-  OOcOt^COcO  (MOOOCO  • 

SSSte  SS88  : 

o'lH't^ToT  co'-^'t^'oo  co  ‘M  co  ocT  • 

CO  rH  rH  rH  O  CO  (M  • 

CM  CO  *H  rH  • 

• 

li 

oi 

1 

X 

$13,262 

•  to  • 

•  00 

781 

130 

IN  II 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

t— 

$374,211 

450 

•  o'  • 

722 

.  o  *00 

•  CO  •  t» 

•  •  rH 

CD  •  •  © 

CD  •  H  •  © 

CO  •  © 

r-T  •  M 

Secondary 

(high). 

to 

$1,331,317 

268,513 

675 

1 

QC 

120,563 

1,320 

204 

•  t>»  ^  •  © 

•  <M  00  •  © 

•  ©  CO  •  to 

•  o o'©' 

104,829 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

15 

$1,025,870 

•  O 

•  to 

•  "TP 

130,639 

1,593 

1,697 

24,322 

5,316 

3,150 

118,700 

1,200 

225 

3,052 

9, 126 

144,775 

11,549 

200 

24, 167 

Enrollment. 

13 

CO 

3 

o 

267, 179 

160 

404 

33,645 

1,324 

3,887 

33 

4,506 

65 

698 

17,272 

7,805 

2,055 

1,522 

320 

1,206 

718 

‘  2,453 

23, 160 

11,431 

3,577 

0 

8,922 

197 

o 

Eh 

Boys. 

eo 

318,234 

O  tO 

83 

30,558 

1,695 

8,021 

32 

4,262 

218 

765 

22,803 

9,087 

2,085 

1,531 

507 

2,609 

1,042 

2,447 

27,750 

15.022 

3,600 

28 

12,398 

123 

Other 

schools. 

9,923 

00 

85 

229 

213 

812 

00  O  • 

SSsS  : 

•  ©  rH 

•  rH  ©  ©  CO 

•  rH  CO  rH  <M 

•  CO 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

S 

74,094 

267 

124 

2,322 

1,222 

05 

tO 

<N 

23 

5,661 

457 

157 

132 

S  is  SS8 

to  •  CM  ©  © 

•  to'  r-Tci' 

00  • 
CO  • 

Second¬ 

ary 

(high). 

o 

263,383 

•  u- 
;CO 

45,947 

135 

2,749 

00 

tfT 

25,570 

3,511 

1,805 

790 

936 

260 

2,241 

19,851 

2,332 

751 

<M  • 

tO  • 

Ele- 

men- 

tary. 

Si 

806 ‘MS 

tO  <M 

18,047 

333 

7,724 

65 

2,208 

283 

1,204 

14,284 
6,850 
1,654 
2, 106 

695 

2,879 

997 

2,543 

25,472 

2,978 

3.512 

28 

5,340 

207 

Teachers. 

1 

13 

o 

Eh 

Women. 

X 

s§ 

00 

ocT 

to  O  ^  CO  to  00  o 

HCO  C5  rH  (M 

to  (M  rH 

682 

270 

94 

31 

20 

75 

72 

27 

1,345 

385 

140 

2 

227 

9 

Men. 

7,721 

©  oo 

OO  00©<NCOCO 
•O  CO  u-  <M 

Tf  OHCD  (N-^OHOO  00  to  rH  O  (M 

rH  CO  tO  00  Cg  ©£,  00 

Other 

A 

1 

s 

si 

tO 

376 

rH 

CO  CD 

05 

9 

58 

14 

•  to  CO  !>• 

• 10 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

2,348 

44 

53 

* 

1 

195 

11 

6 

7 

©  •  CO  t'-  © 

(M  •  (M  ©  t'- 

•  CM 

©  • 
<M  • 

Second¬ 

ary 

(high). 

6,220 

■  00 

oo  CJ 

CO  rH 

05 

00 

00  CC  to  00 

©  ©  rH 

31 

20 

36 

644 

94 

43 

365 

1 

Ele- 

tary. 

©9 

7,133 

!h  ^ 

OH  CO  CO  05  rH  H 

00  rH 

<M  <M 

OO^HtOCO  to  00  CO  00  rH  rH  ©  CO  00  © 

•OOOOOtO  (NNNCDO  CO<M  <M 

City 

school 

systems 

report¬ 

ing. 

<N 

518 

CM  to 

CM  CO  hhM  CO 

<M  (M 

©  tO  CM  to  CM  CO  00  CM  00  ©  CO  rH  CM  CO 

rH  CM  »H  |>  CO  rH 

States. 

- 

United  States.. 

Alabama . 

1  D 

if 

<  c 
:  ^ 
-  5- 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia. . . 

Georgia . 

THaVin 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

l 

;  C 

i  c 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts.... 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

59873°— 21 - 29 


Includes  502  teachers  reported  in  total  only.  2  Includes  20,105  pupils  reported  in  total  only.  3  Includes  $972,167  reported  in  total  only.  *  Estimated. 


Table  73. — Combined  summary  of  statistics  of  'public  evening  schools  for  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500  population  and  over,  1917-18 — Contd. 


Expenses  of  instruction. 

BIE 

’cS 

o 

•  Eh 

NNU 

© 

lL  S 

i 

S3' 

URVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

r>©ul  CC  CO  CO  USOC®  NN  t-  lO  ©  t'-.  HlOCOO 

N>Ot'  ©  50  ©  ©  mW'f  Nf  ©  *-•  t"  ©  ©  ®  iHin  M 

t^CO«5  CO  03  1— 1  50  us®»o  ©0t^©50  oou:t> 

t-ci  oo~  i-T  *-T  eoYAiTcc'  ^-TcT^r^rco'  oc\-T 

C*  I.o  50  CO  -T  (M  M  <OH® 

es  >-(  i-H  <m 

Other 

schools. 

00 

•  CO  •  ^ 

•  o 

•  CO  •  »o 

.  e#  • 

ill  •  •  2  •  • 

Tf  •  tO  *  • 

co  •  r-  •  • 

CO  •  00  •  / 

•  cm"  •  • 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

•  $  •  cm 

•  N  •  00 

:sf  :  s 

;  ;  CM 

^  •  •  05  •  r-H  •  CM 

tH  •  •  00  •  CO  • 

CM  •  •  CO  •  P'- 

•  •  05  •  CM  • 

oc 

CO 

•  o  05  CO 
»-H  «  to  05  CO 

05  •  00  CO  CO 

-  i-te- 

Secondary 

(high). 

«© 

$11,180 

•  05  cO 

•  U-  CO  05 

•  05  CO 

•  CO  05 

•  to  to 

•  to 

•  'CM  00  •  O  •  • 

O  05  ■  CO  CM  • 

is  :83  : 

r-T  o'  1  r-Tco'  • 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

og 

05 

tO 

or 

591 

53,519 

241 

386,187 

1,446 

1,739 

5,352 

13,669 

1,580 

•  to 

1 

CO  •  CM  05  to 

b-  -OtON 

05  •  O  CO  CO 

co  -ION 

t-H  • 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

Girls. 

1,734 

591 

13,890 

107 

62,574 

373 

275 

8,964 

689 

3,554 

19,599 

3,131 

318 

95 

132 

3,318 

95 

91 

3,538 

7,778 

1,407 

9,450 

116 

Boys. 

SO 

1,645 

916 

18,411 

130 

77, 120 
357 
119 
14,571 
486 

3,419 

22,214 

5,595 

512 

71 

•205 

3,793 

220 

38 

3,100 

9,488 

778 

7,566 

92 

Other 

schools. 

•  CO  •  CM 

•  O  •  OC 

.  05  •  CO 

•  t-H  •  •  00  CM  •  •  N  • 

•  05  •  •  »o  h-  •  •  to  • 

•  ^  •  •  to  CM  •  •  CM  • 

5  383  : 

CM  CO  CO  CM  • 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

S 

•O*  CO 

•  t-  •  03 

•  to  •  N 

•  co  •  oT 

42 

1,989 

435 

1,958 

8,013 

502 

20 

71 

991 

1,914 

2,649 

731 

11,526 

170 

Second 

ary 

(high). 

© 

1,716 

431 

12,931 

130 

62,980 

•  05  ©  CO  CO  '  •— 1 

■  ©  ©  50  CO  05  •  50 

;Ht-  ©  r-  co  • 

•  cT  -st.-Tco'  • 

>  >-l  <N 

1 

129 

1,192 

11,144 
197 
2, 189 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

© 

1,663 

1,076 

13,897 

107 

56,606 

730 

352 

10,886 

40 

961 

11,293 

4,556 

810 

44 

80 

5,552 

315 

3,285 

2,162 

572 

3,057 

38 

Teachers. 

Total. 

Women. 

CO 

CM 

CO 

61 

491 

2 

1,853 

10 

7 

317 

13 

71 

581 

251 

27 

4 

10 

83 

3 

7 

90 

147 

38 

327 

9 

Men. 

CM 

tO 

44 

478 

4 

1,875 

9 

5 
353 

16 

59 

532 

121 

10 

11 

9 

88 

7 

2 

77 

216 

37 

334 

5 

Other 

schools. 

o 

•  CO  •  to 

•  t>-  •  CM 

:S  j  :  :  3  j 

CO  NOtO  • 

rH  CM  rH  • 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

t® 

•  05  •  00 

•O'  ^ 

•  H  •  to 

co  i'-  to  NtocoHX 
^  coeo~ 

39 

28 

13 

488 

7 

Second- 

<a. 

00 

37 

367 

3 

1,247 

•  00  CM  NOCO  • 

•  CO  rH  • 

05  O  CM  CO  ^  • 

CO  »o  h  o  • 

CM  • 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

CO 

o 

CO 

68 

420 

3 

1,908 

19 

9 

227 

1 

22 

378 

226 

36 

2 

5 

150 

10 

CM  CO  05  Tf  ^ 

05  CO  CM  05 

City 

school 

systems 

report¬ 

ing. 

os 

TJ4 

00  05  T-H  to  CO  CO  O  CM  ^  •■H  CO  tO  Tf  CMCCi-*i-Ht^  CM  00  0C  CM 

CM  CM  T*  1-H  r-i  CM 

States. 

- 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina. . . 
North  Dakota.. . . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania.... 
Rhode  Tsland .... 
South  Carolina. . . 
South  Dakota. . . . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia. . . . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

Table  74. — Summary  of  statistics  of  'public  evening  schools,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  451 


Table  74. — Summary  of  statistics  of  'public  evening  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


452 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Expenses  of  instruction. 

Total. 

a 

$143,755 

10,222 

CD 

05 

05 

<*T 

Cl 

00 

Cl 

C5 

s 

1,079,830 

145,279 

33,202 

197, 146 

27,620 

1,907 

' 

27,288 

53,097 

00 

S 

Other 

schools. 

GO 

CD 

CD 

£ 

j 

3 

CD 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

17 

£ 

00 

g 

cd' 

c> 

189,061 

05  !  H 

00  •  CO 

CO  •  P- 

os'  cT 

1  i 
^  • 

Secondary 

(high). 

o 

o> 

Cl 

00 

o 

ss 

o 

00 

g 

05 

co' 

iO 

530,449 

1-H  !  CO 

CD  •  Cl 

.  id 

ctj  !  o' 

!  i 

Cl 

05 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

t- 

CD 

Cl 

6,598 

05 

iD 

sf 

360,320 

Cl  ■  CD 

ID  •  CD 

CO  •  CO 
id'  • QC 

05  • 

in'  . 

8 

CD 

pf 

Enrollment. 

Total. 

Girls. 

IX 

i 

8,267  | 

1,912 

Cl 

8 

oo~ 

1,141 

§ 

oT 

55,812 

id 

CO 

ocT 

3,469 

13, 156 

1,580 

132 

ID  CO 

P-  05 

O  CO 

co' 

CO 

8 

cT 

Boys. 

os 

11,625 

1,196 

00 

o. 

co 

cf 

1,289 

S 

cf 

68,808 

O 

CO 

CO 

3,339 

17,389 

2,613 

205 

1,920 

6,800 

CD 

CO 

05 

Other 

schools. 

01 

96 

00 

Cl 

iO 

242 

<N 

Cl 

•  <N  -r 

•  «  IN 

257 

00  o 

ID  CO 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

11 

Cl 

o, 

CO 

Cl 

00 

CO 

Cl 

05 

cT 

16,330 

iD 

CO 

CD 

1,958 

6,472 

382 

1,867 

Second¬ 

ary 

(high). 

® 

00 

00 

Cl 

3 

10s 

1,716 

(M 

oT 

56,483 

CD 

S 

oT 

3,994 

16,281 

1,776 

© 

Cl  id 

05  Cl 

cT 

CO 

1  - 

cf 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

Oi 

ci 

CC 

o 

CO 

£ 

iD 

8 

Os' 

51,565 

Cl 

Cl 

o' 

856 

7,430 

1,821 

8 

CD  CO 

S  ID 
cf  r-T 

g 

cf 

Teachers. 

Total. 

Women. 

00 

00 

S3 00 

LZZ 

8 

Cl 

1,482 

So 

Cl 

GO  ^  CD 

CD  CO  C5 

TT 

O 

001 

u 

ID 

05 

Men. 

i-4  05 

CD  CO 

CM 

s 

Cl 

8 

CO 

1,609 

00 

/ 

C 1 

iD  CO  Cl 

ID  CO  CD 

CO 

05 

s§  s 

iD 

Other 

schools. 

«© 

CO 

CD 

iO 

•  00  1-H 

3 

Cl  TJ1 

Voca¬ 

tional. 

20 

CD 

oo 

397 

GO 

CO 

P«  CD  05 

CO  CD 

38 

Second¬ 

ary 

(high). 

3 

ID 

8 

48 

■rr 

CM 

1,008 

CO 

67 

319 

66 

24 

213 

CO 

CD 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary. 

OS 

Cl 

128 

29 

P» 

cc 

<N 

1,670 

iD 

30 

OHN 

HCD00 

Cl 

ID 

60 

39 

S3 

City 

school 

systems 

report¬ 

ing. 

Cl  Cl 

Cl 

CO 

1C 

H  CO  H 

Cl 

rH  Cl 

) 

States. 

- 

d 

ii 

23 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri  7 . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

£ 

e 

£ 

ec 

K 

1 

£ 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina. . . 

North  Dakota. .. . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania. ... 
Rhode  Island .... 
South  Carolina. . . 

South  Dakota _ 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia. .. . 

Wisconsin . 

Wvomine . 

GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  to  100,000  POPULATION. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  453 


Table  74. — Summary  of  statistics  of  public  evening  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


454 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


455 


3,872 

2,628 
30,335 
2, 412 
651 

225 

4,418 

707 

32, 160 

7,582 

5, 137 

|i 

zzy 

20, 885 

575 

22,646 

1,076 

1,199 

6,693 

2, 126 

13, 101 

5,264 

790 

42 

1,000 

844 

2,660 

3,570 

25, 678 

1,363 

S  j 

:  ifc 

•  .  »o 

: 

3 

2, 875 

S 

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1  is 

CO 

1,676 

3 

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1,207 

I  is 

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j  is  a 

§ 

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3, 150 

1  | 

225 
3,052 
707 
19, 491 

:  £?5g  : 

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1 

if 

§  i 

§ 

245 

3,312 

258 

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2, 812 

831 

100 

a 

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r-T  <n 

1,317 

474 

130 

15 

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3,652 

100 

8 

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4,846 

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98 

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12 

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640 

48 

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1,067 

130 

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133 

3,535 

511 

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sis  ISssr? 

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1 

2 

3 

3 

11 

Georgia . 

i  a 

III! 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Mninp 

Massachusetts.... 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

*4 

!l 

1 

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i  I 
\  1 

Nevada . 

II 

III 

ll 
1  11 
: 

North  Dakota _ 

Ohio. . 

nirlohnmo 

i  „ 
IJ 

Pennsylvania .... 
Rhode  Island. . . . 
South  Carolina... 
South  Dakota. . . . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia 

:  1 

West  Virginia _ 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

’S 

o 

3 

2 

.a 


Table  74. — Summary  of  statistics  of  public  evening  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION. 


45  6 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


>  O  C*  *00  H( 

>  LQ  •  CO  Cg  C 


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gg 


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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


457 


§  ;s 

3,(i50 

2,087 

353 

3,015 

2.  378 

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lew  Jersey . 

rew  Mexico . 

few  York . 

forth  Carolina. . . 
lorth  Dakota. .. . 

y  iii 

A  111 

outh  Carolina... 
outh  Dakota. . . . 

'ennessec . 

'exas . 

.i 

§ 


Table  74. — Summary  of  statistics  of  public  evening  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  V— CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES  OF  2,500  TO  5.000  POPULATION. 


.458 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


O  ^ 

3 


t-H  O 

00  u- 

r-K 


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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


459 


(N  O  10  N  ^ 


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CM  rH^CO 


-  £ 


9&1- 
g  x  x 

SvS 


II 

■si;* 

r1  rj  rj 


i 

O  ®  <»  O  D  0)  O  OA.K 
£££££  £££00 


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.  i  J  2-S 

MsS 

g)S'§5-S 

w>2  o+i-S 
^®5oo 
OP*Ph02CC! 


g.s 

il-sif 

o  «  -w  o  -H 
EhHD>> 


i=l  fi 

o'Ebc 

UJ.iS  ‘S  cl 

fill 

rr>  O  O 

c6  d.S2  >> 
>>>>■ 


Table  75. — Combined  summary  of  receipts  for  the  fixe  groups  of  cities  of  2,500  p>opulation  and  over,  1917-18. 


Total. 

BIEN 

<N 

$421,767,979  3 

JL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

SoroSo  £S§58 

CO  iO  ^  ©  lO  OO  OO  CO  lO  CD  00  rH  rH  00  00  ©  Tf  t}<  »C  CO  lO  0  05^  COl^CMt^^ 

csTod'oTcoVcr  i-TirToT^T-r  r-T  i-Tcc'  c^T  j^T  cT  o'  acTco'c^Nf'©'  cdsTf'o'Tf'cT 

ggsfcSo  as&sa  ssssss  ssssas 

.-Tr-TrH'cft''^'  cT  Tf" r-TcT  ^h'^'j-ToTio'  Co'mT  r-TcToc'  gjJVH*  CSjC<f  co"  thVh“ 

All  other 

rH 

$16,845,710 

171,186 

201 

16,896 

583, 192 

200,680 

701,466 

8,357 

100,584 

59,654 

148, 104 

72.839 

2, 131,064 

890,912 

351, 743 

148, 115 

140, 154 

49, 718 

42, 151 

5,121 

435,423 

941,785 

372,806 

69.840 

659,345 

15,947 

245, 246 

5,316 

98, 626 

729,663 

5,162 

Sales  of 

© 

$1,149,390 

•  •  CO  O  ©  ^ 

•  :<nSoo  S3 

•  •  ^<n\-T  co' 

221 

1,790 

100 

90,879 

899 

63, 161 

4,842 

4,518 

1,051 

1  38  :i 
s'  ss'a  :? 

5)  139 

801 

800 

268 

6,293 

Loans  and 

i 

1 

O. 

$38,076,320 

128, 269 
100,000 
284, 206 
365,925 
266,317 

605,745 

103,614 

25,000 

903 

2,439,972 

456, 105 

1,538,758 

414, 404 

908, 798 

157,388 

784,482 

4,517,876 

1,718,224 

337,048 

264,000 

100 

32,000 

2,025,441 

168,900 

General 

taxes. 

CO 

1 

i 

308, 697 
620,014 
1,190,762 
8,568,565 
3,018,961 

2,667,146 
495, 846 

1,086,846 

1,010,230 

755, 868 
27,591,367 
7,211,257 
6,704,798 
4,295,386 

1,651,672 

1,620,379 

438, 460 

2,610,556 

11,735,773 

8,100,229 

6,296,509 

538,415 

9,615,537 

1,434,600 

2,701,311 

155,660 

942,083 

8,691,721 

357, 26.1 

Appropri¬ 
ations  from 

city 

treasury. 

!>• 

CO 

cT 

co 

3 

326,054 

70,560 

559,988 

5,255,606 

to  • 
CO  • 

oT  • 

°  ; 
of  ’ 

00  o  'too 

to  CO  •  o 

CO  ©  •  CO  <M 

^  oT  •  t-T h 

U-  •  to 

©  •  <N 

131,938 
102, 708 
477,949 

15,234, 171 

3,950,941 

1, 153, 642 

113,844 

26,543 

142,588 

2,359 

372,986 

1,897,375 

Subven¬ 
tions  and 

11 

jr 

«0 

$846,028 

18,508 
501 
508, 138 
29,283 

2,108 

15,936 

11, 881 
20,774 
8,485 

1,396 

4,000 

2,314 

590 

2,590 

4,744 

28,927 

1,600 

8,342 

1,626 

6,761 

3,691 

12,555 

Subven¬ 
tions  and 

gran  is  irom 
county. 

$16,228, 128 

637, 702 
291, 204 

5,227,940 

784,261 

65,638 

sf 

274,186 

65,940 

779,062 

116,461 

217,886 

7,104 

1,274,577 

182,483 

13,753 

36,081 

382,632 

12,111 

118,619 

359,210 

18,300 

207, 205 
105,072 

Subven¬ 
tions  and 

grams  irom 
States. 

H 

$45,176,921 

130, 189 
58,041 
160,077 
3, 716, 254 
433,324 

480,428 
11,604 
2,049,657 
170, 150 
592,735 

165,939 
2,253,430 
1,773,688 
248, 879 
213, 446 

719,828 
381,433 
926, 199 
170,687 
202,681 

3,060,808 
1,177,782 
167, 134 
1,038,184 
514,339 

145,219 
84,066 
33, 191 
7,764,534 
174,008 

From  the 
United 
States  for 

vocational 

education. 

vs 

00 

1 

588 

200 

2,855 

800 

2,246 

19,607 

3,348 

8,470 

11,462 

7,128 

815 

2,483 

4,730 

9,334 

1  ill? 

cT  cTcC  ■  <? 

§  :  §33  :  i 

-  •  NtOCO  •  • 

f  ;  «  :  : 

City 

school 

systems. 

£1 

© 

csT 

8S8S8 

States. 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . .  . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana 

Iowa . 

Kansas..  .  . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Montana 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersev . 

New  Mexico . 

461 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1018, 


Ssssl  §§!!!  IsISS  Ills 

s¥ii¥  iiiss  iWil  sssi 

£.H  co'o'co'  r-T  oToc'csTi-Tei'  rO'ei'o' 


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s¥s¥i  s¥”¥“  b|5S|'  gw-' 

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40,573 

3,952 

4,871 

194,032 

4,482 

643 

499,309 

441 

SUSS  sill 

•f  »s-  g'stf 

2,543,625 

389,890 

60,000 

6,785,996 

520,513 

61,027 

4,757,117 

68,504 

ISIII  ISli 

1  s'llll  gag- 

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152200 


Table  76. — S  ummary  of  receipts ,  city  school  systems,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


462 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


463 


1  Estimates  are  included  for  two  city  school  systems  not  reporting. 


Table  76. — Summary  of  receipts,  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


464 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


465 


i 


■  Included  in  column  5.  *  Estimates  are  included  for  33  city  school 


Table  76. — Summary  of  receipts,  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III. — CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION-Continued. 


466  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  467 


4  Estimated.  5  Estimates  are  included  for  78  city  school  systems  not  reporting.  8  Largely  estimated. 


468 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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fl^  ©TJ  fl 

o5-Sl§ 

£p£?-g 


:|g  :  :  :  : 

418 

341 

84 

•  .s . 

•  ON  *00  • 

•  F-  CM  *00  • 

•  nr  o  *co  • 

r 

n 

•  T-T  •  cm'  ;  ' 

.  CO 
:•§§ 


‘O  CO  05  oc  o 


•  CO  OC’  0»OCMNX 

)  CM  CM  i-H  co 


ggSl-3 

•s-cts-a's 


Cl' 

.2  ®  o 
O  fl-g  ' 

I  lil-C 

g®.2  © 
oOQfei 


.a  c 

j=  ®  .2  c3  a 

T3fl3  0  Ok^ 


©  g"fl  fl  fl 


§|.S-d 


.2  .a  .a  .a  o 


£>  > 
©  ® 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


Ill  Ssli§  §§s!2  llllg  ills 
Ilf  l¥li¥  IlSs'i  S’iiil'  I11S 


IlSsl  sgsll  §1S1§  g=SI 
sg"  gssgg'  sgN'ss‘  sVsss's'  sssN' 


s ; 

§ 

HLOO 

£ 

$  i 

1 i 

I 

<N 

52 

<M  • 

ii 

8 

ilg 

1 

i  1 

SI 

Ih 

•  CO 

S 

i$* 

i 

■  » 

1 

lls  l;g||  Igill  ISgIS  §111 
i¥s  liSl'l  §¥*'§¥  »¥§!¥  Sli's 


sf 


1 


I 


I 


Hi 


IS  IIISl  11 
gf*  "“s'  8  S” 


111  liSSl  Isill  §1111  §lil 
“ss*  sssgs  8§p|  gfs"  ss'g's 


;  Mss  is  i  M 

Mil  j  s  is  i 

:  :  i«*-"  •‘o  :  : 

28^  252^2^ 


Table  77. — Expenditure  per  capita  for  pupils  in  average  attendance  in  city  schools. 


470 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Total. 

1917-18 

52 

3 

1 

22223  %%%&&  283S8  28283 
£8888  3S88£  44444  22222  22444  88882 

1915-16 

<N 

$44.60 

83S88  S82S8  S38S8  82888  838£Sc  8828S 
88£88  88228  44444  38338  2SS3S  £8323 

/ 

Group  V. 

1917-18 

5 

$41. 57 

27. 38 
54.  57 

20. 74 
54. 12 

47. 74 

42.82 

46.54 

is§8  g££83  38838  33388  88883 
:3S  44444  88882  22222  44442 

Group  IV. 

1917-18 

as 

$40.  51 

23.  52 
60.05 
29. 35 
69.  79 
54.23 

37.77 

i88  8£882  88838  82882  2 
\z*  44444  44444  88838  4 

S88 

424 

1915-16 

00 

s 

8 

21.47 
58.61 
16. 06 
64. 37 
47.78 

31.02 

ig£  38283  *n°o®  82332  2 
:23  38888  £3838  8388S  S3 

36. 71 

47. 98 

24.02 

Group  III. 

00 

05 

S3 

I 

21.17 
43.30 
32.  58 
62. 25 
58. 10 

47.77 

i22  88338  88333  88233  222£2 
:S£  24444  88883  38388  38^33 

•  -  - 

4 1915-16 

se 

$37.68 

23. 91 
44.07 
26.65 
56. 85 
41.14 

38.68 

£2888  ££288  38322  38838 
:88  88888  8S8g£  2828S  88883 

Group  II. 

00 

ti 

05 

$47.  88 

29.33 

24.06 

81.16 

51.37 

53.30 

38.37 

i28 

;88 

3388  2  is  i 
2224  4  |8  i 

52. 65 

48. 23 
53.12 

34.07 

103.06 

46. 29 

£5  i 
44  j 

2 1915-16 

8 

i 

21.20 

27.02 

71.83 

53.32 

44.30 

62.32 

i££ 

;SS 

44.64 
47. 91 
51.44 
42. 57 

34.93 
22. 26 
37.27 

44.23 

41.88 

39.54 

32. 79 
56. 19 

50.46 

£8  i 
32  i 

Group  I. 

1917-18 

©9 

s 

t 

30.04 

iS8  3  !j 

\22  4  is 

52  i3 

8  jcS 

S§  i 
83  i 

45.39 

40.74 

22  £8  i 
88  88  i 

59. 76 

61.16 

g  i 
8  i 

1915-16 

<N 

s 

3 

26.  20 

ig£  £ 
:83  8  j: 

2  :8 

2  jS 

88  i 
28  i 

39. 31 
32.65 

S3  £3  ! 
S3  38  i 

52. 21 

52. 13 

06  'Lf 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  ot  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Tdahn _ 

Isli 

ivansas . 

Kentucky . 

Dnnisiana . 

Maine _ 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana .... 

Nebraska . 

Nevada _ 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 1 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


471 


3S883  §3383  88338  S23S 
88338  sssgjg  88S38  3333 


38S82  8833SS  88S£3  £338 
38838  38323  33388  = 


3838S  28333  88£§8  §332 

38S38  3S838  88838  §333  ,  o-| 


§2388  3§8§8  8SSS28  £§§£ 
33338  33883  38888  3838 


33288  882SS  33828  8288 
32383  38323  28332  333?? 


38S82  §8388  33383  8823 
38838  33388  88338  3838 


§§£82  32323  88 
88888  38823  28 


Table  78. — Combined  summary  of  current  expenses ,  outlays,  and  other  payments  for  school  purposes  in  the  five  groups  of  cities  of  2,500  population  and 

over,  19 17-18. 1 


472  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Expenses 

of  debt 

service. 

w 

CD  1 
IO 

CO 

1 

Iff 

CO 

1 

192, 679 

83,  631 

153,  609 

1,802,064 

238, 657 

1  ’ 

513,261 

30, 312 

524,037 

352,032 

40, 363 

151, 180 

1, 143, 591 

944, 578 

690, 844 

489, 799 

111,650 

33.858 

41,502 

13,804 

2, 789,008 

Outlay, 

capital, 
acquisi¬ 
tion,  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

if* 

CO 

CO 

LO 

o§ 

CO 

6C 

82,988 

98,090 

435, 102 

1, 874, 765 

407,582 

1,205,371 

48, 403 

279, 256 

218, 150 

386, 612 

164, 747 

5,273,  825 

1,094, 327 

2,925, 234 

1,117, 353 

529, 623 

91,000 

73,005 

27,436 

3,670,076 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

•># 

$334,018,175 

1, 481, 365 

845, 552 

1,014,  217 

17,201,570 

3,881,621 

8, 118,404 

477,055 

2,904, 615 

1,158,413 

2,568,017 

975,959 

26,232,407 

9, 128, 858 

6,497,528 

3, 892,371 

2,561,662 

2,086,430 

2, 194, 764 

2,798,734 

25,318,012 

Fixed 

charges, 

pensions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

s 

s 

LTj 

ss 

17, 098 

10, 176 

27,519 

146, 896 

54,507 

66,356 

3,281 

14,494 

14, 704 

35,395 

9  275 

306*006 

148, 253 

105, 374 

78,964 

31, 133 

9, 723 

23,042 

13,743 
203, 797 

Ex¬ 
penses  of 
auxiliary 
agencies. 

$6,812,114 

22,988 
5,530 
5,501 
358, 104 

24, 704 

305,215 

54,028 

23,241 

15, 236 

29,583 

289, 285 

332,586 

87, 297 

58,836 

8,574 

11,843 

72,554 

2,549 

776,576 

Mainte¬ 
nance, 
repairs, 
replace¬ 
ment  of 
equip¬ 
ment,  etc. 

ii 

fcO 

CO 
CO 
00  , 
§ 

120, 718 
55,545 
27, 507 
640,024 
157, 683 

473,304 

7,754 

166,032 

60,992 

80, 862 

52,739 

1,518,683 

448, 612 

293,301 

293,507 

102,561 

69, 229 

91, 177 

59,392 
1, 214, 372 

| 

Fuel, 

water, 

light, 

power, 

janitors’ 

supplies, 

etc. 

e 

$21,309,709 

67,068 
54,374 
45,325 
567, 125 
243,590 

638,977 
6, 246 
136,885 
47, 409 
130,500 

184, 184 
1,943, 661 
792, 858 

578, 414 

282, 122 

169, 687 

68,399 

239, 029 

157, 820 
1,9H9, 817 

o 

K 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and  other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

05 

$21,511,829 

71, 891 
47,147 
52,268 
980, 867 
233,726 

490, 666 
85, 256 
188, 430 
41,907 
98, 912 

61,812 
2,128,734 
613, 644 
493,479 
254,678 

168, 146 
96, 318 
135, 752 

188, 337 
1,697, 685 

MO 

CO 

© 

CD  CO 

CO  00 

CM  CM 
O  CO 

CM 

05 

CD  CM 
i-*  i-i  r- 
CD  CO  00 

•  Tt<  05  COO) 

E888S 

*8 

s 

cfcf 

1 

ccT 

cm'  io'co' 

•  oc  r-T  oT  oT 

•  CO  CD  rH 

•  CM 

| 

Text¬ 
books,  sta¬ 
tionery, 
supplies, 
ana  other 
expenses 
of  instruc¬ 
tion. 

Tt< 

s 

CO 

29, 471 
33, 744 
18,365 
607, 605 
151,872 

414,352 
27, 451 
185, 960 
9,376 
71,822 

49,411 
619, 341 
242,985 
317, 107 
130,  784 

71, 121 
55, 230 
134, 930 
118, 184 
1,223,373 

j 

CO 

*o 

O 

rZ 

o 

Salaries  of 
teachers. 

«e 

$206,065,137 

941, 083 
533, 803 
663, 754 
11,393,524 
2,398,974 

4, 721, 735 
325, 825 
1,923, 458 
786, 742 
1,805,525 

489,599 
16, 194, 104 
5,072,583 
3,809, 279 
2,234,342 

1,567,529 
1,448, 784 
1,250,978 
1,920,253 
15,035,783 

c? 

0  ! 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
princi¬ 
pals. 

$21,501,359 

106, 228 
38, 673 
76, 969 
1, 184, 787 
277,  690 

418, 214 

112,596 
91,469 
173, 641 

38,207 
1,578,006 
584, 177 
352,862 
270,580 

223, 929 
178,567 
77,560 
214,750 
1, 438, 235 

Salaries 
and ex¬ 
penses  of 
super¬ 
visors. 

$5,089,647 

22,316 
17, 007 
19.386 

335,328 

107,072 

246,964 

35, 209 
17, 675 
16,215 

11,127 
223, 800 
354.942 
148,564 
60,422 

52,412 
7,370 
66,335 
17,354 
468, 655 

o 

o 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

09 

1 

CO 

of 

67, 696 
39, 229 
60,565 
295,537 
101, 839 

173, 245 
16,084 
27, 297 
37,090 
124,212 

37,085 
633,458 
291,948 
206,325 
140, 605 

102,369 
35, 609 
81, 161 
58,500 
643, 149 

'S 

c 

3 

o 

Business. 

oc 

00 

CO 

CM 

CD~ 

12,462  | 

7,451  1 

17.058 

289, 846 
115,335 

92, 449 
5. 158 

17,  6Q9 
22, 492 
11,825 

12,937 
558,916 
184,329 
86, 133 
77, 614 

57,423 
101, 122 
8, 880 
29, 799 
360, 440 

States. 

- 

U.  S . 

Ala . . 

Ariz . 

Ark . 

Calif . 

Colo . 

Conn . 

Del . 

D.  C . 

Fla . 

Ga . 

Idaho . 

Ill . 

Ind . 

Iowa. . . . 
Kans. 

Ky . 

La . 

Me . 

Md . 

Mass . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


473 


sms 


§§8Si 

13W 


clgll 

sWf 


sggsi 

iiW 

o' 


Hill 


•SIS 


iSssg  silll  iisii  llgsg  18sll  sill 

gl>¥§  pK'iS'  sisgi  §W|  flSSS  851® 

*a  f-T  i-T  eo'  -^T  tsT  to*  f-T  i-T  i-T 

13,353,907 
8,288,393 
904, 316 
9, 630,  603 
1,961,293 

2,985,904 

203,518 

1,457,228 

17,937,549 

549,495 

60,416,704 
1,332,514 
687,017 
22,563,192 
2, 665, 704 

2,939,578 
29,960, 247 
3,282,018 
844,062 
896,348 

2,127,041 

6, 281,776 

2,006,664 

1,103,610 

2, 480, 708 

5, 759, 123 

1,842, 770 

7, 794, 795 

424,544 

illfl  llsss  IslSl  liiis  IISls  fsss 
ag's‘8'8'  |8's§8  si's®'"  s'e'ss's'  ssfg®' 

glssS  Sslls  lEsS!  IS1IS  11111  slls 

2S”3'S  S"S'|'-'  I's'^i's  s|ss-'  s'gsss  s's'?'-' 

IsSES  Sills  lllsl  silsa  sllll  aisl 
g'g'sfg's  fuss's"  gWa's  ligs's  sagas'  s's's's 

ssssi  mms  gsgsi  issii  sim  sus  i 

s¥3¥3  §“§§"  §8'®¥¥  S'g¥*"3  s'lVs's  I'sas 

—7  t-T  csT 

SlalS  islsg  §!§§§  §glls  gills  111! 
||s'|¥  g's's'g'sf  g's's'gg'  sfg'gsfs'  gg'i's'i  §s'§'?f 

»-T  t-T  <n  t-T  cn' 

Isill  1  ialil  Ilils  SSIIs  ssEIS  III! 

g'8'  f$  S'  S8|S'”'  S'-'-'l?  ss'g'-' 

sisii  gssss  Eiiis  aggsa  sssss  gggg 

s'l's'i's'  g's's'i's'  s's's'gs  s'g'i's's'  s's'g's's'  g's's's' 

~  S' 

7, 989, 808 
4, 859, 294 
651, 182 
5, 717, 592 
1, 076, 202 

1,697, 225 
127,469 
808, 228 
10,968, 472 
309, 148 

40, 193,868 
920, 222 
375, 574 
13, 548, 525 
1, 646, 689 

1,946, 188 
17,342,908 
1,929,056 
575.534 
473;  148 

1,401,396 
4,263,091 
1, 170, 134 
570,084 
1,710,097 

3,520,529 
1,086, 248 
4,433,408 
236, 161 

ESila  sill!  is!!!  ISIs!  !§!§!  6111 
g'a's'g'sf  |“'s'3's  gss'g's  g'g'a's's'  g|'ss's'  s'ss'a' 

*-T  t-T  r-T 

feSili  sills  sisSs  13331  Essli  SSsi 
|g'®'g'R'  s»s'ga'  I's's's's  s5fs'“'s'  s'a's's's  s's's''' 

1SIII  illlS  llssi  slsll  iiissi  SSss 

gsigsss  gsssg#  sggW  sgVsss;  sWi 

Irrss  ilsll  Sisis  iilis  §1113  ISIS 
§'g'“g's'  g's'sg'g  a's's'^'s  a'a's''" 

!  ;  \  i  :  :  :  : 

lio:§  |g:u 

ZZZZZ  OP-CndcQ 


1>* 


Di»  ££££ 


Table  79. — Summary  of  current  expenses ,  outlays ,  and  other  payments  for  school  purposes,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


474  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Expenses 

of  debt 

service. 

«c 

CO 

o 

s 

si 

135,713 

O  •  rH 

5o  •  n 

oc  •  cT 

CO  •  CO 

05  • 

s 

a 

ii 

£8 

!8 

IS 

Outlay, 

capital, 

acquisi¬ 

tion,  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

$23,^67,496 

33, 070 

CO 

££  So 

sfe"  sf 

i 

§ 

22 

O 

o 

3  cm 

11 

co' 

43, 676 

11,491 

1.095, 056 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

$162,666,467 

639, 849 

lO  lO  y—4 

§ 

§§  sf 

CM  X  o 

CO 

8 

i 

§ 

li 

li 

m 

15 

IS 

8¥ 

05  1-H  fH 

cm' 

COIN 

rH  rH 

CM  05 

Fixed 

charges, 

pensions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

*2 

$1,425,383 

8,721 

228  S3 

00  o  u- 
oT  io'  N 

O  CO 

8 

8 

CO 

tss 

ii 

83 

ON 

Ex¬ 
penses  of 
auxiliary 
agencies. 

Ol 

$3,253,568 

NN  05 

2  O  05 

oTcsT 

X  t-4  <M 

§ 

a 

191,131 

209, 278 

2,824 

il 

s' 

i  ^  i  O 

o  a?  CO  o  O  • 

- 

$6, 780, 057 

41, 704 

CO  CO 

toio  o 

CO  C5  CO 

afs"  g" 

CM  ^ 

1 

1 

1 

Si 

§s 

Si 

*3 

s  P  ©  a  S  © 

a 

8 

Ss 

83 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Fuel, 

water, 

light, 

power, 

janitors’ 

supplies, 

etc. 

o 

$7, 712, 873 

27, 153 

8  05  O 

So  §5  ro 

IN  rH 

1 

i 

27, 872 

-X 

63, 832 

46, 819 

SI 

s¥ 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and  other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

$9,963,552 

41, 793 

476, 083 
89, 549 

123, 716 

s 

1 

22 

CM 

sC 

li 

§§' 

84, 064 

67, 935 

§1 

is 

I 

o 

1 

I 

Night 

schools. 

GC 

$2,870,437 

CO 

N*  X  00 

iO(N  tj- 

CO  C5 

s 

IS 

Eg 

IS 

CO  CM  05 

X  i-H  rH 

CM 

a 

P 

*0  Tjir 

-1 

Day  schools. 

Text¬ 
books,  sta¬ 
tionery, 
supplies, 
and  other 
expenses 
of  instruc¬ 
tion. 

1 

8 

tO 

14, 839 

lO  1C  Tf 

38  S' 

CM  i-» 

1 

g 

23*' 

II 

44,115 

51,800 

1,620,760  j  85,930 
6,003,857  1  429,216 

Salaries  of 
teachers. 

$105,162,261 

433, 351 

C5t>  Tf 

s 

88  8 

CO  CM  i— 

co'  f-T  *-T 

S 

§ 

l 

1 

II 

rjToo' 

tes 

cTi-T 

652,867 

1,029,439 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
princi¬ 
pals. 

$11,581,168 

B 

I  CO 

©  o 

©  3  8 

r-T  r-T  OCT 

§22  22 

112,596 

1 

Si 

rH’ 

•  87,029 

116,122 

11 

ss 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
super¬ 
visors. 

** 

$1,309,000 

CO 

C5 

X  ^  O 

co  cm  u- 

rH  CO  CO 

1 

11 

3  I 

B8 

CO  CO  00 

co  •  co 

§ 

- 

§  ; 

CM 

si 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

$3,252,778 

1 

CN  CO 

LO  O 

C5  CM  X 

8 

1 

SI 

II 

00 

r-  «0  X 

CM  CM  i-« 

8 

22£ 

Business. 

$3,289,760 

o 

So 

co  X 

ffs  s 

1 

il 

II 

Si 

s¥ 

Xr  P-r 

rH  CO  CO 

cm 

2S 

States. 

- 

U.  S . 

Ala . 

Ariz . 

Ark. . 1 

Calif . 

Colo . 

Conn . 

Del . 

D.C . 

Fla . 

Ga . 

Idaho . 

Ill . 

Ind . 

Iowa _ 

Kans . 

>>  d  o 

Md . 

Mass . . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


475 


SI 

1 

231,669 

il 

775,790 

i 

§ 

82,446 

2,256,984 

196, 460 

135,592 

:s  l 

i  8 

CO 

s 

i 

2,372, 107 
646, 898 

§ 

i 

544,799 

is 

;3 

2,657,553 

§ 

1' 

<N 

360, 815 

1,917,321 

46,004 

. 

345,213 

is  5 
K  §' 

s 

§ 

5,611,440 

4,338,738 

a 

f 

1,524,991 

is 

;§' 

•«r 

48,792,281 

12,105,491 

2,051,335 

14,263,302 

1,493,948 

1,227,900 

is  s 

is'  1 
:  « 

1 

g 

10,615 
59, 825 

58 

s 

8  i 
8  : 

!  ^ 
jef 

165,990 

189,915 

12, 552 
209, 158 
1,653 

. 

19,862 

jg  s 

•  io  t-T 

1 

21,675 
70, 719 

i 

i 

22, 170 

is 

:S 

942,077 

241,641 

6, 148 
364,493 
29, 254 

•  !>- 

•  & 

•  v-H  CO 

•  OO  S 

is  s* 

59,895 

125, 238 
261, 539 

oc 

5 

§ 

46,078 

is 

:s 

1,467,496 

1 

I 

69, 526 
722, 834 
100, 782 

135,582 

is  i 

:S  S' 

237, 514 

289,019 
288, 911 

5 

S 

106, 834 

is 

jtf 

1,480,000 

816,654 

108,814 
594, 207 
110,086 

47,076 

is  i 

•s'  s' 

232,435 

511,764 

288, 598 

3 

104, 113 

i! 

jg 

2,265,234 

782,712 

122,535 
1,006, 209 
117, 638 

68, 154 

is  s 
i“-  8' 

60,851  142,690 

' 

143,755 
10, 222 

I 

a 

17, 778 

is 

:2 

1,079, 830 

145,279 

33,202 
197, 146 
27, 620 

477 

il  1 

:K  S 

170,409 

134,443 

I 

1 

75,076 

ii 

i| 

1,756,599 

1 

s 

44, 409 
705, 343 
60, 191 

i  1 

:  S' 

is  i 

•  c3  S 

87,448 

3,685, 125 
2,782,867 

1 

1 

891,951 

\  CO 

is* 

\  ° 

•  t}T 

33,246,277 

7,287,024  | 

1,383,940 
8, 599, 585 
931,480 

825,094 

is  s 
i§  s 

!  c^T 

1 

i 

410,416 

255,049 

1 

116, 162 

is 

.  © 

; 

4,404,725 

671,197 

126, 524 
1,062,265 
32,312 

40,723 

ig  i 
is  § 

181, 102 

69,750 
43, 194 

o 

53 

sf 

18, 535 

is 

111,778 

41,660 

18, 395 
154, 188 
33,481 

21,487 

il  i 

is  S' 

31,107 

103,256 
79, 126 

g 

§ 

18,015 

il 

jg 

1,371,638 

249,568 

28,772 
258, 201 
20,076 

17,852 

ig  Sj 

is  § 

1 

3' 

70, 418 
64, 245 

CO 

I 

42,553 

ii 

•  cT 

500, 637 

487, 188 

96, 518 
389, 673 
29,375 

17, 544 

il  1 
i“  s' 

33,978 

Mich . 

Minn . 

Miss 

yj 

©  o 

jji 

N.  Y . 

N.C . 

i 

z 

Ohio . 

Okla . 

Oreg . 

Pa . 

R.  I . 

S. C . 

o.  u aK _ 

Tenn . 

Tex _ 

Utah . 

VI . 

Va . 

Wash . 

W.  Va . 

Wis . 

Wvo _ 

TaBLE  79. — Summary  of  current  expenses,  outlays,  and  other  payments  for  school  purposes  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION.! 


476 


•BIENNIAL  SURVEY 


OF  EDUCATION, 


1916-1918. 


Expenses 

of  debt 

service. 

«e 

o 

GO 

oT 

tC 

8 

CO 

00 

cT 

10, 500 

2.54,991 

39,680 

298,435 

21,988 

ill 

:88 
•  CO 

383,219 

281,912 

269, 104 

125,221 

28,727 

s 

Outlay, 

capital, 

acquisi- 

HUH,  H.11U 

construc¬ 

tion. 

CO 

© 

CO 

$ 

<N 

18,366 

[  165,664 

142,638 

21,484 

744,586 

48,403 

ill 

838, 331 

215,965 

900, 273 

164,333 

193,249 

1 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

tinges ‘*s$ 

296,031 

200, 308  | 

2,425,969 

365,110 

2,231,611 

392,765 

:li§ 

:8Sf 

.  10  co 

2,484,340 

1,948,088 

2,750,102 

1,318,054 

477,436 

1 

£ 

ttZ‘$Z2‘L  1 

Fixed 

charges, 

pensions, 

lento, 

taxes, 

etc. 

M 

$602,335 

5,431 

4,418 

40, 251 

2,852 

23,418 

•  00  ^ 

■  0 

•  r^-"oo" 

30,780 

8,771 

42,865 

23, 363 

11,516 

| 

Ex¬ 
penses  of 

1 

'$1,050,670 

18,048 

•  tJH  o  u-  • 

•to  W  05  • 

•  00  05  ^  • 

•  «ocsf  05"  • 

•  ^  10  • 

4,671 

10,248 

27, 275 

73,643 

57,917 

34,525 

2,031 

1 

s 

Mainte- 

repairs, 
replace¬ 
ment  of 
equip¬ 
ment,  etc. 

- 

1 

$2,577,722 

16, 876 

2,421 
119,731 
17, 328 

163, 322 

(3) 

45,468 

18,530 

160,579 

103,296 

122, 332 

132,484 

17,811 

1 

1 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Fuel, 

water, 

light, 

power, 

janitors’ 

supplies, 

O 

z,io‘8ts‘ed 

15,552 

•  r- (  t}H  CO 

•  O  co  to 

•  co  0  oa . 

•  ooc5  ©  w' 

216,989 

159, 637 

223,732 

103,903 

32,052 

<N 

£ 

to" 

g 

S' 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and  other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

3S 

$3,754,282 

11,379 

9,857 
146, 657 
31,168 

136,501 
79, 322 

isi 

191,223 
144,433 
213, 866 
84,772 

30,022 

l 

s' 

1 

« 

3 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools.' 

00 

$494,532 

S  : 

•  0  CO  • 

•  (NT  r-T  Oi"  • 

•  0  CO  • 

•  ZO  • 

•  ^  i 

7,964 

8,879 

16,517 

8,739 

CO 

i 

Day  schools. 

Text¬ 
books,  sta¬ 
tionery, 
supplies, 
and  other 
expenses 
of  instruc¬ 
tion. 

1 

OO 

© 

co" 

115,085 

22,038 

120,773 

21,805 

:  is 

:  :gf 

77,483 
30,478 
163, 374 
.  51,520 

14,277 

a 

co" 

1 

g 

Salaries  of 
teachers. 

$33,084,519 

179, 945 

166,598 
1,570, 062 
201,086 

1,271,587 

277,225 

•  w  oS 

is? 

1,457,801 

1,154,982 

1,625,408 

724,590 

289,156 

8 

i 

g 

i 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
princi¬ 
pals. 

198  ‘999 ‘St 

I  ■ 

24,060 

(2) 

159,044 

27,676 

144,334 

m 

•  oTt-T 

•  t-H  CO 

!  i 

162,673 

132,980 

150,694 

83,978 

46,079 

£ 

I 

§ 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
super¬ 
visors. 

6gg‘s£ifi$ 

1 

O 

o 

05 

©" 

8,065 

23,517 

15,266 

73,322 

i§g 

•  CO  C5 

48,989 
76, 127 
48,397 
12,794 

12,199 

£ 

g 

8 

1 

1 

/ 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

*9 

5 

of 

(M 

© 

CO 

00 

CO 

o" 

4,774 

27,002 

9,086 

25,910 

10,455 

ill 

:"8 

iiii  1 
s'sfsfa'  3 

1 

CO 

1 

s? 

Business. 

<N 

to 

oT 

co 

1  S 

3,473 

4,175 

27,788 

7,330 

8,226 

3,958 

<N  co 

i 

s'sVs 

£ 

S 

s' 

States. 

- 

u.  s . 

Ala . 

Ariz . 

Ark . 

Calif . 

Colo . 

Conn . 

Del . 

Fla . 

Ga . 

Idaho . 

Ill . 

Ind . 

Iowa . 

Kans  .... 

Ky . 

T.n. 

j  OT 

I 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


477 


11 

gs 

156, 106 
11,729 

42,464 

SI 

»'!' 

!i 

eo'co 

SS 

Is 

s's 

iO 

li : 
if  : 

ill 

:2S' 

;  co 

i 

•  QOCM 

IS 

11 

ii  i 

(M  ^ 

: 

II 

§ 

II 

g* 

SI 

r 

sgg 

§§'“' 

lie 

SS'88' 

§  SS5 
s'  s's's' 

2,207,213 

728,550 

is  8 
g'g  I 

SI 

s¥ 

§1 

S3 

1C  T* 

i'f 

<N 

3BS 

IIS' 

iO 

sis 

S'§'§ 

ef- 

-4  r^.  O 

8  33S3 

s'  g'fs 

II  S 

t}<  <N 

II 

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1  i 

s'; 

IS 

S'” 

sii 

oo'ec  us 

oo%jV 

1  88. 8 

Tj<  eo"o5  oo 

si 

T-H  IO 

1-1 

15  g 

lO  CO 

IS 

"¥ 

B* 

S 

11 

a'”' 

sis 

I"'”' 

ill 

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S  sis 

aT  oo'oTo' 

SI 

sa' 

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SS  8 

s§ 

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s'" 

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s'3' 

SSI 

III 

388'S' 

1  511 

S'  88"  3 

o 

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ii  i 

ss~  s' 

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sS 

i"' 

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S' 

CO  ^  ^ 

5?  cS  IO 

s'3'-'' 

III 

S'S'S 

1  BBS 

s'  S88' 

Si 

IS  1 
s's s 

ii 

s¥ 

S5 

r 

IS 

a'™' 

111 

111 

s's's 

1  II  s 

8“  583 

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ii 

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SI 

s' 

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IN  N 

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s's'-' 

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^  •  00  coo* 

81 

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§H  i 

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s'" 

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181 

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5  ell 

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sl 

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s's's 

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s'g's 

8  SSI 

S'  388 

sis' 

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s'®' 

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S'*'"' 

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s's'  a' 

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s'®'-' 

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►  £12 

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478 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


1  H 
8  ! 
1  E 
I  S 

^  o 

g  P5 

h  O 


Expenset 

of  debt 

service. 

00 

o 

o' 

s 

Si 

4,500 

18,000 

50,984 

395,483 

41,000 

134,005 

:!  iigil  SI  i  :3 
;®*  Haas's  a  ;  Is' 

Outlay, 

capital, 

acquisi¬ 

tion,  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

iQ 

© 

2 

cT 

28,552 

43,681 

229,491 

620,708 

3,878 

193,952 

21,668 

352,484 

338, 178 

853,302 

271,549 

3,322 

22,540 

11,198 

431,352 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

1 

$50,084,947 

178,091 

223. 328 

356,599 

2,985,636 

402,735 

2,016,086 

200,214 

301, 176 

250,393 

3,087,428 

2,752,239 

1,717,952 

837,113 

272,917 

294,669 

517,576 

221,141 

4,069,233 

Fixed 

charges, 

pensions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

os 

<n 

$ 

s 

£ 

552 

1,719 

9,828 

22,768 

3,757 

20,106 

IE  Sslll  Iks  IS 
-a'stffc'  ;s~ 

Ex¬ 
penses  of 
auxiliary 
agencies. 

1  $916,805 

1,550 

277 

3,054 

50,323 

4,921 

46,059 

§£  ISsEI  !§S§! 
-s‘s'sv'  3 

Mainte¬ 
nance, 
repairs, 
replace¬ 
ment  of 
equip¬ 
ment,  etc. 

3 

1 

$2,466,774 

11,996 

3,658 

7,850 

120,095 

9,107 

102,380 

7,034 

9,310 

27,060 

249,086 

155,436 

92,963 

45,617 

14,587 

4,108 

19, 888 

10,960 

202,161 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Fuel, 

water, 

light, 

power, 

janitors’ 

supplies, 

etc.. 

o 

CO 

O 

CO 

CO  ! 
00 
o 

co 

8,541 
12,277 
19, 308 
104,535 
24,562 

159,802 

•  5,616 

8,235 

41,888 

291,543 

278,040 

154,634 

58,840 

18,837 

6,030 

53,158 

15,491 
365, 190 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and  other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

as 

$3,401,755 

7,391 
11,042 
18,818 
197, 133 
22, 127 

123,471 

8,470 

17,333 

18,355 
238, 142 
195,248 
119, 166 
58,280 

19, 841 

15,408 

28, 125 

11,153 

278,530 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools. 

00 

O 

o 

I 

•  O  •  ©  1C 

•  to  •  ©r>*  co 

•  rt<  •  00  ©  t> 

•  •  o'  to' 

IS  ills!  iSSSI 

Day  schools. 

Text¬ 
books,  sta¬ 
tionery, 
supplies, 
and  other 
expenses 
of  instruc¬ 
tion. 

- 

00 

CO 

o 

o' 

CO 

SI 

3,972 

5,362 

9,776 

137,614 

13,735 

96,721 

ii  iiii§  mis 

““  ssfgss'  <=>'“323 

Salaries  of 
teachers. 

o' 

<N 

<N 

a 

109,335 
160,498 
229, 660 
1,909,880 
246,999 

1,196,114 

113,566 

182,387 

105,550 

1,752,283 

1,469,611 

997,450 

475,187 

162,474 

202,870 

273,608 

132,488 

2,356,494 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
princi¬ 
pals. 

2 

lO 

o 

co' 

19,457 

9,680 

32,902 

195,556 

36,095 

109,352 

II  SES8S  SiisS 
a'sf  “'sg's's'  a's's'a'g' 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
super¬ 
visors. 

T* 

o 

o^ 

CO 

as 

5 

3,240 

6,330 

5,662 

98,051 

13,338 

59,157 

5,600 

4,010 

6,177 
71,459 
117,067 
57, 356 
23,937 

6,447 
6,570 
29, 100 
4,657 
108,609 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

OS 

$1,674,251 

10,228 
10,034 
11,300 
71,520  ! 
11,437 

56,813 

16,030 

17,126 

10, 157 
109, 126 

94.799 
51,481 
31,054 

15,294 

12.800 
21,372 

2,919 

131,681 

Business. 

IQ 

CO 

C» 

1,829 

2,001 

8,441 

31,271 

15,982 

30, 374 

1,560 

2,614 

7,013 

46,416 

64,608 

27,914 

19,619 

2,597 

1,100 

5,300 

6,659 

27,862 

States. 

1 . S  TL 

Ala _ 

Ariz . 

Ark . 

Calif . 

Colo . 

Conn . 

Del 

d 
>  . 
;Q 

Fla . 

Ga . 

Idaho . 

Ill . 

Ind . 

Iowa . 

Kalis . 

Ky . 

La . 

Me . 

Md . 

Mass . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


479 


275,082 
198,849 
33, 425 
38, 360 
92,675 

6,320 

50,715 

458,662 

20,710 

767,632 

134,735 

16,960 

919, 899 

344,205 

71,203 

1,077,753 

17,480 

6,110 

41,925 

236,990 

16,501 

12,700 

19,280 

158,227 

105,301 

158,  111 

3,660 

IS  ill  ;  lies  S3SSS  Sis  is 
slips'  sl¥a¥  sfsr 

594,914 

215,712 

7,560 

175,855 

72,891 

234,342 

550,409 

2,091,788 

578,538 

285,005 

333,271. 

818,203 

103,749 

102,936 

616,450 

3,882,488 

106,714 

3,912,815 
539, 380 
310,013 
3,392,393 
897,358 

134,015 
4,206, 344 
770,929 
223,354 
322,722 

52,384 

1,259,599 

256, 126 

245,532 

501,593 

849,617 

514,808 

1,998,319 

93,978 

ssiil  I1SII  Is gs?s§  sllsl  mgs  1111 

oov-  -‘g  --g-  g  --  saV-' 

liliS  IIS1I  gSSSl  1SS1I 
ss"  -‘s's"  sa‘"¥“'  -ssf”'v 

12, 107 
1,442 
2,165 
6,980 

12,740 
13,233 
23, 892 
631 

147,459 
26, 134 
10, 801 
19,550 
39,952 

6,528 

3,500 

33,408 

216,973 

4,103 

183,39.0 
18,490 
13,806 
157, 084 
17,715 

3,074 

153,355 

70,817 

6,397 

11.946 

2,014 

39,578 

3,745 

9,843 

27,417 

38,702 

16.947 
83,595 

7,155 

SBSSS  SHIS  HsrI  SSS88  SiSSS  SSSI 

gss'ss  i'a'8'i's'  “'g'svV  sag" 

153,289 

46. 844 
13,780 
22,899 

71.845 

5,930 
4,000 
42,006 
238,200 
7, 528 

236„,  214 
36,480 
20,360 
280,137 
55,858 

6,216 

331,156 

57,400 

9,752 

21,122 

3,379 
65,813 
10, 808 
18,731 
28,254 

55, 288 
31,642 
132,836 
5,955 

IS  :  i  1  !  jggg  1ISSS  isii- 

t-v*  ;  ;  ;  ;  gT^vr c* 

i  in  sin 

:  “'"'a'- 

91,172 

31,733 

2,050 

13,724 

47,516 

11,093 
5, 376 
45, 285 
269, 836 
3,692 

149,916 

7,039 

13,598 

142,053 

25,829 

4,500 

336,647 

51,489 

7,144 

12,284 

11,072 

29,702 

12,400 

9,612 

34,822 

18,748 

98,487 

5,313 

UsSI  1IIIS  mgs  Hill  gssss  1121 

ggsjgs  ssgs's  §§W  ms¥  s¥i® 

-T  ’  <m"  of  c¥  <m~  h 

lillg  6§8BS  SSgsS  iSSSS 

"“ggs'  s's'sgs  :gsss 

115,322 
18,600 
10,349 
45, 390 

62,891 

30,119 

156,715 

8,676 

isiss  iiS2§  mil  ism 

8Sw,0g  toeccooo  :g?S“,®5‘ 

11,771 

4,384 

7,906 

10,630 

26,386 

12.937 

51.938 
3,205 

69,488  , 
19,965 
13, 100 
14,684 
22,541 

2,560 

3,400 

25,273 

109,895 

4,065 

168,513 

19,040 

9,565 

102,946 

28,366 

4,000 

149,246 

23,564 

8,236 

11,588 

1,800 
49, 188 
6,526 
11,511 
14,012 

22,251 

14,761 

57,292 

1,704 

mis  inn  nisi  isisS 

fjg-Wng  efg-~  oo-„~o-g2-  ;g«-V 

19,171 

6,206 

1,048 

4,650 

14,361 

6, 620 
16,538 
1,091 

Mich . 

Minn . 

Miss . 

Mo . 

Mont . 

Nebr . 

Nev . 

N.  H . 

N.  J . 

N.  Mex.... 

N.  Y . 

N.  C . 

N.  Dak.... 

Ohio . 

Okla . 

Oreg . 

Pa . 

R.  I . 

S.  C . 

S.  Dak.... 

Tumi 

Tex . 

Utah . 

Vt . 

Va . 

Wash . 

W.  Va . 

Wis . 

Wyo . 

Table  79. — Summary  of  current  expenses ,  outlays,  and  other  payments  for  school  purposes ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION.5 


480  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Expenses 

of  debt 

service. 

<o 

$4,462,663 

2,480 

52, 164 

41, 125 

93, 885 

64, 401 

45, 142 

6,250 

•  7, 780 

57,675 

184,082 

132, 151 

63,288 

130, 950 

61,466 

29, 200 

13,644 

262, 120 

Outlays, 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

i® 

$6,384,857 

18,670 

32,320 

41,079 

107,684 

142,050 

82,500 

48,256 

30,218 

225,  806 

87, 139 

156, 134 

291,867 

168,983 

71,000 

35,265 

987 

539, 592 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

$32,942,419 

139,345 

477,938 

145,776 

1,003,879 

571, 844 

946,256 

206,435 

391,306 

293,456 

1,937, 573 

1,366,279 

502, 152 

785, 686 

350,465 

125, 645 

725, 445 

150, 021 

2,800,488 

Fixed 

charges, 

pensions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

$494, 184 

1,172 

6,752 

5, 014 

8,410 

6,861 

7,873 

2, 500 

3, 510 

3,184 

29, 869 

14, 832 

3,621 

18,416 

5,009 

13,225 

1,668 

13, 786 

Expen¬ 
ses  of 
auxiliary 
agencies. 

$749,656 

1 

450 

4,086 

1,072 

38, 244 

2,953 

46, 103 

1,000 

1,213 

19,089 

16,213 

9,460 

2, 992 

6,414 

1,320 

24, 846 

1,152 

140,637 

Mainte¬ 
nance, 
repairs, 
replace¬ 
ment  of 
equip¬ 
ment,  etc. 

3 

$1,500,795 

6, 511 
44, 122 
5,059 
24, 103 
20, 891 

40,298 

1,750 

15,  878 

12,279 

142,308 

61,649 

20, 970. 

43, 230 

10,185 

25, 000 

31,621 

6,454 

110,391 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Fuel, 

water, 

light, 

power, 

janitors’ 

supplies, 

etc. 

O 

$2,749,918 

5,881 

36,028 

7,955 

35,916 

41,304 

82,391 

7,250 
12, 772 

23,182 

147,250 

138, 096 

52,648 

60,227 

22,755 

1,500 

96, 129 

9,345 

263, 173 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and  other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

as 

3 

o 

of 

<N 

of 

5,481 
27,597 
9,295 
61, 577 
41,941 

54,532 

6,250 
13, 235 

19, 094 
154, 955 
94,823 
40,327 
53,762 

18, 151 

6, 000 

43, 055 

6,163 

194,362 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools. 

00 

o 

<N 

CO 

m 

•  CO  •  oo  .  1— 

•  <N  •  05  •  O 

.  rf  •  tO  •  (N 

•  ci  |  •  i— T 

••  -(NO  'N  O'O^'CO 

•  •  •  cn>  co  •  <N  o  *oo*co 

•  •  •  00  O  •  tO  ^  •  U- 

■  •  •  •  i—i  •  tO  •  00 

Day  schools. 

Text¬ 
books,  sta¬ 
tionery, 
supplies, 
and  other 
expenses 
of  instruc¬ 
tion. 

- 

g 

ccT 

u- 

4,174 
18,694 
1,262 
43, 127 
19,901 

44,419 

2,500 
12, 589 

8,471 
56, 480 
30, 901 
22, 838 
26, 968 

4,327 

39,855 
10, 872 
157, 039 

Salaries  of 
teachers. 

o 

$19, 134,076 

90,464 
288,627 
88,835 
646,369 
334, 497 

574,316 

136, 625 
273, 951 

166,209 
1,126,299 
767,228 
322, 021 
482, 179 

235, 224 
75,375 
382, 589 
•  87, 653 
1,596,436 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
princi¬ 
pals. 

U9 

$1,708,738 

11,287 
18, 773 
13, 965 
85,648 
42, 220 

25,338 

28,075 

24,482 

18,452 
95, 274 
105, 129 
12, 147 
40,660 

19,254 
10, 120 
27, 558 
18,392 
124, 014 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
super¬ 
visors. 

x* 

$716,256 

215 
8,110 
2,250 
22, 055 
22}  409 

22, 743 

lOO  0^05  •  rH  to  O  to  o  X 

CO  ‘OOJTjH  •  o  tQOONN 

O  TjH  05  H  <N  *0  OOOXN^ 

*xTcsf  r^Y-Tio'  •  cf  of  io\h\h 

CO  to  •  O 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

§ 

co^ 

o 

s 

12, 735 
19,804 
9,984 
25,008 
23,417 

'  40,005 

13,160 

29,214 

15, 740 
106,940 
70,675 
21,742 
35,085 

25,996 
2,050 
32, 961 
4,479 
108,529 

Business. 

$496,420 

975 
2, 922 
1,085 
8, 824 
15,450 

7,031 

1,250 

2,032 

2,806 
23, 899 
16,207 
2,846 
9,217 

4, 089 
4,800 
2,312 
2, 123 
21, 955 

States. 

- 

U.  S . 

Ala . 

Ariz . 

Ark . 

Calif . 

Colo . 

Conn . . 

r>Pi 

- 

) 

Fla . 

Ga . 

Idaho . 

Ill . 

Ind . 

Iowa . 

Kans . 

Ky . 

La . 

Me . 

Md . 

Mass . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


481 


190, 790 
132,327 
27,390 
97,639 
15,058 

47,692 

15,288 
266, 871 
12,561 

279,240 

95, 593 

9,444 

607,256 

53,216 

62,541 

911,374 

1.250 

53,469 

39, 816 

4,800 

92, 946 

16,751 

13, 133 

944 

27.099 

70,221 

67, 901 

2.250 

188, 733 
618,916 
92, 744 
206,508 
87, 290 

448,117 

17,577 

502,026 

122,638 

56,789 

57,786 

12,369 

631,565 

1,815 

123, 167 

495,697 

81,688 

794 

141,413 

126,251 

69, 751 

712 

40,252 

38,864 

10, 290 

115, 915 

15,640 

1,387,035 
1,628,883 
343,033 
715, 822 
156,480 

550,333 

207,626 

1,758,208 

88,025 

1,194,871 
376,648 
153, 768 
2,437,292 
307, 106 

352, 562 
3,742,500 
366,  .543 
271, 159 
290, 951 

156,703 

1,016,477 

123, 792 

275,710 

220,434 

256,056 

464,028 

972, 542 

207, 843 

1 

§i3§g  §§g§i  %%  m 

37,115 

74,866 

3,184 

6,303 

2,204 

3,149 

all  sSHS  SSSII  1S3S3  Is!! 
as  a'  s*'  "W  s'  a" 

63,398 
52,627 
8,378 
37,267 
5, 991 

52,163 

7,175 

87,457 

1,361 

47,295 
16,076 
5,733 
86, 925 
13,725 

18,062 

174,652 

16,625 

8,205 

12,250 

5,254 

31,739 

8,759 

16,168 

7,850 

9,576 

16,200 

49,662 

17,523 

150,320 
220, 994 
13,215 
59, 992 
10,718 

41,355 

17,035 

119,038 

12,015 

114,373 
25,218 
11,736 
227, 782 
16,419 

25,117 
272, 805 
34,629 
16,631 
34, 768 

8,129 
43, 814 
6,171 
27,436 
10, 925 

13,398 
34, 023 
125, 705 
12,355 

103,062 
140, 068 
14,750 
51,220 
11,899 

36,042 

12,002 

114,212 

4,364 

70,094 
17, 870 
6,808 
173,886 
20,259 

25,890 
289, 297 
28,392 
10, 738 
22,457 

9, 559 
59,971 
6,954 
16,236 
6, 894 

20,494 
35, 894 
65,400 
16,712 

1,575 

8,024 

200 

60 

ii i  an*!  issis  ;§ \ is  issg 

co  •  cm  •  •  •  co  cm  •  •  •  • 

58,521 
88, 520 
7,443 
27, 598 
10,706 

48,580 

sis  SiSli  81888  88998  8888 

S¥  S  ai'|2-'s'  -s's's  “'“52 

792, 014 
794, 670 
222, 248 
424, 827 
86, 883 

286,778 

SSI  IIIIS  sills  Sill!  ISIS 
lf“‘  §'!§'§£  all's'!  S'S's's'l  §'§¥§ 

rH  rH  CM 

71, 178 
50, 831 
37,953 
36,316 
5,150 

27,106 

13,350 
98, 850 
8,200 

33,711 

13,450 

102,227 

29,181 

21,870 
151,082 
14,089 
5, 540 
15,117 

13,420 
73,428 
10, 824 
9,829 
9, 990 

18, 980 
41,783 
57, 563 
16, 932 

19,000 
44,096 
6,605 
13, 285 
6,581 

12,647 

III  iliil  188  ii  sill  j  1388 

Co'oVh  CO  <N  O  oc"o  t'-*'  Cq  CO  03  •  in' oT gjf t-T 

63,229 
62,545 
25, 612 
39,233 
8,705 

23, 519 

898  8iaS3  88889  83888  8881 

on©"  ooN'o'^fjS  oTcgior-Hj-H  r-TaT^oT 

15,438 

40,918 

490 

9,273 

2,436 

6,255 

all  83881  88885  88388.  311s 

t-To't-T  m^eogco  ©HNHffl  HHNNrt  CO0*O3<M 

59873°— 21 - 31 


482  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  79. — Summary  of  current  expenses,  outlays,  and  other  payments  for  school  purposes,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  V.— CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES  OF  2,500  TO  5,000  POPULATION.® 

Expenses 

of  debt 

service. 

so 

$4,345,760 

150 

13,467 

51,000 

88, 896 

93, 576 

5,388 

8,324 

39,016 

. 

50,955 

187, 845 

111,023 

206,091 

132,264 

20,712 

10,000 

12,302 

160 

27,853 

Outlays, 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

1® 

$8,931,096 

OOJNCOG5  ©  • 

O  CC  N  N  O  t-H  • 

ONCO^OOO  ©  • 

co'ioVToVcT  r-T  • 

CO  O  r-H  U-  1 

CO 

800 

88,730 

112,861 

163,288 

96, 802 

1,015,525 

389,604 

120,393 

20,000 

15,200 

3,760 

124,085 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

$33, 790, 568 

228,049 

144,286 

311,534 

1,500,541 

686, 777 

970,500 

84,290 

222,540 

380,599 

432,110 

1,812,606 

977,343 

1,527,322 

951,518 

379,512 

194,680 

674, 876 

130,480 

1,467,353 

Fixed 

charges, 

pensions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

05 

$452,090 

1,222 

1,705 

8,259 

15,654 

6,004 

7,206 

3,281 

1,192 

4,000 

4,941 

25,303 

8,423 

30,000 

20, 184 

4,398 

675 

5,440 

490 

6,786 

Expen¬ 
ses  of 
auxiliary 
agencies. 

$841,415 

2,940 

1,167 

1,375 

33,541 

943 

125,637 

14,420 

2,000 

8,950 

20,207 

6,011 

11,611 

10,444 

933 

5,315 

36, 864 

712 

149,724 

Mainte¬ 
nance, 
repairs, 
replace¬ 
ment  of 
equip¬ 
ment,  etc. 

- 

$1,733,017 

43,631 

7,765 

12,177 

91,439 

31,400 

58,701 

7, 754 

6,740 

7,752 

13,400 

176,838 

26, 875 

57,036 

72, 176 

6,429 

7,590 

39, 668 

5,133 

84,463 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Fuel, 

water, 

light, 

power, 

janitors’ 

supplies, 

etc. 

© 

$3,015,538 

9,941 
6,069 
18,062 
57,772 
50, 715 

92, 730 
6,246 

14, 764 
17,491 

119,114 

163, 736 

99,380 

147,400 

59, 152 

32, 211 

14,050 

73,990 

8,537 

142,233 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and  other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

Si 

$2,150,216 

5,847 
8, 508 
14,298 
99,417 
48, 941 

52,446 

5,934 

8,908 
14, 870 

24,363 
127,432 
58, 514 
120, 120 
57,864 

16,068 

6,975 

38, 892 

5,967 

97,131 

\ 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Day  schools. 

Night 

schools. 

00 

$17,306 

lO  i  *  •  O  • 

O  •  •  CO  •  CQ  • 

255 

464 

. 

. 

1,261 

Text¬ 
books,  sta¬ 
tionery, 
supplies, 
and  other 
expenses 
of  instruc¬ 
tion. 

$1,473,658 

2,502 

9,688 

7,327 

57,284 

27,463 

45,465 

5,646 

US  3131s  l§gll 

Salaries  of 
teachers. 

© 

$19,457,537 

127, 988 
84,678 
178,661 
938, 734 
391,215 

513,624 

48,600 

_ 

157,240 
257, 013 

217, 840 
982,812 
562, 360 
864,400 
552,386 

227,808 
141,100 
369, 586 
79,352 
713,389 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
princi¬ 
pals. 

its 

$1,596,756 

7,028 
10,220 
30, 102 
92, 592 
50, 159 

10,500 

11  11111  lllls 
ss  sseas  s'sss's' 

Salaries 
and  ex¬ 
penses  of 
super¬ 
visors. 

S 

ic' 

GO 

kO 

m 

2,567 

3,409 

55,567 

39,435 

23,067 

18,243 
39,000 
42, 811 
14,690 

1,800 

11,430 

3,201 

41,177 

s 

1 

1 

1 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

05 

$1,956,763 

25, 900 
9,391 
34, 507 
50, 057 
32,642 

31,644 

5,629 

4,000 

33,043 

11,188 

118,785 

65,098 

89,434 

52,464 

32,541 

675 

23,778 

4,917 

66,545 

Business. 

(N 

$510, 771 

ICOON050  O  O 

N  (N  to  N  CD  1-10 

CO  CO  H  00  NN 

(N  coT  cT  r-T 

2,543 

3,118 
16,217 
18,386 
14, 041 
13,394 

4,383 

1,268 

2,175 

9,492 

States. 

- 

U.  S . 

Ala . 

Ariz . 

Ark . 

Calif . 

Colo . 

Conn . 

Del . 

DC 

Fla . 

Ga . 

Idaho . 

Ill . 

Ind . 

Iowa . 

Kans . 

p . 

La . 

Me . 

Md . 

Mass . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


483 


mu 


iiiia 


iiisi 

l—¥s 


li 

e§ 


SI 

ss 


83818  1181 
as‘ss‘8'  s' lsv 


11181 

|g|-'8 


11111 

§s‘”‘s's' 


mu 

|s¥|'s 


IS 

si 


s 


33888  ISIS 
s's's'-' 


SIsSS 

i¥sW 


Hill 

mm 


iilli 

5M 


HSSi 

Ill'll 


sails  gili 
il¥l¥  SfgS 


SisSi 

gTin'o'i cTt-T 


Isjfsf 

•Oi-r-^'oTeo' 


a!S51  til 


■fc'ocWD 


1  88888  lies 


cr.  ^  ^ 


*acco' 


81888 
o' 'rtCSO'ei 


§§§ii 

*  ro  co  co 


C  1-  L':  cc  C  N  C  r-  C'J 

r-T  csTro'o'  c4\^ei\-T 


gill  sill 


!  —  a 


|g§S8 

SSSSS 


iSSSS 


sgill 

s's^gs 


lllil 

CQ  C  iC  C  C 


88388  SSil 


"I;;;  ss's“ 


lilli 

IIS3I 

ss“s"s¥ 


883SE 

s^ss 


ssiis 

|¥s¥§ 


mu 

sgvs§“ 


3SE3S  8118 
assCss"  sfs¥¥ 


3S3S3 

S^SSS 


iilli 


iilli 


333E3  l§§5 
Sssas  ass® 


83 

|i  : 

88 i  8 ill i  i888  j  iiiil  sis ; 

88881  18881  S3S38  ISS1S  §3381  Sill 

gs^as  a^asa  2  n£;s«<n  a0^ 

51111  11151  §3111  gills  51511  mm 

mtri  mil  pill  ip§2  sllil  ill-’ 

sms  s 

8's‘"S'sf  S' 

III  S1SS8  111 
s's'a'  s‘a'“¥a  ssf® 

i  mu  =ssi 

s's's's's'  s's'a'"' 

li 

s¥ 

*S  § 

o'er 

in  nisi  m  \ 

I'*'”'  stags' 

§  lisii  iiii 

O'  ;  ^  t^oT CsT  r-T bT V* CSp 

Sella  1111=  fills  IsSIl  istlil  sail 
£S23£  a^sas  gasss  ag^as  agsas  aa§^ 

45,900 

23,140 

SI  Iilli  SS8I8  111 

a'*  s'*ss  “¥ 

1  88338.  888.8. 

TT  N^ON®  N35l^H 

Mich . 

Minn . 

Miss _ 

id! 

!SS  ££ 

:  :  S  :  \i  :  :  !  j  :- 
-I  U-- 

'Z'Z'ZCC  OP^fSa 

a  |J|jj  ¥ji 

\m  ££5>>  SSSS 

i 

I 

© 

i 

i 

£ 

I 


1 

1 

>> 

’5 

I 

s 

i 

•§ 

I 

I 


I 


Table  80. — Combined  summary  of  expenses  of  instruction  in  public  day  schools  for  the  four  groups  of  cities  of  5,000  population  and  over ,  1917-18. 1 


484  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1016-1918. 


Salaries  and  expenses  of  principals. 

Total. 

© 

3  $19, 904, 536 

99,200 

28,453 

46,867 

1,092, 195 

227,531 

407,714 

112, 596 

77,069 

139,576 

*  20,952 

1,476, 176 

505,647 

259,062 

194, 194 

173,037 

162,317 

59,370 

202, 254 

1,369,574 

679, 288 

381,748 

41,453 

533, 857 
80, 631 

Other 

schools. 

i 

os 

$467,216 

.  .  .  o  ©  t**- 

•  •  •  ^  <N 

•  1  ■  1— !  ©  LO 

«  •  .  ^  t-H  Tf 

10,731 

3.600 

6.600 

25,529 

9,792 

3,830 

5,511 

3,626 

2,820 

8,465 

52,759 

17,890 

5,162 

10, 560 

Secondary 

(high). 

QC 

$4, 139,760 

19,978 

7,650 

9,020 

225,095 

51,862 

79,571 

31,243 

22,750 

30,300 

7,618 

191,662 

111,840 

46,708 

55,159 

40,798 

20,499 

25,460 

32,669 

336,367 

184,774 

89, 257 

14, 450 

97,532 

12,404 

Elementary 
(including 
kindergar¬ 
tens  and 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

- 

$15,085,574 

79,222 
20, 803 
37, 847 

862,960 

174,644 

313,596 

70,622 

50,719 

102,676 

13,334 

1,258,985 

384,015 

208,524 

139,035 

126,728 

138, 192 

31,090 

161, 120 

980,448 

476,619 

287,329 

27,003 

425,765 
68, 227 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  supervisors. 

s 

o 

Eh 

<0 

CO 

04 

O 

lO 

22,316 
14, 440 
15,977 
279,761 
67,637 

223,897 

35,209 

17,675 

16, 215 

11,127 

205,557 

315,942 

105.753 

45,732 

50,612 

7,370 

54,905 

14, 153 

427, 478 

206.754 

123,724 

9,305 

127,935 

53,427 

Other 

schools. 

$83,019 

1,434 

©  o  •  ©  .  #  .  ©  ©  ©  •  00  • 

LO  O  1  •  N  •  •  •  iO  ©  Tf  •  iO  • 

Secondary 

(high). 

rt< 

CO 

00 

N 

iO 

ic 

2,547 
1,450 
2, 219 
34,300 
4,545 

16,653 

008 

22,700 

50,454 

13,738 

862 

2,093 

990 

8,514 

3,000 

69, 197 

22,863 

4,689 

900 

7,743 

3,800 

Elementary 
(including 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

OS 

$3,788,682 

19, 109 
12,990 
13,758 
241,896 
61,292 

202,808 

35,209 
17, 675 
15,365 

11,127 

181,592 

256,080 

86,378 

44,870 

46,859 
6,380 
46,391 
11, 153 
351,939 

162,453 

114,845 

8,405 

112,996 

48,627 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

IN 

$54,041 

O  •  •  ©  O  <N 

©  •  •  ©  00  © 

•  ’  co  t-T  co' 

:  :§ 

©  00  t>-  •  ©  •  •  •  L-  CO©  *00© 

1— 1  ©  CO  •  ©  •  •  *00  HiO  •  co  © 

©CO©  •  »— *  •  •  N  •  *— *  © 

t-Tco'lo*"  ■  t-T  •  •  •  c<T  cTof  i  coV-T 

I 


«  •  £  .S 

g  $  M  g' 
S  S  ?  n 


<c<oo 


.2  ©  o 
S  g  O 

O  >  -H  ^  i 


g'S.22  o  g 

CflGhO 


.a  a 

S  c  c3  -  M 

I  « 

Tl-  fl 


S?  S  •'  12  s3 

o  i : 

fillbl 

O  c  C3  C3  c3 


MJ  5  M  Q  S 
.ir  22  ©  -2 

*0  §  W  CO  q 

Sssss 


485 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


iilli  15111  SS2SS  851*1  III! 


g^sa* 

Is 

sfag" 

£§§W 

|||S| 

lW 

1  :  :!  : 

1  ! 

:§ : 

IS  i  i : 

sjlja 

sis  1 

-  :  :af  : 

§'  j 

la* ; 

S3  :  ;  : 

r-T  .  j  j  CO 

w  ;«f  ; 

§liig  illil  sills  SS1SS  sill 

g<Nco^  |2«|C0  ^gooTg  ^Vo  oV®V 


382SE  15131  11511  51115  mi 

sg§sg§  |^¥?f  sfgVsg  g'sss' 


§ 

i 

i 

l 


I1IS1  silSI  ll§li  EISI1  Sill 

5S“'s'|'s'  |V«jgig'  sa'g»§  s'a'sftsss'  sVsK 


: :  il :  1 ;  il  i  Is  i :  i 

iHi!  i  if  i 

:  :  ;■*' ;  S' :  i“  :  3  1  ;  : 

:  :  ;  :  is  ; 

Sil  sisl; 

a"'*' 


sill!  sills  lEil 


cTooV 


sissi  nisi  mil  mu  gin 

s®55|‘“f  f^sgf  sgsf^a  slssfsa 


5 

I 


Table  80. — Combined  summary  of  expenses  of  instruction  in  public  day  schools  for  the  four  groups  of  cities  of  5,000  population  arid  over. 

1917-18  1 — Continued. 


486 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1016-1918. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other  expenses  of  instruction. 

"c3 

O 

1 

t 

a 

!!!ll  §1111  §1511  Hill  III 

ssa'is  &'§§!§•  sss'sg  s's» 

Other 

schools. 

S 

$203,604 

612 

1,295 

1,899 

1  j 

o 

s 

1  il 

S'i 

3,722 

567 

217 

1,281 

11,986 

11,506 

1,337 

Vocational. 

a 

$333,709 

§  i 

is  l 

193 

240 

10, 120 

igi 

jjHCf 

i  ms  is  si  i 

Secondary 

(high). 

GC 

$3,401,854 

3,992 

6,095 

2,629 

241,087 

29,914 

76,555 

IIS  11131  SlSsi  isS 
s  sgisss  |S" 

Elementary 
(including 
kindergar¬ 
tens  and 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

5 

1 

a 

$ 

22,977 

16,915 

8,409 

308,622 

90,081 

264, 153 

176,317 

7,660 

40,755 

23,655 

366,445 

159, 695 

162. 617 

74,857 

48,473 

44,601 

50, 206 

68,025 

696,498 

290,400 

182.617 

5,898 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

C3 

o 

Eh 

CO 

§ 

i 

8* 

813,095 
449, 125 
485,093 
10,454,790 
2,007,759 

4,208,111 

277,225 

1,923,458 

629,502 

1,548,512 

271,759 
15,211,292 
4,510, 223 

2,944,879 

1,681,956 

1,339, 721 

1,307,684 

881,392 

1,840, 901 

14,322,394 

6,937,404 

4,306,492 

444,725 

Other 

schools. 

lO 

$2,321,506 

9,907 

9,846 

37  y 333 

ii 
§  : 

§ 

163,481 

13,006 

42,729 

828 

27,659 

21,358 

11,200 

17, 524 

166,574 

207, 199 

28,257 

Vocational. 

I 

I 

55 

§ 

<N 

is  1 

>'  af 

20,539 

18,600 

115,175 

2,299 

64,536 

18,221 

i  ill  il  gg  i 

:  "S'"  :g'  33  : 

Secondary 

(high). 

e© 

S 

1 

5 

201,823 
87,372 
153,433 
3,494,262 
573, 175 

946,939 

558,383 

94,851 

287,561 

96,322 

3,167,967 

1,326,902 

817,740 

448,715 

313,234 
244,479 
235,677 
356, 807 
3, 866,503 

2,035,520 

1,214,012 

140,979 

Elementary 
(including 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

$132,233, 170 

607,821 

351,848 

331,660 

6,490,327 

1,350,947 

3,059,872 

1,294,956 
516,051  ! 
1,126,833 

175,437 

11,836,036 

2,995,104 

2,005,105 

1,219,022 

956,019 

1,024,821 

620,578 

1,445,672 

9,944,844 

4, 180,682 
2,831,393 
296,746 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

- 

22 

cO 

I 

s' 

38  j 

CO  • 

1 

|S  8 

17,643 

is I I  iisli  ill 

s's's'a  ii'-' 

States. 

- 

United  States . 

Alabama. . . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho _ _ 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


48 


18  8S6SS  ISSEI  SliifS  EISls  S8i§ 
eg  g'ssfjg's'  sg's's's'  s'a's'a'sf  gs'g's 


18s 


i  i  ii  is i 

I i  is 

SSI  i  i 

iiiii  i  is  i 

:  :  :  :  :S  : 

I  i  i= 

“'a*  ;  ; 

i  i  i  i  i  i§  i 

1  1 
cf 


II  gllll 
s?s  g'-¥g-' 


8sisl  Il§ll 

|»  =  |2  S'g3v= 


§1111  Isig 
^^'tCor 


II  §1111 


mu  issss 

|“S|S~  SS§“'S 


Hills  Ills 
=Wa's'  s'sfifs 


is  iisis  iisii  mu 
s¥  mil  §W§¥  mm 

•O  ’-r  2*  «  ef ’-r  *3 


19813  Ills 
■fill 


-T  to  m" 


3,530 

. 

719 

156,498 

_  . 

434,765 

is 

ii 

29, 748 
209,300 
27,571 

i  §s  i 

.  tJH  S  ■ 

il  s 

:§£  i§ 

is 

is' 

!  <N 

:S 

i§ 

430,075 

is 

:3 

Hi  i 

S'S"'  : 

ii  i 

i§ 

is  HISS 
eg'  I'aWa 


galls  Sllsl 
Sgs'il  flP¥ 


83131  §111 
ill® 


is  line 
s¥  lsW 


Isili  Iisii 
liW§  Sills 

o'  tC 


assgs  ills 

sssSS  ill! 

in  t-T  <n  of 


IS  £l£s§ 

533  gfeaVgf 


IS  Sill 
ga"  ~W 


is  1 

oc'co  o 


ll  I 

33  Z 


<1 


is 


dll 

>  £  £  £ 
Ci  s  s  o 


Ill 

sffil 

zzzco 


II 


Ilf  fill!  lilt 


488 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


f 


-© 

S3 

e 


^  OQ 

&l  KJ 

5,  | 

O1  o 

£»  i 

e  M 

g  £ 
g  £ 

is  O 

OQ  « 


a  .w> 


»  S  is  «  f3  ®  V  O 

8J3,2  »®-Oo2 

HIS!  Ill 


T3fl 
PI  W> 
P’S 


fl'g  fl  o 


I'g  .§,§ 

“I  ” 


3  PI 
t)  ® 

M  60 


88  S 


S3  8 

05  00  1-H 

OO'tjT  fC 


g  52  x  c- 

Si§  o 


S  is 

.©  ®  o 


CO  i-» 

3$ 


lO  05 
CO  05 
00  03 

oTcf 

CO  CO 


?  ,  (  •>— «  *  J±*  C 

:2§p  °3§ 


1C  CO 

ic'co' 


o  co 
co  ro 
t^O 


00  10  05 

I>  CO  U-  i— I 


§  11 


88  8 

o  co  oo 

co"  co  1-T 


CO  iO 
00 
U-  1C 


1-H  |>  c 

r-T  co' 


-S -fits -3 -3  o®-h5o 

<<<W  oOflfeO 


PS  is 


© 

>>c3 
&  PI 
©  C3 

S‘3  ©Tig 

Sh"3-§  h  a 

0}  O  w  C3  C9 


70,223  |  10,560  |  447,820 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


489 


2 

p<tA8 

ill 

fa  fl 

03  ^  W  t— 5  ^ 

Eg  g  2  >  &  £  £ 

:-h  O  ®  ®  ®  ®  ® 


igs 

40 


‘  O  043^ 


03-73  S3  2 
■gsfao 
«3°3  2-* 

a^oQ 

mil 


ga 

P  hr 


u  ; 


bp 


S  32  11 

fi  ^  C3  tn  ?7 
CD  <D  CD 


.§>  s*l 
■3-§i 

1.3 


w  w  w  a)  o  0  23  25  ^  n  5  cd  <d  ^  <D  ^  IT  ' 

SS  15^^00  OPstfcnra  e^P>> 


Table  81. — Summary  of  expenses  of  instruction  in  public  day  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


490 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other  expenses  of  instruction. 

Total. 

21 

1 

i 

? 

1 

Ms  S 

S 

g  ill 
ifs 

; :  si 

i  i  5s 

11  13  i 
§¥  i 

W 

—  5 

0'S 

l/l 

s 

1 

£ 

£ 

|l|  t 

•  !  o  • 

\ 

i  i  i§ 

II  si  i 

hc  oTr-T  . 

c3 

d 

_c 

"cl 

o 

o 

1 

1 

;  ia  i 

|  |  of  o' 

1 

1  1  is 

o'  •  •  o 

i  i  ii 

:  :  of^r 

il  iii 

:S  iii 

C3 

73.0 

fl  CUD 

83 
®  w 
m 

CC 

1 

1 

1 

ill  g 

:|g  S 

08 

i  in 

-■  jg® 

i  i  P 

•  •  05  Iff 

SS  II  : 

8§~  85?  : 

Elementary 
(including 
kindergar¬ 
ten  and 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

i 

i 

s 

$ 

5 

19  1 

;§3  S' 

CO 

s* 

’  U-  00 

& 

- 

i  i  II 

'  ;  :  as 

ii  gg  i 
s'§  as: 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

n 

O 

e 

iC 

I 

i 

§ 

| 

IS  i 

:«f.-r  ~ 

i 

l  ill 
i  jsa 

•©%H 

i  i  gS 
;  i  i  §¥ 

1,620, 760 

6,003,857 

3,685,125 

2, 782,867 

U  w 

So 

E  o 

°l 

US 

s 

oT 

o 

s‘ 

isg  i 

:©r«  co 

s' 

i  ill 

i  is 

i  i  si 

;  ;  a  a 

§1  ss  i 
as'  g'S  : 

*3 

d 

#o 

3 

o 

o 

> 

S3 

f 

s 

i  is  l 

•  •  of 
.  .  ^ 

a 

6  iii 

■£  :  ;S 

i  i  11 

'  :  :  °°  3 

il  IS  i 
;§'  s's  ; 

b  . 

03^ 

73 

fl  M 

is 

02 

$2 

CO 

3 

g 

s 

i 

i 

ill  1 
ill  S 

:<n 

1 

§  ill 
*  iis 

•  of 

i  i  ii 
i  i  i  iff 

Ii  13  i 
if  is : 

Elementary 
(including 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

s 

§ 

§ 

£ 

§ 

$ 

ill  s 
ill  E 

•  CO 

1 

1 

1  ill 
S  ill 

|oo 

i  i  i  S3 
i  i  i  i¥ 

il  il  i 
is  s¥  i 

hV  ofr-r  : 

©  s 

73  © 

c  12 

Si  M 

- 

1 

s 

<< 

ill  l 
ifs  s' 

£ 

i  i  l 
i  i  as 

is  ss  i 

as  ga; 

C3 

- 

i 

c 

p 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado .  ... 

Connecticut . 

District  of  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana _ 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


491 


1 

o 

I 

I 


Table  81. — Summary  of  expenses  of  instruction  in  public  day  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATIONS 


492 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


49 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


Ml 

= 


>> 

O 


o 

-o 


4> 


•o 

3 


o 

C 


to 


5 

5 


W 


494 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


! 


s 

§ 

S 

I 


cs 


00 

to 

el 

csT 

€& 

co 

20 

1 

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03  • 

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5-  C3  C  07  r> 

a  §,s  Si'S -i5 

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b&c^ 
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Si  52 

S  o  6 

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cn  ©  © 

r^oo  oT 


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co  '$»o^ 

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c?  ?? 

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05  00  <N  00 
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L-  05 
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1 1 


Pi ‘S  •-!  s-  m 

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39,507 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


495 


1 

1 

S 


I 

A 

I 


496 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


os  - 

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r-  cm  — • 


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1  ©  CM  00  rh  O  CM  Orf 

<C0  OiOCOOO  CO 

jeo-  $£* 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


497 


IIS  Sllgg  8£s8S 
»a‘a‘  "“8§§s'  |rs¥s 

SS88 

sfsss 

2 

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III  IIIII  S3S89 

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gTcc'uiVs' 

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3588 

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59873°— 21 - 32 


498  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


499 


m  mm  mm  isisg 

"2$  g'NSSS  -gS-Sf 


iia  mm  mm  mm 

**  ~r  ~£  ei '<-T «f  £  — T  o'  — T re'  — f o'  cc~ o' poVT re 


111  SISSS  S5SSS  1SS8S 


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cT  i-T  re  -y.  re  — ;  — 


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521  sms  =ii,25  mn  m.u  mi 
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£53  SSSfS  SgS'gg  SfgSSte  "gs'ss  gags 


§51  Sii§s  HESS  1ISIS  sills  lISs 
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500  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-191S, 


501 


gg§  2 

S5SS*0"*  $5 


111  SI 
82“ 


§2  11113  ISIS!  fell 
ggf  2f?s“®“°r  s&sss 


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111  Hill  !§§ 

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IIS  sllSS  111 


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l|ll 


IWi 


sss  zzzzz  zzzco  oc- 


IIP  5  6. 


<p» 


Table  81. — Summary  of  expenses  of  instruction  in  public  day  schools,  1917-1918 — Continued. 
GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION.17— Continued. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other  expenses  of  instruction. 

BIENNIAL  S 

S 

o 

Eh 

LTRVEY  ( 

s 

£  § 

1  s 

i ss 

)F  EDUCATI1 

ssssi  5  • 

^2^32  3  : 

OX,  1916-1918. 

ill  SSSiS  § 
;c,’s  “YsssC  ^ 

ill!  SI 

:8Sg  'M 

4 

c-S 

§ 

£ 

lO 

5 

:  §5  i 

•  53  : 

i  ;i 

1 

Si 

1 

5* 

i 

i 

•O  ■ 

•  .  © 

: 

11 

Is 

X 

| 

38IIS  1  i 

— '  lO  ^  0  t-H  • 

<N  i~t  | 

i  ji 

|  Sills  8 

-h  ^  co  co  cr- 

iili  II 

a¥ 

Elementary 
(including 
kindergar¬ 
tens  and 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

o 

I 

§  : 

CNNr^N  CO  • 

ofj-T  oTco*  co*  • 

iis  isiii  i 

•  <N  O  tt' ©VT  CO  CO 

illl  Si 

;8”S 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

3 

O 

iS 

CO 

£ 

oT 

S 

1§S1I  1 i 
mis  I: 

ill  11IIS  38111  SI 

is¥  i§¥lf  §BW  ££ 

11 
■  °i 

s 

o 

g 

S 

I  CO  • 

ill 

:  II 

•  eo\xT 

> 

i 

i 

i 

cT 

jj 

o  • 

N  ; 

ill 

i  II 

:  t-Tgc- 

S' 

I1 

©9 

>o 

So 

8 

i- 

» 

HISS  1  1 
sfsTsgi  a" ; 

iis  IISMS  ills!  §3 
;sfs  s'fgll  s's'|s|  g| 

Elementary 
(including 
elementary 
grades  in 
junior  high 
schools). 

1 

§ 

siisi  §  i 
1  : 

ill  12181  ISSSI  21 
i®§  =¥ii¥  is 

S  d 

M  & 

- 

1 

s 

8 

•  »o 

:Sf 

i  s  i 

•  tjT  . 

asii  i 

O*  CO  lO  CO 

is  ji 

•  c¥  •  i 

3  3§ 
s'a 

m 

i 

X 

c 

! 

1 

| 

II 

ill 

!  II 

2  : 

1  i 

! ! 
o  '• 

II- 

SI 

C3  1 

3$ 

glj 

!  i; 
1  si 

3  Si 

4 

in 

hi 

£  :  : 
i  y 
l  li 
III 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


503 


m  1 

r¥iS'  S? 


SIS  SI28I  6BISS  31331  KMB 
ss  ^  *®?s 


IS 

<Nr-~ 


II 

“S' 


§1111  ISaal  Is 

in'  o'  r-T  efgg'^efoi  CO 


?■§  1111 
c'i'ofoTus' 


111  I 


IIS  liilS  IISIS  nils  sals 
ss  s'  “s'™  °‘s"s'-rs  ass 


181  g 

§¥8'  I 


MM  fills  Silll  sills  SSSS 
§§¥  gg¥¥¥  g“||ss  sgsgg*  sgs§ 


II 

§s“ 


aia  sssas  siiii  sisss  ssas 

¥g¥  sW¥s  £§*¥¥  $¥¥¥ 


III  § 
SS*  s 


is§  sasss  mis  ssss 

ffgs  |¥¥|¥  ¥||S8  s¥¥¥¥  ¥§¥¥ 


II 

¥ 


•Is 

l! 


I  !i 

§  •  'S  ® 


m 

r 


* 

s  S 
>■ 


co»  S  o  ss: 
z,z^zz  zzzcc 


11 


If: 


III 


11. 


—  _  *>a 


Table  82.— Combined  summary  of  taxation,  bonds,  sinking  funds,  expenses  of  debts  service,  and  value  of  school  properties  in  all  cities  of  2,500  population 

and  over,  1917-18. 


504  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•(SJBJ 

-jop  jo  spuesnoqj)  sajjaadojd  jooqos  jo  anjBA 

$1, 258, 933 

05  CM  rH  O  ICCNHC  CM  CM 

CO  00  to  CD  t'*  OhiCOX  hCc:nc 

CCOHOOW  OWCOh  <m  lO  O  c 

to*  co  to  oo  cT  oOf-Tcocot^  cm*  of  co  cm  co 

to  H  (M  rH  ©COCMrH 

Expenses  of  debt  service. 

•spunjOH 

1  g 

ot  i  n 

•h  oo 

s 

8  •  ©©©  cS  -©S  •  t^oo©88 

^  ■  <m  r~  ©  •  ■<*<©  •  co  ©  ©  co  © 

•o'  •  o'  •  CO  0*00  tc 

•ssau 

-pajqapuj  no  jsajajuj  jo  juoTnXcj 

tO* 

CO 

5  i 

77,733 

75, 248 

39,520 

829, 183 

110,  732 

276,427 

16, 988 

rH  CO  C  N  CO  00  n 

Oi  00  ©  CM  to  rH 

rH  rH  Tf  ^  N  C:  O 

oToT  oooo*ocococ* 

rH  rH  NHO0DH 

-h  CM  CO  CM 

•suboj  uuaj-jjoqs  jo  uoijduiapaH 

© 

1 

I 

u 

©  •©  •  •  Q  Q  CD  O  Qt^OOOcD 

8  :8  :  :  SSSS  : 

*5  I'f  :  : 

!  !  !  ;  r-4  cm 

•spunj  Surqurs  oj  sjuoraiej 

l!5 

CM 

cc 

CD 

00 

§ 

s? 

67,776 

5,000 

2,000 

78, 278 

20,235 

25, 167 

II  iSSII 

CM«D*  CM  oToO  to'.O* 
cm  co  cm  cm  cm 

Redemption  of  bonds  by 
payment  from— 

•spuoq  Man  jo  anssj 

06 

CD 

8 

s 

s  :  j  :  :  §  : 

hT  •  •  S io' h  • 

r-H  •  •  rH  *>•  CM  • 

CM  • 

•spunj  Sujqujs 

«® 

§ 

qf 

CD 

£ 

a"  S'  S?  : 

12,500 

9,000 

54,  870 

257,  709 

65, 000 

149, 047 

•spunj  juajjno 

S 

CO 

g 

<sr- 

:§|g|  S  : 

•oTtooToo  cd  • 

•  CM  to  05  CO  CO  • 

II  :!ll! 
S‘2'  igtfM 

Bonds  and  sinking  funds  (hun¬ 
dreds  of  dollars). 

•spunj  Sujqujs  uj  junoum  jbjox 

:  _ 

I 

rH  o  •  CO  CO 

rH  ^  •  02  CO  00  CM 

CO  ■  02  N-  CD  CD 

-  iaf  - 

s§  illll 

rH  CO  CT  rH*  rfT 

jqap  jo  suuoj  aaqjo 

© 

i 

cf 

CD 

CM 

2,085 

1,060 

673 

324 

3, 476 

1, 894 

10 

O  00  rHOOHM't 

CO  Di  05  CO  CO  C:  ^ 

r-H  rH  05  CD  tO 

r-T  CM*  CO*  CM  CM* 

to 

School  bonds 
outstanding. 

■junouiy 

© 

8 

s 

33,  275 

14, 550 

13, 285 

241,161 
20, 480 

94, 087 
3, 765 

^8  S2?$g£ 

tO  CD  C5  CD  00  C5  r-. 

05  rH  CO  lO  CM  U- 

•3uj  jjodaj  suiajsAs  jooqos 

OC 

CO 

s 

^£322  22"H 

U-  l>-  to  05  CO 
NiC  MM 

Taxation. 

•(jBjjop  jad  sjjiui)  sasodind 
JOOqOS  [JB  JOJ  UOJJBXBJ  JO  OJBJ  03BJ8AY 

- 

8 

<o 

2.51 

3.75 

4.  97 
4.72 
6.44 

4.84 
5.04 
3.  31 

5.  43 
2.93 

6. 31 

6.  37 

5.20 
9.66 

7.20 

-do.id  no  xbj  raojj  paxuap  junouiy 

© 

s 

o 

§ 

1, 054, 994 
878, 274 
912, 848 
14, 274, 922 
3, 510, 333 

6,337,122 
440,  793 
2, 048, 178 
591, 368 
2, 002, 806 

419, 307 
28, 050, 237 
8, 546, 328 
7, 086, 152 
4,021, 144 

•an [B a  Ajjadojd 

an.ij  oj  uojjBnjBA  passassn  jo  ojjBy 

1 e 

£83$$  88 SSS  $838$ 

spuBsnoqj)  Aj.iado.id  jo  anjBA  anjx 

00 

CO 

I 

oT 

& 

®  n  o  oo  ©  io©e^.-<ic  t— 1»  n 

SSW'5'  SSsS'Sffi 

^MhC*0  CO  CD  rH  CD  Tt<  c  N 

co'  r-T  'trH 

•(sjBjjop  jo  spuBsnoqj) 
Ajjadoad  jo  uojjBnjBA  passassy 

i  49 

CD 

CO 

a 

i 

213,  747 

136, 967 

80, 460 

1, 748, 708 

535, 994 

1, 169, 830 

87, 459 
414, 611 
72, 491 
424, 670 

45,513 
1, 390, 329 
751,555 
170,  734 
489, 585 

•2u{  jjodaj  suiajsAs  jooqos 

|  | 

COOCOOH  ^  r-H  ^  L-  D  rH  CD  rH  OO 

rH  HTfW  CO  rH  00  tO  CO  <N 

States. 

- 

u.  s... 

Ala . 

Ariz . 

Ark . 

C'alif . 

Colo . 

C'onn . 

Del . 

D.  C . 

Fla . 

Ga . 

Idaho . 

Ill . 

Ind . 

Iowa . 

Kans . 

STATIST 

gills  ISiiS  § 

<sT t-"' oo  g  oo  o  eo  o' «c'  o’ 

ICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917- 

131  SSiil  llSas  sill!  1=15 
-'S'-'  gjv’-i'&'a"  3'l'S”^' 

s 

1! 

:§  11  :§  :  3 

:  :  - 

ii :  m  ::r  m  \  :§  lasss  ss§ 

'  c-T  •  oo'rjj'  ■  •  .  •oTeo'  h 

35,645 
2,858 
4,850 
1,187 
1, 125, 131 

429,204 
322,259 
31,725 
422, 475 
62,659 

177,838 

III  88818  88888  88888  8881 

s'l's  i's's'ii'  l'|'sa'3  s'g'ss's  §'§'§•■»' 

~  r-T  ~ 

:i 

:^r 

i§  88  1 

f  ii  f*  = 

18  :  §a  ili  i  13  n  :8 : 

8*  :  ggf  :3gj'  S3|  :  :  •*‘3 

1 

s' 

;  ; 

1,417 
579, 771 

84,200 

8,846 

154, 163 
3, 000 

96, 974 

iS8  88388  ISiSS  §83  ii  831 

:|'s  s'g's's's'  3gS'  8'S'|" 

!I  11  :S  i  i 

;sf  S'g  :S~  :  S' 

ii  i  i  i  ill  :6  :  :  !  !8  i  i  i  Hi 

K  i  II  W  if  I:  I  ;®'  I  i  I  i  Is' 

g 

5f 

: 

1,UUU 

995, 500 

28,700 

46,000 

2,700 

87,205 

46,000 

39,012 

. 

. 

156,720 

2,203 

30,500 

10,384 
51, 561 
701, 241 
260,491 

6,500 

322,332 

10,034 
49, 930 

56,000 

27,134 

6,000 

310,000 
68,068 
364, 788 

3,000 

Hill  Hill  1 

44,500 

192,534 

1,081,584 

20,567 

492,046 

3,120 

9,000 

907,438 

3,500 

61, 679 

14,400 

1,000 

13,000 

15,248 

35,000 
48, 860 
136, 756 

i 

•  • 

47 

463, 269 

18,860 

1,880 

16, 035 
956 

2,482 

iS§  §3§li  8BS3S  38888  888“ 

•  co”  r  eTcc*  of'cTcT  of  ei’oo'  V' 

i 

of 

:i  88*  i :  3 

is  cf“'  1  1 

*88  mm  88  |?1  §131s  Is! 

jo1  us'®'?  •  t-i*  eo*  scTpJ’ 

22,805 
14, 710 
12,800 
33, 243 
374,409 

211,558 
152, 493 
5,812 
131,230 
15,580 

46,300 

888  88988  S8S88  38SS5  8883 

|'2'”'s's  ss'sK^'a'  a'sfs'®'*'  g's's'”' 

2  — 2 

50  S**  3g*»S  SS000200  838* 

1,607,5803.64 
1, 384, 9812.  67 
796, 2343. 06 
2,542, 3423. 07 
23, 211,3045. 37 

15,109,7044.86 
7, 639, 2465. 05 
286, 7653. 70 
7, 138, 0504. 85 
1,502,8775.75 

3, 118, 7367. 50 

981, 7415. 93 
16,066,3926. 36 
194, 4068. 44 

59,307,0015. 19 
572,7311.39 
331, 8745. 80 
21, 927, 8944. 39 
2,215,3208.16 

2,389,9474.80 

27,144,8585.75 

3.113.5754. 15 
414, 4752. 95 
896, 1869.  24 

1,552,2642.77 

3.765.4993. 16 
1,381,7465.87 

541,6625.30 
1,712,0103. 14 

3,930,1744. 21 

1.956. 7936.16 
5,873,5124.84 

ou  ac&a.  mi 

5 

S 

i 

r 

3SS  SaBS?S 

441,265 
518, 894 
260, 463 
828, 164 
4,320,996 

3,108,347 
1,512,  883 
77, 474 
1, 470, 403 
261, 180 

416,055 

111  gsiiS  sgggi  sssii  ssis 
§¥*'  §Ws  §W£8'  ififs'  s's's's' 

rH  V  ~f  rf  -T 

373, 576 
364, 248 
193, 563 
823, 194 
4,183,708 

2,349,462 
583, 788 
52, 163 
736, 034 
118,065 

82,811 

164,216 
2,067, 169 
21, 221 

10,834,249 
148, 810 
14, 639 
4,475,978 
212, 482 

342,751 
3, 784,335 
709,838 
46, 983 
89, 641 

292,569 
807,277 
229, 565 
76,567 
375,055 

445,856 
283, 609 
1, 135, 288 
43, 993 

8®S"3  gocooooo  • 

ft 

a 

Md . 

Mass . 

Mich . 

Minn . 

Miss . 

Mo . 

Mont . 

Nebr . 

Nev . 

N.  H . 

N.  J . 

N.  Mex.... 

N.  Y . 

N.  C . 

N.  Dak.... 

Ohio . 

Okla . 

Oreg . 

Pa . 

R.  I . 

S.  C . 

S.  Dak . 

Term . 

Tex . 

Utah . 

Vt . 

Va . 

Wash . 

W.  Va . 

Wis . 

3 

-- 

505 


i  Not  including  $4,955,268,000  as  estimated  for  cities  not  reporting  this  item.  2  Not  including  $8,163,330,000  as  estimated  for  cities  not  reporting  this  item. 

3  Not  including  $46,332,644  as  estimated  for  cities  not  reporting  this  item. 


Tab  l  io  83. — Summary  of  taxation,  bonds,  sinking  funds,  expenses  of  debt  service,  and  value  of  school  properties,'  1017-18. 

GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


506  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•(SJB[  - 

-I°P  jo  spuBsnoq?)  saij.iado.id  jooqos jo  anjBA  ” 

1 § 

!  1 

s 

eg 

53  fe 

CM 

vf 

71,851 

5,572 

Expenses  of  debt  service. 

•spunjay 

QC 

i  co 

cc 

O 

•ssaupajqapm  uo  jsajajuijojuauufBj 

- 

o 

tv 

OC 

VI 

&?- 

co 

o 

05 

oT 

£ 

00 

co' 

28 

QC  05 

•subo[  uuaj-jaoqs  jo  uoijduiapay 

t— 

l- 

—  s 

cc 

«o 

g 

— 

•spunj  guppirs  0}  sjuauiAny 

- 

55 

csT 

*/= 

CD 

CD 

co' 

V, 

la 

|1 
o  Pi 

■spuoq  Avau  jo  anssj 

s 

!  3 

•spunj  Suiqutg 

! 

;  s 

1  u 

o 

o 

o 

kO 

<M 

8 

O 

•spunj  juajjn^ 

Ol 

1 

1 
!  3 

1 

ocT 

lO 

~ 

g 

- 

Bonds  and  sinking  funds  (hun¬ 
dreds  of  dollars). 

spunj  Sujquts  ujjunouin  [bjoj,  ~ 

|  o 
o 

1 

CO 

5 

- 

- 

•  jqap  jo  suijoj  jaqjo 

2 

os 

<m 

§ 

I  3 

o 

00 

00 

3 

CO  . 

^  £ 

C  to 
rC  te 

•  junouiy  1 

c* 

!  | 
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oo 

1  s 

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© 

of 

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i 

<N  X 

X  8 

g?5 

•Suijaodaj  suiaasAS  [ooqog 

QC 

T“l 

CO 

CO 

»— i  i— i 

Taxation. 

(jBjjop  .iad  snjui)  sasodjnd 
jooqos  [in  joj  uoj  jbxb  j  jo  a jc.i  agnjaxy 

-! 

CO 

(MO  VI 

»C  CD  O 

l6  co 

CO 

co 

co 

05 

<M 

CO  o 

CD 

•iijja 

-dord  uo  xbj  uiojj  paxiaap  junouiy 

8 

00 

of 

i  - 

co 

i-o' 

cd 

o 

© 

05 

05 

lO 

9,374,272 

1,854,110 

2, 223,914 

oo 

t  - 

GO 

© 

of 

M 

M 

05 

^  CD 

CD  0C 

x 

iO  CD 
kO  P- 

oTr-T 

•anjBA  Ajjadojd 

an.ij  cj  uoijbujba  passassn  jo  oijny  L 

i  2 

I 

s 

88  8 

o 

coo 

CO  CD 

■('s.ini[op  jo 

spuBsnoqj)  Aj.iadojd  jo  an[BA  amj, 

- 

o 

§ 

aeP 

28 

1 

C5 

o 

sf 

2,073,723 

331,091 

369,477 

1 

cc' 

CD 

iO 

o 

CO 

li 

X  S 

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•(sjB[[op  jo  spuBsnoqj) 
AjJ^dojd  jo  iioi  jbu[ba  passassy 

CO 

00 

CO 

u 

© 

1,221,778 

331,091 

366,664 

s 

CO 

8jf 

1,062,960 

252,498 

•guxjjodaj  suiajSAS  [ooqog 

Oi 

CO  i“4  CO 

States. 

- 

United  States. 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

§ 

cr. 

1  c£ 

<: 

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O 

15 

o 

c 

1 

s 

o 

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Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia.. 
Florida _ 

.2 

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;  o 

C 

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A 

c3 

y. 

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c8 

= 

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0 

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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


507 


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Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

j! 

|  j! 

1  SS5 

Si 

ji 

5  £22; 

Now  Jersey . 

Now  Mexico . 

Now  York . 

North  Carolina.. 

y 

2JOC 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode  Island. . . 
South  Carolina. . 

!i 

i 

II 
>  ?? 

sl 

5 

Estimated  part  of  city  debt  service.  a  City  and  county. 


Table  8;>. — Summary  of  taxation,  bonds ,  sinkiny  funds,  expenses  of  debt  service ,  and  value  of  school  properties ,  1917-16' — Continued. 

GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


508 


1916-1918. 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION, 


"(SJBJ 

-jopjo  spuBsnoqj)  saipiadojdjooqosjo  anjBA 

CM  1 

«l 

1,141 

1,352 

7,  2(59 

832 

8,922 

1,270 

co  o 
ro  x 
co 

cfcf 

12,991 

7,781 

9,302 

4.238 

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OT 

to 

X 

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: 

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CM 

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xx  co  x 
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184,  224 1 

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1(5, 870 

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dreds  of  dollars). 

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1 

1  £2 

csj  r>.  ©  co 

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©  ^  © 

5 

2, 152 
7,280 
1,605 
1,472 

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CM  ©  •  © 

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©  X  CM  r-H 

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outstanding. 

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xox 

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CO  1C 

CM  © 

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1  x 

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»-H  ^  ^  ^  T-H 

CM  i-i 

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jooqas  iib  .(Qj  uotjbxbj  jo  0jc.i  aSBja.v  v 

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3,038,493 
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427,0(59 
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b  C 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . . 

Kansas . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


509 


Table  83. — Summary  of  taxation,  bonds,  sinking  funds,  expenses  of  debt  service,  and  value  of  school  properties,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION. 


510 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


'(saiq  ■ 

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0  ohooj^ 
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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS;  1017-1918. 


511 


33 

T-l  CS 


i§|g§  1 

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<N  CO"  id" <N~  — oc' o' 


31811  Hill  Ills 


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1,726 

85,740 

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11 

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2, 170 

1,250 

16, 124 

14,246 

5.300 

1.300 

8,105 

10,200 

750 

in  aiais  mm 

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8  a 

8f2|  85888 

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1  115=1  1 
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ills  1111 
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|Q  >h  C^l  fH  x  IC  .  <  rh  *0  *— <  CM 

C  H  CO  M  ^  CO  CO  ^ 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana  . 

Maine 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts... 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

N.  Hampshire... 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina.. 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania. . . 
Rhode  Island . . . 
South  Carolina.. 
South  Dakota... 

Tennessee . 

|||l  Sill 

■S3S 

Z.'Z'Z 


including  $1,346,015,000,  the  estimated  assessed  valuation  of  the  80  cities  of  this  group  which  did  not  report  this  item, 
including  $2,039,417,000.  the  estimated  true  value  of  the  80  cities  of  this  group  which  did  not  report  this  item, 
including  $11,720,048,  the  estimated  amount-derived  from  taxation  in  the  80  cities  not  reporting  this  item. 


GROUP  IV.— CITIES  OF  5,000  TO  10,000  POPULATION. 


512  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


o 

3 


o 

Q 


'(SJT3J 

-jop  jo  spuesnoqj)  saij.iado.id  jooqas  jo  anjey 

o 

$140,738 

OJ  »D  05  O  OO  t- 

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Of  CON  CO 

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QiO  05  O  CD  CD  00 
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ID  CO  CD  CO  C  CD 

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Expenses  of  debt  service. 

•spunjay; 

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1  " 

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4 

1,231 

684 

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•ssaupajqapui  uo  jsajajuj  to  juauiXe,! 

$1,652,600 

2,460 

28, 164 

12,625 

61, 631 

31, 170 

14,460 

©  t>»  05  CO  05 
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$566,865 

3  :  :  8 

OJ  •  •  ID 

886  ‘l 

000 ‘e 

•spunj  Suiquis  oj  sjuauiif'ej 

US 

id 

CD 

<P 

U 

15,683 

1,793 

21, 894 

46, 257 

Redemption  of  bonds  by 
payment  from— 

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1  ^ 

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1 

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•spunj  gui^png 

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ID 

;  t*'  ao  ’*r' 

4,000 

7,000 

101,234 

34,645 

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1 

$1,035,817 

24,000 

19,000 

28,250 

31,000 

11,000 

74,260 

40,339 

14.000 

?;  369 

Bonds  and  sinking:  funds  (hun¬ 
dreds  of  dollars). 

•spunj  Sat^piis  ui  junoum  iejo  j. 

- 

4^ 

o  •  oi  co 

f  'Of 

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899 

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School  bonds 

I  outstanding. 

•junomy 

a 

$405,434 

570 
5,4.50 
3, 185 
13,516 
5, 860 

2,850 

8  S8?JS§ 

I>*  ID  (N  05  CO  O 
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ID 

1.24 
3.21 
5. 18 
5. 18 
7.  61 

5. 18 

00  D-  00  CD  ID  — 

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OJ  ID  CD  ID  05 

•Ajja 

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g 

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3 

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55,600 
528,690 
136,980 
562,591 
593, 852 

582,522 

OJ  N  »H  CJ  1C  - 

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— <  ^  oj  id  i  - 

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'(SJBf|Op  JO 

spuasnoqj)  Ajjadoid  jo  arqvA  amj, 

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1 

s. 

44,900 

164, 771 

26, 464 

108,506 

78,012 

112,498 

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6  $2, 702, 494 

22,600 

83,771 

9, 782 

59, 043 

70,394 

90,698 

28,577 

16,503 

65, 598 

87,069 

8,043 
94, 843 

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N 

CD 

CO  O  WON  CO 

CD  OJ  H  OJ  id  O 
CO  OJ  i-H 

to 

cS 

5} 

- 

United  States. 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia. . 

Florida . 

cs 

'5 

1 

0 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS;  1917-1918. 


513 


8S38SS 

ic  0  CO  1C  Tji 

^  CO  co  CO  CO 
CO  CO  00  ^ 
TT  O  »0  05  O 

8 

lO 

05  CO  00 
888 

co  05 

00  CO 
<M  CQ 

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h-  00 
Oh 

(NOINNO 

COhtNCOH 

•^^CO(NH 

lO^r  ©©©to 

CO  05  CO  00  NN»O05 

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t-T  of  cT 

ioV*f»Hco' 

of 

co' 

OV-T 

Co'  th' 

^vt^VhVT 

rf  r-Tf-T  r-TofTjT 

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300 

57 

00  CO 

05  lO 

05  CO 

CM  • 

■  tp  •  •  co 

■  OS  •  •  rH 

•  JO  •  00  •  •  00  •  • 

cTr-T 

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coV-ToT  cf co  oo  co  o' 


H?OOiCN  C  (M  GO  iO  ” 
Tf  O  O  (N  lO  OOvDO' 
©t>-<NCOO  00  O  h  00  t 


OCON(N 

sss'sf0* 


CO  £1 

58 

co cT 


8K 

CO  CO 


00  05 
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cTc-'T 


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h-  O 
co  8 
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828  8 
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.  o  • 

.  CO  • 

i  i  :§  :  j  j  j  j  j  :  :  j  :  i  :  : 

j  j  j  j  j  j  I  Is  j 

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CO  • 

!  co  • 

:  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  i 

888  8 £ 
O  O  CO  tO  tT 

cToo'c^T  co'©' 

HOOH  00 


ooo 

o'io'oo' 


»o  o  o  © 

hOOlO 

iHiO(NN 


COO  *05 
05  to  •  <N 

co'cT  •  cf 

00  <N  -00 


t>.  .  .|>.  .  cO  00  •  tO  •  CO 

CO  •  •  ^  •  00  co  •  O  •  t— 1 

•  •  •  tO  •  N  •  rH 

•  05  CO  •  ■  co  O  CO  O  CO  •  1— 1  <M  •  co  00  •  •  O  <N  CO  H 

•COC*  •  •  to  CO  0G  COCQ  •tS'Oi  •  CO  tO  •  •  00  (N  tP 

•  o  1  •  CO  ^  tO  '  to  W  •  H  H  •  •  o  r— 1 

•  cf  •  •  CoV-T  tff  •  •  rH  •  •  CO 

•  •  •  I  til 

40 

1,100 

222 

3,100 

45 

544 

L'  . . 

•  05 
•C5 

2 

971 

200 

151 

2,666 

2 

130 

55 

257 

16 

36 

4,510 
700 
950 
243 
20, 155 

9,060 
21, 735 
4,462 
9,650 
1,485 

10,361 

_ 

225 

35,867 

2,535 

17,369 
3, 135 
800 
51,378 
7,894 

7, 128 
68,602 
325 
3,860 
5,368 

1,690 
10, 633 
1,750 
2,210 
40 

6,515 

10,035 

6,940 

2,565 

i^hcohn  05^^0(N 

C<l  t*  rH  tH 

i-t00<M  NtOrtO'*  -cr  CO  »-H -<ti -"S'  NtONWH  -tfiiooco 

»-l  <N  CO  CD  iH 

00  O  co  CO  CO  tP  CO  CO  05  <N  *rp 

CO  O  05  O  tO  CO  05  <M  Tp  p>.  o 

CO  c4  CO  CO  CO  CO  lO  tJ?  IO  CO  05 

I>  05 
(M  TP 

to  CO 

6.91 

1.12 

5.55 

3.84 

5.25 

5.45 
7. 97 
5.  55 
2.88 

9. 95 

4.25 
4.08 
9.60 
5.  72 
3.65 

4.10 

6.95 
5.80 
4.70 

193,268 
21,000 
352, 901 
72, 733 
2, 531, 456 

863,026 
1,369, 420 
178, 725 
492, 986 
74,980 

573,762 

159,041 

1,201,807 

1,007,074 
131,776 
58, 275 
1,530,557 
248, 064 

218,639 
3,009,695 
362, 671 
148, 010 
415, 717 

60, 512 
312, 699 
62, 400 
267,277 
75,317 

142,046 
369,329 
727, 615 
171, 040 

C0C0<N05(N  CO  tO  Hi  l>-  o 

iOC0t^t^O5  OO  CO  CO  CO  CO  <M 

100 

79 

r^OOt-OCCXM  CO  CO  ^  to  N  CO  tO  O  CO  Cl  COCOON 

COCJtNNtO  cocoih-caoo  tONONtO  tP  05  00  GO 

57,210 
10, 500 
89, 136 
23, 731 
387,376 

136,072 
230,798 
42,290 
89, 762 
20, 168 

63,455 

30, 181 
185,094 

145,699 
118, 030 
10, 500 
398, 887 
47,262 

40, 133 
377,824 
65,329 
51,320 
41,784 

14,252 
76, 662 
6,500 
46, 709 
20,638 

34,627 
53, 158 
125, 456 
36,354 

31,929 
3, 500 
63, 814 
18, 761 
355, 182 

113,488 
80, 666 
27,028 
33,402 
7,412 

12,691 

30, 181 
145, 496 

97,582 
33,504 
2,625 
302,961 
24, 758 

25,310 
236,660 
48, 066 
12,859 
36,398 

7,564 
57,332 
6, 500 
35, 454 
10, 689 

16, 081 
51, 117 
104, 960 
31, 603 

NHH(N05  CO  CO  CO  tH  (M  00 

05  CO  r-H  -cp  TJ>  r-C  t>.  ^  C'*  CO  CO  VtflOn 

«-l  <N  CO  1-H 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

^  Maryland . 

co  Massachusetts. . . 

OO 

oo  Michigan . 

,°  Minnesota . 

I  Mississippi . 

£2  Missouri. . 

j  Montana . 

1  Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

N.  Hampshire... 

New  Jersey . 

New  Me.xien _ 

New  York . 

North  Carolina.. 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . . . 
Rhode  Island . . . 
South  Carolina. . 
South  Dakota. . . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia... 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

as  I 


11 

IT'S 

§JS 

111 

112 

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o 


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hkS 


S2§ 


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S'-S  03 

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8©-.s 


>c‘ 

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o  o  o 


Table  83. — Summary  of  taxation ,  bonds ,  sinking  funds,  expenses  of  debt  service,  and  value  of  school  properties,  1917-18— Continued. 
GROUP  V.— CITIES,  TOWNS,  AND  VILLAGES  OF  2,500  TO  5,000  POPULATION. 


514 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


-jop  jo  spnBsnoqj)  satjiadojd  jooqas  jo  anjBA 

as 

889  ‘39$ 

633 

274 

786 

2,829 

1, 249 

1,019 

118 

419 

760 

2, 785 

1, 752 

3,297 

1  758 

Expenses  of  debt  service. 

•spunjay 

00 

£ 

CO 

of 

id 

100 

200 

29 

1,509 

OO 

00  •  • 

•ssauporjqapu  tuo  jsajajm  jo  juaunf/ey; 

t> 

$1,031,081 

5, 100 

14, 495 

25, 735 

28, 738 

1,796 

£ 

oT 

19, 648 

25,267 

9,  486 

75, 680 

27,056 

•sfuTOj  nuaj  j-ioqs  jo  uoi:jduiapay 

to 

1  $623,907 

4,800 

2,000 

17,877 

•spumj  Supjuis  oj  s?uora^'8c[ 

i® 

$286,398 

5,000 

1,000 

12,000 

13,276 

OO  (N 

o  to  co  •  r- 
o  coco  •  o 

Redemption  of  bonds  by 
payment  from^- 

•spnoq  A4.au:  jo  anssj 

■>*< 

$400, 600 

75,000 

........ 

|i|lj 

•spimj  Sapjuig 

os 

$409,052 

1,000 

18,000 

13,532 

5,000 

5,260 

8,645 

10,000 

33,500 

•sptraj  juauno 

: 

Ol 

$679,775 

19,320 

18,500 

7,000 

47, 445 

15, 125 

8,000 

12,000 

Bonds  and  sinking  funds  (hun¬ 
dreds  of  dollars). 

•spxmj  Supjuis  ui  jxmoui'o 

a 

$23,832 

•O  T-4 

.  CO  «o 

O  CO  CO  O  OO  OO 

CO  40  O  C4  ‘O  (N  CO 

^  <M  Tji 

•jqap  jo  sunoj  jaqjQ 

© 

s 

009  T 

673 

52 

277 

o 

HOikOOOh- 

as1®**  a 

School  bonds 
outstanding. 

qtmotny 

35 

$267,766 

1,400 

3,015 

13,259 

5,560 

2,000 

890 

575 

4,350 
5,611 
3, 764 
14,420 
6,975 

•^uijjodoj  sraajsAs  jooqog 

oo 

OO 

C<1 

.  CO 

0  40  00  r-4 

WH  rJiCSh-OW 

Taxation. 

•(lejjop  jad  siyni)  sasodjmd 
lOoqosqT;  joj  uoij.'bx'b^  joaj'BJ.aS'BiaAy 

5. 66 

6. 96 

4.71 
3.62 
8.  44 

4.00 

o  co  co  <m  oo 

CO  1-H  ^(NCOOOOO 

CO  lONddN 

•A^aa 

-dojd  no  xbj  urojj  paAijap  (jxmoray 

to 

OO 

oT 

50,084 
197, 868 
324,016 
362,038 

21,250 

46, 850 
17,725 

117,530 
522, 473 
245, 477 
556,357 
338,055 

•anjnA  Ajjadojd 

anjj  03  uopj'enjUA  passasst?  jo  orjny 

k a 

OO 

40 

O  OO  1-f  CO  o 

O  CO  40  O*  00 

CO  rf<  NOOOrfi 
CO  CO  ^  CQ  OO 

•(SJBfJOpJO 

spuBsnoqj)  Aj.iado.id  jo  anj'BA  mij, 

g 

ss 

? 

7, 196 
42,021 
89,390 
42,911 

5,313 

OO  OOt -trHOJ 

O  CO  (NN^^O 

Oi  40  40  O  oo  CO  05 

cfuf  i-Tf-Too^coof 

t-H  C*  CO  40 

•(suejjopjo  spu^snoqj) 
Ajjadojd  jo  uorjorq^A  passassy 

OS 

1 

o 

7, 196 
15,778 
45, 558 
41,154 

4,250 

3,950 

3,545 

10, 010 

18, 812 
18, 853 
11,443 
35,993 

•Stnjjodai  suiajsAs  jooqog 

©5 

CO 

CO 

HMNOO  i-4 

<N<M  CO  GO  (N  O  GO 

States. 

- 

United  States. i 

Arizona 

Arkansas . 

California . 

Colorado........ 

1 

> 

fl 

n 

>p 

<s 

2 

>  _ 

!§ 

>.z 

p 

i 

! 

1  o 
;  X 

!  c 

iP 

j  « 

rs 

|C 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana.. . 

Iowa . . 

Kansas . . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918. 


515 


§§!!§  S  * 

«5V  : 

SI  IsliS  iSStl  sills  ISl 

pT  eo  raVT  i-T«c>  w*  pT 

»Not  including  $2,609,699,000,  the  estimated  assessed  valuation  of  the  831  cities  of  this  group  which  did  not  report  this  item. 

10  Not  including  $4,514,124,000,  the  estimated  true  value  of  the  831  cities  of  this  group  which  did  not  report  this  item, 
n  Not  including  $25,556,059,  the  estimated  amount  derived  from  taxation  in  the  831  cities  not  reporting  this  item. 

i 

:  S  : 

• •  •  • 

i  i  3  i  :r  g§ 

«' ;  ;  j«f  “s 

|S 

1 

iO 

:8 

!  i  if 

mn  Bisis  s : 

hnh  eo  jg  eo  t-  a>  pi  • 

is  SSlil  is 

go  5V.V--  s-g- 

is  is 

'nf  ®  gf 

:l8  Sis 

; 

:f 

;  i§ 

:  il  ill  §1 

®  :  gvr  :8“v  ”8 

is  SI 

■  co  pfci" 

ii 

:  E  is 

:  "  :B' 

S 

:  is 

1:  1: 

— *  •  '’T 

Si  ;lill  :i 

;  -S'S  :S 

li 

pT~ 

§ 

s' 

:  :S 

5  =11 

efeoo' 

• 

i 

■ 

:  il 
:  Is' 

:  :  :  :  :8|  :  : 

M  Ss“  : ; 

s 

;  ii 

.  ^  IQ 

SI  1 : 
s'"  »'  : 

:  igsig  il 
^  °°V 

il 

"'S' 

II  : 

cTecT  • 

i  IIS 
:  s's's' 

1,000 

:1 
•  CO 

i§ 

£  o'ao' 

11  :  : 

sopf  •  | 

1  :  !  :  :1S  IS 

3'  :  S'  :  :§'"'  '*'8 

il 

is 

§ 

s' 

ill  1  ii 
i-'s  s'  is 

>o 

:  1- 

m  3 : 

S3  :88 1| 

: 

‘'is! 

i  gs§ 

3 

si 

:  ;  i  ; 

SS  22  :  52 

•  *-T  •  co 

82S88 

: 

:  ^ 

1,676 

520 

470 

8S888  §  ! 

**  Scf  eoVr  ~  : 

14,568 

3,110 

27,081 

980 

890 

28,726 

11,873 

6,455 

26,010 

II  iiisl  sss 

pT  ^opT-T  «T^T» o' 

NNN 

1"  PI  09  • 

00^  gCONOH 

N'T  TT  uo  TT  CO  IM  OSiOtp 

3.07 
0. 00 

8  SSS38  8  : 

i>  *d  oo  eo  c4  oo  ' 

t2  *  omSSS  £§85 

o i  NHOMN  so 

i.  85 
10.93 

1.87 

3.60 

5. 32 
6.89 
2.37 

5.85 

6. 33 
6. 44 

SI: 

S3  : 

iSlig  § : 

i  s'»  s ; 

II  Elgls  Is 
as  is's'ii  §§ 

21,257 

115,602 

24,914 
252, 736 
79, 197 
32,867 
40,000 

199,472 

151,970 

322,335 

SS  : 

8  £*£££  2  : 

22  SS523  SS 

S3  £58238  §88 

14,383 

4,004 

lllli  i : 
s'  g's's'e's'  S'  : 

24,570 

7,300 

92, 884 
49. 596 
13,979 
238,922 
30,865 

27,332 

162,698 

11,487 
10, 576 

13,324 
70, 147 
14, 893 
4,768 
16, 857 

34, 123 
24,004 
50,045 

8,865 

3,004 

1  81111  i  : 

s'  gas's'”  »' ; 

5S  slill  sis 
s'g 

SI  lilii  £!§ 

cooo  <N~%fco«T  oVjPjT 

■ON  • 

PI  MNCONCC  LO  . 

—  “>3 

PIPI  COJOCOPJCO 

Kentucky . 

2  I*; 

!|i 

Hi 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina. . 
North  Dakota... 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania. .. 

R>inSn  Tclo.wl 

ii 

ill  1 

111 

if! 

>  III: 

>» 

Table  84. — Summary  of  census,  'personnel,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


516  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enroll¬ 
ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly 

esti¬ 

mated). 

u- 

2,463 

16,927 

5,060 

161,000 

5,651 

12,000 

27,467 

4,585 

6,855 

Public  schools. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 
build¬ 

ings. 

«© 

OC  CUN  CM  r-  to  CO  <M  ^  CO  lO  CO  ^  ^  CO  CO  lO 

iO  OlOO)  CD  COO  *0  0  0  U-  CD  CN  CD  00  CO 

CO  »-i  CM  rH  y-i  d 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools 
(kinder¬ 
gartens 
not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

S 

O  COON  U-  ^  CQ  CO  ^  CD  L*.  CD  00  ©  HNO 

lO  OlOCJ  CO  iO  O  CD  gj  CD  00  05  co*o 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

14 

21,302 

65,672 

26,466 

46,384 

30.651 

19,344 

24, 856 

1,128 

47,838. 

25,513 

318, 118 

33,900 

23,825 

36,117 

59,552 

102,464 

13.652 

13,827 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

ct 

3, 734, 154 

12,149, 416 
5,002,113 
8,998,484 

5,639,784 

3,511,613 

4,625,317 

208,675 

8,270,461 

4,592,340 

58,058,900 

6,068,100 

4,375,271 

6,357,637 

10,540,704 

18,660,852 

2,432,474 

2,430, 984 

Enrollment. 

Female. 

s 

16,055 

45,328 

>18,008 

30,411 

20,876 

11,326 

14.879 

696 

31,819 

15,682 

181,833 

21,856 

16,629 

25,570 

40.880 

64, 481 

7,604 

8,514 

Male. 

- 

14,891 

45,361 
> 16,675 
30, 833 

20, 597 

11,555 

14,732 

600 

29,717 

14,202 

186,392 

21,204 

15,769 

1 

22,221 

40,751 

68,367 

7,755 

8,541 

Teachers. 

Female. 

o 

630 

2,805 

884 

1,446 

996 

563 

725 

36 

1,636 

676 

7,172 

1,144 

782 

1,230 

2, 168 

2,799 

454 

544 

Male. 

a» 

<N  05  .— I  CO  t"-  OOW  05  00  c©  iO  1-H  O  iQOOrH 

05  3*1-105  05  CO  0C  i—H  SO  05)  tJ*  t>.  00  ^*  •*** 

*#H  CH  t-  1-i  cn  3* 

ii 

00 

t'-  t>.050  lOCC'''i*-'*l005i-llO-***  00  CH  05 
OJ  OO  CO  CO  *005|i<M«Og5i-ilOOO  00  CO  CO 

Super¬ 

visors. 

O  50100  O  000*10*  00  00  00  CO  1-H  05  5OC5O0 

r-l  <OrHi-l  »-*  l-l  l-l  05  l-H  'll* 

Super¬ 

intend¬ 

ents. 

05  ^1*CO«0  CO  OJ'fi-H  CO  O*  -+*  i— 1  <0  CO  t—  CO  05  05 

School 

census 

age. 

7-21 

6-21 

4-16 

4-16 

4- 16 

5- 17 

6- 

1-21 

6-21 

6-20 

6-18 

6-18 

5-16 

5-21 

5-16 

School  census. 

Female. 

■*< 

20,786 

28,847 

2  17,154 

2  17,531 
850 

33,478 

<13,081 

392,514 

30, 654 

28,231 

41,778 

50,374 

2  68,379 
7,459 
12,803 

Male. 

os 

1 

19,704 

27,529 

;  217,140 
1/2  17,530 
\  800 

32,389 

<13,081 

379,434 

1  32,323 

27,973 

40,416 

49,681 

2  68,378 
7,118 
12,742 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

132,685 

319, 198 
150, 174 
416,912 

213,381 

102,054 
}  133,605 

331,069 

154.839 

2,185,283 

233,650 

223,928 

339,075 

558,485 

686,092 

104. 839 
119, 295 

Cities. 

- 

Alabama: 

Birmingham . 

California: 

Los  Angeles . 

Oakland . 

San  Francisco . 

Colorado: 

Denver . 

Connecticut: 

Bridgeport . 

New  Haven  3 . 

Westville  district . 

District  of  Columbia: 

Washington . 

Georgia: 

Atlanta . 

Illinois: 

Chicago . 

Indiana: 

Indianapolis . 

Kentucky: 

Louisville . 

Louisiana: 

New  Orleans . 

Maryland: 

Baltimore . 

Massachusetts: 

Boston . 

Cambridge . 

Fall  River . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


517 


6,947 

5,311 

35,694 

7,437 

7,970 

9,558 

:§ 

:§' 

ill 

:2'~' 

7,099 

32, 197 

19,685 

74, 154 

30, 241 

6,071 

7,683 

1 

rf 

6,484 

1,747 

1 

a' 

5n 

gs 

85 

127 

s 

37 

70 

26 

5I£§3S 

£3838 

is" 

| 

3% 

3 

0S8 

S 

SS’ 

Sis 

£g 

s?g 

39 

74 

37 

25 

74 

547 

48 

38 

£§tgss 

£ 

216 

140 

71 

3 

S3 

to 

IS 

Si 

Is 

§§ 

1 

III 

S8S83 

Issil 

3 

III 

I 

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Table  84. — Summary  of  census ,  personnel ,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings ,  19 17-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


518 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  191&-1&18. 


Enroll¬ 
ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly- 

esti¬ 

mated). 

5 

2,529 

3,434 

1,000 

500 

:  :  :  :  2  :88  : 

.  .  •  •  tO  •  ©  r-H 

:  :  :  :  ^  : 

1,105 

Public  schools. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

* 

32  8  22  2223  S  3S  252 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools 
(kinder¬ 
gartens 
not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

uj 

22  3  28K3  2223  g  28  232 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

13  I  Isll  si  Ills  a  m  §§§ 

ufTp  oo  r^coVToo  eoc o’  r^'-fV^co'  o'  oo'oo'oi' 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

©? 

924,586 
747, 125 

1,448,550 

1,379,662 

1,030,870 

1,374,250 

1.501.858 

623,376 

673, 629 

3,124,080 

719, 877 

1,348,540 

2,351,340 

1,852,984 

1.586.858 

1,686,672 

1,375,480 

1,517,760 

1,641,872 

Enrollment. 

Female. 

IS  1  IslI  IS  ill!  I  gg  3§9 

-*»  u?  cfei*  efefujt-r  t-T  cor-~ 

Male. 

3 

3,586 

2,816 

5.110 

5,213 

4,024 

5,474 

5,725 

1,960 

2,689 

8,567 

2, 757 

4,972 

7,681 

5,991 

5,900 

7, 237 

4.111 

5,571 

5,696 

Teachers. 

Female. 

o 

Is  §  ISSa  Ss  sssi  I  al  Sal 

Male. 

Si 

22  8  38S3  2 00  2238  05  S33  882 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

00 

^  S  2223  000  55  :28  8  ^2  ^2 

Super¬ 

visors. 

r* 

U5<N  ->C  CO  O  QO  O  t-Ui  JOOUJCO  r-t  COM  M  CO  CO 

Super¬ 

inten¬ 

dents. 

«D 

rH  HH«H  r-i  tH 

School 

census 

age. 

US 

7-21 

7-21 

6-21 

6-21 

4-16 

4-16 

4-16 

4-14 

6-14 

81-9 

81-9 

81-9 

School  census. 

Female. 

6,575 

5,145 

7,691 

3,251 

17,351 

3,766 

2  7,042 
11,478 

8,068 

7,231 

9,582 

7,881 

Male. 

eo 

5,950 

4,410 

7,287 

11,568 

3,776 

2  7,040 
11,475 

7,250 

6, 578 
9,170 
6, 181 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

51,521 
38, 136 

45,941 

40,434 

30,291 

44,696 

39,578 

}  44,395 

98.915 
32,066 

43.916 
73, 141 

87,411 

57,699 

37,782 

41,040 

40,665 

65,064 

Cities. 

- 

Alabama: 

Mobile . 

Montgomery . 

Arkansas: 

Little  Rock . 

California: 

Berkeley . 

Pasadena . 

»acramento . 

San  Diego . 

Colorado: 

Pueblo- 

District  No.l . 

District  No.  20 . . 

Connecticut: 

Hartford . 

Meriden . 

New  Britain . 

Waterbury . 

Delaware: 

Wilmington . 

Florida: 

Jacksonville . . . 

i 

Georgia: 

Augusta . 

Macon . 

Savannah . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  19*17-1918. 


519 


8  =83  §  ii 

rf  cT  -n 


SgssSiES 

r-T  efrH-W 


3SISS3ISS 

ci'ci'coV-T 


2328223  2S83  838 

2  328  22°°  8  3^828833282822888 

16 

31 

23 

23 

14 

23 

21 

26 

19 

20 
31 

20 

19 

55 

2  322  2203  2  3t'*8388332888228S8 

5,859 

8,165 

4,837 

9,313 

3,591 

7,920 

7,720 

9.102 
7,380 

8. 103 
9,955 

6,447 

6,902 

16,929 

8,950 

12, 556 
6,501 

9,241 

4,806 

4,  789 

2,729 

8, 946 

10, 061 

6,486 

6. 758 

4, 550 

6,490 

5. 758 

9, 361 

11,707 

6,256 

13,  546 

7, 053 

5, 963 

6,  761 

4,895 

11,808 

16, 936 

4,  810 

1,041,371 

1,584,010 

841.570 

1,704,305 

667,962 

1,428,899 

1,420,572 

1,747, 641 
1,416,960 
1,620,600 
1,841,583 

1,199,142 
1,180,200 
2,979, 504 

1.611.150 

2, 197,300 
1,124, 673 

1.617. 150 

893,916 
885,965 
534, 884 

1,480,564 

1,951,870 

1,098,498 

1, 148,  694 

807, 152 

1, 102,  829 

1,045,903 

1,630,702 

1,921,590 

1,048, 256 

2, 574,  819 

1,285,206 

972, 691 

1,192,047 

847,  634 

1,862,412 

2,949, 651 

846, 499 

3,769 

5,396 

3,105 

6,443 

2,329 

5,012 

4,934 

6,374 
4,760 
5, 278 
6,676 

4,250 

4,477 

11,655 

I  S13  las  S  Is Is III si IS Ills II 

*o  cO'#<o  eo'2'i-T  ioco^ncoco  »oeo  cot^^coco  2'<o~©''2' 

3,552 

5,362 

3,181 

6,085 

2,278 

5,102 

4,888 

6,220 

4,734 

5,154 

6,209 

3,862 

4,512 

11,381 

§  ill  sis  8  IllSiilllliilslsI 

in  coei*r-T  -dT  t*  ^e*e£eoco  coeow  ^eo  coco  T-Tef 

185 

260 

185 

314 

135 

304 

284 

373 

280 

318 

337 

266 

249 

668 

1  SSS  S§s  §  SS3Sg8S2S3giSSSSS 

2322233  sr&css?  22s 

2  332  2W00  2  2a>0O32828£3S28£382 

toeoeoooww.o  ooooc*  223 

2  0.000  «COH  CO  -OOO 

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i-H  HHH  HNH  <N  HH(NHHN(N(Nr-t^Hr4HHH(NH 

2222222  2222  22222  222  228  3  22222222222222222 
oieoNO'i  otsoo  loiiioiiio  woii  cAcico  A  iA  iA  >A  >A  A  A  »A  »A  »A  >A  »A  iA»A  io  A  ia  »A 

§58113!  slls  §Ss 

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jl  311  111  8  IS  si SSI 31 IS 11 11 Is 

•co  •^'•o'cT  lo'eoco'  o'  ^^co -^co  co'oToo'io' 0*^00  uo'oo't^'o'co 

5,231 

15,320 

0,785 

8,966 

5,219 

10,090 

11,068 

10,719 

9,853 

8,625 

8,368 

5,804 

6,881 

13,369 

|l  111  §11  1  s3ssls§llB§i8i§g| 

;oT  co'ia'af  lo'eoco  o'  »c?>c  ^^coccT®  aTuTo''*  co'io'eo'i>  o  co" 

SSlIsss  Ills  sills  SI1  111  6  ll»l3glllliSillll 
SSSSSSS  8'8'ss'  SSS'SV  S'SS  SSS  8  SS¥S5BS'S3SSSS3RSS 


2  Division  as  to  sex,  estimated. 


Table  84  —Summary  of  census,  'personnel ,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-18— Continued. 
GROUP  II— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


520 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


enroll¬ 
ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly 

esti¬ 

mated). 

2, 877 

888 

1,074 

1,522 

1,300 

745 

900 

190 

1,865 

580 

7, 585 

773 

3,216 

739 

5,087 

2,443 

Public  schools. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 

school 

build¬ 

ings. 

to 

382225  23  g  28S  8  2  &  228222 

ill! 

gartens 

not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

20 

23 

14 

19 

15 

19 

14 

10 

52 

7 18 

43 

21 

24 

19 

23 

13 

13 

36 

10 

20 

10 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

illsSl  11  S  538.  I  1  1  B.S.S88S 

lO'^'oTlfs'lc'co'  rji'eo'  CO"  OoTui'  to  CC  to  to  o'  n" O  OtT 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

2 

1,072, 563 
964, 315 
1,751,375 
1,006,414 
1,009,448 

1,175,395 

713,300 

648, 000 

2,  509, 736 

1,126, 170 

1,721,085 

1,  073, 880 

1,198,009 

1,489,664 

1,158,558 

1,100, 197 

2,038,318 

2, 482, 350 

1,212, 643 

1,978,696 

1,596,230 

i 

2 

838388  S3  8  388  8  1  §  88138.3 

CO  n'  to  CO  CO  xjt  ININ  00  tPtOCO  -*p  CO  -ptoco^ptoto 

s 

Male. 

s 

833SSS  38  I  838.  8  8  §  538838. 

eo"  in  i o  eo"  co  -it  nh  cc  tp  to  co  ->*7  ‘o'  co"  to  oo  ■*<  to 

1 

Female. 

o 

3S8388  Is  3  813  s  3  §  813838' 

EH 

Male. 

1 

Oi 

3822S2  55  S32  2  S  2  332328 

if 

00 

OO  ^  O  (M  jN  00  O  OO  W  O  ^  HH^HHH 

l 

super¬ 

visors. 

oo  eo  in  oj  in  x# x*  <n ma>  oo  oo  to  totooomto  ! 

1 

GC 

inten- 

dents. 

tO 

HH  rH  HHN  Cl  rH  tH  HHHHHH 

School 

census 

1 

5-19 

5-19 

5-19 

5-19 

5-19 

5-19 

5-19 

5- 19 

6- 16 

6-20 

6-20 

6-20 

6-21 

4- 20 

5- 16 

•  •  •  oo  ! 

i  i  ;3  i 

School  census. 

Female. 

SS88S5  S§  1  SsS  1  §  §  i 

wcoisT^ioio  x*eo  oo"  xfoo"-*  jh  to  tC  \ 

i  i  :§B  i 

1 !  |S  1 

Male. 

ssSsls  §3  S  81s  1  1  g  ! 

t'T'eoLT' x*T  io“  us"  xjTeo'  u)  -aL-TxaT  h"  to  • 

:  i  :§  : 
j  :  js  : 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

6 

Cl 

II18S1  1  1  III  if  g  |  §§§§!§ 
ssss'sss  s'  s'  gRsf  &  4i  n  s'g'ssW 

| 

Cities. 

- 

Michigan: 

Bay  City . 

Calumet . 

Flint . 

Jackson . 

Kalamazoo . 

Lansing . . 

Saginaw- 

East  side . 

West  side . 

Minnesota: 

Duluth . 

Missouri: 

Joplin  s . 

St.  Joseph . 

Springfield . 

Montana: 

Butte . 

Nebraska: 

Lincoln . 

New  Hampshire: 

Manchester . 

New  Jersey : 

Atlantic  City . 

nayonne . 

Camden 6 . 

East  Orange . 

Elizabeth . 

Hoboken . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


521 


il  j  j  i  ;8  ;  :  S  j  * 

1  !  i  3  ;S  II  :it§  jllsil  :S  i 

r-T  >  ■  rH'  .<>r  ;W5  ;T-7-*j5\-T  •  CO'cI'  r-T  •  CO  • 

228^  22S22S3S  2:?83  a  882 

83  £  8228882S8SS3828  88  00 

2  S82 

83  3  822888288S38838  38  00 

9,300 
6,481 
12, 964 
5, 515 

3, 850 
4,014 
6,856 
4,725 
5, 586 
6,546 
5,914 
13, 074 

4,902 

8  1,519 
10,589 
14, 155 

5,368 

23, 863 

9,590 

4,405 

si  I  SslissISlIissla  II  S 

oojg  r-T  aVwVooVwVfflVcoo.oV  ®m 

1,692,582 
1, 173, 180 
2,462,952 
1,080,927 

737,280 
750, 533 
1,282,121 
891, 817 
1,066, 264 
1,193,672 
1, 141, 500 
2,433,421 

882,266 

8  284, 053 
2,011,974 
2,498,367 

837,597 

4,366,929 
1,726,192 
795, 156 

1,368,360 
2,847, 174 

2,104,314 

1,790,785 

1,425,601 

988,950 

1,095, 902 

2,038,808 

1,952,382 

1,073,420 

1  490,  883 

1, 134, 879 

1,239, 120 

1,243,620 

2,612,578 

2,051,620 

938,  875 

1, 119,  680 

1,215,828 

707, 070 

956,042 

5.635 
3,916 
8, 898 
3,412 

2, 127 
2,524 
4,379 
3,117 
3,541 
4,024 
3,375 
7, 975 

2,628 

973 

7,401 

8,596 

4,081 

13.360 

5.636 
2,690 

S3  1  §33888988888188  11  1 

ic'ci'  aT  (O  -rp  COCO(0<0  n'-rf''rP  CC  (O  CO  CO  -VC*  cc 

5, 812 
4, 115 
8,608 
3, 511 

2,234 
2,414 
4, 450 
3,230 
3,475 
4,207 
3, 758 
7,  844 

2,871 

915 

7,588 

8,731 

3,564 

13,273 
5,598 
2, 642 

18  §  IliSiilSSISSsISI  is  1 

rjtoT  oo  ^Tef  eo 

• 

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218 

487 

385 

218 

242 

141 

200 

353 

272 

124 

268 

154 

205 

207 

377 

267 

134 

194 

282 

143 

150 

25 

14 
41 

8 

12 

17 

25 

15 

16 
23 
16 

26 

17 

4 

27 
54 

11 

49 

21 

28 

82  8  28328g338828fe£8  ^ 

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T-H  tH  iH  HHHHHHHINHHHMHHH  t-I  tH  tH 

4-18 

4-18 

7-16 

7-16 

4-18 

4-18 

4-18 

4- 18 

5- 18 

6- 18 

5- 18 
4-18 

6- 21 

6-21 

6-21 

6-21 

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MM  18888118  3SI8  1  883 

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si  1  sS  isiiiiiiiilii  is  ; 

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of  1915-16.  8  Estimated  per  1916  report. 


Table  84, — Summary  of  census,  personnel,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


522 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enroll¬ 

ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly 

esti¬ 

mated). 

IS  11  1  1!  1  1  III  S  li  USES 
: 

Public  schools. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 

scnooi 

build¬ 

ings. 

CO 

2??  3582SS  3  353  g  £2  2222 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools 

fkinrler- 

gartens 

not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

2 

£3  SSSSggg  n  3^3  £  83  3323 

Aver- 

<,x 

attend¬ 

ance. 

SI  Hills  1  Hi  1  li  Sail 

*'3'  3'“SV3'S"  S'  Sf*'®'  S'  -'-'•'Y 

attendance. 

os 

1,051,783 

1, 768, 764 

2, 686, 816 

1, 552, 092 

1, 897, 256 

716,022 

2,674,463 

2,747, 407 

3, 500, 414 

i  2, 797, 200 

821,560 

1, 164, 800 

2,249,894 

1,044,556 

930, 856 

822, 092 

821, 026 

1,305, 681 

i  1, 025, 810 

Female. 

si  388831  1  ill  1  li  sail 

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- 

SI  gsllls  a  SIS  i  Is  liil 

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1 

Female. 

o 

si  589988  S  Sag  I  IS  ISIS 

1 

Male. 

35 

"  1 

15 

39 

51 

29 

44 
12 
65 

45 

60 

39 
11 

6 

68 

40 
13 

24 

30 

11 

2  40 

pals. 

00 

58  £58233  ^  :°3  8  82  °°S2  : 

a 

visors. 

1®  oo  »o  o  r-|  io  -t<  1  io  ec  05  to  lo-ct-’** 

Super- 

mten- 

dents. 

CO 

i-Hr-4  rtNWHWH  <N  HH  HHHH 

School 

6-21 

6-21 

7-17 

7-17 

7-17 

7-17 

7-17 

7-17 

6-18 

7-20 

7-20 

7-20 

5- 21 

6- 21 
6-21 

4-20 

4-20 

4-20 

4-20 

School  census. 

1 

1 

SI  gggSgg  8  111  I  SS  IISS 

coco  TOr-AAcgVA  A  ofeoA  A  ioVT  AAwVT 

1 

05 

II  816888  1  ill  i  Ss  §3 IS 

Aof  AArfAeoVr  A  of  A  A  A  «oA 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

(N 

44, 604 
36,346 

92, 104 
39,279 
73, 312 
36,981 
78,  800 
96, 614 

92, 777 

67, 452 
33, 190 
34,874 

83,743 

31,161 

41,641 

30, 417 
33,062 
38,002 
40,384 

Cities. 

- 

Tennessee: 

Chattanooga . 

Knoxville . 

Texas: 

Dallas . 

El  Paso . 

Fort  Worth . 

Galveston . 

Houston . 

San  Antonio . 

Utah: 

Salt  Lake  City . 

Virginia: 

Norfolk . 

P  ortsmouth . 

Roanoke . 

Washington: 

Tacoma . 

West  Virginia: 

Huntington . 

Wheeling . 

Wisconsin: 

La  Crosse . 

Oshkosh . 

Racine . 

Superior . 

GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


523' 


CO 


S00  00^  ®S°>S2228 


051^000  HN  COOOOiTP  05  CM  00  CO  rr  <N  00  CO 


OTJ100O  00  o 
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Ills  Ills Sill 

tF  i-T  <n"  co  ^n«V««nhV 


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Ills  SIsSlIlI 
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Silll: 


No.  1  in 


Table  84. — Summary  of  census ,  'personnel ,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


524  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enroll¬ 

ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly 

esti¬ 

mated). 

897 

310 

1,124 

489 

55 

300 

94 

1,235 

1,988 

320 

1,352 

1,107 

503 

122 

841 

2,017 

507 

180 

Public  schools.  ' 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

«D 

22^ 

t>.  C^OCOOO  O  JO  OiCO.OqgOOb-MOOJ 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools 
(kinder¬ 
gartens 
not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

14 

16 

7 

t-.  o  jo  2 05 2 s 05 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

** 

3,229 

1,885 

1,380 

1  SgSSi  1  1  SS8I8S8S888 

co  nhmhh  co”  <n”  cTt-i  cfcc  r-T-n  <m'<m”-*”co”co” 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

ee 

581,202 
339, 300 
249,675 

1  lllsl  S  1  IS5S|ggSSll 
I"  l¥sl¥  l  S  siWsiWlfg 

Enrollment. 

Female. 

or 

1,985 

1,376 

952 

2,700 

1,504 

1,012 

2, 546 

1,511 

1,367 

2,107 

1,835 

1, 541 

988 

1,449 

2,067 

1,307 

1,230 

1,453 

1,429 

2,451 

2, 117 

2,140 

Male. 

- 

1,940 

1,457 

791 

!  Sills!  1  I  IIsIsssIbss 

i-H  ▼— »  (NHH  t-H  r-H  t-H  r-H  t-H  t— Tt-H  1— Tci  C'TC'T 

Teachers. 

Female. 

© 

sss 

Male. 

Si 

05  t>-  CO 

OOOOI>CO<N  O  05  ^OSNCQNWOiOOOOQ 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

ao 

^  <m 

...  .00  tH  l>-  CO  •  ■  T-H  H  H 

:  >2 

Super¬ 

visors. 

<N  ^  1-H 

t-H  •  TP  ;  •  CO  CO  ^rrHCOlOCNCOCO^C^rriO 

Super¬ 

inten¬ 

dents. 

© 

,-1  rH  r-H  ,H  (M  rH  ,-H  ,-H  ,-H  ,-H  <M 

School 

census 

age. 

L-5 

4-16 

4-16 

4-16 

!  mil  I  i  minimi 

School  census. 

Female. 

SSI 

<nVT  r-T 

1  gsiSS  §  1  88S8818SSS3 

co”  r-T ^h” cTr-T r-T  <n”  -t”  Co” th” -r” -r^Csf r-T ,-T  co”  cT -3-” co” 

Male. 

05 

SSs 

NHH 

!  IslSS  1  1  SgllalllllS 

!N”  cTr-i'eTr-T^H  <m”  ■H'  co”  r— t  rr”  <n”  i— T  cT  -I*”  oT  hjT  co” 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

SI 

IS!  11  §g§li  1  1  sallSSISsi 
s's's'  ssf  s's's's's  s'  a  s'  ss's's'ssss's 

Cities. 

- 

Connecticut— Continued . 

Torrington . 

Wallingford . 

Windham . 

Florida: 

TCcv  Wftst  .  _  _ , 

Pensacola . 

Georgia: 

Athens . 

Brunswick . 

Columbus . 

Rome . 

Waycross . 

Idaho: 

Boise . 

Illinois: 

Alton . 

Aurora — 

East  side . 

West  side . 

Belleville . 

Bloomington 6 . 

Cairo . 

Canton 6 . 

Chicago  Heights . 

Cicero . 

Danville . 

Elgin.  .. 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  525 


Hi  ;gsi :  :sg  :SS  ;3SS8S9  .:i  ;g  :s  S3  1111  $  : : 

:  :  :  _r  :  :,-r  ^vr  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  : 

::8B;8S  H 

2'D2'-°32'O5O32,,,330s^O53*~3Q0  °°22S 

OhhNO^  05 t'- 

oo^oiNosoosixjoci^oh.  Noo-jeocoNeocoo©'s*eo^®cscs^oo--<©  00  £2  ^  2 

05  t'*  05  05  O  C©  05  !>■ 

2,521 
1,612 
2,611 
3,506 
1,778 
2,470 
1,070 
1,515 
2,189 
.  3,927 
4,192 
4,047 
1,683 
2,339 

3,783 

3,174 

3,296 

2,000 

5,324 

4,209 

1,857 

1,615 

3,438 

2,169 

1,601 

3, 419 

3,393 

2,260 

1,724 

3,173 

2,880 

1,679 

3,320 

2,501 

2,046 

3,482 

2,390 

6,300 

IsilsS  l§ 

HH<NM«V  N<N 

sssssasasssisa  ssgsssssassssaasssis  sasi 

lWl¥s¥si¥s¥s¥  l¥i¥lWl¥l¥i¥sls¥l¥f  Ilfs 

238,374 

333, 558 

445, 125 

584,280 

398,645 

754,546 

523,190 

425,075 

38383888938881  §!S6!?Is!g§is§i§ii§S  Ssil 

tH*  HWHH  ^cfefiHrH  rfefrtrt  CO  cfr4*  <N  ^'>ei'r4'  rTcf-TeO 

857 

1,260 

1,577 

2,000 

1,345 

2,652 

1,756 

1,437 

SslIlllsSIIIII  SS823i83318S§33S8338  Sill 

h  ^rv-Tr-r  r^<N<N(N^r^r  c^vr^ccToT.-r  <nVT  ^c^vtnVT  c«\-r  hnV« 

792 

1,163 

1,537 

2,143 

1,342 

2,548 

1,702 

1,371 

67 

76 

92 

108 

91 

153 

110 

84 

c,oo2^N^«^rw  :SS2^23®SSt~005S“98esSSS3 

WMOOt'O  O  Tf 

O0  ; .-H  CO  j  j  Os  OS  ©  »0  ;  ;  CO  jlNt'HOrtOlX'l'M^NOONHON  t-1  OS  GO  N 

HMHN00H  OS  ■ 

T.-H  ICON'S*  |  CO  cH  00  N  cC  CO  CO  'ft>  iMtO'OCqNO'COM  •  uo  CD  CO  rH  •'f  CO  OO'S’OSN 

;  'S*  CO  00  »D  CO  |  1—1 

HHHHHHHHHHHHHH  HHHH(OHHHHrtH«HHHHrtHHH  _  ,h 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

£33£S£?5f5?5S?5?3S?$  NNNN 

CO  CO  CO  CD  CO  ©  ©  CO  CO  CO  CO  CD  ci  c©  ci  CO  ci  u?  ci  CO  eo  CO  50  ti-  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  CO  ci  CO  CO  AtAAA 

5-21 

5  21 
5-21 
5-21 
5-21 
5-21 

5-21 

5-21 

33888398333383.  |PMP11MI§§IP1S1  §111 

NVNV«VefNV*VB«  wVc^VoVHVNVHNWMHVMHCfcf  r-Teo'ciV' 

1,354 
1,597 
2,003 
2, 190 
2,032 
3,398 

2,734 

1,736 

38838388133813  13888838333883838383  3838 

cTniNCKNLOocirtTrTfmccn  tc  ^  o  ^0'^  h  «  ci  n  h  w  con  nV«’'hc<  m  ^(Nei'co' 

1,289 

1,583 

2,066 

2,150 

1,943 

3,348 

/  2,553 

\  L643 

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2  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  s  Statistics  of  1915-16. 


526  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-19X8. 


527 


181 


18s 


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sills 


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6-20 

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151  ISSisIsIlISlgSgSglllBSSSISslIlSl  glSIlliiSIgg 
ass  ssssa'ass's'as'Ersa'a'S'ss'jssss’ssV&'sVs'ss's  s'ssss's'sss'd's's 


2  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  6  Statistics  of  1915-16. 


Table  84. — Summary  of  census,  'personnel,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


528 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enroll¬ 

ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly 

esti¬ 

mated). 

! 

456 

1,000 

1,246 

380 

1,900 

oos 

iNCO  • 

•  CO  *D  • 

.  CO  CO  • 

Public  schools. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

so 

OiONiO  ID  cO  CD  CO  H  r>.  05 

CD  DOoo^co 

H  H 

O^COO 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools 
(kinder¬ 
gartens 
not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

05JD05t>.  N  CO  CD  CO  O  05 

CD  O  O  D  CO  CD 

©  oo  oj 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

3,611 

3,136 

2,233 

1,638 

1,600 

1,241 

1,227 

3,050 

2,211 

12  2,067 

2,719 

. 

^  CO  CD  ID  iO 

H  t'*.  Tt«  05  O 
<M  COiONOCO 

oT  NHHCOV 

1,835 

3,908 

1,567 
l  1,691 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

t? 

OOOr})  (NOOJNiO  OO 

CD  TH  H  CM  CD  OO  rji  CO  CD  (M 

NXNOi  NCOC4HO  O 

eiVT  thV-*  ^Tcoi^cocT  of  oT 

C^OCNO  CCC^^NIN  OO 

Is-  *D  rf  CO  ^(NtNiOrf  CO  Tt« 

387, 156 

473, 100 

273, 699 

321,305 

553, 884 

414,865 

327, 548 

707,365 

283, 608 
306, 085 

Enrollment. 

Female. 

O* 

3, 521 
1,769 
1,438 
1,152 

967 

810 

818 

1,698 

1, 291 

1,634 

2,349 

1,688 

1,866 

1,102 

1,215 

1,990 

1,748 

Tt«  U-  OO  00 
CO  H  OO  CD 
ID  O  O 

h'C'Th't-h' 

Male. 

a 

OCOCON  DNDHO  CD  00 

OO  CO  CO  CO  OC  H  iO 

lO  CD  CO  O  OC  t>  CO  CO  CO  00 

COhVJVT  t-Tt-T  i-Tr-T 

CD  ^NWCDH 
*0  COOD^D 
(M  NC3O00N 

N  cDOO 
CCHC1N 
<M  ID  O  O 

H  CsT t-Tt-T 

Teachers. 

Female. 

10 

OOCOr^OicD  ^  CO 

HOcDiO  iD  *D  ^  — it>-  rJH  C5 

■00  CDO^HCO 

^  05  iD  ID  05  CD 

05  CO  00  ID 
^  CD  ID 

Male. 

05-^05  10  -*<  00  Oi  lO 

©  ©t>.©|-HCO 

©  »-H  IM  00 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

i 

GO 

N  •  H  IhoON  ho* 

•  CD  H  •  (M  H 

CO  O  CD  • 

Super¬ 

visors. 

HOOOON  ^  -st  LO  CO  H  CO 

*  •  CS|  0*  ID  • 

CO  CD  CD 

Super¬ 

inten¬ 

dents. 

SO 

. 

’"H  HHHHH 

School 

census 

age. 

- 

1 

5-20 

5-20 

5-20 

5-20 

5- 16 

6- 16 
6-16 

5- 16 

6- 16 

5-21 

5-21 

h  o  !ooo 

CM  (M  •  <M  <N  <M 

lO  U5  •  ©  so  50 

6-21 

6-21 

4-21 

6-21 

School  census. 

Female. 

3,043 
« 3, 240 
1,968 

2 1, 146 

1,158 

1,098 

565 

1,592 

2  1,734 

22,416 

3,755 

2,946 

2,297 

1,430 

1,355 

2,223 

1,811 

1,370 

2,839 

1,791 

1,781 

Male. 

M 

NHCDN  CD  00  ^  CD  LO 

rf  (N  CD  D  03  CC  H  CO  H  »D 

HCONH  H^IOCDN  ^  CO 
CO'co'r-T r-T  H~  s-T  r-Tr-T  of  CO* 

2, 887 

2,877 

1,378 

1,276 

2,261 

1,831 

1,486 

2,803 

1,756 

1,636 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

<N 

1 

14,532 

18,863 

12,615 

12,115 

10,365 
10,600 
10, 198 
10, 473 
18,583 

11,733 
21,262 
23, 285 
11,791 
20, 814 

18,341 
11,850 
10,923 
17, 822 
11,817 

10, 134 
10,031 
13,948 
12,515 
12,869 

Cities. 

- 

Michigan— Continued . 

Pontiac . 

Port  Huron . 

Sault  Ste.  Marie . 

Traverse  Citv . 

Minnesota: 

Mankato . 

St.  Cloud . 

Stillwater . 

Virginia . 

Winona . 

Mississippi: 

Hattiesburg 6 . 

Jackson . 

i  s 

!  a 

|| 
>  oi 
!Z 

Vicksburg 6 . 

Missouri: 

Hannibal . 

JelTerson  City . 

Moberly . 

Sedalia . 

Webb  City . 

Montana: 

Billings 6 . 

Great  Falls . 

Helena . 

Missoula . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  529 


205 

ii  :ie 

j3  j|j*8 

195 

1,051 

500 

38  i 

it 

j  8  1  :§  1  !«  ill  j*  j 

!  ; cf  ;  ;  ;  ; 

00  °  10  05  00 10 1:0 

00  05  O00C0*^N 

00  05  1-1  • 

CO»OC  t>-  ^COiOCOO»OiOOcO 

00  CO  CO  oo  H  ^  o  o>  H  COOOlOl>- 

00  03  O  05  CO  T*  00 

S03^  : 

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s 

C-T 

3383831  sails 

8883838 

388  i 

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HINHrtHftn  NC*5(NW(N 

CQCOC^CICOi-tCO 

^nco  • 

1-H^<N  CSI  HHH  i-H  CSI  t-4  1-4  r-4  CO  CN 

401, 105 

219,420 
419,  267 
189, 000 
267,  900 
187, 482 
472, 320 
351,501 

365, 633 
585, 025 
433, 500 
646, 212 
556, 817 

668, 859 
662, 433 
447,511 
393, 480 
727,454 
264, 277 
678, 065 

859, 856 

425,433 

697, 312 

IIS  &  111  E§881§g3§ 
im  i  s¥i  5s¥b1!¥b¥ 

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8388338  SS833 

8888883 

E33  i 

978 

2,698 

1  I  S£g  §81131883 

C*  CS|  TH  1-4  O*  <N 

<m  t-i  ei  ; 

H  r-H  -<  T-l  H  rH  ,-H  -H  ,-H  rH 

1,466 

sills I 

!S  3388s 

,308 

,176 

,596 

,389 

,469 

877 

,484 

III  i 

is!  1  Ssa  llllilsll 

t-H  i-<  O*  H  <N  H 

CKNvh  ^(N  <M 

(N  i-i  CS|  • 

72 

54 

40 

105 

45 

55 
36 

105 

66 

90 

115 

67 

101 

126 

ill 

131 

90 

78 

181 

47 

134 

151 

62 

139 

sga  s  sss  sssasssss 

t>»  CO  OhqCINO 

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1--  Cl  <M  CO  O  00 

322  : 

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T-*  CO  •  GO  i-H  C*  •  C 

*  t-4 

oo  Oi  Tf  co  oo 

00 

!  to  * 

CO  co  ic  CO  1-4  rJ4  I  tH  *^OH^  •  O  co 

“5  U»  |  !  '•  <M  '•  C 

*  *-4  lOiOCO  •  CO 

^»HCOH  CO<N  • 

•  TJ4 

^  T*4  00  CO  CO  (M  CO  IONCOCO^CON»CO 

HINHHINHH 

1 

!  ,H 

1 

1 

1 
' 1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5-21 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 

22333 

!  co  1  !  !  !  ! 

;3  j  j  ;  j  j 

:  is  : 

:  \J>  :  :JW 

!  co  • 

;3  j 

j  T-H  ococoo  t^oooct^ocoo  i  00  00 

|  ii  liiiii  4"4<ioiiiA4i  ;»Ai4« 

1,725 

,855 

,341 

,022 

,029 

849 

is  Mill 

i  is  i  ill 

is  i 

i  s  13s  Ignis  ill 

r  j  j  i  j  j 

;  ;h  ;  ;  co 

.  TJ1  • 

;  N  -I  —t  <N  r-l  ,-H  <N  ,-H  1-H  •  rH  ,-H 

1 

1,776 

1,433 

1,192 

1,020 

876 

is  iiiii 

:_r  :  :  :  :  : 

i  is  i  is! 

is  i 

i  1  813  813881  in 

;  ! 

;  CSI  1-4  tH  CSI  —4  HNHH  |HH 

1  I  3338388  31831383838888888  fall  1  388  8 8833833 
s  2  asss's's's'  ^As's'ss's'sfssa's'as'sfaa*  sa's's  a'  ass  s'  a'a's's's's's 


as  to  sex  estimated.  8  Statistics  of  1915-16.  w  Ei 


Table  84. — Summary  of  census,  personnel,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-18 — Continued; 
GROUP  III.— CltlES  OF  id, 000  TO  3O,OO0  POPULATION— Continued. 


530 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enroll¬ 

ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly 

esti- , 

mated). 

5 

•I  m  :§  :  :!!!§§  •  1  :S  silling 

:  ;  ;  j  •  ;  \t?  * 

Public  schools. 

| 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

•<#  10  to  os  co  eo  oo  oo  eq  to  o>  O  i-j  co  <N  oo  *>  r-<  eo  os  <©  co 

Num¬ 
ber  Of 
schools 
(kinder¬ 
gartens 
not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

eo  eo  o>  t-  -h  t*  t-  ®  t-  oi 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

3 

ISISSssSISlSSiS 

rH'eii-T'oTrH  f-T«  ci'^«crr-r^Teoi-icf  rn  r^coi-TifTT-Tc^ 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

« 

IsaleliltSilfgs  IlSsglSfsls 

Enrollment. 

Feriiale. 

If:!SIIsfSIs!.sii  llUllfSSIl 

rH  wTr-i  rtHNW  oTr-Tr^  t-T(N  ^^"eo-TrH 

53 

& 

a 

tsillSflfslIlIS  IlHfHi is! 

rn”  •^TrH'ci'eo  cT  .-TcT  ,-T  oTt-T.-T 

Teachers. 

Female. 

o 

&&S  |  g  S  |  8gj  |  S  8 -2  8  £  §  rjgSS  3  3  §  5  S 

Male. 

OS 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

00 

■FH  ina^HTH  tH  •  «t-  00-^-#  «D  <N 

Super¬ 

visors. 

•  ^  j  Tt<  T-H  lO  jco  -t— 1  !  io 

•  •  •  ! 

Super¬ 

inten¬ 

dents. 

» 

. 

School 

census 

age. 

i® 

-V-J  QO  QC  00  .^00  OO  00  00  00  00  00  00 1-  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  .00  oo  oo 

©  ii  4<  j-aA  uo4'4^4^'iio4‘i-44<  iiii-ii  4«'io  ii  iA  4«  io 

School  census. 

Female. 

i 1 I |51 IIS s Si 53S  sllllfi|§|§ 

1-H  CsT ~CC  TjT r-T r-T of r-T C<f  rH* r-T C<?«  r-Tr^Co'.-TcT 

Male. 

09 

ISIJSSIISIIISIS  EISISlsIHs 

n <n  cn  r«5eoi® c<i r-Te^nTof  ,-T ^  .-Tr-TcTr-TcT 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

S) 

siSSIssslsSISlI  I  §ilS§!ISi 
sassssissss^sass  s'  ss's's's's's's's' 

Cities. 

- 

New  York— Continued. 

KT:::::::::::::::::::: 

Johnstown 

Kingston . uiiSa. 

fSlP4::;::::::::::;: 

MiddFetOWn*. 

Newburgh;  _ _ 

New  Rochelle . 

North  Tonawanda . 

Ogdensburg . 

Ossining . 

OsWego . 

Peekskill- 

Distrlct  No.  7 . 

District  No.  8 . 

Wsfc::::::::::::::: 

Poughkeepsie . 

Rensselaer . 

iaiS.™"”88: :::::::::: 

Watervliet . . 

White  Plains . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


531 


:::::§  :S  :  :§  :!SS  1  :§1I  :  :  i : 

:  :  :  1  :  :  :  ^  :  :  i  :  :  :  :  : 

1:1  ; 

is  «  :  ;  ;  jl 

0,0  ;.So,oofHC2;-j^aoo2oo,2o,o,ooa>c2^ooo3  o 

00  ^2  2  2  S  t'£D“° 

S°>22°>3  o,o  ^aooHwcoooMOceOooooooo^ooH^  « 

wo0;33sl  S  ^SD'D 

ISSIil  SI  lllsSis§SISsBlslS!l!IBl!s8  I 

^NNncV  (Nof  eoVc,Vc,VwV(NV«NV*V^(NV^^^  r-T 

1,753 

1,674 

4,623 

3,092 

7,844 

2,396 

1,777 

2,188 

2,423 

§!!§!§  s§  Sllsllililisslssllllslsall  1 

‘£i4iii  sf  §¥fs¥l¥Sl¥l¥li¥l¥i¥s£i¥li¥  s' 

310, 227 

301, 240 

813,683 

541,100 

1,356,925 

412,112 

319,860 

393,808 

436, 140 

I3g!S§  gs  IssSIIllSISllIIlSsIsIgssIl  I 

NNHMNV  r-Tr-T  r-T 

1,221 

1,159 

3,683 

1,818 

.  5,914 

1,762 

1,178 

1,390 

1,468 

SRsifiS  11  §s8sai!£I!I§!§IISaSIgsis§§  I 

(N^^VrsJVTc©  ^-Tr-T  <n<n  3 

1,127 

1,026 

3,187 

1,644 

5,642 

1,628 

1,201 

1,228 

1,652 

SgSggg  ^§8S§i?|S5l2S§8§|S|^S2gg^g^|2  S 

5S|S|  £ 

o^^ooco  00 

£  ^  e§  S  ^  05  *- 

0510  2  05  r-C*  CO  OHONHN  -OOiOO  HCS05NTf»0(NHfH 

£r£  iT  j  ~£  £ 

.  :3  :  10 

H  O  05  CO  •  OJ  jio 

£°  £ ;  £  i  j  £  I  £ 

•  CD  ^  f-H 

•INiOfNO  •  •  j  00 

,-1  ,-H  ,_,_  HHHHnHHNHHHHHHHHrHHHHHrtHHHH  rt 

HHHHH  rH  rH<N  i-H 

SSSslFJol  353  S  : 

1  6-21 

6-21 

6-21 

i 

6-21 

6-21 

6-21 

6-21 

6-21 

4-20 

6-16 

6-16 

6-16 

essiss  na  §  issssgsssgs  iss§nssii  i 

^«nV«v  c*'(n  2T  :^oe^cr<N%H^N  : 

1,701  I 

2,388 

3,106 

1,314 

1,473 

4,629 

1,938 

6,764 

2,050 

3 1  i36 

i,  275 
2,285 

asaiaa  m  §  issaasisgas  lassaaaaas  i 

S'co'iN^f  coVT  cTof  r-T  ■  t-f r-T rH-cfcf r-Te^co" c'Tco  ^eo'oToTco'of'-r^ci'  > 

1  1,635 

2,421 
3, 138 

1,288 

1,416 

4,692 

1,833 

6,689 

2,026 

2  1,136 
1,25? 
2,333 

iiisisi^siiiggggigiiigigi  issigss  i  sii 

32  S3 23  3 g  3  3  2 S*3 g  2 23 dVf s' 2 gf s' gfs  3  8  s'ssssfss?  3~  sfss* 


as  to  sex  estimated.  ®  Statistics  of  1915-16.  13  Included  with  teachers.  h  Statistics  of  1916-17. 


Table  84. — Summary  of  census,  personnel,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


532  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Enroll¬ 

ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly- 

esti¬ 

mated). 

11  ;S 

s 

1 

•  •  •  < 

•  •  •  i 

1 1£  IS!  :  lill :  1 1 
:  :  ^  ^  :  : 

Public  schools. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

© 

OOt-COI> 

oo 

CO  ;  coi 

o  ;  05 1>  ^  t>.  co  t>-  co  o  i-j  »o  | 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools 
(kinder¬ 
gartens 
|  not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

OO  00  ^  o 

05 

co 

co  •  00 » 

n  ‘osoocoior^ooof-cooo  •«*  • 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

2,207 

4,107 

3,106 

1,573 

2, 253 

8 

§  jgi 

of  ;  cfi 

5,  074 

2,505 

2,859 

3,338 

1,576 

2,796 

1,992 

3,435 

2, 186 

3,846 

3,517 

2, 197 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

69 

397, 219 
739,382 
590, 140 
298,900 

405, 707 

310, 140 

1  III 
1  :§: 

1  isssssissss  i  i 

1  il¥ls¥Ss‘lW  1  : 

Enrollment. 

Female. 

2 

1,421 

2,530 

1,913 

1,040 

1,314 

1 

S  !?; 

2,821 

1,604 

1,798 

1,978 

968. 

1,596 

1,162 

2,006 

1,127 

2, 198 

2,368 

1, 180 

Male. 

s 

1,266 

2,405 

1,819 

912 

I 

r-T 

i 

1  if; 

,-T  '.rf, 

a  iisiiiigiii  §  i 

Teachers. 

Female. 

© 

s 

S  igi 

3  3  i 

Male. 

© 

05 

61 

*  :S; 

O  jegjOCOCcOCO^.O;*  10  i 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

oo 

>3  : 

CO 

tO  ;  •  ■ 

r-H  ;  T-I  ;  ■  iO  CO  ©  61  ;  •'6  ; 

Super¬ 

visors. 

•  |  T— 1 

cq  i  ! 

O  '^C^COfH  '  ^  CO  ■  T-H  CO  <M  • 
tH  •  •  j  ; 

Super¬ 

inten¬ 

dents. 

© 

t-H 

;  t-h 

e*  :  : 

School 

census 

age. 

CO  O  •  CO 

32  ;2 

co 

3 

|  91-9 

co  •  co 
2  |2 

co  'COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO  00  1 

to  1  ti  to  ti  tc>  si  A  to  ©  ti  ti  ; 

School  census. 

Female. 

Is  is 
: 

§ 

rH* 

9 

i  is 

3,047 

1,366 

2,103 

2,008 

1,600 

1,896 

1,185 

1,953 

2,122 

2,463 

3,011 

1,621 

Male. 

69 

1,406 

2  2,520 

825 

I 

,-T 

8 

§  is 

\cf 

§  iglsllllSIl  1  i 

efef  rH*  ; 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

91 

SSillilslissISsRslIgpsgs  IS! 

Cities. 

Pennsylvania— Continued . 

Bradford . 

Butler . 

Carbondale . 

Carlisle . 

PamBuifi  _ 

1 

Easton . 

Farrell . 

Greensburg . 

Homestead . 

Lebanon . 

McKees  Rocks . 

Mahanoy  City . 

Meadville . 

Monessen . 

Mount  Carmel . 

Nanticoke . 

Norristown . 

North  Braddock  (P.  O. 

Braddock) . 

Oil  City . 

Old  Forge . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


533 


1  :  ill  :i  : 

1  3  1 

:  :  :  :  i 

3  ;S  j  jSijj 

S6T 

T01 

516 

iOt^r^OJCNlOO<NC^ 

c^occo*010  2  S3  2S22  2 

00  00  CO  00  OQ  O  00  o 

:2S200002002  2 

10  00  00  S  2 00  05  2 

®t~00©.OCO  r-,  CO  OgJ^OO  £ 

O  OOeO  00  OOcOOOO© 

•Ot-JC^QOQOOQOOO  JO 

I  1,366 

1  2,4(50 

2,616 

2,415 

2,948 

3,741 

3,061 

3,619 

2,558 
2, 704 
2,206 
3,353 
1,722 
3,211 

1, 758 

4,292 

1, 193 

2,929 

3,433 

2,002 

8  Bl  8  gglllsISIlllll  8 

CO  fH  CO  in'  'tt'TT  r-(  (M  (M  i-H(N»-IOI'-li-tto'  idT 

aiissssi 

§¥§ll¥l¥ 

460,413 

486,720 

397,080 

603,540 

344,400 

577,980 

317,003 

736,290 

227,863 
556, 510 
555,208 
322, 340 

684,227 

565,000 

312,649 

528,346 

460,980 

839, 164 

836, 844 

174,386 

493, 102 

409, 312 

376, 536 

413.573 

301,293 

455,960 

264,272 

430,414 

337. 574 

332,213 

1,091,066 

978,049 

815 

1,495 

1,513 

1,334 

1,637 

1,997 

1,872 

2,130 

1,545 

1,483 

1,533 

2,116 

1,088 

1,862 

1,135 

2,948 

661 

1,936 

2,106 

1,265 

3,224 

2,493 

1,080 

2,009 

2,099 

3,481 

3,386 

769 

1,979 

1,851 

2  1, 554 

1,726 

1,287 

2,089 

1,110 

1,549 

1,314 

1,391 

4,777 

3,490 

832 

1,461 

1,441 

1,350 

1,639 

1,976 

1,888 

1,900 

1,615 

1,543 

1,466 

2,075 

1,064 

1,849 

1,168 

2, 819 

595 

2,030 

2,067 

1,293 

2,800 

2,226 

1,032 

1,970 

1,800 

3,383 

3,230 

848 

1,688 

1,757 

2  1,554 

1,402 

1,060 

1,831 

1,010 

1,476 

1,224 

1,237 

4,471 

3,524 

S£Sg§S?|  ss  s  ssss  § 

fc  SS  £  3S3KS 

^n^osowom 

N  CD  N  h-  ^  -C  OS  C<ltOOOtC  tO 

3  S3  50  ©  °o  ®  °° 

jccjcot-tocoo^  00 

tH  •  ih  •  •  •  j 

OStO  •  COtH  t©  ■  to 

n  !  ! 

;  <NO  iO  NCJCOO^l 

j  jtONCN©  CN 

*N  •  <M  T-H  •  1C 

;  -Nco  ^  ' 

■  ^  CO  <N 

C*  -'T  00  .-M  ;CO  ;CC  • 

;i-«  i  CO 

hhhhhhhN 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

l 

l 

l 

l 

l 

l 

l 

l 

1 

cDtOcOOcDOOC 

222222  222 
to  to  to  to  to  ci  io  ii 

;I!  5 

S  SS  S  22222222222222222  2 

to  titi  ti  ti  ti  ti  ti  ci  ti  t-i  ti  ti  ti  ti  ti  ti  ti  to 

945 
2, 139 
1,839 
1,658 
1,879 

2  2,428 
2,000 
3,254 

1,314 

1,339 

1,296 

2,005 

998 

1,930 

1,460 

2,933 

1,244 

ill  l 

■  coV-T  c¥ 

e* 

2,888 

1,561 

2,687 

2,898 

4,156 

3,879 

2  1, 790 
1,927 
2,166 

2  3, 158 
2,386 

2  1, 102 
2,337 
1,100 
1,750 
1,294 
1,936 
4,202 

4,413 

920 

2,159 

1,787 

1,659 

1,783 

2  2,440 
2,009 
3,114 

min  s  i  m 

„%h-\-T<n~  r-T  rf  ef  -7 

jig  1 

|  CC  H  CO* 

8  SS  S  siSIIISsiSiall  5 

CM  r-Tctf  <n”  ^eo"^^<N«Nrt<N^T4'^r^co“  tjT 

ssIlSIiSIgSlggl  s  I  11=1  3SS  isl  g  ilSIISlSIsSll§  I " 
ssssb^szzszsss  sf  a"  s's'kTs  s's'sf  s's'  s'  s's's's's's's's'a's's's's's'  s' 


as  to  sex  estimated.  « Statistics  of  1915-16. 


Table  84. — Summary  of  census ,  personnel ,  and  number  of  day  schools  and  school  buildings ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


534 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1915-1918. 


Enroll¬ 

ment  in 
private 

schools 

(partly- 

esti¬ 

mated). 

I> 

i  sii  : 

553 

1,201 

278 

315 

344 

578 

28 

293 

183 

1,630 

m 

1*944 

Public  schools. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
school 

build¬ 

ings. 

«o 

OO  O  O  rH  OO  ’ 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools 
(kinder¬ 
gartens 
not 

includ¬ 

ed). 

U9 

05  O  O  (M  00  • 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

2, 102 

2, 198 

1, 716 

1,976 

3,318 

111  ilSii  ISIS  sSISIl 

wT-S'"'-?'  r-Tco'-^'cT'cT'  T-J'io'r-Tco'  C^-Tc^fc©''^ 

Aggregate 

attendance. 

$3 

325, 860 
373, 660 
308, 873 

373,464 

677, 262 

604,604 

737,280 

204, 120 

358,680 

693, 580 

744. 940 

476, 755 

476,015 

474, 014 

952, 760 

220. 941 

671,872 

442,255 

331, 582 

703, 193 

442,  545 

615, 344 

721, 487 

1 

1 

TD 

8 

a 

& 

S 

1, 179 
1,441 
1,018 

1,336 

1,912 

gig  Siggg  ilal  SiSiiS 

wef  hnnhh  t-T«T  <n~  .n\-Hcf*-r»Her 

Hale. 

- 

1,163 

1*382 

997 

1, 143 
1*689 

2,205 

2,309 

652 

1,321 

2,212 

2, 649 

1,653 

1,701 

1*766 

3,553 

848 

2*323 

1,630 

1,001 

2,330 

1,770 

1,960 

2,510 

T6Bidl6rSi 

Female. 

© 

%%  j 

SgSSS 

Male. 

© 

^  05  05  t*-  ' 

050110 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

00 

•C q  rH  j  j 

t-WN  ©t'-OO-^t'-  -TN  |©  ©■VCdNlOW 

Super¬ 

visors. 

coo  •  •  • 

CO  <N  Tji  05  00  CO  ^  COO  •  ^  •  rH  <M  rf<  CO  CO 

Super¬ 

inten¬ 

dents. 

© 

. j 

. 

School 

census 

age. 

6-18 

6-18 

5-16 

7-20 

7-20 

222  ]S552  3323  523323 

School  census. 

Female. 

§ss  si i 

nv-r «  <N «  : 

gss  §1111  1311  IlsBIS 

ofce'r-T  **'*r*cS‘  MoTcToToiMC* 

qj 

13 

a 

- 

1,304 

Jig* 

1,379 

2,151 

2*574 

III  SSasi  siss  Hills 

sfoSVT  i-T^co'cs'^h'  «wr«r  of  of eSof 

Popu¬ 

lation, 

1910. 

- 

SIS  IliiSi  11S11  Sill  eialgi 

s¥a"  s'sssss  ss'asa'  asss  saaiftfsf 

Cities. 

- 

^  1  •  •»*».«•  •  1  CO  *  1  "  •  »  “  • 

m  *  ’  •  •  •  rQ  •  •  •  i  ••  *  *2 

Illpllilpupilll 

fc?  te- 

>  >  £  £ 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


535 


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536  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 
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537 


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284 

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Table  85. — Personnel  and  number  of  kindergarten  and  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


538 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF 


EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1M7-1&L8. 


539 


22^  s  g^sss-ssssssssssss  ssssss  200 


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itcd.  6  Division  as  to  sex 


540  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


541 


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Table  85. — Personnel  and  number  of  kindergarten  and  elementary  schools ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GilbUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION — Continued. 


542 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


543 


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of  1915-16.  *  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  1  Not  including  district  No.  1. 


Table  85. — Personnel  and  number  of  kindergarten  and  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


544  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Elementary. 

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daily 

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Illinois — Continued. 

Canton  * . 

Vviiampaign . 

Chicago  Heights . 

Cicero . 

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District  No.  75 . . 

District  No.  76 . •. . 

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Elkhart . 

Elwood . 

Gary . 

Hammond . . 

Jtiunungton . 

Jeffersonville . 

Kokomo . 

La  Fayette « . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


545 


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Waterville  ■* . | 

59873°— 21 - 35 


of  1915-16.  b  Division  as  to  sex 


Table  85. — Personnel  andrnumbei  of  kindergarten  and  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


546 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Elementary. 

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ber  of 

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i  rymoutn . 

Revere . 

ouutuurxuge . 

Wakefield . 

Waltham . 

vvcuwrtuwn . 

Webster . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


547 


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O  1-HO.-H. 


ifllNNOY  ffi 


t  qo  go  io  ■<*  Tt<  m  eo  eo 


a8 


SSSSs 


82  S 


SB'S 


II 

53 


Hals 

i588&!5 


Si 

8§f 


11  2 


Sai 


is 

sfsf 


ss 


28188 


"S3 


s* 


88 


88388= 


S3  8 


882 


Is 


laeouscooo 


III 


]&I 


w 


Halillidl  iiiil.|6g; 


lllllllllllllllllsllll 


|r 

£  fc  5? 


of  1915-16.  6  Division  as  to  sex 


548  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


549 


U23S00'.“»«Oi0f0»«»000't,«-H00eD--^CC00OTjto  T-ie^OOOOOOCCiO^cO^j  C300O  0*0  O^JOOOiiOOOON 


IllllsiaSailsIlilisSsI  38883813116  815  SI  IssISSall 

^^^^•esrrH^^Tr^ei'^r  «ciV  <n<n  nnnhhmhhh 


sl!sallsssll3isi!!ill§  rIISSSIIIII  IIS  ss  lifsllflll 
i¥f§fl¥ai¥fiWs¥pS¥l¥l  s'l§SSSSi¥5f  §l¥  s¥  ll¥l¥i¥l¥ 


SISgRgsilS'liiSsssgglil  IllSlSIsIgl  ill  II  ISSi§IISS 

r-T  10  r4"  H  H  t-T r-T r-T C^T  r-T  r-T C?  r-T  cf  r-T  r-JV-Teo'  i-Tr-T  i-Tt-T T-Ti-Ti-Tef i-Tr-Ti-T 


Rag!si§g|glliSI8l8Ilgg  S§|glilgsii  Us  Is  gllllsass 

r-T  r-T  — T  r-T  .-Tr-Tr-Te^  r-T  r-Tcf  l-T  c¥  1-T  ^-T t-ToT  rt'rt  1-4 r-T r-T i-T <N  -T rH~ r-T 


£S  SffSSSSSSS 


OC»OrlHOOHH0C''tH<rHN€O^t'OH  OOC>-iOC(N!NCCO  HMO  OHCONBJffin^H 


s  Estimated.  4  Statistics  of  1915-16.  5  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  *  Statistics  of  1916-17. 


Table  85. — Personnel  and  number  of  kindergarten  and  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


550 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


i^O>QOjOOOOOjC*OOOrH 


^<ONCOOiO  05  CO  CO 


‘Mi 

j  =3  -2  g 

'O  c3 


geililSlllSI23sss 

co~ r*T ci .-T co  cT c<T co~ t-T r-T co~ c^T eo  i-T c¥ eo 


lisllls  I  Hall 

-r  Meteor 


all 


llSlIsllliillllSI 

l¥Ss¥l¥llll¥fs¥il' 


SStslS  3  lliis 

l¥lSW  1  8S1S1 


IsliilasSSllIlgsi 

-r,-r 


suits  i  ssaia 

r-T  CoVT^  r-T  rfMrf 


lllilll SsSSSSlSSS 

(N'^re^^-'C^^Tr-r^rH-  cT-Tcf  r-Tr-T 


§i§S£3  §  isiii 

h  cfnV  h*  ^-r^r— r— r^r 


§jS§§!8§3S28fe8§)£S83&5  3S3883  55  3388So 


OC0OG0^^N00HC0H(N(N!NHO5O  <N  <N  CO  O  O  JO  I>-  HCOC't 


i-H  r-H  OOt^.  CC  • 


I  CO  CO  .  •  <MCO 


CO  rt«  t-H  -NiOINO 


<2  ® afl  g 

5  •■sis 


1  “3 

Eh  £, 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


551 


ggissii§^is§§§si§3iigi3sss§s&ii  mm  11  11  s 

_ _ _ _ _ r aT aT _ i  aT ai _ i  ai* _ _  ^ _ _  -a* aa>  ai' _ r aC a^ a^ aT aT <a-t aaT aT ai _ r AVI' _ A-i  _ r •a*' _ "'aP _ r  --r* _ r aT  aT 


lll§!!2a!II!3!SSiSi!ll§Sllsliil!  33SS8  II  gg  I 

fl¥§l¥s¥fl¥IS¥s¥l¥sWs¥§¥!¥gs¥l§  fs¥i¥  |f  i¥  g 


igiisgi§iii5iiiis!i§i§iiis§g§igi  wmm  m  11  i 

,-r  ~  _r^Tc^-r-r-  _r  -nVivr  — r_ r^r.-r^r^-r— r^-r^-r^-r— r  -r  _ToT  ,-r-r  oTc*  -t  -r 


IllsIslllSIlsilsssSstsslIfgliSllS  §3111  II  H  1 

r-T  i-T  ,-T  ^^cf(Nr-T  r-?r-?r-?^rJrJr-?rJrfrJrJ  i-T  t-TcT  HH  OWf  ^  - 


S5SSSS3S8?5SS5SSS3SSSS:g!53SSS58  §5  88  8 


■  OONOHOOO 


NOOH( 


UOOONO 


OO  HCC 


of  1915-16.  7  Statistics  of  1916-17. 


Table  85. — Personnel  and  number  of  kindergarten  and  elementary  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


552 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Elementary. 

Num¬ 

ber  of 
schools. 

ig  oo  ©  ce  a>  ©  co  oo  i- eg  ^  ooooi  honoi'# 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

<£> 

lllSlilsslssI  $  111  gliss  IslIS 

co'-’tf'  TjT  .-Ti-JV-T  r-Tc'Tei'co'  _  of 

Aggregate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

SsIIsSrSIIIss  a  Ills  §1111  ills! 
§¥§¥l¥§¥s¥§¥§  1  §¥¥  fills  llllf 

Enrollment. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

SsSlIllesIlil  I  ISI  *1311  ISIal 

«<N  Tfrfrf  r-T  t-T  rS*?  <N  r?  thVTm*®*  rH  JVWVT 

Male. 

eg 

ISlSSIlffllll  1  118  lllll  SSSftS 

efoT  l-Tr-Tr-T  r-T  r-I  r^CO  CO  t-I  i-Ti-Tp?  C>f  ,4Vh  <N  <-< 

Teachers. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

§fe'SSSS5SS^S5!SS  I 

Male. 

- 

'5*NONHTfiOO)HOO'>JiO  hhN  -'f  <N  c*5  L1NOHN 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

© 

^HHC5  i-H 

•  CC 

5  tH  r-H  OC  1C  CO  CO 

Super¬ 

visors. 

© 

•  <N 

;  co 

rH  IN  <N  TP  CO  COCO 

N«(NH  CO  >0  OO  OO 

Kindergarten. 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

GO 

§ 

§ 

Aggre¬ 

gate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

Si 

CO  ; 

i 

sf- 

1 

s' 

Enrollment. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

*0 

r 

28 

g 

g 

Male. 

if* 

3  ; 

£ 

s 

Teach- 

(total). 

1 

tH 

1-1  • 

<N 

o 

Prin¬ 

cipals. 

®s 

Super¬ 

visors. 

» 

Cities. 

- 

Texas: 

Austin . 

Beaumont . 

nrownsviue . i 

Cleburne . . i 

Do/nison . . 

Marshall . .  _ 

Palestine.. . . 

y 

San  Angelo . 

y 

M 

Utah: 

Ogden . 

Vermont: 

Barre . . 

Burlington . 

Rutland . . . 

Virginia:  j 

Alexandria . .  _ 

y 
1  •£ 

111 

II 

Petersburg . 

Staunton . 

Washington: 

A  herdeen _ _ 

Bellingham . 

Everett . 

Walla  Walla . 

Yakima 4 . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


liSI  islsIlSUSSls  S 

NV-Teq'  *-T ^c4V-r<N  c-T  t-T ro"  c'f  — ~ c^T oT  -T 


ISIS  §ll§a§I§lISIi  I 

ii¥i  immmiiiim  $ 


1151  i i § is ss I Is s II  i 


list  §§§'3I11£I«S1I  i 

r-Tco'  i-T  or  .-r  i-r^-r 


CO  O  •  1 

t»  ^  CO  H  ;C~CNt-I  <ooeo 

CO  CO  •  ■ 

<}<  •  y-i  or  m  th  •>*  us  co  eo "t*  co  oi 

j  IRlsf8iafl§s3 

i  gSISIslllsssi 
:  s'ss'sgsags'sj'g'is 

i  SS||gSS|Rg§|| 

j  !Rs2l—SsSaS§i 

!  COCOC^O^D^cOOOCI^^jHOJ 

.*  !!!!!!!  ^  !!!  ^  ! 

£  £  £ 


S 


l 

i 


3 

1 


554  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


555 


eo 

r-H  rtf 

2 

11 

11 

2 

7 

16 

4 

o  to  co  »o 

CO 

Oi 

to 

COO* 

CO 

3,464  | 

792 

Is 

242 

1,019 

3 

318 

1,118 

149 

115 

584 

13,848 

571 

436 

637 

1,062 

277 

364 

796 

1,018 

2,358 

568 

445 

§ 

782 

173 

127 

633 

IS 

Is 

81 

s'a' 

45,980 

199,805 

6,290 

61,003 
212,257 
26, 152 

gfsfl 

81,532 

115,933 

201,761 

54,017 

66,612 

152,036 

!§g 

s¥s 

71,223 

| 

141,542 

39,080 

20, 204 

120,903 

11 

CO 

I® 

290 

694 

O 

194 

599 

116 

cT 

§!S3§ 

1,057 

667 

1,187 

642 

132 

5 

642 

as 

558 

2,941 

709 

0 

155 

236 

1,042 

as 

171 

798 

67 

105 

875 

10,007 

467 

474 

734 

590 

470 

279 

I 

837 

1,318 

1,017 

420 

O* 

489 

260 

138 

493 

120 

55 

17 

65 

o 

37 

73 

16 

68 

908 

691 

l 

ss 

833 

3 

tO 

8 

00  00 

3 

32 

3 

o  o 

Tt<  t>- 

■*« 

0 

12 

1 

4 

149 

228 

27 

32 

20 

7 

CO 

to 

1-H  O 

8 

i-H  CO 

HWH 

•  ^  tO  C*  CO 

<N 

Tt«  COrH 

CO 

<N  • 

C*  iH 

iO  00  •<*  (0(0  rf  NNH  .1 1*3  tH  c®  NO^fCON  (O  HOM  'l*  CO  <N  iO  ®M  t- 


Si  II 

83 

1  Sil  SI13S 

83IS8 

g 

111  1 

IS 

1 

ii 

1 

sfrf 

t^'cc' 

uTofT 

CO 

co\£\-r 

^7ooV5  <N  <N 

^  00  1-4  CO 

tH 

uj'csT 

ii 

SI 

IS 

1 

in 

sms 

Hill 

S 

III  g 

SI 

S 

i-H  r>- 

§3 

IT 

l¥  Si  s¥ 

<N-  -H  M 

<N 

s 

Ss¥  §¥§»¥  ESIIS  I  SII  i  l¥  S  is 

oT  ’-7  O*-  -7 

§ 

11 

Is 

ss 

3 

ssi 

sSSSI 

slsss 

i 

888  a 

§§ 

i 

IS 

a 

oc'-r 

*0(N 

t^'io' 

of 

nVnhh 

CO 

cTtoVT  r-T 

«<7ef 

CO 

§3 

II 

11 

8 

IHi 

83113 

HISS 

1 

sil  a 

gS 

a 

11 

3 

0<f»-7 

CO  H 

«v 

* 

HNH 

cf§— 

c<T-<i7.-7.-7r-7 

<N 

00  to  1-4  t-T 

efi-f 

CO 

438 

95 

238 

121 

161 

183 

S 

78 

128 

40 

53 

205 

,439 

127 

68 

£2S5S£ 

1 

401 

146 

45 

108 

SS5 

s 

3S 

o 

33  38  Sg  §  SgS  S£3£S  |2^S3  g2  gSS  E  E3  &  §8  S 


Ixcluding  pupils  enrolled  in  other  schools  within  the  State  during  the  year.  *  Estimated. 

rot  including  Westville  district.  4  Secondary  includes  junior  high  school  and  junior  co  liege. 


Table  86. — Personnel  and  number  of  secondary ,  normal,  vocational ,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


aco 


'5>il  8 


o  o 

—  A 
GC  05 


'  rH  CM  CM  CM 


i  CM  1-H  CM 


©  CO  ^  CO  05 

.  -  _  _  .  »C  CO 

— -  CO  ©  CO  C5  COCO  »OXN  OI> 


o  o  o  t 
i'-*  coc^c 

CM  HOHC 


12% 


WO  00  OCOHLO 

1—  CO  CO  LC  rH  CM 

U-  rr  00  CO  O  C  C5 


LOCO  XTf(Nt 


05  lO  CO  05  < 


CM  CO  Tt^cOO’ 

■*r  >o  cm  co  oc  » 

CO  CM  LO  O  00  CO  t 


rH  05  00  00  H  CO  CO 

CO  CO  WOlHH  u- 

CM  (M  05  CO  00  LO 


HCO  *0  "*t»  O  CO  05 

— 1  ©  co  00  O  CO  CO 

CO  ^  CM  00  lO  ^ 


CO  CO  LO  CM  00  ^  00  GO  CO  OOCI 


CM  rH  (M  CO  c 


u-  05H  io  CO  co  »o 


XW'f  CO  rH  CM  T-H  CM 


co  JO  00 


L-  O  HiONO 
rH  CO  CM  CM  CO 


Pi  O 


HH  CO  •  rH  .  CM 


j 

!  !  cm 

ii  i  r 

-8  i 

!  !  *  !  ! 

o  cj  : 

££  : 

•  9  9  •  9 

•  0  9  9  9 

•  o 

■P-p  • 

o  u  • 

o  9  rj  O  • 

’c3  ^  _2  3  ! 

•r  53  go  £  : 

i  s-<  rl  cl 

4  s..£l|i?  ASlsisil  I  %i 


a-o  S  gs  Sfe  3  §  S’g  § 

«  ^  a  5 

3  <j  <5  Q 


SSaS^plll'lll, 

§  ©  5  s 
o  A  A  O 


op[*}£p 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  557 


03 

03  rH  rH 

<N 

rH  (N 

<N 

^  rH 

NH  *1 

16 

79 

S 

244 

202 

22 

8 

2 

-8 

100 

105 

69 

8 

131 

8 

32 

132 

2,976 

1,851 

1 

oT 

45,066 

37,572 

3,737 

11, 160 

i 

«r 

18, 185 

54,231 

18,344 

17, 285 

12, 620 

16,470 

m  ii 

a'"  ""s' 

*oo 

103 

1  S- 

§ 

O 

42 

114 

_ 

E5 

62 

0 

8 

g®  23 

!  14 

108 

8 

166 

96 

25 

2 

ss 

8 

88 

2 

2^  S| 

rH  O 

8 

r-  io<n 

O 

o 

to  05 

Oi  O 

05 

<M  i-(  M® 

o 

CO 

03  too 

00 

38 

o 

O 

CO  o  0*0 

<N 

<N  rH  j 

“ 

" 

03 

03  H 

!  !  J  *"* 

• 

”  H 

<M  •  •  • 

SSg  Sill  9888  198  3SS  S  83888881188838888  §88883  Ss 


liS  Ills  SISS  IS!  lag  I  gslSiSIlSSlislsli  IllSSi  -Si 

s¥s  §ss¥  Mm  la¥  sw  g  i¥s¥Ss¥g'si¥2¥3il¥  *m$£  M 


119  1S11  SIS!  ISI  all  s  lIllSIlllsIlllBIS  5IS1SI  SS 


ggi  1111  ill!  lie  899  §  llSiSIliSSllliaiS  §11111  II 


382  2882  82S  S-'*  8  2“5a03cc828288223883  23COS522  S'- 


3  Estimated.  3  Township  high  school.  o  Division  as  to  sex  esti 


Table  86. — Personnel  and  number  of  secondary ,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


558 


BIENNIAL*  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Num.- 

lter  of 

schools. 

os 

(N-HI>rH  rH 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily- 

attend¬ 

ance , 

00 

73 

133 

:£ 

138 

13 

207 

10 

54 

86 

75 

59 

179 

, 

Aggre¬ 

gate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

5 

l  is 

18 

it 

Ills  1 

16,009 

13,921 

11,245 

32,830 

5,221  1 

Si  -r*~ 

•  CO 

s 

Enrollment. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

50 

%  :° 

oo 

i 00 

33 

7 

108 

3 

16 

OONO 

js& 

O 

2 

l* 

a 

S| 

jss 

140 

8 

194 

12 

60 

j  ° 

Teachers. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

tH 

t-  '•  o 

O 

i 

C* 

NNWO 

! 

Male. 

s 

(M  * 

•O 

50000  IM 

O  00  t-H  CO 

•  o 

Princi¬ 

pals. 

<N 

!  ^ 

!  !  !  1  *""* 

!H  \  T“* 

Super¬ 

visors. 

a 

M  • 

in  i 

H  I  | 

; 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
schools. 

o 

"  " . . 

Aver¬ 

age 

daily 

attend¬ 

ance. 

OS 

g  111  111  llllgggsfaf  llslggll 

Aggre¬ 

gate 

attend¬ 

ance. 

00 

1  III  I  1  1  SSsgiflfli  Illllsgg 
$  §¥i  £  1  §  £m££mm$  ss-ssgw 

Enrollment. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

r* 

§  III  S  1  1  8868333888  ISliSSIg 

of 

■fl 

a 

«® 

3  Sii  las  II11IBI1S8  Sslsllll 

Teachers. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

so 

3  Son  8  S  8  sssssassgs 

Male. 

Princi¬ 

pals, 

e® 

”  -t*0<N  »— 4  CO  t-H  HHHHHHHHHH  ^  rH  -<  -«  <N  <N 

r 

super¬ 

visors. 

<N 

co  • 

•  <N  •  •  •  • 

:  :  :  i  : 

*  H  i-H  •  CS 

Cities. 

- 

Minnesota: 

Duluth . 

Missouri: 

Joplin  i . 

St.  Josenh _ 

Springfield . 

Montana: 

Ttntto 

Nebraska: 

T.inenln 

£ 

New  Jersey: 

Atlantic  City . 

Bayonne . 

Camden  ? _ 

East  Orange . 

Elizabeth . 

uH2»h 

iliiip 

s 

£ 

Binghamton. 

Elmira . 

Jamestown . 

Mount  Vernon. . .. 

Niagara  Falls . 

Schenectady . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


559 


*-<  *-<  c* 

MNC1H  <M 

id 

r-H 

<N 

ft 

ft 

CN 

aB8 

£S£2ft 

*-»  CO 

2 

s® 

ft 

88 

s 

s' 

O 

£ 

»c 

ft_ 

in 

cV-5- 

12S8S 

“S'S  ■*' 

16, 444 

II 

ft& 

10,530 

§ 

2 

3 

2 

4 

04 

137 

7®|°S 

S 

ft;° 

2 

2 

2 

O 

13 

183 

173 

s 

23 

2 

CO 

00 

HCO't 

CC  <M  O  CC 

to 

f-H  CO 

to 

CO 

iO 

o 

O  O  CO 

*-<  ^MNCOO 

o 

o  o 

O 

o 

1™1 

T“H 

" 

jin 

I  8s!  1  ISIss  1  IsilglSSIlSiSiS  11  S  II  |ggss§  I 

00  t-T^-T  (n't-T  i-T  —T  t-T  —Tr-T  ,-T  r-Tr-T  h'  cf  h  ofe<i  <n 


I  128  s  II1IS  I  !llillSgllllgl8  SI  g  11  §!§§§§!  I 
S'  ?S|  §  SM  S'  SlSS'llSl'S'Sfls'SS  S*  ss  2g|¥l¥  f 


s  211  5  IgiHi  1  IsSSsilllllSlll  SS  I  Is  SSiSSS  S 


I  sis  8  lilSS  S  IsslIlllillillS  II  °  §S  ISsilg  I 


S  23S3  2  £3228  ft  222S£S2gS8ft3S82  22  2  388322  2 


05  ^£3  00  2£223  S  ft3°2g:S*ft3S2ftft22  2 10  "  S3  SSS^SS  ft 


of  1916-16.  8  Estimated  per  1916  report. 


Table  86. — Personnel  and  number  of  secondary,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


560 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


561 


CM 


O 


CM 


eiSSSSESBlI  §s!  SllllllisIIi  1  sills  §  I  slflillll 


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59873°— 21 - 36 


fi  Division  as  to  sox  estimated.  7  Statistics  of  1915-16.  9  Not  including  district  No.  1, 


Table  86. — Personnel  and  number  of  secondary,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


562 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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3  Estimated.  ?  Statistics  of  1915-16. 


Table  86. — Personnel  and  number  of  secondary ,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


564 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

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6  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  i  Statistics  of  1915-16. 


Table  86. — Personnel  and  number  of  secondary,  normal ,  vocational ,  anct special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


5  m 


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Newburgh . 

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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


567 


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6  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  i  Statistics  of  1915-16.  «  Statistics  of  1916-17. 


Table  86. — Personnel  and  number  of  secondary ,  normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III —CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


568 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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569 


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570  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


i  Statistics  of  1915-16 


571 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


Table  87. — The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days ,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

8 

Alabama : 

Birmingham . 

177 

177 

47 

68 

175 

California: 

185 

185 

185 

185 

Oakland . 

189 

189 

189 

189 

189 

189 

194 

194 

194 

194 

194 

Colorado: 

Denver . 

184 

184 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Connecticut : 

176 

182 

184 

184 

183 

183 

182 

186 

186 

186 

259 

186 

185 

185 

185 

District  of  Columbia : 

173 

173 

172 

173 

173 

173 

Georgia: 

Atlanta . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Illinois: 

Chicago . 

182 

182 

187 

187 

187 

182 

183 

Indiana : 

Indianapolis . 

179 

179 

179 

179 

Kentucky:  " 

Louisville . 

184 

184 

181 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Louisiana : 

New  Orleans . 

176 

176 

176 

176 

181 

176 

Marvland: 

Baltimore . 

177 

177 

177 

177 

177 

177 

Massachusetts : 

Boston . 

182 

182 

183 

182 

183 

182 

182 

Cambridge . . 

178 

178 

179 

178 

178 

178 

Fall  River . 

176 

176 

174 

176 

176 

Lowell . 

175 

175 

175 

175 

175 

W  orcester 

174 

174 

191 

176 

Michigan: 

Detroit . 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

Grand  Rapids. .  . 

171 

171 

171 

171 

171 

Minnesota: 

Minneapolis 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

St.  Paul . 

185 

185 

185 

185 

185 

Missouri: 

Kansas  City . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

St.  Louis. . . 

196 

196 

1% 

196 

196 

186 

Nebraska: 

Omaha . 

185 

185 

185 

185 

185 

New  Jersey: 

Jersey  City _ _ 

194 

194 

194 

189 

194 

194 

Newark. . . . 

193 

193 

192 

193 

189 

193 

Paterson . 

176 

176 

176 

176 

176 

176 

New  York: 

Albany . 

193 

193 

190 

191 

192 

192 

Buffalo . 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

New  York . 

184 

188 

184 

188 

196 

188 

188 

Rochester . 

176 

176 

181 

181 

179 

177 

Syracuse .... 

178 

178 

178 

178 

Ohio: 

Cincinnati . 

187 

187 

187 

187 

Cleveland . 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

Columbus . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Dayton . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

230 

190 

190 

Toledo . 

183 

183 

183 

183 

183 

Oregon: 

Portland . 

191 

191 

191 

191 

191 

191 

Pennsylvania : 

Philadelphia . 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

Pittsburgh . 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

Scranton . 

195 

195 

195 

195 

195 

Rhode  Island: 

Providence . 

168 

173 

177 

39 

173 

173 

Tennessee: 

Memphis 

170 

170 

170 

Nashville . 

179 

179 

179 

179 

Virginia: 

Richmond . 

181 

181 

181 

181 

181 

181 

181 

Washington: 

Seattle . 

183 

183 

183 

226 

193 

Spokane . 

180 

180 

159 

180 

Wisconsin: 

Milwaukee . 

191 

191 

191 

191 

191 

191 

1  Not  including  Westville  district. 


572 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  87. —  The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Alabama: 

Mobile . 

164 

164 

163 

164 

Montgomery . 

168 

168 

168 

Arkansas: 

Little  Rock . 

174 

174 

174 

California: 

Berkeley . 

189 

188 

188 

188 

Pasadena . 

167 

165 

168 

166 

Sacramento . 

173 

173 

173 

173 

173 

San  Diego . 

181 

180 

173 

179 

Colorado: 

Pueblo- 

District  No.  1 . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

District  No.  20 . 

176 

176 

176 

176 

Connecticut: 

Hartford . 

180 

180 

180 

Meriden . 

179 

180 

179 

New  Britain . 

180 

180 

180 

170 

181 

Waterbury . . . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Delaware: 

Wilmington . 

181 

181 

181 

Florida : 

Jacksonville . 

170 

170 

170 

Tampa . 

144 

144 

144 

Georgia: 

Augusta. . 

159 

159 

159 

Macon . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Savannah . 

178 

178 

178 

Illinois: 

Decatur .... 

178 

178 

•  178 

East  St.  Louis. . 

194 

194 

194 

Joliet. . . 

i74 

174 

(2) 

183 

174 

Peoria . . . 

183 

183 

183 

Quincy . 

187 

186 

186 

186 

186 

Rockford . 

182 

182 

23 

180 

Springfield . 

184 

184 

184 

Indiana: 

Evansville  . 

192 

192 

192 

192 

Fort  Wayne 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

South  Bend .... 

200 

200 

200 

200 

Terre  Haute 

185 

185 

185 

185 

185 

Iowa: 

Cedar  Rapids  . 

186 

186 

186 

186 

186 

Davenport . . . 

171 

171 

171 

171 

171 

Des  Moines. 

176 

176 

176 

176 

Dubuq  ue  3 . 

Sioux  City. . . . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Kansas: 

Kansas  City  . 

175 

175 

175 

175 

Topeka. 

173 

173 

173 

173 

Wichita _ 

175 

175 

175 

Kentucky: 

Covington . . 

186 

186 

186 

186 

Lexington 

185 

185 

185 

185 

Newport 

196 

196 

196 

Maine : 

Portland 

166 

166 

166 

166 

Massachusetts: 

Brockton. 

194 

194 

194 

Chelsea . 

168 

177 

169 

Everett... 

169 

177 

170 

Fitchburg 

177 

177 

179 

177 

Haverhill 

167 

170 

170 

170 

Holyoke 

181 

181 

186 

186 

182 

Lawrence 

174 

176 

.... 

174 

Lynn.. . 

164 

165 

1 

*' 

164 

Malden . 

166 

176 

168 

New  Bedford. 

ISO 

190 

191 

194 

190 

Newton . 

182 

182 

183 

183 

182 

182 

Pittsfield 

161 

161 

176 

163 

Quincy 

175 

184 

184 

176 

Salem 

176 

172 

178 

173 

Somerville 

139 

156 

169 

168 

151 

158 

Springfield 

172 

174 

176 

184 

174 

Taunton . 

177 

I  172 

176 

2  Township  high  school. 


No  report. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  573 

Table  87.—  The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

1 

2 

3  4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Michigan: 

Bay  City . 

183 

183 

183 

183 

183 

Calumet . 

197 

197 

197 

197 

Flint . 

178 

178 

178 

178 

Jackson ...... 

195 

195 

195 

195 

Kalamazoo . 

176 

176 

176 

176 

176 

176 

Lansing .... 

169 

169 

169 

169 

169 

Saginaw— 

175 

175 

175 

175 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

Minnesota: 

Duluth . 

183 

183 

183 

183 

183 

Missouri: 

Joplin3 . 

179 

179 

179 

179 

179 

Springfield . . 

180 

180 

180 

Montana: 

Butte . 

172 

172 

174 

172 

Nebraska: 

Lincoln... 

176 

176 

176 

176 

New  Hampshire: 

Manchester.  .  .. 

178 

182 

182 

181 

New  Jersey: 

Atlantic  City . 

174 

174 

174 

174 

174 

Bayonne _ _ _ 

194 

194 

194 

194 

194 

Camden  3. . . 

East  Orange. . 

189 

189 

188 

189 

Elizabeth... 

195 

195 

195 

195 

Hoboken . . . 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Passaic . 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

Perth  Ambov . . . 

181 

181 

181 

181 

181 

Trenton _ “ . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

West  Hoboken . 

196 

196 

196 

196 

196 

New  York: 

Amsterdam . 

192 

192 

187 

192 

192 

Auburn .... 

187 

187 

187 

187 

Binghamton . 

187 

187 

187 

187 

187 

Elmira . 

189 

188 

186 

189 

Jamestown . 

191 

191 

190 

191 

191 

Mount  Vernon . 

183 

183 

178 

183 

182 

Niagara  Falls . 

193 

193 

193 

193 

Schenectady . 

186 

186 

187 

185 

. i 

186 

Troy- 

Union  district . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Lansingburg  district . 

187 

187 

187 

187 

Utica . . . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Yonkers . 

176 

176 

181 

176 

181 

177 

North  Carolina: 

Charlotte . 

156 

156 

156 

Ohio: 

Akron . 

183 

183 

183 

183 

183 

Canton . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Hamilton . 

181 

181 

181 

. 

181 

Lima . 

180 

180 

180 

Springfield . 

168 

168 

168 

168 

Youngstown . 

179 

179 

179 

179 

Oklahoma: 

Oklahoma . 

176 

176 

177 

176 

Pennsylvania: 

Allentown . 

196 

190 

196 

195 

Altoona . 

177 

177 

64 

176 

Bethlehem . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Chester . 

185 

185 

185 

Erie . 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

Harrisburg . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Hazleton . 

191 

191 

191 

191 

Johnstown . 

180 

180 

180 

40 

180 

Lancaster . 

197 

197 

197 

197 

McKeesport . 

180 

180 

180 

New  Castle . 

180 

180 

| 

180 

Reading . 

198 

198 

198 

198 

198 

Wilkes-Barre . 

190 

190 

190 

. . 

190 

Williamsnort, . . . 

185 

185 

..  ; . 1 . 

185 

185 

York . . . 1 . 

180 

180 

. 1  180 

180 

180 

3  No  report. 


574 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  19-16-1918. 


Table  87. — The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  33,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Kinder- 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

> 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Rhode  Island: 

Pawtucket . 

178 

176 

177 

176 

W oonsoeket . 

195 

195 

195 

195 

South  Carolina: 

Charleston . 

181 

181 

181 

Tennessee: 

Chattanooga . 

171 

171 

i . 

171 

Knoxville . 

157 

157 

157 

157 

Texas: 

Dallas . 

178 

176 

176 

176 

El  Paso . 

182 

182 

182 

. 

182 

Fort  Worth . 

175 

175 

175 

! 

175 

Galveston . 

175 

175 

175 

Houston . 

OO  £o 

173 

173 

173 

173 

San  Antonio . 

178 

178 

178 

Utah: 

Salt  Lake  City . 

178 

178 

178 

Virginia: 

Norfolk . 

200 

Portsmouth . 

188 

188 

188 

Roanoke . 

175 

175 

175 

Washington: 

Tacoma . 

182 

182 

182 

182 

182 

West  Virginia: 

.  Huntington . 

172 

172 

172 

Wheeling . 

184 

184 

184 

Wisconsin: 

La  Crosse . 

182 

182 

183 

182 

182 

182 

Oshkosh . 

195 

195 

195 

195 

195 

195 

Racine . 

186 

186 

186 

186 

186  ! 

186 

Superior  3 . . . . 

GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION. 


Alabama: 

Anniston . 

175 

176 
178 
168 

163 

175 

176 
178 
168 

175 

176 
178 
168 

163 

Bessemer 

Gadsden . - . 

Selma . 

Arizona: 

Phoenix . 

163 

Tucson 3 . 

Arkansas: 

Fort  Smith 

171 

171 

171 

Hot  Springs  . 

173 

173 

173 

North  Little  Rock _ 

172 

172 

172 

Pine  Bluff 

175 

175 

175 

California: 

Alameda . . 

189 

189 

189 

189 

Bakersfield 

160 

157 

157 

Eureka . 

188 

188 

188 

Fresno .  - . . 

179 

179 

178 

179 

Long  Beach 

169 

169 

180 

171 

Pomona 

174 

174 

174 

174 

Redlands . 

171 

171 

171 

171 

Riverside  . 

174 

173 

173 

173 

Sen  Rernardino3 

San  Jose  . 

176 

176 

176 

176 

Santa.  Tta.rha.ra3 

Santa  Cruz 

189 

189 

189 

Stockton 

179 

179 

179 

179 

Vallejo- . . 

172 

172 

183 

173 

Colorado: 

Colorado  Springs  4 

180 

180 

180 

180 

District  No.  1 

177 

177 

. . 

177 

Trinidad . 

176 

176 

176 

Connecticut: 

Ansonia . 

180 

180 

180 

Bristol -3 

Da.ohiiry 

185 

185 

.  . 

185 

Greenwich. . 

179 

179 

179 

:::::::::: 

179 

Manchester 

180 

180 

180 

Middletown . 

183 

183 

. . 

183 

3  No  report.  4  Not  including  district  No.  1. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  575 

Table  87. —  The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

V  oca- 
tional 
schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Connecticut— Continued . 

180 

180 

182 

180 

175 

175 

175 

165 

165 

180 

165 

169 

179 

179 

179 

185 

185 

185 

185 

179 

179 

188 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

181 

181 

1 . 

181 

Florida: 

Kev  West  * . 

160 

160 

160 

Georgia: 

174 

174 

174 

174 

180 

180 

180 

176 

176 

176 

212 

177 

178 

178 

178 

180 

180 

180 

Idaho: 

173 

173 

173 

Illinois: 

Alton . 

192 

192 

192 

Aurora — 

East  side . 

194 

194 

194 

194 

194 

West  side . 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Belleville . 

197 

197 

197 

Bloomington . 

(3) 

174 

(3) 

Cairo . 

181 

181 

181 

Canton . 

(3) 

175 

(3) 

Champaign . 

179 

179 

179 

Chicago  Heights . 

194 

194 

194 

Cicero . 

190 

190 

Danville . 

184 

184 

184 

Elgin . 

185 

185 

185 

Evanston — 

District  No.  75 . 

180 

180 

180 

District  No.  76 . 

180 

180 

180 

Freeport . 

180 

180 

180 

Galesburg . 

172 

172 

172 

Jacksonville . 

176 

176 

176 

Kankakee . 

182 

181 

182 

La  Salle . 

191 

191 

Lincoln . 

181 

181 

181 

Mattoon . 

183 

183 

183 

Moline . 

178 

180 

185 

180 

Oak  Park . 

184 

184 

184 

Hock  Island . 

165 

165 

165 

Streator . 

189 

189 

Waukegan . 

185 

185 

Indiana: 

Anderson3 . 

East  Chicago . 

193 

193 

193 

193 

Elkhart . 

180 

180 

180 

Elwood . 

180 

180 

180 

Gary . . 

192 

193 

190 

193 

Hammond . . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Huntington . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Jeffersonville . 

180 

180 

180 

Kokomo . 

180 

180 

180 

La  Fayette3 . 

Laporte . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Logansport . 

178 

178 

160 

178 

Marion3 . 

Michigan  City . 

185 

185 

185 

185 

Mishawaka . 

200 

200 

200 

200 

Muncie . 

180 

180 

180 

New  Albany . 

178 

178 

178 

Peru . 

180 

180 

180 

Richmond . 

178 

178 

178 

Vincennes . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Iowa: 

Boone . 

176 

176 

176 

Burlington . 

182 

182 

182 

182 

3  No  report. 

576  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  87. —  The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

• 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Iowa— Continued . 

Clinton . 

185 

185 

Council  Bluffs . 

172 

172 

172 

172 

Fort  Dodge3 . 

Iowa  City . 

171 

171 

m 

Keokuk . . 

174 

174 

174 

174 

Marshalltown . 

174 

174 

174 

174 

180 

180 

180 

Muscatine”. . 

180 

180 

180 

183 

183 

183 

Waterloo— 

East  side . 

185 

185 

185 

175 

175 

175 

Kansas: 

Atchison . 

173 

173 

173 

173 

Coffeyville . 

175 

179 

176 

Fort  Scott  . 

177 

177 

177 

172 

172 

172 

172 

180 

180 

175 

175 

178 

178 

178 

Parsons . 

180 

180 

180 

176 

176 

176 

Kentucky: 

Frankfort . 

192 

192 

192 

192 

184 

184 

184 

Owensboro . 

187 

187 

187 

Paducah . 

183 

183 

183 

Louisiana: 

Alexandria. . 

152 

152 

152 

Baton  Rouge 

176 

176 

176 

Lake  Charles 3 _ 

Monroe 

180 

172 

180 

173 

Shreveport 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Maine: 

Auburn 

173 

173 

183 

175 

Augusta3... 

Bangor 3. . 

Bidrlefnrd 

177 

178 

177 

Lewiston . 

178 

178 

178 

178 

178 

W aterville 3  . 

Maryland: 

Cumberland 

176 

176 

176 

Frederick . 

178 

173 

177 

Hagerstown . . . 

178 

178 

178 

Massachusetts: 

Adams .... 

143 

184 

147 

Arlington _ 

177 

178 

177 

Attleboro.. 

184 

185 

186 

185 

Beverly . 

177 

173 

261 

177 

Brookline. . . . 

173 

173 

173 

173 

Chicopee . . . 

188 

188 

189 

188 

Clinton . 

178 

182 

179 

Framingham 

176 

176 

178 

176 

G  ardner 

178 

168 

176 

Gloucester 

167 

174 

168 

Greenfield 

169 

175 

190 

177 

Leominster . . 

176 

176 

176 

176 

Marlboro . 

179 

190 

190 

181 

Medford 

159 

180 

163 

Melrose. 

169 

175 

170 

Methuen 

176 

186 

. . 

177 

Milford 

172 

186 

174 

Np.wbnrypnrt 

171 

176 

172 

North  Adams 

176 

176 

182 

177 

N  orth  am  pton . 

173 

187 

175 

Peabody 

160 

165 

161 

Plymouth 

162 

176 

164 

Revere  . . 

165 

165 

165 

Southbridge 

185 

185 

1 

185 

Wakefield 

175 

178 

i 

176 

Wa.lt.harn 

178 

180 

1 

179 

W  atertown 

178 

174 

i  i 

177 

W  Victor 

177 

179 

1  i 

177 

Westfield . 

182 

186 

i 

184 

3  No  report. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  577 

Table  87. — The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

• 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Massachusetts— Continued. 

167 

171 

167 

175 

176 

175 

171 

171 

171 

Michigan: 

186 

186 

186 

175 

175 

175 

186 

186 

186 

186 

Battle  Creek . 

168 

168 

168 

168 

168 

182 

182 

182 

182 

193 

193 

193 

193 

188 

188 

188 

188 

196 

196 

196 

i% 

196 

183 

183 

183 

183 

. 

195 

195 

195 

195 

200 

200 

200 

200 

191 

186 

190 

Sault  Ste.  Marie . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Traverse  City.. . 

188 

188 

188 

188 

188 

Minnesota: 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

St.  Cloud . 

180 

180 

180 

Stillwater . 

177 

177 

177 

177 

Virginia . 

188 

188 

187 

188 

Winona . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Mississippi: 

Hattiesburg 3 . 

Jackson . 

180 

180 

180 

Meridian 3 . 

N  atchez 3. . . . 

Vicksburg 3 . 

Missouri: 

Hannibal . 

177 

177 

177 

Jefferson  City . 

177 

177 

177 

177 

Moberly . 

179 

179 

179 

Sedalia . 

180 

180 

180 

Webb  City . 

180 

180 

180 

Montana: 

Anaconda 3 . 

Billing's 3 . 

- 

Great  Falls . 

181 

181 

181 

181 

Helena . 

181 

181 

181 

181 

Missoula . 

181 

181 

Nebraska: 

Grand  Island . . . 

176 

176 

176 

176 

Nevada: 

Reno 3 . 

New  Hampshire: 

Berlin . 

180 

180 

180 

Concord . 

178 

178 

179 

178 

178 

Dover . 

168 

168 

168 

Keene . 

170 

170 

180 

173 

Laconia 3  . 

Nashua . 

164 

176 

164 

164 

. 

164 

Portsmouth . 

175 

178 

176 

New  Jersey: 

Asbury  Park . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Bloomfield . 

188 

188 

188 

188 

188 

Bridgeton . 

186 

186 

. 

186 

Garfield . 

188 

187 

:::::::::: 

187 

Hackensack . 

187 

187 

187 

187 

187 

Harrison 3  . 

. 

Irvington  . 

190 

190 

i _ 

190 

Kearny  (P.  O.  Arlington). . 
Long  Branch  . 

188 

189 

186 

i 

189 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Millville 

175 

175 

175 

175 

Montclair 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Morristown  3  _ 

New  Brunswick  . 

175 

175 

175 

175 

175 

N orth  Bergen 3  . 

Orange  . 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

193 

Phillipsburg  . 

179 

179 

179 

Plainfield . 

183 

183 

184 

183 

183 

3  No  report. 


59873°— 21 - 37 


578 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  87. —  The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

New  Jersey — Continued. 

Town  of  Union  (P.  O.  Wee- 

194 

194 

197 

197 

197 

197 

West  Orange . 

187 

187 

187 

187 

187 

New  Mexico: 

180 

180 

180 

New  York: 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Beacon  3 . 

189 

189 

189 

189 

189 

Corning— 

185 

184 

185 

District  No.  13 . 

193 

193 

193 

193 

Cortland . 

191 

191 

191 

191 

Dunkirk . 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

182 

182 

182 

192 

192 

190 

192 

Glens  Falls . . 

189 

189 

189 

189 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

Horneli . 

185 

185 

185 

191 

191 

188 

193 

191 

196 

196 

196 

196 

196 

m 

191 

191 

191 

Kingston  . 

185 

185 

185 

Lackawanna  . 

189 

189 

189 

189 

Little  Falls  . . 

186 

186 

186 

186 

Lockport  . . 

191 

191 

181 

190 

Middletown 

173 

178 

174 

Newburgh 

180 

180 

180 

New  Rochelle 

177 

177 

177 

177 

North  Tonawaurla 

188 

188 

188 

188 

O  gdensburg 

189 

188 

189 

Olean ... 

191 

191 

191 

191 

Ossining  . . 

186 

186 

186 

186 

Oswego 

184 

186 

187 

186 

Peekskill — 

District  No  7 

184 

184 

184 

District  No  8 

185 

185 

185 

18-5 

Plattsburg 

187 

187 

187 

187 

Port  Chester 

184 

184 

184 

Poughkeepsie  . 

184 

184 

184 

Rensselaer 

187 

187 

187 

187 

Rome 

189 

189 

189 

Saratoga  Springs 

188 

188 

188 

188 

Watertown  . . 

192 

192 

192 

192 

192 

. . 

192 

Watervliet 

192 

192 

192 

Wdiite  Plains 

180 

187 

187 

'  • 

187 

North  Carolina: 

r 

Asheville 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Durham 

179 

180 

179 

Greensboro 

176 

Raleigh 

108 

Wilmington ... _ _ 

160 

Winston-Salem 

175 

175 

175 

North  Dakota: 

Far^o 

190 

190 

190 

1  wlgO . 

Grand  Forks  . . 

Ohio: 

A  lltonno 

'  176 

177 

176 

Ashtabula . . . | _ _ _ 

174 

Bellaire . . . j . 

172 

P.QTYihridcrp 

177 

177 

177 

Chillicothe 

182 

190 

183 

East  Liverpool 

170 

170 

170 

Elyria 

183 

183 

183 

183 

Findlay 

175 

175 

. 

175 

Ironton 

170 

170 

170 

Lakewood 

184 

184 

184 

184 

Lancaster 

186 

186 

186 

Lorain 

181 

181 

181 

181 

Mansfield . . 

178 

Marietta 

180 

180 

180 

Marion . 

156 

156 

. . 

156 

a  No  report. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  579 

Table  87. — The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000'  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Ohio— Continued. 

172 

172 

172 

Middletown . 

188 

175 

175 

175 

188 

188 

188 

188 

180 

180 

180 

Portsmouth . 

163 

183 

183 

183 

190 

179 

Tiffin . 

178 

1 

178 

190 

190 

190 

182 

183 

183 

Oklahoma: 

175 

175 

175 

Enid  3 . . 

Guthrie  3 . 

180 

180 

180 

176 

178 

176 

175 

175 

175 

Tulsa . . 

173 

173 

173 

173 

Oregon: 

172 

172 

172 

Pennsylvania: 

Beaver  Falls . . 

180 

180 

ISO 

Berwick . 

180 

180 

ISO 

Braddock . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Bradford . 

180 

180 

ISO 

Butler . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Carbondale . 

190 

190 

190 

Carlisle . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Carnegie 3 . 

Chambersburg . . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Coatesville 3 . 

Columbia . 

180 

180 

180 

Connells  ville  3 . 

Dubois . 

180 

180 

180 

Dunmore  3 . 

Duquesne . 

180 

180 

ISO 

Easton . 

190 

190 

190 

Farrell 3 . 

Greensburg . 

180 

180 

180 

Homestead . 

180 

180 

180 

Lebanon . 

192 

192 

192 

192 

McKees  Rocks . 

200 

200 

200 

Mahanoy  City . 

180 

180 

180 

Mead  ville . 

180 

180 

180 

Monessen . 

180 

180 

180 

Mount  Carmel . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Nanticoke . 

190 

180 

ioo 

190 

190 

Norristown . 

200 

200 

200 

North  Braddock  (P.  O., 

Braddock) . 

180 

180 

180 

Oil  City3 . 

Old  Forge3 . . 

Phoenixville 

187 

186 

187 

Pittston . .  . 

200 

200 

200 

Plvmouth . * . 

180 

180 

180 

Pottstown. . . . 

200 

200 

200 

Potts  ville.. . 

190 

190 

190 

Shamokin . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Sharon . 

180 

180 

180 

Shenandoah . 

180 

180 

180 

Steelton 3 . 

Sunbury . 

180 

180 

180 

Uniontown3 . 

Warren . 

180 

180 

180 

Washington. . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

180 

West  Chester _ 

200 

200 

200 

200 

Wilkinsburg . 

180 

180 

180 

3  No  report. 


580  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  87. —  The  average  length  of  the  school  term  in  days,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued.  • 


Cities. 

Kinder¬ 

garten. 

Elemen¬ 

tary. 

Second¬ 

ary. 

Normal 

schools. 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

Special 
and  other 
schools. 

Total 

average. 

* 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Rhode  Island: 

180 

183 

ISO 

180 

Cranson  (P.  0.,  Providence) 
Cumberland  (P.  O.,  Man- 
ville) . 

172 

170 

180 

172 

191 

191 

191 

East  Providence 3 . 

145 

158 

187 

162 

161 

161 

161 

South  Carolina: 

Columbia . 

162 

162 

162 

Greenville 3 . 

175 

175 

175 

South  Dakota:  ~ 

175 

175 

175 

175 

176 

176 

176 

176 

Tennessee: 

180 

180 

180 

Texas: 

175 

175 

175 

175 

175 

175 

175 

167 

167 

167 

165 

165 

176 

176 

176 

174 

Marshall . 

175 

175 

175 

Palestine . 

176 

176 

176 

Paris . 

178 

178 

178 

San  Angelo . 

169 

169 

169 

Sherman . 

175 

175 

175 

Temple . 

178 

178 

178 

Tyler . 

174 

174 

174 

Waco . 

173 

173 

173 

Utah: 

Ogden . 

177 

177 

177 

177 

Vermont: 

Barre . 

155 

155 

155 

Burlington . 

170 

170 

170 

170 

Rutland . 

180 

180 

180 

Virginia: 

Alexandria . 

189 

189 

189 

Danville . 

174 

174 

174 

Lynchburg . 

182 

Newport  News . 

182 

182 

182 

Petersburg . 

180 

180 

180 

Staunton . 

180 

180 

180 

Washington: 

Aberdeen . 

183 

183 

183 

Bellingham . 

178 

178 

178 

Everett . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

Walla  Walla . 

. 

179 

179 

179 

Yakima 3 . 

West  Virginia: 

Bluefield . 

178 

178 

178 

Charleston . 

176 

176 

176 

Martinsburg  * . 

Parkersburg . 

181 

181 

181 

Wisconsin: 

Appleton . 

175 

175 

175 

200 

175 

175 

Ashland . 

182 

182 

182 

182 

Beloit . 

177 

177 

177 

192 

177 

Eau  Claire . 

175 

175 

175 

175 

175 

175 

Fond  du  Lac . 

190 

190 

190 

190 

190 

Green  Bay . 

180 

180 

180 

ISO 

180 

180 

Janesville . 

172 

172 

172 

172 

172 

Kenosha . 

195 

195 

195 

196 

195 

195 

Madison . 

181 

181 

181 

193 

181 

181 

Manitowoc . 

183 

183 

183 

183 

183 

Marinette . 

185 

185 

185 

ISO 

185 

185 

Sheboygan . 

196 

196 

196 

196 

196 

196 

Wausau . 

180 

180 

180 

180 

ISO 

180 

Wyoming: 

Cheyenne . 

183 

183 

183 

3  No  report. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


581 


Health  and  recreation. 

c  * 

X 

S-. 

© 

© 

Junior  hi, 

gh  schools. 

o 

X! 

o 

-C 

o 

Expended  for— 

g  w 

If 

© 

“ 

•d 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Cities. 

1  Number  of  s 

physician! 

I  Number  of  s 

1  nurses. 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Recreation. 

c 

o 

TJ  rj 

•si 

a 

X 

H 

3 

O 

o 

& 

8 

£ 

Number. 

Grades  include 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Alabama: 

1 

2 

California: 

11 

11 

836,986 
2, 814 

82,704 

539 

11 

8 

7-9 

63 

234 

3,970 

3,972 

Oakland . 

1 

8 

819,097 

3 

1 

23 

25,538 

5.343 

2 

Colorado: 

2,884 

4 

2 

7-9 

4 

33 

397 

469 

599 

Connecticut: 

1 

15 

0) 

(2) 

3 

4 

6-8 

3 

31 

619 

2 

7 

2 

200 

45 

District  of  Columbia: 
Washington . 

12 

2 

17,941 

325 

3 

Georgia: 

Illinois: 

Chicago . 

100 

110 

10, 156 

40,348 

55 

3 

7-9 

5 

18 

118 

219 

Indiana: 

Indianapolis . 

5 

9 

8 

Kentucky: 

Louisville . 

4 

4 

5 

Louisiana: 

New  Orleans. 

3 

1 

3 

Maryland: 

Baltimore . 

5 

10 

13 

Massachusetts: 

Boston . 

43 

40 

65,665 

37,784 

6, 475 
459 

24 

Cambridge _ 

13 

5 

7 

Fall  River . 

8 

0 

2,  759 

1,160 

6 

Lowell . 

9 

2 

4,904 

1,168 

4 

Worcester . 

15 

1 

4,696 

650 

4 

Michigan: 

Detroit . 

1 

4, 278 

19 

3 

7-9 

12 

68 

1,081 
1, 155 

940 

Grand  Rapids... 

1 

3 

924 

4 

4 

7-9 

31  | 

95 

1,256 

799 

Minnesota: 

Minneapolis . . 

9 

29 

35, 294 
14,998 

971 

3,604 

5 

3 

7-9 

25 

52 

791 

St.  Paul . 

1 

10 

1 

Missouri: 

Kansas  Citv . 

1,161 

1,368 

13,564 

2,790 

6  1 

St.  Louis . 

12 

23 

40,701 

19,380 

24,398 
49, 516 
3,220 

9, 627 
47,243 

18  | 

1 

7-9 

14 

37 

781 

715 

Nebraska: 

Omaha . 

1 

13 

2 

■ 

New  Jersey: 

Jersev  City . 

14 

14 

10,526 

19,245 

15 

Newark. . . . 

8 

26 

2, 676 

17 

3 

7-9 

10  1 

35 

662 

777 

Paterson . 

6 

4 

4  ! 

New  York: 

Albany . 

1 

8 

651 

220 

3! 

Buffalo . 

25 

21 

17 

New  York . 

100 

218 

249 

116 

141, 888 

172  | 

14 

7-9 

107 

203 

4,229 

5, 252 

Rochester  . . 

7, 148 

217 

Syracuse . 

12 

8 

20,073 

771 

3 

Ohio: 

Cincinnati . 

15 

12 

5,793 
13.978 
2, 363 
1,395 

7  i 

1 

7-9 

14 

14 

222 

210 

Cleveland . 

30 

32 

54, 695 

7,064 

14  , 

12 

7-9 

55 

252 

4,259 

3,366 

4,274 

Columbus . 

1 

4 

12,011 

6,951 

2  1 

9 

7-9 

41 

139 

3,872 

Davton . 

1 

3 

1,366 

2  ! 

Toledo . 

5 

5 

5  ! 

_ 1 _ 

Oregon: 

Portland . 

4 

1 

3  1 

Pennsylvania: 

Philadelphia . 

66 

41 

200,710 

61,293 

13,356 

53 

1 

7-9 

15 

26 

653 

654 

Pittsburgh . 

32 

18 

j  60,428 
!  7,904 

32 

2 

20 

53 

802 

897 

Scranton . 

21 

4 

4  1 

1  Under  department  of  health.  s  Under  department  of  recreation. 


582  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


Health  and  recreation. 

c3 

O 

CO 

O 

O 

Junior  hi 

gh  schools. 

o 

o 

eP 

o 

o 

3 

Expended  for — 

gK 

2  Ph 

^  a 

s 

0 

d 

2 

•d 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Cities. 

"  f=j 

u  p. 

0 

2 

o  o 

£ 

oS 

a 

3 

£ 

3  . 

11 

a 

0 

53 

<D 

p 

si 

<u 

ft 

X 

0 

<3  ’ 

rO 

a 

& 

sJ 

<x> 

rO 

a 

3 

& 

'0 

a 

8 

33 

S 

0 

d 

OJ 

§ 

a 

0 

£ 

CO 

O 

« 

GO 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Rhode  Island: 

Providence . 

9 

8 

$15, 234 

6,417 

$1,767 

1 

Tennessee: 

Nashville . 

5 

i 

4 

Virginia: 

3J2 

10 

10, 730 

30, 429 
7,235 

28,006 

$1,042 

3 

6-8- 

15 

84 

1,262 

1,562 

Washington: 

Seattle . 

2 

12 

2,594 
2, 131 

3,782 

2 

1 

3 

1 

3 

7-9 

4 

9 

133 

64 

Wisconsin: 

12 

10 

16, 555 

11 

GROUP 

II.— CITIES 

OF  30,000  TO 

100,000  POPULATION. 

Alabama: 

M  obile _ 

$862 

$1,678 

M  ontgomery . 

675 

California: 

Berkeley . 

1 

2, 457 

j 

4 

7-9 

14 

63 

953 

1,112 

Pasadena . 

2 

2 

6,150 

7,612 

3,417 

960 

111 

1 

1 

7-9 

6 

23 

242 

208 

Sacramento . 

1 

3,262 

206 

1 

3 

7-9 

13 

11 

244 

325 

San  Diego . 

1 

”2’ 

$63 

1 

Colorado: 

Pueblo — 

District  No.  1 . . . 

1 

500 

1 

District  No.  20 . . 

1 

1 

1 

Connecticut: 

Hartford . 

879 

Meriden . 

4, 155 
1,832 

9,991 

1,578 

177 

New  Britain . 

3 

1 

1 

1 

7,8 

9 

31 

500 

550 

Water  bury . 

2 

2 

1 

Florida: 

Jacksonville . 

3,634 

1,037 

1,400 

7,494 

47 

Tampa . 

2 

7-9 

6 

36 

573 

694 

Georgia: 

Augusta . 

Macon .  . 

1 

2 

1,315 

953 

1 

Illinois: 

Decatur . 

1 

1 

1 

7,8 

2 

17 

352 

385 

East  St,.  Louis  .  _ 

5 

j  oliet 

3 

2, 691 

44 

641 

1 

Peoria 

1 

2 

2,489 

325 

25 

2 

Quine  v . . 

318  ‘ 

1 

3 

7-9 

4 

20 

271 

285 

Rockford. ... 

2 

3 

5,088 

2,559 

3,028 
1, 164 

34 

1 

Springfield . 

2 

331 

1 

4 

7-9 

10 

60 

883 

974 

Indiana: 

Evansville _ 

Fort,  Wavne  . 

3 

3,800 

11,231 

2 

South  Bend . 

3 

2,031 

2 

1 

7,8 

1 

20 

254 

348 

Terre  Haute . 

4 

2 

Iowa: 

Cedar  Rapids _ 

164 

Davenport 

1 

1 

3,  747 

913 

180 

1 

Des  Moines 

1 

5 

513 

2,605 

11,987 

2, 975 
3,829 

959 

1 

Sioux  City . 

1 

198 

1 

1 

7-9 

2 

21 

168 

214 

Kansas: 

Kansas  City . 

2 

3 

1 

7-9 

7 

20 

354 

428 

Tope.ka . 

1 

3,434 

978 

1 

3 

7-9 

8 

19 

348 

437 

Wichita . 

1 

1 

1,815 

1,912 

1 

1 

7-9 

2 

14 

160 

222 

Kentucky : 

Covington . 

1 

818 

1 

2 

7,8 

2 

18 

286 

354 

Lexington . 

2 

1 

7-9 

22 

284 

323 

Newport . 

2 

i 

1,025 

1 

3  Nine  of  these  are  city  physicians. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  583 

Table  88. —  Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OE  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Health  and  recreation. 

03 

O 

1 

1 

Junior  high  schools. 

O 

O 

A 

o 

o 

A 

Expended  for — 

Q< 

c/i  • 

it 

•**  3 

'd 

© 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Cities. 

1  Number  of  s 

physician: 

I  Number  of  s 

|  nurses. 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Recreation. 

u  ft 

o 

•3  rj 

«  3 

'd  .-i 

a*"’ 

© 

ft 

X 

H 

3 

O 

CD 

rO 

a 

3 

Number. 

3 

.9 

© 

T3 

0 

o 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 ! 

11 

12 

13 

Maine: 

1 

Massachusetts: 

4 

3 

$5,477 

1,900 

1,675 

$1,590 

1 

8 

8,9 

7-9 

46 

700 

771 

Chelsea . 

4 

1 

1 

3 

7 

54 

784 

846 

Everett . 

5 

2 

2 

3 

2 

4,682 
2,200 
4, 004 
4,320 

4, ‘534 
3, 864 
1,443 

1 

4 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

1 

7-9 

2 

11 

140 

199 

6 

1 

4 

2 

4 

759 

2 

2 

7,8 

6 

25 

517 

525 

3 

1 

1,766 

1 

11 

4 

7, 252 
6,085 
2,529 
4,873 
1,672 

1,949 

3 

6 

4 

2,941 
6, 103 

1 

Pittsfield . 

3 

2 

1 

6 

2 

$777 

2, 103 

1 

1 

1 

650 

1 

Somerville . . 

8 

2 

4,687 
10, 202 

1 

3 

7-10 

11 

58 

838 

936 

Spring  e]d 

13 

4 

2,610 

4 

Taunton . 

1 

1 

2,567 

3,064 

250 

1 

Michigan: 

Calumet . 

Flint . 

2 

459 

5, 251 

1 

1 

7-10 

3 

15 

176 

228 

Jackson . 

1 

2 

2,869 

794 

149 

1 

Kalamazoo . 

1 

2 

2, 895 

1 

3 

7-9 

10 

40 

625 

675 

Lansing . 

1 

2,392 

910 

433 

1 

Saginaw- 

East  side . 

1 

1 

W  est  side . 

603 

1 

Minnesota: 

Duluth . 

1 

4 

4,959 

4,852 

3,696 

1 

4 

7-9 

18 

63 

972 

1,067 

Missouri: 

St.  Joseph . 

1 

3 

2 

Springfield . 

1 

833 

1 

Montana: 

Butte . 

1  2 

3,282 

2 

1 

7,8 

5 

16 

201 

219 

Nebraska: 

Lincoln . . 

1 

2 

1 

3 

7-9 

3 

25 

198 

198 

New  Hampshire: 

Manchester . 

1 

1  6 

2,466 

15 

2 

1 

7-9 

2 

5 

97 

119 

New  Jersey: 

Ravnnne . 

2 

3 

7,774 
3, 232 

1,828 

5 

East  Orange . 

2 

2 

588 

1 

Elizabeth . 

5 

4 

5,178 

2 

Hoboken . 

4 

2 

10,986 
2, 425 
1,658 

867 

2,767 

5 

1 

7,8 

1 

3 

60 

40 

Passaic . 

5 

2 

Perth  Amboy . 

Trenton . 

10 

9 

10, 326 

5 

2 

7-9 

20 

61 

813 

1,131 

West  Hoboken.. 

3 

|  1 

2, 173 

2,537 
2,268 
5, 092 

132 

1 

New  York: 

Amsterdam . 

1 

1 

1,381 

200 

1 

Anbn»*n . 

1 

1 

1 

Rin°hamt.nn _ 

2 

3 

3,231 

99 

1, 554 

1 

Elmira. . 

2 

2 

j  3, 506 

79 

1 

Jam  est.nwn 

2 

1 

!  2,264 
|  5, 628 
i  3,650 

1  18,251 

|  4,842 

795 

1,550 

1 

Mount  Vernon . 

2 

1  3 

789 

325 

2 

1 

7,8 

1 

9 

135 

174 

Niagara  Falls. . . 

5 

2 

500 

101 

1 

Schenectady 

6 

1  13 
3 

6,480 

22 

3 

Troy- 

Union  district... 
Lansingburgh 
district  __ 

2 

30 

2 

Utica 

3 

3 

7,448 

8,115 

1  46 

3 

Yonkers 

6 

2 

j  3, 970 

i 

3 

North  Carolina: 

Charlotte . 

L... 

1 

584 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  88.— Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools — Continued. 
GROUP  II— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Health  and  recreation. 

C3 

g 

09 

<D 

Junior  high  schools. 

£ 

0 

G 

03 

Cities. 

5 

o 

o 

o 

Expended  for— 

is 

2a 

3 

•g 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

M  $ 

3 

Jj  ja' 
B  a 

3 

2; 

I  Number  of 

nurse 

Promotion  c 
health. 

Recreation. 

*■"  0 

T3  rj 

•32 

G 

09 

{ft 

X 

H 

O 

B 

£ 

Number. 

O 

.3 

0 

a 

S_i 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

» 

8 

9 

0 

11 

12 

13 

Ohio: 

Akron . 

8833 

Canton . 

i 

2 

85, 848 

1,292 

1 

Hamilton . 

y  475 

l 

Springfield . 

1 

850 

300 

l 

Youngstown . 

4,826 

Oklahoma: 

Oklahoma . 

i 

1 

1,411 

1 

Pennsylvania: 

Allentown . 

2 

2 

5,615 

2,297 

1,117 

1 

4 

7,8 

15 

18 

467 

502 

Altoona . 

2 

1,200 

2 

Bethlehem . 

1 

2 

2,280 

834 

1 

1 

7-9 

3 

8 

162 

232 

Chester . 

675 

Erie . 

1 

4 

7, 653 

2,381 

2 

Harrisburg . 

2 

2 

3,538 

3 

Hazleton . 

1 

Johnstown . . . 

1 

2 

5,816 

2 

1 

7-9 

5 

14 

196 

232 

Lancaster . 

2 

958 

100 

1 

McKeesport . 

14 

"i* 

2,457 

400 

2 

New  Castle . 

1 

1,135 

1 

Reading . 

3 

"4 

5, 806 
4, 785 

2 

Wilkes-Barre . 

5 

4 

450 

2 

Williamsport . 

1 

1 

1,614 

630 

630 

1 

York . 

6 

1 

1 

Rhode  Island : 

Pawtucket . 

1 

1,000 

1 

Woonsocket . 

7 

i 

1,828 

1 

South  Carolina: 

Charleston . 

21 

Tennessee: 

Chattanooga . 

1,952 

1 

1 

7-9 

5 

12 

229 

226 

Knoxville . 

50 

Texas: 

Dallas . 

38 

1,424 

El  Paso . 

2 

1 

1 

Galveston . 

1 

1 

1 

Houston . 

1 

2 

360 

2 

3 

7-9 

17 

52 

813 

1,070 

San  Antonio . 

1 

2 

2,838 

1,011 

1 

Utah: 

Salt  Lake  City . 

1 

1 

8 

7-9 

12 

70 

1,121 

1,179 

Virginia: 

Portsmouth . 

1 

2 

1,673 

Roanoke . 

1 

1 

430 

1 

6-8 

4 

28 

426 

693 

Washington: 

Tacoma . . 

2 

3 

5,  569 

1,781 

1 

West  Virginia: 

Huntington . 

1 

1,030 

445 

1 

3 

7-9 

16 

49 

695 

735 

Wheeling . 

1 

4 

1 

Wisconsin: 

La  Crosse . 

1 

3 

1 

5 

7,8 

_ 

19 

313 

376 

Oshkosh . 

26 

Racine . 

6 

3,302 

409 

1 

GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION. 


Alabama: 

Bessemer _ 

1 

1 

1 

1 

Selma . 

Arizona: 

Phoenix . 

1 

Arkansas: 

Fort  Smith . 

North  Little  Rock  . . 
Pine  Bluff . 

1 

$750 

200 

$540 

1 

7-9 

3 

3 

70 

81 

585 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  •public  schools — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Health  and  recreation. 

ob 

o 

W 

<D 

1 

a 

c3 

Junior  high  schools. 

O 

O 

& 

O 

O 

r— 

o 

Expended  for— 

h 

s  a 

-e>  3 

CD 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Cities. 

1  Number  of  s 

physician: 

Number  of  s 
nurses. 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Recreation. 

u  & 

O  _ 

C 

o  5 

tJ  -2 

a*’ 

Q 

P« 

X 

H 

O 

O 

§ 

£ 

Number. 

Grades  includi 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

i 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

California: 

Alameda . 

1 

$1,277 

$3,097 

$600 

i 

. 

51 

Eureka . 

3,377 

120 

i 

Fresno . 

1 

1,082 

390 

i 

Pomona . 

1 

i 

2 

7-10 

8 

26 

386 

377 

1 

1 

2,662 

3,392 

1 

1, 196 

61 

i 

1 

LSOO 

138 

i 

Santa  Cruz . 

1,400 

Stockton . 

2 

2,405 

1,100 

538 

1,868 

i 

Colorado: 

Colorado  Springs  *. . . 

1 

3 

1,301 

i* 

1 

i 

Connecticut: 

Danbury . 

1 

1,051 

975 

i 

Greenwich . 

2 

1 

2,200 

950 

i 

.... 

Manchester  (town 
schools) . 

Middletown. . 

1,388 

400 

378 

17 

Naugatuck  . 

4 

i 

New  London 

1 

2* 

i 

Norwalk . 

1 

978 

1,350 

i 

2 

7-9 

7 

36 

406 

485 

Norwich . . . 

1 

1 

1,386 

1,984 

2,910 

1,718 

Orange . 

4,337 

South  Manchester 

Stamford . 

2 

1 

i 

Torrington 

1 

5 

2 

2,516 

1,250 

i 

Wallingford 

1 

i 

Windham 

1 

1 

445 

1,942 

i 

Georgia: 

Brunswick . 

2 

2 

1 

7-9 

4 

5 

112 

123 

Columbus . 

2 

2 

1,575 

Rome . 

1 

Waycross . 

100 

1 

6,7 

0 

7 

112 

•  139 

Idaho: 

Boise . 

113 

2 

Illinois: 

Alton . 

1, 250 

750 

Aurora — 

East  side. 

1 

West  side . 

1 

359 

1 

Belleville . 

3 

875 

1 

1 

7,8 

2 

10 

243 

306 

Cairo  . 

2 

1,366 

1,065 

1 

Champaign . 

1 

1 

Chicago  Heights 

1 

490 

1 

Cicero  . 

3 

1 

1,600 

1 

Danville . 

1 

1, 055 

1 

Elgin . 

1 

1 

Evanston — 

District  N  o.  75. 

1 

1 

3,947 

2, 478 

1 

District  N  o.  76. 

1 

1 

213 

50 

1 

Freeport . .  . 

900 

25 

Galesburg . 

810 

, 

Jacksonville . 

1 

1 

1 

7,8 

1 

11 

149 

126 

Kankakee  . 

1 

1 

La  Salle  . . 

2 

1 

95 

1 

Lincoln . 

450 

150 

Mat  toon . 

1 

900 

1 

Moline . 

1 

1,232 

1 

Oak  Park . . . 

2 

1,270 

116 

1 

Rock  Island 

1,460 

106 

Streator _ •  . 

1 

1,000 

225 

1 

Waukegan . 

1 

1 

*  Not  including  district  No.  1. 


586  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Health  and  recreation. 

c3 

O 

1 

Junior  high  schools. 

O 

O 

rC  . 

O  ,A 

o 

A 

o 

Expended  for — 

+»  3 

S3 

o 

e 

G 

c3 

*d 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Cities. 

1  Number  of  s 

physician! 

1  Number  of  s 

nurses. 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Recreation. 

oS: 

■3.2 

ft 

X 

2 

o 

fH 

CD 

3 

fc 

Number. 

Grades  includi 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Indiana: 

3 

$1,881 

1 

2 

7-9 

3 

12 

328 

293 

Elkhart  . 

2 

1 

1 

6-8 

2 

15 

261 

296 

Gary . 

1 

2 

5,013 

410 

$500 

2 

1 

338 

1 

1 

7,8 

2 

8 

331 

326 

1 

1 

1 

1,500 

1,051 

1 

1 

7,8 

5 

7 

5  193 

5  215 

1 

1 

'558 

$52 

1 

Peru . 

1 

1 

7,8 

7,8 

7-9 

3 

7 

123 

161 

2 

1 

1 

11 

12 

290 

306 

1 

100 

1 

1 

6 

10 

297 

321 

Iowa: 

1 

1,329 

250 

2,000 

1  i 

Clinton. 

202 

Council  Bluffs 

1 

1 

2,268 

1 

Iowa  City 

1 

1 

1  i 

Keokuk 

1 

1  : 

M  arsh  a!  1  tnwn 

1 

850 

1 

Mason  City _ 

862 

Muscatine 

l 

384 

1 

Ottumwa . 

i 

958 

1  : 

Waterloo — 

East  side 

1 

l 

900 

1  ! 

1 

7-9 

2 

9 

125 

175 

West  side  . 

1 

l 

1  \ 

Kansas: 

Coff  eyville . 

175 

Fort  Scott _ 

1 

Hutchinson . . . 

136 

1 

1 

7-9 

3 

9 

142 

212 

Lawrence . 

l 

70 

1 

1 

7,8 

7,8 

3 

11 

6  200 

5  225 

Leavenworth . 

3 

1,726 

36 

1 

3 

0 

15 

229 

191 

Parsons . 

1 

Pittsburg _ 

1 

Kentucky: 

Frankfort. . 

176 

Henderson . 

1 

1 

1 

Owenshoro 

18 

1 

Paducah . 

1 

1 

7,8 

1 

9 

129 

181 

Louisiana: 

Alexandria. 

450 

Monroe  . 

1 

281 

65 

1,290 

1 

Shreveport  ... 

1 

900 

150 

540 

1 

7,8 

1 

15 

262 

396 

Maine: 

Auburn . . 

1 

1 

350 

2,018 

545 

8,9 

1 

6 

75 

68 

Bid  deford 

Lewiston 

120 

1 

Waterville 

400 

2,700 

Maryland: 

Cumberland . 

1 

Frederick .  _ 

1 

Hacerst.own 

1 

Massachusetts: 

A  dams 

4 

1 

1,408 
2,149 
634 
1,174 
3, 016 

283 

1 

Arlington . . 

1 

1 

596 

1 

1 

7,8 

1 

16 

225 

215 

A  t.tlehoro 

2 

1 

3,821 
3, 996 
2,150 
3,437 
1,336 
4, 164 

1 

Beverly 

1 

1 

2 

Ti  root!  inf* 

11 

2 

1 

1 

Chicopee  _ 

2 

1 

Clinton 

1 

1 

94 

1 

Fra.mineham 

1 

1 

4,006 

1,214 

1 

Gardner 

1 

1 

2,078 

3,995 

1,603 

1 

Gloucester 

4 

800 

611 

1 

Greenfield . 

1 

1 

s  Division  as  to  sex  estimated. 


587 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

Table  88.— Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Health  and  recreation. 

Expended  for  transporta¬ 

tion  of  pupils. 

Number  of  truant  officers. 

Junior  high  schools. 

O 

O 

A 

c3 

0*3 

3 

£ 

1 

Xl 

o 

to 

to 

o  g 

S- 
S-  Z 

2* 

| 

Expended  for— 

© 

S 

£ 

<X) 

£ 

'o 

to 

© 

1 

5 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

o 

!* 

'c'3 

B2 

£ 

j 

"8 

© 

o 

© 

g 

§ 

§ 

a 

$ 

w 

1 

PQ 

to 

s 

o 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

ii 

12 

13 

Massachusetts — Contd. 

Leominster . 

1 

1 

SS22 

$3,052 

1 

1 

7,8 

o 

8 

133 

129 

1 

1 

571 

2,635 

1 

Medlord . 

1 

206 

1 

Melrose . 

400 

834 

Methuen . 

1 

363 

1,245 

1 

Newburyport . 

1 

l 

727 

462 

1 

North  A'dams . 

2 

1 

1,000 

1,110 

1 

Peabody . 

11 

1 

1,431 

2, 427 

1 

Plymouth . 

1,575 

2, 546 

Revere . 

2 

1 

1,230 

57 

1 

1 

7-9 

1 

37 

651 

682 

Southbridge . 

1 

1 

1 

WakefieldT . 

980 

Watertown . 

3 

1 

1,398 

1 

Webster . 

1 

1 

1,068 

880 

1 

Weymouth . 

275 

2,911 

Winthrop . 

1 

200 

725 

1 

Woburn  t . 

1 

300 

120 

1 

Michigan: 

Adrian . 

1 

1 

7-9 

1 

11 

188 

223 

Ann  Arbor . 

1 

1 

3,315 

81, 198 

1 

Battle  Creek . 

2 

1, 914 

1 

1 

7,8 

1 

15 

296 

259 

Holland . 

1 

1 

7,8 

o 

10 

183 

180 

Ironwood . 

124 

2 

1 

7,8 

2 

7 

199 

195 

Ishpeming . 

3 

100 

1 

Marquette . . . 

1 

1 

1 

Muskegon . 

3 

1 

3, 258 

2,349 

124 

1 

Pontiac . 

1 

1 

2,250 

2,321 

1 

Port  Huron . 

18 

Sault  Ste.  Marie . 

1 

10 

8 

1 

1 

7,8 

1 

7 

1.72 

185 

Traverse  City . 

1 

600 

281 

1 

Minnesota: 

Mankato . 

1 

800 

60 

1 

1 

7-9 

6  1 

6  10 

174 

258 

Virginia . 

1 

1 

2,477 

913 

7, 176 

1 

Winona . 

1 

935 

1 

1 

8,9 

1 

g 

156 

197 

Missouri: 

Hannibal . 

3 

7-9 

3 

19 

222 

254 

Jefferson  City . 

1 

1 

Sedalia . 

50 

Webb  City . 

92 

75 

Montana: 

Great  Falls . 

1 

1 

1 

7,8 

o 

17 

334 

363 

Helena . 

1 

1,867 

455 

1 

Missoula . 

540 

1 

Nebraska: 

Grand  Island . 

1 

150 

1 

New  Hampshire: 

Berlin. . . 

3 

159 

1,125 

1 

1 

7,8 

o 

8 

no 

120 

Concord . 

1 

1, 175 

3,151 

1 

5 

7,8 

o 

19 

184 

249 

Hover  . 

1 

2,771 

1 

Keene . 

1 

1 

809 

1, 918 

1 

i 

7,8 

2 

9 

141 

132 

Nashua . 

2 

1 

3,666 

997 

1 

1 

8,9 

1 

10 

171 

169 

Portsmouth . 

1 

I 

7,8 

2 

10 

152 

181 

New  Jersey: 

Asbury  Park . 

2 

1 

1 

Bloomfield . 

2 

850 

1 

1 

7,8 

6 

8 

224 

205 

Bridgeton. . 

1 

1 

1,020 

1 

1 

8,9 

2 

11 

179 

215 

Garfield. . 

1 

1 

1,301 

1 

Hackensack . 

4 

1, 126 

1 

1 

7,8 

2 

17 

252 

241 

Irvington . 

1,630 

103 

15 

Kearny  (P.  O., 

Arlington') . 

1 

3 

4, 302 

1 

Long  Branch . 

800 

Millville . 

1 

627 

5, 611 

1 

Montclair . • 

2 

”3* 

2,594 

940 

147 

3 

7-9 

7 

27  I 

1  467 

462 

6 18  other  teachers,  give  part  time  to  junior  high  school. 


588  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 


New  Jersey— Continued 

New  Brunswick _ 

Orange . . 

Phillipsburg . . 

Plainfield . . 

West  New  York - 

West  Orange . . 

New  Mexico: 

Albuquerque . . 

New  York: 

Batavia . . 

Beacon . . 

Cohoes . . 

Coming- 

District  No.  9. . 
District  No.  13. 

Cortland . 

Dunkirk . 

Fulton . 

Geneva . 

Glens  Falls . 

Glovers  ville . 

Hornell . 

Hudson . 

Ithaca . 

Johnstown . 

Kingston . 

Lackawanna . 

Little  Falls . 

Lockport . 

Middletown . 

Newburgh . 

New  Rochelle . 

North  Tonawanda.. 

Ogdensburg . 

Olean . 

Ossining . 

Oswego . 

Feekskill— 

District  No.  7. . 
District  No.  8. . 

Plattsburg . 

Port  Chester . 

Poughkeepsie . 

Rensselaer . ; . 

Rome . 

Saratoga  Springs... 

Watertown . 

Watervliet . 

White  Plains . 

North  Carolina: 

Asheville . 

Durham . 

Winston-Salem . 

North  Dakota: 

Fargo . 

Ohio: 

Alliance . 

Cambridge . 

Chilli  cothe . 

East  Liverpool . 

Elyria . 

Findlay . 

Ironton . 

Lakewood . 

Lancaster . 


Health  and  recreation. 

Expended  for  transporta¬ 

tion  of  pupils. 

Number  of  truant  officers. 

Junior  high  schools. 

dumber  of  school 
physicians. 

1  Number  of  school 

nurses. 

Expended  for— 

Number. 

Grades  included. 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Recreation. 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

i 

1 

81,016 

1 

i 

3 

1 

757 

8132 

2 

1 

2,954 

1 

2 

2 

3;  244 

8310 

1 

1 

2 

3, 138 

1 

2 

7-9 

1 

11 

208 

236 

1 

900 

2,159 

1 

1 

I 

889 

1 

776 

3 

1....'* 

i 

1 

568 

1 

1 

l 

1 

884 

1 

1  “ 

350 

l 

1 

1,489 

1 

i 

1 

2,  740 

198 

1 

'875 

1 

799 

1 

i 

'  1 

I  1,947 

1,121 

1 

.. 

i 

1 

1, 569 

1 

■ 

i 

1  1 

455 

1 

.... 

. 

1 . 

l 

1 

390 

278 

1 

i 

2 

1,566 

829 

1 

1 

7-9 

7  3 

7  28 

334 

|  376 

1, 367 

1, 629 

.... 

i 

1 

812 

1 

1  ' 

l 

244 

1 

i 

j"i’ 

973 

140 

1 

i 

'  1, 133 

615 

1 

1,511 

2,360 

!.. 

1  4, 070 

357 

i 

i 

j  1, 439 

1,415 

1 

1 

i 

i 

339 

1 

i 

i 

!  1,267 

201 

1 

2 

i 

1, 497 

111 

482 

1 

886 

2 

i 

1, 163 

j 

1 

i 

824 

1 

1 

446 

35 

1 

1 

i* 

j  1,426 

1 

1 

7,8 

2 

17 

203 

!  216 

1 

l 

|  2,  193 

2,363 

1 

1 

235 

1 

1  1,225 

1 

i 

1,163 

1 

1 

i 

707 

385 

1 

1 . 

585 

2 

|  2,143 

950 

i94 

1 

1 

2 

75 

2 

1  1 

2 

1,259 

2 

|  1 

4 

1 

1 

1,350 

41 

1 

2 

7-9 

1 

14 

5  363 

s  400 

1 

1 

1,440 

1 

1 

300 

1 

850 

988 

1 

1 

890 

1 

| 

1 

1 . 

1 

. 

1  .  .  . 

1 

. 1 . 

1,280 

54 

i 

I:':": 

is  to  sex  estimated. 

7  Teach  in  senior  high  school  also. 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  589 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Cities. 

Health  and  recreation. 

Expended  for  transporta¬ 

tion  of  pupils. 

Number  of  truant  officers. 

Junior  high  schools. 

Number  of  school 
physicians. 

§ 

- 

w 

°  % 
|  £ 

| 

£ 

Expended  for— 

Number. 

1  Grades  included. 

1 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Recreation. 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1 

2 

3  4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

0  hio— Con  tinued . 

:  S2.326 

$134 

Marietta . 

5 

... 

i 

Massillon . 

i 

81, 120 

1 

342 

1 

1 

1 

360 

1 

i 

1 

580 

i 

3 

7-9 

3 

19 

290 

205 

Oklahoma: 

1 

1,496 

j 

2 

7-9 

5 

10 

294 

465 

Shawnee . 

Tulsa . 

1 

436 

10 

i 

1 

7-9 

1 

7 

116 

162 

Oregon: 

Salem . 

1 

1 

1,000 

i 

3 

7-9 

11 

17 

426 

490 

Pennsylvania: 

Beaver  Falls . 

1,516 

i 

Braddock . 

5 

440 

i 

Bradford . 

i 

-728 

Butler . 

1 

250 

i 

Carlisle . 

2 

269 

5 

Chamhersburg . 

1 

1 

7,8 

3 

6 

168 

181 

Columbia . 

250 

1 

1 

8,9 

1 

4 

97 

105 

Dubois . 

1 

Duquesne . 

1 

Easton . 

3 

1 

1,643 

1 

Greensburg . 

1 

1 

1 

7,8 

2 

6 

169 

209 

Homestead . 

1 

1 

7,8 

0 

11 

157 

175 

Lebanon . 

1 

1 

1 

McKees  Rocks . 

1 

Mahanoy  City . 

. 

1 

1 

7,8 

0 

9 

210 

263 

Meadville . 

1 

1 

Monessen . 

1 

1,032 

1 

1 

7,8 

1 

11 

183 

199 

Nanticoke . 

3 

750 

1 

Norristown . 

3 

900 

1 

Phoenix  ville . 

1 

253 

1 

1 

7,8 

0 

6 

120 

135 

Pittston . 

1 

I 

7-9 

2 

11 

219 

231 

Plymouth . 

1 

1 

Pottsville . 

1 

Shamokin . 

500 

Sharon . 

i 

Shenandoah . 

1,000 

l 

Sunbury . . 

675 

Warren . 

430 

Westchester  .  . 

1 

568 

i 

1 . 

Wilkinsburg . 

156 

l 

1 

7,8 

1 

19 

5  300 

5  320 

Rhode  Island: 

Central  Falls . 

4 

719 

l 

Cranston  (P.  O. 

Providence) . 

3 

800 

212 

Cumberland  (P.  O. 

Man  ville) .. 

814 

Newport . . 

4 

1 

250 

l 

W  arwick . 

3 

2 

750 

71 

l 

South  Carolina: 

| 

Columbia . 

1 

Spartanburg _ 

2 

1 

720 

1 

South  Dakota: 

• 

Aberdeen. . 

1 

1 

1, 130 

Sioux  Falls. . . . 

1 

1 

191 

l 

Tennessee: 

... 

Jackson . 

1 

I 

7,8 

.  o 

9 

203 

186 

5  Division  as  to  sex  estimated, 


590  BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  88. — Miscellaneous  statistics  of  city  public  schools  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


Health  and  recreation. 

o 

6 

o 

s 

o 

<3 

Junior  high  schools.  * 

o 

o 

o 

1 

Expended  for — 

Pn 

S  *o 

•ri 

Teachers. 

Enrollment. 

Cities. 

Number  of  s 
|  physician: 

I  Number  of  s 

nurses. 

Promotion  of 
health. 

Recreation. 

U  ft 

,o 

*1  o 

'd  rj 

•3 1 
S4" 

ft 

X 

w 

2 

O 

Ut 

o 

1 

3 

£ 

Number. 

Grades  includi 

Men. 

Women. 

Boys. 

Girls. 

1 

2 

S 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

Texas: 

Austin . 

1 

$634 

1,350 

1 

1 

7,8 

6 

23 

401 

409 

Beaumont . 

Cleburne . 

$500 

1 

Waco . 

1, 100 

285 

Utah: 

Ogden . 

3 

1 

$664 

3 

7,8 

7,8 

6 

38 

553 

648 

Vermont: 

Burlington . .  _ 

2 

1 

1,410 

139 

1 

1 

2 

10 

180 

148 

Rutland . 

1 

237 

Virginia: 

Danville . . 

750 

Newport  News . 

1 

1 

Petersburg . . 

1,165 

675 

Staunton . 

1 

30 

Washington: 

Aberdeen . 

1,178 

1,716 

2,545 

697 

Bellingham . 

1 

1 

Everett . 

1 

1,322 

470 

1 

Walla  Walla . 

1 

1 

1 

7,8 

.  0 

6 

88 

110 

West  Virginia: 

Blueneld . 

1 

1 

165 

1 

Charleston . 

1 

992 

693 

1 

3 

00  00 

2 

32 

441 

487 

Parkersburg . 

1 

200 

900 

1 

1 

4 

17 

'  316 

350 

Wisconsin: 

Appleton . 

85 

116 

1 

Bek, it . 

1 

.... 

490 

1 

1 . 

Eau  Claire . 

1 

! . 

Green  Bay . 

1 

1 

Janesville . . 

851 

1 

Kenosha . 

1 

3 

3,200 

3,771 

840 

2 

2 

7-9 

6 

26 

43? 

410 

Madison . 

1 

3 

2 

1 

7-9 

2 

4 

62 

68 

Manitowoc . 

1 

Marinette . 

24 

J 

Sheboygan . 

748 

Wausau . 

5 

2 

1* 

Wyoming: 

Cheyenne . 

1 

558 

1 

Table  89. — Statistics  of  evening  schools,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


591 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


2  Included  in  columns  14  lnd  15.  2  Division  as  to  sex  esti 


GROUP  1.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


592 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Expenses  of  instruction. 

Total. 

.  1 

CO 

$96,000 

8,563 

9,904 

13,518 

24,273 

123, 080 

20,675 

8,572 

1,650 

25,282 

103,714 

17,778 

23, 190 

116,996 

14, 756 

16,872 

134,486 

882,957 

36,543 

Normal 

and 

special 

schools. 

!n  !  !  !  ! 

•  0  •  •  •  « 

•  ^  •  • 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

«£ 

SI  jg 

8,572 

£ 

8,658 

32,562 

5,548 

8,371 

52,559 

119, 381 
8,750 

Second¬ 

ary 

(high) 

schools. 

vffl 

$45,360 

2,075 

2, 773 

600 

14, 156 

104,609 

15,008 

89, 821 

11,180 

7,358 

46, 621 

(5) 

4,882 

43, 344 

473, 703 
5,565 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary, 

includ¬ 

ing 

elemen¬ 

tary 

grades 

in 

junior 

high 

schools. 

$43,065 

4,126 

7,131 

9,123 

10, 117 

18,471 

_ 

10,274 

13, 893 

6,598 

7, 174 

37, 137 

9,208 

3,619 

38,583 

289, 873 
22,  228 

Number  of  pupils. 

Total. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

M 

sign  is  II  SI  -2  IsS  ®2§S 

rH  CO  H  t-H  t-H  t''-  rH  H  CO  H  rH  LQ 

Male. 

glilg  IS  g|  II  1  III  ilsl 

o' r-H  i-T  cVh  Titt-r  r?  ofooV-T  r-Tr-Tw1 

Normal 

and 

special 

schools. 

•  •  t>.  • 

•  •  CO  • 

g  j 

ig  :  :  : 

|  ;  ; 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

© 

II  |s 

2,392 

S 

453 

1,490 

981 

1, 156 

874 

13,685 

615 

Second¬ 

ary 

(high) 

schools. 

SS 

6,004 
1, 134 
537 
1,459 
1,542 

16,222 

188 

3,461 

12,081 

1,716 

2,523 

6,075 

616 

912 

5,958 

48,775 

289 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary, 

includ¬ 

ing 

elemen¬ 

tary 

grades 

in 

junior 

high 

schools. 

00 

4,994 

1,339 

1,543 

1,217 

1,199 

625 

432 

2, 140 
3, 200 

714 

1,704 

6,078 

1,313 

480 

7,746 

41,948 

592 

Number  of  teachers. 

Total. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

161 

81 

81 

86 

50 

151 

83 

25 

13 

74 

153 

41 

60 

189 

41 

41 

316 

1,013 

71 

Male. 

© 

S8  as  n  SgS- 

rH* 

Normal 

and 

special 

schools. 

>s 

i  i*5  i 

T*  j 

i  is  :  : 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

jg 

N 

Second¬ 

ary 

(high) 

schools. 

C* 

$3888  2 

1-H  CO 

14 

122 

243 

48 

52 

177 

18 

18 

180 

784 

10 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary, 

includ¬ 

ing 

elemen¬ 

tary 

grades 

in 

junior 

high 

schools. 

1 

$328^  a 

12 

29 

99 

29 

55 

152 

30 

20 

330 

1,230 

50 

Cities. 

- 

lassachusetts: 

Boston . 

Cambridge . 

Fall  River . 

Lowell . 

|a1 

l|2 

K 

1 

5*0 

It 

linnesota: 

Minneanolis _ 

la 

Missouri : 

Kansas  City . 

St.  Lnnis _ 

Jebraska: 

Omaha . . 

7ew  Jersey: 

Jersey  City . 

Newark . 

Paterson . 

'lew  York: 

Albany . 

Buffalo . 

New  York . 

Rochester . 

593 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


14  and  15.  •*  Estimated.  6  Included  in  pi 


Table  89. — Statistics  of  evening  schools ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  SO, 000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


594 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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448 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


595 


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3,477 

2,429 

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72 

159 

272 

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237 

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2  Included  in  columns  14  and  15.  3  Division  as  to  sex  estimated.  4  Esti 


Table  89. — Statistics  of  evening  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


596  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Expenses  of  instruction. 

Total. 

QO 

a  3  IlSglipilll  S6  1  sgs 

eg  O'!  TJI r-  C<l  O*  T-I  !-( of  fj'co'  .-T  io'tFoT 

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and 

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t> 

£ 

018  ‘if 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

<0, 

3 

s' 

jf 

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0  [ 

Second¬ 

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(high) 

schools. 

kO 

5  1 

3 

SI6‘Z 

699 

2,316 

1,258 

1  ! 
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men¬ 

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includ¬ 

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elemen¬ 

tary 

grades 

in 

junior 

high 

schools. 

s 

a 

g 

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3,136 

2,019 

Number  of  pupils. 

Total. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

m 

a  SI  -  11s 

Male. 

<N 

1  S  lisgssssglis  1°  §  HI 

Normal 

and 

special 

schools. 

s 

1 

S§  j 

Voca¬ 

tional 

schools. 

© 

§2 

»  jS  * 

2  i 

Second¬ 

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(high) 

schools. 

© 

74 

548 

185 

1,225 

l 

31 

250 

508 

429 

367 

539 

318 

829 

564 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

tary, 

includ¬ 

ing 

elemen¬ 

tary 

grades 

in 

junior 

high 

schools. 

00 

1 

(NO 

CN  M 

Is 

48 

265 

75 

802 

197 

74 

1,024 

370 

161 

382 

523 

614 

Number  of  teachers. 

Total. 

Fe¬ 

male. 

O  «  eceo^oO^OrfOSOMkO  £©  t*<oo 

Male. 

© 

S  00  C*  OC«>^ 

Normal 

and 

special 

schools. 

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1 

Voca¬ 

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schools. 

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1 

Second¬ 

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(high) 

schools. 

M 

3 

13 

2 

23 

2 

2°° 

■  ©  ©  o  f-j  ^ 

r-  o  • 

Ele¬ 

men¬ 

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includ¬ 

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elemen¬ 

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grades 

in 

junior 

high 

schools. 

OO 

^  co 

u-  CO 

iO  CO  CO  JO  00  Cjlco  CO  CC  03  CO 

Cities. 

- 

Ohio: 

Akron 

Oklahoma: 

Oklahoma _ 

Pennsylvania: 

Allentown . 

Altoona _ 

l€ 

!j 

\ij 

iHtr 

Johnstown . . . 

Lancaster . 

MCiveesport . 

New  Castle . 

Readme . 

Wilkes-Barre_ 1 

Rhode  Island: 

Pawtucket . 

Woonsocket . 

South  Carolina: 

Texas: 

Dallas _ 

El  Paso . 

Galveston . 1 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


597 


14  and  15. 


Table  89. — Statistics  of  evening  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


598 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


599 


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1,410 

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348 

425 

1,144 

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506 

497 

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as  to  sex  estimated.  *  Estimated. 


Table  89. — Statistics  of  evening  schools,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


600 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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2 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  601 

giirsisisgiiisii  i  §  S2«i§i  §  ssiiigaisisi  sm  §§ 

W  (M  <N  i-l  t-T  r-T  rf  '&'*  cf  t-Ti-T  r-T  CO  l-T  cfn* 


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2,117 

227 

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3  : 

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117 

71 

293 

136 

202 

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5882 


228 


SfcSS  | 


2  28 


5s 


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6  Included  in  preceding  column.  6  Teachers  volunteered  service  without  salary. 


Table  89. — Statistics  of  evening  schools,  1917-18 • — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


602  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


^Estimated.  7  For  supplies  only. 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVI 


603 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


Not  including  Wcstville  district.  2  Included  in  column  6. 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems ,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


| 

604  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  605 


of  1915-16.  <  Included  in  column  4.  ®  No  report  as  to  source  of  revenue.  Presumably  a  large  part 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


606  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918. 


607 


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278 

370 

107 

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188188  SI  i  leg  sli  8S8888838S  18188888  8881  § 
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3  Statistics  of  1915-16.  »  Statistics  of  1916-17. 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


608 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


4,019 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


609 


of  1915-lfi.  <  Included  in  column  4.  ?  Statistics  of  1916-17.  "Estimated.  i°  Reported  as  total  nonrevenue  receipts.  11  Included  in  column  5. 


Mable  90 — Receipts  of  city  school  systems ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


610  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


611 


iigsinei  liisgiisiinas  is^siiggsiiiaiigiisi  sisii 

sgsWggg  gssgssVBsgifsg  s¥s‘l¥ 


Sssla  IfSI  II  I!!ggalsls§i3§lss!lll  §118 


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I  :S 

s'  :<f 


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§Ssi2g§§§!§888  g§SE§ 

s£ 2 8"aS8  g? ’$  SSSSSS  Si  8“  3  d  S 


3  Statistics  of  1015-16.  4  Included  in  column  4.  12  Not  including  district  No.  1. 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


612 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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Cumberland . 1 . 1 . 1  88, 695 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


613 


§§  SglII§gllgsli3I5lsIlSSSlsIlgsisl  iSsslalSIalgsl 

sssWg|g§sg|| 


si 

wr®‘ 


il 

<N  <N 


all 

mhh 


ipiiiiisig 

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38 


g  13533 

-T  o'^Tw^'r-T 


83B8SSS8 

co'^TrH'eo'iN'^;  co'^t 


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33 


S 


11  SSI 
sr  s'g'g' 


12  3  31 


less  ; 

ISIS  iSsi : 

igsg  | 

:3gg  ;3“'g  ; 

Slsl  slllllllSslgll 
sWs  ss||Vs|fs'sssgg¥ 


ii 

s' 


li 

S3 


131 

Ssa 


31 

sg 


IS 

ss 


33 


553 


SI 


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S  gllSSssSSSlSlI 
"  ssssisas's'ssiCs'ss 


SSI 


Isll-IgSlIl 


gszaz^p. 


WifllllltlfHII 


of  1915-16. 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


614 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Total 

receipts. 

tH 

II  IlSSi  Sill  8583!  SSS38  1  1131188 
58  gg8j§V  SS'S'S'  88838  SSS23  2  SgSgsffSf 

Allother 

receipts. 

© 

sl  Hall  IbIS  3358!  SSSslil  3  §3  !i 

jH*  ^  22  ^  ~  *  ^°r  :g 

1,000 

7,973 

4,172 

Sales  of 

property. 

© 

i 

200 

1,859 

3  :  :  : 

t>  •  •  • 

I  Mis 

j  ;  ;  ;  t 

Ss8  !!s 

H  •  • 

Loans  and 
bond  sales. 

GC 

:  ill 
:  :8 
: 

200,000 

ii  is 
:  : 

iii  i  ii 
:  ;  :  ; 

I  i  i 

f ;  i 

i  i  il 
i  i  ;s 

r  j  i  j 

General 

taxes. 

§g  88388  sill  8i§las  ill 
as'  s's's'ffsf  a's'^'a'  s's's's's  ;*'a 

i§S  g  1  ill 
r'g'a  s  s'  ;a's 

i  in 
r  :%g 

1 

< 

from  city 
treasury. 

© 

ii  il: 
!  i  ia" 

a!  il 

4  i 

iii  i  il 

•  •  •  •  •  Cj 

iii 
r;  | 

6,349 

134,356 

737 

34,000 

94,000 

A 

divisions. 

ii  is 

it»  n 

•  to 

1,626 

i  i  ii 
:  : 

1  .  •  • 

x  1  •  | 

From  the 

county. 

T* 

6fS‘8S 

. 

§1  ili 

oV  |« 

5!  ii. 

1,696 

2,637 

83,565 

39,556 

iii 

5  •  • 

From  the 

State. 

e® 

Sa  83883  3381  1881!  53183  S  8883 
§s'  s'*'a'a'a'  sK'a's' a's's's's' 

L  Isa 

1  ;  (M  .-T 

From  the 
United 

States  far 

vocational 

education. 

2  is 

8  ; 

XJ 

#a 

> 

> 

Michigan — Continued. 

Sault  Ste.  Marie . 

iiavwae  yjiiy . 

Minnesota: 

Mankato . 

St.  Cloud . 

Stillwater . 

Virginia . 

Winona . 

Mississippi  i 

Hattiesburg 3 . 

Jackson . 

ivienuioD  ° . 

Vicksburg . 

Missouri: 

Hannibal . 

Jefferson  City . 

Mnhorlv 

js  1s£ 

lff|fll 

1 

Helena . 

Missoula . 

Nebraska: 

Grand  Island . 

New  Hampshire: 

Berlin . 

Concord . 

Dover . 

Keene . 

Laconia3 . 

Nashua . 

Portsmouth . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


615 


93SS8838S88S8828  I  819  lli§I8ISlSI81gglIlgSHil  98 

5¥§2¥iS3s'lfs'S2¥l  §  g's's' 


SaSHlsspIlslSi  g  Is 

<o  io'co'cq  i-i  w 


s II sis IS II 11 si I Sis 1 S 3 S I 1  |g 

co  i>T co  to  t-Ti co  of of gf of  U3 


|gs 

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§8  1 
888  3 


$3  S 

i-H 

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8 


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sir 


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s¥ 


SISS8 

SfeSlgg 


nmn  §  sssbsbssssssssssbebbsbss  ss 

3¥¥§F2s§  a  8888*  ^¥s¥s¥¥¥s§ a %¥$¥|¥|§ § §88  ss 


s?s 


IsSlsisSSigSiggs  ggS2Sggl6§g388SS3g3S8S15  13 

8¥s¥sa¥s¥|3SS¥388  £  °r®«r  ^ t'r«r s¥®v¥s  *¥*"  S'®  ■* S  *: S' a  ®‘l *  2 *'rs  '*'* 


3  Statistics  of  1915-16.  •  4  Included  in  column  4.  8  Included  in 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


616 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918 

II 


^  ft 

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t>50  0Q^H<Q^jgaOjH^tJcg 


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[TSSB] 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  617 

illlffiilil  !Sls§§  g  illIl§lilllSlls3lslRiIslll51Slg| 
S¥iSW3¥  8's's'i‘ii  §'  S^W^'^SWa^WsW^SSSR' 


SIsSlllll 

^ef«ffl«VT8'<NN 

24, 544 
564 
238 
2, 446 

11,647 

11,380 

5,562 

1,675 

5,079 

5,891 

. 

40, 154 

16,927 

4,881 

5, 076 

2,795 

3, 000 

19, 565 

148 

11,552 

31,246 

7, 492 

2, 392 

5,608 

9, 229 

57, 266 

8, 172 

14, 610 

8, 444 

5, 899 

844 

256 

8, 185 

3,807 

1,292 

16,251 

2,338 

2,737 

1  i§ i 
:  : 

:S 

il 

:<n 

i  :§S  i 
:  :*®  : 

is  is 

il* 

is 

i  is ! 

i  js 

37, 000 
64, 000 
124,922 

ill 

;  ii 

:  il 

yu,uuu 

343,235 

28,500 
4,400 
10, 000 
15, 000 
355, 125 
16,  064 
10,000 
13, 000 
10, 000 

ill 

IS* 

l 

s' 

is 

is 

III  i 
s'^'s'  i 

23, 500 

18,400 

i§  i 

is  i 

- LLL1 - LLU - I - i_U - i — LLi — 1 - LU - ! — 

ssssssisg  issigi  i  | 

s;2sf|8§  e  sg  g  §  gfs?  s  s  ■  s&sf  s  sf  g  g  §  d  s  s  s  2  £§  §  d  s  ds  s  §8  g  fc’s  i 


:§  :  :s 
:  is 


ills  ;i  1  S  i  :  :  i  !  i  ■  i  i  !g  i  i|  i  i  i§i§§ 

:  :S  S  ::::::::  i  :  :  :  :  :  : 


8 

•  <M  r-H 


iiseisii  s§isi§  i  lass  -sisssisasisisasssissiesssss 

SSS^df^Sd*  d“®v3S8  »  : S' 3 “S 2 2 2 gf S' 3 3 °° 3 0?9‘ 3 gf 2 °° d d 3 3 3 3 2 d 


:  :S 


:8  :  : 


:3  i  i  i  :3  il  ji  :  :  :  j  ;S  i  i§ 

■  in . u> . 


of  1915-16. 


Table  90. — Receipts  of  city  school  systems ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


618 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


619 


1  |g§  llsi  slSSI  fill  SSIsssslisisIs  3 
I  gas  Sags  s¥i¥?  §¥"§  Ss'g§Ws'lW§3'  «' 


§  SSI  IIIS  ssl§§ 

i-T  tjTio'^h'  ,-T  ,-T  eic<f 


!§1  slil!§IISS!ii  i 


"a 


II 


RB 


S' 


II 


ss 


§gSSs  Sals  S 
s'SW  §¥sl'  S' 


II  I 
ss  S' 


SSI  Sill 
Ss's  ss¥s 


illlS 

svsW 


§|g§ 

E'r's 


ilsss 


ilSSiii§l§iii  1 

sa's'a's'sas'a'a's'ss  s 


I  IIS  Sill  laSll  Ills  SllsISiliHsll  I 


nT  co~  c-f 


GROUP  I— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


620 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Ex¬ 

penses 

of 

debt 

: 

X 

$135,713 

397,378 

6,478 

564,953 

20,320 

9,971 

524,037 

71,870 

100,730 

outlay- 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construe- 

I 

$33,070 

501,387 

204, 294 

64,083 

257,727 

31,758 

21,115 

279,256 

101,018 

3,693,916 

356,243 

43,676 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

so 

$639,849 

5,002,485 

1,742,131 

2,540,929 

1,855,155 

815,637 

1,077,480 

60,834 

2,904,615 

802,305 

16,910,460 

2,084,909 

1,081,332 

1 

charges, 

pen¬ 

sions, 

rents, 

'* 

1 

1 

$8,721 

17,032 

18,418 

24,363 

35,033 

7,355 

398 

14,494 

16, 100 

180,312 

84,283 

5,864 

Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 
agen- 

i 

$103,688 

46,376 

39,078 

12,967 

3,444 

4, 147 

20,328 

54,028 

191, 131 

209, 278 

2,824 

Mainte¬ 

nance, 

re¬ 

pairs, 

re¬ 

place¬ 

ment 

equip¬ 

ment, 

etc. 

$41, 704 

122,260 

37,509 

124,887 

78,957 

47,463 

56,540 

4,600 

166,032 

29,392 

789,872 

101,356 

53, 549 

I 

I 

O 

o 

lit! 'Mi 

Cl 

$10,099 

87,681 
41,360 
40, 731 

40,447 

13,097 

18,826 

848 

31, 509 

5,833 

244,881 

33,874 

16,397 

Fuel. 

1  sis  1  111  S  1  1  §  § 
S'  s's'sf  s'  s's-  s'  s'  s'  s'  s' 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and 

otner 

em¬ 

ployees. 

o 

g  S§8  1  si!  1  S  1  I  i 

2  ls¥  ”  f  a'  f  § 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

se.hnnls. 

total. 

OS 

$1,671 

125, 175 
78,939 
82,343 

12,628 

6,668 

13,280 

42,617 

226,998 

20,442 

5,578 

Day  schools. 

Station- 

ery, 

sup¬ 

plies, 

ana 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

X 

§  8i§  f  111  S  S  9.S  S 

£  4  ssP  f  2  §  is  s 

Text¬ 

books. 

I 

g  \n  s  iss  i  s  i 

S'  S'  -‘•'g'-'  S'  S' 

3,970 

salaries 

of 

teachers. 

so 

$433,351 

3,399,154 

1,174,880 

1,754,445 

1, 225, 177 

505,697 

641,897 

18,500 

1,923,458 

652,330 

10,874,909 

1,118,402 

652,867 

Salaries 

and 

ex- 

penses 

of 

princi¬ 

pals. 

US 

$44,396 

375,560 

104,824 

171,563 

121,540 

53,925 

71,790 

2,975 

112,596 

11,400 

1,049,472 

96,991 

87,029 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

super¬ 

visors. 

$11,961 

90, 157 
28, 177 
17, 804 

16,624 

26,200 

39,525 

2,950 

35,209 

47,915 

67,499 

29,011 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

es 

$8,450 

64,486 

28, 200 

29, 264 

25,257 

8,500 

7,308 

3,065 

27,297 

23,025 

252,774 

31,993 

13,900 

Busi¬ 

ness. 

$5,810 

134,343 

27,023 

53,418 

68,713 

15, 706 
21,002 
900 

17,609 

415,633 

59,649 

38,699 

Cities. 

- 

Alabama: 

Birmingham . 

California: 

Los  Angeles . 

Oakland . 

San  Francisco .... 
Colorado: 

Denver . 

Connecticut: 

Bridgeport . 

New  Haven 1 . 

Westvilledist. 
District  of  Columbia: 

Washington . 

Georgia: 

Atlanta . 

Illinois: 

Chicago . 

Indiana: 

Kentucky: 

Louisville . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


621 


i  a  i  i 

: i  II  31  33  1 

§§§ 

;s  !| : 

gsill  I  SSI  1  l : 

i  if.  ; 

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a'g'g's'g  s'  fg'ff  s'  f  j 

S38  11113 

ii*  Tir' 


11111  I  §31  i  Is  I 

§¥“¥§'  i  i'H  -  S'l  * 


T§ 

5  § 


wmw 

s¥¥s¥ 


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l¥  II' 


il  8 
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sl¥  §¥l'§¥ 

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mm  i  in  i 

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s¥  i 


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co  n  irT  co  oo  o  co 

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2  Included  in  column  5.  3  Statistics  of  1915-16.  4  Included  in  column  12. 


Table  91. — Expenses ,  outlays,  and  other  payments,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


622  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Ex¬ 

penses 

of 

debt 

service. 

00 

$277,958 

117,325 

530,016 

GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 

$49, 836 

10,500 

86, 403 

59, 280 

67,833 

41, 475 

19,840 

Outlay- 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

5 

$735,482 

340,989 

612,572 

$18,366 

165,664 

6,928 

20,002 

115,708 

10, 742 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

© 

$2, 449, 189 

943,872 

2,790,402 

^  $176,811 

119, 220 

200,308 

542,756 

632, 703 

642, 185 

608,325 

182, 555 

Fixed 

charges, 

pen¬ 

sions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

1 ft 

$10, 129 

1,204 

14,850 

$3,302 

2,129 

4,418 

456 

20,518 

4,775 

14, 502 

1, 426 

Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 
agen¬ 
cies. 

% 

$142,918 

13,598 

59, 895 

$17,268 

780 

9, 685 

11,576 

17,505 

8,088 

1,460 

Mainte¬ 

nance, 

re¬ 

pairs, 

re¬ 

place¬ 

ment 

of 

equip¬ 

ment, 

etc. 

e® 

$115,882 

42,454 

237,514 

$9,181 

7, 695 

2,421 

26, 185 

43, 648 

23, 153 

26, 745 

8,664 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Water, 

light, 

power, 

jani¬ 

tors’ 

sup¬ 

plies, 

etc. 

$43,889 

19,436 

74, 563 

R  ° 

CM 

o't-h' 

7, 975 

20, 250 

13,005 

15, 616 

7, 611 

Fuel. 

S 

$72, 565 

35,970 

157,872 

$2,392 

5,601 

9,308 

8, 715 

8, 435 

3,997 

5,906 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and 
other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

© 

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s©  1-1 

$5, 894 
5,485 

9,857 

33,327 

34,917 

34,214 

44, 199 

15,584 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools, 

total. 

© 

$37, 798 

15, 299 

60,851 

$8,775 
11, 967 
23, 681 
18,254 

663 

Day  schools. 

Station¬ 
ery, 
sup¬ 
plies, 
and 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

00 

$106,528 

30,479 

83,806 

$2,256 

1,728 

20,357 
51, 487 
19, 136 
24, 105 

8,684 

A  m 

J>J 

$44,971 

12,681 

3,642 

$2,335 

Salaries 

of 

teachers. 

© 

$1,455,539 
595, 616 

1, 665, 002 

$107,037 

72,908 

166,598 

372,508 
379, 301 
444, 580 
373, 673 

100, 543 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

princi¬ 

pals. 

i© 

$148,080 

72,179 

181, 102 

$11,861 
12, 199 

(6) 

36, 583 
35, 737 
42,031 

13, 838 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

super¬ 

visors. 

tH 

$23, 144 
12,960 

31, 107 

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General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

03 

$35,827 

10,367 

43,530 

$4,713 

5,670 

4, 774 

5,063 
5,369 
10, 170 
6, 400 

4,543 

Busi¬ 

ness. 

$48,575 

16,640 

33,978 

$2,393 

1,080 

4, 175 

6,429 

9,218 

12, 141 

3,665 

Cities. 

- 

Washington: 

Seattle . 

Spokane . 

Wisconsin: 

Milwaukee . 

Alabama: 

Mobile . 

Montgomery . 

Arkansas: 

Little  Rock . 

California: 

Berkeley . 

Pasadena . 

Sacramento . 

San  Diego . 

Colorado: 

Pueblo- 

District  No.  1. 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


623 


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s'  Is's  a  g'g'  a  l"  SKgg'sa'g'  s'sga  as'ss  aisa  s®'* 

135,521 

97,907 

29,250 

14,500 

19, 267 

24,000 

58,734 

5,347 

143,417 

537,088 

48,403 

134,850 

92,002 

16,920 

39,686 

89, 613 

139,794 

78,230 

24,015 

65,646 

160, 617 

280,416 

38,888 

1,581 

93, 448 

82,048 

58,966 

257,143 

206,345 

120.676 

27,522 

1,532 

135,279 

172.677 

20,572 

236,465 

161,938 

772 

79,904 

16,077 

93,037 

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23,483 

16,408 

7,253 

8,211 

18,518 

7, 725 

37,262 

1  8881  ~  I  !  151  8381888  S883  Isis  §11  sss 

i  s'”'"'0'  '  ”'-'s'awa'  "'s's'00'  av's“"  b's'*>'  t"‘0-' 

10,821 

5,031 

4,908 

1,880 

3,010 

6, 757 

9,166 

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14,843 
3,495 
6,723 
14, 704 

4,506 

810 

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269 

1,698 

5,157 

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7,078 
1,842 
4,887 
3,037 
2, 087 

14,210 

14,097 

36,736 
4,971 
23, 226 
29,377 

21,805 

3,888 
2, 109 

16,070 
9,522 
8, 464 
4,436 
7,046 
14,892 
14,613 

12,665 

II  §888  §11  IIS  S  iEsISgl 

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23,544 

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6,918 

5,244 

3,843 

3,470 

4,696 

3,446 

7,013 

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59, 620 
20, 453 
21,541 
42,720 

88  i§8  Slssils  iili 
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28,580 
64,029 
29, 505 

25,626 
26,225 
32, 127 

16,829 
19, 450 
9,800 

(6) 

21,240 

15.831 
16, 635 
16,813 
17, 709 

30. 831 
43,256 

34,315 
6, 864 
12,933 
19,210 

88  888  8.3.38383  8.888 

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g  Included  in  column  6.  6  Included  in  column  8.  7  Included  in  column  10.  8  Statistics  taken  from  report  of  State  office  for  year  1916-17. 


Table  91. — Expenses,  outlays,  and  other  payments,  1917-18 — Continued. 

GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


624  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Ex- 

penses 

of 

debt 

service. 

QC 

$125, 484 

31, 592 

108, 000 

91,614 

77, 453 

90, 686 

64, 797 

279, 070 

37, 181 

29,950 

3,600 

97, 755 

75,352 

57,410 

7,485 

6,334 

81,905 

Outlay- 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
•construc¬ 

tion. 

8  :8§  £  :  8 
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Total 

current 

expenses. 

«© 

$531,966 

305,225 

609,322 

501, 476 

283, 161 

277, 947 

267, 087 

559, 782 

1,235,379 

224,025 

357, 250 

268,624 

327, 265 

239, 970 

336,674 

309,080 

225,863 

142, 487 

728,550 

Fixed 

charges, 

pen¬ 

sions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

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Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 
agen¬ 
cies. 

1 

$4,475 

2,656 

11,759 

9, 533 

8,820 

7,753 

20, 437 

5,668 

13,757 

5,682 

1,000 

19, 721 

6,441 

21,706 

11,495 

7, 156 

3,994 

15,024 

Mainte¬ 

nance, 

re¬ 

pairs, 

re¬ 

place¬ 

ment 

of 

equip¬ 

ment, 

etc. 

CO 

TH 

$22,695 

17,813 

21,007 

32,294 

13.135 

7, 844 

15, 878 

30. 136 

74,374 

11,362 

16,000 

7,541 

11,834 

4,617 

7,938 

14,540 

5,855 

5,110 

22, 268 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Water, 

light, 

power, 

jani¬ 

tors’ 

sup¬ 

plies, 

etc. 

<n 

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Fuel. 

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ss&fss^'a's's's'a'  “ssssssf  as  s' 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and 
other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

© 

llllssllSg  islISs  15  1 
jfa's'a'a'a'a's'a'a'  s's's's'a's  a's  s' 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools, 

total. 

Si 

l 

$4,803 
5,467 
9, 693 
6,813 
1,407 
3,539 
1,567 
7,945 

20,724 

2,317 

2,500 
1,797 
2,548 
1,765 
2, 487 
5, 720 

738 

469 

11,549 

Day  schools. 

Station¬ 
ery, 
sup¬ 
plies, 
and 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

00 

$9, 207 
7,805 
9, 813 
15,085 
•6, 846 

11,  449 
21,912 
59,362 
4,219 

8,000 

11,564 

4,051 

4,048 

9,384 

23,046 

11,213  , 
5,069 

31,698 

*  GO 

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- 

$2, 120 
4,853 
7,210 
8,920 
5,298 
10, 284 
3, 229 
7,149 
20, 118 
4,626 

5,000 

3,892 

68 

765 

2,364 

3,351 

3,112 

7,809 

Salaries 

of 

teachers. 

© 

$335, 410 
175, 585 
380, 238 
297, 084 
180, 720 
172, 370 
122, 602 
349, 767 
712, 230 
145,227 

222,000 
161,899 
206, 248 
130, 798 
201,382 
162,559 

120, 107 
78, 469 

429, 629 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

princi¬ 

pals. 

$31,728 
24,897 
44,  565 
33,  333 
22,963 
19, 770 
25,968 
36,014 
62, 237 
8, 554 

25,000 
18, 161 

24, 550 
18,707 
8,200 

22,902 

8,825 

46,804 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

super¬ 

visors. 

$5,083 
5,578 
18, 223 
11,437 
6,832 
7,986 
4,520 
6,635 
20, 273 
2,911 

19,000 

3,618 

12, 056 
6, 630 
5,700 

4,087 

6,150 

19,923 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

M 

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IIbIIIS  iis  Slllsi  85  § 

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S  '•  ^  1-1 

Cities. 

- 

1 

Massachusetts— Con. 

Lynn . 

Malden . 

New  Bedford . 

Newton . 

Pittsfield . 

Quincy . 

Salem . 

Somerville . 

Springfield . 

Taunton . 

Michigan: 

Bay  City . 

Calumet . 

Flint . 

Jackson . 

Lansing . 

Saginaw- 

East  side . 

West  side . 

Minnesota: 

Duluth . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


625 


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s'  *'  gfa's'^'a' 


§31  I  §  §  lISHisli  iElsSISI 

t^'cTco'  io  cc  oTcTiCr-r  oo  t^ccT co\cT 


iCOiOOTf  o 


sis 

^  s' 


mi: 


o'oTio'cvTth' 


SIS  1  I  I  §11113111  SISlisgg  I  III  1  Selfs  i  I5SSS 
s'l's  i  §'  S'  s'l¥l'l'g¥l¥  s'a'l's'S'l'l'i  S'  s'l¥  s'  il3|'§  §  iWg 


IS§  g  I  8  SlilsIllS  lllllSIs  g  ill  g  Hill  1  1ISSI 
s'”'”'  s'  s'  s'  sVa's's's'a'ts'K'  s's'a'a's'a'as  s'  “■'s's'  s'  s's's's'e  a'  ■’■'s's's's' 


SSI  i  8  1  881888818.  11888088  g  111  S  II 

d"'ec'»o'  o'  d"  t>T  --h'cc'L'*'o  wS-'a'»  s'  »'»'s  -' 


Is  |  SEigg 

o'  oT  o' t>Ti o'  cs" 


388  1  I  I  SSBISSSSS.  88888888.  i  888  i  888.88.  B  8.8883. 

V  i>  oo”  oooToot^'dioiO'«'io  tc  oo  m  co  co  ^  i>  »hn  co  iot^io»ooo  i>T  iouTo-ccc' 


ill  1  I  i  llailiSII  Saiiiill  a  III  1  83.18.8  |  gills 

ec'cc'd"  ^  d*  i-T  jH'ooV'co-o«r^,o«  d” i-T r-T d" ec' cc' d" o'  co  r-T-r'o'  ofco'dici'cT  l-"  ^'oTaT»4'd'' 


O  ®  ©  <o 

S  fc  Jz;  ^ 
59873°— 21 - 40 


'A  “O 


Lcs  of  1915-16.  9  Included  in  column  11. 


626 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  0 E  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Ex¬ 

penses 

of 

debt 

service. 

1 

06  j 

$141,715 

17,493 

94,822 

68,899 

50,546 

43, 886 

272,660 

93,624 

38,423 

13, 128 

24,602 

1,107 

60, 251 

86,491 

Outlay- 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

ISggSISSIl  is  .1 
sV  “ 

il  111 
is  5'  i 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

2 

$493,397 

188,261 

411,752 

197,641 

309, 103 

248, 469 

476, 866 

471,754 

202,975 

231,930 

381, 813 

162,919 

151,359 

179,998 

282,015 

770, 250 

369,969 

404,301 

Fixed 

charges, 

pen¬ 

sions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

i!5 

issiiiassi  ii  i  gg  gig 

wVToonVh'  0.-33W  -V  otf-T 

Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 
agen¬ 
cies. 

S8S883838S  II  Is  si  811 

GC  t-  >o  -J-  us  -1  cd'ic'in  t-h"  t-L-T  OO  <m%-T  co'-J' 

Mainte¬ 

nance, 

re¬ 

pairs, 

re¬ 

place¬ 

ment 

of 

equip¬ 

ment, 

etc. 

e* 

sslllsills  18  1  gg  KBS 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Water, 

light, 

power, 

jani¬ 

tors’ 

sup¬ 

plies, 

etc. 

s 

888SSSS8S.S  11  8  si  118 

-r'co  Gc'(M  tAo'-^OOUS  CO~  IO«T  r-T  r-T-aT  <£'ac'-tr 

St 

Fuel. 

a 

$23,305 

8,902 

12,398 

9,261 

14,515 

15,988 

17,951 

17,190 

13,574 

17, 287 

23,833 

11,233 

2,748 

10,783 

17,025 

11,211 

11,801 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and 
other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

© 

IssisSIllI  SI  1  11  sll 
gsss'as'sVs'K  sV  “s'  sss 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools, 

total. 

OS 

$534 

2,306 

1,583 

1,488 

4,992 

2,407 

678 

7,262 

3,277 

1,492 

5, 191 

4,877 

Day  schools. 

Station¬ 
ery, 
sup¬ 
plies, 
and 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

00 

IsISeiisSI  11  I  11  IIS 

Text¬ 

books. 

98S8S888S3  IS  S 

nVcsVoVn-Tmo  •o'ef 

(6) 

14,922 

1,117 

Salaries 

of 

teachers. 

© 

IsISIISSgs  SS  a  11  116 
§‘§l35'3l¥SS  §1  s  g'g  ail 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

princi¬ 

pals. 

is 

$37,282 
11,460 
29,565 
19, 304 
23,780 
13,881 
7, 122 
38,007 
16,970 
2,385 

28,235 

515 

16,309 

22,250 

32,963 

60, 122 
23,769 
36,065 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

super¬ 

visors. 

888S888SSS  IS  8  SI  ill 

00©^Co‘<xTcOCO»OCO©  ©<N  CO*'  NIO  cTo'-e*' 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

OS 

MBjSSS L SIS  38.  1  II  PA 

cg^cOTroo'ioooo-'reo  eo  noToT 

Busi¬ 

ness. 

<N 

IttAttPP.  It  1  It  §S1 

e4'io*'jo'<©'^‘oTjH'co'oo'oo''  i>'c<f  i-T  t-TcT  o'o'co' 

Cities. 

• 

- 

Pennsylvania— Con . 

Harrisburg . 

Hazleton . 

Johnstown . 

Lancaster . 

McKeesport . 

New  Castle . 

Reading . 

Wilkes-Barre . 

Williamsport . 

York . 

Rhode  Island: 

Pawtucket . 

Woonsocket . 

South  Carolina: 

Charleston . 

Tennessee: 

Chattanooga . 

Knoxville . 

Texas: 

Dallas . 

El  Paso . 

Fort  Worth . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


627 


3  I 

S  £ 


13 

ss 


§  U 
I  8“ 


SBS  3 

"Vga  s 


31  § 

3$  ^ 


•°V 


ill  i 

ss¥  §' 


SSI  s 

§§§  g 


Is  llgg 

i¥  §s¥i 


Is  1 


sis  8 

<m  co 


Si  SSI 

(M  l''*'  rfi-H  lO 


Is  I  ill  S 


81  i|IS 

to of  tt"  i-T *T. to 


Sis  § 


I8S  3 
s'”'-'  s 


slS  I- 111  I  3 


i-i  <»  eo 


3111 


3388. 

UO  OO  CO  ■»). 

2 


111  s 

-S'”  jf 


ggl  I  Is  151 


COCO  CO  05 


=1  *aW 


sis  I 


:$)'  S'  8'~ 


ass  i 


Si  =  SS! 


05  TT  TT  ^  I 


III  E 

<N<NCO  i-H 


si  i 

i-Tco'  oo" 


II  111 

t-fl-T  ^nV 


I  I 

°r  s' 


g§§  E 

ofrf  of 


SI  ISIS 


co  o^rr^' 


m  s 
”  ? 


las  I  i 


1151 

NN-hn 

3 


III  I 

111  1 


111  g 

I's'a'  5 


23  1ISI 

s'g  s's'i'i 


SSI  I 
s's's  s' 


all  I 
a" 


11  §  IS  §5S 
®“s*  a  s'a  s's'a 


§  ii  mm 

t-T  o  co'  coVoouj 


Hi  i 

co1  oo'i-T  of 


ill  I  Is  Ills 

co“ of  of  tiT  to  to  -?to 

3 


Ill  i  ill  §  si  ssii 

rfcocf  of  co'cfcf  of 


MH  CO  CO  CO 

S 


;gj  3 

¥xij:5- 


mi 


^“i^i  .» 

&  &  & 


s'-' 


II  I 

s'  s' 


slllsllg  :iai 

ffrs'-'sss'  Is's-*' 


98I88S  iglSIS 

§'§'  S'SS  is'-'-'S'"' 


§111 

g'ffi's's' 


IS  1111 

s¥  s's's's 


sllillliRili 

ISS¥llSa¥lls' 


1  g :  i 


SSSrIsIISHI 

~of-T  -tp'^-T  ofi-Ti-T  r-T 


1-  1§SI 


118 §1 I § II §12 

to  i-T  TjT  of  co"  of  of iff  of  to  1-f 


ISgl 

rHWCfrH 


II  1111 

of  of 


_  is.iiigiipii 

f  io"oo"o"—ro'o'i-fco'oof'r  co" 


££p 


cJ  lili 

W  ofr-fofco’' 


^r'eo'of to  00  •^'co"co' of  cf ofi-T 


3311 

gof— 


E§  8888 

•a  to  .-i  01  os  co" 


5§II1IS3ISI= 

ef^TrHoo'ofrH-^feoiOofu? 


mi  §1  gin 


t^co  COCO  ’ 


lismsssiis 

s's'x's's'a'«'s'8',''s'“’' 


p§i  88  i° 


Illllll 

of  co" l>"  1-T  of  of 


I  I38338B333SE 

o" 


8 


SS-Si 

of  of 


Ills 

gssW 


38  aSSg  888838888883 


£85 


1-H  <N 


8881 

giONO- 


81  M8 


coof  of  c"  of  — j"  co"  ©"  of  of  co  of 


ll§ 


I!  Ill 

*r"  — i"  of  of  i-T 


1111  |i888§ 

wioifCi  .  go"  1-h"  io"  f-"  i-T 


8888 
o^os  es  cs 


ss  iiii 

toco"  co"co"ofof 


SI5IS11SISI1 

oc'ic' TT  CO  rococo'  co"oo"ef^"^ 


p  ;§  11  3iss  si 


Sei 


ilSsi 


;m!C  J=ra  « 

i 


III* 

ss^l> 


3  Statistics  of  1915-1G.  6  Included  in  column  8.  10  Includes  water,  light,  and  power.  12  Esti 

*  Included  in  column  12.  » Included  in  column  11.  11  Statistics  of  191G-17 


GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


628 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Ex¬ 

penses 

of 

debt 

service. 

00 

$21, 829 

2,228 

16,943 

3,000 

11,644 

29,305 

12,919 

5,545 

18,298 

2, 679 

2,779 

6,688 

20,574 

Outlay — 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 

construc¬ 

tion. 

- 

fil  Mil 

Mil;  ism  i 

:  :  ‘.oo  :  ir-'vr  ^  : 

!  ;  ;  ^ 

Total 

current 

«e 

SSI  gSSII5sl§slS|S5  gs 
s'sCg' 

charges, 

e, 

s 

$: 2 , 116 

701 

940 

500 

426 

1, 545 

Sills  is  i|*  la 

rH^eO^TrH  loo  ; 

Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 

cies. 

1*3  isiiiiniississ  i 

^  .  cTcfcT  of  cT'cccocooTccto'cT  • 

i 

.E 

£ 

nance, 

441 

of 

equip¬ 

ment, 

etc. 

so 

355,  796 

1,405 

1,906 

2,000 

6,876 

10,182 

17,335 

3,203 

2,035 

17, 513 

2,163 

10,385 

7, 645 

13, 530 

4,705 

1,968 

872 

3, 864 

192 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Water, 

light, 

power, 

sup¬ 

plies, 

etc. 

s 

ii§  gls-S 

t-T  '-'oT 

£s|l|Sl£|£  ££ 

Fuel. 

- 

$9, 712 
1,854 
3, 336 

5,504 

ioil,284 

9,174 

9,352 

2,294 

8,037 

11,522 

8, 684 

7, 000 

9,449 

8,611 

16, 255 

10,314 

6, 305 

5,216 

2,359 

(7) 

Wages  of 
janitors 

aiiu. 

other 

01X1" 

ployees. 

o 

ll|  111 §21  SB ills si S  IS 

cTroVT  it?  co'i  r-'  j-7  cT  'rF  cT  o'  --T  bTso'U'o'io'eo'  eTU 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

1 

schools, 

total. 

OS 

Hi  i  its 

sssss  iisii  ii 

r-TcsVT  •  t-T  eo~ 

Station¬ 

ery, 
sup¬ 
plies, 
and 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

00 

$7, 817 
1,000 
826 

3,000 
821 
3, 169 
7,697 

2, 561 
470 
3,390 
4, '772 
2,285 
102 
17,393 
9,317 
4, 646 
2,205 

2,055  | 

> 

a 

\ 

Text¬ 

books. 

- 

Is  i  iss  ila  if  :  i 

g  :  :-mVT  ici-  :  : 

Salaries 

of 

teachers. 

sc 

111  SliSSSSISgiSSSi  11 

Salaries 

anu 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

princi¬ 

pals. 

1C 

SSI  iSlllllli  IlSsll  11 

:«r~©%*vr 

Salaries 

anu 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

super- 

visors. 

$5,056 
1,957 
6, 325 

2, 600 

3. 600 
2, 550 

5.600 

issggisiii  i 

:  m«nnV<nVh«  : 

General  control. 

Si 

so 

Sss  SsSlIlSSlllSSII  II 

gesso  to  efuf^co^^^-^co'wfefeo'  nh 

Busi¬ 

ness. 

1  ■ 

$11,127 

475 

4,380 

265 

3,046 

2,184 

3,054 

3, 132 
2,931 
1,126 
2,033 
499 
1,159 
7,367 
294 
1,029 
1,226 

1,109 

125 

Cities. 

- 

Colorado: 

Colorado  Springs 13 
District  No.  1. 

Trinidad . 

Connecticut: 

Ansonia . 

Bristol3 . 

Danbury . 

Greenwich . 

Manchester . 

Middletown . 

Naugatuck . 

New  London . 

Norwalk . 

Norwich . 

South  Manchester. 

Stamford . 

Torrington . 

Wallingford . 

Windham . 

Georgia: 

Athens . 

4 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


629 


1  S  1  131 

o'  g  TjT  oo^'in 


§1151  §§§§§11  iSSHSl  IlSSsSIllsIliggS 

S'-'S's'S'  33S~  :S'~'Sor“>3' 


M  ;  l  I  IS  i 

Is  IliSei  1  !  is  ; 

i  illliSIS 

ii  :§§!  is  i  i 

i  ill!  i 

;  :  :  S'  -  3'  i 

:  i“-“§'3"  S'  j  is  ; 

;  :s~§'"'s~tr~'s~ 

—  oT  .oVh  •  o'  •  • 

•  oo  •  • 

:  l-Too'o'  : 

iss  1  1  8igE8SSS88S  Sg§S333SSSg83S  SiiS89S8e8S188SS 

§33  |  S  gf s' gg  | 3  SV|¥ 3 23§ 1 8 2  §  §§f 


4,110 

765 

2,962 

3,310 

2,366 

907 

634 

siSSgS  II 

ci'^Ti>'r-r  oc' 

§ 

o' 

7,828 

263 

1,475 

810 

i§l!!is§§  ‘II 

:  ri-HVrt*  <n 

1 

o' 

S3®  §  I  838 

rH  ^  cTrH~ 


«N~ 


nsgss 

i-Tcf 


ISSS 


II!  |gg3i§§13S 

r-T  t-?  ~  <n  ef-*~ 


§®isi-iass§ 

-T  ~'o%n'  efHVJ 


SSE  8  1  HsSMSSSIB  888333383S8S88  8S§88S8888|  :PM 

coVT  l-T  oT  o'io'o'o'3c'oT-n<’''T'o'crt^'  o'oTt^'o'^'oc't^''<^ac'^ j—  t£'o'o'aTco'o'  e o'o'o'cT  ■  oo\-To'o' 

sJS  i  1  ErSMSISSS  SIISSIllclllls-  lES3Si?SsSSISlli 

o'  cT  eoveo^eo«rt'eo>efef  t^'ci'o'co'eoVH  >-7  o'o'-^’"'''  -o'  ci'o<r^'ro'i-rore4'e4'>-rcc'o'ci'fo'o' 

S3S  g  §  SlsSiilllsI  SlsieSiiSJiglS  lllSSSlISlIlisSI 

nV-T  j-T  o'  tCoo‘«»'#rHt«r^'d,orw  ^•a«r^eo«?ci'wu?c^£»VJ,i©cr  o'  ^  l-.  c  i-"  co  cT  ci  Vi7  o'  o'  o'  ^  -tt" 

SSI  1  3  88888318111  gllSli§liliSlS  13gilSSE8i31igI8 

cc  ~  e7t'7o'oc'o'o  c 


sl§§ 


Si 


1 

oc' 

19,709 

27,798 

1,440 

008 

II 


s§ 

« 


IIS  I  s 

eo  -  r-T  ^  ^'<N<NO' 


8383.3  83888381 

cot-T  i-Tc*?  co'cs'eo't^'e^co'  i-T 


gsili  % 

oooVhVT 


§gg§S 

oVh'oo'cO 


III 


ISSS 


I  IsR 


*3818188 


52 

o  cc 


§11  I  1  IllsglililS  ISisSgsSllliSg  SlglSIlSslSIlSSI 

sss'  §  s'  esVs'€ssBVs¥s  sl'a'ss'ss's'sg's'sl's  2 s  3  s  s¥s  ss sss  s  ss  cf § s 


sis  I  I  1111 

300'  of  o'  cfo'-Tef 


§§ 


II  § 

cTu?  o 


38SS3 

w'ofooNf^' 


SSSI 

oVm« 


8S&1383S 

o'c  IQ  -H  eftsTVfoT 


^'oro'o'cfcf 


II 

eo 


5  I  llsIsISSSs 

o'  of  M'co'^'o'oTofo'^'io'^' 


IS 


Sslsl  8§33151331§SiS83 

o'ef'n'of-T  06'cfec  x  o  oc  r-.  o  -^co  ofofofufio'o' 


§11  §  §  18838118118  81888888818883  SS8S18888S8188S8 

ao'efcf  o'  o'  o'cfof^'co'ef^'co'o'^'  MVfqVNWMoTciVoVMN  o'o'cfo'o'cf^'M'ci'o'Th'^'ci'^'o'cc 


III  I  i  88888188888  31888 

tc  co'  _r_r^rrt-  _r  o'  ^'ci-r  ~ 


18888813  5818888188311138 

tihin  «  w  o'  <m  «-f  ^  of  o  •<}-'  .-T 


8  Included  in  column  8.  7  Included  in  column  10.  9  Included  in  column  11.  10  Includes  water,  light,  and  iiower.  13  Not  including  district  No. 


GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION-Continued. 


630 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Ex¬ 

penses 

of 

debt 

service. 

a 

$9,040 

27,785 

6, 840 

9,222 

8,592 

7,970 

20, 135 

27, 362 

6,000 

25, 105 

9,895 

5,551 

15,794 

8,811 

7, 832 

8, 402 

17,313 

Outlay— 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

51  !  ia  isslassl  SI  1811 
s  I  is'  is'f’f"  §'s  ~  ag 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

SIS  IlSlisSSIS  sa  sags 
gga  §'gf  ss'sg 

Fixed 

charges, 

pen¬ 

sions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

a 

Sll  §SS5Sllllg  6.l  1111 

-T  cSVhVWVo  i-TcTihoo'  N  \  <n 

Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 
agen¬ 
cies. 

rH 

$230 

3, 147 

150 

2,356 

452 

4,392 

167 

141 

1,263 

862 

801 

1,202 

1,021 

1,169 

186 

1,335 

i,  470 

Mainte¬ 

nance, 

re¬ 

pairs, 

re¬ 

place¬ 

ment 

of 

equip¬ 

ment, 

etc. 

$2 

SIS  Iasi  |11S1§  %  gfis 

of oo" o~ oT  •  o'-T'o'io'o'  Thco"  ci'oo'eo 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Water, 

light, 

power, 

jani¬ 

tors’ 

sup¬ 

plies, 

etc. 

a 

211  2181122388  11  1881 

<M  03  CO  1M  C<)  ■*»  i-Tso"  eo  ei'oo'r-Tei' 

Fuel. 

a 

128  Il2182§i93  11  83S2 

jh  oTco  oTco'oo'-h  t-T©'  ioco  eocoeot'-*' 

Wages  of 
janitors 
and 
other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

s 

.  sal  §§S1IsI1Ib  11  Isli 

WMffi  NcfowV®oo®M  OOO  «TdVo‘oo‘ 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools, 

total. 

9i 

$881 

1,945 

2,919 

340 

763 

1,194 

115 

Day  schools. 

Station¬ 
ery, 
sup¬ 
plies, 
and 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

00 

$1,239 
4,607 
1, 165 

875 
1,711 
5, 555 
1,297 
4, 662 

692 
6, 755 
5,514 
6,116 
3, 554 

281 
2, 106 

1,319 

1,651 

3,292 

4,258 

Text¬ 

books. 

Si*  ilSSl-SiSS  is  s  iss 

h  •  efcoco'  r-Tci'-^Tco  --7  !  r-7 

Salaries 

of 

teacher^. 

<© 

iis  issassigis  is  isss 

g'ssf  s'|K|sass§s'  as  sTs's's' 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

princi¬ 

pals. 

sis  jissssss  i§  i i  i  isi 

oT  a-"  of  «T  bT  o'  •  to"  oT  !  o'  oc'oT 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

super¬ 

visors. 

ill  •;§§!  ISIS  is  is  1  is! 

gjufrt  joTooV  ji>  j  o'  ji-3'ei' 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

eo 

§13  fiiisSSiii  si  sgll 

gloV  wVMVco'wwVlNKi  CON  (N«N«M 

Busi¬ 

ness. 

<N 

i  ii  1838222332  83  8221 

:^T  -4'^-Teo  i-T  <n  cT  tFoo'  J'cfef 

Cities. 

- 

Indiana — Continued. 

Peru . 

Richmond . 

Vincennes . 

Iowa: 

Boone . 

Burlington . 

Clinton . 

Council  Bluffs _ 

Iowa  City . 

Keokuk . 

Marshalltown . 

Mason  City . 

Muscatine . 

Ottumwa . 

Waterloo- 

East  side . 

West  side 3 . . . 

Kansas: 

Atchison . *. 

CofTeyville . 

Fort  Scott . 

Hutchinson . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918.  631 


§3138 

:  ■:  IS  :  :i  : : ; 

: : : 

:  ig  :  :g II  :  :  i  : 

il  ;s :  •:  i  5 

j  :  :  :  jsf  {  :  : 

;  ;;;  is;:;;; 

:  :^r  :  :^yref  :  :  :  : 

.  .  •  *  r-t  T*<  .... 

ja  ;s"  :  :  :  : 

III  1 : 

:  ill  !  i  i  §  i  i 

i  jSS  SI8S38  j 

ii  m  mm  ii 

illllll  i 

“'ss' :  ; 

:  :  :  :  :  s  :  ; 

•  •  cT  i-T  • 

;S8  ;gfa'a'“r  ;s' 

:s'cri's'  ”  ; 

38318  §811  3S§  ails  5S3  illsgilgglllSIlallgslsslllI 
sfss's  s's's's'  sVsf  s'8'|§8  sssf  s'|"SaYS's¥s¥sa's¥H¥s'§¥3¥a'§s'lS5' 


31888  111! 

MiH  t-Tco't-T  t-T 


IS  i 


ss 


alii 

t-T  (N 


iil23s 


ill"  3 

cf 


m  111  Isis  °52  agS§33iiila§gl|glllsia3illi 


i-T  ,-T  (m*"  n 


cnTcn't-T 


psss  8888 

i-n'oT'^'  L-T  (N'TjTco'TjT 


§§  aiSS  111  aipssssi^ 

i-T  — T  i-Tnio’ 'co-  tjT  i-T  o'  <M’'io''^'0J'o'^'fo'io'Lo'orTtrcsr<ro'io'io'co'i-rcT'Tti'io'or^'r-r  esTei'GoVi' 


ssjpg  j?gg§  s-li  Is  SI  ill  8SlSiiSI8l3il8i§X8ii83i388i 

CO-T'^S-'(n'  i-Ti-IN-T  Wt-T  r-T  Cl'  -  ~  "  *  11'“ 


-H  Til  0*  <N  I>  <M  <N  rtr-irtHNi-nirt 


illil  pig  =31  Sail  slS  igslSISteSliilSIiilialsISSS' 

tN~  t)T  cc~  cc'n't^'c'; 


i-T  o'co'oToT  conn  io'o'o'm'co'oo'l-To'  oT  t-T  00'  ^  io"  a?o?<oni^'~*t^'GCK-*£'i-?oooo 


§1111  ills  ill  lip  pj|  S|ssji_p|isipipipslilii_p 

leToV-r^o-  co'-^'o'io'  ei'i-To'  cocon-*?'  nc*cc  oo'oTo'rhsco'pi'5£rt~‘''^'*sN  » o oi  o tCi^'fc'io'c'oo' 


1 

8  ill  j  j  is  i  II  i  r  !  Ill  38  i  1  IS  1 1 1 1 S 1  :§§3g§ 

33811  §388 

O?  t-JVhVhV-T 

1 

sill  all  i§llgiI31SSeiIs§ilil|liiSei 

t-T csT tjT ei*  rn'c'f  oo  n  coc£c*cfcoco'#tC~?c*n^p 

1 

1111  III 

<nv-t<n'co'  e»r^H«co>c<ri-rrtT-H'ioi-rc4'T-rcoc<rT-ref^req>prc<rcsr'>i<'»-r»-rci'<N' 

Sills  sill  131  sill  sal  IsliglillliSialiilSisIigRiS 
sssl’s  ss%€  ass'  ss's's  £ss  ss's'aYs'5$^ss¥s“g¥sWsg'8S|8¥|s 


illil  ill!  111  8888  8SS  ppiipip||IJPiPSIppa 

iocnnoo'  nhc  o'rcNjj'  io'tiTio'ic'  cTo'io'  so'oTPso'^''*1  c^TN'oTtvTc^  pi  ■^'^'oo'i-Twr^‘orwM'f^'o'  'o"~'tC 


Sal  1 

T-Teiof  t-T 

8-3 

CO  rJH 

IS  338  888338. 

oon  n  <nTo\n  oTo'ci' 

|31|3IJSPipi 

ISIli 

nco  coco  t-T 


3=3=3 


88888  8881.  Sal  §j§31  IIS  spiiXIpiliplAlllPAallli 

n  coco  tnco-^in  r^oin  coco'&e*  i-Ti-T  orpco'sD'o'io'^io'c^'Lo'cc'TH  co'lo  fo''^'cJ'co'^'Tt'''Tf'r«i'T}^c'r'^'ro'or 


I  IrS  fllsil8 


Ilia 


38883181 


of  1915-16.  &  Included  in  column  0.  14  Included  in  columns  10  and  11.  15  Furnished  by  city.  i«  Estimated  part  of  total  expenditure  for  general 


632 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Ex¬ 

penses 

of 

debt 

service. 

00 

;  ;i  i!  ill 

I  ;  U  t^eo'oT  •  ooVh' 

60,581 

52,751 

36,176 

8,211 

2,000 

Outlay- 

capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

5 

$300 

400 

54,495 

1,105 

950 

ill!  ilSS  i! 

:s  ”  |i 

111  il  i 

33 §  ;™“ : 

Total 

current 

expenses. 

CD 

Igllilllleslllll 
ggsss  8V||'s¥s|f:sse|'3'g|V 

Fixed 

charges, 

pen¬ 

sions, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

S  !  is  |  BS1S  iisiss 

6,456 

5,609 

38 

675 

743 

Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 
agen¬ 
cies. 

$2,467 

2,826 

4,317 

925 

1,081 

Isis  ills  i 

sTjo'o'  •  i-T 

6, 360 

7,252 

149 

18 

987 

Mamte- 

nance- 

re- 

pairs, 

re¬ 

place¬ 

ment 

of 

equip¬ 

ment, 

etc. 

efl 

81118  IIS IS  § II ill IS is 1 

fgio'io'i-Tco'  csTr-To'o'  cTco't-T(N'^j'o6'^j'^?o't£co' 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Water, 

light, 

power, 

jani¬ 

tors’ 

sup¬ 

plies, 

etc. 

|lssl  pigSsISSSlllisS 

H  n”  CO*  o'  10" i-h' t-T CO  r-T i-T 

Fuel. 

- 

SIS58  iA8SB8WIB518BS8 

f^'oo'o'oo't-T  o'tIh'o'oo'^  oocTcTo  cToTm  t^'f-n'o' 

Wages  of 
jamtors 
and 
other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

© 

sp§!  iiipipililllli 

o'o'o'io'o'  o'UoToo‘o'»o'M'o(ro'o'TjH'r£^'-^'or-s7 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools, 

total. 

OS 

pill  i 

!  it  ills  i  i 

2,857 

768 

657 

654 

Day  schools. 

Station- 
ery, 
sup¬ 
plies, 
and 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

CO 

$1,412 

6,815 

1,303 

3,946 

3,644 

3,771 

1,333 

3,435 

5,385 

2,769 

3,560 

4,033 

3,643 

1,768 

4, 342 
25,267 
2,344 
2,657 
6,251 
3,124 

Text¬ 

books. 

l> 

fills  is  i§  isiss  i 

i-T  eT  cT  cT  i^-Tr-TeT 

111  is! 

nfTr-T  •  CO 

Salaries 

of 

teachers. 

CD 

SISI1  ISIsbIIIIIIbISIs 
gs's's's" 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

princi¬ 

pals. 

iC 

8sJiS  i 

cT 

iilllll  iiisi  is  i 

•  oo'cTi-To'oi'cT  ;  i-Ti-Tt-ToT  •  go  • 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

super¬ 

visors. 

T* 

$3,907 

&> 

1,325 

2,500 

3118  ill  illlllSJ. 

n''^'co'oT  ■  O'*'  ;  CO  <N 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

ea 

lisas 

g|eo  ci'eo'eo'  cTcoVr'  o'ci'co'io'io'co'cc'co'io'^t'ro'ic'cT 

Busi¬ 

ness. 

<N 

pin  § 

s 

iiglsSIISSliiBl 

.  c7  i-T  cT  hoh  t-T 

Cities. 

- 

Massachusetts— Con. 

Webster . 

Westfield . 

Weymouth . 

Winthrop . 

Woburn . 

Michigan: 

Adrian . 

Alpena . 

Ann  Arbor . 

Battle  Creek . 

Escanaba  3 . 

Holland . 

Ironwood . 

Ishpeming . 

Manistee . 

Marquette . 

Menominee  3 . 

Muskegon . 

Pontiac . . . 

Port  Huron . 

Sault  Ste.  Marie.. 
Traverse  City . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


633 


IIIIS 


S838S 

eoooVToVT 


!§§§§  I 


2g2 

C5  *-»  ^ 

a*# 


II 

sK 


1! 

38“ 


gsilll 

s“g“&°*¥,o“ 


CxTr^ 


11 


15111 


3  511 


§i 

r 


sail 

s**- 


88SSI 

OufONO 

NN®S2 


isii  mil 

S“??S“3“  SSSfsfsf 


IS111  g 

§¥¥¥¥  I 


1BII21 

BS8S8SS 


Isllls 

SPlil 


Sl^WlS 


11111 


I 


ii  mu  § 


ssll 


Ci<ni£~ 


881!  bIIIS 


^  co 

CO  Oi 


SB 


I  11121 


sESfl  I 

-T  J*eW 


1§SS81S 

co  «o<n”cm”  ^ 


mm 

MMM 


S1ISSSI1 


i  CO  CO  ^  CO  CO  CO 


Pill 

cfcoi-iccin 


issi  si 

oo  t-T  t-Tcf 


isl^S  I 

oo'o'oo'co'cm”  to 


Siag§§3 

^Voo%Je4>r 


iiisii 

CM”cxf«Toc”cM”or 


2IISII1S 

cc  cc  r~  cm  t"  e^ft-  <-h 


lisls  Ss§ 


13388  13381  I 


coVo'cm^i-T  r)T 


SSagsig 

r-T  eo"  of  cm"  i-T 


111133 


NiC  rr  iO  CO 


1SS3SSSS 

■CWrHNcirtC^ 


■<*'  r-T'co'oc'o' 


ilSi  SSSls 

cTt-Tt-T  io'cm'  'n 


illli  1 

■>*'c2^VC'eo' 


IlsSlil 

ICO  NNoV 


siisia 

coa>c^05C'=r 


ISIS1I11 

x  c  cc  n  r^'eo'c  co' 


§8311 

^'o'^'oTo' 


3S|8  Sllal 

.-h  Tt<  rf  CM  ^  Tl^  t"~  co” 


Ills!  I 
a'aa'aa'  ■»' 


8S88S38  S88383  88133883 

■^'oo'eo'ed'c^j^'ifl'  iDH^asco  woii'OOLo'aij' 


SIS 


is 


Is 

Cm” 


! 

Cm"  !  io”cm” 


11833 


I  88883  81838  1 

cm”  cm”  -h^V  ^f-SV^cW*  to 


sssasss 

Cm'^CO  lO  CM  CO 


liSill 

to  ■**•”  cm”  t-”  oo 


1IISS112 

ecT  TjTio'g'cr*^  ^ 


ii 

cm” 


ISSSi  88138  I 

cm”  cm”  t-T  cTo”i-h” 


3818833 


§88388 

CO  CO  cm"  CO  qj>  'I*' 


SSSSiSSS 

-«•  .-i  cm"  go"  to  cm"  i-T 


38888  8883  83888  18888  ?  I  IISIsIS  SISsIS  SSSSIIIS 

SSSffg'  s's'csf  S'S'SS'S'  ssgss'  B  2  ate'a'sWs"  SSSSgS  sasgssgs 


8SS8J8 

o”  to 


II 

ooVT 


II 


Sill  3  I 

o  cm”  co”  cm”  uf  cT 


IlillS  2IIIII 


^coeiVi 


88381881 

t^t^coo^j'afccco' 


11181. 

-T  co”  cm”  «-o”  cm” 


II 


88  §  I 

oc”cc”  eo“  to 


IS 

cm"-t" 


II  8888888 

LO  CO  LO  CO  C<1  ^  CO  LO  lO 


mil 

co” co”cm”cs  eo” 


8888  Sills  lliil  I  I 

of  co”  co”  cm”  orcM”co'co'co'  cm'-'A-o'ccTco”  Cl”  co” 


1881113 

■O'”  -c"  cm"  cm"  cm"  -o-"  co" 


mmm 


^  ^  CO  CO  CO  CO 


88383888 

ooncco  cm”oT^-T 


ilisi 

-f  cm”  .-h”  ooto 


1  88113  Iis53  i 

i-T  cm”oo”co”co” 


SllSssg  SlssSS 


HIO  ^  CO  ^ 


missis 

■-i-CM  tjTtj.  ^  |>  CM” 


of  1915-16.  6  Included  in  column  6.  12  Estimated.  16  Estimated  part  of  total  expenditure  for  general  control. 


GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


634 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


*\ 

Hi 

GO 

$37,960 

22,959 

20,710 

39,856 

8,574 

25,514 

5,346 

3,780 

60,664 

5,612 

27,014 

58,875 

13,403 

13,327 

14,906 

12,516 

10, 134 

32,323 

Outlay — 
capital 

acquisi¬ 

tion  and 
construc¬ 

tion. 

' 

$90,373 

30,435 

11,767 

2,132 

4,333 

9,576 

79 

205 

6,302 

302 

872 

2,731 

62,710 

6,127 

5, 104 

5,450 

779 

8,449 

1UKU  j 

current 

expenses. 

<e 

IS  5  all  lliggISIIlSgg 

|S  §  388  3S3g'B3W88'Si=| 

Fixed 

charges, 

sfons, 

rents, 

taxes, 

etc. 

SI  S  lls  SISSsSIUbIII 

g  r-T  ef  1-7  t  <n  .-T  co- i-T  <n  of 

Ex¬ 
penses 
of  aux¬ 
iliary 
agen¬ 
cies. 

-f 

SI  1  133  1111111111111 

oo--^  CO  MHrt  T-l  1-HlO  1-H  CO  1-H  .4  T-C  CO  1-1  IN 

Mainte- 

nance- 

re- 

pairs, 

place¬ 

ment 

of 

equip¬ 

ment, 

P.t.P 

sc 

SI  S  III  gSSaSSSRSSiii 

L-  ^  -^hh  hhiohccoccccmcohco 

Expenses  of  operation. 

Water, 

iltitfi 

II  1  §§g  Igsllllliilll 

©CO  cf  HHN  NNhhhhcc  © 

Fuel. 

II  1  ill  EiSSISliigSIS 

<n  i>^  <N^t-cot~  w-Tco"©"©"© 

w  ages  oi 
janitors 
and 
other 
em¬ 
ployees. 

© 

S8  §  111  SIS6BSagS8533 

co©  t-f  ©co-*j<  e<J  >-<  c<i  ©  co  co  ©Vn  <n  ©  ci 

Expenses  of  instruction. 

Night 

schools, 

total. 

© 

ii  §  sis  ii isssss jssii 

Station- 

ery, 
sup¬ 
plies, 
and 
other 
ex¬ 
penses 
of  in¬ 
struc¬ 
tion. 

00 

81  1  86S  11  iaSSB88B8S6 

©m  co  <n--(  rH  .coi-H^coeocoei'cq(Nl« 

. 

Text¬ 

books. 

- 

$3,803 
4, 140 

1,323 

984 

53 

20 

949 

2,521 

1,051 

7 

139 
1,646 
200 
1,574 
1,864 
1,202 
2, 148 

lay  schools 

Salaries 

of 

teachers. 

© 

i!  s  III  §£g§3g§ggg§§g 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

of 

it 

o 

IS  8  111  1  iilSSSIgsSIg 

in'  c<fco  oo  ■  •  co  n  co'co'"-i  co  co"  -r"  of  t-T 

S’-1  :  ; 

Salaries 

and 

ex¬ 

penses 

l! 

« 

si  i  ass  i  jsasssa  j  is  is 

CO©"  OO  CO  co"  <N  •<N<N<N<N<-<t-i  .  .©  .  t)T 

General  control. 

Educa¬ 

tional. 

m  §  is8  ssi3ssasgaas3 

tp©  -F  co-tfco  conco©-*  eo-4©-4'<N©‘'4'© 

II 

II  1  331  II  ii»38S33SS§ 

©<N  -T  rf  :  rH  th"^" 

Cities. 

- 

New  Jersey— Con. 
West  New  York.. 

West  Orange . 

New  Mexico: 

Albuquerque . 

New  York: 

Batavia . 

Beacon . 

Cohoes . 

Corning — 

District  No.  9. 
District  No.  13 

Cortland . 

Dunkirk.... 

Fulton . 

Geneva . 

Glens  Falls . 

Gloversville . 

Hornell . 

Hudson . 

Ithaca . 

Johnstown . 

Kingston 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


635 


12, 178 

8.422 
5 

1,133 
18,004 
65,470 
18, 154 
7,564 
11,705 

96,534 

5,112 

14,514 

8.423 

26,070 

33,354 

26,024 

6, 230 

17,568 

4,435 

13,188 

2,475 

36, 226 

29,062 

13, 084 

51,725 

31,239 

9,625 

11,340 

5, 620 

20,300 

iisiiiiieissig 

s88Vsas8's¥"¥^a's' 

SsISSIlSSIg  IsgslISgs  IS  IsgS 

;ou5®-<nooo  ciWeoei  <N£oc-<£  g  ;® 

1  I 

5?  CO 

46,739 

30,509 

939 

540 

336 

440,068 

270,000 

11,074 

23,910 

1,248 

40, 838 

si 

^  • 

!§§§plfssll  IsISlSISIsl  §s§§§§  SI  SlllliisillsIlSl 

esgiigssgss  sssfgsss'gg'i  as  css's  g§  fs|g‘gss|sg'=¥|ss's 


SlSIlSiSpS  ISsISISliSg  88*883.  8  j  I 

n  n«T(NrHic®'  eoiteoof  bhio  w  h  • 

SS8  j  i|S8*83S  ji 

SSIgpSlSsi  lllipSilEg  8Sf*j 

1,662 

791 

4,572 

II!  iiiii  iise  is 

COth'i-T  .i-T|>  of  .i-Ti-T  .  i-T 

ISSISliSiSS  slllllISlSl  SSS1IS  18  5 

cfeo'it'eo  x~a>-&c*cCc*  i-raTtfeo  eo  noinuj  n'NHHtti'  ecof  it 

*1*88386888888 

H-iOCtutulNW^HiOeti 

sassiBsssss  ssssssssaEa  sssasa  sjs  a 

ii'Neo'ei'iN  »con  coef  NHienBiwiN  ninchw'  Pj  o-  oo 

$A-jiWA  iSsc  is 

CO  W«o'eO  '“'tflM  it  .It 

83S8S88Sg§a.  slllsllllls  §s~~s  88  8i888S88l8i88388. 

®  o'l-rio't^'^j't^'so'o'eo'o'  cf  o*  i> csi  oi  a>  t-  it  ef  iteo  of  gBBwcjo'ifH  e^u5ia'(NrHo''>t® 

88*88888888  83818888888  338888  IS  8888888888888888. 

i«  co~oT;o~ac'eo'i-o  cocf'eo'®  tN  iooci  co  cco  it oo  it  co  oo  of  it  cal'  itiot^ojojoijct^ticocooeoot^ii 

jigtojljj  naisiiiili  jijij 

cf  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  (M  •  •  •  1-4  •  1-4  ;  •  ; 

1,199 

175 

OS 

8H‘l 

III  is  Is!  Ill  88818188338.  88  i ! ! 

IM  ^  it  (M  in'  t-’'  <M  MNH  HTf^iHHNHHO  <N<N  •  •  • 

i  IS  IlsSslSSlssi^lI^ 

.  it'  it"  it'  t»wV  i-IVT  in  i-T  ih  co~  co~ 

SS8&8388883  88888888888  88  j  j  j 

i  83  8881838888*38888 

•  cfc*  ©  nh  ©i-Tcf  uj" 

8S8SS88SSSS  33885883888  Isilil  II  88ES81SS888S8iS8 
ssa's'gg'sssss  gssgs's'SBgssf  s'ss'css  ss‘  § s ? $ s'g  s' g ss g s's? c $ s' s 

SiHlSIlglS  S  j38«83l28  SS  j  j  j! 

'r'' N S  '}‘ t'"'* M 't  th  •  <NCi>eoooeoefi-ieo'  ©rf  •  •  •< 

s  g  i  1 

3'  a  ;  s' 

1  jB3  1883888888 

<o  •« foT  ■  *0  jfjw  *  ^  J2 

33883838318  1 188888  ilSS  88  j  j  j 

mo  »i  it  cT-^<  it^t  eo  e*  co  ■  ioohh  •  itnio  i-Teo"  •  •  ■ 

10,496 

1,340 

1  is  i  ills  i  iSlls 

co  .«o  •  •tfitto"  ■  •i-Ticfefo' 

81888888368  88338888888  8S8SSS  gg  8188888188818888 

eonS-rr  it  oo  io  eo  iceo  eo  co~  co  of  it  t-T<M  it  eo’eo'eo  i>  it  ijMNcfefco  «oeo  ui'o*iteoco'<N<Nriitio<NitcO'tcoit' 

§  IS  §881183  j  88383383838  8I8BSS  88  1 

HHNIN  hh  .  CO  <N  <N  i-i  it  (N  CO 

450 

1,995 
543 
394 
6,675 
790 
3, 101 
1,870 
326 
1,726 
1,535 
1,145 
1,662 

3  Statistics  of  1915-16.  7  Included  in  column  10.  9  Included  in  column  11,  17  Including  water,  light,  power,  and  janitors’  supplies. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


637 


ISIas 

;iigsg|g|giisig 

lllilal  !g§II 

i  1  ! 

: :  §  ;g  !  Ill 

as's'Ӵ 

:s¥¥¥3¥'sve¥s¥“¥' 

”“¥s'8¥  ;s's's¥ 

•  N  • 

i  :  »'  is  i  s¥ 

sill  ! 

is!  |ll§  ilS  :  jlai 

i  is  ini  i  i  i  it 

:  g  : 

i  i  i  is  i  Hi 

ss'  »'  : 

;t>Tw"  ;o"g"(N"  ;oo"oT  ■  ;  <n" 

ii  r^iiiis' 

:  s'  : 

:  iii’*: 

§  §  III  s  IS  I  III 

S8g';SBV§33‘|f8^  g'  S'  s'g'l  S  Sjg  s'  gs's' 


Sssgg 


llslal 


CO  HHM( 


S3 


-IIsISISk 


Sill 


-  II  I  Isi 


II 


is 


Sis 


sISSS 


S  s  1  ail  g  SI 


ill 


3S  8  §  i  111  IS  siSllilli 

d  ,-1  O* 


laISS 


^(NHiCW 


o'  ci'co'i-T^r 


i  l  |gg 

s'  =>'  -a'"' 


1  II  S  SSI 

in'  i-T  <n"  <N  CC  <M 


ISSISiSSI 


2  i  §  15s  III  SI  3  Isis  111  1 1 1 

of  no'  i-i  in"  <m  i-i  m  i-T  oT  Tf  a-" 


g  ^ 


§ 


STO 


g  as  §  158 


STIMTflNi-Ot'-iMXOINNNifCOitNINiCKTitONTfiOMXOco* 


§  I  III 

o'  of  co'oTt-T 


I  II  1  §11 


SislllliillllsSilsslllliSsSSIIIS 

oo" oo" o" co" co"  rf  ■oT^Too'dW'o*  “’''T'^o^oOMoeosON  t-"  oo  i-T co" oT r-" ao" o" cc" 
2 


K  S  111 

o"  oT  -^''co'aT 


3  as  s  211 


II : :  :ig  ;  :s  ;  ■  :§ss 


s  1  II 


I  9 


o''co'cO  1-1  Co"cO  t-CO  OG!OifNK'l''l'Nif'ti)'HOifOiOij'iJ'(SOHNH 


5  I  sis 

co*  co*  r— Ti>-'co' 


ggs 


i-T  of®" 


IllsslSSllij^ 

t-T  co"  i-T  of co" i-7  ->*  o' ofoTi-i  i-Tin  eo  i-To" <n  in  co" i-T co" <n" i-T of co" o" co" oT i-T  i-T 


ill 


13 


ggglilllisglliissisIsirsIsllSEis  S  §  §SS  S  §1  i  III 
s's'sgfaVs's's'a's'sgB'SBs's'K'a'ss's's'ss'ss's'a'ss'a'  o'  s'  sfs¥  o'  s¥  s'  o'g's' 


11,020 
4, 161 

5,384 
6,242 
5, 750 
6,020 
16, 179 

31 

oT  i-T 

1,325 

6,870 

991 

11,100 

9,152 

1,554 

1 

sllsiglll  1  8 

o  oo  h  co  so  o  oo  00*00*  cT*  t-T 

17,300 

8,120 

8,050 

13,450 

21,543 

7,283 

1,200 

1,425 

748 

1,429 
4,073 
2,700 
6,339 
10, 841 

1,710 

2,679 

|| 

2,100 

2,000 

3,775 

S 

oo~ 

1 

o* 

4,424 

2,520 

1,080 

3,690 

2,305 

1 

OO 

4,541 

3,740 

2,301 

720 

4,140 

9,143 

1,530 

oi'Nci'e*  dfeO  COOCOTf-COCOOlCO^flMCo'  CO  CO  CO  OO  OO  CO  OO  CO  SO  Tf  CC  lO 


|  g  III 

m*"  <m"  !m"o"co" 


i  m  i  iii 

<N  CO  00  1-T  OM(N 


3  Statistics  of  1915-16.  9  Included  in  column  11.  10  Includes  water,  light,  and  power.  17  Including  water,  light,  power,  and  janitors’ supplies,  is  includes  janitors’ supplies. 


638  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


639 


sisls 

ssssaV 


3338  1 


-S3 

s?a‘ef 


£  i 


gissa 

^'o'ooco' 


sslS  £gg£S£sSggSg8 
sfg^V  "gs  ^vrs's  ass 


nmm  8gsg  issasiiisisss 

§||¥g  sgsg 


ef®" 


-PI  ISIIlSiSIsIll 

OC  «"  COoTeoV-T,-!  SO  tH  (N<M 


SISIs  ilai  ISSS 


SSSsSlIS 


CM  ^  x  £  CO 

5^cmx  3 

csT  gf  ic'  o'  csT 


3IS8  is 1 I I S Si 15 I Is  3 

HWrtC  CO  CO'CONX-OiOffiN  t- 


ISssg  lis-S  iSSasglllliis  S 

CM  ViO  icTef  CM  r-P^O  Cri^MCC^CICXtNCMWl^  rH 


11181  8811  SlalilS§Ssl8S  6 

ef-^'ao'efeo"  eo'ccTr-Too'  o"®"®"o"o"M"eoVc^oc50oof  co 


Sills  1111  Spili§sglilS  1 

t^naS-aa?  V  of of of  o' t'f o' oc" t~-" 'th" s-" of «jf 50 ®' 02 09 


II 1 

180 

515 

1  1 
of  of 

M 

3,485 

2,186 

2,127 

4,939 

1,843 

914 

2,392 

1,684 

1,363 

lliSS  Ills  S§l333igglg|§ 

of  *o" o" tjT of  i-T eo'  i>"  oc" eo" tjTi irT of t-f oc  o' i-T -r" co" o" »a" 


I1S51  S1B1  lissIsIllllSI 


8§a§l  I1S1  SSBS8S83S8388 

sg'gssf  sgl's  a's'ss's'gs's'c's's'i'g' 


§iill  IS 


X  X  ^  o  o 


eo"  eo  V j-T o' o  of x" o" o" co" t-f co" 


llgll 


IS 

tN  O 


pilllslIiSS  1 


lain 

ofo"®" '*"•<*'" 


Isal  lAIsliMISIgg 

Co"io"r-T^"  r-T (N" tp" CO" -S'" •'3*  O  O"  ^r"  Tf"  rjT  t*- 


algll  is II  I I 13 3 §1 sail 11  I 

CO  CO  CM  CM  CM  1-t  co'  hhN  CcT  CM  CM%-T  i-T  t-T 


i  jlj  j  'ililllii^jli^  i|i  y  j 
pllil|lllljl!llillllllllf! 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction ,  1917-18. 

GROUP  L— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


640 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


°  a 
-0.2 
a 


‘I«K>X 

G* 

$14,839 

161,726 

55, 280 

37,489 

68,735 

35,003 

69,201 

2,770 

185,960 

12,974 

340,319 

57,285 

44, 115 

•siooqas  aaqio 

© 

$593 

1,295 

1,836 

1,043 

32, 511 

1,805 

•ieuoRBaoA 

© 

$3,119 

6,350 

10,218 

193 

20,000 

5,677 

2,598 

•(qSiq)  AjBpuoaag 

oo 

$696 

74,299 

22,549 

8,816 

10,869 

3,485 

18,247 

8,407 

1,000 

109,761 

9,450 

9, 654 

•(siooqas  q§iq  joxunf  tn 
sapBJS  AjBiuaraaia  puB  suaiJBS 
-japuiq  ginptqaui)  AiB^uauiaia 


•siooqas  aaqio 


•Ibuoiibooa 


WCOO 

©  CO  WN  t-H 

Ttn.  co  r- co 

55  S' 


rH  ^OlO 

8  2883 
sC  §"^55 

T?  MHN 


CO  00  *D 

lO  CO 


00  <N 

a  § 


COrHrt  T-l 


•(q3iq)  ^JBpuoaag 


•(siooqas 

qSiq  joranf  in  sapBjg  Ajbi 
-uauraia  Suiprqoui)  AiBiuainaig; 


co  ©  co 

©  ©  CO 


25  332 

05  ©oo  o 

sf  S?*fgf 


>  CO  CO  CO  rH 


s  s 

co  oo 


©  oo  ©  ^ 

CO  rH  ©  rH 

cT  eiVTiC 

CO  00  ©  © 

g  00  ^ 


S  883  S 

00  CO  -^1  M 


•uaiJBSjaptn;>i  ^ 


sjs 

co  -  ^ 

CO  <N  © 


-O  ©  ©  < 

ro  © » 
c 


a 

ftS 
©  ft 
t3  'o 

s-g 

SR  ft 


•top* 


©  oo  © 
©  ^fTr-T 
r>-  ©  r>- 


©  ©  ©  © 

<N  ©  t>*  © 

©  ©  © 

sb"'  a 


5  i 

os’  CD 

s  w 


•siooqas  aaqio 


88 
CD  00 

COIN 


•(qSiq)  ^JBpuooag 


INO 

588 


8  2 


•(siooqas  qSiq  joranf  ui 
sapBjS  AiBiuanrap  puB  sua;  jb3 
-japuiq  Suiprqaui)  AiBiuaraaig 


!8  8  881 


S  ® 

I  s 


<S  ft 

c n  3 

a>  co 


•mox 


888  8 

n  ioa  <N 

cd'oT  dT  U3 


•siooqas  aaqio 


•(q2iq)  AJBpuoaag 


S  228 

t'-  <n  cow 
oT»c<n 


•(siooqas 

q§xq  joTiml'  in  sap^jS  Ajbi 
-uauraia  Suipiqam)  jLiBiuatuaig; 


oS  c5  888 

^<  ©  00  <M  H  00 


8 

2  sfas  s 


uaiJB3japui3 


88 


<  o 


A  O  R 


ft  •• 

n 

§ 

M 


Louisville . I  1, 1901  26,7821  5691  470l  29, 011»  61,7771  19,74ll  5,51] 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


641 


i  i  nisi  is  §a  is  i  sis  sasss  iiiii  i  ass  §  si  t 

s'  s'  g'a'sfs'l  g'sf  g'sf  s'g'  s'  s's'ss  a'g'g's'a'  s's's's'l  1  g'g's  s'  a”'  s' 

§  a  s  I  1  jl  SS  II  11  g  ill  §§ai  1 

r-T  o'  •  •  ■  oo -T  T  efgi-T  ■ 

mm  §  iis  1  • 

a'-'  -  : 

!  8 

.  T*4 

1,627 

16,274 

2,287 

8,788 

5,022 

433 

4.723 

20,308 

48,342 

18, 160 

ill  :  1  III  I  : 

;COOC  ■  oT  10 

•;  i 

§  1  iiiii  ii  is  §§  8  ill  iiiii 

8  £2223  8*-“  S®  33?  8"  SV®*“  «sg‘^ 

63.600 

4,307 

23, 109 

18, 436 

11.600 

73,326 

66, 156 

14,675 

22,205 

1,925 

4,333 

1  1  ISsiS  II  II  ii  1  ill 

%  g  g'sfa'aa*  88  552  £§  sf  £s“gf  ssgWsf 

185. 515 

24,412 

19, 106 

26,387 

21, 599 

380, 112 

113,309 

33, 099 

35,602 

4,470 

17,479 

1,029,439 

1,620,760 

3,973,480 

506, 055 

440,599 

302,013 

781,710 

3,032,390 

652,735 

1,939,005 

843,862 

1,356,822 
2,832, 439 

891,951 

1,352,819 

2.137,343 

522,354 

333, 152 
1,872, 491 
29,481,466 

1,056,597 

502, 571 

1,683, 515 

3,396,436 

973, 269 

489, 876, 

743,928 

1,383,940 

5,699,592 

2,410,582 

489,411 

931,480 

530,367 

294,727 

581,861 

21,358 

17,524 

?33, 377 
18, 103 

3,556 

153,638 

23,510 

18,672 

24,363 

132,649 

3,530 

54,864 
67,219 
20, 140 

6,647 
43,871 
317,668 
44, 697 

288,371 

9, 572 

15. 664 

15,280 

29, 748 

69,245 

70, 121 

1,650 

25,476 

4,270 

16,479 

14,206 

69,866 

4,842 

17,895 

34,405 

30,973 

13, 767 

26,230 

979 

8,796 

50,504 

204,037 

59,083 

11,429 

49,849 

63,988 

33, 147 

17,835 

8,688 

2,523 

:  1 

1  I  still  11  Is  gg  1  Sit  Hall 

3  1  iWf  §T  si  11  |  s'g's  sgjaa' 

730,402 

252, 983 

129, 291 
142,290 

349, 533 

1,237,712 

637,206 

98,871 

218, 612 

68,054 

87,792 

3  1  salig  IS  II  11  1  161  sills 

i  i  !§¥§¥  i¥  i¥  l¥  f  ill  Hill 

2,229,948 

695, 705 

277, 072 

586,358 

934,384 

4,359,488 

1,685,420 

359, 190 

636,793 

222,403 

462,376 

a 


S3  s' 8  w2  8 

lililiT 

|B  S8  §|  S' 


siraiw 

aW  ^sW 


^•coog^  «“  “55  9 

SiSHTTWT 

1'sW  S  l¥s"  ” 


s' 

rw 

?  s' 


I  1SI1S 

3  S'6's's's' 


a  - 

I  gglll 

s  r'®s'»'s 


ill  g : 

IS 

:i  1 

;IS  BiEI  : 

:§lli 

3 

<M 

il  i  : 

a'  1 

^%-T 

:Sf  ~ 

•  o\-I  c\f  o'  gT  ctT  • 

•  oTcOUDci' 

2 

32  :  : 

SOI 

S3  K'S'  S3  8 

II  11 'll  § 


iiiroio 

ss's's'  s'  sis  s' 


1  I  §1111 


g-oj-t--  w'a'g'g'g' 

nfir 


hit 

l'8's's  S'  I'l's  s' 

IIS  1  all  i 

sas*  a  g? 

HOOT 


o 

s'  s' 


1  3  Isis's  Is  S'E?  I's  s'  -' 

I 


Is 

S3' 


sgs  gssss 

isnifii 


iT^I 


TT 


II  I 

s'01'  s' 


if 

I  co'io 


i  iiiii 

CO  uj'NNHrt 

g  iiiii 


im 

s's'  a'a' 


a  I  :  :ITS 

m  ii 

S3”  38 


a  §  ii 

o  rjT  .  oT 

TT1ST 

S'  8533  8* 


I 


59873°— 21- 


-41 


Not  including  Westville  district.  2  Included  in  column  3.  3  Included  in  column  12.  4  Included  in  column  16.  5  Statistics  of  1915-16. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER— Continued. 


642 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction. 

s 

$151,499 

43, 160 

87,448 

•siooqos  joiuo 

o 

$505 

2, 405 

7,092 

•l'BUOlp30OA 

2 

.  .  CO 

.  .  'Tp 

!  !  © 

•  •  CO 

•(qgiq)  IjBpuooog 

X 

$59,517 

17,917 

11,688 

•(siooqos  qStq  jonmf  ui 
sapBj3  IjB^uauiaiapuB  suo^reS 
-japuiq  Surpniom)  AjBpiauiaig; 

$91,477 

22,838 

37,925 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

’IB^OJ, 

© 

$1, 455, 539 

595, 616 

1, 665, 002 

•siooqos  aaqio 

$43,803 

4,409 

49,022 

•IBUOI^BOOA 

.  .  io 

•  !  co 

•  • 

•(q§iq)  XjBpnooag 

. 

2 

$433,538 

180,199 

320, 632 

•(siooqos 

qSiq  joxunf  ur  sapBiS  &iw\ 
-uamaia  ^uipnioui)  Aje^uauiaia 

!  £ 

1C  OO  05 

ss  § 
2d  8 

05  Tt<  O 

•uapiBSjapurx 

s 

1  ©  '  ^ 

55  :  g? 

¥*  ■  r-l 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

'moj, 

© 

|  ©a>  <N 

°§£  2 

00  gf  J-T 
-f  ls>  00 

•siooqos  jaq;o 

© 

:2  8 
■  00  N- 

■u  S 

•(q2iq)  AjBpuooag 

X 

icto  co 

s?3  § 

•(siooqos  q2iq  jonmf  ui 
sopBjg  jtjB^uouiaiapuB  suapiBg 
-japmq  Smprqoui)  XjB^uaoiaia 

- 

Tf<  05 
<M  05 

H  05  05 

SO  rjT  'S 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

mol 

© 

31  2 

CO  of  r-T 

CM  CO 

•siooqos  jaq;o 

i  , 

cm  •  cm 

CM  •  00 

Tjf  '  ZD 

m  •  h 

•(qSiq)  AjBpuooag 

1 

05  • 

§  :  : 

%  :  : 

•(siooqos 

q§iq  joiunf  ui  sapBjS  Ajbj 
-uauiaia ’guipnioux)  AjB^uaraaja 

so 

$14,835 
12, 960 

14,286 

•uapiBSjapuix  j 

Cities. 

- 

Washington: 

Seattle . 

Spokane . 

Wisconsin: 
Milwaukee . 

cm\-T 

S'© 

05  • 

s  • 

$580 

3 

> 

7,219 

26,203 

I  7,-126 

6  704 

CO  o 

r-  o 

CO  O 

13, 138 

25,284 

11,991 

17,401 

i  $107, 037 

72,908 

166,598 

372, 508 

379,301 

444, 580 

373,673 

1  : 

cf  • 

• 

• 

$26,570 

21,386 

49, 530 

112, 174 

168,311 

106,792 

137,888 

$77,016 

51,522 

117,068 

245, 158 

188,490 

312,747 

214,759 

$3,451 

15, 176 
22,500 
22, 156 

21,026 

^05  CO  Is*  iH  CO 

CO  05  00  CO  CC  05 

00  H  LON  Oco 

i-f  of  ^  c o  *rT  of  tjT 

w  ««**. 

$3,060 

1,800 

6,835 

5,899 

6,288 

4,080 

$8,801 

10,399 

29,748 
|  29,838 

1  35,743 

1  40,613 

$4,235 
2, 665 

8,065 

6,105 

g2 
©  © 

•  i 

& 

$3, 575 
1,865 

8,065 

5,700 

•  CM 

•  05 

•  ^ 

$660 

405 

1,500 

03  ffi  I 

'umery . 

is: 

Rock . 

.SA  ® 

S  : 
g  §o 
c-2 

1/2  G  G 

r?  C  C  C3 

<=1  <5 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


643 


.<CM©t>- 
H  CM  ©  00  t» 
“  00  00  CO  CO 


OOCO  ©CM©t>-©CM© 

00  ©  cm  ©  ;£  ©  i-< 

00©  ©  LO  Tjn  ©  x  © 

c<r©  ©  ©  ©  to  is? 


si  H 

•  •  Too  • 

•  •  •  • 

675 

151 

1,917 

•  •  •  CO  • 

|  •  CM  • 

198 

*£ 

•  t- 

•  00 

©  •  •  • 

•  • 

j  ^ 

cm'  •  •  • 

CM 

8 

cm  © 

oo  ©  © 

©  Tt4  ©  © 

co  oo 

CM  © 
©  CO 

00  © 

©  CO 

CM  00 

8SS&2 

©  ©  ©  ^ 

00 

§8 

00  © 

^  ©  ©  © 

00  ©  ©  © 

©  00  © 

©r^S$ 

t>  00  ^ 

a 

CM 

1  H©©H© 

i  ss^aa. 

Tt4' 

cTco'^'r-T 

rH  © 

co'cm' 

Tt4'  CM'i-T 

co'oo'th'oo' 

CO 

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,  O  lO  CC  <£> 

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62 

08 

76 

43 

38 

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28,911 

155,032 

41,497 

45,201 

34,800 

29,905 

7,500 

38,000 

29,796 

33,205 

47,847 

59,112 

77,933 

19,680 

76,040 

39,303 

68,858 

66,047 

86,246 

68,481 

40,471 

49,641 

184,618 

85,766 

!  67, 169 

58,039 
18, 571 

22,380 

17,450 

11,644 

68,973 

96,787 

42,095 

42,478 

53,333 

35,407 

68,571 

445,232 
92,745 
111, 108 
312,854 

160,866 

181,040 

89,644 

95,388 

138,411 

82,858 

179,702 

173,023 

199,372 

102,771 

173,749 

202,728 

257,889 

148,394 

145,547 

221,543 

165,610 

164,870 

428,647 

197,357 

227,895 

153,364 

194,278 

95,976 
76,825 
47, 564 

156,222 

215,311 

123,424 

132,060 

93,439 

132,883 

10, 500 

3,000 

oox  *n 

14,795 

17,226 

24,894 

13,265 

178,m 

4,446 

5,483 

5,050 

13,838 

59,620 

20,453 

21,541 

42,720 

(4) 

2,700 

17,050 

17,464 
9, 150 
34,773 

19,771 

23,829 

3,037 

37,613 

11,665 

30,081 

36,677 

26,335 

32.238 
29, 169 

45.238 

25,580 

64, 029 

29,505 

25,626 

26,225 

32, 127 

16,829 
19, 450 
9,800 

(4) 

21,240 

15,831 

16,635 

16,813 

17,709 

$2,500 

2,622 

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3,306 

12,800 

2,395 

5,253 

9,680 

2,700 

5,250 

2,550 

3,500 

3,710 

3,096 

6,524 

2,915 

7,234 

4,999 

4,000 

3,534 

4,294 

4,991 

4,519 

10,555 

4,417 

16,210 

2,582 

4,775 

2,134 

3,800 

1,700 

3,000 
4,071 
3, 409 
3,874 
3,190 

1 

10,532 

44,320 

18,058 

13,666 

33,040 

11,800 

17,464 

6,600 

31,273 

16,061 

20,733 

3,037 

31,089 

8,750 

22, 167 

30,747 

22,335 

22,912 

24,875 

38,247 

24,061 

51,274 

23,828 

9,416 

23,643 

27,352 

14,695 

15,650 

8,100 

18,240 

11,760 

13,226 

12,939 

14,519 

7,633 

34,315 

6,864 

12,933 

19,210 

(4) 

4,825 

1,175 

2,475 

3,600 

3,700 

5,091 
4,462 
5, 161 
10,250 
7, 164 
8,350 
8,511 

9,650 

14,019 

41,782 

10,676 

8,199 
17, 460 
14,539 

4,018 

4,476 

4,300 

2,700 

4,500 

4,999 

(4) 

9,957 

7,770 

2,750 

5,474 

6,012 

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312 

Igis  HI: 

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600 

1,430 

150 

2,700 

6,498 

34,315 

6,864 

6,726 

12,010 

4,825 

1,175 

2,475 

3,600 

3,700 

4,779 

4,462 

5,161 

10,250 

6,448 

8,350 

7,405 

9,650 

14,019 

30,719 

7,976 

8,199 

13, 560 

14,539 

4,018 

4,476 

4,300 

2,700 

4,500 

4,999 

£3822 

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4  Included  in  column  16.  6  Statistics  taken  from  report  of  State  office  for  year  1916-17. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


644 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction. 

•moj. 

(M 

$15,238 

15,076 

11,327 

12,658 

17,023 

24,005 

12, 144 

10,284 

14,678 

29,061 

79,480 

8,845 

13,000 

11.564 

7,943 

4,116 

10,149 

25,410 

14.564 

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$303 

269 

11 

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$2,649 

•  •  CO  •  •  •  ©  N  • 

•  •  to  •  •  •  rH  CM  • 

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$4,554 

5,529 

4,051 

2,998 

1,904 

5,773 

3,982 

2,057 

7,321 

11,862 

24,299 

4, 144 

4,700 

2,400 

2,787 

1,324 

3,054 

8,059 

7,671 

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CO-^N©rHCOC(NlOXCDO  OC0  10  05  05  10  05 

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Salaries  of  teachers. 

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© 

$227, 000 

299,327 

335,410 

175, 585 

380,238 

297,084 

180, 720 

172,370 

122, 602 

349,767 

712, 230 

145,227 

222,000 

161, 899 

206, 248 

130, 798 

201,382 

162,559 

120, 107 

•sfooqos  aaqxo 

N  • 

co  • 

T  !  •  §  1  ! 

•  CM  CO  •  •  •  t-H  •  • 

4,639 

7,880 

1,050 

2,800 

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[ 

$8,921 

.  .  io  ■  •  oo  oo  • 

•  •  05  *CM  •  CO  OO  • 

.  .  TP  •  rji  •  CM  CM  • 

•  •  O  «  1—j  •  CM  T-H  . 

•  CO  •  • 

•  00  •  • 

•  »o  •  • 

•(qgxq)  Ampuooag 

2 

KiHrtCS^OlMXrtCOlOO  *0  CO  IO  C«5  CM  02  CM 

co  io  co  no  oo  oo'ofTt^'i-T co"  •^to'co'co'ui'oT  A- 

lOlOO5©CO00Tt<COe0O2'— ICM  lO  LO  N  CO  1C  cc  CO 

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$151,055 

244.201 
242, 282 
119,587 
300, 247 
151,827 
126, 591 
122,072 

82, 224 
232,994 

453. 202 
119,129 

167, 500 

96, 705 

179, 726 

87, 562 

120, 444 

120, 309 

86, 101 

•uofJBSjopu]>i 

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8  : 
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8,873 

15, 158 

6,800 

2, 195 

5,303 

36, 164 

iO 

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00 

ocT 

5, 268 

11,954 

8,300 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

•mox 

© 

$30,831 

43,256 

31,728 

24,897 

44,565 

33,333 

22,963 

19,770 

25,968 

36,014 

62,237 

8,554 

25,000 
18, 161 

24,550 
18, 707 
8,200 

22,902 

•siooqos  joqio 

© 

$2,769 

•  •  N  •  O  •  05  O  • 

.  .CM  •  O  •  CO  CO  • 

.  •  O  •  CM  •  CO  05  • 

.  •  iO  •  rt<  •  CO  • 

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CM  O  • 

05  • 

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00 

MDNOOCNcCC^^tCO  O  t-h 

NCOOHtONNtO^COOr-  o  CO 

OMhoOOCINCOOOOO  C  i-H 

^'^t^'co'^'cTTjTco'c ©VTjo'co'  rj^co' 

2,875 

5,174 

4,200 

12,780 

| 

•(siooqos  qSiq  Joiunf  ui 
sopeoS  Aieiuamaie  pue  suoiieS 
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tOtOcDOiiOOJNONtOWTf  OO 

CC(N(NNO(N  Wh(NOhX  Q  CO 

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^oT^^'o-'oToo'csr^  co'io  t-Tio' 

CM  CO  CM  CM  i-H  t-h  i-h  CM  CM  CM  tH 

19, 750 
13,031 
4,000 

io,  122! 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

© 

$7,834 

6,479 

5,083 

5,578 

18, 223 

11,437 

6,832 

7,986 

4,520 

6,635 

20, 273 

2,911 

19,000 

3,618 

12,056 

6,630 

5,700 

4,087. 

•siooqos  aoqio 

!! 

:  : 

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$68 

1,500 

00»0  00  •  -CM  •  t-h 

05  CM  rf<  CO  •  •  iO  *05 

CO  CO  LQ  CO  .  .00  ‘CM 

co'  ... 

1,860 

1,884 

700 

700 

•(siooqos 

q3iq  joiunf  ur  sapeiS  Ami 
-uourofo  Surpnpm)  Ajc^uouxoig 

•0 

$7,766 

4,979 

5,083 

5,188 

14,728 

9,735 

5,124 
7,986 
4,520 
5,783 
20,273 
2, 620 

19,000 

3,618 

9,846 

4,141 

4,200 

3,387 

•ueiJBSjopur^x 

©1 

1 

$572 

1,040 

ccc  • 

Cities. 

- 

Massachusetts- 

Continued. 

Holyoke . 

Lawrence . 

Lvnn . 

Malden . 

New  Bedford . 

Newton . 

Pittsfield . 

Quincy . 

Salem . 

Somerville . 

Springfield . 

Taunton . 

Michigan: 

Bav  Citv . 

Calumet . 

Flint . 

Jackson . 

Kalamazoo . 

Lansing . 

Saginaw- 
East  side . 

STATISTICS 


OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


645 


8,181 

39,507 

11,428 

19,562 

12,730 

46,041 

20,795 

32,314 

43,069 

24,344 

27,581 

26,337 

23, 110 

15, 761 

37,078 

16,405 

4,894 

7,190 

5,948 

7,212 

13,931 

18,994 

10,557 

12,527 

20,926 

3,242 

7,743 

33,562 

5,63 

35,636 

17,985 

520 

9,958 

30,331 

9, 152 

33,278 

29, 121 

50 

•  •  •  •  •  •  i  •  i  cO  •  i  •  •  •  »  •  ■  i  *'CM  •  •• 

•  ••••••  a  •  rH  t  •  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  *'0  •  •• 

•  ••••••••  1—1  ••••••!•  •  **CO  •  •• 

•  ••(•••••  ■•••iiit  •  •«  ,  ,  , 

•  ••••till  •■■•••••  •  ••  ,  a  t 

2,966 

•  05  •  '  1  •  '  •  •  t— l  'OC5H  N  •  •  O  O't—I  •  i  i 

•  05  iiii  cO  •  •  •  CO*CMQ0O5CO»«  CM  05*05  •  •• 

•  *05  ■  •  •  I>-  *10  0  050  •  •  CO  CM  '05  •  •  • 

•  H  *  *  *  *lO  *  '  '  •  i— <  i— l  CO  •  •  i— i  i  CM  •  *  • 

•  •••••!•  •  •  •  |  III 

1,750 

14,936 

1,434 

4,711 

3,569 

21,685 

10,902 

3,999 

8,619 

8, 120 

5,700 

5, 130 

3,708 

1,851 

5,566 

5,736 

1,158 

1,288 

894 

694 

4,625 

5,314 

2.316 

1,823 

297 

1.316 

1,463 

7, 197 

1,370 

13,224 

6,295 

1,295 

15,550 

3,372 

6,226 

5,720 

3,415 

24,571 

9,994 

14,851 

9, 161 

24,356 

9,893 

26, 516 

34, 450 

16, 224 

21,881 

21,207 

13,438 

13,910 

31,512 

10, 556 

3,005 

5,902 

3,534 

5,429 

8,315 

10,013 

8,241 

10, 704 

19,309 

1,636 

6,280 

23,072 

4,262 

22,412 

11, 690 

520 

8,663 

14, 781 

5,780 

27, 052 

23,401 

78,469 

429,629 

76,419 

266,037 

119,525 

385,570 

172,438 

402,455 

359, 590 

257, 594 

253, 740 

365, 209 

281,916 

165, 046 

464,969 

161,923 

81,975 

124, 263 

228, 234 

154, 766 

148,303 

245, 187 

160, 758 

398, 781 

175,432 

42, 837 

340, 849 

578, 802 

80,028 

568, 754 

288,  735 

113, 703 

210, 810 

512,925 

297,369 

268,996 

185, 774 

1,000 

•  .......  io  CO  •  'ONMOO  •  •  <00  ■  OO 

■  . .  •  »  CO  CO  ^  CO  CO  •  •  icO  •  O  00 

•  •  . . lO  '  'HOOOiCOO  •  ••O  •  OJ  03 

•  ......  • ' — * t  "  >  f— 1  <N  1  <M  >  •  •  CO  ■  TjTrH* 

•  •  •  ■  •  •  •  I  •  I  |  «  |  |  . 

•  a  •  •  (N 

•  •  •  1 

O  •  • 

to  •  • 

CM  •  ./-> 

tC  .  • 

13, 153 

7,325 

3,381 

5,314 

10, 340 

4,023 

13, 174 

10,330 

877 

26,034 

12,820 

77,297 

14,336 

62,481 

34,988 

71,342 

47,928 

63,944 

49.711 

85,824 

58,088 

59, 157 

37,354 

28,575 

126,448 

29,889 

16, 297 

35. 992 

50,216 

40,036 

41,335 

60,917 

38,201 

85,927 

31. 712 

9,074 

64,069 

116, 758 

17,430 

148, 738 

73,940 

22,960 

53, 100 

118,527 

73,955 

62,580 

44. 992 

55,249 

328,663 

62,083 

203,556 

84,537 

304,628 

124,510 

325,358 

309, 879 

171, 770 

195, 652 

284, 612 

237, 237 

128, 971 

338, 521 

124, 840 

61.771 

81. 772 

172, 704 

104, 240 

101,078 

168, 154 

120, 897 

310, 794 

133,390 

32,886 

276, 780 

432,952 

62,598 

391,141 
210, 106 
88, 451 
157,  710 
389,548 

206,404 

206,416 

138, 287 

2,150 

23,669 

009 ‘6 

:  :  :  :  :8  8  :  :  :  :  :  :g  2  .  . 

:  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  ;oo  o 

:  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  g***?  £  '  ■ 

8,825 

46,804 

19,991 

6,150 

3,220 

35,726 

'21,930 

31,123 

65,758 

41,250 

30, 835 

38,268 

29, 109 

32, 540 

12,350 

42,880 

17,445 

15,999 

17,490 

24,564 

20,000 

13,043 

29,547 

20,382 

39,815 

19, 770 

5,874 

31,878 

10, 750 

46,556 

30, 550 

13, 464 

31, 860 

43,099 

27,523 

4,058 

18,988 

1,700 

1  £>-••*•••••  O  *  •  OT>  •  r— 1  •  lO  •  t''-  •  GO  •  O* 

•  •^••••••ii  O  •  •  CO  •  CM  •  L-  •  t}h  •  05  •  id  • 

•  ••••••*  •  CC  •  •  (Ji  *0  •  to  •  CM  •  CM  •  t>»  • 

•  CO  ••••••••  r— 1  •  •  H  •  CO  *  •  H  *  cO  •  • 

1,700 

6,567 

2,001 

4,083 

3,220 

4,704 

4,066 

3,400 

10,007 

3,420 

5,780 

4,639 

4,242 

6, 160 

42,600 

4, 200 

2,600 

2,614 

4,257 

5,269 

4, 165 

4,329 

6,937 

3,672 

3,530 

3,577 

1,292 

4,418 

6,410 

1,550 

8,100 

6, 146 

2,800 

3,010 

6,750 

3,710 

2,535 
2, 720 

5, 425 

40,237 

17,990 

2,067 

31,022 

17,864 

27,723 

52,304 

37, 830 

25,055 

33, 629 

24,867 

26,380 

9,750 

38,680 

14,845 

11,495 

13,233 

19,295 

13, 896 

8,714 

19,589 

16. 710 

35.710 

16,193 

3,335 

27,460 

47, 161 

9,200 

37, 706 

24, 404 
10, 664 
28, 850 
36,349 

23,813 

1,523 
16, 268 

6,150 

19,923 

2,475 

3,595 

5,580 

10,341 

12,089 

7,370 

11,207 

13,820 

7,076 

19, 671 

2. 300 

18, 810 

1.300 

12,000 

5,526 

2, 100 

1,008 

8,052 

5,337 

1,300 

8, 721 

5,934 

15,535 

la,  770 

3,282 

8,806 

12,630 

1,554 

7,050 

6,681 

10,300 

6,881 

9,851 

7,553 

6,721 

•  •  •  O  •  •  •  •  •  iC  •  •  •  O  •  Tf  1  1. 

a  •  •  •  r-H  •  tO  iii  •  *  CO  a  •  •  10  •  id  •••  •  •« 

•  •  •  ■  t-H  •  CM  *  *  •  •  *00  •  •  •  t-H  •  CO  •••  1  •  , 

2,150 

2,419 

171 

300 

•  . .  ■  •  "  *  00  00  O  O  ■  OC  •  O  CO  "CO  •  •  . 

a  •  •  •  *  *  O  •  •  •  •  O  »0  O  tO  •  H  »  O  CO  •  tO  •  •• 

•  •  •  •  •  1  CO  •  •  •  *tOCOOOtO*tO*  O  Oi*Tj4  •  •• 

•  •  •  •  •  1  CO  •  •  •  •  t-H  a  •  t-H  •  lO  •  •  • 

•  •  CO  •  0 

:  :  * 

;  ;  co  • 

4,000 

15,754 

2,304 

3,595 

5,580 

9,041 

12,089 

7,370 

11,207 

13,820 

7,076 

19,561 

2.300 

13,960 

1.300 

.2,000 

5,526 

2, 100 

500 

5,529 

4,537 

750 

8, 721 

5,266 

15,535 

8,416 

2,319 

8,806 

7,177 

1,554 

7,050 

6,681 

10,300 

6,881 

5,388 

7,553 

6,271 

w 


woSt  a 

O  OQ  rj  ^  a 

^  5  x  ©  q*4.  p,  g  £a.9^§o.2-§ 

gfl.S^c&moffl'g^  5^  ImoWKHfcfceH^  i'^AtfgafeS 

as  s  s  s  &  a 


-  ^2 

.  lO  occj  • 
co  bjO  c 


GO  G> 


a 

>»  :  3 

£  i-S  a 

ajiiiirsi!ii^li!^|« 

fl®'Sp12'3sST3^:’2oaj3-g+Jj2-S  3-£.fc- 

©  O 


.  45 

_  •  «  el 

o  w  •  is  s 

0  I— »  ^  w  n 

g*£§  Stl 


.a  - 


i  5  ^-i  O  ii  K  y  Q)  .  SnS.Sii^O.2 


■M 


•  K  :  ca 

2|..s-as 


o®|3a”^J 

s8fjSS§.§&§i 

o  «  jS  .2  -*  §  ,3  p»o  "3  *t  3  a  25 
>1  OO.C<1uKoQ>«30  §■<■< 
*  O  c  ® 


Included  in  column  12.  5  Statistics  of  1915-16.  7  Included  in  column  13. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


646 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF 


EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction. 

•pUoj, 

55 

3519,479 

18, 303 

36, 444 

49, 821 

14, 457 

36, 706 

11,164 

25, 760 

23, 293 

26, 937 

31,316 

13, 712 

20, 229 

16,523 

7,696 

2,784 

3,098 

3,322 

•sjooqos  jaqjo 

© 

©* 

1  : 

OC  ©  OO  •  CO  CQ  *00  •  CO  *00  •  •  • 

00  P'*  ©  •  Tti  t—  •  t-H  •  •©  •  •  • 

©COO*  *<Mt-H  *00  *  t-H  ©  •  ©  •  •  • 

’  JTJUOIpSOO 

os 

O  • 

S  : 

sn!jjjjjj§  m  !  \\ 

•(qSrq)  AjBpuooag 

ao 

HCl-cOOO(NOJiCCX)NON  CO  CSJ  <M  O 

COOCDWCO^NNIONININIO  ©  CO  <M  COO 

t-h  1-h  i-t  oo o  co  ©  © o  h  ©  t^o  co  © 

Sw"S8ei*°reifori>o©'co^r  tjT of 

•(spoqos  q§iq  jonmf  nr 
sapnjS  Areipianiaiapire  s’uapreS 
-japuTq  Smpnptn)  Ai^uauiaig; 

$13, 008 

16, 203 

20, 032 

16, 606 

11, 169 

19,387 

8,149 

15, 909 

15, 738 

16,091 

22, 194 

9,970 

14, 124 

11,756 

4,665 

2,462 

2,116 

2, 922 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

T^oi, 

© 

$88, 679 

139,435 

289, 017 

271,064 

105, 276 

232, 079 

111,188 

171,337 

141, 882 

301, 441 

257,  276 

113,177 

137,046 

207, 199 

108,697 

93, 135 

112, 343 

173, 248 

.  ’siooqos  jaq^O 

LO 

CO 

£ 

OO  •  •  'OO^N©  •  ©  •  •  • 

00  CO  ©  •  *00  •  U'-  OC  CO  ©  •©  •  •  • 

OO  <N  ©  •  •©  •  ©  <N  (N  •©  •  •  • 

©  i-H  CO  •  •  t-H  •  C*QQ  tjT  •  CsT  •  •  • 

•  •  i  t  i  • 

■  ['Bnoipi?ooj\ 

■>* 

C O 

| !  iP  ii  i  i  if  ii  i  I  i 

•(qSiq)  Ajepuooag 

$21,092 
38,087 
74, 226 
87, 192 
20,026 
50, 665 
35, 450 
57,823 
35,023 

53, 267 

68,549 

27,370 

24, 157 

41, 779 

17,057 

15,353 

18, 207 

39, 407 

•(siooqos 

qSiq  jotunC  m  sap'eaS 
-uainap  Sui’pnpuT)  Ajnipiauiaig; 

<N 

$60,391 
101,348 
181,282 
172, 638 
81,642 
160, 319 
72, 175 
111,532 
106, 859 
242, 936 
174, 718 
85,570 
101,931 

149,960 

89,545 

77,782 

94, 136 

131,419 

•uapiegjapura 

©  •  •  «  •  •  ■  ©  ©  •  •  o  •  •  *C^I 

. . cO  <N  •  •  ©  •  •  •  OJ 

©••••••  CS  ©  •  •  ©  •  .•  •  CQ 

•  •••••  •  •  rH  •  •  • 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

*ro<\t 

© 

$13, 175 
19, 193 

31.282 

37. 282 
11,460 
29,565 
19, 304 
23, 780 
13, 881 

7,122 

38,007 

16,970 

2,385 

28,235 

515 

16,309 

22, 250 
32, 963 

•siooqos  jaqio 

© 

Cq  »i*i  ^  <  o  •  N  •  •  •  •  i  • 

05  •  •  •  i  •  ^3  •  •  •  •  •  •  i 

•(qSiq)  Ajnpuooag 

CO 

K8322283S83&8  8 

ONOOHO^NNiO«OOOW  ©  ©  <M  CM 

COCOG&Q*COCO*rC*>0'#C?ct  CO  cf  oTtjT 

rH 

•(siooqos  qSiq  joiunf  m 
sapnj§  Kixquauiaja  pun  sua^iBg 
-japuiq  SutprqjUT)  Aanjuauiaia; 

$10, 100 

15, 493 

19,315 

27,667 

9,350 

25, 952 

15,904 

19,006 

11,170 

1,322 

33,396 

14,070 

25, 162 

14, 103 

19, 805 

28, 682 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

qepj. 

© 

$7,900 

5,519 

12, 341 

8,988 

6,650 

14,438 

3,100 

8, 809 

3,886 

16, 969 

5,450 

3,746 

9,800 

6,570 

2, 150 

3,185 

22, 105 

5,510 

•siooqos  aaq^O 

i© 

. . 0)  •  •  Cq  •  •  •  •  • 

•(q§iq)  Krcpuooag 

Tt< 

CO 

© 

CvT 

00  •  •  oc  •  O  1  •  1  00  ©  ©  CO* 

5  :  :  :  :38  SS  <3  8  : 

rH  •  -cq  ’CO  •  '  'HH  rH  ©• 

•(siooqos 

qSiq  joiunf  ut  sapnj3  Axe; 
-uauiap  ’8tn’pnpin)  Aaciuauxaig; 

1 

e© 

82828888888838  S38  8 

d  ©  CO  ©  ©  c^l  1-H  ©  oc  <N  CM  ©  00  00  ©  ©  © 

to  lO  t?? QG  *£ c*  CO  lO  CO 'tf' *£ c*  tjTt-T  cf  C'f©' 

m  r-H  tH  t-H 

•ua^jnSjapmx 

Cities. 

- 

Pennsylvania — 
Continued. 
Bethlehem . 

Erie . 

Harrisburg . 

Hazleton . 

Johnstown . 

Lancaster . 

McKeesport . 

New  Castle . 

Reading . 

Wilkes-Barre . 

Williamsport 

York . 

Rhode  Island: 

Pawtucket . 

Woonsocket . 

South  Carolina: 

Charleston . 

Tennessee: 

Chattanooga . 

Knoxville . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918, 


647 


CNXOH30  O  CO  h  Tt«  CM  OC  O  C  C 

OC5XWMO  O  C  CO  CC  HifJrtiO 

CL5  1— 1  Tfi  oc  OC  OC  HICM  CM  rr  CM  »-t  !>•  C-  CO 

cm~ oTi-T  oc  cT  oTi-T  co'  r^'co'  cm' o' oc'  -S 

CM  r-H  CO  rH  CO 

— 

941 

5  ; 

o  • 

t'-  •  r-H 

569 

119 

1,615 

3,500 

1,392 

179 

4,387 

5,320 

20, 532 

1,872 

214 

15,388 

3,342 

1,003 

5,027 

3,378 

4,001 

- 

19, 100 
8, 405 
1,009 
450 
4,484 
4,538 

57, 275 

17,297 

388 

371 

17,832 

4,090 

2,265 

5,818 

3,262 

3,156 

511,400 
260, 044 
294, 577 
109,362 
350, 650 
483, 763 

666,303 

266, 895 
84, 579 
121,000 

431, 791 

119, 184 
182,411 

105, 678 
106,933 
’  186, 817 
159, 608 

6,250 

8 

!  i 

1,198 

1,511 

5,687 

3,007 

7,510 

11,468 

148,551 
46,510 
90, 785 
20, 781 
152, 165 
143,855 

125,564 

44, 130 
15,861 
16,422 

129, 127 

47, 240 
33, 807 

31,264 
32, 237 
44,606 
57, 507 

351, 067 
209, 617 
203,  792 
88, 581 
188, 235 
337,419 

540, 739 

222, 765 
64,258 
104,578 

297, 159 

71,944 
148, 604 

70,209 
65, 675 
125,056 
102, 101 

QO 

l>  o* 
^Tco 

4,000 
2, 489 

1,837 

£  :££ 

60, 122 
23, 769 
36,065 
16,450 
58, 176 
61,085 

76, 533 

9,600 
14, 623 

42, 527 

66, 995 
18, 156 

15, 664 
16,171 
27,173 

450 

1  :S 

10, 134 
3,957 
4,362 
3,903 
11,921 
8, 662 

10,306 

2,050 

1,361 

9,070 

53, 158 
1,542 

3,100 
2,670 
3, 591 

49, 988 

19,812 

31, 703 
12,547 
46, 255 
52,423 

66, 227 

o  cm  i-  oo  i hc 

lO  co  C  CO  — <  OCX 

lO  CM  c  OC  CO  co  LO  CM 

^CO  CO  co'co'  o'co'c' 

9, 808 

6,260 

4,880 

7,181 
20,230 
8, 670 

21,840 

11,538 

16,243 

6,042 

13,705 

7,343 

8,878 

5,000 

s 

CM  •  tO  O 

o>  •  §  S3 

1,081 

12,615 

11,898 

985 

2,911 

9, 808 

6, 155 

4,880 

5, 269 

20,230 

7,465 

19,901 

10,457 

3,628 

6,042 

1,807 
6,358 
5, 967 
9  5, 000 

1 

» 

Texas: 

Dallas: 

El  Paso . 

Fnrf  Wnrt.h 

si 

>  > 

> 

Houston . 

San  Antonio . 

Utah: 

Salt  Lake  City. .. 
Virginia: 

Portsmouth . 

Roanoke 

Washington: 

Tacoma . 

West  Virginia: 
Huntington . 

Wisconsin: 

La  Crosse . 

Oshkosh . 

Racine . 

3  Included  in  column  12.  5  Statistics  of  1915-16.  8  Statistics  of  1916-17.  9  Estimated.  10  Included  in  salaries  of  tcachfrs. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


648 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF 


EDUCATION, 


1916-1918. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction. 

•moj, 

25  S  S  50  *©■^'50  OOONTfMMOIMNiOOiO 
S  ^  ?2  2  —  c  n  oc  w  ^  -t  n  f  o  xono 

OOOOCCC©  '©•<^00  'fO^HioO'trt®NOO 

”  «3<Neo'  eoNNH- 

•s{ooqos  jaq;o 

o 

<N 

CO  • 

•iauoijaooA 

a 

©  CO 

oS 

CM^CO 

•(qSiq)  Aiapuooag 

00 

$2,859 

739 

4, 740 

2,800 

4, 180 

305 

349 

271 

559 

2,742 

1C  u- 

9*- 

CO 

CO 

CM* 

•(siooqos  qStq  jonmf  nr 
sapajSAaajnauiaia  pua  suaj’aaSi 
-aapuiq  Surpnioui)  Aaajuauiaig; 

$1, 959 

1,121 

17, 090 

2,576 

7,315 

1,109 

477 

3,408 

699 

2,928 

11,382 

2,543 

1,584 

393 

6, 142 

3,766 

2,285 

9  5, 000 

14, 989 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

t*wl 

«e 

$213,073 

70,046 

217,537 

59,241 

167,816 

16,545 

62, 638 

85,980 

48, 083 

66, 648 

110, 407 

18,  654 

59, 106 

63,  298 

71,  365 

99,  223 

83, 278 

64,  405 

193, 482 

•siooqas  aaqio 

lO 

CO  . 

N-  . 

• 

•  • 

'lanoi  iaooA 

•(qStq)  Aiapuooag 

«® 

$81,462 

28,185 

59, 924 

23,000 

53,015 

4,475 

20,977 

25,239 

10, 150 

16,432 

23,952 

27,045 

12,612 

2 

CO 

O  CO 
O  < 
CM  CM 
oTr-T 

T-H  lO 

•(siooqas 

q§rq  joumf  ur  sapaoS  Aaaj 
-uaxuaxa  Suipnpm)  Ajajuaraaia 

©1 

$131,611 
41, 861 
155, 093 
35, 341 

110,479 
12,070 
41, 661 

60,741 
37,933 
50, 216 
86, 455 

18, 654 

46,’ 368 
66,740 

62, 121 

76,063 

40, 105 

142, 269 

•ua^jagjapu]3 

- 

88  8  : 

10  05  CO  • 

U  *  : 

828  28  : 
COCOCO^CM*-H  • 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

•fa^oj. 

® 

$29,815 
2,400 
3, 420 
9,440 

21,244 

4,450 

10,401 

_ 

7, 450 

4,800 

13,590 

1,830 

1,500 

2,200 

17, 200 
8, 638 

O 

ON 
^  L- 

"of 

•siooqos  Jaqio 

a 

•(q3iq)  Aaapuooag 

cc 

$5,412 

2,400 

3, 420 

2.400 

3,092 

1.400 

2,303 

2,550 

2, 100 

3,360 

1 

CnT 

5,118 

88 
O  CO 

co'co' 

•(siooqos  q3tq  jojnnf  ui 
sepaiS  Ajajuarnaia  pua  suajieS 
-japuxq  3uipnpxn)  Aaejuamaia 

$24,403 

7,040 

18, 152 

3,050 

8,098 

4,900 

2,700 

10, 230 

1,830 

1,500 

17, 200 
3,520 

tSoo 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

•piox 

$11,399 

5, 490 

27,225 

1,410 

5,056 

1,957 

6,325 

2,600 

3. 600 

2, 550 

5.600 

3,915 
2,790 
2,233 
4,887 
2, 400 
18, 913 

•siooqos  jaq^o 

iO 

•(q3xq)  Aaapuooag 

CM 

So 

u 

*2  •  o 

o  •  to 

U-  •  CO 

I 

O 

IQ 

CM 

•(siooqos 

q3jq  joumf  ur  sapao3  Aral 
-udurap  Suipniom)  Aaajuatuaia; 

©5 

$4,587 

5, 490 

27, 225 

705 

5,056 

1,607 

6,325 

2,600 

3,000 

2,550 

5, 600 

2,665 
1, 800 
2,233 
4,887 
2,400 
18,913) 

•najjaSjapuiji 

©1 

1  \\ 

:I  : 

•  §1  • 

South  Manchester . 

Stamford . I . 

Cities. 

California — Con. 

San  Jose . 

Santa  Cruz . 

Stockton . 1 

Vallejo . 

Colorado: 

Colorado  Springs 11 
District  No.  1 . . 
Trinidad . 

Connecticut: 
Ansonia . 

Bristol5 . 

Danburv . . . 

Greenwich . 

Manchester . J 

Middletown _ 

Naugatuck . 

New  London..  . . 

Norwalk . 

Norwich . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


649 


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itNO»0 
05  05  05 

oTco'd'^' 


g££g 

NdH05 

o'coo'd#s 


COONN0500C 

OOOCONHLOOI 

05  ^  CO  oTlo'rH'l 


LCdo 

00  05  o 

LO  LO  05 

350 

660 

£  £8  gSSSSgggSS 

rH  05  CO  CO  LO  05  00  CO  HHH 

<N  lo  1  ‘O  • 
o>  CO  •  o  • 
»0  <N  |  1—1  • 

•  •  LO  'NOOOLOO 

•  •  r-H  •  05  1-H  Tt<  o 

•  •  -NOOdO^ 

OL0OL0QL0L0C0C005 
od^ioONO  h-co  i-h 
cocondo^oiOHco 

r-T  CO' 

•  !  ** 

ccT  d'  co'co'd'oTofLosi-TLo''^r 

■  co"  | 

;  '1-T  •  co'd'TjTcsTi-T 

OcToTco'  oo'io'oo'  1-ToT tjTco' 

3  Included  in  column  12.  *  Statistics  of  1915-16.  9  Estimated.  »  Not  including  district  No.  1.  18  Included  in  column  11. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


650 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  oi  instruction. 

•moj, 

$3, 198 

500 

644 

3,019 

104 

2,369 

5, 533 

1,210 

875 

2,075 

7,878 

5,131 

10,583 

8, 162 

745 

8,696 

8, 142 

10,583 

•siooqos  jaqiio 

o 

n\ 

’I'Bnoij'BooA 

~ 

•(qStq)  Aa'cpuooas 

ec 

o  o  •  co 
oo  o  •  oa 

<M  ;  05 

s  • 

-r  Tt<  lO  G  OiOOOOOOfNiOOOO 
oo<m^ho  ^Ht^©or^OGi-«cr^ 

iOOO(M  NHC^WOO  ©  G  CD 

r-Ti-T0*  t-T  coco  o'ofco' 

•(siooqos  qSiq  jonmf  ux 
sapej2  Ajejuauiaiapue  s’uaipreg 
-japurq  Suipnioui)  An^uauiaig; 

t> 

OO  O  CO 

T*  O  ^  C* 

Oi  CO  o  © 

H01  CsT 

OlOOOC  IOOOOHIO(NWH(NIO 

W’tHH  OONWOOiOOO^O 

OO  l-  O  OO  ©  00  Oi  1-H  O  CD  lO  05 

co  i-T  i-To’^o'io'  oTui'ciT 

o  o> 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

’TOOX 

© 

$82,821 

69,085 

49,382 

57,211 

105,725 

58, 033 

38,097 

102, 828 

52,071 

53,570 

106, 146 

73,985 

139, 223 

68, 052 

50, 830 

43, 530 

81,898 

85, 971 

68,052 

•siooqos  jaq^o 

- 

816 ‘Z® 

....... 

1,177 

•ieuor;eooA 

$1,200 

22,535' . 

13,612 . 

28, 468  . 

25,921  . 

23, 340  . 

•(q3iq)  Ajcpuooag 

$24,530 
18, 025 
12,859 
12,200 
34, 467 
17,310 
12, 739 
33,770 
14,216 

21, 320 

28,525 
22, 233 
32, 963 

23.340 

•(siooqos 

q3iq  jonmf  ux  sapuiS  Ajb; 
-uauiaia  ’Suipnpui)  AjB^uauiaja 

a 

$57,091 
51,060 
36,523 
39,592 
71,258 
40, 723 
25,358 
63, 265 
32, 911 

32,250 
74, 278 
51, 752 
95, 915 

44,712 

28, 295 

29, 918 

44, 525 

60,050 

44, 712 

•  •  •  Oi 

•  •  •  LO 

•  •  •  9^ 

•  •  co  co 

•  •  Oi  <M 

•  •  o 

;  juSef 

S 

H  •  CO 

evT  ;© 

jl^i 

•  <xTw  • 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

•PUOI, 

© 

lO^HOONWOOl  CO 

NCONHlOHOlOiH 

00W(NOOM^05(N 

jfeJoT. o'  o^oit^cooo 

17,570 

9,925 

17,465 

2, 100 
8,627 
9,546 
5, 900 

•spoqos  jaiRO 

© 

o  •  • 

•  • 

3  :  : 

•(qSiq)  Ajepuooag 

1  00 

$2,275 

1,600 

2,422 

1,532 

2,200 

2,745 

1,695 

2,697 

1,910 

2,800 
1,800 
2, 930 

©  ©  •  • 
OG  ;  . 

<N  CN  ;  ; 

•(siooqos  q3tq  jonmf  m 
sapcj3  Aje^uauxaia  pire  s'ua^j'eS 
-japurq  Surpnpm)  Arepiauiaia 

$2,600 

10,665 
6, 849 
5, 086 
9,857 
6, 467 
5,731 
11,302 
6, 303 

14,400 
!  8, 125 

14,535 

2,100 

6,527 

7,546 

5,900 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

•ino>L 

© 

$2,675 
2,125 
7,411 
5,504 
15, 620 
5,445 
3,358 
5, 694 
1,348 

9,037 

8,922 

4,960 

4,723 
4, 290 
7,956 

•siooqos  joq;o 

•(q§iq)  Ajepuooag 

$1,218 

9,894 

115 

965 

•  LO  • 

•  oo  • 

•  CO  • 

3  :8  : 

CO  |  CO  | 

of  jef  ; 

•(siooqos 

q3iq  jonmf  ui  sapcj§  AjBq. 
-uauiaia  *2uipnpm)  Ajupiauiaia 

05 

lOiOHCOiOCOCJiO 

r^<M»-HOOcvjT#4Tf<oooo 

g|e*  »oVTco'^ 

5,000 

5,057 

4,960 

2,400 

4,290 

5,356 

•uaijBSjapmx 

<N 

:  :2g 
: 

•  • 
g  :  : 

Cities. 

- 

Indiana— Con. 

Logansport . 

Marion  a. .  . 

Michigan  City.. . . 
Mishawaka . 

New  Albany . 

Peru . 

Richmond . 

Vincennes . 

Iowa: 

Burlington . 

Clinton . 

Council  Bluffs.... 

\t 

c 

! 

Keokuk." . 

Marshalltown.... 

Mason  City . 

Muscatine . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  651 

H^N  COOONiC^iOCONNOOMMOOcONNt^ 
(NiOO  lOCCNiOWcOOOcOOOCO'^ONWOicO’TCOO 
(NiOH  NOOCC’I'OOHCDNTPNiCiO'^HHOOcDiO 


IH05  00C3N0005  Tt<  CD  CO 

uOO^h03hO»0  W  iO  »Oh 

iO^IOCOHCOOOIN  05HC0  05 

r^^VeiVo  of  T-Ti-Ti-Tr-T 


N  CO  05  O 
rf  oi  H 

rr'co't'-'cD 


'to  W05iCOONcDCOiOiC'^^0«OCOW< 


§§HO 

NCOOh 


NCDH< 

t-T  cfi 


0  05 
(NOiO 
to  04  CO  00  04  to 


co03oot^«oc»505ior^03 

~“33j33§sq-‘ 

of  tjT  o'  of  r-T  of  of 


COC0O51ONO5COWIOCONHCO500 

COHCOCOCOOXC5005CO(NON05 

(NhOcOhNOC(NCOOONCOCO(NCO 


O  rH  C 

^  HIOC. - -  _  . 

^  HCOCO^COOOiOCO  O  T-H  ' 

rHrHrH^oV^N  Co' 


KSSj 

ofoftO  ' 


to  to  ©  CO  h  04 

00  to  CO  05  to 

‘  00  to  oo 


CO(NN 

cJVh  i-T 


-  -  !t00505§$S^SSEoSNSc 

OOCOOiOOCOrrcOlNrHfN^COiOCOr 
to  oT  CO  ^  CO^  CO  cT  CO  ^  CsT  t>r  co'  riT  C\T  ccf  C 


)  N  O  CO  CO  to  CO  1 
5  I>rVH  r-ToTc  ^ 


rHTT  O  NfN  rHO  lO 

O  ^  00  th05  0  0  hN 

04  to  CO  CD  00  to  CO  HH 

r-T  r-T  CoT  tr^  cTr-T 


CONc0^^coa}COCO^OOHOD<Nto»ODD 

CONOC5TfGOOCNtOGO!NcONGOCOCOCrr 

toOCOt^rjiOiCqcOOCOi— (to^tocooooto 


C5  W  CO  N 
rH  00 - 

to  CO 


s  s 
a  s 


00  O  O  00 

O  O  05  00 
^  ^  05  to 


I  05  05. -to  05 

:£R8S 


Rio 2=8  RR8  855R88! 

NNtO^  00  1^  ^  I>  00  CO  ' 


^r>oooootOi-H<Nco»otoco 


)*OCON 

raT^'co'o'cooococooo 


004  TH  rH  T 


SCOHtMOW 

I  CO  00  N  CO  N 
|OOtO(NCON 


CO  05  CO  O  to  05  05  < 

CO  CO  <M  05  < 

O  05  04  CO  to  CO  C  < 


N-  ^  CM 
04  Tj<  rH 


00  CO  05  to  CD  05  to  CO  CO  04  ©  tj 

t''*  05  i— (  05  (NCOO  Nh'J'Q  O 

‘OQlCoToTxiroc'  ©N^cToT  TjTtCoT  tCtotOCcT  rf  tjT  tC  OO  o' o' r-T  tjT  CD  rr' ocT  c 

to  CO  CO  CO  rH  CO  04  04  CO  CO  (N  H  rj1  04  04  CO  CO  CO  04  CO  O4CDtO00O4l^CO'<*( 


!S?S288g: 

»  05  CO  CD  O  04  CO  < 


•  1  •  0  1  •  • 

:88 

;  ;  ;  ;gg  ;  ;  ; 

;  o  •  ■  •  . 

•  •  to 

.  cD  CD 

D  ;  ^  ;  ;  ;  ; 

;  :  :  ;  ;  ;  ; 

; *o  ;  ;  ;  ; 

;  ;  *h. 

•  i  •  cq  •••,•»•  ^  •  •  • 

<*tn  m  t — i  nri  i  ft  r\l  rri  lt*  rsi  tD  CD  CD  CD 

O  to  to 

cq  •  <N  ■  ... 

CD  CD  tO  CD  04  CD  CD 

:  :  :  :  :  : 

n  nr  nr  (H  ^  h 

!  !  ^ 

00  05  CD  O  04  l 


05  CD  05 
CD  CO  ^ 


1  to  to  O  CD  »0 


[  8  58  K  88  S  388  §{53558  8 

roTtCco  ^^of  oToTtCofof  ^t-Too  rf^T  iC  of 


i  Hi  HI!  Mi  HUM 

2,479 

2,200 

2,045 

1,550 

2,000 

S8£8  £888  8&S  S888  888  882RS8288S8R8888 

t>04t^I^  C5  QO  00  !>•  rH  to  CD  to  00  04  O  CD  00  O  OOCOOOtOCDH^HOOtOON^OO 

oT  oT  r-T  r-T  i-Ti-Tr-T  ofr-Tto  ofr-fofof  r-Tcoco  rf  ofofto  t>T  ofcoofco'of  of  rf  co  of  r-f 

88 
T-H  O 

of  CO 

13, 350 

7,059 

4, 005 

« 88  8  8  8  8  8  8 

000=®MNlO®  rr 

co^coVd'to'cD'  ^ptQ 

O  OOQ  OlONO  0400  ©  ©  CO  CO  04 

O  CD  00  05  04  to  th  O  O  O  CO  tC  tO  r-j  N  00  O 

O  00004  rH  04  00  to  00  rH  04  xr  to  05  rfi  CO 

of  rjTof  of  co  of  rf  co  00s  of  of  oo'i>  r-f 

8,  796 

7,211 

3,100 

_ 

2,458 

7,769 

6,040 

0  0 

04  CO 
00  04 

rP  zS 

io  ^  p  ' 

04  05  CO  04  < 
sNODN- 

''r-ToTto'  co  c 


OONDTPOlO 

oi'  ccf  of  oT  cd  oT 


to  T*  00  CO  rH  to  CO  O  Tti  Oi 

COtiiQhCDO^hON  £4  I 
CO^CD^tjicDCOI>»t-h  ^co  1 
CO  CO  oTtC  rjT  rr '^tCcsf  Or-f  1 


04  05  o  CO  CD  CO 

O’TQOCJh 
N  CO  00  CD  CD  C 

i-H  ofi-T 


O  rH 

O 

o  o 
r-fof 


518 


04  05  CO  00  05  O  C 
Tt<  05  CO  CD  < 

r-To4  to'co'co  CO  i 


CO  O  C 


>  05  04 

«  rH  05 
i  CD  to 


to  t>»  05  to  CD  O 

O  05  o  to  rH  04 
HCOOONCOtO 

04~  to'  th'  acT  co'  r-T 


N  CO  CO  (  .  

tp  CX'  04  rH  CD  00  rH  CO  l  - 
04t0  05TT^t0C0HH 


to  c 

OfOf<b'l>  COOf^o'of 


W 


3  Included  in  column  12.  6  Statistics  of  1915-16.  s  Estimated.  10  Included  in  salaries  of  teachers.  13  Vacation  schools. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


652 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction. 

BIENNIAL  SURVEY  O 

•puoj, 

F  El 

>UCATION,  1916-1918. 

oiMtcaTfocoNONiooos  co  co  -r  ©  P-  7-  Lo 
uf  co"  o'  J-T  eo  ^  00"  cT  00'  co"  <0  10'  tF  eo'  ©~  of -tV? 

•sfooqos  jaqio 

© 

91SIJ' 

. 

•feuoi^'BOOiY 

© 

•(q2rq)  Aiepuooag 

GO 

JPS2'I!I'ococ^TrCTloc©oo©  0  •  '©i^©co 

NNOJOO-HLOOOOtO-fl-M  O  ■  •  -*t<  ir- 

tOHiflONrHOOrHNOONO  lO  ■  ■Olfl' MN 

gc4'i^lo'rH'c^(N~C^rH"f0~rH'f0'<N'  .-f  '  !  r-T  “  r-T 

•(sfooqos  qSiq  joninf  ui 
sapeiS  Amiuauiap  pun  suajie§ 
-aaputq  Smpnpui)  Ara^uauiaig; 

$4,236 

4,084 

5,049 

6,948 

9  1,721 

2,730 

9  5, 204 

4,591 

859 

9  5, 708 

1,991 

2,338 

3,905 

2,800 

1,372 

3,435 

7, 651 

2,322 

9.3,889 

2,789 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

T^ox 

© 

$79, 935 

60,037 

65, 945 

133, 869 

29, 933 

62,  772 

105, 645 

64,722 

25, 724 

87, 829 

55, 897 

62, 400 

56, 523 

50, 493 

34,541 

87, 069 

156, 914 

47,578 

51,225 

87, 835 

"sfooqos  jaq;o 

us 

:  :  ;  •’  :  :  :8 

•IBUOUBDOA 

•+ 

•(q3tq)  ifj'Bpuooag 

eo 

TJ>OOlO<W©OOlOfOOO<NO©U3  ^<  ©  ©  ■§  C  00  2 

CxT OO  CO*  U3  OO  ©  rf J>T ©*  csf o' 

rt«M  NhNH  CO  )  CO 

•(sfooqos 

qihq  Joiunf  ui  sapcAi  Hiv) 
-uauiap  Suipnpux)  Amiuamajg; 

Cl 

$61,506 

41,172 

52,358 

98, 529 

21,837 

42, 896 

78, 056 

47, 409 

18, 917 

65, 599 

45, 891 
34, 800 
42, 009 

20, 000 

22, 578 

53,365 

113, 427 

32, 492 

33,312 

42, 150 

•U8^JBSJ9pUT2 

S 

p  •  ©  © 

p  ■  ©  CO 

©  /— .  •  ,-H  r-. 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

•IBIOJ, 

© 

(i°) 

$13, 641 

7, 944 

10, 961 

(10) 

10,242 

(10) 

7,227 

2,220 

(i°) 

2,040 
4,850 
2, 400 

8, 875 
9, 842 
1,800 
6, 300 
3,600 

•sjooqas  joqjo 

© 

•(q3iq)  Arepuooag 

oo 

•  S  ©  3  '•  g 

•  ©  CO  <N  •  OO 

■  of  <n"  eo  •  of 

1 

2,087 

2,220 

2,040 

3,250 

2,400 

808088 

CO  CO  OO  CO  © 

ef  eo  t-T  r-7  ef 

•(sfooqos  qSiq  joiunf  ui 
sapciS  A  jinuauiap  pun  suaf  jb3 
-japuxq  Smpnpui)  Am^uauiaig; 

ig’tN  •  (N 

•  CO  CO  t'*  •  Tt1 

•O  ION  •  L- 

•  s 

O  • 

S  : 

:§  : 

KS  :§g 

10  rr<  •  CO  CO 
ccT  CO  •  rjT  r-f 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

© 

(10) 

$2,340 

2,564 

(i°) 

1,520 

(10) 

4,625 

3,907 

(.0) 

3,420 

1,325 

2,500 

g§t2g  :g 
ofrP  cTof  •  © 

•sjooqos  jaqio 

1 

•(qSiq)  AjBpuooag 

•  QO  •  O  • 

|  <N  |  rH 

400 

200 

903 

§  ;i  :  : 

•(siooqas 

qgiq  joiunf  ui  sapcaS  ifjef 
-uauiap  Sm’pnptn)  Aacjuauiaia; 

eo 

•  O  •  Tfi  •  CO 

•  CO  •  CO  •  03 

•  CM  •  CO  •  CO 

•  of  •  of  •  r-f 
;  •  • 

11 

rr'co' 

3,020 

1,125 

1,597 

88SS  :g 

rr  10  uo  •  co 
cvf co  co  i-T  •  co' 

•uapcSaapuTvi 

m  ■  •  •  • 

Cities. 

- 

Massachusetts — 
Continued. 
Northampton.... 

Peabodv . 

Plymouth . 

Revere . 

Southbridge . 

Wakefield . 

Waltham . 

Watertown . 

Webster . 

Westfield . 

Wevmouth . 

Winthrop . 

Woburn . 

Michigan: 

Adrian . 

s 

- 

p 

< 

Ann  Arbor . 

Battle  Creek . 

EscanabaG . 

Holland . 

Ironwood . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


653 


CM  © 

OC  © 

©VT 

5, 932 
27,072 
3,148 
2, 657 
9,270 
3,444 

3,309 

3,366 

2,893 

13, 852 

8,313 

4,510 

1,600 

3,919 

1,434 

2, 261 

6,262 

15,090 

17,432 

6,082 

11,093 

5,376 

3,419 

7,  736 

4,855 

7,005 

2.450 

14,986 

4,834 

8,040 

8,050 

7.450 

5,854 

10, 271 

13,533 

10,703 

6,279 

2, 892 
805 

2,069 
13, 297 
9  250 

©  ©  ©  ©  ©  © 

©  CM  O  ©00  CC  M3 

l-  ©  ©  ©  r- 

CO®  th'th'®  Iff  cm"' 

422 

886 

1,419 

782 

777 

823 

9  2,250 

7,058 

2,214 

9 1,976 

1,930 

9  3,428 

9  1,000 

4,305 

800 

1,850 

2,870 

2,362 

2,400 

2,730 

3,728 

1,482 

3,075 

9 1,867 

2,910 

1,144 

3, 863 
13, 775 
9 2, 898 

S2  882S38 

©00  NNhhO 

Iff  csf  T-T  ^  cm"  of  iff 

4,088 

714 

2,500 

652 

1,484 

5,439 

9  12, 840 

10,374 

6,082 

8, 879 

9  3, 400 

1,489 

9  4,308 

3,855 

2,700 

1.650 

13, 136 

1,964 

5,678 

5.650 

4,720 

5,854 

6,543 

12,051 

7,628 

»  4, 412 

63, 340 

56, 598 

48, 816 
46,386 
151,754 
99, 950 
90, 424 
57,163 
46,  717 

41,344 
35,190 
31,068 
122, 761 
68, 963 

52,868 

38,084 

45,675 
32, 978 
31,697 
56,227 
29, 603 

64, 180 
182, 104 
81,859 
67, 885 

57, 463 

63,960 

41,249 

75,819 

30,551 

46,837 

22,295 

77,450 

48, 182 

70, 254 

131,000 

46,525 

79,611 

125, 594 

99,912 

119,975 

83,516 

•  co 

i,i20 

1,530 

© 

!>• 

•  •  •  •  1  •  ©  •  •  • 

•  •  •  j 

21,275 

19,996 

18, 626 
15, 527 
63,673 
26, 700 

19,218 

17,075 

24, 784 
16, 602 
14,075 
36, 000 
28,000 

18, 940 

9,135 
9, 690 
9,165 
14,012 
9,506 

19, 750 
49,080 
22, 878 

16,769 

23, 810 

16,550 
32, 683 
11,350 
15,062 
7,496 
16,950 
16,415 

17,799 

35,000 

13,625 

30, 120 

12,796 

26,050 

27  700 

OC  i— i  i— »  Ci  CN  O 

(M  ©  ©  ©  o 
WW^rXCN 
^  iff  c  O  00 

CO  CO  CM  CO  00  CO 

31,922 

25,632 

12, 713 
18, 588 
16, 408 
73,361 
36, 772 

33,928 

36,540 
23,288 
22,532 
42,215 
20, 097 

44, 430 
133,024 
55,461 
67,885 

39,114 

37.350 

24,699 
40, 060 
19, 201 
31,775 
14,799 
60, 500 
29,807 

52,455 

96,000 

32,900 

79,611 

75,939 

87, 116 

87.350 
55, 816 

NOOJ  -05  D 

COCO  ■  L-  © 

OC  CO  •©© 

rr"  •  00  tjT 

6,023 

2,890 

2,317 

585 
13, 400 
4,191 

;V! :  1  1 

•  '-'co  •  -T  of 

© 

CO 

cm" 

©  .  .  .  ©  .  © 

co  •  •  •  t'-  •  t'- 

x-^©  •  •  •  ©  •  © 

W  •  •  of  •  ©''-' 

cm" 

1,800 

1,600 

17,255 
9, 200 

8, 872| 

6,722 

6,107 

4,310 

3,400 

8,525 

3,500 

8,640 

1,650 

8,570 

1,500 

10, 645 
2,600 
13,610 
12,900 

5,878 

9,000 

19, 624 
1,983 
3,500 
2,000 
4,000 
7,115 

9  7,751 
15,400 
6,900 
8,595 
17,539 
11,900 

17,630 

7,751 

cf 

1,800 

1,600 

7,707 

2,500 

2,106 

3,100 

1,500 

1,600 

2,300 

2,200 

1,500 

1,260 

1,650 

1,350 

1,500 

2,200 
2, 600 
2,900 

1,600 

2,400 

7,434 
1,983 
2,000 
2,000 
2,300 
2, 229 

9  2,701 
2,650 
2,500 

3,402 

1,800 

2,738 
2, 701 

•  OC  © 

i  Tf  © 

•  ©  t"* 

;  ©  © 

|  6, 766 

cm  ©  ©  ©  © 

CM  ©  ^  ©  CM  © 

©  ©  1-4  CO  © 

CO  tjT  cm"  T-T  ©  cm" 

7,380 

7, 220 

©  j  ©  ©  OC  © 

of  ■  ©"  cm"  rr"  © 

S 

cm" 

© 

c 

© 

1,700 
4, 886 

9  5,050 
12, 750 
4,400 
8,595 
14,137 
10, 100 

14,892 

5,050 

©  CO  ©  ©  c 

S888S 

11,535 

5,319 

1,400 

3,600 

2,565 
5,956 
2, 990 

2,700 

1,260 

4,530 

11,500 

18, 585 
6,420 

3,650 

6,300 

CM 

CM 

Cm'  rf  ©'©‘cf 

5,398 

3,300 

15,928 

3.700 

§8 

©  © 

©  © 

OC  CO 

© 

c 

oc 

© 

CM 

© 

8 

CO 

CM 

! 

©  rf  © 

s  a  8 

1-f  Of 

1 

cf 

8888 

CM  CO  ©  © 

CO  CM  ©1-T 

6,645 

3,856 

1,400 

2,750 

2, 565 

5,036 

2, 990 

2, 700 

§8 

CM  © 

t-T  cm' 

00 

88  8  8 

©  ^  ©  CO 

oc"<©  cm"  ©" 

©  ©  ©  ©  © 

88  888 
CM'cf  Iff  Iff  cm*' 

©  ©  oo  © 
©  ©  ©  © 
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cfcf  coco 

8 

|S 

1 

© 

© 

© 

CM 

8 

00 

©  •  • 

• 

u,  :  ©  o  pj  :  o  .o  :  :  :  : ..  ;  &b  „ 

g|  §  g  Si'S  g  g-2  §  agjQ.-rS  I 

if  g’gsiSs  |  i^S^-ig  ”  J  J3  S  g  § 

iiaasISIliafigggisglflS 

►H  _  _ 


3  Included  in  column  12.  6  Statistics  of  1915-16.  9  Estimated.  i°  Included  in  salaries  of  teachers. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


654 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918, 


655 


®N®N«OWOOOINOO«!0'>)''#iCl  CC  •<*>  CO  t"  rt*  t-  O  i-H  00  O  >C  M  t'- 

CSrtOSiOtOtOINf'iOOOINrHt'NOOiOOO®  iO®NMm®NON®0  >0  00 
NlO®Oiill('OOCO®iON®OlO>OcOO>)'  COCOCO<MC®t^>-H<OCOCO-'C<  050 

CO  U)  co'co'  co' t>C  co'  i-T  >cT  tjT  oo'ci'  -^t-T  'tf'  TfMaOKCrctcScfM  CO  CO 

6,347 

15,022 

1,200 

7,300 

5,120 

5,382 

817 

1,413 

14,033 

1,500 

18,377 

211 

1,896 

2,334 

8,200 

NTt<®®M®CO>ONfflHLOf.®inOHlO  NlOODOmHOmNCO®  00  oo 

W-f^iONCOMI^COOO^NOCOCOHtDCO  >000N00!OC0®®^O00  05  0 
lOfflOO®OHffl!DNCMHffl  r-l  CO  Tf  >0  00  05  t}>  CO  >— 1  O  i-H  05  CO 

.-T.-T^r-Tr-Tof  t-T  oTiig  t-ToT  ®  oT  rg  .-T 

1,702 

4,322 

650 

1,525 

1  ®  1,809 

1,453 

1,000 

3,812 

270 

2,300 

70 

627 

9 1,600 

TtOOCOcDO^OiOOOHrHiOCOCOrHTfcOO  H05  00  N05CDOXONC0  ^  05 

O  05  lO  CM  CM  05  05  05  00  CO  co  to  <M  CO  o  O  05  lO  00  CO  00  O  lO  00  T-H  ION 

N- *0  05  05  l>- N- CO  CO  CO  <M  *0  l>- 05  CO  lO  lO  CO  T-H  05H^NXOcDCS^NW  cO  N- 

c4'c^CvTr3c^cfwfcsfrH'Tlfc^»^CDrCvfT3c<rT^rf  r-T  CO'of  r-f  i-f  C<f  N^  fffcf 

4,645 

10,700 

550 

5,775 

9  3,311 

3,929 

817 

413 

10,221 

1,230 

16,077 

141 

1,269 

2,334 

9  6,600 

COfNOONCDOfCHGJOOOWHOOOcDH 

^WNOH^NWcDOOTf<HCOOHOO»OiC 

oof  of- ^CsT(?^rH^^CXr^C^^<N^rH^rHNLo'r^  r}T 

iOOOLOCOcO^OOCOC^oOiOGii-HiOCOt^^CD 


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cococot^^cocOcocoococo*o^f 


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s^saia  seiliii 


6  Statistics  of  1915-16.  9  Estimated. 


Table  92. — Expenses  of  instruction,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


656 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  of  instruction. 

BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE 

'IBIOX 

EDU 

rcATION,  1916-: 

rH  O  CO  QO  c 

OO  ^  CO  OO  CO  00 

T*  CC  CO  <N 

CO  1—i 

L918. 

©  ^  (N  O  O  ©  ^©00^ 

CO  00  ©  Cl  ©  ©  Tl  ©  ©  O 

CCCMNCOtO  O  (NOOfNC 

T-TcToTcr  ^  io'c^ToTco' 

•siooqos  joqio 

© 

II 

3 

•fBUORBOOA 

s 

■(q2iq)  Xjcpuooog 

QC 

CO  ■  Tt<  >ON  • 

»o  ■  t—  •  O  OO  • 

T-|  .  <M  .  Tf  • 

cT  •  cf  •  <N  • 

•  'o' 

55 

551 

3,388 

40 

5,850 

3,000 

1,949 

1,148 

2,952 

2,641 

'(siooqos  qgiq  jorunf  ux 
S9PBJ3  AJB1U8TH9I9  PUB  s'uai  icS 
-japuiq  SmpnpuT)  AjBiuauiaig; 

- 

$2, 562 

867 

6,161 

3,380 

2, 449 

9 14, 589 

2,805 

. 

284 

1,133 

6,904 

2, 285 

3,655 

1,500 

3,275 

1,751 

7, 696 

3,307 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

•pnoj. 

$57,334 

81,061 

89,619 

47,315 

32, 515 

114,698 

92,972 

46, 850 

24, 917 

39,058 

105, 499 

52, 692 

264,063 

108,000 

50,715 

19,930 

61, 357 

44, 826 

•siooqos  jaqio 

i a 

.  . . ooo 

. •  •  •  1C 

•  •  •  •  .  •  •  CO  OO 

:::::::  ::::::  :  :  :fc« 

•IBUOT^BOOA 

rJH 

:::::::  ::::::  :  :  :  :  : 

•(q3iq)  Ajcpuooog 

ee 

$13, 750 
24,468 
22,430 
13,993 
13,750 
30,400 
24,953 

16, 250 

7,518 

15. 180 

27, 779 

23,518 

65. 180 

32, 070 

13,312 

6. 622 

42,925  11,062 

26,368,  14, 600 

•(siooqos 

qSiq  joTimf  in  sapBJ^  Ajbi 
-uouiop  Suipniour)  AreiuauKqg 

$43,584 
56,593 
61,774 
33,322 
18, 765 
84, 298 
68,019 

30,600 
17,399 
23,878 
77, 720 
29, 174 
191,783 

75,330 

37,403 

13.308 

•uoiiBSiopurji 

s 

•  jS* 

i i 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

imi 

o 

O  CO  lO  O  lO  © 

lO  X  N  O  N  O 
N(N(NCD(N  W 

ogjo'oTcf»r?cov 

to 

8,200 

16,059 

9, 158 
28, 861 

1,200 

6,031 

7,362 

•siooqos  Joqio 

as 

•(q2iq)  Arepuooog 

00 

$1,600 

2,590 

2,125 

1,690 

3,250 

2, 500 

© 

© 

o 

1,800 

3,087 

2,250 

3,991 

1,200 

2,070 

1,989 

•(siooqos  q§iq  joranf  ux 
sapciS  Ajbiuoui0I0  pue  suaiica 
-japujq  Stnpnpin)  Arciuoraoig; 

©  CO  ©  ©  tO  © 

lO  ©  lO  CO  <N  © 
HOHOCOO 

i>eiV^  ofcT 

t-H 

4, 185 

6,400 
12,972 
6, 908 
24,870 

3  £2 

©  CO 
co'io' 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

•pnoj. 

ce 

$2,800 

10, 078 

2, 875 

1,850 

3,862 

1,800 

5,045 

837 

11,665 

• 

p 

•siooqos  joqio 

•(qSxq)  ^JBpuooag 

TH 

:S8  : 

•  T-i  . 

•  S  • 

ZQL 

000 ‘I 

•(siooqos 

q2xq  joranf  ut  sapcjS  ajb; 
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cc 

$2,800 

4,820 

2,775 

1,850 

2,862 

1,800 

4,292 

837 

11,665 

•  *o 

p 

•uaiaBSaopura 

:  :  :  : 

Cities. 

- 

Ohio— Continued. 
Middletown 5 . . . . 

Newark . 

Norwood . 

Piqua . 

Tiffin 

p 
i 2 
!  c 

a 

!  1 
5  P 
.  c 

)  G 

i|1 

iii 

i  A 

I 

O 

h 

If 

5c 

McAlester . 

Muskogee . 

Shawnee . 

Tulsa . 

Oregon: 

Pennsylvania: 

RpAvor  Pallc 

i 

1  a 

;t 
-  1 
iff 

Braddock . 

Bradford . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


657 


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1,429 

4,073 

2,700 

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10,841 

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4,000 

1,760 

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2,000 

3,775 

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2,986 

4,424 

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2,305 

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3,616 

5,097 

|  360 

88 

1,980 

1,395 

009 

co 

© 

© 

CNJ 

© 

© 

co 

•  ©  00 
•  I".  Tt< 

1,429 

3,073 

1,800 

2,660 

5,744 

©  © 

CO  © 

r-Tc^T 

4,000 

1,760 

2, 100 
2,000 
1,888 

© 

© 

00 

© 

csT 

2,444 

1,125 

1,080 

3,690 

2,305 

8 

3,968 

3,740 

2,301 

4, 140 
7,793 

© 

© 

-  2  &  > 


Ef-d 


■  5  o  :  :  g  ^  g 

3  a  'W  >>03  d  c3  S  £ 

^SSwo^oOoO 

0-sai3i?JSSflBfl 


*  R 

22  = 
03  CO  g 


I!5 


3  g  6  g-S  3 

SS-g-H 

nOOOOOfifiiHOMiJSSaSS&fcfcfcfcfc 


© 

o» 

w 

C  £*  -h*  c  *-•  o 

h  h.2  ^  w  to 
©  F(  rj  C9  C3  © 


IMCCr 


O 

i-dlei 

fl 

ri  ”  g  -2 
©  -S  £3 
=  R  § 

ti  O  O  >-, 

P$ 


■  r1 

-S-g  Sj-g^ 
’  Sq& 

s°£> 


g  g»j| 
o-Ij^  R 
£-  c  © 


r)  H  Cj  G 

o-Sfi’g 

O  £^ga2g<1cc 

GQ  02 


.8 

.a  a 


O  CQ  3  m 

3g3« 


59873°— 21 - 42 


3  Included  in  column  12.  5  Statistics  of  1915-16.  »  Estimated.  i<  Not  distributed. 


GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


658 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Textbooks,  supplies,  and  other 
expenses  or  instruction. 

1| 

003 

OS* 

400 

2,861 

923 

1,400 

29, 702 

7,435 

4,96 

1,018 

3,744 

•sjooqos  aaiiio 

£ 

•[BU01P300A 

05 

*(q§iq)  Arepuooag 

(X) 

! 

I 

§ 

§§ 

ill  1 

of 

006 

OOS 

SS 

(sjooqos  qSxq  jonmf  ui 
sap^jS  AjBpiauiaja  pun  suapreg 
-japupj  §uipnpui)  AjBpiauiaja 

$196 

800 

003 

SI 

IS 

ill  8 
:  8' 

II 

O'rtl 

If 

£N 

Salaries  of  teachers. 

•IBIOJ, 

•sjooqos  jaqio 

15  16 

.  $26,965 

.  53, 285 

.  47, 410 

.  34, 477 

.  27,347 

.  61, 295 

.  42, 347 

.  51, 275 

.  48, 985 

.  42, 122 

.  152, 610 

.  163, 768 

.  36,951 

.  58,447 

.  41, 249 

.  30, 454 

.  46,226 

.  66,316 

•1'BUOIl'BOOA 

*(q8iq)  ^CjBpuooag 

05 

assasiBiais  §  m  in 

x'sfs's'sgsisss'  s'  S'S'S  "“'s' 

•  (sjooqos 

qSrq  joranf  ut  sap«o3  £jb:j 
-uauxaja  Smpnjom)  Ijn^namajgj 

a 

IIsSIIrIbII  i  Isl  11! 
gs'gsfsVss'sss'  §  s's' s'  ass' 

•uapreSjapurjj 

a 

:  ;  :  £ 

1 

ss 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
principals. 

TWl 

© 

$1,200 

8,075 

9,730 

7,225 

8,786 

o 

»o 

iis  i 

:®ef  2 

1 

s' 

3,200 

8,100 

8,045! 

•sjooqos  aaq^o 

© 

•(q2iq)  iJBpuooag 

00 

$1,200 

2,200 

1,800 

2,300 

2,050 

1 

jig  § 

•  cs'eo*  oT 

1 

cc 

hi 

-T<NN 

•(sjooqos  q3rq  jonmf  m 
sapBjS  XjB^uaraaja  pma  sua^reS 
-japupj  Suipnjoui)  ^jB^uatuaja 

$5, 875 j 

7,930 

4,925 

6,736 

o 

o 

© 

4,800 

23,700 

18, 100 

I 

2,000 
6, 100 
5,145 

Salaries  and  expenses  of 
supervisors. 

•jb^j, 

© 

1 

18 

of 

900 

5,360 

4,384 

5,169 

2,737 

1,400 

1  3, 9151 

•sjooqos  Jaqio 

•(q2iq)  jtnjpuooag 

-<* 

:3 

•(sjooqos 

qSiq  jo  run  f  ux  sapsjg  tLxz% 
-uauxaja  ‘gmpnjom)  £jn}uauiaja 

os 

1 

976 

2,285 

900 

5,360 

4,384 

5,169 

2,737 

II 

-H  <m" 

•uapreSjapuja  ' 

Cities. 

- 

Texas— Continued . 
Brownsville & _ 

1 

Marshall . 

Palestine _ 

Paris _ 

i 

! 

!i 

:  • 

j] 

A  „ . 

Tyler . 

Waco . 

Utah: 

Ogden . 

Vermont: 

Barre . . 

Burlington . 

Rutland . 

Virginia: 

Alexandria . 

if 

M 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  M1-M8. 


659 


C^IOOOO 


OW(N  OCOCU-iOiOl^iH^<000(NCO  CO 
cf  rf  cf  th%*h'  co*  cfcfrfcf  cfofcTcfcf^Tf©©*  tf 


C3  *0  05  '^OOOCOHNOiO 

to  '10*0  •  N  LO  00  ^  ^  10  N  O 

03  •  t-  •COCOt>OCC3tOOOOO 

gf  •  *  r-f  ©Vf t—T co'  cf 


©  lOQOOiOOOtNOlMHfOHHO  CO 

COOOOONOOCCCCQONHOOW  r-i 
©  >OHC^NOtO(M»OHOiOW  © 

of  cf  of  of  cf  of  T-f  of  cf  rfr-T  r-f  t-T  rf 


T-HC3  00  00©  ^OtHC 

rt<  GO  CO  to  00NOC 

HOODOO  OOOJC 

©fcftOcf  r-T  04  cf  < 


OOWCi»COOCOOO)»0(N05rf  O 

oocuo  C  !  oi  o  -r  o'.'  o-hoooo  o 

CO^tOOOOOrf - —  ~ 


i  <m  co  C3  * 
P©VTcfcfcfcf 


CO  to  CO  CO  CO  00  0^00  05  rHCOCOC 

00  05  h  OJ  h  O  00  0  0  05  OOJOOIC 

lO  <N  to  <M  »-h  03  CO  »— <  C3  rf  CO  CO  CO  C 

of  CO  o  oo'cTof  cfofofcf  oTl  ~ 


)  ^  CO  00  00  Ol  03  © 

lOOiCOHOO^  03 
»  03  to  CO  00  CO  ©  03 


>  T-H  o  OO  ©  to  <M 
|(NNOOtH*hiO 
fW^OOOOrHCO 


)  oo  ©  »o  CO  ©  " 


■  ©  (M 

©  ©  to 
iff  t-Tofcocf 


t'-  ©  03  ©  C3 

OOChhimk 
HCOH^HO 


MHWlNNCOH( 


<  CO  CO  W  N  »0  ‘ 


CO  ©  to  CO  CO  00 

00  rH  N  00  C  FH 

CO  to  ©  ^ 
CO*  03  03  to  03  ' 


£kgS5 

©  <M  t-h 


)CO(N^OOC 


ooi©  i-H©oocoto<M©coooeo 

•  00  ©  CO  to  COH(NN  toCOTfi-^TfttO<M©OOCO 


5 


03  to  00  00  T-H  to  to 

03  ©  to  oo  to  03  L- 

00  ©  C3  ©  ©  ^ 

OO  of^f©©'  to' r-T 


CO©tONNOOO>THNH©rHrH 

^O(NNC0C0Nrt<0505NOH 

OOOtONO©wcOCOO(NH© 

cgV  r-T  o' o' of  oa  o' o' of co* 


>  ©  ©  © ! 


to  <M  ©  ©  < 

s  s§gfc: 


(  rf  00  CO  03  »-H  CO 


l^r-HCOT^Tt<(M(M(M  rH 


©  ^  CO  00  t-h  to  to 

00  to  00  to  CJ  N 

000^0  00  ^ 


l  t''»  00  CO  c 


CONCOiOtO^©OfH’ 

tOOOrH©tO©CN(N(M' 

NNrHiOHOOCOtOOOi 


)  ©  L-  Tfl  i-H  l 


©  CO  ©  CO 
to  CO  to  ©  CO 
CO  1-H  CO  ©  to 

cf  ©%frfcf 


03  03 

of©* 


03  ©  ©  to  CO  ©  ©  00  CO  ©  03  »— < 
r^03©©©^r^©C3©i-*co 
toio©ooo3©©r^.©©^co 
Tfi-ffNfcf^cfoftfcfcfTf 


t'-  00  03 
Cl  ©  00 

CO  to  00 


©  © 

cf  cf 


©  co 
to  03 


03  ©©  to  ©  ©  ©  ^  03  ©  to  !>•  to 
NOCOOHN^OOOH  o 
rirjiCOOCOOWOOOOOH  03 

cf  i-fcf  of  trf  cf  cf  tf^f  cf 


Sc 


fcuObO 

S  0  d 


o  0 


e 


0  w 
0  tig 

^  ^  *cJ  Ft  ^  o*^h^  §i 

I&sf  392113311111“ 

■£° 


d 

£%&  ©  3  «  as©  5  s  a  s  ©  a  ss  s 

w  .©meSfcj^HimHfcOiSMSSSB 

£  £  £ 


Table  93. — Bonds,  taxation,  property  values,  valuation,  1917-18. 
GROUP  I.— CITIES  OF  100,000  POPULATION  AND  OVER. 


660 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


O.-*  i  m  i 
O  g-,2  oi2  1 

~  8  o 


©  xJ 

P3S 


.  O  to  +n  to 

fe*3Sri-gS 

03  £  ©  <-h 

Q.  <D  -4-d  Wr5  ±4 

*a.a  .23 


,  O-g  rt  to 
®dHoFf! 

p3l«’S5j 


P4  §  P  3 
R’co‘m 


§  Ixj 

las 


g. S^ 
S-a  a 

h. sa 


a  a  to 
PS’S 


OO  O  CO 
£-  CO  JO 


P  o 

32 
a  o 


CO 

V.  a 
§6 
ffl 


M  C  C/3 

o  o.23  a 

^  a  .2a 


a^ 


o'Oj  ti 

O  5“  a 

COr^  ^ 


*o  e3  cm 
©Vh\-T 


o  ©  ■ 
»oofi 


§1  ®  A  t»2 


*0  ©0*0  ©  ©0*0 

*0  «0«0N  ©  ©  ©  L- 


0>  03  ri 
ft  8  2. 

SgS; 

P-l 


*0  H  GO 
CO  ©  CO 
CM  ©  ^ 


*0  CM  00 
©  C~ 

1*0  CO  »-H  » 


CM  rt<  *0  CO  ©  ©  i-h 


*0  N  CM 
©  © 


*0  © 
*o 


r°&  3  c 

^■s  ft 


3  a  § 


00  ©  CM 
00  ©  CO 


I  c3  <rj  ^  fa 


...9 

s|gg'^P’§§o 


„  a 

u  § 
o  ^ 

o  P  o  M 
>.2  «» 


li  . 
Is 
St 


■a  £’ 


a  o 
o  o 


5s.2-»2  £ 
C ^  tf-<  oy  s 
"to  o  a  rR 

S  O  p  £ 


53  © 

m<  a  A  5-£ 
c3  PJ  tn  2  ©  , 

2  b“2  2<?'p*§  a  c 

a-§.§®§i®  c 

>>pq  $P 

§  g  3  3 

W  3  a  a 


661 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


d 


{ 

•s 

•t 


Table  93. — Bonds ,  taxation,  propertp  values,  valuation,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION. 


662 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


~  o  •  w  A  °  w 

§j  §£§,§& 

K*  CG  TZJ 


CO  to  <N  (NOhO 

OO  tO  to  C0005H 

to  to  CO  cOl^COO) 


<N  GHO  H  N  o 

CO  'I'MOiC  I- 

00  CO  t'-  00  C4 


SO 

CO 


to  o  o 
"  '  x  r 
OtON 


o>  ^ 

K  B 


ill §11 

*I.S  .SS 


i  0)0  •£  q  ot 

•q'43  M+J  ° 


O  M  . 

S-S 

P-, 


CS  CO  ^  »-H 


b/)-* 

fio 

S'® 

.So 

“  OT 

'd 


3  <urO 

JSS 

1-1  OX! 


a.gs 

2-^c 

p^.Ss 


rj  00  CO  CO 


s  a  %  T* 

o  0.5^  f! 

e-*  a  E£ 

C3  XT. 


+*  C  <D 

0Qr° 


>  O  L-  <M 


Ill¬ 

’S  §  “.5 

COrQ  £ 


tO  CO  o  o  o 

00  W«OOH  00  CO  *0  00  I 

^  cn  Ohoh  to  to  cni  r»-  co 

to*?  ^  oToT  oooo  csf  co~  csfooocT  co  oco 


'O  ,  .-s 

O  w  2-2  <»  A 

?3  s  -  «  12  ° 

a  %  2.2 
P3  3  ^ 


° 

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O  CO  O  ONO< 
CO  CO  *0  CO  CO  co  < 


>> , 

ti  CO-P  H  c  w 

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S.sg 

PhgS 

a  a 


■  lO  O  U5C0050 


lO  CDKCO  a>  00  00  TT  OO  «5 

rr  mono  *o  coo  ^r-~o  ,-< 

cn  rr  co  oo  ■'t  co  cq  oo  o 

O  — I  *o  o"~o  t~  cm  ccT  <dp?-*p'  o' 

oq  lOCSIiOO  00  rr  <N  CO-cncO  i=i 


88  8  Sfci 


cq  GO  dS  o 


toco  O  OCC00N  GO 


)  t-  CO  to  t>»  c 


>»  M 

:  g  o 

.it  * 


c3  C 


bC 


S8 


•  ..-S 


be  V 


.Isa 

:  U  O 


do  §  |s  gs  1 1  all 1 sis  Sis  “S  >  jg  § 

gwafc£|£s.g£s^Sffi!a 

ca  <**!  S  Sc  o*oQ  .S 


<  5 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918. 

§§5111  S8SI  11SII  sal  ill  I  !!!§§§!!§3lS§s§sl  I 

cf-rjj  --w  j  -  -  r?  «- 


3  : 

j 

j 

8 

;  tj«  : 

&  : 

SlSall  llsl  IIS  ! 
3vs  as  ass--  ass' ; 

29,339 

44,664 

18,316 

22,620 

4,596 

4,122 

2,460 

46,947 

52,900 

ilS  i 

:SS  i 

iSS  i 

i§-  ;; 

3888 

8SS8 

isa  II 

:2S 

! 

: 

j 

s" ; 

•  OO 

:S 

if 

i 

§ 

a 

1 

8" 

12,059 

5,440 

27,007 

if 

is 

i- 

19,500 

il 

isf 

i  i  i 
i  -  i 

. 

.  > 

j! 
•  ( 

I  i 
a'i 

. 

25,000 

is 

19,000 

48,000 

006 ‘IT 

I  Ip 

3  : 

| 

il 

i| 

ill  i 
iss  i 

ii 

is 

i 

s 

ill  ii 
isa"  p 

33,UY5 

15,600 
35,500  J 
23,000  | 
10,000 

87,600 

18,000 

29,250 

ii 

74,000 

23.700 
108,000 

43.700 
57, 000 
75,397 

44,000 

ill  ii 
ifs  \\ 

S 

.  . 

:  :: 

. 

1  j 

:  :j 

•  •  j 

7,280 

583 

507 

§  SIS  §ss 

, 

1 

<N 

1,874 

1,811 

I  i 

ef  : 

is 

.  CO 

i  8  i 

. 

ii 

is 

285 

1,505 

80 

§ 

3 

300 

1,582 

260 

i  ill  ji  Sill  §§131  s si  111  1  8B88SI3I8IE1838S8  II 

CO  Jio'i-T  •  «0~  ©oVn  COt^Ort  00''f'3'  -TtH  o'  ^^Co'c^'co'*-T>o'lo'r-rL-J'o  -^co  GO  CO  i-T 


888888  8888  88888  888  888  8  8888888888|888888  £8 


mill  mi  mei  s®i  in  i  ssisisssgisipigs  is 

ss§Vsfs  ssTssf  ss8  38s  s“  88~ 


888888  888®  88828  888  888  8  S88SS838388S833S3S  88 

ojoogioo  o  ^joo  ^o«om  go  oo  oo  c<i  o6occdr^coioioior-l^cd<dioo<o*or^  o>  oo 


663 


i  Estimated.  8  Of  this  rate  3  mills  is  levied  on  $40,445,013,  the  county  valuation  of  city  property. 

6  Of  this  rate  9.41  mills  is  levied  on  $39,453,379,  the  county  valuation  of  city  property.  9  Of  this  rate  3.95  mills  is  levied  on  $60,704,160,  the  county  valuation  of  city  property. 
7 1ncluded  in  column  10.  10  Of  this  amount  $415,000  is  a  charge  against  the  sinking  fund  of  the  city. 


Table  93. — Bonds ,  taxation ,  property  values,  valuation ,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  II.— CITIES  OF  30,000  TO  100,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


664 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


i 

> 

school 

prop¬ 

erties 

(thou¬ 

sands  of 
dollars). 

§311  88  1  ill  i  E  S  ISISSISI 

i-SVhVh*  CO  r-T  ^  hT  ctcfMmcfrfrf 

Expenses  of  debt  service. 

Re¬ 

funds. 

16 

« 

Pay¬ 
ment  of 
interest 
on 

indebt¬ 

edness. 

. 

is 

is 

22,410 

2,066 

1,020 

81,905 

| 

12, 130 

76,781 

11288 

ss'sfss" 

«4 

H 

Ill 

1 

i 

Pay¬ 
ment  to 
sinking 
funds. 

CO 

il 

ji 

I 

I 

4,800 

€ 

18,461 

22,769 

29,925 

28,791 

20,428 

Redemption  of  bonds. 

Issue 
of  new 
bonds. 

From 

sinking 

funds. 

- 

$30,000 

1  1 
-*  s 

o 

3 

i 

a 

i  i 
.©  : 

From 

current 

funds. 

o 

$42,755 

19,000 

35,000 

600 

15,000 

Bonds  and  sinking  funds 
(hundreds  of  dollars). 

Total 

amount 

in 

sinking 

funds. 

35 

1 

£ 

1,757 

50  $ 

1 

<N 

Is 

co\-T 

Other 
forms  of 
debt. 

QO 

l  ,  500 

1 

!  t\i 

- 

7,650 

6,060 

3,980 

500 

1  2  H§  i  I  1  gggfgggg 

co~  -^acT  ^  ^  c<T  ^io'c7'oi'co'o'o'oo' 

Taxation. 

Ratio  of 
assessed 

valua¬ 
tion  to 
true 
prop¬ 
erty 
value. 

KSSS  g£  &  888  8  8  8  8||888§8 

Property 
assess¬ 
ment 
(thou¬ 
sands  of 
dollars). 

»e 

Rles  11  g  i§§  1  g  1  IIIIssIp 
ssssfs;  3 s'  s  gss  S  2  e  s's'sfssess' 

School  tax  rate 
(mills). 

Total. 

5.83 

7.04 

6.55 
10.45 

5.87 

7.49 

14.64 

19.75 
i  10.65 
16.00 

12.50 

136.61 

5.50 

i  5.50 
19.00 
17.03 
7.40 
15.29 
17.11 

8.55 
14.80 

For 

other 

pur¬ 

poses. 

« 

§ 

g  i 

co  ; 

:g  8 

jco  • 

8 

u-  • 

CO  • 

For 

mainte- 

j  nance. 

(M 

§  Sb 

CO  O 

11.03 

10.00 

12.00 

8 

8 

8  : 
>o  : 

Cities. 

- 

M  ichigan— Continued . 

Flint . 

Jackson . 

Tfn.ln.mn.7 nn 

Lansing . 

Saginaw— 

I 

il 

Minnesota: 

Missouri: 

Joplin . 

Qf  TaoatxR 

Springfield . 

Montana: 

"Rnt.t.ft 

Nebraska: 

T.inonln 

New  Hampshire: 

Mnnphfldnr 

i 

II 

v 

S3 

1) 

ii 

ii 

1 

il 

ii 

1 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1017-1918.  665 

12  BEBSaiBS  ESM  8  3SSEE3  i  88l88888SSE8i&6  II  1  Is 

cfi-T  i-T  *-Tr-T  of  .-f  to  of  '-Too'  of  ef»-i  i-Tf-Tco  r-T  .-Tr-Ti-T  t-JV-T  *-7  rf  i-T 


8®  : 

1 

1 

8 

. 1 

23 

53 

1,221 

2,810 

5,866 

933 

84 

1,046 

963 

II  Slllsisi  sill  s  sll  i 
SSf  »~SV'S38S  iSKs'Sf  "  S'S'S  : 

5,688 

69,981 

85,754 

59,515 

2,523 

26,096 

4,281 

77,422 

44, 582 

16, 560 

24,822 

32,015 

23,920 

16,923 

IIS  i 
i  S  i: 

1 

o' 

% 

ill 

ig'l 

1  i 

S' ; 

ii 

:§ 

i 

i 

ii 

is 

41,407 

833 

!i 

n 

i 

5  i 

75,775 

51,422 

17,789 

23,100 

46,058 

§  il 

3“ 

ill 

i 

s 

ii 

;S» 

s 

s' 

1 

i 

1 

§' 

ii  i 
is  i 

i  ii 

j  • : 

i 

3 

1 

s 

31,000 

10,000 

298,890 

6,000 

1  i 

a  : 

22,000 

6,500 

1 

i  ii 

§  i 

f  : 

j) 

JLU,  OUU 

6,000 

10,000 

36,800 

35, 000 
10,000 
5,000 
85,528 

47,592 

3,000 

76,620 

80,690 

1 1 
S' : 

98,504 

50,968 

1 

R 

■Mi 

ii 

ss 

i§  is 

i  : 

8*  j 

623 

2,670 

7,575 

2,325 

895 

it: 

931 

113 

710 

264 

882 

57 

1,638 

iss  ii 

1 

8 

1 

§  !| 
CO  j- 

iin  i 

is 

1 

ii 

IS  llIllsSs  gfigl  1  §§§§§!_  5  pilSll|illlSll  II  I  II 

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88  §g§8  8  888888  8  £§8S8S88g88£8S£  88  5  88 


S3  §111  |  lligll  |  iS8RSSSSSiSS38l  II  1  11 

sfsf  ^38^88  3*33  §  ||8W§  £  8 8 83 53  8 33 8 § 8  8  S  38  ££  ?f  S3 


32  S2S5SS88  S2§£  8  §S8^85  £  888888888888888  88 . 8  88 

d  d  ddoot^oi^Hcooo  noon  eo  dr j5  ■*)?  d  •«*  d  o 6  ddddd^-jddt^eioidt^cloo  uiti  o 6  3d 


Estimated. 


666  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


GROUP  III— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-19-18. 


667 


County  school  sinking  fund.  12  Not  including  District  No. 


Table  93. — Bonds,  taxation,  'property  values,  valuation,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


668 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1911-1918.  669 

§“811  88838881888339868  S88S8S838S8  SSS38338S  8811 


38183  1313SliSI8I8SBi>!s>  88818888888  888888888 

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r-_  rri  r->«.  <v\  rn  n.  m  m  -d  m  n  u  fii  fr,  r>  rh  N  rR  rts  rn  r+>  r**i  rt-  r+«  rvj  mm  m  Pvi  rrT  rri  rvT  r/-T 


8888®  88888888888828888  88888888888  SS2£88888£  8888 

888&^  8S388£888S8  ^oi^ooososoo 


Table  93. — Bonds,  taxation,  property  values,  valuation,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  to  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


670 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


671 


1S!1sIssISI“1SII  s£Si 


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oo 


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3£888  888 


ga§Si33§3gg311iS  ssgi§  II  3398!  389 


Table  93. — Bonds,  taxation ,  property  values,  valuation,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


672 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


2  o-rt  °r3  c3 


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STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918.  673 


1  Kstimated.  13  Town  fund.  No  separate  school  fund. 


Table  93. — Bonds,  taxation ,  property  values ,  valuation,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


674 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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675 


STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 

88g3S8S3SSSS88S9S88g88S83&383883S  8  8  888  S  li  SssS 


552 

86 

j§ 

:  : 

a8s  j 

•  *x> 

:a 

ii 

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il 

«  i 

14,553 

55 

18888  j 

•oT'tf'uTci  ; 

13.050 
16, 932 
3,720 
17,680 
10,792 
549 
5,942 
4,000 
21,135 
8,093 
14,648 

14,562 

130 

12,209 

3,463 

54 

5,629 

10, 736 

9,600 

10, 132 

10,016 

9,156 

7,481 

34,880 

1 

o 

•  o  •  < 

:  s  :: 

•  ccT  •  < 

13,038 

1,309 

25,000 

15,000 

il 

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15, 000 
10,000 
5,000 

ill  i 

jgs  j 

13,000 

3,000 

50,000 

i 

: 

17,500 

7,100 

1  39,000 

887 

26,000 

! 30 

•  CO 

• 

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:  « 

:  S' 

is 

:«r 

* ; 

if 

:a 

ii 

:*s 

! 10 
;oT 

il 

ill  i 

;  C*  ; 

ill  i 

.  oTi>-  • 

18,715 

7,602 

4,000 

5,000 

1 

CO 

ji 

i  ii 

11  i 

as  j 

ii 

:§ 

i  ii 

s 

II 

oo-o- 

il 

•  oT 

*  *  ( 

I  i 

n  : 

j  ji 

11 

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ti,  900 
4.115 

ill  i 

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il  i 
.  . 

j  ji 

11 

bo 

1  i 

■S  : 

j  jl 

ii 

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100  | 

150 

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1,285 

121 

. 

60 

300 

233 

100 

209 

58 

235  1 

1,045 

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3,395 

715 

8,180 

2,380 

1SI  i 

870 

985 

540 

380 

030 

830 

410 

965 

130 

895 

800 

235 

934 

570 

735 

000 

352 

764 

760 

530 

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SSSSSSSSSSSSKSSSSSSiSSSSSSSSSSSSS  S  8  8SS  S3  88  3838 


6  Included  in  column  11.  11  Includes  highway  department  also. 


Table  93. — Bonds ,  taxation,  property  values,  valuation,  1917-18 — Continued. 
GROUP  III.— CITIES  OF  10,000  TO  30,000  POPULATION— Continued. 


676  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Value  of 

school 

prop¬ 

erties 

(thou¬ 

sands  of 
dollars). 

238 

280 

435 

208 

335 

|ss  1  III  SSSS  Seal  §§S 

Expenses  of  debt  service. 

Re¬ 

funds. 

£ 

i 

Pay¬ 
ment  of 
interest 
on 

indebt¬ 

edness. 

i!5 

$6,000 

7,375 

12, 985 

8,800 

1  1 
®  *« 

1 

s 

16,327 

17,788 

22,026 

22,604 

466 

29,291 

18,000 

Re¬ 
demp¬ 
tion  of 
short 
term 
loans. 

•4* 

;s  j 

Pay¬ 
ment  to 
sinking 
funds. 

e® 

I 

3 

8,800 

it 
!  ^ 

4,546 

|  3,080  j 

2,000 

38,945 

1  it 

Redemption  of  bonds. 

Issue 
of  new 
bonds. 

ei 

:i 

j  i 

From 

sinking 

funds. 

- 

11 

£ 

10,000 

3,000 

1 1 1 

6  •  • 

From 

current 

funds. 

o 

1 

& 

§ 

1 

is  i 
;8*  ; 

Bonds  and  sinking  funds 
(hundreds  of  dollars). 

Total 

amount 

in 

sinking 

funds. 

OS 

S  • 

Is 

| 

g 

8  j 

148 

23 

116 

2,280 

160 

Other 
forms  of 
debt. 

00 

Sail 

School 

bonds 

outstand¬ 

ing. 

l> 

$1,240 

1,530 

2,710 

1,760 

1,660 

1  1,150 

5,870 

3,800 

1,195 

2,610 

1,480 

§ 

ISIl  888 

*100  CO 

Taxation. 

Ratio  of 
assessed 

valua¬ 
tion  to 
true 
prop¬ 
erty 
value. 

te 

88 

p-  • 

CO  . 

50 

65 

93 

75 

75 

75 

888  SS38  1588 

Property 
assess¬ 
ment 
(thou¬ 
sands  of 
dollars). 

i® 

gin  1 

7,300 

6,400 

39,275 

33,363 

6,589 

20,361 

11,158 

111  IIIS  1st 

gs-  “srs  3*33 

School  tax  rate 
(mills). 

Total. 

x* 

4.60 

5.77 

5.00 

6.40 

7.75 

6.50 
6.00 

5. 48 

8.80 

6.00 

5.50 

1  2.  70 

1  5.  50 
i  6. 20 

9.05 

12.80 

11.50 

12.00 

7.30 

7.10 

8.00 

For 

other 

pur¬ 

poses. 

CO 

1.60 

1.62 

1.45 

1.40 

5.00 

1.50 

1.00 

1.53 

2.80 

3-10 

2.00 

.70 
1.65 
1.00  1 

For 

mainte¬ 

nance. 

Ol 

3.00 

4.15 

3.55 

5.00 

2.75 

5.00 

5.00 

3.95 

88 

<0*6 

■ 

10.00 

8.40 

10.00 

6.60 

5.45 

7.00 

Cities. 

- 

Texas — Continued . 

Marshall 

Palestine . ' . 

Paris _ 

i 

1 

Sherman . 

Temple . 

Tvler _ 

y 

Utah: 

Ofl'dftTi _ 

Vermont: 

Parra 

if 

J.’O 

1 

Virginia: 

Alexandria _ 

Danville . 

Si 

II 

Washington: 

Aberdeen _ 

mi 

Everett . 

Walla  Walla . 

West  Virginia: 

JJIUC11C1U . 

Charleston . 

Parkersburg . 

STATISTICS  OF  CITY  SCHOOL  SYSTEMS,  1917-1918. 


677 


CHAPTER  IV. 


STATISTICS  OF  UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  AND  PRO¬ 
FESSIONAL  SCHOOLS,  1917-18. 


Contents.— Institutions  reporting— Size  of  institutions— Instructors— Attendance  at  higher  institutions— 
Enrollment  by  departments— Enrollment  in  public  and  private  institutions— Proportion  of  men  and 
women — Degrees  conferred — College  graduates  living — School  and  college  mortality — Libraries— En¬ 
dowment— Benefactions— Value  of  all  property— Professional  schools— Tuition  fees  in  law,  medicine, 
and  dentistry— Income — Per  cent  of  income  from  each  source— Special  courses. 


This  report  presents  the  statistics  of  universities,  colleges,  and 
professional  schools  for  the  school  year  1917-18.  An  attempt  has 
been  made  also  to  secure  certain  comparative  statistics  from  pre¬ 
ceding  reports  in  order  to  measure  any  changes  which  have  taken 
place  in  the  practices  of  such  institutions.  The  report,  therefore, 
portrays  historical  tendencies  and  present  conditions. 

In  corresponding  preceding  reports  the  chapter  on  colleges,  uni¬ 
versities,  and  technological  schools  did  not  include  the  statistics  of 
professional  schools  which  were  not  associated  with  or  affiliated  with 
the  colleges  and  universities.  In  fact,  the  statistics  of  all  professional 
schools  were  treated  separately.  As  a  result  the  statistics  of  affili¬ 
ated  professional  schools  were  duplicated  in  two  chapters  of  the 
report.  The  present  plan  of  including  the  statistics  of  independent 
professional  schools  with  those  of  universities  and  colleges  avoids  this 
duplication. 

INSTITUTIONS  REPORTING. 

For  the  year  ending  June,  1918,  the  Bureau  of  Education  received 
reports  from  672  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools. 
Of  this  number  118  were  independent  professional  schools,  including 
78  schools  of  theology,  12  of  law,  9  of  medicine,  4  of  veterinary  medi¬ 
cine,  8  of  dentistry,  and  7  of  pharmacy.  States  and  municipalities 
control  112  of  these  672  institutions  and  private  corporations  control 
560  institutions.  Of  the  554  universities,  colleges,  and  technological 
schools,  111  are  under  public  and  443  under  private  control.  Only 
one  independent  professional  school  is  under  public  control,  the  other 
117  being  controlled  by  private  organizations. 


679 


680 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  1 . — Review  of  statistics  of  universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools,  includ¬ 
ing  women’s  colleges ,  hut  excluding  independent  professional  schools,  1890-1918 — Part  I. 


Items. 

1890 

1892 

1894 

1896 

1898 

1900 

1902 

1904 

657 

664 

725 

694 

671 

664 

638 

607 

PROFESSORS  AND  INSTRUCTORS. 

Preparatory  departments: 

Men . 

2,177 

1,188 

2,242 

1,396 

2,307 

1,404 

2,313 

1,384 

2,572 

1,506 

2,683 

1,516 

2,632 

1,634 

Total . 

2,803 

3,365 

3,638 

3,711 

3,697 

4,078 

4,199 

4,266 

Collegiate  departments: 

6,375 

1,699 

2’ 084 

7,790 

2,173 

8,258 

2,179 

9,014 

2,205 

9,698 

2,334 

10,548 

2,492 

Total . 

6,198 

8,074 

9,777 

9,963 

10,437 

11,219 

12,032 

13,040 

Professional  departments: 

2,370 

25 

2,847 

24 

3,286 

37 

3,783 

53 

4,298 

65 

4,622 

87 

1 

5,142 

79 

Total . 

1,755 

2,395 

2,871 

3,323 

3,836 

4,363 

|  4,709 

5,221 

Total,  excluding  duplicates: 

6, 834 
1,084 

10, 194 
2,940 

11,861 

3,543 

12,397 

3,550 

13,281 

3,514 

14,546 

3,674 

15,913 

3,893 

17, 559 
4,267 

Total . 

7,918 

13,134 

15,404 

15,947 

16,795 

18,220 

1  19,806 

21,826 

STUDENTS. 

Preparatory  departments: 

29,530 

22,219 

32,166 
20, 159 

34,681 

20,279 

33,985 

20,499 

33,646 

19,828 

34, 814 
21,471 

I  35,152 
20,886 

38,908 

22,023 

Women . 

Total . 

51,749 

52,325 

54,960 

54,484 

53,474 

56,285 

56,038 

60,931 

Collegiate  departments: 

Men  . 

44, 650 
20,624 

52,034 

23,022 

61,206 

28,512 

61,173 

30,873 

63,059 

32,485 

68,047 

36,051 

74,097 

38,733 

81,472 

40,107 

Women . . . . 

Total . 

65,274 

75,056 

89,718 

92,046 

95,544 

104,098 

112,830 

121,579 

Graduate  departments: 

Men  . 

1,973 

409 

2,589 

529 

2,918 

784 

3,121 

242 

3,959 

1,555 

4,112 

1,719 

4,036 
!  1,836 

4,534 

1,950 

W  omen . 

Total . 

2,382 

3,118 

3,702 

3,363 

5,514 

5,831 

5,872 

6,484 

Professional  departments: 

Men  . 

15,342 

269 

18, 734 
530 

20,678 

587 

24,522 

916 

26,378 

983 

29,324 

1,021 

30,248 
|  1,005 

31,113 

965 

W  omen . 

Total . 

Total  number,  excluding  duplicates: 

Men  . 

15,611 

19,264 

21,265 

25,438 

27,361 

30,345 

31,253 

32,078 

102,618 

53,831 

113,544 

58,052 

125,407 
58. 1761 

127, 890 
66.056 

128,888 

58,645 

136,297 
60, 866 

145,225 

63,540 

158,304 

68,145 

Women . 

Total . 

- |  - 

156,449 

171,596 

183.583193.946 

187,533 

197,163 

208,765 

220,449 

Collegiate  and  resident  graduate  students: 

Men . 

Women . 

Total . 

Undergraduate  and  graduate  students: 

In  public  institutions — 

Men  . . . . 

1  44,926 
20,874 

51,163 

23,385 

59, 814 
28,657 

65,143 

32,244 

67,018 

34,040 

72,159 

37,770 

78,133 

40,569 

86,006 

42.057 

!  65,800 

74,548 

88, 471 1 

97,387 

101,058 

109,929 

118,702 

128,063 

1 - 

20,203 

5,894 

22,898 

6,830 

26,147 

7,820 

30,177 

9,060 

34,335 

9,726 

Women . 

. j 

Total . 

26,097 

29,728 

33,967 

39,237 

44,061 

In  private  institutions— 

Men . 

44,940 

26,350 

44,120 

27,210 

46,012 

29,950 

47, 957 
31,509 

51,671 

32,331 

Women . 

Total . 

; - 

71, 290 

71,330 

75.962 

79,466 

84,002 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


681 


Table  1. — Review  of  statistics  of  universities ,  colleges ,  and  technological  schools,  includ¬ 
ing  women's  colleges ,  hut  excluding  independent  professional  schools ,  1890-1918 — 
Part  I — Continued. 


Items. 


students— continued . 

Students  in  engineering  courses: 

General  engineering . 

Civil  engineering . 

Mechanical  engineering . 

Electrical  engineering . 

Mining  engineering . 

Chemical  engineering . 


DEGREES  CONFERRED. 


Baccalaureate: 

Men . . 

Women.... 


Total. 


Graduates: 

Men . 

Women. 

Total. 

Honorary . . . 


Ph.  D.  degrees,  on  examination: 

Men . 

Women . 


Total. 


1890 


1,195 


7,319 


1,145 


72' 


1892 


1,163 


1894 


1,387 

971 

1,016 

452 


6,125 

2,741 


7, 766  8,! 


1,004 


831 


1,233 

293 


1,526 


794 


1896 


1,190 

1,154 

1,090 

222 


8.291 

3.291 


307 

1,767 


756 


1,409 

1,610 

1,001 

297 


1900 


3,140 

4,459 

2,555 

1,261 


3,  i 


12,681 


1,454 

297 


1,751 


632 


304 


9,549 

4,471 


14,020 


1,628 

324 


1,952 


701 


342 


1902 


4,754 

6,363 


1,837 

858 


10,022 

5,079 


15,101 


1904 


6,118 

6,894 

4,389 

2,324 

694 


11,099 

5,082 


17,181 


423 


1, 733i  1,622 


371 


2,156  1,1 


821 i  789 


240 

272 

26 

29 

266 

301 

Items. 


1906 

1908 

1910 

1912 

1914 

1916 

2  1918 

89 

89 

92 

93 

97 

111 

484 

513 

504 

474 

477 

443 

622 

573 

602 

596 

567 

574 

8  554 

2,721 

1,131 

2,814 

1,220 

2,716 

1,216 

2,781 

1,991 

2,484 

1,493 

2,399 

1,418 

1,804 

1,223 

3,852 

4,034 

3,932 

4,772 

3,977 

3,817 

3,027 

11,703 

3,402 

11,393 

1,389 

13,428 

1,549 

15,517; 
3, 826 

,  16,963 
3,800 

19, 140 
4,246 

18,358 

4,960 

15, 105 

12,782 

14,977 

19,343 

20,763 

23,386 

23, 318 

1 

5,601 

96 

5,492 

57 

6, 870 
63 

7,460 

108 

6,666 

86 

7.653 

95 

[  9,955 

228 

5,697 

5,549 

6,933 

7,568 

6,752 

7,748 

10, 183 

19,215 

4,735 

19,254 

2,706 

21,813 

2,854 

24, 508 
5,526 

25,389 

5,923 

28,472 

6,397 

29,509 

7,013 

23,950 

21,960 

24,667 

30,034 

31,312 

34, 869 

!  4  36, 522 

45,756 

27,213 

45,149 

19,877 

42,616 

17,776 

40,376 

23,440 

33,837 

18,027 

33,319 
19, 155 

28,157 
16, 513 

72,969 

65,026 

60,392 

63,816 

51,864 

52,474 

44,670 

Number  of  institutions  reporting: 

Public . 

Private . 


Total . 

PROFESSORS  AND  INSTRUCTORS. 

Preparatory  departments: 

Men . 

W  omen . 


Total. 


Collegiate  departments: 

Men . 

Women . 


Total. 


Professional  departments: 

Men . 

Women . 


Total. 


Total,  excluding  duplicates: 
Men . . 


Women. 

Total. 


Preparatory  departments : 

Men . 

Women . 


Total .  72, 


1  Does  not  include  degrees  conferred  by  professional  sohools. 

2  Includes  statistics  of  independent  professional  schools. 

8  Does  not  include  118  independent  professional  schools,  1  public  and  117  private. 
*  Includes  591  men  and  956  women  teaching  in  other  departments. 


682 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  1. — Review  of  statistics  of  universities ,  colleges,  and  technological  schools,  iwclud - 
ing  women's  colleges,  hut  excluding  independent  professional  schools,  1890-1918 — 
Part  I — Continued. 


Items. 

1906 

1908 

1910 

1912 

1914 

1916 

1918 

students— continued . 

Collegiate  departments: 

Men . 

92,441 

48,497 

101, 188 
33, 198 

113,074 

40,792 

117,756 

69,040 

130,488 

72,911 

152,860 

90,181 

134,271 

105,436 

Total . 

140,938 

134,386 

153,866 

186,796 

203,399 

243,041 

239,707 

Graduate  departments: 

Men . 

5,297 

2,329 

5,757 

2,067 

6,504 

2,649 

7,994 

3,663 

8,885 
4, 209 

11,215 

5,255 

8,497 

5,909 

Total . 

7,626 

7,824 

9, 153 

11,657 

13,094 

16,470 

14,406 

Professional  departments: 

33,239 

901 

31,881 

1,522 

37,903 

1,338 

36,154 

1,462 

35,695 

1,484 

39,301 

1,630 

45,763 

2,830 

Total . 

* 

All  other  students: 

34, 140 

33, 403 

39,241 

37,616 

37, 179 

40,931 

48, 593 

12,982 

24,462 

16,432 

25,824 

11,385 

24,798 

Total . 

37,444 

42,256 

36, 183 

Total  number,  excluding  duplicates: 

&  177,733 
5  80, 870 

194,599 

70,436 

200,339 

73,745 

208, 108 
110,315 

217,683 

117,295 

249,271 

137,835 

223,841 

151,518 

Women . 

Total . 

258,603 

265,035 

274,084 

318,423 

334,978 

387, 106 

375,359 

Collegiate  and  resident  graduate  students: 

Men . 

97,738 

50,826 

106,945 
54, 815 

119,578 

64,005 

125,750 
72, 703 

139,373 
77, 120 

164,075 

95,436 

142,768 

111,345 

W  omen . 

Total . 

148, 564 

161,760 

183,583 

198,453 

216, 493 

259,511 

254, 113 

Undergraduate  and  graduate  students: 

In  public  institutions— 

Men . 

38,975 

12,618 

46,183 

14,075 

49,919 
17, 707 

51, 821 
23,995 

60,321 
27, 499 

70,946 

36,291 

6  62, 162 
6  44, 019 

Women . 

Total . 

51,593 

60,258 

67,626 

75, 816 

87, 820 

107,237 

e  106,181 

In  private  institutions — 

Men . 

58, 763 
38, 208 

61,646 

41,014 

70, 663 
46, 423 

74,797 

48,905 

79,052 

49,621 

93, 129 
59, 145 

6  80, 436 
6  67, 306 

Women . 

Total . 

96,971 

102,660 

117,086 

123,702 

128,673 

152,274 

6  147,742 

Students  in  engineering  courses: 

General  engineering  . 

2,501 

7,962 

7,426 

5,696 

2,826 

1,234 

5,485 

7,251 

7,707 

7,098 

1,790 

2,774 

20,586 

11,240 

7,203 
5, 108 
5,944 
5,683 
1,298 
4,548 

Civil  engineering . 

7,889 

6,377 

5,450 

2,656 

869 

Mechanical  engineering . 

Electrical  engineering . 

Mining  engineering . 

Chemical  engineering . 

DEGREES  CONFERRED.! 

Baccalaureate: 

Men . 

. 

15,053 

9,315 

16, 468 
10,065 

12, 351 
6, 204 

12, 237 
6,378 

15, 267 
7,420 

1  14,720 

1 13,332 

W  omen . 

Total . 

18, 555 

18,615 

22,687 

24,368 

26,533 

31,826 

128,052 

Graduate: 

Men . 

1,684 

416 

1,839 

515 

1,920 

602 

4,360 

852 

4, 160 
1,088 

3,462 

1,062 

12,320 

1  1,160 

W  omen . 

Total . 

2,100 

2,354 

2,522 

5,212 

5,248 

749 

4,524 

825 

13,480 

736 

Honorary . 

8f)7 

7l4l 

672 

914 

Ph.  D.  degrees,  on  examination: 

Men . 

312  343 

25  51 

365 

44 

446 

63 

446 

73 

520 

81 

499 

63 

W  omen . 

Total . 

337|  394j 

409 

509 

519 

601 

562 

s  Estimated  as  to  division.  1  Does  not  include  degrees  conferred  by  professional  schools. 
6  Does  not  include  statistics  of  independent  professional  schools. 


Table  1. — Review  of  statistics  of  universities ,  colleges,  and  technological  schools,  including  women's  colleges  hut  excluding  independent  professional 

schools,  1890-1918— Part  II. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  683 


These  totals  include  only  the  amounts  distributed  showing  the  source  of  revenue.  Institutions  reporting  only  the  aggregate  amount  of  income  for  the  year  are  not  included  in 


Table  1. — Review  of  statistics  of  universities,  colie  es,  and  technological  schools,  including  women's  colleges  but  excluding  independent  professional 

schools,  1890-1918 — Part  II — Continued. 


684 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


685 


i 

g  o 
£  42 

-S  £ 


1 1 
3  i 


l 


1  3 

*  .3 

”  ;q 


t  I 
1  1 
I  I 

S  .5 


686 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  2. — Number  of  collegiate  and  resident  graduate  students  in  universities ,  colleges t 
and  technological  schools  from  1889-90  to  1917-18. 


Year. 

Universities  and 
colleges. 

Colleges 

for 

women 

(Division 

A). 

Colleges 

for 

women 

(Division 

B). 

Schools  of  tech¬ 
nology. 

Total  number. 

Men. 

Women. 

Women. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

1889-90 . 

38,056 

8,075 

1,979 

10,013 

6,870 

707 

44,926 

20,874 

1890-91 . 

40,089 

9,439 

2,265 

9,851 

6,131 

481 

46,220 

22,036 

1891-92 . 

45,032 

.10, 390 

2,636 

9,878 

6,131 

481 

51, 163 

23,385 

1892-93 . 

46,689 

11,489 

3,198 

9,102 

8,616 

843 

55,305 

24,632 

1893-94 . 

50,297 

13, 144 

3,578 

10, 559 

9,517 

1,376 

59,814 

28,657 

1894-95 . 

52, 586 

14, 298 

3,667 

10,668 

9,467 

1,106 

62,053 

29,739 

1895-96 . 

56,556 

16,746 

3,910 

10, 513 

8,587 

1,065 

65, 143 

32,244 

1896-97 . 

55,755 

16, 536 

3,913 

10,929 

8,907 

1,094 

64,662 

32,472 

1897-98 . 

58,407 

17,  765 

4,416 

10, 570 

8,611 

1,289 

67,018 

34,040 

1898-99 . 

58,467 

18,948 

4,593 

10, 866 

9,038 

1,339 

67,505 

35,746 

1899-1900 . 

61,812 

20, 452 

4,872 

11,006 

10,347 

1,440 

72, 159 

37,770 

1900-1901 . 

65,069 

21,  468 

5,260 

11,021 

10, 403 

1,151 

75,472 

38,900 

1901-2 . 

66,325 

22,507 

5,549 

11,311 

11,808 

1,202 

78, 133 

40,569 

1902-3 . 

69, 178 

24, 863 

5,749 

10,995 

13,216 

1,124 

82, 394 

42,731 

1903-4 . 

71,817 

24,413 

6,341 

10,034 

14,189 

1,269 

86,006 

42,057 

1904-5 . 

77,250 

26,739 

6,305 

11,319 

14,911 

1,199 

92, 161 

45,562 

1905-6 . 

i  97,738 

i  31,443 

6,653 

12, 730 

0) 

0) 

97,738 

50,826 

1906-7 . 

i  96,575 

i  32,  850 

7,612 

12,663 

0) 

(i) 

96,575 

53,125 

1907-8 . 

i  106,945 

i  35, 265 

7,977 

11, 573 

0) 

0) 

106,945 

54,815 

1908-9 . 

i  119, 480 

i  42, 328 

8,458 

12,211 

fl) 

C) 

119,480 

62,997 

1909-10 . 

i  119,578 

i  43, 441 

8,874 

11,690 

0) 

0) 

119, 578 

64,005 

1910-11 . 

i  119,026 

i  64, 546 

(2) 

(2) 

0) 

O 

119,026 

64,546 

1911-12 . 

i  125,750 

i  72, 703 

(2) 

(2) 

0) 

(0 

125, 750 

72,703 

1912-13 . 

i  128,644 

i  /3,  587 

(2) 

(2) 

0) 

0) 

128,644 

73,587 

1913-14 . 

i  139,373 

i  77,120 

(2) 

(2) 

0) 

0) 

139,373 

77,120 

1914-15 . 

i  152,307 

»  84,861 

(2) 

(2) 

0) 

0) 

152, 307 

84,861 

1915- 16 . 

1916- 178  . 

i  164,075 

95,  436 

(2) 

(2) 

0) 

(0 

164,075 

95,436 

1917-18 . 

1 

i  142,768 

iii, 345 

(2) 

(2) 

0) 

(!) 

142, 768 

111,345 

1  Students  in  schools  of  technology  are  tabulated  in  universities  and  colleges. 

2  Students  in  colleges  for  women  are  tabulated  in  universities  and  colleges. 

8  Statistics  for  1916-17  were  not  collected. 


SIZE  OF  INSTITUTIONS. 

In  figure  1  the  672  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools 
have  been  distributed  according  to  the  total  number  of  students 
enrolled  in  each.  The  distribution  has  been  made  by  groups  of  100. 
In  the  second  and  largest  group,  144  institutions  are  included,  i.  e., 
these  institutions  enroll  from  101  to  200  students  each.  Over  half  of 
the  institutions  do  not  enroll  more  than  300  students.  Altogether, 
37  institutions  enroll  over  2,000  students.  Of  these,  13  enroll  from 
2,001  to  3,000  students;  9,  from  3,001  to  4,000  students;  7,  from 
4,001  to  5,000  students;  and  8,  over  5,000  students.  From  these 
figures,  therefore,  it  can  be  seen  that  there  are  many  very  small  and 
a  few  very  large  colleges  and  universities. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


687 


tO  H  ts* 


Number  of  si  u  deni's  . 


Fig.  1.— Distribution  of  672  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  according  to  the  total  number 

of  students  enrolled ,  1917-18. 


688  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  3. — Method  used  in  securing  the  data  used  in  the  construction  of  figure  2. 


Groups. 

Per  cent 
of  insti¬ 
tutions 
in  each 
group. 

Accu¬ 
mulated 
percent¬ 
ages  of 
institu¬ 
tions. 

Enroll¬ 
ment  in 
institu¬ 
tions  of 
each 
group. 

Per  cent 
of  total 
enroll¬ 
ment  in 
each 
group. 

Accu¬ 
mulated 
percent¬ 
ages  of 
enroll¬ 
ment. 

1 

2 

i 

4 

5 

6 

1 . 

5 

5 

138  767 

36.9 

36. 9 

2 . 

5 

10 

52’ 493 

14.0 

50.9 

3 . 

15 

30’  697 

8.2 

59.1 

4 . 

5 

20 

24*505 

6. 5 

65.6 

6 . 

5 

25 

18’ 873 

5.0 

70.6 

6 . : . 

5 

30 

16*  272 

4.3 

74.9 

7 . 

5 

35 

13*  740 

3.7 

78.6 

8 . 

5 

40 

12,540 

3.3 

81.9 

9 . 

5 

45 

10, 746 

2.9 

84.8 

10 . 

5 

50 

9,813 

2.6 

87.4 

11 . 

5 

55 

8,618 

2.3 

89.7 

12 . 

5 

60 

7,601 

2.0 

91.7 

13 . 

5 

65 

6,602 

1.8 

93.5 

14 . 

5 

70 

5,964 

1.6 

95.1 

15 . 

5 

75 

5,029 

1.4 

96.5 

16 . 

5 

80 

4,417 

1.2 

97.7 

17 . 

5 

85 

3,544 

.9 

98.6 

18 . 

5 

90 

2, 671 

99.3 

19 . 

5 

95 

1,772 

.5 

99.8 

20 . 

5 

100 

695 

.2 

100.0 

Total . 

100 

375,359 

100.0 

The  effect  of  this  inequality  in  the  distribution  of  students  among 
the  colleges  and  universities  is  perhaps  best  demonstrated  in  figure  2. 
Here  it  is  seen  that  10  per  cent  of  the  institutions  enroll  50  per  cent 
of  the  students,  and  one-half  of  the  schools  enroll  about  87  per  cent 
of  the  students.  The  “bowing”  of  the  curve  of  actual  distribution 
away  from  the  line  of  equal  distribution  indicates  the  degree  of  ine¬ 
quality  in  the  distribution  of  students.  If  the  students  were  equally 
distributed  among  the  colleges,  universities,  and  professional  schools, 
the  curve  and  the  diagonal  line  would  coincide. 

INSTRUCTORS. 

In  the  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  an  aggregate 
of  36,522  instructors  are  employed.  The  teaching  staff  consists  of 
29,509  men  and  7,013  women.  These  instructors  are  distributed  as 
follows:  Preparatory  departments,  3,027;  collegiate  departments, 
23,318;  professional  departments,  10,183 ;  and  all  other  departments, 
1,547.  Almost  60  per  cent  of  the  instructors  in  preparatory  depart¬ 
ments  are  men.  In  collegiate  departments  almost  79  per  cent  of  the 
instructors  are  men.  In  professional  schools  and  departments 
almost  98  per  cent  of  the  teaching  staff  consist  of  men.  Altogether, 
almost  81  per  cent  of  all  teachers  in  universities,  colleges,  and  pro¬ 
fessional  schools  are  men.  It  is  seen,  therefore,  that  the  teaching 
staff  in  these  higher  educational  institutions,  consists  largely  of  men, 
there  being  about  four  men  to  one  woman.  These  percentages  are 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


689 


significant  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  public  high  schools  only  35  per 
cent  of  the  teachers  are  men,  and  in  the  elementary  schools  only  13.4 
per  cent  of  the  teachers  are  men.  There  is  a  tendency,  therefore,  for 
women  to  monopolize  the  elementary  and  secondary  school  work, 
and  for  men  to  control  the  work  in  the  higher  institutions. 

This  tendency  in  these  higher  institutions  is  becoming  more  pro¬ 
nounced  from  year  to  year,  as  shown  in  figure  3.  A  comparison  of 


Fig.  2.— Curve  showing  the  distribution  of  students  among  the  universities,  colleges,  and  professional 

schools,  1917-18. 


the  two  curves,  for  men  and  women  instructors,  reveals  the  fact  that 
in  general  the  percentage  of  men  instructors  in  colleges  and  univer¬ 
sities  has  been  steadily  increasing  since  1892,  while  the  proportion  of 
women  teachers  has  decreased  correspondingly.  It  is  also  evident 
that  war  conditions  did  not  materially  affect  the  teaching  staff  in 
these  higher  institutions,  since  the  proportion  of  men  decreased  only 
very  slightly  in  1918.  It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that  women  are  not 
very  generally  employed  in  the  higher  institutions.  About  one-half 
as  many  women  as  men  receive  graduate  degrees  from  our  colleges 
59873°— 21 - 44 


690 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


and  universities,  but  only  about  one-fourth  as  many  teach  in  these 
higher  institutions.  On  the  other  hand,  about  eight  times  as  many 
men  as  women  receive  the  Ph.  D.  degree  conferred  on  examination, 
yet  only  four  times  as  many  become  teachers  in  these  higher  institu¬ 
tions.  It  should  be  remembered,  however,  in  this  connection  that 
more  men  than  women  attend  universities  and  colleges. 


ATTENDANCE  AT  HIGHER  INSTITUTIONS. 

While  the  total  collegiate  and  graduate  attendance  at  universities, 
colleges,  and  professional  schools  has  increased  from  65,800  in  1890 
to  375,359  in  1918,  or  over  470  per  cent,  the  rate  of  increase  is  not 
significant  unless  comparisons  be  made  with  other  concomitant  rates 
of  increase.  For  example,  has  college  enrollment  kept  pace  with  the 
increase  in  public-school  enrollment  or  with  the  increase  in  the  total 
population?  To  answer  this  question  figure  3  has  been  prepared. 
In  order  to  show  approximate  comparative  rates  of  increase,  the  total 
collegiate  and  resident  graduate  enrollment  in  colleges  and  universi- 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


691 


ties,  the  public  high-school  enrollment,  and  the  total  population  have 
been  reduced  to  index  numbers.  The  public  high-school  enrollment 
for  each  biennium  from  1890  to  1918  has  been  divided  by  the  corre- 


Fig.  4. — Index  numbers  showing  the  comparative  rates  of  increase  in  the  total  population,  the  total  high 
school  enrollment ,  and  the  total  number  of  students  in  collegiate  and  resident  graduate  departments  of 
universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools  from  1890  to  1918.  The  curve  for  college  students  has 
been  shifted  to  the  left  to  compensate  for  lag. 

sponding  enrollment  in  1890.  Thus  in  1918  the  high-school  enroll¬ 
ment  was  810  per  cent  of  what  it  was  in  1890,  or  it  increased  710 
per  cent.  The  index  for  1918  is,  therefore,  810.  The  index  numbers 


692 


BIENNIAL  SUKVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


for  the  total  population  have  been  secured  in  a  similar  manner,  the 
index  for  1890  being  100  and  that  for  1918  being  168,  representing 
an  increase  of  68  per  cent  within  this  period.  As  high-school  students 
do  not  enter  college,  presumably,  for  four  years  after  they  enter  high 
school,  the  curve  for  college  enrollment  has  been  displaced  by  this 
interval  to  compensate  for  lag.  To  interpret  the  curves,  consider  for 
instance  the  .interval  1898  to  1900.  The  slopes  of  the  three  curves 
in  this  section  of  the  graph  are  different,  the  high-school  curve 
showing  the  steepest  slope  and,  therefore,  the  greatest  rate  of  in¬ 
crease;  the  “  population  ”  curve  having  the  least  inclined  slope  and 
therefore,  the  smallest  rate  of  increase,  while  the  “college”  curve 
occupies  an  intermediate  slope.  The  relative  positions  of  the  curves 
one  above  the  other  do  not  indicate  rates  of  advancement;  only  the 
corresponding  slopes  of  similar  sections  of  the  curves  show  this 
tendency  to  increase. 

Thus,  it  is  seen  that  the  high-school  enrollment  has  increased  more 
rapidly  than  enrollment  in  colleges  and  universities,  while  the  enroll¬ 
ment  in  college  has  more  than  kept  pace  with  the  increase  in  popula¬ 
tion.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  colleges  and  universities  have 
not  succeeded  in  more  recent  years  in  drawing  as  large  a  proportion 
of  high-school  students  (or  graduates)  as  they  formerly  did.  The 
multiplication  of  high  schools  in  the  attempt  to  give  every  boy  and 
girl  the  advantages  of  a  high-school  education  has  not  resulted  in  as 
large  a  proportion  of  subsequent  enrollment  in  collegiate  and  graduate 
‘courses.  The  vocational  or  trade  courses  now  offered  by  some  of 
the  larger  high  schools  may  partly  account  for  the  decreasing  pro¬ 
portion  of  high-school  students  entering  college.  One  who  has  com¬ 
pleted  a  commercial  course  in  high  school  is  not  so  likely  to  enter 
college  after  graduation  as  a  student  who  has  taken  the  purely  aca¬ 
demic  or  college  preparatory  course.  As  the  high  schools  become 
more  and  more  vocationalized  the  proportion  of  graduates  going  to 
college  may  be  expected  to  decrease.-  While  the  index  curves  do 
not  measure  precisely  the  decreasing  proportion  of  high-school  grad¬ 
uates  going  to  college,  they  do  indicate  that  this  tendency  unmis¬ 
takably  exists. 

A  clearer  conception  as  to  attendance  at  colleges  and  universities 
may  be  gained  by  comparing  the  enrollment  with  the  corresponding 
population  which  might  be  in  college  if  all  attended.  Figure  5  shows 
such  comparisons  for  biennial  periods  from  1890  to  1918.  It  is  assumed 
that  it  takes  four  years  to  complete  a  college  course,  and  that  the  most 
usual  ages  when  young  men  and  women  attend  college  are  from  19 
to  23.  Some,  of  course,  will  attend  earlier  and  others  later  in  life 
than  at  this  time,  but  the  age  group  chosen  can  not  be  far  from  the 
average.  At  any  rate  the  total  population  for  any  other  similar  age 
group  would  be  about  the  same  as  the  total  population  19  to  23  years 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


693 


of  age.  The  total  enrollment  in  ‘all  departments  of  universities, 
colleges,  and  professional  schools  has  been  compared  with  this  age 
group.  The  continuous  curve  in  figure  5  varies  from  3.3  per  cent 
in  1898,  when  the  smallest  percentage  of  the  population  attended 
college,  to  4.8  per  cent  in  1916,  when  the  largest  percentage  attended. 
The  drop  in  attendance  in  1918  was  caused  by  the  war.  The  general 
direction  of  this  curve  shows  in  no  unmistakable  way  that  the  Nation 


P3R  CKHT  Of  POPULATIOF,  19-25  YEARS  Of  AGE,  ATTESDIS8  COLLEGE. 

PER  CEET  Of  POPULATION,  23  YEARS  Of  AGE,  RECEIVING  FIRST  DEGRESS. 


Fig.  5.— Per  cent  of  population  attending  college  and  graduating  from  College ,  1890-1 918. 


is  becoming  better  educated  from  year  to  year.  Further  proof  of 
this  fact  is  given  in  the  second  or  dotted  curve  in  this  diagram  which 
shows  the  percentage  of  the  population  23  years  of  age  receiving 
baccalaureate  or  first  degrees  for  each  biennial  date.  The  number 
of  first  degrees  includes  first  degrees  granted  by  professional  schools 
as  well  as  baccalaureate  degrees  granted  by  universities,  colleges, 
and  technological  schools.  In  1890  less  than  1.3  per  cent  of  the 
population  23  years  of  age  was  graduating  from  college.  In  1916 


694  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

almost  2.2  per  cent  of  the  population  of  this  age  received  first  degrees. 
Within  this  period  of  26  years  the  proportion  of  college  graduates 
almost  doubled.  The  drop  in  1918  was  undoubtedly  due  to  war 
conditions.  This  curve  is  decidedly  consistent  with  figure  11,  which 
shows  that  231  persons  out  of  each  1,000  entering  the  first  grade  will 
later  graduate  from  college. 


Within  the  last  28  years  considerable  change  has  taken  place  in 
the  distribution  of  students  among  the  various  departments.  This 
change  has  been  wrought  very  largely  by  the  multiplication  of  sec¬ 
ondary  schools  throughout  the  country,  thereby  causing  a  diminution 
in  the  amount  of  preparatory  or  secondary  school  work  required  of 
the  colleges.  As  shown  in  figure  6,  the  proportion  of  preparatory 
students  has  decreased  from  about  33  per  cent  in  1890  to  a  little  less 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


695 


than  12  per  cent  in  1918.  In  other  words,  the  proportion  of  prepara¬ 
tory  students  is  now  only  about  one-third  of  what  it  was  28  years 
ago.  This  decrease  is  compensated  for  by  an  increase  in  the  per¬ 
centage  of  collegiate  students.  In  1890  about  42  per  cent  of  the  total 
enrollment  consisted  of  collegiate  students,  while  in  1918  the  corre¬ 
sponding  proportion  was  about  64  per  cent,  or  an  increase  of  over  50 
per  cent.  No  marked  change  has  taken  place  in  the  proportion  of 
students  in  professional  departments,  in  1900  the  proportion  being 
highest  and  in  1916  lowest.  The  upward  tendency  in  1918  is  due  to 
the  inclusion  of  students  in  independent  professional  schools  not 
represented  in  the  diagram  for  the  preceding  years.  The  increasing 
rigidity  of  entrance  requirement  to  professional  departments  has 
probably  caused  the  slight  decrease  in  the  proportion  of  students 
registered  in  such  departments  since  1900. 

The  lower  curve  in  the  diagram  representing  graduate  students  is 
significant.  The  proportion  of  graduate  students  in  colleges  and 
universities  increased  from  1.5  per  cent  in  1890  to  4.3  percent  in  1916, 
or  almost  threefold.  It  is  clearly  evident  that  colleges  and  universi¬ 
ties  are  devoting  an  increasing  amount  of  time  to  graduate  work  from 
year  to  year.  This  figure  does  not  represent  special  students  or 
students  registered  in  other  departments. 

ENROLLMENT  IN  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  INSTITUTIONS. 

The  relative  advancement  of  public  and  private  universities,  col¬ 
leges,  and  technological  schools  is  clearly  exhibited  in  figure  7.  This 
diagram  represents  the  number  of  students  enrolled  in  collegiate  and 
graduate  departments  only.  To  secure  the  index  numbers  for  each 
curve  the  enrollment  for  each  biennium  has  been  divided  by  the  cor¬ 
responding  enrollment  for  1896.  The  curve  representing  public 
institutions  has  risen  more  rapidly  at  every  interval  than  that  repre¬ 
senting  private  institutions.  In  other  words  the  enrollment  in 
private  institutions  has  increased  113  per  cent  in  20  years,  while 
that  in  public  institutions  has  increased  309  per  cent.  The  rate  of 
increase  for  the  public  institutions  has  been  almost  three  times  that 
for  private  institutions.  It  should  be  carefully  noted  that  this 
diagram  represents  only  the  rates  of  increasing  enrollments  and  not 
the  actual  enrollment  in  public  and  private  institutions.  By  refer¬ 
ence  to  Table  1  it  is  seen  that  in  1916  the  private  institutions  enrolled 
152,274  students,  while  those  under  public  control  registered  only 
107,237  students  in  collegiate  and  graduate  departments.  From 
these  figures  it  is  seen,  therefore,  that  the  private  institutions  register 
about  42  per  cent  more  students  than  the  public  institutions.  From 
the  diagram  it  is  found  that  the  public  institutions  are  “growing” 
almost  three  times  as  rapidly  as  the  private  colleges  and  universities. 


696  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

PROPORTION  OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN. 

Table  1  shows  the  number  of  men  and  women  students  in  universi¬ 
ties,  colleges,  and  technological  schools.  For  both  sexes  there  has 
been  an  increase  since  1890.  In  collegiate  and  graduate  departments 
the  number  of  men  increased  from  44,926  in  1890  to  164,075  in  1916, 
while  the  number  of  women  students  increased  from  20,874  to  95,436 
within  the  same  period.  Expressed  in  percentages,  the  men  increased 


Fig.  7.— Index  numbers  of  students  in  public  and  private  universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools 
showing  the  rate  of  increase.  (For  data  see  Table  1.) 


265  per  cent  and  the  women  357  per  cent.  Considering  all  students 
in  all  departments,  the  men  have  increased  only  143  per  cent  and  the 
women  only  156  per  cent  within  this  period  of  26  years.  In  both 
computations  the  women  have  increased  more  rapidly  than  the  men. 
This  change  in  the  personnel  of  the  student  body  is  best  exhibited  in 
figure  8.  The  two  curves  representing  collegiate  and  resident  grad¬ 
uate  students  possess  remarkable  regularity,  approaching  each  other 
with  almost  mathematical  precision.  In  1890,  of  these  college 
students  68.3  per  cent  were  men  and  only  31.7  per  cent  women,  but 
in  1916  only  63.2  per  cent  were  men  and  36.  8  per  cent  were  women. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  697 

The  abrupt  changes  evident  in  1918  are  due  to  war  conditions  and 
can  not  be  taken  to  indicate  general  tendencies.  When  all  students 
in  all  departments  are  considered,  there  has  been  little  change  in  the 
proportion  of  men  and  women  from  1890  to  1916.  The  general  tend¬ 
ency  taken  by  the  curve  representing  purely  collegiate  and  graduate 
students  seems  to  predict  a  time  when  as  many  women  as  men  will, 
attend  college.  This  prediction  is  also  supported  by  the  fact  that 


Fig.  8. — Percentages  of  men  and  women  students  in  universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools, 
1890-1918.  ( For  data  see  Table  1. ) 


more  girls  than  boys  graduate  annually  from  our  high  schools  and 
are,  therefore,  prepared  in  greater  numbers  to  enter  college. 

DEGREES  CONFERRED. 

Tables  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  and  23  show  the  number  and  kinds  of 
degrees  conferred  in  1918  by  the  672  institutions.  There  were 
28,052  baccalaureate,  3,480  graduate,  and  736  honorary  degrees  con¬ 
ferred.  The  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy  was  conferred  on  exami¬ 
nation  by  46  institutions  on  499  men  and  63  women,  as  shown  in 
Table  4. 


698  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  4. — Institutions  conferring  the  Ph.  D.  degree  on  examination  in  1918. 


States. 


California . 

Connecticut . 

Do . 

District  of  Co¬ 
lumbia. 

Do . 

Do . 

Illinois . 

Do . 

Do . 

Indiana . 

Do . 

Iowa . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts .... 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Missouri . 

Do . 

Nebraska . 

New  Jersey . 

Do . . 

New  York . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

North  Carolina . . . 

Ohio . 

Do . 

Pennsylvania . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Rhode  Island. 
South  Dakota 

Texas . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

Wisconsin . 

Do . 


Institutions. 


Men. 


Women. 


University  of  California . 

Hartford  Theological  Seminary. 

Yale  University . 

American  University . 


15  3 
1  0 
32  5 
4  0 


Catholic  University  of  America . 

George  Washington  University . 

University  of  Chicago . 

Northwestern  University . 

University  of  Illinois . 

Indiana  University . 

University  of  Notre  Dame . 

State  University  of  Iowa . 

Johns  Hopkins  University . 

Boston  University . 

Harvard  University . 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology 

Clark  University . 

University  of  Michigan . 

University  of  Minnesota . 

University  of  Missouri . 

Washington  University . 

University  of  Nebraska . 

Rutgers  College . 

Princeton  University. . 

Cornell  University . 

Columbia  University . 

Fordham  University . 

New  York  University . 

New  York  State  College  of  Forestry. . . 

Syracuse  University . 

University  of  North  Carolina . 

University  of  Cincinnati . 

Ohio  State  University . 

Moravian  College  and  Seminary . 

Bryn  Mawr  College . 

Grove  City  College . 

Dropsie  College . 

University  of  Pennsylvania . 

University  of  Pittsburgh . 

Brown  University . 

University  of  South  Dakota . 

Rice  Institute . 

University  of  Virginia . 

University  of  Washington . 

University  of  Wisconsin . 

Mission  House . 

Total . 


13  2 

7  0 

71  6 

5  0 

31  2 

1  l 

1  0 

9  3 

11  1 

4  1 

45  0 

4  0 

5  1 

11  2 

10  1 

6  1 

2  0 

3  1 

4  1 

10  0 

32  4 

73  10 

3  0 

10  1 

2  0 

4  1 

1  0 

1  1 

9  0 

1  0 

0  6 

1  0 

2  0 

19  5 

2  0 

8  3 

1  0 

1  0 

1  0 

1  0 

21  1 

1  0 


499  63 


In  Table  1  the  number  of  degrees  conferred  by  universities,  colleges, 
and  technological  schools  is  shown  for  biennial  periods  since  1890. 
The  total  number  of  first  degrees,  professional  and  collegiate,  conferred 
since  1870  is  exhibited  in  Table  6.  From  1890  to  1916  the  number 
of  baccalaureate  degrees  conferred  by  nonprofessional  departments 
increased  from  7,319  to  31,826,  or  335  per  cent.  During  this  inter¬ 
val  the  population  increased  only  63  per  cent.  The  rate  of  increase 
in  the  number  of  first-degree  college  graduates  has  been  over  5  times 
as  great  as  that  for  the  total  population  during  this  interval  of  26 
years. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


699 


Table  5. — Number  of  college  graduates  receiving  first  degrees  living  at  each  decennial 
period,  omitting  those  graduating  prior  to  1870. 


Years. 


1570.. .. 

1871.. .. 

1872.. .. 
1873---. 

1874.. .. 

1875.. .. 

1876.. .. 

1877.. .. 

1878.. .. 

1879.. .. 

1880.. .. 

1851.. .. 

1882.. .. 

1883.. .. 

1884.. .. 

1885.. .. 

1886.. .. 

1887.. .. 

1888.. .. 

1889.. .. 

1890. .  . . 


1893. 

1894. 
1S95. 
1896. 


1900. 

1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 


1910.. 

1911.. 

1912.. 

1913.. 

1914.. 

1915.. 

1916.. 
19172. 

1918.. 

Total. 


Total  popu¬ 
lation  of 
United 
States. 

Number 

Estimated  number  of  graduates  living  at  each 
date. 

Death  rates. 

of 

graduates. 

1880 

1890 

1900 

1910 

1918 

Age. 

Rate 

per 

1,00a1 

Still 
living 
per  1000. 

38, 558,371 

*9, 371 

8,818 

8,079 

7,087 

5,531 

3,850 

23 

5.29 

1,000.0 

39, 500, 500 

2  12, 061 

11,430 

10,504 

9,269 

7,362 

5, 245 

24 

5.42 

994.7 

40, 477, 000 

*7,484 

7,141 

6,581 

5,840 

4,713 

3,430 

25 

5. 54 

989.2 

41, 490, 442 

2 10, 065 

9, 667 

8,935 

7,968 

6,525 

4,843 

26 

5.  67 

983.8 

42, 570,  731 

*10,  465 

10, 115 

9, 375 

8,401 

6, 971 

5,268 

27 

5.  85 

978.2 

43, 700, 554 

*  10, 627 

10, 335 

9,606 

8, 645 

7, 260 

5, 578 

28 

6.06 

972.5 

44, 881, 700 

*  10,  463 

10, 235 

9, 538 

8, 620 

7,319 

1  5, 727 

29 

6. 28 

966.6 

46,112, 700 

8, 685 

8,544 

7, 9S4 

7, 243 

6,211 

4,944 

30 

6.  51 

960.5 

47,397, 151 

9, 639 

9, 535 

8,933 

S,  132 

7,034 

4, 151 

31 

6.  78 

954.2 

48, 744,  700 

9,  894 

9,842 

9, 242 

8,441 

7,356 

6,039 

32 

7.09 

947.7 

50, 155, 783 

10, 353 

10,353 

9,  742 

8,925 

7,830 

6, 519 

33 

7.40 

941.0 

51,274, 900 

12, 093 

11,461 

10, 532 

9,293 

|  7,  S40 

34 

7.72 

934  1 

52,  441,700 

2 12, 357 

11, 791 

10, 867 

9,642 

8,231 

35 

8.04 

926.8 

53, 654, 100 

12, 620 

12, 122 

11,203 

9,991 

8,622 

36 

8.33 

919.3 

54,919,358 

10,801 

10,440 

9,676 

8,671 

7, 555 

37 

8.59 

911.6 

56,221,868 

12,637 

12,289 

11,423 

10,280 

!  9,037 

38 

8.84 

903.9 

57,447,100 

11,389 

11,141 

10, 382 

9,383 

8,311 

39 

9.11 

895.8 

58,  712, 678 

11, 818 

11,627 

!  10, 864 

9,856  1 

8, 787 

40 

9. 39 

887.7 

59, 935, 709 

13, 645 

13,  498 

12, 646 

11,512  | 

10, 320 

41 

9.72 

879.9 

60,971,114 

13, 628 

13, 556 

1  12,730 

11,626  i 

10, 473 

42 

10.09 

870.1 

62,622,250 

14,306 

14,306 

|  13, 462 

12,333 

11, 163 

43 

10.52 

862.1 

63, 521, 196 

15, 509 

14, 698 

13,507 

12, 278 

44 

10.99 

853.7 

64,  834, 561 

15, 480 

14, 771 

13, 613 

12,427 

45 

11.  52 

843.0 

66, 087, 900 

17, 204 

i  16, 524 

15, 272 

13, 995 

46 

12.  08 

834.0 

67, 891,389 

20, 145 

19, 472 

18,046 

16, 597 

47 

12.  63 

823.9 

1  68, 748, 950 

22, 232 

::::::::: 

21,621 

20,096 

18, 541 

48 

13. 18 

813.5 

i  70, 595, 321 

22, 689 

22, 194 

20, 683 

19, 143 

49 

13.  77 

802.8 

<  71,374,142 

23, 286 

1  22,909 

21,407 

19, 865 

50 

14.  37 

791.7 

72, 737, 100 

23, 129 

1  22, 879 

21,436 

19, 940 

51 

15.  08 

780.3 

73, 960, 220 

23,944 

23,  817 

22, 366 

20,  S53 

52 

16.  01 

!  768. 5 

75, 272, 683 

25, 324 

1  25,324 

23,  830 

22, 270 

53 

17.  17 

756.3 

77, 262, 743 

26, 484 

25,099 

23,  510 

54 

18.  49 

i  743.5 

78, 544, 816 

26, 732 

25,  507 

23,947 

55 

20.  03 

729.7 

79, 900, 389 

27, 585 

26, 495 

24, 934 

56 

21.  72 

715. 1 

81,241,246 

28, 117 

27, 178 

25, 631 

57 

23.  37 

699.5 

82, 584, 061 

29, 040 

28, 241 

26, 696 

58 

24.  97 

683.2 

83, 935, 399 

29, 4S4 

28,  841 

27, 326 

59 

26.  73 

666. 1 

85, 526, 761 

29, 665 

29, 184 

27,  710 

60 

28.  58 

648. 3 

86, 874, 990 

31, 089 

30, 753 

29, 255 

61 

30.  62 

629.  7 

90, 161, 309 

34,838 

34,653 

33, 016 

62 

32.  96 

610.4 

91,972,266 

34, 178 

34, 178 

32, 613 

63 

35.  55 

590. 2 

93, 927, 342 

34, 719 

33, 348 

64 

38.  25 

569.2 

95, 545, 336 

36,  805 

35, 576 

65 

41.06 

547.4 

97, 163, 330 

39, 926 

38, 828 

66 

44  08 

524  9 

98, 781, 324 

42,039 

41, 123 

67 

47.  41 

503.4 

100, 399,318 

42,053 

41, 372 

68 

51. 12 

481.2 

102,  017,312 

43, 705 

43,233 

69 

55. 14 

458.3 

103, 635, 306 

40, 810 

40,  594 

70 

59.  52 

434  9 

105, 253, 300 

37,915 

37, 915 

71 

64  29 

i  410. 8 

3  1,058,527 

106, 015 

220, 750 

406, 565 

657,084 

908,469 

1 . 

. 

United  States  Life  Tables — Bureau  of  the  Census,  1910,  by  James  W.  Glover. 

Estimated. 

3Ineludes  651,751  collegiate  first  degrees  and  406,776  degrees  conferred  by  professional  schools  on  those 
who  had  not  previously  received  collegiate  degrees. 


Some  conception  of  this  rate  of  increase  in  the  number  of  graduates 
may  be  gained  from  figure  9.  These  curves  are  index  curves  showing 
the  comparative  rates  of  increase  in  the  total  number  of  graduates 
receiving  first  degrees,  both  collegiate  and  professional,  and  in  the 
total  population.  The  original  data  upon  which  these  curves  depend 
are  given  in  Table  5.  The  average  number  of  first  degrees  conferred 
annually  from  1870  to  1874,  inclusive,  was  9,889;  in  the  interval 
1875-1879,  9,862;  in  1880-1884,  11,645;  in  1885-1889,  12,623;  in 


700  BIENNIAL  SUKVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

1890-1894,  16,529;  in  1895-1899,  23,056,  in  1900-1904,  26,848;  in 
1905-1909,  30,823;  in  1910-1914,  37,533;  and  in  four-year  period 
1915-1918,  41,121.  The  average  of  these  10  average  periods  is  16,- 
448.  If  this  general  average  is  divided  into  the  averages  for  each 
interval,  the  index  numbers  shown  at  the  top  of  figure  9  are  secured. 
In  a  similar  manner  the  averages  of  the  total  population  for  these 
respective  intervals  are  found  to  be:  40,519,409;  46,167,361;  52,- 


Fig.  9. — Index  numbers  showing  the  rates  of  increase  in  the  total  population  and  in  the  number  of 
graduates  receiving  their  first  degrees,  1870-1918.  (For  original  data  see  Table  i;) 


489,168;  58,657,694;  64,991,459;  71,483,147;  78,444,375;  85,816,504; 
95,477,920:  and  102,826,309.  The  general  average  for  these  groups 
is  found  to  be  69,687,335.  If  this  general  average  is  divided  into 
the  group  averages,  the  index  numbers  for  the  total  population  given 
at  the  top  of  figure  9  are  obtained.  This  method  of  securing  index 
numbers  eliminates  irregularities  in  the  curve,  thereby  showing  gen¬ 
eral  trends.  The  population  curve  is  almost  a  straight  line.  The  col¬ 
lege  graduate  curve  in  all  intervals,  except  the  first  three,  rises  the 
more  rapidly  and  almost  in  a  straight  line.  From  1870-1874  to 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  7 01 


1885-1889  the  slope  of  the  graduate  curve  is  not  as  steep  as  that  for 
the  population,  indicating  that  the  population  during  this  period 
increased  more  rapidly  than  the  number  of  students  receiving  first 
degrees  from  colleges  and  universities.  Since  the  latter  period  the 
number  of  college  graduates  has  increased  much  more  rapidly  than 
the  total  population.  This  fact  unmistakably  indicates  that  the 


Fig.  10. — Per  cent  of  men  and  women  students  receiving  first  degrees  and  advanced  degrees  in  univer¬ 
sities,  colleges,  and  technological  schoQls.  1894-1918. 


Nation  is  becoming  better  educated  from  year  to  year  as  measured 
by  the  number  of  graduates  receiving  first  degrees  from  college. 

It  is  of  interest  to  compare  the  proportion  of  men  and  women 
receiving  degrees  from  universities  and  colleges.  (Practically  all 
degrees  granted  by  professional  schools  are  conferred  on  men,  and 
so  have  not  been  included  in  this  diagram.)  In  figure  10  it  will  be 
noted  that  in  general  the  proportion  of  men  receiving  both  first 
degrees  and  advanced  degrees  has  decreased  since  1894.  Conversely, 
the  proportion  of  women  graduates  has  increased.  These  facts  show 


702  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

that  the  rate  of  increase  in  college  graduation  is  more  favorable  to 
the  women.  It  should  be  carefully  noted  in  this  connection  that  the 
number  of  men  receiving  first  degrees  has  been  about  double  the 
number  of  women  receiving  baccalaureate  degrees,  while  the  number 
of  men  receiving  advanced  degrees  has  been  about  four  times  as 
great  as  the  number  of  women  receiving  such  degrees.  The  effect 
of  the  war  in  reducing  the  percentage  of  men  receiving  degrees  in 
1918  is  clearly  in  evidence,  the  curves  for  men  falling  abruptly  in 
1918  and  those  representing  women  graduates  rising  with  an  equal 
angle  of  inflection. 

COLLEGE  GRADUATES  LIVING. 

In  Table  5  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  secure  an  approximate 
statement  concerning  the  number  of  college  graduates  in  the  United 
States  in  1918.  This  information  is  not  collected  decennially  by  the. 
Bureau  of  the  Census,  nor  has  any  attempt  been  made  to  enumerate 
the  11  brains’ ’  of  the  Nation.  From  the  statistical  reports  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Education  the  number  of  graduates  receiving  their 
first  degrees  from  universities,  colleges,  technological  schools,  and 
professional  schools  has  been  ascertained  for  each  year  since  1870. 
In  several  instances  it  has  been  necessary  to  resort  to  estimates,  which 
are  held  to  be  substantially  correct.  Only  those  graduates  from 
professional  schools  have  been  included  who  had  not  already 
received  a  previous  degree.  It  is  believed,  therefore,  that  the  figures 
contain  no  duplicates.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  antedate  1870 
in  securing  the  number  of  college  graduates,  as  all  persons  graduating 
before  that  date  are  probably  over  70  years  of  age,  and  very  many  of 
them  are  not  now  on  active  duty.  Further,  as  only  41  per  cent  of  the 
graduating  class  in  1870  are  estimated  to  be  living  in  1918,  still 
smaller  percentages  of  those  graduating  earlier  than  that  date  will 
now  be  living.  Another  consideration  operating  to  cancel  these 
omissions  is  that  many  college  curricula  offered  in  years  preceding 
1870  do  not  compare  favorably  with  the  diversified  and  thorough 
curricula  offered  to-day.  It  is  believed,  therefore,  that  for  all 
practical  purposes  the  table  presents  reliable  statistics  on  the  number 
of  college  graduates  living  in  1918.  The  total  number  of  students 
graduating  from  college  from  1870  to  1918,  inclusive,  is  1,058,527. 
Of  this  number,  908,469  are  estimated  to  be  living  in  1918.  In  other 
words,  almost  86  per  cent  of  those  graduating  within  this  period  of 
49  years  are  still  living.  This  percentage  does  not  take  into  account 
the  number  of  these  graduates  who  have  become  incapacitated  for 
active  duty. 

The  estimated  total  population  in  1918  is  105,253,300.  There  is, 
therefore,  one  college  graduate  living  to-day  for  every  116  persons 
in  the  total  population.  If  only  the  population  23  years  of  age  and 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


703 


College . 

] 

Q 

O 

o 

717 

© 

© 

in 

© 

<M 

© 

H,gh 
school . 

o 

o 

o 

719 

529 

?! 

* 

406 

2  10 

tn 

© 

N 

© 

© 

© 

First 
orade  . 

q  No  dota . 

o 

o 

o 

o 

© 

© 

710 

(0 

CO 

342 

246 

CO 

O 

in 

66  T 

CM 

N 

CVl 

in 

© 

o 

O 

© 

© 

01 

1,000 


I 


800 


I 


1  2  3  4  5  6 

E lementary . 

G 

Surv/vo/s  f or  each 
i,ooo  entering  first 
grade . 


n  m  EZ  GR.  FR.  SO.  JR.  SR.  GR. 


High  school . 

R  A  D  EL 
I  Surv/vo/s  for  each  i 
1  i,ooo  entering  high 
'  school . 


College . 

3 

Survivals  for  each 
i,ooo  entering 
co//ege  . 


Fig.  11.— Number  of  pupils  surviving  to  each  grade  of  the  elementary  school,  high  school,  and  college 
for  each  1 ,000  that  begin.  The  bars,  except  the  first ,  include  retarded  and  accelerated  pupils. 


704  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

over  is  considered,  the  ratio  becomes  1  college  graduate  to  every  61 
adults. 

The  death  rates  applied  in  securing  the  number  of  survivors  have 
been  taken  from  the  United  States  life  tables  prepared  by  James  W. 
Glover  in  1910  for  the  Bureau  of  the  Census.  As  college  graduates 
should  be  better  able  than  average  citizens  to  guard  and  conserve 
their  health  and,  therefore,  to  promote  longevity,  it  is  probable  that 
the  number  of  survivors  is  slightly  too  low.  At  present  there  is  no 
known  method  of  compensating  for  this  minor  error. 

In  computing  the  number  of  survivors  it  has  been  assumed  that 
each  class  graduated  at  the  age  of  23.  In  the  earlier  years  the  usual 
age  of  graduation  was  a  little  over  23  years  and  in  the  later  years  a 
little  under  this  age.  Some,  of  course,  graduate  earlier;  others  later. 
These  factors  are  practically  compensating,  if  the  average  or  median 
age  of  graduation  has  been  chosen  correctly. 

Table  6. —  Method  employed  in  ascertaining  college  and  university  survival  percentages. 


Items. 

1915 

1916 

1917 

1918 

Total  collegiate  enrollment . 

221,599 

39.3 

25.7 

19.3 

15.7 

87,088 
56,951 
42, 769 
34, 791 

243,041 

39.3 

25.7 

19.3 

15.7 

95,515 
62,462 
46, 907 
38, 157 

1  241,374 

39.2 

26.3 

19.4 
15.1 

94,619 
63,481 
46,  827 
36,447 

239,707 

39.2 

26.3 

19.4 
15.1 

93,965 
63,043 
46,503 
36, 196 
28, 052 
416 
322 
30 
23 
87 
68 

Per  cent  of  collegiate  students  in  2— 

Freshman  year . 

Sophomore  year . 

Junior  year . 

Senior  year . 

Number  o  f  collegiate  students  in— 

Freshman  year . 

Sophomore  year . 

Junior  year . 

Senior  year . . . 

Baccalaureate  degrees  granted . 

Survival  percentage,  class  entering  in  1915 . 

College  graduates  class  entering  in  1915 . 

1,000 

717 

538 

Survival  percentage  for  each  1 ,000  entering  first  grade 3 . 

College  graduates  for  each  1 ,000  entering  first  grade . 

72 

52 

39 

Survival  percentages  for  each  1,000  entering  high  school . 

College  graduates  for  each  1,000  entering  high  school . 

210 

151 

113 

1  Estimated . 

2  These  percentages  are  based  on  the  returns  from  313  colleges  of  liberal  arts  which  reported  their  enroll¬ 
ment  by  classes  for  the  autumns  of  1916  and  1917  (see  Higher  Education  Circular  No.  9,  April,  1918,  Bureau 
of  Education).  It  is  assumed  that  the  percentages  for  1916  held  for  1915  and  that  those  for  1917  hold  for 
1918.  The  reduction  in  the  percentage  of  students  enrolled  in  the  first  and  fourth  year  of  college  between 
1916  and  1917  was  undoubtedly  due  to  the  war. 

3  In  the  report  on  State  school  systems  a  series  of  survival  percentages  for  elementary  and  secondary 
schools  is  shown.  If  the  factor  of  retardation  is  omitted  from  consideration  these  percentages  become: 
First  grade,  1 ,000 ;  second  grade,  no  data ;  third  grade,  no  data ;  fourth  grade,  no  data ;  filth  grade,  1 ,000;  sixth 
grade,  830 ;  seventh  grade,  710;  eighth  grade,  634 ;  first  year  high  school,  342;  second  year  high  school,  246; 
third  year  high  school,  181;  fourth  year  high  school,  150;  and  high  school  graduates  (four-year  schools), 
139.  In  the  accompanying  text  it  is  shown  that  51.7  per  cent  of  those  graduating  from  a  four-year  high 
school  enter  college,  or  72  out  of  the  original  1,000. 

SCHOOL  AND  COLLEGE  MORTALITY. 

For  public  high  schools  it  is  estimated  that  93.7  per  cent  of  all 
graduates  have  completed  a  four-year  course,  while  for  private 
high  schools  it  is  estimated  that  the  corresponding  percentage  is 
only  89.2.  It  is  also  found  that  28.6  per  cent  of  those  graduating 
from  a  four-year  public  high  school  go  to  college,  while  40.1  of  the 
graduates  from  four-year  private  high  schools  go  to  college  the 
year  following  graduation.  In  1914  160,606  students  graduated 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  705 

from  public  and  20,303  students  from  private  high  schools.  Apply¬ 
ing  the  percentages  given  above  (93.7  and  89.2)  to  these  totals,  re¬ 
spectively,  it  is  found  that  150,488  students  completed  a  four-year 
public  high-school  course  and  18,110  students  a  four-year  private 
high-school  course  in  1914,  making  a  total  of  168,598  students  who 
were  undoubtedly  eligible  to  enter  college  in  the  fall  of  1914.  From 
public  high-school  statistics  it  is  found  that  28.6  per  cent  of  the 
graduates  of  four-year  schools  will  attend  college  the  year  following 
graduation.  For  private  high  schools  the  corresponding  percentage 
is  40.1.  Applying  these  percentages  to  the  number  of  graduates 
given  above,  it  is  found  that  the  public  high  schools  send  to  college 
immediately  43,040  students,  while  the  private  high  schools  send 
an  additional  7,262  students,  making  a  total  of  50,302  students. 
Theoretically  at  any  rate  high-school  principals  think  that  this 
number  went  to  college  immediately  after  graduation  from  high 
school  in  1914. 

The  college  returns  show  that  the  freshman  class  in  collegiate 
work  contained  87,088  students  in  1914-15,  which  is  36,786,  or  73 
per  cent,  more  than  the  high  schools  knew  they  had  sent.  This 
great  discrepancy  is  probably  due  to  two  reasons:  First,  the  higli- 
school  principal  may  not  always  know  how  many  graduates  go  to 
college,  as  students  may  move  from  the  community  after  graduation 
or  a  new  principal  may  not  be  able  to  supply  the  data  desired; 
second,  students  may  not  enter  college  immediately  upon  gradua¬ 
tion  from  high  school  but  at  some  later  date.  It  is  definitely  known, 
however,  that  out.  of  the  168,598  high-school  graduates  in  1914  an 
equivalent  of  87,088  students  were  enrolled  in  the  freshman  classes 
at  college  the  following  fall.  Some  of  these,  of  course,  are  repeating 
a  part  of  the  first-year  collegiate  work,  but  such  students  are  rela¬ 
tively  few  in  number  and,  therefore,  are  not  deserving  of  considera¬ 
tion  in  this  study.  It  is  seen  therefore  that  about  51.7  per  cent  of 
the  graduates  from  four-year  high  schools  go  to  college  at  some  time. 

This  percentage  is  highly  significant  in  that  it  forms  a  connecting 
link  between  the  elementary  and  high  school  survival  percentages 
on  the  one  hand  and  those  for  colleges  and  universities  on  the  other. 
In  a  footnote  to  Table  6  it  is  shown  that  139  pupils  will  graduate 
from  a  four-year  high  school  for  each  1,000  that  entered  the  first 
grade  12  years  earlier.  This  transitional  percentage  (15.7  per  cent) 
shows  that  72  out  of  these  139  high-school  graduates  will  go  to  col¬ 
lege.  Table  6  shows  that  52  of  these  will  become  sophomores;  39, 
juniors;  30,  seniors;  and  23  will  graduate.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  only 
13.9  per  cent  of  those  entering  the  first  grade  will  graduate  from  a 
four-year  high  school,  and  only  2.3  per  cent  of  the  original  number 
will  complete  a  college  course. 

59873°— 21 - 45 


706 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Similar  percentages  have  been  ascertained  for  the  number  of  sur¬ 
vivals  out  of  each  1,000  entering  high  school.  On  this  basis  it  is 
found  that  408  will  graduate  from  high  school,  210  will  enter  college, 
and  68  will  complete  a  college  course.  Similarly  it  is  found  that  for 
each  1,000  entering  college  416  will  become  seniors  and  322  will 
graduate.  Since  a  large  percentage  of  seniors  in  college  left  in  1918 
to  answer  war  demands,  it  is  highly  probable  that  under  normal 
conditions  a  much  larger  percentage  of  seniors  graduate  than  is  here 
indicated,  viz,  only  77.4  per  cent.  This  graph  is  especially  significant 
since  it  shows  the  retentive  power  of  our  school  system  through  the 
elementary,  secondary,  and  higher  grades.  It  should  also  be  remem¬ 
bered  that  these  college  and  university  survival  percentages  do  not 
represent  special  students  or  students  enrolled  in  professional  depart¬ 
ments.  Had  it  been  possible  to  classify  these  students  by  years  the 
survival  percentages  would  have  been  considerably  higher.  All  gradu¬ 
ate  students,  in  either  graduate  or  professional  departments,  should  not 
be  included  in  this  diagram,  as  the}' have  previously  passed  beyond  the 
limit  represented  in  the  graph.  A  decided  drop  occurs  for  the  country 
as  a  whole  between  the  eighth  grade  and  first-year  high  school.  As 
shown  in  the  chapter  on  city  school  systems,  this  drop  is  not  so  pro¬ 
nounced  in  cities,  where  each  child  completing  the  elementary  school 
work  has  an  opportunity  to  attend  high  school.  The  loss  between 
high  school  and  college  is  also  very  pronounced,  as  best  shown  by  the 
tops  of  the  double-hatched  bars  in  the  diagram.  Almost  30  per  cent  of 
the  students  enrolled  in  the  first  year  of  college  do  not  enter  the  second 
year.  The  losses  depicted  from  grade  to  grade  in  this  diagram  are 
sufficient  to  give  concern  to  school  administrators  in  all  types  of 
schools.  There  seems  to  be  no  measurable  loss  between  the  first 
grade  and  the  fifth.  Compulsory  attendance  laws  are  undoubtedly 
largely  responsible  for  this  condition. 

LIBRARIES. 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  the  increasing  size  of  college  and  university 
libraries,  as  outlined  in  figure  12.  In  1890  the  average  size  of  the 
library  was  a  little  less  than  7,000  volumes  per  institution.  In  1918 
the  average  number  of  volumes  in  the  library  had  increased  to  almost 
42,000.  Within  this  period  the  increase  was  fivefold. 

The  average  size  of  libraries  is  not  so  significant,  however,  as  a 
distribution  of  institutions  according  to  library  facilities.  This  dis¬ 
tribution  is  exhibited  in  figure  13.  It  will  be  observed  that  258 
institutions  do  not  have  so  many  as  10,000  volumes  in  their  libraries. 
More  than  one- third  of  the  libraries  fall  in  this  group.  In  the  second 
group  it  is  found  that  142  libraries  have  from  10,000  to  19,999  vol¬ 
umes.  By  adding  these  two  groups  it  is  found  that  400  libraries  do 
not  have  so  many  as  20,000  volumes.  Altogether,  517  college  and 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


707 


university  libraries,  or  almost  77  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of 
institutions,  have  smaller  libraries  than  the  average  previously  shown 
viz,  41,563.  This  asymmetrical  distribution  is  caused  bv  the  fact 
that  a  few  institutions  have  exceptionally  large  libraries.  Thus  15 
institutions  have  libraries  with  210,000  volumes  or  over  as  follows: 
223,470;  250,000;  253,000;  289,110;  298,856;  376,353;  410,573; 
410,722;  451,000;  545,890;  557,931;  711,416;  1,100,000;  and 


Fig.  12.— The  average  size  of  college  and  university  libraries.  1890-1918. 

1,241,500.  The  names  of  the  institutions  with  these  large  libraries 
can  be  ascertained  from  the  detailed  tables.  The  largest  library  has 
about  as  many  volumes  as  the  258  institutions  having  the  smallest 
libraries.  The  total  number  of  volumes  in  all  libraries  in  1918  was 
23,025,736. 

ENDOWMENT. 

A  distribution  of  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools 
according  to  the  total  value  of  endowment  funds  is  shown  hi  figure  14. 
From  this  diagram  it  is  seen  that  214  institutions  did  not  report  the 


708 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


amount  of  endowment  fund.  The  second  bar  represents  58  institu¬ 
tions  having  small  endowment  funds  not  exceeding  $50,000.  At  the 
other  end  of  the  figure  it  will  be  observed  that  90  institutions  have 
endowment  funds  exceeding  $1,000,000.  In  Table  1  the  total  value 


Fig.  13. — Distribution  of  672  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools,  according  to  the  number  of 
volumes  in  the  library,  1917-18. 


of  endowment  funds  for  each  biennium  since  1890  is  shown.  The 
amoimt  of  these  productive  funds  in  1890  was  only  $76,680,076,  while 
in  1918  it  was  $481,085,952.  The  increase  in  the  amount  of  endow¬ 
ment  funds  has  been  more  than  quintupled  within  this  28-year  period. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  709 

The  amount  of  productive  funds  and  the  number  of  volumes  in  the 
libraries  have  increased  at  about  the  same  rate. 

A  better  measure  as  to  the  increase  in  endowment  funds  is  found 
in  the  average  value  of  such  funds  for  each  student  enrolled.  In 


Fig.  14. — Distribution  of  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  according  to  the  value  of  endow¬ 
ment  funds,  1917-18. 


1890  this  average  was  only  $490  per  student,  while  in  1918  it  had 
increased  to  $1,282  per  student.  The  increase  per  student  has  been 
only  162  per  cent,  or  a  little  over  2^  times  as  much  per  capita  as  it 
was  in  1890.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  per  capita  increase  in  endowment 


710 


BIENNIAL  SUKVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


has  kept  pace  with  the  necessarily  increasing  cost  of  giving  students 
a  college  education.  This  statement  is  further  supported  by  the  fact 
presented  in  figure  18  where  it  is  shown  that  the  percentage  of  income 
derived  from  this  source  has  decreased  almost  steadily  within  the 
ast  28  years. 


Fig.  15.— Income  (excluding  additions  to  endowment)  and  productive  funds  in  universities,  colleges, 
and  technological  schools,.  1890-1918. 

BENEFACTIONS. 


The  aggregate  of  gifts  and  bequests — excluding  grants  by  the  United 
States,  different  States,  and  municipalities — reported  for  the  year 
1917-18  was  $27,829,142.  Of  this  amount  $5,577,096  was  for  increase 
of  plant,  $5,277,598  for  current  expenses,  and  $16,758,588  for  endow¬ 
ment.  Thirty-six  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


711 


reported  gifts  above  $100,000  received  during  1917-18,  amounting 
to  $19,582,483. 

Table  7. — Benefactions. 


States. 


Institutions. 


California . 

Do . 

Do . 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

District  of  Co¬ 
lumbia. 

Georgia . 

Illinois . 

Do . 

Indiana . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Maine . . 

Do . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts. . . . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Missouri . 

Do . 

New  Hampshire.! 

New  Jersey . [ 

Do . 

Do . ! 

New  York . I 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . ! 

Do . 1 

Ohio . 

Do . 

Do . 

Oklahoma . 

Pennsylvania .... 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

Tennessee . 

Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 


University  of  California . 

Pacific  Unitarian  School  for  the  Ministry. 

University  of  Southern  California . 

Colorado  College . 

Yale  University . 

Catholic  University  of  America . 

Emory  University . . . 

University  of  Chicago . 

Knox  College . 

Indiana  Central  University . 

Dubuque  College  (Fourteenth  Street) 

Baker  University . 

Bowdoin  College.-, . . . 

Bates  College . . . 

Goucher  College . . . . 

Amherst  College . 

Massachusetts  College  of  Pharmacy . 

Harvard  University . 

Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology . . . 

Williams  College . 

University  of  Michigan . 

Carleton  College . . 

Park  College . 

Washington  University . 

Dartmouth  College . 

Drew  Theological  Seminary . 

Rutgers  College . . . . 

Princeton  University . 

Cornell  University . 

Barnard  College . 

Bible  Teaehers  Training  School . 

Columbia  University . 

Vassar  College . 

University  of  Rochester . 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University . 

Kenyon  College . 

Wilmington  College . 

Phillips  University . 

Bryn  Ma  wr  College . 

Lafayette  College . . . 

Haverford  College . 

University  of  Pennsylvania . 

Swarthmore  College . 

Vanderbilt  University' . 

Union  Theological  Seminary . 

Lawrence  College . — . 


Amount. 


$240,461 
130, 191 
1.158,810 
373, 569 
2,862, 062 
300, 186 


1, 161,  250 
2,080,521 
124, 253 
270, 000 
1,000,000 
155, 339 
118.438 
264;  332 
223, 123 
942, 057 
183,  777 
1, 179, 315 
550,000 
491, 357 
292,  718 
160,964 
221, 497 
133,326 
105, 256 
155, 000 
152, 419 
273,838 
111,863 
262, 212 
139,  713 
282, 462 
253,683 
180,330 
188, 368 
109, 625 
101, 000 
111,180 
114, 335 
158,426 
122, 410 
1, 093,  989 
188,  905 
454, 518 
152, 817 
252, 588 


Total 


19,582,483 


VALUE  OF  ALL  PROPERTY. 

The  total  value  of  all  property  owned  by  universities,  colleges,  and 
professional  schools  is  shown  for  biennial  dates  in  Table  1.  These 
totals  lack  significance  unless  per  capitas  or  average  values  are 
secured.  Figure  16  shows  the  average  value  of  all  property  per 
student  (total  enrollment)  and  the  corresponding  average  per  insti¬ 
tution.  In  1890  the  average  value  of  property  per  student  was  only 
$542,  while  in  1918  it  had  increased  to  $1,396.  (The  last  average  is 
unusually  high,  since  the  wrar  reduced  the  student  body  slightly.) 
The  increase  per  student  has  been,  therefore,  158  per  cent  within 
this  period.  In  other  phraseology,  the  average  value  of  property 
per  student  is  now  over  two  and  one-half  times  what  it  was  28  years 
ago.  The  average  value  of  property  per  institution  increased  from 


712 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


$129,183  in  1890  to  $945,530  in  1918.  The  increase  in  the  impor¬ 
tance  of  an  institution  as  measured  by  property  values  has  been  632 
per  cent  within  the  last  28  years.  The  average  college  or  university 
of  to-day  has  property  valued  at  about  $1,000,000,  exclusive  of  pro¬ 
ductive  endowment  funds. 


Fig.  16. — The  average  value  of  property  in  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools,  1917-1S. 


PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 

As  shown  in  Table  15,  in  schools  of  theology,  8,574  men  and  780 
women  were  enrolled;  10,998  men  and  822  women  in  schools  of  law; 
13,160  men  and  643  women  in  schools  of  medicine;  1,250  men,  in 
veterinary  medicine,  8,185  men  and  129  women  in  schools  of  den¬ 
tistry,  and  3,597  men  and  456  women  in  schools  of  pharmacy.  These 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  713 

totals  include  all  students  in  professional  departments  of  colleges 
and  universities  and  in  independent  professional  schools.  In  1916 
the  schools  of  theology  enrolled  11,291  men  and  760  women;  schools 
of  law,  22,306  men  and  687  women;  schools  of  medicine,  14,105  men 
and  662  women;  schools  of  veterinary  medicine,  3,064  men;  schools 
of  dentistry,  10,521  men  and  194  women;  and  schools  of  pharmacy, 
5,688  men  and  346  women.  Within  this  period  of  two  years  the  num¬ 
ber  of  students  in  schools  of  theology  decreased  by  2,797;  in  law 
schools,  by  15,173 ;  in  medical  schools,  by  965 ;  in  schools  of  veterinary 
medicine,  by  1,814;  in  schools  of  dentistry,  by  2,041;  and  in  schools 
of  pharmacy,  by  1,981.  These  enormous  decreases  were  undoubtedly 
due  to  war  conditions.  The  medical  schools  were  least  affected  of 
any  of  the  professional  schools  during  this  period.  An  order  of  the 
War  Department  permitted  medical  and  dental  students  to  complete 
their  course  and  exempted  them  temporarily  from  the  operation  of 
the  draft  laws. 

As  shown  in  Table  21,  schools  of  theology  conferred  816  degrees 
on  men  and  12  on  women;  schools  of  law,  2,272  degrees  on  men  and 
97  on  women;  schools  of  medicine,  2,339  degrees  on  men  and  84  on 
women;  schools  of  veterinary  medicine,  475  degrees  on  men;  schools 
of  dentistry,  2,601  degrees  on  men  and  33  on  women;  and  schools  of 
pharmacy,  1,037  degrees  on  men  and  13  on  women.  The  number  of 
degrees  conferred  by  these  professional  schools  is  considerably  less 
than  the  number  conferred  in  1916,  as  shown  below,  except  in  den¬ 
tistry;  in  theology,  2,090;  in  law,  4,323;  in  medicine,  3,436;  in 
veterinary  medicine,  759;  and  in  pharmacy,  1,796.  In  dentistry  the 
number  of  degrees  conferred  in  1918  was  greater  than  the  number 
conferred  in  1916,  which  was  only  1,852.  The  total  number  of  de¬ 
grees  conferred  by  these  professional  schools  in  1916  was  14,256, 
while  the  corresponding  number  conferred  in  1918  was  only  9,863, 
or  a  decrease  of  almost  31  per  cent. 

TUITION  FEES  IN  LAW,  MEDICINE,  AND  DENTISTRY. 

The  annua'l  tuition  rates  charged  in  schools  of  law,  medicine,  and 
dentistry  are  exhibited  in  figure  17:  The  most  usual  fee  charged  in 
schools  of  law  is  in  the  $100  group;  while  the  most  frequent  ones 
charged  for  medical  courses  and  courses  in  dentistry  fall  in  the  $150 
group.  One  school  charges  $200  for  a  law  course,  a  school  of  medi¬ 
cine  charges  $250,  and  a  school  of  dentistry  charges  $210.  The  tui¬ 
tion  fees  charged  in  schools  of  law  and  schools  of  medicine  are  scat¬ 
tered  over  a  wide  range,  while  greater  uniformity  prevails  among 
schools  offering  courses  in  dentistry. 


714 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


L  auf . 

20  n - - 

18 - - - 

16 - - — - 

14  - — - — - - 


DenS-/s  /  ry  . 


Fig.  17. — The  annual  tuition  fees  charged  by  professional  schools  for  courses  in  law,  medicine,  and 

dentistry,  1917-18. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


715 


Income  per  \studeni~ . 


Fig.  18. — Distribution  of  672  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  according  to  th9  income  per 
student,  exclusive  of  additions  to  endowment,  1917-18. 


716 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


INCOME. 

The  total  receipts  of  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools 
in  1918  was  $153,801,555,  including  additions  to  endowments.  The 
total  “ working”  income,  excluding  additions  to  endowment,  was 
$137,055,415.  In  1892  the  total  income  amounted  to  $27,894,163, 
while  the  “working77  income  aggregated  $21,209,578.  From  these 
corresponding  amounts  it  is  found  that  the  total  income  of  colleges, 
universities,  and  professional  schools  increased  453  per  cent  within 


Fig.  19. — Per  cent  of  income  of  universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools  derived  from  the  various 

sources,  1890-1918. 


this  26-year  period,  while  the  “working77  income  increased  547  per 
cent  within  the  same  period.  These  increases  are  not  so  significant 
as  the  per  capitas  exhibited  in  figure  15.  In  that  diagram  it  is 
found  that  the  average  working  income  per  student  in  1892  was  only 
$68,  while  in  1918  it  had  increased  to  $365.  This  increase  amounts 
to  437  per  cent.  In  other  words,  it  now  costs  over  five  times  as 
much  per  year  to  provide  education  for  a  college  student  as  it  did  26 
years  ago.  The  rate  of  increase  has  been  quite  regular  within  this 
period  and  does  not  show  any  sudden  increases  except  in  1918,  which 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  7 17 

is  undoubtedly  accounted  for  by  an  unexpected  decrease  in  the 
student  body  due  to  war  conditions.  The  statistics  for  income  in 
1890  seem  to  be  unreliable,  since  all  sources  of  income  were  not 
sought  at  that  time  in  the  statistical  inquiry. 

The  average  income  per  student  indicates  only  a  general  trend,  as 
all  institutions  do  not  have  these  averages.  .  A  clearer  conception  as 
to  this  variation  among  the  different  institutions  is  gained  from  figure 
18.  Here  the  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  have 
been  distributed  according  to  the  average  income  per  student.  Only 
12  institutions  receive  less  than  $50  per  student;  66  receive  from  $50 
to  $99;  82  receive  from  $100  to  $149,  etc.  More  institutions  fall  in 
this  $100-$  149  group  than  in  any  other.  The  four  longest  bars,  rep¬ 
resenting  297  institutions,  show  an  average  income  per  student  rang¬ 
ing  from  $50  to  $249.  The  average  income  of  $365  is  not  typical  of 
a  very  large  number  of  schools.  A  few  schools,  29  in  number,  have 
a  “working”  income  of  $1,000  or  more  for  each  student  enrolled. 

PER  CENT  OF  INCOME  FROM  EACH  SOURCE. 

A  careful  analysis  of  figure  19  shows  that  considerable  change  has 
taken  place  since  1892  in  the  percentage  of  revenue  of  universities, 
colleges,  and  professional  schools  derived  from  the  various  sources. 
The  percentage  derived  from  student  fees  has  remained  practically 
constant,  beginning  and  ending  near  the  25  per  cent  line.  The  pro¬ 
portion  derived  from  productive  funds  has  decreased  from  18.5  per 
cent  in  1892  to  14.6  per  cent  in  1918.  The  percentage  derived  from 
the  State  and  city  was  lowest  in  1896,  when  the  percentage  was  only 
10.6,  and  highest  in  1918,  when  27.2  per  cent  was  derived  from  these 
sources.  The  percentage  derived  from  private  benefactions  has 
shown  considerable  fluctuation,  but  in  general  has  decreased  within 
the  period  represented.  While  the  amount  of  Federal  aid  to  uni¬ 
versities  and  colleges  has  increased  in  general,  the  proportion  of 
revenue  derived  from  this  source  has  almost  steadily  decreased  in 
comparison  with  the  amount  derived  from  other  sources.  The  pro¬ 
portion  received  from  incidental  sources  has  remained  practically 
constant.  In  general  these  higher  institutions  are  coming  more  and 
more  to  depend  upon  the  State  or  city  for  support  and  less  on  income 
from  productive  funds,  private  benefactions,  and  Federal  support. 


718  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1&18. 

Table  8. — Ter  cent  of  income  of  'public  and  private  universities ,  colleges,  and  professional 
schools  derived  from  the  various  sources ,  1917-18. 


States. 

Public. 

Private. 

From 

produc¬ 

tive 

funds. 

From 
United 
Stages 
Govern¬ 
ment, 
State,  or 
city. 

From 

private 

benefac¬ 

tions. 

From 
student 
fees  and 
other 
sources. 

From 

produc¬ 

tive 

funds. 

From 
United 
States 
Govern¬ 
ment, 
State,  or 
city. 

From 

private 

benefac¬ 

tions. 

From 
student 
fees  and 
other 
sources. 

> 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

United  States .... 

3.9 

72.9 

0.7 

22.5 

27.7 

3.8 

14.3 

54.2 

19.8 

60.9 

.8 

18.5 

4.6 

8.2 

87.2 

3.3 

82.3 

14.  4 

1.7 

92.0 

6.3 

9.7 

5. 6 

84.7 

6.2 

65.2 

3.3 

25. 3 

43.3 

6.4 

50.3 

2. 1 

79.7 

18.2 

30.2 

3-7 

66. 1 

Connecticut . 

1.5 

57.3 

41.2 

37.4 

45.2 

17.4 

6.2 

66.8 

7.1 

20.1 

6. 1 

45. 3 

1.4 

47.2 

12.8 

15.3 

71.9 

2.6 

68.5 

10.6 

IS.  3 

36.9 

14.9 

48.2 

Georgia . 

3.8 

74.4 

.3 

21.5 

13.2 

43.7 

43.1 

Idaho . 

17.9 

77.0 

5. 1 

23.7 

56.4 

i  19.9 

Illinois . 

1.0 

81.1 

1.2 

16.7 

37.8 

13.0 

49.2 

Indiana . 

3.9 

70.9 

25.2 

27.  4 

6.7 

65.9 

Iowa . 

1.  5 

72.8 

25.7 

20.4 

14.6 

65.0 

Kansas . 

1.5 

73.2 

25.3 

15.4 

16.6 

68.0 

Kentucky . 

1.4 

58.2 

.4 

40.0 

19.9 

12.2 

67.9 

Louisiana . 

3.8 

70.4 

25.8 

39.0 

11.1 

49.9 

Maine  . 

2.6 

65. 1 

32.3 

46.0 

31.3 

22.7 

Maryland . 

.2 

98.3 

1  5 

5.3 

8. 1 

15.3 

71.3 

Massachusetts . 

1.5 

72.6 

25.9 

32.1 

2.4 

12.2 

53.3 

Michigan . 

4.1 

57. 6 

3.6 

34.7 

24.2 

27.6 

48.2 

Minnesota . 

2.0 

69.2 

28.8 

14.2 

20.7 

65.1 

Mississippi . 

6.  4 

46.5 

.3 

46.8 

7.0 

6.3 

86.7 

Missouri . 

6.0 

66.2 

27.8 

28.1 

14.3 

57.6 

Montana . 

4.3 

84.2 

11.5 

Nebraska . 

3.3 

75. 0 

21.7 

34.6 

19.6 

45.8 

Nevada . 

5. 1 

79.7 

15.2 

New  Hampshire . 

10.7 

60. 1 

29.2 

33.9 

2. 6 

15.  4 

48. 1 

New  Jersey . 

28.5 

13.1 

21.4 

37^0 

New  Mexico . 

10.2 

73.2 

16.6 

New  York . 

97.2 

2.8 

25.2 

8.7 

8.  4 

57.7 

North  Carolina . 

2.5 

68.8 

.6 

28. 1 

22. 1 

7.8 

70. 1 

North  Dakota . 

17.4 

58.5 

24. 1 

8.3 

34.  6 

57. 1 

Ohio . 

4.0 

76.0 

.7 

19.3 

29.7 

.4 

22.8 

47.1 

Oklahoma . 

10.1 

82.0 

7.9 

16.6 

28.9 

54. 5 

Oregon . 

2.0 

84.1 

13.9 

29.2 

13.2 

57.6 

Pennsylvania . 

2.8' 

77.0 

20.2 

23.9 

11.3 

7.9 

56.9 

Rhode  Island . 

1.2 

64.3 

34.5 

South  Carolina. . . 

2.1 

68.  7 

29.  2 

10.  7 

12.  5 

76.8 

South  Dakota . 

5.4 

83.9 

10.7 

30.0 

21.8 

48.  2 

Tennessee . 

1.9 

91.6 

.3 

6.2 

25.1 

1.5 

16.4 

57.0 

Texas . 

7.2 

62.6 

.2 

30.0 

35.2 

8.7 

56.1 

Utah . 

82.3 

17.7 

Vermont . 

9.2 

42.7 

48. 1 

22.0 

22.2 

1.  4 

54.4 

Virginia . 

9.6 

39.6 

1. 1 

49.7 

16.7 

12.  7 

70.6 

Washineton . 

5.7 

72.3 

22.0 

22.0 

.  5 

77.5 

W  est  Virginia . 

.9 

87.8 

11.3 

19. 1 

. i 

2.6 

78.3 

Wisconsin . 

1.3 

66.2 

.8  1 

31.  7 

26. 1 

11.7 

62.2 

Wyoming . 

6.9 

74.9 

.3 

17.9 

1 

1 

1 

In  figures  20  and  21  the  percentage  of  revenue  of  universities,  col¬ 
leges,  and  professional  schools  derived  from  the  various  sources  is 
shown  by  States  for  public  and  private  institutions. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


719 


STATES. 


PER  CENT  OF  INCOME  FROM: 

PRODUCTIVE  PUBLIC  PRIVATE 

FUNDS.  SOURCES.  SOURCES. 

10  20  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100  0  10  0 


ALA 


CAL  I  F. 


COLO. 


CONN  . 


DEL 


FLA 


GA  . 


I  DAHO 


I  ND 


1  OWA 


K  ANS  , 


K  Y 


Ml  . 


MD  . 


MASS 


Yl 


M  1  NN 


M  I  SS 


M  O  . 


MONT 


NuS  R 


N  EL  V 


N  .  M  . 


Y  . 


OHIO 


OKL  A  . 


ORlG. 


.  DAK 


TENN. 


T  El  X  . 


UTAH 


VT  . 


V  A 


WA  S  ri  . 


W  .  VA. 


WI  S 


WYO 


STUDENT  FEES 
AND  OTHER 
SOURCES . 

10  20  30  40  50 


Number  of  states  cuith  or  above  the  percentage .  indicated. 


Fig.  20. — Per  cent  of  income  of  public  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  derived  from  the 

sources  indicated  1917-18. 


720  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


PER  CENT  OF  INCOME  FROM: 

STATES  I  :  productive  I  public  j  private:  I  student  tees  and 

I  FUNDS.  (SOURCES. I  SOURCES.  j  OTHER  SOURCES  . 

0  10  20  30  -40  50  0  10  20  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  0  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  SO 


Number  of  s  babes  coifh  or  above  the  percentage  indie  abed . 


Fig.  21.— Por  cent  of  income  of  pnvate  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  derived  from  the 
various  sources  indicated,  1917-18. ! 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  721 

The  public  institutions  as  a  general  rule  derive  a  very  small  pro¬ 
portion  of  their  revenue  from  productive  funds.  Almost  a  negligible 
percentage  is  secured  from  private  benefactions.  The  great  bulk  of 
the  income  of  these  institutions  comes  from  public  sources,  and  from 
student  fees  and  other  sources.  Alabama,  Idaho,  and  North  Dakota 
are  conspicuous  because  of  the  unusually  high  percentages  of  revenue 
derived  from  productive  funds.  Delaware  and  Florida  derive  com¬ 
paratively  high  proportions  of  their  income  from  private  sources. 
The  District  of  Columbia,  Mississippi,  Vermont,  and  Virginia  get 
relatively  small  percentages  of  income  from  public  sources.  The 
public  institutions  in  Arkansas,  Maryland,  and  New  York  derive 
practically  all  their  income  from  public  sources. 

The  private  institutions,  except  in  Vermont,  get  very  little  revenue 
from  public  sources.  The  greatest  proportion  of  revenue  comes  from 
student  fees  and  other  sources.  A  considerable  proportion  also 
comes  from  productive  funds  and  private  sources.  Connecticut, 
Idaho,  and  Illinois  are  conspicuous  for  the  large  proportion  of  income 
derived  from  private  sources.  The  private  institutions  in  California, 
Connecticut,  Florida,  Illinois,  Louisiana,  Maine,  and  Texas  receive 
relatively  large  percentages  of  revenue  from  productive  funds.  In 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  District  of  Columbia,  Maryland,  Mississippi, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Washington,  and  West  Virginia 
over  70  per  cent  of  the  income  of  these  private  schools  is  derived 
from  student  fees  and  other  incidental  sources. 

SPECIAL  COURSES. 

Table  17  shows  the  number  of  students  enrolled  in  the  various 
special  courses  offered  by  universities,  colleges,  and  professional 
schools.  In  short  winter  courses  12,096  students  v'ere  enrolled,  con¬ 
sisting  of  8,429  men  and  3,667  women.  In  extension  courses  15,063 
men  and  17,817  women  were  registered,  making  a  total  of  32,880  stu¬ 
dents.  In  correspondence  courses  there  were  2,879  men  and  2,459 
women,  or  a  total  of  5,338  students. 

In  the  summer  schools  of  these  higher  institutions  in  1917  25,538 
men  and  52,521  women  were  enrolled.  The  number  of  women  was 
more  than  double  the  number  of  men  in  these  schools. 

59873°— 21 - 46 


722  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  9. — Professors  and  instructors  in  universities ,  colleges,  and  professional  schools 

in  1917-18. 


States. 

Insti¬ 

tu¬ 

tions. 

Preparatory 

departments. 

Collegiate 

departments.1 

Professional 

departments.2 

Other  de¬ 
partments. 

Total  number 
(excluding  du¬ 
plicates.) 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Conti  nental 

United  States. 

672 

1,804 

1,223 

18,358 

4,960 

9, 955 

228 

591 

956 

29,509 

7,013 

Alabama . 

11 

56 

22 

205 

67 

46 

0 

2 

19 

267 

96 

Arizona . 

1 

0 

0 

48 

12 

4 

0 

0 

0 

52 

12 

Arkansas . 

9 

10 

16 

78 

38 

67 

0 

6 

17 

160 

71 

California . 

22 

24 

5 

831 

153 

458 

15 

40 

40 

1,348 

193 

Colorado . 

9 

43 

24 

291 

114 

148 

4 

9 

16 

470 

145 

Connecticut . 

7 

0 

0 

335 

24 

131 

2 

0 

0 

466 

26 

Delaware . 

1 

0 

0 

41 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

41 

9 

Dist.  Columbia . 

10 

13 

9 

246 

42 

435 

13 

13 

7 

641 

65 

Florida . 

4 

20 

19 

97 

40 

4 

0 

2 

14 

102 

55 

Georgia . 

18 

44 

35 

270 

106 

146 

0 

17 

38 

441 

171 

Idaho . 

3 

16 

10 

94 

32 

3 

0 

0 

0 

100 

33 

Illinois . 

47 

122 

134 

1,292 

333 

996 

28 

35 

72 

2,231 

531 

Indiana . 

18 

52 

25 

552 

106 

88 

0 

15 

37 

694 

167 

Iowa . 

23 

99 

68 

624 

292 

127 

5 

59 

60 

847 

398 

Kansas . 

20 

110 

47 

368 

168 

94 

3 

47 

44 

497 

258 

Kentucky . 

14 

49 

24 

164 

58 

153 

0 

6 

9 

366 

90 

Louisiana . 

6 

5 

9 

122 

64 

311 

5 

5 

7 

421 

83 

Maine . 

4 

0 

0 

155 

11 

56 

0 

0 

0 

211 

11 

Maryland . 

18 

82 

22 

445 

81 

269 

15 

2 

8 

790 

126 

Massachusetts . 

27 

25 

0 

1,274 

425 

614 

13 

3 

7 

1,941 

445 

Michigan . 

16 

35 

7 

678 

80 

387 

1 

11 

7 

1,006 

93 

Minnesota . 

18 

141 

37 

450 

102 

253 

4 

20 

26 

850 

169 

Mississippi . 

10 

10 

39 

106 

108 

11 

0 

24 

33 

151 

160 

Missouri . 

31 

51 

63 

552 

83 

379 

10 

9 

40 

982 

187 

Montana . 

3 

2 

3 

82 

26 

6 

0 

22 

3 

112 

32 

Nebraska . 

9 

64 

40 

190 

69 

177 

2 

6 

11 

435 

109 

Nevada . 

1 

0 

0 

38 

10 

0 

0 

0 

0 

38 

10 

New  Hampshire. . . . 

3 

16 

0 

171 

8 

16 

0 

0 

0 

192 

8 

New  Jersey . 

11 

19 

43 

317 

25 

54 

o 

o 

382 

66 

New  Mexico . 

3 

13 

4 

46 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

59 

11 

New  York . 

47 

133 

82 

2,498 

668 

1,682 

31 

16 

-4 

4,329 

785 

North  Carolina . 

19 

30 

65 

271 

80 

53 

0 

6 

28 

348 

166 

North  Dakota . 

4 

50 

26 

109 

34 

17 

0 

2 

9 

144 

59 

Ohio . 

44 

112 

34 

1,143 

311 

607 

3 

24 

36 

1,759 

378 

Oklahoma . 

6 

12 

9 

163 

74 

94 

5 

3 

15 

273 

97 

Oregon . 

12 

22 

12 

212 

65 

94 

5 

2 

12 

296 

91 

Pennsylvania . 

49 

116 

29 

1,395 

318 

982 

47 

112 

105 

2, 493 

458 

Rhode  Island . 

2 

0 

0 

84 

10 

0 

0 

0 

0 

84 

10 

South  Carolina . 

16 

13 

9 

211 

57 

6 

0 

2 

23 

226 

82 

South  Dakota . 

7 

20 

36 

106 

43 

7 

0 

10 

10 

136 

76 

Tennessee . 

18 

41 

63 

241 

77 

334 

2 

11 

48 

613 

174 

Texas . 

17 

24 

38 

391 

163 

98 

9 

15 

40 

515 

236 

Utah . 

2 

13 

5 

95 

30 

25 

0 

0 

0 

133 

35 

Vermont . 

4 

5 

0 

104 

7 

44 

0 

1 

0 

151 

7 

Virginia . 

28 

27 

69 

330 

109 

190 

1 

12 

61 

552 

217 

Washington . 

4 

23 

4 

222 

53 

43 

0 

2 

5 

300 

62 

West  Virginia . 

4 

7 

14 

86 

23 

14 

0 

3 

5 

110 

42 

Wisconsin . 

11 

25 

6 

517 

142 

232 

4 

13 

38 

723 

181 

Wyoming . 

1 

10 

17 

18 

9 

0 

0 

4 

2 

31 

27 

Outlying  posses¬ 

sions. 

Hawaii . 

1 

15 

8 

15 

8 

Porto  Rico . 

1 

25 

8 

16 

2 

28 

8 

1  Including  engineering. 

2  Includes  theology,  law,  medicine,  veterinary  medicine,  dentistry,  and  pharmacy. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


723 


Table  10. — Number  of  undergraduate  and  graduate  students  in  'public  universities,  col¬ 
leges,  and  technological  schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Insti- 

tu- 

Collegiate  departments. 

■  Graduate  departments. 

Total  number  of  under¬ 
graduate  and  grad¬ 
uate  students. 

tions. 

Men. 

W  omen. 

|  Total. 

Men. 

Women. 

Total. 

Men. 

Women. 

|  Total. 

1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Continental  United 

States . 

in 

59,410 

41,887 

101,297 

2,752 

2,132 

4,884 

62,162 

44,019 

106,181 

Alabama . 

3 

1,109 

512 

1,621 

12 

0 

12 

1,121 

512 

1,633 

Arizona . 

1 

203 

196 

399 

10 

20 

30 

213 

216 

429 

Arkansas . 

1 

318 

247 

565 

1 

3 

4 

319 

250 

569 

California . 

7 

2,788 

1,176 

3.444 

6,232 

238 

510 

748 

3,026 

3,954 

6,980 

Colorado . 

4 

2,300 

3,476 

69 

66 

135 

1,245 

2,366 

3,611 

Connecticut . 

1 

112 

25 

137 

0 

0 

0 

112 

25 

137 

Delaware . 

1 

216 

117 

333 

0 

0 

0 

216 

117 

333 

Dist.  of  Columbia . 

2 

335 

229 

564 

1 

0 

1 

336 

229 

565 

Florida . 

2 

296 

361 

657 

12 

11 

23 

308 

372 

680 

Georgia . 

3 

1,487 

12 

1,499 

14 

6 

20 

1,501 

18 

1,519 

Idaho . 

2 

255 

208 

463 

6 

7 

13 

281 

215 

476 

Illinois . 

2 

2, 806 

1,385 

4,191 

298 

77 

375 

3,104 

1,462 

4,566 

Indiana . 

2 

2,151 

1,675 

3,826 

116 

89 

205 

2,267 

1,764 

4,031 

Iowa . 

3 

2,593 

2, 612 

5,205 

322 

260 

582 

2,915 

2,872 

5,787 

Kansas . 

3 

1,856 

1,465 

3,321 

67 

56 

123 

1,923 

1,521 

3, 444 

Kentucky . 

2 

533 

407 

940 

19 

23 

42 

552 

430 

982 

Louisiana . 

1 

509 

200 

709 

19 

9 

28 

528 

209 

737 

Maine . 

1 

611 

223 

834 

4 

5 

9 

615 

228 

843 

Maryland . 

2 

1,537 

3 

1,540 

10 

0 

10 

1,547 

3 

1, 550 

Massachusetts . 

I 

388 

24 

412 

28 

1 

29 

416 

25 

441 

Michigan . 

5 

4,536 

1,834 

6,370 

192 

82 

274 

4,728 

1,916 

6,644 

Minnesota . 

3 

1,877 

1,852 

3,729 

221 

106 

327 

2,098 

1,958 

4, 056 

Mississipni . 

3 

865 

759 

1,624 

3 

0 

3 

868 

759 

1,627 

Missouri.' . 

2 

2,209 

1,529 

3,738 

117 

73 

190 

2,326 

1,602 

3,928 

Montana . 

3 

478 

573 

1,051 

6 

9 

15 

484 

582 

1,066 

Nebraska . i 

1 

1,424 

1,780 

3,204 

127 

175 

302 

1,551 

1,955 

3,506 

Nevada . 1 

1 

151 

162 

313 

3 

8 

11 

154 

170 

324 

New  Hampshire . 

1 

395 

159 

554 

0 

0 

0 

395 

159 

554 

New  Jersey . 1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  Mexico . ! 

3 

137 

115 

252 

1 

0 

1 

138 

115 

253 

New  York . 

5 

4, 176. 

2,740 

6, 916 

5 

5 

10 

4,181 

2,745 

6,926 

North  Carolina . 

2 

1,118 

11 

1,129 

37 

4 

41 

1,155 

15 

1,170 

North  Dakota . j 

2 

451 

529 

980 

14 

7 

21 

465 

536 

1,001 

Ohio . 

6 

4,749 

4,447 

9,196 

164 

163 

327 

4,913 

4,610 

9,523 

Oklahoma . 

3 

1,159 

920 

2,079 

29 

21 

50 

1,188 

941 

2,129 

Oregon . 

2 

1,283 

1,189 

2,472 

22 

10 

32 

1,305 

1,199 

2,504 

Pennsylvania . 

1 

1,743 

194 

257 

2,000 

40 

3 

43 

1,783 

260 

2,043 

Rhode  Island . 

1 

47 

241 

0 

2 

2 

194 

49 

243 

South  Carolina . 

4 

1,404 

27 

1,431 

28  I 

11 

39 

1,432 

38 

1,470 

South  Dakota . 

3 

440 

436 

876 

7 

4 

11 

447 

440 

887 

Tennessee . 

1 

407 

247 

654 

7 

3 

10 

414 

250 

664 

Texas . 

3 

1,737 

1,800 

3,537 

38 

27 

65 

1,775 

1,827 

3,692 

Utah . 

2 

650 

780 

1,430 

36 

4 

40 

686 

784 

1,470 

Vermont . 1 

1 

295 

179 

474 

2 

2 

4 

297 

181 

478 

Virginia . ! 

4 

1,980 

3 

1,983 

24 

0 

24 

2,004 

3 

2,007 

Washington . ' 

2 

1, 655 

1,888 

3,543 

134 

130 

264 

1,789 

2,018 

3,807 

West  Virginia . 

..  1 

542 

229 

771 

.19 

15 

34 

561 

244 

805 

Wisconsin . 

1 

1,998 

1,636 

3,634 

228 

125 

353 

2,226 

1,761 

3,987 

Wyoming . 

1 

78 

114 

192 

2 

0 

2 

80 

114 

194 

Outlying  possessions: 
Hawaii . 

1 

45 

14 

59 

0 

2 

2 

45  i 

16 

61 

Porto  Rico . 

1 

24 

49 

73 

0 

0 

0 

24 

49 

73 

1 


724  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  II. — Number  of  undergraduate  and  graduate  students  in  private  universities ,  col¬ 
leges,  and  technological  schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Insti¬ 

tu¬ 

tions. 

Collegiate  departments. 

Graduate  depart¬ 
ments. 

Total  number  of  un¬ 
dergraduate  and 
graduate  students. 

Men. 

Women. 

Total. 

Men. 

Women. 

Total. 

Men. 

W  omen. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

•  7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Continental  United 
!  States . 

443 

74,861 

63,549 

138,410 

5,575 

3,757 

9,332 

80,436 

67,306 

147,742 

Alabama . 

8 

462 

408 

870 

0 

4 

4 

462 

412 

874 

Arizona . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Arkansas . 

6 

347 

356 

703 

0 

0 

0 

347 

356 

703 

California . 

11 

2,507 

2,512 

5/019 

211 

288 

499 

2, 718 

2,800 

5,518 

Colorado . 

4 

407 

703 

1,110 

49 

49 

98 

456 

752 

1,208 

Connecticut . 

4 

1,973 

240 

2,213 

253 

30 

283 

2,226 

270 

2,496 

Delaware . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Dist.  Columbia . 

6 

1,328 

1,227 

2, 555 

238 

65 

303 

1, 566 

1,292 

2,858 

Florida . 

2 

100 

152 

252 

12 

11 

23 

112 

163 

275 

Georgia . 

14 

818 

1,406 

2,224 

0 

4 

4 

818 

1,410 

2,228 

Idaho . 

1 

38 

96 

134 

0 

0 

0 

38 

96 

134 

Illinois . 

30 

6, 176 

7,844 

14,020 

1,595 

1,126 

2, 721 

7, 771 

8,970 

16, 741 

Indiana . 

12 

1,730 

1,524 

3,254 

18 

13 

31 

1,748 

1,537 

3,285 

Iowa . 

19 

2,039 

2,589 

4,628 

11 

16 

27 

2,050 

2,605 

4,655 

Kansas . 

16 

1,051 

1,435 

2,486 

3 

1 

4 

1,054 

1,436 

2,490 

Kentucky . 

9 

616 

413 

1,029 

20 

2 

22 

636 

415 

1,051 

Louisiana . 

5 

798 

487 

1,285 

8 

5 

13 

806 

492 

1,298 

Maine . 

3 

853 

367 

1,220 

0 

0 

0 

853 

367 

1,220 

Maryland . 

12 

1,489 

1,447 

2,936 

111 

52 

163 

1,600 

1,499 

3.099 

Massachusetts . 

18 

7,316 

7, 105 

14,421 

502 

197 

699 

7,818 

7,302 

15, 120 

Michigan . 

8 

891 

748 

1,639 

0 

2 

2 

891 

750 

1,641 

Minnesota . 

10 

1,037 

1,338 

2,375 

0 

0 

0 

1,037 

1,338 

2,375 

Mississippi . 

7 

363 

467 

830 

0 

1 

1 

363 

468 

831 

Missouri . 

18 

2,368 

1,509 

3,877 

49 

20 

69 

2,417 

1,529 

3,946 

Montana . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Nebraska . 

7 

543 

666 

1,209 

2 

4 

6 

,  545 

670 

1,215 

Nevada . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  Hampshire . 

2 

1,093 

0 

1,093 

1 

0 

1 

1,094 

0 

1,094 

New  Jersey . 

6 

1,947 

181 

2, 128 

83 

1 

84 

2,030 

182 

2,212 

New  Mexico . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  York . 

30 

13, 162 

8,294 

21,456 

1,509 

1,366 

2,875 

14,671 

9,660 

24,331 

North  Carolina . 

17 

1,455 

1,085 

2, 540 

3 

6 

9 

1,458 

1,091 

2,549 

North  Dakota . 

2 

70 

123 

193 

0 

0 

0 

70 

123 

193 

Ohio . 

28 

3,787 

3,437 

7,224 

23 

17 

40 

3,810 

3,454 

7,264 

Oklahoma . 

3 

143 

231 

374 

7 

r 

12 

150 

236 

386 

Oregon . 

7 

272 

373 

645 

4 

4 

8 

276 

377 

653 

Pennsylvania . 

37 

10,816 

6,455 

17,271 

680 

375 

1,055 

11,496 

6,830 

18,326 

Rhode  Island . 

1 

594 

212 

806 

34 

22 

56 

628 

234 

862 

South  Carolina . 

11 

833 

1,195 

2,028 

2 

6 

8 

835 

1,201 

2,036 

South  Dakota . 

4 

181 

199 

380 

1 

0 

1 

182 

199 

381 

Tennessee . 

16 

1,196 

1,864 

3,060 

124 

49 

173 

1,320 

1,913 

3,233 

Texas . 

12 

1,662 

1,960 

3,622 

15 

6 

21 

1,677 

1,966 

3,643 

Utah . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Vermont . 

3 

336 

151 

487 

0 

1 

1 

336 

152 

488 

Virginia . 

20 

935 

1,441 

2,376 

2 

6 

8 

937 

1,447 

2,384 

Washington . 

2 

109 

•  144 

253 

5 

2 

7 

114 

146 

260 

West  Virginia . 

3 

125 

156 

281 

0 

0 

0 

125 

156 

281 

Wisconsin . 

9 

895 

1,009 

1,904 

0 

1 

1 

895 

1,010 

1,905 

Wyoming . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Table  12. — Distribution  of  'preparatory ,  professional ,  and  special  students  in  public  and  private  colleges ,  universities,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18. 


725 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


All  other  students  (includes  students  in  music, 
art,  oratory,  business,  etc.,  unless  these  are 
enrolled  in  4-year  courses  leading  to  a  degree). 

Private. 

Total. 

7"< 

30,318 

nsi  ro£g  mu  nfir 

co  eft-T  r-T  r-T 

£ 

X 

1 

53 

s°£§£  i°°il  1111° 

Men. 

£ 

8 

OD 

SgSgS  goSSg 

Public. 

Total. 

i 

iO 

SSSSS  occi”g  °°g°| 

£ 

8 

3,2/8 

oeos-°  -oo^o°  ooi°- 

Men. 

-*• 

.1 

c* 

oogog  “^Sgg  °°§°x 

Professional  students  (theology,  law,,  medicine, 
dentistry,  pharmacy,  veterinary  medicine). 

i 

Total. 

CO 

38,822 

S=S||  n=!  °llsa  sl-ls  §s=B° 

«-T  t-T  i-Teo*  esT 

CJ 

2, 272 

00022  2°|°S  g°^i° 

Men. 

- 

36,550 

15 

o 

27 

1,027 

285 

283 

0 

1,823 

0 

483 

0 

4,498 

566 

196 

120 

517 

771 

44 

1,110 

3,129 

481 

577 

10 

2,605 

0 

Public. 

Total. 

e 

9,771 

8§§Sg  SS3500  ggSSS 

Women. 

as 

1 

OOWOO  NNO°° 

Men. 

X 

9,213 

183 

11 

52 
539 
125 

0 

0 

412 

46 

94 

25 

595  1 
288 
731 
350 

53 
29 
34 

0 

0 

988 

820 

111 

124 

37 

! 

| 

1 

Private. 

Total. 

- 

34,500 

1,173 

0 

310 

451 

283 

6 

0 

0 

229 

1.273 

24 

3,098 

869 

1,253 

1,117 

1.274 
165 

0 

968 

1,255 

456 

1,022 

465 

1,451 

0 

Women. 

a 

| 

g°|g!S  -gill  §l°s°  SS||° 

Men. 

ua 

22,932 

l°sl§  000-l  -Ills  gs°|g  agsgo 

Public. 

Total. 

10, 100 

§ogo§  s°23i  S==!a  °S°== 

Women. 

es 

4,875 

125 

0 

42 

0 

482 

0 

0 

84 

51 

13 

61 

0 

0 

526 

137 

0 

47 

0 

1 

0 

0 

355 

0 

0 

6 

Men. 

! 

1 

==S=S  'ogog  googg  =55=50  =5=== 

States. 

- 

Continental  United 
States . . . 

Alabama . 

Arizona . 

Arkansas. . . . 

California 

Colorado . 

Connecticut . 

Delaware . 

Dist.  Columbia . 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

Idaho . 

Illinois . 

Indiana . . 

Iowa . 

Kansas . 

Kentucky . 

Louisiana . 

Maine . 

Maryland . 

Massachusetts 

Michigan . 

Minnesota . 

Mississippi . 

Missouri . 

Montana . 

726 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


I 


•8 

|| 
H  °0 


i  All  other  students  (including  students  in  music, 

I  art,  oratory,  business,  etc.,  unless  these  are 
enrolled  in  4-year  courses  leading  to  a  degree). 

Private. 

Total. 

2 

Sooa°  SSfSSl  IS-li  li°»S  -88° 

1-7  rH  pT  to” 

Women. 

00 

100S°  S|SSI  I|3||  ir°§  “’Si0 

,-r  <n 

|  Men. 

r- 

|oc8°  |SS||  o|ScS 

Public. 

Total. 

5D 

K0000S  ||So^  °!|00& 

Women. 

S 

©  °  re  ©10  t^oaog©  gS°S5g  ^S500 

Men. 

*** 

°°|<N«  N2N2 

Professional  students  (theology,  law,  medicine, 
dentistry,  pharmacy,  veterinary  medicine). 

Private. 

Total. 

2 

371 

0 

43 

525 

0 

8,593 

196 

0 

1,710 

112 

526 
4,364 

0 

20 

0 

849 

840 

0 

11 

323 

31 

0 

660 

0 

Women. 

<N 

°°©h°  gs°°°  8£000  °°S° 

Men. 

a 

371 

0 

43 

506 

0 

8,065 

193 

0 

1,631 

86 

434 

4,148 

0 

20 

0 

811 

662 

0 

11 

323 

31 

0 

648 

0 

Public. 

Total. 

© 

|oooo  ogSgg  S§8||  |£§c 

Women. 

© 

00000  ©■**-«*»  ooooooo  ^.co^oco  0000 

Men. 

00 

goooo  ©g£|g  g|]§§g  |gg° 

Preparatory  students. 

Private. 

Total. 

3°s|°  5i_sis  Sg°S3  Sjps§  IIS= 

t-T  h  ei  V'  i-Tr-T  t-T 

Women. 

© 

googo  S|°®P  Sg°°g  Cjo§° 

a  ■ 

<X> 

a 

5°|S°  S|S|S  S§°£2  ||°R5  |S|° 

Public. 

Total. 

265 

0 

0 

0 

179 

3,638 

0 

375 

0 

5S5 

71 

0 

0 

0 

G9 

0 

116 

65 

0 

9 

248 

0 

0 

68 

Women. 

05 

188 

0 

0 

0 

52 

1,929 

0 

117 

0 

302 

27 

0 

0 

0 

29 

0 

116 

32 

0 

0 

121 

0 

0 

32 

Men. 

s°°°b  rrg 

1 

- 

Nebraska. ....... . . , . . . 

Nevada . .  * .....  .  , ...  , , . 

New  Hampshire . A _ _ 

New  Jersey. ..... . . . 

New  Mexico....  . . 

New  York  . . . . 

North  Carolina, ............ 

North  Dakota.. _ _ 

Ohio., . . . 

Oklahoma. 

Oregon . . 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  island _ 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia.  . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

727 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.' 

Table  13. — Students  in  universities ,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Preparatory 

depart¬ 

ments. 

Collegiate 

deoai-t- 

ments.1 

Graduate 

depart¬ 

ments. 

Professional 
depart-  j 
ments.2  1 

All  other 
students.3 

Total  number 
(excluding 
duplicates). 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11  ' 

12 

13 

Continental 
United  States. 

28,157 

16,503 

134,271 

105,436 

8,497 

5,909 

45, 763 

2,830 

11,3851 

24,848 

223,841 

151,518 

Alabama . 

945 

353 

1,571 

920 

12 

4 

198 

3; 

173l 

126 

2.899! 

1,402 

Arizona . 

0 

0 

203 

1% 

10 

20 

11 

0 

8 

27 

232 

243 

Arkansas . 

215 

171 

665 

603 

1 

3 

79 

5 

74 

183 

977 

946 

California . 

326 

125 

5,295 

5,956 

449 

798 

1, 566 

172, 

196! 

686 

7,734 

7,737 

Colorado . 

617 

529 

1,583 

3,003 

118 

115 

410 

32 

.  284 

839 

2;  862 

3,810 

Connecticut . 

49 

6 

2,085 

265 

253 

30 

283 

10 

53 

100 

2, 722 

409 

Delaware . 

0 

0 

216 

117 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

216 

120 

Dist.  Columbia . 

231 

84 

1,663 

1,456 

239 

65 

2,235 

139! 

186 

123 

4,364 

1,866 

Florida . 

99 

181 

396 

513 

17 

12 

46 

0 

42 

206 

600 

912 

Georgia . 

883 

625 

2,305 

1,418 

14 

10 

577 

16 

197 

909 

3,976 

2,574 

Idaho . 

125 

72 

293 

304 

6 

7 

25 

0: 

17 

121 

450 

i  415 

Illinois . 

1,740 

1,358 

8,982 

9,229 

,2,063 

1,223 

5,093 

296 

720 

2,466 

!  17,720 

,  13,972 

Indiana . 

64C 

229 

3,881 

3,199 

134 

102 

854 

11 

192 

363! 

5, 665 

!  3,905 

Iowa . 

1,290 

919 

4,632 

5,201 

333 

276 

927 

33 

707 

2,305 

;  7, 504 

8,595 

Kansas . 

1,006 

426 

2,907 

2,900 

70 

57 

470 

j  43 

563 

1,560 

4,753 

!  4,825 

Kentucky . 

1  736 

538 

1,149 

820 

39 

25 

570 

97 

283 

333 

2, 772 

j  1,804 

Louisiana . 

83 

152 

1,307 

687 

27 

24 

800 

33 

102 

143 

2,319 

995 

Maine . 

0 

I  o 

1,464 

590 

4 

5 

78 

0 

20 

9 

1,560 

604 

Maryland . 

7S2 

200 

3,026 

1,450 

121 

52 

1.110 

59 

103 

183 

5.089 

1,916 

Massachusetts . 

1,255 

1  ° 

7,704 

7, 129 

523 

198 

3,129 

192 

796 

536 

13,407 

!  8,055 

Michigan . 

!  421 

35 

5,427 

2,582 

192 

84 

1.469 

8 

!  196 

360 

8,033 

3.353 

Minnesota . 

1,804 

386 

2,914 

3,190 

221 

106 

1,397 

37 

248 

361 

6,542 

4,018 

Mississippi . 

'  115 

350 

1.228 

1.226 

3 

1 

121 

3 

167 

865 

1,624 

2,327 

Missouri . 

!  826 

625 

4,577 

3;  038 

166 

93 

2, 729 

127 

;  614 

764 

8,318 

4,537 

Montana . 

6 

6 

478 

573 

6 

9 

37 

1  ''I 

184 

i 

80 

711 

68-J 

Nebraska . 

541 

368 

1,967 

2,446 

129 

179 

791 

20 

377. 

1,018 

1  3, 731 

3,40’ 

Nevada . 

0 

0 

151 

162 

3 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

154 

170 

New  Hampshire 

107 

0 

1,488 

159 

1 

0 

43 

0 

1  4. 

4 

1,612 

163 

New  Jersey . 

103 

263 

1,947 

181 

83 

1 

506 

19 

22 

17 

|  2,661 

481 

New  Mexico . 

127 

52 

137 

115 

I  1 

0 

0 

0 

27 

35 

272 

20S 

New  York . 

'  2,820 

2,049 

17,338 

11,034 

il,514 

1,371 

8,065 

528 

517 

787 

!  29,631 

15, 495 

North  Carolina . 

!  508 

697 

2,573 

1,096 

i  40 

10 

329 

7 

161 

440 

.  3,420 

2,240 

North  Dakota . 

292 

154 

521 

652 

14 

7 

87 

7 

180 

456 

i  1,086 

1.208 

Ohio . 

1,688 

516 

8, 536 

7,884 

187 

180 

2,324 

117 

730 

1,941 

1  12,948 

:  10,364 

Oklahoma . 

447 

451 

1,302 

1,151 

36 

26 

286 

j  38 

151 

280 

2,217 

1,905 

Oregon . 

128 

116 

1,555 

1.562 

|  26 

14 

542 

120 

441 

494 

2, 627 

2,208 

Pennsylvania . 

4.080 

899 

12. 559 

6, 712 

j  734 

378 

4.148 

216 

1,363 

2,099 

22,853 

10,174 

Rhode  Island . 

0 

0i  788 

259 

j  34 

24 

0 

0 

60 

!  15 

882 

298 

South  Carolina . 

187 

184 

2,237 

1,222 

30 

17 

60 

3 

66 

327 

2,580 

1,753 

South  Dakota . 

352 

251 

i  621 

635 

8 

4 

103 

8 

240 

725 

1,202 

1,533 

Tennessee . 

'  433 

746 

|  1, 603 

2,111 

131 

52 

986 

42 

1  190 

449 

3,229 

3,244 

Texas . 

60S 

861 

3,399 

3,760 

53 

33 

1,054 

211 

94 

850 

5, 196 

5,717 

Utah . 

33 

32 

650 

780 

I  36 

4 

195 

1 

229 

i  110 

1.143 

S45 

Vermont . 

70 

o 

631 

330 

\  2 

3 

116 

0 

14 

6 

817 

339 

Virginia . 

451 

1,097 

2,915 

1,444 

26 

6 

800 

3 

147 

;  619 

4,356 

3,029 

Washington . 

467 

'  121 

I  1, 764 

2,032 

‘i  139 

132 

163 

50 

14 

6 

2,547 

2,341 

West  Virginia . 

153 

154 

667 

385 

19 

15 

79 

6 

82 

172 

1,000 

732 

Wisconsin . 

334 

90 

2,893 

2,645 

j  228 

126 

872 

31 

132 

2S0 

j  4, 493 

3,434 

Wyoming . 

36 

i  32 

78 

114 

2 

0 

0 

0 

19 

66 

135 

212 

Outlying  possessions: 

Hawaii . 

0 

i  0 

45 

14 

0 

2 

0 

0 

20 

59 

65 

75 

Porto  Rico . 

114 

3 

24 

49 

i  0 

0 

0 

0 

,  68 

224 

206 

257 

1  Includes  also  engineering  students. 

2  Includes  students  in  theology,  law,  medicine,  veterinary  medicine,  dentistry,  and  pharmacy. 

3  Includes  students  in  music,  art,  oratory,  business,  etc.,  unless  they  are  enrolled  in  four-year  courses 
leading  to  a  collegiate  degree. 


728  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  14. —  Undergraduate  students  in  universities ,  colleges ,  and  technological  schools 

in  1917-18. 


States. 

Insti¬ 

tu¬ 

tions. 

Colleges  for 
men. 

Colleges  for 
women. 

Colleges  for  both  sexes. 

Insti¬ 

tu¬ 

tions. 

Under¬ 
gradu¬ 
ate  stu- 
dents. 

Insti¬ 

tu¬ 

tions. 

Under¬ 
gradu¬ 
ate  stu¬ 
dents. 

Insti¬ 

tu¬ 

tions. 

Undergraduate  students. 

Men. 

Women. 

Total. 

* 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Continental  United  States . 

554 

124 

36,872 

100 

25, 495 

330 

97,399 

79,941 

177,340 

Alabama . 

11 

3 

136 

3* 

695 

5 

1,435 

225 

1,660 

Arizona . 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

203 

196 

399 

Arkansas . 

7 

0 

0 

2 

121 

5 

665 

482 

1,147 

California . 

18 

4 

433 

1 

254 

13 

4,862 

5, 702 

10,564 

Colorado . 

8 

1 

16 

1 

48 

6 

1,567 

2,955 

4,522 

Connecticut . 

5 

3 

1,973 

1 

240 

1 

112 

25 

137 

Delaware . 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

216 

117 

333 

Dist.  Columbia . 

8 

2 

308 

2 

482 

4 

1,355 

974 

2,329 

Florida . 

4 

1 

296 

1 

361 

2 

100 

152 

252 

Georgia . 

17 

7 

2,161 

7 

1,319 

3 

144 

99 

243 

Idaho . 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

293 

304 

597 

Illinois . 

32 

3 

704 

4 

539 

25 

8,278 

8, 690 

16,968 

Indiana . 

14 

3 

871 

1 

103 

10 

3,010 

3,096 

6,106 

Iowa . 

22 

3 

297 

1 

103 

18 

4,335 

5,098 

9,433 

Kansas . 

19 

2 

60 

0 

0 

17 

2,847 

2,900 

5,747 

Kentucky . 

11 

4 

231 

1 

50 

6 

918 

770 

1, 688 

Louisiana . 

6 

2 

658 

2 

457 

2 

649 

230 

879 

Maine . 

4 

1 

374 

0 

0 

3 

1,090 

590 

1,680 

Maryland . 

14 

5 

1,744 

3 

984 

6 

1,282 

466 

1,748 

Massachusetts . 

19 

7 

4,268 

6 

6,231 

6 

3,436 

898 

4,334 

Michigan . 

13 

2 

212 

0 

0 

11 

5,215 

2,582 

7,797 

Minnesota . 

13 

3 

228 

2 

379 

8 

2,686 

2,811 

5, 497 

Mississippi . 

10 

0 

0 

5 

962 

5 

1,228 

264 

1,492 

Missouri . 

20 

3 

1,078 

7 

495 

10 

3,499 

2,543 

6,042 

Montana . 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

478 

573 

1,051 

Nebraska . 

8 

1 

159 

0 

0 

7 

1,808 

2,446 

4,254 

Nevada . 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

151 

162 

313 

New  Hampshire . 

3 

2 

1,093 

0 

0 

1 

395 

159 

554 

New  Jersev . 

6 

4 

1,930 

1 

175 

1 

17 

6 

23 

New  Mexico . 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

137 

115 

252 

New  York . 

35 

15 

7, 682 

9 

4,822 

11 

9,656 

6,212 

15,868 

North  Carolina . 

19 

5 

1,325 

7 

740 

7 

1,248 

356 

1,604 

North  Dakota . 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

521 

652 

1,173 

Ohio . . . 

34 

6 

835 

3 

578 

25 

7,701 

7,306 

15,007 

Oklahoma . 

6 

0 

0 

1 

121 

5 

1,302 

1,030 

2,332 

Oregon . 

9 

0 

0 

0 

0 

9 

1,555 

1,562 

3,117 

Pennsylvania . 

38 

11 

2,279 

7 

962 

20 

10,280 

5,750 

16,030 

Rhode  Island . 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

788 

259 

1,047 

South  Carolina . 

15 

5 

1,634 

5 

1,093 

5 

603 

129 

732 

South  Dakota . 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

621 

635 

1,256 

Tennessee . 

17 

2 

206 

3 

144 

12 

1,397 

1,967 

3,364 

Texas . 

15 

2 

885 

3 

1,405 

10 

2,514 

2,355 

4,869 

Utah . 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

650 

780 

1,430 

Vermont . 

4 

2 

201 

0 

0 

2 

430 

330 

760 

Virginia . 

24 

8 

2,378 

9 

1,265 

7 

537 

179 

716 

Washington . 

4 

1 

28 

0 

0 

3 

1,736 

2,032 

3,768 

West  Virginia . 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4 

667 

385 

1,052 

Wisconsin . 

10 

1 

189 

2 

367 

7 

2,704 

2,278 

4,982 

Wyoming . 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

78 

114 

192 

Outlying  possessions: 

Hawaii . 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

45 

14 

59 

Porto  Rico . 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

24 

49 

73 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  729 


Table  15. — Students  pursuing  certain  professional  courses  in  universities ,  colleges,  and 
professional  schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Theology. 

Law. 

Medicine. 

Veter  in  ary 
medicine. 

Dentistry. 

Pharmacy. 

I  Schools  re- 
|  porting. 

Men. 

|  Women. 

1  Schools  re- 

|  porting. 

Men. 

|  W omen . 

Schools  re¬ 

porting. 

Men. 

|  Women. 

1  Schools  re- 

1  porting. 

Men. 

s 

£ 

O 

Schools  re¬ 

porting. 

1 

a 

Women. 

Schools  re¬ 

porting. 

Men. 

Women,  j 

* 

2 

g 

4 

5 

6 

8 

9 

I10 

11 

12 

13 

14  ; 

15 

16 

18 

19 

United  States. 

142  8, 574 

780 

101 

10,998 

822 

72 

13, 160 

643 

19 

1,250 

0 

|  ! 

36  8, 185 

129 

55 

3,597 

456 

Alabama . 

2 

15 

o 

1 

64 

1 

1 

51 

1  0 

1 

44 

0 

o 

0 

0 

2 

24 

2 

Arizona . 

0 

0 

0 

1 

11 

0 

o 

0 

i  0 

0 

0 

0 

0i 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Arkansas . 

1 

12 

o 

1 

15 

5 

1 

52 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0; 

0 

0 

1  o 

0 

0 

California . 

5 

138 

12 

5 

562 

81 

3 

357 

56 

0 

0 

0 

2 

375 

10 

2 

134 

13 

Colorado . 

1 

53 

9 

2 

81 

3 

1 

74 

5 

1 

33 

0 

1 

157 

6 

1 

12 

9 

Connecticut . 

3 

144 

6 

1 

68 

0 

1 

71 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Delaware . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Dist.  of  Colum- 

1 

bia . 

2 

102 

1 

6 

1,362 

119 

3 

287! 

1  7 

1 

57 

0 

3 

376 

8 

2 

52 

4 

Florida . 

0 

0 

0 

1 

46 

0 

0 

c 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Georgia . 

4 

298 

16 

3 

121 

0 

1 

134 

0 

1 

8 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

16 

0 

Idaho . 

0 

0 

0 

1 

25 

0 

0 

C 

0 

0 

C 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Illinois . 

15 1 , 275 

120 

7 

1,185 

70 

5 

1,539 

74 

1 

190 

0 

2 

687 

16 

2 

207 

16 

Indiana . 

1 

75 

0 

2 

170 

0 

1 

216 

6 

1 

93 

0 

1 

223 

o' 

3 

77 

5 

Iowa . 

4 

135 

9 

2 

140 

51 

1 

234 

10 

1 

114 

0 

1 

269 

3' 

1 

35 

6 

Kansas . 

3 

69 

1 

2 

162 

5| 

1  1 

138 

32 

1 

64 

0 

0 

0 

i  ° 

!  1 

37 

5 

Kentucky . 

2 

351 

91 

2 

66 

4 

1 

103 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

50 

2 

Louisiana . 

O' 

0 

0 

3 

136 

6 

1 

510 

17 

0 

0 

0 

2 

108 

;  2 

2 

46 

8 

Maine . 

o; 

0 

0 

1 

34 

0 

1 

44 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0l 

o 

0 

0 

Maryland . 

3 

441 

0 

0 

1 

331 

56 

8 

0 

0 

2 

335 

3 

0 

Massachusetts... 

8 

391 

9 

4 

1,051 

108 

1  3 

813 

40 

0 

0 

0 

2 

i  707 

11 

i  1 

167 

24 

Michigan . 

1 

29 

0 

3 

472 

31 

2 

529 

28 

1 

53 

0 

1 

325 

12 

X 

70 

9 

Minnesota . 

G 

447 

0 

2 

272 

2 

1 

283 

13 

0 

0 

0 

1 

336 

4 

1 

59 

18 

Mississippi . 

0 

0 

0 

2 

48 

2 

[  1 

58 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

15 

1 

Missouri . 

7; 

906 

87 

5 

497 

13 

4 

521 

22 

1 

106 

0 

4 

655 

3 

1 

44 

2 

Montana . 

0 

0 

0 

1 

26 

6 

° 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

1 

11 

9 

Nebraska . 

2 

75 

0 

2 

210 

2 

2 

360 

9 

0 

0 

0 

1 

115 

0 

j  1 

31 

9 

Nevada . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  Hampshire 

l! 

12 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

31 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  Jersev . 

4 

342 

1 

1 

164 

18 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  Mexico . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  York . 

13 

788 

80 

8 

1,998 

243 

8 

3,011 

86 

2 

137 

0 

2 

963 

4 

5 

1,168 

115 

North  Carolina. . 

5 

,  95 

3 

3 

117 

3 

2 

92 

0 

i  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

25 

1 

North  Dakota.. . 

Oi  0 

0 

i 

30 

3 

1 

28; 

2 

1 

11 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

18 

2 

Ohio . 

14 

584 

32 

6 

482 

29 

4 

552 

!  24 

2 

180 

•  0 

2 

333 

10 

5 

193 

22 

Oklahoma . 

!  i 

86 

20 

1 

79 

2 

1 

71 

i  4 

1  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

50 

6 

Oregon . 

1  2  89 

78 

2 

24 

8 

1 

72 

6 

0 

0 

0 

1 

304 

7 

2 

53 

21 

Pennsylvania . . . 

14 

;  694 

10 

3 

284 

12 

5 

1,216 

103 

1 

68 

0 

3 

1,202 

24 

3 

684 

67 

Rhode  Island . . . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

South  Carolina. . 

1 

20 

0 

1 

40 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

South  Dakota. . . 

0 

0 

0 

1 

37 

2 

1 

51 

2 

0 

0 

i  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

15 

4 

Tennessee . 

4 

69 

23 

3 

144 

5 

3 

408 

4 

0 

0 

0 

J 

o 

323 

3 

3 

42 

7 

Texas . 

6 

530 

166 

2 

157 

12 

2 

264 

20 

1 

14 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

89; 

13 

Utah . 

0 

0 

0 

1 

49 

0 

1 

94 

1 

1 

52 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o 

Vermont . 

1 

11 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

105 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

o| 

I  0 

Virginia . 

4 

223 

0 

3 

200 

0 

2 

240 

1  ° 

0 

0 

0 

1 

95 

0 

1 

421 

3 

Washington . 

0 

0 

0 

2 

77 

8 

0 

o 

0 

1 

26  0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

60 

42 

West  Virginia. . . 

0 

0 

0 

1 

31 

1 

1 

31 

!  3 

0 

0  0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

17 

2 

Wisconsin . 

2 

75 

0 

2 

251 

10 

2 

195 

9 

0 

0 

0 

1 

297 

3 

2 

54 

9 

Wyoming . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1  ° 

!  0 

1 

0 

0 

!  0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

780  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  16. — Students  in  engineering  courses  in  universities,  colleges,  and  technological 

schools  in  1917-18. 


Gen- 

Chem- 

Elec- 

Me¬ 

Min¬ 

Ce¬ 

Tex¬ 

Archi¬ 

Total 

eral 

ical 

trical 

chanical 

ing 

ramic 

tile 

tectural 

engi¬ 

States. 

engi- 

engi- 

engi- 

engi¬ 

engi¬ 

engi¬ 

engi¬ 

engi¬ 

neering 

neer- 

neer- 

ing. 

neer- 

neer¬ 

neer¬ 

neer¬ 

neer¬ 

neer¬ 

stu¬ 

mg. 

ing. 

mg. 

ing. 

ing. 

ing. 

ing. 

ing. 

dents. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Continental 

United  States. 

7,203 

4,548 

5, 108 

5, 683 

5,944 

1,298 

111 

156 

261 

31,120 

Alabama . 

53 

221 

237 

8 

594 

Arizona . 

10 

17 

16 

51 

94 

44 

Q 

30 

9 

19 

1 

112 

California . 

35 

313 

300 

109 

418 

170 

1,345 

Colorado . 

166 

43 

56 

92 

34 

164 

555 

105 

77 

47 

142 

17 

388 

11 

24 

17 

24 

18 

94 

District  of  Columbia. 

407 

137 

84 

64 

65 

757 

Florida . 

42 

5 

5 

11 

4 

67 

Georgia . 

46 

96 

264 

250 

oi 

717 

Idaho . 

10 

13 

14 

15 

14 

66 

Hlinois1 . 

86 

233 

232 

330 

324 

18 

26 

133 

1,465 

Indiana . . 

259 

213 

340 

353 

•  7 

8 

1,185 

Iowa2 . . . 

87 

76 

153 

216 

114 

6 

57 

752 

Kansas 3 . 

514 

19 

51 

42 

639 

Kentucky . 

45 

137 

19 

201 

Louisiana < . 

91 

37 

45 

77 

12 

333 

Maine . 

16 

94 

54 

82 

76 

322 

Maryland . 

133 

16 

18 

10 

177 

Massachusetts 5 . 

286 

331 

272 

319 

360 

59 

1,920 

Michigan  6 . . 

1,297 

164 

227 

186 

251 

69 

22 

2,261 

Minnesota . 

170 

99 

70 

129 

55 

74 

597 

Mississippi . 

159 

46 

59 

11 

275 

Missouri 7 

330 

65 

65 

66 

51 

75 

672 

Montana . 

8 

20 

41 

15 

52 

11 

147 

Nebraska8 . 

4 

101 

80 

55 

5 

252 

Nevada . 

13 

40 

27 

80' 

New  Hampshire 

50 

20 

58 

32 

160 

New  Jersey . 

98 

48 

88 

17 

137 

3 

391 

New  Mexico9 

4 

6 

6 

9 

33 

New  York10 . 

312 

763 

944 

590 

1,090 

17 

3,721 

North  Carolina  _ 

75 

79 

118 

52 

66 

390 

North  Dakota . 

37 

9 

17 

12 

16 

13 

ii 

1 

116 

Ohio . 

705 

363 

395 

454 

426 

63 

65 

17 

2, 488 

Oklahoma . 

181 

6 

14 

36 

16 

263 

Oregon11. 

27 

23 

83 

95 

41 

286 

Pennsylvania  12 

702 

695 

501 

453 

481 

218 

3,177 

Rhode  Island . 

48 

18 

9 

13 

23 

111 

South  Carolina _ 

218 

32 

62 

13 

325 

South  Dakota . 

39 

12 

23 

5 

46 

125 

Tennessee . 

135 

e 

10 

13 

6 

170 

Texas . 

9 

77 

180 

232 

98 

16 

7 

619 

Utah13-.. 

147 

2 

3 

4 

2 

6 

233 

Vermont . 

92 

60 

22 

174 

Virginia. ... 

442 

79 

117 

180 

94 

13 

925 

"Washington  h _ 

93 

76 

189 

139 

77 

581 

West  Virginia 

8 

54 

44 

41 

18 

165 

Wisconsin . 

248 

56 

73 

114 

84 

11 

586 

Wyoming _ 

5 

2 

12 

5 

24 

Outlying  posses¬ 

sions: 

Hawaii15. _ _ 

16 

16 

Porto  Rico10 _ 

34 

7 

1 

3 

45 

1  Fire-protection  engineering,  34;  railway  engineer¬ 
ing,  38;  municipal  and  sanitary  engineering,  11. 

2  Agricultural  engineering,  43. 

3  Agricultural  engineering,  7;  flour-mill  engineer¬ 
ing,  6. 

i  Sugar  engineering,  71. 

6  Electrochemical  engineering,  44;  sanitary  engin¬ 
eering,  22;  naval  architecture,  77:  engineering  ad¬ 
ministration,  150. 

6  Marine  engineering,  38;  aeronautical  engineer- 

7  Metallurgical  engineering,  20. 

8  Agricultural  engineering,  7. 


9  Geological  engineering,  2;  metallurgical  engin¬ 
eering,  6.  € 

Metallurgical  engineering,  5. 

11  Highway  engineering,  15;  irrigation  engineer¬ 
ing,  2. 

i*  Sanitary  engineering,  10;  metallurgicalengineer- 
ing,  53;  commercial  engineering,  29;  electrometal¬ 
lurgy,  35. 

13  Agricultural  engineering,  69. 

n  Hydroelectrical  engineering,  7. 

15  Sugar  technology,  19. 

i®  Sugar  technology.  13. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


31 


Table  17. — Students  in  summer  school,  short  winter  course.,  extension  courses,  and  corre¬ 
spondence  courses  in  universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Summer  school 
(1917). 

Short  winter 
course. 

Extension 

courses.1 

Correspondence 

courses.2 * 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

Men. 

Women. 

* 

2 

§ 

4 

6 

8 

9 

Continental  United  Stales 

25,538 

52, 521 

8,429 

3,667 

15,063 

17,817 

2,879 

2, 459 

Alabama . 

490 

1,220 

23 

170 

Arizona . 

121 

137 

10 

10 

42 
1, 469 
278 

160 

4,085 

1,706 

139 

0 

30 

(2 

86 

35 

(8 

213 

>420) 

234 

.456) 

207 

Connecticut . 

25 

115 

154 

416 

256 

Dist.  Columbia . 

900 

Florida . 

713 

916 

159 

84 

122 

6 

Idaho . 

90 

14 

34 

0 

Illinois . 

3,024 

131 

3,475 

465 

25 

85 

5,240 

0 

1,144 

238 

131 

0 

Indiana  s . 

61 

13 

3 

11 

Iowa . 

929 

536 

4,689 

1,012 

63 
1, 145 
50 
524 
],259 

2,084 

274 

917 

10 

19 

32 

22 

Kansas . 

104 

541 

440 

547  1 

535 

Kentucky . 

53 

649 

42 

216 

1,188 

48 

9 

95  1 

12 

Louisiana.... 

164 

6 

7 

81 

Maine . 

Marvland . 

13 

84 

37 

Massachusetts 4 * . 

6 

0 

155 

5S2  | 

289 

Miehisran _ 

1,136 

193 

519 

781 

356 

1,710 

« 

Minnesota . 

1, 434 

0 

1,196 

1,038 

0 ! 

11 

Mississippi . 

260 

374 

58 

27 

21 

Missouri . 

426 

742 

167 

14 

335 

419 

202 

350 

Montana . 

53 

402 

176 

112 

3 

114 

9 

30 

N  ebraska . 

302 

14 

1,132 

164 

1 

192 

128 

Nevada 

87 

156 

507 

17 

o 

New  Hamoshire 

72 

New  Jersey . . 

236 

76 

17 

0 

50 

New  Mexico. . 

New  York  ® 

4,915 

694 

123 

7,318 

159 

35 

39 

0 

2, 807 

7,718 

North  Carolina . 

’  792 

302 

107 

20 

5 

North  Dakota . 

386 

163 

6 

89 

500 

83 

104 

Ohio . 

1,505 

537 

3, 5S2 
1,137 

622 

149 

73 

830 

2,027 

17 

32 

67 

Oklahoma . 

117 

969 

3 

20 

156 

114 

Oregon 

452 

16 

Pennsylvania . . . 

&  i-f 

358 

1,227 

76 

734 

236 

(5,500) 

(  354  i 

21 

156 

uuuiu  Laiuiiua. .............. 

South  Dakota . 

163 

581 

68 

7 

74 

200 

24 

29 

Tennessee 

678 

1,998 

126 

AO 

2,116 

2,751 

578 

4*73 

94 

43 

28 

0 

Texas 

166 

154 

U+ah 

735 

2,062 

V  ermont. .................. . . 

18 

6 

Virginia 

oz 

119 

39S 

152 

1,221 

52 

206 

i 

18 

0 

W  ashington . 

34 

487 

793 

128 

141 

West  Virginia. . . 

142 

986 

359 

1,509 

241 

5 

326 

o 

1,417 

0 

54 

23 

TV  i  o/vvn  Qvn 

3 

0 

52 

V  V  ibCuldoIii  ................... 

W  yoming  6 . 

20 

3 

0 

0 

53 

6S 

111 

Outlying  possessions: 

Porto  Rico - ....  - 

27 

106 

62  | 

47 

1 

1  Also  23,664  extension  students  reported  not  divided  as  to  sex. 

2  Also  9,960  correspondence  students  reported  not  divided  as  to  sex. 

s  Also  210  extension  students  not  divided  as  to  sex;  correspondence  student,  2,004  not  divided  as  to  sex. 

4  Also  2,997  extension  students  not  divided  as  to  sex. 

&  Also  2,295  extension  students  not  divided  as  to  sex. 

6  Also  9,383  extension  students  not  divided  as  to  sex. 


782  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

Table  18. — Number  of  first  degrees  conferred  on  men  by  universities,  colleges,  and  tech¬ 
nological  schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Arts  and  sci¬ 
ences. 

Agriculture. 

Architecture. 

Commerce. 

Education. 

|  Forestry. 

Journalism. 

1  Music. 

General  engi¬ 

neering. 

Chemical  engi¬ 

neering. 

Civil  engineer¬ 

ing. 

Electricalengi¬ 

neering. 

Mechanical  en¬ 

gineering. 

Mining  engi¬ 

neering. 

Textile  engi¬ 
neering.  I 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

Continental  United 

States . 

9,092 

1,506 

134 

610 

224 

33 

29 

13 

160 

404 

811 

738 

781 

166 

19 

96 

28 

1 

3 

6 

4 

5 

22 

10 

2 

8 

7 

1 

2 

1 

34 

2 

4 

California . 

356 

48 

6 

17 

3 

20 

27 

24 

22 

15 

90 

21 

10 

1 

2 

16 

22 

10 

13 

Connecticut . 

699 

11 

6 

3 

4 

22 

8 

10 

24 

1 

9 

8 

2 

6 

4 

3 

District  of  Columbia. . . 

113 

4 

7 

7 

7 

4 

1 

Florida . 

15 

6 

1 

1 

97 

10 

4 

10 

4 

8 

IS 

30 

3 

14 

4 

2 

4 

1 

515 

106 

15 

53 

17 

1 

2 

22 

28 

44 

33 

5 

210 

72 

2 

25 

33 

45 

49 

286 

116 

4 

5 

36 

28 

15 

1 

204 

55 

4 

9 

3 

2 

29 

6 

10 

7 

Kentucky . 

57 

20 

3 

20 

2 

Louisiana . 

35 

20 

4 

1 

3 

6 

7 

12 

9 

Maine . 

94 

25 

8 

4 

12 

6 

Maryland . 

146 

10 

1 

26 

2 

Massachusetts . 

704 

50 

25 

62 

3 

66 

58 

64 

73 

6 

6 

Michigan . 

331 

71 

9 

2 

2 

30 

84 

46 

63 

29 

Minnesota . 

219 

34 

4 

7 

5 

1 

2 

9 

8 

10 

8 

13 

Mississippi . 

60 

29 

3 

8 

H 

4 

Missouri . 

225 

55 

1 

8 

37 

16 

30 

2 

11 

3 

5 

11 

Montana . i 

12 

4 

i" 

1 

3 

3 

4 

3 

Nebraska . 

141 

32 

11 

6 

8 

6 

N  evada . 

4 

1 

1 

New  Hampshire . 

292 

23 

l 

6 

4 

2 

New  Jersey . 

118 

12 

6 

9 

4 

66 

New  Mexico . 

4 

3 

New  York . 

1,010 

148 

16 

206 

39 

4 

8 

1 

45 

142 

64 

104 

9 

North  Carolina . 

’256 

23 

4 

9 

9 

6 

5 

North  Dakota . 

32 

6 

6 

1 

5 

3 

2 

Ohio . 

601 

54 

4 

24 

38 

3 

35 

58 

38 

46 

8 

Oklahoma . 

69 

14 

2 

4 

11 

7 

Oregon . 

65 

54 

11 

5 

1 

2 

'  8 

12 

3 

Pennsylvania . 

648 

80 

23 

97 

9 

3 

1 

48 

28 

91 

72 

63 

18 

Rhode  Island . 

68 

4 

13 

3 

1 

1 

3 

South  Carolina . 

204 

58 

2 

15 

34 

4 

South  Dakota . 

25 

14 

1 

2 

5 

Tennessee . 

85 

27 

3 

3 

5 

4 

Texas  . 

153 

29 

4 

1 

2 

12 

15 

2 

1 

Utah . 

23 

12 

3 

23 

1 

3 

2 

1 

4 

Vermont . 

32 

11 

8 

2 

2 

Virginia . 

235 

5 

10 

26 

24 

8 

Washington . 

83 

8 

2 

1 

3 

7 

11 

14 

2 

7 

West  Virginia . 

63 

17 

4 

4 

4 

Wisconsin . 

251 

80 

76 

::::: 

1 

17 

21 

26 

31 

5 

W  yoming . 

1 

1 

!  2 

2 

2 

3 

Outlying  possessions: 

Hawaii  . 

3 

I 

Porto  Rico . 

1 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


733 


Table  19. — Graduate  degrees  conferred  on  rnen  by  universities ,  colleges,  and  technological 

schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

s 

d 

d 

« 

S 

c a 

d 

3 

d 

s 

GQ 

|  M.  S.  in  Agri. 

{*! 

m 

s 

W 

S' 

o 

A 

O 

w 

d 

p4 

d 

d 

d 

4 

<v 

s 

d 

% 

a* 

Ph 

d 

ra 

« 

W 

d 

ft 

2 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

ll 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

United  States . 

1,332 

10 

2 

4 

17 

273 

35 

4 

7 

44 

14 

9 

34 

2  | 

499 

7 

4 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

. ... 

61 

10 

1 

15 

22 

1 

1 

19 

15 r 

8 

4 

6 

1 

33 

1 

34 

1 

1 

24 

Florida . 

1 

1 

10 

6 

3 

Idaho . 

1 

184 

1 

31 

1 

5 

2 

3 

107 

17 

4 

7 

8 

5 

2 

15 

16 

4 

1 

9 

Kansas . 

18 

10 

1 

1 

Kentucky . 

4 

5 

Louisiana . 

4 

3 

1 

1 

Maine . 

1 

2 

Maryland . 

24 

3 

11 

Massachusetts  . 

96 

19 

1 

58 

3 

2 

Michigan 1  2 . 

46 

18 

1 

1 

11 

1 

1 

Minnesota . 

13 

13 

1 

2 

10 

Mississippi . 

3 

1 

Missouri . 

1  50 

1 

3 

2 

8 

Montana . 

1 

1 

Nebraska . 

23 

2 

3 

Nevada  . 

1 

New  Hampshire . 

2 

New  .Terse  v . 

23 

3 

1 

1  ii 

1 

New  Mexico . 

New  York3 . 

1  320 

2 

2 

23 

!  14 

2 

13 

1 

2 

I  124 

1 

N  orth  Carolina . 

29 

1  2 

1 

1 

North  Dakota . 

S  3 

2 

Ohio . 

|  44 

1 

21 

1 

3 

10 

.... 

Oklahoma . 

9 

1 

.... 

Oregon . 

2 

3 

Pennsylvania . 

106 

3 

20 

3 

2 

1 

3 

25 

2 

Rhode  Island . 

1  19 

1 

8 

South  Carolina . 

!  19 

South  Dakota . 

3 

5 

1 

Tennessee . 

.  14 

1 

Texas . 

21 

1 

3 

1 

Utah4 . 

3 

2 

Vermont . 

2 

Virginia . 

10 

1 

1 

2 

1 

Washington . 

5 

12 

1 

W  est  V  irginia . 

6 

Wisconsin . 

47 

6 

27 

2 

4 

1 

1  . . 

22 

Wyoming . 

..... 

1  J  1 

1  f-  i 

1 

i 

1 . 

1  Fire  protection  engineering,  1. 

2  Master  of  science  in  public  health,  1;  master  of  landscape  gardening,  1 . 

3Doctor  of  pedagogy,  2;  master  of  pedagogy,  13;  master  of  landscape  design,  1. 

*  Master  of  science  in  metallurgy,  4. 


734 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Table  20. — Decrees  conferred  on  women  by  universities,  colleges ,  and  technological 

schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

First  degrees  in — 

Graduate  degrees. 

Arts 

and 

sci¬ 

ences. 

Agri¬ 

cul¬ 

ture. 

Archi¬ 

tec¬ 

ture. 

Com¬ 

merce. 

Educa¬ 

tion. 

Fine 

arts 

(art). 

Home 

eco¬ 

nom¬ 

ics. 

Mu¬ 

sic. 

Ora¬ 

tory. 

A.M. 

M.  S. 

Ph.  D. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

It 

12 

13 

Continental 

United  States.. 

11,243 

84 

3 

30 

945 

22 

773 

217 

15 

1,033 

53 

63 

82 

1 

13 

2 

42 

679 

2 

21 

102 

4 

3 

271 

24 

17 

0 

2 

2 

2 

5 

13 

1 

9 

136 

14 

27 

1 

2 

50 

1 

6 

126 

2 

39 

2 

1 

30 

9 

803 

6 

3 

92 

91 

29 

2 

110 

4 

8 

309 

13 

4 

1 

4 

92 

4 

19 

6 

3 

338 

1 

8 

76 

2 

24 

2 

Kentucky . 

79 

6 

7 

1 

Louisiana . 

40 

27 

1 

7  ' 

Maine . 

65 

. 

10 

1 

Maryland . . 

159 

6 

1 

Massachusetts . 

1,328 

4 

. 

5 

5 

63 

2 

Michigan . 

371 

57 

2 

33 

6 

2 

Minnesota. . . . 

337 

33 

64 

19 

1 

1 

Mississippi1  2 . . 

185 

1 

13 

2 

Missouri . 

135 

2 

2 

i 

116 

20 

1 

Montana . 

42 

15 

Nebraska . 

221 

2 

34 

17 

1 

Nevada . 

15 

1 

New  Hampshire . 

20 

New  Jersey . 

45 

J 

1 

New  Mexico . 

6 

4 

N  ew  V  ork  3 . 

1,446 

59 

12 

324 

15 

11 

359 

8 

16 

North  Carolina . 

82 

6 

3 

North  Dakota . 

60 

35 

6 

3 

Ohio . 

748 

3 

158 

1 

47 

10 

32 

2 

1 

Oklahoma . 

117 

6 

3 

8 

7 

Oregon . 

150 

2 

5 

1 

2 

Pennsylvania 4 . 

587 

i 

44 

30 

13 

45 

2 

11 

Rhode  Island . 

51 

6 

8 

1 

3 

South  Carolina . 

149 

10 

7 

South  Dakota . 

57 

19 

2 

Tennessee . 

86 

51 

8 

5 

1 

Texas . 

313 

i 

50 

H 

Utah . 

18 

43 

17 

1 

Vermont . 

62 

5 

Virginia . 

165 

6 

Washington . 

254 

i 

2 

21 

21 

8 

3 

West  Virginia. ... 

40 

2 

1 

Wisconsin 5 . 

404 

1 

4 

66 

7 

39 

3 

1 

Wyoming . 

7 

1 

4 

Outlying  possessions: 

Hawaii . 

1 

Porto  Rico . 

1  Master  of  commeraial  science,  1;  graduate  in  public  health,  1. 

2  Master  of  music,  1. 

3  Master  of  science  in  agriculture,  1;  master  of  forestry,  1;  master  of  architecture,  1;  doctor  of  pedagogy,  1 ; 
master  of  pedagogy,  1;  master  of  commercial  science,  i. 

4  Doctor  ofscienqe,  1. 

6  Master  of  philosophy,  1 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


735 


Table  21.— Degrees  conferred  on  men  and  on  women  in  certain  professional  courses  by 
universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18. 


States 

Theology. 

Law. 

Medicine.  • 

Veterinary 

medicine. 

Dentistry. 

Pharmacy. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo-  i 
men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

Men. 

Wo¬ 

men. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

United  States . . 

818 

12 

2,272 

97 

2,339  | 

84 

475 

0 

2, 601 

33 

1,037 

97 

7 

0 

14 

0 

9 

o  : 

17  1 

0 

8 

0 

2 

0 

u  : 

Arkansas . 

3 

0 

4 

0 

21 

0 

17 

0 

69 

12 

41 

5  ! 

113 

1 

46 

3 

Colorado . 

8 

0 

19 

0 

6 

2  j 

9 

0 

60 

3 

4 

1 

41 

0 

38 

0 

1» 

0 

Dist.  Columbia . 

18 

0 

425 

10 

63 

i  ! 

|  12 

0 

92 

2 

15 

0 

13 

0 

14 

0 

23 

o 

27  1 

0 

2 

0 

Idaho . 

1 

Illinois . 

64 

.  4 

227 

11 

361 

16 

118 

0 

201 

4 

48 

6 

39 

0 

40 

0 

55 

0 

j  84 

0 

17 

2 

Iowa . 

1 

0 

17 

0 

26 

2 

30 

0 

64 

2 

11 

1 

9 

0 

23 

2 

18 

0 

15 

0 

8. 

0 

Kansas _ _ j 

Kentucky . 

43 

0 

16 

1 

16 

0 

13 

1 

Louisiana . . . 

15 

0 

62 

1 

!  21 

6 

2 

2 

Maine  . 1 

14 

0 

18 

0 

Maryland _ _ ' 

5 

0 

78 

9 

!  154 

3 

Massachusetts  _ 

56 

3  ; 

205 

6 

185 

6 

,  347 

3 

23 

1 

Michigan  . . ! 

97 

0 

85 

4 

10 

o 

110 

2 

21 

2 

Minnesota . 

46 

0  1 

44 

0 

17 

2 

74 

1 

10 

4 

Mississippi . . . 

19 

0 

8 

0 

Missouri . - . 

j  151 

. 

0 

94 

5 

99 

1 

!  53 

0 

.  249 

i 

19 

1 

Montana _ 

1 

3 

2 

0 

Nebraska . 

19 

0 

39 

1 

27 

0 

10 

6 

Nevada.. . 

New  Hampshire _ 

i 

0 

. 

New  Terser. _ 1 

30 

0 

. 

New  Mexico. _ _ _  . .  I 

. 

New  York . 

88 

2 

420 

22 

400  : 

11 

71 

0 

!  332 

1 

378 

34 

North  Carolina. _ 

5 

0 

14 

0 

1 

9 

0 

North  Dakota  _ 

1 

1 

6 

0 

0 

Ohio . 

37 

6 

114 

8 

123 

1 

40 

0 

1  82 

3 

50 

5 

Oklahoma . 

14 

0 

18 

1 

20 

0 

12 

3 

Oregon . 

5 

3 

9 

0 

24 

1 

Pennsylvania . 

i  96 

0 

62 

5 

259 

16 

37 

0 

387 

6 

207 

12 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina . 

13 

2 

South  Dakota . 

12 

0 

7 

0 

Tennessee . . 

6 

0 

59 

4 

116 

2 

90 

1 

13 

2 

Texas . 

16 

0 

31 

3 

52 

1 

32 

2 

Utah . 

1 

3 

0 

V  ermont . . 

22 

0 

Virginia  . 

1  35 

0 

35 

6 

65 

0 

21 

0 

12 

0 

Washington . 

12 

1 

8  ^ 

q 

9 

West  Virginia . 

5 

0 

. 

Wisconsin . 

!  27 

0 

40 

3 

93 

0 

19 

1 

Wyoming . 

1  1 

.... 

736 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,,  1916-1918. 


Table  22. — Honorary  degrees  conferred  by  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools 

in  1917-18. 


States. 

ft 

ft 

ll.d: 

L.H.D. 

Litt.D. 

« 

A 

Sc.  D. 

D.C.  L. 

Ped.  D. 

Mus.  D. 

A.  M. 

M.  S. 

Eng.  D. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

1 

13 

United  States . 

263 

221 

8 

28 

5 

43 

3 

9 

4 

91 

12 

8 

Alabama . 

7 

8 

Arizona . 

2 

] . 

1 

Arkansas . 

2 

2 

California . 

2 

14 

. 

1  . 

1 

Colorado . 

1 

2 

| 

2 

Connecticut  i . 

10 

8 

3 

1 

1 

19 

2 

Delaware . 

1 

1 

Dist.  Columbia . 

i 

2 

5 

2 

2 

1 

Florida . 

Georgia . 

1 

. 

2 

Idaho . 

1 

Illinois . 

22 

5 

2 

2 

1 

i 

Indiana 1  2 . 

10 

11 

. 

i 

Iowa . 

13 

3 

1 

1 

3 

Kansas 3 . 

9 

2 

1 

Kentucky . 

4 

4 

. 

2 

Louisiana . 

1 

Maine..' . 

1 

4 

6 

1 

1 

Maryland  4 . 

13 

8 

1 

2 

1 

4 

Massachusetts . 

5 

5 

1 

2 

. 

6* 

Michigan 5 . 

8 

5 

1 

1 

6 

1 

Minnesota . 

6 

1 

1 

. 

Mississippi  6 . 

1 

1 

1 

Missouri 7 8 . . 

10 

5 

Montana . 

. 

. 

1 

Nebraska . 

3 

2 

I 

Nevada . 

. 

New  Hampshire 3 . 

3 

1 

4 

New  Jersey . 

4 

7 

3 

. 

. ! 

3 

1 

1 

New  Mexico . 

. 1 

New  York 9 10 11 12 . 

14 

30 

2 

4 

5 

4 

12 

1 

5 

North  Carolina . . . 

4 

4 

1 

North  Dakota . 

1 

Ohio  i» . 

23 

18 

3 

2 

4 

8 

1 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

2 

1 

Pennsylvania  h . 

35 

28 

1 

4 

8 

1 

1 

12 

7 

i 

Rhode  Island . 

2 

3 

1 

3 

South  Carolina . 

8 

6 

1 

. | 

. 1 

South  Dakota 72 . 

2 

2 

I 

Tennessee . 

10 

4 

. ! 

i  | 

1 

1 

.. 

| 

9 

Texas . 

| 

"  1 

Utah . . 

.  .  1 

............ 

Vermont . 

4 

1 

■| 

... 

1 

. 

. 

Virginia . 

20 

6 

i 

. 1 . 

W  ashin  gton . . 

1 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

5 

4 

1  i 

Wyoming . 

. 1....;: 

1 

1. 

1  Bachelor  of  music,  1;  bachelor  of  divinity,  1. 

2  Doctor  of  medicine,  1. 

3  Doctor  of  mechanical  engineering,  2;  civil  engineering,  7;  electrical  engineering,  2. 

4  Doctor  of  agriculture,  1;  bachelor  of  divinity,  1. 

5  Master  of  engineering,  1. 

6  Master  of  music,  1. 

7  Doctor  of  sacred  theology,  4. 

8  Master  of  pedagogy,  1. 

9  Doctor  of  commercial  science,  1;  master  of  humane  letters,  1;  doctor  of  sacred  theology,  1;  master  of 
civil  engineering,  1;  doctor  of  public  health,  2. 

10  Bachelor  ofliterature,  1. 

11  Doctor  of  jurisprudence,  1;  doctor  of  chemistry,  1;  master  of  philosophy,  1;  bachelor  of  science  in 
architecture,!;  domestic  science,  4;  secretarial  studies,  2. 

12  Mining  engineering,  1. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  737 


Table  23. — Summary  of  degrees  conferred  by  universities ,  colleges ,  and  technological 

schools  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Baccalaureate  degrees. 

Graduate  degrees. 

Honor¬ 

ary 

degrees. 

Men. 

Women. 

Total. 

Men. 

W  omen. 

Total. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Continental  United  States . 

14,720 

13,332 

28,052 

2,320 

1,160 

3,480 

736 

Alabama . 

177 

82 

259 

9 

1 

10 

15 

Arizona . 

19 

13 

32 

2 

2 

4 

3 

Arkansas . 

47 

42 

89 

0 

0 

0 

4 

California . 

538 

702 

1,240 

88 

109 

197 

17 

Colorado . 

185 

295 

480 

24 

19 

43 

5 

Connecticut . 

788 

2 

790 

86 

9 

95 

46 

Delaware . . . 

32 

23 

55 

1 

0 

1 

2 

District  of  Columbia . 

143 

150 

293 

60 

30 

90 

13 

Florida . . 

23 

51 

74 

2 

6 

8 

Georgia . . . 

184 

169 

353 

19 

1 

20 

15 

Idaho . 

25 

39 

64 

1 

0 

1 

Illinois . 

841 

1,026 

1,867 

335 

122 

457 

33 

Indiana . 

436 

309 

745 

43 

18 

61 

23 

Iowa . . . 

491 

607 

1,098 

45 

28 

73 

21 

Kansas . 

329 

425 

754 

30 

26 

56 

23 

Kentucky . 

102 

85 

187 

9 

8 

17 

10 

Louisiana . 

97 

68 

165 

9 

7 

16 

1 

Maine . 

149 

75 

224 

3 

1 

4 

13 

Maryland . . . 

185 

159 

344 

38 

7 

45 

31 

Massachusetts . 

1,117 

1,342 

2,459 

179 

65 

244 

19 

Michigan . 

667 

430 

1,097 

81 

41 

122 

23 

Minnesota . 

320 

434 

754 

39 

21 

60 

8 

Mississippi . 

115 

198 

313 

4 

3 

7 

4 

Missouri . 

404 

256 

660 

64 

21 

85 

19 

Montana . 

31 

57 

88 

2 

0 

2 

1 

Nebraska . 

204 

257 

461 

28 

18 

46 

5 

Nevada . 

6 

15 

21 

1 

| 

2 

New  Hampshire . 

328 

20 

348 

2 

0 

2 

9 

New  Jersey . 

215 

45 

260 

42 

2 

44 

19 

New  Mexico . 

7 

10 

17 

0 

0 

0 

New  York . 

1,796 

1,872 

3,668 

520 

389 

909 

83 

North  Carolina . 

312 

88 

400 

33 

3 

36 

9 

North  Dakota . 

62 

101 

163 

5 

3 

8 

1 

Ohio . . 

909 

967 

1,876 

80 

35 

115 

60 

Oklahoma . 

107 

134 

241 

10 

7 

17 

Oregon . 

161 

157 

318 

5 

3 

8 

2 

Pennsylvania . 

1,181 

675 

1,856 

165 

59 

224 

108 

Rhode  Island . 

93 

57 

150 

28 

12 

40 

9 

South  Carolina . 

317 

159 

476 

19 

7 

26 

15 

South  Dakota . 

47 

76 

123 

9 

2 

11 

5 

Tennessee . 

127 

145 

272 

15 

6 

21 

19 

Texas . 

219 

364 

583 

26 

11 

37 

Utah . 

72 

78 

150 

9 

1 

10 

Vermont . 

55 

67 

122 

2 

0 

2 

5 

Virginia . 

308 

171 

479 

15 

0 

15 

27 

Washington . 

138 

299 

437 

18 

11 

29 

1 

West  Virginia . 

92 

42 

134 

6 

1 

7 

Wisconsin . 

508 

482 

990 

109 

44 

153 

10 

W  y  oming . 

11 

12 

23 

0 

0 

0 

Outlying  possessions: 

Hawaii 

3 

0 

3 

Porto  Rico . 

59873°— 21 - 47 


738 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Table  24. — Property  of  universities,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Fellowships  and 

scholarships  in  1917-18. 


States. 

Number 
of  vol¬ 
umes  in 
library. 

Value  of 
library, 
scientific 
apparatus, 
machinery, 
an4 

furniture. 

Value  of 
grounds. 

Value  of 
buildings 
(including 
dormi¬ 
tories). 

Value  of 
dormi¬ 
tories. 

Productive 

funds. 

Num¬ 
ber  of 
fellow¬ 
ships 
and 

scholar¬ 

ships. 

1 

o 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

Continental 

United  States. 

23,025,736 

§89,766,793 

8104,069,481, 

§329,987,558 

$55, 143, 845 

§481,085,952 

16,609 

Alabama . 

168,642 

617,390 

782,000 

3, 276, 124 

1,038,681 

1,885,678 

165 

Arizona . 

28,000 

145, 692 

190.950 

653,500 

79,500 

10,500 

22 

Arkanas . 

62,545 

355,411 

134,000 

939,200 

311,750 

449, 242 

9 

California . 

915,997 

3,630, 669 

2,080,843 

19,314, 236 

1,190,084 

36, 443,163 

378 

Colorado . 

337,026 

1,349,376 

1,550,039 

3,941,647 

185,385 

2,427,680 

174 

Connecticut . 

1, 163,070 

779, 495 

338,202 

3,159, 772 

916, 739 

26, 218, 180 

359 

Delaware . 

26,000 

258,236 

400,000 

974,000 

219,000 

473,864 

2 

Dist.  oi  Columbia. . . 

378,623 

1,117,183 

2,393,809 

3,401,939 

210, 756 

1,466,867 

330 

Florida . 

77,069 

304, 738 

309, 572 

1,257,747 

336,005 

214,271 

20 

Georgia . 

219,579 

880,078 

2, 174, 882 

4, 753, 450 

1,763,264 

4,149,386 

242 

56, 370 

259,  742 

129  500 

930, 612 

135,000 

1, 616, 706 

Illinois . 

1,678,442 

6, 598, 978 

8, 942’ 207 

20, 195,  701 

3, 322’  427 

46,928,529 

1,831 

Indiana . 

541,752 

1.919,865 

2,053,267 

7,283,471 

986,300 

6, 471, 595 

107 

Iowa . 

597,958 

4, 152, 106 

z,  144, 553 

12, 705, 439 

2, 361, 631 

9, 718, 046 

830 

Kansas . 

454,159 

1,630,741 

2,006,956 

4,600,873 

325, 500 

3, 416,970 

225 

Kentucky . 

219,286 

868, 219 

1,274,136 

3, 664, 821 

1,097,591 

4,939,303 

359 

Louisiana . 

141,061 

819,612 

1,211,048 

2,963,301 

514,933 

6,798,569 

375 

Maine . 

269,064 

515, 799 

123,000 

2,190, 787 

400,287 

4,187,902 

119 

Maryland . 

447,207 

2, 523, 188 

4,299,158 

15,950,008 

932,761 

7, 665, 557 

657 

Massachusetts . 

2, 481, 070 

5,799,732 

6,922,307 

24,076, 052 

5, 518, 488 

72,156,970 

1,587 

Michigan . 

657,684 

3,357,982 

1,491,864 

7,602,375 

844,  453 

3,729,501 

172 

Minnesota . . . 

538,030 

2,907,205 

3,524,757 

10, 162, 714 

2,108,156 

5,397,615 

379 

Mississippi . 

106, 725 

733,645 

683,020 

2, 542, 190 

672,150 

1,279,000 

96 

Missouri . 

688,283 

3,120,307 

3,337, 709 

11,333, 358 

1, 547, 888 

12,862,911 

314 

Montana . 

67,314 

434,232 

211,773 

705, 245 

75,000 

680,250 

72 

Nebraska . 

233,475 

970, 154 

1,698,399 

3,786,766 

368, 221 

4,673,657 

49 

Nevada..*. . 

31,000 

236,887 

415,298 

230,970 

72, 516 

330, 554 

7 

New  Hampshire. . . . 

182,000 

390,000 

487,000 

2,520,000 

915,000 

4, 3SS,  951 

752 

New  Jersey . 

871,058 

963, 048 

2,992,256 

3, 514, 684 

742,000 

14,020,703 

582 

New  Mexico . 

33,523 

280,008 

S3, 000 

365, 035 

73,500 

20, 761 

6 

New  York . 

2,908, 176 

12,074,282 

15,324,262 

49,912,341 

6, 128, 116 

77,384,699 

1, 726 

North  Carolina . 

283,029 

1,248,827 

1,582,057 

3,964,947 

1, 527, 379 

3, 160, 092 

filO 

North  Dakota . 

103, 895 

644,274 

424, 420 

1,389,310 

311,000 

2,390,617 

33 

Ohio . 

1, 095, 199 

4, 744,008 

5,241,341 

14,548,993 

2,152,064 

14,028,724 

450 

Oklahoma . 

75, 776 

673,  792 

223, 763 

1,729,687 

247,000 

4,087,947 

37 

Oregon . 

196,474 

878,748 

1, 405, 791 

2,612,196 

463,493 

3,997,053 

7 

Pennsylvania . 

1,677,995 

9,781,296 

11,820,430 

32,689,041 

5, 244, 245 

42,  775, 143 

967 

Rhode  Island . 

272, 600 

146, 600 

14,855 

324, 450 

255 

South  Carolina .... 

209,238 

1,031,050 

2, 291,186 

4,033, 117 

1,369,800 

1,592,643 

447 

South  Dakota . 

99,037 

436,981 

286,800 

1,752,302 

387,911 

1,636,090 

255 

Tennessee . 

277, 195 

1, 185,569 

2,195,235 

4, 793, 510 

1,276,768 

7,553,710 

304 

Texas . 

346, 714 

2,452,699 

1,904,659 

9, 067, 481 

3,087,028 

13, 796, 791 

66 

Utah . 

84,838 

288, 924 

73, 700 

1, 398, 700 

20,000 

46 

Vermont . 

165,160 

493, 717 

118,879 

1,954,210 

318,819 

2,096,193 

489 

Virginia.. . 

469, 297 

1, 526, 411 

1,852,519 

8,288,993 

1,674, 757 

7, 507, 164 

535 

Washington . 

213,702 

1,138,305 

1, 433,374 

3,190,825 

138,628 

6,572,191 

42 

West  Virginia . 

80, 126 

366, 735 

400, 785 

1,135,643 

126, 892 

395, 436 

5 

Wisconsin . 

454, 263 

2,420,857 

2,989,920 

7,719,  795 

1,344,979 

6,829, 239 

137 

Wyoming . 

41,000 

304,000 

100,000 

487,000 

80,000 

239,339 

48 

Outlying  posses¬ 

sions. 

Hawaii 

23, 933 

133, 719 

126, 116 

70, 499 

4 

Porto  Rico . 

7,500 

97, 451 

65,910 

186,541 

10,850 

Table  25. — Income  of  public  and  of  private  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18. 


UNIVERSITIES 


— <  QJ 

$  a 


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i  i-H  r- 


oc  t-  co  co 

OC  ©  ID  ©  CO 

02  to  CO  02  04 


02  tij  02  CO 

1-02  ©CO 

i-TaTao" csp 

s?  s  3  s 


Ipll 


(M  o  *0  O  h-  04©t^, 
t'r  H  CO  CO  H  ( 

CO  (N  N  CO  rH  CO  ' 

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to  r-H  04  04  CO  CO 


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^  to  to  ©  o 
02  to  00  02  00 

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cT  COt-T r-T  N*  r-T  r>T  ( 

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04  to"'  ©  04  04  COCo'co'©'© 
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©r^©©  ©  ©  04  04  rH  ©t^t>©rH  coor-t^-co 

r^©oc©  ©  to  ©  cc  ^  oo  ©  co  oo  t>:  ©  co  to  r£ 

04  O  to  ©  tH  ©  04  ©  ©  ©  CO  iH  04  OC  H  CO  CO  04 

'©  co  h  ©T  cTto  to'i-T  t-T  t-T  co  ©V-  o'  oo  ocTh^ccToj  OOOOCON-t» 

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©04  H  HHH  lO  rH  ©  to  04  rH  rH  04  00  CO 


©  N  CO  I'r  04 
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©  00  04  CO  CO 


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Ills 

^  p^g'-2 


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rH  04 


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!338  3  S 


OOOOO  OOOOOO 

8  8  8 


llJgg£ 

g  o 

a 


al” 

2.3  S 


©t^OO^rH  CO  to  ©  rH  04  l>  ©  04  OO  I 

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04  ©  CO  00  ©  i^r^©0400  Tt*  CO  04  CO  < 

tcTof  rn'to'©'  OO  CO  ©V^  ( 


)  rH  iO  ©  ©t>-  04 

5  ©  ©  ©  rH  OO  rH  |>- 

2  ^  ©  04  ©  r^-  co  04 


©  04  rH  to  ©  w.v 
©  OC  ©  rH  04  ©  t 

04  04  rH  T*  to 


00  ©  ©  ©  © 

CO  »0  O  H  t>  CO  OD  t'*  09 

04  04  ©  ©  ©  ©  00  © 

co' 


©  © 

oT  04* 


©  00  CO  ©  00  ©  ©  rH  < 

©THQOrHCO  hQhcDN  to  i 

CO  ^  rH  CO  04  GO  04  t-  ©  t"-  04  ^  < 


Tt^  ©  to  CO  CO 
CD  to  ©  to  © 


«*  l‘S-§ 

i 


*  if  i  : 

.2g\3  :  : 

O  Sr?  03  03 

gfe^SSl 

5  03  4^>  2 

og 


ill 


^  s-y  g  a 


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§|.&-dg 

mS“3s 


.3  .a  .a  o 


Table  25. — Income  of  public  and  of  private  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


“  ~  ■  o 

Private  institutions. 

BIENN 

<  <D 

ce  a 

■s-i 

*■3 

[AL 

SURVEY  OF  EDUCATE 

§°I8°  sill!  §§ 

|  s¥  3lB¥i  §¥ 

a"  «“  “ 

ON,  1916-1918. 

•is  grig  sir 

ill  Is  is  §§¥ 

j  r-Ti-T 

O  O 

From 
student 
fees  and 
other 
sources. 

© 

$291,931 

0 

280, 135 

638,626 

0 

7,973,265 

588,424 

29,496 

999,680 

57,429 

187,118 

4,572,731 

413,833 

111,797 

740,960 

915,058 

0 

119, 713 

1,068,747 

95, 110 

78, 754 

485, 465 

0 

c  o 

o  o 

oo 

From 

private 

benefac¬ 

tions. 

os 

$123,941 

0 

89,648 
370, 100 

0 

1, 154, 285 

65,628 

17,852 

484, 744 

30,484 

43,037 

630,221 

67,319 

50,668 

212,579 

145,469 

0 

3,061 

192,303 

656 

2,609 

91,260 

0 

From 
United 
States 
Govern¬ 
ment, 
State,  or 
city. 

QC 

0 

0 

$15,000 

225,374 

0 

1,201,058 

0 

0 

7,800 

0 

0 

910,029 

0 

0 

19,000 

0 

0 

48,800 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

From 

productive 

funds. 

t’* 

$220,843 

0 

197,017 

491,886 

0 

3,483,469 

185,750 

4,313 

630,464 

17,426 

95,046 

1,918,212 

57,821 

69,672 

326,241 

590,537 

0 

48,422 

252,718 

27,033 

19, 160 

203,164 

0 

o© 

Public  institutions. 

Total 

income. 

© 

$1,741,112 
297,  769 
373,823 

0 

480,459 

2,774,283 
795, 136 
781,  316 
3,823,257 
1,598,388 

1,094,032 
1,066, 352 
203,097 
925, 405 
1,110,469 

1,359,961 
3,255,386 
697,  790 
391,529 
1,319,684 

1,680,118 

705, 142 

2,913,035 

328, 787 

89,095 

105,  765 

From 
student 
fees  and 
other 
i  sources. 

k® 

sirs  iiggss  llsss  llll§  SS38 

§'*!' s'  r¥s¥s  s¥°¥s  s'isi‘1'  ls¥- 

U5CO* 

From 

private 

benefac¬ 

tions. 

0 

0 

$125 

0 

131 

1,300 

5,057 

0 

26,216 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3,650 

5,000 

0 

0 

14,369 

0 

0 

24,863 

960 

1. 

From 
United 
States 
Govern¬ 
ment,  State, 
or  city. 

- 

81l°!  ISSSs  s§ ms  S8I1J5  Ills 

i§¥  s'  isil¥  l¥ii¥  s¥§¥ 

(m”  oTt-T  th  e<r  i-T 

83,956 
100, 142 

From 

productive 

funds. 

<M 

§ll°g  illll  il°ls  8838 

g'ss  s'  s'gsfff  S8”S8'  3'gf 

8 

States. 

t* 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire . 

New  Jersey . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma... . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

South  Carolina . 

South  Dakota . 

Texas . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . . . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

Outlying  possessions: 

1 

Table  26. — Receipts  of  universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


Ill 


is 

®  PI 


ili§8  iisii  i£s§§  g!SS£  SHgg| 
i¥l¥l  il¥i¥  g¥si¥  fs¥s¥ 


^ 


IS 


iipr 

§SS81 

t-h  t^ei 


liSIF 


Hill 


11113 

§fi§¥  §¥§§¥ 


Ils§l 


CO  rf*  ' 


fegS 


isii§ 

SS-|3 


SlSSi 

g's's^g' 


SgilS 

s¥s¥s 


!l|g| 

s§¥sg 


Sills 


m 


IsliS 

S|3gg 


lilsOiif 

sssg 


;SgS! 


*■» 


'll 


IIS 

fl 


ISISS 

3¥is¥ 


Ulli 

gagsf 


nsr 

sr¥ 


i  O  Q< 
O 


iff 

-iv 


Sis 

sgs 


^1 

1 


flfi 

SSS2  § 


iii?i 

SSSg'g 


ipf 

BS-g 


gslfg 

gsgs'g 


Mill 

sssss 


mm 

g'ggg's 


§3§§§ 

MCCKO 


ISsSs 

ggs¥& 


S-4 

o 

1 

For 

current 

expenses. 

- 

$33,490,857 

Sills  li  ill  Issll  ligSI  §l|g| 
sl¥§¥  ss  0  iiiis  isis¥  §¥§¥§ 

t-T  ;  eiV-i  <m%-T  *-iW 

s 

For 

increase 
of  plant. 

« 

g 

s 

8 

:§  ill  II  :SI  Hill  :  ill  IIISI 

if  0  Sg  ;=¥  S'ggg'S  :  :  ;s¥  Igssf 

O 

ISsi§  lisas  SSSig  nils  illli 

From 

pr?2 

§ 

S 

sS5!s§  |SSBS  SIJSS  Il5si  11*18 

r-T  i-T  <N  n 

S 

ISasg  IslIs  8I1IS  SSiSS  illsl 

I 

For 

board 

etc. 

cT 

o 

§ss§*  **$8M  SII5S  lass§  *SI§8 

For 

room  • 
rent. 

1 

sills  i  :§Ss  issis  s|2gs  gggfg 

B 

« 

'  o 

£3 

8 

gg'-g00 

£ 

•2  §  g  g 

8 

fggsl  3ISSs  ISSig  s§igg  i*|gl 

•|oi| 

HP 

©1 

§ 

2 

s»ss|  ss^g  ”g|lg  SlSfl  sggsa 

741 


26. — Receipts  of  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


742 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


H 

PQ 

< 

Eh 


Total  re¬ 
ceipts,  ex¬ 
clusive  of 
additions 
to  endow¬ 
ments. 

$2, 377, 827 

297, 769 

955,623 

1,725, 986 

480, 459 

16,586,369 

1,634,938 

835,977 

5,945,945 

1,703,727 

1,419,233 

9,097, 545 

203,097 

1,464,378 

1,342,606 

2,658,741 

j  4,906,450 

697, 790 

611,525 

2,833,452 

1,802,917 

805, 665 

3,692,925 

328,787 

io  >o 

asf 

Total 

receipts. 

09 

$2,404,604 
297, 769 
971,  231 

2,014,477 

480,459 

17,656,714 

1,674,435 

840, 772 

6,576,831 

1,803,827 

1,524,989 

10,675,310 

203,097 

1,481,717 

1,384,404 

3, 148, 768 

4,932, 135 

697, 790 

689, 990 

2,979,006 

1,803,117 

857, 638 

4, 136, 909 

328, 787 

89,095 

106,094 

From  all 
other 
sources. 

Ol 

$284, 785 
19,833 
65, 642 
3,333 
42,626 

3,410,009 
155, 431 
91,291 

346,579 

57,630 

84, 193 

968, 591 

24,352 

56, 134 

82,705 

185,561 

734, 403 

87, 800 

63,539 

231,552 

110,577 

30, 258 

405. 529 

28,641 

5,027 

2, 485 

From  private  benefactions. 

For 

current 

expenses. 

11 

$52,654 

70, 228 
260, 100 
131 

695,408 
41,788 
17, 852 
236,769 
29,784 

40,671 
502, 561 

24,408 

50,668 

165,661 

97, 243 

3,061 

90,672 

656 

2,609 

77,260 

960 

For 

endow¬ 

ment. 

10 

$26, 777 

15, 608 
288, 491 

1,070,354 
39, 497 
4,795 
630, 886 
100, 100 

105,756 

1,577,765 

17,339 

41,798 

490,027 

25,685 

58,465 

145,554 

200 

51,973 

443,985 

8 

CO 

For 

increase 
of  plant. 

t>»  'lOO  •  l>  P-  -HO  COO  •  »-H  •  GO  © 

GO  «^Q  •  I>  Oi  ’  05  ©  COCO  ■  f-H  •  ©<M 

05  •  1C  ©  •  HOO  'HN  COO  •  ©  •  OOl 

r-T  •  oTcT  •  cTocT  ••jT  oiVT  •  of  •  ©co* 

1  H  H  •  CD  05  ‘  05  •  Tf  1  U5iQ 

99=  •  y-i  '  *  05  r-4  • 

•  CD  •  •  00  • 

-  t-h  ;  ;  CO  ; 

From 

United 

States 

Govern¬ 

ment. 

QO 

$118,576 
92, 221 
115, 575 
110, 425 
99, 102 

1,708,032 
134, 707 
106,659 
135, 949 
.130, 733 

131,857 
188,  383 
;  90, 582 

1  151,526 

106,445 

134,536 
173,415 
96,498 
100, 063 
124,725 

107,393 

112.191 

135,017 

93,331 

50,000 
50, 000 

From  State  or  city. 

For 

current 

expenses. 

$739, 213 
145,035 
74,075 
114, 949 
229,798 

2,065,061 
348, 707 
352, 075 
2,504,887 
655,457 

788,656 
1,456,296 
40,000 
428, 850 
398, 250 

129,585 
1,460,818 
405, 455 
116,080 
378, 833 

1.037,914 

'413,357 

1,642,494 

121,404 

22,593 

.50,000 

For 

increase 
of  plant. 

«© 

’"*<  .  ©  •  ID  -WO  •  O  •  ©  r-r  Q  O  CO  -CO  NQDM 

©  ■  ©  •  ©  00  H  •  00  Q  •  -COO  OiO*D  •  O  n  O  CO  00 

•  O  •  ©  T  00  •  O  O  ■  O  ;  t-h  OC  OhM  th  ©  *0  IQ 

oo  -  o'  •  csT  coco  •  -o'  •o'co'  o'  c^T  ’  cT  oT co'cTrH’ 

-rP  •  lo  •  <N  CMcO  P~  04  •  oo  1  <M  ©Op-  1  r- 4  CD  ©  »0  CO 

rr  •  •  rH  ‘  Csi  *0  •  *  O  ^  •  r*H 

m  -  •  • 

11,363 

142 

From 

productive 

funds. 

K5 

$277,850 

15, 283 
236, 883 
491,886 
48, 782 

3,483,469 
205, 569 
141,108 
784, 880 
178,010 

116, 700 
1.948,212 
2,500 
77,517 
129, 706 

352,493 
825, 221 

(NN  N(N(NW 

rH  oo  CM  cq  00 

CO  QO  OcDNN 

3!! C*r  CO* lO  o' cq 
00£  <M  CM  3*  <N 

CO  r-H 

1,865 

From  student  fees. 

For 

board, 

etc. 

$62,419 
20, 625 
62, 797 
18,000 
26, 913 

934,017 
254, 861 
66, 409 
278, 874 
58, 140 

27,848 

795.924 
32, 589 

428, 236 
33,556 

246.924 
602, 793 

93,666 

672,681 

100,501 
42,060 
339, 669 
23, 203 

For 

room 

rent. 

09 

$24,027 
2, 868; 
109, 475 
117,014 
5,098 

461,984 

81,336 

5,684 

131,646 

4,320 

56,474 
386, 937 
8, 252 
24,768 
18, 317 

38,902 

119,315 

26, 755 
169,679 

17,430 
16, 854 
59, 350 

For  tuition 
and  other 
educational 
services. 

en 

$298, 222 

1,9041 

151, 403 

500, 279 

5,014 

3,244,719 

319, 830 

54, 899 

979, 108 

63,953 

170,468 

2,636,911 

4,822 

174, 889 

96, 098 

354,511 
434, 866 
35, 784 
124,049 
651, 262 

236,402 

69,214 

603.391 

e;992 

112 

1,273 

1 

J 

CO 

- 

Nebraska . 

Nevada . 

New  Hampshire. . . 

New  Jersey . . 

New  Mexico . 

New  York . 

North  Carolina. . . . 

North  Dakota . 

Ohio . 

Oklahoma . 

Oregon . 

Pennsylvania . 

Rhode  Island . 

South  Carolina. . . . 
South  Dakota . 

Tennessee . 

Texas . . 

Utah . 

Vermont . 

Virginia . 

Washington . 

West  Virginia . 

Wisconsin . 

Wyoming . 

Outlying  posses¬ 
sions: 

Hawaii . 

Porto  Rico. ...  j 

Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1017-18. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  743 


•saajSap  Ajbjouoh 

«  1  : 

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gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

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o 

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20 

8 

o 

o 

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2 

s 

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s 

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s 

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•usrao^ 

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780 

1 

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<M0»-t“<0000r-800^00GC0  ;  00  to  CC  C 

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1 

2 

120  j 

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05  'r  IN  LO  h-  r-  OHHW-JWOJJ  !  £3  S  rH  !3 

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pro¬ 

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and 

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£ 

s 

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and 

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1— 1  O*  CO 

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1872 

r- 

1 

s 

Control. 

* 

1 

State . 

o 

m 

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s 

i 

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men, 

for 

women, 

or 

coeduca¬ 

tional. 

* 

T3 

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c 

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> 

i  c 
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1 

Institution. 

a 

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is. 

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c 

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;  % 

>  .£ 

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tx 

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Summer  school  (1917) . 1 

Location. 

- 

ALABAMA. 

A  nVnirn 

Birmingham . 

T)n 

> 

1 

1  Excluding  duplicates,  and  those  in  summer  school,  short  winter  course,  extension  courses,  and  correspondence  courses. 

2  Includes  students  in  music,  art,  oratory,  business,  etc.,  unless  they  are  enrolled  in  four-year  courses  leading  to  a  collegiate  degree. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


744 


BIENNIAL  SUKVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•saajSep  Aj^jonoH  | 


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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


745 


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•  ©©©©o©  •  •©©© 


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£§l3§®Sj|Srg  :£ 

Illllllll!!! 

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Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


746  BIENNIAL  SURVEY/ OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 

r  . . . . 


•sQaaSap  A.iB.ionoH  J  gj  | 


■S’d.J 

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namOAl  |  £  | 


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■uauiOAi 


£  | 


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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


747 


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«  pq 


i  Junior  college.  2  Included  in  mechanical  engineering.  8  Hahnemann  Medical  College  of  the  Pacific. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


748 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•saajSep  Ajbjouoh  | 


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8 

A 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


749 


'OJONMHCC 


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s  a  5*8  j?  §!s  § 03 

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84 

©  c 

c 


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p  53  a  ^  § 

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=3  c3 

8g' 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


750  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

•saai3ap  AaBjouoH  I  I 


Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

uauiOAi 

8 

©1 

•ua^ 

20 

05 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•naraoAV 

2 

Ol 

•xk>H 

2 

s 

Total 
first 
de-  1 
grees. 

•narnoM 

D® 

o 

00 

•nape 

91 

© 

CO 

s 

e* 

: 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaino  m 

3 

o 

o  o  o  o  o  o  © 

CO 

o  o  o 

•uapf 

14 

a> 

CO 

o 

O  05  ©  O  ©4  1-H 

S 

10 

0 

Total 

students. 

uauiOjVi. 

ea 

lO 

§ 

iO 

Tji 

o 

C5 

lO 

•napf 

<N 

9 

3 

i 

1,184 

Students. 

•uaraoAV 

3S°8° 

^  o  © 

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o oooo  o o 

00  04  o  o  o 
r-  x 

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S'S'-SS 

CO  H  rf 

l  - 

lO  00  o  o  o  o 

CO  05  H  H  CO 

05  CO  o  ^  t- 
r-  CD  t- 

o 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uauiOAV 

-  s 

O 

*o 

o 

co 

•naK 

00  | 

05 

CO 

00 

CO 

221 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

•uamoM 

-  1 

o 

iO^(NcO 

Tf« 

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ooooooo 

3 

ooo 

•uaH 

© 

05 

00^0 

CO 

s 

•Suiuado  ^sju  jo 


s-  a  t-  o  ,  2  a 
*  £  oS 


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O 

o 

c  $ 

~  o 

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o 


■  a 

:« ill  III 

.2§dg  : 


•  5P 
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2  g 


a  = 


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gxSg 

£  J-..E 


n  £■" 

>d  2 

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m 


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Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


752  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

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48 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges .  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


754 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


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755 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


756  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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gradu¬ 

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243 

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175 

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t 

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98 

120 

11 

14 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


757 


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Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


758 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


1  1  CM 

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gradu¬ 

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first 

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students. 

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115 

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05 

365 

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th  . 

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pro¬ 

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and 

instru  c- 
j  tors. 

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as 

CO 

CO 

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CD 

CM 

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and 

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lOHO  ’  CO  CO  O  •  00  TO  CO  t-H  ®1  t-h  CO 

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1 

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ai 

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05 

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Morris  Brown  College  (colored) . 

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£ 

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i 

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3 

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Music . 

Expression . 

North  Georgia  Agriculture  College . 1 

) 

) 

> 

3 

£ 

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Commerce . 

Military  drill . 

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1  Music . | 

Location. 

- 

GEORGIA— contd. 

Atlanta . 

Do . 

College  Park . 

Dahlonega . 

1 

f 

t-4 

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759 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


•  <N  *0(NN 


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Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


760  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

•S89J29P  AJtUOUOH 


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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


761 


O . 00  •  •  •  •  o  •  •  •  < 

I'- . CO  •  •  •  *cq  •  •  •  • 


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34 

7 

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CO  MO  ;  O 

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lo1£33:3c3£t£S^w?:)t£Si:|3^’ce?>'tJS^^£'Srtg'2 

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8:3 

£§ 


Junior  college. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


762 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•seaj3ep  Ajbjouoh  |  gj  | 

| 

\ 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uatuo^ 

21 

0 

o 

rH 

•U9H 

20 

9 

rH 

CQ 

H 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

■nauiOj^ 

19 

ooooo 

o 

rH 

•uajt 

18 

HCOHCOH 

rH 

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Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•UOTUO^V 

17 

0 

* 

- 

CO 

o 

o 

o  • 

-  : 

•uapt 

2  |  53 

** 

CO 

105 

o 

118 

CO  ; 

co  ; 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaraoAi 

5  1 

ooooo© 

TP 

- 

CO 

o 

O  ;  © 

•uajt 

14 

tOOcONOtO 

* 

CO 

105 

o 

00  |  CO 

CO 

Total 

students. 

•uauio^ 

so 

O 

ZLl 

CO  •  o 
! 

CO 

o 

o  j 

co  ; 

a 

472 

s 

O  •  05 
•  05 
;  rjt 

CO 

061 

tO  • 
to  • 

co  • 

Students. 

•usuiOAi 

- 

OOOOOOOO 

;(MNN 

CO 

i  oz 

MHO 

O  ;00 

M 

•nan 

© 

oaNio^o^o  iooo-i 
ooooomooho  ;csrtoo 

o 

\  499 

rH  00 

CO  C<l  CO 

o  •  to  CO 

05  •  to  © 

© 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uoraoAi 

O 

«« 

- 

o 

o 

o 

o  ; 

00  j 

00 

05 

to 

CO 

rH 

to 

CO 

05 

!>•  • 

CO  • 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

•uotuo^ 

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ooooooo 

co  io 

- 

o 

o  o 

o  joo  j 00 

•uqk 

© 

o  r»  jh  c<a  o  cj 

*-H  CO 

to 

<N 

CO 

05  CO 

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•Suiuado  $sjg  jo  ana  a 

>e 

1893 

s 

05 

8061 

00 

30 

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1 

§§ 

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7 

(£ 

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5 

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Nonsect... 

Ev.Luth  . 

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o  . 

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men, 

for 

women, 

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coeduca¬ 

tional. 

SO 

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a 

% 

i 

> 

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: 

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N 

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Evangelical  Lutheran  Theological  Seminary 
Theology . 

rinrTPQnnnrlonrp i  pnnrspa 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


763 


IS  i  :* 


53  :  :a  :  :  :  :g  :  :  :  :S  :  :: 


°  •  ■  IS  ■'  :  ^°°  ;  ;°  ;  ;g  ;  is0"” 


3  |  i  ;3  :  i  :  :S  :  :g  : 


:  :  :  :2  :  :  :  :  :  :  is  : 


3  i  il 


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:g  :g  : 


i«  i  i8  i  i  i  i  i  IS  i  i 


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05  £  :§gf:: 

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COON 

^  3 


gi|32S83f< 

£L 


k2SS§< 


l-°ll 


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~  M^  M  i§  M  Ms  Ijj 


OC5C5  •  O  O  O  OC  •  O 


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XOHWC  •  o  o 


:2  :g| 


^Sg00?? 


N!NO  CC(N  •  CO  CO 


S3; 


Hip  i 

S^U&M 


li 


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ill 


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o^|a:<CcSN^SaS|^o  ®£-<S 

3  s  5  ^ 


Bij!!!!ip!S{5if! 


a  £ 


3  3  3  3  3 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  cmc?  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  anc?  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


764  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•saajgsp  Ajbjoiioh 

13 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uauiOAl 

21 

o 

- 

•nan 

* 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uamo^v 

2 

© 

© 

'naH 

2 

- 

- 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uatuo^w 

£ 

o 

o 

CO 

O 

<M 

•ua?f 

SO 

<N 

iM 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uamOj\i 

^  O 

o 

o 

CO 

O 

•uaj^ 

23 

h(NO 

CO  CD  *D 

<m 

2 

- 

(M 

© 

Total 

students. 

•nauioAi 

5© 

O 

o  •  ^ 

•  CO 

. 

O 

X 

•U9K 

SI 

O  00 

^  :s 

O 

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© 

Students. 

•U9UIOAV 

- 

OC  0500  000 

© 

o 

CO  t-H  CD 

S3  S3 

O  CDCOOSpOO 
<N  CM  CM 

O  X 
O  ID 

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© 

t>.  ID  CD  *-H  t-H  X 

CC'  (N  OJ  rt 

CO 

a 

Oi 

^  T -105 

CO 

CD  CO  X  O  CO  X  O 

LQ  t-H  lO 

o  o 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•narao/A 

a 

O 

O 

© 

3 

S3 

°° 

CO 

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© 

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© 

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fessors 

and 

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struc¬ 

tors. 

•uauio^v 

-0  =  0 

o 

© 

o 

05 

t-h  O  7—i  O  O  O 

X  X 
CM  <M 

« 

<M  H  ICO 

CM  jOcD 

CO 

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s 

CO 

o  X  (M  X  X  <M 

©© 

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us 

s 

X 

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CO 

DO 

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Control. 

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s 

1 

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men, 

for 

women, 

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tional. 

to 

g 

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a 

c 

1 

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Coed.... 

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a 

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c 

£ 

J 

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Institution. 

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N orthwestern  U niversity— Continued . 

> 

l| 

c 

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!l 

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jj 

£ 

5 

c 

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la 

1  'C 

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!  > 
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N orwegian-  Danish  Theological  Seminary 

i  Thpnlnprv  

Swedish  Methodist  Episcopal  Theological 
Seminary. 

Thenlopv  _  _ 

jg 

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c 

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£ 

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Location. 

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Illinois— contd. 

Evanston . 

Do _ 

1  c 
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bj 

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1  8 
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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


765 


120 

^Jiogo 

W  <M 

is'»  to  t^-  co  ^  r>» 

00  55  2  °  CN 

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05  05  <N 
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£2 


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Junior  College. 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


766  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  767 


:::  :S  :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::  :  S 

93' 

21 

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:°°  : 

:::::  :§B  :  : 

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5  ; 

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:  :  :§  if 

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55  i  :  i  i  :::  :  § 

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0 

3 

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175 

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Coed.... 

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yi  l 

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1  '  1  1  ’ 

Coed.... 

Coed.... 

Shurtleff  College . . 

Preparatory . 

Arts  and  sciences . . 

Music . 

University  of  Illinois . 

Arts  and  sciences . 

Graduate . 

Chemical  engineering . 

f!ivil  (Snirinonri nir 

Electrical  engineering . 

Mechanical  engineering . '. . 

Mining  engineering . 

Municipal  and  sanitary  engineering. . . . 
Railway  engineering . 

Ceramic  engineering . 

Architectural  engineering . 

Aerriciiltnrpi _ 

Architecture . 

Commerce . 

Home  economics . 

Music . . 

Library  school . 

Law... . 

Medicine . 

Dentistry . 

Pharmacy . 

Snminnr  cnVirvnl  /1Q17\ 

Short  winter  courses . 

Military  drill . 

Wheaton  College . 

Preparatory . 

Arts  and  sciences . 

Snecial _ 

Music . 

Summer  school  (1917) . 

Indiana  University . 

Arts  and  sciences . 

Graduate . 

Commerce . 

min 

Medicine 

Extension  courses . 

Correspondence  courses . 

Military  drill..  . 

i 


j 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  anc?  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


768 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1910-1918, 


•saa.iSap  vCj'cjouoji 


3  „  ,  a 
^  b£  W> 


•uaraoAV  £ 


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•uaraoAi.  |  2 


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Eh'13  m  |  -uaj^ 


•nauiOAl 

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£a 

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■uauiOAl 


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:S5  :  :  :S§  : 


:  :  :S8 


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o  ^  <e  10  .co  .Noo  .eoocooio  .®o®hoooo®  ■  <m 

—  p  •  ©  <N  <N  •  OO  ti  —i  CM  MM  •  © 


-2  o  o  ^  r  m 

O  S.^  cstr  O 
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1—1  <i>  :3' 


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O  'tO^HCCO^  •  CO 


•Suiuedo  jsjy  jo  jrojt 


fl*  C'S  • 

fa  s u  573 
5*°So«§ 

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bo 

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£  ©-2 
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CD  P  H  - 


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IS  *  *  ©  §3  ^  *  J  s'i§  2  S’l?  ®* 

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1  o  a>  03 

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o 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


769 


59873° — 21 - 49 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


770 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1018. 


•saaaSap  AaejonoH  £J 


c3^  <D  1 
£  «  cs-c 


nauiOAV  |  £  | 


| 

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■D9UIOJ4 


•U8W  2 


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•U8K  I  3 
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rH  (N  T— 


£pJ§|2 


uauiOAV 


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6  •  g  £ 


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‘  :  5  ®  g  ®  «  s  rg  •; 

2$  8  2*83 


03  Sd  o 


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771 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


772 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saaaSap  Ajbjouoji 


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£  2  13X5  “ 

fc"1  r„  uo 


3 

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rH  60 


•U9K 


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^  0 

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•U9M 


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■f-ccHiao 


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o  HliJrtW 


'000050 


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t  -  r-  o  •  o  o  o 


5  6p’gE.<» 


•uguiOjVi. 


•U9K 


•narao^Y 


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•3mu9do  'jsjrj  jo  wax 


te  0.3 


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d  83 
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(MCMn’CCCCJ 

CM  r-.  ~-i 

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co  co 

»0  vO  H  O  O  vO 

CM  -h  CO  CM  H 

CJ'tOi^cO^OCOiOOS^OJOOCHO  •  CO  O  O  OO  VO 
OOCO^OCCMCOCMr-l  CO  CD  CO  rf  CM  vO  •  CO  »C  »C  rf  H  CD 

CM  CM  CM  CO  VO  • 

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b*.  & 


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sillll  I^J 1|S*IB  J  *  I|^S-S1|  a 

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cn  . 
:  s  w. 


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§§.s.a« 

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w.9  g 

111: 


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al^i 

835  g 


a 

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*-  c 


Sis  b 

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S  Sa  c3  <S 
3  ~  c5  P<  m 

Ilf  IT 


I 

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J=8 
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1  Junior  college. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


774 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


775 


TO  •  CM  •  •  CO  O 


:  :  :  :  :  :8  :  :  : 


:  :S8 


184  1 

13  | 

(Orr  COTONN 
MMh  tt 

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04  HH 

10  1 
45 
22 

0 

o  o  o  o  o  o  o 

»C  CO  CM  I>»  CO 

TO  CO  tH  CO 

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CM 

CM  CM  ^ 
rH  CM 

O  O 

00  rH 

^CM 

g>  CO 

ICN05005  0J 

CM  CM  rH 

O  CO  H  rji  CM  00  »0 

CM  rr  hCMh 

H  CO  O  »C 
^  rH  rH 

lO  CMLOiOOiOLO 
HCOCMHC>CH 

04  ih 

XOfOCMO 
*H  CM  rH 

Gi  ^ 

iOO^ 

lO 

CO 

O  o 

CO 

O  -050MOIN 


WhWO  *0000000  •  cm  oc 


CO  05  OC  00  |  gD  C9  CO  <M  00  to  •  co  *  o 


CO  •  O'!  CM 


:  :-o  :  : 

;  ;  ;  ;  73  ;  ; 

:  :  ■ 

:  ;-o  ; 

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:  :  8  :  : 

Mi  |  M 

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'  '  '  '  (3  '  ' 

:  :  :  8  : 

il  i 

:  :8  : 

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:  :  P  :  :  :  : 

:  :s  :  :  :. 

:  P  : 

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II 

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a  2  r  « 

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st;  gj  gj2.g  st;  2  §,-§  5  3 

^■^ooffioica  gAh^OoqwSgq 


3 

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Jgs 


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s2 


w  £1  C  2  S  ^  ^  ^  ,  a  !1  C1-1  ,  C^O  ^  S  C 

T5  o3  c8 .2  ■§  T3  c3  53  9  g  ^O  —  'c  53  53 .2  o  9  <<->  53  ,g  —  c3  53 .2  — .  ca  53 
-3  ftia  o  o  o  a®  a  3  ®»  ?,h  ft«5)’S  d  O  10  o  H  Cj'S  am 

rtO«®ifl®«ftS0S5HJO-5;SR„+JO3»'POX5)« 
9  s-  s-  ~.XJ  SJ  •«  S-  o  ^3  --3  £  ^3  -.  t-,  i-  ai  3  Q,  53  >-.  f->  q/5  S  s- 

r§ •< oqiE-i pq fri <J O W Ps< S £-> g> ft. <; m S oq j»<; m ,gP-< -3 m  *^Ph -< 

S  +»  £3  "ok 

s  co  -cp  o  m 


o  M 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


776 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saajSap  Ajtuouoh 

« 

CM 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uautOjW. 

<N 

CO 

O 

•uoh 

© 

tO 

CM 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•namOAC 

OS 

o 

•U9J\[ 

» 

- 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

■uomOjVV 

5 

155 

co 

CM 

o 

to 

00 

•uoh 

16 

o 

3 

CM 

CM 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uorao^vv 

o 

-co 

§ 

O 

CO  o  o  o 

to 

00 

•uor 

o 

oo 

© 

Cl 

00)00  00 

i'- 

■x> 

Total 

students. 

•uomoAV 

w 

- 

oo 

© 

CO 

219 

•uapi 

Cl 

0° 

00 

CM 

CM 

Students. 

•uamoA\i 

- 

iO  N  ^  lO  C 
WHHH 

O^fOONcOHINiOH'O'OO  'lONOrt*  •  C5  (M  H  N 
h^hhcco  co  co :  r  rji  •  to  co  •  ©  to 

00  CM  CM  CM  Nj:  HCO  '•  CM  • 

•uow 

© 

ONOOO 

CM  CM 

OClHC5C3(NHXh-(NOOtOO  •  O  ©  H  CM  '  CO  ©  CM  Cl 
LirM-CCWWHWf-JiHCMXcO  •  CM  CO  CM  •  tO  ©  Tf 

1^  1—1  CO  HH  COHM^O  •  H  • 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uotuojvi 

cs 

cm 

to 

co 

CM 

•uapj 

« 

- 

190 

CM 

CM 

CM 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

•uauio^vv 

- 

l-  O 

CM  O 

i— i 

H^HOClHOHO 

^  CM 

O  to 

CO 

•uoh 

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O  CO 

O  r-H 

©  i-l 
r-H  O 

I^COiOCCCKNCN 
^  i-l  CM  ^  CM 

i-H  O 

OOjH 

co 

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1896 

i 

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6881 

Control. 

U.  B . 1 

State _ 

i 

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1 

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For 

men, 

for 

women, 

or 

coeduca¬ 

tional. 

e* 

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Coed _ 

Coed . . . . 

Coed .... 

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1 

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777 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 

. — * . CO . 


^ . . O 


^  i c 
'Tt-H 

t^(M»—I^rHOOOOOt-r^0CCiOO0CQQCi-0O 

iCOCr^Ci  03  r-*  O*  05  »-0  t- 

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&  OC  Tf 

o  o 

c  o  oo 

CO  »c  CO  1-*  CO 

HCCOOirt 

C3  G  —  05  OC 
»C  CO  C*  Tt* 

05  Tf  CO 

*-0 

CO  »-l 

HC(N 

CO  CNJ 

cof-^^^c^i—Mi-^c.^ac^oc^-tco^coCioc 
r^OiN^H-i -O^r  O  —  '3  *C  *C  — <  »0  CO 

t-H  *-  f  r-  O*  ^  — (  Iff 

05  oc 

CS  CO  Ol 

ocxco 

o:  CSJ  -T 

CO  CO 

d>CNCr/ 
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2 

41 

14 

6 

15 

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a 

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*3 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


778 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-191S. 


•saaiSap  Ajejoctoh  j 


C"1  So  5b 


•uemo^i 


•najV  j 


•tramOAY 


•U9H 


lil 


•tiomo 


•U9W  I  £ 


‘Q9UI0M  j 


•U9K 


II 

frl’g 


'uemoM 


•U9R 


•Trerno  a\ 


•U9J^ 


UOIOON  •  CO  O 
CO  Tfi  (M  Oi  'NCN 


OOOO  .  1—  r-H  O  >hOOh  •  h  X  O  c  O  .  1C  .H  .  o  O  O 

D  '(N^h  »C  g  C*  •  00  *0  •  C* 


ta  ®  e 


•CT9tH0  W 


•U9K 


6  S-g  L  §  g 


•U91UOAV 


•U9K 


o  •  •  csr  •  <m 


■OtCNOrt 


•  >o  t-  oo  eo  ec 


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l-i© 


•2mu9do  ^sjg  jo 


0  S- 


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l.,2  —  —  tj  :  s-tj  ; 
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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  779 


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I170 

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264 

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£ 

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§ 

495  1 

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r-  cm  coo 

CSf  1-1 

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cs  oc  *o 

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a  S 


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8  2  a  S  £-2  g  a 

OH  P  P  H  tc  P 


bfQ 

5  W  03 £>  S  5 

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g-^TJ 
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£  a  a 

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05  r?  c.;  C 
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Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


780 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saaoSap  Ajbjouoh  j 


3-§  ©  j>  i 

•nomoj^  J 

(M 

<N  . .  . . . . . 

SB** 

•U0K 

O 

Cl 

“o  . 

■g  ®  3  © 

•hotuoai  | 

Ci 

•  i  *<M  •  •  •  . 

5sr°feb 

■U0J^ 

00 

•  .  .  iQ  . . 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uamoAV 

r>- 

17 

'si' 

'U9J^ 

» 

74 

"o' 

. ... 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uarao^w 

•  o  •  .©ooooot^o . 0  ■  •©  •  •— 1  .  • 

•nan 

•  Tfi  •  -HIN^CIOOWO . ©..©..©.. 

•(M  •  ■  •  . . 

Total 

students. 

•ustnoAV 

e® 

00  . . CO  ...  . . O' 

Cl  . •  . . 

•uapi 

Cl 

S  :  :°  ::::::  :8  : 

. Cl  • 

Students. 

•uaraOjVV 

- 

t-®OJ©00©0©C'»©<MMC©0  .001130  •  U3  IM  ®  OS  CO  H'l'  •© 

Tf-cr  -r  O  .cotcot-  '®  (OOWSiON  ■ 

rH  CO  ,  T-l  • 

•nan 

© 

COCDavHC'lOOOOdrH^NffiOO^CD  '  ©  ©  0  ©  •©©©©©©©  •  © 

CM  ©  ^  ©  rH  HHhM  (N  i-O  50  GO  •  •  •  Cl 

r-H  rH  CM  *H  CO  •  •  • 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uauiOjVi 

© 

S  j  j  j  j  j  :  :  j  :S  :  :  :  ;5  j  j  j  j  j  j  j”  j 

•U0H 

00 

8  j:::::::::::::  :N  :::  :S  ::::::  :S  : 

rpr„. 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

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Junior  college. 


Table  27. — Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


782 


BIENNIAL  SUBVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saaj^ap  Axo.ionoH 

a 

" 

- 

- 

- 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaiuojw  j 

° 

o 

O  <3>  O 

•U9I*  |  f, 

© 

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ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uamo^  j  5 

1 0  ; 

o 

o  o 

1- 

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I 

.  rr  • 

© 

©© 

00 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uamojvv 

a 

= 

o 

°.  \s 

O 

•napi  j  2 

o 

1 75 

6 

t- 

lO 

40 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•U9UIOJVV 

2 

!‘ 

D 

©©  j 

•  ©  •  ©  •  cs 

o 

05 

o 

o 

3 

: 

D 

N 

© 

;  JO  |  O  •  CO 

CD 

CM 

00 

l'- 

4C 

Total 

students. 

•uarao^ 

2 

© 

o 

O 

712 

03  ■ 

CO  • 

s 

•nan 

211 

CO 

CO 

cm 

© 

1,384 

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g 

Students. 

•U9UI0AV 

35  O  O  ;  <35  O 

•© 

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ID  ID  1-  r- 

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aocoow-r; 
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oo 

•U9K 

© 

• 

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3>  tjh  O  ;  . 

N  CM  J  CO  CO 

ig 

© 

223 

11) 

13) 

103 

334 

280 

201 

193 

248 

CCOO^^ 

05  CM  rp  CO 

«d 

30 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uarao^vi 

© 

o 

o 

O 

CO 

C5 

CD  ; 

© 

*U9pf 

00 

a> 

CD 

S3 

291 

CD  • 

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fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

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t> 

• 

D 

•©  > 

*  O  *  rH 

•  co 

©CMOCMiDO©^ 

CO  CO 

o  o 

•U9pj 

© 

!  ! 

•  •  eo 

•  CD  |  CM 

ONOtHOHO 

C»Oh(N«DhtH^ 

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CM 

•Suiuado  jsjij  jo  JB9A 

1789 

1845 

05 

s 

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CD 

N 

X 

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CD 

Control. 

Nonsect... 

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|  Nonsect... 

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1 

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men, 

for 

women, 

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tional. 

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Men . 

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® 

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05 

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Institution. 

SI 

St.  John’s  College. . . . 

Zfl 

1 

£ 

5* 

g| 

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Military  drill . 

United  States  Naval  Academy . 

Arts  and  sr>ienf'f><! 

Military  drill . 

Baltimore  College  of  Dental  Surgery . 

Dent.istrv . . . . . 

1 

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IC 

It 

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Arts  and  snifitioftS. . . .  . . 1 

> 

a 

1  > 

15 

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MARYLAND. 

Annapolis . 

Do . 

Baltimore . 

Do . .  J 

Do . .  J 

Do . . 

Do . . 

783 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


Table  27. —  Universities .  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-1S — Continued 


784 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1016-1918, 


785 


©  O  ©  O  G  > 


COGCOCC'sCOCCOrHOrH 


o  -rcoio 


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— - cc  - 


h  T  ^  10  CO  CO  05  ^  CD  h  h  Oi  •  Tt<O0C<lt^O?C500a5CC<Mr'-©I>  wO 
GC  05  CC  C*  05lOC5  00HO»C  .0SHW»ftOH®i0^NN^«0  O 
ON  C^CCC^^CO-rH  NNNN  rM  CC 


O  •  O  •  O  •  O 


iO  •  o  •  o  •  o  •  o 


oo  ooooo 


o  o  o  o  o 


c  ©  cc  .  CC  •  X>  •  © 


50  .00  •  t>»  .00 

o  •  O  .CO  .  CO 

05  •  oo  •  oo 


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ft  ft 


59873°— 21- 


-50 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


786 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•saaaSap  Ajbjouojj 

a 

X 

Total 

gradu 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaruojvv 

© 

© 

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£  s-c  £ 

•uauio^v 

2 

•  © 

© 

TP 

•new 

2 

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Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

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£ 

° 

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1  :» 

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© 

CM 

•nan 

00 

'  © 

©  '  © 

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de¬ 

grees. 

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12 

© 

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.... 

399 

& 

8 

© 

©o© 

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X 

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CM 

!  ° 

O 

© 

©  T-H 

Total 

students. 

•uomo^ 

O 

•  CM 

CM 

x  !  ^ 

©  •  © 

csP  ! 

X 

X 

t'- 

© 

man 

o 

•  X 

•  © 

!  ^ 

X 

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©  j© 

© 

© 

X 

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COO  ;©T-<r-i 

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X 

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>  ©  t- ©  ©  ©  © 

2 

•cioo  ! o  hcj 
CCINC  •'f  >0(N 

CM  ©  »o  * 

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©  © 

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Total 

pro- 

lessors 

and 

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tors. 

•uamo^v 

© 

° 

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© 

§ 

CM 

lO 

•TI9K 

X 

* 

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© 

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© 

2 

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CM 

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fessors 

and 

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struc¬ 

tors. 

•uauiOAi 

©  © 

©  ©© 

c©  jg 

•  © 

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c^ 

© 

© 

•uapj 

io  oo 
cm  cm 

©  © 

05  » O  •  GO 

1 

X  CM  . 

CM 

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1864 

X 

1875 

X 

X 

X 

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1 

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) 

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men, 

for 

women, 

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tional. 

.  x 

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|  Women. 

Women. 

Women  .1 

j 

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Institution. 

VI 

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5=1 

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cc 

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1  Cw 

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gl 

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3 

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,  .r 

S 

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;  a 
1  c 
;  a 
c 

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c 

'Eh 

fci 

£ 

3 

c 

a 

a 

!  03 

£ 

s 

1  t» 

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'O 

p 

:« 

03 
!  oo 

o 

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1  bi 

q 

1  xs 

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3 

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31 

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1  o 

£ 

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| 

03 

£ 

i 

! 

: 

3 

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Summer  school  (1917) . 

smith  college . . . 

Arts  and  sciences _ 

s 

1 

:  d 
c 

ta 

<s 

£ 

Arts  and  sciences_ i 

- 

CO 

Mount  Holvoke  College _ _ _ 

Arts  and  sciences.  _ _ 

Graduate _ _ _ 

h 

;w 

g 

i 

■4^2 

f 

[1 

i 

Arts  and  sciences _ _ 

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i  «a 

■1 
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1  CO 

£ 

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V 

e 

~ 

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03 

11 

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s 

1 

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;| 

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1 A 

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fi 

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1  Electrical  engineering . 

J 

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b 

j 

- 

MASSACHUSETTS  — 
continued. 

Chestnut  Hill . 

Lowell _ 

Newton  Center . 

!  : 

jn  orthampton . 

Norton. . . . . 

South  Hadlev . 

a! 

% 

1 

m 

a 

Eh 

p 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


787 


CO 

10 

CO 

CO 

T"H 

2 

> 

0 

O 

0 

O 

0 

cm 

»o 

CM 

0 

10 

oc 

- 

•  0 

0 

0 

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v. 

0 

0 

0 

•  CM 

10 

- 

- 

O 

CM 

OC 

- 

cm 

O 

0 

0 

0 

10 

00 

CM 

3 

05 

co 

CM 

0 

r^- 

a 

05 

o> 

3 

CO 

2 

1^ 

8 

CO^^reo  joe 

•  0 

0 

0  j 

0000  ! 

CO  <N 

oc  0 

CM 

:8 

OOOOOOOOO 

^  t'*  w  c  c  !  0 

O  1^*  • 

! 

CM 

8  : 

2282  : 

co  0 

CO  CM 

•  »o 
:8 

CM 

0 

c 

10 

0  ‘.0 

F3 

8 

CO 

§ 

O 

CM 

10 

»o 

co  !  05 

C5_ 

00 

a 

2 

»o 

CO  •  CM 

O  •  TT 

>0 

CM 

05 

8 

oc^H 

t-h  co  oc 

CO  CM  O 

00 

OOO 

IO 

0 

oooco 

CM  OC  CO 

187 

122 

So 

OHU;OOOOOOOMO 
8  1-1 

O'l'COOO 

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CM 

05  O  O 

O  O 

10 

0 

*0  05  CM  1— 1  CM 

OC  CO  CD 

OC  r-H  CM 

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THTfOCMONNXNNiCN 

^  r-  — <  O  05 

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8  w 

10 

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^  »c  10  05  OC 

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llllill 

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“  5  S-3  03 .g  3  P  3  O  «S  *  §5  3  ®  +3  2 

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goooHS 


fi  fi 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18—' Continued. 


788 


BIENNIAL.  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


'S99j3op  AJBJ9U0H 

s 

i 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•trauioAi. 

O 

•U9K 

§ 

i 

O 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uatuoAV 

a 

o 

o 

•U9K 

2 

- 

ZD 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•U9UI0A1 

O 

o 

o 

•U9pi 

s® 

i 

CO 

CO 

£ 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•U9UIOAY 

i® 

! 

O'tWW 

o  i  c 

3 

© 

o 

•H9pv[ 

i 

H-t  oh 
iOcDhCS 

co  •  e 

SJ 

cq 

2 

1 

Total 

students. 

•neraoAV. 

90 

<N 

cq 

•  © 

- 

•U9H 

91 

ZD 

cq 

o 

'•  (N 

•  00 

8 

© 

Students. 

•uamo_Ai 

a 

'T^Ohh  C^h  O 

^  Cq  i-h  rr 

<N  !  c 

q 

© 

ooooooocqcq 

© 

405 

63 

57 

84 

33 

184 

356 

325 

70 

1,040 

1,700 

S  ! ; 

f 

0 

cq 

op 

c^Looor-iHTjiaoocq 
ZD  ZD  hhNINON 
CO  rH 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uamoAi. 

os 

O  ;r-l 

!  cq 

O 

*U9J^ 

CO 

i 

cq 

CO  •  'X 

'  iO 

s 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

•nemo 

- 

i 

©000*0 

O  jf 

cq  ■  o  o 

o  o  o  o  o  o 

man 

zD  H  <N  Oi  zD 
INCWHOS 

<M  I C 
co  •  o 

0 

»o  •  O  lO 
•  cq  t-h 

cq  th  cq  cq  xti  oo 
rH  cq 

•Suiuodo  jsjy  jo 

V 

1891 

s 

X; 

1877 

Control. 

<rj 

o' 

S 

|  Nonsect... 

:c 

R.C _ 

For 

men, 

for 

women, 

or 

coeduca¬ 

tional. 

Coed.... 

•d 

03 

o 

O 

Coed.... 

3 

£ 

s 

Institution. 

o.  | 

University  of  Michigan — Continued. 

Commerce . 

journalism . 

Education _ 

Fine  arts . . 

Music . 1 

Law .  .  1 

Medinine _ _ _ 

► 

i-g 

1 

!fi 

4 

C0 

I 

- 

Ph 

53 

1 

- 

■>% 

1 

i 
1  > 
u 
os 

s 

1 

O 

IS 

c 

;0 

'o 

Q 

Law . 7 . . . . . . . 1 

;  Detroit  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery . . . . 

. 

.  Cl 

. 

;  c 
:c 
•  ^ 

jC 

i2 

3  c 

Q 

1  Arts  and  sciences . .  i 

c 

tc 

;0 

c 

£ 

c 

b 

Prenaratorv.. _ _ 

Arts  and  sciences _ _ _ 

i 

i 

Isj 

E 

a 

C 

GC 

ti 

s 

3 

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G 

a: 

1 

is 

i « 

-- 

0 

3 

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if 

b 

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1 

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DC 

1 

P'S 

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o 

a 

IH 

ti 

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QJ 

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pQ 

r 

Commerce  7 . 7_ 1 

1  Law . 

Location. 

- 

Michigan— contd. 

Ann  Arbor . 

Detroit . 

Do . 

Do . 

Do . 

789 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18r-~ Continued. 


790 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


791 


<N 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


792 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saajSap  .{.ic.iouoji  g» 


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£48 


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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


793 


1  Junior  college. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


794 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

|  <N  •  . . .  .....  . 

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i  Junior  college. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleger,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18—  Continued. 


796  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


o  o  o 
P  Q  R 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


797 


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ft  ft 


1  Junior  college. 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


798 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saajSap  Ajbjouoh 


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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  799 


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Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


800  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

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801 


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59873°— 21- 


1 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


802 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

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Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1911-18 — Continued. 


804 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


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Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


800 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  11)16-1918. 


•saajSap  Aj^jonoH  | 


!d0  ,»  'irauiOAV 


7%  <D  °  I 

2  CS-O  t 

S)  M  *' 


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•nemo  m 


•najif 


»  W 


5  AY  I  £ 


•U0TC  ® 


•nsraOAi 


•uajif 


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•U8K 


’  o> 

■  CO  •  I-l 


::::::  :°  :g 


*P9HI0  M  |  £ 


02 


•traK 

o 

•nsrao^  j 

* 

00  CO  iM  1C  C  O  00 

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i oo o  *©.— <000000^5© 

I  >-<  •  !-H  «  © 

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807 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


01 

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4,141 

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rtic®  “  M-f!  d£_j3£bo;-'-'c3'£'£  S”U 

C3  d  5.2  ;  O  «  §.S  §  d  d  J  C3 

©'■S’S  8  fS'g  S-g-ES  §--.&£©  2*7  ©  aS  ®-P  ®'|k02 

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1  Evening  session.  2  Engineering  faculty.  8  Included  in  medicine. 


Table  27. — ■ Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


808 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•saajSap  Ajbjouoh 

ii  | 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•treraoAi 

«  1 

oo 

o 

tH 

•non 

a  1 

148 

O 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uauio^YV 

ss 

O  O  rH 

o 

181 

;  O 

- 

•nan 

oo 

OO^CM 

co 

00 

b 

o 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uauio^vv 

309 

o 

275 

•napi 

CD 

CO 

CO 

8 

5 

o 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

U3UI0M 

o  o  o 

rH  O  O 

05 

o 

CO 

• 

o  o  o  o 

275 

•uepi 

Sh  10  o 

CO 

CO 

•  o 

•  CM 

th  ^ 

°  ! 

Total 

students. 

•uarno^ 

•naj^ 

e« 

1,934 

3 

O 

1, 129 

c* 

>o 

05 

05 

O 

Students. 

•uauio^i 

p 

0 

0 

506 

13) 

157 

161 

0 

o ; 

627 

295) 

L  " 

CO  00  GO  •  CO 

NlOO  •  co 

lO  • 

o  o  o  o  o  o 

‘  ^ 

1 

•uaj^ 

o 

05  IQ  U-  w -00  05  CO  05  >0  OJ  iO 
NOiO  05  OO  U-  ^  ^05 

05  ON  CO 

CsT  r-T 

(NC5IO  •  U- 
OTfCO  -05 
COH  •  rH 

c3  °  2  2  $3 

o  o 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

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OS 

O  ;  O 

•uan 

oc 

05 

3  i® 

o3j 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

•uautoAV 

o 

NO^COCOOOOO 

CO  05 
(M  CO 

•  o 

ooooo 

^  • 

<N  • 

•uapf 

CO 

»o 

QOOtQONOJHCO 

O  HIN^HOO^ 

00 

00  co 

is 

Tfl  <M  H  H  H 

•Smuado  jo  jeaj^ 

l<5 

1 

CO 

§8 

o 

05 

00 

s 

00 

Control. 

Nonsect.. . 

Nonsect... 

c 

a 

c 

2 

) 

> 

> 

Nonsect... 

For 

men, 

for 

women, 

or 

coeduca¬ 

tional. 

CO 

Coed. ... 

Coed.... 

i 

% 

i 

Women. 

Institution. 

<N 

New  York  University— Continued. 

b 

.p 

1 

p 

Ll 

is 

<  Si 

'  c 
■  c 

b 

1 

i 

0 

! 

> 

la 
:  x 

li 

1 

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jr 

l(£ 

■> 

0 

> 

p 

\  p 

;  C 

Ih 

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:■£ 
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c 

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c 

£ 

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1 

■  i 
2  E 
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11 

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jj 

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sc: 
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11 

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c 

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T 

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1 

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J.2 
!  > 

Union  Theological  Seminary . 

'T'hpolrxrv 

fc 

C 

c 

p 

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b 

c 

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l  a 
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3  J 

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3^ 

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O.P 

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*>0. 

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Graduate . 

Location. 

- 

NEW  YORK— Contd.j 

New  York . 

Tin 

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1 

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1  p- 

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1 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


809 


o 


IO 


o 


<N 


© 

:S  :  :  : 

g  ::::::::::::::::::  : 

o 

: 

: 

S  ::::::::::::::::::  : 

°  :g  :  : 

;00  ;  ;  O  ;  ; 

;  i  COCOC  ■  ;  C 

>  ;  <£  j  ;COCCOOJ»C>Oh«^^  •  ;  ; 

o 

....  9 

271  .... 

....  35 

:  :s  :  : 

...  9  I 

...  17 

...43 

...  11 

...  38 

0  .... 

4 

'  :g  :  j  ;  ; 

g 

:  iH 

I;-:*::: 

;s 

1  i  i  i  :  i  :  i  ri  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i  i 

'  O  •NiCTOlC 
:  :& 

oo  oo 

OOOOOOOiO^-J^-HO 

o 

Iss0000®”®8^003*!00 

is  is-asg 

§ 

gfcgS3S§S3g'-’22§2c~goc§ 

Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges ,  and 'professional  schools — Instructors,  students .  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


810  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saajSap  Axbjouoh 


O  g  03  X3  £ 
C-1  tr,  tO 


•U9UIO 


•U9K  § 


5  » 

X)  ®  i  « 


•uauiOAV  2 


•U9K 


•UOTUO^V  j  U 


•U3H  j 


•uarao^ 


•U9J»X  2 


•uaxuOjW 


S3  : 


:S  : 


•tratuo^ 


•U9H  |  ® 


ooooooooo 


O  TP  CO  ~ 


CJrMC*©  *000 


6  £x)  3  w 


•uauio  m 


•«3Jl 


6  oxj  i  2  «> 

££©-S-BJ  I 


•trauH)^ 


•U9R 


•Snutado  jsjtj  jo  jcajt 


eJ  • 

r2  2 ,2  s  o-S  3 
6  g  §1 


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PL  ® 

©  3 

1  | 


to 

— 

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I-  o® 


a 

S-i 


g  mxj^  “  D  v 

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<8  2xj  g  g  ■es«  53  g  ©  <3-2  § 

©  S  m  p  a  ©02  a 

SjS^sigsitsgsaxst; 

fflb  WOWScqS  m  <1  O  3  P=t  2  < 


go 

fas  33- 

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rj  ©  +^>  C3  O 

ffl  «H  »H  *H  C, 


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02  £ 

1 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


811 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-tS — Continued. 


812  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


813 


:  :  :S  :  :  :  :  : 

:  :  »  :S  :  : 

8 

6 

5 

23 

:  :2  !  :  :  :§  :  i  !  :  :  :  i°  i°  i  :  :  i  :  :  :  i  :  i  i  i  i  :  !- 


!  is  i  i  !  i°  :§  :  :  i  :  :*»  :  :g  :  i  i  i  :  i  i  i  :  :  !  :  i  i  -3 


20 

50 

S“s° 

o  o  ©  ©  © 

©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© 

©  © 

©  ©  o  o  ©  ©  © 

80 

12 

3 


I 


■s 

o 

£ 


Junior  college. 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


814 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saaoSap  Ajboouoh 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uamoAV 

£ 

o 

•U9H 

20 

- 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uatuoAV 

o 

•nan 

\is 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uamoAi 

OS 

a 

•uapt 

o 

Os 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaraoAV 

US 

CO 

O 

O  O  CO 

o 

S 

o 

•uan 

CO 

«hO 

to 

GO 

Total 

students. 

^nauroAl 

05 

|  242 

OS 

rr< 

o 

- 

•uaH 

O'! 

!  480 

g 

co 

Students. 

•uamoAV 

s 

OOh«icOOOOhXiOO(MVCDO  'OOOHWNO 
CO  03  CO  CS  'CSOHIO 

•  CO 

•  osco-iocq 

CO  r-H 

•uajt 

TTHOcOOkO^THOOOHXlNOON  •  OS-»— 4  ?—•  CO  CO  O  •‘OOifN'T 
JH  r-t  lO  rH  t-1  Tr  CO  O  •  TT  CO  t-H  CO  •  0$  CS  rH 

Total 
pro-  j 
lessors 
and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uatuoAV 

- 

22 

1 

1C 

•uan 

ac 

o 

*o 

(N 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in- 

1  struc- 

tors. 

•uauroAv 

11 

11 

0 

OOOOOOlOO  O  <N 

o 

CO  CSJ 

•uaj\[ 

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os  (N  cq 

hhiOh®  CS  O  CO  WOO 

<N  © 

« 

T*<00 

•Sumado  jo  ace  a 

i 

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1890 

t- 

00 

00 

CO 

00 

00 

Control. 

Tft 

a 

s 

> 

j 

Nonsect. .. 

i  Presb 

1 

1 

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For 

men, 

for 

women, 

or 

coeduca¬ 

tional. 

55 

TZ 

£ 

c 

1 

) 

1 

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o 

CJ 

Institution. 

1 

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C 

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1 

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C 

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0 

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5 

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11 
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5  *r 

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CP 

11 
3  a 

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1  Commerce. . . . . 

Location. 

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NORTH  DAKOTA. 

Agricultural  College 

1 

l  Hr 

1 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


815 


rH 

' 

- 

- 

CO 

- 

- 

- 

82 

o 

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49 

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80 

s 

46 

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35 

rH  O 

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rH  CO 

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00  00 

CO 

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446 

441 

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356 

,  512 

CO 

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iiO^NOOOOMCOOOWr 
l  W  HOOD 


>  00  o  o  o  o  o 


1 r>-  oo  co  co  t'-  coco  *coco 


OO^O^C^i-HOOCOO 


OOOO’— *  »0  rH 


KNiHNOCOCO  *t^o 


60  G 
fi'C  . 

■-  -  tr 
Pi 


W,©.S 


©  0  p! 


Pi  ’5o  © 

Sits  c 

«0§M 

unit  it " 

P’,2  ©.a 
fflOSs^ 


o 


o  ^  ^  jh 

CO  p  pr& 

•  Oo. 
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o>  s 

o  .9 

bO 

Si)  G 
PJ 


■S  2‘S  » 

.2  s§ 


BHfi§®do  .5BHSS 
©  o  §^,2-2,2  as  §  « 


Pi  :§§s^ 

■§  J  8  a  -  _ 

03 .2  ‘0  ®  £  jS  0  o  si 


>' 

fr‘3 


■•=  i 

S 

•  ©  S  2 

60  ©  S  Q,  m 

0=j 


r  ■ 

© 

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.0  — 
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!  r^S.S  5  3 

1  ©  — <  *H  2  T> 


X! 

h  S'  " 

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•2  p 

|S  ’g|§‘ii||i^ 
^Sl-Sr5^®81 


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2  3 

o  § 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


816 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saaaSap  iOejouoH  |  gj 


•u8Uioa\  5 


•ran 


£  ®  •  g 
Sax)  2 
o  550 


'U3TUOAV 


•nape  |  2 


uaraoAV  £ 


uaniOjVi 


•U0J\[ 


U9UIOAV 


c-g 

E-I  3 


•U9J5 


8  ::::  :::::::  ::::::  : 


U0THOAV 


•uapf 


Tt<c0C0*0O 


SO  CO  O'-  OC  • 


oc<Nio^ 

H  o  C  6  •  (M  O  T-H  <N  CO 

CO  (N  •  rH 


_  ..  _ _  I  o  00  H  c c 

l-HHO  •  CO  00  CO  1C  00  -toco  iONhCNh 

1-H 


NONOOOHOC  •  CO  CO  00  O  O  O 


NOCCNCIN 


5  O  o"5  g  £ 

©  §T^o 

H  «2  .g 


•ueraoAV 


•non 


.a**  o 


U0OIOAV 


•U0H 


CO  CO  O  O  'NMriWCC' 


0X0  •  CC  lO  >0 


•3mu0do  isiy  jo  .rea^ 


o  S  o  a  u  ©  a 

^a'2l°'So 

*  8^ 


I®  ill 

8  © f»r,  2 


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Sp 


!  =o  ca  o  “  o 

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gc-S  ©•£>  2  3  41  1  2f 

a  3 2  o  S‘S  8 

et'SgS-gSSoa.g 


lgs>b| 

“^aS-aS 

£  S3  g  g-i2^ 


£2 

o.S 

WtR 


a  £ 


817 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


CO 

CM 

03 

o 

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o 

CM 

G3 

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CM 

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co 

CM 

CM 

s 

X 

§ 

CO 

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lO 

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c 

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CO 

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*> 

CM 

CM 

CO 

CM 

CM 

CO 

OC 

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co  co  *o  l> 

CM 

CO  »-h  CM 
r-i  t— '  1—  CM 

»o 

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03 

CO 

03 

03 

co 

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03 

CM 

3 

o 

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CO 

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CM 

C3 

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CM 

CM 

r*« 

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r^-  o  o 
co  oc 

CM  CC  CO  O  O 

CM  CO 

CM 

O  • 

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© 

o 

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0003  •OCMOOOOOOCOCMQCt^O 

CO  •  1C  OC  ^1—03  CO 

rH  .  o  ^ 

oooooooo 

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CM  i™1  *—* 

ht?hXC 

CM  i-H 

901 

s 

o 

CO 

o 

oc 

CO  CM  ‘oC3^»-OCr-CMCOiCCN(NO 
NO»C  •  CO  tj<*OC3CMi—  CMCOCM  CO  CM  CM 

CO  •  CO  ^  T-H  r— 1  I— t  CM  r-H  CO 

1"-  to  CO  CM  03  CO  03  CM 
OCOCCO-rt^COC3^ 

»-«  ^ 

i-i  co 

©  •©  ■©  •©  •©  ■© 


:8 


©  •  U5  •  ©  •  OC 


CO©  •©  •©  •©  ■©  •©  •  C  •  ©©<-!  .ONCCCCOwNCM 


©  ©  ©  ©  ©  C  © 


8  :: 


r9® 

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s. 

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t£.S 


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§  e.2.2  60 


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w  C 

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fi®Csdoc- 
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3 


■3m«^  g  e  S  ®  c  ®  < 
o  S.EJ  3  o  c  c. ”  i 
g'S  ®  £  2  2©  gig  c  g'5 

llsil ills  gal 


"S.  ©  e  .2 .5  M  ®  ^ 

d^.S^gggE. _ 

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hj  ©  ■£  §■  J2  S"2*2'S  E  ©  ^  gg  S5  HiS'o  e  ©  t*  §  g  5  2  :e  e 
®-<OOooSSowWSo§oOooSSSraS(§: 
o  ^  a  § 

S  02  O  CQ 


tJi 

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«  ft 


3  S 

59873°— 21- 


-52 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


818 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•soaoSap  ^j-biouoh 


-g-tf  .2  ©  ® 
jP  2  (3TJ  £ 

^  So  “ 


£  *3X5  £ 
O  M 


■  UOUIO  AY  £ 


•naw  § 


•uauiOAV  S 


*uaj^  J® 


=!•§! 

H  ^  bo 


'tiauio\Y  JZ 


•uaj\[  « 


uataoAY  12 


•uaj\[  Z 


:S 


•tiauioAY 


•uaK 


•uauiOAY 


•uaj\[ 


'CCMr-SOCOOOOOO' 


M«U!OOOOH!MrttqoO 


-f  CC 
-f  CO  - 

5© 


oooooo  -xiooo 


4s  6  o'-  2  2 

gsjsfS 


uauiOAY  55 


•uajY  c© 


■uauiOAY 


•uajY 


•SuiTiado  ^s.uj  jo  .rea^. 


ooooeoe 


o  5  ft  §  3  2 

<2  ®  ®  a  ot  § 


85 


Jftf  § Jis  g  ®  ©  s  o  «  s  g  j§£  g  3.2  §•§  g-g  <*,2 

>8  g  g|  g-0 1  o  |  g<2  g|  8  g  «  »•§ 

^Sk2  ©  <a  ®  ®-S  3  C3  2.  s-  o«2  ~ 

EH  O  m  W  W  S  t-5  cq  S  O  Ph  oQ  W  S  £S  P<  <1  m  W  H  O  o  ^  ® 


3 

§ 
S  o 
2  8 


O  t3 

O  S- 


•B  8  s  "55 


.  w  >-<  5~«  i_t 

c3  fe*2  >J5  Id'S 

h  ,—j  '  -A 

03  03  .s 


"s  .a  £  a  S 


S2§ 

C  $>  © 
■§£■§ 


■2  bop-e. 


g  © 


1  ^ 
fi  © 

®rf3 

Co 


11 


819 


OOOOCOOCCON'COOOHO 


^  Is*  00  CO  10 
HCO  *C 


::::::::  :S  :8 


©OO©OOC^cD*C'-^t'^T-HO©C*C0CS|00O© 
r-H  Is*  T— *  r— <  »— i  GC 

»0<N  t}i 

!>• 

o 

*C  C*  1C  © 

©00  TT 

00  00  00  (M 

cc  co 

<M  <N  1C  © 

HWO  T-l 

CO 

©©  © 

I  119  . 

7  * 

54  . 

1  . 

20  . 

ifOOOMOooenooiHTiiHotioNoijp 
rjt^t^-C0>-l'33O'4'00X''  t»  LO  |>  <f  ®  H  >-i  rH  £J 

rtMH  50  T-i  ^  50^ 

© 

© 

©  r-  <m  © 

rHOO^TOO 

274 

1 

28 

1 

9 

11 

33 

91 

12 

4 

1C  1C  © 

MO 

l  3 

: «  o  o 
J  u>.£~ 

i  «  q,H  c 

^  o  jo  g'E'S  g,2  s 

S®-3  2  &  bed  gto  ca®  « 


i£S§§  ::§-E^e:s 
;•§  3  ss  S  ®  n  S  & 

j^S'OOce^ajajjsSl.p^ 

'^~'-  "  fi  Pi  <*)  OQ  0Q  f=,  w 

8 


| 


Table  27 .—  Universities,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools— Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  191 7-18 — Continued . 


820 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•saaoSap  ajbjouoh  | 

si  I  ^  '•  ‘  • 

1  :  :  : 

!!  I’"'!! 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaraoAV  | 

55  1 

•  (••••«  o  •  • 

•U3K 

e  i 

05  - 

•  ••••••  cO  •  • 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•  narco  AV 

2  1  i  i  i  i 

•uaj^ 

2  | 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaruoAV 

5  1 

C*5  •  •  • 

•  •  •  0*5  •  •  •  •  •  N  •  •  ©  • 

C*5  •  •  •  •  •  C5  •  • 

•U0H 

s 

IA  i,  i  i 

05  •  •  • 

i  •  •  •  •  :°  •  • °  • 

©••©■■•  CQ  •  • 

»  .  1  1  •  CN  •  • 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uaraoAV 

i© 

J  i  05  i 

•  •  •  i  C  O  •  •  •  •  05  tC  •  O 

. 05  ■  •  *  •  •  •  05 

•nan 

:  : 

j  :  j  [S'*  j  :  j  :°°  :c 

•  o  •  «  iCO  •  •  1  CO 

Total 

students. 

•uanioAV 

05 

sjj! 

:  :  ig  :  j  :  j  jg  :  ig  j 

05  •  •  O  «  •  •  iO  •  • 

CO  •  i  •  •  *05  •  • 

r— i  •  »  05  •  •  •  C*5  •  • 

•uap{ 

Si!! 

i  j  i§  j  j  i  j  n  i°  i 

°jjs!ij«n 

Students. 

•uemoAV 

a 

'"fCOO 

•C3  1CH 

• 

OC’  oo  o  '  o  oc  oc  o  I  ©  ©  •  o 

©  t-  .  r-(  cr^  O  •  rr  CO  *  cp  V 

hh  •  iH  CO  io  ^  •  1-H  .  05 

0  ■  05  'OO^  •  O  O 

5  .CO  .  00  CO  O  .  05 

•U8K 

© 

•  t>  i-H  © 

.  N  OC 

H2P  '  3  °°  £3  !  ©  ©  •  O  c 

TON  •  X  CO  OC  Cl  •  . 

•  <N  HH«  ■ 

3  :°°  jSg 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

j  -uanioAV 

e> 

1  ajj 

i  i  •  05  •  •  •  •  .  W  •  •  CN  • 

.  ©  •  •  CO  •  •  *  N  •  . 

•U3K 

i  oo 

i 

:  M-  i ;  1  i  r  ir  : 

•  rl  •  •  ©  .  •  •  •  CO  •  • 

•  •  *  •  •  •  05  •  • 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

!  -uanroAl 

1  - 

|  j— 

0  05  i  •  05  05  r-l  •  .  «CO  #  •*■*  L 

•  •  Wth  1  1  «h  •  05 

0  •  O  1  •  05  T-H  lO  •  CO 

*  05  •  •  « 

•uayi 

1  50 

|  !“S° 

COO  '  ^  CC  CC  •  •  •  O  *-t  »  CO  C 

•  •  CO  i-H  CO  '  •  •  • 

m  »h  !  •  co  co  x>*  *  co  *© 

•fiuniado  isjtj  jo  jeaA 

It! 

i  i  ji  j  i !  j  it  i  ;!  i 

t  iO  •  *  N  •  t  *  Tf  •  .  • 

*  00  •  •  00  *  •  *  00  *  *  • 

Control. 

U.  Presb.. 

State . 

Nonsect. . . 

Nonsect... 

Nonsect... 

F.  Bapt. . . 

Luth . 

For 

men, 

for 

women, 

§■3 

S'g  § 

C  -+-> 

© 

eo 

.  Coed _ 

‘1 . . 

Coed.... 

Women. 

Women. 

Women. 

Coed.... 

. 

Coed .... 

© 


q3 

c 

•J 


TQ 

o 

I 

O 

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Do . 

Do . 

©’ 

1 

© 

© 

g 

© 

2 

© 

SuO 

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© 

X 

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p. 

£ 

o 

Pd 

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Arts  and 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  821 


.  .i-H©  .  . 

•  •  •  • 


::::::  :g  : 


:S  : 


:  : 


i-»  ©  ic  ec 

©  oc  t- 

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O  O  <N 

©c5o^I>*SSoc,2S 

08 

99 

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©<N 

© 

© 

CO  CO  © 

OC  CO  CO 

^  <N  ©  © 

*-  CO  CO  CO 

o°° 

c5 

CO  *tNco  CO  CO 

2§00e328 

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© 

T*<  t-,  lO 

O  C  N  .NHNN't  •  O  O  O 


lOOOOO  •  O  CO 


10*^10  -HXC 


IIOOOWC  •  b-  CO 


Isfl 

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«  5 

©.•§  b'S 

|p|Sj 

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O  ©  4-3  ] 

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g|, 

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-  ce  o  u, 

Wg<!« 


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erf  3  £ 
:  o'0  <s 
loWt-3 


>>w  CS  O  “ 
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c  2*0  a  S3 
5  £  c  C  S3  <s 

b  a  « -rf  c.  x 


o  cox:  s  fc?’3o  _  „ 

«O“t0gOKK-C^O 


.8 

£jJ3 

w  tx  ° 


w  ~a<<! 


s  .euHfl^CCShOgfi-o^Ci, 

)S0g«sigt.c3a£c3oc3rt.2frrfK 

5  g'g  s  ^  a  °  as£  &jg  §  2 

s.Ssy.atjrfoS^rfnSoSl^TJ.cjs 

s  "o  c  a 

?  O  <5 


1 

© 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,. and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


822  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

•saaaSap  jC-tcjouoh  ©J  j  ::::::::::::::::::::: 


.§  O  .  “ 

g  *•§  £ 


uauio.\V 


*uaj\[  § 


'uaniOAV  ]  2 


•U9M  2 


e-1  fen 


uatuoAV 


•U8TC 


«  00  O 

£  6  o’SH  S3 


6  o'd  i  2  co 
in  w  s  c  ?  5 


•U8TU0A1 


•U9K  3 


*o  co  co 

ooo 


uataoAV 


•U8J\[ 


•uaraoAV 


•U9J\[ 


uauiOAV. 


•U9JY 


neinoAI 


•U9K 


•Suruado  ^sig  jo  a«9_A 


o  ^ 


a  u  §  u,  §’ 

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i  8-. 


.og| 

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5  a 


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O  r— I  H 
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&  E+*r 


g  c3  t©  du3  c3  c3  3 

S?3  £*S5  M  g*»'g  W  ® 

c.*5  s  pG  r-j  x  g 

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^12  • 

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=  fcn  O 


o33 


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60 

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03  w^u©S  G3  .g  42  03  ^  s-  £ 
£L  CO  O  *d  r«  ftMO'rtM'C  2  C 

**  Cl  -C?  crj 

HOOo 

£  a 


Civil  engineering. 


823 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


•  ooooo 


•OOOOO  •  'OOONKhh 


■  C3  O  'J*  <N 


COWMMCN'tei'^C 
hM  cCH 


1  5  p.S  SS-S  SlsS^geg  £§>,2  J  &§-5  o  §c 
Pi-'JjOcQCO.^S^IoWMcQDC! 
3 


02 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


824 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•saaaSep  Xatuoaon  |! 


'S  3  ,  o? 


•uaxno.w  £ 


•uauiOAV  S 


•U8H  |  2  i 


he 


■uoraoAV 


•U8K  ® 


•as  s 


•U8TH0A1  3 


.  iC  .  •  •  CO 


•II8TC  3 


•uaxnoAV  ” 


•U8H  S 


TI8UI0AV  3 


•uapi  j  2 


Jt^OCOCOi—COcO^O  •  C*  <0  'HiCO 


OOH  »OrtHN  .OCiCOiOJHGCCOOOHWOOiO 

OcDO)  .  (M  nr  ~  -  " 


-2  o  o  'g  2  d 

£o.»g«.§ 


•uouioav 


•uok 


6  o'*  .  §  » 


•uaraoAV 


•uoh 


P10.-I<N'*©©0 


t-Wt0*!D‘0't 


<  CO  •NW'f 


Suiuado  ^siy  jo  JB9A. 


ogfe|g|l 

|  |-2 


C2 

£>,§ 

d  *' 


do 


g  ZB 


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g  ® 

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bo’S- 


g  d 
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be  — 

£3  o  ®  {?>§ 
P/o’d  o 


si 


'd  "32 


32  c3  .2  ® 

;  ®  ®  ®’§  Igr  »  w 
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w,°  8?  ,3 


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cq  S  g?  Ph  m 
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o  .3:  *  .x  w  h-x  —  . 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


825 


CO  CO  0 
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05  C*  kO 

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05 

115 

4 

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74 

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42 

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r-H  CO  »C 

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O  <N  00 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  (O  ‘O  H  0 

1-  O  CO  05  05 

C*  H 

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Ol  CO  ^ 
CO  H 

CO  •  O  ■  CD 


t"  *co  • 


MN't  .  ^  (M  .OO  *CO  •  O  .CO 


cDChwcoh  •  O 


O  'lOiOH  *COO  •I'*-  *co 


QC  •  O  CO  CO 


1‘OCOCOC  • 


1*0  ...  CO 

00  .  i  .0 

oc  *  .  .00  •  .0  •  05  .00 


o  >•© 

■j2  O  w 

5  tf'C 
•  buC 

'Y&  ©,” 

!  §£<; 


k:  ■  B  W  ,  2  ^ 

®  ®rC  ,£  -2 

g  ®?3IZ2  O  _2  £2  s’S 

m  ,  O'©  Cb  *0 


bt  ■  <x> 

,®  ho 


o 

o 

i&i 

~  -‘i'O 


ho 
O  o  M 

C5  es  'S  ■  £>  o  a 

g  fim  o  d  p,m  o  S  & 
OO-^OOO-WOrSO- 
"S  (V  J?  .S'  S  n"!  ^  ,9vr  ^ . 


-  h® 


IS 

S3 


s&si 


©-2-rt  o  » 

-§  S  ©  a  S  ©  «3 


© 

o 

o  § 
C  ©  o 
c> 

o 

®C5 


e  ca  SP 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


826  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

•saaoSap  Xrejonon  |  g)  j  ::::::  : 


•U8UIOAV  s 


60 


•Bran  I 


1  ^  'uaraoAY  I 

•S3  4  |  1 _ _!- 

2  03 -o  £ 

O  60 


•Haw 


3  o  o'O  g  g 

eh 


io'O  > 

*->  “  3  a  c  b 


•uauiOAY  !  £ 


•trail  S 


I  o  •  •  ® 


■nauiOAV 


•uaw 


‘uauiOAY 


s  I 


•uaw 


S  :  : 


:  :8 


•uautoAY 


•uaw 


05  M  1C  CO  (N  05  O 
t  ~  CC  OJ  <M  CO  05 


OOGOOOC5  •  O  ©  O  •  (M  ■  ©  ©  •  1-1  ©  '«MO  •  CO  C-»  00 


2S 


i®«  •©©© 


uatnoAY 


•uaw  |  » 


•uamoAY 


•uajY 


'Surnado  -jsuy  jo  jea^ 


ncchhnoin  -cooccq  «o  •  oo ^  •  o o  .who  •  o 


OOOWOHN  'OCDC 


IM  C<4  •  t-H 


fg  |  o  a  | 


o 


i-Sfflls 


.®SSjB§5 


to  ■  •  •  CO 

00  •  •  *00 
“  c-  •  oc 


§3^  §,2 

u  n  ri 


Z7  < 


30  JZJ  00 
^  C'O. 

®Q- 


.  wS-Kofl  ■§^=!2’3 
".s  13  rg  1:3  SO  <s.2  a  ©  <s  S.S 

22  Kt)  0.55^2  £t3  fits  £,c  K=2c3®22g, 
S<!OHS<!  g<S  -EhH.SCScg  £<30cq 
>>  ©  32  O  £  33 

ffl  5  £  o  t>  21 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  827 


S  '■  :S 


S 


:S 


”  :§  :  :  :|  :  !  i®  i§  j  •  !<§ 


II 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professiorial  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


828  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION.  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


829 


1  Towne  Scientific  School. 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


830 


BIENNIAL,  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  191&-1918. 


•0a.i3ap  AaeiouoH  j  U 


•uaraoAV  j 


•uapf 


•TiaoroAi 


2  cj-o  d 
O  w 


'U9J\[ 


1^1 


•uaxnoAS. 


*U8H 


e  i  ® 


■U0niOA\. 


•trapj 


ooooo 


■uaniOAV 


U0H 


uauiOAV 


•U0K 


OOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO 


<N  <N  00*0< 


3  4  g«  |  t 

— — 


4  3^  i 

M  fl  fl 
Ph  59  03  "H  ■ 


•tramoAY 


•U9H 


•Suiugdo  ijsag  jo  jboa. 


^  fl  0~ 

*s«g8|! 


bfij 

■fl  <5  bi  S 


!  fl-3>®  fl  Sfh 
nfl  2  ®  flj3 


lii  y?s 

a^lSI  8  SJ-a  as  §  Ml 
fiisns-as  §.■££  is?* 


5  fc. 

.  CO  T3 


!pSs 


•2  rt+2^  a  S'g  §  g  fl-§  fl  fl  c3»g®5>1w?i-i^i 

Sfo  5  s- ®  o  s  &%  u  &3.fl 
j-Zl<100oc>)^i^iSSoco<!iW<=i  pj  <!  CJ  co  a;  E-t  g  os  &•<  (>**10 


£  S' 


<  . 
g-fl 
<  £ 


9  -fl 


S  fl 

5a  o 

go 


P  P 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


831 


5 


OOO  -WWOh  •  ■  O  •  ■  <M  •  •  <C  ©  • 

..o- 

•  ooooo  •©  • 

...O' 

•  joOOCCH  joo  •  ©  •  • 

:  :?5  :  :*<*  : 

■OOOO^N  •  ic  ■ 

•  •  ■  • 

■  i^Ss-SS00®  i''0'*  :°  :  : 

O 


3 


O 


a 


®  :S  i  j  j  :  :  j  :  :  i  i  :  :  i  i  :  j  :  i  i  :f 


— £- 

g8|SSgg§« 

© 

14  . 

1 : 

74  . 

78  . 

0  . 

30  . 

0  . 

©©©cocco©©©©© 

rr.©©©©cco©©^|2 

o 

-H'S'r-CCCSlTj.CO'C 

NOOKH^HTjir), 

§3gS|Sg£g§5!3§£c,§3g 

Table  27 .—  Universities,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


832  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


•S88i39p  XJ/BJOUOH 

s  | 

Tt< 

CO 

40 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•U9U30AV 

o 

© 

CO 

•U9H 

§ 

CO 

<M 

- 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

'U9UI0\V 

19 

CO 

o 

■  o 

CO  • 

•U9K 

s 

o 

o 

3<n 

^  : 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uauiOjVV 

l> 

40 

o 

o 

CO 

•U9K 

« 

CO 

CO 

a 

co 

oo 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

*u9mo  \\ 

4-0 

•  03 
! 10 

o  oo  o 

ooo 

- 

•  o 

CO  * 

•U9K 

•  40 
!  ^ 

40  T-H  CO  (M 

IN©© 

•  CO 
.  Tf 

00  • 

Total 

students. 

•uemoAV 

13 1 

cq 

OC 

<M 

o 

o 

CO 

•U9H 

tP 

O 

§ 

CO 

40 

<N 

00 

40 

Students. 

•U9UIO 

- 

1 

1 

ric 

'  ;<N  ^ 

OOOOOOCOO  jo 

’U9J3J 

e 

,i-i  '  C 
<N  •  <N 

000^0010040  i  tP  •  '•P  Tp 
Ol  CO  CO  CO  r-H  40  <M  .40  •  ^  y-t 

hh  •  O  ■ 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uemojVV 

Cl 

o 

CO 

o 

©  3© 

•U9K 

00 

Tt< 

$ 

*  00 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

•uemoAV 

!o 
! 00 

O  O  O  O  O  y-i 

0 

0 

0 

n 

2  1  0 

7  0 

5  0 

:© 

•U9JM  | 

• 

!  Tf 

CO  H  H  CM  HO 

00  o 

•Suiuado  }say  jo 

|  k!S 

03 

CC 

00 

Control. 

i 

Nonsect... 

. 

- 

Nonsect... 

For 

men, 

for 

women, 

or 

coeduca¬ 

tional. 

Coed.... 

i 

s 

! 

1 

Men . 

■a 

c 

C 

1 

i 

1 

Institution. 

(N 

Pennsylvania  State  College — Continued. 

c 

■J 

c 

U 

{ 

3  C 

•  D 

i  c 

) 

3 

3 

> 

3 

) 

3 

3  E 

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jl: 

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) 

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a  o; 

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c 

a 

a 

§ 
1 7 
5  a 

3  c 
^  0 
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f  e 

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3  c 

3  C 

3*5 

4  0 
!•- 

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II 
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t 

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3  5 

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3  a 

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p.£ 

il 

J*E 

Pi 

3.i 
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.  7 

il 

3  IS 

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3 

) 

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5  e 

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c/ 

c. 

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c 
:  5 
•;  •: 
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3  a 

3£ 

3 

3 

h 

i! 

jf 

3 

?l 

:  c 
>  +■ 
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1  * 

>  a 

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<7 

c 

- 

a 

3  “ 

3^ 
3  S 

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it 

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!  5 

is 

& 

c 

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0  a 
J  C 

3| 
3  a 

fl 

3  51 
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p.c 

:  i 

ij 

3  6 

fi 

3.S 

1  C 

■  7 

ii 

3  £ 

b 

3 

3 

0 

3 

5 

3  K 

il 

3  J 
!e- 

0 

; 

j+ 

5  ► 

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3 

5 

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il 

Washington  and  Jefferson  College . | 

Arts  nnd  sr»if>nnp« 

i 

>  b 
!  « 

ic 

1  6u 

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g 

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c: 

c 
c  c 
>  c 
i  <1 

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\ 

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Location. 

- 

PENNSYLVANIA — 
continued. 

State  College . 

Swarthmore . 

Washington . 

o 

i 

t 

j 

i 

* 

i 

8S3 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


© 

a 

a 

8 

o 

o 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

- 

£ 

o 

- 

00 

8 

o 

coo 

o 

©OOOOSO 

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o 

CO 

o 

o 

CO 

CO  <N 

CO  1-H  1-4  CO  ^  o 

is 

a 

o 

oo 

§5 

§ 

3 

1 

o 

o 

1 

194 

1 

o 

3 

1 

Mi0H0000^0 

^(NOOOOOOWO 

Jc 

o  o 

o  © 

gO^OOOMCO^Og 

g3*8® 

ooo  o 

61 

44 

330 

330 

59873°— 21 - 53 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18— -Continued. 


834 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

I  . . . 50 

-saajgap  £ibjohoh  j  gj  |  :::::::::::  :::::::: 


S-5  ®  l 
P  g  cats 

^  b/i 


■uaraoAV  j  £ 
© 


•U8H 


•uaniOAV 


•U8H  S 


•uoraoAV 


•U9R  j  S  j 


AV|  S 


•liar* 


03  c 
C.2 
E-1  3 


•  uauio  av 


•uaft 


iiauiOAV 


•  ©ooo© 


:8 


;cq 
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•U8K 


©ooooooooo 


©ooocooooico  io»-# 


©o©©o© 


£  Ag § 


a  I  *  I 


•U3H  00 


6  |  w  :  u8Tn°A\ 


P-  £  2 


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oooooo 


<N  CO  <M 


O  1C  .  ©  .  o  o 


CO  CO  •  O  •  30  *C 


•3uxu0do  jsig  JO  jb9a 


OC  •  *00  •  CO 


^  d  g- 

^Pfil 


.2  *  © 
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2-5  C» 

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&£•!  >>■£■§  £  ^  ao 
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r2SU2eMSu 


n  t. 


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§  § 
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Civil  engineering 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


835 


Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


836 


3 

'd  ®  i 

© 

2  0813 

£ 

o 

bjO 

CQ 

"o  Jh  J£ 

© 

bo 

•S98.lSap  Xj'B.IOUOpi 


||  34  £ 

1  &  «*> 


uaraoAV  S 


•uapi  *} 


iraraoA\  £ 


•tiaw  |  3 


t-l  hr 


■uaraOjW  3 


•U0K  !  p! 


•nauiOAV 


_  CO  O 


•U0H 


•u0mo\\ 


a  :  :  : 


U0H 


I  -  C  l  CO  05  -H  o 


•U0TOOAV 


'U0JA 


oo’d  '  §» 
£  S  S-Sh  3 


•uatnoAV 


•U0H 


•SuTuodo  jo  .tboa  !  *® 


r°  §  3  g  o  -§  § 


3^ 

8Sdo  >>> 


ll-o  . 


O  D.  w 

d  St2 

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w 


os  <s  o  n  g 


Q}  to 

ajg  bs. » 

gogg 

£?j§  S>"3  Sg 


Q 

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3* 

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53  §  g  os  &*  §  |«Sfi  &8;gp  t-e  § 

3  §  .2  5 

Q  02  M2  P 


03. 


I 

Si 

3  a 
« -9 
w  d 

EH  O 
«  « 
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&  i  fl 

j  ’l 

n;  <— i 

•r?  cs  o 

p  p  a 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


837 


:  :  :S  :  :?2  :  j  : 


£  :  i  ;s  •  is  ;  i  i  i  il  i  i  i  i : ;°  ; :  ; \\\*\\\\\ ; 


'£88 


igg 


its 


©  ©  ©  ©  ©  © 


i  i 


Junior  college. 


Table  27 .—  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


838 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•ssojgap  Atbjouoh 


•uauiOAV 


i  5 


•U9TC  '  § 


•  U8UI0  AV  S 


•U9R  S 


c8-£  t  % 

°t^’§  £ 
tsc 


•U9THOA1 


■  U9  K  i  S 


•u9inOA\. 


tn  O 

£*i 


£  a 

Si 


U9IHOAV 


•u9h 


UQinOAV 


U9H 


Soo'Cg 

H  &  J  05  %  ■ 


•U3UIOAV 


•napt 


>CO©000®.-I©<N»0®C«5.-H®0©0©  'C)NONONt|iO 
j  O  MHM 


mi 


•U9UIOAV 


'U9J^ 


Suitrado  jo  .ib9a. 


05  CO  O  CO  ' 


zpbli 

k:  C  £ 


Si 


C 


&£>.« 
'H  & 

S  5 


3$ 

II  ilflfl 


***■§>!*- 


r  -  u 


—i  a  2 

©  tn  o 

O 

-jo®  :s 

;§2pd-a  - 

'  fCj  CD  -pH  g 

£>“  P)  c 

*  *‘e  p.^  Sb- 


:y  C3  -J  h  ,h  ^  ^  w  I;  M  It  W  , 

•gs’SSlS  g«-ps  =  §^ 

fejtS  2  55 Js  £.2©  w>S'Pl2  <S 
>^C50oowS<lowW^ 
’£ 


03  SM 

1  :|:Sgl£§18g3 

|S|g5lsSsl£fi 
8 


3 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


839 


Junior  college. 


Table  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


840 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


•saaaSap  Aibjouoh 

r, 

Total 

gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

•  uauio\v 

«« 

© 

•uaj\[ 

s 

3 

Gradu¬ 

ate 

de¬ 

grees. 

■ 

•uoraoAY 

as 

© 

•uapj 

a> 

3 

Total 

first 

de¬ 

grees. 

•  uauio  AY 

!  ° 

*0 

© 

£ 

•nan 

« 

•  © 

CO 

S 

First 

de¬ 

grees. 

•uauio  ay 

O 

© 

- 

© 

»o 

©  © 

•uapf 

rp 

oo 

- 

CO 

© 

CO 

g 

o<c 

Total 

students. 

•uauio  ay 

e* 

;  o 

| 

S 

•uaK 

ii 

£ 

3 

i 

Students. 

•uauio  ay 

- 

o  o  ©  o 

£«000 

•uapf 

2 

3 

Total 

pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

instruc¬ 

tors. 

•uauio  ay 

CS 

;  O 

© 

o 

& 

■j 

•uaw 

O0 

- 

152 

Pro¬ 

fessors 

and 

in¬ 

struc¬ 

tors. 

uauio  ay 

©  o  o  o 

WHHCW 

© 

s 

OOO 

•uapt 

1  • 

C  ©  rH  ©  CO 

OWOCN 

CO  CO  ©  .-H  © 

88 

Ol  ^  CO 

•Suiuado  ^sip  jo  JB9A 

- 

•  o r 
:£ 

1 

§ 

1 

Control. 

: 

a 

1 

2 

} 

c 

1 

| 

For 

men, 

for 

women, 

or 

coeduca¬ 

tional. 

3 

•  C 

:s 

i 

1 

l 

o 

1 

: 

) 

\  ~ 

Institution. 

1 

Ruskin-Cave  College— Continued. 

’TCHnncit.irm 

j 

>  ° 

y 

ii 

ii 

-J; 

Military  drill . 

T  TrnvArcit  v  t.Vm  Smith 

i 

jg 

ii 

ii 

5  J 

) 

Ii 

ii 

jj 

| 

1 

j 

| 

Ii 

1 

1 

b 

1 

j] 
2  < 

) 

l  c 

fl 

Austin  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary. 

Thpnlntrv 

1 

c 

e 

j»C 

I 

b 

!  o 

f 

5 

1 

ii 

1- 

II 

Location. 

- 

TENNESSEE— COntd. 

Ruskin . 

\  1 

1  !  8 , 

3  jg:  < 

|  i 
1 

> 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


841 


Tabi-e  27. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


842 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  843 


3  :  :  : 


to  •  'rtflM 


gwcooooco 

^H^rn1000 

ooo 

o  ^  o 

•O^WWhN 

335  .. 

1  .. 

;  85  .. 

26  .. 

8  .. 

4  .. 

410  .. 

31  .. 

0  .. 

.  5 

O^OOO-HOOr-H'^O 
t-h  OI  tji  »C 

vH  r-(  t-H  O 

JSiiOOOiiCO^ 

CO 

IC<MICC<|CC»OCCIO 

1—  — 1  rt  ;C  T-H 

o  »o  »o 

1C  <M  l> 

38c3co° 

CJt-,'vO«NX^NN 
l-  CCTt  £- 

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Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  anc?  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


£44  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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Table  27. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  anc?  'professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


846 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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Table  27 .  —  Universities,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


848  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS, 


849 


59873° — 21 - 54 


1  Junior  college. 


Table  27 .—  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Instructors ,  students ,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


850 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-15)18, 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


851 


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!7. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


852  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


853 


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Table  28. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18. 


854 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


9: | .??! . .  |  . A1?.  ! . . SS). . . I . . A1?. i.?rl  i .9?! *99* '? . . i .999 ‘991  1.199 '00U1 1 . 1 ; | . 999 '9  1  m ‘m  ; . -crajojtiBo jo ^isjeAinfi 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  §55 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


856  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


857 


•  ooooo  o  oo©  oo© 

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C  •  >00  •  Q  •  •  •  •  *h 

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ills  j 

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50,000 

215,000 

148,930 

213,200 

225,000 

80,000 

48,000 

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57,000 

29,500 

36,000 

40,000 

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a  °ss*  “a-'  2'"^W?'sss's>'3--sd'"“fs 


1  $20  to  nonresidents.  *  Junior  college. 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


858  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Tuition  fees. 

Den¬ 

tistry. 

Ti* 

©  ©  ;© 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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o  o  o 

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©©©©©©©©©©©©  |©©©©©©o© 

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3 

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Arts 
and  sci¬ 
ences. 

® 

Is  :s 

$8  :° gggg°g°s  _8£SS83gS3 

O  ; 

Amount, 
given  in 
fellow¬ 
ships  and 
scholar¬ 
ships. 

Si 

i  ig  iligg 

;  ;«g  ;  oo 

i  ill  1 
:  ;a"  ■*' 

j  K 

Fellow¬ 

ships 

and 

scholar¬ 

ships. 

GO 

8 

1  ! 

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Endow¬ 

ment 

funds. 

$214,171 

204  077 

106,850 

291,154 

101,302 

79,972 

256,010 

2,225,000 

243,310 

471,528 

183,683 

649,012 

220,020 

878,400 

810, 955 

545,931 

386,863 

1.504,604 

'258, 842 

421,000 

250,000 

is  i 
ii  i 

Value  of 
dormi¬ 
tories  (in¬ 
cluded  in 
column  5). 

«D 

1  i  ii 
i !  |§ 

10,000 

115,000 

56,000 

4,750 

213,475 

75,000 

lass  i 
: 

106, 100 
50,000 
17,000 
285,000 
28, 200 

:  f  : 

Value  of 

buildings 

(including 

dormi¬ 

tories). 

- 

1 1  ii 

Iff 

|  80,000 

299.500 
124,083 

31,741 
141,249 
426,750 
282,345 
355,000 
15,000 
70, 223 
3,877,932 
219,685 

1,120,000 
233, 800 
236, 100 
184,876 
104,000 
809,000 
148, 200 

135. 500 
70,000 

40, 000 
1,600,000 

720, 995 

Value  of 
grounds 
(including 
farm). 

- 

1  i  ii 
i  i  i* 

20, 000 
25, 100 
35,000 

48, 127 
156,000 
50,000 
125,795 
9,000 
2,300 
860,659 
63, 070 

223,600 
82,500 
80,000 
37,657 
32,140 
61,400 
5, 200 
108,670 

12,000 

200,000 

144,050 

Value  of 
library 
scientfic 
apparatus, 
machinery, 
and 

furniture. 

09 

8  i  ii 

2  :  :S 
;  ; 

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15,000 

isi 

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l—’p~ 

lliilisliliSilss  SISIs 

in,  UUU 

2,500 

600 

1,000 

100 

49,464 

10,333 

Institutions. 

Illinois— con  t  in  ued . 

Illinois  Woman’s  College . 

Joliet  Junior  College . 

Lake  Forest  College . 

MnTTanrirAA 

Lincoln  College . 

Monmouth  College . 

Frances  Shimer  College 1 . 

Evangelical  Theological  Seminary . 

Northwestern  College . 

Bradley  Poly  technic  Institute . 

Rockford  College . 

Augustana  College . 

uoncorcua  rneoiogicai  seminary . 

Shurtlefl  College . 

University  of  Illinois . 

Wheaton  College . 

INDIANA. 

Indiana  University . 

vvaoasn  uoiiege . . 

Earlham  College . 

Franklin  College . 

VJUblieil  VyUlJUKU . 

De  Pauw  University . 

Hanover  College . 

Butler  uoiiege . 

Indiana  Central  University . 

muidUci  -LJcUCal  vuiwgc . . - . 

Indianapolis  College  of  Pharmacy . 

Indiana  Vetermary  College . 

Purdue  University . 

St.  Mary’s  College  and  Academy . 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


859 


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1  Junior  college.  3  -$25  to  nonresidents.  6  820  to  nonresidents.  1  $85  to  residents;  $100  to 

a  $20  to  residents;  $60  to  nonresidents.  1  $75  to  nonresidents  of  Vigo  County.  e  $20  to  residents;  $40  to  nonresidents. 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


860 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


861 


i  Junior  college.  2  $30  to  residents;  $100  to  nonresidents.  2  $00  agriculture.  4  Pharmacy,  $100. 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


Tuition  fees. 

BIE  3S 

it 

rjsriA 

L  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION 

0*0000000  OOO 

s  £  j 

,  1 

916— 1918 

O  O  O  O  • 

;COO 

o  o 

Medi¬ 

cine. 

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Law. 

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- 

0*0000000  OOO 

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occo  | 

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:£ 

o  o 

£  K  £ 
^1 

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0 

46 

75 

o  o 

Amount 
given  in 
fellow¬ 
ships  and 
scholar¬ 
ships. 

05 

.113,167 
10,467 
18, 196 
10,878 

2,440 
4,330 
14, 130 

. 

1,100  1 

1,085 

13,878 

I  i 

LZL 

|  OS0‘* 

Fellow¬ 

ships 

and 

scholar- 

ships. 

X 

s  i”50  i 

:  ; 

o  • 

005 

! 10 

! 

S.j 

Endow¬ 

ment 

funds. 

- 

Hill 

iii¥i 

!§g 

m  i 

is 

;  j| 

si 

1  i 
l  i 

833  : 

<N 

988  ; 

IS 

i  ji 

i* 

Value  of 

dormi¬ 
tories  (in¬ 
cluded  in 
column  5). 

<e 

sail  : 
ill's  i 

:l  i 

ifi  | 

|  79,400 

431,053 

OOO ‘JOS 

1  i 
8  : 

;  ji 

n 

38 

1 : 
s' ; 

Value  of 

buildings 

(including 

dormi¬ 

tories). 

i  111  : 

i  if  s ; 
8  : 

in  mi  i 

111  Sill : 

100,000 

250,000 

1,239,(50 

II 
if  if 

ills 

is  si 

1  i 

o'  • 

i 

j 

B.glU 

Spg 

133  S  ! 
figs  j 

200,000 

195,000 

111  i 
ssg  : 

80,000 

250,000 

110,377 

1  i 

O  ; 

104,025 

55,000 

20,000 

i  j 

Value  of 
library 
scientific 
apparatus, 
machinery, 
and 

furniture. 

« 

gill : 
|iW  i 

250,000 

50,000 

411,306 

. 

92,500  | 

33,825 

2,412,858 

20,000 

75,000 

226,000 

l  i 
s' : 

340,091 
35,218 
86,  758 

85,000 

75,000 

Bound 
volums  in 
library. 

Cl 

lllllllg  1 

s'fts'sTs's's's  * 

8331 

ill! 

11 

iiil  11  i 

:gS'3S  S'g'  • 

NNO” 

Institutions. 

- 

Massachusetts— continued. 

Mount  Hoi  yoke  College . 

Tufts  College . 

Wellesley  College . 

Williams  College . 

Clark  College . 

Clark  University . 

College  Of  the  Holv  Cross . 

Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute . 

MICHIGAN. 

Adrian  College . 

Albion  College . 

Alma  College . 

University  of  Michigan . 

Detroit  College  of  Law . 

Detroi  (  College  of  Medicineand  Surgery .... 
Detroit  Junior  College . 

1 
||  j 

ill 

in 

3  : 

m 

S! 

li 

Western  Theological  seminary . 

Michigan  College  of  Mines . 

Kalamazoo  College . 

Olivet  College . 

MINNESOTA. 

Seaburv  Divinity  School . 

Hibbing  Junior  College . 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


863 


Table  28. — ■ Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


864 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  865 


000  0  00 

OOOOOOOO  O  ; 

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000  0  00 

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20 

0 

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0 

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3,100 

295,811 

100,000 

330,554 

950,000 

3,438,951 

342,265 

1,550,000 

15,000 

8,000 

825,000 

891,277 

670,000 

. .3, 154, 151 

6,565,010 

20,761 

425,926 

81,835 

1,293,556 

627, 244 

284,375 

Isa 

ill 

1  ii 
:  :< 

zu,  uuu 

72,516 

115,000 

800,000 

27,500 

250,000 

75,000 

8,000 

160,000 

1  i  i 

1  i  i 

33,500 

15,000 

25,000 

40,000 

200,000 

50,000 

146,875 

100, 000 

250,000 

.  .  IUU,  uuu 

230,970 

520,000 

2,000,000 

92,105 

550,000 

725,000 

200,000 

18,000 

650,000 

30,000 

1,049,579 

200,000 

190,035 

75,000 

100,000 

450,000 
161,500 
250,000 
320,000 
398,939 
314,348 
30,000 
280, 000 
1,061,500 
383, 134 

|  15,000 

161,214 

415,298 

87,000 

400,000 

15,201 

900,000 

735,000 

10,000 

58,000 

100,000 

454,500 

60,000 

659,555 

45,000 

8,000 

30,000 

100,000 
18,000 
25,000 
45,000 
10,000 
60,000 
8, 500 
270, 000 
135, 000 
525, 000 

12,300  1 
53,066 

236,887 

40,000 

350,000 

11,933 
90,000 
160,000 
80,000 
4,615 
135,000 
2, 500 
279,000 

200,000 

57,295 

22,713 

200,000 

363,000 
58,500 
20,000 
35,000 
142,630 
83,084 
16, 100 
197,566 
150,000 
103, 485 

111  I  111'  §§§§§|gg  §  SB  ill  iiiliiiiii 

S  3?  32  3^  3  ^gfsfsV^S^ 


59873°— 21 - 55 


Junior  college.  2  510  to  residents;  $30  to  nonresidents.  *  $40  to 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and 'professional  schools — Property,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


Tuition  fees. 

Den¬ 

tistry.  h 

STNLA 

Xi  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION. 

OOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO® 

I 

,  1916-1918. 

©  ©©©©tc 

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CM 

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ea 

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oooooooooooooooo 

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55  th  t"h 

©  ©  ©  ©  ©  © 

04 

O oooooo 

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oooooooooooooooo 

©  ©  ©  ©  ©  © 

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Arts 
and  sci¬ 
ences. 

® 

ooooo  'oooooooooo 
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©  ©©©©© 

04 

°°§°888 

Amount 
given  in 
fellow¬ 
ships  and 
scholar¬ 
ships. 

os 

•  ©  ©  * 

•  ©  to  • 

;  C  CM  ; 

•  s 

; 

■  t-4  CM  ■  ©  ©t^©CMCM  ©  -GO 

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•  cT r}T  •  OO  •  CC  ©  CM  CsT  *  ^ 

|HH  |  H  •  1-C  04  ^  04  • 

OO  •  CO  OO  ©  •  CO 

iO  •  ©  I>  i— l  •  © 
kO  •'t  HH  -CO 

*-f  •  kcToTocT  •go' 

s-h  •  04 

Fellow¬ 

ships 

and 

scholar¬ 

ships. 

QC 

55 

6 

100 

102 

04  1^  •  CO  O  O  ©  r-.  •  CO  ©  ©  '  t*H 

J-i  •  ©  CO  ©  r-H  *  ©  CO  ©  *  r-H 

•  1— I  •  CO 

Endow¬ 

ment 

funds. 

I> 

$105,000 

532,261 
770, 889 
1,198,655 
247, 114 

ChhO©  •  ©  ■  ©  ©  CO  •  © 

04©©©©  •  I>- ©  '©r-4  ©  1  kO 

CO  04  OO  ©  ©  -©OO  -04  04  ©  ;© 

©acTcoVoVr  •  oTocT  •©~CMr'  *-T  *cT 

N  CO  04  •  ©  ©  't^OO  04  •© 

04  04  •  GO  •  ©  04  ;  U- 

04s  ’  r-T  ’  tjT  Of  * 

t-h  •  -CO  • 

§ 

CO 

co 

pa 

CM 

356, 500 

2,631,143 

1,840,015 

2, 499, 728 

1;  194,340 

Value  of 
dormi¬ 
tories  (in¬ 
cluded  in 
column  5). 

W 

;  ;S^  ; 

122,000 

150,000 

18,000 

1,080,065 

267, 402 
208,600 

1,021,361 
100, 000 

478,507 

|  |  CM  j  TF  •  © 

•  •  LQ  ‘  Tf<  •  © 

I  I  04  |  CO  |  © 

Value  of 
buildings 
(including 
dormi¬ 
tories). 

W9 

$250,000 

50,000 

352,835 

337,000 

050,000 

425,234 

2,000 
379, 980 
625,000 
20,000 
6,626,095 
375, 125 
875, 000 
214,900 
4,082,444 
14, 075, 984 
560, 000 

1,057,849 
1,075,000 
100, 000 
215, 000 

CO 

8 

§ 

CO 

of 

353, 660 
124, 169 
3,194,315 
334,568 
1,020,100 
582, 000 

679, 000 

Value  of 
grounds 
(including 
farm). 

$125,000 

175,000 

343,250 

66,000 

80,000 

2,000 
65,000 
125,000 
25,000 
373,259 
79, 557 
2,025,000 
264,000 
2,560,400 

1,600,000 

1,027,000 
2, 000, 000 
25,000 
541,000 
81, 130 
1,264,950 

•  ©  •’  ©  © 

•  !>■  ©  •  Tfl  ©  © 

•  H  N  •  IS-  kO  © 

ia¥  :8§f8 

;  1-H  |  CO  CM 

Value  of 
library 
scientific 
apparatus, 
machinery, 
and 

furniture. 

eo 

$100,000 

116,690 

130,474 

66,300 

91,961 

5,000 
85,000 
170, 778 
6,500 
2,674,926 
45,950 
98,559 
29,200 
710,989 
3,676,508 
189,000 

62, 763 
25,000 
84, 351 
37,500 
51,286 
418, 714 

57,066 
505,911 
109,265 
262,012 
67,000 
160, 300 

Bound 
volumes  in 
library. 

40,000 
7,270 
25,931 
25, 477 
77,055 
14,144 
30,000 
3,957 
60, 000 
84,858 
6,000 
557, 931 
4,500 

11.500 

10. 500 

73.500 
711,416 

72,000 

63,263 
23, 540 
54,308 
18,838 
1,000 
137, 799 
66,296 
138,263 
5,600 
98, 647 
45,710 
74, 453 
25,000 
51,000 

Institutions. 

- 

new  York— continued. 

Canisius  College . 

D’Yonville  College  _ 

University  of  Buffalo . 

St.  Lawrence  University . 

Hamilton  College . 

Elmira  College . 

Mount  St.  Alphonsus  Theological  Seminary 

De  Lancy  Divinity  School . 

Hobart  College . 

Colgate  University . 

Hartwick  Seminary . 

Cornell  University . 

College  of  New  Rochelle . 

Barnard  College . 

Bible  Teacher’s  Training  School . 

College  of  the  City  of  New  York . 

Columbia  TTniversitv _ 

Fordham  University . . . 

General  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Prot¬ 
estant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 

States . 

Hunter  College  of  the  City  of  New  York.. . . 
Jewish  Theological  Seminary  of  America... 
Manhattan  College _ 

> 

! 

p 

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l 

i  £ 

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i 

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;e- 

Union  Theological  Seminary . 

Clarkson  College  of  Technology . 

Vassar  College . 

Rochester  Theological  Seminary . 

University  of  Rochester . 

St.  Bona  venture’s  College . 

Union  University . 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


867 


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i  $25  to  nonresidents.  2  Junior  college. 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Property ,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — •Continued. 


Tuition  fees. 

Den¬ 

tistry.  w 

s 

Nmi 

■>* 

LL  SURVEY  i 

OOOOO 

o: 

F  EDUCATION,  191 

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O 

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OOOOO^-HOIOOOOO 
^rco  cooDONNiQcoco 

OIO^VO»000100»00<N 
CM  ^  O  OO0N 

Amount 
given  in 
fellow¬ 
ships  and 
scholar¬ 
ships. 

OS 

|  :  : 

S  '  I 

•  N  CO  •  •  ^  *00  •  •  •  • 

iO  iO  •  •  o 

to  i-H  CM  •  i  -rf 

CM  CO  i— H  t  .00 

cT  cm''  •  '• 

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Fellow¬ 

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and 

scholar¬ 

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00 

■oocc 

LO  HH 

<N 

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95 

9 

08 

SI 

6 

81 

IT 

10  :  :  :  : 

Endow¬ 

ment 

funds. 

- 

$150,000 

861,408 

2,511,359 

_ 

215,000 
1,035, 678 
330,036 
109,332 
321,775 
1,217,600 
146,476 
629, 469 
449,924 
566,933 
158,538 
118,107 

287,417 

212,867 

73,000 

509,080 

367,600 

15,000 

275, 809 

150, 000 

1,128,418 

205,635 

115, 000 

Value  of 

dormi¬ 
tories  (in¬ 
cluded  in 
column  5). 

so 

$35,000 

66,490 

100,000 

219,000 

5,000 

265,000 

35,000 

20,000 

180,000 

191,250 

114,217 

106,235 

100,000 

36,000 
13,  500 
285, 372 
5,000 
50, 000 

Value  of 
buildings 
(including 
dormi¬ 
tories). 

i© 

e 

1 

375,000 

1,487,664 

450,021 

192,000 

104,000 

3,044,782 

17,498 

125,000 

280,000 

1,026,000 

99,000 

490,500 

108,669 

185,000 

120,722 

782,900 

367,897 
246,624 
57,000 
281,935 
300,000 
125,000 
137,000 
197, 000 
125, 000 
795,557 
15,000 
184,000 

Value  of 
grounds 
(including 
farm). 

tH 

$10,000 

565, 000 

1  423,308 

183,750 

50,000 
2,013,404 
30,000 
30,000 
25,000 
56,300 
10, 000 
60,384 
18, 785 
100,000 
22,836 
71,200 

26,350 

62. 500 
2,150 

112, 500 
110,000 
30,000 
200,000 

38. 500 

60.500 
77,722 
10,000 
10,000 

Value  of 
library 
scientific 
apparatus, 
machinery, 
and 

furniture. 

e* 

$110,000 

577,200 

268,072 

65,000 

18,000 

1,719,157 

4,453 

10,000 

73,880 

178,400 

12,000 

92,554 

56,768 

60,000 

24,660 

219,505 

iCOOOQOOiOOiOOCM 

^•^ooooo^o^ooo 

OOOOO^OOOOOCMOCOIO 

o'  o''  cT  o'  cT  oo'' to*  r-T  cm*"  oo'  cT  oo*' 
oooOrHco^rcocorr^OrHco 

Bound 
volumes  in 
library. 

15,000 
30, 651 
83,000 
13,824 
17,000 

129,000 

9,000 

184,268 

4.500 
8,000 

8.500 
80,000 

3,560 

27,500 

16,800 

57,000 

7,000 

50,700 

20,512 

14,290 

5,000 

22,500 

18,000 

8,500 

4,381 

20,154 

6,000 

41,900 

12,000 

Institutions. 

- 

ohio — continued. 

Mount  St.  Marv’s  Seminarv  of  the  West _ 

St.  Xavier  College . ”, . 

university  oi  Cincinnati. . . . 

Case  School  of  Applied  Science . 

St.  Ignatius  College . . . 

St.  Marv’s  Theological  Seminarv . 

Western  Reserve  Universitv . 

Capital  University . 

Ohio  State  University . 

Bonebrake  Theological  Seminary . 

Central  Theological  Seminary . 

Defiance  College . 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University . 

Findlay  College . 

Kenyon  College . 

Hiram  College . 

Marietta  College . 

Muskingum  College . 

Miami  University . 

Oxford  College  for  Women . 

Western  College  for  Women . 

Lake  Erie  College . 

Rio  Grande  College . 

Wittenberg  College . 

Heidelberg  University . 

St.  John’s  University . 

Toledo  Universitv . 

Otter bein  University . 

Wilmington  College . 

College  of  Wooster . 

United  Presbyterian  Theological  Seminary. 
Antioch  College . 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


869 


00000  00000000000000 

O  OOOOOOOOOOOOO  OOOOO  OOO 

00000  0  0000000000 

O  OOOOOOOOOOOOO  OOOOO  OOO 

00000  0  0000000000 

O  OOOOOOOOOOOOO  OOOOO  OOO 

00000  0  0000000000 

0  OOOOOOOOOOOOO  OOOOO  0100 

°ggs°  0  S0008fs  :§°8 

125 

90 

60 

1 

is  I  it°  I  is  1 1 1 

•  t-T  *h  *  •co'  •  •  • 

305 

930 

1,500 

25, 130 

3,781 

3,015 

i  i  i  g;:§:  ::: 

:  :  :  j  i  •  j  j 

•  •  •  •>  .  ... 

von  ■«  |  t  •  0 eo  |  j  •  !  j 

j 

Z 

SOI 

SSS  is  ig  :  is  i 

205.000 

05,000 

147,947 

3,070,000 

203,905 
202, 004 
320, 000 
55, 000 
242, 901 
172, 020 
35, 000 
114,000 

2,000,000 
24, 497 
561,000 

6,000 

65,875 

9.450 
112, 240 
34,000 
2,300,336 
378,455 
75,052 
856, 155 
215, 100 
908,929 
420,000 

273,000 

70,000 

231,657 

2,674,298 

558,965 

384,277 

536,245 
683, 982 

100,000 

25,000 

:l :  1  Hill  ill : 

;§  ;  &  -g's'i'8'  is'1-' ; 

165, 474 

5,000 

25,000 

99,000 

707,000 

132,000 

125,063 

108,500 

100,000 

125,000 

40,000 

164,578 

200,000 

119,875 

100,000 

260,900 

73,000 

SI 

11 

ill  s  11111S1I1III  SI  i 

;s|  §  aiP’i'gfe'sWfas'  gg  j 

80,985 
119,000 
125,000 
2,495,000 
505,000 
248, 897 
200, 000 
209, 800 
890, 735 
420,000 

200,000 

175,000 

366,685 

750,000 

234,000 

275,000 
523, 000 
285,933 

16,374 

35,500 

10,000 

101,889 

00,000 

54,300 
451,691 
40, 000 
319,000 
30,000 
55,200 
10, 000 
30, 000 
40,000 
172,000 

203,600 

50,000 

34,500 

is  ills 
i"  I#8'5' 

45,000 

205,864 

86,000 

25,000 

51,000 

50,838 

1,500,000 

150,000 

60, 000 
30,000 
30, 800 

35,000 

11,  f>uu 
12,000 
271,116 

343,816 

11,252 
441,425 
7, 793 
231,428 
17, 673 
10, 844 
2,000 
5,000 
51,325 
67,608 
5,500 
26, 900 

10,620 

48,260 

8,000 

20,000 

25, 000 
325, 726 
70,000 
85, 138 

26,850 

309,976 

70,000 

40,000 
50, 000 
34,445 
200,000 
92,500 

40, 000 
220,000 
30,000 

mil  i  §m§§!!i§i§  1111111111111  §1111  111 

VVcoo-o  gT  ^VoV^V,- g  sSiSSSf  2e§“f 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Property ,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


870 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Tuition  fees. 

Den¬ 

tistry. 

ooooooooooooooooo  ©  ogoooooooo 

Medi¬ 

cine. 

sc 

oooooooooooooo jo©  o  ooooo©©o©o 

<N  rH<N  •  <N 

m  . 

£ 

c8 

S3 

©©©©©©©©©©©©go©©©  ©  ©©©©©©©©©© 

rH 

Engi¬ 

neering. 

a 

oooooc 

Si 

>0000001000  . 0  O  000000*0000 

>  o  ©  *o  ©  i>-  *o 

i  03  •  1-H  03  H  TH 

►  • 

Arts 
and  sci¬ 
ences. 

© 

lOOOiOOO  *00000  0  00  •  o  o  oooooooooo 

CQ  ©!>•©©•  O  O  ONO  •  «0  O  ©  ©  © 

»  tHtH  <N 

:  :  8 

Amount 
given  in 
fellow¬ 
ships  and 
scholar¬ 
ships. 

© 

•  © 

.  co 

.  o 
!  io 

8  : 

U-  * 

<N  • 

o  ! 

8  : 
cT  j 

iii  t 

O  •  •  *coho  •  00 

O  •  •  *N  COOJ  •  ^ 

1>-  *  *  *  03  ©  ©  •  © 

•  •  O  a  •  O  a  •  00 

Fellow¬ 

ships 

and 

scholar¬ 

ships. 

00 

50 

1 

©  CO 

03  03 

Tt<  03 

HiOHC  *00  •  •  00 

03  ©  •  r— 1  '  • 

i  a  • 

•  *  •  CO  O  •  o  © 

■  ©  •  •  ©  rH  •  lO 

Endow¬ 

ment 

funds. 

^  co 

00  <M 
©tV 

0s  o’" 
1- 

300,000 

500,000 

2,050 

838,340 

1,008,000 

400,000  I 

14,000 

8, 482, 489 
438,591 
9,150,000 

299,230 

69, 500 

567,541 

927,409 

80, 000 

3,034, 300 

500, 000 

2,  Q05, 697 

600,000 

972,226 

74,447 

Value  of 
dormi¬ 
tories  (in¬ 
cluded  in 
column  5). 

© 

$135, 000 

O  O 
©  © 

O  O 

83" 

o  !  !  ©  Ttn  !  O  ©  ' 

o  .  »HO  ■  03  o 

O  •  •  i— i  ©  •  ©  O  • 

cT  *  *  i-TcT  ! ooio  • 

Tf  •  •  AO  00  •  03  © 

•  •  o  o  o  ©  •  •  © 

•  •  o  o  ©  ©  •  •  o 

•  •  O  O  COtM  •  •  O 

•  •  gT<M  ©  ©  •  •  O 

•  .  ©  ©  ©  *o  •  •  *o 

•  •  1-H  CO  CO  •  • 

•  1  >1 

Value  of 
buildings 
(including 
dormi¬ 
tories). 

MS 

$499,050 
101,475 
80,000 
160,000 
175,000 
654,000 
101,430 
1,500,000 
100, 000 
400, 000 
350, 000 
280, 000 
530,526 
7,078,637 
120,255 
4,392,174 
250,000 

100,000 

25,000 
969, 842 
497,055 
140,000 
1,600,000 
1,962,688 
848, 088 
700,000 
279,039 
300,000 

Value  of 
grounds 
(including 
farm). 

$142,075 

^  ^  •  ©  o  •  •  g  ^  o  © 

•  O  O  •  ■  O  *  — i  •  350  o 

^  »0  •  O  O  •  •  to  •  rtf  *  O  ‘O  03 

03  •©  h  •  *03  •  03 

•  03  •  •  •  03  • 

593,263 

15,000 
100,000 
148, 180 
767, 632 
750, 000 
151,700 
50,000 

Value  of 
library 
scientific 
apparatus, 
machinery, 
and 

furniture. 

sc 

$204, 762 
36,377 
20,000 
22,000 
30,000 
565,502 
30,000 
200, 000 
25,000 

80,000 
45,000 
80,000 
3, 190, 770 
24,000 
878, 000 
70,000 

18,583 

15,000 
386,767 
100,000 
30,000 
600,000 
930, 701 
100,319 
300, 000 
66,000 
26,000 

Bound 
volumes  in 
library. 

SI 

44,000 
38,000 
1,000 
10, 000 
10,000 
42,675 
18,294 
8,000 
10,000 
27,453 
13,000 
12,000 
11,387 
451,000 
2,500 
(0 

5,000 

15,000 

5,000 
33, 000 
35,000 
16,000 
145,000 
70, 300 
32,000 
12, 800 
28, 767 
9,000 

Institutions. 

Pennsylvania — continued. 

Allegheny  College . 

Meadville  Theological  School . 

Irvine  Female  Colleae . . 

Albright  College . 

Westminster  College . 

Drexel  Institute . . 

Dropsie  College . 

Jefferson  Medical  College . 

La  Salle  Colleee _ _ 

Lutheran  Theological  Seminary . 1 

Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy . 

St.  Joseph’s  College . 

Temple  University . 

University  of  Pennsylvania . 

Woman’s  Medical  College  of  Pennsylvania. 

Carnegie  Institute  of  Technology . 

Pennsylvania  College  for  Women . 

Pittsburgh  Theological  Seminary  of  the 

United  Presbyterian  Church . 

Reformed  Presbyterian  Theological  Semi¬ 
nar  v _ _ 

University  of  Pittsburgh . 

Western  Theological  Seminary . 

Susquehanna  University . 

Lehigh  University . 

Pennsylvania  State  College . 

Swarthmore  College . 

Villanova  College . 

Washington  and  Jefferson  College . 

Waynesburg  College . 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  871 


o  o 

o  o  o  o  o  o  o 

oooooooo  ooooooo  oooooooo© 

o  o 

oo  ooooo 

oooooooo  ooooooo  ©oooooggo 

25 

0 

oo  ooooo 

• 

gooooooo  ooooooo  ooooooooo 

o 

8 

•  00  ooooo 

O  jOOOOOO  NOOMONO  ooooooooo 

o 

8 

:  :S  3388  i 

3  :238 

:2g  288°82g  882388888 

11  ;§! !  i 

:  |o  :  : 

1  i  il  i 

^  :  i^  : 

i  i  ii  n  i  i  ill  i  i 

!  •  u 

3  88  :  :0<N00  i^10 

§3  : 

I’*  i«  40  i  :8  :S2  i  i 

10, 850 

i  ii  ill  ill 

1  If  iss  Ifss 

80,000 
214,214 
14, 511 
213,651 
145, 000 
140,000 
188,840 

390,941 

535,762 

240,425 

i  i  il  Hie  ills  i 

1  1  If  ste'gs  Isfe  1 

i  ii  mil 

1  |S  |ggg§ 

119, 000 
25, 000 
64, 800 
100,000 

W,  UU'J 
165,000 
99,000 

125,000 

27,911 

90,000 

30,000 

60,000 

55,000 

40,000 

70,000 

68,000 

75,512 

15,000 

81,000 

63,300 

180,000 

25,000 

186,541 

324,450 

145,000 

108,000 

450,000 
913,450 
200,000 
180,000 
200, 000 
55,000 
350, 350 
79, 823 
253, 300 
104, 750 
388,044 
90,000 
296,000 
219,400 

450,000 

192,449 

267,253 

96,000 

95,000 

500,000 

151,600 

70,000 
240,000 
140, 684 
160, 724 
15,000 
117, 000 
465,553 

75,000 

65,910 

14,855 

40,000 

40,000 

170, 702 
75,000 
40,000 
500,000 
5,000 
945,984 
25,000 
95,000 
49,500 

5,000 

150,000 

150,000 

70,000 
54,000 
24,000 
17,000* 
30,000 
50,000 
41, 800 

20,000 
15, 000 
27,600 
90, 182 
55,000 
21,000 
749,300 
53, 000 
10,000 

97,451 

146,600 

i  11  Islilllllisila  IIIIllS  lllillll! 

i  ii  ii  iiiiiiiiiiiiii  isinii  iiiiiisii 

t-*1  ?fsf  o'oo'  ^•'ln«)lo»ooctD\oV0ofj  co'cTooi'-’'  cf  if?  ex?  so'o'ui'o'T-Tic'^rio'^' 


1  Use  is  made  of  the  adjacent  Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh.  2  $50  to  nonresidents.  8  Junior  college. 


Table  28. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  'professional  schools — Property ,  fellowships  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


872 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


a  C‘ 


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a-S  i  a  i  ^ 
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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  873 


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Junior  college.  2  $40  to 


Table  28. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and 'professional  schools — Property ,  fellowships,  and  scholarships,  fees,  1917-18 — Continued. 


874 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Tuition  fees. 

Den¬ 

tistry. 

©ooo  ooooooooooo  © 

Medi¬ 

cine. 

05 

ooo  oo  ogoooooo  o  • 

17s  CP 

Law. 

ooo  oo  .ogoooooo  o 

Engi¬ 

neering. 

3 

OOO  OO  OJOOOOOOO  o 

^  CP  CP  *-« 

Arts 
and  sci¬ 
ences. 

O 

•  OO  OQ  OOIO  •  iO  O  O  O  O 

.10*0  1>  ©  ICON  -NON 

*  CP  '-'CP  H  .  H 

Amount 
given  in 
fellow¬ 
ships  and 
scholar¬ 
ships. 

OS 

•  •  •  •  LO  ©  O  ©  •  •  oo  •  •  •  o 

•  •••  §Sow  "S  ^ 

•  •  •  •  ^  r,  1  •  III 

Fellow¬ 

ships 

and 

scholar¬ 

ships. 

00 

•  .  ic  •  ’ONNCJOO  •  >H  •  i  00 

Endow¬ 

ment 

funds. 

r> 

8178,436 

101,000 

116,000 

1,168,442 
2, 095,319 
704, 399 
200,000 
1,500,000 
444, 548 
29, 447 
338, 524 

348,560 

239,339 

Value  of 
dormi¬ 
tories  (in¬ 
cluded  in 
column  5). 

o 

$41,000 

25,892 

60,000 

380, 286 
101, 500 
362,000 
7,000 

202,553 

110,000 

91,640 

40,000 

50,000 

80,000 

Value  of 
buildings 
(including 
dormi¬ 
tories). 

sO 

$83,000 

182,643 

70,000 

800,000 

590,900 
441,678 
4,769,488 
65,000 
417, 800 
447,457 
169,000 
303, 472 
250,000 
205,000 
60,000 

487,000 

Value  of 
grounds 
(including 
farm). 

$10,000 

65,785 

25,000 

300,000 

105, 957 
89,000 
2,137,311 
7,500 
306, 300 
236, 952 
7,000 

51,000 

48,900 

100,000 

Value  of 
library 
scientific 
apparatus, 
machinery, 
and 

furniture. 

05 

$20,000 
38,735 
8, 000 
300,000 

146,383 
150, 463 
1,712,495 

2o;ooo 

66, 811 
50,000 
53,674 
194,031 
21,000 
6,000 

304,000 

Bound 
volumes  in 
library. 

2,800 
10,000 
2, 500 
64,826 

37, 112 
60,000 
253,000 
11,000 
13,000 
13, 104 
18,000 
25,047 
10,000 
9,000 
5,000 

41,000 

B  <»  <s  Si 

r?  >v— i  i-; 

t 

w  o.o  gn  3 

®  03 

>  Jj  w  3 

d  '£1x3  "So 

£  ® 


/  - 
o  d 
>  g 

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>/3  ©  " 


iS-sSil* 


o  o  « 

§P  ^ 

g  2,d  o 


si  isiitiliq? 

~  ^  jccbassaoimna 


1  850  to  nonresidents.  2  $25  to  residents;  $50  to  nonresidents. 


Table  29. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


875 


„  “  o  '  ^ 
2  ^  oS  o  a 


CO  CM  c  CO  © 
H00OC5O 

Co'^cTtPcT 


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CO'c^'tt' 


dr  io  co  c 
f-Tco'cTio  os 

f-t  CO  CO  rH  CO 


TO  Qj 

o’S 

H  S 


co  c  co  c  coco 
HOOOCJO  i>»  O 
rH  IO  ^  Ti-  O  ^  IO 

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1-H  t-H 


LC  X 


nnmni 

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338 

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d  — 

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OOQ 


Junior  college. 


Table  29. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


876 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OE  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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50,755 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


877 


Table  29. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


878 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


879 


10,  450 

11  gSSSS  gSSSSSS  IciSSlIi  i 
ssV  s's's's'g'  sWssV|  "'“'g'g's's's's' ; 

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41,314 

9,180 

72, 486 

60,580 

4,824 

44,592 

85, 783 

101, 852 

3  IIII  igg 
s'  jsg's  SSV 

•  co* 

10,450 

Si  Islll  ISgeils  liSSSIS!  i 

SS'  S'S'SS'S'ff  ||SfSg|'  "'“'ffs's's'g's  : 

41,314 

9,180 

94, 614 

60,580 

4, 824 

60,060 

85,783 

103,030 

no,^i 

25,856 

3,075, 409 

48,853 

754,582 

103,386 

97, 773 

g  i  i§ 

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11.181 

193,877 

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1,819 

254 

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sf  o'  rf  : 

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19,000 
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14,  237 

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1,772 

il 

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360 

65,000 

14,800 

1,478,990 

35,000 

40,000 

4,300 

1,426 

188  ii 

-'ga' : 

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41,103 

7,500 

587, 362 

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1  i  i 

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586, 671 

i  i  ii 
i  i  if 

4,  450 

31,327 

20,000 
13. 490 

\M  liliili  i: 

'  ;E'  S8|'sS”g'|  : 

1,942 
38, 294 
4,627 
6,976 
377 
28, 148 
11,094 

8,370 
5, 600 
18,  431 
2, 418 

3, 103 
11,164 
68,783 
12,771 

1  iiSf  511 

s'  ;°‘'ss'a  s'sftf 

202,550 
300 
15, 248 
16, 578 

79, 989 

. 

24,500 
8,693 
24,980 
7, 774 
7, 850 

■ 

|«r 

il 

;©' 

:  iSi 
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9, 512 

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573 

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1  : 
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6,000 

g§  il 

-V 

III 

'sfc'a 

1 

g 

44, 666 
19, 479 
3,  779 
673, 608 

31,991 
13,079 
77, 502 
14, 231 
26, 859 
35,405 

7,092 
990 
20,910 
51, 505 

25, 407 
17,000 
33,029 

§  isll  sis 
sf  jiffs'  sW 

Central  States  College  of  Phar¬ 
macy . 

Chicago- Kent  Law  School . 

Chicago  Theological  Seminary . . . 

Chicago  Veterinary  College . 

Evangelical  Lutheran  Theologi¬ 
cal  Seminary. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  .... 

Hamilton  College  of  Law . 

Lewis  Institute . 

jLioyoia  university . 

McCormick  Theological  Semi- 

narv 

University  of  Chicago . 1 

w  estern  i  neoiogicai  seminary. . . 
James  Millikin  University . 

Eureka  College . 

Garrett  Biblical  Institute . 

in ortn western  university . 

Norwegian-Danish  Theological 
Seminary . 

Swedish  Theological  Seminary... 
Knox  College . 

uomoard  college . 

Monticello  Seminary  1 . 

Greenville  College . 

Illinois  College . 

imnois  w  oman  s  uonege . 

Joilet  Junior  College . 1 

cake  Forest  uoiiege . 

McKendree  College . 

L/ineom  uonege . 

Monmouth  College . 

t  rances  snimer  uonege  • . 

Evangelical  Theological  Semi¬ 
nar  v _ 

Northwestern  College . 

Bradley  Polytechnic  Institute.. 
Rockford  College . 

Augustana  uouege . 

Concordia  Theological  Seminary. 

Shurtleff  College . 

University  of  Illinois . 

wneaton  college . 

INDIANA. 

Wabash  College . 

Earlham  College . 

1  Junior  college. 


Table  29. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


880 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  881 


of  1917.  2  Junior  college. 


Table  29. —  Universities ,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


882 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918, 


Total 

(exclusive 
of  addi¬ 

tions  to 
endow¬ 

ments). 

$94,777 

52, 752 

37,744 

20,300 

383,923 

1  ii 
:  Is 

482, 716 

68,922 

165,077 

192,296 

1=  II  II 
?  i  ■-¥ 

:  <n 

Total 

receipts. 

$5 

$94,777 

53,252 

37,744 

20,300 

383,923 

i  |i 

502,916 

68,922 

282,871 

345,476 

O OJ,  IdU 

47,324 

2,622,949 

12,390 

525,992 

From  all 
other 
sources. 

2 

$0, 871 

9,000 

85,416 

l  i  iii 

s'  :  ;  jS 

|  i  i  |  il 

From  private  benefactions. 

For 

current 

expenses. 

s 

il 

:8 

68  is 
S”  s' 

For 

endow¬ 

ment. 

o 

[  § 

1  i  II 
i  s¥ 

i  i  i  i  ii 

i  i  i  i  i* 

For 

increase 
of  plant. 

as 

il 

is 

m  ii 

;s 

i  i  i  i  ii 

i  i  i  i  is 

.  .  ... 

1 

United 

States 

Govern¬ 

ment. 

GO 

$106,461 

i  i  i  i? 

;  •  •  •  c 

3  i  il  i  i 

fi  is'  ii 

:  :«n  :  • 

t 

8 

I 

1 

For 

current 

expenses. 

r- 

I  i 
$\ 

j . 1 

164,000 

i  i  i  ii 

:  :  i  r 

35,000 

For 

increase 
of  plant. 

«© 

From 

productive 

funds 

il 

:8 

il  8 

221,309 

120,061 

44,354 

3  i  si  is 

' :  ;  ;sf 

1  . 
1 

1  ' 

For 

board, 

etc. 

•* 

ill 

o  •  • 

3  j  j 

40,273 

15,473 

I  i  I  :  il 

f  :  ^  :  :gf 

For 

room 

rent. 

ea 

m 

I  j  | 

3,967 

7,655 

9,493 

!  j  | i  |i 

.  •  •  •  .  'Tfi 

For  tui¬ 
tion  and 
other  edu¬ 
cational 
services. 

$53,827 

9,019 

500 

5,800 

13,491 

i  il 
i  i- 

157,471 

12,660 

36,717 

27,297 

9,529 

12,390 

114,765 

Institutions. 

- 

Kentucky — continued . 

University  of  Louisville . 

Bethel  College . 

K  ■  O.  at  1.1-11  J  o  ............... 

Kentucky  Wesleyan  College . 1 

LOUISIANA. 

Louisiana  State  University  and 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
College . 

11.  Sophie  Newcomb  Memorial 

College . 

Loyola  University . 

Tulane  University  of  Louisiana.. 
Louisiana  College . 

MAINE. 

Bowdoin  College . 

Bates  College. . . . 

University  of  Mai  no 

Colby  College . 

Maryland. 

St.  John’s  College . 

United  States  Naval  Academy. . 
Baltimore  College  of  Dentai  Sur- 

Goueher  College. . . 

Johns  Hopkins  University . 

College  (colored) 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


883 


40,481 

34,028 

74,000 

42,014 

439,039 

32,846 

115,070 

83,540 

23,587 

48,554 

17,510 

461,820 

703,794 

321,039 

213,308 

5,400 

36, 000 

332, 916 

22, 720 

37, 595 

3,307,663 

1,481,000 

11,752 

252, 476 

84, 891 

102,629 

37,200 

508, 538 

134. 800 

509, 141 

428,414 

1,019,465 

301,017 

87, 130 

104.800 

•  245,591 

186,687 

40,481 

34,028 

74,000 

42,014 

439,039 

32,846 

115,070 

84,540 

103,462 

48,554 

19,605 

1,129,920 

703,794 

321,164 

213,308 

5,400 

36,000 

339, 104 

22,720 

37,595 

4,054,210 

1,881,000 

11,752 

330,976 

94,391 

102,629 

107, 200 

508,  538 

135,020 

518, 936 

•  499,392 

1,041,563 

741,321 

87, 130 

104, 800 

246,591 

186,687 

in 

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1  Junior  college. 


Table  29. —  Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


884 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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g.3  o 
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daO  &ss  ®s  B  gT  08  O  E 

|lg|ss|g|l|3g,« 

a  ©©a:©  a -2  gs  o  © 


N  'o  4°  ®  1-5  &o|?C5  O  ©  ‘ 

.£?  S  ^  o© 

■§§£ 

§WS  sJB^S&sSa' 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  885 


1  Junior  college.  2  Statistics  of  1917. 


Table  29. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


886  BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


Total 
receipts 
(exclusive 
of  addi¬ 

tions  to 
endow¬ 

ments). 

TH 

o 

00 

637,827 

48,073 

27,059 

49,000 

440,943 

39,484 

337,589 

61,612 

46,937 

38,607 

1,741,112 

316,757 

15,000 

13,126 

118,506 

26,170 

297,769 

Total 

receipts. 

e© 

o 

oo 

Tfl 

Si! 

740,034 

55, 148 

32,496 

49,000 

440,943 

39,484 

337,589 

61,612 

55,717 

54,404 

1,741,112 

316,757 

17,200 

13,126 

118,506 

26,170 

297,769 

From  all 
other 
sources. 

•  oo 

•  00 
!  ^ 

20,793 

2,000 

2,854 

16,969 

261,442 

S 

ii  l 

a 

From  private  benefactions. 

For 

current 

expenses. 

- 

$31, 119 
2,010 
1,595 

3,500 

9,306 

7,000 

3,450 

18,570 

10,828 

For 

endow¬ 

ment. 

© 

$102, 207 
7,075 
5,437 

gg i 

0O|O  ; 

2,200 

For 

increase 
of  plant. 

© 

11  1 
8  : 

1 

s' 

TIUIU 

United 

States 

Govern¬ 

ment. 

00 

$97,867 

•  © 

is 

92,221 

From  State  or  city. 

For 

current 

expenses. 

- 

$212,406 

38,500 

220,000 

is 

jg 

145,035 

For 

increase 
of  plant. 

© 

$50,000 

© 

is 

if 

From 

productive 

funds 

k® 

$329,253 
11, 687 
10,223 

35,000 

5,500 

14,744 

11,826 

57,007 

165,000 

8,000 

75 

13,953 

1,745 

15,283 

From  student  fees. 

For 

board, 

etc. 

CO  Tfl 

00  CO 
oT  i> 

:  ii  1 

•  oT  o 

•  ^  rH 

000  ‘81 

856  ‘IZ 

1,069 
22, 828 
20,000 

ii  1 

i  ^ 

For 

room 

rent. 

CO 

[  $16,835 

3.030 

3,502 

4,544 

10,612 

2,635 

2,445 

582 

5,000 

g 

960 

2,868 

For  tui¬ 
tion  and 
other  edu¬ 
cational 
services. 

Cl 

$11,480 

240, 807 
13,114 
15,241 

10,869 

984 

15,092 

22,000 
11,803 
5,606 
92, 670 
126,757 

7,788 

20,983 

10,615 

1,904 

Institutions. 

- 

Missouri— continued . 

St.  Louis  College  of  Physicians 
and  Surgeons . 

St.  Louis  TIniversitv _ 

Washington  University . 

Drurv  College . 

Central  Wesleyan  College . 

Kendrick  Seminnrv _ 

MONTANA. 

Montana  College  of  Agriculture 

and  Mechanic  Arts . 

Montana  State  School  of  Mines... 
Universitv  of  Montana _ 

1 

i 

u 

Doane  College . 

Hastings  t  onego . 

University  of  Nebraska . 

VylUlglALUIi  UlllVUISliy . 

Presbyterian  Theological  Semi¬ 
nar  v _ _ 

University  of  Omaha . 

f 

3 

d 

I 

1. 
£  | 

II 

NEVADA. 

University  of  Nevada . 

UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  887 


Table  29. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


888 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


3  is 

£833  Jig 


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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


889 


E  83 


ilium i§ 


§§§§  Is 


is 

IS 


156,300 

348,609 

66,180 

1,374,646 

13,695 

333,910 

23,678 

89,226 

118,056 

84,865 

109,324 

42,639 

41, 193 

21,444 

82,691 

49,219 

61,867 

72,360 

22, 130 

464,226 

43,912 

442,479 

56,456 

........... 

341,837 

70,560 

83,854 

108,287 

355,224 

109,975 

106,554 

10,872 

1,100 

7,500 

12,688 

4,703 

I 

27,225 

1,723 

220 

813  : 

gw?  : 

is 

-Teo* 

is 

is' 

is 

53,519 

4,651 

76, 163 

15,128 

1,080 

1,238 

3, 106 

42,253 

5,377 

409 

964 

5,057 

12,070 

6,287 

019  % 

;il i 

'Tcn(n  : 

j  ji 

1  j 

j  ji 

•  •  c 

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16,836 

3,000 

i 

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2,917 

1,300 

is 

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•  •  c 

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* 

30,000 

1  ii 
?  i: 

1U,  792 

77,227 

1,120 

1,300 

81, 100 

is 

is 

is' 

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1  i 

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1 

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134,707 

106,659 

130,000 

165,000 

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190, 137 

1 

s' 

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25,000 

63,812 

ii 

is 

89,631 

17,965 

12,319 

21, 899 
81, 076 
8,057 
5,400 
9,034 
5,500 
90 
9,060 

j  ji 

673 

40,611 

4,350 

7,500 

73,181 

4,313 

63,614 

2,073 
2,955 
28, 262 
7,657 
31,068 
3,000 
5, 214 

22,147 

8,400 

iS 

;  oT 

17,051 

31,018 

11,400 

21,000 

10,625 

19,120 

38,611 

15, 280 

59,041 

13,717 

14,578 

4,893 

46,938 

ii 

11,757 

1,757 

856 

9,917 

13,004 

25,907 

8,483 
22 
11,469 
13, 149 
9,301 
10,504 
4,000 

ii 

:«r 

is 

8,632 

2,532 

B 

4,893 

17, 170 
5,010 
2,500 

.  .  . 

113,203 

17,605 

3,795 

49,014 
265 
29,761 
21,276 
28,774 
27, 296 
10,968 
12,000 
6,729 
38, 170 

20,329 
21,652 
21, 197 
2,500 

17, 120 
8,984 

9,960 

23,812 

21,127 

37,407 

10,073 

20,933 

21,450 

17,385 

13,501 

2,367 

1,100 

7,500 

§  g£8S£&g§§ 


Junior  college. 


Table  29 .  — ■  Universities,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


890 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


^  £  S*®*3  ®  S 

05 


838  883 

O  TT  Tf  O  CO  lO 


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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS.  891 


Table  29. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


892 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


§  SfSia-S-S  I’H.S  g  g  8Pa5  E.2  g  ®  S 

.  D.5S,41  i-  s- v.  o3  os  ©*ih  c^'— i  Cjir  ^ 


UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


893 


367,182 

1,066,352 

295,896 

115,030 

81,724 

15,976 

105,765 

203,097 

73,500 

20,236 

102,100 

627,296 

33,288 

22,241 

5,826 

175, 773 

11,556 

34, 272 

80,020 

96, 586 

13,000 

110,234 

58,450 

710,649 

66, 184 

69, 475 

43,494 

16, 006 

356,320 

80,478 

367, 182 
1,066,352 
479,694 
115,030 

81,724 

15,976 

106,094 

203,097 

73,500 

20,236 

102,100 

627,296 

33,288 

22,241 

5,826 

175,773 

25,620 

34,272 

83,245 

96,586 

13,000 

110,234 

58,500 

710,649 

67,219 

78,911 

43,494 

41,000 

356,326 

86,805 

17,498 

153,259 

532 

57,985 

2,485 

24,352 

1,500 

32,481 

7,560 

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GO  WfitBCCiiO^ 


Table  29. —Universities,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools— Instructors,  students,  and  graduates  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


394 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


H  s *  os s a 


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10,980 

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5,300 

26,252 

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19,000 
51,190 
69,119 
2, 100 

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1,762 

6,017 

1,200 

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1,386 

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UNIVERSITIES,  COLLEGES,  PROFESSIONAL  SCHOOLS. 


895 


123,353 

561,594 

56,165 
95,455 
128,758 
106, 927 
587,185 
20, 440 
30,000 

251,225 

365,881 

331,909 

391,529 

146,958 

52,938 

20, 100 

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Table  29. —  Universities ,  colleges ,  and  'professional  schools — Receipts  from  all  sources  in  1917-18 — Continued. 


896 


BIENNIAL  SURVEY  OF  EDUCATION,  1916-1918. 


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59873°— 21 - 57 


INDEX. 


Accounting  terminology,  city  systems,  340-341. 

Administrative  and  supervising  officers,  State  sys¬ 
tems,  91, 160-161. 

Age-grade  study,  pupils,  city  systems,  222-231. 

Amount  of  schooling,  13-15. 

Attendance,  average  school,  13;  city  and  rural 
schools,  comparative  statistics,  27-28;  higher  in¬ 
stitutions,  690-694;  in  the  South,  128-129. 

Attendance,  city  systems,  208-209,  398-409. 

Attendance  (State  systems),  compulsory  laWs  effec¬ 
tive,  128-142;  general  review,  56;  minimum  re¬ 
quired,  130-131.  See  also  Average  daily  attend¬ 
ance. 

Auxiliary  agencies,  State  systems,  payments,  190- 
191. 

Average  daily  attendance,  in  seven  States,  87-88. 

Average  daily  attendance  (State  systems),  and 
aggregate  number  of  days  attended,  150;  ele¬ 
mentary  and  secondary  schools,  151.  See  also 
Attendance. 

Benefactions,  universities,  colleges,  and  profes¬ 
sional  schools,  710-711.  See  also  Gifts  and  be¬ 
quests  to  education. 

Bonds  and  sinking  funds,  city  systems,  504-515, 
660-677. 

Bonner,  H.  R.,  Statistical  survey  of  education,  7-52. 

Buildings,  school.  See  School  buildings. 

Census,  school.  See  School  census. 

Children,  in  and  out  of  school,  city  systems,  294-295; 
in  school  at  the  various  ages,  82-84. 

Child’s  bank  account,”  discussion  of  school  funds, 
98-100. 

City  school  systems,  general  review  of  statistics, 
207-677. 

College  mortality,  704-706. 

Colleges.  See  Universities  and  colleges,  Univer¬ 
sities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools,  and  Uni¬ 
versities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools. 

Compulsory  attendance  legislation,  128-142. 

Consolidated  schools  (State  systems),  definition 
and  statistics,  94;  number,  165-166. 

Cost  of  education,  city  systems,  per  capita,  330-331; 
per  capita,  34-35;  rural  and  city  schools,  per 
capita,  19-26;  State  systems,  198-199;  total 
amount,  12. 

Day  schools,  city  systems,  personnel  and  number, 
516-535. 

Dedham,  Mass.,  age-grade  statistics,  227. 

Degrees,  universities,  colleges,  and  technological 
schools,  680-681,  682,  697-702,  732-737. 

Dental  schools.  See  Professional  schools. 

Donora,  Pa.,  age-grade  statistics,  229. 

Elementary  and  secondary  schools  (State  systems), 
average  daily  attendance,  151;  enrollment,  149; 
review  of  statistics,  54-55. 


Elementary  schools  and  kindergartens  (city  sys¬ 
tems),  cost  of  instruction,  376-388. 

Elementary  schools  (city  systems),  enrollment  by 
grades,  296-297;  number  and  personnel,  411-420, 
536-553;  retardation  and  acceleration,  288-289. 
See  also  Evening  schools. 

Elementary  schools  (State  systems),  average  daily 
attendance,  151;  enrollment,  149,  155.  See  also 
Evening  schools. 

Endowment,  universities,  colleges,  and  professional 
schools,  707-710. 

Engineering  courses,  universities,  colleges,  and 
technological  schools,  730. 

Enrollment,  elementary,  secondary,  and  higher 
education,  40-41;  city  and  rural  schools,  com¬ 
parative  statistics,  27-28;  estimated  cost  (1918),  9; 
general  statistics,  146-149;  private  and  parochial 
schools,  56,  148;  school  and  college,  8-9;  total 
school,  11-12. 

Enrollment  (city  systems),  238-240,  398-409;  ele¬ 
mentary  schools,  411-420;  by  grades,  296-301;  per¬ 
centage  of  pupils  in  average  attendance,  410. 

Enrollment  (State  systems),  by  grades,  fifth  to 
ninth,  153;  by  years  of  advancement,  72-74;  high 
schools,  59,  154,  157;  kindergartens,  76;  Negroes, 
204;  ten  millions  of  pupils  by  grades,  69-72. 

Evening  schools,  city  systems,  331-334,  449-459, 
591-602.  See  also  Elementary  schools,  Secondary 
schools. 

Expenditures,  city  and  rural  schools,  average,  23; 
elementary  and  secondary  schools,  32-33.  See 
also  Expenses. 

Expenditures  (city  systems),  210-211-328-330,  335- 
386;  per  capita  for  pupils  in  average  attendance, 
470. 

Expenditures  (State  systems),  202-203;  buildings, 
grounds,  and  equipment,  192,  193;  current  ex¬ 
penses,  194-195;  general  discussion,  110-123;  grand 
recapitulation,  196-197;  instruction,  184-187;  per¬ 
centage  analysis,  181;  school  libraries,  190-191; 
school  plant,  188-189;  transportation  of  pupils, 
190-191. 

Expenses,  city  schools,  472-483,  620-639. 

Expenses  of  debt  service,  city  systems,  504-515, 
660-677. 

Federal  aid  for  vocational  education,  State  school 
systems,  177-178. 

Fees,  universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools, 
854-875. 

Fellowships  and  scholarships,  universities,  colleges, 
and  professional  schools,  738,  854-875. 

General  control,  maintenance,  and  fixed  charges, 
State  systems,  182-183. 

Gifts  and  bequests  to  education,  11-13.  See  also 
Benefactions. 

Goshen,  Ind.,  age-grade  statistics,  228. 


899 


900 


INDEX, 


Graduates,  universities,  colleges,  and  professional 
schools,  734-853. 

Graduates,  universities,  colleges,  and  technological 
schools,  702-704. 

Health  and  recreation,  city  systems,  334-335,  438- 
448,  581-590. 

High  schools,  enrollment  increased  more  than  col¬ 
leges  and  universities,  692;  State  school  systems, 
enrollment,  59,  154,  157.  See  also  Secondary 
schools. 

Illiteracy,  State  systems,  145. 

Income,  universities,  colleges,  and  professional 
schools,  716-721,  739-740. 

Income  (State  systems),  appropriation  and  taxa¬ 
tion,  175-176;  from  Federal  Government,  etc., 
177-178. 

Indebtedness,  city  systems,  324-327;  State  systems, 
170-171. 

Instruction  (city  systems),  cost,  375-388;  expenses, 
640-659;  summary  of  expenses  of  day  schools, 
484-503. 

Instruction,  State  systems,  payments,  184-187. 

Instructors.  See  Professors  and  instructors,  and 
Teachers. 

Junior  high  schools,  city  systems,  219-220,  438-448, 
581-590;  “teaching load,”  220-221. 

Kindergartens,  Negroes,  enrollment,  156-157;  pub¬ 
lic  and  private,  statistics,  42-52. 

Kindergartens  (city  systems),  334;  enrollment  and 
personnel,  428-437;  personnel  and  number,  536- 
553. 

Kindergartens  (State  systems),  effect  of  grade  dis¬ 
tribution,  74-76;  enrollment  by  grades,  152;  en¬ 
rollment  by  year  of  advancement,  76. 

Law  schools.  See  Professional  schools. 

Legislation,  educational.  See  School  laws. 

Libraries,  State  school  systems,  payments,  190-191; 
universities  and  colleges,  706-707. 

Medical  schools.  See  Professional  schools. 

Mortality,  school.  See  School  mortality. 

Negroes,  attendance.  State  school  systems,  204; 
census  and  enrollment,  State  school  systems,  204; 
enrollment  in  kindergartens,  by  grades,  156-157; 
general  school  statistics,  123-128. 

Normal,  vocational,  and  special  schools  (city  sys¬ 
tems),  enrollment  and  personnel,  428-437;  num¬ 
ber  and  personnel,  554-570. 

Population,  cities,  516-535;  city  school  systems,  by 
grades,  298-301. 

Population  (total),  and  aggregate  attendance,  city- 
school  systems,  209;  and  school  population, 
143-150. 

Principals,  city  systems,  elementary  schools,  411- 
420.  See  also  Administrative  and  supervising 
officers. 

Private  and  parochial  schools,  enrollment,  148. 

Private  schools,  enrollment,  cities,  398-409. 

Professional  schools,  tuition  fees  in  law,  medicine, 
and  dentistry,  713-715. 

Professors  and  instructors,  universities,  colleges, 
and  professional  schools,  722, 734-853;  universities, 
colleges,  and  technological  schools,  680-681,  688- 
690. 

Property,  city  and  rural  schools,  19,  31;  city  sys¬ 
tems,  value,  504-515;  State  systems,  value,  OS- 
98,  323-324, 660-667;  universities,  colleges,  and  pro¬ 
fessional  schools,  711-713,  738,  854-875;  univer¬ 
sities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools,  683-684; 
value  of  public,  used  for  school  purposes,  167-168. 


Pupils,  public  and  private  schools  and  colleges, 
percentage  distribution,  36-39.  See  also  Enroll¬ 
ment,  Retardation,  and  Students. 

Pupils  (city  systems),  age-grade  study,  222-231; 
average  cost,  341-351;  average  number  per  teacher, 
215;  average  total  cost,  367;  cost  of  instruction, 
375-388;  distribution,  232-233;  distribution  by 
age,  302-323;  number,  217-218;  over-age  and 
under-age,  by  grades,  254-286;  percentage  distri¬ 
bution  by  ages,  240-242;  under  age,  normal  age, 
and  over  age,  234-237,  242-245. 

Receipts,  city  systems,  210,  460-469,  603-619;  State 
systems,  172,  177-180;  universities,  colleges,  and 
professional  schools,  741-742, 876-897;  universities, 
colleges,  and  technological  schools,  683-684.  See 
also  School  revenues. 

Retardation,  city  systems,  246-253,  288-290. 

Salaries,  teachers.  See  Teachers’  salaries. 

Scholarships.  See  Fellowships  and  scholarships. 

School  and  college  mortality,  704-706. 

School  attendance.  See  Attendance. 

School  buildings  (city  systems),  number,  213-214, 
516-535;  summary,  398-409. 

School  buildings  (State  systems),  grounds  and 
equipment,  192-193;  number,  95,  165-166. 

School  census,  city  systems,  516-535. 

School  enrollment.  See  Enrollment. 

School  funds  (State  systems),  income,  173-174; 
permanent,  98-100,  169. 

School  hygiene.  See  Health  and  recreation. 

School  indebtedness,  State  systems,  amount  and 

#  payment,  100-102. 

Schoollands  (State  systems),  leases,  173-174;  value, 
173-174. 

School  laws,  compulsory  attendance,  128-142. 

School  mortality,  public  schools,  77-81,  290. 

School  plant,  State  systems,  payments  for  opera¬ 
tion,  188-189. 

School  population,  State  systems,  statistics,  146-150. 

School  property.  See  Property. 

School  revenues,  city  systems,  325-327;  State 
systems,  103,  109, 177-178.  See  also  Receipts. 

School  systems.  See  City  school  systems;  State 
school  systems. 

School  term,  city  systems,  218-219,  571-580;  in  eight 
States,  85-88;  in  the  South,  128-129;  rural  and  city 
schools,  15,  29;  State  systems,  59-68,  129-130, 
158-159. 

Schools,  city  systems,  number,  213-214,  398-409; 
kindergarten,  elementary  and  secondary,  State 
systems,  165-166;  State  systems,  total  number, 
93-94. 

Secondary  and  elementary  schools,  State  systems, 
review  of  statistics  (1870-1918),  54-55. 

Secondary  schools  (city  systems),  cost  of  instruc¬ 
tion,  376-388;  enrollment  by  grades,  296-29?;  per¬ 
sonnel  and  number,  419-427,  554-570;  retardation 
and  acceleration,  288-289.  See  also  Evening 
schools,  and  High  schools. 

Secondary  schools  (State  systems),  average  daily 
attendance;  enrollment,  149, 155.  See  also  Even¬ 
ing  schools,  and  High  schools. 

Sinking  funds.  See  Bonds  and  sinking  funds. 

South  (The),  school  term  and  school  attendance, 
128-129. 

Special  schools.  See  Normal,  vocational,  and 
special  schools. 

State  school  systems,  statistics,  53-205. 


INDEX. 


Students,  universities,  colleges,  and  professional 
schools,  729,  731,  734-853;  universities,  colleges, 
and  technological  schools,  696-697,  680-682,  686, 
728, 730;  private  universities,  colleges,  and  techno¬ 
logical  schools,  724;  public  and  private  colleges, 
universities,  and  professional  schools,  725-727; 
public  universities,  colleges,  and  technological 
schools,  undergraduate  and  graduate,  723.  See 
also  Graduates,  and  Pupils. 

Supervisors,  city  systems,  elementary  schools, 
411-420. 

Supervisors  and  principals,  State  systems,  160-161. 

Survey  of  education,  statistical  (Bonner),  7-52. 

“  Survival  of  the  fittest.”  See  School  survival  per¬ 
centages. 

Survival  percentages,  city  systems,  287-288;  for  the 
class  beginning  in  1907,  80-82;  universities  and 
colleges,  704. 

Taxation,  city  systems,  327-328,  504-515,  660-677; 
State  systems,  200-201. 

Taxation  and  values,  city  systems,  212. 

Teachers,  city  and  rural  schools,  comparative  sum¬ 
mary,  30;  distribution  for  four  periods  (1890-1918), 
10;  men  in  rural  schools,  15;  number  in  various 
types  of  schools,  12;  percentage  of  men,  164.  See 
also  Professors  and  instructors. 

Teachers  (city  systems),  elementary  schools,  411- 
420;  number,  213-214,  398-409;  ratio  of  men,  410. 

Teachers  (State  systems),  general  decrease  in  per¬ 
centage  of  men,  89-90;  Negroes,  205;  number  and 


901 

sex,  162-163,  164;  number  employed  in  various 
schools,  89. 

Teachers’  salaries,  city  systems,  389-397;  rural  and 
city  schools,  19;  State  systems,  90-93,  164. 

“Teaching  load,”  city  school  systems,  215-217. 

Technological  schools.  See  Universities,  colleges, 
and  technological  schools. 

Term,  school.  See  School  term. 

Theological  schools.  See  Professional  schools. 

Transportation  of  pupils,  city  systems,  335,  438-448; 
State  systems,  190-191. 

Truant  officers,  State  systems,  141-142. 

Universities,  enrollment,  8-9. 

Universities  and  colleges,  enrollment,  S-9.  See  also 
Benefactions,  College  mortality.  Degrees,  En¬ 
dowment,  Fees,  Fellowships  and  scholarships, 
Graduates,  Income,  Libraries,  Professional 
schools.  Professors  and  instructors.  Property, 
Receipts,  and  Students. 

Universities,  colleges,  and  professional  schools, 
679-897. 

Universities,  colleges,  and  technological  schools, 
686-688,  694-695. 

Vocational,  normal,  and  special  schools  (city  sys¬ 
tems),  enrollment  and  personnel,  428-437;  person¬ 
nel  and  number,  554-570. 

Vocational,  normal,  and  special  schools,  cost  of  in¬ 
struction,  376-381. 

Wealth  and  school  expenditure  in  1912,  203. 


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